^i5^ Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN n !kA UNIVERSAL HISTORICAL DICTIONARY, OR EXPLANATION OF THE NAMES OF PERSONS AND PLACES IN THE DEPARTMENTS OF BIBLICAL, POLITICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, MYTHOLOGY, HERALDRY, BIOGRAPHY, BIBLIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, AND NUMISMATICS. ILLUSTRATED BY PORTRAITS AND MEDALLIC CUTS. BY GEORGE CRABB, A.M. AUTHOR OF THE UNIVERSAL TECHNOLOGICAL DICTIONARY, AND OF ENGLISH SYNONYMES EXPLAINED. IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. I. LONDON: PRINTED FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW, BY C BALDWIN, NEW BRIDGE-STREET. 1825. PREFACE. As the plan M'liich has been pursned in the execntion of the Historical Dic- tionary so nearly resembles that which has already met the public approbation in a preceding work from the pen of the same compiler, little remains for him to add by way of explanation. The subjects which compose the Technological Dictionary relate more or less to the arts and sciences, those contained in the Historical have all an immediate reference to the history of nations, or of particular persons and places. Under the general head of History, marked by the abbreviation {Hist.) is comprehended an account of all persons whose names occur in political history : under the head of Biblical History, marked [Bibl.) are classed the names of persons or places occurring in the Bible ; a description of the heathen deities is marked by the abbreviation {Myth.) for Mythology : under the names of persons in their capacity as authors, artists, &c. distinguished by the abbreviation {liiog.) for Biogra])hy, may be found a succinct account of their personal history, so far at least as relates to their family, time and place of their birth, and time of their death,, together with a more particular account of their works, and their several editions, &c. : the articles marked {Geoff.) for Geography, embrace the names of such ])laces only as are entitled to notice, either from their antiquity or connexion with general history ; in the account of which is included the ancient and modern name of the same places, together with a comparative view of the places themselves as to their ancient and modern state, and the several events of any importance which have befallen tliem at different periods : several of the fore-mentioned heads, particularly tliose of Mythology, History, and Geography, have received a farther illustration from medallic accounts, distinguished by tlie abbreviation {JVinnis.) for Nimiismatics. As the object of the compiler has been to give this work tlie most extensive utility that its limits would admit of, he has endeavoured to make a selection of such articles as should be of the most general interest, and the most likely to meet tlie immediate wishes and wants of those who consult a work of this nature for infor- mation. How far he has succeeded in the attainment of this end it is not for him to decide ; but he is satisfied that no material omission Avill be found ; and for casual inadvertencies in minor points, he relies on the indulgence of a candid public, which he has experienced on a former occasion. 2015257 THE BINDER JFill place all the Plates, in their numerical Order, at the End of the First Volume. UNIVERSAL HISTORICAL DICTIONARY. A. AA, Pela- Van der (Biog.) a bookseller of Lcyden, who com- piled and published, under the title of ' Galerie du Monde,' an immense collection of maps, &c. in 66 vols, folio. He also continued " Grfevius' Thesaurus Antiquitatum Italise," besides other works, and died about 1730. Aa, Charles Henri/ Fan der, a Lutheran minister at Haerlem, had the principal hand in estabhshing the Haerlem Society of Sciences in 1752, and died in 1795. Aa (Gcog-.) cirt signifies, according to Hesychius, avirifia v6aT0£, i. e. a conflux of waters: so a in the Saxon, and aa in the Danish, signifies either water generally, or a river, whence it has become a name common to many rivers in Switzerland, France, Holland, &c. AAGARD, Nicholas (Biog.) was born at Wiburg, and died at the university of Sora, where he was professor in l()57. He wrote among other things ' A Treatise on Subterranean Fires.' Sax. Onom. vol. 5. Aagaud, Christian, a Danish poet, brother to the preceding, was bom in l6l6, and wrote " De Hommagio Frederici HI. &c. He died in 1664, leaving a son, Severin Aagard, who wrote his father's life. AAGESEN, Sucrid {Biog.) in Latin Sueno Agonis, a Dani.sh historian, and secretary to Archbishop Absalon, wrote 1, ' Compendiosa Historia Regum Daniie a Skioldo ad Canutum VL' 2, ' Historia Legum castrensium Regis Canuti Magni.' AAIN, Ckarain {Geog.) a village six miles from Jerusalem, said to be the place where Zacharias lived, and John the Baptist was born. It is frequented by pilgrims, and has a con- vent built on the spot whereon stood the house of Zacharias. D'Avi/i/ Descript. de I'Asie. AALAM (Biog.) likewise called Ehna-la-Alam, an Arabian astrologer in the mnth century. Pocock. Hi.si. Orient. AALSH, Evcrard van (Biog.) a painter at Delft, was bom in lf)02, and died in l6'58. He was most happy in painting fruits, and pieces of armour, &c. Aalsh, IVUIiam van, nephew of the preceding, excelled his uncle in the art of painting, to which he successfully devoted his life, and died in l67<). AAMA, Cullandin (Hist.) a king of Ethiopia, in the eighth century. Genebrard. in Ckron. AANEYA (Geog.) a province of Scotland, now Angus. AARON (Bibl.) jnnt<, son of Amram, of the tribe of Levi, was bom A. M. 2430, A. C. 1547, and died A. M. 2552, A. C. 1452, at Mosera, on Mount Hor, where he was buried by Moses in a place unknown to the 'people. He was consecrated the first high priest of the Hebrews ; which office was continued in his fa- mily in the person of his two youngest sons Eleazer and Iphtharaar. Being gifted with remarkable eloquence, Philo Judicus makes Moses to be allegorical for mind, and Aaron for speech : Ilt'oTa yap raCro ™ \uyif trvfifliptiKiv oc aciX- 6s iuTL ciaioiar, Omnia hsec seraioni accidunt qui frater menti est. Phil. Jud. lib. " Quod deterius insidiatur." Aaron (Hist.) there were several Arabians and Persians who bore this name : Aaron, or, according to the Arabians, Harun Arra.ichid, son of Mahdi, a Babylonian Caliph, begun to reign in the year 170 of the Hegira, A. D. 780, and died in the year 192 of the Hegira, A. D. 802. He was a valiant and successful warrior, and a distinguished patron of learning, but per- fidious towards the conquered, and capricious towards his own subjects. Presents were interchanged between him and Charlemagne. Thcophan. Chronog. ann. 773 ; Paul. Diac. 1. 24, c. 4. ; Sigehert. Chron. ann. 802 ; Pocock's Abul. Pharaj. Hi.it. Orient. Aaron, Amirabnummin, a king of Persia, who sent presents to Charlemagne. Sigebert, in his Chronographia, mentions the two preceding under the distinct names of Aarcm Amy- mii.din and Aaron Ammiras. Eginhard in Vit. Carol. Mag. Annal. Franc. 802. Aaron, Isaac, a magician, and the particular confident of Manuel Conmenus. He recimimendcd to Andronicus to put out the eyes and cut out the tongues of his enemies, wliith punishment was afterwards inflicted on himself, by order of Isaac Angelus, who bad expelled Andronicus from the tlirone. Nicet. Chron. Annal. 1. 4. Aaron, brother of Buprastus, and governor of Baaspracan or Media, beat the Turks A. D. 1042. Ccdren. Comp. Hist. p. 286. Aaron, a vaivod or governor of Moldavia, in 1594, took jian with Sigismund XI. against the Turks. Thuan. Hist. 1. 110, c 6. Aaron, a king of the Bulgarians, who being elected to reign conjointly with liis three brothers, was killed by liis suniving brother Samuel. Ccdren. Conipcnd. Hist. p. 183. Aaron, St. (Ecc.) a Britain, who suflered martyrdom, in the year 303, during the persecution under the emperor Diocletian. Aakon (Biog.) a presbyter of Alexandria, in the seventh century, and author of thirty books of jihysic in the Syriac tongue, which he caDed ' Pandects.' Freind. Hist. Med. p. 473. Aaron, Ben A.ier, a rabbi of the fifth century, to whom the invention of the Hebrew points is attributed. He wrote a Hebrew grammar. Gcncbr. Chron. ann. 492. Aaron, a Lcvite of Barcelonix, ^vho wrote ()I3 precepts on Moses, published at Venice in 1523. He died 1292. ABA ABA Aaron, son of Joscpli, surnamed the Caraitc, a Jew phy- sician, flourislied in 1299, and left several works on the Old 'I'cstament. AAnr)N, Ilariscoii, a Jewish Rabbi, and a physician of Con- stantinople, towards the end of the 13th century, wrote Conimeiitiiries on the Old Testament, and a Treatise on Graniniiir. Aahon, Ilacharon or Posterior, another Caraitc of the 14th centuHi', wrote on tlie law of Moses and the customs of nations. Aabon, Ben Chaiin, a chief of tlie Jewish synaj^ogues at Fez and Morf)cco, in the 1 7th centurj' ; wrote ' Commen- taries on Josliua, the Law, the Prophets,' &c. AARSEN Franeis (///.«/.) Lord of Smoldych and Spyck, and one of the most ceklx-ated negotiators of the United Provinces, was bom at tlie Hague in lo72, and died in iCil. His father, Cornelius Aarsens, was secretary of state. ' A Journey into Spain,' historical and politiciil, attributed to him by the Dictionnaire Uistoriqiic, was written by a grandson of his of the s;imc Cliristian as well as surname, who was drowned in his j)assage from England to Holland in iCj*)- -^" Mciiiricr's Memoirs. Urcqiicfort's Treatise on Ambassadors. A.VSER (^Gcog.) Waio, or Aasar, a city in the tribe of Judah, now shown as a great village to those going to Ascalon from Azotus. Euseh. upiid Ilier. ile Loc. lleb.; Adrichom de I.Mcis Scriptiir. AB.V {Hisl.)'.\pa. a daughter of Xenophanes, who obtained, from Antony and Cleopatra, Olbus, a town of Cilicia, as her own, over wliich her father had been placed as governor. .Strab. 1. 14. .\uA or Abas, a king of Ilungan,', who was sUiin by his sub- jects, in lOii. lion/in. livr. Ungar. 1. 2, dec. 2. Aba or Abas, a magician, who was put to death, by the Caliph Mervan's order, for jwrsecuting the Christians. Thiopli. Chronograph, p. 353 ; I'aul. Diaeun. Kenan Rom. 1. 22. Aba {Geog.) or Aba; the name of several towns. I. ".A/im, according to Herodotus ; or ".\/3i;, according to Strabo. A town of PhocL<, celebrated for an oracle and temple of Apollo, who wius therefore suniamed Abaus ; its inhabit- ants, the Aljante.s, migrated to Eubuia after tlie destruction of tlieir countrj" by Xerxes. Jlrrudo/. 1. 8, c. 2.') ; Strab. 1. 10 ; Pans. 1. 10, c. 55. 2. "11/3;/, a town of Italy between the \'ol.sci, .Sena, and Sativinia. Pto/. 1. 3, c. 1. 3. A city of Caria. Steph. lii/z. de Lrli.; f'/urcr. 1. 2, c. 3. 4. ".A/Jor, a mountain of Annenia Major, on which the Euphrates took its rise. Strab. 1. 2 ; Plin. lib. 5, c. 24. AB.'\I3A (Ilist.) mother of the Roman Emperor Maximinus the rider, by Mica, a Cioth of Tliracian origin. .////. Capitol. in Max.; Jornand. dr llegn. Sueeess. c. 81. AB.VC.ENA (Ciii)g.) vide Abacirninn. AIJ.AC-l-NlNL'S ((-])t, 80 miles south of Cairo, supposed to be the antient Antinoe. It is now the resort of pirates. ABA 1)1 (Biog.) or Ebn-al-Abadi, autlior of a book on the punishments threatened to sinners in the Alcoran. ABAFFI, Michael {Hist.) son of a magistrate of Hannan- stadt, was made prince of Transylvania, in iGb'l, through the influence of the CJrand Turk. AuAFi'i, Michael, son of the preceding, succeeded liis father in the principality of Transylvania, which he was oblige-d to resign to the emperor Leopold. He afterwards lived' in retirement at Vienna, and died in 1713. ABAG.'V {Hist.) a Khan of the Tai-tar.s, in 1280, wlio re- covered his kingdom from the Turks, and made himself formidable to the Crusaders. Geneb. Ckronog. ; Cah-is. Chron. ABAGARUS (//»/.) vide Abgarns. ABAG.VTHA (Bibl.) NnjiN, '.\/5ayaf)a, a eunuch or officer of king Ahasuerus. Eslh. i. 10. AI5AGE.S (Geog.) vide Aba.tci. ABAI-HOL'SSAX (Biog.) wrote a book to reconcile the dis- cre])ancies in the Koran. ABAKA-KHAN (Hi.st.) eightli Emperor of the Moguls, of the race of Genghis-Khan, who succeeded his father llulaku in tlie year of tlie Hegira G66, A. D. 127(i, and died after a reign of seven years. ABAKUM (Ecc.) a priest, the leader of a sect in Moscow, who was Jiut to death for causing a .seditious tumult against the patriarch, in 1()84. ABALAXTIL'S, Leo (//«/.) a Greek, who assisted John Zeinisces in the murder of the emperor Niccphonis, at the instigation of 1 lieoiihaniiu Cedrcn. Compciid. flisl. AB.VLITES, Sinns {Geog.) a bay of the Trogloditic sea, now tiie gulf of Zcila. Plni. 1. (), c. 2J). .\BALI-,VB.\ {Geog.) or Abelhiba, a Roman station in West- morland, now Appleby. Notit. Imper, Occident.; Cambd. Brit. p. ysjj. AB.M/LO {Geog.) a town of Burgundy, in France, now Arallone. .Intonin. It In. AiiALi.o (.Vm;«;.v.) a medal of tliis town, represents, on the obver.se, a mule, with the legend ABALLO; cm the reverse, a head encircled with a sort of diadem. Pel- lerin Rreueil. de Med. des I'enp. PI. 1, lig. 1. ABALPH/VT {Biog.) a geometriciiin of Ispahan, in the iGth ivntury, from whose version the four hu>t books of AjkjU lonius have l)een taken. .\B.\LLS {Geog.) an island in the Gennan ocean. Plin. 1. .■!7, e. 2. AB.\N'A {Bibl.) nJ3«, i- e. Abaneli, made of stone, a name for u river of Dama.scus, mentioned by Xaamau, 2 Kings, xii. ABA A BA It is supposed l)y C;Jmet to lie tlic river c;Jlcd IJarrady or Chni'sonhoas. AnAXA (Gcug.) one of tlie Antilles, now Ilaiannnh. ABANIJUS (Gnig.) or Ahaiiluis : 'A^tlTrnf, atTordinjr to I'tolcmv ; a river of ^Ethiopia, running into the Nile. rii'l. 1.' 4, c 8. ABANCAY {Gcog.) 1. The former rapitid of Peru, Ion. 72° 2()' W, lat. \S^ 32' .S. celebrated Iiy the victories over Cionzalo Pizarro, by the king's troops, in liii'i and 1;)48. 2. A river of reru, which runs into tlie Uaragnon, seven leagues and a half above its junction with the Apurimac. 3. A town of J'eru, on the river Abancay, and principal jilace of juris- diction, al)out 35 leagues in circumference. ABAXIJAZES (Ilix/.) 'A/Jrirrd^oc, a .secretary' to Chosroes, king of Persia, was sent by him on a niL^sion to Belisarius. Cedren. Compcnd. Hi.sl. ABANC) (Biug.) vide Aponn. • j Abano (d'coif.) a town five miles S. W. i'adua, famous for its waters. It is situated in a country anciently called Aponii.t. ABANTA (Geog.) "Ajiaira, a city near Parna.ssus, where was a temple of Apollo. Phavoriniix. ABAXTES (Gcog.) 1. "A/Barrtcj a people of Ionia, so called from Abas, a son of Neptune, who carried them into Phocis. They afterwards occupied the island of Euba'a ; and had the reputation of being very warlike, according to Homer. //. 2, V. 536. OV^ "'Ev^oiav t;^ov ^ivta Trriovrtq 'A^avrtg. Herod. 1. 8, c- .SS ; Strait. 1. 10 ; Tans. I. 10, c. 55. 2. A river in the territory of Apolloniates. ABANTIAS (Hixl.) or Abanliades, a patronymic given to tie descendants of Abas, king of Argos, such as Acrisius, Danac, Perseus, Atalanta, &c. Ovid. Met. 4. ABANTIDAS {Hist.) 'Ajiat'TUac, a man who, having made himself master of Sicyon, murdered Clinias, the father of Aratus, and was himself, soon after, assassinated. Pliit. in Aral. ABANTIS (Geog.) or Abantia.i, "AflavTif. 1. Another name for Eubcca, so called from its ancient inhabitants the Abantes. Strab. 1. 10; Plin. 1. 4. c. 12; Dionij.i, who is fabled to have received from Ajmllo a (lying arrow, by means of which he could trans]H)rt himself to any (cirt he jileased. He is represented by Plato as verj- skilful in incantati(ms, by which he could remove or keep off diseases; hence it is inferred that he was skilled in physic. He in also called 'AiOpojii'tTip:, and is suiijiosed to have lived in or about the third Olympiad. Herodol. 1. 4, c. ,'}5 ; Plalu Charm, c. 28 ; Strab. 1. 7 ; Pans. 1. 3, c. 13; Jambitch. vita Pi/thag. c. 28. Abaius, a man whom Perseus slew. Oiid. Met. 1. 5, v. 86. AnAUis, a RutuliaTi, slain by Eurvalus. f irg. JEn. 1. 9, V. .'Mt. ABARITAN'A {Gcog.) a place in Africa Propria, whence Pliny speaks of the Abaritana Arundo. P/in. Nat. Hist. 1. l6, c. 30'; Fict. L'ticen. de Pers. I'andal. 1. I. ABARXUS {Gcog.) "Aj^apvoc, a country and promontory of Parthia. Sleph. Bijz. de Urb. j Joseph. Aniiq. I. 12, c. 14. ABARRAZUS {Gcog.) a town of Syria, between Cyrrha, and Edessa. Anton. I liner. ABARTUS {Hist.) "AjiapToc, a descendant of Codrus, who was made king of Phocica. Pans. 1. 6. ABAREUM {Geog.) a town of Syria near Mount Antiliba- nus, now Abaro. ABAROON {Bibl.) the surname of Eleazer, fourth son of Judas MaccabajuR, who was crushed by an elephant that fell upon him after he had pierced it. Joscphus calL; him 'Ai'(«i>'. Antiq. 1. 12, c. 14. ABARUS {Hist.) vide Abgarus. Abarus, a native of Xiimantia, who addressed Scipio Afri- canus in behalf of his fellow citizens. ABAS {Mi/th.)"Aijae, a centaur, son of Ixion and Xubes, and a famous himter. Orid. Met. 1. 12. Abas, a son of Neptune and Arethusa. Apollod. 1. 1, c. 25. Abas, a son of Hi,-ppolon and Metanira, who was changed into a lizard bv Ceres, for railing at her sacrifices. Ovid. Met. 1. 5, fab. () ; Intcrpres Nicand. in Thcriac'is, v. 488 ; del. Rhodig. 1. 19, c. 4. Abas, a CJreek slain by jEneas, during the Trojan war, wluisc brazen shield the conqueror carried away, and dc]X)sitcd in the temple of Apollo, with the following inscription, accord- ing to VirgU, Mn. 1. 3, v. 288. Jt^neas hoc de Danais victmibta nrma. Abas, a Trojan ally, son of Eurydamus, slain by Tydides. Hmn. II. 5, v. 150. Abas, a companion of jEneas, who was lost in the storm. Firg. jEn. 1. v. 121. Abas, a Latin Chief, who assisted .Slneas against Tumus. He is called by Virgil torciis Aba.<:. JEn. 1. 10, v. 170. Abas {Hist.) son of Lynceus, or, according to some, of Belus, reigned 23 years over Argos, A. M. 2573, A. C. 1384. His descendants Proetus, Acrisius, &c. were called Abantiadcs. A/jollod. 1. 2, c. 2; Hi/gin. Fab. 170, c^r. Pans. 1. 2, c. 16", Sc- ; En.wb. in Chron. lib. jMst. Abas, a king of the Tuscans, according to Manetho. A. M. 2584. Abas, a king of Hungary. Vide Aba. Abas, a Saracen diviner. Vide Aba. Abas, princes of Persia. Vide Abbas. Abas {Biog.) a soothsayer, to whom the Spartans erected a statue inthe temple of Apollo, for his services to Lysander. Pans. 1. 10, c. y. b 2 ABA ABB Abas, a sophist who wrote historical commentaries and a treatise on rhetoric. Siiidas; I'oss. de Hisl. Gra'c. 1. 3. Abas, a writer on tlie siege of Troy, quoted by Scrvius in I'irg. /En. Abas (Grt)?.) "A(i«r. 1. A river of Armenia Major, where Pomiiey routed the Albani. Vlul. in Pomp. 2. A mountain of Armenia. Q\'ide Alia.'\ .\B.\SCANTOS {Miilh.) another name for the god OSon. Teiliill. colli. Giiatlicos. c. 1. .ABASCANTUS {Biog.) a physician of the second century, whose antidote is mentioned by Galen. Dc Antldot. 1. 2,c. 11. AB.\.SCI (Grt>^'.) OT Abiisgi, 'A/5u(Ti.oi ; a jieople of Scythia, who, according to Procopius, were Christians. Arrian in Perpl. F.tix. Pont.; Pnn-op. dc Bell. Per. 1. 2, c. 25). AB.\SCUS (Gcog.) 'A/i72, aged (U). .\bati, Piciro Paolo, a brother of the former, whose paint- ings are placed in the gallery of Florence. .■\bati, Krcolc, a grandson of Niccolo, a great gciuus for IMiinting, but a dLssolute character, he died in l6l3, age'•. ,\BAT()S (Top.) an epithet Cur a place erected at Rhinles by Artemisia, queen of Caria, to commemorate her victory over the Ilhf)diiins, who, to jirevent all access to it, surrounded it with a high wall, and called it Abalos. Vitruv. 1. 2, c. 8 ; Cal. Rliodig. Led. Aniiq. 1. 12, c 33. ABAUCHAS (Biog.) 'Aftav-^^ac, a man mentioned by Luciaii, wlio preferred to save liis friend Gyndanes before his wife or children. Liician in Tu^aptc I'j ABBAS (Hist.) or /// Abbas, a name common to several Saracen princes and distinguished persons. Princes of this Name. Abbas, AI, first caliph of the race of the Abbassides. ^Vide Abu I Abbas.'] Abbas, Schah, sumamed the Great, was the seventh king of the Persians, of the race of the Sopliis. He died after a glorious reign of forty-four years, in I629. Chardin, Voi/. en Perse, torn. 1, p. 125, el .vci/. ; Herbert, Trav. p. 115. Abbas Schah, grandson of the jireccding, succeeded his father, in 1642, in the thirteenth, and died in the 37th year of his age. Tavern. I. 5, c. 1, &c. Abb^is Mirza, son of Hussein Shah. QVide Mirza."] Distingidshed Persons of this Name. Abbas, the uncle of Mahomet, who first opposed his nephew, believing him to be an impostor; but Ix'ing defeated in a battle and taken prisoner by hLui, afterwarils bet-amc one of his most active ])artisans. Abbas, Ebn Abbas .ibdallah, cousin gcrman to Mahomet, and one of the most considerable doctore among the mussulmen of the class c;dled Sahabiih, or companions of the prophet, was tlic author of a Uxik entitled ' Targinman Alcoran,' i. e. an interpretation of tlie Koran. Abbas, Ebn Sahel, a successful general employed by Abdallah, Ebn Zobcir. Abbas, Omar, a successful general against the Greeks, in the calii)hatc of Ab(Li'lmaIec, iu the year of the Hegira i)3, A. 1). 703. Abbas, guvomor of Kay, conspired with others against Massud, ninth soltaii of Ivah, but failed in his attempt. Abbas, AI, brother of udiph Al Mansur, was governor of Mesopotamia. ABB ABB Abbas, ///, a vizier of Al Dlu'lfcr Beinovilluh, caliph of Eg>'pt, assassinated his master, but was soon after killod in battle. Abbas, A/, snn of tlie caliph Al Manu'm, resigned his pre- tensions to the calipliate, in favour of liis uncle, Al Motascm, by whom he was afterwards put to death. Abbas Al, Ebn Al Ahha.s, succeeded as a general, in Sicily, against the Christians, in the caliphate of Al Motawakkel. Abb^vs Al, Elm Omar, a jicneral under tlie caliph Al Motanu'd, was defeated by the Kannatians, with whom he afterwariLs induced his master to make peace. AjaB.\s, Halli (Biog.) or Ali Ehnol Ahhns, according to Abul- pharagius, otherwise called the Magus ; a learned Persian physician, who wrote his book entitled ' Almaleci,' or Royal Work, A. D. 980, which was translated into Latin by Stephen of Antioch, in 1127. Abiilph. Hist. Dyn ; Friend. Hht. Med. p. 481. ABBASSIDES (Hi-tl.) the second line or race of Saracen caliphs, descended from Abbas, the uncle of Mahomet, who raised themselves on the ruins of the house of C)mmiah, and reigned over Persia, Syria, Arabia, Bg>i)t, Africa, and Spain. Their empire, which was kept entire until A. D. 910, was completely overthrown A. D. 1258, by the irruption of the Tartars. Chronological Succession of the Ahhassidet. Abii'l Abhds Al Sajfah, grandson of Abbas, the tmcle of Mahomet, after the overthrow and death of Merwan, was acknowledged caliph in the vear of the Hegira 132, A. D. 74.2, died 136-74b". Abu Ja/if'ar Abnanzor, his brother, succeeded him in the year of the Hegira 136, and died in 158. Al Molidi, his son, reigned from 158 to l69- Al Iladi, his son, from I69 to 170. Aaron, or Hari'in. Al Raschid, his brother, from 170 to I93. Al Amin, his son, from I93 to 198. Al Mamiin, his brother, from lyS to 218. Al_M6taxem, his brother, from 218 to 227. Al Wathcck, son of the above, from 227 to 232. Al Motawakkel, another son of Motassem, from 232 to 247. Al Monta.ser, S(m of Motawakkel, from 247 to 248. Al Moxta'in, grandson of Al Motasem, from 248 to 252 Al Motaz, brother of Al Montaser, from 252 to 255. Al Mohtadi, son of Al Wathck, from 255 to 256. Al Mo'tamed, another brother of Al Montaser, from 256 to 279. Al Mo'taded, nephew of the above, from 279 to 28,0. Al Moctajf, son of the above, from 289 to 995. Al Moclader, another son of Al Mo'taded, from 295 to 319- Al Kd/ier, third son of Mo'taded, from 319 to 322. Al liadi, son of Al Moktader, from 322 to 329- Al Mottak, another son of Al Moktader, from 329 to 333. Al Maitakfi, son of Moctafi, reigned but one year and four months. Al Moli, another son of Moktader, from 334 to 363. Al Taxf Lillah, liis son, from 363 to 381. Al Kader Bl'lhih, gi-andson of Al Moktader, from 381 to 422. Al Caiem, his son, from 422 to 467. Al Moktadi, gi-andson of the above, from 467 to 487. Al Moxtader, his son, from 487 to 512. Al Mostar.ihed, his sira, from 512 to 529- Al Rashcd, his son, from 529 to 530. Al Moktnji, second son of Mostader, from 530 to 555. Al Mostanged, his son, from 555 to 566. Al Mostadi, his son, from 066 to 575. Nasser, his son, from 575 to 622. DJiaher, his son, reigned al)()ut nine months- Al Mostanser, his son, from ()22 tn (i40. Al Mostazcm, his son, the last caliph, was dctbrnncd b}' the Tartars in the year of the Hegira Goti, A. D. 1266. ABBASSIOPOLIS Tehrioznrum {Geog.) one part of the city ot Ispalian, according to floiius. Not. in Alfragan. ABlJATECilO, Marian d' {Uisl.) an ccdesiaMic of the four- teenth century, who was made governor of Aiiuila. ABBATf, Nieolo {liiog.) vide Almti. ABBATISCELLA (heog.) a town of Helvetia, now Ap. penzell. ABBATISVILLA (Geo^.) a town of France, now Abbe- ville. ABBATISSA, Paul (Biog.) a Sicilian poet of Messina, was born in 1570. He translated the Uiad and Odyssey, and Ovid's Mctamoqihoses, into Italian verse. ABBATIUS, Ba/dtis Angehix {Biog.) probably an Italian phy- sician, although called by King an Eiiglisliman, was the author of some treatises, as ' De admirabili \ipera; Natura,' &c. ABBE, Vcler /' (Biog.) a Jesuit of Clermont, who wmte some poems in Latin, which were printed at Grenoble. Fol. I(i(i4. Abbk, Louisa, a native of Lyons, and wife of a cordwainer, was disthiguished by her poetical tidcnts in the sixteenth century. She wrote, among other things, ' Debat de Folic et d' Amour,' Lyons, 1555. Abbe, an engraver and native of Antwerp, who published some prints in I67O. ABBEFOKTIA (Geog.) a town of Nonvay, now AbbefioriL ABBENDONLA (Geog.) a town of Berkshire, now //6in^tfo«. Camd. Brit. vol. 1, p. 156. ABBEN-TYBON (Bios.) a celebrated Rabbi of the 14th century'. Genebr. in C/ironog. ABBERBLTRY (Geog.) a village in Shropshire, seven miles N.W. Shrewsbun.', where was an alien priory founded in the reign of Henrj' 1, and granted by Henrj- V'lH to All Souls' College, Oxford. ABBEVILLE (Geog.) a town of Ponthieu, in France, in the department of the Sonune, 22 mOes N.W. Amiens, and 60 S. Calais. Lon. 1" 50' E, lat. 50^ 37' N. It derives its name from the Abbey of St. Ricquier, to which it be- longed, and became afterwards the capital of the province. Nicholas Sanson, Pierre du Xal, and Philip Brietius, were bom in tliis city, wliich has manufactures for cloth, canvas, &-c. Abbey Milton, or Milton A/ibas, a village of Dorset, sup- posed to derive its name from an abbey founded by Athel- stane, in atonement for the murder of his brother, seven miles N.W. Blandford, and 1 1 1 London. ABBIATl, Fi/ippo (Biog.) a painter, was born at Milan in 1640, and died in 1715, aged 75. One of his best works is St. John preaching in the wilderness. Abbiati, Giuseppe, a Milanese engraver, who lived at the beginning of the 18th century. ABBO, Ccrnmis (Biog.) a m Maurice (IIi.1t.) descended from a Devonshire family, and brother of Archbishop Ablxit, was employed on various occasions as a commissioner, and on the accessicm of Cliarlcs I was the first person on whom the honour of Knighthood was conferred. Abbot, George (Ecc.) brother of Sir Maurice, was bom at Guildford in Surry Oct. 29, 1562; was entered at Buliol AED College, Oxford, in 1578 : took his batchclor's degree April 31, 1582 ; and his master's dejircc, December 17, 1585- After being three times vicc-clwncLllor of the University, he was promoted to the sec of Covcntrj' and Lichfield, May 27, 1609; translated from that to the see of London, Jan. 20, 1609-10; preferred to the see of Canterbun,- on the following year, and died on the 5th August, 1633. He was a grciit opponent of Laud's, and deeply engaged in the troubles and disputes of tlie times, which formed the prin- cipal subject of his writings. Q\'ide Plaic 11]. Fuller's JVorlhici, p. 83 ; Wood's Athciiw, vol. i, p. 583. A BBOT, Robcii, eldest brother of the Archbishop ; was made Bishop of Salisbury, Dec. 3, l6l5, and died March 2, I617. He wrote, ' The Mirror of Popish Subtleties,' and many other similar works. Fuller's fVorthies, p. 82 ; Wood's AtheniF, vol. i, p. 583. Abbot (Her.) the name of a fiimily, which at present enjoys the dignity of the peerage which was conferred in 1817, on the Right Honourable Charles Abbot, Speaker of the Hou.se of Couniums, under the title of Baron Colchester, of Colchester. Abbot, George (Biog.) nephew of the Archbishop above- mentioned, wTote ' The whole book of Job paraphrased,' itc. and died Feb. 4, I6I8, aged 44. Abbot, Robert, a clergyman, published ' Four Sermons: ' 8vo. Lond. 1639. It is doubtful whether he is of the same family as the above. Abbot, John, a resident in Georgia, wrote ' The Natural HLstoiT of the rarer Lepidopterous Insects,' published in 1797,2 vols. fol. Abbot, Lemuel, an English portrait-painter, native of Lei- cestershire, died in 1808, aged 40. ABBOTS-LANGLEY (Geog.) a viUage in Hertfordshire, remarkable as the birth-place of Nicholas Breakspear, who, under the title of Adi-ian I\', was the only Englishman that ever became pope. ABBT, Thomas (Biog.) a German miscellaneous writer, was bom Nov. 25, 1738^ at Ulm, and died Nov. 27, 176(). ABCHAMAZ (Mj/lh.) one of the Anakims, a rib of whom, nine Spanish palms long, and two broad, was seen by Ben- jamin, of Tudela, hanging up in a palace at Damascus. Benj. Tudel. Itiner. p. 56. ABD (Hisl.) i. e. Abdul, an abbreviation or syllable affixed to several Saracen names ; as, Abd-Celal, son of Dul Awad, succeeded Amru Tabbai, as king of Arabia. Abulf. 11 pud Pocock, p. 6I. Abd-.VIknaf, the son of Kosa, was declared prince of the Koreish. Abd-Siieji, i. e. sen-ant of the Sun, a king of the Yemans or Arabians, succeeded '^'askab. Gold Kolce ad Alfragan. p. 87 ; Pocock in not. ad Spec. Hisl. Arab. p. 57. ABDA (Bibl.) K13P, aubda or nhda, a servant or servitude, from T3P tu serve, father of Adoniram, who was one of .Siilomon's princes. 1 Kinss, iv. 6. ABD/EL'S (//ii/.) 'Ai^caiuc, father of Chele.s, a high priest at Tyr. ABD.\C;ASES (Hisl.) ' AftcayiiariQ, or Abdageses, an officer of Artaltanus. ABDAGE.SES (Hist.) king of Parthia, who, with his son, assisted Tiridatcs to dethrone his master. Tiiis attempt failing, AlxLigases is supposed to have returned to bis duty. Tacit. Annul. 1. 6. c. 'Mi. \c. ; Jo.seph. Ant. 1. IS, c. 12. ABD'AL (Hisl.) i. e. Abd'alla, an abbreviation affixed to several .Saracen names; as, Ano'AL, Ala, vide Ala. Abd'ai,, Dar, cliief of the Arabians in the time of Mahomet. Abd'ai,, Ma.'i.sih, who foretold the advancement of Mahomet. Aiid'aI-, Motiilrb, vide Abdul mulatcb. ABDA LA (Hisl.) vide Abdullah. ABU'ALAMID (Hist.) admiral of the fleet of Abd'alrtihraan, ABD which was shipwrecked, in the year of the Hegira 260, A. D. 876. El Makin. Hist. Surac. p. 170; Rodcric. Tolet. Hist. Arab, c 29. ABD'ALANEZ (Hist.) vide Abdulazis. ABD'ALAZIZ (Hist.) vide Abdnluzis. ABD'ALCADER (Biog.) sumamed GhUi, an illustrious sheik or doctor among the mussulmen. ABDALCAHER (Biog.) a grammarian and celebrated author of the ' Aouamel,' translated into Latin under the title of the ' Centum Regentes,' that is, a hundred Arabian par- ticles having particular governments. ABD'AL-DAR (Hist.) vide Abd'al. ABD'ALG.\FER (Biog.) author of Chronicles of the City Nischabour. ABD'ALHOKM (Biog.) Ebn or Ben AlnTalhohn, an Ara- bian, and author of a book entitled ' Fotiih Mesr," or the Conquests made in Egypt. ABD'ALKARIM (Hist.) a general under the caliph, Al Hakem. ABD'ALLAH (Hist.) or, as it is variously written, AbiFala, Abd'ollah, Abd'ulla, Abdulu, Sec, a name common to many Saracen princes and distinguished persons. Saracen Princes in Asia of this Name. Abd'allah, a brother of the caliph Yesid, according to Marmol, killed Merwan, who had been proclaimed caliph of Syria. He was in his turn defeated, and kUled in the year 67 of the Hegira, A. D. 677- Mai-mol. 1. 2, c. 8. Abi)'all,\_h, Ebe7i Zobeir, another competitor for the caliphate \\ith AbdulmaUc, was defeated and kUled, after one year's reign, in 73 of the Hegira, A. D. 683, at the siege of Mecca. El Mak'tn. Sar. Hist. 1. 1, c. 10 ; Rodcr. Hisl. Arab. c. 8 ; Mar?iiol, L'Afrique, 1. 2, c. 8. Abd'allah, a name affixed to that of several caliphs, jxirti- cularly of Abul Abbas, the first caliph of the house of the Abassides ; Abu Jaafar Al Mansur, the second ; Abu Musa, the 6th ; Al Mostacfi, the 27th, &c. Euti/ch. Annul. ; FA Makin. Hist. Arab. ; Abulfaraj. Di/nasl. Abo'allah, a competitor for the caliphate with Abul Abbas, was assassinated by him in the same year, after liaving reigned a short time in Syria. El Makin, 1. 2, c. 2 ; Murmul, L'Afrique, 1. 2, c. I9. Abd'allaii, son of Ibrahim, and grandson of Tamerlane, a caliph of Per.sia, was lulled in battle by his successor, Abusaid Mirza, A. D. 1451. Mirkhond. Chronol. upud Texeira. Relal. I. 2. Saracen Princes in Africa of th'is Name. Abd'allah, succeeded his brother, Bahamu, as king of Tre- niecen, in the year 9^6 of the Hegira, A. D. 1546. Marmol. L'Afrique, 1. 5, c. 11. Abd'allah, son of the preceding, and king of Treraecen, was treacherously killed in the 953d of the Hegira, A. D. 1563. Marmol. IJAfrique, 1. 5, c. 11. Abd'ali^ah, surnamed Mulei/, son of Mahomet, died clieriff of Morocco, in 1574. Tliuan. Hist. 1. 20, c. 1, &c. ; Dieeo de Torr. Hist, de Cher. c. 110. Aud'allah, Ishmacl, son of Muley, cheriff of Morocco, was depo.sed and assassinated by a fanatic of the name of Cid Hamet Ben Abdala, 1607. Thuun. Hist. 1. 138, c. 3. Abd'allah, son of Muley Islimacl, succeeded liis fathcT as emperor of Morocco, 1731. Bruilhwaitc's Hisl. of Burbari^, p. 329, et seq. Saracen Princes in EurtrjK of this Name. Abd'allah, Avcn Maugi/, a king of Arragon and V'alentia, recovered his estates, by the help of Charlemagne, in 797. Aimonius, 1. 4, c. 68 ; Diiplcix Hisl. de France sous Charlem. ABD ARD Abd'am.aii, a king of Valcntia, revolted iigninst his nc))lie\v, .\1 Hiikiui, king of Cordova ; and also against Abd'alrali- ra"in, his son and successor, until his death, in 209. lioderic- Tolet. c. 23, \c. Ahu'ai.i.aii, the son of Lopez, was king of Toledo, in the vcar of the Hegira 20"7, A. D. 877- Mar'uin. dt- Rcb. Ilixp. i. 7, c. 19. Abd'ali-ak, Ebn Mohammed, of the race of the Ommiades, in Spain, was proclaimed king of Cordova, in the year of the Hegira '27(), A. I). S8(), where he reigned 'iH years. liodenr. Tolct. Hisl. Aral), c. 'SO; Marian, dc lieb. Hisp. 1. 7, c. !<); Mariiwl, L'.lj'riqiu; 1. 2, c 25. Abd'am-ah, brother of Al Mondar, commenced his reign in Cordova, in the 2,9.'5th ycjir of tlie Hegira, A. D. <)0.5, and died in the vcar .'iOO. He was succeeded liy jVbd'alrahman. Aud'am-ah, king of the Arabians in Sicily, died in y. Hisp. 1. 8, c. 9- Abd'allah, Abcn Abu, of Medina, was elected king of Gre- nada, bv the Moors of Spain, in the year of the Hegira 9^)0, A. D. 1570. Thuan. His. 1. 48, c. 1. Dislingithhed Persons of this Name. Aiid' ALLAH, the father of Mahomet, who was a camel-driver at the end of the sixth century. Abd'allah, Ebn Ora'ikat, pointed out to Mahomet the cave whither he and Abu Becre retired. Abd'allah, Ebn Hajash, one of the Ansars, who being sent out by Mahomet to get intelligence, intercepted a airavan belonging to the Koreish. Abd'allah, Ebn Al Mondar, one of the infidel Koreish, was slain at the battle of Bedr. Abd'allah, Ebn Onaiv, was commLssioned by Mahomet to assassinate Sofian Ebn Khelcd, which he faithfully executed. Abd'allah, Ebn Ratvaha, a zealous partisan of Mahomet, was killed at the battle of Beer. Abd'allah, Ebn Sand, one of the Arabians proscribed by Mahomet on the taking of Meccii. Abd'allah, Ebn Abu Kahiifa, surnamed Abu Beer. \'ide Abi( Beer. ABu'ALL.ur, Ebn Khalal, one of the Arabians proscribed by Mahomet. Abd'allah, Ebn Zabara, one of the proscribed for his biting poems against Mahomet. .\bd'allah, Dhu'l Nnjadain, a zealous partisan of Mahomet, was buried by him with great pomp. Abd'allah, Ebn Obba, is said to have desired, at his death, that he might be buried in Mahomet's shirt. Abd'allah, Ebn Orlcum, secretary to M;diomct. Abd'allah, Ebn Ma.siid, one of the ilrst followers of Ma- homet, who was honoured witli the title of Sabekah, that is, cmnpanion. Abd'allah, Ebn Sal-am, a jew, who assisted Mahomet in making the Koran. Abd'allah, Ebn Jaafar, a general of the cidiph Omar, plun- dered the monastery of Dair Abi'l Kodos. Abd'allah, Ebn Hodqf'a, one of Omar's favourites, was taken prisoner by the Greeks, but releuscd by the cmjK'ror Hcradius. .\bd'allah, Ebn Xadil, one of the caliph Omar's generals, was successfid in "ersia. Abd'allah, Ebn Sa'id, was made governor of Egypt by C)thm.'m. Abd'allah, Ebn Amer, a commander sent by Othm!in to extend the conquests of the Arabians. Abu'allaUj Ebn Abbas, surnamed the Augar, one of Ali's lieutenants, is to be distinguished from another .\bd idluh, F.bn Abba.s, governor of ^'emeii, and one of Ali's niojt faitiifnl friends. Ahd'allah, Ebn Waheb, the leader of a sect of Mahometans, wlio with his ])arty were destroyed by the caliph Ali. Abd'allah, .// Il/idrunii, a general employed by Mouwyah in his Witr with Ali. Abd'allah, Ebn Rqfiz, was secretary to the caliph Ali. Abd'allah, Elm Amer, was appointed governor of Barra, liy the caliph Ali. Abd'allaji, Ebn Sabu, originally a Jew, became the leader of a sect among the Mahometans. Abd'at-LAH, E.bn Il/izcm, was made governor of Dan, bv Ali. Abd'allah, Kbn Omar, refused with Abd'allah Ebn Zubier, to take the oath of allegiance to Moiwyah. Abd'allah, Ebn Omru, was displaced from his situation a.-! governor of l''gy]it by Mofiwyah. Abd'allah, Ebn Ilazim, a strenuous partisan in favour of Abd'allah, Ebn Zobier, rejected the oiler made by AIkIuI- melic, the caliph, and, Ijeing defeated by him, was put to death. Abd'allah, Ebn Mull, was set over the Koreish, by the people of Medina, in opposition to the caliph Yesid. Abd'.vllah, Ebn Balal, a general under Soliman. Abd'allah, Ebn Ilanlclah, was set over the Ansars. Abd'allah, Ebn Jl'ali, one of the followers of Ali, embraced the cause of Soliman against the rival caliphs, Abd'allah, Eb/i Zobier and Mcrwan. Abd'allah, Ebn Yexid, was governor of Cufa. Abd'allah, Ebn Mii,iiri/a/i, aspired to the caliphate, but was defeated by Abd'allah, Ebn Omar, governor of Cufa under Merwan. Abd'allah, Ebn Abid, was grandfather of the caliph Abu'l Abbas. Abd'allah, Ebn Hoscin, was an unsuccessful candidate for the caliphate, with Abu'l Abbas. Abd'allah, vide Abu'l Abbas Al Saffah. Abd'allah, Ebn Boktr, governor of Edessa, revolted against Abu'l Abbas. Abd'allah, Ebn Ali, uncle to Abd'allah Ebn Mohammed and Al Mansur, the two first ciUiiAs of the house of the Aba-S- sides, was put to death by order of the latter, after an un- successful attempt to succeed .\bd'allah Abu'l Abbas. Abd'allah, Ebn Ratvand, a rebel, who attacked the caliph Al Mansur, and, with all his party, was cut to pieces. He was the leader of the sect of the Rawandians. Abd'all^vh, Ebn Ali, Ebn lludij, was govenior under .M Mansur. Abd'allah, Ebn Al Mohdi, brother of Al Raschid, was governor of Egyjit. Abd'allah, Ebn Taker, was governor of Egypt under Al Mamun. Abd'allah, Ebn Yah, was grand vizier to Al Mo'tamed. Abd'allah, Ebn Ra.uhid, Ebn Kaw, a general, was taken prisoner in the war between the Greeks and Arabian.s. Abd'allah, Berebere, originally a schoolmaster and leader ot the sect of Mohavcdans or Unitarians, contrived to niise a rebellion against Abndiara, emperor of Morocco, and to sot Abdulmunien, of the race of Almoades, uixm the throne. He died in the ve-.ir of the Hegira 54.S, A D, 1 153. Abd'all.ui, Alfaqui, a Mahometan preacher of the sect of the .-Umohades, who, causing a revolt, Wiis beheaded, by order of the cheritr Mahomet," in the ye;ir of the Hegira 950, A.D. 1560. Abd'allah, Bcl', a native and governor of Kurdistan, ren- dered him.self Obnoxious to Soliman, and was beheaded in 1578. Theitphan. Ckronog. ; EiUi/ch. Annal. ; El Mahin. Hi.il. Saracen.; Grar. Abu'lJ'araj. Hisl. Di/nasl. ; Ahul- feda. Vit. Mohammed) Roderie Tolet. HLil. Arab.; Marian. dc Reb. Hisp. ; Pocock in not. ad Spec Hist. Arab. ; Had. ABD Reland de Eelis'ion. Mohammed; Prideaiu's Life of Ma- homet; Ockleii'sHist. of the Saracens; Sale's Prelim. Pref. Abd'ai-i.aii, a) Sagar {Biog.) was son of tlie jireacher Abd'al- rahman, who converted the Christians. He became one of the most famous of the Al Tabeites, or immediate successors to the companions of Mahomet. Abd'allau, Ebn Sahel, an astronomer in the caliphate of Al Mamun. Abd'allaii, Ebn Al Hasan, an astrologer in the caliphate of Al Moti. Abd'allah, Ebn Mobarcfi, is in great veneration among the Mussulman, who visit his tomb at Hit. Abd'allah, Ben Houssain Bcdr Al Karob, wrote the Mston- of the Abbassidcs. El Makin. Hist. Saraeen, S^c. vide supra. ABD'ALLA.S {Bios-) or Abcal, one of the Persian Magi. ABD'ALLATIF (//»■/.) vide Abdollalif. ABD'AL-M.\'AL {Biug.) the author of a Universal Geo- graphy, in Persian, entitled ' the Measure of the Earth.' ABD'ALMAGID {Hist.) chief of the sect of the Kaia- mians, who raised a sedition to expel the famous Doctor, Fakhreddin Razi. ABD'ALMALEK (Hist.) \-ide Abdulmalic. ABD'ALMUTALIB {Hist.) a chief of the KoreLsh, and grandfather to Mahomet, who is siud to have given this name signifying, praised or glorified, to his grandson at his birth. ABDALONIMUS {Hist.) called by Diodorus and Plutarch 'Wvivfiuc, one of the descendants of the kings of Sidon, who was reduced to the condition of a gardener ; but upon the capture of that city by Ale.\andcr, was promoted to the tlu-one of his ancestors.' i)iod. lib. l~ ; Plut. de Fort. Ale.v-; Q. Curl. lib. 4, c. 1 ; Ju.ftin. lib. 11, c. 10. ABD'ALUAHMAX (Hist.) or Abda'rrahmdn, Abderramen, Abdcrame, Abderrahmdn, Abdo'rrahmdn, Abdurrahman, as it is variously ^\Tltten, a name common to many distin- guished Saracens particularly of a family descended from the Ommiades, who being almost all destroyed in Africa repaii-ed to Spain, where they reigned tUl the lith centur)'. Kings of Cordova of this Name. Abd'alrahman, sumamed Adahil, or the founder, because he founded a new kingdom of the Moors, in Spain, built a splendid mosque at Cordova ; and, after a reign particularly obnoxious to the Christians, died in the year of the Hegiia 177, A. D. 787. Vas. Chrun. Ann. liil ; Hod. Tolct. de lleb. Hisp. 1. 9, c. 18; Hist. Arab.; Marian, de lieb. Hisp. 1. 7, c. 7 ; Marmol L'Afrique, 1. 2, c. 20. Abd'alrah.man, first stamjied his name on his coin. He made a league with Haimirus king of Castille, and died in 846 or 859, leaving 4.') sons and 42 daughters. This prince was employed by his father Alcahan, or, according to Marmol, Aliatan, to inflict a signal vengeance on the rebellious inha- bitants of Toledo, of whom he slew 5 or G,000. He was succeeded by his son Mahomet. Vas. Ann. 839 ; Marian. 1. 7, c. \3; 'Marmot. L'.lfriijue, 1. 2, c. 23. Aan'Al-nAHMAN, suniamed the Exaltcr of the Law, succeeded his fatlier Abdalhili. He, wanting to extcmiinatc idl the Christians, made many martyrs during a reign of more tlian 50 years. He died in 'pt,' the MS. of which is preserved in the Bodleian librar)- at 0.\ford. An edition of this treatise was published in 1 800, with notes and a Latin version by profes.sor White. ABDO'LLIS (Ili.sl.) a tribe of Afghans, who became tributary U> Sh.'ih Abbas ], king of Persiii. AB1)()'I.>L\I,IK (Ilisl.) or Abddlmdcc. Vide Abdulmclec. .\BI)')'LMLLEC {Biug.) a geometrician of Persia, who translated, or rather abridged, a part of Apollonius' Conic .Sections. ABDO'LMO.MIN (IH.kI.) vide Abdulmuwrn. ABDO'LMOTALLl-B (//m/.) vide Abd' ulmutalib. ABDO'I^RAKIM (Uisl.) vide Abdol. ABDO'L-WAHAB (//m/.) nej.bew to the caliph Al Mansur, wlio made him his general. Abulfaraj. Ilisl. Di/n. p. 217. AIMiO'LWAL (//i.v/.) a mussulman doctor of SamarcAnd had great influence with the rabble, who favoured the interest ..r ShMi Kiikh in 1407. ABDOL-WALII) (//«/.) vide Abdol. ABI)0\ {liibl.) (nap, the son of Hilkl, of the tribe of IvjOiraim, tentli judge of Israel, wlio h'ft forty sons and thirtv grand-sons, A. .M. 2840: A. C. Il()5. Jitdg. xii. l.i, I.V; Vii. Annul. AniioN, the son of Jchiel, of tlic tribe of Benjamin. 1 C/iron. ix. 3(5. AiiiKiN, the son of .Sha.shak, of the trilie of Benjamin. 1 C/iron. viii. 2.3, .'JO. .\bdon, the stlicr of Miilcy Hassan, toolc the city of Tunis from his n(.])luw, wlioin lie (U'lirivtd of his eyes by means of hiirninj; sanil. He reigned only thirty-six days. Mitniitil. I.'.ll'ri(jii(; 1. 6, c. Hi. Ann'iii,:MAi.ir, Mii/ci/, who succeeded his father Muley Mo- lueh in Ki.'iO, was nuudered by a Christian slave after a reign of four years. Abi>'i'i,mai,ic, son of Muley Ishmael, and prince of Suz, was clioscn emjieror of Morocco in 17~J>> and strangled, by order of hi.s brother, in IT.'iO. Distinguished Personx of this Name. ABD'tTT.MAl.ir, Khii Ihrfdd, a governor of F.gypt under tlic Gjliph Al Walid. Ani)'ri.>iAi.ic, a viceroy, was con(]uercd and beheaded by Alxl'alralini;\n, general of Abul I laziz, his rival. Abd'i'i-malic, Khti Ycslil, was appointed governor of Egi.'jit, under the calii)h Al Mansur. Abd'l'lmai.ic, Kbii Siilch, governor of F.gypt under the caliph Harum, or Aaron Al Haschid. Abo'i'I-aiamc, son of Ahnansor, king of Cordova, after beat- ing Count Fernandez, died in the vcar of the Hegira .'iS8, A. D. 998. Abd'uljialic, a son of Abulhasscm, king of Fez, who Ixing beaten in an engagement with the Christians in Spain, attempted to make his escape, but was slain in a hedge in the year of the Hegira 7."0, A. 1). \3W. Eiili/ch. Annal. ; El Miiliiii. Hist. Same. ; Aliu'lfaraj. Hist. Din. ; Rodcr. Tolel. Hist. Arab. ; Marian de Reb. Hispan. ; Marmot. IJAf'riqne. ABDULMUMEN {Hist.) a king of the Saracens, in Africa, who was of obscure origin, was elevated to the throne by help of Abdallah, the autlior of the sect Mohavedi. He strangled the heir to the crown \vith his owti hands, and, after a successful reign, died in 1 1 56, as he was about to pass over into Spain. Leo .Ifrican. 1. 3 ; Marian de Reb. Hisp. 1. 11, c. 1 ; Marmot. L'Afrique, 1. 2, c 3^; T/iiian. Hist. 1. 7, c. 2. Abdulmumen, king of Tunis, killed Yahaya, the murderer of Ala Bare, and reigned in his stead. Marmol. L'Afrique, 1.6. ABDrLMTTjiEN, son of Abd'allah or Abdollah, khan of Great Bukharia, succeeded his father in 1.540, and was .slain by his own people. Mirkhnnd, apiid Texeira, 1. 2, c. 58. ABDULVATES {Hist.) an ancient people originally of Trcmeccn, from whom were descended the race of kings who drove the Abd'alrahmans from Africa in the year of the Hegira 386, A. D. 9.96. Marmol. L'Afrique, 1. 2, c. 28, &c. ABDUN {Biog.) or Ebn Abdun, the same as Abdallah Al Adib Al Raimi, author of the hook entitled ' Ekhtelaf Abou Hanifah,' i. e. a criticism on Abou Hanifah. ABDtTv:, or Ebn Abdun Alnlallah Al Hatemi, author of a book entitled ' Adah Al Hokamah,' or the Morals and Manners of Philosophers and Phvsicians. Abbun, or Elm Abdun Abou Mohammed Ahdalhamid, author of a poem entitled ' Abdunia.' ABDUS (Hist.) a Parthian eunuch, and one of the principal consjiirators against king Artabanus. He was poisoned at a feast to which he was invited. Tacit. Annal. 1. 6, c^ 31, 32. ABDY (Her.) the name of a family of E.ssex, which at pre- sent enjoys the title and dignity of a baronet, conferred in 1641 on Sir Thomas Abdy. The arms, &c. of this family are as follow : Arm.i. Or, two chevroncls between three trefoils slipped .mble. Crest. An eagle's head erased. ABEACUS (Hist.) 'Aftiakor, a king of the Sirachs, a people of Mount Caucasus. Sirab. 1. 11. ABECIUS (Hist.) a rival of Abdulmalic, in the kingdom of ABE Spain, Wiis slain by him on his return from Africa. MunmA. /.'A/'rique, I. 2, e. I 4. A15Ei).\l;(;() (Hi/,/.) unar. a ChaMee name for Azariali, who, with Shadraih and .Meshech, werv tlirown into the fiery furnace. Dan. i. ~, iii. 1','. ABEIM.E, Gasptir (liiog.) a French abbe, was Ixim at Hiez, in I'rovcnee, in 1648, and died at Paris, the 2 1st of May, 1718. He wrote .some (mIcs, epistles, tragedies, itc. Abkm.i.k, Seipiv, brother of the preceding, a surgeon and medical writer, was tx)m at Kiez, and died Nov. y, 1697. He wrote ' Histoire des Os,' &e. Ahkii.i.k, lAiuis Paul, was bom at Toulouse, June 2, 1719, and died at Pari.s, July 28, I8O7. He wrote ' Corj)s d'Ob.servations de la Societe d'.Agriculture, de Com- merce,' &c. ABEL (liibl.) "yan, hebel, taniti/, breath, or ra/xjur ; the .second son of .Adam and Eve, was ]x>n\ in the scaind year of the world, A.M. 1. B.C. 4003. Jul. Per. 711. Gen. iv. 2; Pelav. de Doctrin. Temp. ; L'sser Annal. Abel, "pan, mourning, al.so called Abel-bet h-maaeha, 1 Kincs, XV. 20. or Ahelmaim, 2 Chron. xvi. 4. and Abila, capitaf of Abilene, Luke iii. 1 ; a town situated, according to Ur. Wells, in the north of the land of Israel, in the trilx! of Naphtali. It was taken and ravaged by Benhadad, king of Syria, and 200 years after by Tiglathpilezer. 2 Kings, XV. 29 ; Enscb. apud Hieron. de Loc Heb. ; Wells, Geos. of the Old Test, part 3, c. 2. Abei, f)f the vinei/ards cj'm^'^nw, ".V/jtX 'ApviXiov, translated Plain of the vinei/ards ; a town si.v or .seven miles from Babbatli, the capital of the Amnumites. Jud. xi. 33. Abel the Great, n^njn h^a, great mourning; a large stone on wliich the ark was placed when it was sent back by the Philistines. 1 .SV;;«. \'i. 18. Abel, Meholah, nVinn-Slw, '.\/)e\^df\a<, according to Eu- .sebius, Abel-Maula, and rendered by .St. Jerome, niuurnins of weakness, the bii-thplace of Elisha, 1 Kings xix. 1 6", situated, according to Eusebius, in a great plain, I6 miles S. Scvtho- polis. Euseb. Onom. ; Hieron. de Loc. Heb. Abel Mizraim, tanyn-'^aK, the mourning of Egi/pl, another name for the threshing floor of A tad. Gen. 1.^1 1. Abel, Shittim, C3>t3'ei'-7aw, ' AinX/Ta-iili; according to Euse- bius, and "AjjiXa, according to Josephus; a town in the plains of Moab, beyond Jordan, \vhere Moses encamped before the army passed the Jordan. Numb, xxxiii. 49 ; Joseph. Antiq. I. 4, c. 7, &c. ; Euseb. Onom. ; Hieron. de Loc. Heb. Abel (Hist.) son of \'aldimir II, nuirdered hLs brother Eric, and took possession of his throne in 1250, two years after \vhich he was killed in an insuiTection of the Friezlanders. Krantz. L 7, c. 21. Abel, Gaspar (Riog.) an historian and poet, was bom at Hindenburg, and died at W'estdorf in 1763. He wrote, ' Preussische Brandenburgi.sehe .Staats Historic:' &c. Abel, Charles Frederick, a German nuisician, who was ap- pointed charalwr-musiiian to her majesty in 1759, and died in 1787- Burneif, Hist. Mus. vol. iv. p. 678. Abel, or Able, Thomas: Vide Able. ABELA (Bibl.) 7ihi», a town of Pertea, beyond Jordan. 2 Sam. XX. 14. Abkla, John Francis (Biog.) commander of the order of the knights of .lerusalem, Ls principally known by !».•! histon." of Malta, tlie place of liis birth, entitled ' Malta illustrata, ovvero della descrizione di Malta:' Malta, 1()47. Sas. (hiomast. vol. iv. p. 507. ABELA lU) (7J(V):r.) Almilard, or A balard, Peter, the son of Berenger, of noble descent, and AblK)t of St. Gildas, was bom at Palais, near Nantes, in Bretagne, in 1079, and died April 21, 1142. He was early engaged in the .siholastic philosoj)liy of the times, and drew uiH>n him.self much oppo- sition by the freedom with which he broached his heterodox c 2 ' ABE ABE opinions, but he is most generally known as the lover of Heloisii. His works which have been published, with those of his mistress, consist of their letters, and his treatises of Theolog>-, &c. Fab. Bibl. Lot. vol. ii. ; Sax. Onomast. vol. ii, p. •il'i. ABELE, Christopher Count d' {Hist.) son of Christopher Abele, whose ancestors were ennobled by Charles X, was employed as minister to the emperors Ferdinand III, and Leopold, on the most important concerns of state. He was likewLse the author of a work on the rights of the House of Austria against that of Haniberji ; and died in 1()S5. Abele, Matthias {Biog.) brotlier of the preceding, was his- toriographer to the emjieror Leopold, and author of several works. ABELIX, John Philip {Rioe.' Abelin {Givg.) a town of Palestine, eight miles E. Acre. Some have conjectured this to be the ancient Zabulon which was sacked by the Roman genend Cestiis. ABELL, John {Biog.) an English nnisician, publislied ' a Col- lection of S(mgs in several Languages,' in 1701. Uaivki/is, Hist, of Mux. vol. iv. p. 4-1j. ABELLA (Biog.) a female medical writer of S;ilemo, was bom in tlie reign of Charles of Anjou, She wrote, among other things, ' De atra Bili.' Abella (Geog.) a city of Campania, fruitful in nuts, called Nuccs Avellante, now Avclla I'ccchia. Virgil writes Bella for Abella, as Ls suppo.sed. .«:«. I. 7, V. 740. i'l qtios malifera despectant mer sulci Cerealis Abella. The inhabitants are called Abellani. Slrab. 1. .'"i ; /'////. 1. 15, c. 22 ; Ptol. 1. 3, c. 1 ; Front, de Colon. ; Ju.plicd to several princes and distinguished persons in histor\' and liicigTa|)hv. .\BEN-'B()III:N (liiU.) I^n-t3^«, ^<'«"C "<,<;.■, the stone of Bohtin or of strength, a boundary stcme .sejiarating tlie tribes of .ludah and Benjamin. Josh. xviiL 17 ; llwron. de luris Ileh. ;\BEN'CHAM()T (Hist.) a celebrated general in Barbnry, rcKuc, § 50. ABEN-XAL'HAR (Hi.it.) one of the Moii.sci, in Spain, wlio renounced C!hristianity in order to return to Mahomctanism. He was the genend of Aben-Humeya. Thuan. Hist. 1. 1-8, c. 12. ABEX-ZOAR (Biog.) vide Aren-Zoar. ARIZONA (Mi/lh.):i god of the Romans, who was sujipo.sod to give the faculty of removing fnmi a jilacc, in distinctlim from the god Adeona. August, de Civ. Dei, 1. 4, c. 21 ; Gi/rald. Si/nt. Deor. 1. ABKRA\()NIUM (Geog.) a town of Wales, now .iberaixm. A BE RC I US (Ecc.) a bishop of HierapolLs. Baron. Aiinal. Ann. l63. ABE ABE ABERCOHN (/i/oir-) one of the titles enjoyed by a principiJ bniiuli of till- illustrious house of Haiiiiltoii. QN'ido ll/niiilloti.'] The titles, arms, iS:e. of this nol)le family are as follow : Titles. Haniilt(m, Manjuis of Ahereorn, and \ iseoiint Ha- milton, in (Jreat liritain ; Karl of Aljereoni, Haron of Paisley, Hamilton, and Kirkjiatrick, in .Scotland ; Haronet of Nova Scotia, and X'iscount Strabiuie, and Haron Stra- banc and Mountcastle, in Ireland. Ariii.i. QiKiilriii/, for Ilamiltcm, Ist and tth giilcs, three cinquefiiils ])iereed iinrfiil. For Arran, 2d and 3d, argcn/, a .sliij) witli her sails furled up sable. Cresl. In ii ducal coronet or, an oak tree fructed and penetrated transversely with a saw proper, the frame gold, inscribed with the word " Through." []Vide Ila- villloii.'] Supixirlerx. Two antelopes argriil, their bonis, ducal col- lars, chains, and hoofs or. Motto. " Sola ncbilitat virtus." ABERC()\X)NTUM {Gcog.) a town of Wales, now Aher- comnii/. ABEKCOUH (Geog.) or Aherhuh, two towns, one inChaldea, or the ArabiaTi Irak ; the other in the Persian Irak. ABERCUOMBIi:, John {B'mg.) the son of a jrardener, wrote a Gardener's Dictionary, Calender, &c. and died in ISOI. ABE RC ROM BY, Sir Ralph (llisl.) a general well known for his skill, vidour, and success, was the son of (ieorge Alx'rcrond)v, of Tullibody, I'.sq. who was descended from an ancient cadet of the family of Birkenberg, as mentioned under Ileraldri/. He was born in IT^S, obtained a cornetey in the second regiment of dragoon guards, in 175(), from which he rose, by a long and honourable .service to the rank of lieutenant-general in 1797. In 1801, he was sent as commander-in-chief on the exjiedition into Egypt, and fell fighting bravely at the battle of Alexandria on the 3d of April of the same year. [^Vide Plate l-i.] Aberckomby (Her.) a family of Scotland, which derive.s its name from the lands of Abercromby, in the county of Fife. The Abercrombics of that Ilk were very considerable gen- tlemen, of whom the most ancient cadet was Abercromby, of Birkenberg, from whom descended the distinguished genersJ Sir Ralph Abercromby above-mentioned. Abercro.mbv, Francis, of Fittemier, was created Lord Glass- ford for life, by James VII. From Mm is descended the present Hugh Lord Semple. yVBERCROjiBY, Man/ Ann, relict of Sir Ralph Abercromby, was created, as a reward for her husband's gsdlant conduct, a barone.ss in 1801, with the title of Baroness Abercromby of Aboukir and Tullibody. The titles, anus, &c. of this fauuly are as follow : Titles. Abercromby, Baron of Aboukir and Tullibody. Anns. Argent, a fess embattled gules ; in base the arms of Abercrombie, urgent, a chevron indented gules, between three boars' heads erased azure : out of the embattle- nients in chief issuant a dexter arm embowcd in armour, encircled by a wreath of laurel, and the hand grasjiinir a a stand of military colours, representing the invincible standard of the French taken in Egypt. Crest. A bee erect, proper. Supporters. Two greyhounds per fess argent and or, collared and lined gules, charged on the shoulder with a thistle. Abkrcromby, Patricli {Biog.) a physician in the 18th century of the above family, wrote * The Lives of the Scotch Warriors,' and other historical works. ABERDEEN, Earl of {Her.) is descended nnintermptedly from the male line of the noble house of Gordon. The titles, anns, &c. of this family are as follow : Titles. Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen ; \'i.sce Zoro- ABG ABI a-ster. Tlus is a commentarv i)n their code of religious faith. ABEZ (^Geog.) yaw, .\/5>)c, an egg, or from yo, muddy, a city of Isachar. Jos]!, xix. 20. ABG.\RA {Hist.) a competitor for the crown of Monomotapa, in Africa, was killed in the sanguinary contest in iCOi. ABG.'VRUS {Hist.) 'A/Byapof, a name common to several kiugs of Edessa : it is otherwise spelt Abagarus, Agbarus, Augarus, &c. Abgarus, by wlio.se perfidy Crassus was drawn into a snare which caused his ruin. He is called "At/Sapoc by Appian, '.\pid/i>-ijc bv Plutarch, and Auynpoc by Dio. I'liil- i" Cra.ts. ; Appian. de Faith. Bell. ; Dio. 1.'40 ; Sex. Riif. in Breviar. Abgabus, who, according to Eusebius, wrote a letter to our Saviour, and received an answer from him. The genuine- ness of these letters has been the subject of much dispute among the learned. Dio. 1. 68 ; Eii.ich. Hi.tl. Eccl. 1. 1, c. 13 J Evasr. I 4, c. 26; Procop. de Bell. Per. 1. 2, c. 12 ; Cave. Lit. Hi.it. vol. i. p. 2 ; Lard. Cred. 1. 7, c. 22. ABGARfs, who, in the reign of Claudius, dealt treacherously with Mithridates, a general of the I'arthians. Tacit. Annal. 1. 12, c. 12, &c. Abgarus, who by Dio is called Auyapo?, lived in the reign of Trajan, to whom he delayed doing homage on his conquest of Armenia. His son Arbande, however, afterwards obtained the favour of the emperor. Dio. 1. 68, &c. Abgarus, Arhandiis, son of the former, who lived in the reign of Antoninus I'ius, is said to have been a religious prince. Capitolin. in Anton. P.; Euscb. Prmparat. Evang. 1. 6; Epiphan. Hwre, 56. Abgarus, successor of the preceding, gave hostages for his fidelity to the emperor Severus, A. D. 197- Hcrodian, 1. 3, c. 9 J Spartian. in Sever. Abgarus, the last king of Edessa, being conN'ictcd of trea- cliery to the emperor Caracalla, in 2 1 (i, was stripped of his jK)Ssessions, and sent prisoner to Rome, with liis two sons. HLs kingdom was then cx)nverted into a Roman province. Dio. 1. 77. Abgarus, another prince of Edessa, in the reign of Gordianus Pius, is known only by some medals which he struck in honour of that emperor, of which a further account is given under Xnnii.s-7iiatics. Abgarus {Xiimis.) the kings of tliLs name struck several medals in honour of Hadrianiis, M. Aurelius, E. J'eriis, Lucilla Commodiis, Sept. Severus, and, lastly, of Gordianus Pius. The medals of tlie latter represent Abgarus in three Fig. 1 Fii;. a. attitudes, all expressive of his attachment and devotion to the emperor ; namely, on foot standing l)efore the emperor, Wi in Jig. I, on horseback ready for war, its in Jig. 2, and nd jrporo/iac xcalptus, en denii/ l)usle, a half length portrait, as in Jig. 3, with a sun lK.-hiiid, c-mbleniaticid of Persia, on whidi he turns liis back in favour of the Romans. Tri.staii. Coinmnit. Hislor. vol. i. p. 6.'i7, et .leq. vol. ii. ]). ."iiy ; Patin. Num. Imprrdl. Roman. ; Ge.siuT. Xum. Imp. Roman, tab. 3 ; Hiirduin. !\'uin. Ant. iltusl. ; Span/i. Dissert, de Usu el Pra-st. Sum. ; Buyer. Hist. (Jsrhuen. i«, my father, wife of Ahaz, mother of Heze- kiah, 2 Kings, xviii. 2 ; otherwise called Abijali. 2 Chron. xxix. 1. Abi, Arabi {Hist.) an Arabian prince who did homage to Charlemagne, by whom he was restored to his kingdom in Spain. Abi, Abdala, a king of Grenada, was j)oisoned by the king of Fez, by means of a present which the latter made to him, in 1396. Marmul. L' Afriquc, 1. 2. Abi {Biog.) sumamed de Mansor, an Arabian, and author of a work entitled ' Nothr Aldorr.' ABI A {Myth.) the daughter of Hercules and nurse of HiUus, gave her name to a town of Messenia. Abia {Gcog.) "A/jta, or ' \ftia ; a city of Messenia, called after Abia, was the ancient Ire, 'Ipi) Troiiiiaaa, one of the seven cities which Agamemnon promised to Achilles. Hmn. II. 1. 9, V. 292 ; Strab. 1. 8 ; Plol. 1. 3, c. I6; Pans. 1. 4, c. 30. ABIAH {Bibl.) n'3N, from aw, father, and rr. Lord, L e. tlie Lord my father, the second son of Samuel the prophet. 1 Sam. \iji. 2. ABI-ALBON {Bibl) one of David's valiant men. 2 S(tm. xxiii. 31. ABIATHAR {Bibl.) inuK, excellent father, from 2i*, fathei and Tn', excellent, a high priest in the time of Da\id, son of Abimelech, and the tenth high priest of tlie Jews. 1 Sam. xxx. 7- ABIBALUS {Hist.) 'AjSiiDaXoc, the father of Hiram, king of Tyre, and friend of Solomon. He is the oldest Tyrian king of whom mention is made in history ; Joscphus quotes the Tvrian Annals, Menander, and Dio respecting him and his son. Joseph. Ant. 1. 8, c- 5, § 3 ; Contra Appion. 1. 1 . ABIBAS {Ecc.) or Abibon, son of Gamaliel, wlio, according to a priest named Lucian, was converted to Christianity. ABICE {Geog.) 'AftiKT], a region of Pontus, otherwise called 1 lylea, Steph. Byz. in 'YXt'a. ABIDAH {Bibl.) ri'^K, the son of Midian. Gen. xxv. 4. AJilDAK {Bibl.) p'ax, *A/ii?ar, my father the Judge, from •in, my father, and \M, the Judge, son of Ciideon, of the tribe of lienjamin, who made his oflering with the rest of the princes. Numb. i. 1 1 ; vii. 60. ABIDENUS {Biog.) nde Abydcniis. ABI EL {Bibl.) "^N-'aK, God my father, from 'a«, my father, and '?«, God, the fiither of Kisli and Ncr, and grandfather to Saul, first king of Israel. 1 Sam. i\. 1. ABIEZER {Bibl.) iir'lN, from 2ti, J'athcr, and nir, help, tlie son of Manasseh. Josh. xvii. 2. AniEZKR, a foUower of Gideon. Jiidg. vi. 34. AniKZF.R, one of king David's thirty champions. 2 Smn. xxiii. 27. ABKIABAON {Bibl.) praj-'2«, n-anyp Tuftawv, father of Gibeon ; that is, the first of the Israelites who inhabited Gil)e(m, otherwise cidled Ner, father of Kish, and grand- father of Saul. 1 C7;;o7?. viii. 29. 33 ; ix. 35 ; 1 Sam. xiv. .'51. ABKJAII. {Bibl.) 'j'j'an, the mfe of Nabal, and afterwards of David. 1 Sam. xxv. 14, tkc ABICiAS {Geos.) Wfliyat, a river of Mauritania. Procop. de lirtl. ranilal. 1. 2, c. 19- ABIIIAII, {llibl.) b'noK, WfiixaiaX; the father of Zuricl. Numb. iii. H.'i. AimiAit., the father of Queen Esther. F..ith. iL 15. .AniiiAri,, daughter of Eliab, David's brother, and wife to king lichoboaiii. 2 Chron. xi. 18. ABIllU {Bibl.) ^71^2^, the J'alhvr of hii Lord, from 2i*,Jhthcr, ABI mill in', /lis Lord, a son of Aaron, who, witli his brother, was i-onsnnioil by tiro from God. I.cr. x. 1. ii. AUIl {(ifog.) " Aiiwt, from a piiv. and /j/n, violence, because tliev lived quietly, a uibc of Scytluans who submitted to Alexander. Horn. II. \. \Cy, V. 6". rXaicro^a'/uv 'Afiioiyn tiKaiOTnruiv di'Qpoirru}'. Sirah. 1. 7 ; Q. Curl. 1. 7, c. (i ; Plot. I (), c. 15; ^rnnw. 1. 4, c. 1 ; Sirp/i. lii/z. dc Vrb. ; Bocli. Vlmle^. 1. ,3, e. y. AHIJAH (liibL) n'3«, signifie.s the .same as Abiah. Abmaii, the son of Jeroboam, wlio died, aceordinj; to a pro- pheey, A.M. .30 k), B. C. .()5S. 1 Kiiigx, xiv. 1. &c. Abuah, king of Judah, and successor to Hehoboam, reigned three year.s, and died A. M. 3046, A. C. y58. 2 Cliroii. xiii. 1. He is called Abijam. 1 King.s; xv. 1. Abijaii, mother of Hezekiali. [^Vidc Abi^ Abjjaii, or Abia, a descendant of Ele;Lzar, of who.sc course was Zachariah the fatlior of John the Baptist. 1 Chron. xxiv. 10; Luke x. 5. Abijaii (Ilisl.) a king of the Partliians, wlio made war upon liates, king of the Adiabenians, because he beaime a eon- vert to Judaism. Jmcpli. Anliq. 1. 20, c. 4. ABII.A (Bibl.) "AfiiXa, a town o{ Coelo.syria, now BeUinas, capital of Abilene, a province of which Lysanias was te- trareh as mentioned by St. Luke iii. 1 . It answers to the Lcucas of the Greeks, [[vide Leuca.s^ whicli is a translation of the Hebrew, Abil/i or Al)el, white. These two names are to be found on a med;il of Faustina, wliich bears the inscrip- tion AKYKa^iwi' ABIAA tAC, 2^6. Uliethcr this medal refers to the Abila of l-ysanius, or any other Abila, is a matter of question. The type, a bunch of grapes, denotes tliat the place abounded in grape.s, wliich corresponds with what is said of this town by Eusebius and Jerome; but on tlie other hand, the date 2.36 from the era of Pompcy, would, in the opinion of some, bring this town earlier under tlio dominion of the Romans than it really came. The gentile name of Abila, was Abylenus, as we learn from the in-scription ABLMlNUiN, found on a medal of Antoninus Biitannicus. ruli/b. 1. 5, c. 71 ; PUn. 1. 5, c. 18 ; Ptol 1. 5, c. l.'j; Joseph. 1. 19, c. 5; Antonin. Itiiu ; Euseb. apud Jlicron. de Loc. Heb. ; Steph. Byz. de Urb.; Goltz. Tliesaur.; lain. i\'umm. Groec. ABILAMAUODACHUS {Hist.) ■A/3, a king of Gerar, who was in alliance with Abraham. Gen. xxi. 27. Aiu.MEi.Ecn, a son of the former, with whom Isaac renewed the covenant. Gen. xxvi. 26. Abjmei.ecii, the son of Gideon, who, after murdering his seventy brethren, usurped the government, and was after- wards killed by a milLstone thrown on his head. Judg. ix. 1, &c. Abimelech, a high priest in the time of Saul, who, in the Hebrew, is called i'^dtik, Achimelech. ABINADAB {Bibl) mj'3N, 'Apivala^i; David's brotlier. 1 Chron. ii. 13. Abin^vdah, \'ide Aminadab~ AbK ABINDONTA (Gcog.) Abnndutie, i. e. .Ibbniis oppiduni, a town of Berksliire, now Abingdon. I'amb. Brit. voL i. p. 1.55. ABI.NGDON, Earl of (Her.) one of the titles enjoyed by the noble (aniily of Birtie. fX'ide Bcrlie'^ The titles, amis, &c. of this family are as folh)w : 2'il/e.\: Bertie, Eurl of Abingdon ; and Baron Norreys, of Rycote. Arms. Argent, tliree battering rams bar\vays in pale proper, armed, and garnished, azure. Crest. A Saracen's head couped at the shoulder j»rof>er, crowned dueally, and charged on the chest with a fret, azure. Sup]X)rters. On the dexter side a friar vested in ruictet, with his stall' and pater-noster argent. On the sinister, a savage wreathed about the temples and middle with ivy proper, on each of their chests a fret azure. Motto. " N'irtus ariete fortior." Abingdon, WilUnighln/ Bertie, Earl of (Ilisl.) son of William the third I'.arl of Abingdim, was l)oni in 1740, and died in 1799. after having distinguished him.self by the violence of his opposition to government. He published a pamphlet entitled ' Thoughts on the Letter of Edmund Burke, Esq. to the Sheriffs of Bristol, on the Aii'airs of America," Svo. Oxford, 1777, which went through six editions. ABINOAM (/ii'W.) DrJOW, Wpinip, fallier of beauli/, the fiither of Barak, leader of an army. Judg. iv. 6. ABIOLICA (Geog.) a town of Gallia Xarbonensis, now sup- posed by Cluverius to be the village called Le Bullet. Cluver. German Anli3», 'AfniTuv ; the son of Phineas, the fourth high-priest of the Hebrews. 1 Chron. vi. 50. Jo- sephus calls him 'A/5i£;fp. Joseph. Anliq. 1. 5, c ult. ABISTAMENES (Hist.) an officer who was set over Caj>- j)adocia bv Alexander, as he was on his march to Cilicia. He is called ila/jWrrt., by Arrian. d Curl. 1. 3, c. 4. Arrian. Ale.T. Exped. 1. 2, e. 4. ABITAL (Bibl.) ^a'2», Jollier of the den; from "jD, devf, and 3«, a father, tlie" -sixth wife of David. 1 Chron. iii. 3. ABITEX (//;.v/.) a king of Persia. ABIUD (Bibl.) nin-'3N. the son of Zorobabel, one of our Sa- \'iour's ancestors. Mallh. i. 1 .3. ABKHAS (Geog.) one of the seven nation.s, between the Black and Citspiim Sea, which is tributar)- to the Turks. ABCE ABO The Abkhas speak a language of their own, and preserve some traces of Christianity among them. ABLABIL'S (Hist.) vide Ablmius. ABLAINCOURT {Bios.) vide Bruhier. ABLANCOUR'J" {Biog.) vide Perrot. ABLAA'IL'S (Hi.it.) or Ablahius, a consul in the reign of Constantino and Cndcrius. Cassiod. Chron. 2. Ablaviu.-;, Munviia, a I'ratorian prefect in tlie reign of \'a- lerian, whose letter to him is preserved by Trebcllius Pollio ill Claud, c. 15. Abi.a\-ius {Ecc.) or Ablahius, a rhetorician in tlie time of Theodosius the younger, who was afterwards a bishop in Cscsarea. Social. 1. 7, c. 12. Ablavius, {Biog.) or Ablaudu.i an historian wlio wrote a history of the Goths. Jornand. De Reb. Gel. c. 4, &c. ; Sabcli. de Reb. Aquil. 1. 3; Volalerr. Anihrop. 1. 13; J'o.is. de Hist. Lai. 1. 3. ABLE {Hi.tl.) or Abel, Tliomas, a di\dne of Oxford who be- came domestic chaplain to Queen Catliarine, and fidling under the displeasure of Heniy VIII. for his defence of the (Jiieen, was imprisoned, hanged, drawn, and quartered in Smithfield, July .SOth, 1.5iS. He wrote ' Tractatus de non dissolvendo Henrici et Catharimc Matrimonio,' or, according to Tanner, a tract entitled ' Invicta \'eritas.' {food's Alhenw, vol. i. p. 54. ABN (Hisl.) Ibii or Ebii, signifies a son, and when preceded by a i)roper name, and followed by that of the father, is written Ben, as Hassan Ben Mahomed, Hassan the son of Mahomet. ABN'-ARRAHAB (Biog.) i. e. Son of a Monk, an author who wrote a work, entitled ' An Oriental Chronicle.' Translated into Latin, bv Aijrahum Echillensis : Paris, 1651. ABNER (Bibl.) nJlN ; the son of Ner, uncle to Saul, and general in his annv, who was treacherously slain bv Joab, A. M. 2<)5fi, A. C. 1048, 2 .SV/w. iii. 6, &c. ABNEY, Sir Tliomas (Hist.) son of James Abnev, Esq. an ancient family of Wellesley, in tlie county of Derby, was Ixim in 1639, and died in 1721. In l6y4, he was knighted by King William, and in 1700 was chosen Lord Mayor. He was also one of the first promoters of the Bank of E^gland, and many years one of its directors. ABN'OBA (Geog.) a mountain of Germany where the Da- nube takes its rise, Fesl. Amen. Orb. Terr. Descript. Abnoba mom Islro jialer est, caJit Ahnalnt liiatu. Called by Ptolemy 'Aiioyla, by Martianus Capella Ad Kovem, in German, Die Baar, in English Abenmv. Plin. 1. 4, c. 12; Tac. de Germ. e. 1; Plol. 1. 2, c. 11; Amm. Marcell. 1. 22, c. 2 ; Cluv. Germ. Aniiq. 1. 3, c. 48. .\BOB.'\S (Mi/l/i.) '.\/3<.)/?oc, a name given to Adonis by the inhabitants of Perga, in Pamphylia. This is the same as the Chaldec Ha'aK, an ear ijf corn, corresponding to what the Scholiast on Thewritus says, that "Auonr, si'mifies s«wn com. Hrxi/c/i. Eli/mol. ; Voss. de Idoll. 1. 2, c. 4. .ABOBRICA (^Geog.) a town of Lusitania, wliich Pliny calls ' Op])idum insignc," afterwards called //r//-oi(<(V«/ff. Plin. 1.4, c. 20; Mela. 1. 3, c. 1. 2. A town of Hispania Tarraco- nensis, now Ville de Conde. .\BODIACU.M {Geo".) 'Ajiaciakof, now Fuessen, a town of V'indelicia. Plot. 1. 2, c 13; Cluv. German Aniin. 1. 5, r. 3. .XBODRITI (Geog.) a people of Germany in the time of Charlemagne, wlio inhabited Pomerania Superior, near the Baltic. ABU'.fX'RITL'S (IIi.,1.) Wftm^K-phor, a Brt'ofarch or B.rotian General, who v.as slain with a tliousand men at the battle of ChaTonea. Pliil. in Aral. ABOLANI (Geog.) a people of Latium, near to the Albenses. Plin. 1. 5, c. 2. A BOLL A (Geog.) 1. Vide Abella. 2. "A/JoXXa, a town of Sicily, according to Suidas and Stephanus, the Gentile name Abullwiis. Abolla (Niimis.) this town is known by the inscription AHOAAAIiiN NEiiKOPilN on a mcdiil of ^■es))asian. The Ntw/vvipoi of the Greeks were the same as the -Editui of the Romans, JEdium curatores, wardens of the temples. Goltz. The.mur. p. 206; Hardiiin. Numyn. Pop. et Urb. Illiislrat. ABOMASU.S (Biog.) an Arabian cosmographer after Al- hazen. ABOXA (Gcoa.) the river Avon. Cambd. Erilan. vol i. p. 270. ABON'OTEICHOS (Gpo^r.) \,lu>roruxoc, a town of Paph- lagonia, near the Euxine, now Boli Arednio. The inha- bitants are called Abonotichitse, as may be learned from the medals which this town struck in honour of Antoninus Piu.s, L. Verus, and M. Aurehus, mostly bearing the figures of j?isculapius and Hygia ; but sometimes that of Bac- chus, with his cantharus inscription A1!QN0TEIXEITS2N. Goltz. Thes. J'aill. Num. Gra'C. ; Putin. Sfc. ABORACA (Geog.) 'A/jopciu/, a town of Asiatic Sarmatia, near the Euxine. Sirab. 1. 11. ABORAS (Geog.) 'Api^p^ac, Slrab. ; \afii'>pac, Plol; Bw^Ipoc, jEl. ; AafiiypciQ, Zosini. ; 'AiMpuQ, Isid. ; now Gieulap, a river of Mesopotamia. Slrab. \. l6; jElian. Hist. Animal. 1. 12, c. 3; Plol, 1. 5, c. IS; Amm. Marcell. 1. 14, c. 9; Zozim. in Jul. 1. 3 ; Theophi/l. Si/m. ABORIENSE, Oppidum (Geog.) a town of Africa Propria. Plin. 1. 5, c. 4. ABOUGEHEL (Biog.) one of the first and most determined enemies to Mahomet the impostor, whom the Mussulmcn load with all possible contempt, calling tlie fruit Coloquintida or Cucumis asininus the melon of Abougehcl. ABOU-GIAFAR (Hist.) a Caliph. Vide Abn-Jaafar. Abou-giafar, /// Xa/ias (Biog.) an Arabian author of a com- mentary, who was thrown into the Nile by the inhabitants of Cairo. ABOU-HAGELAH (Biog.) author of a miscellaneous book, entitled ' Succardan,' or the Sugar-box. ABOUHANIFAH (Biog.) or Abuanifa, sumamed Aln(xtmiussulman, appointed supreme judge of Bagdad bv the caliphs Hadi and Aaron Raschid. ■ ABOU-JESID (Hist.) a prince of Babylonian Irak, who buUt the town of Carr-ben-Hobeirah, in Chaldce, in the reign of the calijih Merwan. Altou-JKSli), siinianicd Mektebdar, secretary of state in Egypt, revolted against Cai'em ; but being defeated by the son of Cai'em, he was imprisoned in a cage of iron where he died. ABOUKALS (Geog.) Abukais, a mountain, three miles from Mecca, where, according to a Malumictan tradition, Adam was interred. ABOUKIR (Geos.) Abukir, an island and bay on the cria.it, \on'^. 31" 23' K. lat. 31° 20' N. of I'gy'pt, where the French fleet was defeated and destroyed ui 1793 by Lord Nel.son. ABOl^LAILAB (Hi.it.) an uncle of Mahomet, who was one of his givatcst adxcrsaries. ABOUL.MNA (Bioi;.) a Mu.s.sulinan doctor, who escaped death at the hands of the caliiili Moses by a liappy tuni of wit. ABOULDEM (Biog.) author of a ' Tarikli,' or Arabian Historj', died in the year of the Hegira 652, A. D. 1262. A BR A BR ABOULFADHL, .Imctl Bin Mmissal (liiog.) abridged a book of Gazali, entitled ' Ahial-AI-OIcmm.' ABOULFAIlACilLS (/iio-.) vide .tlml-Farai;hi.t. ABOULFARAH (liiog.) a Persian Jioct who wrote niueli in praise of the family of Sangiour, to whom he was faithfully attaclied. ABOULFEDA (Koj.) vide Ahidfeda. ABOULFETAH, Alwud (Uisl) son of Inal, third king of the Cireassians, reigned but three months. Abot'lfktah, Talar, sixth king of the Circassians, reigned but three months. Anori-KETAH {Biug.) an historian who wrote a book, entitled ' Tarikh.' ABOULOLA, Ahmed Ben Soliman (Biog.) an Arabian poet, bom at Maura, A. D. ,073, wrote a poem entitled ' Sckth-Al- Zend.' He died in 10;)7- ABOU-NAVAS (Biog.) vide Alm-Navas. ABOURRIHAN (Biog.) an astrologer and cotemporary of Avicenna, who wrote some treatises on geography, the fixed stars, and the sphere. ABOUSAID, Ben Algiaplon (Hisl.) Sultan of the Moguls, of the race of Ghcnghi.skhan, succeeded his fiither in the year of the Hegira 717, A. D. 1327 ; and died in the year 73(5, A.D. 1346. ABOYNE, Earl of (Her.) one of the titles of a branch of the family of Gordon. [^Vide Gordon"] The titles, arms, &c. of this family are as follow : Titles. Gordon, Earl of Aboyne ; and Lord Gordon, of Strathaven and Gleidivet, in Scotland ; Baron Meldrum, in the United Kingdom. Arms. Azure, a chevron between three boars' head couped, &c. QVide Gordon.'] Crest. A demi lion rampant, azure. Supporters. Two men armed at all points, each holding in his outer hand a halberd, all proper. Motto. " Stant csetera tigno." ABRA (Hist.) an ancient king of Abyssinia, who reigned conjointly with his brother Abza in the fourth century. Ludolph. Hist. jEtkiop. I. 3, c. 33. ABRABANEL (Biog.) a rabbi bom at Lisbon in 1-137, wrote Commentaries on Genesis, &c. ABRACES (Hist.) vide Arbaces. ABRADATES (Hist.) 'AppatfarTjc, a king of Susa, who, on his wife Panthea being made prisoner by Cyrus, and treated with humanity, surrendered himself and his troops. He fell soon after, in the first battle he fought for Cyrus, and Ms wife slew herself on his corpse. Xenoph. Cyropwd. 1. 2, c. 5, &c. ABRAGANA (Geog.) ' Ajipayava, a to%vn of Serica, in Asia. Ptol. 1. 6, c. 16. ABRAHAH (Hist.) or Ahou-Mascoum, was a governor of Teraen or Arabia Felix, in the time of Abdalmothleb, the grandfather of Mahomet. ABRAHAM (Bibl.) the holy patriarch, the son of Terah, and father of the faithful, was bom at Ur, A. M. 2008. Jul. Per. 2718, A. C. I996; Gen. xi. 26, &c. ; and died A. M. 2183, A.C. 1821, aged 175 years. Gen. x.\v. 7, 8 ; Uss. Annal. Ann. 2008, &c. He was first called t=5ni«,''A/5pn;ii, i.e. Pater excelsus, from ^i^, father, and Qi, lofty; or, according to the Septuagint, Gen. xiv. 13, viparrjc, transi- tor, a passer over, from lilr, to pass; afterwards he was called tsmiW, 'Appaafji Trariip TrXijdtic tdfiof, i. e. father of a multitude, from 3«, father, ^^3, multitude, Jton, nations ; or, according to Philo Judtcus, Tran/p licXcK-og »7«:Sc, pater electtis soni. Phil. Jud. de Mut. Norn. ; Clem. Alex. Strom. 5 ; Origen contra Cels. 1. 5 ; Eu.ieh. Pra^p. Evangel. I. 9, c. l6 ; Hicron Comment, in Galat. c. 4; Hesychius. Abraham (Hist.) a king of Ethiopia, who was wor.shipped as a god in his own country, on account of the revelations VOL. I. I which he pretended to have had. In olx-dience to one c.f liis dreams, he ('(inlincd all his sons in a mountain, cMipt the elder, wlioni lie had chosen as hLs successor, whieli l)ractice was continued by his successors. Alvur. Hint. Klhiop. c. 58. AniiAiiA.M, a king of Morocco, who licing overcome in liattie by one of his rel)el subjects, and :iiring to regain hi< kingdom, iirecipitated himself with his wife down a precijiicc. Leo. African. 1. 2, c. 4,5. Abraham, or Ibrahim, a basha, son of Ottomann, the Turkish emperor, having engaged in a reliellion agsiinst his father, was treacherously seized and put to death. Abraham (Ecc.) an ablM)t of Auvergne in the fourth century, who leaving Syria, his native country, went to Auvergne, where he foinided a monastery, and died in 472. Gregur. Tur.l.2,c.2l. Abraham, son of Zera or Zeraat, who was the sixtj'-second patriarch of Alexandria from St. Mark. Abraham, archbishop of Bassora, who wrote many epistles in the Syriac language. Abraham, Ben Chaila (Biog.) a rabbi and astrologer of the thirteenth century, wiio wrote ' De Nativitatibus.' Cardaa reckons him among the number of his twelve choice spirits. Cardan de Subtil. 1. 16. Abraham, a rabbi of the fifteenth century, and author of the ' Fasciculus Myrrha;.' Abraham, Nicolas, a Jesuit, was bom in 1589, and died in 1655. He wrote commentaries on Virgil and Cicero, a He- brew Grammar in verse, &c. Sax. Onomast. vol. iv. p. 38. Abbahaji, Ecchcllen.iis. \'ide Ecchdlcnsis. Abraham, an Egyptian liermit, who retired to a desert, and ordered all that he possessed to be sold and given to the poor. Marul. Exempt. Vet. Abraham, Zacut, a rabbi who made a collection imder the title of ' Juhasin ' or ' Sepher Juhasin,' the book of fa- milies. Abraham, James, an advocate, who died about 1643, leaving many curious memoirs. Abraham, a Senala Clara, an Augustine of Suabia, of the family of the Megrelins, wrote much in German, and died in 1709. ABRAHAMI, Gerard (Hisl.) a Flemish captain in the Spanish service, who challenged and fought with Breaute, a Nomian gentleman in the Dutch service ; each leader being attended by twentv-two of his men. According to the Spanish account both fell, but Abrahami's party gained the victory. Bcycrlink. Chron. Hist. ABRANTES (Geos.) a town of Estremadura, in Portugal, 80 nules N. E. Li'sbon. Lon. 7° 23' W. lat. 39° 13' N. It is the Tibuci of the ancients, which was besieged to no effect by Aben Jacob, king of Morocco ; obtained great pri- vileges from Alphonsus I. king of Portugal, in 1179; was the birthplace of the infant Louis, son of Emanuel, in 150(); was erected into a county by .Alphonsus V^ in favour of Lewis d' Almeida ; and, in l6l5, was erected into a duchy by Philip IV. of Spain, in favour of Alphonsus d'Alencajtro. Anselmc. Hisl. de la Maison de France; Imhqf Regn. Lusitan. ABRAVANNUS (Geos;.) Aupaaaivoc, a river of Britain, now the Riett. Ptol. 1. 2,"c. 3. ABRENTIUS (Hisl.) 'A/Vt»Tior, a governor of Tarcntum under Hannibal, who betrayed his trust for the sake of a beautiful woman, whose brother was in the Roman army. Pohiwn. 1. 8, c. 24. ABRESCH, Frederick Imuis, (Biog^) a Greek scholar, vns bom at Hamburgh, Dec. 29, l(i.')9. and died, rector cf the college of Zivol, in Overyssel, in 1782. He wrote se- veral critical works on the classical authors. Sax. Ononuut. vol. vii. p. 59- ABRETANUS (Myth.) 'A/Sperojos, an epithet for Jupiter, D ABR ABU who was worshipjied by tlie inhabitants of Abrettane or | Mysia. Slrab. 1. l!i. i ABRETTENE (Gcog.) Ahrctinc, or Abreltine ; 'A/3pETT>7i'i), Strab. ; 'Apptrriyri, Slepli. ; a country of Mysia, so called from the nynijih Abretia. Strab. 1. 1'2 ; Stcph. Byz. de Urb. ABREU, Ale-rii: (Biog.) a physician to the king of PortugiJ, in l60(); \vTote ' De Septem Infiraiitatibus.' Abreu, Philip, an Augustine, wrote a treatise on the Mystery of Jacob's Ladder. Abreu, Pelcr d', a Spanish Franciscan, wrote several treatises on theological subjects. AuKEU, Mosiii/io Ma>iiiel, o{ 'Evorti, wrote and published, in lti07, a histnri|- of the conquest of Pegu by the Portuguese. Abreu, Sebasliau d', a Portuguese Jesuit, who died in I0'74; wrote ' Parocho Perfecto,' &c. ABRIA (Geo?.) a province of Scotland, now Loch-haber. Buck. lier/Scol. 1. 1. ABRIANI, Paid (Biog.) of Vincenza, a Carmelite, died at Venice, 1 (igy, in the 92d year of his age. He published ' Funghi, or Academical Discourses,' Poetry, Sonnets, &c. .\BRII, (^Biog.) or Avril, Pelcr Simon, a Spanisli grammarian of Alcarez, in 1580, wrote, among other grammatical works, ' De Arte Grammatic-a seu Lingua Latina.' ABRIN'CAT.E (Geog-.) a town of GaUia Celtica, now .liraiic/ies. .\RROCO>L\.S (Hist.) 'AjopoKopac, a general of Artaxerxes. Xciiup/i. Anabas. 1. 2. ABROCOMES (Hist.) WflpoKupric, or '.\lipof:6pac, a son of Darius, who accompanied Xerxes on his expedition into ("■reece, and fell fighting bravely at the streights of Ther- mopylic. Herod. 1. 7, c. 22-1 ; Siiidas. ABRODL'ETUS (Biog.) 'Ajipociai-or, an epithet for Parrha- sius, the painter so called on account of his luxurious habits. Plin. 1. 13, c 10; Al. Far. Hist. 1. 9, c. U. ABRON (Biog.) ■'.•V/3pw>', an Athenian, the son of Cidlius, who wrote, 1. riEjui loprwv khI Dvaiwf,Ac Fcstis et Sacrificiis. 2. Ilfpi XlapiMiviipoiv, de Denoniinativis. The titles only of liis books are preserved. Sleph. Bijz. Sub. Voc '.\i)t)vdi. Wpyo.:. Abbon, a Spartan, and son of Lycurgus the orator. Pint. Fit. Orator. Abron, a Grammarian of Rhodes, and .son of a slave, who taught rhetoric at Rome. He obtained his freedom from Hermippus, Suidas. .Xbron, a dissolute man, who gave rise to the proverb "Afipovoc liioc, Abronis vita, for a dissolute life. Suidas. cent. 1,^1; Diogciiiaii. Proverb, cent. 1, § 2 ; Erasmus ex Zcno. Abron, a person whose picture was taken by Apelles, to the admiration of the Samii. Plin. 1. 35, c. 10. Abron, an Argive who saved tlie lives of a thousand Corin- thian youth, by discovering to their leader the j)lot which Philo, a Peloponnesiiin, had formed against them. Plut. Amator. Narral. .M5RONIUS, Silu (Biog.) a poet of the Augustan age, who wrote some fables in vtT.se. Seuec. Sua.ior. c. 2. ABRON"i'CHU.S (Hist.) 'Ailpwyvxor, the son of Lysicles, and colleague of 'I'hemistocles in the cmbussj' to Sparta. Herod. 1. 8, c. 21 ; T/iuc. 1. 1, c. 91. ABKOSI, John (Biog.) an Italian physician, who wrote a Dialogue on Astronomy: 4to. N'enicc, H-94. ABROT A (Hirt.) 'A/3p(ir«, the wife of Nisus, kingof Megaris, daughter of Onchcstris the Ba-otian, and sister of Megareus, was so remarkable for her prudence and chastity tliat in honour of her, at her death, her husband onlered the dress wliich she liad worn, and which was called ufi/i/ipu/ju, to be the model of fasliion among the Mcgarcnsiun women. Plut. lime.fl. Grwc. ABROTONLM (Hisl.) 'A/Jprlrm or, the mother of Themis- I.kIcs. Plut. ill Thcmi.sloc. ; JElian. Var. Hist. 1. 12, c. 43. .\brotonusi (Gcog.) a town of Numidia, near the Syrtes, now Tripoli, as is supposed. Sci/las. in Peripl. ; Slrab. 1. 17; Plin. 1. 5, c. t ; Steph. Bi/z. de Urb. ABRUZZO, Balthasar (Biog.) a Sicilian philosopher and civilian, who died in I0"ti5. Abruzzo, a Neapolitan architect of the seventeenth century, who displayed great taste and genius in the edifices he erected in Italy. Abruzzo (Gcog.) a country of Naples!, anciently inhabited by the Sabines and Samnites. Boundaries. Abruzzo is bounded on the E. by the Adriatic, on the N. and W. by the states of the church, and the S. by Terra di Lavoro, &'c. Division. It was divided by Alphonso I. king of Arragon, into Abruzzo Citra, on this side the river Pescai-a, and Abruzzo Ultra, on that side the Pescara. Principal towns. Chcti Lanciano, Pescara, AquLla, Atri, Campli, Civita di Penna, Teramo, CiNdta di Call. Rivers. Pescara Lenta, Foro Moro, Fcltrino, Sangro, Asi- nella, Trigno, \'elino, Turano, Garigliano, &c. Mountains. The Appennincs, Mouta Mai-illa and Monte Cavallo. ABRYPOLIS (Hist.) ' Afipajroktc:, an ally of the Romans, and probably king of the Sapai, whom Perseus expelled from his possessions. Diodor. E.rcerpt. ; Liv. 1. 42, c. 13. ABSALOM (Bibl.) £=il'rtt>n« ; the favourite but rebellious son of David, who, being defeated in an engagement against his father, Hed, and was caught in a thicket by the hair, in which situation he was killed by Joab and his men. 2 Sam. x\'iLi. 6, &c. Absalom (Hist.) uncle and father-in-law to Aristohulus, king of the Jews, was made prisoner by Pompev, at the siege of Jerusalem, A. M. 3921, A. C. S3. Joseph. Aniicp I. 14, c. 8. Absalo.m (Ecc.) a bishop of Lunden, assisted Woldemar, king of the Danes, in the propagation of Christianity. Sax. Grammat. 1. 4. Absalom (Biog.) an Augustine monk, and author of fifty-one sermons. ABSALOMON (Hisl.) 'A\jya\u)pov, induced Manahcm, son of Jud.is the Galilican, to aspire to the throne of Judtea. Jos. deBell.Jiid.\.2, c. 18. ABSALON (Bibl.) the ambassador of Judas Maccabseus to Lysias, general of the anny of Antiochus, sumamed Eupator. 2 Mace. xi. 1 7- ABSANDER (Hist.) archim of yVthens. Vide Ap.sander. ABSTEMIUS, Laiirenlius (Biog.) an Itidian writer, was bom at Maxerata, and wrote ' Annotationes Variie,' &c. Fabric. Bibl. hat. 1. 2, c. 3 ; Sax. Onomast. vol. ii. p. .526. ABSYRTES (Geug.) .4b.\i/iiiis, ' Ai/zuprof , a river of Colchiy, emptying itself into tlie Adriatic, called after Absmus, who was killed by Medea. Lucan. 1. 3, v. 190. ABSYRTIDES (Geog.) 'Axl^vprlhc vijiToi, 'Aypvpri^ai, or "A-ipopoc, according to Ptolemy, islands in the Adriatic Ocean, called after Absyrtus, who was killed tliere, now caUed O.srro and Cherso. Apollod. 1. 1, c. 9 ; Sc^mn. Ch. Orb. Dcicript. v. 372 ; Strab. 1. 7 ; Dioni/s. Pericget. v. 488 ; Plin. 1. 4, c. 2C ; Plol. 1. 2, c. 17. ABSYRTUS (Mi/th.) "Aj-uproc, the .son of Oeta, king of ColcliLs, who at the desire of his father went in pursuit of his sister Medea, and was slain by Jason. Ajxjllvd. 1. 1, c. 9 ; Strab. 1. 7 ; PUn. 1. 4, c. 2(). Absvhtus (Biog.) a soldier wlio fought under Constantino, and wrote a book concerning farriery and the cure of ani- mals. Cidc))lnus asserts that this book was preserved in the library of Anthony, sixth count of Milan. ABU (Hi.\i.) an Arabic word for father, is prefixed to the names of many distinguishetl per.wns. Abu, Abdala, a king of 'I'rcmescn, who became tributary to .Spain in the time of Barliarossa. Abu, Abdullah Al Baradi, a governor of Bagdad, under the caliph Al Moktadcr. ABU ABtr, Ahdnlhh Al Mohlnscl, dcfcitcd the AjjlaMtis, nnd made himself master ol' Kuirwun in 2f)7- Me was ]iiit to deiith liy the oalijih Al Moktader in 2<)8. Eiili/c/i. C/iron. Alirand. Abu, Alitliillci Elmdl llcjdi (liio!;-) a poet in the ealiphatc of Al Say Li'llrth. Aliulfnra'r. Ih/naxl. p. 324. Abu, Aitddlla NaUdciisi.i, the prercittor of Aviecnna. Abu, /// Iloxi'iii, snceeeded his father Nasero'd Dawla, as prinec of Al Mawsel. Ahidfiirn::. Diinaxl. p. 322, 379- Abu, Ahdtdn, a supreme .indj;e under ealiph Al Moktadi. Abu, AMcli (///>/.) a title whieh all the kings of drcnada t^)ok. Marmot. 1. I. Abu, Afar, a Moslem {fcncml in Sicily, was killed before Mes- sina by ii sudden sortie of the enemy, in the year nf the Hcgini 430, A. D. I OK). Abu, Ahmed Ehu Al Moclqfi (IJisl.) a competitor for the cali- phate with Al Kahcr, was hy his order nailed to a wall. Abu, Ahmed Al Ilaxaii (lilog.) a lojnciaii and grammarian, wrote among other things ' Kitdb al Manthake," and died in 387. Abu, ah Al Hosein Ahdalla Ehn Sina {Blog.) the Arabic name for the philosopher Aviecnna. Abu, All Al Manxiir, succeeded his father Al Aziz as a Fate- mite caliph of Egypt, in 41. 5. Abu, Alt Mahomet Elm Eyiia (Ilixl.) Lord of Kerman, died in 35(5. Abu, ah Ehn Merrrav, was made governor of Aleppo, and assassinated by Ebn Dlnina, in 380. Abu, ah Elm Simjur, having rebelled against Niih, lord of Khonisan, was defeated in the combat, and reduced to suIj- mission in 384. Abu, Alt Elm Mahomet Al Mohlai, a general under the caliph Al Motakki. Abu, ,// Mohdi (Hixt.) the founder of the Fatemite dynasty, die^l in the year of the Hegira 331. Abu, Al Taleb (Hixt.) was uncle to Mahomet, whom be took under his charge, but died without declaring his belief in the impostor. Abu, Avier Mahomet (^Hixl.) \'izier of Al Mowayyd;, king of Cordova, governed in his name with great wisdom, iintil his death in 3<}3. Abu, Amer, a general, gained a victory over Garcia. Abu, Aijtil) (Hist.) a Mussulman who had been with Mahomet at the battle of Beda, and was killed at the siege of Con- stantinople in the year of the Hegira 48. ABUHABA (Hixt.) the -sixteenth caliph of the Arabians in Syria. Marmot. 1. 2, c. 18. Abubaba, the vizier of Abu-Sayd, by whom he was murdered in 1514. Marmot. 1. 4, c. 55. ABU-BARC {Hi.<:f.) a king of Tunis who was assassinated by his nephew, Chuyah. Marmot. 1. 6, c. 15. ABU-BECR (Hi.sl.) the pra^nomen of several Arabians of dis- tinction, as follow : Abu-bkcr, the first calijih and successor of Mahomet, was chosen unanimouslv on the day of the false prophet's death. He died in the 63d year of his age, after a reign of only two years and three months. El Mnkin. 1. 1, c. 2 ; Ahiitfi'da de Fit. Moham. c. 1 ; Aliitljiiraj. Ili.si. Din. p. 174; Eiilijeh. Annal. torn. ii. ABJ;-BKCn, Mahomet Elm Ja'j, a governor of Eg\'pt in 323. Abu-becr, Mahomet EIjh Uaycck, an emir luider the caliph Al Mohtader, 324. Abu-becu, Mahomet Elm Atidallah Al Majainetic, a noted Fakir, died in 330. Abu-becr, sumamcd A.trhid, took 83018 from the caliph Radi, where he reigned till bis death in the year of the Hegira 335, A. D. .015. Abu-brcb, Ben Omar Lamelh, nigned over the deserts of Africa. Abu-becr, Seha.et {Hist.) the leader o» a sect of Moslems, called after liim Hancfites, died in prison under the caliphate of Al Mansiir, in the year 150. ABU-IIOMMER (//»■/.) otherwise called Bahama, was re- stored to the kingdom of Trcmecen in 1517, by the assist- ance of the emperor Charles \ . ABU-HOSEIRA (//u/.) i. c. The Father of the int. an in- timate companion of the impostor Mahomet, who gave him this name, because he always ciu-ned a cat about with him. ABU-.IAAFAR {Hixl.) vide .// Man.iur. ABU-.IAAFAR, .// Tatieri {Biog.) an historian who wrote a historv from the be-inning of tlic worid down to his own time.' He died at Bagdad, in the yeiw 310. The Mas- lems, who hold it in great esteem, call it Al T.irikh Al Tabari. D 2 ABU ABU ABU-JACOB {Hist.) another name for Jacob Almonsor, king of Morocco. ABU-JAHL (Hist.) one of the Koreish, was slain at the battle of Beda. ABU-IBUAHIM, Moiileser, last of the race of the Alsam- mani, in Persia, was slain at Khorasan after an unsuccessful attempt to retain his government in the vear 395. ABU-ISHAK, Ibrahim {Biog.) a Sabian notary-, wrote a his- tory of Dcylam, and died in the year 384. .'\BU-ISAAC, Ben Assal (Biog.) a Maronite, collected the statutes of the church of Alexandria. ABUKIR (Geog.) vide Alwi(l,lr. .\BU'L (Hist.) a Soltan of Khorazin, was slain in battle in the year of the Hegira yO'O, A. D. l.'iTO. .\BULA (Geog.) 'A/JijXa, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis, now called Ai'ila. ABU-LA-ABEZ (Hist.) a king of Tunis who was taken prisoner by Abu Henum, king of Fez, and set at liberty by Abu-Calem, his successor. MarmuJ. 1. 6, c. 15. ABUL-ABBAS (Hist.) a pncnomen of most caliphs of the family of Abbassida, also to other Saracens. ABUL-A3BAS, Ahmed, succeeded his father as caliph under the ritle of Al Mostadher, and reigned from the year of the Hegira 487 to 51'i. .'Vbul-abbas, Ehn Omar, a generid of the cdiphs Al Motaded, was defeated by the Kamiatians in the vear of the Hegira 287, A. D. 8<)7' Abul-abbas, Mahomet Abdullah Ebn Zeid (Biog.) a gram- marian who wrote many books, died in the year of the He- gira 286, A. D. 896. ABUL-AFAR (Hist.) vide Abu Afar. ABUL-ALI, Al Hasan Nd.iero^ Ddanla (Hist.) revolted against the caliph of Egypt, in the vear of the Hegira 459, A. D. IOC9. ABUL-DZOWAD, Ebn Al Mosayijeb (Hist.) prince of the OkaUte Arabs, died in the vear of the Hegira 387, A. D. 997. ABUL-FADAYEL (//(V.) succeeded his father Saado'd- dawla, as prince of Aleppo, in the year of the Hegira 381, A. D. 991 ; and was poisoned in the year of the Hegira 391, A.D. 1001. ABUL-FADH, Jaafar, vizier to Cafur, caliph of Egypt, was an cncourager of learning. ABUL-FADL, Al Hosein (Biog.) author of Al Macamat, died in the vear of the Hegira 398, A. D. 1 008. ABU'LFARA,J, Mahomet, (Hisl.) prince of Al Batiha, who had murdered liis brother, was assassinated in his turn in the year of the Hegira 393, A. D. 1 003. .\BULFAnAJ, Gregori/ (Ecc.) commonly called Ibu Hakima, and in Europe Abiilfarajiits, the son of Aaron, a Cliristlan, was Ixjm in 1226, in Malatia, near the source of the Eu- phrates, and died primate of the Jacobites in the East, in 1286. He wrote an epitome of universal history, entitled ' .Mokhtassar Al Doual,' which he divided into ten dynasties. It was translated into Latin by Dr. Pocockc, in \.Q63, in 2 vols. 4to. Oxford. Fabr. Bibl. Grcec. 1. 6. c. 9 ; Cave, Hi.it. Lit. vol. ii. p. 339. Abulfaraj, Abdallah Al Iraki, (Biog.) a phy.sician and plulo- .sopher, w)io explained the works of Aristotle, died in the year of the Hegira 437, A. D. 1047- ABUi-FARyU, Al E.ifahani, composed a book of Arabic .songs, entitled ' Ketab Ali Algani, and died in the year of the Hegira 356, A. D. 966. Abi'lfaiiaj, ah Esfahani, a native of I.spahan, wrote the history of the Barmecides. Abulfaraj, Sangiari, a Persian poet in the time of Gen- ghi.skan. ABU'L-FATHI, Kbn Al Amid (Hi.st.) vizier of Adado'd- dawla, was deiHised witli the loss of his nose and one of his eyes, in the year of tlie Hegira SdG, A. U. 976. ABU'L-FAWARES (Hist.) a governor of Kerman, revolted against his brother Sultano Ddawla, the lord of Irak, in the year of the Hegira 408, A.D. 1018; but afterwards came to an accommodation with him. ABULFEDA, Ishmael (Hist.) an Arabian prince, geographer, and historian, was bom at Damas in 1275, succeeded as emir and sheik of Hamah, in 1310, and died in 1331. He wrote 1. ' Tkovim Al Boldaan,' or ' Geographical Canons.' 2. ' Al Mokhtassar Fi Akhbar Albaschar,' a universal his» tory to his own time. Sa.r. Onoma.st. vol. ii. p. 332. ABUL-FETAH (Biog.) or Fatah, otherwise called Mansier Ebn Mokshar, a Christian physician of great note, died at Bagdad, in the vear of the Hegira 432, A. D. 1042. ABUL-GANJAli (Hist.) vide Abu Cllijiir. ABUL-GAYIR (Hisl.) a Khan of the Usbcck Tartars, having made himself formidable to his neighbour.":, was slain in the vear of the Hegira 886, A. D. I496. ABULGHAZI, Baijadun (Hist.) Khan of the Tartars, and the historian of his nation, was bom in the city of Urgens, capital of the country of Kharasin, in the year of the He- gira 1014, A.D. 1624. He wrote ' A Genealogical Hi*, tory of the Tartars," and died after a reign of twenty years, in the year of the Hegira 1074, A. D. 1()84. ABU'L-HAGEZ (Hist.) a king of Granada, was assassinated after a reign of twentv-one years, in the year of the Hegiia 734, A.D. 1344. Marm. L'AJr. 1. 2, c. 14. Abul-hagez, another king of Grenada, son of Abel-Gualid, died in 1390. Abul-hagez, brother to Muley Abu-Sayd, succeeded to the throne at the moment that he was going to be put to death by the order of his brother, whose death came to his relief. Marm. L'Afr. 1. 2, c 38. ABU'L-HARETH (Hist.) or Abulhares Man.tur Ebn Nu/t, sovereign of Khorasan, was driven from his kingdom, and had his eyes put out after a reign of one year and seven months, in the year of the Hegira 398, A. D. 1008. ABU'L-HASAN, Ali Ebn Abdallah (Hist.) was one of the retinue who attended the caliph Al Mottaki, when he fled from Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira 332, A. D. 942. Abu'l-hasan, Jatvhar, a slave whom the caliph of Kairwan had made a vizier, extended the conquests of his master in Africa, in the year of the Hegira 343, A. D. 953. Abu'l-hasan, Ali Ebn Nasr, succeeded the usurper Al Mod- haflii, in the principality of Al Batiha, in the vear of the Hegira 376, A. D. 986. Abu'l-iiasan, Ali Aben Abu (Biog.) a celebrated doctor of the Moslems, died in tlie vear of tlie Hegira 330, A. D. 940. Abu'l-hasan, Ali Ambari, a poet who made some beautiful verses on the death of tlie vizier of Azzo'ddawla. Abu'l-uasan, Ali Ebn Isa, a grammarian who wrote a large commentary' on the Koran, died in the year of the Hegira 384, A. D. 994. Abu'l-hasan, Al Salami, a ])oet of Bagdad, died in the year of the Hegira 393, A.D. 1003. ABUL-HASSAN (Hist.) a king of Fez, who was dethroned by his son Abu-Hunen. Marmol. 1. 2, c. 38. Abul-hassan, Ben Jahia, a descendant of the family of Ali, was destined for the caliphate by Moezeddoula. ABULITES (Hisl.) 'ApHXiTiic, governor of Susa, who, sur- rendering his trust to Alexander, received from him as a rew;u"d tlie government of the province ; according to Ar- rian, lie and his son Oxatlies were afterwards put to death for mal-admiiiistrati(m. Diod. 1. 17, c. 66; Q. Curt. L 5, c. 2 ; Arrian. Exped. Alex. 1. 7, c. 4. ABUL-KASEM (Hi.1l.) son of 01)eid'alla, the first Fatemite caliph of Kairwan, was defeated in two several attempts whicli he made upon Eg\-pt, in tlie year of the Hegira 307, A.D. 917. Abu'l-kafem, Ali Ebn Al Ha.icm, was set over the Moslems ABU In Sicilv, as emir, where he was slain in hattlc, in the year of the Hcgini 371, A. D. 981- Abu'l-kasksi, Abd'allah FJ>n Al Mm-lnji, was elected khalif in the phuc of Al Mottalii, who wus deposed in the year of the Mef^rii ."533, A. I). <)i3. He ussiimed the name of Moctafi Hillah, but did not reign more tlian a year when he was deposed. Abu'l-kaskm, Al Fiidl Ebii al Moktader, was created khalif in the place of tlie jirect-dinn;, and after a reii;n of some- thing more than twenty-nine years under the title of Al Moti, he abdicated in favour of his son Al Tay, in the year of the Hegira 3()2, A. D. ()72. Abu'l-kasem, Ahdalliih F.liii Mahimtcd Ehn Al Kdi/cm, suc- ceeded his grandfather in the khalifate mider the title of Al Moktadi, in the year of the Hegira 4G7, A. D. 1077, and died after a reign of twenty years. Abu'l-kasem, Ebn Ahhad, surnamed Al Sa/ich, i. c. the com- panion, vLeier to Fiikliro'ddawla, the lord of Hamadan, was one of the wisest statesmen among the Moslems. He was a learned man, and the encourager of learning, having col- lected one of tlic most extensive libraries. Among his writings are: 1. ' Al Mohith," a philological piece. 2. ' Al Cafi,' a treatise on writing letters. 3. ' Al Kitab Al Imamak,' i. e. ' The book treating of the office of Imaam.' 4. A piece on the office of the \'izier, besides pieces of poetry. He died in the year of the Hegira 385, A. D. 995. Abu'l-kasem, a kadi or judge of Demawar, commonly called Ebn Cayi, was murdered bv the populace in the vear of the Hegira'4.05, A. D. 1015. Abu'l-kase.m, Prince of Aleppo, killed in battle Samsamo'd- dawla, whose father Adado'ddawla had ])ut to death his father Azzo'ddowla. Abu'l-kasesi, Lord of Seville, died in the year of the Hegira 433, A.D. 1043. Abu'l-kaseji, son of Bedr Al Jcmal, the vizier of Al Mos- tanser BUlah, caliph of Egypt, who succeeded his father in this o&ce, in the year of the Hegira 487, A. D. 1097. Abu'l-kasem, Bii/ir {Hi.si.) took possession of Joijan and Maz^nderan on the death of his father Shah Kukh, in the year of the Hegira 851, A. D. 14()1. Abu'l-kaseji, (Biosr.) Ahdtilra/imtin Al Fdrdhi, a noted gram- marian, died in the year of the Hegira 338, A. D. 948. Abu'l-kasem, Sollman Al Fabardni, author of three lexicons, called bv the Arabs, • Maagem,' died in the vear of the Hegira 3()0, A. 1). 970. ABU'L-KHAIR {Fee.) son of Kebas Allah, archdeacon of the church of Antioch, was physician to the caliph Nasser, in the year of the Hegira (JOO, A. D. 1210. ABUL-MAALI {Hi.st.) an infant prince of Batiha who was banished bv his treacherous guardian. ABU'L-MA'ALI (Hisl.) Shanff Saadoddmvla, was lord of Aleppo in the year of the Hegira 373, A. D. 983. Abu'l-ma'ali, succeeded his father Al Hasan Ebn Omra, as prince of Al Batiha, in the year of the Hegira 373, A. D. 983 ; but was soon after banished by his giuirdian Al Mod- haff'er, who seized tlic principality himself. Abxt'l-ma'!,!. Kiihas {Bioa.) a poet in the age of Malec Shah. ABU'L-MAHAN (///.sy.') and Abiil Glut Mirza, the last princes of the race of Tamerlane. ABU'L-MAIMUX, Abdol Mnjld (Ilh/.) succeeded Al Mos- tali, as caliph of Eg\i)t, in the veiu- of the Hegira 524, A.D. 1134. ABU'I>-MAKAJEM, Brkr, one of Al Aziz's Mamlukes or purchased slaves, seized on Aleppo and ruled there, inde- ixjndent of the caliph, in the year of the Hegira 413, A.D. 1023 ; but was soon dispossessed of his government. ABU'L-MANSUH, Solimiin, was made governor of Aleppo by Al Thaher the caliph of Egypt. Abu'l-mansur, Fbii Hti)>ii/iir, vizier to the calijih Al Kayem Beamrillah, crowned Malmiud, youngest son of Malec Shah ABU Sel.jukian .Sultan in Irak, who w.ix aftenvanls compelled to resign in favour of Barkiarok liis eldest brother. ABUL-M()DHAFFi;i{, Kasrm, surnamed Barkiarok, eldiat .son of Malec .Sliali .Soltan of the .Seljuks, in IV-rsiu, nuc- cceded his father in opposition to the caliph Al Moktadi in the year of the Hegira 485, A. I). 10<)5. ABULNACilB, Al linkham (liimr.) u I'ersian jioet. AB U 'L-S A UU It (///.v/.) a Christian who held a iK)st in the Diwan, was put to death for having ]Kii.simed, .ibdallah Ebn Moham, continued the history of Abu .laafar. ABU-.MOHEL, a genenJ under the cidiph Al Moti, was hanged in the year of the Hegira 342, A. D. 952. ABU-NASR {Hist.) succeeded his father Abu Mohannned, as ])rince of Gurjestan, in the vear of the Hegira 406, A.D. lOlfi. ABU-NASR-MOHAMMED {Biog.) suniamed .// Fardbi, a Moslem philosopher, died in the year of the Hegira 339, A. D. 9+9- ABU-MOSLEM (//uV.) a general who was mainly instnimental in securing the caliphate for Al Mansur, but owing to some misiniderstanding l)etween them, was assassinated by order of the latter in the year of the Hegira 137, A. D. 747- Abu I Faraj. Hist. Dynast, p. 217- ABU ABY ABU-MUSA (Hist.) governor of Kufo, reluctantly joined Ali asiiinst Avesha, and afterwards deposed liim. El MaL 1. 1, c. 3. ABUNDANCE, John {Biog.) the assumed name of a French writer of the sixteenth century, who wrote ' Moralite, Mysterc ct figure de la passion de N. S. Jesus Christ,' also poems, ballads, &c. ABUNDANTIUS (Hixl.) a Roman consul, who, being ac- cused by Eutropius, was diiven into banishment. Zosim. Hist, ill Arcad. 1. 5. ABUNDIUS (Ecc.) a martyr of Seville who suffered under the emperor IVIaximian. ABU-XOWAS {Biog.) or .Ihini-Xon'as, an Arabian poet who was bom in the city of Bassora, in the year of the Hegira 14.5, A. D. T^.'), and died in the year of the Hegira 195, A. D. 80o. His poems were collected into a book called * The Divan,' or A'olume. ABU-OBEIDAH (Hist.) the friend and associate of Ma- homet, made many conquests in Sjiia, under the caliphate of Abu Beer, and died of the plague in Sjiia, in the eighteenth year of the Hegira, A. D. 628. Al Mak. Hist. Same. 1. 1. Abu-obeidah, Al Kascjn (Biog.) a grammarian and author of a book, entitled ' Anithal-Al-Sairat.' Abu-obeidah, Mamar, a grammarian and author of two works, entitled ' Al Moccademat.' ABU-OMAR, Ebn Wahcb (Biog.) a Mussulman who died in the year of the Hegira 3A-5, A. D. 955 ; leaWng a reputa- tion for extraordinary sanctitv. ABUPUS (Geos.) the' river Hiimber. ABU-RACWAH (Hist.) i. e. Father of the bottle, a nick- name for Al Walid, a descendant from the caliph Hesham, who stirred up a revolt in Egypt, and, being defeated, was beheaded in the year of the Hegira S95, A. D. 1005. ABURIA, Gens. (Xumis.) a plebeian family of Rome, some of whom rose to a certain distinction in the state. Qvide Aburius~\ Several medals were struck by the Aburii, one of which, according to the annexed cut, bears on the obverse the in- .scription of GEM. for Geminus, the cognomen of the family, and the head of Roma with a helmet; on the reverse, the figure of Sol, radiated, in a chariot and four, \vith a whip in the right hand, and underneath M. ABUR. RO.MA Man-US Alniriii.s Eoma. Tliis is a frequent type on the coins or medals of Roman families. Vaillant. Ninnis. Roman. Tamil. Morel. Thesaur. Roman. Famil. Patin. Roman. Famil. Pig/i. A/iiial. 1. 10. M. ABURIUS, Geminus (Hist.) a tribune of the people U. C. 5()I, and afterwards a prictor, for some time prevented the .senate from granting a triumph to M. Fulnus, proconsul of Atolia. Of him a medal is given under Numisniatic.s: [^vide Aburia Gens'] Lie. 1. 3(), c. 4. C. Abuhii's, Geminus, uncle to the former, was tribune U. C. 56H, and an ambassador to Massanissa and the Cartliagi- nians. Liv. 1. 42, c. 35. M. Abl'rius, M. F. Geminus, a son of the preceding, was a tribune U. C. .OgS, and proprietor of Sardinia in 604. .\BUS (Geog.) a river of Albion, now the Hnmhcr. Plul. 1. 2, c. S. ABUSACUS (Hill.) a sultan of Egypt, who for five years gave much trouble to the knights of Rhodes. ABU-SAH.\L (Biog.) a Chri.stian, and the master of Avi- ccnna, wrote a Inxik entitled ' Miat," or a Hundred E.ssays. ABU-S.Ml), Al Hamani (Hist.) a leader of the Kannatians again.st the cali])li Al Motadid, was assassinated in a Iiatli in the year of the Hegira .'JO I, A. D. 911. Euti/e/i. Annal. Al. Mak. Sarac. Hisl. 1. 2, c. I9. Abu-saij>, Al Day, a general in the caliphate of Al Moktader, reduced the Sicilians to subjection in the year of the Hegira 305, A. D. 915. Abu-said, or Abuxaid, a king of Morocco and Fez, who was unsuccessful in Spain. He was assassinated by his vizier Abubaba in the year 1302. Johatin. Leo Afrie. 1. 3; Marmol. 1. 4, c. 55. .\bu-said, Elm-Aljaptu, the last of the family of Ghengis Khan. After his death, in 1335, the empire was torn with civil dissensions until the reign of Tamerlane. Tex. Relac. 1. 2. Abu-said, Mirza, who, profiting by the ci\-il di.ssensions be- tween Uleg Beg and his sons, put himself at the head of an army, but was .slain in an ambush in 1 4()8. Abu-said, sixth son of Cara Josef Turcoman, first sultan of the race of the black sheep, was killed by his brother in the year of the Hegira 830, A. D. 1440. Abu-said, succeeded his father Kushanji, as Khan of Great Bukharia, and died in the year of the Hegira QSQ, A. D. 1549. Te.r. Relac. Abu-said, Al Hosein (Biog.) a grammarian, died in the year of the Hegira 275, A. D. 885. ABU-SALAH (Biog.) an Armenian, who wrote a history of the churches of Eg\'pt, &c. ABU-SALEM, Al Hamadani, founded the principality of Hamadan, in the year of the Hegira 414, A. D. 1024. ABU-SCHAJA, F'atck (Hist.) a Greek slave, became emir of Al Favvum, in Eg)'pt, and died in the year of the Hegira 350, A.D. 960. ABUSIACUM (Geog.) Ahusacum, or Abuzacum, a town of Rhetia, now Fucsscn. Antonin. Itin. ABUSINA (Geog.) a town of Vlndelicia, now Abensberg. Antonin. Itin. Lib. Notit. ABU-TAGLAB (Hist.) having rebelled against his father Nasero'ddawla, was defeated and put to death in the year of the Hegira 369, A. D. 979- ABU-TALEB, Mohammed (Biog.) author of a book entitled ' The Nourishment of Hearts ; ' died in the year of the Hegira 386, A. D. 9p6. ABU-TAMIN, Ma'had (Hist.) orMo'ad, succeeded his father Abu-Tamim in the caliphate of Kairwan, in the year of the Hegira 341, A. D. 951. Abu-tamiji, succeeded his father, Al Thaher, in the year of the Hegira 420, A.D. 1030. ABU-TECHIFIEN (Hist.) the first king in Africa of tlie race of the Almora\ides, died after a reign of fifty-five years, lea\ing his son Joseph as successor, in the year of the Hegira 1086, A.D. 1696. ABU-TEMAM (Biog.) or Abou-Tamam, an Arabian poet, was bom in the year of the Hegira I90, A.D. 800, at Jasem, a village near Dama.scus; and died at Mausel, in the year of the Hegira 231, A. D. 841. He published a collec- tion of poems. ABU-THAHER, Al Mansur (Hi.9t.) a prince of the Kanna- tians, who made himself independent of the caliplis, died of the small pox in the year of the Hegira 332, A. D. 942. Abu-tiiaiieh, Ibrahim, a prince of Mawsel, was killed by Abu'ldzowad Emir of the Cluiilitc Arabs, in the year of the Hegira 374, A. 1). 984. ABU-THARIF, Oli/am Elm Thamal (Hi.sl.) was the first emir of Cufa, of the house of Thamal, in the year of tlie Hegira 374, A. D. 984. ABUTIG (Geog.) Ahoutig, or Abutige, a town of Egypt, and a bi.shop's .see, 1 70 miles S. Cairo, supposed to be the ancient Ahoth. ABYDENUS, Pala-phatus (Biog.) a discii)le and friend of Aristotle, was a granniiarian and an historian, who wrote a liistor)' of Trov, &c. Suidas. F0.1S. de Hist. Gra'c. 1. 1, c. 9- Anv'DKNiTS, Alit/denus, or Ahidenus, Wftvhivin:, to whcmi are ascribed two historical works, entitled ■ Assyriaca," and A BY A BY ' Cliiililiacn,' has been supposed by sonic to he the same as j Uu; piviidinj;. Eiixt/>. in Cliroii. vl Ia'idh;. Piirpiiidl. 1. [), c. 12; Si/iiatl- in Chi on. ; Si. Cyrill. conl. Jul; Suida.s. ; i'^ois. cle HUt. Gra'c 1. 3. \ Abydeni's ((■'(•<)<,'■.) the (iintile name for a native of Abyilos, as on medals. Qide .l/n/diix^ ABYDOS (Ticoir.) a town and castle of Natolia. in Asiatic Turkey, on tlie strait of Gallipoli, where all ships from the Archipelajro are searched. Lon. 37° 3ti' E. lat. 40° l(i' N. fx-ide .ll>i/(li(.f\ ABYDUS (Gfog-.) "AjivCoc; 1, a city of Troas, in y\sia, built by the Milesians in the reign of Gyges. It is situated on tlie Hellespont, opposite to Sestus, now Aveo or Ahi/doi: Mus(viis. in Her. el Leaiid. SijTOf ttjv Kai 'AfSvSog ivavTtov eyyvQi ttovth, THTovtQ iiai TToXijig. As it divides Asia from Europe, Xerxes here built his bridge oi' boats. Lucan. I. 2, v. C7-i- Tales famn canit, tumulum super aqucra A'ericm, Construxisse viaSy multum cum poutibus ausns, Enropamque Asi(e, Sestonque udmovit Ahytlo, Flaccus calls it Ahydos Gemina, on account of its proximity to Sestus. Athenseus and others celebrate it for the fine flavour of its oysters. It was destroyed by Philip, the father of Perseus, the inhabitants devoting themselves to a volun- tary destruction. Herod. 1. "J, c. 24 ; Si/clax. in Verip. I.ir. 1. 31, c. 18; Firg. Gcorg. 1. 1, v. 20?'; Alhcn. 1. 3, e. 13; Ovid. Trist. 1. l,^el. 9 ; I'al. Flac. Argon. 1. 1, v. 2S."> ; fiidon. Ajxillin. Carm. 2, v. 507- 2. A town of Eg)i)t, famous for the temple of Osiris, now Abutich. The inhabitants were called Abydeni. Plin. 1. 5. c. f) ; Plot. 1. 4, c. 5. 3. A city of lapygia, in Italy. Sleph. Byz. de Urh. Abydus {S'lunix.) the two lirst towns of tliis name struck se- veral medals. Abydus, on the Helles-pont, adopted the symbols of Medusa's head, the anchor and the eagle on its earlier medals ; but those which were struck under their archons in honour of the emperors, as of Anloniux Pius, Verus, Commodu.i Sevcrus, Caracalla, and Mamca, had many devices, bearing the several inscriptions of A. AB. ABY. ABYA. ABYAIIN. ABYAIl. NSiN. ;uid in many the name of the archon. The annexed cut represents, on the obverse, the head of Alexander Severus, adorned with laurel, the inscription AYT. KAlC. M. AYP. CEY. AAE. SANAPOC. CEB. 'Aurokparmp Kalaap ]\lap- i:oi 'Avp)'i\wc iJtur/pof 'A\i[,ai'- cpoi St/^aoTOf. Impcrator Ccesar Marcus Aurelins Sevcrus Alexander Augustus. On the reverse, Lcander swimming to a tower on which Hero stands holding forth a torcli, with the inscription IlPii. AEANAPOC. ABYAU. Hero.Leander Abudenurum ; in allusion to the well known tale of Leander and Hero, the torch being emblematical of the torch of love. Leander raises liis hands and supplicates the gods in the words of Ovid : PuTcite Hum profero, nurgUe cum redeo. Goliz. Grac. ; Vuill. Numis. Grate. ; Patin. Ninnis. Impcr. Roman- ; Harduin. Xumm. Anliip Pop. el Urb. ; Spanheim. de Proest. el Usu Nuinis. Disserlal. ; Peller. liee. de Med Hunt. Numm. Vel. Pop. el Urb. Abydus, in EgN-jit, a medal of Severus, representing the em- peror under the form of Osiris, is refened by most antiwi, Abi/drnormi. I'/iif/iint. Xuni. Plot. Ueg. JEgifpl. ; Tristnn. Comm. Hi\l. loin, o, J). 102. A1!YI,A (Geng.) '.A/ji'Xr;, II mountain of Africa, called Abil.i liy Pliny, now Des-Singex. It is op]M)site to another moini- tain on the coast of .Spain, called C'aliK-, wiiich were tc«A.- ther entitled the Pilliu^t of Hercules. Slrn/i. 1. 3; Plin. 1. .'5. c. 1 ; Mela. 1. 1, c. .5 ; Marmol. 1. 4, c. 5^. ABY.S.SIN'1A (Geog.) a large conntn,' and kingdom of Africa, about 300 leagues long, and 2S0 broad. It is indiflercntlv called Abissinia, Abyssinia, Alx;ssinia, and Alnuisia ; but more properly Habes,sinia, from the Arabic Uiibexh, which signifies mixture or confusicm, the country King inhabited by a mixed race of people. The Pf)rtugucso also gave it by mistake the name of the country of Prester John. Prestcr, which was a corruption of Presbyter, being the ordinary title given to the spiritual princes of a territory in A>ia, subject, in spirituals, to Babyhm. It Ls lx)undcd on the E. by the Red .Sea, on the N. by Nubea, on the W. by Nigritia, and on the S. by Caft'raria. Division. It is divided into the provinces of Arahara, Dambea, Douba, Oojam, Holeaita, Magjiza, Narea, Ogara, Saalgaad, Sidacta, Samen, Xaoa, and Tigre. Prtneipal Towns. Gondar, the capital, Amhadar, Ambia- num, Bagameder, Adow, Madgoga, or Fremona, as it is now called, Axiun, and a few more which constitute the whole number of towns in Abyssinia ; the rest being only Ullages leading to Gondjxr. Mountains. Geshcn, or Guexen, where the princes of the blood used to be confined ; Tadbaba Miujan, on which seven churches were built, liesides innumerable othors which exceed any mountains in Europe in height. Rivers. The Abawi, or Nile, which has its source in Abyssinia ; the Tacatza, supposed to be the .islahorus of Ptolemy ; the Matclie Zebee, Hoax, or Hawash ; Mareb^ BulhUo, or Baxilo ; Guexem, Anguer, &c. Lakes. Zoai, or Zowaia, Dembea, &c Kings and Queens of Abyssinia. Sheha, queen of the east, who Wsited Solomon. Mcnileheeh, her son, by king Solomon, reigned twenty-nine years, cotemporary with his father, and eighteen xvith his son Rehoboara. Sadsrur, the son of Mcnileheeh, from whom proceeded in a lineal descent twenty-four princes, the length of whose reigns is not given, nor any remarkable particular known ; except of the last named Bazen, in the eighth year of whose reign our SaWour was bom. Abraham and Alzbeham, brothers, after an interval of 300 years, who embrai'ed Christianity. Alzfa, Aufed, aiid Amei/, successors and triumvirate kings. Arado, Alaboda, and .ilamid, in whose reigns many Christian monks arrived in Abyssinia. Taceno, the sim of Alamid, and after him Caleb. Elesbaan, his grandson, A. D. 522, who defeated Dunavas the last of the Sabscan kings, and a Jew by religion, who was a bitter persecutor of the Chri-stians. Gcbra Meskel, that is, a servant of the cross, succeeded the former. Dcnoalda, the last of this family, reigned in 960. Zagxa, an impious queen, succeeded him. Degna Miehael and Newagi Chrislos, her successors, are mentioned in the Liturgia /Etliiopia-. Lalibala, celebrated as a founder of temples. Naacuelo Laabo, was the last of this nice in 1300. Icon Amlac, the first of Solomon's family that was restored in 1 300, was succeedcxi by Jasbea, Jxejon, Baharsarda, Esbraad, Cadem, Saghc/I, Zeu.', from Acacus, his fostcr-fiither. Pau.w 1. 8, c 36. ACWCHUMA (Geog.) a town of Ethiopia. ACACIUS (Ecc.) there were several of this name who distin- guished themselves in the Christian church. AcAClUS, 'AKa«.-ioc, Acacius, sumamed Lu.icus, poi'oipOaXfiOi, was a disciple of Eu.sebius, bisliop of Ciusiurea, whom he succeeded in the year 338 or 340, and y the Turks in the six- teenth ccntur\'. Chard. Travels- ACAMANTIDES (Biog.) 'ApatTiCfn, a pliilosophcr of Heli- opolis. ACA ACAMANTIS (/Inl.) 'AKufiaynr, one of tlic ten tribes of Athens, ealled after Aciuiias, of which I'erielcs was a ineniher. Thucjfd. 1. \, c. 118; Pans. \. 1, e. 5; Pliil. in Pericl. ACAMANTIUM (Gcog.) 'A/.a^tiiTco.-, a town of Phrygia, built by Acamiis, tlie son of Theseus. Slcpli. Ih/z. tie L'r/i. ACAMANTIUS {Bin^'.) a philosopher of Htiiopolis. ACAMAPIXTLI (Uni.) the first kina;of Mexico who adorned the city, and, at his deatli, left tlie Mexicans the liberty of dioosinji their own kini^. Acost. 1. 8, c. 8, (), 6te. ACAMAKCHIS (Mi/l/i.) ' Aki'i futpxtr, a marine nymph said to be the dau};hter of Oceanus. Diutl. 1. 6. ACAMAS {Uisl.) 'Ak-d^iac, son of Theseus and IMucdra, was sent with Diomcd on an embassy to Troy, to demand resti- tution of Helen, and was afterwards anumi; the number of the Grecians who were shut up in the Trojan horse. Hi/giii. fab. 108; Paiix. 1. 10, e. 26; Q. Catdher. 1. 13, V. 495 ; Tzclzcs ill Lijcoph. v. 495 ; Sc/iol. Eiiripid. in Hccuh. V. 125. AcAMAS, a son of Antenor, distinguished for his valour in the Trojan war. Horn. II. 1. 2, v." (iO ; 1. 13, v. 478; 1. 18, V. 542 ; Q. Caluh. 1. 10, v. 1(J8. AcAMAs, a Tliracian auxiliary in the Trojan war. Horn. II. 1. 2. AcAiuAS (Geog.) 'A/cfiyuac, a promontory of Cyprus, now called Holij Epipliani/. From this promontory the whole island was called Acamantis. Plin. 1. 5, c. 31 ; Plol. 1. 5, c. 14. ACANTHIS [Mi/th.) 1. 'AmiSl^, an epithet of Diana, ac- cording to Aristophanes. 2. A daughter of Antonous, who was so named hy her father, because his land produced only tlioms. Antonlii. Liberal, c. 7- ACANTHUS (Mi/lh.) a son of Antonous and Hippodamia, changed into a bird. Calphurn. Eel. I. 6, v. 67- AcANTHUS (Biog.) " .\i;arOoc, a victor at the Olympic Games in the 15th Oljinpiad, who, according to Dionysius Hali- camassus, introduced the practice of running naked. Dion. Hal. 1. 7 ; Pans. 1. 3, c. 1. Acanthus (Geog.) 1. "Akoi-Ooc, a colony of Andrians, near Mount Athos, whom the Spartan general Brassidas attacked in the Peloponnesian war. From this place Xerxes cut a canal to communicate with the Sinus Syngiticus in order to avoid going round Mount Athos. Herod. 1. 6, c. 44 ; 1. 7, cll3; Thucyd. 1. 4, c. 84; Xenophon. Hellen. 1. 5, c. Z ; Diod. 1. 12, c. 67 ; Mela. 1. 2, c. 2 ; Pli}i. 1. 4, c. 10 ; Plol. 1. 3, c. 13 ; Sleph. Bi/z. de Urb. 2. A town of Caria, otherwise called Dulopolis, according to Mela, Mel. 1. 1, c. 26 ; Plin. 1. 5, c. 28 ; Steph. Byz. de Urb. 3. A towi in Egypt, near Memphis, where, according to Stephanus, is the grove of the Thebau Acantha, from which the gum is col- lected. Strab. 1. 1, c. 77- 4. An island in the Propontis. Plin. 1. 5, c. 32. Acanthus (A'(o«;.y.) the medals extant under this name are attributed, liy all antiquarians, to the Acanthus in Mace- donia. On the obverse of the sub- joined cut is represented a lion devouring an ox, and, on the re- verse, a square divided into four smaller squares, with the inscriji- tion AKANOION, or on some AKAN. The workmanship of these and similar medals sufficiently proves their antiquity. Peller. Ree. de Med. j Hunter. Num. Vet. Pop. el Urb. ACAPAHAM (Geog.) a town of Bithraia, on the shore of the Euxine, now Carpi. D'Aeilij. De.icripl. Asiw. AC.'\R10\ (Biog.) 'Aicapiwi', a writer referred to by the scJioliast on Apollonius. Argonnutic. 1. 2. ACARNANTA (Geog.) 'Araprai/a, a region of Epirus, near the bay of Ambracia, so named after Acamas, now C'arnia and Dc.t]X)tato. The Acanianians, who were originally called Curates, were an effeminate and luxurious people, whence, VOL. I. ACC according to Lucian, the proverb of PorcelluM Acnrnanhu. Their breed of horses, however, was so nuperior that Wki/jih-oi irTToi l)ccame proverbial for any thing cxcellint. r/nici/d. 1. 2, c. 10; Puli/b. 1. 5, c. ()0 ; ' Sci/tax. in PerjA. 1. 2, e. 3 ; Strut,. 1. 7, c. !) ; Pirn. 1. 4, c. 1 ; Shla. 1. 2, c. 3; Pnu.i. 1. 8, e. 24; Ptol. 1. 3, c. 14; Lucian. Dial. Merel. ; Macrob. 1. 1, c. 12; Stepli. Bi/z. de Urb.; Sig. Geog- Coinm. 1.11. Acaknania (.Xumis.) the medals of A(-.imania were some of them connnon to the whole country as in the subjoined tuts. On the obverse of fig. 1 , is a figure of Jupiter Iiolding in one hand a tliunderbolt : and in the other an eagle ; the inscription AKAPN.VNiJN ; on the reverse a homed head of Achelous, as is supposed, who is fabled to have changed himself into a bull, Qvide Aclieloit.i] with the name of a magistrate, NAYSIMAXOi). On the obverse of fig. 2, is the figure of Apollo sitting with his bow ; the inscrip- tion the same as the preceding ; and on the reverse the same head, which by some is supposed to be the liead of the Minotaur. Goltz. Grwc. ; Putin. Num. Imperat.; Spanheim. de Prcc.it. et U.su Numis. Peller. Ree. de Med. ACAU.VAS (Mi/t/i.) 'Akfipioi', the son of Alcraseon and Calirrhoe. The former being murdered by the brothers of his first wife Alphisiboea, Calirrhoe obtained from Jupiter that her children Acamas and Amphoterus, who were still infants, should suddenlv grow up to revenge their father's murder. Grid. Mel. I.' 1, fab. 10 ; Paua. 1. 8, c. 24. Acaknas (Geog.) or Acaruan, a stony mountain of Attica. Sencc. in Hippol. v. 20. Kos, qua tepidis Subditus austris, frigtfra moUit Dunis Acarnaji. ACARZERES, Laurentius (Biog.) a Portuguese author of some poems, according to Giraldus. ACAS (Biog.) "Ak-ac, a tragic poet, according to Suidas. ACASIS (Myth.) the daughter of Minos, and mother of Cydon and Oaxes, by Apollo. Slep/i. Byz. de Urb. ACASTE (Myth.) 'A».«t>;, one of the Oceanidcs. Hesiod. Theog. V. 356. ACAStUS (Myth.) 'AkuTof, the son of Pelias, king of Thes- Siily, by Anaxibia, was put to death with his wife Hippolyte or Astydamia by Peleus, whom, while an exile at his court, he had at the instigation of his wife caused to be tied to u tree, and exposed to wild beasts. He was a famous hunter. Grid. Met. 1. 8. Jaculoqtte utsigitis .icastus. Pind. Nem. Carm. 4, 5; Apollod. 1. 1, c. 9, &c.: Ovid. Met. 1.2; Horat.l. .'!, Od. 1, v. 17- AcASTUs (Hist.) "Aica^or, the second perpetual archon of the Albanians, A. M. 2934, reigned for tliirty years. Euseb. in C/iron. ; Petau. Doct. Tanpor. vol. ii. ACATUS (Biog.) 'Xkutoi:, an Argive and author of a \yxm entitled ^Wio-mpalc, the destruction of Troy, in which he gives the names of all who ^vere shut up in the wooden horse. Allien. 1. 13, e. 9- ACATZINTO (Geog.) a town of Anahual, in Mejdco, where the Mexicans were defeated by the Spaniards in 1520. ACBARUS (Hist.) nde Abganis. ACCA (Ml/Ill.) Acca, the companion of Camella. I'irg. JEn. 1. 1 1, v. 820. ^rcani, a tjualibus unam, Alluqiiitur. ACC AccA, Laurentia, a goddess of the Romans, said to be the Jiurse of Romulus and Remus. She was the wife of Faus- tus, Numitor's slicpherd, who, for her wantonness, was called lupa, a ])rostitutc, or she wolf; whence the story that Romulus Wiis suckled by a wolf. Plutarch mentions another prostitute of the same name, to whom diWne honours were likewise paid at the feast of the Laurentalia. Dioiii/s. Ha/. 1. 1, c. IS ; Lir. I. 1, c. 4; I'arr. de Lai. Lin. 1. 5; Aiil. Gel. 1. 6, c. 7 ; Pint, ill Rom. ei Qiia.'st. Rom. ; Scrvius in firs;. Mn. I, V. 27 ; /o,v.s. dc Idol. 1. 1, c. lii. AccA, Tarciilia vel Taniidia, another goddess worshipped bv the Roman.s. J'ar. de Lai. Liu. 1. 5. AccA, St. (Fee.) bishop of Haj^ustald, or Hexham, in Nor- thumberland, succeeded Wrefid in the year 709. He wrote ' Offieia Suic Ecdesise, i*tc.' Bed. Hist. Feci. Geid. Aiis/or. 1. 5, c. 20; Cave. Hi.sl. Lit. vol. xvi. (Jly; Fabr. Bibl. Med. el Iii/im. Lai. vol. ii. 1. 1. ACCABICUS mums {Geog.) 'AKKujnKvi' reixoc, a town near the pillars of Hercules, built by the Carthaginians. Stepk. Bijz.de Vrh. ACCAD (Geog.) 13K, called by the Septuagint "ApX"''' (Gen. .\. 10,) was a city built by Nimrod, the situation of which is not ascertained. It is supposed, by Dr. Wells, to be Tittacene, which, according to Pliny, is the same as Ar- belites, in the country round Arbela. Well. Geog. of the Old and Ke?v Test. ACCtEUS (Hist.) the first king of Attica. ACCARISI, Albert {Biog.) a grammarian of Cento, in the Dutchy of Ferrara, published in the Kith century ' A Voca- bulary, Grammar, and Orthography of the vulgar Tongue.' AccAKisi, Francis, a civilian of Anccma. He wrote comments on the Institutes and Pandects, and died Oct. 4, l622. ACCARON (Geog.) 'Avrapwr, a town of Palestine, the Ekron of the Bible, now Accaron. ACCEPTUS (Ecc.) an ecclesiastic of Frejus, in Provence, who accused himself falsely of different crimes to avoid being elected bishop, wherefore in a council of Dauphiny, it was decreed that for the future such persons should be held infamous on their own confession. ACCETTO, Reginald (Biog.) an Italian, and author of a The- saurus of the Italian language, died at Naples in 1560. ACCHO (Geog.) I3:r, ' .Ac^w ; a town situated on the north of Mount Carmel, belonging to the tribe of Asliur. Judg. i. .31. It was the .seat of war in the time of the Crusades, and was then called Acra, now Acre. QVide Acre'^ In the Maccaljees it is mentioned frequently under the name of Ptolcmais. Ensel>. apud Hierun. de Sit. el Nam. Loc. ; Heh. in Voce "Akj^w. ACCI (Geog.) "A«.<.{, a town of Hispania Tarriconensis, now Giiaduc. The people were called Accitani, as apjjcars from the .several inscriptions and medals. QVide Accitani^ Plol. 1. 2, c. 6 ; VasxHs in C/irun. Acci (Sumis.) this town struck medals in honour of Augustus, Tiberius, Gcnnanicus, Drusus, and Caligula. The .sulyoined fig. 1, represents, on the obverse, a head of Augustus, bare, with the inscription AVGiislii.'! CAF.SAR, on the reverse, two legionary eagles between two military standards, tlu' connnon symJHjl of this town, the inscription Volonia .fiilia iumella ACci. On the obverse of fig. 2, is a head of Til)erius crowned with laurel ; the in.scription, Tlheriu.'! CAESAR DIVI AVGusli F,/;;« AUGUSTUS ; on the reverse tlie pontifical symlxjl.s, jiamcly, the Apex, the Lituum and ACC the Simpulum, legend above, Colouia Julia Geniella, below ACCI. Another medal of I'ibcrius has on the reverse the heads of Germanicus and Drusus. Harduin. Num. yLil. illiisl.; Florez. Med. de Fspana. tab. 51, fig. 2. ACCIA (Hist.) or Abia, daughter of Julia and Atius Balbus, was the mother of Augustus. She died about forty years A. C. Dio. 1. 45 ; Suet. Aug. c. 4. AcciA, J'ariola, a female of distinction, whose cause was ably defended by Pliny the younger. Sidonius Apollinaris, in his book to Rusticus, says that Pliny gained more credit from that cause than from his panegyric of Trajan. Pliny speaks very nmch of it in his Epistles, 1. 5, ep. o3. AceiA (Geog.) a town of Corsica, now in ruins, formerly the see of a bishop, which is removed to Mariana. ACCIAIOLI (Hist.) a noble family of Florence, which was fruitful in great men, and for some time held the sovereign authority, in Corinth, Thebes, and Athens. AcciAiOLi, Nicholas, of the above-mentioned illustrious family, was born in 1310, and died in 1366, after having acted a very important part in the government of Naples, under Catherine, the widow of PhUip, and her son Robert. AcciAioLi, Renulus, conquered Athens, Corinth, and Bceotia in the 15th century. At his death, having no male legi- timate issue, he gave Athens to the Venetians ; Corinth to Theodorus Palteologus ; and Bceotia to his natural son An- thony. Chalcoml. Hi.fl. Turc. 1. 4 & 9. AcciAioLi, Donato, a statesman and scholar of the same familj', was born in 1428, and died in 1478, after having been employed on several important missions for the republic. Dying poor he was honoured with a splendid funeral at the public expence, and his daughters were idso portioned out at the expence of the state in recompence of his signal services. His works are, 1. ' Expositio super libros Ethicorum Aris- totelis, in novam traductionem Argyropili,' Fol. Florent. 1478. 2. ' In Aristotelis libros octo Politicorum commen- tarii,' 8vo. Venet. 15G6'. S. The lives of Alcibiades, De- metrius, Annibal, and Scipio, translated from Plutarch for the Latin collection of that author, to which he added a life of Charlemagne. 4. ' La Storia Florentina,' &c. trans- lated from the Latin of Leonard dArezzo, Fol. Venice, 1473, and often reprinted. 5. An Italian translation of the life of his kinsman Nicholas Acciaioli, which had been written by Palmerius, under the title of ' Matthiei Palmerii Florcntini de vita et rebus gestis Nicolai AcciaioU Florcntini, magni Apulise Seneschalli ab anno l.'ilO, ad annum 1366, commentarius.' The translation of this work was printed at Florence in 1588, with the history of the family of Ubaldini, but the original is inserted in Muratori's collection of Italian Historians. Acciaioli, Angela (Fee.) a cardinal and archbishop of Flo- rence, was created a cardinal by Urban VI, in 1384, and died in 1407, after having been employed by Boniface IX, as legate to Naples, Hungary, and elsewhere. Acciaioli, Nicholas; a carilinal, was elevated to that dignity by Clement IX, in 1 ()()<), on the score of his great merits; and died in 17 19, at the age of 89. He was so esteemed by the cardinals that he had, like the preceding, many voices in the conclave for his electi(m to the Pontificate. Acciaioli, Zanobio (^Biog.) probably of the same family as the preceding, was bom at Fh)rence in 14()1, and died in 1519 or 1520. He made a Latin oration in praise of Naples in 1515, which he afterwards published, besides translating into Latin Kuselnus of Cii'sarea,Thcodoret,01ympiodorus, &c. and pulilishing I'olitien's Greek epigrams. Whilst acting as librarian to the N'atican under Leo, he undertook the labo- rious task of arranging the ancient ])ublic documents, of which he fonned an index published by Montfaucon in his Bibl. Bibliothccarum MSS. vol. i. He was also reckoned a great poet. Acciaioli, John, of the above-mentioned family, who flou- ACC ACE rished in the Ifith century, wns the uiithor of a work entitled ' Miilta doctissinionim iiroblematuin nionunicnta majjnn studio ct ingcnio i.hu'>il)rata.' ACCiO, y.Hcco (liioi:.) siiriianicd da Siimnia Campagna, an Italian poet of Verona, who llourishcd about 1 t?", was the author of a work jniblishcd under the title of ' Acii Zucehi Sunnna Canijianea', \'eronensis viri eruditissiuii in ilisopi Fabulas interpretatio per rhythnios," iSrc. 4to. V'cron. 1 I-"!), in which each fable is preceded by a Latin epigram. This work was reprinted in 1491. ll-.O.'i, and 14<)7- ACCIUS, Tulhis {Hist.) viAc Aclhi.s. Accius, I.iiciiix (^Biog.) a 1-atin tragic poet, and intimate friend of Junius Brutus the Consid. Of all his works not more than 7,09 verses are extant, which are to be found scattered in Cicero and other authors, and collected in the ' Coqius Poetarum Latinorura.' Of him and Pacuvius, Quintillian says ' Tragncdia; scriptorcs Accius atque Pacu- vius clarissimi, gravitate sententiarum, verborumque pon- dere et auctoritatc personarum virium tamen Accio plus tribuitus.' Hot. 1. 2, Ep. 1, v. 55. — ^ Aufirt Pacnvhts docti famam scnis, Accius alti. Quinlil. Instil. 1. x. c. 1 ; Aiil. Cell. 1. xii. e. 2, &:c. Accius, Pisniircnsis, a distinguished orator. Cic. Bnil. ~8. Accirs, a player mentioned by .Juvenal. Sal. vi. v. 70. Accius, Na;iiiis, vide Acliiis. Accirs, Prisnix, a painter in the time of Vespasian. Pliii. 1. XXXV. c. 27. ACCO (Mi/lh.) 'A«.i.i/, the name of an old woman who fell mad at seeing her own defoniiity in a looking-glass, whence the word accixxare, in Latin signifying to be mad ; also the proverb ctti -oTc oTrXoic 'A/v/,('ffrn<, speaking of one who de- lights to look at himself. Liician de Merced. Scrv. ; Alhen. 1. xiii. ; Zenob. Proverh. AnI. 53 ; Diogenian. Prov. Ant. 2 ; Suid. Prov. Ant. 82 ; Coel. Rliodig. 1. x\-ii. c. 2. AC-COINLU {Hist.) or ivhite sheep, a family of Turcomans, who reigned in Asia, so called from the ensign they bore. They succeeded the dynasty distinguished by the name of the Cara-Coinh, or the Black Sheep. Chronological Succession of the Ac-coinlu. Thour All Beg, the first of this dynasty. Cmirlu Beg, the second son of Thour Ali. Cara Hug Athman, son of the preceding, died in the year of the^Hegira 8O9, A. D. 1419. Hamzas Beg, .son of Cara Ilug, died in the year of the HegiVa 848, A. D. 1458. Gehanghir, nephew of Harazag, died in the year of tlie Hegira 872, A. D. 1482. Ha.t.mn al Thaovnl, or Vs.sanha.isan, brother of the pre- ceding, died in the vear of the Hegira 883, A. 1). 1 49.'}.'" Khalil Beg, son of the preceding, died in the year of the Hegira 884, A. D. 1494. Jacob Be:;, brother of Khalil, died of poison in the vear of the He'gira 89G, A. D. 1506. Mas.tih Beg, brother of Khalil, or son of .Jacob, reigned only a year and eight months. Ra2; which was re- printed .several times, and once with notes by Thomas Dempster, 4to. Florence, 1()'2.'J. 2. ' De Pricstantia vironun sui a-vi." Panii. 1()8(), I(i92. Accoi,Ti, Benedetto, descended from the same family, set on foot a conspiracy against Pope Pius IV, under pretence that he was not duly elected. He suffered with live others a capital ])unishment for this crime in 15(i4. AccoLTi, Piicr (Ecc.) son of Benedict the lawyer, wa.s bom in 1455, and died in 1532. He was created cardinal by Pope Julius II in 1511 ; successively held the bi-shoprics of Ancona, Arras, and Cremona, and in 1524 was made arch- bi.shop of Kaveinia. He left .some hLstorical treatises. AccoLTi, Benedetto, nej>hew of the preceding, was called the Cicero of the age, on account of his skill in the Latin language. He succeeded his imcle in the archbishopric of Ravenna, was made cardinal by Clement VII in 1527, and died in 1549, leaving a treatise on the Pope's right to the kingdom of Naples, and other works in prose and verse. Accoi/n, Bernard (Biog.) another son of Benedict the lawvcr, was distinguished in his day by his jK)etry, which gained him universal apjilause. A collection of his poems was printed at Venice in 1519 and 1553. Accolti, Francis d'Arezzo, vide Aretin. Accoi.Ti, Peter, published a book of practical perspective in Italian, at Arezzo, in U)25. ACCORDS {Biog.) TOle Tabouret. ACCORSO (Ecc.) a missicmary into Africa, was beheaded by order of the king of Morocco in 1220. Blondct. Vies des Saiiites an I6 de Janvier. AccoRSO, Francis {Biog.) a lawyer who was bom at Florence in 1151, and died in 1229. He wrote an explanation of the laws, entitled the ' Great Gloss,' published at Lyons in 6 vols, folio, 1589. AccoRso, Francis, eldest .son of the preceding, was professor of law at Bologna, and afterwards at Oxford in 1275. He died in 1321. Fab. Bibl. Lat. 1. iv. e. 10; Sax. Onomasl. vol. ii. p. 29;*. AccoRso, Arvot, a brother of the former, published a con- tinuation of his father's Gloss, which is not much esteemed. AccoRso, Maria Angela, a native of Aquileia in Naples, and an eminent critic of the Kith century, wrote ' Diatriba; in Ausonium, Solinum et Ovidium." Fab. Bibl. Lat. 1. ;!, c. 10; Sa.T. Onomast. vol. iii. p. 100. ACE {Geog.) the name of two towns, 1. In Phoenicia, which was also called Aco, or Aeeas. and Plolemais, now Acre. C. Kep. in Datam. c. 5. 2. "Amj, a place in Arcadia, where Orestes was relieved from the persecution of the Furies, to whom a temple was there erected. Pans. 1. 8, c. 34. Ace {yumis.) one medal of the town, in Pha-nicia, has been found with the inscription AKH. ACEDU.M {Grog.) " \KiCnr, now Cencda, a town of Venice, in Italv. fllo, U.\. 134; 11.1.6, V. 39; ./«!■. Sat. 8, v. 128'; Poll. Ouomast. 1.26, cS5; Macroli. Salurnul. 1. 1, c. 17- .\CES (Geog.) "Anijc, a river of Asia, in the former country of the Chora.smii, &c. Herod. 1. 3, c. 1 1 "• ACESj^ (Geog.) 'Ak-tVai, a city of Macedonia. Steph. Byz. de Urb. m epithet for Homer, signifying ACESAMEN^E (Geog.) 'Acta-a/jemi, a city of Macedonia, from Acesaminus, who reigned in Pieria. Slenh. Biiz de Urb. ^ ^ ACESANDER (Biog.) 'ActVarcpoc, an historian mentioned by Tzetzes on Lycophron and also the scholiasts on Pindar and Apollonius. ACESIA (Gcog.) a name ior the island of Lemnos, so called from PhUoctetes whose wound was there healed. ACESIAS (Myth.) an unskilful physician, who in attempting to cure the gout increased the disorder, whence the proverb " Acesias medicatus est." Zenob. Prov. Cent. 1, § 52; Erasm. Adag. Ch. 2, Cent. 6. ACESIMBROTUS (Hist.) 'AKecripiipo-oc, a naval commander of the Rhodians, was sent to the conference which took place between the consul T. Flaminius and Philip king of Macedon. Polyb. 1. 17, c. 1. ACESINES (Geog.) or Acesinus, 'AKeaivrjc, AKtaivog. 1. A river of India, flowing into the Indus. The reeds growing on its banks were of such a size that rafts might be made from them for crossing the river. Alexander passed over it to the great hazard of himself and his army, where the current was so strong as to carry awav several of the boats that followed liim. Diod. 1. 17, c. 97; Plin. 1. 6, c. 20; Arrian. 1. 5, c. 20; Q. Curt. 1. 8, c. 9; Justin. 1. 12, c. 9. 2. Acesines, 'Ajcfo-uije, now Alcantara ; a river of Sicily. Thucyd. 1. 4, c. 25 ; Fazell. de Rcb. Sic. Dccad. 1, 1. 2. ACESIUS (Myth.) 'AKcmue, an epithet of Apollo. Paus. 1.6. AcESius (Ecc.) a bishop of the Novatians, in the reign of the emperor Constantine, A. D. 325. Socrat. 1. 1, c. 7 ; Sozoim. 1. 1, c. 2: Niceph.l. 8, c. 20. AcEsius (Biog.) an artificer of Patara, who is said to have first fabricated with the assistance of Helicon and Gary*, tliius, the peplus of Minerva, whence the proverb " Acesii et Heliconis opera," for any fine work. Zenob. Proverb, Cent. 1, ^56; Erasm. Chil. 2, Cent. 6. ACESO (Myth.) 'Ak-ectw, from atciofiat, to heal, a daughter of iEsculapius who is fabled to have had great knowledge in physic. Suidas in Voc. 'llmuvij ; Lc Clerc. Hist. Medic. 1. 1, c. 19. ACESODORUS (Biog.) vide Acestoridcs. ACESSjEUS (Myth.) the name of a certain captain who was always deferring his voyage in order to wait for the moon, whence the proverb 'A/ceo-craia mXipti, Accsscei luna, for tardiness. Diogen. Prov. Cent. 1, § 57; Suid. Prov. Cent. 13, § 48; Erasm. Adag. Chil. 1, Cent. 5. ACESTA (Geog.) a town of Sicily, more commonly caUed JEgesias, or Scgcsta, Qvide jEgesta"} but of wliich Virgil makes mention under this name. jEn. 1. 5, V. 7 IS. Urbem appelUtbunt permisso nomiiie AcesUtm, ACESTiEI (Geog.) Amthioi, a people of Acesta, in Sicily. Plin. 1. 3, c. 8 ;"" Sleph. Byz. de Urb. ACESTE (Mi/lh.) nurse to the daughters of Adrastus. Slat. Theb. 1. 1, V. 529. AcESTE (Geog.) vide ylce.tta. ACESTES (Myth.) a king of Sicily, well known from what Virgil says of him JEn. 1. 1, V. 195. Viun, bonus ipicc delude eadis meriirat Aeestes. Diony.sius, HiUicamassus, and Stephanus, call liira "Eyewc, Tzetzes, "AtytTijt. ACESTIUS (Hi.EUs, an historian mentioned by the Scholiast on Pindar, Oh/mp. od. 7, supposed to be the same as the Achxus men- tioned by the Scholiast on Aratus, who attributes to him the designation of the stars called the Hyades. AcH.ffi:us {Geog.) 'Ax""'Cj a river falling into the Euxine. Arrian. in Peripl. Pont. Eiixin. ACHAIA {Geog.) 'A^^cua, which Homer and Ptolemy call 'EXAcic, and the younger Pliny Grwcia, now called Livadia; a countn', including the whole region of Greece, which Homer describes as abounding in fine women, 'EWdfa ia\- Xiyvi'niKa. Anciently it contained the districts of Attica, Btrotia, Doris, .Etolia, Locris, and Phocis ; but its lx)undij- rics were afterwards greatly extended. Horn. II. 1. 4, v. 688, &c. ; Herod. I. 1, e. 145, &c. ; Strab. 1. 8; Paus. 1. 7 ; Plin. Epi.tt. 1, 8, ep. If) ; Ptol. 1. 3, c. 15. AcDAiA propria, as it is called Iiy Ptolemy, now Morea, was either a portion of Peloponnesus, or the whole. The first part was also called Ionia, Jas, Olenus, and ^Egialus, ac- cording to Diodorus, Pliny, and Pausanias ; and now, accord- ing to Ca.staldus, Romania alta. Ovid. Met. 1. 6. Finitimi proceres cocunt : ttr^tesque propinqu<£ Oravere stios ire ad solatia regeSf Arf^osqite et Sparte, PeU^^'iadeajue Mycena, Ft uondum torva Calitdon iitvisu Diatue, OrchomcnosqueJ'trifX, Patrnque, humilesqM Cleon^, Et Neica I'ylcs, nee adhtic Pitthe'ia Troeten ; Qui^que nrbes alia: bimari ctaudiuitur ab Isthmo. Scyl. in Peripl. ; Sci/mn. Orb. de.\cripl. v. 527 ; P/t/i. 1. 4, c. 5 ; Paus. \. 5,1 ; Arrian. Peripl. Pont. Eiuiti. ; Brict. Parral. Geog. AcHAiA {Numis.) the general name for all Greece, after it became a Roman province, as may be leamt fmm their med;ds bearing the inscription .AX. .AXAIiiN, or the two lettei-s in one X'. On a medid of Adrian was inscribed RESTITUTORl ACH.\lJi, as on the subjoined cut. ACH ACH To the general which represents the emperor as raising Achaia ; by hLs side stands a vessel hax'ing hranches of olive. On a medal <>1 Antinous is inscribed TOIC AXAIOIC ANKOII- KEN, i. e. Ac/uvis posuit ; and on one of L. Verus C'Trori/yS yii'tpKu AYI'tXiB AlOAOPOV iMENOOxXb AXAIiiX. Prcelore Mares Aiirelio Diudoro Menopldi. F. Achceorum. name AXAIiiN was often added that of the cities of Achaia, as AXAiaN ANTirONEliN. Jupiter was held in parti- cular honour by the Acheans, who g-ave him the name of homo^i/rius, i. e. a collector into one body. His s}Tnbol of thunder is frequently to lie observed on their medals. Hcr- c\iles and Neptune had also their share of honour. Palln. Niiiiiis. Romnii. ; Trixian. Comment. Histnr. torn. i. p. 1 7'1 ; (atllaiil. Xiimis. Impcralor Roma nor ; Ilartluin. jV«»nH. Pop. Vet. illii.tlral. ; Hai/m. Tres. Brit. ; Gessnrr. tab. 1 t ; Hunt. Num. I'd. Pop. el L'rb. ; Pcller. Reciieil. dc Med. dcs Peup. plan. 14. AC'HAIACL'M mare (Geag.) that sea which was adjacent to Achaia, now a part of the .Idrialic. ACHAICUS {B'lhl.) (ixoVi-oc, a native of Achaia, and the name of a disciple of St. Paul's, who, with Stephanus and Fortunatus, was the bearer of St. Paul's first epistle to the Corinthians, A. D. 50. 1 Cor. xvi. 17. ACHAICARUS (ii/.?/.) 'Axni'xopoc, a soothsayer among the Bos|)!iorani mentioned by Strabo. Geog. 1. l6. ACHAIS {Geog.) " \-)^a'ic, i. a tract of country in Lydia, near the river of Msconia. Stepb. liyz. de Urb. in voce Mnioii'a. 2. A town near the Hyrcanian sea, otherwise called Heraclea. P/in. 1. 6, c. 16. ACHAIUS (//«/.) a king of Scotland remarkable for liis wise policy. He entered into a league with Charlemagne, and died, after a reign of 19 vcars, in 81 9. H. Boclh. 1. 10; Lesl. Hint. Scott. 1. 3. ACH.\LEN (Hixl.) a British king of the sixth century, who, being driven from hLs kingdom, took refuge in Wales. ACHALY (Hist.) a king of the Saracens in 657- ACHAMANTIS (Mi/tfi.) one of the daughters of Danaus, who slew her husband Echominus. Ili/gin. Fab. 1 70. ACHAN (Bibl.) JDr or isr, i. e. the troublcr of Israel ; he who stole the Babylonish garment, and was stoned in the vallev of Achor. Jo.f. vii. 2t. ACH.VRBAS (.%//(.) the husband of Dido. [Vide Sic/iaiis^ ACHARD (Ecc.) sumamed Si. Victor, bishop of Avranches, in Normandy, died in 1 1 72. He wrote various works on theologj'. AcHARD, Anthony {Biog.') a Prussian divine, who was bom at Geneva in I696, and died in 177'~. He wrote on Free- wUl. AcHARD, Claude Francis, a physician of Marseilles, and se(5retary to the Academy of that city, was bom M!)3, and died in I8O9. He published ' Dictionairc de la Pro- vence,' &c. : also a ' Description Historiquede la Provence. Aix, 1787,' &c. .XCH.'VRDF.US (Geog.) '.Vxnpct'of, now Zygna or Capa ; a river running from Mount Caucasus into the Ma-otis. Strab. 1. 11. ACHARD.S, Eleazar Francii de la Baumc de (Ecc.) a pre- late of an ancient and noble family, was bom at Avignon, .Jan. 29, 107!(, and died at Cochin, April 2, llil, where he went as a missionarj'. ACH.\RDU.S {Ecc.) a bishop of AvTanchcs, in Normandy, in .llfi2, who continued the chronicle of Sigl)crtu.s. ACHARINI {Geog.) a town of Sicily mentioned by Cicero. Fazellus suppposes it to Ix; now Carranc. Cic. in Ferr. 1. 3, c. 4.'J ; Fazcll. de Rvb. Sicul. Dccadi. l 2. ACHARNjE (Geog.) or Archrana, 'Axnf'"'' *^>^ largest village in Attica belonging to the tribe of Oneis. Pind. Nem. od. 2. ' Axdpvai ci iraXdiipaTOV ivdpopiq. T/iiici/d. 1. 2, c. 19 ; Sleph. Bijz. de Urb.; Meiirs. de Pop. All.^. IS. AcHARNvi: (Lit.) a title of one of Aristophanes' comedies. ACHARNlS (Hist.) a senator and knight, who, not saluting Marius as he passed, was killed by the partisans of the latter, to which circumstance Lucan alludes Luc.l 2, V. 114. Spe$ una saliUis Oscula poUuttifixisse trementia dextrd. ACHARPOUR (Geog.) 1. a town of Bahar in Hindoostan, three miles N. E. Rotasgur. 2. A town of Oude in Hin- doostan, 28 miles S. E. Fyzabad. Long. 82^ 21' E. lat. 2(V 28' N. ACHART, Si. (Ecc.) Aicard, or Alcaire, an abbot of a noble family of Poictou, was distinguished for liis piety, and the prudence with which he governed the abbey of S. Jouin. ACHATES (Myl/i.) the friend and companion of jEneas, called by Virgil the fidus Acliates, which is now proverbial for a faithful friend. Achates {Ecc.) a bishop of Palestine in the time of Con- stantino the Great. Achates (Geog.) a river of Sicily called after Achates the friend of jEneas. ACHBOR (Bibl.) nn^r, the father of Baal-Hanan king of Edon. Gen. xxxW. 38. AcHBOR, an officer sent by King Josiah to inquire of the pro- phetess Huldah respecting the book of the law recentlr found, A. M. 3380, A. C. 624. 2 Kings xxiii. ACHELNOTUS (Ecc.) archbishop of Canterbury in the 1 1 th century, who was in great favour with Canute the Great. ACHELOIDES {Mylb.) a patronymic for the SyTens, the daughters of Achelous. Ovid. Met. 1. 5, v. 553. ACHELOUS (jSIyth.) 'XyiXCiog, the son of Oceanus and Tethys, who, in his engagement with Hercules for Dcjanira, metamorjjhoscd himself first into a sei-pent, then into a bull, and finally into a river, which bears his name. The horn which Hercules broke oflP from the bull became afterward* the cornucopiiE. Soplioc. Trac/i. v. 9- Mi'i);p yap rjj' /joi Trorapog 'Axf^^''Ov Xiym "Oe PL iv Tpiaiv pLopfdtaiv iitirtv warpoi. Ovid. Epi-il. 15, V. 257. Utferus Alcides Acheloia crmiua /regit Dnm petit amptexus, Dejanira, tut>$. Ovid. Epi.ipuiar 'AxfXw'oc, Achelous the king of rivers ; Hesiod, 'Axt^wiof apyvpoiiyti, limpid Achelous. It was also takvn ACH ACH for water in general : whence Kiiripides speaks of 'AxtXwa Spoauc, the dew i)f Achelous ; and Firg. Geog. 1. 1, v. 9. Ptxulaque inveiitis Acheloia mitcuit mis. Horn. II. \. -Zl, V. igt; Hcsiod. Tlicog. v. .'540; Herod. 1. 2, c. 10; Etiripid. in A /ill mm. ; T/iiici/ff. 1. 2, c. 10'2 ; Puli/b. 1. 4, c. 6S ; fici/ltix. in Peripl. ; Diodor. 1. .5 ; Strah. 1. lb; Lit: 1. 4,'>, c. iil ; Mela, 1. 2, c. 4; Sil. Ilal. 1. 12, V. 34 ; Pliit. de Fliim. ; Dioni)s. Perieg. v. 4;J,S ; Plin. 1. 2, c. 85 ; Plol. 1. 3, c. 14 ; T/i'. Seqneii. Catalog. ; Macro!). Safnrn. 1. 5, c. 18; Ulcpli. Bijz. de Vrh. ; Kigcr. Gcog. Cotnm. 1. 11. 2. A river of Arcadia falling into the Alpheus. 3. A river of Lydia flowing from Mount Siiiylus. Piiiin. 1. 8, c. 38. AcHEl.ous (Nuniis.) tliis river is represented on the medals of Acarnania, and its towns Qvide Acariiania, Ampki/oc/iia, ^•c."], with the horns of a hull, which shape the God Aihe- lous is said to have assumed in liLs combat with Hercules. Goltzius calls this the head of Minotaur, but we have the authority of Strabo for believing that it was intended to re- present the head of the river God Achelous. ACHELUS (Mi/lh.) the name of a man mentioned by Flaccus. Argon. 1. 3. ACHEMES {Hi.il.) a governor of Egypt, A. M. 3477- ACHEMON (Mi/t/i.) or Achmon, a native of Attica, was punished, with his brother BasLlas, by Hercules, for an aftront offered to hiin wliile asleep. Suidas. ACHEN (Biog.) or Ac/i, John van, a painter, bom at Co- logne in 1556', who discovered an extraordinary genius for this art at the age of 10. He died in 16'21, in the service of the Emperor Rudolphus. ACHENCHERRES {Hist.) a king of Egypt, succeeded his father Orus, A. M. 2873, A. C. 1131, and died after a reign of twelve years. AcHENCHERREs Succeeded Athotis, the successor of the pre- ceding, and reigned twelve years, and some months. AcuENCHERRES Succeeded the preceding, and reigned also twelve years. Eiiseb. in Chron.; Usser. Annal. ACHENWALL, Godfretj {Biog.) a professor of Gottingcn, was bom at Elbing, in Prussia, 171,9, and died 1772. He wrote ' Elenienta Juris Naturae,' &c. The name and science of statistics are said to owe their origin to him. ACHEQUI (Hist.) a king of Japan, who kOlcd the legiti- mate prince Nobienanga, and seized his throne, but being conquered in battle, was himself slain by one of the late king's officers. ACHERDUS {Geog.) 'A'xepSie, a part of the tribe Hippo- thoon. Steph. ACHERI, Luc d' (JBiog.) a learned Benedictine, was born at St. Quintin, in Picardy, in 1609, and died in the abbey of St. Germain des Pres, in 1685. He wrote, 1. ' Epistola Catholica Bamabie Apostoli, Gr. et Lat. cum notis Nic. Hug. Menardi, &c.' 4to. Paris, 1645. 2. ' The Life and \A'orks of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury,' fol. Paris, 1648. 3. ' Asceticorum vulgo Spiritualiimi Opusculorum quie inter Patrura Opera reperiuntur Indiculus,' 4t(). Paris, 1648. 4. 'Life and Works of Guibert, Abbot of Nogent-sous- Couci,' &c. fol. Paris. 5. A republication of Grimlaic's ' Regie des Solitaires,' 12mo. Paris. 6. ' Veterum Aliquot Scriptorum qui in Galliic Bibliothecis, maxinie Beuedic- tinorum latuerunt .Spicclegium,' &c. 13 vols. 4to. l653, &c. Du Pin. Keel. Script, vol. xviii. p. 65. ACHERIUS {Bioi;.) an orator in the time of Augustus Caisar. Cal. Rliodig. 1. 15, c. 11. ACHERON (Mi/l/i.) a son of Ceres without a father, who, being sent into hell to escape from the Titans, became one of the rivers of hell. Acheron {Geog.) 1. 'Axe'pw, according to Strabo; ~.\)(tpoi; according to Ptolemy ; a river of Ejiims, .so called as ii supposed from ri)(o<-, grief; and fiiw, to flow, i. e. a sorrowful stream, now Velielw. This was fabled to have Ijeen the river of hell, over which the souls of the dead were con- veyed. Horn. Od. 1. 10, V. 513. Au'rdc f fif aXiiu Uvai coftov tvptiivra, 'Ev8a fiiv fi'c 'Ax'povTa Uvptf his .icheron, sanie d'assoque vefieito. Horace puts it for hell itself. Hor. Carm. 1. 1, od. 3, v. 36. Perriipit Acheronta llercideus labor. Herodot. 1. 5, c. 92, &c. ; Thucyd. 1. 1, c. 46; Theoc. Idyl. 2, V. 19; fici/la.r. in Peripl.; Diod. 1. 1; Liv. 1. 8, c. '24; Strab. 1. 6; Plin. 1. 4, c. 1 ; Ptol. 1. 3, c. 14; Sil. 1.2, V. 80; Maerob. in Som. Scip. c. 10; Nig. Geog. Cotnm. 1. 11. 2. A river of the Brutii, called by Livy Acheros, by Justin Aeherusius uniiiis, now Lago delta Col- hiceia, where Alexander, king of Epirus, was slain accord- ing to the oracle. Liv. 1. 8, e. 20 ; Strabo, 1. 6 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 5; Justin. 1. 12, c. 23; Clue. Ital. Antiq. 1. 4, c. 15. 3. A river of Elis flowing into the Alpheus. Strab. 1. 8. 4. A river flowing down the Riphean mountains. Orph. Argonaut, v. 11 29. 5. A river of Bithynia, afterwards called Sonautci, out of which Hercules is said to have ilragged the dog of hell. Sehol. in Apollon. Argon. 1. 2, V. 3.^5 ; Tzetz. Lijcoph. v. 695. ACHERONTIA (Gcog.) a town of Apulia, situated on a mountain like a nest on a tree, now Accrcnza. Hor. Carm. 1. 3, od. 4, v. 14. CeUiz nidum Aclierontiit. Lcand. Albert. Descript. Ital. 2. A to\vn of the Brutii, near the river Acheron, from which the people were called .ichcronlini according to Pliny. Hist. Xat. 1. 3, c. 10. AciiERONTiA {Niiniis.) the town of the Brutii is supjwsed to be referred to in a medid bearing the inscription AXEPON- TAN. Gollz. Mag. Grac. tab. 25 ; Hardiun. Numis. /'<•/. Pop. el Urb. ACHERRyE {Geog.) a town between the Po and the Alps, [^vide Acerraf] ACHERRES {Hist.) a king of Egypt, supposed to be suc- cessor to the Pharoah, who, according to Holy Writ, perished in the Red Sea. Euscb. in Chron. ACHERUSIA {Geog.) 1. 'Axf^"«n, a lake of Eg_\-pt, near Memphis, over whtch the bodies of the dead were supposed to be conveyed. Diod. 1. 1, c. 97; Pans. \. 1, c. 17- 2. 'AYfpBcr'n, a lake of Epirus, near the city Cechyrus, about which there was a similar fable. Ptol. 1. 3, c. 1 4 : Pans. 1. 1, c. 15. 3. A lake of Compania. ^vide Acheron'] ACH ACH 4. A lake of Chersonesus Tiiurica, where Hercules is said to have dragged the dog Cerberus from hell. The bile which his anger generated is said to have produced the poison inherent in the herb aconite. Marcellinus says it was called by the inhabitants Muxoxomoi-. Pliny mentions it under the name of Achcrushim, and Mela under that of Achcnisius xpccits. Xeiiopk. Anal. c. 2 j Ovid. Met. 1. 7, V. 409 ; PUn. 1. 6, c. 1 ; Mela, 1. 2, c. 4. ACHESOX, Lord {Her.) the title bom by the eldest son of the Earl of Gosford. ACHESEUS (Hill.) or Age.teus-Ocaras, the twenty-first king of the Thcbans, according to Eratosthenes. Eitscb. ill Chron. ACHIAL (Hisl.) or Aqiiial, nephew to Herod the Great, and governor of one of the fortresses of Jerusalem, was very active in his uncle's interest. Joseph. Ant. 1. 15, c. 9- ACHILLAS (Hisl.) "Ax'^^\«c, a general of Ptolemy, who was commissioned to kill Ptolemy. He executed his com- mLs.sion bv means of troacher)', and was afterwards mur- dered himself by Ganymede the Eunuch, who was in the confidence of Arsinoe the monarch's sister. Luc. 1. 8, V. 538. SceUri delectus Achillas. Cws. de Bell. Civ. 1. 3, c. 104 ; Herl. de Bell. Alexand. c. 4 ; Pint, in Si/m]X)s. Achillas (Ecc.) bishop of the church of Alexandria, who g-ave countenance to Alius. Euseb. Hist. 1. 7', Baron. A?inal. ann. 110. Achillas (Geog.) a noble town of Gaul, which was besieged by the Goths." Paul. Diac. Hist. Miscell. 1. 14, c. 1. ACHILLEIS {Poet.) a poem of Statius on the exploits of Achilles. The work is imperfect owing to the premature death of the author. QVide Statins'] Achilles {Myth.) there were many persons of this name. Achilles, the first in dignity, the son of Peleus and Thetis, so called as is supposed from a)(OC, sorrow ; because he brought sorrows on the Trojans, is commonly described in Homer by the epithets of Trocapc/jc fios AxtWevr, swift- footed di\'ine Achilles ; other poets have distinguished him by the fierc-er and bolder features of his mind. V^irgil calls him iinmitis, durus, smvus, &c. Horace gives him tlie epithets of insolcns, pcrvica.r, clarus, aniinosus, &c. Ovid those of magnus, magnanimus, Sec. Statius those of indocilis, ferus, futalis, &c. ; Claudian that of atrox. Firg. jEh. 1. 1, V. 30. Troas, reliijuias Danaum, atijue immitis Achilli, Hor. Carm. 1. 2, od. 4, v. 2. priiis insolfntem Sena Brise'it niveo colore Movit AchiUem, Hor. Epod. 17, V. 14. {lieu ! ) pervicacis ad pedes Ackille'i. Ovid. Met. 1. 13, v. 298. A'ec M magtianimo maUdicere sentit Achilli I Slat. AchUl. 1. 2. — IndocHem qua mem detraxit AchiUem. Claud. Episl. I, V. 13. Manibut Hectoreis alrox ignavit Acliillet. He is tdso frequently distinguished by epithets in allusion to his origin, as Pelides, yEacides, nepos Nerc'ius, fllius Thetidis, Larissaiug, Achilles, &c. He was dipi)ed in tlie river .Styx by liLs mother, and his body rendered invul- nerable in every part except in the heel, which Apollo, in the form of Paris, having pierced with his dart, he was killed. Stat. Achill. 1. 1. -^M- Stepe ipsa {nefas /) suh inatiia natum Tartara, et ud Sti/gii'S iterum J'ero nurgere fotUes. Virg. Mn. 1. 6, v. 57- Dardana qui Paridis direiti tela manusqne Corpus m JEacidd:. Ovid. Met. 1. 12, v. 604. Ostendens sternentem Troia ferro Corpora Pelidcn, arcus vbvert'tt in ilium : Certaque lelhiferd direxit spicuLa dcitrd. Xenophon de Venal. ; Apollon. Argon. 1. 1, v. 558, and 1. 4, V. 8()J); Apollod. 1. 3, c. 13; Diod. 1. 17; St rub. 1. 14 ; Hor. 1. 1, Od. 8, &c.; Juv. Sat. 7, v. 210; Hiigin. Fab. 96, &c.; Catul. Epithal. Pel. v. .•J39; Plin. 1. '35, c. 15; Plut. in vit. Alex. &c. ; Ma.r. Tyr. Oral. 27 ; Tzetzes in Lycoph. Achilles, a son of Terra, who received Juno into his den when she fled from the pursuit of Jupiter. Phot. Bibliothek. ; Ptol. Haphest. Achilles {Hist.) the son of Lyson, who was the inventor of ostracism in Athens. Phot. Bibl. Achilles {Kumis.) a medal of Trajan, represents Achilles going out armed to kill Pentesilea, with the inscription ACHILLES PENTESILEA. Achilles {Ecc.) a missionary sent by Irsencus into Spain, to propagate the gospel. He was sufibcated by smoke. Achilles, 2'atius, 'A\i\\tvQ ^ranoe, according to Suidas, and 'Ax'^^^vQ Vanoc, according to Photius ; an Alexan- drine, who, becoming a convert to Christianity, was made a bishop. Among other things he wrote a treatise on the Sphere, a fragment of which has been translated by Petavius, and inserted in the third volume of liis works ; also a romance entitled ' De Amoribus Clitophontis et Leu- cippes,' libri viii. which was published by Salmasius, with the Latin version of Cruccius, 12mo. l640; and again by Boden. Gr. et Lat. 8vo. Leipzig, 1776- Achilles, Alaandcr {Biog.) a Prussian nobleman, who wrote in German a treatise on earthquakes, and died in 1675. ACHILLEUS {Hist.) or Aquilcus, a eunuch s(m of Domi- cLUa, who, in the reign of Domitian, was beheaded at Tar- ragona. AcHiLLKUS, a relation of Zenobia, who set himself up as emperor in Egypt, against Diodesian, by whom he was conquered and exposed to lions. Aurel. Victor, de Caisar. c. 3'); Paul. Diacon. Hist. Miscell. 1. 10, c. 42; Jornand. de liegnor. Success, e. 87- ACHILLEUS {Numis.) the length of this usuqier's reign in Egypt is known by the medals of him (if they are genuine) bearing the inscription AYrokptirwp Kaio-op Abcioc KlIIAtof AXI.V.VEOC EYC£/5i)c EYTux»)c CEHacor hnpcrator CcEsar Lucius Epidius Achilleus Pius Felix Augustus LF L.^ L6 LS, i. c. anno 3. 4. 5. G. Ba/idur. Numis. Imperalor. lioiiumor. Achilleus {Ecc) was baptized with Nercus, by Peter, and suflered martyrdom for the faith under Domiiiun. Vincent. 1. 10, c. 15. Achilleus {Biog.) a ^vritcr mentioned by Athenicus. ACHILLINI, Alexander {Biog.) a physician and native of Hohigna, was born 146.3, and died 1512. He v\T0te, 1. ' Annotationes Anatcmiica-,' 4to. Venet. 1520. 2. ' De humani corporis Anatomia,' 4to. Venet. 1521. 3. 'In Muudini anatomiam Annotationes,' Fol. Venet. 1522. 4. • De subjecto Medicinit,' i\:c. Venet. 1568. 5. ' Do C'hiromantiic principiis et pliysiognomiir,' I'ol. 6. ' De Sub- jecto Chiromautiic,' &c. Fol. Bonon. 1503. ACH ACI Acnil.l.iNi, John Philutheii.t, a jioct, and younger brother of the jireoeding, was Ixirn at ISoloj^na, in IKiO", where he died in 1558. He wrote, 1. ' II X'iridario," 4to. Bolojjna. 2. ' II Fedele.' 3. ' Annotazioni della lingua volgarc,' Bolog. 8vo. 1536. 4. ' A Collection of Poems on the Death of Scrajiliin didl' Aquila,' 4to. IJologna, 15C4. AcHu.i.iNi, Claude, grandson of the preceding, a poet and law professor, was bom at Bologna in 1574, and died in 16'40, leaving, 1. ' Rime c Prose,' 12mo. Venice, 1()'51. 2. ' Decas Epistolarum ad Jaeobum Gaufridum,' 4to. Parm, 1635. ACHILLINUS (Hisl.) a soldier under Bclisarius, who dis- tinguished himself at the siege of Rome against the (loths. ACHILMAR (Ecc.) archbishop of Vienna. QVide A^ilmar^ ACHIM {Bihl.) 'Axf'T*' ^^''^ "f Zadock, father of F.liud, of the tribe of Judah, and family of David, in the genealogy of our Saviour. Matt. i. 14. ACHINNAS {Hist ) a king of ^Ethiopia, cotemporary with Pliaramund king of France. ACHIOR {BibL) Ti«->n», a general of the Ammonites, who, going with Holifcmes on his expedition into Egypt, was, at the siege of Bethulia, converted to the true faith, and admitted among the number of the Israelites, Jud. xiii. 27, &c. This happened A. M. 3348, A. C. 656. AcHiOR, a friend and relation of Tobit. ACHIRAM {Bibl.) or Ahirani t=3Tn«, elevation; of the tribe of Benjamin, and chief of a great family. Numb. xxvi. 38. ACHISH {Bibl.) tr»'D«, a king of Gath, to whom David went when he fled from Saul, 1 Sam. xxi. 10, &c. ; probably not the same as received him afterwards, as mentioned 1 Sam. xxvii. 2, 3. ACHIVI {Geog.) the same as Achat. ACHLADiEUS {Hist.) 'AxXacaTof, one of the Corinthian generals, who was surprised and killed by Aristomenes. Paus. 1. 4, c. 19. ACHMET {Hist.) the name of several sultans, and other distinguished persons among the Turks. Sultans of this Name. AcHMET I, son and successor of Mahomet III, died after an unsuccessful reign of 14 years in I617, aged 30. AcHMKT II, succeeded Solyman III in 1691, and died in 1695. AcHMET III, son of Mahomet IV, gave an asylum to Charles XII, king of Sweden, after the battle of Pultowa. He was deposed by his nephew, Mahomet V, whom he had imprisoned, and died in 1736, aged 74. Cafil. Ottain. Hist. ; liicaut. Hisl. of' the Turks. Distinguished Persons of this Name. AcHMET, a governor of Egypt, in the year of the Hegira 265, A. D. 875, was very successful as a general. El. Mucin. Hist. Sarac. AcHMET, Gedne, or Acomet, a general of the Othoman em- pire, assisted Bajazet II in obtaining the throne in 1482, by whom he was afterwards put to death. ACHMET, the eldest son of Bajazet II, was defeated and strangled by his youngest brother Selim, who usurped his throne in 1514. AcHMET, Bac/ia, a general of Solyman, who revolting from his sovereign in 1524, was defeated by Ibrahim the favourite, and his head sent to Constantinople. AcnsiET {Biog.) son of Selim, was the author of an essay on tlic interjiretation of dreams, in the ninth century. AciJMET, Ebn Arabscha, a historian in the 15th century, wrote the life of Timur, or Tamerlane, with whom he was c«tcmporar\'. AcHMET, Ebn Zur Alabedin, a Persian nobleman of the 17th century, wrote in favour of Mahometanism, and against Christianity, in which he was an.swcrcd by Eniunuel Pigneiro. At:H.\IUNEIM {Geog.) a town of Upper Egypt, in the vicinity of wliich arc ruins supposed to be those of the an- cient Hcrmopolis. ACHO {Hisl.) a king of Norway, who took from the Scots Arran. and two of tiie Hebrides. //. Boeth. Scol. Hist. 1. 13. ACHOMATII {Hi.tl.) son of Chcrsech, a Sclavonian jirince, married the daughter of Bajazet II, to whom he was faith- fully attached. Chalcond. 1. 13. ACHOR {Bibl.) ni3», from -)3V, to trouble; the valley in the tribe of Benjamin, wliere Achan was stoned, .fosh. vii. 24. ACHORIS {Hi.it.) ".A^wpi'., king of Eg\-pt, succeeded Ne- phretis in the y5tli Olympiad, A. C. 399, and died in the 98th A.C. 387. Diod. 1. 15; Eu.scb. in Chron. ACHQUI {Hvil.) or Achcqui, an usuq)cr of the throne of Japan, who killed the legitimate monarch, hut was after- wards assassinated by tlie partisans of the latter. Maidoia, ' Pt. II, 1. 1, c. 9. ACHRIDENUS, of Ba.^le {Biog.) pubUiihed in Greek and Latin, in I6I8, a rescript to the pope Adrian IV. ACHSAH {Bibl.) nosr, i. e. adorned ; from DDr, ornaments for the feet ; daughter of Caleb, and wife of Othnicl, who obtained her as a reward for having taken Kirjath Sephcr. Josh. XV. 16, &c. ACICHORIUS {Hist.) 'Akij^wptoc) a general who joined Brennus, the leader of the Gauls, in an expedition against Pseonia. Paus. 1. 10, c. 10. ACIDALIA {Mt/lh.) an epithet for Venus, whom Virgil calls Acidalia mater, from Acidalius, a fountain of Bceotia. Virg. JEn. 1. 1, V. 720. ACIDALIUS, Valens {Biog.) a young man, who, though dying at the early age of 28, left .some valuable criticisms on Quintius Curtius, Plautus, Tacitus, Ausonius, &c. which have been inserted in the respective editions of those authors by Gronovius, Gruter, &c. He was bom in 1567, at Wistock, and died at Neiss in 1595. ACIDINUS, L. Manlius {Hist.) a consul with Fulvius Flaccus, U. C. 572. From the Fasti Capitolini it appears that he was the brother german of Fulvius, and adopted into the family of the Manlii. Liv. 1. 40, c. 44; I'ell. Pater. 1. 2, c. 8 ; Fast. CapiloUn. AciDiNus, C. Manlius, an accomplice in the conspiracy of CataHne. Sallust. Hist. ; Cic. in Calil. Oral. 1, 2. ACILA {Geog.) now Ziden, a town situate on the Red Sea, which was the emporium of the circumjacent islands for their trade with India, also cidled Occla by Phny. Ptin. 1. 6, c. 28 ; Niger. Geog. Asia;. Comm. c. 3. ACILIA, gens {Hist.) a plebeian family at Rome, which traced its origin to the Trojans according to Herodian, and was divided into the branches of the Glabrioncs, Balbi, Aviolie, &c. QVide Aciliii.'T] AciLiA, sens {Nmnis.) a plebeian family of Rome \yidc Acilius2 of whom many medals are extant, bearing the in- scriptions Manius AClLlus Quwstor, the name of the questor who struck this medal to serve as a coin during the scarcity of money, after the battle of Canna. "Manius ACILI;«/ on the obverse BALBUS. M««;k,vACILIUS Manii Filius, son of the Acilius who conquered Anti- ochus. Manius. ACILIUS. GLABRIO. PROCO/i,«//, a pro-consul under Augustus. MANIUS. ACILIUS II. VIR. QUI. a quinquennial decemvir. I'AION. KAli:.\r.\. TEPMANIKON. EDI. AOYIO.V.V ; i. e. Caium Girmanicum Ca:iarcni .tub Aviola, on medals struck in the colonv of Smyma, under the pro- consul Acilius Aviola. AOVIO.\.\. -ANOfllATt-yi:. AIX- MOKAI12. E*E, on medals of Nero, struck by the Ephesians p ACI ACL in the proconsulship of Acilius A^^ola. Vaillmil. Numis. Famil. Roman. Paliii. Numis. ; Famil. Human. Morel. Thesuiir. Numis. AciLiA, Augusta (Geos-) a town of \'indelicia, now Azdburg. ACILIUS GLABRIO, P. (Gcog.) a tribune of the people three times, i. e. U. C. 485, 4S9, -I92, is the first of the family who is mentioned in history. Acilius, Q, a trium\-ir, for establishing a colony in the neigh- bourhood of Placentia. Lir. 1. 21, c. 25. Acilius, Man., son of Lucius, a quaestor, U. C. 551, whose coin is given under Numismatics. (^\'ide Acilia, gens'] Acilius Glabrio, M., a consul with P. Corn. Scipio Nasica, 15. C. 561, and the concjueror of Antiochus. Liv. 1 35, c. 24; 1. 36, c. 19. Acilius Glajbrio, M., son of the preceding, [^vide Acilia, gens] a decemvir, built a temple to piety, which his father had vowed when fighting against Antiochus, and erected a golden statue to liis farther. Liv. 1. 40, c. 34; J'al. Max. 1. 2, c. 5. Acilius Balbus, 3/., a consul with T. Q. Flaminius, LI. C. 603, and another consul with Fortius Cato, U. C. 638, during whose consulship milk and blood are said to have fallen from heaven. Cic. ad Atticitm. 1. 12, ep. 5 ; Plin. 1. 2, c. 56. Acilius Glabrio, Man., a tribune of the people in 652, made a law against bribery, and was consid in 686. Acilius Glabrio, Man., son of the preceding, was a praetor and judge in the cause of Verres. Cic. in Vcrr. 1. 1, c. 2. Acilius, Man., a lieutenant under Ca;sar. Exs. Civ. Bell. 1. 3, c. 15. Acilius, C, a valiant soldier, distinguished himself in a naval engagement at the battle of Marseilles. Sitclon. in Jul. Cces. c. 68. Acilius Aviola, Man., a consul in the reign of Tiberius, was brought out of a trance by the burning of the funeral pile on which he had been laid as a corpse, but could not be rescued from the flames. Plin. 1. 7, c. 53 ; Fal. Max. I. 1, c. 8, § 12 ; Tac. Anno. 1. 3, c. 41. Acilius Butas, a prsetor in the reign of Tiberius, mentioned by Seneca. Sen. Episl. 122. Acilius Aviola, Man., a consul with Marcus Asinus Mar- ceUus, in the reign of Claudian, 1. 3, c. 41 ; Suet, in Claud. c. 45. Acilius, was a name common to many consuls and other offi- cers in the reigns of Adrian, Nero, Qvide Acilia, gen.i] Commodus, Pcrtinax, Severus, Antoninus, &c., all doubtless of the family of the Acilii. Cassiodorus in Chron. ; Onuph. in Fasti. Acilius Aureolus, Man., is supposed not to be of the same family as the preceding. ^Vide Aureolus'\ Acilius Glabkio, M., a consul with M. Ulpian Trajan, after- wards emperor, was put to deatli by the order of Domitian. Juv. Sal. 4, v. 94 ; Suclun. in Domit. c. 10 ; Dio. c. 67. .\CiLlus, Caitis (Biog.) an historian, and writer of Roman annals in Greek, called Aciliani Libri, of whom but very little is known. Cic. de Offic. 1. 3, c. 32 ; Dianys. Ital. 1. 3 ; Pint, in Rom. ; Dralcen. tn Liv. 1. 25, c. 39. ACINIPO {Gcug.) or Acinipjx), 'AttciTrn-w, according to Pto- lemy, a town of His])ania Boetica, now Ronda la Ficga. Plin. 1. 3, c. 1 ; Plol. 1. 2, c. 4. Acinii'o {Numis.) this town is now known only by its medals, which mostly bear for its symbols, two ears of corn, Fis. 1 fig. 2. a.4 on the obverse of fig. 1 and 2, and a bunch of grapes, with one or more stars, and sometimes the moon, as on the reverse of fig. 2. The inscription consists mostly of the name of the town ACINIP" in Latin letters, as in the foregoing cuts, but sometimes in Greek characters. The in- scription on the reverse L FOLCE AEDILE, a progenitor as is supposed of an illustrious Spanish familv, bearing the name of Folc. ACIRIS (Gcog.) "A(,iptc, 1- a river of Lucania, now Agri, fidling into the bay of Tarentum at the north of Heraclca. .SV/-«i. 1. 6; Mela,' 1. 2, c. 4; Plin. 1. 3, c. 11. 2. A town of Lucania, now Torre d'Agri. 3. A town of the Bruttii, now Acri. ACIS (Mijl/i.) a shepherd of Sicily, and lover of Galitea, who, from jealousy, was slain by Polyphemus the Cyclops, and afterwards changed into a river. Eustath. in Horn. II. 1. 16; Scri!. in Firg. eclog. 8. Acis (Geog.) a river of Catana, in Sicily, called after the shepherd Acis Q'ide Acis], and supposed to be now Jaci or Freddo, according to FazeUus. It rises in iEtna, and runs into the sea. ^7/. 1. 14, V. 221. Quii^ite per ^i^tntios Acii petit tiquorafines. Theocritus calls it iepog, Thcocrit. Idyl. \, v. 68. Ou'c' AiTvag eKOTidf tiS"AKt^0£ lEpoV vSup. Ovid calls it herbifer. Ov. Fast. 1. 4, V. 460. Preterit et ripas, herbifer Act, tuas, ACISCULUS (Biog.) one of the surnames of the Valerian famdy, as marked on an ancient coin. L. Falerius Acis- cuius. Prudentius also makes mention of the name. Prud. Hymn. ACISO, Gregory (Biog.) wrote on the organum of Aristotle. ACITHIUS (Geog.) 'Akidioc, a river of Sicily, now Bergi or Carabis, according to Cluverius. Ptol. 1. 3, c. 4 ; Fa::ell. de Reb. Sic. 1. 1 ; Cluv. 1. 1, e. 18. ACITODURUM (Geog.) a town of Gaul, now Ahum. ACKWORTH, George (Biog.) an English divine, who, in 1560, was orator of Cambridge. He wrote ' Orationera Encomiasticam,' &c. 2. ' De Visibili Romse Monar chiacontra Nic. Sauderi Monarchiani,' 4to. Lond. l622. ACKLAND, Sir Jolin {Hist.) the first baronet in the family mentioned under Heraldry', was a zeidous adherent to King Charles I, and suffered much for his loyalty. Acland, Sir Thomas, the seventh baronet, major of the 20th regiment of foot, and colonel in the Devonshire militia, served, in the campaign in Canada, under general Burgoyne, when he was severely wounded, and taken prisoner. He died of his wounds in 1778. Acland, Lady Harriet Caroline, daughter of Stephen, first earl of Ilchestcr, and wife of the preceding, distinguished herself by her fortitude and devotion to her husband, whom she accompanied through all his trials and misfortunes. Acland {Her.) a family which derives its name from its an- cient seat in the parish of Lankcy, near Barnstaple, being in the midst of large groves of oaks ; hence the Saxon ajclanb, or Oakland. In early times their arms were three oak-lea vcs on a bend between two lions rampant. The first baronet of tliis name, who lineally descended from Hugh dc Aecidin, was created March 1, l644. [vide Acland, Sir John'] The arms, crest, &c. of this family are as follow : Ann.1. Cheeky argent and .%al)lc, a fess gules. Crest. A man's liand, couped at the rist, in a glove lying fcssways, tiiercoii a falcon perched, all proper. Mutlo. ' Inebranlable.' Acland, Palmer, son of Arthur Acland, the second son of Sir Hugh Acland, was created a baronet in 1818, and quarters AGO AGO the alius of Palmer, in the second quarter, with those of Aehiiid. ACLEA (Geog.) two towns in EngUind. 1. A town in Durham, where a council was held under I'djic Adrian I, now Aclea. 2. A town in Surrey, wliere Etliehvoll' beat the Danes in 851. Saxon. C/iroii. Spelman. Coiwil. torn. i. p. ,')()5 ; Cambd. Bril. vol. i. p. 185. ACME (Hlxt.) 'Akyii'/, a Jewish waiting woman to the wife of Julius CsEsar, who was bribed by Anti])ater, the son of Herod, to bring a folse charge against Salome the sister of Herod, for which crime she was put to death by order of Cicsar. Joxep/i. 1. 17, c. 7, 8, 9- AcMK, a mistress of Sepfimius mentioned by Catullus. ACMOD/E (Gcog.) the name of difti?rent islands on the British coast, as, 1. The islands of the Silures, now called Scilli/ Ixlcx. 2. Acmodse or vEniodic, the name for the northern islands which are now called Sc/irl/ttiid Ixlcx, ac- cording to Cluverius. Plin. 1. 4, c. 1(); Mcln, 1. .'i, c. G; Cliiver. German. Anliij. 1. 3, c. 40. ACMON {Ml/Ill.) 1. The name of one of the most ancient among the gods, who was the father of Chaos. Laclaiit. in Slat. TItcb. 1. 4, v. 4l6; Bocae, in Dcor. Gen. 1. 1, c. 3: 2. A native of Lymyssseus, who accompanied JEneas into Italy ; his father's name was Clytus. l-'irg. JEn. 1. 10, V. 128. ACMONENSES (Gcog.') the gentile name for the inhabitants of Acmonia. QVide Acmonia^ ACMONIA {Gcog.) \\k}xu)vui, now Severino ; a town of Phrvgia Major, near Alount .Sipylus, the gentile name of which, Acmonenses, may be learnt from the inscriptions given in the following article. C/c. pro Flacc. c. 15 ; Plin. 1. 5, c. 29 ; Piol. 1. 5, c. 2 ; Steph. Bi/z. ; Mar. Nig. Geif. Conini. 1. 10. AcsiONiA (Niirnis.) from the number of medals and coins struck in this town, it is supposed to have been a place of some consequence. The magistrates were named archons, as mav be learned from the inscriptions on the medals of Septiiiiius Severus EOI. "■. /En. 1. 11, v. f)15. ACOXTIUS {Myth.) a youth of Cea, who fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful \irgin, as she was attending the sacri- fices of Diana, at Delos, and obtained her consent to raarrv him by a stratagem. He wrote these verses on an apple which he threw into her bosom. JuYO tibi sancttt per myitica sacra Diamr, Me tibi venturam comitem, sponsamqiie Juiuram. which Cydippe having read considered herself Iwund, by the oath slie had inadvertently taken, to marry Acontius, as every oath taken in the presence of the goddess was in- violable. Ovid. Her. ep. 20. ACONTIUS {Biog.) or Aeonzio, James, a divine and philo- sopher of the 1 (jth century, who wrote, 1 . ' De Stratage- matibus Satansc in Religionis Negotio,' &c. Basil, 15(J5. 2. ' De Methodo recta investigandarum Tradendarum, artium a. e. Scientiaruni rectione," 8vo. 1558. 3. ' De Studiis Instituendis," Ultraj. 10'58. 4. 'Ars Muniendorum Oppidorum,' Gene v. 1585. He died in England in 1566. ACONTOBOLI {Gcog.) 'Akoi'tuj36\oi, a people in Coele- Syria of Asia Minor, who were under the government of Hyppolyte queen of the Amazons. They v.ere so called, because they were expert in using the bow. Apollon. 1. 2, v. 1003. ACORIS {Hist.) 'Akopic', a king of Egypt, who assisted Evagoras, king of Cyprus, in his war against Persia. Diodor. 1. 15, c. 2. ACORUMBONUS, Fabius {Biog.) an Italian lawyer, who wrote many works on the subject of his profession, and died in 1616. Panciroll. in Juriscon. 1. 2, c. 178. ACOSTA {Hist.) or Zacosta, a Castilian by birth, and Grand Master of the order of the Knights of Malta, raised the tower of St. Nicholas at the entrance of the island of Rhodes, where the Colossus once stood, and refused to make peace with the Turks. He died in 14()7. AcosTA, Joseph {Biog.) a Spanish Jesuit and historian, was born at Medina de Campo in 1 53,9, and died rector of Sala- manca in 1600, leaving, among other works, 1. ' De Pro- mulgatione Evangelii apud Barbaros,' Svo. Salamanc. 1588, &c. 2. ' De Natura Novi Orbis, libri duo,' Svo. Salamanc. 1589. 3. ' Historia natural y moral de las Indias,' 4to. Hispal. 1590, Svo. 1591 ; & Madrid I6O8 and I6IO. AcosTA, Gabriel, divinity professor at Coimbra, wrote a Latin commentary on the Old Testament, published in folio, and died in KJIO'. AcosTA, Uriel, a native of Oporto, was descended from a Jewish famUv, but educated in the Romish church. He left his religion to embrace Judaism, and from that sunk into complete scepticism. He wrote his own life under the title of ' Examplar luunana; vita;' and, after haWiig em- broUed himself with the people of his own persuasion by hi.-, open declarations of infidelity in the revelation of the Old Testament, he put an end to his turbulence and his miseriet, by shooting himself. His death is s;iid to have happened in 1(J40, or according to some in 10'47. A'COURT {Her.) a family in Somersetshire, from whom de- scended Sir William Pierce Ashe A'Court, wlio was created a baronet, June 23, 1795. The arms and crest of this family arc as follow : Arm.s. Per fesse, in chief or, an eagle displayed .lablc, beaked and legged gules, charged on the breast with ACR ACR two chevronels argent, in base, paly of six erminois and azure. Crest. An eagle disiilaycd, as in the arms, holding in the beak a white lily, slipped proper. ACRA {Gmg.) the name of several small places mentioned by ancient writers, of which the only ones deserving of notice at present are, 1. a town in Magna Griecia, now called Capo di Leiica ; and, 2. a town in Palestine, now called Acre, ^vide Acf\ ACRyE {Geog.) 'AirpaS, or Acrasm, "Akpaiat, according to Ptolemy ; a colony of Syracuse, now called Palozohs. The gentile name of the inhabitants, according to Pliny, was Acrenses. Sillus Italicus alludes to its elevated situation. SU. 1. 14, v. 207- yon Tapsos, mm e tntindis glaciatibus Acrte Def'uenuit. Thuci/d. 1. 6, e. 5 ; Liv. 1. Qi, c. 36 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 8 ; Ptol. 1. 3, c. 1 4.; Fazcll. dc Reb. Sic. dec. 1, 1. 10; Cluv. Geog. Aiil. 1. 2, c. 12. AcK.E (Xumis.) one medal is referred to this town, bearing, on the obverse, a head of Ceres crowned with an ear of com ; and in the reverse, Ceres herself bearing a torch in each hand : the inscription AKPAIiiN, the letters K and P forming a ligature, or one letter. Peller. Rec. vol. iii. jj. 98- ACR^liPHlA {Geog.) 'AKpiufpia, by Herodotus; 'AKpaiihi'ioi', by Pausanias; 'AKpauhioy, by Strabo ; 'Ak-pt^fiia, by Ptolemy, a town of Boeotia. Herod. 1. 8, c. 135 ; Slrab. 1. 9; Pans- 1. 9 ; Ptol. 1. 3, c. 15 ; Step/i. Byz. de Urb. AcR.EPHiA (Xiimi.!.) this town is known by a medal of Do- mitian, bearing the inscription AKPAI^NAIEilN. Gollz. T/ie.miir. p. 207 ; Hard. Numm. Ant. illiixtrat. ACIL^iPHIUS {Myth.) 'AKpaKpioc, an epithet for Apollo, who was worshijjped at Acra;phia. ACR^'EUS {Myth.) an epithet of Jupiter, as the guardian of the citadel. ACRAGALLID.E {Hixf.) 'Ai;i)a-/aXKi(ai, a very wicked people, who formerly inhabited the neighbourhood of Athens, according to .-Eschines. jEc/iin. contra Ctes. ACRACr.VS (Geog.) vide Agrigcntnm. AcRAGAs (Biog.) a statuan,' who was held in great estima- tion according to Pliny. Nat. Hist. 1. 33, c. 12. ACRASL'S {Geog.) "Ai^paaoc, according to Leunclavius "AkpuTaoc, a town of Lydia, mentioned in the Notitia Ecclesise. AcRASUS {Numis.) this town is known by medals of Com- niodus, Sept. Severus, Plautilla, Geta, Julia, Paula, and Alexander Severus, bearing the inscription AYF. K. A. Clin. CEYIiPOC. Impcrutur C(vsar Lucius Septimus Severus : on the obverse, yEsculapius with a serpent wind- ing round his staff; inscription AKPAClii'TON. The figures of the Ephesian, Diana, Minerva, Cybele, Hercules, and the otlicr gods, which were most generally worshii)ped in the neighlwuring cities, arc also to be found on tlielr medals. Their magistrates were proctors, as on a medal of Severus, Kill CTPA. AAMA. ATTAAOY B. ivt Tpt.rrjyS ^afiaaiu '.\-7«X« civTcpoi', sub Pra'tore Damasia Alta/i Filio secundum. Vaillant. Numis. Grcec. Harduin. Numm. Antiq. illu.ll. AcRATi's {Myth.) " AKpiiTOQ, the genius of the Bacchanalians at Athens. Paus. 1. 1, c. 1. AcRATts {Hist.) a freed man, who was sent by Nero into Asia and Achaia for the purpose of plundering the temples of the gods ; which commission he executed readily, being, ac- cording to Tacitus, " CuicuuKpie llagitio [iromptus." Tac. Annul. 1. 1.5, c. 4:'> ; 1. If), c. 2.3. ACRE (Grog.) or .S7. Jean d'Acrc, a seaport of .Syria, in Pales- tine, and a bishop's see ; the Acc/io of the Old Testament, and the Ace or Ptolcmais of the Greeks. It was distin- guished by the sieges it imderwent in the time of the Cru- sades. V'ertot, in his Histoire des Chevaliers, says, the Kultan of Egypt is said to have laid siege to it at the head of 160,000 foot, and 6000 horse, April 5, A. D. 1291, when it was garrisoned by the Knights of St. John, and the Templars. It was taken by capitulation, being the last place that the Christians possessed in the Holy Land. In 1799 this town, aided by the British under Sir Sidney Smith, withstood the siege of the French under Bonaparte, who was driven from its walls after the twelfth assault. It stands on a plain at the north point of a bay, which extends to Mount Carmel, long. 35° 28' E. lat. 32° S3' N. ACREL, Olaus {Biog.) a Swedish physician, born near Stock- holm, in the beginning of the 18th century, and died in 1807, lea^•ing several treatises on surgery and physic. ACRIjE {Geog.) "AKpiat, a maritime town of Laconia, now Ormoas. Paus. 1. 3; Ptol. 1. 3, c. l6. ACRIAS {Myth.) 'Acpe'ac, a Lacedaemonian, and one of the suitors of Hippodamia, who was slain. Paus. 1. 6, c. 21. ACRIDOPHAGI {Geog.) ' AKpUotfiayui, locust-eaters ; a people of ^Ethiopia, who fed principally on locusts, which they took in the spring, and salted for the whole year. At the approach of old age, which is said to have come upon them in their fortieth year, they were devoured by insects, wliich gnawed their insides. D'wd. 1. 3, c. 29 ; Strab. 1. 16; PUn.l. 3. ACRION {Biog.) a Pythagorean philosopher of Locris, who was cotemporary with Plato. Cic. de Fin. 1. 5, c. 24. ACRISCONEUS {Myth.) an epithet for the Argives who had accompanied Danac, the daughter of Acrisius, into Italy, and for whom she built the town of Ardea. Virg. JEn. 1. 7, v. 410. Q.nam dicitur urbetn Acrisioueis DanaeJ'unddsse cotonis. ACRISIONIADES {Myth.) a patronymic of Perseus from his grandfather Acrisius. Ovid. Met. 1. 5, v. 70. ACRISIUS {Myth.) 'Acpio-ioc, a king of Argos, and father of Danae, the mother of Perseus by Jupiter, was slain by his grandson according to the oracle. Hor. 1. 3, od. l6. Si noji Acrhhim virginis abditte Cuitixlein pavidtim Jupiter et Fenus Ri^issent, Apollodor. 1. 2, c. 2 ; Hygin. Fab. ; Paus. 1. 2, c. 16. ACRITAS {Ocog.) now Capo di Gallo, a promontory of Messenia, in Peloponnesus, near to the Sinus Cyparissus. Plin. 1. 4, c. 5 ; Pomp. Mel. 1. 2, c. 4 ; Mar. Nig. Geog. Comm. 1. 11. ACROATHON {Geog.) called by Herodotus 'AKp/Sioov ; by Thucydides 'AKpoQum: ; by Pliny Acrothon ; and by Mela Acrothoos, now Cima di Monte Santc ; a town on Mount Athos, the inhabitants of which lived to a much greater age than any other people. Herod. 1. 7 ; Thucyd. I. 4, c. 109; Pomp. Mel. 1. 2, c. 2 ; Plin. 1. 4, c. 10. ACROCERAUNII (Geog.) a fierce people inhabiting tlie Acroceraunian mountains, who were extirpated by the sultan Sol v man. ACROCERAUNIUM {Geog.) a promontory of Epirus, which, with the adjoining mountains, is called altogether Acro- ceraunia, now called Cajto della Lengucla and Monti delta Chimera. They derived their name from t'ltcpoy. the toj), and Kfpavvur, thunder, because, by reason of their great lieight, they arc frequently struck with thunder. Diunys. v. 389. 'OvpiiDV T >j\ifidru)i' rd Kepdvi'ia KiK\tjHcium lueret spectata in fonte Viance, Altouittim twvitute vialij'ugisse parentem i'erfreta Arist(£um, Apollod. 1. 2 ; Hygin. fab. 181 ; Pans. 1. 9. Action, the son of Melissus a Corinthian, was a youth of such beauty and modesty, that Archias, one of the Hera- didic, openly attempted to carry him away. A struggle ensued between Archias and the f\ither of the youth, in wliich Acta;on being killed, Archias was some time after ba- nished from Corinth. Plul. in Amal. Narrat. ACTjEUS (Hist.) 'AkTu'tor, the father-in-law of Cecrops, who married his daughter Agraulos. He is said to have reigned first over Attica, although Cecrops is commonly reputed to have been the first king. Pans. 1. 1, c. 2. ACTANIA (Geog.) an island in the German ocean, now Ile- lic/dand or Heligoland. ACTARD (Ecc.) or Allard, a bishop of Nantes, in 842, suf- fered much from the hands of the Norman.s, who pillaged the city several times wliile he presided there. ACTE (Mijt/i.) one of the Horte. Hygin. Fab. 183. AcTE (Geog.) 'Ai^T)), a country of Attica, from d/,-i), liltiis, a shore from which :xll Attica derived its name. Ulrab. 1. 7 ; Serv. in Virg. Eel. 2, v. 23. AcTE (Hist.) a mistress of Nero, descended from Attalus. Suelon. in Ner. c. 28. ACTIA (Hist.) the mother of Augustus, who, as she slept in the tcmiJe of Apollo, dreamt that a dragon had lain with her; and previously to her delivery, she dreamt that her bowels were scattered over the world. Suet, in Aug. c. 94. AcTiA, a sister of Julius Caesar. Plul. in Ctes. AcTiA, a daughter of Actius Balbus and Julia, mother of Octavius, the father of Augustus. Plut. in August. ACTIANUS (Geog.) or Accianus fundus, a place near Pisau- rus, now Fernaxzano. ACTIS (Myth.) 'Aicrif, the son of Sol, who is said to have gone from Greece into Egypt, where he taught astrology and founded Heliopolis. Diod. 1. 5. ACTISANES (Hist.) a king of the Ethiopians, who lived about the time of Jeiihtha, A. AL 2850. He expelled Ania- sis, a cruel prince, from the throne of Egypt, and reignctl with great prudence. Diod. 1. 1, c. O'O. ACTIL'M (Geog.)" AKTinv, a town and promontory of Acar- nania, now Azio and Cabo Figo, near the bay of Ambracia, memorable for the temple of Apollo, built by Augustus, sis well as for his naval victory over M. Antliony. Tliucid. 1. 1, c. 29 ; Cic. ad Attic. 1. 7, cp. 2 ; Slrab. 1. 10; Hygin. Fab. Plin. 1. 4, c. 21; Plut. in Anton. Snel. ; in Ausust. c. 94 ; Pans. 1. 8. AcTiuJi (Numis.) some of the medals of this town have the figure of eagles, vidtures, and the head of a boiu-, and one represents in the obverse a lyre, and in the reverse ACT ACU a gryffon, which, according to Claudian, was sacred to Apollo. CUiud. Panegy. v. 30. At si Vhitbus adest, etfrums grtijthajugalem liipluro tripodas repeteiis detorsit ab axe. Sidoii. AjwUhiar. ; Serv. in Eclog. 8 ; Golllz. Grwc. Vet. ACTIUS (Mj/l/i-) "Aktwc, an eiiifhet for Apollo, who had a temple and was particularly honoured at Actiuni. Firg. Ml. 1. 8, V. 704. Actius h(EC cerneits arcitm tendebut Apolh. Propert. 1. 4, eleg. 6. Actiui Itinc traiit Phdhis monumenta, qiiod ejus Una decern vicit missa i^f^itta rates. Actius, Apollo (Niimis.) a medal of Au- gustus, represents on the reverse, as in the annexed cut, a figure of Apollo in a long robe, with the inscription ACT XII IMP, i. e. ditodecimitm imperalor. The figure is supposed to denote the arts of peace which had succeeded to those of war, to which Albinovanus alludes. Alhin. Elcg. in Mcecetiat. Ohit. v. 5. Actius ijyse lyratn plectro percussit ebumo Poitquarn victrices conticuere tabic. Also Propertius, 1. 2, el. 31, in allusion to his long robe. Actius in tongd carniiiia leste caytit. GoUz. Grcec. Vet. ; Tristan. Comm. Histor. torn. 3, p. 77 ; Harduin. Numm. Antiq. lUustrat. Actius (Hixl.) vide Accitis and Alliiix. Actius, a centurion mentioned by Tacitus. Annal. 1. 6, c. 24. Actius, Cains, left Rome to settle at Este, A. D. 390. One of his descendants, named Forestus, defended AquUeum against AttHa ; another, named Acharius, built the city of Ferrara. The race Ls supposed to have become extinct in Valerian, the son of Bonniface, kUled in a battle between the French and Lombards in 590. Spener. Syllog. Genealog. Hist, in Fani. Gitelf. Actius, a prince of ftlilan, mentioned by Paul Jovius. Paul Jov. Vir. Illiist. 1. 2. Actius, a duke of Modena, who murdered his father. Ful- gos. 1. 9, c. 1 1 . Actius, Ncevins (Biog.) an augur in the time of Tarquin, who, to prove his skill in augur}', cut a loadstone in two with a razor in the presence of' the king and the Roman people. Liv. 1. 1, c. 36; Flor. 1. 1, c. 5. Actius, a surname of the poet Plautus. Actius, Lucius or Lnscus, a poet. Q^'ide Accius^ Actius, Laheo, a Latin poet, cotemporary with Perseus, by whom he Ls ridiculed. He attempted to make a literid translation of Homer. Pers. Sat. 1. v. 4; Lil. Gi/rald. Dialog. 8. Actius, Priscus, a painter in the time of Vespasian. Plin. 1. 3, c. 27. Actius, Sincenis Sannazarius, a poet and cotemporary of Lillius Gvraldus. Gi/rald. De Poet. Suor. Temjnr. Dialog. 1. ACTO {Biog.) vide tiutto. ACTON, Sir .John Francis Edn-ard (Hist.) sixth baronet of the family, [^undcr Ileraldri/,'^ was bom in 173f», and after having attained the rank of commander-in-chief of all tlie land and naval forces in the king of Naples' service, and after having been for many years i)rinie minister at that court, he died at Palenno in 1811. He was knight of several civil and military orders. AoTON (Her.) a family descended from M'illiam de Acton Bumell, living in 1.344. The first baronet. Sir Edward Acton, was created in l644. Arms. Gules, two lions passant argent, between nine cros- lets fitche or. Crest on a torse, a human leg and thigh in armour, couiwd and dropping blood, all proper, embellished w. Acton, Rudolphus (Biog.) an English priest and commenta- tor; in 1320 left some commentaries on the epistle of St. Paul, &c. Acton, an English dominican, in 1410 wrote an essay ' De Pace Ecclesiae.' Acton (Gcog.) a \-illage in Middlesex, five miles from Lon- don, fonnerly resorted to for its mineral waters. ACTOR (Mi/l/i.) "Aktwj), the son of MjTTnidon and Physidice, was the father of Menoetius, by CEgina. Patroclus, the son of Menoetius, was cm this account called Actorides. Pind. Olymp. Od. 9; Apollod. 1. 1, c. l6, 1.3, c. 25 ; Sc/tol. Apollon. Argon, v. 72 ; Ovid. 1. 1 ; Trisf. Elcg. 8. Actor, son of Phorbus and Hyrmione, was related to Augeus, on whom Hercules made war, who afterwards slew the sons of Actor, whom he had by MoUone his wife. Apollod. 1. 2, c. 7 ; Pausan. 1. 8. AcTon, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. AcTOK, Aruncus, a general of the Arunci, from whom Turnus had taken his .spear as a spoU. jEn. 1. 12, v. 93. Actor, a friend of iEneas. j^«. 9, v. 500. Actor, one of the Argonauts, the son of Hippasus by Pelo- ponnesus. Hijgin. Fab. 14. ACTORIDES {Mi/t/i.) a patronymic for Patroclus, who was the grandson of Actor. Pind. Olymp. Od. 9 J Ovid. Mel. 1. 13; Fab. 1. Actorides, two sons of Actor and Molione, otherwise called Molionidae, were charioteers, who had such affection for each other, that while one held the reins the other held tlie whip. They were said to have two heads, four hands, and as many feet, but one body. ACTORIS (Myth.) 'A^ropk, a maid of Ulysses. ACTORIUS, M. Naso (Biog.) a Roman historian, mentioned by Suetonius in his Life of Ciesar. ACTUARIUS, John (Biog.) a Greek physician of Constan- tinople in the eleventh century, or as some suppose still later, who wrote a work on Therapeutics; a Latin translation of which was published by Mathisius, under the title of 'Methodi Medendi Libri Sex,' 4to. Venet. 1554; also ' De Urinis Libri Septem,' &c. The works of Actuarius were pub- lished by Stephanus, in his ' Mediae Artis Principes,' fol. 1567; also separately, 8vo. Paris. 1526, and I2mo. Lugd. B. 1556. ACUES (Hist.) 'At:6r]Q, a king of the Arcadians, who, by a stratagem, slew the Lacedsemonians that had got possession of Tegea. ACUINUS (Hist.) a Roman citizen, who wanted to take part in the murder of C'lcsar. Appian. Civ. 1. 2. ACULA (Gcog.) or Aquila, a town of Etruria, now Acqii-a Pendente. ACULEO, C. (Biog.) a Roman knight of great acutencss and skill in tlie law. He was uncle to Cicero. ACUMULUM (Geog.) a town of Aprutium in Italy, at the foot of the Apennines, now Acumiili. ACUNA, Christopher (Biog.) a Spanish Jesuit, was bom at Burgos in 1597, and died about ]()7(). He published ' Nuevo Dcscubriiiiiento del gran Rio de las Amazonas,' 4to. l64I ; which being afterwards suppressed by order of the govern- ment, two copies only remained, from whidi a French trans- lation was made, under the title of ' Relation de la Riviire des Amazones,' 2 vols. 12mi). Paris, l682. AcuNA, Fernando de, a Sjjanish poet of the sixteenth century, wlio died in 1580, leaving translations from 0\'id and other wi'iters. ACU PHIS (Hi.Kl.) an amba-ssador from India to Alexander. Vlitt. in Ate.T. ACUS (Uisl.) a king of the Huns, who w;is killed by Ladis- laus, king of Hungarv, on the banks of the Danube. Bonji'n. de Rch. Vug. 1. 4,' dec. 2. Acus (Gcog.) an island in the Ethiopian s.ea, now called by ABM ADA tlif French FArguille, or Isle dc Gulls ; by the Portuguese .liiulhd. ACDSIIS (^Geug.) " AKHanr, or Kh»,b(toc, a place in Cappadocia, where the emperor Biisilicus Avas shiin. Ei>ag. Hi.il. Ecclcs. 1. 3, c. 8; Niceph. 1. 1(), c. S; Cedrcii. Hist. Compcnd. c. 128. ACUSILAUS (Biog.) 'A^ao-iXaoe. a Greek historian, the son of Cabas, who lived, according to Josephus, before the ex- pedition of Darius against Greece. He wrote ^ Uepi rwc ycvfuXoyuoij'i.c. concerning the genealogies of the prinoii)al families, of which only fragments are preserved, that have been published with those of Pherecydes, by M. Sturz, 8vo. Gera, 1798. Dioiii/s. Hat. dc Thiici/d. Char.; Joseph, contra Apioii. 1. 1 ; JJ. Diogen. Laerl. 1. 1, c. 40; Vo.is. de Hist. Grac. 1. 4, c. 2. AcusiLAUS, a rhetorician of Athens, who, in the reign of Galba, taught rhetoric with such success as to accumulate great wealth. Suidas. AcusiLAUS and Damagetes, two brothers of Rhodes, who were conquerors at the Olympic games ; wherefore their father Diagoras was particularly honoured by the Greeks. Pans. 1. 6, c. 7. ACUSIORUM, Colonia (Geog.) or Aciisis Colonia, 'A/ceo-Zwr, now Grenoble, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. Ptol. 1. 2, c. 5. ACUTIA (Hist.) the wife of P. Vitellius, who was con- demned for high treason in the reign of Tiberius. Jac. Annal. 1. 6, c. 47. ACUTICUS, M. (Biog.) a Latin poet who composed some elegant verses attributed to Plautus. Farr. dc Corned. Plant.; Voss. de Poet. Lat. c. 1. ACVLAS (Biog.) a philosopher who wrote on syllogisms. Suidas. ACYNDINUS, Septimius (Hist.) a Roman consul with Va- lerius Proculus, A. D. 340. AD (Geog.) this preposition frequently forms a part of the Latin names of places, as Ad Aquas, Ad Aquilas, &c. ADA (Hist.) 'Ala, daughter of Hecatomnus, king of Caria, sister to Mausoleus, and wife to her brother Idiyreus. At their death she succeeded to the throne of her father, from which she was expelled by her youngest brother Pixodorus, but afterwards restored by Alexander, whom she adopted as her son in the lOgth Olympiad. Strab. 1. 14; Q. Cnrt. 1. 2, c. 8 ; Arrian. Exped. Alex. 1. 1, c. 7. Ada, the daughter of Pixadorus, the youngest son of Heca- tomnus, king of Caria. Strab. \. 14. AD AD (Bibiy) vide Hadad. Adad (Myth.) one of the chief deities of the Assyrians, supposed to be the sun. Macrob. Sat. 1. 1, c. 23. Adad (Hist.) "ASoo, a name common to the kings of Syria for ten generations, as that of Pharoah or Ptolemy in Egypt. AiJAD, king of Ethiopia. QVide Daimr\ ADADA (Geog.) mrnr, from mp, an assembly ; a city in the south of Judah. ADADO'DDAWLA (Hist.) son of Rucni'ddawla, succeeded lus uncle Amado'ddawla on the Persian throne, in the year of the Hegira 338, A. D. 948, and died after a reign of 34 years. Abul. Faraj. Dynast. AD.1EUS (Hist.) 'A^aTocj a governor of Bubastus in Egypt. Polyb. 1. 15, c. 27. An.'Eus, a Macedonian sent by Perseus to Gentius, king of II- lyria, to ask for aid against the Romans. Poli/b. 1. 28, c. 8. Ad^us, an Athenian general, surnamed 'A\ei;rpvwy, i. e. a cock, because he wore the crest of a cock on his head. Athcn. 1. 13, c. 8. Ad.eus, (Biog.) a native of Mitylene who wrote on statua- ries, according to Athenaeus. Athcn. 1. 13, c. 8. Vossius supposes this to be the same whose book ' Xlepi ^inOeircuic,' i. e. concerning disposition, is quoted by the same author in his 11th book. Foss. de Hist. Grwc. 1. 3. ADAH (Bibl.) from mr, an assembly, one of Lamech's two wives. Gen. iv. I9. Adah, the wife of Esau and mother of Eliphaz. Gen. xxxvi. 4. ADAIAH (Bibl.) nnv, son of Ethan and father of Zerah, of the tribe of Levi. 1 Ckron. vi. 41. Adaiaii, son of Shimhi, of the tribe of Benjamin. 1 Chrun. viii. 21. Adaiah, son of Jeroham and father of Maavi, of the priest's office. I Chron. ix. 12. Adaiaii, a jew, who, on his return from Babylon, dismissed his gentile wife. E,zra x. 29. ADAIR, .James (Biog.) a lawyer, was bom in London and educated at C'anil)ridge, wliere he took his degree of A. M. in 17()7, and died in 1798, leaving a treatise, entitled, ' Observations on the Power of Alienation in the Crown before the First of Queen Anne, supported liy Precedents, and the Opini(ms of many learned Judges,' &c. Adair, James Makiltrick, a Scotch physician, died in 1 802, leaving, among other things, works on regimen, the ma- teria medica, &c. AD ALA (Hist.) one of the four competitors for the throne of Monomotapa. ADALARD (Biog.) or Adelard, a monk of Corbie, was the cousin german of Charlemagne. His principal work was ' A Treatise on the French Monarchy.' ADALARIC (Hist.) a duke of Gascony, disputed with Char- lemagne about the dutchy of Aquitania, which he claimed as his right, and which was finaUy coniirmed to him. ADALBERON (Ecc.) bishop of Augsburg. [Vide AdaU bert'] Adalberon, archbishop of Rheims, and chancellor of France, in the reigns of Lothaire and Louis V, died Jan. 988. Se- veral of his letters are among those of Gilbert, afterwards Pope Sylvester n ; and two of his discourses in Moissac's Chronicle. Adalberon, Ascelinns, was consecrated bishop of Leon iu the year 977, and died in 1030, lea\'ing a satire in hexa- meter verse. ADALBERT (Ecc.) a German divine, was sent by Otho I to preach the gospel to the Sdavonians. Adalbert, bishop of Augsburgh and preceptor to Louis IV, son of the emperor Arnold, died in 921. He was the au- thor of some lives, as that of St. Hariolphus and others. Fos.f. Hist. Lat. 1. 2, c. 3. Adalbert, archbishop of Mentz. [Vide Albert~\ Adalbert, archbishop of Magdeburgh. [Vide Adelbert~\ Adalbert, archbishop of Prague, and one of the first founders of Christianity in Hungary, was murdered by Sego. Baron. Annal. Ann. 980. Adalbert (Biog.) an impostor. [Vide Aldebert~\ Adalbert, a monk of Fleuri, and author of a history of his own monastery, died in 853. Adalbert, a monk of Vincenza in the 10th century wrote some chronicles. ADALDAGUS (Ecc.) archbishop of Hamburgh, who esta- blished the three sees, in Jutland, of Sleswick, Ripen, and Arhusen. He filled the office of chancellor to the empire during the reign of the three Othos. Crantz. Sa.ron. J. 4, c. 3; Metrop.l 3, c. 16, &c. ADALGARDUS (Ecc.) was archbishop of Vercelli, in Italy, in the reign of the emperor Charles the Bald. Sigoii. dc Rei^n. Hal. 1. 5. ADALGARIUS (Hist.) a nobleman who was given in hostage to Pepin by Vafarius, duke of Aquitania. Paul. JEmyl. Adalgarius (Ecc.) a monk in the convent of Corvey, in Westphalia, who establislied a college for missicmaries to the northern nations ; and, after having presided over the church as a bishop for 24 years, died in 909. ADALGISUS (Hist.) or Adelgisin.i, son of Didier, the last kin" of the Longobards, retired to Constantinople, and ADA ADA died as a patrician in the reign of Constantine. Ainion. de Gesl. Franc. 1. 4, c. 70. Sigonius says he was taken prisoner in Calahria, and tortured to death. Sigon. de Regii. Hal. 1. 4. Adalgisus, a general under Charlemagne, fell in an engage- ment with the Saxons. Aventin. Annul. Buiorum. AnALGisus, a prince of Salerno, who was bribed by the Greeks to deliver to them the cities of Samnium, Leucania, and Campania, which he had received in trust from Lewis II, after which he fled to the island of Corsica. Avcnlin. Annal. Boionim. ADALGOTUS (Ecc.) eleventh archbishop of Madgeburg, who, in the reign of the emperor Henry IV, ordered that a hundred poor persons should receive every day during Lent a loaf and a halfpenny each. Kranlz. Meiropol. 1. 5, c. 52. ADALIAH {Bihl.) «'Vix, the fifth son of Haman, who was hanged bv the command of Ahasuerus. Estli. is. 8. ADALUALDUS {Hist.) son of Agilulfus, and king of the Longobards, received a draught at the hands of Euse- bius, a legate from the emperor Heraclius, which drove him mad : after which he committed such excesses towards the nobility that he was at length driven from the kingdom, together with his mother Theodolinga, in 6'24. Sigon. dc Rcgn. Ital. 1. 2. ADALULFUS (Hi.si.) a noble Longobard, who, failing in his attempt upon the virtue of queen Gundeberga, caused her, by a false accusation to the king, to be thrown into prison, where she lay for three j'ears, until her innocence was established by the death of her accuser in single combat with Pittus her champion. Sigon. de Regn. Ital. 1. 2. ADAM (Bibl.) DTK, which signifies red earth ; the first man created by God. Get,, i. 20'. He died A. M. 930, Jul. Per. 16"40, and A. C. 3074. Joseph. Antiq. 1. 1, c. 1 ,- Uss. Annal. ann. 930. Adam {Geog.) a city, situated in Perea, on the banks of the rix'er Jordan, opposite to Jericho. Josh. iii. l6. It is sup- posed to derive its name from the colour of the soil. Well's Geog. Old. Test, part 2, c. 4. Adam, Ebn Yezid (Hist.) a lieutenant of the caliph Al Mansur, who persecuted the Christians bitterly. Adam (Ecc.) sumamed Orleton, bishop of Hereford, was a great intriguer, whose ambiguous expression is said to have cost Edward II his life. Adam, a Syrian monk, was engaged on a mission to Paul V res{)ecting doctrinal matters. Adam of Bremen (Biog.) a canon of Bremen, was born at Misnia in the eleventh century. He wrote an ecclesiastical history, a chronography of Scandinavia, &c. Voss. de Hist. Lai. c. 47; Cave, vol. ii. p. 155; Sax. Onwnast. vol. ii. p. 192. Ada.m of Eveshanij a benedictine monk in 11 60, left some sermons, &c. Adam, Scoliis, a doctor of the Sorbonne, flourished in the 12th century, and died in 1195. Anumg other lives which he wrote is that of David I, king of Scotland. Foss. de Hist. LaL 1. 2, c. 27. Adaji of Barking, a Cistertian of the 13th centurj", wrote on the Old and New Testament. Voss. de Hist. Lat. Adam de Muremulh, canon of St. Paul, and a chronicler in the 14lh century. Adam de Mari.KO, an English Franci-scan, sumamed the Illus- trious Doctor, wrote on theology, and died in 1257. Adaji, Sujdingham, a Carthusian monk, who flourished about the year 1.350, left some sermons, and some works of jihilo- sophy and theology. Adam, a Carthusian in the reign of Edward III, wrote on theology, &c. Ada.m, a Cistertian monk of Oxford, wrote ' De Cavendo ab Hiercsi,' &c. Adam, or Adamantio, a great orientalist in the 14th cen- tury. Adam, Francis, published in 1592 a work in two books, ' De Rebus in Ci\dtate Firmana gestis.' Adaji, Hemlinglon, a carmelite of Oxford, wrote sermons, and died 1420. Adam, Melchior, a biographer of Silesia, died in 1622. His principal work was entitled ' Dignorum Laude Virorum quos Musa vetat mori Immortalitas.' Adam, William, an English pilot of Kent, the discoverer of Japan, died in l6l2. Adam, James, a translator of De Thou's history, Montecu- cuUis' Memoirs, Athenieus, and other works, was bom at Vendome in l663, and died in 1735. Adam, Lambert Sigisberl, a sculptor, was bom at Nancv in 1700, and died 1759- His principal works were, ' The Family of Lycomedes.' ' The Group of the Seine and Maine, &'c. Neptune and Amphitrite,' &-c. Adam, Nicholas Sebastian, brother of the preceding, and a sculptor, was born at Nancy in 1705, and died in 177S. His principal works were his ' Prometheus,' and the tomb of the Queen of Poland, the wife of Stanislaus. Adaji, Francis Gaspard, a younger brother of the two pre- ceding, excelled also as an artist, and died in 1757. Saa. Onomust. vol. iv. p. 379. Adaji, Nicholas, author of some grammatical works, was born at Paris in 17l6, and died in 1792. Adam, Robert, an architect, was bom in 1728 at Kirkaldy, Fifeshire, and died in March 3, 1792. He wrote 'Ruins of the Palace of Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia.' He, in conjunction with his brother, built the street called on that account the Adelphi, or brothers. Adam, Alexander, rector of the high school at Edinburgh, was bom of poor parents in 1741 at Raflbrd, in Moray, and died in I8O9. He wrote a Latin grammar, and other ele- mentary works. ADAMjIIUS, Theodoric {Biog.) wrote notes on Procopius. ADAMAH (Bibl.) nm«, Admah, a city of Naphthali. Josh. xix. 36. ADAMANTjEA (Mi/th.) the nurse of Jupiter in Crete. Hi/gin. Fab. c. 39. This is supposed to be the same as Wipu-cla mentioned by ApoUodorus, and as Amaltkwa by Lactantius. Ajiollod. 1. 1 ; Laclant. 1. 1, c. 22. ADAM ANTIUS {Biog.) a Greek physician of the 5th century, who dedicated a work on physiognomy to the emperor Con- stantine. ADAMANUS (Biog.) or Adaviannus, abbot of the monastery of Hey or Icolmkil, in Scotland, was born in 6S4. He wrote, 1. ' De Locis Terra Sanctae, Libri tres,' Ingolstadt. I619. 2. ' A Life of St. Columba.' Bede. Hist. Eccles. Aug. 1. 5 ; Matth. West. ann. 701; Vais. de Hist. Lat. 1. I, c. 27; Baron. Annal. ann. 701 ; Sigebcrt. Chrim. ADAMAS (Mi/lh.) 'Acafiac, sumamed Asiades, who was slain by Merion in the Trojan War. Horn. II. 1. 13, v. 560. Adamas (Hist.) 'Acafiat;, a boy, who, having been emas- culated by Cotys king of Thrace, revenged the afii-ont when he grew up, by rebelling against him. Aristot. Polit. 1. 5, e. 10. ADAMASTUS (Mi/th.) a native of Ithaca, father of Achtc- menidcs. Virg. jEn. 1. 3, v. ()I4. ADAMI (Geog.) 'anw, a city of Naphtali. Josh. xix. .'!3. Adami, Tobias (Biog.) a German lawyer, wrote on philosophy, and died in 1 i)i3. Adami, Annibal, an Italian Jesuit, was boni in 1626, and died in I7O6. He wrote many works in prose and verse. Adami, John Samuel, a fjcrman priest, wrote several works on theology, and died in 1713. Ada.mi, Lionardo (Biog.) a native of Tuscany, was lK>m Aug. 12, 169(1, at Bolsena, and died Jan. 9, 1719- His principal work was ' Arcadicorum,' 4to. Rome 17 16. ADA ADD ADAMINUS, Mohammed (Bin^.) wrote a woilc on animals, and dial in the year of the Ile^ira 80S, A. D. 1 H8. ADAMS, Sir Tliotiiu.i, Ilaii. {Ilixl.) titi/en and Lord Mayor at' London, was horn at Wein, in Shropshire, in l.iSt), and died 1()()7- He dislinguislied hiuiselt' hy liis loyalty in tlie time ol' the rehellion, and was for his sifrnal services to tiie roval eiiuse created a haronet, on the l.ith of June, Kilil. The title hccanie extinct at the death of the late Sir Thomas Adams, who was a captain in tlie navy. Fuller's Wor. Adams, John, president of the L'nited States, and one of the most active jiromoters of the American revolution, was born in 17;>.j, and died in 180.'i. He wrote ' History of the Principal Rcpnhlics,' 3 vols. 8vo. 1787 and 1791'- Adams, Filzhcrhcrt (Biog.) a ji;reat benefactor to the Uni- versity of Oxford, was horn in 1 65 1 , and edncated at Lin- coln College, where he took his degree of D. D. in H)H5. He served the office of Vice-chancellor in 16.9'''. and died in 1719. ff'ood's Athcit. Adams, John, provost of King's College, Cambridge, was bom in London, took his degree of A. M. in 1686, and died in 1719 ; fifteen of his sermons were printed, from I695 to 1712. Adams, Richard, a nonconformist preacher, of a Cheshire family, was educated at Cambridge, ejected for non- confonnity in l()(fe, and died in 1()84. His only original works are some sennons. Wood's Alhencc. Adams, Thomas, brother to the above, was educated at Brazen- nose college, made fellow in June l652, and ejected from the University in l662. He died Dec. 11, 1670, leaving a few tracts ' On the Principles of Religion.' Wood's Fasti. Adajis, William, master of Pembroke College, Oxford, was born at Shrewsbury' in I7O7. He took his degree of A. M. 1727, that of B. D. and D. D. in 1756, and died at his Prebendal house at Gloucester in 1789- He was one of the oldest and most intimate friends of Dr. Johnson. His prin- cipal work was an ' Essay on Hume s Essay on Miracles,' 8vo. 1752 ; besides a volume of sermons. ADAMSON, Patrick (Ecc.) archbishop of St. Andrew's, was bom in 15-13, at Perth, and died in 15f)l- He was distin- guished more for the part he took in the troubles of the times, than for his writings, of which the principal are, 1. A Latin Poem on the birth of James VI, of Scotland, and L of England. 2. A Latin poetical version of the Book of Job. 3. A tragedy of Herod. 4. A Catechism in Latin verse. 5. The Lamentations of the prophet Jeremiah, in Latin verse. ADANA (Numis.) a town of Cilicia struck many medals, which are still extant. Some bear the name of their ma- gistrates, as on one AAANEON AYCaNOYMA, i. c. Adanc- orum sub Li/canutna. Others were struck in honour of .lulia Domna, Caracalla, Diadumenus, Gordianus Pius, TranquUlina, Trajan Decius, Trebonianus Gallus, Valeri- anus, and GaUienus. Adana was called Hadi'iana, Se- veriana, and Antoninopolis, and is also said to have borne the title of Maximiana, in honour of Maximinus, but this is disputed. Adana worshipped the gods of Greece, as we learn from the figures of Jupiter, Minerva, &c. ADANSON, Michel (Biog.) a naturalist, was bom at Aix, in Provence, in 1727, and died in ISO6. He wrote, 1. ' Histoire naturellc de Senegal.' 2. ' Families des Plantes.' Besides which he collected materials for an cncvclopa?dia, which was to consist of, (1.) The universid order of nature, in 27 vols. 8vo. (2.) The natural history of Senegal, 8 vols. Svo. (3.) A course of natural history. (4.) An universal vocabulary of natural history, 1 vol. fol. of 1000 pages, &c. AD AQUAS {Geog.) the name of several ancient towns, but particularly a town of Sicily, suiJjioscd to be now Xacca. AD AQUILAS (^Geog.) a town of Normandy, now Aigle. VOL. I. " ADARCHIAS (Hist.) a veteran in the army of Alexander, who, seeing tlie younger officers reluctant to cugiigc the enemv at Halicamassus, led the troops on himself. U- Curt. 1. 5, c. 2. AD.MiSA (Bibl.) or Adasa, in theGreck Wcunh, and iucording to .hisephus '\iuoui, a city in the tribe of Epiiraim, where Xicanor was del'eated hy Judas Maccabeus. 1 Mace. vii. 40; Joseph. Ant. 1. 12, c. 17- .\DAUCTUS (F.cc.) a man of noble family, in Italy, who suffered martyrdom in Phrygia during tlie persecution of Diocletian. Marli/rol. Rom. Bolland. Act. Sanct. ADBEEL (Bild.) ';«nN, a provoker of God ; third son of Ishmael, and head of a tribe of Ishmaelites. AD BIVIUM (deog.) a town near Rome, now Valniono. ADBUCILLUS {Hist.) the name of a Gaul mentioned by Ca-sar. Ca-s. de Belt. Civ. 1. 2, e. 69. ADCANTUANUS (Hist.) a general of the Aquitani, men- tioned by CiEsar. Cces. de Bell. Civ. 1. 3. AD CAPI{.\S (Geog.) a town near Rome, now Acqualas^ta. AD CENTESIMUM, a place 107 miles distant from kome, now Acumite. ADDA, Ferdinand d' {Ecc.) a native of Milan, was bom in 1651, created cardinal by Alexander VHI in I69O, and died in I719. ADDAN {Bibl.) p«, one of those who, on his return from Babylon, could not prove his pedigree. Ezra ii. 59. ADDAR {Bibl.) -n«; son of Bela, the son of lienjamin. ADDAS {Hist.) a king of Northinnherland, in the sixth cen- tury. Polt/dor. J erg. Anglic. Hist. 1. 4. ADDI (Bibi.) nK, 'Acci, fhc son of Cosam, and father of Melclii, in the genealogy of our .Saviour, as given by the Evangelist St. Luke. ADDINGTON {Her.) the famUy name of Viscount Sid- mouth. Addington, Stephen {Biog.) a dissenting minister, who was bom at Northampton in 172<), and died in 1796- He wrote some elementary works on arithmetic, &c. ADDISON, Launeclot {Biog.) son of Lancelot Addison, a clergyman, was bom at Mauldismeabume near Ravcnsworth, in Westmoreland, in 1 632, took bis degree of A. B. in Queen's College, Oxford, 16.54,- that of A.M. in l657 ; that of B. D. and D. D. in I675 ; and died Dean of Litch- field, in 1 703. He wrote, 1 . ' West Barbary, or a short Nar- rative of the Revolutions of Fez and Morocco,' Svo. l67L 2. ' The Present State of the Jew.s, more particularly re- lating to those in Barbary,' Svo. 1 675. 3. ' The Primitive Institution, or a seasonable Discourse of Catechising.' 4. ' A modest Plea for the Clergy,' Svo. I677. 5. ' The first State of Mahometism, &c. or 'The Life and Death of Mahomet.' 6. ' An Introduction to the Sacrament,' I68I : reprinted in 16S6, with the addition of ' The Connnunicant's Assistant.' 7. ' A Discourse of Tangier, under the Government of the Earl of Tuviot,' 4to. 1685, second edition. 8. ' .XIMSTdS AYT0eE02, or an Historical Account of the Heresy denying the Godhead of Christ." 9. ' The Christian's daily Sacri- fice, on Prayer,' 12mo. I698. 10. 'An Account of the Millenium,' &c. Addison, Joseph, son of the preceding, was bom 1672, at Mdston, near Ambrosbury, ^VUtshire. where liis father was rector. In l687 he was entered of (Queen's College, in Oxford, elected demy of Magdalen College in I689, took the degree of A.M. 1693, and after having acted for some time as ITnder Secretary of State, he died in 1719, at Holland-house. His works for which he wa.s most distinguislied, were, 1. ' Musa- .Vnglicana-,' vol. ii. in which all his own Latin pieces were inserted. 2. ' Dia- logues on Med;ds.' 3. ' Letters fnmi Italy.' 4. A poem on the peace of Ryswick, entitled ' P;u\ Gulielmi ausjiiciis Europip reddita,' 1697. 5. ' The Campaign,' 1705. 6. His Essays in the Tatler, Spectator, and Ciuardian, bogim in G ADE ADE 1705. 7. The tragedy of Cato, in 1713. 8. A political paper entitled ' The Freeholder/ begun in 1715; besides other single poems and political papers. AD DECIiMUM {Geog.) a place ten miles distant from Rome, now // Bor ghetto. ADDUA (Gcog.) a river of Cisalpine Gaul, now Adila, falling into the Po, near Cremona, distinguished for the rapidity and clearness of its stream. Claudian dc VI, Cons. Hon. v. 488. Ccler Jddua nostro Sulcatus socero. Ibid. V. 196. Kt Addua vUu Cerulus. Polvh. calls it "ASua. Po/i/b. Fragment; Strab. 1. 4; Plin. 1. 2, c. 10.3. ADED, Al Ledn'illah {Hist.) last caliph of Egypt of the Fatemite race, in the year of the Hegira 556, A. D. 1 1 66. ADED^V {Gcog.') a town of Spain, now Amposta. ADEL {Hist.) or Adulphus ; according to Joannes Magnus, a son of Gothar, king of the Sueci, who was thrown from his horse, and killed, at the doors of the temple of Diana. Johannes Magn. Hist. ; Goth. Snec. 1. 4, c. 8. ; Locccn. Hi.st. Succor. 1. 1. Adel, Al, was the surname of Al Malet, caliph of Egypt. Adel, Aga, a general under Husseyn, sultan of Irak, made an unsuccessful opposition to the usurjier Ahmed. Adel, a name couunon to seven kings of Visapur, in India, the last of whom, a minor, reigned in l675, under the title of Soltan Sokodr Kawder Adel Shah. Fryer's new Account of' India, let. 4, c. 4. Adel, Shah, a conspirator against the life of Timui- Bek, was put to death. Hi.it. Sim. Bck. p. 165, &c. Adel, Akta.shi, saved the life of Timur Bek. Adel, Solldn, was the 2'2d khan of Bukharia, in the 14th century. Dc la Croix. Hist. Gcngh. p. 3()6, &c. Adel, Kerai/, a klian of Tartary, was deposed in l671. ADEL A (Wm/.) vide Alice. ADELAIDE, {Hi.st.) .second wife of Lewis II, was the mother of Charles the Simple, in 898. P. Lab. Mel. Cur. c. 9, p. 25. Adelaide, wife of Hugh Capet, was the motlier of Roliert, king of France. Mezcr. Hist, de la France; Du Chesne, iSrc. Adelaide, wife of Rolx-rt the Brave, was the mother of Eudes and Robert, botli kings of France. Saint Marth. Hi.il. Genealog. de la Maisun de France. Adelaide, daughter of Rodolphus, king of Burgundy, mar- ried first, Lotharius II, and then Otho I, and had for some time the administration of the government after the death of the latter ; slie died in 999. Dilmar. in Chron.; Baillet. Vies de Saintes. Adelaide, or Alice, daughter of Robert, of Provence, was wife of Richard II, duke of Nonnandy, and died in a monastery, in 1079- Gul. Poict. Vit. Gail.; Mir. Hist. Ecclcs. Belg. Adelaide, wife of Frederick, prince of Saxony, consj)ired with Lewis of Thuringia against her husband's Hfe, and married the murderer; she died in 1055. Chron. Mersburg. 1. 2, c 12. Adelaide, called also Praxede, daughter of tlie king of Rus.sia, and widow of Otho Margrave, of IJrandcnbourg, married Henry IV, I)y wliom .she was imprisoned and ill- treated. She died in a monastery, A. 1). l();).'i. Bcrtul. An. 1093; Sigun. de Reg. Ilat.l'i); Fleur. Hist. Ecclcs. 1.64. Adelaide, or Adelaix, queen of France, was the wife of Lewis VI, and died A. D. I 154. A4)ELAII)E, or Alice, of Flanders, wife of Canute, king of Denmark, was the mother of Charles the Good; she died A. D. 1127- ADELARD {Ecc.) son of count Bernard, and grandson of Charles Martcl, was prime minister to Pej)in, king of Italy. He was banished by Louis le Debonnaire, and died at the abbey of Corbie, in the year 826. Adelakd, a gentleman of Verona, was created cardinid by Lucius III, and died in 1211. Hovedon. Hist. Engl. Adelard, or Athclard {Biog.) a native of Batli, and a mathe- matician, wrote ' De Doctrina Abaci,' and other works on the same subject. He flourished in 1 1 20. ADELBERO {Hist.) a prince of the Boii, was brother to the empress Cunegunda. ADELBERON''(£fc.) vide Adalberon. ADELBERT, was duke of Elsace in the eightli century. From his brother Hellon, according to some authors, the house of Austria draws its origin. Adelbert, Marquis of' Lucca, attempted to dethrone Lam- bert, king of Italy, but was taken prisoner. Sigon. Ital. Reg. 1. 6. Adelbert, sumamed The Bear, became duke of Sclavonia, after having conquered tlie rebels, who lived near the rivers of the Havel and the Elbe. Helmold. Chron. Sclav, c. 89. Adelbert, son of Berenger II, king of Italy, was defeated and reduced to the subjection of the empire of Germany. Luitprande De Reb. Europ. ; Horn. Orb. Imp. Adelbert, marquis of Yvree, a rebel who aimed at dethroning Lambert, king of Italy, and was defeated by the emperor, Otho I. Sigon. Ital. Reg. Adelbert {Ecc.) or Albert, an ambitious man, who was made archbishop of Hamburgh and Bremen, by the em- peror Henry III, but banished by a conspiracy of the nobles in the infancy of Henry IV. He was afterwards restored, and died in IO62. Crantz. Metropol. 1. 4, &c. Adelbert, bisltop of Wormcs, was a great glutton, who died of repletion, A. D'. IO70. Adelbert, bishop of Prague. [^Vide Adalbert^ ADELBOLD {Ecc.) bishop of Utrecht, in the 10th century, was bom of a noble family, and died in 1027. He pro- moted learning and religion by founding churclies in his diocese, but was also sometimes engaged in the less honour- able employment of arms. He wrote a life of his jiatron and benefactor Heniy II, of which a part only is e.xtant, that was published first in the ' Lives of the Saints of Bamberg,' by Gretser, I6II; and afterwards by Leibnitz, in ' Scriptores Brunsv.' His treatise ' De Ratione inveniendi Crassitudinera SphertE,' was printed by B. Fez, in the third volume of his ' Thesaurus Anecdotorum,' and other works of his are still in MS. ADELBURNER, Michael {Biog.) a mathematician and phy- sician, was born at Nureml)erg in 1702, and died in 1779. He wrote ' Conunercium Literarium ad astrcmomisc Incre- mentum inter hujus Scientiie Amatores communi Consilio institiitura.' Sa.v. Onomast. ADELER, Curtius {Hist.) a Danish high adniii-al, distin- guislied himself in the service of the Venetians, in which he was for some time engaged, hut died in that of Christiem V, king of Denmark, in 1()75. ADELGERUS {Hist.) a king of Germany, is said to have succeeded his father. ADELGI.SUS (//;,?/.) vide .Idul^isus. ADI-'.LGREIFl', John Albreelit {Biog.) natural son of a priest near Elbing, was a visionai-y who ])reten(hMl to be God's vicegerent im eiu-th. He was condennuil to death for blas|)luniv in l(i.'j6. ADELIIl'.LMI", {Ecc.) bishop of Seez, at the end of the ninth century, suffered nnich from the barbarity of the Normans, and died about 9"'. Adei.iieljie, Adehnc, Aldlieh/u: Allhelme, &c. a bishop of Sherbourne, and abbot of Mabnesbury, son of Keurede, and linitlK-r of Ina, king of tlie West Saxons, was less dis- tinguished l^y his rank than by liis great proficiency in ADE ADH leaminjr, which he disjilaycd l)y viu-inus works in prose and verse, on music, astioiioiiiy, cnifpnas, lhcoloj;y, &c. ADELITTI (Hixl.) or .Umogniiciii, a iicojile so called by the Spaniards, wlio pretended to the art of divination, from the fli<;ht of birds, &-c. ADELMAN (Ecc.) a bishop of Brescia, in tlu' I Itb eenturj', who wrote on the Real Presence aiANTU8, one of the Spartan Ephori, who was killed in a sedition, because he favoured the Macedonians against the .^tolians, U. C. 534. ADiiMANTUS {Ecc.) an heretical writer at the latter end of the tliird century, who wrote against the authority of the Old Testament, and was opposed by Augustine. Adi.mantus {Biog.) a brother of Plato mentioned by Diogenes. Diog. in Fit. Adijiantus, a general of the Corinthians, who reproached Themistocles with being an exile. Siiidas. ADIMARI, Alexander {Biog.) an Italian poet descended from an ancient family of Florence, was born in 1579, and died in l649, leaving a collection of sonnets, &c. Adimari, Lewis, a part of the same family, was bom at Na- ples Sept. 3, 1(J44, and died at Florence June 22, 1708. He wrote, 1. ' Lectures on Chividiy,' Sonnets, &c. Florence, 1693. 2. ' Some Dramas,' 12mo'. Florence, 16'79- 3. 'Five Satires.' 4. ' Prose Sacre,' 4to. Florence, 1706. Adimari, Raphael, was bom at Rimini, and wrote a history of his native country, entitled ' Sito Riminense.' 2 vols. 4to. Brescia, l6l(). AD IXTERCISA {Geog.) a town of Umbria, now II Furlo. ADIOCHUS {Ecc.) a martyr in the reign of Flavins Clau- dius. Sabell. Eunead. 1. 7- ADJUTUS, Joseph {Biog.) surnanied the Chaldean, was bom in 1()02, and died in I668, lea\'ing a work entitled ' Political Maxims.' ADLAI {Bibl.) ■'h-\v, father of Shaphat, who was principal herdsman to king David. 1 Chron. xxvii. 29. AD LAMINAS {Geog.) a place of the .-Equani, now Canta- lupo. AD LAPIDEM {Geog.) a place in England, now Stonchenge. ADLAVUS {Hist.) a king of the Northumbrians, who, while at war with king Athelstan, went into the camp of the enemy under the disguise of a harper, and returned home without being discovered. ADLER, Philip {Biog.) an engraver of the iCth century, who formed a style of etching which has been followed by most artists that have succeeded him. ADLERFELDT, Guslaviis {Biog.) a Swedish oflScer and historian, bom near Stockholm in I671, was killed at the battle of Pultowa in 1709- He wrote memoirs of the campaign in which he himself engaged. ADLZREITER, John {Biog.) chancellor to the elector of Bavaria, was born at Rosenheim in 1 596', and died in 1 662. He is principally known as the autlior of ' Annalcs Boicse Gcntis;' containing a history of Bavaria to the year l662, which was republished by Leibnitz in 17 10. AD.MAH {Bibl.) nm«, red earth; one of the five cities de- stroyed by fire. Gen. xix. 24. AD MALUM {Geog.) a town of the Carni, now Tabloniclz. AD MEDIAS {Geog.) a jdace of the Insubre.s, now Trine. ADM ETA {Mjjth.)~ 'Acfi>i7,i, the daughter of Eurystheus, who, desiring to possess tlie girdle of Hijipolyte, queen of the Amazons, Hercules jirocured it for her by the conquest of that kingdom. Apollod. 1. 2, c. 23. ADMETES {Hist.) vide Aehmet. AD.METUS {Mi/th.) 'Atiu'/ror, son of Phcres and Clymene, and king of Pliene in 1 hessaly, whose cattle .\pollo is said to have tended for nine yeiu-s when banished from heaven. CalUmach. Hymn, in A])ol. «I»oT/?OI/ Kai 'SofltOV KtKXtjtTKO^iV tK (Tl KfivH 'laoQtH vtt' tputrt KiKav^ti'oc 'ACfiijroio. Tibiil. 1. 2, el. 3. I'aiit el .idmeti taurmfmrnosus .ipollo. In consecpience of this he obtained from the Parca? that Ad- metus sliouhl never die if any one could be found to lay • down liis life for him ; a sacrifice whicli liis wife Alceste is .said to have made in his behall. Ovid, de Art. Am. 1. 3. /•'ula I'heratiada conjui I'egataa rcdemit. ADO ADO Ibid. Pont. 1. 3. Si mea mors retl'tmcmta tui (quod abomitior) etut Admeti conjtii, ijuam !k\jHereriSt erat. Senec. in Med. CoitJugU Jatum redimeus Pbtrjii. Slat. Silvar. 1. 3. Krgo Thess(dici conjiti pctisare mariti Fiinus, Admetus {Hixt.) a. king of the Molossi, to whom Themis- tocles fled for iirotcition. C. Krp- in Them. i. 8. Admetus, an olHcer of Alexander, killed at the siege of Tyre. Diod. 1. 17, e. 4"). Admktl's (Biog.) a poet in the time of Nero, wlio is men- tioned liv Lucian. J.iic. in Drmonuct. ADNA {iiibl.) miv, 'Ec'rf, a Levitej who, on his return from Buhvlon, dismissed his wife, married contrary to the law. Ezra X. 30. ADNAH (Bi/)l.) «J>li», Adnah, a valiant man of Manasseh. 1 Chron. xii. iiO. Also a general to Jehoshaphat, king of Judah. 2 Chron. xvii. 14. ADNAN (Mi/lh.) one of the descendants of Ishmael, in the genealogies of the Arabians. AU XO^'AS STATUAS (Geog.) a town in Etruria, now Monte. ADO, .SV. (^Ecc.) archbishop of Vicnne in Daui)hiny, was bom about the year 800, and died in 875. He wrote, 1. ' A Universal Chronicle.' 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1312, 1522. 2. 'A Martyrology.' Fol. Ant. v. lGl3. 3. ' The Lives of Canissius and St. Theudier.' Vo.sed the doctrines of Luther, which he afterwards embraced, and died in 1526. ADOS' {Bing.) ykh Ado. ADONI-BLZKK {Bibl.) pn-'JTt», lightning of the Lord, from Jtn«, a lord, and pt3, lightning ; king i)f tlie citv of Besek, whose hands and foes were cut off as a retribution for his crueltv. He died at Jerusalem A.M. 2585, A. C. 1 115. Jiidg'. i. 2 ; EuM'b. in lieicK. ADONIJAH' (ii(7i/.) n'jn«, the fourth son of king David, who, a.spiring to the throne of his father, was put to death at the connnand of king Solomon. 1 Kings i. 1,2, 3, &c- ADONIKAM (Bibl.) Dp'jiw, (me who returned from Baby- lon with (iOO of his familv. Ezra ii. 13. ADOXIHAM {Bib/.) the 'son of Abda, who was over Solo- mon's tribute. 1 Kings iv. 6. ADONIS {Mi/lh.) " Aciaric, son of Cinyra.s, and favourite of Venus, who being killed by a wild boar was changed by her into a flower. Vropert. I. 2, el. 10. Testis, qiti viveum quoitdam pemtssit Adonem }enaiit m Iditlio lei-tice, duriis apcr. Bion. Epitaph. Adon. Ktt-at KaXot' '.AOtjytf tv' wperrty fxjjpov otovTt AtvKi^ XevKoi^ otofTi rvTrelt'. Venus after this went herself into hell, where she obtained of Proserpine that Adonis might lie with her .six months in the year. By Adonis, Macrobius and other mythologists understand the sun, who, during the summer .signs, is with V'enus, i. e. the earth we inhabit, and the other six months is hidden. Orpheus in Adonin. "Of iroTf niv vaitii vtto rdprapov rjepoivTa 'Hot TToKiv TTpoQ oXy/iTTOv ayttf cifiag lopioKapTrov. He was worshipped in Eg)fpt under the name of Osiris, and among the Greeks under that of Bacchu.s, according to Ait- suniiis. Ogugiii me Bacchum cauit Osiriii JEgyptus vocat .truhica gens Adoneum. Orpheus in Adonin. Ey/3«X4 , TToXt'^op^f, Tpotptj TTavrujv apicijXt Kovpii Kai Kupi , (Jv Trdat Od\oQ aiiv'AHujvi ^jisi'i'vpti'i , XdfiTTwv Tt KaXaiQ iv KVKkdaiv uipatg. St. Jerom supposes him to be the same as the Tanmiuz, or ' hidden one,' mentioned in Ezek. viii. 4, for whom the pro- phet saw the women weeping in the temple. He is cntitleil, wpaiof, fair ; rpii^iXoroc, thrice-beloved ; iwcinri])(i'c, rosy fingered ; i,«\«r, beautiful ; and rep-riit:, delectable, by Theocritus ; /brnio.tus, by Virgil ; iiiveiis, by ProjK>rtius ; X"i>itic, gracious, and ififpi'iftr, desirable, by Nonnius. Boc- liart derives his name from the Hebrew \lt*. a willow, or inw, lord. Theoeril. Idi/I. 30, \-c. ; Bion. Idi/ll. 1 ; .i/x>/lod. 1. 3, c. 14 ; Hi/!;in. fab. 58, &c. ; Propert. 1. 2, el. 13, v. 53 ; Ovid. Mel. 1.10, fab. 10; Pint, de Defect. Orac. ; Pans. 1. 2, c. 10; Alhen. 1. 10, c. 22; Lucian. de Dea. Syria.; Serv. in F.clog. 8, v. 37 ; St. Ci/ri/ in Lmiah ; Hieron. in Ezek.; Ammian. 1. 22, c. 9; Macrob. Sal. 1. 1, c. 21; Eiistalh. in Horn. Odi/ss. 1. 1 1 ; Hcii/eh. ; Philostrat. 1.7, c. 14 ; Bocharl. ; Phalcg. 1. 4, c. 2 ; Natal. Com. 1. 5, c. l6 ; 'Se/den. de Diis Si/r. -AuoNLs {Geog.) 'Aiuiyir, a river of Phoenicia, near Biblos, now ADR ADR Canis, or Xarracebellc. Lucian describes its waters as beins, and a colony of the Athenians. It is called by Pliny Adram , t- U'os, formerly Pedasus ; i)y Stralxi and Ptolemy, 'Arpn/ii-r- Twy ; by 'i'liucydide.s, Wrrpn/iiirTnoy ; by Niger, I.andra- miti, now Adramiti. Thiic. 1. .O, c. I ; Polywn. I. 7, c. 2() ; Slrab. 13; Plin. \. r,, c. 32 ; Ptol. I 5, c'ii; Mg. Geog. (km. Asia-, 1. I . ADRAjrvTTiuM {Niimi.s:) this town struck some medals with- out the head of any emperor, as in the annexed figure, bearing on the obverse a beardless head crowned with laurel ; on the reverse a cor- nucopiic between two caps, crowned with stars, inscrip- tion AAl'AMVn IINSIN ; sometimes inscribed with the names of their magistrates, who were pnctor.s, as KHI CTl'A. AOYK. lOY. i. e. Sub Praiore J.iie. Juv. probably Lucio Joviano. It also struck medals of Domiliaiiiis, Anrcliu.i, Julia Caracalla. Elaga- bulii.i, and .ilc.xander Scverus, with the name of their pra?tor, and in some cases with the addition of Nfwi.opoi, to that of the people, as on a medal of Severus Kill. Cl'I'arfjyS Ari';jX(S I'APOY B. NEwk-cpw.' AAPAMYTTIiNiiN, Sub Pra'lore Aurelio Caro Bi.i Nencororum Adramijllinorum. I'aiUaiit. Kiimis. Gra'C. ; Hardiun. A'u7nm. Atiliq. Illustrat. Pembmch. Mils. ; Hunt. Nunitn. Antiq. Urb. el Pupiitor. ADI{AN.\ {Grog.) Wqxiri), or 'Acpliirj, according to Polybius a town of Thrace. Launclarius places it in Bithynia, and says it is called Kdrenos by the Turks. Slcph.Byz.de Urb.; Leiniclar. Hist. Tiirc. AuRANA {Nuiiiis.) a medal of Commodus, bearing the inscrip- tion, AAPANSiN. AAI'IANiXN. OMONOIA. Adranensium el Adrianciisiiim, Concordia, is ascribed to this town. Har- diun. Numis. Antiq. Illustrat. Adrana {Gcog.) a town of Irak, in Persia. ADRANITiE {Geog.) 'Acpai'trai, the people of Adranum. ADRANIUS, Amnis {Gcog.) a river near Adrana. ADRANO {Geog.) 'Acpaytoy, a village in SicUy, now Adrag- no. Diod. E.rcerpl. Leg. 1. 23. ADRANTIS (Gcog.) a town of Pannonia, now supposed to be Dragomel. ADRANUM {Geos.) or Iladrnnum, "Atpayoy, a small town near jEtna, sacred to the god Adranus, who was worshipped by all the Sicilians. It is written by Pliny and Silius Ha- dranum, now Adcrno. Sil.l. 14, V. 251. Hitdranum Krgentumque simul, teldqite stipfrba L'liiigeru MeUte. The inhabitants were called by Diodorus, Plutarch, and Ste- phanus, 'A(Yja)'('-a( ; bv PHnv Hadranilani ; and on medals AAl'ANIOI, or AAl'ANlT.\l. Diod. 1. 14; Stcph. Bi/z. de Urb. ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 8 ; Plut. in Timol. ; Fazcll. de Rcb. Sicul. Decad. 1, 1. 10; Arret. Sicil. Chronograph ; Clut<. Sic. Antiq. 1. 2, c. 8. Adrani'm {Numis.) the medals of this town represent on the obversic the cancer marinus, with a shell above and an eel Ixdow ; on the reverse, an eagle tearing a hare, the commcm symbols of towns in Sicily. The inscription .\APA- NliiN ; lint in other medals AAPANITAN. Goltz. SiciL ; Ilairrli. Piiriit. Sicil. Di.icrill. ADR.VNUS {Mi/lh.) 'Alpayor, the god who wa-s worshipped at Adranum and other parts of Sicily. Plut. in Timol. Adrani's {.\umis.) a figure of this deity has Ix'cu preserved (m a medal, as in the annexed cut, l)cariiig on the obverse the head of the god ; insi-riplion AA1'.\N()V; on the reverse a dog, because dogs were em- l)loye(l to guard the temple ; iiisiri))tion MAMKI'TIN. .-\DK.\S TA (Ml/Ill.) ' \' 'A?p>)roi; trpajra ffijiitaiXdtaiV. He is called Inachius by Statins, from Inai-hus, king of Argos ; and also Perseius, from I'erseus, the son of Jupiter. Herod. 1. 5, c. 67 ; M.tclnil. Sept. ante Thcb. ; Euripid. in Sup. et P/iO'iiis. ; Apollod. 1. 1, c. J), &c. ; Virg. JEn. 1. ()', v. 480; Hygin. fab. 08, &c. ; Paiis.l. 1, c. 39, kc; Fhilox- Iral. 1. 2,"c. 29. Aduastus and Awpiiius, sons of Merops, the soothsayer, who, contrary to the warning of their father, went to the Trojan war, and were killed by Diomed. Horn. II. 1. 2, v. 831 j 1. 1 1, V. 329. Adhastus, the father of Eurydice, who mamed Ilus the Trojan, by whom she had Priam. Apollod. 1. 3, c. 12. Abrastus, the son of Hercules, who threw himself into the flames. Hi/giii. fab. 242. Abrastus {Hist.) a Phni^gian prince, who, having acciden- tally killed his brother, fled to the court of Croesus for re- fuge, where he had the misfortune to kill the son of the Lydian king. Herod. 1. 1, c. 35. Adrastus, a Lydian, who assisted the Greeks against the Per- sians, and was killed in battle. Pausan. 1. 7, c. 5. Adrastus {Bio'j.) a native of Philippopoli, and a peripatetic philosopher, who taught the logic of Aristotle. Theon. Stiu/rn.Miis.X. (J ; Porp/ii/r. in Fit. Plotin. ; Voss. de Pliilos. ADREGIA {Gcog.) a royal residence in Bernicia, or Ber- wick, where afterwards the town of Melmin was buUt. Bed. Hi,sl. Eccles. Aiiglor. ADRESTE {Gcog.) 'Acp/'/Tjy, an attendant on Helen. Horn. Odii.ss. 1. 4, V. 123. ADRETS, Francois de Beaumont Baron des (Hist.) of an eminent and ancient family in Dauphiny, was born in 1513, and died in 1587- He distinguished liimself on the side of tlie Huguenots, for liis cruelty to the opposite party when thev fell into his liands. ADREVALDUS (///a/.) vide Adualdus. Adrevaldus (Biog.) a benedictine of Fleury in the 9tli cen- tury, who wrote on the body of St. Benedict. Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. ii. p. 66. ADRIA {Geog.) "ACpia, 'AcpiaTiKoy TrtXayor, Adrianum vel Adriatieum mare, the gulf which separates Illyria from Italv, now the GuJf of Fenice. It is called acris by Horace. Hor. 1. 1, od. 33, v. 15. Libertitia, fretis arrior Adritz Curiantis Calahros sinus. Also inquietus, I. 3, od. 3, v. 5. Neque Auster Dux inquieti turlndus Adritc. Ventosus, by Seneca, in Thi/este, v. 362. Aut icrvo rapidus freto Ventosi tumor Adiue. Vagus, by Lucan, 1. 5, v. 614. Sonat lunio vagug Adria ponto. Herod. 1. 1, c. 163; Poly/). 1. 2, c. 14; Liv. 1. 5, c. 33; Calull. Epigr.Vi; SlraL\. 5 ; Plln.l.3,c. I6; Slat. St/lr. 1. 2, v. 87 ;" Plot. 1. 3, c. 1 ; Euslat/i. in Dioni/s. v. .')2, et seij. Adria (Gcoy.) a town of Polcsino di Ifovigo, in Italy, the ancient Adria, which was once of great note, but lias Ixi n much reduced l)y frequent inundations. It is seated on the Tartaro, 25 miles S. S.W. Venice. Adria, Peter d' {Ecc.) a Dominican and bishop of Vico in 130(), left some works on theology. Adhia, John James {Biog.) the historian of Mazara, in Sicily, died in 1 560. I le \vrote his history entitled ' Topographia inclyttc Civitatis Mazariic,' 4to. Panorin. 1515. ' Epi.stola ad Conjugem,' a poem, besides some treatises on the plague. Sec. Mangel. ADRIAN' (Arc.) there were several Popes and distinguished persons of this name. Popes of this Name. Adrian I, son of Theodorus, born of a noble family, suc- ceeded to the papal chair, A. D. 772, and died 795- Anast. in Had. ; Flcuri. Hist. Ecc. 772 ; Baron. Annul. A. 772. Adrian II, born at Rome, was son of Talarus, and of the same family as Stephen VI, Sergius II, and Grcgoiy IV. He succeeded Nicholas I, A. D. 867, and died 872. Baron. Annul, ann. 867 ; Fleur. Hist. Eccl. aim. 867- Adrian III, a Roman by birth, and son of Benedict, suc- ceeded Pope Marinus 884, and died 885. Baron. Annal. ann. 885 ; Fleur. Hist. Eccl. Adrian IV, whose name was Nicholas Brekespere, was bom about the end of the 11th century at Langley, near St. Alban's, in Hertfordshire, and died Sept. 1, 1159, in 'he 4th year and 10th month of his pontificate. He was the only Englishman who ever sat in the papal chair. Adrian V, a Genevan, and nephew to Pope Innocent IV, succeeded Innocent V, A. D. 1276, and died one month and nine days after his election. Adrian VI, bishop of Torlosa, and preceptor to the emperor Charles V, succeeded Leo X, A. D. 1522, and died Sept. 14, 1523. He wrote ' QuEcstiones quodlibeticic,' Louvain, 1515. In these he maintained that the Pope was not infalli- ble. Onuplirius Ciuconins Buronins, &c. Adrian (Xiimis.) there are authentic me- dals of the last Pope only of this name, which bear his efligy, as in the annexed cut, the inscription ADRIANUS VI. ViWrifcr MAXIM«.r ; on the re- verse QUEM CREANT ADORANT, with a representation of his coronation. Bonnnni, Numis. Pontif. Romun. vol. i. p. 181 ; Fenut. Numis. Ponlijic. Roman. Distinguished Persons of this Xume. Adrian, a martyr in the reign of Galerius Maximian, was exposed to wild beasts on the 5th of March, when his an- niversan,' is kept in the Latin church. Euseb. de Marl^rih. Palest. ; Baillct. Fies des Suintes au 5 Mars. Adrian, a martvr of Nicomedia about 307, whose anniver- sary is fixed on the 8th of September in the Roman mar- tyrology. Tillemonl. Ecc. Hist, torn v.; Baillct. Fies des Saintes. Adrian, an African bv birth, was sent into England in 669 to settle the discipline of the church, and died in 7O9. Bede. Hist. Angl. Bollard, au 9 de June.; Baillct. Fies des Saintes. Adrian, de Cu.ttello, of obscure parentage, was r.used to the bishopric of Hereford in tlie reign of Henry VII, but re- sided principally at Rome, where he conspired agiiinst the Pope Leo X in hopes of succeeding to the pontificate ; he ADS JE/E\ was fined 12,500 ducats, and forbidden to leave Rome, but he contrived to make liis escape. Polydore Virgil, who shared liis friendship, speaks in high tenns of him. Adrian, iIc Conicio, a cardinal. [^\-ide Conicio'] Adrian (Biog-) of Pha-nicia, taught rhetoric at Athens, and was in great favour with Mark Antliony. He was the dis- ciple of Herod the philosoplier, and the rival of Aristides. Siiidas.; latx. dc Lit. Hisl. 1. ,S, c. 6. Adrian, an author of tlie fifth century, who composed, in Greek, an introduction to the Scriptures, 4to. Augsburg, l602. Phot. Coder. 2 ; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i. p. 1-22. Adrian, a Carthusian monk of the l.'jth century, wrote a treatise entitled ' De Remediis utriusque Fortumc," &c. Adrian, de J'eteri Biisco, a Belgian monk, wrote a ehronolog)- from lUg to liS3. Adrian, Coriieille, a Franscisean of the l6th century, wrote on the seven sacraments, &c. ADRI.\NI, Fraiuis (Biog.) a native of Paris in 1384, wrote on the synilx)l of St. Athanasius. Adriani, Matthew, a Spanish physician, and a Christian, though bom of Jewish parents, left several works in Hebrew. Adriani, Marcel J'irgil, professor of the lx;Ues lettres, and chancellor of the republic of Florence, was born in IKiK and died in 1.521. He published a Latin translation of Dioscorides, ' De Materia Medica.' Adriani, John Baptist, son of the preceding, was bom in 1513, or 1511, according to some, and died at Florence in 1579. He wrote a history of his time, &c. Adriani, Marcel, .son of the preceding, was bom in 15.';.'5, and died in UiOl. He translated Plutarch's Morals, and Demetrius I'halerius. ADRIANO (Biug.) a Spanish painter, and a lay-friar of the order of the bare-footed Carmelites, was bom at Cordova, where he died in 1 (J50. His principal work was a Crucifixion. ADRIANOPLE (Geog.) a city of Romana, in European Turkey, and an archbishop's see, is in long. 26' 47' E. lat. 42^ 4' N. The ancient AdrianopoHs or Hadrianopolis is called Adrana or Edreiia by the Turks. ADR I EL (Bibl.) '?«mp, son of Barcilla, married Merab, the daughter of Saul, who had been j)romiscd to David. I Sam. xviii. If). ADRIMACHID/E (Geog.) vide Adyrmachidw. ADRIMETUM (Gcog.)\'ide Adnimetiim. ADRIUS (Geog.) ".Kcpior, a mountain running through the middle of Dalmatia. Strab. 1. 7. ADROBICUM {Geog.) a town of the Callaici, in HLspania Tarraconensis, now Coriinna. ADRL'METI Sinus (Geog.) a bay on the coast of Tunis, now Golfo di Mahonietla. ADRUMETIUS {Geog.) the Gentile name for an inhabitant of Admmctuni. ADRUMETL'.M (Geog.) 'AqjH^i i/rrjr, or according to Strabo 'Aqivfxi], and to .Steplianus 'A(~f>u/ji)r, a town of Africa Pro- pria, now called Mahonietta or Su.i.m, according to Marius Niger, which was built by the Phoenicians according to Sallust, and called Fnigifcra, according to an inscri])ti(m given bv Smetius. COLON I A CONCORDIA ULPIA TRAJANA ALG. FRUGIFERA HADRL'ME'IINA. A council was held here in .'Jy4. Poli/h. 1. 15, c. 5 ; Salhtsi in Jiigiirlh. Bell. ; I'lin. I. 5, c. 4 ; S'lra/j. 1. 7 ; Tacit. Hi.sl. 1. 11, c. 12; Plol. 1. 4, c. 3; Appian. in Punic; Sleph. Byz. dc Vrb. ; Baron. Annul, ann. 394 ; Smet. In.tcript. yet. ; liocharl. Geog. Sacra. 1. 1 , c. 24 ; Mercalor. Geog. ; Mar. \ig. Geog. Aph. Conim. I. 2. ADRL'.S (Gcoir.) a river of Spain mentioned by Antoninus, and supposed bv Ortclins to Ix' tlie Anas. ()rtrl. The.s. Geoa. AD SEPIEM F'RATRES {Geog.) a city of .Mauritania, now Ceula. AD SEXTEM LAPIDEM (Geog.) a town of Etruria, now II Buryhetlu. AD SEXTIAS {Geog.) a place in Umbria, now Rocca di Fiun/esino. ADSO, Ilermeriiis {Biog.) or Henry, an abbot among the Benedictines, was bom at St. Claude in the beginning of the 10th centun,', and died in Champagne in the year 992. He wrote the life of St. Mansuetus, St. \ albert, and some others, but is principally distinguished for his love of learn- ing and establishment of schools. Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. ii. p. '107. ADVENTIUS {Ecc.) a bishop of Mentz in the gth century, who was present at the council held at Mentz in 859, and afterwards at that of Douzi in 871, where Hincmar was deposed. ADULA {Geog.) 'A^aXa, or according to Strabo 'Aci«iX«, now Mount SI. Got hard ; a mountain of the Rhcetian Alps. Strab. 1. 4 ; Plol. I 2, c. 9. ADULICUS Sinus {Geog.) part of the Arabian gulf, now the Gulf of Arkibo. ADULIS {Geog.) 'ArnXt^, according to Ptolemy ; "AchXii-, according to Stcphanus, now Arkibo ; a town of Upper Egypt. Plin. 1. 6, c. 29 ; Ptol. 1. 4, c. 7 ; Sleph. Byz. de Vrb. ADULLAM {Bibl.) ahiv, 1. a city of Judah in the southern piu-t of the tribe of Judah, ten miles from Eleutheropoli,s, according to Eusebius, and eleven mUes according to .Jerom. Josh. xii. 15. 2. The cave in which David hid himself. 1 Sam. xxii. 1. ADULTUS {Myth.) riXnot, an epithet for Jupiter. Plut. in Problem. ADUMMIM {Bibl.) D'mK, a town and mountain in the tribe of Benjamin. Josh. xiv. 7- ADURA {Geog.) a town of Aquitania, now Ayre. ADURNUM {Geog.) or Adurni Portus, a town in Sussex, now Ederington. Camd. Britan. ADYRMACHID^ {Geog.) 'Acvpi^nj^^lccti, a people conter- minous to Egj-pt. Herod. 1. 1, Sec; Plin. 1. 4, c. 6; Plol- 1. 4, c. 5. ADYTE {Myth.) one of the fifty daughters of Danaus, who murdered her husband on the first night of her marriage. Apollod. 1. 2, c. 1. ]E\ {Myth.) Ala, the name of a huntress mentioned by Valerius Flaccus. Argonaut. 1. 5. jEa {Geog.) the name of some places; as, 1. a maritime town of Colchis, now Lipolamo. Plin. 1. (i, c. 4 ; Sleph. Byz. de Urb. 2. An island of Colchis, now Satabella. Apollon. 1. 2, V. 424. 3. A town of Thessaly, K-c. yEACIDAS {Hist.) a king of Epirus, son of Neoptolemus, and brother to Olympias, was expelled by his subjects for carrying on war against Macedonia. Pans. 1. 1, c. 11. jEACIDES {Myth.) a patromymic for Achilles, Peleus, and other descendants of j'Eacus. Horn, II. 1. (), &-c. ; J'irg. ^«. 1. l,&c. yEACUS {Myth.) A'iaKoc, son of Jupiter and TEgina, or, ac- cording to Diodorus of Eurojia, was the first king of .Sgina, and after his death was made a judge of hell. Horat. 1. 2, od. 18, v. 22. (iuam jicne ftirl^c Tegua Proicrpiiuz Ktjtidicantem vidwius JEacnm. Propcrt. 1. 4, elcg. 11, v. 19. .■lul si quis pi>fit', daughter of Pandarus, and wife of Xethus, killed her own son Itylus by mistake, instead of her sister Niobe, and Amanca, her son ; at wliich being exceedingly grieved, she attempted to kill herself, and was changed into a goldfinch. Horn. Od. 1. 19, V. 518, &c. "Qc 0* ore Travcapes Knpij xKojprfig drjStav Ka\6v cUiSrjtTiv tapoj; viov Wafitvoio 'Hte Oafid TpuiTTwaa ;(tfi TroXtiTj^ta ipuivijv XlaZflt \ovpofiivTi 'ItvXov ipi\ov, ov Trore ^ciXku). ,EDUI (Gcog.) a people of Celtic Gaul, who inhabited the citv now called Auluu. Cies. de Bell. Gall. 1. 1, c. 4, &c. ^ELRED (Biog.) vide Aelrid. ^EETA (Myth.) 'Ati'iri], king of Colchis, and son of Sol, by Persa, daughter of Occanus, was father of Medea, by whose assistance the Argonauts obtained the golden fleece. Ajwllod. 1. 1, c. 9; Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 1 ; Faus. 1. 2, c. 3 ; Val. Flacc. in Argon. &c. iEETIAS (Myth.) "a patronymic of Medea, the daughter of jEeta. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 9- Concipit interea ralidos Actios ignes, jEETIS (Myth.) or JEtixis, both patronymics of Medea. Val. Flacc. Argonaut. .lEGA (Myth.) a queen of the Arabians, who perished in the ./Egcan Sea. Fest. jEga, " Aiya, the dauglitcr of Olenus, and one of Jupiter's nurses. After her death, .she was translated into heaven, and became a star under the name of the goat, from a\l, capra. Ilygiu. Poet. Astron. JEga (Geog.) 'ATya, an island on the coast of Asia, between Chios and Tenedos, now Isola dclle Capre, according to Sophianus. ^GADES (Geog.) vide jEgusw. ^G^E (Geog.) "Aiyui, "Aiyata, or " AiyiLa. I. A town of Ma- cedonia, according to Justin, the same as Edessa. Theoph. de Ventis. ; Plin. 1. 4, c. 10; Pans. 1. 1, c. 3 ; Justin. 1. 7, c. 1. 2. A town of Achaia, where was a temple sacred to Neptune, and where, according to Homer, the god placed his horses. Horn. II. I. 13, V. 21. Alyag iv9a Si 6t kXvtu SoiftaTa /3tV06(Tt Xipi'tjQ, 'Ev9"linrtig t^tjae iroTeiSdwv. Herod. 1. 1, c. 145 ; Scylax. in Peripl. ; Strab. 1. 8 ; Plin. 1. 5, c. 22 ; Pans. 1. 7, c. 25. 3. A town of Cilicia, ac- cording to Lucian, 1. 3. Maltos et eitremiE Tesouajtt vaiatibus .J-gf. Tacitus calls it JEgxa. Tac. Annul. 1. 13, c. 8; Plol. 1. 5, c. 8. 4. 'Atyaiai, according to Herodotus; "Aiycti, accord- ing to Xenophon ; A/yni, according to Scylax : a town of /Eolia. Herod. \. 1, c. 149; Xenoph. He'Uen. 1. 4, c. 8; Putyb. 1. 5, c. 77; Scylax. in Peripl.; Strab. \. 13; Plut. in 'Themi.st.; Plin. 1. 5, c. 30; Tac. Annal. 1. 2, c. 47. 5. A town of Eul)fra, Locris, I.ydia, and ylitolia, accord- ing to Steplianus. The gentile name was /Egivus, jEga^nsis, or jEgeates. Sleph. Byz. de I 'rb. JRgjf, (Nu7uis.) the towns of this name bad medals of an early date, wliicli are to \x distinguished from each otlier not only by the mode of spelling the name, but by the type anil other marks. Those of TEgte in Macedonia bear, on the obverse, the head of Apollo ; on the reverse, the figure of a goat, or sometimes a goat's head ; it having assumed this symbol liccausc, as is saiil, the town was taken by Ca- ramus, king of Macedonia, in consequence of liis following the track of a herd of goats; legend AITAl'-ilN. Those of jEga-, in Cilicia, also bear the head of a goat, in allusion, as is su])i)osed, to its name, having on the obverse a turreted liead ; and on the reverse, besides the symbol, is the legend AIl'lvMUN. Illi:. ir.PAi;. KAI. AYIONOMOi:, showing that it was a .sacred and free city. This Agio likewise JEGJE JEGl struck medals in honour of Til)crius, Aprippina, Claudius, Afbiiin, M. Aurclius, Coniraodus, Sevcrus, Julia Domna, Ciiracalhi, I'lautilla, Matrinus, Diadumianus, Alex. Sevcrus, Pupicnus, Gordianu.s I'ius, yKmilianus, 'J'nijan Docius, and Sidonina. Having received several benefits from Julius Cii'sar, it dated its cjMiclia from the Julian tcra, U. C. 70", and lixed it on most of its imperial coins, to some of which ai-c added other titles, as Hadriana, Connnodiana, Severiua, Antoniana, Macrini Urbs, Alcxandri Urbs, \t. in honour of Adrian, Comm(xlus, Severus, C'aracalla, Macrinus, and Alexander Sevcrus, from wliom they received special favours, as appears from the inscription KOMOAIANwN ,\AI'I ANwN. Al I'f.lAwN. ETOY. AAC. i.e. Commodianonnn IJadriiiii- oriim. A''g(toriini, anno 234. Being a considerable port, it received the title of Navarchis, and also the dignity of tlie Neocoria, from Alexander Severus, as ajipears from the in- scription AII'EiiN. NK. NAY. ^jgeenxiiim Neocorinn Xa- varc/iido.i. It is moreover to be observed, that the name of Uiis town is written differently in different inscriptions, as mav be seen from those which follow : AIFEAIiiN. ETUYC. HOP. i. c. anno 178, A. D. 131. AAPIANilN. AIFIC .\Ii2N. imp. Iladriaiieiisium /Egewonim, anno 188, A. D. lH. AAPIANQN. AIFEAIilN. KOMOAIANtiN. ETOYC. EMC. Hadrianensuim jEgcfeoriim Commodianonnn, anno 245, A.D. 168. AIPAlEilN. CN. jEgceeyisimn, anno 2.50, A.D. 203. AAPIANilN. CEYHPIANflN. ANTiUNEINIAN. AIPElAiiN. ASC. Hadrianensium Severianonim Anto- ninorum, anno 26, A.D. 214. AIFEAIEilN. MAKPE- INOYIIOA. CS\. jEgwcnsimn Macrinopoli, anno 264, U.C. 970. AAPIANiiN. AIPAIiiN. AAESANAPOY. no.MC. E. (). C. Hadrianensiiim JEgCEorum Alcxandro- polis, anno 275, A.D. 228 AAP. 7\irEAiaN. NEi2K. NAYAPXIAOC. II. n. C. Hadrianensinm JEgcecnsitim Neo- cororum, Kavarchidcs, anno 228, A.D. 241. AIFEAUiN. NEilK. NAYAP. 0pie Ti ^i TTcifrfg KiyaibiV. Hcsiod. T/img. 149; Ovid. Met. 1. 2, v. 10; Sen. in JEn. 1. 10, V. 565. RGmom, one of Lycaon's 50 sons. A}X)llod. 1. 3, c. 8. JEGJEVM, marc (Grog.) a sea which separates Greece from Asia Minor, and cimtains many small islands, as the Cy- clades, Sporades, &c. It is called by Herodotus, Strabo, and Ptolemy, AVyacor T7i\ayor ; by Pliny, JEgann Marc ; bv Mela, JEgwum Marc ; now the Archipelago. It is sup- posed by Varro to be derived from tlic islands or rocks which resembled oiytr, goats ; but, according to Plutarch, it takes its name from j^igeus, the father of Theseus, who drowned himself there ; and Hyginus derives the name from AlgiEa, a place in Euboea ; and Festus, from jEgsa, Queen tif the Amazons, who perished there. It is dcstribtd by the poets under the name of vligeon, or JT-apw. Slat. Theb. 1. 5. Delove torianti Pejiyr et innumeris i/iiai fpumijer uuitit ji^gon. Aiithol. 1. 3. — ^— 'Ai^nia r' ollfta Kaxov viXaync. Val. Place. 1. 1. Quanta fremilu ie suslutit jKgmi. Herod. 1. 4 ; Varr. de Lai. Ling. 1. 2, c. 1 ; Hygin. Fab. 43; Si rah. I 7; Mela, 1. 1, c. 3 ; Plin. 1. 4, c.'u ; Plul. in Thc.s.; Fcsl. de Verb. Signif. ; Plot. 1. 3, c. 15, &c. JEGJEUS (Mi/t/i.) 'Aiyior, an epithet for Neptune, from vEgfc in Euboea, where he had a temple. Firg. JEn. 1. 3, V. 74 ; Sirah. 1. 9. jT-GAGEES {Gcog.) Alyayirfc, a mountain of Asia, accord- ing to the scholiast on Nicand. in Thcriacis, v. 215. 'H Kai ipvfivos Alyaytrig TTpmitv. jEGALEOS {Geog.') JEgalciim, /Egialus, or Mgialeus, 'Ar/a- Xf'wr, a hUl near Salamis, where Xerxes sat to witness the engagement between the Persians and the Greeks. Herod. 1. 8, c. 90 ; Thiwijd. 1. 2, c. 19 ; Plin. 1. 4, c. 7- jEGATES (Gcog.) or /Egjisa; Aiywirai, three islands on the coast of Sicily, opposite to Lilybtcum, namely, Phorbanlia, Hiera, and JEgu.m, now called Levcnzo, Fat'Ognana, and Marctano. These islands are celebrated for the defeat which the Carthaginians under Hanno suffered from the Romans under Lutatius Catullus, which put an end to the first Punic war, U. C. 512. A. C. 242. Silius, speaking of Han- nibal, savs — Sil.l. 1,'v. 61. A vet jEgates nhoUre parentum DedecH$, et Sicula demergere ponto. Cluverius thinks it ought to be read M.gades. Polyb. 1. 1, e. 61 ; Liv. 1. 21, c. 10, &c. ; Mela, 1. 2, c. 7 ; F)or. 1. 2, c. 2; Cluv. Sicil. Antiq. 1. 2, c. 15. ji!^GEAS {Ecc.) a Roman proconsul of Achaia, who is said to have been possessed of an evil spirit after the martyrdom of St. Andrew. iEGEATES, John (Biog.) a Nestorian priest, who wrote an ecclesiastical history, from the reign of Theodosius the younger to that of Zeno. Phol. Codex. 41, 55 ; Voss. de Hist. Lat. ; Cav. Hist. Lit. iEGELEOS (Geog.) a town of Macedonia, near the jEgean .sea, taken by Attalus. Liv. 1. 31, c. 46. jEGEMON (Biog.) a poet who, according to Volaterranus, wrote a history of the Theban war in verse. j^ilGEONEUS (Myth.) Alyti»'tvc, one of the sons of Priam. Horn. II. 1. 3, c. 12. iEGERIA (Mi)lh.) vide Egcria. iEGESTA (Gcog.) vide /m/n. jEGEUM, mare (Geog.) vide /Egtruyn, mare. jEGEUS (Myth.) A'iyfvc, king of Athens, son of Pandion and father of Theseus, who, on the return of the Argo- nautic expedition, observing a black instead of a white sig- nal, and supposing his son to be dead, is said to have thrown him.self into the sea and jierishcd. []\'idc /Egcettm, mare'] Apollod. 1. 1, c. 1, &c.; Pint, in Thes.; Pans. 1. 1, c. 1, &c. ; Hi/gin. Fab. 37, &c. jEgeus, Aiyt'we, a hero, the son of Oiolochus, whose monu- ment is in Laconia. Pans. jEGIALE (Mi/th.) one of the sisters of Phaeton, who was changed into a j)oplar. jEgiai.e, a daughter of Adrastus, or /Egialeus, and wife of Diomed, who prostituted herself in her husband's absence. Stat. Silv. I. 3. Questa est ^giale, tjuesta est Melibeea relintpii. H 2 ^GI MGl Dionyslus Periegetes calk her jEgialea. Dionys. Perics.cs. 'OjrjroVe rpiXXiTwi' ittrtKiaQiv tOvog'l^fjpwv ^Hf a'\o'x« /3HXy(Tt irafc-d^poi'OC Atyta\e(';;f. -Egiale (GfWff.) a city of the island Amorgos, now Hi/ali. jEGIALEA (Gcog.) AiyiaXeia, 1. The ancient name of Pe- loponnesus, so called from Agialeus. Apollod. 1. 2, c. 1 ; Slrab. 1. 8 ; P«Hf. 1. 2, c. 5. 2. An island in the Cretan sea, called AiyiX/a, bv Herodotus, and /Egialia, by Pliny. Herod. 1. 6, c. 101 ; 37f/n, 1. 2, c. 9 ; P/(«. 1. 2. 3. AJy/Xti'o, an island of the Styrians. Herod. 1. 6", c. 107- .EGIALEUS (i/(V.) WyuiXivQ I. the son of Adrastus and Demoanassa, was killed at the first Theban war of the Epigoni. His six brothers returned \-ictorious. Apolhd. 1. 1, c. 9, &c. ; Paus. 1. 1, c. 43, &c. ; Hi/gi>i. Fab. 71- -EGIALIA (///.?/.) AiyiaXia, daughter of Adi-astus, and wife of Diomed. Ajnillod. 1. 1 , c. 9- ^EGIALUM {Gcog.) a mountain of Asia Minor, according to CeJrenus, supposed by Ortelius to be the same as ^gialus. iEGlALUS {Hist.) A\yia\oc, son of Phoroneus, who gJive the name of iEgialea to Peloponnesus. Pai/.i. 1. 2. ^Egialus, {Geog.) a mountain with a city in Galatia, now Cagialia, according to Leundavius. Horn. II. 1. 2. -EGIAS {Hisl.) a silversmith who a.ssisted Aratus in bringing about a revolution in Sicyon. .•EG IDA (Gcog.) a town of Istria, now Capo d'Isiria, which beinc re-built by Justinian the emperor, was called Justino- polis" Pliii. 1. 3, c. 19- .EGIDES {Myth.) Aiydcijc, a patronymic for Theseus, son of ^geus. Horn. II. 1. 1, V. 265. Bqtrc'a r' AlyiiSriv iwtiiKtXov dOavdrotai. .EGIDIA (///.«/.) the beautiful daughter of Robert, king of Scotland, whom the king of France sought in marriage ; but her father preferred giving her to Archibald Douglas, on account of liis valour. Heel. Boctk. Scot. Hist. 1. Hi. iEGIDIANUS (Biog.) a Flemish writer of heroic poetr\'. jEGIDIOPOLIS (Gcog.) a town of Aquitania, now Si. Gilc!. ^GIDIUS {Hist.) jEgidius, or Gilles, as interpreted by the French, was made king of France ; but expelled after a reign of six years by Childeric I, his rival. Grcgor. Tiiron. 1. 2, c. 12 ; P. yEjiiil. 1. 1, p. 5 ; Antum. de Gesl. Franc. 1. 1, c. 7 ; Sigeberl. in Citron. ^Egidius, commonly called Count Gilles, a Roman general, obtained many advantages over the Visigoths, to whom he was a bitter enemy. He at icngtli fell into their hands, and was poisoned about 4()4. P. Daniel. Hist, de Langiied. torn. i. p. 656. .^GiDiUB, Fontana, a native of Padua, was the first legisla- tor in Venice. Bernard. Scardeon. Hisl. Palav. 1.3, class l.'i. .?iGiDii's {Ecc.) an archbislioj) of Rheims, was deposed and banished for cons-piring against Childclx;rt, in .')90. Grcgor. Turon. 1. 6, c. 3 ; Aimon. dc Genl. Franc. 1. 3, c. 50, &c. JEuimvfi, two cardinals of this name. [[Vide Giles"] /Egidius, limnanus, archlrishop of Bourges, died in 131(). ^toinius {Biog.) sumamcd Alhcnien.tis, a Greek physician, and a iK-ncdictine of the eighth centurj-, wrote ' De Venc- nis,' &c. Volalerran. 1. 21 ; Fincenl. 1. 23. -^iiiiii-s, Parisicnsis, a poet and liistorian in the reign of Louis \'III, wrote a history of tlic first crusade. vEciDiiTs, John, or .SV. Giles, a physician, and one of the first Englishmen of the order of Dominicans, had a high repute in his professicm, and is said to liave written many tilings on the subject of medicine. .ffioinit'H dc Coliimiia, a disci])lc of Thomas Aquinas, was styled " Doctor fundatissdmus," on account of his great learning which he displayed in his philosophical and theo- logical writings. He died in 13 1(). Sahell. torn. ii. En- nead. 1.9; Gench. in Cliron.; Possevinus ; Trilhemius, SfC. ^Ginius, an historian of Liege in the 13th century, wrote the lives of the bishops of Liege. vEoinius, Niiceriensis, a writer on proverbs, &c. in the 15tli century. TEgidius, Miiisitis, a Benedictine, composed a book of Chro- nicles to his own time, 448. f o.w. de Hi.it. Lai. 1. 3. jEgidius, Carleriiis, a native of Belgium, wrote much on theology, and died in 1473. Cave. Hisl. Lit. vol. ii. j'Egidius de lioi/a, an historian, wrote Belgic annals, and died in 1478. Sander, de Script. Fltiiid ; I'oss. de Hisl. Lat. 1. 3, c. 8. j'Egidius, Nicholas, secretary to Louis XII, wrote chroniclei and annals of France, from the destruction of Troy to 1496, and died in 1503. jEgidius, Pclcr, of Albe, wrote ' De Vi et Natura Anima- lium,' &c. and died in 1555. T/iuan. Hist. 1. 16; San. Marth. elog. 1.1; Niccron. Man. torn, xxiii. -Egidius, Delp/iiiis, a theologian, much conunended by Eras- mus for his learning, of which lie gave many proofs in his theological works. Era.nn. ep. 148, 746; Fal. And. Annal. jEgidits, or G(7p* Peter, a lawyer and disciple of Erasmus, was born at Antwerp in 1 486, and died in 1 533. He wrote ' Threnodia in Funus Maximiliani Csesaris,' &c. JEGIL {Biog.) Aigil, or Eigil, an abbot of Fulda, who, in the reign of Louis the Pious, wrote on ascetics. Voss. Hist. Lat. 1. 2, c. 33. JEGILA {Ant.) AiyiXfi, a village in Laconia, where Aristo- menes was taken prisoner by some religious women. Paus. 1. 4, c. 17. ^GILIA (Gfon-.) vide JEgialia. jEgilia, 'AiyiXi'o, a tribe at Athens. Allien. 1. 14, c. 18 ; De- moslh. in S'oirinn.; Siepli. ^GILIPS {Gcog.) AiyiXtii, 1 . a town of Acarnania. Strab. 1. 10. 2. A place in Epirus. Horn. II. 1. 2, V. 635. Kai KpoKvXti, ivijiovTo Kai AiyiXiira rpij^eiav. Sleph. Byz. de Urb. jEGILIUM (Gron-.) an island of the Mediterranean, near the coast of Calabria, now // Oigilio. yEGIMIUS {Mijlli.) a king of Doris, whom Hercules as- sisted to conquer the Lapitha;. Apollod. 1. 2, c. 7. jEgisiius {Biog.) a man who, according to Anacreon, lived to the age of 200. Plin. 1. 7, c. 48. /EGIMUUUS {Geog.) or JEgimori Arw acconling to Pliny, called bv Strabo AiyifiMpoc, and by Stephanus Ai'yiyopoc ; an island, or rather rocks, between Africa and Sardinia, wbidi arc distinguished in X'irgil by the name of Aroc, now La Galetta. Virg. JEn. 1. 1, V. 113. Saia vocant Itali mfdiit qua injiuclibus Arat. Lie. 1. 29, c. 27 ; Slrab. 1. 17 ; PUn. 1. 5, c. 7 ; Sicpli. Bt/z. 7EGINA {Ml/Ill.) A'iyiKi, daughter of .Esopus, and mother of .'Eacus i)y .lupiter. She was concealed by her lover in the island to whidi yEacus afterward gave her name. Ovid. Met. 1. 7- Jupiter, 0, diii, si te lumfaUa loquuutur Dicta iub umpteiiis .'Kgiiue Asopidos isse. A/Mltod. 1. 1, c. 9. &c. ; Paits. 1. 2, c. 5. jEgina {Gcog.) an island in the ilvgean Sea, called after jEgina. [Vide JEgina] 1 1 was before called Oenoiie, now Enaia. Ovid. Met. 1. 7, V. 472. A'.acui A'.ginam genetricii nomin* , c. 83, &e. ; C'l'c. 0//(c. 1. 3, c. 11; .S7<7)/(. />';/:. v Kara o Ixravt Trarpo^ovrja AtyiaOov ooXofitjTtv og ol traripa kXvtov tKTa. 'ilroi o TQV KTtira^, Caivv TdQ Writers on the Geography of Ancient Egj-pt. Scylax in Perip. ; Agatharcis de Rub. Mar. ; Strabo ; Pom- pon. Mela ; Solinus ; Pliny ; Ptolemy ; Arrian ; Merai- tor ; Ortelius ; Merula ; Maginus ; Cluverius ; Bertius ; Ccllarius. ^LI i^LI Writers on the History of Ancient Egypt. Aristides ; Aristophanes ; Aristotle ; Manethus ; Berosus ; Theoplirastus ; Lycophron ; Ajmlloiiiiis; Plautus; Apollo- donis; Hirtius de Bell. Alex. ; Cicero; C. Nepos; Hygi- nus ; Ovid ; Philo Judieus ; Q. Curtius ; Suetonius ; Plu- tarch ; Lucian ; Festus ; Clemens Alexandrinus ; Dio- genes Laertes ; Hcrodian ; Vopiscus ; Macrobius; Isidor; Proclus ; Eustathius ; Scaliger ; Hlcciolus ; Calvisius ; \ ossius ; Petavius ; Usher ; Bochart ; Markliam. Writers on the Geography and History of Ancient Egypt. I lomer ; Herodotus ; Theocritus ; Appiiin ; Polybius ; Dio- dorus ; SuUust ; Josephus ; Flonis ; iElian ; Justin ; Julius Africanus ; Euseblus ; Heliodorus ; Sozomcnes ; Procopius ; Georgius Syncellus ; Suidas ; and Constantine Manasses. j^GYPTUs (^Xiimix.) no medals are extant which are supposed to have been struck by the Eg^-ptians before the reign of Alexander the Great, although they ])robably had coined money much earlier, after the manner of the Phoenicians. From the conuncncement of the reign of the Lagides, Pto- lemy Soter I, and his successors, struck medals or coins of gold, silver, or bronze, and after this country fell under the power of the Romans, many medals were struck in honour of the emperors ; on a medal of Augustus a crocodile was painted as one of the symbols of Egj-pt as in fig. 1, the F/f. 1. inscription AECiYPTO CAPTA, commemorative of his victory over Anthony, and conquest of Egypt ; cm several medals of Augustus is the figure of the sphinx, cither alone or with an ear of corn, and the systruni, and other symbols of this countiy, as in fig. 2. On one medal of Adrian, Egypt Ls re- presented as in fig. 3, under the fonn of a female holding the slstrum, or musical instrument used in the rites sacred to Isis. She rests on an um full of fruits, emblematical of the fertility of the countiy ; and an Ibis, a bird sacred in Egypt, is standing near her. On another medal of Adrian, it is represented, as in fig. 4, by the figure of the Nile, under the form of an old man lying with a cornucopia in his right hand, and resting with his left elbow on an urn, pouring out water, a hippopotamus before him, and a crocodile bv his side. Very few medals of F.gypt are extant without the head of an emperor. Go/lz. A'hjh;.v. Augiisl. Famit. ; I'aiU. Knm'is. litmmn. Iiiipcrat. ; Pal in. Niwi. Imprint. Roman ; llardu'xn. Num. Antiq. ; Spanh. tic Freest, el Usii. Num. AELFRED (Hist.) the .same as Alfred. .VELFKIC {Biog.) son of an Earl of Kent, and archbishop of Canterbury, lussumed the habit of the Benedictine order of monks in the monaster)' of Abingdon, in ;>.'>.'>, and died in lOO.O. He wrote, 1. ' A Latin .Saxim Vocabuhirv,' publLshed by Somncr, tmdcr the title of a ' (ilos.siiry,' Oxim. l65<). 2. ' Latin Collorpiiis.' .'i. ' The Historical Bcntks of the Old Testament," translated into .Saxon, Oxford, 1698. 4. A charge entitled ' Cancms," preserved in .Spcl- man's Councils in JJHO-?- •''• ' Homilies translated from the Latin Fathers.' (J. ' A Grammar." 7- ' A Supplement to \un Homilies.' JfA.W, cens (Hist.) a patrician family of Rimie. [Vide jEliusl ;f;i,iA (flut.) the wife of Sylla. Phil, in Si/H. ;1%|.IA, Petina, the wife of Claudius Caesar, whom he repu- diated to make way for Me.ssalina. Suet, in Claud, c. 25; Tacit. Annal. 1. 12,' c. 1, 2. /Elia, Catiilla, a noble and rich matron, who, at the age of 80, danced at the games instituted by Nero. Dio. 1. ()1. /Ei,iA, vide Eudojcia, Etiphemia, Flacilla, Pulcheria, and I'erina. -Elia, gen.ertellus, '2 vols. -Ito. Or. and I.at. l.-j.ia; but the best edition is that of Elzevir, 4to. (>r. and Lat. 1()I.>. jEmants, Mccciiis, a physician in the reign of Adrian, and one of the oldest masters of Cialen, was the first who em- ployed the Theriaca in the jilagiie, both as a remedy and preservative. Cuit. dc I'.iit Tlieriac. in Princip. et de Miiscul. l)i.s.iect. in Procnr. ; Lc CIcrc, Hist, dc la Meil. pt. .'J, 1. ',', c. S. JEhlUS (///.i7.) the name of a family remarkable no less for its poverty, than for the distinction to which many of its members rose in the branches of the Publii, Pati, Tube- rones, &c. -Ki,ii!s, Pnblius, one of the first quiEStors chosen from among the plebeians at Rome, L'. C. 'Mi). Lit. I. t, c. !i\. jEmI's, P(Ttn.s, pnetor and s(m of Sextus, or Publius, was distingiiislied for his piety and patriotism. All the youth of his family were killed at the battle of Cannse. J'al. Max. 1. 5, c. 6. j^Elius, Pwtii.t, p., was made consul U. C. o.iO. iEtlus, Tnbero, P., was created xdile and pra;tor about the same time. i^Lius, Catus Sextus, was censor with M. Cethegus, and consul U. C. 5.54. He it was whom Cicero called " Juris Civilis omnium Peritissimus." Cic. Brut. 20. He wrote much on law, and interjireted the Twelve Tables. Cic. Orat. 1. 3, c. 3;5 ; de Leg. 1. 2, c. 23. iEnus, L., siimamed I.amia, the friend and defender of Cicero, was driven out of the city by Piso and Clablnius. Cic. in Piso, c. 27, &c. iEni's, Manlia, the accuser of L. Libo, whom Poinpey de- fended. J'al. Max. 1. 6, c. 2. jElius, Tubero Catus, (J., served under his father L. yEmlliiis Paullus, in the Maccilonian war, in which Perseus was taken. He bad the charge of this king, and distinguished himself bv his moderation. JAv. 1. 4j ; ltd. Ma.r. 1. l- ; Plin. 1. .'Ji TEr-ius, Tnbero, Q., son of the preceding, grandson of I.. Paullus, was accused before Cirsar, and ably defended by Cicero. Cic. Episl. ad Brut. jEl.irs, (lalhis, a knight, and the friend of Strabo, to whom Virgil addressed his lOih eclogue. He first subdued Arabia. Plin. 1. 6, c. 38 ; Strab. 1. 2. JElivs, Sejanus, vide Sr/anus. JElAVS, Grarilis, or Gracchus, a lieutenant set over Belgium in the reign of Nero. Tacit. 1. 1 3, c. 50. jElius, a freedman of Nero. jElius, Lmiiio, a governor of Syria, whom Tiberius retained at Rome out of fear. He died in the consulship of Scr. Galba and L. Sylla. Tac. Ann. 1. (), c. 7. j^nus, I.amia, the first husband of Domitia Longina, was put to death by Doniitian, who had debauched his wife. Suel. in Domil. 1. 10. iliLlus, Iladrianus, the grandfather of the emperor Ailrian. .^Lius, Hadriarna, Wde IIadrianu.v. .^Lius, Ca'sar, L. or L. C. Commodus Vents, was adopted by VOL. I. Adrian the emperor a.s his .successor, but died lx;forc the emperor; several medals were struck in honour of him. [X'ide /Elius under Sumismalics'] i'Ei,n;s, I'enis, vide I'erus. A'AAVS, Perlinax, vide Pertinax. yEl.iiis, CeLsus, a senator who was put to death by Scvtrus. Spartian. in Sever. jTa.h's, Corduenus, a general under the enij[>cror Commodus. Spartian. in Piscen. \ig. .'Elius, Xi/itlius, a treasurer of the exchequer, to whom the emperor Aurelian wrote. P't>pisc. in Aurelian. lEi.iva, Gordianus, a profound lawyer, who was in the counciLi of Alexander !Severus. I.amprid. in Sever. JF.i.ivs, Serenianus, another of the counsellors of Scvcrus, whom Lampridius calls Omnium vir sanctU.simus. Baronius supposes him to be the governor of Cappadocia referred to by Firmilianus, bishop of C'lcsarca, in Capjiadocia, in his epistle to St. Cyprian. Lamprid. in Sever. ; Baron. Annal. /Ei.ius, (.'estianus, a Roman pnefect under the emperor Ta- citus. I'opi.ic. in Tacit. jElius, Scorpianits, a consul in the reign of Probus. Vopisc- in Prob. >'Ei,ius, L. {Ntimis.) medals were struck in honour of the abovementioned prince by Alexandria, Amisus, Berhcea, Ephesu.s, Pannonia, i*v:c. bearing his effigy, as in the annexed figure ; the inscriptions L. AELIUS CAESAR, or in the Greek AOY- KIOC AIAIOC KAICAP, sometimes with the addition of liis dignitv TR. P. or POT. COS. II. or PONT. MAX. ; on the obverse, CONCORD.— FELICITAS AUG.— FID. MILIT. HILARITAS P. R.— PANNO- NIA— PANNONLE CURTA ^L— IMP. C.'E.S. T. AELIUS. H ADR. ANTONINUS. PaiUanl. Grtee.Xumis.; Patin. Numis. Horn. Impertil. ; Tristan. Com. Hist. vol. i- p. r>.'il. lEiAvs, Stilo (Biog.) a grammarian of Lanuvium, was pre- ceptor to Varro, and author of several treatises. Cic- ad Her. 1. 4, c. 12. jElius, Callus, a lawyer, wrote ' De Significatione Verboruui ad Jus pertinentium.' ^Liiis, Gtillus, a physician mentioned by Galen. Gal. de Antidot. 1. 2. jElius, Promolus, a di-scijile of Otanes, the Persian, who ac-- companied Xerxes into Cireece. jElius, Promotus, a physician of Alexandria in the time of Ponipcy, who wrote ' ITtpi 'lo/jdXwr «.ai A>(\i(rj;()i«p- juucdii," whidi is said to be in some libraries of Italy, and according to Mercurialis in that of the Vatican. Mercurial. Var. Led. 1. .", c. i ; Po.>!sevin. Hist. Medic, c. 17; Le CIcrc, Hist, de la Mrdic. pt. 2, 1. 2, e. 12. .SIlujs, Salurninus, a satyric poet, was tlurown from the Tar- peian rock for writing verses against Tiberius. Dio. 1. 58. jEi.ius, Maurns, a freedman wlio wrote an account of Sevenis. Spartian. in Sever. JFaavs, Sabinus, a writer in the reigns of Pupienus and Bal- binus. Capitolin. in Max. ,Jnv. vEi.ius, Martianns, a lawyer who fled from Didius JidLwiu the emperor to save his life. ^r.llTS, Spartitinus, an historian. [\'ide Spartianus} jElius, jV/(7/.?.vm.v, a grammarian of distinction in the time of Aulas Ciellius, who wrote, among other things, a book entitled ' De Loqueiidi Proprietate." .iul. Gell.l. i, c. 18- /Ei.ii's, Donatus. a grammarian. [\'ide Donatus'\ yEi.ins, Lampridius, an historian. [\ide Lampridius'] AELIUS, /«H(.v (Geog.) a bridge in the city of Rome that leads to the \'atican, now Ponte tli S. Angela. AELLO {M_t)tli.) ' VfWw, tiTTo !-i;r tu\\i]c, i. e. a procella, from a storin ; one of the harjues, so called from the celerity I .EMI JEMl of its course, in which it resembled a storm v wind. Hesiod. rkcog. V. 287 ; Olid. Met. 1. 13, v. 710. Aello, one of Action's dogs. Oind. Mel. 1. S, v. 220. Pr,evalidiisqtie Lacon el cursufortis Aelh. AF.LLOPUS {Mylk.') 'AtWoTuc, one of the harpies. Apollod. !. 1, I'. 9. AELMER {Biog.) vide A;i1mer. AELST (Bios-) Evert, or Evcrhard I'an, a Dutch painter, was bom at Delft in 1()0'2, and died in M^H^. He was re- markable for his skill in ]);iinting fruit and game. .\ei.st, William Van, nephew of the j>rccodin.'J8, Liv. 1. 4, c. 24, &c. ; Plin. 1. 8, c. 57 ; Aiirel. Vict, de Vir. illiisf. c. 72 ; Aid. Gel. 1. 2, c. 24; Macrob. Saturn. 1. 2, c. 13; August, de leg. in Emilia ; Holman. Aniiq. Rom. ; Pig/i. Annal. Roman. ; Panvin. Fa.itor. Roiin. Antiq. Roman.; Gra'v. T/ies. Antiq. Roman, vol. viii. &c. ^Emilia (Geog.) that part of Italy through which the jEmi- lian road runs to Ariminus, which received its name from the emperor Augustus. Mart. 1. 6, ep. ()1. Funde tuo lachmmaSt orbata Bononia, Rujb Et rcymel told pluncttis in y£Mi7i(i. jEmilia, trilm.i (Top.) one of the Roman tribes, so C!dlc«l from the illustrious family of the -Eniilii, who transplanted themselves into it. Cic. ad Allic. 1. 2, ep. 1 4 ; Liv. 1. 38, c. 30". Rinu.w, porlicu.i, the name of two porticoes erected by tlK' jEdiles, M. /Ivniilius Lepidus and L. -EanUius Paulus, one without the Porta Trigemina, and the other from the Porta Fontinalis to the Ara Martii. Liv. 1. 3;j, c. 10 ; Martian. Topog. Rom. Vel. 1. 5, c. 13. yl'JMiLiA, via, the name of two roads ; namely, 1. A n)ad madi' by M. /I'anilius M. F. Lepidus, leading from Arimmus to Aquileia, of which Martial speaks, 1. 3, ep. 3. Uonia latle, tiher, si laieris uude requiret yKinilitt de regione viiv. 2. A road made by yEmilius .Scaurus leading tlirough Pis-a. Stral). 1. .'5 ; Liv. 1. 2,0, c. 2 ; Panvin. Dcscripl. Urh. Rain, apuil Grwr. Tlies: tom. iii. p. 2()2. /EMI LIANA (Geog.) a town of the Oretani, in Spain. Ptvi. A'MlhWSl, St. Jerome (Ecc.) a nobleman of Venice, wa-t born in 1481, and died in I. '537. He laid the foundati(m of the regular clerks of St. Maicul, called also the Fathei-s of Toma.sfjoio, and enrolled in the calendw by Benedict XIV. iEMI JEMl j-EMILIANL'S (//ia/.) the name of Africinus Minor, the son ios were united. I'herc were several of the same name Ufcordin}; to Juvenal. SfU. I. 8, c 3. Stantes in curribui ^.milianos. JEMtLiAUVs, a general under Nifier, who rebelled against Scverus. Dio. c. 7+ ; Sparlian. in Scvi'r. JEiUi.iA'sva Julius, ('., a native of Mauri- ^.-^'^i'^'C'^, tania, who was proilaimed emperor after t^'^'C^'V /^N^'i'-* the lieath of Dei-ius, hut was soon after -'^ 's!'S^\ Yl pnt t«) death. Trcbell. Pol/in. G/ilieii. ^/(^f^^i^ ^? j^ijiiLiAXiJs Fi'LVius, three times consul, ^^^ ^ ' L "/ U. C. <).-.<). <»!)7. and H'i^.')- %(^'^^f^J- .EM I LI US (Mi/I'i-) a hcautiful youth of •■■•>,iVA>'" Siharis, and a gi'cat hunter, whose wife, going into the wooils after liiin out of jealousy, was torn to pieces by dogs, in consequence of which the husband stabbed himself. I li/l. in Parallel. iE.MiLiirs (Hl.tl.) the second son of Ascanius, to whom some ascribe the origin of the family of" the .Emilii. Fes/, tie Si^n. I'erb. j^ilLirs Censorinus, a cruel tjTant of Sicily, from whom the family of the yEmilii are said to be descended. [\'idc yEmiHus~^ jEniiiyirs, an ancient patrician family of Rome, supposed to be dascendcd from Mamercus, the son of Pvtliagonis, or, as some will have it, from /Emilius Censorinus. The name was illustrious in the branches of the Lepidi, Mamerci, PauUi, Scauri, &c. Pint, in Num. ei Mimjl. jEmilius, L., three times consul, and the conqueror of the Volsci, U. C. 27.3. Liv. 1. 2, c. 42. .^JMiLius, Ti, twice consul, and once quinqucvir mcnsarius. Liv. 1. 2, &c. jEjiiliits, Mam., once consul, and three times dictator, ob- tained a triumph over the Fidenates, U. C. 329 ; Liv. 1. 4, c. 1(), &c. .^MiLius, C, twice a military tribune, \v\t\\ consular power, was successful against the i^qui and Volsci, U. C. 360. Liv. 1. 5, c. 26. jEsiilius, L., five times military tribune with consular power. Liv. 1. 6, c. 1, &e. yEiMiLius, L., fourteen times interrex. yEwiLrus MA.MERCiNrs, M., three times consular tribune. iEsiiLius Mamercinus, L., twice consul, and twice dictator. Liv. 1. 7, c. 1. j^laiiLirs MAMERriNTs, Ti., a consul U. C. 415, engaged as a partisan in broils with the senate. Liv. 1. 8, c 12. yEMiLius Pappus, 3/., was created dictator after the defeat of the Romans at Puree Caudinic. Liv. 1. f), c. 7. jEmilius Barbula, Q., twice consul. Liv. 1. .q. yEaiiLius Paullus, M., a. master of the horse to M. Valerius, dictator, was defeated with much loss in an affair with the Etruscans. Liv. 1. 10, c. 3. j^iMiLius Pappus, L., a consul, triumw, prtetor, and decemvir. Liv. 1. 20, 2,S, 28, 42. iEailLius Paui-i.us, L., a man of singular prudence and valour, who fell at the battle of Cannie. Liv. 1. 23, c. 4J) ; Plut. ill ^mi/l. jEmilius Regilius, L., a pnctor, obtained a naval triumph over Antiochus. Liv. 1. 37, c. 31. jEmilius Paui.lus Macehonici;s, /.,., twice consul, triumphed over Perseus, king of Macedonia. Lin. 1. 34 ; Plitl. in JEmi/l. iEsiiLius Lepidus, M., was twice consul and augur. At his death his three sons exhibited funeral games in honour of him for three days, during which 22 couple of gladiators were engaged. Liv. 1. 23, c. 30. .iEmilu's Regillus, M., a flamen quirinalLs, and ilamcn mar- tialis, was also proposed as coa^ul, but not fmnlly elected. Liv. 1. 24, &c jEmilius Nu.mida, M., a decemvir of the sacred rites, L . C. .541, died within the period of liii office. Liv. 1. 26, c. 23. ^-.MiLius Pappus, M., died when he was chief curio, U. ('• .542. vEmilius .ScAunus, M., was of a noble family, hut so jXHir that they were obliged to maintain tliemsclves liv selling coids. He rose, however, by his elfxiuencc, to be twice consul, and once princcps scnatus, after which he wa.i sent against Jugurtha, from whom he was accused of receiving a brilx?, but acquitted of the charge. Sallust, however, describes him to Ix; " Homo nol)ilis, impiger, factiosus, audax, sed \-itia sua callide occultans, ciim csset vir consu- laris, et in scnatu princcps, ab co mittitur ad Jugiirtham orator, ut cum ab oppugnatione Ccrta;, et obsidione Adher- balls amoveret." Salhi.il. in Jngurl/i. ; Cic. in Brut. c. 5 ; Ascon. in Cic. ■pro Scaur.; Plin. 1.36, c. 15; J'al. Max. 1. 4, c. 4; Aurel. fid- tic I/hi.sl. Vir. jEmilius Scaurus, 3/., an orator who flourished about 100 years B. C. and wrote orations, three l)Ooks to L. Fufidiuji, and an account of his life, which Cicero describes as " sane utiles quos nemo legit." jE.milh;s Scaurus, M., son of the preceding, and son-in-law to Sylla, built a splendid theatre. A farther account of him is given under Niimixmutics. QVide /Emilia gcns^ Ascon. in Cic. Oral, pro Scaur. Plin. 1. 33, c. 1 5, &c. ^MiMus Lepidus, M., twice consid, once censor and pfin- tifex maximus six times, princcps .senatus, and guardian to Ptolemy Epiphanes, in the name of the Roman people ; was, according to V^derius Maximus, one of the most dis- tinguished of the family of the /Emilii. He it was to whom a statue was erected when a youth of 15, for haring saved the life of a citizen, and to which allusion is made in the medals of this .Emdius. Q\'ide A-'milia gens under Numis- matics'] Liv. 1. 41, c. 22; Epit. 1. 48. ^Emilius Pappus, a censor with Fabricius Lucinus, and as consul, U. C. 528, triumphed over the Gauls. .^iMii.irs Lepidus, 3/., a consul three times, i.e. U. C. 6l7, 628, 677, in which latter year he died in Sicily, after haWng made war upon his country, and been defeated by Pompey. Cic. in Vcrr. 1. 3, c. pi ; App. Epil. 80. jE.^iilius Paulus, L., a consul with C. Claudius Marcellus, U. C. 704. jEmii.ius Lepidus, Q., a consul with M. Lollius, U. C. 733. jEmilius Lepidus, 3/., the triumvir. ([Vide Lepidus] jE.MiLius Sex, or rather iElius Q. F. Catus, a consul, 75". jEjiimus, L. M. F. Lepidus, 3/., was consul with L. .\r- runtius, U. C. 759, and with T. Statilius Taurus, in 764. ^Esiii-ius Rectus, a governor of Eg\^t, was reproved by Tiberius for extortion. Dio. 1. 57- ^.Mii-ius Scaurus, 3/., a senator of distinction, was put to death bv Tiberius, for writing a tragedy entitled, ' Atreus' Dio. 1. .58. jEmilius Pacensis, a general under Otho, was killed by his own soldiers. Sac. Hist. 1. 1, c. 4. iEjiiLii's LoNOixus, a deserter from the first legion, who hastened the death of the lieutenant Vocula, w.<»s himself killed by the soldiers of the Byzantine wing. Tac. Hist. 1. 4, c. 59, 72. iEsiiLius JuNCTUS, or JuNcus, a consul, was sent with hi.\ colleague AttUio Severus into exUe, by Commodus. Lani- priil. in Commod. ^Mii.ns Pajipinianus, P., a pnefcct under Severus. ([Vide Pampinianu.s~] -Emimus Li5;Tus, a consul. [\"ide TafIus] jEmilius, Maccr {Biog.) a poet. H'ide Marerl jEmii.ius, Paiilen.t, an historian of Verona, who aied in 1529, was the author of a histor>' of the French monarchy, from the reign of Pharamond, to the fifth year of Charles VIII, I 2 ^NE ^NO 1480; entitled ' Dc Gestis Francorum Libri x.' &c. 2 vols. fol. first printed in lj3(j, and afterwards in 1513, 154-S, lJ7(j, l60\, and Kit-i; but the ctlition of 1576 is reckoned the best. -•Emilius, Anlhonii, ju-ofessor of histon' at L'trecht, was born Dec. 20, 158J), at Aix-la-chapelle, and died Nov. 10, l(j(i0. He xvrote only a collection of Latin orations and poems, 12mo. 1651. -•Emilii's, pons {Top.) a bridge at Rome. QVide Sii/>liciii.f\ iEMINES {Geos-) now Cassis, a sea-port of Gallia Narbo- nensis. .liMINIUM {Geog.) Alfiitwi-, or Eniiniitm, a town of Por- tugal, supposed by ^'asieus to lie the present Agiieda. Plot. 1. 2, c. 5 ; f'ns. C/iroii. 1'cr. Ilisp. -EMIN'IUS {Geoa.) a river of Spain, as Pliny asserts after Varro. Plhi. Ih c. 21. .EMNESTUS (Hisl.) ■Afi/oj/Toe, tyrant of Enna, a city of Syracuse, who was deposed by Diony sius the elder. Diod. 1. 1 1 . .ENiONIA (Gi'os-) ^'ide Utemoiiia. .EMONIDES (Mi/l/t.) a priest of Apollo, killed by .^neas, in Italy. Firg. 'JEn. 1. 10, v. 537- Nim pncul ^monides Phabi Triviitque saeerdos. .TIMUNDUS {Biog.) an historian of the l6th centuri-, who wrote the lives of the Dukes of Burgundy, from the Trojan war to the time of the emperor Cliarles V. .EMUS (Geog.) vide Ha-mu.s. jEN'ARIA {Geog.) an island in the bay of Puteoli, called by the poets Inarime, now Ischia, was iamous for its hot baths. Liv. 1. 8, c. 22 ; Mela, 1. 2, c. 9 ; PUii. 1. 3, c. 6 ; Ovid. Met. 1. 14, V. 88; Sil. Hal. 1. 8, v. 541 ; Appian. Bell. Civ. 1. 5; Sijlv. 1. 3; Sever. Desc. Ml.; Serv. in JEn. 1. y, V. 716. ' .ENARIUM {Top.) 'Aoapi'oi', a grove sacred to Jupiter, near to Olenos in Achaia, where the Achaeans met to consult on affairs of state. Slrab. 1. 8. .=ENEA {Med.) an epithet for the Catheta. /Enea {Geog.) jEnia, or JEtieia, a town of Macedonia, 14 miles from Thessalonica, now Moncasiro. It was called after ^Eneas, by whom it was founded. The gentile name '.\o'£dr^c> in the plural jEneates, according to Livy. Herod. 1. 7, c. 123 ; Liv. 1. 40, c. 4 ; Slepli. Bi/z de Urh. M'S^fiDIE {Ant.) the companion of .Enea-s, so called bv Virgil. rirg. TEn. 1. 1, V. 158. DcJ'essi JEneadir, qua proiima, iidira cursii Contendunt petere, -^NEADES {Geog.) a town of Chersonesus, built by jEneas, which was destroyed by Cassander. Dioni/s. Hal. 1. 1 . iENEAS {Ml/Ill.) 'Aiituir, the son of V'enus and Anchises, celebrated as one of the Trojan heroes, whose travels and adventures form the subject of %'irgil's poem. The Romans trace their origin from his settlement in Italy. Virgil gives him the epithet of Pius. Diunt/.s.i. Hal. 1. 1, c. 11 ; Liv. 1. I, c. 1 ; Plul. in Rmnul. /Eneas, Si/lviii.s, the son of jEncas and Lavinia, who suc- ceeded Ascanius in Italv. Liv. 1. 1, c. 1 ; Serv. in /Eneid. 1. C, v. 770. /Eneas {Numis.) medals of Julius Cicsar represent -Eneas, as on the annexed cut, bearing his father on his shoulders, and Julius fol- lowing, non pas.\ibus trqiiis : in aliusinn to tlie origin of Rome, and the Julian family. Anrel. Victor, de Orig. Roman. ; Liv. I. I, c. 1, &c. ; Vaill. Xumis. Imp. Roman. Jf.Kr.As {Hist.) son of Ocytas, was one of the plcnijwtentiaries in the treaty of peace between the Athenians and Lace- dxMiionians, in the eighth vear of the Peloponnesian war. T/iiic. 1. 4, c. 1 1;>. .Enkas, StipnplKdiits, an Arcadian general, subverted the go- vernment of Eujihroncs, ruler of Sicyon. Xenoph. Hellen. 1. 7- -Enkas, Tacticus (Biog.) a writer who lived alniut the time of Aristotle, from whose woik entitled ' ilrpora-yi/rikoic,' or the art of a commander, there remains a treatise entitled ' riitncor (.at llo/\iOf)i.»)ri(.or,' on tactics and sieges. iElian mentions an epitome of this treatise made by Cyneas, the minister Pvnhus, king of Kpirus. loss, de Math. c. 48, § 3, 4; De Hist. Gra-c. 1. 4, c. 11. jEneas, Gazeiis, a native of Gaza, who from a Platonic phi- losopher became a Christian, A. D. 485. He wrote a dia- logue on tlie immortality of the soul, entitled ' Theo- phrastus,' a Latin translation of which, w'ith the notes of Gaspard Barthius, was published in 4to. Lips. l655. A Latin translation was also published in Gessner's ' Libri Gra!ci Theologorum Gra?corum,' fol. Tigur, 1559. /Eneas, or jEngiis, an Irisli abbot of the eighth century, sur- named Hagiagraphus, from liis having written the lives of the saints, died as is siipposed about the year Slf). He wrote, 1. ' De Sanctis Hibemia;.' 2. ' Litanies and Invo- cations of the Saints,' &c. 3. ' The History of the Old Testament, in verse.' 4. ' A Psalter concerning the Aftair* of Ireland.' .Eneas, Si/lriiis {Eec.) a pope, who assumed the name of Pius II.' [Vide iV«.9 /7] jENEOS {Geog.) a town of Thrace. .lENESIAS {Hist.) .\'nt)map, one of the Ephori at Sparta, at the commencement of the Peloponnesian war, mentioned bv Thucvdides. 2'Jiuci/d. Bell. Pclop. 1. 2, c. 2 ; Xenophon Hellen. l. 2. iENESIDEMUS {Hist.) a brave general of Argos, who pre- ferred to die fighting in defence of tlie city, than to accept the terms proposed by the enemy. Liv. 1. 32. c. 25. ^ExEsiDKjius {Biog.) a native of Alexandria in Egypt, lived a little before the time of Aristocles. He wrote eight books on the doctrine of Pvrrho, of which extracts are to be found in Photius. Phot. Bihl. Codex. 212. .EN'E.SIUS {Mj/tli.) an epithet for Jupiter, from mount -EXETUS {Hi.it.) 'AtiiiToc, a governor of Ephesus, under Demetrius, wlio lost the city through the stratagems of Lycus and Audron. Poli/a^n. 1. 5, c. If). jEnetus {Biog.) a victor at the Olympic games, who died from excess of jov at the moment of receiving the crown. Paus. 1. 3, c. 18. ' A;NIUS {Mi/t/i.) the father of Cyzicus, hence called jEnides by Valerius Flaccus. Flac. 1. 3. ..ENIA (Gt'Oi,'.) 1. A town of Macedonia, now Moncastro. 2. "Aiiia, a town of Perncbia, the gentile name Wivtavit, or '.Vd'itte ; and probalily tlicy are the same people as the following. Stepli. Bi/z. de Urh. JF.siA {Xiimis.) tlie medals of this people, which are of rude fabriik and great antiquity, bear tlie head of Minerva, and .sometimes that of Jupiter, bearded ; and Mercury with his caduceus in the attitude of a combatant ; and inscription, AINIANUN. 7ENIANES {Grog.) a people of Thcssaly, near the bay of Meliacus, between the ALuAi and the Molossi ; Scylax calls Ihem, 'Aiiiditr, Strabo .Xinai'tf, or 'Aei'iE(c> Pliny vEnicnses. .S'(-y/flj. in Peripl. ; Sirah. 1. 9 ; Plin. 1. 2, c. 2 ; Plut. in Quwsl. Grccr. /ENICUS {Biog.) a comic writer at Athens, whose eomcdieg are mentioned bv Pollux and others. /EN'OBARBUS (Hi.st.) vide Alienoharl.us. i^-lNOS {Geog.) Alvoq, a town of Tlirace, so called after vl-lneas, its founder, now In, or Eno. Poli/b. 1. 5, c. 34 ; Mela. 1. 2, c. 2 ; Plot. 1. 3, c. 1 1 ; Steph. Byz. de Urb. JEOL JEPY ^NOs (yiimis.) there arc several medals of this town extant, whiih hiar a head covered with a bonnet, wliirh lias Ijccn aserilied liv some to vKneas, as the founder of this town, by Hejrer, to /Eneus, a eonijianicm of Ulysses, but l)y I'el- leriii, with ijreater probability to Mercury, who was iionoured here, and is represented with his symbol, the caduceus, the inscription AIMON, or sometimes AlNl AlNlil, and in a medal of Adrian AKINUiN ENGPAKIl. I'aillant. Xiim. Grtfc. ; Bt!i- vol. iii. p. 5() ; Uardiiiii. Num. Ant. Pop. lllii.slral. ; I'clkr. lite. vol. i. p. 193. jENO'rni'.UUS (//«/.) a giant of the Swedish nation, in the annv of C'liarlemag^ie. Aventin. Annul. Buiur. 1. l. ^T.NUS {Gcog.) a river of Germany, now the hii/.i. JF.OhES (d'coff.) the people of jEoHs, so called from jEoIus, the son of liellenus, who passed over from Orcece into tlie country of Asia, to which they g-ave the name of ^iiolis, about 1 1 '24 years before the Christian yEra. jEOLIA (Pod.) an epithet applied to Sappho by Horace, wlio cills her the jEolia puella, because she was a native of Lesbos, in yEolia. Hor. 1. 4, od. <», v. 10. Spirat adhuc amor, Vivutitque commissi calores jHoliii Jidibus puelttc, .XoLiA (Geog.) or jEolh, AioXic, a country of Asia Minor, near the .lEgean Sea, so called from jEoHs QWde JEoles'], now the country of the Hellespont, or Sarciim, according to Castaldus. Diug. Perieges. v. 820. T/iv St fitr' AioXicog TrapaTrcTrrarai ijGfa yat'ijc Aiyaia napd xt*^oc viri^ ptyav 'E\\;/(T:rovTOj'. The principid tovv-ns in iEolis are Larissa, Cyme, Marina^ which are maritime, and /Egs, Attalia, Posidea, Neontichos, Tenmos, which are inland. jEolia, another name for the Molice. >EOLIjE {Geog.^ /Eolides, OT Molidce, seven islands between Sicily and Italy called Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Eriensa, Phoenicusa, and Euonymos, which were called Vulcania- on account of their eruptions, now the Lipiui Ixle.i. Virgil denominates them jEol'ia, the kingdom of /Eolus, and the country of the winds. Virg. jF.n. 1. 1, V. 51. ' A'imbijrum in patriam, loca fccta fitrciitihus Ausiris £oliam venit. Hie vasto rex .-FAtlus antro. According to Dionysius they were cidled Plata; v. 461, 465. Ttjv ^€ ptT Ai'o'Xh 6tT( TTtpi^pOpOi HV «'\( vij(TOl 'Etrrd Ss oi Tat y* lifTiv tTrtavvpoi avSpdfft n\wr«i 'Oth'tKa. Poli/h. 1. 5 ; Diodor. 1. 4 ; Strab. 1. G ; Mel. 1. ii ; Plhi. 1. 3 ; Applan. de Bell. Civ. 1. 5 ; Ptol. 1. 3. jEOLIDES (Mi/th.) a patronymic of Ulysses, from TColus, the father of Sisyphus, by whom Anticlea was said to be pregnant with Ulysses before her marriage with Laertes. -Eoi.inKs (Geog.) viie JEolia;. .SOLIUM (f'Vog.) a town of the Thracian Chcrsonesus. ..EoLiUM, mnre, a part of the jEgean Sea, now the Gulf of' Smyrna. -EOLUS {Mi/tli.) A'ioXoc, from aioXoc, varins, so called on account of the changeable nature of the winds. He was the son of Hippotas, and king of jEolia, the country of the winds. He is frequently called Hippotades. Appullon. Argon. 1. 4, v. 778. AfoXoi' 'iTTiroTtW Tljv St TTOlCa JcXiToi'. Dionysius describes his hospitality. Perieges. v. 462. Ai'oXh I TTTTora'i'ao rtiXo£iij'« liatrtXijory -4ioXh Of 0i;ijra per' di'Spdan' tWa^t tdpa, Kotpai'itti' dvipi-iv K\ovi6vTiav B' iT«/(ti'w»' re. i Plutarch call.s liim Oiui^iXizuTov, most dear to the God*. Horace speaks of him as vcntonim pntrem, father of the winds. Od. 1. I , i.d. 3, V. 3. VtnUrrnmqite rtf^at patnr Otntriclis atiis, prater Japiiga. He is most connnonly described as the ruler of the windj uu account of his skill in astronomy and navigation. Horn. Odyss. 1. 10, v. 31. \i.(~i%'OV yap Tapli)v dvtpdtv iroiqirt Kpoviiuv. Ajxjllon. 1. 4, v. 765. A'luXov Of aVt/ioif ai0ptiyivliairn' dvdoan. I'irg. JEn. 1. 1, V. 52. Uic xusto rex ^olus antro Luctantes ventus, tempestataqiie ionoras linpcrio premit. Virg. JEn. 1. 1, V. 56. Cetsa sedet JEolus arce Sceptra teiims, molUtque animos, et temperat irai. Grid. Met. 1. 11, v. 748. AVi^e tuamf'ittlax animam sententia tangat, Qiutd siicer Hippotades tihi sit ; qui carcei e fortes Coiitiumt ventos. Val. Place. 1. 1, V. 587, speaking of the storms, Keque enim tunc ^-Eotus itlis Rector erat, Libya cum rumpcret udteua Catpen Occanus. Slat. Sylv. 1. 1. Et pater jHflius quifrangit carcere ventos. Polijl). 1. 31-, c. 2 ; Diodor. 1. 4 ; Siral). 1. 1 ; Pliii. 1. 7, c. 56. jEolus, son of Hellenus, who is often confounded with the preceding. He had seven sons and five daughters. JEoLus, a king of Etruria, and father to Macareus and Canace. ^ON (Myl/i.) the tirst formed woman who instructed her children to feed on the fruits of trees. Sancthon. apud Euseb. Pra'p. Evan:;. ^EPALIUS {rlisl.) AiVciXtoc, a king of Greece, who was expelled from his kingdom, and afterwards restored by Her- cules. Strab. 1. y. iEPEA (ficoo-.) AiVfia, a town in the island of Cvpru.>:, which the king Philocyprus called Soles in honour of Solon. Plut. in Solon. i^'lpKA (Numis.) of Messenia, had its medals, with the in- scription AIIlEAIilN. Hunt. Num. Vet. Pop. et. Urb. -EPIXUS, John (Biog.) a friend and companion of Luther's, who was a zealous protestaiit, and contended by preaching and writing against tlie Interim proposed by Charles V. xEpinus, Francis Marie UlricL: Tlieudure, a Gennan physi- cian, who was born at Rostock in 172 !•, and died in 1802. He wrote, 1. ' Tentaincn 'flicoiia' Electricitatis et Magnetismi," 4to. Petrop. 2. ' Uetlections on the Distribution of Heat on the Surface of the Earth.' -EPIUS (Biog.) A'nrtioc, a pugilist, whose boasting and vanity is condemned by Plutarch. Pint. Tlepl r5 iavrur eTraireti', .EPULO (///.?/.) a king of the Istrians. who, according to Livy, killed himself that he miglit not fidl into the hands of the Roman consul Manlius ; but Florus makes him to have been taken alive in a state of intoxication. Lie. 1. 41, c. 1 1 ; Florus, 1. 2, c. 10. .EPY {Geog.) Ai-v, a town in the territories of Kcstor, which, ac-cording to Stejihaniis, was in Messenia. Homer calls it eiKTiTny Ainv, the well-built .Epy. Horn. II. 1. 2. V. r>9'-2 ; Strab. 1. 9 ; Stat. Tlieb. 1. 4 ; Sicph. Bi/z. /EPYTUS (//m7.) Vi-n-vTor, .son of Crespliontes and Mero{>es, kin"- of Messenia, from whom the kings of Messenia were afterwards called .Epytiihc Ai>ollod. 1. 2, c. 6; Pni/v. 1. 4, c. 8. I ^SA ^SC iEpYTUS, a king of Arcndia, son of Elatus. iEPYTUs, another king of Arcadia, and son of Hlppothous, who was struck blind as he was forclnj; himself into the temple of Neptune at Mantinea. Paxs. 1. 8, c. 4, 5. jEQUAN'A (Gmg.) a town of the Keentes, near to Surrentum, now Montagna di Sorrento. ^QUI (///.v/.) a people of Latium, near Rome, who inhabited the country now called Paleslriiia. V'irgU calls them jEqui- colce. JEn. 1. 7, V. 746. llorrida prt^ciput cui gens, assuetaque midto Venatu nemitrtwi, duris JEquicota glebis. So also Silius. Ital. 1. 8. Quiijiie AiiienU hahent ripas, geliJiKjiie regantur Simbruvin, rastrisqiie domant ^-Kquicola rura. The ^qui were conquered by the dictator Cincinnatus, and afler repeated conquests were finally subdued by the dictator C. Junius, U.C. 451, A. C. 301. Ovid calls them JEqukoU. Fasti, 1. 3, V. ()3. Qiunlum Lamentis, bis quintum ^qnketus acir. By Pliny they are called Mquiculaiii, by Dicmysius Hali- caniassus, and Stephanus \'ii:avol. Dionys. Hal. 1. 2, c. 19 ; Liv. 1. X, c. 32, &c. ; 1. 10, c. 1 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 12 ; Florits, 1. 1, c. 11 ; Ptol. 1. 3, c.'l. AERIA {Geog.) a town of Gallia NarboncnsLs, no%v Vaisoii. AERIUS (Hltt.) a king of C^11^us, who founded the first temple at I'aphos to Venus. Tac. Annul. 1. 3, c. 62. .\Enius (Piog.) the leader of the Aerians in the 14th century, who, ha\-ing been disappointed in a bishopric, set forth the doctrine that there was uo re;d distinction between a bishop .and a presbvter : a doctrine that has .since been maintained by the sect called presbyterians. Epiphan. Htvr. 1. 3, c. 75 ; August. Hwr. 53 ; Oniip/t. in C/iron. ann. 3, 4,9 ; Sander. Ha-res. 6Q ; Prateol. Fit. Hwret. ; Tillenwnt. Hist. Eccks. torn. ix. AEROPE (Mijl/i.) the wife of Atreus, who committed adultery with her brother-in-law Thyestes. Two twins, the fruit of this connexion, were dressed by Atreus, and set before the father. Sol is said to have hidden himself that he miirht not be polluted with the sight. (kid.^Trisl. 1. 2, eleg. 1, v. 391. .Si mm Aervpenfrater sceleratus amasset. Converse Sotis mm legeremus equos. .'VEROPUS (yiyth.) .Vipoizoc, the son of Mars by Aeropc. Pans. 1. 8, c. 44. .\eropus (^Hist.) the son of Cepheus, and father of Echemus, who came to the throne of Arcadia. Hcrud. 1. 9, c. 26. Aeropus, AtpoiToc, or Enropiis, a king of Macedonia, who succeeded Philip the First. Herod. 1. 8, c. 137; Diod. 1. 14, c. 3S ; Poli/wn. 1. 2, c. 1 ; Jn.ilin. 1. 7, c. 2. Aeuopus and Damnsippus, two leaders in the army of Philip, king of Macedonia, who were banished for introducing an itinerant singer into the camp. Poli/trn. 1. 1-, c. 2. Aeropus, a prsetor of the Ejiirota;, and one of the amb;is- sadors appointed to make peace with IMiilip, king of Mace- donia. AERTGEN (Biog.) or Aargen, son of a woolcomber, and a painter of Lcyden, was l)orn in 1498, and drowned in 1564. He became so distinguished that Francis Floris, a great painter in that day, recognized him by a painting of St. Luke on a wijl. AERT.S, Richard (Biog.) son of a fisherman, and a painter, wiis bom at Wyck, in N. Holland, in 1482. He was the disciple of .folin Mocstart, and one of the first artists in his time. He died at the age of 95. .•\ERT.SEN, Peter {Biog.) .son of a stocking-manufacturer, and a distinguished painter, wxs Ixim at Amsterdam in 1519, iind died in 1573. One of his most esteemed works was an altar-piece for the church of our lady at Amsterdam. j^SAPUS (Geog.) or /Esepus, .Wuiiiror. a river of Mysia, flownng down Mount Ida into the Hellespont, now Spiga. Plin. 1. 5, c. 22 ; Ptul. 1. 5, c. 2. jESAREUS {Geog.) belonging to the river jEsarus, an epithet employed by Ovid. Mel. 1. 15, v. 54. -■ESARUS (^Geog.) AVo-apoc, now E-iaro ; a river flowing into the sea near Crotona, which Ovid describes as lapidatcts Aesaris undns. Slrah. 1. 5 ; Ovid. Met. 1. 15, v. 22. i-ESCHINES {Hist.) Aiirxiijjc, a chief of the Ctretrians, who laid open to the Athenians the treacherous designs of hix countrymen. Herod. 1. 6, c. 100. Plutarch mentions an JEschines, a general of the Lamprensian tribe, who lived at the same time, and was obliged to fly from the Grecian camp to escape the sentence passed upon him by Aristides. Pint, in Aristid. iEsCHiNES, the rividof Demosthenes, flourished about 432 years A. C, and died in exile at Rhodes, or, according to some, at Samos. He wrote the orations called after the Graces; and nine, or, according to some, twelve epistles. The orations only are extant, which are generally to be found with those of 'Lv.sias. Cic. 1. 2, c. 23 ; 1. 3, c.'56 ; Plut. in Demoslh. ; Plin A. 7, c. 30. .'EscHiNES (Biog.) an empyric of Athens, who cured many disorders with the dust of excrement, which he called Botryon. Plin. 1. 28, c. 4. iEscHiNES, an empyric of Chios, who gained great reputation by the restoration of Eunapius, who was at the point of death. ^'EscHiNES of Elis, who gained two victories at the games of the quinquertii. Pans. 1. 6. ^l^scHiNES, Diogenes Laertius mentions eight of this name. ^•EscHiNES, a Socratic, and son of Charius, a sausage-maker, wrote dialogues entitled Miltiade.'i, CiJlias, Axiochus, Aspasia, Alcibiades, Telauges, Rhi- niujr, a Samian, from whom the tribus yEschrionia received its name. Herod. 1. 3, c. 26. iEsciiRiON, an Acamanian, who favoured the Romans. Polyb. 1. 28, c. 5. jEsciirion", a lieutenant of Archagathus, who was killed by Hanno. Diod. 1. 20. jF.sciiiiioN (Biog.) a poet of Mitylene, and friend of Ari;*- totlc, who accompanied Alexander on his expedition into Asia. Fo.ts. de Poet. Grtcc. jEsciirion, 'Ifi/j/joTToiof, an Iambic poet of Samos, quoted by Athcna;u.s, 1. 7, c. 12 ; 1. 8, c. 3 ; Tzetz. in Lycnph. V. 417. jTlsciiRioN, an empiric physician, who was master to Galen, by whom he is commended. Gal. dc Simpl. Mcdicam. Farnllcil. 1. II, c. 34. .TvSCHYLIDES (Bioss.) AiiTxv\icric, a writer on agriculture, quoted bv .liilian. Hi.vl. Anim. 1. I6, c. 32. ■ESCHYLUS (Hi.'it.) the twelfth perpetual arclion of Athens, reigned 23 years, A. C. 791. /Esciivi.us, a Corinthian, was brother-in-law to Timophuiies, the friend of Timolcon. Plut. in Timol. Dios. Laert. .T.6CHVI.US, a lUioclian, who was set over Kgypt by Alex- ander. Qiiiiil. Curl. 1. 4, c. 8. jKschvi.us (liiog.) Ai.> ; RoberteUiis, 8vo. 1552; Metorius, Paris, Uo. 1557- Herod. 1. 2, c. 156"; Pliii. I. 10, c. 3; Fell. Max. 1. 9, c. 12; Milan. V. H. 1. 5, c. 19; Hitt. Anim. 1. 7, c. 16; Pans. 1. 1, c. 14; Athcn. 1. 1, c. 18. .^CHVi.i's, a native of Cnidus, and a j-hetorieian, instructed by Cicero. Cic. Brut. c. yi ; de Oral. c. 175, &c. .'ESCULAPIDES (^Mi/tk.) a patronymic for the descendants of jEsculapius, of whom Hippocrates was the most distin- fjuished. j^SCULAPIUS (Mi/lfi.) Ai<7i.X)pr('oc ; according to Cicero there were three of this name. ./EscuLAPius, son of Apollo by Coronis of Phlcgiiis, who was tlic god of medicine. Horn. Hi/m/i. in JE.iculap. 'iTjrijpa voaii^v AiVjcXT^Trtor ap\oft' dticfiv 'Yida/ ' AiroWtiivoc, rov iytivaro Ola Kopojvi^. He is sumamcd iXoXaoc, Phihiaus, or a lover of the people, from his healing art ; TopTwioQ from being wor- shipped particularly at Gortyna ; KorvXiuir, Coli/h'ii.s; from the cure he efiected on the thigh of Hercules. His mother was killed by Apollo out of jealousy, but the child was taken alive from the womb. Puid, in Pijth. od. 3. Ilalc' IK viKpa ' Apnatri. Jupiter aftenvards killed him by a thunderbolt. Virg. .En. 1. 7, V. 772. Ipse reperiinem mediciiuE talis et artis Futmine Pluvbigenam Stiigias detrusit ad undus. A further account of him may be found under Niimisjnalics. Phloin Phxdor.; Palijb. 1. 1, c. 18, &c. ; Apollod. 1. .'>,c. 10 ; Diod. 1. 4 ; Pala-phat'. c. 27 ; Cic. de Nat. Dcor. 1. 3, c. 22 ; Hifgin. fab. 14, 49, &c.; PUn. 1. 2.0, c. 1 ; Ovid. Met. 1. 2, fab. 8; Plut. in Stpnp. 1. 9, c. 14; Liician. de Sallal. ; Paiut. 1. 32, c. 14, &c. ; Lactant. dcfah: Rclig. 1. 1, c. 10 ; Eralu.sl/i. c. 6; Fest. de Signif. Verb.; C/cmenx, Alcr- andrin. Strom. ; Tertitl. Apol. e. 23 ; Tzet. Cliil. 10, Hi.st. 349 ; Serv. in JEneid. ; Sc/iol. in Eiirip. ad Alcesl. v. 1 ; Gyrald. Sipitag. Dear.; Zcnob. Proverb, cent. 1, c- 18; Natal. Com. 1. 4, c. 11. -&cui,APius, a brother of Mercurj-, who, accoriling to Cicero, was killed by a thunderbolt, and buried at Cynosura. Cic. de Nat. Dcor. 1. 3, c. 22. .iilecuLAPiu.s, son of Arsippus and Arsinoti, who improved the art of medicine. Ibid. JEscvLAPiVfi, author of a mathematical work mentioned bv Vassius. J'oss. Hist. Matli. part 2, c. 50, § 10. -iCecnLAPius (^Numis.') is represented mostly, as in fig. 1, under the form of an old man, with a beard, holding a Btafl) round which a sci-pent is cntv.ined. Sometimes like a beardless youth, as in fig. 2, on a medsil of Caracalla, whch; an ox is ()(li.-ring liiin bis fiKit, the inscription alxivu \)VX). A'.SCulapiu SUHVENIKN'ri, i. c. the god .^isculajiiuB assisting ; underneath Colania Gcmella .luliana Hadriaita Varia. Sometimes he is rei)rcsc-ntcd under the form of the 3eq)ent fwuicd round a stalf without the man, as in a Fig.l. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. medal of Augustus, fig. 3, bearing the inscription 20- OKAli:i. KiiliiN. In a medal of Antoninus Pius, fig. 4, the seqjcnt is seen rearing itself out of a ship, emljlematical of the arrival of .'Esciilapius at Rome, under that figure from Epidaurus, whence he had been fetched to stay a plague, U. C. 547, B. C. 2()(). j-E.\cnlapiti.s- is represented not only in these but other forms on medals struck by the following towns : — Acrasus, Adramythium, iEnos, .'Ezena, Agragen- tum, Amastria, Asine, Byzantium, Csesarca, Chios, ClaudpuUllo>i. Argon. 1. 1, &c. ; Fal. Place. I. 1, &c.; Schol. Pind. ad Pi/t/i. 4; Lactanl. ad Theb. 1. 3, V. 516; 1. 5, V. 345 ; Tzctz. in Lj/c. v. 175. JEbov {Hist.) an ambassador sent by the Argives to make peace with the Spartans. TJitici/d. 1. 5, c. 40. yEsoN {Geog.) a river and town of Thessaly. Step/i. Byz. de Urb. Al.so a town of Magnesia. Schol. Apollon. ad lib. i. •ESONIDES {Myth.) Aiaoiicrig, a patromymic for Jason, the son of .E.son. Apollon. 1. 1, v. 33. ^ESONIUS {Geog.) an inhabitant of .Eson. jESOPUS {Biog.) A'imorroc ; there were several of this name. ./EsOPUS, JEsop, a Phn,'gian slave in the time of Craesus, king of Lydia, who procured his freedom by the power of his genius. To him is ascribed the invention of fables, althougli Quintilian observes that Hesiod first adopted that mode of instruction. Pint, in Solon. ; Aid. Cell. 1. 2, c. 29 ; Quintil. 1. 1, c. 9- iEsopus, Claudius, a tragedian, was very intimate with Cicero, whom he instructed in the art of elocution. Horal. 1. 2, Epist. 1 , culls him gravis. Qua gravis ^$apus, qua doetus Rosciiu egit. His son was distingui.shed for his extravagance. Iloral. 1. 2, sat. 3, v. 239. Filhis JEfii'pi detractam fi aure Metelltr^ Scilicet ut dccifs sotidum fjwrberet, aceto Viluit insigtiem baccam. Du 1. Plin. 1. Cic. ad Famil. 1. 7, ep. 1 ; Offic. 1. 1, c. 31 ; c. 37 ; ad Attic. 1. 1 1, ep. 13, 15 ; Plul. in Cic. c 35. jEsopijs, a socrctan,- to king Mithridates, who wrote an eulo- giura on him and Helen. Suid. .E80PU8, a comic actor mentioned by Aristophanes. .Ebopus, an orator, cotcmporar)- with the philosopher C'hilo. Dios. Eacrt. in Cliilo, I. I, ^ ()9. .E.SQljILIN'US, 7Hon.t {Tojmg.) vide Esipiilia. .ESTII {Geog.) or /Eslia-i, a people of Sarmatia inhabiting the country now called E.il/iania. Tacit. Germ. c. 45. vES^ MN'FTES {Myth.) iMavpylinir, a surname of Bacchus. Paus. 1. 7, c. 21. yESYMNIUM {Hist.) .Mirvpytov, the name of the tomb which was raised by the .M»gartnsians to their departed heroes, so called after A-'symnus, l>v whom it was recommended. Pan.y. 1. I , c. 43. .ES'\ MNUS {Hist.) Aiaupi-oc, a chief of Megara, who went to consult the oracle of Apollo on the best nuuiner of go- verning his aiuntr)'. Paus. 1. 1. JF.TJEl {Geog.) Alrmeoi, or Ayaioi, a people of Arabia Felix. Plol. 1. 6, c. 7. ^ETERNIUS, Fronto {Hist.) was master of the two legions of Alexandria, in the Jewish war. Joseph, de Bell. Jud. 1. 7, e. 9- jETETA {Myth.) AiTtiTt), a woman of Laodicea, who is said to have been changed into a man. Phleg. Trallian. de Mirab. c. 8. ^ETH/EA {Geog.) AlBaia, a town of Laconla: the gentile name AiOttie, .Etheenses, or according to Stephanus Aitiattvi. Thuci/d. 1. 1, c. 101. -ETHALIA {Geog.) AiduXtn, or .AiOci-y;;, 1. the ancient name for the islands of Lcmnos and Chios. Plin. 1. 5, c. 31 ; Eti/molog. Magn. 2. An island in the Mediterranean, near Etruria, the gentile name is Ai6«\i'r>;c, jEthalita. Aristot. in Mirab. ; Diodor. 1. 5 ; Strab. 1. 5 ; Liv. 1. 37, c. 13 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 0; Stcph. Byz. de Urb. .ETHALID.E {Geog.) AiOaXihu, or Ai'9(\t7cai, part of the Har Suidas. tribe of Leontis. Harpocration ; Steph. Byz. dc Urb.; tETHALIDES {Myth.) AWaXicrig, a crier, the son of Mer- cury, who was permitted at different times to be among tha living and the dead. Ai>oilon. Argon. 1. 1. ' \XXq& VTTOxQovioiq ivapiOfiiog, dXXor' (g dvydg 'HtX(H t^wotfft fjttr' dySpdfftv. The soul of Pythagoras is said to have entered his body. Diog. Laert. 1. 8, § 4. .ETHER {Myth.) AlUhp, that subtle part of the air wliich was taken by the heathens for Jupiter, and which being easily inflammable, was the fittest for producing the thunder and lightning ascribed to him, whence it was supposed to come from a'lOw, to burn. yETHES {Hist.) A'lOijg, a general of Dromichetes, king of Thrace, who went over to Lysimachus in the character of a deserter, and having lulled the Macedonians into a state of security, Dromichetes attacked and routed them with great slaughter. Polywn. 1. 7- jETHICIA {Geog.) AiOiKia, a city and country of Thessaly: the people were called AVfltikfc. Steph. Byz.; He.tychius. .ETHICUS {Myth.) A'idtKog, a Paphlagonian, who distin- guished himself in the Trojan war. Quint. Smyrn. 1. 6, V. 318. ^THiciJS, Ister {Biog.) a geographer mentioned by Cas.sio- dorus, Orosius, and Flodoard. To him is ascribed the Notitia Imperii. Ca.mdcr the torrid zone. Homer describes the inhabitants as to their situation, to-^aroi fivCpaiv, the remotest of men ; and fls to their man- ners AiO were Ptole- mais, Adule, Mernc, .Morvlon, &c. Horn. Odi/ss. 1. I, v. 23; //. 1. 1, v. 424; Uerodot'. 1. 2, c. 301 ; Apollon. Argon. 1. 3, V. 119; Scifla.T. in Peripl. ; Diodor. Sic. 1. 4; Han no. in Pcriplo. ; Steph. Byz.de Urb.; Plin. 1. 6, c. 29 ; Dionys. Perieg. v. 179; I'irg. Eel. (i, v. 6"8 ; Juv. Sat. v. 23; Stat. Theb. 1. 5, V. 42fj; Paus. I. 1, c. 3S. .I'.TIILIUS {Myth.) .ViDXixg, a .son of Jupiter, liy Proto- genia, or, according to Pausimias, of .Iwlus ; was the father of I'.ndymion, and the first king of Elis. Ajtollod. 1. 1, c. 7; Paus. 1. 5, c. 1. JETl MTN AETHLIUS (Biog.) an historian of Samos, mentioned by Athonii-us. Deipnos. 1. 14, c. I9. Akthlils, the same as Ethcdiiis, mentioned liy Amobiiis. Akthlu's, the father of the physician C'hrysippus, mentioned by Diogenes Laertes. Dion. 1. S, § H'J. iilTHON (Mi/l/i.) Xiflwy, a horse of Hector. //. 1. «, V. 185. Sdvdi re Kai av Tlo^apyi Kai Alftur Ijdfixt -i c'te. JEtuos, one of the horses of Pallas, who wept for the death of his master. yirg. jEn.l. 11, V. 89- Post beltator etjuus, po:iitis iiisignibus, ^■Ethon It lachriimans, ^THOX, one of the horses of the sun. Chid- Mil. 2, fab. 1. Ititeyea volucres, PyroeiSt Ki>us, et JUthon Solis eqtii. One of Phito's horses. Claud, dc Rapt. Proserp. 1. 1, v. 28t. Orjilniaus crudete mieaus, Althoiiqtie sagittd Ocjjor. jETHRA {Mi,I/i.) Aiflpi;, the daughter of Pittheus, the wife of iEgeus, and mother of Theseus. Horn. II. 1. 3, v. 144; Piius. 1. 2, c. 31, &c. ; Ovid. Her. 1. 10, v. 131 ; H'jgiii. fab. 37, &c. ; Pliil. ill Thcs.; Tzctzes. in Li/copk. v. 447; Schol. in Apollon. 1. 1, v. 101 ; Schol. in Eurip. Hectib. V. 125. jEthra, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, otherwise called Pleione. jETHUSA (Mi/lh.) Aie»(Ta, a daughter of Neptune, by Am- phitrite. Apollod. 1. 3 ; Pans. 1. 9, c. 20. jEthusa (Gcos.) vide JEs'isa. yETION (Mi/t/i.) vide Eelion. AETION (Biog.) a painter, whose painting of Alexander at his nuptials with Roxana was so much admired at the Olympic games, that the president gave him his daughter in marriage. Cic. Brut. c. 18 ; Lucian. in Iviagin. ; Jun. in Calal. Piclor. SjC. Aetion, vide Eelion. AETIUS (Myth.) 'AtVioc, son of Anthas, and grandson of Neptune, succeeded his father in the kingdom of Trcezene. Pans. 1. 2, c. 50. jETIUS (Hist.) one of the most distinguished generals of his age, who, by his skill and valour, contributed principally to uphold the empire against the barbarians who attacked it on all sides, particularly against the Huns under Attila, whom he defeated in a signal engagement in France in 45 1 . He fell at length under the displeasure of Valentinian the emperor, who is said to have killed him with his own hand. Eusebius, Prosper., Idatius et Marcellimis in Chron.; Chron. Alexatid. ; Greg. Tur. 1. 2, c. 7, &c. ; Procop. de P.rb. Goth. 1. 5; Jornandes dc Regn. Success, c. 19; Paul. Diacon. Hist. Misccll. 1. 19, c. I6; Cassiodor. in Chron. Ann. 454; Vict. Eutic. 1. 1, c. 5. AETIUS, a chief of the eunuchs in the palace of the empress Irene, whose intrigues and arrogance occasioned his downfal. Theophan. in Chronog. ; Eginhard. Annal. Fit. Carol. Magn. jETIUS {Ecc.) A'tTtoc, sumamed the Impious, was a phy- sician and an hercsiarch of Antioch in the fourth century, who was a zealous defender of Arianism in its worst fonn. S. ylthavas. de Si/iiod. ; S. Gregor. Ni^ssen. contra Eunom. Philostorg. 1. 3, i&c. ; Epiphan. Hares. 76; August. Ha-r. 74; Socrat. Hi.tl. Eccle.s: 1. 1, c. 28; SozonienA. 3, &c. ; Theodoret. I. 2, SiC. ; Baron. Annal. Ann. S.'iG, &e. ; Tille- mant. Hist. Eccles. torn (;. ; Du Pin. Bibl. des Ant. Ecclcs. iv. Sice. jEtius, an archdeacon of Paris, who boldlv defended Pre- textatua, bishop of Rouen, in the council of Paris, in 577, TOL. I. where he was cited on a charge of higli treason. Gregur. Tur. 1. 5, c. 1 9 ; Concil. toin. v. AE'l'IUS, Sicanius (Biug.) a physician, from whose writings the book ascriljcd to (ialen, De Alra Bile, is said to have been collected. Aetius, the hercsiarch, who was also a physician. QVide Actius, under Erclcsiastiral Ilislorif^ /ETIUS, a physician of Amida, who flourished about the beginning of the fifth centurj', and wrote, among other things, a work on medicine entitled, ' Tetrabiblos,' the first eight books of which, in Greek, were printed at Venice by the heirs of Aldus Manutius, fol. 1534; the remainder us still preserved in MS. in the libraries of Vienna and Pari.-*. Of Latin editions there have lx;en several, namely, one the translation of .Janus C'ornarius, under the title of ' Con- tracta; ex veteribus Medicina; Tetrabiblos,' 8vo. Venice, 1543; fol. Bas. 1542, 1549; another translated by J. B. Montanus, fol. Bas. 1543; two at Lyons, fol. 1549; and four vols. 12mo. 1560; with the notes of Hugo dc Solerus, and one at Paris, fol. 15G7, among the ' Medica; Artis Principcs.' ^TNA (Geog.) a mountain of Sicily, now Monte Gibello, famed for its volcanic eruptions, which Pindar calls, on ac- count of its great height, n'wi' nfjuria, a celestial pillar. It derives its name from the Hebrew, KJiri«, fornax, a fur- nace ; and A'ircci, from iitOto, to bum ; to which Virgil and Ovid allude, Virg. Georg. 1. 1, v. 472. Quoties Ciiclopum efferiere in o^os. Vidimus vudantem ntptis fornticibus Aetnam, Flammarumque gtobos, Uquefactaqne volfere saia. Ovid. Mel. 1. 15, v. 340. AVc quiE Sitlfiireis nnlet fiyrnacihui Aetna Jgiiea semper erit, neqne enim fait ignea semper : A'flHi sive est animal teltfts, et i'iiit habetque Spirame'tta locis Jianimam e:Lhatantia mxtttis. The first eruption mentioned in history is that which, ac- cording to Diodorus, happened before the Trojan war ; those which have been repeated at intervals for upwards of 2000 years have been the theme of the poets from the time of Pindar to that of Cornelius Severus, who wrote an entire poem on the subject. Pind. Pyth. Od. 1. Tag tpevyovrai fiiv dir^d' TH TTVpog dyvorarat 'Ek ftvx^v TTayai-r- Virg. JEn. 1. 3, v. 571. Horrijicis jtata tonnt jEtna ruinis; hiterdumqiie alram prorumpit ad a thera ntibeni. Turbine J'umantem piceo et candente favitia ; Atttllitque gU'hos Jiammarum , et sidera lamhit. Ovid. Pont. 1. 2, cl. 10. Vidimus jl^tntrd ca'lum spfendescere Jtammii Suppositns monti quam vomit m"e Gigas. Caltdl. Poem. 68, v. 53. Quum tantum arderem, quantum Trinacriu i-ii/vi. Petron. Arbil. in Sat. Armorum strepitu caelum furit : et tuba Maiteni Sideiibus tremefacta ciet, jamque JEtna voratur Ignibus insolitis, et in atbera fulmina jnittit. Sil. Hal. 1. 14, v. 59. .■1st Aetna eructdt tremefactis caulibus igveis. Claud. Marian. Vict. Comment, in Genes. 1. 2, v. 128. Won aiUer quam dam ruptis sirva .Etna caminis Egerit immistis slridentia sulj'ura Jiammis. Lucret. 1. 6. Funditque ardoiem Umge, lateque fanllam Differt, et eraud vuleit caligine fumum. iETN Corn. Sever, in Poem. Sed omnis In vero mifti cura ; canam qtio fervida motu j&/u£t -Etna, novosque rapai silii dmgeret igneis. The Origin of these Eruptions according to the Poets. The origin of these eruptions is ascribed by the poets to the rebellious war waged by the giant Typho, or Eneeladus and his companions, against Jupiter, who thrust them down into Tartarus, and placed Mount iEtna over them. Piiul. Pi/l/i. Od. 1. "O^ T iv alva TaprdfJtit Kit~ rai 5twr TroXffiiOQ Ti'0(iic iKarot'TaKapavoc. Orpkeus, in Argonaut. Avrd(i tirti AiXi;f3i;or tTTiffxofifv ilx^^o- TropQixov 'IpiyXi^Xiva 7t I'jjffov tTritJxofitv 'EyKtXd^oio AtTyaii) ipXoK Ofxevoto "^eiovrai fivxd Trdi'TOj Kars^aioio yiyavToi; Ei'f tTtpnv Bpiapi}OQ eirut^i^a Kivoftiroto, rirg, Mn. 1. 3, v. 579- ¥u.ma est, Enceladi semiustum fulmine corpus Urgeri mole hac ; iDgentemque insuper Aetnam Impt^sitam, ruptis Jiammam eispirare caminis. Ovid. FiLsf. 1. i. Alta Jacet vasti super ora Tvphdios Aetna Cujus anhelatis ignihtisardet tiumus, Sil. It ah 1. 14-, V. 196. Turn Catane nimium nrdenti vic'uia Typhao. StcU. Theb. 1. 3. It clamor ad auras : Quantus Tyrrheni geinitus salift, ant ubi tentat Junceludus mutare latus, prociii igiieus afitris -Afims lotiat. Qitinl. Smyrn. TpwiKwr, 1. 13. Eurt irdpoc ^tyd\oto Kar' 'EyKeXdSoio ^attppiov XlaWde diipafiivii ^iKiXyjv iiriKa^fiaXt vijaoi'. Clatidian. dc Raph. Proserp. 1. 1, v. 154. in medio scopulis se porrigit JEtna peritilis /Etna Giganteos luutquam tacUura triianphos. There was a temple sacred to Vulcan, on Mount ^tna, where he is feigned by the poets to have had his forge, and the Cyclops as his workmen. I'irg.'/En. 1. 8, v. 410". Insula Sicanium julta latus /T.aliamque Erigitur Liparen, fumantibus ardua saxis : Quam suhter sjtecus et Cyctofmm eiesa caminis Antra A-ltna:a tmianl. Euripid. ill Troad. Kai rdv Airvaiav 'H0ai'c« ^oiviicac dvrijprj x*^pav £uceX(iiv opiutv partp' ukhu KripvaataOai. Thiici/d. 1. 3, c. 1 1 fi ; Ari.stof. in Mini/,. ; Diiut. 1. 5 ; IjKiliod. I. 1 ; Liv. 1. 26, c. 29 ; SiraL 1. (i ; Plin. I. 3, r. 8; Mil. 1. 2, c. 7 ; Appian. Cir. Bell. 1. .T ; Mart. 1. 7, cp. ()3 ; Plol. 1. 3, c. 4 ; Justin. 1. 4, c. ) ; Sueton. in Calig. ; Aul. Cfl. 1. 17, c. 10; jJ'^lian. dc Animal. 1. 1 1, c. 3 ; Pans. 1. 3 ; Apul. ^Lctum. 1. I ; Philoslrat. in Fit. Apollon. ; Macruh. 1. r>, c. 17; Ccdrcn. Compcnd. IIi.il.; Oro.t. 1. 2, c. 18; .lul. OhsripicnI. dc Prodig., SfC. ; Serw JF.n. 1. 3 ; fxidor. 1. 13, c. H ; Natal. Com. 1. 2, c. 1, &c. ; Jiiin/,. Dialog, dc Mont. jEln. ; Fazell. Hie. Rer. Decad., 1. 2, c. 4 ; C'luv. SiciJ. Antifj. 1. I, c. 8. .^TNA {Gcog.) A'tryti, a town at the foot of Mount Tlvtna, which wa.s first called Catana, but Mien) having expelled the Catanen.ses from that part, gave the name of }\\Xn:\ to it, or, as it was sumctimcs culled, according to Diodorus, 'Erri)iT('a, and to Strabo "lv>r)aa. It is now named Mascali. The inhabitants were called by Thucydides ■li-i)iT(Ta7o(, by Cicero and Pliny, ^^tncnses. Thiicyd. 1. 6 ; Cic. in Verr. act iii. c. 8 ; Diodor. 1. 1 1 ; Sirab. 1.6 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 8. ^■Etna (Nitmis.) some medals struck by the .'Etnenses re- present a cornucopia?, as symbolicid of the fertility of the countn' ; others represent a head of ApoUo radiated, or of Ceres, with the inscription AlTNAUiN, or AlTN.-VilN. Havcrkamp. Partita. Sicil. Discrill. Tab. 133; Harduin. Ninnis. Vet. Pop.; Pellcrin. Recueil. dc Med. desPeup. ^x.; Hunter Numis. Vet. Pop. SfC. jETNjEUS {Mi/lh.) A'lrraioc, son of Prometheus, and one of the Cabiri mentioned by Paus. 1. 9- tETNENSES (Geog.) the inhabitants of jEtna. .i^iTOLI (Geog.) jUlolians ; the inhabitants oi JEtoha. [y'vie Mlolia'] jEtoli, campi (Geog.) another name for Apulia, so called after Diomed, who was called the jEtolius heros. Sil. Ital. 1. 1, y. 125. jEtolia (Geog.) A'tToAia, a country in the middle of Greece, which takes its name from j^tolus ; Stephaiius derives the word ciTTi) TO aire'iy oXoy, from seeking every thing, because the jEtolians were a covetous naiTow-minded people. Their chief towns were as follow : Chief Towns of JElolia. Clialcis, Ephyri, Arachthe, Dolopes, Olena;, Temphsei, Calydon, j^inienses, Majares, Athamanes, &c. They were formidable enemies to the Romans, till con- quered by Fulvius. Poli/b. 1. 4, &c. ; Lie. 1. 2(), c. 24, &c. ; Strabo, 1. 7; Plin. 1. 4, e. 2; Mela, 1. 2, c. 3 ; Plut. in Flam. Flor. 1. 2, c. 9; Pans. 1. 5, c. I, &c. j^iToi.iA (Numis.) had medals which were common to the whole countrj', independently of those struck by its several towns. On its earlier medals are represented Hercules killing a centaur ; and the head of Hercules in a lion's skin. Tiie boar is also frequently re])resented, emblematical of the Calydonian boar ; and frequently a head of Apollo, with the lyre; the legends AlTiiA. AITilAfiN. sometimes with the name of the magistrate. iliTOLUS (Myth.) AirwXoc, son of Endymion and Iphianissm, who, having accidentally killed Apis, fled and settled in ^tolia, to which he gave his name. Apollcxl. 1. 1, c. 7j &«• I^Vide JEiolial^ jEtolus, son of Oxvlus, and king of EHs, died while young. 1.5. ^VITERNI (Myth.) the gods so called by the heathens, because they existed for ever ; to whom, according to Pliny, they sacriticed red oxen. Apul. dc Deo Socral. i^VOLUS, Cw-wr (Piog.) a Neapolitan writer on the causes of sympathy and antipathy, in the Kith century. JEX (Mi/lli.) A'ii, a goat. 1. The name of Jupiter's nurse. 2. A young man mentioned by Plutarch. Grtrc. Qua'sl. 12. JEx (Gcvg.) 1. An island in the ^l-lgcan sea. I'lin. 1. 4, c. II. 2. A town of the Marsi. Plol. 1. 3, c. 1. j^XONE (Geog.) 'Aiiwri;, an Athenian tribe of Ceerops. Sirah. 1. 9 ; Steph. lii/z. dc Urb. ; HnrjxHraliiw. Suidas. iTDXONENSIS (Geog.) 'AiLwrtvc, an inhabitant of v^ilxonia. iliXONEA (Geog.) 'Atlioyia, a town of Magnesia. Sicph. Jii/z. dc I'rb. yEZULA (Geog.) AifaXa, a town of Armenia Major. Ptol. 1. 5, c. 14. J??;ZAN1S (Geog.) Ai<,'(ii'ir, n town of Phr>'gia Major. Plot. 1. 5, c. 2. ' yEzANis (Numis.) the medals of this town are very nu- merous, including those which were struck while they were iindcr their own laws, and the imperial medals struck in AFR AFR liondur of Gennanicus, Aprippina, Caligula, Claudius, Adrian, .Salunn, M. Auri-liiis, CohuiuhIiis, Caraiulla, Ciordi- anus, and V'olusianus. TIr' names of the nuigistr.ites arc frequently given without anv titles. Some medals are in- scribed IKI'A. Bt)V.\ll; 01:A. ROMU ; lEI'A. ilYN'KAlI TOi IKroS. AUMDi; ; with the name of the people AZI. A/.AM'.ITiiN. AIZAMTiiN ; or as in other medals AlZAN. AlZAMI. AIZAMTAI. Jupiter appears to have been the deity most honoured by the .Eirinata-, if we may .jud<;c from the freijuent recurrence of liis image on their medals ; but those of Neptune and Diana arc also to be met witli. VaUhnil. Xiitiiis. Grar. ; Ilarduhi. Num. Ant. Pop. cl Urb.; Pcllcr. liec. vol. iii. p. 27; Eckel. Ninii. Vil. Ud). U, f. I. AFC.VSni (Bios.) a surname of Ahmed Ren Omad, author of an explication or correction of the book of animals, com- posed by Demiri. AFKR (Ilixt.) the surname of the emperor Adrian's father, i. e. -l^lius Adrian Afer. Afbr, Doniiliii.s; ;m orator, and public accuser in tlic reign of Tiberius, and the three succeeding emperors, died in the reign of Nero, after having distinguished himself in his profession during a long life. He was the accuser of P. Claudia Pulchra, cousin to Agrippina, and the preceptor of Q\iintilian. Tac. Aiiiial. 1. i, c. 52, &c. 1. 14, c. 1<); Qiiinlil. liislil. 1. .5, c. 7 ; Dio. 1. .'59 ; Euseb. in Cliron. AFESA, Pielro (Z?io°-.) a painter of Naples, who flourished about the year 1(»0. His works are preserved in the churches and chapels of Naples. AFFAN (Hisi.) father of Osnian, or Othman, the third suc- cessor of Mahomet, was an Arabian hv birth. AFFLECK, Sir Edward {Hisl.) tenth son of Gilbert Affleck, of the family mentioned under Heraldrj', distinguished himself by his gallant conduct as commander of the centre division in the memorable engagement of the 12thof AprU, between Admiral Sir George Rodney, K. B. and the French squadron, under the command of Comte de Grasse, which terminated so honourably to the British flag, and to the officer in particular who is the subject of this article. Affleck (Her.) the name of a famdy of Dalham Hall, in Suffolk, wliich enjoys the dignity and title of a Baronet, conferred on Admiral Affleck, abovementioned. The arms, &c. of this family, are as follow : Anns. Argent, three bars, sable. Crest. A stalk, and ear of wheat, proper. AFFLITTO, Maltliew (^Biog.) an eminent lawyer and coun- sellor of state under Ferdinand I, was employed in public transactions of the greatest importance, under five suc- cessive kings of Naples. He lived to the age of SO, and died in 1510, lea\Tng many works on law and juris- prudence. Afflitto, Jolin, of the same family, a distinguislicd mathe- matician and engineer, was employed by John of Austria, in some of his wars. He WTote on the art of fortification, and a book of miscellanies. AFFO, Irenmts (Biog.) ah historian of Italy, wrote, 1. ' His- toria di Ciuastalla,' 4 vols. 4to. Guastalla, 17fi«. 2. ' Historia di Parma,' 2 vols. 4to. Parma ; besides a liistory in MS. of Peter Louis Famize, which the Infant would not suffer to be published. He died about the beginning of the present century. AFRANIA {Biog.) a wife of Licinius Buccio, a senator, who, forgetting the modesty required from her sex, pleaded her own cause before the prsetor, whence the name Afrania became proverbial for an impudent woman. I'al. 3/[). A FRAN I lis, Qiiinlilianns, a great detjauchec, who, piqued at a satire which the emperor Nero wrote against him, entered into the conspiracy with Piso, and was condemned to death. Tacit. Annal. 1. 4, c. 34. Afranius, Uurrus. Vide Burrus. Afranius (^Biog.) a Latin comic jroct, flourished in the age of Terence, 100 years A. C. ; of all his works only 2()C verse* remain to be found in the ' Coqius Poetarum Latinorum.' Horace compares him to Menandcr, 1. 2, cp. 1, v. 57. Dicilitr .\fratii toga cimvfiiisse Menandro. Ausonius likewise commends him. Alison, epigr. 70. Quam toga fuatudi fCftiU agitavit Afnni. The titles of some of his plays are preserved, as ' The Augur,' ' Cinerarius Consobrinus,' ' Compitalia,' ' Fratres,' &c. Cic. in Brutus, c. 24; fell. Pat. 1. 1, c. 17; Qnintil. 1. 10, c. 11 ; Suet, in Ner. c. 1 1 ; Aul. Cell. I. 13, c. 8 ; Fos.v. de Poet. Lat. c. \ ; dc IIi.tl. Lat. 1. 3, c. 11. AFRASIAB (//»/.) the first king of the Persians, of the dynasty cdled the Pischdadians. AFRICA (Geog.) one of the three quarters of the ancient world, and of the four quarters of the modem world, is called L(/5ui(, by Herodotus and others ; 'A " descendant from Hercules, wiio reigned in Cireecc. AGA.MNl.STOR {Hist.) vk\c Agameslor. AGA AGA AGANDURU, liutlcric MuHz (fu-c.) a Spanish monk of the order of bare-footed Aiiiriistins, wlio, in the reign of Philip III, was a suceessful missionary in Japan. He wrote, 1. ' Conversion de his Filipinas y .la])an,' iS;e. ii. ' Historia general de hus Islas I-ilipiuas y Jilolueas,' both of which are preserved in MS. AG.VNICI'. (3/(///(.) vide Jgltiomcc. AGANIPI'E (Mj/I/i.) •Ayai/rT;;, daughter of the river Terme.ssus. Aganii'pk (Gcog.) a fountain, near Mount Helieon, saered to the muses. Claiul. Ill Pancg. Mall. Tlicod. v. 272. Cii)in?iMi(yWii Helicon ; Jiuiitqiit Aganippe Largiiir. Ovid calls it likewi.se Aganippis. Olid. Faxt. 1. 5, v. 7. Dinte^qui£ fontes Aganippklo& IVippocrencs Grata Medutai $i*;na teit€tis equi. Hence Aganippetis, according to Propertius. Prop. 1. 2, eleg. 2, v. 50. Par Agani}i}tajte Uidere tlocta lyrix. AGANOX (Ecc.) a bi.shop of Autun in the 11th century, who presided at a council in which king Philip the emperor and the anti-pope Gilbert were e.Kcommunicated. Aganon {Bios-) or Hagaiion, a canon of Chatillon sur Seine, known only by his work entitled ' Homilia et Libellus de Miraculis 15. \'eroli ab .'\ganone, V iro Scholastissimo.' AGAPE (Ecc.) a S])anish lady of great family, who gave in to the errors of the gnostics, and was the leader of a sect. AGAPENOR {Mi/lh.) 'AyuTD/i-wp, the commander of Aga- memnon's fleet. //. 1. 2, V. b'oy. Agapbnor, son of Ancaeus, and grandson of Lycurgus, after the taking of Troy was driven by a tempest to Cjqjrus, where he built the city of Paphos. Horn. II. 1. 2 ; Apollod. 1. 3, c. 15; Hi/giii. fab. 97 ; Pau.i. 1. 8, c. 5. AGAPETUS (Hiii.) a colleague of the emperor Anastasius in the consulship, U. C. 1270, A. D. 518. Cassiodor. in Citron. Agapetus (Ecc.) the name of two popes, &c. Agapktus I, successor to John 11, in 5j5, in the reign of Justinian, died in the eleventh month of his pontificate. A'iVf/j/i. 1. 17, c. 9; Baron. Annul, ann. 535; Dtt Pin. Bihl. de.i Atitcms. cedes, dii vi. Siec. Agapetus II succeeded Marinus in Qi6, and died in Q55. Baron. Aiiiial. &c. Agapetus, a boy of Preeneste, 13 years old, who suffered martvrdom in the reign of Aurelian. J'olulcrran. Comin. Urban. 1. 13. Ag.vpktus, a bishop of .Synadus, in Phrygia, at one time in- clined to the Macedonian heresy, but afterwards returned to the true faith. Sucral. 1. 7, e. 3. Agapetus (^Biog.) a deacon in the church of Constantinojile, who wrote a letter to the emperor Justinian, consisting of 72 chapters, on the duties of a prince. Mircetis. in Bibl. Eccl. ; Baron. Annal. ann. 527 ; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i. p. 509 ," Sax. Onum. vol. ii. Agapetus, de diiro Cornii, an abbot of Campidon, whose ex- cellent library was, through negligence, set fire to by a lighted Kindle and consumed. The abbot died of grief at the accident in 817- AGAPIS (Ecc.) bishop of Casarea, in Palestine. AGAPITUS (Ecc.) vide Agapetus. AGAPIUS {Ecc.) 'AyuTTtoQ, a manichean of the 4th century, who wrote in favour of his heresy. Phot. Cod. I97. Agapius (Biog.) 'AyuTioc, an Athenian philosopher, and disciple of Marinus. Siiidas. Agapius, an orator of Alexandria, who opened a school at Byzantium. Siiidas. Agapius, a Greek monk of Mount Athos, who wrote a work on transubstantiation entitled '.\uanOo>\uy ^^tarnnia, VvntA. Kill. ACJAPTOLEMUS (Mi/l/i.) 'AyME- NOI EVEPIEilA^J ENEKEN Tlli; Eli: EAYTOYS ANEeiJKAN Al'ASlAi; Mfl\0IAOY E*Ei:iOi: EllOIEI Ai'lSTANAPOi: 2KOIIA FIAIMOS EllESKEY- AilEN. Caiuin Billicnuiii Caii /ilium Lrgatum Roma- noruni, ii tpii in Delo opcrantur, Bciicfaclorum cau.fd in eos collocatornm hac slatud venerati sunt, Aga.iias Menophili Jiliiis fecit Aristander .Sropa- /iliiis Partus ciiram habiiil. Groitov. in Plin. j Sjmju. Miscell. Enid. sect. 4. AGA AGA AGASICLES (HLsI.) 'AyaiTiKXiic, an Hallcamassian, who violated the law of Apollo. Herod. 1. 1, c. 144. Agasici.es, 'AyaaiKXijQ, son of Archidamus, and king of La- eedjcmon, is noted by Plutarch for his apothegm that a king ought to govern his subjects as a father does his children. Pliil. in Ajmlh. Lacon. c. 48 ; Pans. 1. 3, c. 7. AGASSAMENES {Hist.) a king of the Thraclans, who .settled in the isle of Xaxos. AGASTES {Hist.) 'Ayaziii;, the second pcrjietual archon of Athens, A. M. 2.087. AGASTHENES {Hi.t. Agatha (Geog.) "Ayayj;, a town of Gallia N'arbonenscs, now Agde. Sirab. 1. 4 ; Ptiii. 1. 3, c. 4 ; Step/i. Bi/z. de Urb. AGATHAXGELUS (Biog.) an Armenian historian of the 4th century, who wrote a history of the introduction of Christianity into Annenia, with a life of king Tiiidatcs. AGATHARCIDAS (Hi.ft.) 'AyaeapKlca<;, a general of the Corinthians in the Peloponnesian war. T/iiicyd. 1. 2, c. 83. Agatiiarcides {Biog.) 'AytxOnpKuric, an historian of Samos, quoted by Diodorus, Josephus, Plutarch, Strabo, Athenscus, and I'hotius. He is called by some a native of Cnidus, and supposed to have flourished 177 years A. C. The works ascribed to Agatharcides are, ' On the Red Sea," a geogra- phical work ; ' On Asia,' an historical work ; ' On Europe ;' ' A History of the Persian State;' and also of Phri,'gia, of all which, however, only fragments remain as quoted by the above-mentioned authors. Diod. I. 3 ; Jo.feph. contra App.; Pint. Parallel. 1. 2, &c.; Atlien. 1. 2, c. 22, &c.; Phot. BihI. Cod. 213, &c. ; I'os.s. Ili.st. Gra'c. 1. 1, c. 20, &c. AGATHARCHLS (///.v/.) •AyMapxoc, an officer in the Syracusan fleet. Tlincfid. 1. 7, c. 25. AGATHARCUS {Biog.) a painter, who boasted to Zeuxis of the celerity with which he could execute his pieces : the latter replied that he prided himself on doing them .slowly. Pint, in Peric. Agatiiarcus, a victor at the Olympic games in the time of Heradius, archon at Athens. AGATHEMERUS {Biog.) 'AyaOiifirpnc, a geographer }>ostcrior to Ptolemy, whose only work by which he is known, entitled ' Hypotoposes CJeographica',' was edited bv Isaac V'nssius, and inserted in Gronovius's ' Geograjihia Antiqua,' and lastly in Hudson's ' CJeographia; V'eteris Scriptures Grffci Minores,' 4 vols. 8vo. Oxon. 1()<)8. AG.'X'l'HIAS {Biog.) or as he calls himself in the Epigrams, Agatbins, a poet and historian, was born at Merina, and lived in the reign of .Justinian. He is sumamed scholasticns, or advocate; and l)y .Snidas ii^oXfiTuot X^tvpialor. His works are, 1. ' Daphniiica,' a collection of ])oems. 2. ' A Collection of Epigrams' extant in the (ireek Anthologia. 3. ' A History of Justinian's Reign,' which is a continuation of Procopius. Snid/ix. .intltolog. AGATHINUS {Hist.) WynH'nor, R commander of the Co- rinthian fleet. Xemiph. Hellen. 1. 4. AGATHO {Hist.) vide Agatbon. Agatho {Biog.) >'ide Agatlum. AGATHOCLEA {Hist.) or Agatboclia, • AyaBdKXtia ; a courtesan who became the wife of Ptolemy Philopater, and governed the kingdom with absolute dominion, until the death of the king, when, being detected in an attempt on the life of his son, she and her brother Agathocles were torn in pieces by the people, A. C. 204. Polijb. 1. l.j ; Pint. in Cleom. ; Jn.it. 1. 30, c. 1. AGATHOCLES {Hist.) 'AyaOoKXrjc, son of a potter, who became tvrant of Syracuse, and reigned 28 years, A. C. 280. Agatiioci.es, son of Lysimachus, a king of Thrace, who married Lysandra, daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, and was put to deatli by Arsinoe, the widow of the latter, A. C. 283. Strab. 1. 13; Pint, in Pyrrh. el Dcmetr. ; Pans. 1. 1, c. 9, &c. ; Anson, ep. 8. Agathocles, an Athenian archon. Agathocles, who nearly forfeited hLs life for lamenting the death of Hephicstion. Q. Cnrt. 1. f). Agathocles (A"«;h;.v.) HajTn, in his Tresoro Britannico, gives a coin, witli the head on the obverse, which he ;uscribes to Agathocles, the son of Lysimachus. Agathocles, the above-mentioned t)Tant of Syracuse, struck several medals, not with his effigy lest he should excite the jealousy of the Syra- cusans, but simply with his name; some of which re- present, as in the annexed cut, on the obverse, a female head crowned with ears of corn ; the legend Kl)PA2, for Proserpine : on the reverse, a figure of victor},' fixing a trophy ; inscription, AFAQOKXtoc- Havcrkiimp. Parut. Sicil. Descript. Agathocles {Biog.) an historian of Babylon, quoted by Athen.Tus, Cicero, &e. from his work TvcpX Kui,'/kB ' de Cyzicc' Cic. de Div. 1. 1, c. 24 ; At hen. 1. 9> e- -i ; Festus. de Sign. Verb. Agathoci^es of Chios, who composed a treatise on niral affairs. f'arro, 1. 10, c. 10 ; Plin. 1. 22, c. 22 ; Colnmel. 1. 1, c. 1. Agathocles, the name of three other writers mentioned by \'ossius, one of Atrace, who wrote on fishes ; a Samian, who wrote on the republic of the Pessinimtii ; and a Mile- .sian, who wrote on rivers. J'oss. dc Hist. Gra'C. 1. 3. AGATHOD.EMON {Mi/th.) WyaOk Aa/^iwr, the name given by the ^Egyptians and Phoenicians to the serpents and ilragims which they held sacred. Laniprid. in Heliogab. c. 28 ; Ilicron. in Isaiah xiii. v. 22 ; Euscb. de Pre"s suitors. Horn. Odi/.s.i. 1. 20, v. 322. Agalaus, a servant of Priam, who prc.scr\'ed Piu-is when ex- posed on Mount Ida. Apollod. 1. 3, c. 12. Agelaus, a son of HerciJes and Oraphale, frimi whom Cra-sus was descended. Agei-au9 (Hi.il.) 'AyeXunc, or Agcla.', who was intimate with, and assisted the brothers John and Giispar Buukin in their botanical researches. He wrote, 1. ' Disputatio de Zoophytis,' 4to. Argentorat, 1625. 2. ' De Anima Vege- tativa,' 4to. Argentorat, 1()29. 3. A thesis ' De Homine sano et Dysenteria,' 4to. 1593, according to Mangeti. AGERIXUS {Ilisi.) a freedman of Agripplna, who being sent by her to Nero, her son, was, by the contrivance of Anicetus, charged with attempting the life of the prince, and committed to prison. Tac. Annal. 1. 14, c. 7. AGESANDER {Ili.tl.) 'Ayiiaarcpoc, one of the Lacedsemo- nian ambassadors to Athens previous to the Peloponnesian war. Tliuci/d. 1. 1, c. 139- Agesander {Biog.) a sculptor of Rhodes in the time of Ves- pasian, who, witli the assistance of Polydorus and Atheno- dorus, produced his group of Laocoon, and his two chil- dren entwined by the ser})ents, which was found at the end of the 16th century in the ruins of Vespasian's palace. Plin. 1. 36, c. 5. AGESIANAX (Biog.) a commentator on Aratus. To-w. de Mathcm. c. 33, § 21. AGESIAS {His/.) an archon of Athens in the first year of the 1 1 4th Olympiad. Agesias {Biog.) vide Hegesias. Agesias, son of Sostrates, a \-ictor at the Olympic games. AGESIDAMUS {Biog.) a Locrensian and distinguLshed pu- gilist at the Olympic games, celebrated by Pindar. AGESIDES {Hist.) a king of the Lacedfemonians. AGESILAUS {Mi/l/i.) 'AytrnXooE, a simame of Pluto. Callimachus in Pallad. Laiuic. ' iccil I'w/i«(V, c. 28; Olid. Met. 1. 2, f\ib. 12 ; Ilygin. Fab. 1(J(); Vaus. 1. 1, c IS. AGLAUS (Hi.tl.) 'Ay\at>c, the jworest man in Arcadia, pro- nounced by the oiade more happy than Gyges, king of Lydia, or, according to I'ausanias, than Cra-sus. Plin. 1. 7, c. 4-7 ; I'al. Max. I. 7, c. 1 ; P««.9. 1. 8. AGLIO {Geog.) or la Cam dell Aglio, the ruins of ancient Algidum, near Frescati. AGLION'BY, John (Biog.) a divine, the son of Edward Aglionbv, of Cumberland, was admitted a student of Queen's colle<'e, Oxford, in 1583, and died in iGOf). Wood mentions liis name among the translators of the New Testament. Aglionby, George, son of the preceding, was appointed eighth dean of Canterbury, but never installed, by Charles I, who was prevented by the rebellion, during which time he died. Aglionbv, William, a gentleman of polite learning, and en- voy from Queen Anne to the Swiss, was the author of a book, entitled, ' Painting illustrated in three Dialogues, with the Lives of the most eminent Painters, from Cimabuc to Raphael,' 4to. London, 1()S5. He is likewise supposed to have written the letters published under the name Dr. William Aglionby, F. R. S. AGLOMACHU iurri.i (Top.) 'AyXw/iax" -a-vfyK, a tower in the city of Cyrene, wlxich was burnt by Arcesilaus. Herod. 1. 4, c. 164. AGMET {Geog.) a town of Agmat in Mauretania, supposed to be the ancient Bocnnnm Hemeriim of Ptolemy. It stands on the declivity of Mount Atlas, and was made the seat of empire by Ebn Tomroun, who founded the family of the Almoades. Mannul. 1. 3, c. 4. AGNANUS, Si. (Kcc.) bishop of Orleans in the time of Attila, and distinguished for his piety. Ca.i.iiodoriis, Pros- per., and I.sidor. in C/iron. ; Gregor. Tiiron. 1. 2, c. 7- AGNELLI, Andrew (Ecc.) bishop of Ravenna in the ninth ccntun.-, wrote the lives of the bishops of that sec, which was first published in 1708, by father Bacchini, under the title of ' Agnelli qui et Andrea.s, Abbatis, S. Maria ad Bla- cliemas. Liber Pontificatis,' &-c. 2 vols. 4to. Agnelli, Joseph {liiog.) a Jesuit of Naples in l(i21, died in I70C. He wrote, 1. ' Scttimana Consecrata," &c. 2. ' Ca- techisme Annuale.' 3. ' II PaiTocliiano Instruttore,' 2 vols. 4to. Rome, Ui77. 4. ' Arte di (ioder I'Ottimo,' &c. 5. ' Arte d' Elegger I'Ottimo,' &c. 6. ' Arte di Stabilire I'Elezzione deir Ottimo,' &c. 7- ' Arte FacUe di Pratticarc I'Elezzione Stabilita dcU' Ottimo,' &c. AGNELLLS {Kcc.) a bishop of Ravenna in the sixth cen- tury, and author of a letter in the Bibliotheca Patrum ' De Rjitionc Fidei ad Armeniam.' AGNES {Hi.il.) a name common to several empresses, queens, duchesses, and countesses. F.mprcsscs of this Name. Agnes, wife of Henry III, .sumamcd the lilac/,-, and mother of Henry IV, died in IO77. Bcrlhold. Chron. Baron. Annul. Agnks, of France, daughter of Lcwjs tlie younger, and wife of Alexis Conmenes, was afterwards married to Andronicus the Usurper. A0NE8, daughter of Gui I, wa.s first married to Peter II, emperor of Constantinoiile, afterwards to I'liilip of France, »on of Lewis VIll, and lastly to Guy of Chantillon. An- sclmr. Hist. Gcnealog. Queens of this Najne. Agnes, daughter of Bertholdus, the fourth duke of Merania, was married to Philip Augustus, king of France ; but being soon after repudiated by him through the interference of the church, she died of mortification in 12(^1. Agnes, of Poitiers, queen of Arragon, was married first ,to a viscount de Thomar, and afterwards to Ramirez, king of Arragon. Agnes, the wife of Alfonsus VI, king of Spain, was married a second time to Elias, the first count of Mans. Agnes, daughter of the emperor Albert, and wife of Andrew, king of Himgary, was often a mediator between her bro- ther Albert and the Swiss, with whom .she resided a long time. Duchesses of litis Nayne. Agnes, of France, duchess of Bourbon, and wife of Robert II, duke of Bourbon, died in 1327. Agnes, of Burgundy, duchess of Bourbon, wife of Charles I of Bourbon, died in 147fi. Agnes, of Vermandois, duchess of Lorrain, was married to Charles I, duke of Lon'ain, and being taken prisoner at the same time with her husband, remained with him in prison. Countesses of this Name. Agnes, of Bourbon, was married first to John of Burgundy, and afterwards to Robert II, count of Artois. Agnes, of Navarre, wife of Gaston Phoebus III, count of Foye, was the mother of the famous Gaston of Foye. Agnes, of Savoye, wife of Francis I, count of Orleans, died in 1508. Agnes, daughter of Othocarus, king of Bohemia, rejected the ofl'er of marriage with the emperor, Frederic II, and retired to a convent. Spondan. Chron. Ann. 1234. Agnes, Aslorgo (Ecc.) a Neapolitan of noble birth, was created cardinivl by Nicholas V, and died in 1450. Agnes, Sorcl {Biog.) or the fair j\gnes. [^Vide SorcQ AGNESI, Maria Cagetana {Biog.) an authoress of Milan, was bom in 1718, and died a nun in 1799. She wrote, 1. ' A Discourse, tending to prove that the Study of the Liberal Arts is not incompatible with the Understandings of Women.' 2. ' Propositiones Philosophicic' 3. ' lustitu- zioni Analitiche,' 2 vols. 4to. 1748. AGNESIO {Biog.) Agnes or Aiges John Baptist, a monk of V^alence, died in 1553. He wrote many works on piety and literature. Nicol. Anion. ACjNESLUS, or Agncllus {Ecc.) a bishop of Fez, A. D. 123.3. AGNI, Thomas {Ecc.) patriarch of Jerusalem and bishop of Acre, died in 1277, leaving among other works a life of St. Peter. AGNIFILO, Aniicio {Ecc.) bishop of Aquilea, was created cardinal by Paul II, and died in 1427. AGN 10 {Geog.) the river Aa in Belgium. AGNITE.S {Mt/lh.) 'AyiiVijc, a surname of /Fsculapius among the Lacediiinonians, l)ecausc they represented him under the figure of tlie plant called the agnus. Putt.'!. 1. 3. AC;N0DICE {Hist.) an Atlicnian lady, who disguised her sex in order to study medicine. Hi/ginns. AGNOLO, Michael {Ecc.) a priest of Florence, who en>- braccd the refiirmation in the Kith centur>'. He wrotu a work entitled, ' Apologia nella quale si tratta dclla ^nera c falsa Chiesa,' itc. Agnoi.o, Baccio d' {Biog.) a sculptor and architect of Florence, was Ixim in 14()0, and died in 1543. The best s])ecimen of his skill is in the Bartolini palace and giu-dcn at I''lorence. AGNON (///.«/.) ',\yr(.)i', a son of Nicias, and a colleague of Pericles in the pnctorshi]), during tlie Pdoponnesian war ; wiLS the founder of AmphiiKilis, wltich afterwiu-ds took jxirt AGO AGR with Brassidas, upon whom it conferred the honours due to the real founder. T/iiici/d. 1. 2, c. .08 ; 1. 4, c. lOi.'. AoNON, a governor of Alexander the Great, who fell uniK r his master's ili.spleasure. I'li/i. 1. 'Jli, c. 3 ; I'liil. QkuiikxI. Ailiil. AoNON (/i/oir-) an aeadeuiiiian wlio wrote on the lives of the Spartans in his time. Allini. 1. 1,'{, c. 8. Aqnon (O'coij.) a town of. .Sicily, near the river JarettiU AGNONIDIiS {Hist.) a rhetorician of Athens, who accused Phocion of having delivered up tlie Piriuus to Nicauor; hut flic charjie not beinj; admitted by the j)eople, the accuser was put to death. AGNU.SIL'.S {Hist.) 'Ayvaaiof:, a herald who betrayed tlie desijnis of the Pidlantidic to Theseus. Phil, in Thcs. AGOBAUDUS {liiog.) At^olxml, or Agohvrt, arcliI)ishop of Lyons in the ;)tli century, took an active part in the affairs of his time, both civil and ecclesia.sticid. Me fell under the dLsple.isure of Louis le Debonnaire, but was afterwards re- stored to favour, and died in that prince's service in .140. He wrote very many treatises against tlic worsliip of images, in the defence oi" sacenhital riglits, against the Jews, against the error of Fcli.v D'Urgel, who maintained that Jesus Christ was the adopted son of God, &c. &c. AGOI3EL {Geos:-) Two towns in Africa. 1. Of Trcmeccn, called by the ancients Victoria, according to Marmol. Maniiol. L'AJ'riquc. 1. 5, c. 15. 2. Of Hea, in Morocco. Marmol. 1. 3, c. 4. AGOCE {Oeog.) a town of yEthiopia, in the jEgyptian ter- ritory. Plin. AGON.\C (Biog.) the preceptor of Zoroaster, whom PUny calls Ajonan. Pliii. 1. 30, c. 1. AGO.V.VLIS, Circus (Topog.) a .spacious place in Rome, now called Piazza Novaiia, which was adorned with splendid buildings by Innt)cent X. AGONENSIS, Porta {Topog.) a gate in Rome, after^vards called Collina and Quirinali.s, now Porta Sulara. AGONES {Gcog.) 'Ay wrec, a people of Insuhria, who inha- bited the country now called La I'al ili Gogiia. Polt/b. 1. 2. AGONIS {Mi/tli.) a woman who served in the temple of Venus, on mount Eryx. Cic. in Ctecih c. 17- AGON I US (Mi/t/i.) the god who presided over the actions of men, whence the feasts called Agonalia are said by some to derive their name. Fest. ilc Signif. Verb. AGOH.\ (fifoo-.) a town of the Thracian Chersonesus, now Melagra, according to Leunclavius. Herod. 1. 7, c. 50. AGOUACRITUS (Biog.) 'Ayopukpiroca. sculptor of Athens, and disciple of Phidias, flourished about 448 years A. C He contested with Alcamencs the honour of making a Venus for the Athenians; which being adjudged against him, he in disgust sold his statue, on condition that it should never be taken to Athens. This statue, which he named Nemesis, was placed at Rhamnus, a village of Attica, and was esteemed by V^irro to be superior to all others. Plin. 1. 34, c. 5; .St'rah. 1. 9; Pans. 1. 1, c. 1 ; Sniihts. ; Tzetz. Cliil. Hist. 154. AGORjEUS (Mijt/i.) 'Ayopaioc, an epithet for Jupiter and Mercur)' among the Athenians, who was supposed to preside over markets. AGORIUS (Hist.) 'Aywpcoc, the son of Daraosius, and great grandson of Orestes, was chosen by Ocylus to share with him the kingdom of Elis. Paus. 1. 5. AGOSTINI, Stephen (Ecc.) a native of Forli in Romania, and archbishop of Heradea, was made cardinal by Pope Innocent XI, and died in lf)83. Agostini, Leonardo (^Hog.) an antiquary of the 17th cen- tury, flouri.shed under the pontificate of Urban VIII and Alexander VII, and published, 1. ' La Sicilia di Filippo Paruta Descritta con Medaglie, con la Giunta di Leonardo Agostini,' fol. Rome, 1()49. 2. ' Le Gemme Antiche Eigu- ratc di Leonardo Agostini con le Annotazioni del Sig. Ciio. Pietro Bellori,' 2 vols. 4to. Rome, l()3(i, l657, 1()70, lO'SG. .AG(JSTIXO, Paul (liiug.) a mu.sician of Valerano, w:u born in I5!)3, and died in Ifef). He was dLstinguishtd ui a scientific com]M)ser in every s]>ecies of music. A(;()'I"!U.S (Geog.) a river of (iallia Aijuitania, now Apoul. A(iOULT, William d' (Biog.) a gentleman and poet of Pro- vence, who died about I 181, leaving many versc.s, none of whicli liave been i)ublished. AGRA (ToiHig.) or Agrw, " Aypat, a place in Athens, near the river lly.ssus, where the Elcusynian mysteries were cele- brated. Pans. 1. 1, c. 19. AGRyE>LS {Hist.) Wypninr, the youngest mm of Temenus, who did not unite with his brothers in their designs ugaiiut Deijihon. Pans. 1. 2. AG HAG AS {Gevg.) 1 . A town of Sicily. [yiCic Agrigentiim^ 2. A river of Agrigentum, now Fiume di Gcrgenti, or di Naro. Fazell. de Reli. Sicul. Dec. 1 , 1. 0". AGRAGIAN^T;, PoHw {To/xig.) the gates of .Syracuse, wliidi lead to Agrigentum. Cic. Tusc. Qnwst. 1. 5, c. 23. AGRAULE {TojMs.) a tribe of Athens. AGRAULOS {Mi/i/i.) vide Aglauro.i. AGREDA, Maria d' {Biog.) daughter of Francis Coronel, and superior of the convent built by her parents, was lx>m at Agreda in 1602, and died in lC()5, leaving a Life of the Blessed Virgin, which she pretended to have received by a revelation from heaven. It was condemned by the Doctors of the Sorbonne, hut admitted as genuine in Spain, where it was published under the title of ' Mistica Cieldad di Dios,' &c. AGRESPHON {Biog.) an ancient author who wrote IltpJ 'Ofitijyvfiu))', i. c. concerning illustrious men who bore the same name. Suidas. AGRESTI, Livio {Biog.) a painter of Forli, in the Roman territoiy, was employed by Gregorj' XIH to execute the works which he projected in the V atican. His best {X'rform- ance is said to be the Last Supper, in the chapel of the cathe- dral at Forli. AGRESTIN {Ecc.) a monk who gave trouble to the churtli in the seventh century. Baron. Aunal. Ann.{]\~. AGRICIUS, Matthew {Biog.) a scholar of the 1 6th centur)-, who wrote the lives of several saints. AGRICOLA, Cncius Julius {Hi.it.) the father-in-law of the liistorian Tacitu.s, and a governor of Britain, whose life was written by Tacitus himself. Agricola, a consul and colleague of Clementinus. Agricola, another consul and colleague of Eustathius in the reign of C'onstantine. Agricoi-a, Kudolphus {Biog.) a poet, an orator, and a scholar, was bom in 1442, and died in 1485, leaving two works of his, which arc extant, namely, an ' Abridgment of Ancient History,' and a treatise ' I)e Inventione DiiJectica,' which were printed together at Cologne, in 1539, under the title of ' R. Agricolic Lucubrationes,' 2 vols. 4to. Agkicola, George, a Gemian physician, was born in 14.04, and died in 1555. He wrote difl'erent treatises on metals, medicine, weights, measures, &c. His work ' De Re Me- tallica,' was printed at Basil four times in folio in 1554, 1556, 1558, and 15fil ; that ' De Ortu et Causis Subter- ranearum,' was printed in folio at Basil, in 1583. His principal work, ' De Peste,' was printed at Biisil in 1554. Agricola, John, a minister of the Lutheran church, and a cotemporary with Luther, set forth the doctrine which has since been known by the nanie of Antinomianism. He died in 155(j. Anumg his literary labours may be distinguished the share which he took in drawing up, at the command of Charles V, the formulary of faith well known by the name of the Interim, by which it was proposed to unite the con- tencUng j)arties. Agricola, Nicholas, a commentator on Cicero in 1555. Agricola, Melchior, a jioet in 1 58 1. Agricola, Christian, a theological writer in 1582. Agricola, John George, a medical writer in lti03. l 2 AGR AGR Agricola, JVolfaiig, wrote on marriage in iGOQ. Agricola, Conrad, was author of a concordance in ifilO. Agricola, Francis, a priest of Leonen, in the dutchy of Ju- lier, died in lb"21, leaWng ' Coinmcntarium de ^ crbo Dei Scripto ct non Scrijito/ and other thci)l()gii;il works. AGRICOLUS, St. (Ecc) or Agriculus, bishop of Chalons sur Saone, from 530 to 580, was present at three councils, namely, one of Orleans, one of Puns, and one of Lyons. He built several churches, and distinguished himself no les.s by his talents than liis pictj'. Gregor. Tiiron. dc Glur. Coiifcsx. AGRIGEXTUM (Gcog.^ 'Acpiiyac, a considerable town in Sicily, distinguished no less for its opulence and the magni- ficence of its buildings, than for the luxury of its inha- bitants. It was buUt by a colony from Gela, on the river from which it derived its name, and was the second city in the island next to Syracu.se, with which at diflerent times it contended for the superiority. Marciain. Heracl. in IlfpiVXw. Mfyapue ^iXivavr' ot FtXuioi tKntrav 'Aicpdyai'Ta. Etnpedoclcs apiid. Diogen. Laerl. 1. 8, in Fit. 'Q tpiXoi 01 ftiyn arv Kara KapOov 'AKpdyavTOQ Nai'fr' dv' dxpa TroXfw^. The government of the Agrigentines was for the most part deraocratical ; but they at one time fell under the tyranny of Phalaris, from which they were relieved by Theron, who presided over the state until his death. To these circum- stances Pindar alludes. Find. Olymp. Od. 2. Qrjpwva ci Ttrpaopiae "'EviKa viKatpopH Tfyujviiriov oVt ^iKaiov Kii'ov 'Epttrrfi' ' Aupdyavrog 'Eviovvfxiov Tf TTariptov 'Ati}Tov, opOorroXiv Ka/ioVrff oi TroXXa OvfKf lepov ix^^ oiKtjfxa UorafiS. They became afterwards successively subject to the Syracu- sans, Carthaginian.s, and Romans. The name of this town was commonly written in Latin Agrigentum ; but Virgil, and after him, Silius, call it Agragas. Firg. JEn. 1. 3, v. 703. Ardxui% untie Agragas pitendil maxime UmgD Muenia ; magnanintum ipLondam generaUyr eijuorum. It is now known by the name of Girgenii, where many noble ruins of its temjiles and other edifices arc still to be «cen. QV^ide Girgentf] Thucijd. 1. (), c. 4 ; Puli/b- 1. 8 ; Diodur. 1. 13 ; Cic. in Ferr. Act. 4 ; Liv. 1. 25, c. 2.'J ; St rub. 1. 6 ; Ovid. Fast. 1. 4 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 8 ; Solin. c. 1 1 ; Plol. 1. 3, c. 4. AoRlGENTUM (Numis.) the eagle, the emblem of Jupiter, and the cancer marinus, were adopted as tlie symbols of Agri- gentum, to denote their power and maritime situation. The eagle is sometimes represented in the act of pouncing on a fish, as in fig. 1, or on a dove, as in fig. 2 ; but more fre- Fig. 1. of fig. 3 the cancer with a water serpent underneath de- vouring it. The attitudes of these animals are intended, in all probability, to denote their power or successes over their enemies, particularly the Carthaginians. One of their me- Fig.3. Fig. 4. quently on a hare, as in fig. 3 ; on the obverse of fig. 1 is the cancer alone, with the inscrijition of the town ; on lliut of fig. 2 the cancer with two dolphins underneath ; on that dais bears on the obverse, ;is in fig. 4, two eagles standing on a hare, one with its head erect, and the other in the act of attacking it ; on the reverse a man in a chariot and four, whom the goddess Victoria is flying towards with a tri- umphal crown, to commemorate a victory obtained by Gelo the tj'rant of Syracuse over the Carthaginians, by the assistance of Theron, his father-in-law, and ruler of Agri- gentum. The inhabitants of tliis city honoured on thciz medals Jupiter, ApuUo, Minerva, Hercules, and ^scula- pius ; but more particularly Ceres and Proserjiine, whom they commonly represented crowned with ears of com, to denote the fertility of the island. They likewise repre- sented their river Agragas under the form of a youth, whom they worshipped as the son of Jupiter, by Astcrope, the daughter of Oceanus. The inscriptions on the medals of Agrigentum were sometimes an abbreviation of the names of the town, as A. K. as in fig. 3, AKPA. AKPAF. AKPAFAN, as in fig. 1, AKPANTI, as in fig. 4, ArPAPANTOi:, as in fig. 1 ; but most commonly at full length AFPAFANTINiiN, or ArPAPANTINON ; and in those which represent the river Agragas, APAFAS, or in most others AFP.AFAS. Gullz. Magn. Grcec. ; Pariil. Sicil. Descrit. cum Haverkamp. Cummcnt. AGRIOPAS {Biog.) a writer on the Olympic games, and those who were the victors at those games. Plin. 1. 8, c. 22. Agriopas, the father of Cynaras, who invented tiles, metals, &c. Plin. 1. 7, c. 56. AGRIOPE (Mi/l/i.) 'AyptoTrrj, the wife of Agenor, who is otlicrwise called Telephcsa. AGRIPPA (Bibl.) a king of the Jews, before whom the apostle Paul ])reached, and the second king of that name mentioned under Ilixluri/. Acts xxv. &c. Agrippa (///.s7.) a name common to several princes and dis- tinguished jiersons. Tlie name is supposed to be derived from /ligro purlii, because those who came into the world with their feet foremost were called Agrippa.-. Plin. 1. 7j e. 8 ; Gell. 1. iC, e. lO"; iVon. Marcellin. c. 19; .Salmat. Exercit. Pliiiear. 631. Princes of this Name. Agrippa, Sihiiis, king of the Latins, succeeded Tiberius, A. M. 31.'J3, A.C. 902, and reigned forty years. Dionys. Halic. 1. 1. Agrippa, Ilerud, the first of this name, son of Aristobulus, and grandson of Herod the fireat, obtained tlie kingdom of Judca from Caligula, and' died by the visitation of God, a miserable death, after a reign of seven years, A. D. 43. Acts xii. 22. Juvenal refers to his incestuous connexion witli his sister Berenice. Jiiccn. Sat. (), V. 156". Deinde adamas nntiuimiis et Berenice! Jtt dif^itit fitrlus prftit)sitirt hunc dcdit olim ]iirharu$ iurryttr, dt-dit huiic A^riftpu S(?rt>rlS, OliiemaiU uhi J'esta, mero jtede lalihala rrget, F.t velus indulget senibus dementia ptrrcit. Joseph. Jud. Antiij. 1. 2, c. 8 ; Dio. 1. 59. AGR AGR AoRlPPA II, son of the iircccdini)a Herod, was consumed with his wife, by the fire of Mount \'esuvius. Distinguished Perioiis of this Name. AoRirrA, Mcnciiiiix, a c(msul. QVide MfncniK.f] AoRiPPA, Furiii.t, a consul with T. Quinctius Capitolinus, U. C. 310, A. C. 444. Liv. I. 3, c. 66. Agrippa, Maioiius Lnnatit.'s, a. consul. [^Vidc Meneniu.i] Agrippa, M. I'ipxaniu.t, the favourite and son-in-law of Au- gustus, was three times consul, as many times tribune, and once censor with Augustus. After havini; achieved many exploits by sea, and written an account of his own life, which is not now extant, he died twelve years before the birth of our Saviour. A farther account of this Aginppa is given under Numismatics. J'cll. Tacit. Aniial. 1. 1, c. 1, &c. Falcr. Hist. 1. 2; Siicloii. in August, c. 63; Dio. 1. 49, &c.; Pliii. 1. 3i, &c. ; Joseph. Aniiq. Agrippa, Posthumii.<:, son of the preceding, was bom after the decease of his father, adopted by Augustus, U. C. 7-'J'> ; banished shortly after on account of his vicious courses, and put to death by Tiberius, on his coming to the empire, A. D. 14. Tac. Aniial. 1. 1 ; Siicloii. in Tiber, c. 22; Diu. I 57. Agrippa, or the fal.ie Agrippa, a slave of the preceding, whose real name was Cleonient, gave himself out to be Agrippa Posthumus, whom Tiberius had put to death. The emj^eror found means to get him into his power, when he caused him to be secretly despatched. Tac. Annal. 1. 2, c. 39 ; Dio. I. 57- Agrippa, D. Halerius, a relation of Germanicus, was suc- cessively a tribune of the people, a prictor, and a consul ; Tacitus describes him as a great debauchee. Tac. Annal. I. 1, c. 57. Agrippa, 3/. Asinius, was consul with Cassus Cornelius, A. D. 25. Tac. Annal. 1. 4, c. 34. Agrippa, Vihulanus, a Roman knight, poisoned himself in the presence of his judges, from whom he was taken to prison, and there strangled, in the reign of Tiberius. Tac. Annal. 1. 6, c. 40; Dio. 1. 58. Agrippa, Fonteins, an accuser of Scribonius Libo, in the reign of Tiberius. Tacit. Annal. 1. 2, c. 30. Agrippa, Fonteins, probably the same as the preceding, was lulled by the .Sarmatians, while he was governor of Sar- matia, during the civil war between Vitellius and Vespasian. Tac. Hi.st. 1. 3, c. 4G ; Joseph. Agrippa (Xinnis.) the two kings of Judica of this name struck medals in honour of the emperors by whom they were befriended. Agkippa I, struck some medals bearing on the obverse the heads of Caligula and Claudius, with a suitable inscription ; on the reverse K.\li:.\Pi:iA2. A1\M)Y. .Vl'Pinil.V. BASIAEYi:. Ceesarew A.ii/li, Agrippa Rex, or EHl. n.XSIAK. ArPIimA. TIBEl'IKSiN. sub rege Agrippa, Tibcriensium. A few of his mediUs are also said to bear on the obverse the head of Agrippa crowned with a diadem, inscription BAill.VEYS. MEFAi:. ArrinnA2. 7, and died in 179, leaving Julian as his successor. Du Pin. Bibl. Ecdes. Agrii'Pinus, Paconiu.t (Biog.) a stoic philosopher mentioned with commendation by Epictetus and Arrian. He was ba- nished from Rome Iw Nero, and retired with great com- posure. Arr. 1. 1, c. 1. aGRIPPUS (Hi.v/.) a famous juggler, whom the emperor Verus l)rouglit with him from Asia. AGRIRETH (Ili.sl.) brother of Afrasiab, king of Turkistan, and ainqueror of Persia, was reckoned a great prophet among the Turks. AGItlSIUS (//m7.) vide AciLiius. AGRlSOPI'y {Mijlli.) anotliername for Agriope, or Argiriopc, tlie mother of Cadmus. AGRIU.S (Mi/l/i.) "Ayptor, the son of Parthaon, who drove his brother (Eneus from the tlirone, but being afterwards expelled by Diomed, he killed liimself. Horn. II. 1. H, V. IKi; AjHjlttxl. 1. 1, c. 7; Ovid. Heroid. 1. y, v. I5J; liygin. Fab. 1 75, &c. ; Anion. Lib. 7. Agbius, 1. A centaur killed by Hercules. Apollod. 1. 2, o. 5. 2. A son of Ulysses, by Circe. Hesiod. in Tlieogon. v. 1013. AGROETAS (Biog.) 'Aypoirac, a writer on Seytlija, men- tioned by the scholiast on Apolloneus, 1. 2, 3, 4 ; and also by Stephanus, under the word "AfnreXo^. AGROLAS (Hist.) constructed all the w;ills round the citadel of Athens, except that part which was afterwards fortified by Cimon, son of MUtiades. AGRON (Hiii.) "Aypojy, the son of Ninus, the first of the HeraclidiE, who reigned at Sardis. Herod. 1. 1, c. 7. Agron, son of Pleuratus, and king of lUyria, was so elatetl with his success over the jEtolians, that he killed liimself with immoderate drinking. Poli/b. 1. 2, c. 4. Agron (Biog.) a celebrated physician who stopped the plague of Athens, by causing fires to be lighted. Cad. lihod. L 24, c. 22. AGROPOLIS {Geog.) a fortified place in Naples, near the Gulf of Salernum, which is the ancient Acropolis. AGUADO, Francis {Biog.) a Spanisli Jesuit, who was bom at Torrejou, near Madrid, in 1566, and died at Madrid in 1654, leaving several theological works, comprised in six volumes folio. AGUAZZARI, Alfon^is {Ecc.) a Jesuit of Tuscany, who was governor of the college of English at Rome, and died in 1602. AGUCCHIO, Jermne {Ecc.) made cardinal by Clement VIII after 30 years' ser\'ice, and died soon after in 1604. He was the instructor and brother of the Aguechio in the next article. Agucchio, John Baptist, archbishop of Amasia, in Natolia, was born at Bologna in 1570, and died in 1632. His works were, 1. ' A Treatise on Comets and Meteors.' 2. ' The Life of Cardinal Sega, and Jerom Agucchio his Brother.' 3. ' L'Antica Fondazione e Dominio della Citta di Bologna.' l63S, 4to. AGUESSEAU, Henri/ Francis d' (Hist.) a French states- man, was born at Limoges in 166S; after having been twice chancellor of France, and twice banished, he resigned the seals which had been oflTered to him and accepted a third time; and died at the age of eighty, in 1751. He was a poet and a man of general science, whose woi-ks are conv- prised in 13 volumes 4to. AGLT {Hist.) or Sultan Agiii, king of Bantam, in the island of Java, was the son of sultan Ajoum, who had resigned in his favour : but finding him cruel and tyrannical in his proceedings, he attempted to regain his kingdom, in which he failed, and being made prisoner, was kept in confine- ment by his son. AGUILAR, Alonzo {Ecc.) or Agttilar, a Ciirdinal, and grand inquisitor of Spain. AGUILIONUM {Geog.) a town of Gallia Aquitania, now Aiguillon. AGUTLLONIUS, Francis {Biog.) or Aguelon, a Jesuit of Brussels, and professor of philosophy at Dowas, was the first that introduced matlicmatical studies at Antwerp. He wrote, 1. ' Opticorum Lib. 6, Philosophicis juxta ac Mathe- maticis ntUes.' Fol. Antwerji, I6l3. 2. ' Of Projections of the Spliere.' 3. ' Catoptrics and Dioptrics,' which he had not finished when he died in l(il7- AGUIRRE {Biog.) there were several Spanish writers of this name wlio were descended from tlie same family, of whom an account has been given by Nicholas Antonio. The two principal are, Aoi'iuuK, Michael, an eminent lawyer of Pampeluna, who died in 1588. He wrote in favour of the pretensions of Philip II to the crown of Portugal. AoiTiRHK, Jo.ieph. Siiens d', « lx;nedictiue of Logrogno, was born in 1630, and made cardinal by Innocent XI in \6S6, and died iu 1()90. He wrote, 1. ' Ludi Salnianticenses, sive AGY A TIT Thcoloirift Floriilenta.' fol. U)88. g. ' On Philosophy,' 3 vols. Ki'Tl. !i- ' A Coiimiont;iiy on the Ethics (if Aris- totle,' 1(>7-^- "t. ' A Treatise upon Virtues and Vices.' 5: • The Tiieolosy of St. Anselm,' :i vols. fol. ifiSO. 6. A LiTfTC work ajjiiinst the declaration of the as.scnibly of the French clerj,')- in UiS'i ; entitled, ' Defensio Cathcdrit- Sancti Petri.' 7. ' Collection of the Councils of Spain.' Dii Pin. Bihl. Eccles. AGUNTUM (Gros.) a tow-n of Noricu.s, now Dohlach, or Iniuikcii, according to Laziiis. Pliii. 1. 3, c. QS ; Plot. 1. 2, c. 11; Anion. Ithi.; Laz. Comment. Reip. Rom. 1, 12, c 6"; C/mi'. Genntui. Anliq. 1. 2. AGUU {lii/)l.) the name of a person mentioned in the Pro- verbs, and supposed by many of the fathers to be Solomon liimself. AGYj^EUS (Biog.) an Hyperborean, who, in company with Pcjrasus, dedicated an oracle to Apollo. Pans. 1. 1 0, c. 5. AGYIEUS (Mi/l/i.) 'Ayvttvc, an epithet for Apollo among tlic Grcvks, because they sacrificed to him in the streets, qu-a.fi ])rivi'ii.^r'pa 7rp6(; Tri'Xa*; Ac'^at TiXiTijv Kaivriv is-le-duc, was bom about 1533, and died in 1595. He wrote, 1. ' Novella; Justinian! Imp. Constitutiones,' 4to. Pari.s, 15C0. 2. ' .lustiniani Edicta,' &c. 8vo. Paris, 15fiO. S. ' A Latin Translation of the Nomo Canon of Photius,' fol. Btisle, 1561. 4. ' Inauguratio Philippi H, Hisp. RegLs,' &c 8vo. Ultraj. lC20. AGYLAUS" (Hi.sl.) \'ide Agclans. AGYLLA (Gfcig-.) WyiXKa, a city of Tuscany, called after its founder. Virg. JEii. 1. 8, V. 479. Haud procul hive saxo a^Utur fnndcita vetusio Urhis AgUliiiai sedcs : uH Lydm quondam Cem Dttbpris jactaUir A"tiUats Hercidea non rrwle minor. AGYRIUM (Geog.) 'Ayvpiov, 'Aynptop, 'AytrpTjva, Angu- rium, a town of Sicily, the birth-place of Diodorus Siculus, now S. Plidippo in Agironc. The inhabitants were c;dlcd by Cicero, Agj'rincnsis ; by Pliny, Airirini. lYiud. 1. 4, kc; Cic. in f'crr. 1. 2, c. 9. &c. ; P/iiL 1. .3, c 8 ; PloL 1. 3, c. 4 ; Anton- Ilin. ; Sicp/i. Bi/z. de Urb. AcYRiuai (Xumis.) this town represented on some of their medals the figure of Hercules killing the i!er])cnt Hydra. S(mietimes the figure of a hound seizing the chamois or mountain goat, as in the annexed (igure, end)lematical of the lofty sitiiation of the town, and its fitness for the chacc ; on other medals, or otlier parts of their medals, they represented tlie head of Jupiter, of Hercules, Minerva, and the Minotaur. The inscriptions Al'Yl'INAI. AITI'l- NAISIN. Agriiicn.sinm, s(mietimes with the name of the magistrate, as Kill. i;()II.\'n'OY. Sub Sopairo, d^c. A(j"\'UIUS (Ui.\i.) an Athenian general, who succeeded Tlirasvbulus after he was .slain. Diud. AGYU'l'E.S {M,/l/i.) a man who killed his father. Ovid. Met. 1. 5, v. 148. Et citso genilirre infamii Agyrtis. AHA (Biog.) a rabbi of the seventh century, author of a work entitled, ' Seclloth, or Questions on the Command- ments of the Law.' AHAB (Hi/>l.) HNnK, from nn«, brother, and i«, father, a wicked king of Israel, who was killed after a reign of 22 vears in a battle against the Assvrians. 1 Kings xxii. 34. A.M. 3109. A. C. 897- AiiAB, son of Kolaiah, one of the two fal.se prophets who seduced the Lsraelites at Babylon. Jer. xxix. 21, 22. AHALA (Jlifi.) the surname of the Servilii. \y\de Seriilius'2 AHARAH (Bibl.) mnN, third son of Benjamin. 1 Ckron. viii. 1. AHARHEL (Bibl.) Vmn«, son of Hanim. 1 C/iron. iv. 8. AHASBAI (Bibl.) 'iDn», 'Ax«o-/3a, the father of Eliphelet, one of David's mighty men. 2 iS'«;«. xxiii. 34. AHASUERUS (Bibl.) ti^mtyns, which is supposed to he a Persian word, signifying prince. A scripture name for thre Persian king who took Esther to wife, who is mentioned in the book of Esther passim, and in Dan. ix. 1. is called the son of Darius. Who that prince was, has lx;en the subject of much dispute among the learned. Usher and Calmet suppose it to have been Darius, the son of Hystas])es, but Prideaux maintains that it was Artaxcrxcs Longimanus. Scaliger conjectures that it was Xerxes, and the authors of tlie Universal History are of opinion that it was Canibyses. In the Septuagint Ahasuerus is rendered 'Apraiiplrir ; and Josephus expressly mentions Artaxerxes as the hu.sband of Esther. Jo.iep/i. Antiq. \. 11, c.6; Seal. Entcndat. Temp. 1. 9 ; Prid. Connect. AHAVA (Bibl.) Kin«, signifying essence or generation : a river near Babylon, where Esdras assembled the Jews. Ezra viii. 15. AHAZ (Bibl.) inK, an idolatrous king of Judah, the son and successor of Jotham. 2 Ai/iS'f xviii. 1. He was succeeded by his son Hezekiali. Ahaz, father of Jelioadah. 1 Chron. \\xl. 3(j. AHAZI (Bibl.) vide Ahaz. AHAZIAH (Bibl.) n'tn», \-ision of the Lord, from inn, achaz, and n'jaii, Lord; king of Juilah, a son and succes- sor of Jehoram, and AthaliiUi, who was slain by Jehu. 2 Kings ix. 21. AiiAZiAH, son of Ahab, who reigned with his father one ywir, and alter his death one year. He died Jul. Per. 3818, A. .M. 3108, A.C. 896'; 1 Kings xxii. 40; 2 Chron. xx. 37. AHER (Bibl.) -in», a m;m of the tribe of Benjamin. 1 Chron. vii. 12. AHI (Bibl.) n«, son of Aiimushaddai, and a chief of the tribe of Dan. Numb. vii. ()()', ()7. AHIHUD (^Bibl.) TrrnN, 'Ax'Hf, son of Naaman, and brother of Ahoah, of Benjamin. 1 Clirvii. viii. 7. AHIJAH (Bibl.) n'n«, son of Esrora, of the tribe of Judah. I Chron. ii. 2;j. Ahijah, keeper of the temple treasury under David. 1 Chron. xxvi. 20. Ahijah, son of Pelon, an officer in David's arniv. 1 Chron. xi. 3(). Ahijah, a projihet of the Lord, who dwelt at ShUo, and wrote the life of Solomon. i2 Chron. ix. 2f). Ahijah, son of Baaslia, king; of Israel. 1 Kings xv. 27. AHIKAM {Bibl.) op'nx, son of Shaphan, and fother of GedaUah, was sent to Huldah, the prophetess, by king Josiah. AHILUD {Bibl.) niV'nw, 'XiuX^i, the father of Jehoshaphat, who was David's secretary. 2 Sam. viii. l6. AHIMAAZ {Bibl.) yro'nH, son of Zadok the high priest, succeeded his father. 2 Sam. xvii. 1 7. AHIMAN {Bibl.) rD'nn, "Axei/tar, a giant of the race of Anak, who dwelt at Hebron when the spies visited the land of Canaan. Numb. xiii. 22. AHIMELECH {Bibl.) i^a-nx, a sonof Ahitub, and brother of Aliiah, whom he succeeded in the priesthood. He was afterwards slain by order of Saul for having shown favour to David. 1 Sam. xxi. 1. AHLMOTH {Bibl.) nin'n«, brother of death, from nK, brother, and niD, death; son of Elkanah. 1 Chron. vi. 25. AHIXADAB {Bibl.) nj'n«, son of Iddo, and governor of the district of Manahaim. 1 King.i iv. 14. AHINOAM {Bibl.) apj-nx, 'Axt>o«ju, Ahinoam, daughter of Ahimaaz, and wife to .Saul. 1 Sam. xiv. HO. Ahinoam, David's second wife, and mother of Amnon. 1 Sa7n. XXX. 5. AHIO {Bibl.) vn«, the man wlio, with his brother Uzzah, was charged with the removal of the ark from the house of Abinadab to .Icrusalem 1 Chron. xiii. 7. Ahio, vs, look, eye, or fountain : son of Abigebeon and Maa- chah. 1 Chron. viii. 31. AHI15A {Bibl.) rTn«, son of Enan, and chief of the tribe of Xajihthali. Numh. ii. 25). AHISA.VIACH {Bibl.) nno-n^, 'AxiTo/uaf.-, father of Aholiab, the famous arcliitect. [Vide Aholiab'] AHISHAH.VR {Bibl.) iruf-n^, son of Bilham, of the tribe of Benjamin. 1 Chron. vii. 10. AHISH.AR (Bibl.) Td"n», high steward of Solomon's house- hold. I A/«t'.v iv. (). AHITOPHEL (Bibl.) ^EjirrnK, a native of Gillo, and a counseller to king David, who joined in the rebellion of Absalfmi ; but seeing it likely to fail, he lianged himself to avoid falling into David's hancL-'. 2 Sam. xvii. 23. AHITUB {Bibl.) aiB'nH, .son of Phineas, and grandsl.) 2«'Vn«, son of Ahisamach, and a skilful workman, a])pointed witli Bezaleel to construct the taber- nacle. Ej-oiI. XXXV. .34. AHOLIBAH (Bibl.) nni'^nK, a symbolical name adopted by Ezekiel for Jerusalem ; as Aholah for Samaria. Ezck. xxiii. 4. AHOLIBAMAH {Bibl.) nna'^nK, 'OX.iSf^ac, one of Esau's wives. AHUMAI (Bibl.) 'DirrK, son of Judah, of the tribe of Judah. 1 Chron. iv. 2. AHUZAM (Bihl.) ainw, 'O^ihfi, son of Naarah, of the tribe of Judah. 1 Chron. iv. 6. AHUZZATH (Bibl.) the friend of Abimelech, the king of Gerar, who accompanied him when he went to make an alliance with Isaac. Gen. xxvi. 26. Al (Bihl.) 'y, a city near Bethel, westward. It was taken by Joshua by stratagem, after having made an unsuccessful attack. Josh. \ii. 8. AIA, Marn Sarai (Topog.) a palace of the sultan, in Con- stantinople, which originally belonged to the Greek em- perors ; it is distinct from the seraglio. AlA, .Sq/ia Sainl Sophia, a celebrated church or temple in Constantinople, which it has been pretended was built by the emperor Constantino. It is now a mosque. AiA Golog (Geog.) a town of Caria, so called by the Turks, as a corruption from the Greek uyia titnXoyog. AlA (Geog.) a river of Italy running into the Tiber; it is the Allia of the ancients. AIADH, Ben Moussa al Jakassi (Biog.) a native of Sebta, or, as it Ls now called, Ceuta, in Africa, was bom in the year of the Hegira 470, A. D. 1080, and died in 544. He wrote, 1. ' A History of Cordova.' 2. A book of devotion, entitled, ' The Spiritual Meadow.' 3. ' Schafa fi Taarif hokauk al Mostafa,' or a Treatise on the Prerogatives of Mahomet. AIAH (Bibl.) «'y, a vulture, as rendered by Jerome and the English version of Job xxviii. 7- The mother of Rispah, who was Saul's concubine. 2 Sam. xxi. 8. AJAH (Bibl.) n'W, the son of Zibeon, of tlic race of Esau. Gen. xxxvi. 24. AIALA, Martin Perez (Ecc.) or Ayala, arclibishop of Va- lentiu, was bom in 1 504, at Heiste, a ^'illage in the diocese of Carthagena, and died in 1566. He wrote, 1. ' De Divi- VOL. I. ) nis Traditionibus.' 2. ' Commentaria in Univcrsalia P-ir- phyrii,' \c- .'}. • De Hectu in IJcum I'ide;' Ixsidcs nmny other works, particularly against heretics. AiAi.A, Ballha.uir (Biog.) native of Antwerji, coun.scllor of state under the duke of Parma, dic- tures, and a lirownist by profession, lived in the reign of queen Elizalieth, and died aljout l(i22. He wrote, 1. ' A CounterjjoLson again.sl Bernard and Cra-sliaw," 4to. I6O8. 2..' Annotations on the Psalms,' 4to. 1(J12; 'On the Penta- teuch,' 2 vols. 4to. HI2I ; and on ' the .S'ca, now Eblandti, a city of Caria, near the Micandrus, so called from Ala- ALA ALA handus, its founder, who was worshipped there as a god, and represented on their medals. Herod. 1. 7, c. 135; Cic- Of/ fnm. 1. 13, cp. 56 ; Juveii. Sal. S, v. "0 ; Strab. 1. 14; rihi. 1. 37, c. 7- ALAnANUA (Xiimis.) tliis town struck medals in honour of Aujiustus, Britannicus, Nero, Doinitianns, Caracidla, Maxi inus, and the einiiresscs Livia and Domna. A medid of Britannicus bears on the reverse, as in the annexed cut, a figure of Alabandus, tlieir founder, naked, holding in liis right hand a precious stone ; in his left a stall) and having a horse before him. On other niedids they re- presented Diana, Jupiter, and ApoLlo, &c. The inscription for the town was generally as above, AAABAN- AEilN, or abbreWated A.\AB. ALABANDUS (Mi/l/i.) a son of Cans, who built the city of Alabanda, and was honoured by the Alabandenses as a god. AL.\BASTER, WUHam {Biog.) a divine and poet, was a native of Hadleigh, in Suffolk, and took the degree of A. M. at Cambridge, but became a member of the University of Oxford in 1592. He wrote, 1. ' Seven Motives for hLs Conversion,' published on his attaching himself to the Romish faith, which, however, he soon after left in order to return to the church of England. 2. ' Apparatus in Rc- velationem Jesu Christi.' 3. ' Spiraculum Tubarum seu fors Spiritualium Expositionum,' &c. both of which works contained much of cabalistical learning. 4. ' Commentarius de Bestia Apocalyptica." 5. ' Lexicon Pentaglotton,' fol. 1637- 6. ' Roxana," a Latin tragedy. 7- ' Eli.sa;is,' a Latin poem on the reign of queen Elizabeth, which he left unfinished. ALABASTRUM {Geog.) a town of Egypt, where alabaster, a soft marble, was dug. ALABUS (Geog.) 'AXapuc, a river of Sicily, now Canlara. Silius calls it Alabis. *7. Itul.l. 13. A'fO noli qui pHant Hypsumque Alahinque soncrros. Plol. 1. 4, c. 3; Fazell. de Rcb. Sic. Deer. 1. 1, c. 8. ALADIN {Hisl.) or Alacddin Ben Khaikosraw, sumamed Kaicobad, was sultan of Natolia, and tenth prince of the branch of the Sclguicides, who, after haN-ing been frequently victorious over other powers, was liimself conquered by the Moguls, and died of poison, in the year of the Hegira 636, A. D. 1246. Aladin, or Alacddin Kiigiuk, fourteenth king of Egypt, of the dynasty of the Mamlucks named Barbarites, was dis- possessed of his power after a reign of five months, in the year of the Hegira 742, A. D. 1352. Aladin, or Alacddin Mahommed, was the seventh prince of the Ismalians of Irak or Persia. Aladin {Biog.) or Alacddin Giovini, was the author of a historj' in Persian, entitled, ' GLhan Khusrah,' or the Dis- cover>- of the World. ALAEDDIN, Malek Tcnnedi, leader of a schism among the Mussulmen. Alaeddin, Mahomed Ben Mahnnied, who pretended to be erf" the race of the sultans of Khouaresm, abridged a book entitled, Fakhrcddin liagi, which he called ' Ekhitarat al Nogioumioh,' or Astronomical Judgments and Predictions. ALADULLV (Geog.) a proWnce of Natolia, in Asiatic Turkey, betweeti C'araniania and the Euphrates, the capital of which Ls Marasih. The sultan Selim I, gained pos.scs- sion of it after having beheaded their last king, who was betraved into his hands. ALAE'DDOULAT, Mirza (Hw/.) the son of Baisancor, and great grandson of Tamerlane, got possession of the city of Herat, capital of Khorivsan, from which Ulcg Beg, son (if liis imcle Scharokh, could not expel him. Alae'ddoulat, a Turcoman prince, who in the reign of Bajazet gave hi.s name to the province which he j^vcmed : Cappadocia being called by the Turks Alutloulat Ili, or the country of Alaeddoulat. AL^ESA (^G(Vg.) '.\,\t/7a, '.Waiaa, Ilaleta or Aleta, a city of Sicily, tlie inhabitants of which, luxording to Pliny, arc called Haksini. Diod. 1. 14 ; Cic. in I 'err. 1. 2, c. 7 ; Anion. I/in. Plol. 1. 3, c. 3. ALvEUS (Myth.) 'AXaioc, the father of Augc, who married Hercules. ALAF (Hfcrf.) a Saracen prince, who took Edessa, an opulent town, from the Christians, A. I). 1 1 45. He i.s supposed to be the same Alaf or Aluph as Baldwin H Uwk prisoner and detained three years, A. D. 1121. MarmoL 1. 2, c 34; Baron. Annal. Ann. 1140'. AL AFTEKIN (///.?/.) a general of the Turkish troops, who lost the city of Bagdad whilst he had the command, and being afterwards concjuered and taken prisoner by Al Aziz, the Fatemite caliph of Egypt, he ended his days in that country. ALAGON (Ili.fl.) or Claude Alagqn de Merargue, a Provencal gentleman, was descended from the kings of Naples, and fancying himself to be allied to the royal family of Arragon, formed a conspiracy for delivering Marseilles into the hands of the Spaniards. The conspiracy was, however, detected, and he himself beheaded in 1605. ALAGUS (Biog.) a canon of Auxerre, wrote an account of the bishops of Auxerre to the year 875, when he died. ALAHAMER (Hisl.) otherwise called Maliomel Abbas, was the first king of Grenada, who founded, in the year of the Hegira 635, A. D. 1245, the dynasty of the Alahamares, which reigned for 250 years, till they were disjxjssessed of their power bv Ferdinand and Isabella, A. D. 1 495. Marian. 1. 13, c. 19; 'Marmol. 1. 2, c. 38. ALAHAN (^Geog.) a town of Arabia Felix, situated between Sanaa and Zebid. ALAHIS {Hist.) one of the thirty-sLx administrators during the interregnum in the kingdom of Lombardy. He after- wards rebelled against his sovereign, and was killed. ALAIN (Hist.) or Alanus, the name of three dukes of Bri- tanny, who reigned in 560, 660, and 874 ; also of four counts of Britanny, who reigned in the 10th, 11th, and 12th centuries. Alain (Ecc.) sLxteenth abbot of the abbey of Farfa, held this dignity for nine years, and died in 770. He wrote a col- lection of homilies suited to the fasts and feasts of the year. Alain, vide Alan. Alain, Bcnclif (Biog.) vide Alan. Alain, Charticr, sccretarj' to Charles \'II of France, was bom in 138(). He distinguished himself by his writings, particularly his Chronicle of Charles VII. Alain, de Lisle, a divine of Paris, was sumamed the Uni- versal Doctor, on account of his universal learning. He is supposed to have died at the end of the thirteenth centun.' ; but his works, which are principally theological, were not published before 1653. ALAIS (Geog.) a town of France, formerly the capital of the district of the Cevennes, in Lower Languedoc, and now the chief place in the department of the (iard, is situated on the left bank of the Gardin, thirteen le;igues and a half N. Montpellier; Ion. 4' E. lat. 44^ N. It is the .idciia of the Latins, and was a bishop's sec, suflhigan of the arch- bishopric of Narbonne, erected in 1 694 bv Pojh; Innocent XII. ALALA (Mi/t/i.) 'WaXu, the goddess of war, and sister to Mars. Phil, in Fratarn. Amor. ALALCOMENiE (Geog.) '.\\aA«.(i^r>ai, a town of Boeotia. near Coronea, .so called from Alidcomenes, the supposed foster-f;ither of Minerva, who had a temple dedicated there. INIience she was called by Homer, 'AXaX«:o/i{>'>jif 'ASiji'l. ALA ALA Slal. Theb. 1. 7, v. 330, applies the same epithet. Dueii Ithanutos, et Atalcomeima Minena Agmina. Strab. 1. 7, 9 ; Pliil- Qiicest. Grac 43 ; rau.i. 1. 9, c ig. ALALCOMENEIS (Mi/l/i.) vide Alalcomaia: ALALCOMENIA {Mi/lli.) 'AXaXko^f.ia, daughter of OxTgus, WHS siiid by soiuo to have been the nurse of Minerva, instead of Alalconiencs. ALALIA (Gi'Og.) '.WaXhi, a town of Corsica, built by the I'lioeaeans, and destroyed by Scipio 5'2(i A. C. but rebuilt by Sylla. Herod. 1. 1, c'. KJs'; Flunis, 1. 2, c. -2. ALANL £6" -11 Alum {Biog.) a great mathematician, who lived in the reign of the sult.m Adluieddoulat. ALAMAH, Ebii Alamah Bin Assan, a physician, who wrote a book on simple remedies, entitled, ' Escharat Almors- chedat.' ALA>L\N"NA, Baptist and Xic/iulas, two sons of the pre- ceding, were employed in the court of France. AL.\MANNL Liiisi or Lewis (Hist.) an Italian poet, of a noble family at I'lorence, was bom in 1475, and died in l.i5(i. He tiK)k great part in the troubles of his country ; and being compelled to seek liLs safety in flight, he repaired to the court of FrancLs I, by whom he was kindly received, and sent as ambassador to Charles V, from whom he re- ceived great attentions. His principal works are, I. ' Opere Toscane,' a collection of poems, and ' Antigone,' a tragedy printed at ditfercnt times at Lyons and Florence, but pro- hibited by Clement Vll. 2. ' La Coltivazione,' an imita- tion of the Georgics of ^irgil, Paris, 1546'; and among other reprints, a correct and tine edition in 4to. by Cameno Padua, 1718. •^- ' Girone il Cortese,' an heroic poem in 24 cantos, 4to. ParLs, 1,548; Venice, 154g. 4. ' La Avar- chide,' or the Siege of Bourgcs, the Avaricum of Caesar, an epic poem in 24 cantos, 4to. Florence, 1570. 5. ' Flora,' a comedy in five acts, 8vo. Florence, 155() and ICOI. ALAXiANNt, Lciris, was the name of two persons, natives of Florence, who were distinguished in the republic of letters. Al-AiiANNl, Niccolo, vide Alctminni. ALA.METH (iiiW.) nthv, '.WufiiO, the son of Becer, the son of Benjamin. 1 Citron, vii. 8. Alajieth, the sim of Jehoadah, who was of the family of KLsh, the father of .Saul. 1 Chroii. vlii. 3fi. AL.V.MLVOS (Ifisl.) first pilot in the squadron commanded bv Francis Fernandez, of Cordova, who in 1517 discovered Yucatan. He afterwards sen'ed under Cortez, and on many occasions duiplayed his nautical skill in those strange seas. AL.\Mn{ {IIi.il.) an impious .Saracen prince of the ninth century, who was defeated, taken, and beheaded, by An- drew, the .Scythian governor of the Levant. Marmol. 1. 2, c. 2(i. AL AMIN (//i*/.) the eldest of Aaron Al Raschid's three Bond; succccde, in Caslille, and died at the age of 88, in the middle of tlie I 7th century. He published a translation of Tacitus, with aphorisms in the margin. AL.\Ml'.\l).\U (Ere.) a king of the .Saracens, who became a rfmvert to ( hrixtiunity, but rejected with contem])t tlie eftiins whiili the herctii'al followers of Severus made to dniw hini to their psirtv. \I..\N (//iW.) vide Alain, Alan. Alan (Ece.) bishop of Auxerre in the 12th ccntur)', obtained permission from Pope Alexander HI to retire, and died in 1182. He composed a lil'e of St. Bernard. Alan, abbot of the monastery of Tewksbury, was the friend of Thomas a Becket, an account of whose exile he com- j)osed, besides ' Acta Claredonensia,' sermons^ epistles, &c. He died in 1201. Alan, William, cardinal of England, as he was called, studied at Oriel College, Oxford, and afterwards ilistinguished him- self by his zeal, in ojjposition to the reformation in the time of queen Elizabeth, on which account he was obliged to fly the kingdom, and died at Rome in 1594. He WTote, 1. 'A Treatise on Purgatory.' 2. 'Three books on the Priesthood, on Indulgences, and on the Infallible Truth of the Catholic Faith.' 3. ' An Ajiology for the English Ca- tholics.' Me also assisted Bellarmin in the revision of the Bible, and was engaged in revising the works of St. Au- gustin when he died. Alan (Biog.) or Alantis, surnamcd Benclif Bclloclivtis, or Becolles, was a native of SuHblk, and member of the L'ni- versity of Oxford in 1223, where he distinguished himself as one of the most learned theologians of hLs day. Alan, or Alaniis dc Insidis, vide Alain dc I'lsle. Alan, a carmelite of Lynn, in Norfolk, died about 1420. He wrote, 1. ' Elucidarium Sacra» Scriptura-.' 2. ' Moralia Biblioruin.' 3. ' Dc vario Seripturie Sensu.' 4. ' Prslec- tioncs TheologiciE,' &c. Alan, John, or Alamis Johannes, a Dane, was bom in 1563, and died in l630. He wrote several treatises on the Origin of the Cimbri ; On Natural and Artificial Logic ; On the Pronunciation of the Greek Language ; An Apology for Saxo Grammaticus, &c. ALAND, Fortescue, John, Lord, {Hist.) son of Edmund For- tescue, Esq., by Sarah, daughter of Henry Aland, of \Va- terford, Esq., was bom in 1()70, and died in 174(). He was educated at Oxford, and afterwards became a member of the Inner Temple, where he was chosen reader in 1716. He was successively appointed solicitor general, baron of the exchequer, and puisne judge of the King's Bench and Common Pleas ; and after having sat in the superior courts for upwards of 30 years, he was created a peer of Ireland. His works were, 1 . ' Sir John Fortescue's difference between an Absolute and Limited .Monarchy, as it more particularly regards the English Constitution ; being a Treatise written by Sir John Fortescue, Knight, Lord Chief Justice, and Lord High Chancellor of England under King Henr^' V'l, faitlifully transcribed from the MS. Copy in the Bodleian Library, and collated with three other MSS. published with some Remarks by John Fortescue Aland, of the Inner Temple, Esq. F. R.S. Svo. London, 1714, I719.' 2. ' Reports of select Cases in all the Courts of Westminster Hall, Tem- pore WUliam and Anne,' &c. fol. London, 1748. This is a jjostiuunous iiulilication. Alan», Forlescne {Her.) the name of a family allied to that of the I'ortescues, which once enjoyed the dignity of the jx^erage. [^\'ide Fortesene^ ALA N 1 ( Geog.) a ])cople of Sarmatia, near the lake of Moeotis, who invaded tlie Roman empire with tlie Huns and Vandals in tlie fifth century : tliey inhabited the country now called Lithnania. Claud, liiif. 1. 1, v. 314. l'utriiim'i»e bibens Maotis Alanus. Lucan calls them hardy and warlike, I. 8. Kt ietpitrer durot aterni martis AUtnos. Dionysiiis s})eaks of their numerous horses. l)itmi/s. I'erieges. Twv ('" vTTtfi tKrirartit ;roXi'iJrjrwi' if,vKov ' Wdvwv. Martial refers to the .same circumstance. Epigram. 1. 7. A'' respecting lier ])iv- tcrnatural conception, which is doubtless taken from tlie Scripture history of the Vii-gin Marj''s miraculous con- ception. ALANS (Gfo^ff.) inliubitants of Mount Caucasus, who are supposed to be descended from the Ahini. ALANUS {Hist, and liioa.) vide Alain and Ahm. ALAODDAWLET (///*/.) grandson of Timur, contended for S(mie time with his brother, the Soltan IJabr, for the sovereignty of Khorasan. ALARCOX', Baiilnlcmii (Biog.) chaplain to the Infanta of Spain, in the Low Countries, wrote. 1. ' Phcenix The- nensis c Cencribus Redivivus.' 2. ' Christus Dominus in Cathedra Crucis docens et patiens,' and many other works. Alarcon, Juhii Ruiz d', a Spanish comedian, wrote, among other things, ' Los Favoras del Mundo,' ' La Industrie y la Fucrte.' Alarcon, Jofin liiiiz d', a colonel in India, wrote a historj' of the war in Chili. Alarcon, John d', count of Torresvedras, wrote the gene- alogy of his own house. ALARD (Biog.) or Adelard of Amsterdam, as he was styled, Wiis the author of many works, the principal of which are, i. • Selectse Similitudines,' 3 vols, consisting of parallel passages from the scriptures and the fathers. 2. ' Disser- tatiuncula adversus Heereticos." 3. ' De Eucharista? Sa- cramento.' 4. ' De Peccato Originali,' &c. Alard, Francis, of a noble family at Brussels, and a zealous convert to Lutheranis-ni, died in 1578. His works are, 1. ' The Confession of Antwei-p." 2. ' Exhortation of the Ministers of Antwerp.' 3. ' Agenda,' or Discijjline of Antwerp. 4. ' A Catechism.' 5. ' A Treatise on Original Sin,' &c. Alard, IVilliam, son of the preceding, was bom in 1572, and died in l644. He wrote, 1. ' Christianus; hoc est, de Nomine, Ortu, &e. Christianorum,' Leipzig, 1637, 1640. 2. ' Pericopa Pentateuchi Biblica, Triglossometrica,' &e. 4to. l6l8. 3. ' De Diversis Ministrorum Gradibus contra Bezam.' 4. ' Defensio Tractationis do Diversis Ministrorum Evan- gelii,' &c. Franc. l600. Alard, Lambert, son of the preceding, was horn at Krempen, in Holstein, in l600, and died in 1672. He wrote, 1. ' De- licia; Atticae,' 12mo. Leip. l624. 2. ' Heraclius Saxonicus in Deorum Concilio,' &c. 12mo. ibid. l624. 3. ' GrsEcia in Nuce ; seu Lexicon novum omnium Grsecse Lingua.' Primo- geniaruni,' 12mo. ibid. l628. 4. ' Promptuarium Patho- logicum No\a Testamenti,' &c. 12mo. 5. ' Nordalbingia ; seu Historia Rerum Prajcijiuarum in Nordalbingia,' &c. 6. ' A Connnentary on ^'alerius Flaccus,' not much esteemed. 7. Laurifolia; sive Poematiun Juvenilium Apparatus, 12mo. IC27. 8. • Amorum Libri duo,' 12nio. Lips. l630. 9. ' Pocma Regium Davidis,' &e. with many others, of which a list is to be found in the Dictionnaire Historifjue, Amsterdam edition. ALARICUS (Hist.) or Alaric, the name of two kings of the Goths. Alaricus I, the most formidable enemy to the Romans, took Rome in the reign of Honorius, A. D. 409. and died the year after. Claud- de Bell- Ger. Rumpi' omties Alarice moras ; hoc impigir anno Alpibits Italitv ruptis, pettetrtihis ttd urlnDi. Prosper, in Chron. ; Zosim. 1. 5, c 8, &c. ; Oros. Hist. 1. 7 ; Baron- in Annul- Ann- 395. ,\LAnirus II, tlie son of Euric, .succeeded his father on the thnme of the VLsigoths, in Gaul and .Sjiain, in 4«4, and was killed in battle by ClovLs him.self, after a reign of thirteen yesirs. Hi.-: effigy is given lus in the annexed figure. Oregor. Turon. 1. 2, c. 35, &c. ; .laniand- de Reh. Ge.tl. Goth. c. 44, &e. ; J'rocop. de Br/l. Golh- 1. 1 ; Liidor. Hist. Gulh- ; Id. Chron. AL.'VSCO, John (Ecc.) A Lasco, or A Luski, usually styled the i'olish Refonner, from the active part wliich he took in promoting the Reformation, is said to have been uncle to Sigismund, King of Poland. He was boni in 1499, and died in 1560, after having sutlered much for his zeal in the Protestant cause. His ])rincii)al works, of which a cata- logue is given by Melchior Adam, were as follow: 1. ' BrcvLs et Diluoida de Saeramentis Ecclesia; Christi Tractatio,' &c. 8vo. London, 1552. 2. ' Confcssio de nostra cum Christo Domino Communione et Corporis item sui,' &c. 3. ' Epi.=- tola ad Bremensis Ecclesia; Ministros.' 4. ' Contra Mcm- nonem Catabaptistarum Principcm.' 5. ' De Recta Ecele- siarum Instituendarum Ratione Epistola; tres.' 6. ' Epistola ad Regem Poloni;!? Siglsmundum,' &c. 7- ' Purgatio Minis- trorum in Ecclesiis Peregrinis Franekfurtii,' &c. 8. ' Re- sponsio ad Virulentani Calumniisque et Mendaciis Consar- einatam Joachimi Westphali Epistolam,' &c. 9- ' Forma ac Ratio totius Ecclesiastic! Ministerii Edwardi VI, in Perc- grinorum maxime Germanorum Ecclesia. 10. A Fonn of Prayer for his Church at London, 1556. Alasco, Alhertus, descended from the same family, was mag- nificently entertained by the University of Oxford in 1583, being, as Wood says, one tam Marti quam Mercurio, " A veiy good soldier and a very good scholar, an able linguist, philosopher, and mathematician." ALASTOR (\hjth.) 'AXa^wp, one of Sarpedon's armour- bearers, slain by Ulysses. Horn- II. 1. 5, V. 677- "EvO oyi Koipavov slXev 'AXd^opa re Xpofiiov re. Ovid. Met. 1. 13, v. 257- Alastor, the son of Neleus, and brother of Nestor. Apollod- 1. 1, c. 9- Alastor, one of Pluto's horses, which he used in carrying awav Proserpina. Claud, de Raph. Proscrp. 1. 1, v. 286. Orphntius cnidele micars, JEthonque sagitta Ocijm- et Stvgii criuictis gloria Nycteus Armeiiti, Dttisqtie jwta signatui Alastor. ALASTORES (Myth.) 'AXa^opEc, damons who scattered evils on the earth. Plut. in Cic. ALATA, Castra (Geog.) the capital of Scotland, now Edin- burgh. ALATRI (Geog.) or Alatro, the ancient Alatrum, an old town in the Campagna di Roma, standing on a hill 40 m. S. E. Rome ; and a bishop's see dependant on the Pope alone. ALATRUM (Geog.) Aletrium, or Alelrum, 'AXirpioy, or 'Wdrpioy, now Alatri ; a town of the Hemici. The people were called by Livy, Alatrinates; by Pliny, .-Vletrinatcs. Plaut. in Capl. ; Sirab. 1. 7 ; PUn. 1. 3, c. 5 ; Front, de Colon. ALAVA, or Alaba, Esquivrl Diego d' (Fee.) a bishop of Astorga, died in 1562. He wrote ' De ConcUiis universa- libus,' &c. Fol. Granada, 15S2. Anton. Bibl. Hi.fp. A LAVA (Biog.) there were two writers of this name, of the same family as the preceding. A LAVA, de Beaumont Diego d', master of the ordnance, who v.-rote ' El Perfccto Capitan," &c. Fol. Madrid, 1590. ALA^■A, de Vergara Francis Ruis >/, who wrote the history of ALB the college of St. Bartholomew, and by orders of Philip revised an edition of the statutes of the order of the knights of St. James, fol. 1655. ALAVINUS (Hisl.) a chief of the Goths, who obtained per- mission of the emjwror Valens for his tribe to inhabit the banks of the Danulx;. After which they revolted and beat Licinus, a general of Valens, and then the emperor himself. ALAUN'A (Geog.) 'AXaiita, or Alone, now Alavay, a town of the Daranii, or Westmoreland. Ptol. 1. 2, c. 3 ; Anton. Itin. ALAUNI {Geog.) 'Wawoi, a people of Sarmatia, who in- habited the country now called Stiria. Plol. 1. 3, c. 5. ALAUNIUM {Geog.) a town of Gallia Xarbonensis. Anton. Itin. ALAUNUS (Geos-) '.\\avr6c, a river of Northumberland, now the Alne. >/o/. 1. 2, c. 3. ALA VOX A (Geos.) now Alagon, a town of the Vascones in Spain. Anton. Itin. ALAVMO, 3/. Anthoni/, {Biog.) a physician of Sicily, was bom in 1590 at Uagulbuto, "and died in 1{)(J2. He wrote, 1 . ' Discorso Intemo alia Presersazione del Morbo contagio.so e Mortale che regna al pre.sente in Palermo,' -ito. Palermo, 1625. 2. ' Consultatio pro Ulceris Syriaci nunc vagantis Curatione,' 4to. Palermo, 1()32. 3. ' De Succedaneis Medi- camentLs,' 4to. Palermo, ifiS?. 4. ' Consigli Medico- Poli- tici," &c. relating to the plague, 4to. l652. AL AZIZ, Billah (Hist.) succeeded his father as Fatemite caliph of Egypt, in the year of the Hegira 365, A. D. 975, and died in the year of the Hegira 386. ALBA, .Sy/ciK.9 (Hist.) succeeded his father Latinus Syh-ius on the throne of Latium, and reigned S6 years. Dionys. Hal. 1. 1 ; Liv. 1. 1, c. 3 ; Ovid. Met. 1. 14, 'v. 6l4. Alba (Geog.) a name common to many towns. Alba, a part of the Dutchy of Wirtemburg, now Alb. Alba, a town of Spain, now JElva. Alba, a town of Portugal, now Elvas. Alba Fucentis, a town of the Marsi, near the lake Fuclnum, now Albi. A plain lay between the town and lake, by which it was overflowed. To this Silius refers. Sil. 1. 8. interiorqiie per udos Alba sedet eampos. The inhabitants were called Albenses, in distinction from the Albani, who inhabited Alba Longa. Cic. ad Attic. 1. 8, ep. 17 ; Varr. 1. 7 ; Cas. Civ. Bell. 1. 1 ; Liv. 1. 26, ell; Strab. 1. 5; Plin. 1. 3, c. 12; Appian. Civ. Bell. 1. 1 ; Sosipal. Instil. Grammal. Alba GrcEca, or Alba Bulgarica, a town of Hungary, now Belgrade. Alba Helviurum, a town in France, now Viviers. Alba Julia, a town of Transylvania, now Weissemburg. Alba Longa, a to«-n of Latium built by Ascanius, A. C. 1152, now supposed to be Albano. Tibull. 1. 2, el. 5, v. 50. AUxufue ab Auanw condita Jjmga duct. It received the name of Alba, from the alba porca found on the spot where, according to the prediction, it was said to Ix: built, to which the poets refer. yirg. JEn. 1. 3, v. 390. Lit<)rlrr.s: On tlic dcxter-.^ide, an antelope argent, gorged a.H the crest, anned and ungukd, or ; on the sinister, a greyhound argent, gorged and unguled as the other. Mullo. " Auspicium melioris itvi." Albans, 67. {Geog.) a borough in Hertford.shire, the ancient V'erulam of the Romans, which received its modem name from a magnificent monastery founded by Offa in the eighth century in lionour of St. Alban, tlie protomartyr of Britain. rVide All)ati'\ Besides the remains of that saint, those of Oflii, and Humphrey, duke of Ciloucester, the youngest son of Henry IV, were buried here, with many others. Ofl'a pro- vided the monastery with aliout 100 monks, which was richly endowed bv I'ope Adiian IV. It is 13 miles W. S.W. of Hert- ford, 21 N. N.W. London. Lat. .51"" 46' N. long. 0"- 21' W. ALBANUM {Geog.) a town of Latium, built either on the ruins of Alki Longa, or in their vicinity, now Albano. ALBANUS {Geog.) a mountain and lake of Latium, near Albanum, now called Monle Allxino, and the lake Lugo di Castell Gangolfo. The Latina^ Feria: were celebrated with great solemnity on this mountain, which Horace makes the seat of the Muses, 1. 2, ep. 1, v. 27. Dictitet Albano mtisas in mtmte liicutas. Numa is also said to have received here communications from the goddess Egeria. Dionys. Hal. 1. 1 ; Liv, 1. 1 , c. 3 ; Strab. 1. 5 ; Plut. in Num. ALBANY, Robert, Duke of {Hist.) son of Robert II, was appointed regent of Scotland in 1 389 in consequence of the age and infii-mities of the king ; and again on the death of king Robert III, his nephew, king James, being a prisoner in England. He died in 1419, at the age of 80, after an active life, which had been principally employed in admi- nistering the government of the kingdom. Albany, Murdock, second duke of, and son of the preceding, succeeded his father in his title, and also in his dignity of regent, when he procured the release of liis cousin, king James I, from captivity, in 1424 ; but, being tried in 1425 on a charge of high treason, together with his two sons and his father-in-law, the earl of Lennox, they were all found guUty, and beheaded. Albany, Alejcander, Duke of, son of king James II, was im- prisoned by his brother, James III ; but, escaping from his prison, he went first to France, and afterwards to England, where he entered into a treasonable agreement H-ith king Ed- ward IV, that if he would place him on the Scottish throne, he would pay him homage, and give him up some places. A temporary reconciliation between the brothers prevented the execution of this project; but Albany having after- wards renewed his treasonable agreement with Edward, retired into England, and was at length killed at Paris in 1485 by the splinter of a lance at the tournament between the Duke of Orleans and another knight. Albany-, John, Duke (>3, leaving ' Discours Historial de 1' Antique et lUus- tre Cite de Nismes," fol. Lyons, 1557; besides a translaticm into French of the work of Julian, anlibishop of Toledo, entitled, ' Prognosticorum, .sive de Origine Mortis Hii- nlana^,' &c. ; and of jEnea-s Sylvius"s ' Histoire des Tabo- ritcs." ALBERGATI, Nicholas (Ecc.) a cardinal, with the title of the holy cross, was Ixim at Bologna, in l.'J75, was made car- dinal by Martin V, sent as a legate into Germany into 1431, and died in 1443. Albergati, Fahio (Diog.) a native of Bologna in the Kith century, was the author of, I. ' El C'ardinale," 4to. Bologna, 1599. 2. ' Trattato del Modi di redurre a I'uce I'lniniicizie Private," 8vo. Venice, lfil4. In 157."} Zanetti puldLshed at Rmne six volumes of Albergati's moral works. ALBERGOTTI, Marcrllinus (Ecr.) bishop of Arezzo, ren- dered great services to poi)e Innocent IV, as leg-.ite to the Manpiisate of Ancona, against the em])eror, Frederic II. ALBKK. He wrote, ' Commentaries on the Digest,' &c., and on some books of the ci^-il code, &c. His son was also distinguished in the profession of the law ; and others, of the same name, obtained an honourable distinction, as is mentioned above. ALBERIC {Hi.it.) marquis of Tuscany, and a powerful patri- cian at Rome in the 10th centun.-, revolted and stood a siege ag-ainst Hugh Cai)et, with whom he was afterwards recon- ciled. He died about 5!)0. Albkric {Ecc.) a bishop of Langres, was present at the assembly of Aix la Chapelle in the ninth century, as one of the envoys of the prince. Alberic, a cardinal of the 11th century, was employed in the synod held at Rome under Gregorj' IX, to dispute against the heretic Berenger. He wrote, among otlier things, 1. ' Liber Dictaminum et Salutationum." 2. ' De Musica Dialogus.' 3. ' Hymni de Paschate,' &c. iS;c. Alberic, abbot of the monastery of Cistcrtian monks, died in 1109, so distinguished for liis piety that he was enrolled among the number of the saints. Alberic, archbishop of Bourges, died in 1140, after haWng taken an active part in the affairs of his time. Alberic, a cardinal and bishop of Ostia, was present as legate from Innocent II, in a council held at London in 1138: after which he was sent as legate, by Eugene III, to SicUy, to the East, and finally to France. He died in 1147. Alberic, archbishop of Kheims, distinguished liimself for his zeal against the Saracens, Albigenses, and all infidels and heretics. He was taken prisoner in Portugal, but rescued by the knights of Calatrava, and died at Parai in 1218. Alberic (Biog.) vide Alhcrt. Alberic, or Albrice, a native of London, flourished about 1217, and was the author of many works, as ' ^'u■tutes Antiquorum ; ' ' Canones Speculativi ; ' ' De Origine Deo- rum ; ' &c. Alberic, a Cistcrtian monk of Trois-Fontaines, in the dio- cese of Chalons, in Champagne, was a poet and historian. He wrote Chronicles from the Commencement of the M'orld to 1241. The time in which he lived is unknown. Alberic, J\'er, a regular of the order of Augustins, and ol" the family of the earl of Oxford, in 1250 wrote 'A Trea- tise on the Eucharist ; ' ' The Life of St. Ositha ; ' 'A History of the Antiquities of his Monastery," wliich bore the name of this saint. Alberic, sumamed Thosanus, a Cistcrtian monk of Thosan, in F'landers, lived in 1272, and was the author of Chroni- cles, containing the History of the Crusade of Lewis the Younger, entitled, ' V'ox de Ccelo," &c. Albkric, surnamed de Rosata, or Roxiati, was a distinguished lawyer in 1350, and wrote on the sixth book of the Decre- tals. To him also is attributed a dictionary of Luv, and a treati.se ' De .Statutis." Alberic, James, a hennit of the order of Augustins, and a native of Bergamo, ])ublislied, in l605, ' A Catalogue of the Illustrious Men of Venice." yM.BERIZZI, Peter Joseph {Biog.) a physician of Milan, (lied in 1722, at the age of 33. He was the author of a j)osthumous work, entitled, ' Critologia Mcdica de Causis Luis Pestifcru',' itc. ALBERMONT, Frederic {Biog.) published, in 16"75, a trea- tise, entitled, ' .Svmmetria .Juridica Austriaca." ALB1:R()NI, ./h/»/.v (//;.v/.) the son of a gardener, of Pla- centia, was born in l(i(i(i, and rose by his intrigues and his talents to be a cardinal and jirinie minister of .Spain. He projected tlic matili between the king of .Spain and the daughter of the duke of Pamia, which, through his in- trigues, was put into execution. He then attempted to em- I The effigies of this ALB broil Spain with France, England, Naples, and Sicily, in which he partly succeeded, but at length brought himself into disgrace, was banished from the kingdom, and after . being made legate of Romana by Clement XII, died at Pla- centia in 1752. ALBERT (Hist.) a name common to many princes and illus- trious persons. Emperors of this Name. Albkrt I, sumamcd the Triumphant, son of Rudolphus I, was elected emperor of Germany on the deposition and death of Adolphus, whom be killed in battle with his own hand, in 1'2<)8. He was assassinated in LSOS, by his nephew, John, duke of Suabia, and other conspirators, and was succeeded by Henry V^ll. It was during the reign of tliis emperor that the Swiss regixined their independence, and laid the foundation of the Hel- vetic League. Bon. Fin. 1. 3, dec. 4. and the following emperor are given, as in the annexed figures. Albert II, sumamed the Grave and the Magnanimous, the son of Albert IV, duke of Austria, was elected emperor in 1+38, as also king of Hungary and Bohemia, and died after a short but useful reign of a year and seven months. Aventin. Ann. Boior. 1. 7 ; -^n. Silv. Hist. Bohcm. c. 5fi ; Kranlz. Sa.r. 1. 7, c. 41 ; Spondan. Annal. ann. 1437, &c. Kings of Poland and Sweden. Albert, xiAe John Albert. Albert, second duke of Mecklenburg, and son of Albert, was chosen king of Sweden in 1363, on the deposition of Mag- nus II ; but falling under the displeasure of the nobUity, by whom he had been raised to the throne, they suppoited Margaret, daughter of Waldemar, king of Denmark, who conquered him in battle, and taking him prisoner, refused to set him at liberty till he renounced all pretensions to the crown for himself and his son. Albert died in 1412, after a reign of 23 years. Joh. Magn. 1. 21. Dukes of Attstria. Albert I, who was afterwards emperor, was first invested by his father, Rudolphus, with the duchy of Austria. Albert II, .sumamed the U i,se, died in 1358, after having governed his people with much prudence, notwithstanding his bodily infmnities. Albert III, was sumamed the Astrologer, because he was addicted to that study. He rebuilt the University of Vienna, and died in 1390. Albert IV, sumamed the Patient, succeeded his father in 13yO, and died of poison in 1404, lea\dng the reputation of a merciful and pious prince. Albert V was the second emperor of this name. Albert VI, sumamed the Prodigal, son of Ernest, prince of Stiria, and a descendant of Leopold, the son of Albert the Wise, had great contention with his brother Frederic, the emperor, respecting the succession to the dutchy of Austria, which was claimed by the latter. The war continued at intervals between them for the space of six years, and was only terminated by the death of Albert, which happened in 1463, occasioned, as was susjiectcd, by poison. Albert, archduke of Austria, and governor of the Low Countries, was the sixth son of the emperor Maximilian II. He was at first destined for the church, and made cardinal and archbishop ; but renouncing his ecclesiastical dignities, he married Elizabeth Clare Eugenia, daughter of Philip II, ALB from whom he received in dowry the Low Countries and Franche-C'omte. He wa,s engiiged in an unsuccessful war with Maurice of Na.ssau, during which the memorable siege of Ostend was carried on. The capture of this town was followed by a treaty of peace, and sliortly after that by tlie death of the archduke, in 1 6()4, greatly Ixrloved by his sub- jects. Krantz. Sax. 1. 1 1, c. 33 ; Thuan. Ui.it. c 42, &c. ; Grot, de Bell. Belg. ; Spond. in Annal. Eccles. ; P. Dan. Hist, de France. Dukes of Bavaria. Albert I, Count of Hainault, Holland, Zealand, &c. go- verned those countries with much wisdom and humanity in the place of his brother William HI, who was not of sound mind. He died in 1404. Albert II, son of the preceding, died before his father, with- out issue. Albert III, sumamed the Devout, the son of Ernest, was bom in 1396, and died in 1460, much beloved by all Ger- many. Albert IV, sumamed the Wise, although the third and youngest son of Albert III, was left possessor of his domi- nions, his eldest brother, John, having made him a sharer in the government during his lifetime, and after his death he retained them through the countenance of the emperor, in spite of the efforts made by his brother Christopher. He died in 1508. Albert V, son of WiUiam III, was born in 1528, succeeded his father in 1550, and died in 1579; after having distin- guished himself by his zeal in behalf of the Romish church. Albert, the eldest son of William, and brother of Maximi- lian, commenced the electoral branch. He was bom in 1 584, and administered the govemment for his nephew, Ferdinand Maria. Sansovin. Chron.; Gans. Arb. Geneal. Dom. Au.st. Dukes and Electors of Saxonj/. Albert I, sumamed the Proud, the son of Otho, presumed to make war on his father, in order to obtain what he sup- posed to be his right, but was cut off in the midst of hLs wicked career. Albert II, succeeded his father Henry, in 1288, but dis- graced himself by his vices, particularly by his conduct to- wards his wife, who, flying from him to escape his \-iolence, died in a monastery. He also ended his days in a monastery, after having been engaged in unsuccessful wars with his children. Albert III, who was the first elector of Saxony, was the son of Bernard, of the family of Anhalt. He succeeded his father in 1212, and after goveming with much wisdom, died in 1260. Albert IV succeeded his father, Albert HI, and although of a peaceable temper, he was engaged on the side of his bro- ther-in-law the emperor, Albert, against Adolphus. At the coronation of the former, the concourse assembled on that occasion was so great, that Albert, with several other persons, were squeezed to death in the crowd. Albert V, .son of Venceslas, succeeded his brother, Rudol- phus III, in 1419, and died in 1422, inconsequence of being driven out at night by a fire, that had caught a shepherd's hut, where he had taken refuge after the chase. Albert, the sixth duke of Saxony of this name, and son of Frederic II, was made govemor of Friezland ; notwithstand- ing his valour and prudence he was engaged in frequent warfare with his subjects till his death in 1491. Marquisscs and Electors of Brandcnburgh, and Dukes of Prussia. Albert I, surnamed the Bear, son of Otho, prince of Anhalt, converted his principality from a forest into a cultivated and populous country, and died in U68. N 2 als ALB Albeht II, brother of the preceding, succeeded his brother, Otho II, in 120fi, and died in 1221. Albert III, sumameA Ac/iilles and tVyMf.v, son of Frederic I, was bom in 1H4, and died in I486, nfter haWng taken part in manv wars, and engaged in many single combats. He was remarkable no less for courage than adroitness and policy. Albert IV, first duke of Prussia, and grandson of the pre- ceding, was bom in l-iyO. He succeeded Frederic, of Saxony, as grand master of the Teutcmic Order, but com- promised the interests of the order for the dutchy of Prussia, with which he was invested in 152;j. He embraced the cause of the reformers, and took part in all the wars and diN-isions which at that time distracted Gennany. Albert, Frederic, of Brandenburg, and duke of Prussia, succeeded his father, Albert IV, in 1568, but becoming a lunatic shortly after, his cousin, George Frederic, adminis- tered the government in his name. He died in 16O8. Albert, marquis of Brandenburg, sumamed the Alcibiades ()/' Gennany, son of Casimu', marquis of C'ullenbach, was distinguished by the active part he took in the opposition to Charles V, and died in \C>5~, of diseases occasioned by in- temperance. Tliuan. HidA.i, 10, &c. Dukes of Brunswick. Albert I, sumamed the Great, the son of Otho I, buUt Har- burg, Ottenburg, and other towns, and died in 1279, hav- ing the reputation of a valiant enterprising prince. Albert the Fat, succeeded his brother William, and after a peaceful reign died in 1318. Kranlz. Melropol. Bert. Kcr. German. Hist. 1. 2. Ihikcs of Mecklenburgk. .\lbert I, son of Henry, the Lion, was created with his bro- ther a duke, by the emperor Charles IV, in 1348, in con- sideration of the services he had rendered him iu carr^'ing on a war against Lewis, duke of Brandenburg, and other princes. Albert II, son of the preceding, was chosen king of Sweden in Ids father's lifetime. Albert III, son of the preceding, became a partner in the government with his brother, duke John, and died in 1 423. Albert IV, son of Henry the Fat, succeeded his father in 1477, but died in the same year without issue. Albert V, sumamed the Handsome, son of Magnus II, made an unsuccessful attempt to reinstate Christiern II, the de- posed king of Denmark, and (bed in 1547- Albert, John, vide John Albert. Counts of Nassau. Albert, son of George and Anne Amelia, of Sarbrnck, his first wife, was bom in 1596, and was killed by tlio blow of a musket in 1626, in the service of the United Provinces. Albert, the son of Philip, count of Wcilhourg, and Anne, daughter of Albert, count of Mansfield, re-uiuted the .seignory of .Sarbruck with that of Weilbourg, and died iu 1616. Counts of Vermandois. Albert I, succeeded Herbert, his father, in 94.S, and after having contributed to the deposition of Charles the Simple, died in f)88. Albert II, son of Herbert III, founded tlie abbey of Bu- culli, and died in 1035. Fhdoard. Chroii. Saint Marlh. Hist. Geneal. de France Le P. Ansclme. Distinguished Per.ions. Albert, or Allierti de J.uines, an ancient and illustrious family, was a brunch of the house of Alberti, of Florence, which settled at Venaison, in France. Many members of this family distinguished themselves in the service of the French kings, of which the following are the principal : Albert, Thomas, was the stm of Lewis, who left Florence. He was in the service of Charles VII, from whom he re- ceived many honours and estates, and died in 1455. Albert, Leo, great grandson of the preceding, was in the wars in Italy, and was killed in the battle of Cerisolles, g-ained by the count d'Enghien over the marquis del Vasto. He became lord of Luines by his marriage with Antooia de Segur. Albert, Honore d', sicur de Luines et de Cadenet, ga\'e early proofs of his valour and good conduct, for which he received many favours from Charles IX. One of his greatest exploits was" his combat at Vincennes, in the presence of the king and court, with captain Panier, of the Scotch corps, in which he came off xdctorious, having slain his adversary. He died in 1592. Albert, Charles d', due de Luines, and son of the preceding, was born in 1578, and rose to the highest posts of govern- ment under Henry IV and Louis XIII ; but drew upon himself many enemies by the active part which he took in the troubles of the times, particularly in repressing the turbulence of the nobles, and supporting the royal autho- rity. He died in 1621 of the scarlet fever, or, as some say, of poison. Albert, Honore d', third son of Honore Seigneur de Cade- net, and due de Chaulnes, acquired and preserved the esteem of Louis XIII and XIV, and after filling the highest posts, particidarly that of ambassador to England, iu l620, he died in I649. In consequence of his alliance wdth the house of AiUy, in Piccardie, he and his posterity engaged to take that name, and bear their arms. Albert, d'AiUi/ Charles, third .son of the preceding, who in- herited his father's titles by the death of his two elder bro- thers, was three times ambassador at the court of Rome, and died in I698. Albert, Louis Charles d', due de Luines, and third son of Charles d'Albert, due de Luines, was no less lugh in office than his fitther, but led a more retired life, and died in 16()0, leaving some religious works; among others, ' Re- cueU de Sentences tiree des S. S. Peres,' Paris, 1 680. Albert, Charles Honore d', duke of Luines, son of the pre- ceding, and knowTi under the name of due de Chevreuse, was born in l646, and died in 1712, after having been en- gaged in the active service of the king against the Turks, and in the war with Spain. Albert, Louis Joseph d', ninth son of Louis Charles, known in his youth under the name of chevalier and comte d'Al- bert, was born in 1672, and after having distinguished himself in all the memorable battles of that day, in which he was dangerously woiuided, he attached himself to the court of Bavaria, the elector of which becoming emperor, he was made (ield-marsbal of the empire, and sent as am- bassador extraordinary to the king of France. Albkut, Charles Honore d', count of Tours, and son of C'liurli's Honore, was born in 1()6,(), and after serving in several campaigns, was killed near Bellikeim, regretted by the whole army for his valour and cajiacity. Albert, Maria-Charles Louis d', due de Chevreuse, and ])rince de Neufcliatel, &c., was at the escalade of Prague, and at every inijiortant action which took place during the war that was terminated by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. Ai,ni;uT (Fee.) a name conuuon to several prelates. Albert, archbishop of Hamburgh. ^Vide Adelhcrt'] Aliikrt, r)r Adalbert, archbishoi) of Mentz, a turbulent ])relate in the reign of Henry N", who was imprisoned on account of a conspiracy which he formed against the cm- jieror, but being released .so c. 14, \'C. Albert, de Louvain, cardinal, bishop of Liege, and brother ALB ALB of Henry, due de Lorraine, having been elected bishop, and his election continued by tlie pope Celestin III, in spite of the opposition of the emperor, Henry VI, he was assassinated in llfJ.'J. Baitlft. I'ies des Saiiils. Albert, wlio was born at Castro di Guallester, in Italy, was raised from a eanonry to the bishopric of VerceLl ; and after being employed on several missions by popes Clement III and Innocent III, was appointed patriarch of Jerusalem; but took up his residence at Acre, where he was assassinated in 1214. Grnebr. el Onuph. in Chron. ; Posscviii- in Ap- par. sacr. ; Sjwndan. Aiinal. ann. 1203. Albert, of Parma, was legate to the Holy See in the l.Sth centurv, being sent by Innocent IV into England, and from tlience into France. Le P. Dan. Hist, de France. Albkrt, bLshop of Frisingen, assisted Albert^ of Austria, at the siege of Zurich, and died in 1359- Bert, de Urh. German. 1. 3. Albert, a descendant from the barons Von Wintz, an ancient and illustrious family of Austria, was made bishop of Passau, the inhabitants of which place havhig revolted against him, and being defeated in a bloody battle, were fined by the emperor 3000 marks for their revolt. He died in 13S0. Albert I, son of Ernest, elector of Saxony, was chosen arch- bishop of Mentz, and died two years after, in 14S0. Albert II, cardinal and archbishop of Mentz, was a man of talent and a lover of learning, who gave much encourage- ment to the Jesuits. Albert (^Biog.) or Alheric, a canon of the church of Aix, in Provence, composed a history of tlie first crusade from 1095, when it commenced, to 1120, when it terminated, in the second year of the reign of Baldwin : it was published by EeLnecius, in 2 vols. 4to. Helmstadt, 1584, under the title ctf ' Chronicon Hierosolymitanum de Bello Sacro.' It was also inserted in the collection of the historians of the cru- sades, published in l6ll, under the title ' Gesta Dei per Francos.' Albjekt, abbot of Staden in the 13th century, composed a Chronicle from the commencement of the world to the year 1250, at which time he flourished. P'oss. de Hist. Laf. 1. 2 ; Du Pin. Bibl. Eccl. Albert, the Great. ^Vide Alberlus Magnus"^ Albert, of Padua, who was distinguished for bis talents, particularly his eloquence, was born in 1293, and died in 1328. He left many theological works, and was honoui-ed with a statue, which was erected in Padua, his native place. Trithcm. de Script. Eccles. Albert, sumamed Argentina, lived in the 14th century, and composed a History or Chronicle of what passed in the em- pire from Rudolphus I to Charles IV. Voss. de Hist. hat. Albert, of Saxoni/, flourished about the midtlle of the 14th century', and wrote a commentary on the tables of Alphonso, besides eight books on physics, three books on the heavens and the universe, and other works on similar subjects. Albert, Era.wius, a pupil of Luther, and an active partisan in favour of the refonnation, died in 1551, leaving a sati- rical account of St. Francis, which at that period produced the desired end of bringing the Romish church into con-' tempt. ALBERTANO, o£ Brescia (Biog.) an Italian writer of the 13th century, wrote, 1. ' De Dilectione Dei et Proximi.' 2. ' De Foi-mula Vitse Honestse.' 3. ' De Consolatione et ConsUio.' 4. ' De Doctrina Loquendi et Tacendi.' ALJBERTAS (Hist.) or Albcrlazzo, a noble famUy of Pro- vence, was of Italian extraction, and in the person of An- thony Albertas became domiciliated in France in 13()0, during the pontificate of Innocent VI, at Avignon. Tliis Anthony left Italy to escape the fiuy of the contending factions of the Guolphs and Gibelins, which were inces- santly at war with each other at that time. Albertas, Anthony d', descended from the same family, was first consul of Marseilles in 1511 ; and his son, Peter d'Albertas, attained to the same dignity in 1542, txjth of whom being high in the confidence of their respective sove- reigns, Louis XII and Charles IX, they were entrusted with the government of the city in its most important con- cerns. Albertas, Anl/iom/ Nicholas d', .son of the preceding, wa.s early initiated in anus, and by his skill and valour acquired, not only the conddence of his prince, but was a considerable favourite at the court of Henry IV. ALBERTET {Biog.) a matliematician and poet of Provence, lived about 1290. He wrote some mathematical pieces, and some poems in honour of the mardiioness de Misalpine, which, after his death, were published by Faber d'Uzes as his own. The plagiarist, however, suffered the punishment of whipping for this offence. Noslradam. Vies des Po'clrs Provcnc. ALBERTI (Hi.it.) the name of a noble family of Florence, which at one time was at the head of the government ; but at length they experienced a reverse of fortune, and were driven into exile, and otherwise much persecuted. From this family sprung the Alberts of France, of whom mention is made under the head of Albert. Alberti (Ecc.) of Limosin, was made cardinal by pope In- nocent VI in 136"l, and died in 136'9. Onuphr. in Inn. VI s Auber. Hist. Card. Alberti, James {Biog.) of Boulogne, in Italy, lived in the 14th century, and wrote ' A Treatise on Civil Law,' &c. Alberti, Ari.slotte, otherwise called Ridolfo Fioravcnti, a mechanic, was bom at Bologna in the 15th century, and distinguished himself, among other things, as an artLst. In 1455 he transported the campanile of St. Mary del Tempis of Bologna, with all its bells, &c. to the distance of 35 paces. Alberti, Leon Baptisia, of the Florentine family of Alberti, an artist and a scholar, left many .specimens of his skill in architecture, but is principally known by his work ' De Re jEdificatoria,' which was translated into Italian by Peter Lauro, Venet. 15-19 ; and by Bartoli in 1550. A beautiful edition was published in England in 3 vols. fol. in Italian and English, by James Leoni, with fine copper-plates, 1726. The last edition, that of Bologna, fol. 1782, contains also a treatise on painting, ' De Pictura prscstantissima et nun- quam satis laudata Arte,' &c. which had been separately published at Basle in 1540, and at Leyden in IC49. He died about 1485, leaving many writings on philosophy, ma- thematics, perspective, and antiquities. Alberti, Leander, of Bologna, in Italy, a Dominican, was born in 1479, and died in 1552. He wrote, 1. ' Istoria di Bologna deca prima c Libro primo, deca secunda Sino all. anno 1253.' 4to. Bologna, 1541. The second and third books were published afterwards with supplements, 4to. 1590, 1591. 2. ' Cronica deUe Principali Famiglie Biv lognesi,' &c. 4to. Vincenza, 1592. 3. ' DcscrLzione di tutta I'ltalia,' fol. Bologna, 1550, Venice, 1551, 1553, 156l, &c. also translated into Latin. 4. ' De Viiis Illustribus Ordinis priedicatorum, Libri sex in unum congesti,' fol. Bologna, 1517. 5. ' Diatriba de Incrementis Dominii A'enetie,' and ' De Claris Viris Reipublica; \'enet;c,' Venet. Lugd. and Bat. 1628. Voss. de Hist. Lot. 1. 3 ; Mira;us in Auct. de Script. Eccles. ^-c. Alberti, John, a German lawyer of Widmandstat, flourished in the l6th century, and wrote ' An Abridgement of the Al- coran, with Notes ;' ' The New Testament,' in Syriac ; ' A Grammar of the Syriac Language.' Mir. de Script, sec. xvL Alberti, Cheriihino Borghcgiano, a painter and engraver, was born in 1552 at Borgo S. Sepulchre. His engravings exceeded a thousand in number. Alberti, Giovanni, brother of the preceding, was bom near Florence in 1558. He also distinguished himself as a painter, but was particularly eminent in perspective. ALB ALB Alberti, Nicholas, a Jesuit of Germany, was a writer on philosophy, and died in 16"41. Albehti, Valentine, was bom at Lehna, in Silesia, in 1(535, and died l6<)7. Among his writings, which are principally controversi;il, arc, 1. 'Compendium Juris Xaturs;.' 2. ' In- teresse Pncclpuarum Religionum Christianarum.' Alberti, Andrew, was author of 'A Treatise on Perspective,' I()70. Alberti, Michael, a German physician, was bom at Nurem- berg in lC82, and died in 1757- Among his numerous writings given by Haller are, 1. ' Introductio in Universam Mcdicinam,' 3 vols. 4to. Halle, 1718, &c. 2. * Sy^ema Jurlsprudentiic Medicae,' 6 vols. 4to. 1725 — 17-1'7. 3. 'Spe- cimen Medica; Theologies?,' 2 vols. 4to. 1 726. 4. ' Tentamen Lexici Medici realLs,' 2 vols. 4to. 1727 — 1731. 5. ' Dc Sectarum in Medicina noxia Instauratione,' 4to. 1730. 6. ' Commentatio ad Constitutionem Criminalem Caroli V,' 4to. 1739- Alberti, George JVilliam, a divine of Hanover, was bom in 1725, and died 1758. He wrote, 1. ' Thoughts on Hume's Essavs on Natural Religion.' 2. ' Letters on the State of Religion and the Sciences in Great Britain,' Hanover, 1752 — 1754. 3. 'An Essay on the Religion, Worship, Manners, and Customs of the Quakers.' Alberti, di Villanova Francis d', was born at Nice in 1737, and died 1800; was the author of a French and Italian, and Italian and French dictionan', published at Lucca in 1797, improved by Abbe Francis Federiglii, and published in 6 vols. 4to. Lucca, 1803. ALBERTINI, Nicholas (Ecc.) was bom at Prato, in Tus- canv, about 1250, and died 1321. He was sent as nuncio into France and England in 1299, was made cardinal in 1303 by pope Benedict XI, and took an active part in all the affairs of his time. Echard. de Script. Ord. Prcedic. Albebtini, Paul (Hist.) a monk of the order of Servites, was bom at Venice in 1 430, and died in 1 475, leaving so high a reputation for his piety and zeal that a medal was struck in honour of him ; he was employed by the republic of Venice in many affairs of state, and sent as ambassador to Turkey. Albebtini, Francis (Biog.) an antiquary of Florence in the Kith centurv, published, 1. ' De Mirabilibus novic et veteris Urbis Roma-,' 4to. Rome, 1505, 1510, 1515, 1519, 1520. 2. ' Tractatus brevis rlc Laudibus Florentie et Saons,' printed in tlie third edition of the preceding. 3. ' Me- moriale di Molte Statue e Pitture che sono nell' inclita citta di Firenze per mano di Scultori e Pittori exceUenti Modemi c Antichi," 4to. Florence, 1510. Albebtini, Mii.tsato, vide Mussato. ALBERTIS {Ecc.) a native of Florence, was created car- duial by Eugene IV in 1439, and died in 1445. He was employed in different important negotiations. Blond. Hist. Dec. ; i'ghel. Ilal. Sacr. ; Aiiheri. Hist. Cardin. Albertis, Alliert dc {Biog.) of Trente, was author of, 1 . ' Vindiciic adversus Gasp. .Scioppium,' 1 649. 2. ' Tlie- saurus Elo and reigned 37 years, in which time there was a rebellion of the Helots. Plutarch cites some of his apophthegms. Phil, ill Ajmplh. Lricoii. c. 32 ; Pau.i. 1. 3, c. 2, &c. ; Euseb. iti Chron. ; Mcursiu.t de reg. Lac07i. c. 9- Alca-^iknes, son of Sthenelus, a commander of a Lacediemo- nian fleet, who was killed in a naval engagement with the Athenians. Thiicijd. 1. 4, c. 5. Ai.cA.MENKs, a general of the Lacedaemonians, also mentioned by Thucydides. T/mci/d. 1. 8, c. 3. Alcajienks, a ■general of the Acheans in their war with the Romans. Pliil. in Ajxjphlh. Acliaic. Alc.vjienes {Biog.) a statuary of Athens, who flourished in the 88th Olymjnad, A. C. 428. He obtained the prize against Agaracritus by liis statue of Venus, and disputed even with his master Phidias. Plin. 34, c. 8, 1. 36, c, 5 ; Pans. 1. 1, c, 19, &c.; Uninl. 1. 1, c. 10; Tzctz. Hist. Chiliad. 8, c. 193. ALCAMU.S {Geug.) a town of Sicily, now Alcamo. ALCAMO {Geug.) a town of Val di Mazara, in .Sicily, at the ffK)t of Mount Bonifacio, 34 m. VV. S. \\. Palermo, an- ciently Alcamiis. ALCANDER (Mi/l/i.) an attendant of Sarjiedon, killed bv Ulyswes. Oi'id. Mel. 1. 13, v. 257- Alcander, a Trojan killed by Tumus. Firg. 2En. I. 9, V. 76". Alcanijer (Hist.) a Spartan youth, who put out the eyes of Lycurgus, in a sedition whicli had l)ccn raised against this lawgiver. Lycurgus generously forgave him, by wliich he so attached the youth to him, that he became one of his warmest admirers. Pint, in Li/ciirg. Pans. 1. 3, c. 18. Ar.CANDEn {Biog.') a writer mentioned by St. Clement, of Alexandria, who says that he calls the Mu.ermiilalu> Hcidamas~\ ACIDAS {Hist.) 'A/Wcae, a commander sent by the Lace- daemonians, with a fleet of 23 gallies, against the Corcy- rians. TImciid. 1. 3, c. I6, &c. ; Diod. 1. 15. ALCIDES {Mi/t/i.) 'A\i;icr]c, a patronymic of Hercules, from his grandfather Alcsus. Alcides, a surname of Minerva, in Macedonia, according to Livy, 1. 42, c. 51. Alcides (Hi.it.) the son of Agetus, mentioned by Herodotus. Herod. 1. 6', c. 61. ALCIDICE (Mi/l/i.) 'AXKiSkri, the mother of Tyro by Sal- moneus. Apollod. 1. 1, c. 9- ALCIMACHUS (Biog.) a painter spoken of with commenda- tion by Pliny. Plin. 1. 35, c. 11. ALCIMEDE (Mi/l/t.) WXici^ticri, the mother of Jason, and daughter of I'hilacus by Clymene, the daughter of Minyas. Ajx)llon. Argon. 1. 1, v. 232. 'Qj Si Kai avTov 'Iijaova yeivaro Itirrtjp 'AXici/itt'ij K.\i'/i. ALCIMUS {Hist.) ■ AXki/ior, a high priest, who, though not of the priest's office, got liiniself chosen by the assistance of Demetrius, son of Antiochus Epiphancs, but died by a stroke of the piUsy after enjoying the pontificate three or four years, A.M. 38-1-i, A. C. l60. Maccab. v\i. S^-c. ; Jo.-ieph. Antitj. 1. 12, &c. Alcimi's (Hi.sl.) a king of Lydia, remarkable for his piety and meekness. Alcijius, Avitiis (Ecc) archbishop of \'ienna in 500, who wrote against the Nestorian and other heresies : and also the liistory of Genesis and Exodus in verse. Gregor. Tur. I. 2, c. 34 ; Baron. Annul, ann. 4y4, &c. .Vlcimus {Biog.) a Sicilian, who wrote a history of Italy. Atlien. 1. 10. Alcimus, a Graecian orator, mentioned by Diogenes Laertius in his life of Stilpo of Megara, and another in the life of Pkto. .\lci.mus, an orator of Bourdeaux. [^''ide AIethiu.s~\ ALCINOE {Myth.) 'Wkivoi,, a daughter of Sthenelus, son of Perseus, and a sister of Eurystheus. .4jx)llo(l. 1. 2, e. 4. .XlxiNOE, a nurse of Jupiter, who was honoured with a statue in the temple of Minerva at Tegea. ALCINOUS {Mi/th.) 'AXWeooc, the son of Nausithous and Periboea, and king of Phseacia, wlio entertained Ulysses on his island. Orpheus distinguishes him for his justice in his Argonautica. 'AXkivoo^ Kpaiv€trK£ ciKaiorarog fiafftXtjuv. He was exceedingly addicted to agriculture, and is celebrated by many of the poets on account of the fertility of liis <^rdens, and the richness of their productions. hrg. Geog. 1. 2, v. 87- Pomaque Atciniii iilvce. Ovid. Amor. 1. 1, el. 10, v. 56. Prabeal Alcinf'i poma benignus nger. Propcrl. 1. S, cleg. 1, v. 51. Nee mca Vhaacas a-qiiaut pitmaria siiias. The long and fabulous tales which were related by Ulysses at the tal)le of Alcinous have 'given rise to the jjroverb Al- cinoi ajxdosrtis, for an old woman's tale. Ajmllod. 1. 1, c. 9; Plalo de ^Rep. 1. 10; Stat. 1. 1, sylv. S, v. 81; Jitven. Sal. 5 ; Jul. Poll. I. (). .\lcinoU8, a son of Hippocoon. Ajwlloci. 1. 3, c. 10. Al>ciN0U8 (Biog.) a man of Elis, mentioned by Pausanias. Pans. 1. 6. Alcinous, a platonic philosopher quoted by Eusebius, who wrote a txx)k ' De DtKtrina Platonis, ' of wliich the Oxford edition, 12mo. lW)7, is the lx;st. .■MX'IONEU.S {Myth.) a man killed by Perseus, according to Ovid. Md. 1. 5, fab. i. ALCIPHHON {Biog.) u philoso])her of Magnesia in the ago of Alexander. The epistles which iK-ar his name, contain- ing a description of CJnccian manners, are supposed to have been the production of some writer in the fourth century. The best edition of this work is that of Leipzic, 12mo. 1715, cum notis Bergleri. Suidas. ALC'IPl'E (Myth.) ' A XiiTTTrr;, daughter of A gl an re by Mars, who, having killed Halirrhotius, the son of Neptune, for ofl'ering her violence, was simimimed iK-fore twelve gods on the place which was afterwards made the famous seat of judgment in Athens, called after the god the Areopagti.^. Apdlod. 1. 3, c. 14; Pans. 1. 1, c. 21. Alcippe, the wife of Metion, and mother of Eupalamus. AjKillod. 1. 3, c. 16. Alcippe, the daughter of O^nomaus, and mother of Marpessa by her husband Evenus. Phil. Parallel, c. 40. Alcippe, an attendant on Helen. Horn. Odyss. 1. 4, v. 124. Alcippe, a woman said to have brought forth an elephant. Plin. 1. 7, c. 3. Alcippe, a countrywoman mentioned by Virgil. Eel. J. Alcippe, a daughter of the giant Aleion. Suidas ; Ccel. Kkodia. 1. 4, c. 1 1 . ALCIPPUS {Hisl.) a reputed citizen of Sparta, who was banished by his enemies, according to Plutarch. Plut. in Erat. c. 5. ALCIS {Myth.) '\\k\c, a son of ^gyptus. Ajxillod. 1. 2. Alcis, a name of Minerva, among the Laceda-monians. Alcis, a deity worshipped by some of the Germans. Tacit. Ger. c. 43. ALCISTHENE {Biog.) a Gnccian woman, who is celebrated as a painter by Pliny. Plin. 1. 35, c. 11. ALCISTHEKES {Hist.) 'AXkcrOfri/c, an Athenian archon in the 103d Olympiad. Diod. 1. 15. ALCITHOE {Myth.) a Theban woman, who, ridiculing the orgies of Bacchus, was changed into a bat, and the spindle and yam with which she was working into a vine and ivy. Oi'id. Met. 1. 4, fab. 1 . ALCLUITH {Geog.) a town of Scotland, now Dumbarton. Hect. Bocth. ALCM^^DON {Myth.) 'WKfiaiwy, son of the prophet Amphi- araus and Eriphyle, who slew his mother, according to the command given him by his father to revenge liis death. For this ofi'ence he was afterwards persecuted by the furies till Phlegius purified him, and gave him his daughter Alphesiba-a in marriage. He was at length murdered by her brothers, for haWng put her away to marry Callirhoe, the daughter of Achelous. Virg. JEn. 1. 6, v. 445. Mos(ani9i/e Friphylen CnidtlU nati matu^trautem vubierii cernit. Propert. 1. 3, eleg. 4. Aut Alcnutonia fur'ut autjejunia Phinti. He is frequently called Araphira'ides. Grid. Fast. 1. 2, v. 44. Amphira'ides Xuupacton Aclieloo Solve nefas, iliiit : mlfit et itte itefai. AiMllod. 1. 3, e. 7 ; Hygin. Fab. 73. 245 ; Plut. de ExiL ; Pans. 1. 5, c. 17, &c. • EiLH-b. Chroii. A. M. 2743. Alcsi.kon, son of jEgyptus and husband of Hijipoiuedusa. Alcm^eon {Hi.it.) the founder of an illustrious family at Athens, called after him Alcmwonida', was the s(m of Sillus and the great grandson of Nestor, who being driven from Messenia witli the rest of Nestor's family, by the Heraclidtt, settled at Athens. Pans. 1. 1, c. 10. Alcm;eon, last of the jx-rpetual archons of Athens, was suc- ceeded by Charops, the .son of j^^schylus, as a deccnnijd archon. He was of the .same family as the preceding, and is supposed by some to have given to it the name of ^Vlcmoco- nidiE. Alcm;eon, a son of Megaclcs, was high in favour with Crw- sus, king of Lydia, from whom lie received rich presents of gold : his son, who was also called Megaclcs, took great part in the expulsion of the Pisistratidic. Herodotus, however, makes the founder of this family to be the son of Megades, wliom C'nesus jiresented with rich gifts. Herod. 1. (J, c. 12. Alcm.icon {Biog.) of Crotona, son of Perithus, a disciple of Pythagoras, wrote on jihysics, and first dissected animals, for tlu- j)ur])ose of studying comparative anatomy. Cic. de Xal. Dro. I 1, c. \\ ; Diog. Luert. in lit. Clem. Ales. Siroiiiat. 1. 1. Alcma:on, a historian mentioned by Plutarch. Plul. in Sohn. ALC ALD ALCM/F.ONID-T; (Hisl.) '.WK^iaiiiyitai, a noble family of Atlii'iis, iIi'Si'ciukHl from Alcmii'on, [[vide .tlrinaim^ who untlort(H)k to rcliuilii tlic tciniile of Diljihos, and idtLTwards lK)ro an active part in the ex])ulsion of the I'isistratidii-. Unwlot. 1. ()', c. 125, &o.; ThucydA. V), e. r.y ; Vtiit. in Solon. ALCMAER (CJcoxj.) or Alkmaar, a strong city of Holland, capital of the department of the Tcxcl. The environs pro- duce excellent butter and cheese and fine tulips. This city WJLS unsuccessfully besieged by the Spaniards, but opened its gates to the British triK)ps in 171)9- '* is situate among groves of tall trees, near Schermeer, one of the largest lakes in Holland, 18 niUes N. E. Harlem, long. 4° 38' E., lat. 5'i° 58' N. ALCNJAN {Biuff.) 'AXiv-^oi', a lyric poet, and one of the most ancient authors of Greece, wlu) was born at Sardis, lived at Lact'da-mon in the 27th Olympiad, in the reign of Manassah, king of Judah, A. C. ()72, and died of the lousv disease. He wrote love verses in the Doric dialect in honour of his mistress, Megalostrata, of which about sixty in number have been preserved by Athcuicus and others, called Alcmanic ver.se. Aristut. Hist. Anim. 1. 5, c. .31 ; Veil. Fatcrc; Plin. 1. 11, c. 33; .Elian. Far. Hi.it. 1. 1, c. 27, &c. ; i'uM.v. 1. 1 ; Athen. 1. 2, c. 2, &e. ; Euseb. C/iron. ; Sxiidiis. ; Voss. dc Poet. Grwc. ALCMARIA (Gcog.) a town of Holland, now Alctnaer. ALCMKNA (-Wy/A.) 'AXkyo'ir/;, the daughter of Electryon, king of Argos, was the wife of Amphitryon, and mother of Hercules, by Jupiter. Herod. 1. 2, c. 43 ; AjxiUudor. 1. 2, c. 24 ; Plant, in Amp/iil. Diodor. 1. 4 ; Hi/giii. Fah. 29 ; Oind. Met. fab. 5, (i ; Lneian. Dial. Deor. ; Pans. 1. 1, &c. ; Scliol. in Horn. II. 1. 14, &c. ; Serv. in /En. ALCOBACA {Geog.) a town of Estremadura, in Portugal, two leagues from the sea coast, and five S. of Leiria. It eon- tains a monastery, built by Alphonsus I, which was formerly the cemetery of the kings of Portugal. It is called Alcobaca, because it is situated near the streams of Alco and Baca. ALCOCK, John (Ecc.) successively bishop of Rochester, Worcester, and Ely, was bom at Beverly, in Yorkshire, and died in 1500. He was twice lord high chancellor of Eng- land, besides filling other offices under Edward IV^ and Henry V^II, and is distinguished as the founder of Jesus College, Cambridge, for a master, six fellows, and as many scholars; as also of a school at Kingston-upon-HuU. [[Vide PI. XVI.] He wrote, 1. ' Mons Perf'ectionis ad Carthusiano.s,' 4to. Lond. 1501. 2. ' Galli Cantus ad Confratres suos Cu- ratos in Synodo apud Barnwell,' L(md. 1488. 3. ' Abbatia Spiritus Sancti in pura Conscientia fundata,' 4to. Lond. 1531. 4. ' In Ps;ilmos Penitentiivles.' 5. ' Homiliae Vul- gares.' 6. ' Meditationes Pise.' 7- ' Spousage of a Virgin to Christ,' 4to. 148(). Alcoc'K, Simian [liiog.) a divine of the 14th eentuiy, about the reign of Richard II, wrote many theological works, as 1. ' De Modo Dividendi Thema pro Materia Sermonis.' 2. ' Expositiones in Magistrum Sententiorum, itc' Alcock, Natlian, a physician, was bom at Runcorn, in Cheshire, in 1707, and died in 177.0. He studied under Boerhaaxe, Albinus, and the great anatoniLsts of that day at Lcyden, and is principally known for the anatomical lec- tures which he delivered at Oxford in 1741. He was en- gaged in writing some things connected with his profession, but did not live to complete them for jjublication. ALCON {Mi/tli.) a .son of Euryctheus, who was so skilful an archer, that when he saw his st)n attacked by a dragon, he shot the animal without hurting his son. Sei-v. in Firs. ccl. 5. Alcon, a son of Amycus, who with his father was present at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Alcon (^Biog.) a surgeon in the time of Claudian, who was skilful in curing hernias. ALCUINUS {Rioe.) or Albiiiui Flaccus, styled by the French Till- Ileiiier of Learning, wa.s lx»m at York, and died at Tours, where he was ablxit, .May 19, 804. He .spent much of his life at the court of Charlemagne, who lM;ncfited by his instnicticms and advice on every occa-siim ; and after be was made al)lHit of the ablx-y of .St. .Martin's, at 'I'oun, he continued to correspond with the emixror, and to employ all his time for the advancement of literature. He wrote many things, cair. !». ' De Laude Vir- ginitatis,' published among BedLs Opusculu ; besides many ruistleii, sonnets, and homilies, iu the .Saxon language. ALDHUN {Ecc.) Alfhuniis, or Alxlwinn.7K and liied in IW.'JI, alter having accompanied the cardinal Francis Barl)erin, his nephew, into France in the character of legate a latere. He wrote, 1. ' Psvdmi Pa-nitentiales, Versibus Elegiaci>i ex- pressi," 4to. 15,0.'5. 2. ' Caii, Veteris .InrLsconsnlti, Institu- tionuni I'ragmenta cum Connnentario,' 4to. UiOO, Venet. 3. ' Explicatio Anticpiic Tabulie Marmorcse,' &c. 4to. Venet. 1627. 4. ' Cannina Varia.' .5. ' Le Lagrime di Penitenza, ad Imitazione di sette .Salmi Penitcnziali,' 8vo. Rom. 1623. (). ' Difesa dell' Adone, Poema del Cavalier Marino.' pt. i. 12mo. Venet. U)2,0 ; pt. ii. IfiSO: besides other smaller works mentioned by Mazzuchclli. ALEAUME, .S7. (Kcc.) in .Spanish S. Elesmo, abbot of S. Jean de Burgos, in .Spain, was the son of a gentleman of I^oudun, in Poitou, in the 11th century, who, on the death of his father, distributed his patrimony among the poor, and went a pilgrimage bare-footed to Rome. He was the first abbot of the monasteiT at Burgos, which Constance, the wife of Alphonsus VT, had built, and died there in 1100. Alkaume, Louis (Biog.) son of a gentleman of V^emeuil in the Kith century, and a lieutenant-general at the Presidial in Orleans, died in 1594, leaving some poems which were afterwards published by his son. ALEBECERII (Gcog.) a people of Gallia Narbonensis, men- tioned by Pliny. Plin. 1. 3, c. 4. ALEBION (Mi/l/i.) 'AXiftiioi; a son of Neptune, who, with his brother Dercynus, was killed by Hercules for stealing his sheep in Africa. ApoUod. 1. 2, c. 5. ALECTO {Miflh.) 'A\?;k™, from a priv. and Xi/yw, to cease, that is, incessant, because desire is never satiated ; one of the three furies, the sister of Tysophonc and Megara. QV'ide Eumcnidcs'\ Virgil calls her liictificci. /En. 1. 7, v. 324. Ltictificam Atectii dh-arum ah tede s>)rorum hifeniistiue cift tenet/rii ; cni tristia heila, Iricque, iiisiducque, et ciimina noxiu cord). Ovid describes her as encircled with serpents. Ep. 1 . A^'idt Aiecto brtvihus l<>rqiiata coluhris. Claudian designates her by the epithet airox. Claud, in Ruf. 1. 1, V. 25. InviditE (jumidam stimtilis incanditit atrox Al£cto, ptacidas Lite cum cefieret urUs. ALECTOR (Hi.il.) \\\la-up, the son of Anaxagora.s, and father of Iphis and Cassaneus, succeeded his father in the kingdom of Argos. ALECTRYOX {Mi/th.) '.Wucrpvuv, a youth, whom Mars, during his amours with \enus, is said to ha\'e stationed as centinal to watch the approach of the sim ; but he, having fallen asleep, left the lovers to be exposed : upon which Mars was so incensed that he changed Alectryon into a cock, the bird which bears his own name, and wliich, from its being mindful of its former negligence, is supposed still to announce the approach of the sun. Luc. in Alect. ALECTUS (Hist.) a military prefect, who slew Caratisins, the usur]ier of Armories?, but was, in his tuni, slain by Constantius Asclepiodotus, military pnrfect under Diocletian. ALEDOSI, Francis (Ecc.) snma'med Cardinal of Pavia, was bom at Castel del Rio, in Romana, where his ancestor Louis Aledosi held the seignon,- of Imola. He was created cardinal in 1505 by .Julius 1 1, and employed by him on many imjiortant missions : on the last occasion, which was a militarv expedition ag-ainst the Venetians, he was killed by the Duke of Urbinoin consequence of a quarrel after the taking of Bologna in 1511. Paul. Joe- in Elog. ALEGAMBE, P/iilip (Bing.) a .Jesuit, was bom at Brussels in 1592, and died in lf)52, leaving, 1. ' Bibliotheca Scrip- torum Societatis Jesu,' fol. Antv. l643. 2. ' Vita P. Joannis Cardin Lusitani ex Soeietatc Jesu,' 12mo. Rom. ALE ALE \Gig. 3. ''Heroes et Vutiniic Charitatis Socletatis Jcsu,' 4to. Rom. 16.58. -t. ' Mortes Illustres et Gesta eorum de Societate Jesu, qui in Odium Fidel ab Hsreticis vel aliis occisi sunt,' fol. Rom. ifi.'j?- ALEGRE (Hisl.) an ancient and Ulu.strious house of Au- vergne, which produced many great men, particularly the following : Alegre, James, baron d', who accompanied Charles VIII to the conquest of Naples. Alegre, Yves, baron ugcne IV', he was degraded from the cardinalship, and declared unworthy of all his ecclesiastical functions. He was however reinstated in 1449 by Ni- cholas V, the successor of Eugene, and .sent as legate into Germany. He died in 1450 at the age of 60. Albman, Malthew (Biug.) a native of Seville, in Spain, was author of a once popular romance entitled • Gusman d'Alfarache," which has Ijeen translated into Italian, Ger- man, French, and English. ALEMAND, ImuIs Anirustin (Biog.) was bom at Grenoble in l65.'5, and educated in the protcstant religion, wliich he abjured in I676. He wrote. 1. ' Guerre Civile des Franyois Kur la Langue,' 12ino. I68H; an attempt at a dicticia. He was the father of Mycellus, who, on that account, is called Alemonides, according to Ovid. ALEN, Edmond (Biog.) or Allen, a native of Norfolk, was elected fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1536, proceeded A.M. in 1539, and died in 1559, at the time of his being appointed bishop of Rochester. He published a translation of Alex. Alesius ' De Auetoritate Verbi Dei," 12mo. of ' Phil. Melancthon de utraque Sacramenti Specie et Auetoritate Episcoporum,' and of Conrad Pelicanus ' Super Apocalyjisin ;' besides which he wrote ' A Christian Introduction for Youth, containing the Principles of our Faith and Religi(m,' 12mo. 1548, 1550. ALENCON (Geog.) capital of Ome, a department of France, seated (m the Sake. I.on. 0'" 1' E. lat. 48° 20" N. It suf- ferred much during the civil wars in the l6th century ; but M. de Martignon, afterwards marslial of France, prevented the massacre of the protestants on St. Bartholomew, which would otherwise have taken phu'c there a.s well as in other parts of France. Alencon had the title of a duchy and a county, which was confenvd at diiferent times on different families. Alencon, Charles //, (/' (Hist.) sumamed the Magnani- mous, count of V'alois, Alencon, &c. and grandstm of Philip III, was among the number of French nobility who fell at tlie battle of Cressy in 1346. Alencon, John d', the first duke of this name, and sur- named the IVisr, was bom in 138.5, and killed at the battle of Agincourt. Alencon, John //, d', sumamed the Fair, was bom in 1409, and died in 1476. He plotted to deliver Normandy again into the liands of the Engli.sh, but the treason tx;ing di.*- covered, he was condemned to death ; but the punishment being commuted by Charles VII for perpetual imprison- ALE ALE ment, he was afterwards set at liberty by Lewis XI, his successor. Alkncon, due if, the title given to Hercules, the fifth son of Hciiry II by Catherine dc Medicis. He afterwards re- ceived the titles of duke of Anjou and Brabant. QV'idc Aiijoii] He was of u turbulent tcnipcr, and, as duke of Alcncon, was the leader of a faction. Alenxon, Clinrks d' {lice.) eldest son of the above named Charles II, count d'Alen(|-on, took the habit of a Dominican notwithstanding the ojiposition of his mother, and was ap- pointed to the archbishopric of Lyons in 1365, in which situation he died in 1375. Alencon, P/iilip d', brother of the preceding, was created cardinal and archbishop of Rouen by Urban VI in 1378, and, after haWng filled many important posts during his pontifi- cate, as well as that of his predecessor Gregory XI, and of his successor Boniface IX, died in 1397- This prelate refused to nominate as a prebend one whom he considered as not deserving the post, idthough recommended by Charles V. The emperor, who was at first displeased at the refusal, was afterward reconciled to it. ALENIO, Jidio (Eee.) a Jesuit of Brescia, in the state of Venice, was the first who introduced the Christian faith into Xanfi, a province of China, where he continued a mis- sionary for 36 years, and died in 1 64.0, leaving behind him, in the Chinese language, The Life of Jesus Christ, 8 vols. ; The Incarnation of Jesus Christ ; Of the Sacrifice of the Mass ; The Sacrament of Penitence ; The Original of the World ; Proof of the Existence of a Deity ; Dialogues ; The Dialogue of St. Bernard betwixt the Soul and Body, in Chinese verse ; a Treatise on the Sciences of Europe ; Practical Geometry, in four Books; The Life of P. Mat- tliew Ricci ; The Life of Dr. Michael Yam, a Chinese Con- vert ; The Theatre of the World, or Cosmography. ALENTEGO (Geog.) a province of Portugal between the Tagus and the province of Algarve, which produces the most excellent oranges. Its principal towns are Evora, the an- cient seat of their kings, Elvas, Portalegre, Baja, &c. In this province Alphonso I, king of Portugal, gained the celebrated battle of Orique over five Moorish kings or gene- rals in 1139. VasconccUos, Hist, dc Porttig. ; Maiian. Hkt. Hisp. ALEO (Mt/tli.) a son of Atreus, mentioned by Cicero. De Nal. Dear. 1. 3, c. 3, c. 21. ALEPPO (Geog.) an old town of Syria, which is supposed by some to be the ancient Beroe, by others HieropoUs, and by others Ckali/bon. It is reckoned the fourth city in the Ot- tamon empire, being exceeded only by Constantinople, Cairo, and Damascus. It has nine gates, and numerous churches for diflerent sects of Christians ; namely, Roman Catholics, Greeks, Armenians, Jacobites, &c. Being a place of great trade, it likewise contains upwards of 40 caravanseras, or inns for travellers. Aleppo was taken by Abu Obeidah, the Moslem general, A. D. 038, after a long siege which the citadel sustained under the command of Youkinna, a go- vernor of the emperor Heraclius. It was afterwards subject to frequent captures from different mahometan princes. ALER, Paid (Biog.) a French Jesuit, was bom in l656 at St. Guy, in Luxemburgh, and died in 1727. He WTote, 1. ' Tractatus de .\rtibus Humanis,' 4to. Trevir, 1717. 2. ' PhUosophitE Tripartita?, Pars I, sive Logica,' Colon. 1710 ; ' Pars II, sive Physica,' 1715 ; ' Pars III, seu Anima et Metaphysica,' 1724. 3. ' Gradus ad Pamassum ;' a book well known in schools. 4. Some Latin tragedies, as Joseph, Tobias, &c. ALERAN (Hist.) nephew of Otho I, was created by him first marquis of Saluzzo. ALERIO, or Alerlo, John de (Ecc.) general of the order of the Carmelites, who, after ha\'ing governed for nine years with great credit, obtained permission to resign his post. and died in the monastery of Toulouse in 1 .IIO. He wrote Commentaries on the Proverbs and the Book of Ecclcsiaiites. ALES, Alexander dc (Biog.) or Hales, ^ide Alexander d Olympiad, A. C. 368. Alexander, sumamed the Great, son of Philip and Olympias, was bom in the first year of the 10()th Olympiad, A.C. 356, in the month called Boedromiim by the Athenians, and on the same nij^ht as "the temple at Ephesus was burnt ; he conquered Thi-ace, lUyria, Greece, Persia, India, and died at the age of 32, after a reign of 12 years. He is known not onlj" as a great conqueror, but as the patron of Aristotle, and the lover of science. As his birth was ambiguous, he wLshed to pass for the son of Jupiter Ammon. [\'ide Plate III, and Alexander under N>tmismatic.f\ Diodor. 1. 17, 18 ; Arrian. dc Exped. Alexand. ; Plut. in Alex. ; Q. Curt. Hist. Ali'xand. ^-c. Alexander, the son of Alexander the Great, was assassinated in the II 7th Olympiad, A.C. 311, with his mother Roxana, by Cassander, who usurped the crown. Justin. 1. 15, c. 2. Alexander, son of Cassander, was killed by Demetrius, after a reign of 27 years, with his brother Antipater, in the ]2Ist Olympiad, A.C. 294. Justin. 1. 1, c. 1. Kings of Egypt. Alkxantjer, Ptolemy, three kings of this name. [Vide Plolemy'\ Kings of Epirus. Alrxander I, sumamed Molossus, cotemporary and uncle of Alexander the Great, was .ion of Neoptolemus, who after a reign of 50 years was slain on the l)aiiks of the lake Achem.sia, in Calabria, A.C. 331. Diod. 1. Itl; Liv. 1. 8, c 17, &c. ; St rah. 1. l(j ; Justin. 1. 17, c. 3. Alexander II, succeeded Pyrrhus his father, in the 127th (Olympiad, A. C. 272, and conquered Macedonia, from wLiL-h he was expelled by Demetriu.s. He recovered it by the a.s»Lstancc of the Acamanians. Justin. 1. 26, c. 3 ; Phil, in Pyrrh. Kings if Syria. Am'-XANDKB I, sumamed Bala, an impostor, who pretended that he was the son of Antiochus Epiphanes, succeeded ALE him, and was killed by one Zehcl, or Dioclcs, an Arabian prince, A. C. 1 4(j. Maccab. xvii ; Strab. 1. 1 7 ; Joseph. Aniifj. 1. 13; Jiuitin. I. 35; Appian. in Syriac. ; Eusebius, Sulpitius Severus, <^-c. Alexander 11, sumamed Zebin, was killed by Antiochus Eg)'ptus, after a reign of four years, in the l64th Olympiad, A.C. 122. Josephus, Justin, ^c. Kings and Princes of Judah. Alexander, sumamed Jannceus, succeeded his brother Aris- tobulus, and died after a reign of 27 years, A. C. 78. Jaieph. Antiq. 1. 13. Alex,\nder, succeeded his father Aristobulus II, and was killed by fiahinius at the desire of Pompey, A. M. 3955, A.C. 49; Joseph. Antiq. 1. 13, c. 18. Alexander, son of Herod the Great, was strangled by order of his father. Joseph. Antiq. 1. 16, c 1, &c. Alexander, an impostor, who assumed the name of the pre- ceding, but being discovered, was sent by Augustus to the gaUies. Joseph. Antiq. 1. 17, c 14. Kings of Scotland. Alexander I, sumamed the Strong, succeed- ed his brother, Edgar IV, and died 1114. The effigies of this and the two following kings are given, as in the annexed figures. Alexander II, son of WiUiam, sumamed the Lion, succeeded him in 1214, and died in 1249- He took the city of Carlisle from the English. Alexander III, succeeded his father Alex- ander II, made peace with Henr>' III king of England, and married his daughter Mar- garet. He died in 1327, after a reign of 37 years, and left the kingdom to be dis- tracted by divisions between John Baliol and Robert Bruce. Alexander, duke of Albania, was made re- gent, but in the end obhged to fly into England to escape the resentment of his brother James III. Buchan. Hist. Scot. Kings of PolatuL Alexander, son of Casimir II, succeeded his brother, John Albert, in the year 1501. Other Princes and Distinguished Persons of this Name. Alexander, son of Jason, and tyrant of Phera; in Thessaly, was hated for his cruelties, and assassinated by his wife Thisbe, in the 104th Olympiad, A.C. 364. Diodor. 1. 15, 16 ; Cic. de Invent. 1. 2, c. 9 ; C'. Nep. in Pelop.; Val. Max. 1. 9, c. 13; Olid, in lb. v. 321 j .£lian. Far. Hist. 1. 11, c 9 ; Plut. Pans. 1. 6, c. 5. Alexander, sumamed Spartiates, a. Spartan leader, was killed with 200 of his countrymen by the Argives, whose passage through Tegiua he wished to prevent. Diod. 1. 15. Alexander, a son of Eropus, sumamed Lyncestes, whom Alexander the Great put to death on susjncion of hLs hold- ing correspondence with Darius, against himself. Arrian. dc Exped. Alex. 1. 2. Alexander, a govemor of Lycia, who brought a reinforce- ment of troops to Alexander the Great, probably the same as was afterwards killed in attempting to scale the rock of Aomus. Q. C. 1. 8, ell. Alexander, .son of Polyiwrdion, one of Alexander's generals, made himself sovereign of .Sicyim, and was assassinated by Alexion, one of his courtiers, at the head of his army, in the 11 6th Olympiad, A.C. 315. His wife Crutesipolis reigned after liis death with great prudence. Diod. 1. 18, 19. ALE ALE Alkxandkr, sumnmed Ucliox, son of Mark Antony and Clc(i|)iitra, was taken to Homo before Augustus, after the battle of Actium. P/iil. in Anion. Alexander, an impostor, who c;dled himself the son of Perseus, king of Macedonia, and raLscd an annV to sui)ix)rt his pretensions, but was forced to Hy into Dardania. Zimiir. ex Dion. ; Uss. in AnnaL Alexander, third king of Emesiis, son of Sampxus Scramus, was carried in triumph by Augustus. Alexander, a son of Lysiinachus, menticmcd by Polymus. Polifwn. 1. (), e. 12. ' Alexander, a Thessalian, who in a naval battle proNndcd his soldiers with missile wcai)ons to annoy the enemy. Poli/a-n. 1. 6, c. 27- ALEX.VNUER, son of Jason, was sent to Rome by Hyrcanns, the high priest of the Jews, to renew his alliance with the senate. Alex^vnder, son of Theodore, was sent to Rome on a mLssion to get the Jews released from the necessity of going to war on the sabbatiaU year. Joseph. Ajiliq. 1. 18, c. 7- Alexander, son of Phazael, by Salampso, daughter of Herod the Great. Joseph. Antiq. 1. 18, c ". Alexander, the son of Alexander, and grandson of Herod the Great, by Glaphira, the daughter of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia. Joseph. 1. 18, c. 7- Alexander, son of Tigranes, grandson of Alexander, and great grandson of Herod the Great, was made king of Esis, in Cilicia, by Vespasian. His descendants became Christians. Joseph. Antiq. 1. 18, c. 7- Alexander, a rich man of Cyrene, was condemned to death with his wife Berenice, on a charge of rebellion made by Jonathan, chief of the Sicarii, A. D. 41. Joseph, de Bell. Jud. 1. 7, c 31. Alexander, sumamed Neaskoi, grand duke of Russia in 1218, was a distinguished warrior, as well as a saint of the Russian church, in whose honour Peter the Great created, in 1722, an order of knighthood called the order of St. Alexander Neoskoi. Alexander, natural son of John I, duke of Bourbon, left the church for the army, but falling under the displeasure of Charles VH, was put to death by his order in 1440. Alexander, a cruel prince of Wallachia, who was deposed by Albert Laski, in favour of one James, who was con- firmed in the principality in 1561, by Soliman H. Alexander, duke of Lithuania, celebrated for his victories. He took Novogorod in the commencement of the 17th century. Alexander, Lord Viscount Canada, and Earl of Stirling, a poet and a statesman, descended from the ancient family of Macdonald, was bom in 1580, and died in l640. He made an unsuccessful attempt by the assistance of Charles I, to form a settlement in Nova Scotia, but notwithstanding his failure, he was created a peer in l630. The peerage became extinct at the death of lis grandson Henry, in 1739. His works as an author consist of tragedies and poems. Alexander (Ecc.) the name of several pojies, cardinals, and other distinguished persons. Popes of this NoTne, Alexander I, is said to have sufifered martyrdom under the emperor Adrian, in the year 131, and the 10th year of his pontificate. Alexander H, otherwise called Anselme of Milan, suc- ceeded Nicholas H in IO6I, and died 1073. He favoured the pretensions of William the Conqueror. Alexander III, native of Sienne, succeeded Adrian IV, and was opposed by the antipope Victor HL He died in 1181, in the 12 th year of his pontificate. Alexander IV, succeeded Innocent III, and died in 1261, in the sixth year of his pontificate, during which the Gueljihs and GliiWllines distnirted Italy. Alexander V, of tlie i.slc of Crete, succeeded Gregory IX, and died in I tlO, in the first year of his pontificate. On account of liis lil)erality, he was said to be a rich bishop, a pr cardinal, and a mendicant p<)j>c Alexander VI, sumamed lionria, of a noble family of V.i- lentia, succeeded Innocent VIII, and died by the poi.son wliich he had intended for .some of the cardinals in 1503, and in the 12th year of his pontificate. He was a prince of great talents, but of the most abandoned character. Ale.xander VII, sumamed FalAus Chip, succeeded Inno- cent X, in UJ55, and died in 1656. Alexander VIII, named Pelcr Olluhoni, of Venice, suc- ceeded Innocent XI, in I689, and died in I691. Saints, Dignitaries, and other distinguished Persons. Alexander, St., bishop of Jerusalem, distinguished for his sufferings and his piety, died in 253, during the persecution of Decius. Ensef). Hist. 1. 6, c. 8, &c. Alexander, St., bishop of Comana, died a martjrr in the persecution of Decius. Gregor. ^'i/sscn. in Fit. S. Gregor. Thaiin. Alexander, St., bishop of Alexandria, a zealous opposer of Arius, died in 325, leaving St. Atlianasius for his successor. S. Epiphan. Hwr. 6g ; Socrat. Hist. Eccles. 1. 1 ; Sozomen. Hist. Eceles. 1. 1 , &c. ; Theodoret. 1. 1 . Alexander, St., first patriarch of Constantinople, succeeded Metrophanus in 313, and died in 340. He was also an opposer of Arius, who died in his time ; but the precise period of this bishop's government has been a matter of dis- pute. S. Alhanas. Epist. ad Solit. ^-c. ; Gregor. Nazian. Oral. 27 ; St. Epiphan. 69 ; Socrat. ^-c. Alexander, Si., a patriarch of Antloch after the death of Porphyry, restored peace to the church, and died in 408. Theodore!. 1. 5, &c. Alexander, bishop of HierapoUs, chief of the Nestorians in the councU of Ephesus, was deposed and banished to the mines of Fanotis, a town of Egypt, in 435. He was the author of 24 letters. Hist, du Cone. d'Ephes. Alexander, a patriarch of Aquila, was created cardinal by the antipope Felix V, in 1440. Aiiber. Hist, dcs Cardin. Alexander, bishop of Liege, obtained a victory over God- frey, duke of Lorrain ; but was afterwards deposed by In- nocent II, and died in 1135. Guill. Gaz. Hist. Eccles. des Bas. Pays. Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, died in 1147, after having been a benefactor to the see which he governed for 24 years. Distinguished Persons of this Name. Alexander, a martyr, was killed in the valley of the Alps, by the pagans whom he was endeavouring to convert, in 397. St. August. Epist. 139; Paulin. in Vit. Ambros. Alexander, founder of the monks called Acoemetes, died in 430. Bultean, Hi.tt. Monast. d'Orient. Alexander, a martyr and companion of Epipodus in 178. Gregor. Turon. de Gloria Confess. Alexander, a martyr of Lyons, a physician by profes-sion, who was exposed to wild beasts. Euseb. Hist. Eccles. 1. 5. Alexander, a Jew, who, becoming a convert to Christianity in 315, was thrown into the river Cydnus, but escaped with his life, and afterwards built a church in Judsa. Alexander, a heretic and disciple of \'alcns. Tcrfullian. dc Corn. Jcs. Christ. ; Baron. Annal. ; Boll/ind, Act. Martyn. ; Baillet, Vies des SaiiUs ; Tillemonf, Hist. Eccles.; Dn Pin. BibL Alex.vni)er, Magus, of Abonoteichos, an impostor and dis- ciple of Apollonius ThyauEUS, who, in the reign of Anto- p 2 ALE ALE uinus, pretended to be J^sculiipius, and to work miracles by a serpent, which he carried about with him. His life has been written by Lucian. Luc. in p'ii. ; Baron. Annal. ann. 1 i5 ; Spon. Rechcrch. Cur. Alexander (Kumis.) the king of Macedonia, and the most distinguished prince of this name, is represented on medals, geras, &e. having his head adorned with a diadem, and mostly a ram's horn on his head, (jVide Plate III,] to de- note his descent from Jupiter Ammon, sometimes with the s^joils of a lion. The inscriptions, ALEXANDER MAG- NU.S MACEDON— A.XEZANAPOY BAillAEflS, with the addition sometimes of KDINON MAKEAONaN. The tvj>es on tlie reverse of hLs medals are the figure of Jupiter sitting and hokling an eagle, or the rape of the Sabines, or of Alexander himself taming the horse Bucephalus, &c. ; but those which bear tlie ligure of a lion, or of a cupid riding on a lion, are supposed to represent the most correct Fig. i. Fig. i. effigy of this prince ; but an- tiquaries are by no means agreed on what medals ought to be assigned to him, in dis- tinction from princes of the same name; thus most me- dalists assign fig. 1 to Alex- ander, the son of Cassander; some to Alexander, king of Epirus ; but Bcger, with some others, assigns it to Alexander the Great. In fig. 2 he is represented less questionably with his face elevated ; and the annexed figure represents him as he is depicted on a gem, with his mother Olympias and his reputed father Jupiter. The earliest medals of Alex- ander are supposed to have been struck in tlie reign of CaracaUa. One medal is given by Pellerin, bearing the inscription, AAESAN- AI'OV, and having for its type the figure of a man with a horse, and on the reverse a square, which is commonly assigned to Alexander I, king of Macedon. Gollz. Grcec. ; Spauheim. Dissert.; Havcrkamp. Num. Cont. ; Beg. Thesaur. Brand. ; Pellerin. Bee. tie Med. des Bois, ^-c. i^e. Alexander 1 and II, the two kings of Syria, are represented on medals, as in the annexed figures 1 and 2 ; inscriptions, Fig. 1. Fig. f. %. 3. n.vsiAEai: aaesanapoy oeohatopos eyepfe- lOY liZP, i. e. Begis Alexandri Theopaloris Benefici Ann. 10'2.— B ASIAEni: "aAESANAPOY. The fomierof these princes has frequently the head of his queen Cleopatra, coupled with his own, as in fig. 3. The most frequent types on the reverse of the medals of these two princes are the figure of Jupiter sitting with a victory in his hand, of Nep- tune sitting and holding his trident, or of AjkiIIo sitting on s tripod, or proplietic stool, &c. Vuillant. llisl. Seleuc. ; Hiiifm. Thes. Brilan. Alexander I and II, vide Ptolemy IX and X. Alexander, vide Seierus. Alexander, the usurper, above-mentioned, is represented as in the annexed figure; inscrijitions, IMP. C. ALEXANDER P. F. AUG.— A. KAIC -~^.,„j^^ AAEANAI'oC KYC EYT. (EU. i. c. //«/;<•- /j ^^tB^ 'T^ ralor Ccesar .4lcinuiler Pius Felir Auauslus ; on the reverse, INM(TA ROMA PKLIX CARTHAGO. — ROM.E .'ETERN/E. — VICTORIA ALEXANDRI AUG. N. Trist. Comment. Hist. vol. iii. ; Med. Num. Impp. ; Bandvr. Num. Rom. Imp. Alex^\nder, a medal, is ascribed to the son of Basilius, bear- ing the inscription, ALEXANDER AUGUSTUS. Alkx^^nder VI, VII, and VIII, popes of this name, of whom several medals are extant. Alexander ^'I, besides his effig\', [^Vide Plate X,] bears the inscription ALESSANDRO VI. PONT. MAX.; on the reverse bis famUv name, RODERICO LORENZUOLA D. BORGIA S.'P. M.CD.XCII., i. e. Roderico Lenzuola del Borgia Sommo Ponte/ice, 1492, struck on his election; CORONAT on his coronation; RESERVAVIT et CLAUSIT ANN. JUB. M.D. on keeping the jubilee, &c. Alexander VII, besides his effigy, Q\'ide Plate X,] his me- dals bear on the obverse the inscription ALEXANDER VII. PONT. MAX. ; on the reverse they commemorate the buildings which were comjiletcd under his auspices, &c., as SANCTO ANDREiE APOSTOLO, on the completion of St. Andrews ; DILEXI DECOREM DOMUS TU^— SANCTO NICOLAO, on repairing and beautifving St- Nicholas' church; NAVALE CENTUM CELLARUMj on the building a dockyard near to the harbour of Trajan, called the Centum Cello:; FUNDAMENTA EJUS IN MONTIBUS SANCTIS, on the construction of the por- tico in the forum of the Vatican, &c. &c. Alexander VIII is represented, as in the annexed figure, on a medal, which, according to the inscription, was struck on his election, ALEXANDER VIII. OTTOBONUS P.O.M. CREATUS VI. OCTOBRIS M.DC.LXXXIX. On the rever.se of some medals are the inscrip- tions OPTIMO ORBIS PASTORI ANN. II, on a public rejoicing for the election of this pope; NON PREVALEBUNT, in allusion to the wars against the Turks and heretics, repre- sented by the beast with seven heads; NOSTRA FELI- CITAS, in allusion to his bounty and prudence; S. PE- TRUS APOSTOLUS, with the'effigy of that apostle, sucji as it is, offi^ring the key to the pope, ^tc. Alexander {Her.) the name of a family, of which William Alexander, earl of Stirling, mentioned under Hi.itory, was an elder branch. His title is now extinct, but James Alexander, of a junior bi-anch, was created in 1790 baron Caledon, viscount Alexander in 1797, and earl of Caledon in ISOO. Alexander, Viseount, the title commonly borne by the eldest son of the earl of Caledon. Alexander (Biog.) a poet and grammarian of jEtolia in the 1 ,SOth Olympiad, A. C. 2()0, was reckoned among the num- l>er of the poets who were called the Pleiades. Parthev. in Erotig. ; Suidas. Alexander, an Epicurean mentioned by Plutarch. Plut. Sipupos. 1. 2 ; Quw.st. 3 ; Ca.tsend. Fit. Epic. 1. 2, c. 6. Alexander, sumamed Poli/histor, a grammarian and histo- rian in the 172d Olympiad, .A. C. 8.5, of whose innumer- able works fragments only are preserved in Plutarch, Plinv, Athenffus, and Eusebius. Alexander, of Ephcsus, an orator, poet, hi.storian, and gc()gra])her, mentioned by Strabo and others. Alexander, of Myndus, quoted by Plutarch, supposed to be the same as Alexon, of Diogenes Leartius. Alexander, of /Egrus, a peripatetic and preceptor of Nero, wrote a commentary on the ' Meteorologica' of Aristotle, wlicrefore lie has been confounded with the subject of thft following article. Alexander, sumamed Aplirodisius, native of Aphrodisia, in Caria, and a distinguished commentator on Aristotle in the reign of Marcus Aurelius ; wrote, 1. ' De Fato,' &c. which was printed in the Greek original at the Aldine press, foL 1533, at the end of the works of Themistius; translated ALfe ALE into Latin by Grotius, and ]iubli.shcd in his ' Vctenim Philosophorum Scntcntiic de I'lUo.' 'tto. Paris. 1648. An edition in Greek and Latin was published at London in 12rao. 1688. 2. ' Commentarium in Primum Librum Prio- rum Analyticorum Ari.stotclis/ Gr. fol. Vcnct. 1489; "ito. Florent. 1521, ti-anslated into Latin by Jos. Bern. Felici- anus, fol. Venet. 15-i2, 1516, and 15()0. 3. ' Coniiuen- tarius in viii Topicorura Libros,' fol. Venet. 1513; trans- lated into Latin by Gul. Dorotheus, Venet. 1526 and 1541, Paris, 1542 ; and by Rasarius, Venet. 1563, 1573. 4. 'Com- mentiirii in Elenchos Sopliisticos," Gr. fol. Venet. 1520, with the ' Commentarius in Prinnim Libnnn,' &c. 4to. Florent. 1552; translated into Latin by Rasarius, Venet. 1557. 5. ' In Libros xii Motaphysicorum ex Versione Jos. Genesii SepulvcdiE,' fol. Rom. 1527, Paris, 1536, Venet. 1544 and 1561. The Greek text has never been printed, although there are many MS. copies in the Imperial Library at ParLs, and other libraries. 6. ' In Librum de Sensu,' &c. Gr. at the end of Simplicius; ' Commentary on the Books respecting the Soul,' fol. Venet. 1527; and in the Latin, 'Lucilius Philothfeus,' fol. 1544, 1549, 1-^54, 1559, 1573. 7. ' In Aristotelis Meteorologica,' Gr. fol. Venet. 1527; and in the Latin of Alex. Picalomini, fol. 1540, 1548, 1575. 8. ' De Mistione,' Gr. with the preceding. 9- ' De Anima Libri Duo,' Gr. at the end of Themistius ; and in Latin by Jerome Donato, fol. 1532, 1534. 10. ' Physica Scholia,' &c. Gr. fol. Venet. 1536; and in Latin by Bagolinus, Venet. 1541, 1549, 1555, 1589. U. ' Problematorum Me- dicorum,' &c. the best Greek edition of which is in Sylbur- gius's works of Aristotle ; this is attributed by some to Alexander Trallianus ; as also ' Libellus de Febribus La- tine Georgio Valla Interprete,' in a collection of various works, translated by Valla, Venet. 1488; this has not been printed in Greek. Other works in Arabic, as %vell as in Greek, are attributed to Alexander Aphrodisius. Porphyr. in Fit. Plotin. ; S. Hieron. Epist. ad Dom. ; St. Cyrill. adv. Jul. Alexander, Trallianus, a physician of the sixth century, as is supposed, wrote treatises on medicine, some of which are extant and have been published at different times, namely, a Greek edition, fol. Paris. 1548 ; a Latin edition, among the ' Medicae Artis Principes,' fol. Paris. 1567- Alexander, an abbot of Celesinus in the 13th century, wrote a histoHi' of Roger, king of Sicily. Alexander, an English abbot of the Benedictine order in the 13th centur}', wrote different treatises. Alexander, Neckkam, vide Neckhatn. Alexander, of Somerset, an Augustine of the 13th century, made an abridgment of scripture history. Alexander, Alesius, i. e. of Ales, or Hales, sumamed the Irrefragable Doctor, or the Fountain of Life, an English- man by birth, of the order of Franciscans in the 13th cen- tury, was the preceptor of Thomas Aquinas, and the author of several works, of which only his ' Summa Theologia; ' remains Alexander, sumamed of Pan'.?, a French poet of the 12th century, wrote, ' Le Roman d'Alexandre,' and other works. Alexander, Dolensis, a Dominican of the 13th century, wrote, ' Doetrinale Puerorum,' 1212; ' De Sphsera;' ' De Computo Ecclesiastico.' Alexander, D'Imola, vide Tartagni. Alexander, Ab Ale-randro, a lawyer of Naples, died in 1523, leaving ' Dieruni Genialium,' the first edition of which was printed at Rome, under the title of ' Alexandri de Alex- andro Dies Geniales,' fol. 1522, and several times since ; but the edition of Leyden, in 2 vols. 8vo. 1675, is the most esteemed. He also wrote, ' Dissertationes IV de Rebus Ad- mirandis quae in Italia nuper contigerunt,' which have been incorporated with the preceding. Alexander, le Charpenlier, son of an English carpenter of the 15th century, wrote a book, entitled, 'The Destruction of Vices.' Alexander, Nalalis, or Noel, a writer of the 17th centur)-, was bom in I639, and died in 1724. His works are, 1. ' Summa S. Thomsc Vindlcata,' Sec. Paris. l675. 2. ' Se- lecta Historic Ecclesiasticte Capita,' 26 vols. 8vo. 1 686-89 ; a new edition enlarged and entitled, ' Historia Eccle.<>iastica Veteris No^nque Testamenti,' 8 vols. fol. I699. 3. ' Theo- logia Dogmatica,' 10 vols. 8vo. Paris. I693. 4. ' A Com- mentary on the Four Gospels.' 5. ' Statuta Facultatb Artium Thomisticie Collcgio Parisicnsi Fratrum Pncdica- torum Instituta,' Paris. 12nio. l683. Alexander, TralUan, wrote a history of the Turks in mo- dem Greek. Alexander, a Benedictine, was bom in 1 654, and died in 1728. He wrote, 1. 'La Medicine et la Chirurgie des Pauvres,' 12mo. Paris, 1738. 2. ' Dictionnaire Botanique et Pharmaceutique,' 8vo. Alexander, of St. Theresa, a Carmelite, wrote in 1684, ' Hydra Prophanarum Novitatum,' &c. Alexander, JVendoc, vide Wendoc. Alexander, John, a dissenting teacher, was bom in 1736, and died in 1765, leaving, among other things, ' A Para- phrase upon the Fifteenth Chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians.' ALEXANDRA (Myth.) 'AXt^aydpa, a name given sometimes to Cassandra. Alexandra {Hist.) the name of four princesses, mentioned by Josephus. Alexandra, 'AXt^arcpa, or rmhm, Salome, which signifies nearly the same thing, i. e. peace, pacifier, or helper ; wife of Alexander Jannseus, was regent at his death, and died A. M. 3935, A. C. 69- Alexandra, the daughter of Aristobulus, wife of PhUippion, who was killed by Ptolemy Mennaeus, his father, in order that he might marry his widow, with whom he had fallen in love. Joseph. Antiq. 1. 14, c. 15. Alexandra, daughter of Hyrcanus, wife of Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, was the mother of Mariamne, wife of Herod, by whom she was put to death. A. M. 3976, A. C. 28. Joseph.!. 15, c. 11. Alexandra, daughter of Phazael, the son of that Phazael who killed himself when taken prisoner by the Parthians. She was the wife of Timius, a C}'prian prince. Alexandra, the nurse of Nero. Sjtet. in Ncr. c. 50. ALEXANDRIA (Bibl.) 'AXi^mCpela, the tox^Ti in Egypt de- scribed under Geography, of which Apollos was a native. Acts xviii. 24. St. Paul was placed in a ship of this city when carried to Rome. Acts xx^'ii. 6. Alexandria (Geog.) 'A\ci.artpiia, a name given to several places which were built by Alexander in the course of his conquests ; but the one which is supereminent over all the rest is the once illustrious city of Egypt, now an inconsider- able place, kno^vn among the inhabitants by the name of Scanderia. QVide Scanderia^ History of Alexandria. Alexandria was built by its founder 332 j'ears A. C, who intended it, not only for the capital of Egypt, but of all his conquests. From its commodious situation for com- merce, it became the great mart of the eastem world, and increased in opulence and luxury so as to vie with Rome in grandeur. It was the residence of the Egyptian kings, and under the Ptolemies was the seat of learning as well as wealth. Its Ubrar)', which had been collected at a vast expense from all parts of the earth, was of such an extent, that when consumed by the order of the caliph Omar, it is said to have supplied fuel for six months for 400 baths that the city contained. After a siege of 1 3 months this city was taken by Amry, in the name of the ALE caliph, and treated with such ri^ur, that it has since gradually declined to its present state. It does not now contain more than 4000 inhabitants ; but there are stiU very many remains of its ancient gnxndour, wliich render it particularly interesting to travellers ; among the num- ber of those that are most remarkable, are Pompey's pillar and two obelisks, called Cleopatra's Needles. In our own time this city has acquired an additional interest, by hav- ing been the theatre of two victories g.iincd by the Knj^- lish over the French in 1801, which led to the evacuation of Egypt by the latter. Ecclesiastical History of Alexandria. On the introduction of Christianity into Alexandria, a church was founded there by St. Mark, A. D. 52, which was afterwards erected into a patriarchate that held the second rank in ecclesiastical dignity next to that of Uome. The following is a list in chronological order of the patri- archs of Alexandria : — Patrianh$. Began to govern. Governed. Anianus. fi2 .... 22 years. Abihus, or Mclianus. 85 ... . 13 Cerdon f)8.... 9 Primus 107 12 Justus 120 11 Eumenes 131 .... 12 Marc, or Marcianus 14*.... 10 Cckdion 153 14 Agrippinus 1 67 ... . 12 Julianus 1 SO ... . 9 Demetrius 189.... 4^ Heraclas 231 l6 Dionysius 248 17 Maximus 265 .... 17 Theonas 282 19 St. Peter the Martyr 300 11 S. Achillas 312 .... some months. S. Alexander 312 .... 14 years. S. Athanasius 326 .... 47 George, a usurper 356 .... Peter II 373 8 Timothy 380 .... 5 Theophilus 385 27 S.Cyril 412 32 Dioscorus 444 .... 7 Proturus. 452 .... 15 Timothy Elurus 457 .... 20 Peterlil 477 13 Athanasius II 490.... ^ John Mela. 497 9 John Macrotta 507 .... 9 Dioscorus 1 1 517 .... 2 Timothy III 519 I6 Theodosius. 535 .... 28 Peter IV 567 2 Damiunus !i6[) .... 24 Anastanius 593 .... 12 Andronicus 604 .... 6 Benjurain ■> f- - /.. .39 John / "'" 1.. 10 George 620 Cyrus. 630 10 Benjamin restored. Peter 640 .... 9 Agathon 649 .... 19 John 6()8 9 Iwac 677 H Simon 680 .... 23 Alexander 703 .... 24 ALE Pairiarehs, Began to gnvem, Coinmed. Cosmus 727 .... 1 Theodorct 728 .... 11 Chailus 739 ... . 23 Minas 762.... 9 John 772 .... 25 Murk 798 Jacob Simon 836 .... 7 months. Joseph 836.... 14 years. Micliacl 850 ... . 1 Cosmus II 851 .... 8 Sanutus 859 21 ChuilusII. 880 .... 27 See vacant. Gabriel 913 11 Cosmus III 924 10 Macarius 934 .... 24 Theophanes 9o8 .... 4 Minas II 962..^. 18 Epltfami 980 .... 2 Philothicus 982 .... 22 Zachuriah 1005.... 28 Sanutius 1032.... 15 Christodulus 1047 30 Cvi-il 1078.... 14. Michael 1092 9 Mairus 1102 26 Gabriel 1129 14 Michael 1 1 46 ... . 9 months. John 1 146 .... 20 years. Marc 1167 22 John 1189 17 See vacant. Cyril 1 235 .... 7 months. See vacant. Athanasius 1261... . 11 Gabriel 1252 1 Jo)in 1262 .... 29 years. Theodosius 1293 .... 6 John 1300 20 John 1320 6 Benjamin 1327 11 Peter 1340.... 8 Mark John 1365 And others to the present time, of whom exact dates have not been preserved, their office being now little more tlian no- minal. lYiodor. Sicul. 1. 17; Strab. 17; Joseph, de Bell. Jud. ; riiii. 1. 5 ; Plol. 1. 4 ; Pint, in Ah-xand. ; Arrian. Alcxand. Exped. ; Q. Curt. Hi.1l. ; Herodian. 1. 4, &c. ; Ammian. MarccUin. 1. 22 ; S. Athanas. Apol. ; S. Epiphan. Ha-res. 68 ; Cliron. Alcxandrin. ; Leo African. Dcscript. Afric. ; MannoL L'Afriquc Scaligcr, Petavius, Ric cioli, Sj-c. Alexandria, or Ales.fandria, a town in the duchy of Milan, and a bisliop's see, was built in 1 1 70, and called after pope Alexander III. It has a strong castle, which was frequently taken during the wars in Italy. It is seated on the Tanaao, 40 miles E. Turin, and 50 S. S. W. Milan- Lon. 8" 30' E. lat. 44° 50' N. Ai/BXANDBiA (Niimis.) tlic Capital of Egyjit, struck medals in honour of Antony ; Augustus ; Livia, or Julia ; Drusus, junior; Claudius; Antoiiia ; Messalina ; Agrippina ; Nero; Octavia Poppica ; CJalba ; Otho ; Vitellius ; Vespasian; Domitdla ; 'Fitus ; .lulia, daughter of Titus ; Domitian ; Nerva ; Adrian ; Sabina ; Antinous; L. i^lius Csesar; An- toninus Pius; M. Aurelius Cesar; M. Aurelius Antoninus; Faustina^ junior ; L. Vcnis; Lucilk; Conuuodus; CrLspiua; ALE ALE Pertlnax ; Septimius Severus ; Caracalla; Geta; Hcliogaba- lus; Julia Paula; Julia Aquilia ; Annia Faustina; Julia Soemia; Julia Micsa; Alexander Cicsar; Alexander Severus; \faximinus; Gordianus Africanus ; Balbinus ; Pupienus; Gordianus Pius ; Tranquillina ; Phdippus, senior ; Otatilia Severa ; Pliilippus, junior ; Trajanus Decius, &e. ; to the reign of Alexander the usurper under Maxentius. The in- scriptions AA. AE. AAES. AIP. AAESANAl'EA, AAES- ANAPEIA, AAESANAPIA, ALEXANDRIA, AAES- ANAPESIN, AAESANAPINiXN; but the greater part of the imperial medals of Alexandria are without the name ; in- stciid of which they have the letters A, B, I', A, &c. to mark the year of the prince's reign. The symbols employed by the Alexandrians on their medals were the Ibis, Hippo- potamus, ears of com, the lion, and others, which were common to the whole country, or to Africa. A medal of Adrian represents, as in the annexed figure, Alexandria in the form of a woman sitting on the ground having, on her right, and at her feet, ears of com, and resting on a basket full of fruits, indicative of plenty. Goltz. Nunwi. Imperat. ; Vail- lant. Num. Grmc. el Num. Imperat. Roman. ; Patin. Nttm'is. hnperat. ; Morell. Thesaur. Imperat.; Begcr. Thes. Braid. ; Froel. Adpcndic. ; Feller. Rec. des Med. SfC. Alexandria, a towTi in Troas, is distinguished on medals by the inscriptions COL. ALE. TROA, or COL. ALEX. TRO. &c. It struck medals of Trajan, Adrian, Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, Verus, Commodus, Crispina, Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, Geta, Heliogabalus, Julia Paula, Aquilia Severa, Annia Faustina, Msesa, Alexander Severus, Mamsea, Maximianus, Maxlmus, Gordianus Plus, PhUlppus senior, Trajanus Decius, &c. They also struck some medals as an independent state, bearing the inscriptions AAE. AAESAN. AAESANAPOY. AAESANAPEilN AnOA- AGNOS SMIN0EnS,and AAEiSTANAPEaN H.SKAMAN- APON AnOAAONOS SMINGEOS SPE ; tliis last inscrip- tion defines its situation near the river Scamander, and the ^ocha Is supposed to be dated from its foundation by Alex- ander the Great. ApoUo Smintheus, whose name is given in the two last inscriptions, and who was the tutelary deity of the place, is most frequently represented on its medals, where Apollo stands with his bow bent. Vaill. Num. Col. ; Patin. Num. Imp. Rom. ; Mus. Pemhrok. ; Freeh. Not. Elem. ; Eckel. Num. Vet. Alexandria, a town of Cilicia, near the Issus, is distin- guished on its medals by the inscription AAESANAPEiiN KAT. ICCON ETOYC AHP ; i. e. Alexandrinorum ad Issum anno 181. The epocha is here reckoned from the period of its foundation by Pompey, U. C. 686, A. C. 67. Vaill. Num. Grcec. ALEXANDRINI, de Neustain Juliii.i (^Biog.) successively physician to the emperors Charles V, Ferdinand I, and Maximilian II, was bom in the l6th century, and died at the age of 84 in 1590, leaving commentaries on the works of Galen. ALEXANOR (Myth.) 'A\cS.avu)p, a son of Machaon, who built a temple in Sicyon to his grandfather ^sculapius, and received divine honours after his death. Paus. 1. 2, c. 11. ALEXANUM (Geog.) a town of the Salenti, now Ales- sano. ALEXARCHUS {Biog.) 'AXdnpxoQ, a Greek historian, mentioned by Plutarch and Servius. Plut. in Parall. c. 7 ; Serv. in Mneid. 1. 3, v. 334. ALEXAS (Hi.it.) "AXfJac, the minion of Mark Antony, who caused his divorce with Octavia that he might marry Cleo- patra. He is supposed to be the same as the Alexander mentioned by Josephus, whom Augustus put to death. Plut. in Fit. Anton.; Joseph, de Bell. Jud. 1. 1, c. 15. Alexas, a favourite with Herod the Great, whom he com- pelled his sister Salome to many. Joseph. Antiq. Jud. 1. 17. ALEXIA (Geog.) vide Alesia. ALEXIARES {Myth.) 'AXiEu'iprjc, a son of Hercules by Hebe. Alexiares (Geog.) a place in Boeotia, mentioned by Pausa- nias, 1. 9, c. 25. ALEXIBIO.S (Biog.) 'AXt^tfiior, an Arcadian, and a victor at the Olympic games, mentioned by Pausanias. ALEXICACUS {Myth.) 'AXt^/rai-oc, depulsor vialorum, wliut the Latins call averriincus, the averter of cvll.s. 1. A sur- name given to Apollo by the Athenians, because he delivered them from the plague that raged at Athens during the Peloponnesian war. Paus. 1. 1, c. 2. 2. A surname giren to Hercules for the assistance he afforded to his votaries who were aftlicted witli diseases. Varr. de Lai. Ling. 1. 6, c. 5 ; Laclanl. 1. 5 ; Coel. Rhodig. 1. 16, c. I9. ALEXINUS {Biog.) 'AXtfiioo, a native of Ells, and disciple of Eubulides, was remarkable for his great strength, as also for his opposition to Aristotle and Zeno the Cynick. He died from the prick of a reed, which he received as he was swimming across the Alpheus. Diog. Laert. in Vil. Euclid. 1.2. ALEXION (Biog.) a physician, the intimate friend of Cicero. Cic. ad Attic. tl3, ep. 25. ALEXIS {Hisl.') vide Alexius. Alexis, Michaelowitz, succeeded his father, Michael Theodo- rowitz, as czar of Russia in 1546, and died after a useful reign of thirty years. He was the father of Peter the Great. Alexis {Biog.) a statuary, and disciple of Polycletes in the 87th Olympiad. Plin. 1. 34, c. 8. Alexis, a comic poet, the uncle of Menander, flourished in the time of Alexander the Great, who composed several pieces quoted by the ancients. Gyratd. de P. Hist. L 7 ; Voss. de Poet. Gr. 1. 8. Alexis, an historian, mentioned by Athenseus. Athen. 1. 3, Alexis, the slave of Asinius Pollio, whom Virgil reproaches for his indifference to him. P'irg. Eclog. 2, v. 6. crudetis ^lejt, nihil mea carmina euros. Martial also speaks of him as in the serNace of Mtecenas, the favourite of Augustus, who is addressing Virgil in allu- sion to the loss of his estate. Marl. 1. 8, epig. 56. Riiit Tuscus eques, pauptrtatemque malignam Reppulit, et celerijvssit abirefuga. Accipe divitias, et vatum maximus esto ; Tn licet et nostrumy dij.it, Aleain, antes. Serv. in Virg. Alexis, a Pledmontcse, is the reputed author of a work en- titled ' Secrets,' 8vo. Basle, 1536. Alexis, William, a benedictine monk of the 15th century, left various pieces of poetry which were highly esteemed in his day ; as ' Le Grand Blazon des Fausses Amours,' 1 6mo. and 4to. Paris, 1493, &c ALEXIUS {Hist.) the name of five Greek emperors, and other princes. Greek Emperors i)f this Name. Alexius, Comnenus, succeeded Isaac his father, and died in 1118, in the 37th year of his reign. His life was written by his daughter Anna Comnenus, and others. Anna Cmn- nen. in Vil.; Zonaras. et Glycas. apud Scriptor. Hisl. Byzant. Alexius, succeeded his father Manuel Comnenus, sumamed Porphyrogenitus, in 1180, and was strangled by Andronicu.s- Comnenus in 1183. Nicetas apud Script. Hist. Byz. Gul. Tur. Alexius, sumamed Comnenus and Porphyrogenitus, wUi«U ALF names he substituted for Angclus, deprived his brother Isaac of his kingdom, and his eyes in llyS, and was expelled to make way for the legitimate emperor in the eighth year of his reign. Nicetas, ^-c. Alexius, sumamed the Younger, shared the empire with his father Isaac in 1203, but was strangled after a few months' reign by Alexius Murtzuphlus. Nicclas, Grcgoras, ^-c. Alexius, sumamed Miirlzuphlus, on account of liis being the murderer of the preceding, was precipitated, by order of his successor Baldwin, from a lofty pUlar into a square at Con- stantinople called the Bull, after a few months' reign in 1204. Nicdas, Gregoras, t'jc. apud Script. Hist. Byzant. ; Baron. Annal. ; Spondan. Contin. Baron. Other Princes of this Name. Alexius, a Sicilian, who wanted to make himself emperor in 1204, but was seized and punished. Nicela.t, ^-c. Alexius, sumamed Ibancus, anotlier unsuccessful pretender to the throne at the same time as the preceding was put to death. Nicetas, ^c. Alexius, Petron'itz-Czarowitz, son of Peter the Great, was found guilty of a conspiracy against liis father, and con- demned to death ; but the sentence was remitted, and he died of apoplexy in 1718. Alexius, Aristinus (Ecc.) a deacon of Constantinople, was present at the council of 1 1 66, which cited Nicephorus, a patriarch of the Jews. He wrote ' Annotations on a Col- lection of Canons.' Alexius, bishop of Melfi, in Naples, of the l6th century, delivered a discourse to the fathers of the council of Lateran preWous to the tliird sitting. ' De Ratione Synodarum Ha- bcndarum Optima, et Concordise Necessitate.' Alexius, a metropolitan of Nice, composed canticles on the martyr Demetrius. Alexius, St., a Roman of noble extraction in the fourth centur)', of whom many wonderful things are related by ecclesiastical writers. Alexius, a patriarch of Constantinople, was elected after Eustachius in 1025, and retained his seat in spite of all op- jjosition till 1043. Alexius, Vincent (Biog.) a laAryer of Perouse, left some lectures and decisions at his death in l6l 1. Alexius, a dorainican and inquisitor of Perouse, wrote, 1. 'A Poem on the Plague,' in Latin. 2. ' A History of the Kings of Judah and Israel.' 3. ' Treatises on the Holy Trinity,' &c ALEXON (Biog.) of Myndus, was the author of fabulous narratives, whom Diogenes Laertius quotes in ivvarif pvdiKiiy. Diog. in fit. Thalcl. 1. 1 . ALEXOWITZ, Theodore (Hist.) the son of Alexis Michael- owitz, succeeded his father in I676, and died, to the inex- pressible grief of his subjects, in l682. ALEYN, Charles (Biog.) an EngUsh poet in the reign of Charles I, died about lotO. His works arc, 1. ' Two Poems on the famous \'ictories of Crcssi and Poictiers.' 2. ' A Poem in Honour of King Henry VII.' 3. • The History' of Eurialus and Lucretia,' translated from the Latin of j'Eneas Sylvius ; besides some smaller pieces. ALI'AUO, y Gamon Juan d' (liing.) a Spani.sh painter of Cordova, was bom in 1640, and died in 168O. He painted much in the style of Van Dyke. Of his paintings there are at .Madrid an ' Incarnation,' a ' Guardian y\ngil,' ;ind ' A Portr.iit of Don Pedro Calderona.' Cumberland. Span. Paint, vol. ii. ALFATEUNA (Geog.) or Nucerin, 'AX^ar/pv?) Ij N«»:tp/a, according to Diodorus a town of Campania, beyond mount Vesuvius ; the people arc ciJlcd Alfatemi. Diud. 1. y ; Plin. I. .!, c. .1. ALFENj fVilliam Fan (Cicg.) sccrctai; at the court of Hul- ALF land in 1631, collected a vast quantity of formulas, which he published under the title of ' Papegay.' Alfen (Gcog.) or Alphcnus, formerly called Alfcnus, where, in 1464, Jacoba, countess of Holland, gave battle to Philip, of Burgundy, and beat him. ALFEN US (Hist.) or Alphcnus Sext, one of those who were proscribed by Sylla, according to Cicero. Cic. pro Quint. c. 5. Alfenus, Varus, a native of Cremona, rose from the condi- tion of a cobler to be first consul at Rome, A. D. 2. He is the same as Horace calls the V(ifer Alfenus. Hor. 1. i, sat. 3, v. 130. ut Atfeints vafer omtti Ahjecto instntmento arth, cluusaqiie tabema Suttn- ei-at ; sapiem opens sic optimus omjiis Est apifa solus ; sic rex. Catull. Epigramm. AtJ'erie immemor titque unammis false sodalibus. He was a distinguished lawyer, ha\'ing studied under Sul- pitius Severus, and left some works on that subject, which were the first of the kind called digests. Aul. Cell. 1. 6, c. 5. Alfenus, Varus, \-ide .ilphcnus. Alfenus (Gcog.) a town of Holland, now called Alfen, which is supposed to derive its name from Alfenus, or more probably from Claudius Albinus, who was sent by the emperor Commodus into France. ALFIERI, Victor, or Vitlorio (Biog.) an Italian poet of Piedmont, was bom in 1749, and died in 1803. He wrote ' Cleopatra,' a sort of tragedy ; and ' The Poets,' a farce ; 'Philip II;' 'Polinicc;' 'Antigone;' 'Agamemnon,' &c. to the number of fourteen tragedies ; ' A Translation of Sallust ; ' besides 1 3 volumes of posthumous works, consist- ing of translations and dramas. ALFINGER, Nicholas (Hist.) a merchant adventurer, was sent out by a trading company of Venice, in 1529, to make a settlement in Venezuela, of which they obtained a grant from Charles V ; but he committed such cruelties on the na- tives that he was killed, and the expedition failed. ALFIUS, C. (Hist.) a pra;tor mentioned by Cicero, as qus9- tor in the afi'air of Plancus. Cic. pro Plane, c. 17. ALFOHD, P'iscount (Her.) the title commonly borne by the eldest Sim of the earl of Brownlow. Alkord, Michael (Biog.) properly called Griffith, an English Jesuit, was bom in London in 1587, and died in l652. He wrote, 1. ' Britannica lllustrata,' 4to. Ant v. l641. 2. ' Annales Ecclesiastici Britannorum, Saxonum, et Anglo- rum,' itc. ALFHAGAN (Biog.) or Alfcrgani, sumamed Muhamed, or Ahmed Ben Cothair, flourished, according to Abulfixrajius, about the time of Al-Mamon, i. e. A. D. 825. He wrote ' Rudimenta Astronomiic,' translations of which were print- ed in 4to. in 1493, 1537, 1590, and I669, the two latter under the eye, first of Christman, and second of Golius; besides other works on solar lionuies, astrolabes, and sine9> Abulfarag. Hist. Dinast. 9 ; Golius. Pre/', in AlJ'ergan.; HisU dcs 'Matii. ALFRED, the Great (Hist.) the youngest son of Ethclwol^ king of the West Saxons, was born in 849, at A\'aiinating or VVanading, su])poscd to be Wantage, in Berksliire, and died after a glorious reign of 28 years, in 9OO, as is generally supposed. To represent the life and character of this prince, as lie is universally described, would be to give a catalogue of all human virtues. Among his public acts he is most distinguished as the complete restorer, if not the original founder of the University of Oxford, which is happy to owe its origin to such a prince ; and is acknow- ledged to be the repairer or rebuildcr of all the monasteries in the kingdom, to which he also added otlicrs of liis own founding ; and hustly, as tlic framcr of a complete system of legislation, comprehending in it, among other peculiariiiee. ALG ALG the trial liy jury, wliich is attributed to liini by some as an original iiivtiition ; but ho is suiiposcJ by others to have oiilv adopted it from the aneient Saxons, into his system of jurispruclence. His works, as an author, are exceedinf^ly numerous, as the foUowing list sufficiently testides: 1. ' Bre- viarum quoddam Collectum ex Lcgibus Trojanorum,' 1. I. 2. ' Visisaxonum Leges,' 1. I. J. ' Instituta Quicdam,' I. 1. 4. ' Contra Judiecs Iniquos.' 5. ' Acta Magistratum Suorum,' 1. 1. 6". ' Rcgum Fortunac ^'aria.'.' 7- ' Dicta Sapicntum/ 1. 1. 8. ' Parabolic ct Sales,' 1. 1. J). ' Collee- tiones Chronicoruni.' 10. ' Epistohc ad Wiilfsigiuni,' 1. 1. II. ' Manuale Meditationum.' Besides numerous transla- tions, of which the following are the principal : 12. ' Dia- logus D. Gregorii.' 13. ' Pastorale Ejusdem Grcgorii.' 14. ' Hormcstam Pauli Orosi,' 1. 1. 15. ' Boetius de Conso- latione/ 1. 5. 1(5. ' Asserii Sententis,' 1. 1. 17. 'Martina; Leges,' 1. 1. 18. ' Malmutinie Leges,' 1. 1. I9. ' Gesta; Anglonim Bedip,' 1. 5. 20. ' ^sopi Fabula;.' 21. ' Psal- terium Davidicum,' 1. 1. Alfrei), sumamcd the Bastard, began to reign as king of Northumberland in 6S5, and died in 705. He was a lover and patron of learning. Alfred (Ere.) an English bishop of the 10th century, wrote a treatise, 1 . ' De Natura Rerura.' 2. ' A Life of St. Adelme.' 3. ' A Histor)' of his Monastery at Malms- bury.' Alfred, (^Biog.) a canon of York, of the 12th century, wrote, ' Deflorationes Galfredi;' ' De Gestis Regum Britannis;' ' De Gestis Regum Angliac,' &c. Alfred, sumamed the P/iilosopfier of the 13th Cenluri/, wrote A Translation of Five Books from Boetius, ' On the Consolations of Philosophy ;' A Translation of four Books of Aristotle on Meteors, and one on Vegetables ; ' De Naturis Rerum ;' ' De Educatione Accipitrum;' ' Dc Motu seu Vita Cordis.' ALFRIC (Ecc.) of St. Albans, as he was called, was abbot of a monastery of that name, and wrote a liturgy and other treatises, not now extant. ALE WOLD (Hist.) king of Northumberland, succeeded Eardulf, and reigned only two years. ALGAROTTL Francis (Biog.) an Italian writer of Venice, was bom in 1712, and died in 1764. His writings, accord- ing to the last and most connect edition of Venice, 1790 — 1794, form 17 vols. Svo., and consist of ' Memoirs of his Life and Writings;' 'An Analysis of the Newtonian Sys- tem;' 'Pieces on Architecture,' &c. ; ' Travels in Rus.sia;' ' Letters on Painting,' &c. &c. ALGAZELL Abou-IIamed-Mohammed (Biog.) an Arabian philosopher, was born at Thous in 1058, and died in 1111, leaving, among other things, 1. ' A Treatise on Religious Sciences.' 2. ' Philosophica et Logica Algazeli.' ALGER (Biog.) or Algcrus, a learned priest of the church of Liege in the 12th century, died in 1131, leaving among his works, 1. ' A Treatise on Mercy and Justice,' published by Martenne, in the fifth volume of his ' Anecdotes.' 2. ' A Treatise on the Sacraments.' ALGERIA (Geog.) a town and province of Africa, now Algiers. ALGERUS, Pompoiiius (Ecc.) a native of Nola in Italy, who, having embraced the protestant religion, which he zealously taught, was condemned to be burnt by Paul IV, and suflered this punishment in the 24th year of his age. ALGEZIRA (Geog.) a pro\'ince of Turkey, in Asia, now usually called Diarbck. ALGEZIRAS (Geog.) a town of Andalusia, in Spain, on the Straits of Gibraltar, with an ancient citadel in ruins ; seven miles W. of Gibraltar. This towai was taken by Al- phonso XI, in 1344, after the memorable battle which he gained over the infidels in Spain. ALGHIZI, Galeazzo (Biog.) an architect and mathematician VOL. I. of the lf)th century, was employed by the duke of Ferrara, and also wrote a work, entitled, ' Delle Fortilicazioni,' Ve- nice, 1570. Ai,(;Hii!i, Thomas, a lithotomist of Florence, was born in l(i()9, and died in 1713, in constMjuence of an accident from the bursting of his gun. He was a successful operator, par- ticularly in the case of pojie Clement XI ; lx!sides which he wrote a work .^ the Spaniards made a descent near the city with a formidable anny, but were defeated with great slaughter. In 17^4 they again sent a powerful fleet to attack the forts, but they were re- jwlled by the Algerines, although they made eight suc- cessive attacks with great bravery. To England has been resen'ed the honour of putting a period to the outrages which have so long afflicted Europe. An ex])edition was sent out in 181(5 under lord Exmouth, which, after a desperate conflict, reduced the Algerine fleet to ashes, and entirely destroyed the b-atteries by which the harbour was defended, so that the dey, haWng no other resource left, submitted to the humiliating terms imposed, namely, of restoring all his present captives without ransom, and abolishing Christian slavery for ever, a treaty which, in all probability, he will never be able materially to violate. AI.GOT I. (Hisl.) a fabulous king of Sweden, succeeded .\dolphus, long before the birth of our Sa\'iour. Ai.GOT II, son of Tordus III, reigned from 582 to (506, dur- ing which time he rendered the Russians tributary. ALHACA {Hisl.) or Alharam, king of the Moors in Spain, reigned 26 years, 10 months, and 15 days, and died in tlie year of the Hegira 20(5, A. D. 81(5, leaving his son Abde- raman his successor. Marian. Hist. Iluipan. .\i.UACA, king of Cordova, reigned 1(5 years, and died in the year of the Hegira 3(\G, A. D. 97(5, leaving his son Hissen in the tutelage of Mahomet Almansor. Roderic. Tuletl. Hi.ll. Rcr. gesl. in Hi.>tjmn. .\\, HADI (Hi.\i.) second son of Al Mohdi, succeeded his lather, and died after a reign of little more than a year of |X)Lson, administered, as some historians maintain, by his own mother, in the year of the Hegira 170, A. D. 780. AL HAKEM (Hi.yt.) Elm Abtralrahman Al Na.tr, lord of Andalu.sia, died in the year of the Hegira 366, A. 1). 97(5, after a reign of 1 5 years and upwards, during which he had •gained the love of his subjects. A I. Hakkm, caliph of Syria and Egypt, was murdered at the instigiition of his own sister, after a reign of 25 years, in the year of the Hegira HO, A. D. 1020. ALHANSA {Geog.) a town of Grenada, supposed bv some to have been built by the Moors, but bv others to be the ancient Alligi.t. Lon. 2° 4(5' W. lat. .S7° N. AT.HARAM (//«/.) vide Alhnca. XLHAUITZ (Ifisl.) son of Mo-avias, was the first who exer- cised the art of fowling by the means of a little bird of jirey, lalled the Sacre, which is in the Arabic Salzara, and sig- nifies tul Ka.icm Mohamnicd (Ilitl.) succeeded his father Obcidallalx, the first of the Fatemite caliphs of Kairwan, in the year of the Hegira 321, A. D. 931, and died in the year of the Hegira S35. Al KAYEM son of Abu Mohammed Oheidallah, suc- ceeded his father as second of the Fatemite caliphs of Kairwan. Al KAYE31, Beamri'Uah, succeeded his father Al Kader, as caliph of IJagdad, in the year of the Hegira 4L'2, A. D. 1032, and died after a reign of -^i years and nine months. ALKE.MADE, Cornelius Van {liiog.) a Dutch antiquary, was bom in 16.51., and died in 1737, leaving, 1. ' DLs.sertation on Tournaments." 2. ' A Metrical Chnmicle of Melis Stoke,' fol. l()f(<) ; containing a history of Holland to 1337- 3. ' Munts]iiegel der (Jravcn van Holland.' 4. ' A Treatise on Modes of liuriiU," 8vo. Delft, 1713. .'>. ' NederUindsche Displechtigheden,' 3 vols. 8vo. 6". ' A Description of the Town of Hrille,' besides some pieces of less importance. ALKINDL'S (Biog.) a mathematician of the 13th centurj', who left among other works, a treatise, ' De lladiis Stel- laruni.' ALKINL'M (Geog.) formerly a considerable town, now a tillage of Arabia Felix, called Alkin. ALKMAH (liiog.) or Alkmaur Henry, a writer of the 15th centur}', who was the author of an old German work, en- titled ' Reineke de Voss,' or RexTiard the Fo.\, a satire ; the earliest edition of which that has been yet discovered was jirinted by Gerard Leew in 1479. ALLA {Hist.) or Elli, the first king of Sussex, landed in England with an army of Saxons in 477, and having made himself master of that part of the countiy, erected it into A kingdom, and died in 514, after a reign of 23 years. Polyd. Verg. Alla, king of Northumberland, in England, succeeded Ida in the sixth century-, and reigned with great glory for 30 vears. It was in his reign that Augustin came into England to convert the natives. .'VLLADIUS (Hisl.) 'AWacr/c, called by Casslodorus Are- miihix, Uemns, or liomulus, was the 13th king of the Latins, who succeeded his father Agrippa. ALLAINN'AL, Leonor Jean C/irixtine Sunlas d', (Bing.) a French dramatic and miscellaneous writer, who was born at Paris in 1753, was the author of ' L'EmbaiTas des Richesscs;' ' Tour de Camaval ; ' ' Ecole des Bourgeois ; ' ' Les Bigar- rures Calotines,' &c. ALLAM, Andrew (Biog.) an English divine, who was born in iC.j.j, and died in 1()85 ; wrote, 'The Epistle,' con- taining an account of Dr. Cosin's life, prefixed to the doc- tor's Ixwk, entitled ' Ecdesiic Anglicana? Foliteia in Tabulas Digesta,' fol. Oxford, 1 (JS4 ; Additions and corrections to a l)ook entitled, ' Angliic Notitia,' or the Present State of England, lx.'sides the assistance he rendered Wood in his Athena-. ALLAN, Da»id (Biog.) an liistorical painter of Edinburgh, who died in 179fi- There are several engravings from his I'ictures, one of which was entitled ' The Origin of Paint- ing,' or the Corinthian Maid drawing the .Sliadow of her Lover ; besides which there are four in aqua-tinta, by I'aul Sandby, from drawings made by Allan when at Home. Allan, George, an attorney and anticpiary of Darlington, in the county of Durham, wrote among other things, 1. ' A .Sketch of the Life and Character of Bishop Trevor,' 177C- 2. ' The Life of St. Cuthlx-rt.' 3. ' Collections relating to Slicrbomc Hos-pital,' &c. ALLARD, Claiidiux, a monk of the order of St. Antony, at ViennoLs, who died in 1(J58 ; wrote, 1. ' Lc Crayon des Cirandeurs de .S. Etienne de Viennois.' 2. ' Mirroir des Ames Rcligicuscs,' or the Life of Charlotte Flandrine. Allaru, Guy, u native of Dauphiny, and counsellor to the king, died in 171(), leaving among the number of his works 1. ' Bibliotheque de Dauphine,' 12mo. U)80, a new edition of which was published in 1797. 2. ' Inscrijjtions de Gre- noble,' 4to. 1083. 3. ' Nobiliare du Dauphine,' 12mo. 1671, 10'97. 4. ' Histou'e Genealogique du Dauphine,' 4 vols. 4to. 5. ' Les (Jouverneurs et Lieutenants au Gou- vemement du Dauphine,' 12mo. 1704. ALLATIUS, or Alazzi J^eo (Biog.) keeper of the Vatican at Rome, was bom at Chios in 1586, and died in \66[). He was a strenuous advocate of the see of Rome, in his works, of which the following are the principal, 1. ' De Ecclesise Occidentalis et Orientalis Peqietua Consensione,' 4to. Colonn. ]()48. 2. ' De Utriusque Ecclesias, &c. in Dogmate de Purgatorio Consensione,' 8vo. Rom. 1555. 3. ' De Libris Ecclesiasticis GriEcorum,' 8vo. Paris, 1()45. 4. ' De Templis Graconnn Recentioribus,' 8vo. Colonn. l645. 5. ' Griecte Orthodox;p Scrijitores,' 2 vols. 4to. Rom. 16"52 and 1657. 6. ' Symmichta et Symmiha, sive Opusculorum Gracorum ac Latinorum,' &c. fol. Colonn. 1()53. 7. ' De Mensura Teniporum Antiquorum et pnccipue Griccoium,' Svo. Colonn. 16'45. 8. ' Apes Urbana>,' 8vo. Rom. lC33. 9. ' Dramaturgia,' &c. ALLECTUS (Hist.) a pra;torian prefect, who slew Carausius in England, and took possession of his throne for three years, from 294 to 297, when Constantius Caesar landing in Britain with an army, an engagement ensued, in which Allectus was killed, and his forces routed. Aiircl. Vict. Allectus (Xiimis.) medals are extant bearing the effigv of this usurjier, as in the annexed figure, inscription, IMP. C. ALLECTUS Viii.s- Fil AUG.; on the reverse L.^TITIA AUG. Comment. Trist. Hist.; Med. Nim. Jmpp. ALLEGRI, Ak.rander (Biog.) an Italian bur- lesque poet of Florence, wrote among other things, ' Rime Piacevoli,' in four separate parts, 4to. V'e» rona, lC05, IOO7, and lGl3, also at Florence in 16'08. ALLK(ini, vide Corregio. Ali-egdi, Gregorio, an ecclesiastic and musical composer, was admitted in 16'29 as a singer into the Pope's chapel, and died in 1640. His principal piece of composition was his ' Miserere.' ALLEIN, Richard (Biog.) son of a puritan clergyman of Ditchet, in Somersetshire, was bom in I6II, and died in 168]. His writings consisted mostly of tracts, except his ' Vindiciie PietatLs,' or a Vindication of Godliness, 1664-6. Allein, Joseph, a non-conformist preacher, was born in 1633, and died in 1668, leaving many religious works. ALLEN, John (Ecc.) archbishop of Dublin in the reign of Henry VIII, was barljarously nuudercd in an insimection set on foot liy Tlumius Fitzgerald, eldest son of the earl of Kildare, in 1534. He wrote some treatises which remain in MS. Allen (Her.) the name of a family, which, after having been long .seated in England, passed over into I Killand, and thence into Ireland, wlien John Allen, Esq. who bore a captain's conmiission in the reign of king W illiam, and was sworn of the privy council of his majesty George I, was advanced in 1717 to the dignities of baron Allen, of Stillorgan, and >'iscount Allen. The anns, &c. of thus family are as follow : Arms. Argent, two bars wavy, and a chief azure, on the latter an etoil between two escallops or. Crest. On a wreath, a bezant chiu-gcd with a talbot's head erased sali/c. Stipjmrters. Two talbots sahlc. Motto. " Triimi])lio morte tam vita." Allen, Th(nnas (Biog.) a descendant from Henry Alen, or Alan, lord of the manor of Buckcnhall, in .Sta)l<)rdshire ; was, in 1542, admitted scholar of Trinity college, Oxford, in ALL ALL 1561, and fellow in 1565 ; took his master's degree in 1567, and ditd in 1 632. He was a great mathematician, hut is known principally as an antiquary, on which suhject lie made a collection of MSS. of wluch a catah)jjue is given in An- thony \N'ood's papers in the Ashmolean Muscinn. Allkn, Thomas, a divine, who entered Urazcnnoze college, Oxfoid, in 1581), was elected a prohationcr fellow of Merton college in 159.'>, and died in 1()."58. He wrote ' Obser- vationes in Libellum Chrysostomi in Esaiam.' Allen, Thomas; a non-conformist, educated at Cambridge, was born in l608, and died in 10"7^, leaving among liis other works one on chronology, entitled ' Chain of Scripture Chronology, from the Creation to the Death of Christ, in Seven Periods,' 4to. 1639. Allkn, Anthmuf, a lawyer and antiquary of Great Hadham, in Hertfordshire, took his hachelor's degree in King's col- lege, Cambridge, in 1 707, and his master's in 1711, and died in 175 !■. He collected a hiographical account of the members of Eton college, which by his will he ordered to be placed in the library of the two colleges, and a third copy to be given to his patron, Mr. Speaker Onslow. He also made a collection of words in the English language, which have changed their original meaning, as villain, knave, &c. which was never printed. ALLEON, Dclac John Lewis (Biug.) a lawyer of Lyons, died at St. Etienne in I768. He wrote, 1. ' Memoires pour ser^^r a I'Histoire Naturelle du Lyonnois, Forez et Beau- golais,' 2 vols. 12mo. 1765. 2. ' Melanges d'Histoii-e Na- turelle,' first in 2 vols. 12mo. 1763; afterwards a new edi- tion in 6 voLs. ALLESTRY, liichard, a di\'iue and provost of Eton, was bom in 1619 at Uppington, in Shropshii-e, entered a com- • moner of Christ Church in 1606, and after having done and suffered much in the royal cause, he died full of honour in I68O. Besides some sermons of his which are extant, he wrote a small tract entitled ' The Privileges of the Uni- versity of Oxford, in point of Visitation.' Allestry, Jacob, of the same family as the preceding, was entered at Christ Church, Oxford, in I67I, was elected stu- dent in 1672, took his degree in arts in l679> and died in 1686. He published ' Examen Poeticum,' containing verses and pastorals, spoken in the theatre at Oxford in I68I, before James, duke of York, his duchess, and the lady Anne. ALLETZ, Pons Augiisliii (Biog.) a French advocate of " Montpelher, died at Paris in 1785, aged 82. He wrote on ■ a variet;' of subjects, but his principal works are ' Les Princes celebres qui ont regne dans le Monde,' 4 vols. 12mo. ; and ' L'Histoire des Papes,' 2 vols. 12mo. ; ' LesOmamens de la Memoire,' &c. ALLEY (Ecc.) or AUe'igh, WilUam, bishop of Exeter, was bom at Great Wycomb, in Buckinghamshire, in 1528, edu- cated at Eton and Oxford, and died in 1570 or 1571, ac- cording to Tanner; and 1576, according to Fuller. He wrote, 1. ' The Poor Man's Library,' 2 vols. fol. 1571. 2. ' A Hebrew Grammar,' but whether published or not is uncertain. 3. ' A Translation of the Pentateuch in the • Version of the Bible,' undertaken by command of queen Elizabeth. 4. Three Epistles to Matthew Parker, in Latin, which are preserv-ed in MS. in Corpus Christi college, Cam- bridge. 5. ' Judgment concerning the Doctrine and Dis- cipline of the Church,' in Strj-pe's Annals. Alley, Peter, a great-grandson of the preceding, rector of Donamow, in Queen's county, Dublin, for 73 years, died in 1763, at the great age of 110. ALLEYN, Edivard {Biog.) a celebrated comedian in the reigns of Elizabeth and James, but still better known as the founder of Dulwich college, was horn in 1566, and died in 1626. He is said to have expended 10,000/. on the building of the college, which was endowed with 800/. per annum for the maintenance of one master, one warden, and four fellows ; also six poor men, and as many women, Ix^sides 12 ])o()r l)oys till the age of 14 or I6, when they were to be i)ut out apprentice. ALLI.'V (0'(T)g.) a river of Italy, flowing into the Tiber, now .Ija. 'Phe Romans were defeated with great slaughter on its banks by the (iauls under Brennus, A. C. 390. \'irgil alludes to this di.sa.stcr. JEii. 7, v. 717. Quosque iecaus infaustum intertuit Allia iwmen. Also Silius. JliirriJUis sese eitidit Allia ripis. The day called AlUcnsis Dies, on which this event took place, was reckoned among the infausli, or unlucky days. Ovid in Ihin. v. 47. Hicc est in Fastis, aii dat gravis Allia nomen. Liican. 1. 7, v. 409- Et dam7iata dlu liomanis Allia Fastis. Cic. ad Attic. 1. 1, ep. 4 ; Liv. 1. 5, c. 37; Val. Max. 1. 9, c. 1 1 ; Plut. in Camill. ; Suet, in Vitell. e. 7 ; Flor. 1. 1 , e. 13. ALLIBOND, Peter (Biog.) of an ancient family in Oxford- shire, was bom in 1560, and died in 1628-9- He .studied at Magdalen-hall, Oxford, and wrote principally translations from foreign religious works. Allibond, John, son of the preceding, is known as the author of a satire against the parliamentary' visitors, and their party, entitled ' Rustica Academise Oxoniensis nuper Refonnatoe Descriptio, una cum Comitiis ibidem 16 18 habitLs.' ALLIENI Forum (Geog.) a town of Italy, near Petavium, supposed to be now Ferrara. Tacit. Hist. 1. 3, c. 4 ; Clui ■ Ilal. Aniiij. ALLIENA, gens (Xniiiis.) a Roman family, which is known by some medals struck by Allienus, the proconsul, in the time of Julius Caesar, whose cause he espoused. Goltz. in Jnl. Ccesar. ALLIFJE {Geog.) '\XKi'2, and it fell into the lumds of the French in 1810, but was retaken by the British in the following spring. ALMELOVEEN, Thomas Jan.ien d' (Biog.) a Dutch phy- sician, was author of the Hortus Malubaricus, and Flora Malabarica, i;> vols. fol. lf)78, et seq. Almkloveen', Theodore Jcnisen Van, a physician, was bom in 1657 at Medrecht, near Utrecht, and died in 1712, leaving, among his works, 1. ' Hippocratis Aphorismi, Gr. et Lat.' 12ina Amst. 16"85. 2. ' Aurelius Celsus de Medi- dna,' 12mo. Amst. l687; Svo. 1713; Svo. Patav. 1722. 3. ' Apicii Cffilii de Obsoniis et Condimentis, sive de Arte Coquinaria Libri x.' Svo. Amst. 1709. 4. ' Aurelianus de Morbis Acutis et Chronicis,' 4to. Amst. 1 7O9. 5. ' Biblio- tlieca Promissa et Latens,' Svo. I688, 1698, 12mo. 1692; Svo. Nuremberg, lC99- 6. ' The Anatomy of the Muscle,' Svo. Amst. 1 684. 7- ' Onomasticon Rerum Inventarum et InventaNova et Antiqua, id est Brevis EnarratioOrtus et Pro- gressus Artis Medics,' Svo. ibid. l684. 8. ' Fasti Con- sulares,' Svo. Amstel. 1705. 9- A beautiful but not very correct edition of Strabo, &c. ALMENDARIS, Henriquez Alphonso d" (Ecc.) a native of Seville, and bishop of Cuba, died in IfiSS, leaving an ac- count of the diocese over which he had presided. ALMENSCHES (Geofi-.) an abbey of Normandy, in France. ALMENSA, Jerome (Ecc.) a native of Naples, and of the order of preaching friars, was employed on several import- ant negotiations by the king of Naples, and died at Rome in 1493, while on a mission to the pope Alexander VI. ALMEON (Biog.) an Arabian prince and mathematician of the 11th century. Almeon, sumamed Almansor, who wrote ' Astrological Ob- servations respecting the Sun ;' ' Astrological Aphorisms.' Voss. de Scient. Math. c. 35, § 3, I9. ALMERIA (Geog.) a city in Grenada, of Spain, and a bishop's see. Lon. 2° 0'' W. lat. 36° 51' N. When the Saracens were in Spain, it was so powerful as to have a king named Aben-Hut. It was taken from the infidels by Alphonsus VIII, king of Castille, in 1147. Some have taken it for the Portiis jnagnux of the ancients. ALMERICUS (Hi.it.) in French Aumery ; the brother of Baldwin, and king of Jerusalem, conquered Egj'pt, and died in 1174. Almericus II, brother of Guido, was at first king of Cyprus ; and, after the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin, king of Judfca, and died in 1239. Almericus (Ecc.) archbishop of Tours, presided with Hincmar at the council of Rheims in 853. Almericus, bishop of Senlis, died in II6I, after having ob- tained means to rebuild the cathedral of that city. Almericus, a patriarch of Jerusidem, died in 1180, after having compelled Almericus I to put away his wife Agnes, because she was his relation in the fourth degree, on con- dition, however, that the two children which he had by her should be considered as legitimate. Almericus, a heretic, who was burnt by order of Inno- cent III, for maintaining that ideas in tlie divine mind created and were created. Almericl'.s, Arnoldti.i, archbishop of Narbonnc, and first grand inquisitor against tlie Albigenscs. ALMERINUM (Geog.) a town of Estrcmadura, situated on the Tagus opposite to Santarin : it was forracrly the re- sidence of the Portuguese kings. ALMICI, Peter Camille (Biog.) a priest who was bom of a noble family at Brescia in 1714, and died in 1779- He wrote ' Critical Reflections on Febronius' Work,' entitled ' De Statu EcclesijE;' besides dissertations on various sub- jects. ALMISSA (Geog.) a town of Dalmatia, in European Turkey, called by the Sclavonians Dmisk, and supposed to be the Omaeum of the ancients, but not Delminium, which was a maritime to\vn. It is situated at the foot of a very high rock. Lon. l6° 58' E. lat. 43= 18' N. In the 13th and 14tli centuries, this town distinguished itself by its piracies until it was sacked by the Venetians, and reduced to a state of poverty. ALMO (Geog.) a small river near Rome, running from the Appian way into the Tiber, now called Bio d' Appio. On the 25th of March, the image of Cytele, and whatever was con- secrated to her, was washed in this river, according to Ovid. Fast. 1. 4, V. 387. Est locus in Tiberim quo lubricus injiuit AlmOt Et nomen ma^no perdit ah amne minor ; Illic purpurea canus cum teste sacerdos Atmonis dominam, sacraque iavit aqnis* Lvcan, 1. 1, v. 600. Et totam parvo revocant Almone CyheUm, Val. Flac. 1. 8, v. 239; Slat. Si/lv. 1. 5; Martial, I. 3. ep. 47 ; Claud, dc Bell. Gild. ; Avimian. Marc. 1. 23. ALMODOVAR, Duke d' (Biog.) an ambassador from the court of Spain to the courts of Pet<;rsburgh, Lisbon, and St. James, died in 1792 at Madrid. He wrote a Journul entitled ' Decada Epistolen ;' and a Translation of the Abbe Ravnals' History. ALMOGANENS (Hist.) ^-ide Adelitte.i. ALMOHADES (Hi.st.) a name of the fourth race of the kings of Fez and Morocco, of whom the following are en- titled to notice : — Abdallah, sumamed Mohavedin, a schoolmaster, was tlie first of the race, who seated himself on the throne in 54.'; of the Hegira, A. D. 1153. Abul-Mumeti, his successor, who made great conquests in Africa and Spain. James Almansor the Third, who pushed liis conquests farther. Mahmnmed-Enazir, who, losing a great battle in Spain, died in 607 of the Hegira, A. D. 1217. After which liis 10 sons disputed for his empire until it fell into the hands of the Merini. AL MOCTAFY, B'illah (Hist.) a caliph of Bagdad, who died, after a reign of 24 years, in the 555th year of the Hegira, A. D. 1165. AL MOEZ, Ledina'llah (Hist.) the first Fatemitc caliph of Eg>-pt, succeeded his fiither Abu Thaher in the year of the Hegira 341, A. D. 96 1, and died after a reign of 24 years, in which he conquered all Svria and Egypt. AL MOHDI (Hist.) the son of Al Mansnir, succeeded his father as cdiph of Bagdad in the yesir of the Hegira 1.^9, A. D. 769, and died from eating a ix)i.soned pear which accidentally fell in his way, after a reign of 10 years and one month. Al Moiidi, the surname of Abu Mohammed Olwid'allah, the caliph of Kairwan, and founder of the d>Tiasty of the Fatc- mites, greatly extended his conquests in Afrii'a, and, dying after a reign of 24 years, was succeeded by his son in thu vear of the Hegira 321, A. D. 931. ALINI ALO Al -Mohdi, of the race of Omniayah, deposed Al Mowayah, and caused himself to be iirochiimed caliph of Andalusia ; but his rival having succeeded in regaining the throne, put hini to death, in the vear of the Hegira 100. AL MOHTADI, Biilah (Ilisl.) succeeded Al Mo'tazz on the Moslem tlirone, in the year of the Hegira 25.5, A. D. S6'5, but was deposed and slain by tlie Turkish soldiery be- fore he had completed the first rear of his reign. AL MOKTADER (Hisl.) succeeded liis brother Moctafi on the Moslem throne, in the year of the Hegira 295, A. D. 905, and was killed in battle by Munes, one of his gene- rals, who rebelled ag-ainst him, after a reign of 25 j'cars. AL MOKTADI, Bcamri'llah (Hixt.) succeeded his grand- father Al Kayem Beaniri'llah, as caliph of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira 167, A. D. 1077, and died after a reign of 20 years. AL MOKTAFI, Beamri'llah (Hisl.) was elected caliph of Bagdad on the deposition of Al Rashed, in the year of the Hegira 530, and died after a reign of 24 years. ALMOX {Bibl.) the same probably as Alemeth or Almcth. ALMON (Mi/l/i.) the eldest son of Tyrrhus, was the first Rutiilian killed by the Trojans. J'^irg. JEn. 1. 7, v. 532. Almon, John (Biug.) a bookseller and a writer, was bom in 1738, and died in 1805. He edited, or wrote, many poli- tical pamphlets. ALMONACID (Gcog.) a town of New CastUle, in Spain, four leagues from Toledo, wliich was built on the ruins of the ancient Riccojwlis. ALMONACIR, Jerome (Ecc.) a Dominican in the convent of Ciudad-Rodi'igo, was a professor of theology for more than 40 years at Burgos and Alcala, and bad the reputation of being one of the ablest theologians. He only published ' A Commentary on the Canticles,' 4to. Alcala, 1588, and died in l(i04.. AL MOXTASER, Bi'llah (Hist.) son of the caliph Al Motawakkel, succeeded his father, whom he caused to be assa.ssinated in the year of the Hegira 247, A. D. 857, and died the next vear. AL MO.STACPT, Br/la/i (Hht.) succeeded Al Mottaki, as calijih of Bagdiid, in the year of the Hegira 3^3, A. D. 943, and was deposed after a reign of little more than a year, when he had his eves juit out. AL MOSTADER, Billd/, (///.«/.) son of Al Moktadi, suc- ceeded liis father on the Moslem thnme, in the year of the Hegira 487, and died after a reign of 25 years. AL MOSTADI, Beamnllah (Ilisl.) succeeded his father Al Mostanjed, as calij)h of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira 566", A. D. 1176, and died after a reign of nine years. AL MO.STA'IN (Tlisl.) succeeded Al Montascr as caliph of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira 249, A. D. 859, and was obliged to abdicate after a reign of two years. AL MO-STA-LI, Bi'llah (Hi.it.) succeeded' his father Al Mostanser in the caliphate of Egjqit, in the year of the Hegira 487, A. D. IO97, and died after a reign of seven years. AL MO.STANJED, Bi'Uah (Hi.sl.) succeeded his fatlier Al Moktafi as caliph of Bagdad, and was assassinated after a reipi of 1 1 years. AL MO.STANSER, Bi'lltih (Hu/.) succeeded his father Al Thahcr a« Fatemite calijih of Egyj)!, in the year of the Hegira 420, A. D. 1030, and died after a reign of upwards of 60 years. Al^ M08TANSKB, Bi'lUih, son of Al Dhahcr Bi'llah, succeeded his father a-s caliph of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira 630, A. I). 124'), and died after a nign of alxmt I7 years. Al- MOSTARSHKIJ, Billuh (Hi.st.) Miccceded liis'fatber A! Mostadlicr Bi'llah as cali))li of Bagdad, in the year of tlie Hegira 512, .\. D. 622, and was assassinated by tlie Buta- ni»ts after a reign of 17 years and 7 months. AL MOSTA'SEM, Biilah (Hisl.) succeeded his father Mos- tanser Bi'llah as caliph of Bagdad, and at his death, which was barbarously effected by the Mogul general Hulacu, the calinhate ended in the year of the Hegira 655, A. D. 12651 AL MOTADED, Bi'llah (Hi.st.) succeeded liis fother Al Motanied as calijih of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira 279, A. D. 88y, and died after a reign of nine years and nine months. AL MOTAMED, Ah'llah (Hist.) succeeded Al Mohtadi as caliph of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira 256, A. D. 866, and died after a reign of 23 years. AL MOTASEM (Hisl.) succeeded his brother Al Mamum as caliph of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira 218, A. D. 828, and died after a reign of nine years. AL MOTAWAKEL, .-//«7/«/( (Hist'.) succeeded his brother Al VVatek as caliph of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira 232, A. D. 842, and was assassinated after a reign of 1 4 years. AL MOTAZZ (Hisl.) was elected caliph of Bagdad on the deposition of Al Mostain, but was deposed and starved to death by the Turkish soldiers. AL MOTI, Li'llah (Hist.) was created caliph of Bagdad on the deposition of Al Mostacfi, in the year of the Hegira 334, A. D. 944, and abdicated after a reign of 29 years. AL MOTTAKI (Hisl.) was elected caliph of Bagdad on the death of Al Kadi, in the year of the Hegira 329, and was deposed after a reign of less than four years. AL MOWAYYAD (Hisl.) caliph of Andalusia, was for a time stri])ped of his dominions by Al Mohdi, but regained them a short time after. ALMUS (Hist.) nephew to Ladislaus, king of Hungary, attempted to get the throne from his brother Coloman, but being defeated, he was imprisoned and his eyes put out in 1095. AL NASEIl, Lcdine'Uah (Hisl.) succeeded his father Al Mosthadi as caliph of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira 571, A. D. 1184, and died after a reign of eight years. ALOEUS (Mi/lh.) 'AXofjof, the son of Titan and Terra, mar- ried Iphionidia, and having adopted her two sons Othus and Ephialtes, whom she had by Neptune, they were called after him Aloidac. I'irg. JEii. 1. 6, v. 582. Hie et Ahidas gemiitoSt immauia vidi Coi-pora, ^'C. Lvc. 1. 6, y. 419. Imphts huic protein {■iipeiis immhit Atoats. Ham. II. 1. 5 ; Scho!. Ajxilhin. 1. 1. ALOID^- (Mi/th.) vide Aluciis. ALONE (Gvug.) the name of several ancient places. 1. Alona;. ' AXwidi, or Alon, now AUcanI, a town of Hispania Tarra- concnsis. Mela, 1. 2, c. 8 ; Pliii. 1. 2, c. 6. 2. An island of j^iolis, in Asia Minor, between Lcbedos and Teios. PHii. 1. 2, c. 87. 3. A town of Great Britain, now Lanca.ster. Camh. Bril. 4. A town of Old Castille, now Ailluii, which is a village. ALONSO (//m7.) vide Alphoiiso. ALONTIUM (Geog.) or Ahnitiiim, 'Woyrinv, a town on the north coast of Sicily, now Filadelpho. Dioiii/s. Halic. 1. 1 ; Civ. ill Verr. act. S, c. 43 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 8 ; 'Ptol. 1. 3, c. 4 ; Fincll. dec. 1 , 1. 9, c 4. Ai.oNTiuM (Niiiiiis.) medals of the Sicilian town of this name bear the luad of AiioUo, Jujiiter, and Hercules, with the in- scription ,\,\()NTlNiiN. Purut. Sir.il. Deseiil. ; Hunter. Num. Vrh. ; Pcllcriii. liec. dcs Med. vol. iii. ALONZO, John (Bitig.) an architect, of whose .skill the church of the Hieron(miites at Guadaloupe, in Estre- madura, remains a monument. ALOFE (Mi/lh.) WXinrri, daughter of Cercyron, king of Eleusis, and mother of Hlppotlioon, by Neptune, was put to death by her father's order for having exposed her child ALP ALP oil a mountain. She was afterwards changed by Neptune into a fountain. Hi/i^iii. fab. IH~ ; Vans. 1. 1. Alope ((icon-.) or Halopc, tlic name of six towns, namely, of Thcssaly ; of Attica ; of Pontiis, whence I'enthesilca came ; of Euboca, near Dclplios ; and of Locris. Sirah. 1. .0 ; Plin. 1. 4, c. 7 ; Euxtalh. II. 1. 2, v. 0'82 ; Liv. 1. 4i2, c. 5() ; Stvph. Ih/z. dc Urb. ALOPECE (GfOi,'-.) the name of several islands. 1. 'AXoj- TTf/cc'fK, an island in the Pains Mieotis, oiiposite to Tanais, now /-'I'.v/e f/c? Iiciiard.s: Slrub. 1. II. 2. In the Cimmerian Bosphorus. iVJ«. 1. 4, c. 12. 3. In the jTlgean sea, near to Smyrna, riin. 1. Cy, c. 3. 4. '.Wwfffi.i), a village of Attica, very near to Athens on the east side. It was the birth-place of Socrates and Aristidcs. Diogcn. Lacrt. in Fil. Sacral. ALOPIL'S (Mt/th.) 'AXomuc, a son of Hercules and Antiopc. Apollod. 1. 2, c. 36. ALORUS (Geo^.) or Halorus," AXtopoc now Dianom, a town of Pironia. Piui. 1. 4, c. 10 ; Plol. 1. 3, c. 13. ALPAGO, Andrew (^Biog.) a physician, who died at Venice in 1555, is known as the translator and annotator of Avi- ccnna, Avcrroes, and Scrapion. ALPAIDE {Biog.) or Althaide, the beautiful wife of Pepin Heristel, was the mother of Charles Martel, who retired to a convent after her husband's death. DiiplcLr in Childehert. Alpaide, daughter of Louis le Debonnaire, and wife of Begon, count of Paris, was the mother of Letard and d'Etard. ALP, Ar.ilan {Hist.) second sultan of the race of the Sol- juks, and a yreat conqueror, was assassinated in 1072, by a Carizmian, whom he hud condemned to death, in the year of the Hegira 4fi5, A. D. 1075. ALPATRAGIUS (Biog.) an Arabian mathematician, who composed astrological commentaries, supposed to be the same as Alpetrege. J'o.is. de Scient. Malh. c. 64, § 3. ALPENACUM (Gcog.) a village in Helvetia, famous for the slaughter of the Austrians, now Alpcnack. ALPENOR {M_yth.) a soothsayer, killed by Ulysses. ALPEXUS {Geog.) 'AXtdpoc, the capital of Locris, north of Themiopylic. Herod. 1. 7, c 177, 21 6. ALPERT {Biog.) a monk and writer of Metz in the 11th century, wrote a history of his own times. ALPES (Geog.) the Alps or mountains which separate Italy from Gaul, Spain, Rhsetia, &c. which are celebrated by the poets for their loftiness. yirg. Georg. 1. 3, v. 474. Turn sciatf acrias Alpcs, et Ktmca si quis Castella in tumulis, et lapydis arva Timavi* Ovid. Melamorph. 1. 2, v. 226. AtricrqiLe Alpes, et nubifer Apenniiius. Sil. Ital. 1. 4. Fania per AusoniiE turhatas spargitur urbes, T^ubiferos monteSt et sola mittantia ca:lo Accepissejugum, Pccnosque per iiivia vcctos.' Catul.d. II. Sive trans altos gradietur Alpes. They are variously denominated according to their situa- tion, as Alpcs Maritimcc, on the coast of the Mediterranean, called by the Italians Monlagne di Tenda, by the French Col dc Teiidc, in Provence, Alpcs Coltice, or Colliana', part of the Piedmontese through which the Po mns, now Mount Caiis and Gencvre. Alpes GraicB, or Grains Mons, begun where the Cottia> ended, and separated the Allobroges from the Alassi. now Little St. Bernard. Part of these was Mount Sem- pnmius. Alpes Pcnnina, or Peninw, separated a part of Insubria and Piedmont from the Allobroges, now Great St. Gotkard. VOL. I. Alpcs Snmniw, the loftiest of tlie Alps, according to most autliois, but according to Cicsar tiie sinidlest, in the ter- ritory of Helvetia and Insubria, now St. Gnl/iard. Alpcs Lcjiontia:, near to the Leixintiic or CirLsons, forming part of the lihifticic, otherwise Rhictix>, which separatea the Rhicti frcmi the Insubres, in the country of Tyrol, now Monte Bcrniiiii 'J'ridcntina. Alpcs Korica-, or Mons Taurus, in the district of Tyrol, Salzburg, and Carinthia, now Tarn. Alpcs Julia', or Carnictv, according to Ptolemy, lay between the Cami and the Norici, now Ziighe and Alpes de Car. niole. Alpes I'indcUcia, the Alps separating Tyrol from Bavaria. Poliih. 1. 3 ; Stral). 1. 4 ; Lie. 1. 21, &c. ; Plin. 1. 3, &c. ; Tacit. Annal. 1. 15, &c. ; Appian. in Civil. Bell. 1. 1; Solin. c. 8 ; Ptol. 1. 3, &c. ; Aiircl. Vict, de Impcratorilms ; Eusch. in Citron. ; Ammian. Marcellin. 1. 15, &c.; Cas- siodor. Far. ; Procop. dc Goth. Rcli. 1. 1 ; Isidor. Orig. 1. 1 3, c. 8 ; Paul. Diacon. de Keh. Longobard. ALPHA {Geog.) a river of Germany, now .^a. ALPHABUCELIS (Geog.) 'AX, c. 71 ; Ammiaii. Mar- cell. 1. l.i ; Claud, de Get.; Sidoii. AjmU. Cann. ad Felicem. ALPHIUS {Biog.) or Alft'its, a usurer whom Horace plea- santly describes as commending the rustic life, while he is grasping at his usurious gains. Horat. epod. 2, v. 67- Al.PHius, AvitiLi, a jxjct in the reign of Severus, who wrote the lives of illustrious men, of whom his cotemporary, Tc- rentius Maurus, says, Vt pridem Atitiis Alphius lAffros peeta ptusculos, Vsus (iimetro perpeti, Conscripsit eicellentium. Pris. 1. 8 ; Fos.t. de Hist. Lai. 1. 3. ALPHONSUS (///.?/.) or Alplion.so, a name common to seve- ral kings of Spaiji, Arragon, Portugal, and Naples. The name Ls of German origin, Hclfius, i. e. Help us ; the family being descended from the Goths, kings of Spain of this name. Alphonsus I, sumamcd the Catholic, gained many victories over the Moors, and died in 75!), after a reign of 1 8 years. Marian, de lieh. Ilixpan. 1. 7, e. l ; Baron. Annal. ann. 73S, 744. The effigies of this and the following kings arc given, as in the subjoined figures. Alphonsds II, sumamed the Cha.ile, reigned 41 years, and died A. D. 887. Marmol. L'Af'ritiiie, I. 2,0.21'. Alphonsus III, sumamed the Great, succeeded his father Ordogno, and after having abdicated in favour of his son Garcia, died A. D. <)12. Marian. 1. 7, c. 17, 18. AlphonsUB IV, sumamed the M(ml:, after having shut him- self in a monastery, endeavoured to regain his throne, and had his eyes put out. Amhru-s. Moral. 1. 1 6, e. 7, &e. ; Marian. Hist. Uispan. 1. 8, c. !i. Alphonsi-'s V, was slain by an arrow wliile fighting against the M(H)rs, A. D. lt>27. Marian. 1. 8, c. 10; Geneb. Citron. .Inn. 1000. Alpiionsus V'I, sumamed the Bold, reigned ■1-3 years, in which time he t(«ik 'i'oledo and many cities from the Moors. Cid and HcKlrigo lived during his reign. He died at Toledo, ugid 70, .\. L). I lOf). lioder. dc Tol. 1. 6, c. 21, et seq. ; Marian. 1. f), c. II, et se<|. Al.PiioNSUs Vn, grandson of the former, was first king of Arragon, and ttylcd emperor of Spain. He took many townis from the Moors, and v.as killed in battle A. D. 1137, after a reign of 30 years. Marniol. 1. 2, c. US; Marian. 1. 10, c. 8, et seq. ; Geneb. Chron. Ann. III9. Alphonsus VIII, sumamed the Good, the son of Rairaond count of Burgundy, was crowned emperor by the archbishop of Toledo. He died in an expedition against the Moors, A.D.I 157- Marmol. L'Afriqiie, c. 35; Marian. Hist. Hispan. 1. 10, c. 12, et seq.; Geneb. Chron. 1122. Alphonsus IX, sumamed the Noble, was successful against the Saracens. He died A. D. 1214, aged 59, after a reign of 54 years. Marian. Marmol. Geneb. Vasaus Cltronol. Alphonsus X, sumamed the Wise, succeeded his father Fer- dinand 1 1 1, A. D. 1 252. He was the author of the Al- phonsine tables, and died after a reign of 32 years. QVide Plate v.] Roderic. Mariana. Gencbrard. S,c. Alphonsus XI, succeeded liis father Ferdinand IV, A. D. 1 340 ; and after haWng kiUcd no less than 200,000 Moors in different battles, he died of the jJague A. D. 1350. He was succeeded by Peter the Cruel. Eodcr. Marian. Geneb. S^-c. Kings of Arragon of this Name. Alphonsus I, was Alphonsus VII of Spain. Alphonsus II, son of Raymond Bcrenger, count of Bar- celona, succeeded, in riglit of his mother Donna Pelronilla, to the throne of Arragon, in 11 62; the government of which was at first administered by his mother, until he was 12 years of age, when she resigned the kingdom into his hands. He died after a glorious reign in 11 96. Liic. Tiideiis. Chron.; liodcr. Tolet. dc Rcb. Hisp. ; Pas. Chron.; Marian. ; Indie. Per. ah. Arragon. Peg. Gest. c'jr. Alphonsus III, sumamed the Beiieeolent, succeeded his father Peter III, A. D. 1285, and died without issue, A. D. 1291. Alphonsus IV, sumamed the Pious, succeeded his father James, and died A. D. 1337, after a reign of eight years. Alphonsus V^ sumamed the Magnanimous, was a great patron of literature. He suc- ceeded his father Ferdinand, A. D. 1416, and died A. D. 1 458. His effigy is given as in the annexed figure. Kings of Portugal. Alphonsus I, son of Henry of Burgundy, defeated five Moorish kings near the Tagus, A. D. 1139. the year he begim to reign, and died in 1185. He instituted the order of the Ax-is. Alphonsus II, .sumamed the Fat, succeeded his father Sancho in 1211, and died 1223, aged 38. Alphonsus HI, succeeded his brother Sanclio H, in 1248, and after many dissensions with the clerg)' and the pope, died in 1279, aged 69. Alphonsus IV, sumamed the Baid, succeeded his father Dcnvs in 1325, and a,s.sisted Alphonso XI, against the Moors, and died May 28, 1357, aged ()6. Alphonsus V, sumamed the African, succeeded his father Edward in 1438, and died of the plague in 1481, aged 49. He was engaged in a quarrel with Ferdinand and Isabella. Alphonsus VI, succeeded lus father Jolni, but being of weak ALP ALS intellect was dejiosed by his brother Don Pedro. He died in !()«.'{, lifted H. Marian, dr Ucl). Uixp. ; lioilrr. Told, dc liel). Ili.fp. ; Mannvl. L'.lJ'riqiie ; Vaswus. Uixp. Citron. Gencli. CliroH. Kiiig.t of Naples. Alphonsus I, the same ns Alidionsiis V of Arragon. Alphonsus II, succeeded his father Ferdi- nand I, in 1 ty l. hut abdicating his throne in favour of liis son Ferdinand 1 1, in 1 4;),'J, he died soon after. His effigy is given as in the annexed figure. Philip, de Comm. 1. 7, c. 11; Paul. Jov. Elog. Guichard, <^r. Ol/icr Priiicc.t and Di.9liiigiii.ihed Persoii.i of tfiis Name. Alphonsus, of France, count of Poictiers and Toulouse, son of Louis VIII, was engaged in the crusades with his brother St. Louis, and was taken prisoner, but being ransomed, he returned home and died in 1271. Alphonsus of Spain, son of Ferdinand the Infanta of Cas- tille, and grandson of Alphonsus X, was dispossessed of the crown by his grandfather in favour of his uncle Sancho, and retiring into France died in 1284. He made an un- successful attempt to recover the throne which Sancho had violently wrested from his father. Alphonsus, the first count of Provence, was the second king of Arragon of that name. Alphonsus, the second count of Provence, was the second son of Alphonsus, the second king of Arragon of this name. Alphonsus was also the name of four different dukes of Ferrara and Modena. Alphonsus of Portugal, the 12th grand-master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was the natural son of Al- phonsus I of Portugal. It is said that he was put to death by his brother Sancho I, in 1207. Alphonsus, Infanta of CastLlle, and younger son of John II, king of Spain, was called to the throne of his father by the grandees, after they had deposed his elder brother Henry IV ; but a war ensuing between the two brothers, Alphonsus died in the interval, in 1468, before its termination. Alphonsus (Ecc.) son of Emanuel, king of Portugal, and archbishop of Lisbon, was created a cardinal b\' Leo X. He was bom in l.'iOP, and died in 1540, leaving a reputa- tion for distinguished piety and attachment to letters. He wrote many things both in prose and verse, but they are for the most part lost. Alphonsus, a Spanish Jew of Burgos, became a Christian convert, and bishop of that city ; he wrote, among other things, an abridged history of Spain, entitled ' Anacepha- leosis Regum Hispanise.' f'as. in Chronic. ; Marian. Hist. Hispan. ^-c. Alphonsus, Chacon, an historian of Seville, and patriarch of Alexandi-ia under Gregory XIII, wrote ' Vitas Gestaque omnia Pontificum Romanorum ab D. Petro usque ad Cle- mentem VIII, &c.' Alphonsus, Peter (Biog.) a Spanish Jew of the 12th century, became a Christian convert, and wrote, 1 . A treatise ' De Scientia et Philosophia.' 2. ' A Dialogue between a Jew and a Christian,' Cologne, 1536". Alphonsus, de Zamora, a rabbi of Zamora, in the 15th cen- tur)-, became a convert to Christianity, and wrote, among other things, 1. ' V^ocabularium Hebraicum et Chaldaicum.' 2. ' Catalogus eorum qus in utroque Testamento aliter scripta sunt vitio scriptorum, quam in Hebraeo et Graco.' Alphonsus, de Barros, a poet of Segovia in the reigns of Pliilip II and III, wrote ' Perla de Proverbias Morales,' &c. Alphonsus, de Barzana, a Jesuit, wrote in five languages of the Indians, ' Lexica,' ' Priecepta,' ' Graramatica,' ' Doc- trinte Christianse CatechLsmus,' &c. Alphonsus, de Garcias, a Jesuit of Cordova, wrote, 1. ' His- Ilorat. toria de la Ciudad de Cordova,' 2 vols. 2. ' Historiu Mural y Natural de las Lsles de Canaria.' ALPIXI, Prospero {Biog.) a i)hy.sician and lx)tanist of Venice, was born in 155.'J, and died in 1(J17; leaving, amongst hi» works, I. ' De Medicina /Kgy]>tLorum Libri IV',' 4to. X'enet. 15<)1 ; Paris. l645 ; and Lugd. Hat. 17.'J5. 2. ' De BaLsamo Dialogus,' 4to. Vcnct. 1591 ; Patav. lC40. 3. ' De Plantis ^g>i)tii Liber,' 4to. Vcnet. 1592; Patav. l640. 4. ' Do Plantis ExoticLs Libri 11,' 4to. Vcnet. 1627- 5. ' Hi»- toria; Naturalis j'Lgypti Libri IV,' 2 vols. 4to. Lugd. But. 1735. 6. ' De prtcsagienda \'ita et Morte .^grotantiuni Libri VII,' 4to. Patav. 1710. 7- ' De Medicina Methodica Libri XIII,' fol. Patav. ifill ; 4to. Lugd. Bat. I719. 8. ' Dissertatio de Rhapontico,' 4to. Patav. 1(J12. ALPINUS, Jnlius {Ui.st.) one of the Helvetic princes, who, being active in stirring up the war against the Romans, was put to death by Ca;cina. Tacit. Hist. 1. 1, c. i)S. Alpinus, Monlanns, was sent by Antonius Primus with let- ters to Ci%'ilis, a prefect of the ViteUian cohort, on a treaty of peace. Tacit. Hi.st. 1. 4, c. 31, &c. Alpinus, son of Achaius, a king of Scotland, succeeded Dougal V in 8 19, and being taken prisoner by Brudus, king of the Picts, was put to death in 834. His effigy is given as in the annexed figure. Alpinus, Cornelius (Biog.) a dramatic writer, whom Horace describes by the epithet liirgidiis. 1. 1, sat. 10, V. 36. ALPS (Geog.) a chain of mountains, extending from the Gull' of Genoa to that of Venice, a distance of upwards of 6OO mUes. (^Vide Alpes'] ALPTEGHIN (Hist.) a Turkish .slave of Achmet, son of Ismacl II, sultan of the Samanides, having obtained his freedom by his address and talents, rose gradually to the highest offices of state ; and on the death of this prince, succeeded by force of arms in getting possession of the city of Gazna, where he reigned as a sovereign for 16 years, and at his death was succeeded by his son-in-law Sebecteghin, who was the father of Mahmud, the founder of the great Gaznian monarchy, in the vear 353 of the Hegira, A. D. 963. ALPUXARES (Geog.) in Spanish Los Alpuxarras, high mountains in Grenada, of Spain, near the Mediterranean. They are so called, as is said, from Alpuxar, a Moorish cap- tain who settled in that part. AL RADI, Billah {Hist.) was proclaimed calii)h of Bagdad, after his uncle Al Kaher had been deposed in the year of the Hegira 322, A. D. 932, and died after a reign of sk years and ten months. AL RASCHID (Hist.) Harun 01 Aaron al Raschid, a caliph of Bagdad. ^\'ide Aaron'^ AL RASHED, Billah (Hist.) succeeded his father Al Mo- starshed, as caliph of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira 529, A. D. 1139 ; but was shortly after deposed. ALREDUS (Biog.) Alfredus or Alurcdus, an historian, was bom at Beverley, iii Yorkshire, and died about the year 1128. ALRIC (Hist.) a king of Kent, in the 8th century, the son of VVithred, and brother of Ell)ert and Edilbert, who had successively worn the crown, was a brave prince, but un- fortunate at the close of his life in losing a battle agaia-^t the king of Mercia. Alhic (Ecc.) a hermit of Cumberland, who passed his life in a wood near Carlisle, and died in 1 107- Alric, Moses (Biog.) a rabbi and commentator on the Bible, in the last centun,-, whose works were printed in folio at Venice and Constantinople. ALSACE (Geog.) called by the Germans ELiass ; a province of Germany, bordering the Rhine, which has been at dif- ferent times in the hands of the French and the Gennans. B 2 ALT ALT ALSATIA (Geog.) that pro\'inee of Germany which is now called Alsace. It was the countrj' of the Tribocci, who re- tained it till the time of Otho I, in the lOtli century. ALSIUM (Geos-) now Palo, a maritmie town of Etruria. Cic. 1. 9,c.6l Plin. 1. 3, c. 3 ; Sil. 1. 8, v. -1-6. ALSOP, Aiilhoin/ {Biog.) a poet and miscellaneous writer, wiis elected from Westminster school to Christ Cliurch, Ox- ford, where he took the dej^ee of A. M. in 1 ()*)(), and of B.D. in 1~06", and died in 1726. His writings are, 1. ' Fabularum jEsopicarum Delectus," 8vo. Oxou. 1698. 2. A book of poems, entitled ' Antonii Also])!, /Edis Christi olim alumni Odarum Libri duo,' besides several pieces in Dodsley's collection, &c. Alsop, I'iiicenl, a non-conformist minister, was a native of Xorthamptonshire, educated at Cambridge, and died in 1703. He wrote, 1. ' Antisozzo,' against Dr. Sherlock, 1675. 2. ' Melius Inquirendum,' in an answer to Dr. Goodman's Compassionate Inquiry, 8vo. 1()79- 3- ' The Mischief of Impositions,' in answer to Stillingflect's ' Mis- chief of Sepanition,' 16'85. 4. ' Duty and Interest united in Praise and Prayer for Kings.' 5. ' Practical Ciodli- ness the Ornament of Religion/ 1G96'; besides several ser- mons. ALSTEDIUS, John Henry {Biog.) a German diwne, and a voluminous writer, was bom at Herbom, in the county of Nassau, and died in l(i38, aged 50. He wrote, 1. ' An Encyclopedia.' 2. ' Triumphus Bibliorum Sacrorum, seu Encyclopedia Biblica,' 12mo. lti20, &c. ALSTON, Charles {Biog.) a physician and botanist, was bora in l683, and died in 176O; leaving, 1. ' Index Plan- tarum pra^cipue Officinaliuni, quae in Horto Medico Edin- burgensi, Studiosis demonstrantur,' Svo. 2. ' Index Medi- camentorum Simplieium Triplex,' 1752. 3. ' Tirocinium Botanicum Edinburgense,' 1753. 4. ' Lectures on the Materia Medica,' published after his death : besides single papers in the Edinburgli Medical Essays. ALSTROEMEK, Jonas (Biog.) the reviver of manufactures in Sweden, was born in 1(585, at Alingsas, a small town of Sweden, and died in 17GI. He was of poor extraction, but rose to wealth and honour by his industry and talent. Al.STnoE5iER, Claude, the eldest son of the preceding, and pupil of Linna;us ; was born in 173(i, and died in 179i. He was addicted to the study of botany in particular, and in correspondence with several s(H?ieties. ALT, Francis Joseph Baron d' (Bivg.) tlie descendant of an ancient patrician family of Friburg, in Switzerland, was bom in 1689, and died in 1771 ; leaving an ' Histoire de la Suisse,' 10 vols. 8vo. 1750 to 1753. ALT A. MONT, Earl (Ilcr.) the title commonly borne by the eldest son of the marquis Sligo. ALTAMUKA {Gcog.) a town of Terra di Barri, in Naples, at the foot of the Apennines, supposed by some to be the ancient I'elilia. AL TA'\", Lillah (Ilisl.) succeeded his fiither Al Moti, as caliph of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira .'{63, A. D. 973 ; and was deposed Ijv Balia'oddawla, the Emii' al Onira, after a reign of aliout 12 years. ALTER, Francis Charles (Biog.) a Gennan critic, was bom at Englesbcrg, in .Silesia, in 1719, and died in 1801. He is said to have published 250 volimies and dissertations. His princij)al works are, 1. ' Novum Tesfamcntum ml Co- dicem \'indobonensem Gra'ce ex))rcssum,' &c. 2 vols. Svo. 1786-7. 2. A German Translation of Harwood's Classics, 8vo. Vienna, 1778 1 Lysias ; Ciceronls Quiest. Acad. Tusc. ; Lucretius; Homer's Iliad; with various readings from the MSS. in the Imperial Libraiy, and Homer's Odyssey, &c. ; with various readings from the Palatine librarj', 8vo. 1785-91. 3. Some of Plato's Dialogues, 8vo. 1781-. 4. Thu- cydided, 8vo. 1785. 5. The Greek Chronicle of George Phranza, or Phranzes, not before printed ; Vienna, fol. 1796. 6. Notices on the Literary History of Georgia, in German, Svo. 1798. ALTFRIDE (Ecc.) the third bishop of Munstcr in the 9th century, who succeeded Gerfride in 839, und died in 849- He wrote a Life of S. Ludyer, the first bishop of Munster. ALTH.^iA (Mijlh.) 'AXOnia, daughter of Thestius and Eury- themis, and mother of Mcleager, being enraged with her son for killing his two uncles, threw the log into the fire, wliich, according to the oracle, caused his immediate death, after which she killed herself for grief at the loss of him. Sencc. in Med. Pitt snroris, impite matrisfacem Ultnvis Aithisa vides. Ovid. Trist. 1. 1. Vtijite crenuisse mumfertur siib stipite uatutn Tliestias, H mctior matre fiiisse soror. Horn. II. 1. 9, V. 551 ; Apollod. 1. 1, c. 8; Ovid. Mel. 1. 8, fab. 4 ; Pans. 1. 8, c. 45. ALTH.EMENES (Mi/fh.) 'A\eaifiivt,c, or '.weij/jfrijc; a son of Creteus, king of Crete, who fled to Rhodes that he- might not, according to an oracle, be his father's murderer ; but the father going some years after in pursuit of his son, the latter taking him for an enemy killed him on his first landing, and afterwards, by his own entreaty, was swallowed up in the earth that opened upon him. Apollod. 1. 3, c. 2 ; Diodor. 1. 5, c. 9. AL THAHER (Hist.) the fourth Fatemite caliph of Egypt, succeeded liis father in the year of the Hegira 411, and died- after a reign of 15 years. ALTHAMERUS, Andrew (Biog.) a Lutheran divine, was a native of Brentz, in Suabia, and died about 1540. He wrote, 1. ' Conciliationes Locorum .Scripturs,' Svo. Lips. 1528. 2. ' Annotationes in Jacobi Epistolam.' 3. ' De Peccato Ori- ginali.' 4. ' De Sacramento Altaris.' 5. ' Sylva Biblicorum Nominum,' BasU, 1535. 6. ' Notes upon Tacitus de Situ, Moribus et Populis Gerraanitc ' ALTHEPIUS (Mi/th.) son of Neptune and Leis, succeeiled his father-in-law Orus in tlie kingdom of Trrezen, in Pe- loponnesus, which received the name of Althepia from him. Pans. 1. 2, c. 30. ALTHORPE, Viscount (Her.) tlic title cofnmonly borne by- the eldest son of the earl Spencer. ALTHUSEN (Biog.) or Allhitsius, John, a German lawyer of the 1 6th century, wrote, among other things, ' De Juris- prudentia Romana,' Sec. ALTIEMPI, Mark (Ecc.) s(m of Wolfgang, count of the empire, and a sister of Pius V, was created a cardinal in 1561. He presided at the council of Trent in the cha- racter of legate, from whicli he was called to oppose the Lutherans, who threatened Rome in 1595, and died soon after. Altiejipi, John Angela Dnlce d' (Bios-) was distinguished by- his love of learning, and died in 1627. Altiejipi, Ganden/ins, who died in l677, was the author of ' The Life of St- Chr^'.sostoni,' and 'Sanctity Persecuted and Triumphant.' ALTIEltl (Ilisl.) a noble family of Rome, which originally bore the name of I'arraluci till tiic year 1431, when Lau- rentius, conservator of the Roman people, took the surname of Allicri. The princi))al members of tliis family are, Altieui, Jerome, grandson of the preceding, who, in 1556, was governor of Pivoli, and many times conservator of the Roman people. Altikki, Jerome, another brother of Laurentius, was viceroy of Naples. Altieri, John Baptuil (Ecc.) gi'andson of the preceding, who was a nuncio at Florence, and created cardinal bv Urban VIII in 16" 13, died in l643. Al.TiElii, /Emilius, brother of the preceding, bi.shop of Caine- rino, nuncio at Naples, secretary to the congregation of ALT ALV bishops, (Sic. was created carrfiiial by Clement IX, anil siic- cccdeil him in the imjial chair under the name of Cle- ment X. Altieri, Paliizxo-Paluzzi, who was adopted by the preced- ing, and in conseiiuencc ussiinied the name of Altieri for his former one of Alljcrtoiii ; lie had been already created car- dinal by Alexander \'II ; and, after enjoying very many ecclesiastical dignities, died in 1()J)}). Altieui, Laiiiriilius, grand-nephew of the jireccding, was created a cardinal by Alexander VIII in 1 ()'!)(). Altieri, John Baptist, was created a cardinal by Bene- dict XIII. ALTILIO, Ga/>nil (Biog.) a Latin poet of the ISth century, was bom at Basilicata, in Naples, and died bishop of Po- lieastro in 1501. His principal poem is the ' Epithala- mium.' ALTING, Mcn.io (^Bios-) a German divine of Fleda, in West Friezland, wrote in defence of Calvin, and against Luthur. Alting, Hviin/, son of the foi-mer, a German divine, was bom at Emliden, Feb. 17, 1583, and died Aug. 25, l6U, leaving, as his ^vorks, 1 . ' Notse in Decadem Problematum Joannis Behm de Glorioso Dei et Beatorum Cnplo,' Heidel- berg. 16'1S. 2. ' Loci Communes,' 3 vols. Amst. l()4(i. 3. ' Exegesis Aiigustana; Confessionis,' Amst. If)*?- 4. ' Me- thodus Theologiic,' 4to. Amst. \65i. -5. ' Historia Eccle- siastica Palatime,' 4to. Amst. 16'44. 6. ' Explicatio Cata- cheseos Palatina?,' 4to. Amst. \6-l-6. Alting, James, son of the above, was born at Heidelberg, SejU. 27, 1()I8, and died Aug. 20, l(l79. He was Hebrew Professorat Groningen, and wrote, 1 . Dissertations on Oriental Antiquities. 2. Cimimentaries on many Books of the Bible. 3. A Syrio-Chaldaic Grammar. 4. A Treatise on Hebrew Punctuation ; making together 5 vols. fol. Amst. l687. Alting, Menso, probably of the same family, and a burgo- master of Groningen, was born in l6.)(i, and died 171.'>. His works are, 1. ' Notitia Gennanite Infcrioris,' fol. Amst. 1697. 2. ' Descriptio Fusise inter Scaldis portum Veterem et Amisiam,' fol. Amst. 1701. ALTINUS, Julius {Hist.) was one who fell under the suspi- cion of being concerned in the cnnspii-acy of Piso against Nero, for which he was banished to the jEgjean island. ALTIS {Mi/l/i.) from aX/roc, a grove ; a place in Olympia, which has a grove and a temple sacred to Jupiter. In this temple were placed the statues of the Olympic victors. Paus. I. 5, c. 20, &c. ALTISSIMO (Biog.) a poet of the 15th century, who was in such high repute that his name was changed from Christo- pher to that of Altissimo. Of his poems, there remains only a translation of the first book of the romance, entitled ' I Kiali di Francia,' 4t(). Venice, 15.34. ALTMAN {Ecc.) a bishop of Padua, and legate of the holy see to Germany in the 1 1 th century, suft'ered much for de- fending the rights of the church against the emperor Henr)' IV under the pontificate of Gregory VII, V'ictor III, and Urban II. Baron, .iniial. ann. 1081. Altjian {Biog.) a monk of Hautvilliers, in the diocese of Rheims, in the 9th centur}', wrote a Life of St. Memme, first bishop of Chalons ; a Lamentation on the Ravages of France by the Normans; the Lives of Sindulphus, a Hermit, and the Emi)ress St. Helena ; and a History of the Translation of her Relics to the Abbey of Hautvilliers, i*tc. ALTMANN, John George (Biog.) a Swiss historian and divine, was bom in 1097, and died in 1758. He wrote, 1. ' Tempe Helvetica,' () vols. 8vo. 1735-43. 2. ' Versuch einer Historisch-imd Physischen Be.schreibung der Helve- tischen Eisberg,' 8vo. Zurich. 1751. 3. ' Metelemata Phi- lologica-critica, quibus Difficilioribus N. Test. Locis ex Antiquitate Lux affiniditur,' 3 vols. 4to. 1753. 4. ' Prin- cipia Ethica ex Mcmitis Legis Naturs et Prseceptis Reli- gionis Christiante deducta,' 2 vols. Svo. Tiffiir. 1754. ALTON (//u/.) or AUhunckham, a king of Cathay, wIuj, being defeated by Oklai Khan, the son of Genghi.skhan, burnt himself, and all that he had, that he might nut fall into the hands of the victor. ALTON A {Grog.) a sea-port of Holstein, in Lower .Saxony, which was burnt by the .Swedes in 1712. It is situated on the Elbe, 2 miles W. Hamburg. Lon. 9' 58' E. lat. 53' 3i.' N. ALTONIUM {Geog.) a town of Hampshire, now A /ton. ALTORF (Geog.) the capital of Uri, a canton of Switzer- land, where Tell is said to have shot the apple from hi.< son's head. Lon. 8^ 40' E. lat. 4()= 48' N. ALT0RF1:R [Biog.) or Altilorfer, Al/irerhl, or Al/icrt ; an architect, painter, and engraver of Altdorif, in Bavaria, was bom in 1488, and died in 1578. His cuts of ' The Pa.s- sion,' ' .lael and Siserah,' • Pyramus and ThLsbe,' • Jiidah and Thamar,' are reckoned among the best of his perform- ances. ALVA, Ferdinand Alvarez Diikc d' (Hist.) a famous general, descended from an ancient family in Sjiain, was employed bj' Charles V against the pope, whom he compelled to sue for peace ; and by Philip II against the insurgents in the Low Countries, where he rendered himself very unpopular by the rigour with which he executed his commission. He was afterwards employed in Portugal against Don Antonis, whom he expelled from the throne, and died in 1582, aged 74, full of military glon,'. [Vide Plate XIII] Alva (Biog.) or Petrus d'Ava and A,storga, a Franciscan, who died in l6f)7, leaving not less than 40 folio volumes on matters touching the foundation of his order and the founder. ALVAND (Hist.) or Aliiend Mirza, son of Joseph Beg, and 12th sultan of the Turcomans, was dispossessed of his king- dom bv his brother Mohammed Mirza, and died in the year of the'Hegira 910, A. D. 1520. ALUANI (Hist.) the father of Zohak, king of Persia, of tha first dynasty. Aluani (Biog.) surname of Sherfeddin Abdallah Ben Mo- hammed, author of a Commentary on the Arbains, or the Forty Chosen Traditions. ALVANLEY (Her.) or Baron Alvanlei/, of Alvanley, in the county of Cheshire ; a title conferred on Richard Pepper Arden, who is descended from the Hardens, or Ardemes, an ancient family of Cheshire. This gentleman, being bred to the law, and succeeding lord Eldon as lord chief justice of the Conmion Pleas in 1801, was elevated to the peerage by the above title. The anns, &c. of this family are as follow : Arms. Gules tlu-ee cross crosslets fitchy argent, a chief or, a crescent for dillerence. Crest. A plume of feathers issuing out of a ducal coronet. Motto. " Paticntia vinces." ALVAR, Do?n (Biog.) an Augustin, who was chosen pre- ceptor to the childi-en of the Infanta Peter, and followed them into Flanders when they went to seek the protection of their aunt Elizaljeth. ALUARDI (Biog.) author of a poem entitled ' Mocadderaht Al Vardiat,' or an Explication of Dreams. Aluardi, Ehn Aluardi, author of a geography entitled ' Kheridat al Algiaib.' ALVAREZ (Hist.) the name of some Christian kings of Congo, who, on their conversion to Christianity, took the names of the Portuguese, by whom they were discovered, and with whom they entered into a strict alliance. Alvarez I, son of don Henriquez, succeeded hLs Aither iu the time of don Sebastian, king of Portugal. He was a wise and brave prince, and a zciUous Christian, and dying after a long and thorny reign of 40 years, was succeeded by his son Alvarez II. Alvarez II, the son and successor of the preceding, was n ALY AM A less zealous than his fiither in the cause of Christianity, i which, having fallen into decay in conseijuence of the troubles of the fonuer reign, was, by the assLstance of Philip II of Spain, re-established. He died after a peaceful reign of 27 years, leaving his crown to his eldest son Ber- nard. Alvarez III, the second son of Alvarez II, succeeded his brother in 16"15, and died after a reign of seven years, leaving the reputation of a wise and generous prince, and a zealous promoter of Christianity. Alv.\rez IV, succeeded don Ambrosio in ifiSl, and died after a five years' reign. Al\'arez V, successor of the preceding, was killed in a battle which he fought against the duke of Bamba, his brother, by whom he was succeeded. Alvarez \'I, brother of the preceding, and the fourteenth Christian king of Congo, was murdered by his brother Garcia. Alvarez VII, seized on the crown at tlie death of don An- tonio, but was dethroned by his own subjects for his cruelty and wickedness. Alvakuz \'III, the nineteenth Christian king, was a wise and promising prince, but began his reign at a time when the kingdom was torn with civil dissensions. He was de- throned by the marquis of Pemba, a prince of the royal famUy, after a reign of four years. Alv'abez, Capral Peter, commander of a fleet sent by Ema- nuel, king of Portugal, two years after the voyages of Co- lumbus, discovered Brazil in 1500, and wrote a Narrative of the Discovery. A-Lvarez, de Lima {Biog.) vide Luna. Alvarez, de Cordova, in the ninth centurj-, wrote the Life of St. Eulogius, who was put to death by Abderames, king of the Moors. Alvarez, John, a priest, wrote Memoirs of Don Ferdinand, the son of John I, king of Portugal, whose secretarj' he had been. Alvarez, Francis, a Portuguese priest of the 15th century, v.-ai bom at Coimbra, and died in 1540, leaving behind him an Account of his Embassy from Emanuel, King of Por- tugal, to Da\-id, King of Ethiopia. Alvarez, Dallhasar, a Jesuit, was bom in 1533, and died 1580, leaving, among other things, ' Tractatus de Modo et Ratione Loquendi de Rebus Spiritualibus.' Alvarez, Emanuel, a grammarian, was born at Madeira in 15-2(), and died in 158'2. He WTote, 1. ' De Institutione Grduimatica." 2. ' De Mensuris Ponderibus et Nunieris.' Alvarez, Antony, a physician of Alcala, wTOte ' Epistolarum,' &c. 1585. ALVIAKO, Bartholomew {Hist.) a general in the service of Venice, who obtained some signal advantages over the armies of the emjieror Maximilian. He died in 1515, at the age of 60, so poor that his children were supported at tli£ public expense. AL WALAD I, (Hist.) the son of Abdalraalek, succeeded his father in the caliphate of Bagdad in the year of the Hegira 85, A. D. 695, and died after a reign of nine years and eight months. Al V^alad II, son of Yezid, succeeded his uncle Hesham, in the year of the Hegira 125, A. D. 735, and died the fol- lowing year. AL WATHEK, Btllah (Hi.(l.) succeeded his father Al Md'tasem, as caliph of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira iil, A. D. 837, and died after a reign of four years, leaving the reputation of an enlightened prince, and a patron of learning. ALYATTE (Gcog.) 'AXvarrt], a country of Bithynia, so cjilled fniui 'AXuiirrrjc, their king. Steph- ALVATTES (Hist.) 'AXuam/t, fourth king of Lydia, of the family of MennnadK, and descended from the Hera- clidffi, was the father of Croesus. He succeeded Sardyattcs his father, A.M. Sm, A. C. 6l4, and reigned 57 vears- Herod. 1. ] . ALYCLS (Hist.) "A\vi.7)c> the son of Sciron, who was slain by Theseus near AphidniE. Pint, in Thes. ALYPIUS, Falconius Probiis {Hi.<,t.) a Roman prefect in the reign of the emperor Theodoslus, in whose prefecture S. Ahuachius is said to have been killed by gladiators. Alypius (Ecc.) or Alipius, sumamed the Cionilc or Stditc, was born at Adrianople, in the reign of Heraclius the emperor. He retu-cd to a mountain, and sjient the remainder of his life on a pillar which stowl there. Alyi'ius, the friend of St. Augustine, was baptized with him at Milan in .388, and was made bishop of Tagasta in 39-i, dying, as Ls suppo.sed, in 4.')0. Alypius (Biog.) or AUpiiis, of .\ntioch, of the fourth centurj', was an architect under Julian the apostate. He was banished on a charge of magic. Alypius, the subtlest dialectician of his day, eclipsed his cotemporary lamblichus, who notwitlistanding wrote his life witli much commendation. AMABLE, ^7. (Ecc.) a priest in the fifth centur)', built two churches, and performed many other acts of piety, which obtained him a place in the calendar. AMADEUS (Hist.) or Aine, a name common to several counts of Savoy, &c. Amadeus, sumamed the Queue, because when he accompanied the emperor, Henri;- m, on his journey to Rome, he would not enter the emperor's palace at Verona without his suite, which he called his queue. He died in 104". Amadeus I, succeeded his father Odo in IO6O, and accom- panied Henry IV into Italy, after which he died in 1095. Amadeus II, succeeded his father, Humbert II, accompanied Henn' V to Rome, crusaded with Louis the Younger, and died on his return at Nicosia, in tlie island of Cyprus, in 1149. Amadeus III, succeeded his father, Thoma.s, in 1233, and was made vicar-general of tlie emperor Frederic II, for whom he negotiated with Innocent IV', and died in 1253- Amadeus V, sumamed the Great, was bom in 1249, and succeeded his uncle, Philip, in 1285. He was present at 32 sieges, and de- fended Rhodes against the Turks, on which I account he took the device of F. E. R. T. " Fortitudo Ejus Rhodum Tenuit." He died in 1323. His effigy is given, as in the an- nexed figure. Amadkus VI, sumamed the le Comie Verd, because he went to a tournament in green armour, succeeded his father Amon in 1343, and after a successful and warlike reign of 40 years, died in 1383. Ajiadeus \^II, sumamed le Rouge, a warlike prince, was killed by a fall from his horse in chasing a wUd boar, in 1392. Amadeus VIII, the Pacific, first duke of Savoy, suc- ceeded his father, Amadeus VII, in 1392, and after having erected his principality into a dukedom, in 141(), retired to a hermit- age, which he left to take the papal chair, under the name of Felix V, in opposition to Eugene IV ; but quitting it soon after, i:> favour of Nicholas V^, he died in 1451, His effigy is given, as in the annexed figure. Amadeus IX, sumamed the Happi/, on ac- ^-^ count of his goodness, succeeded his father, / i Louis, in 1435, and died after an excellent .j • reign in 1 43(). His effigy is given, as in the \ annexed figure. Amadbuh, a descendant from Thomas I, of Savuy, succeeded liis father, James, as count AM A AM A of Piedmont, in 1366", under the tutelage of Amadcus V'l, and died in 1402. Amadkus, y'lctor, vide Victor. Amaueus (Ecc.) lord of Ilauterive, and related to the em- peror, Henry V, retired to tlie convent of Carthusians, near Vienna. Amadkus, son of the inocedins;, followed his fatluT's course, and takini; the habit of the order was made bislinj) of Lau- sanne, and died in lloS, lea\-ing eight Homilies on the Blessed Virgin. Amadeus, a noble Portuguese, who fought with distinguished valour ag;iinst the Moors, entered afterwards into the order of Franciscans, and became confessor to Sextus [V. He died in t482, leaving, as is said, a Book of Mystical Revela- tions. AMADOCUS (Hisl.) 'A/kicotoc, a king of Thrace, who was defeated bv Seuthes, his antagonist, according to Aristotle. AriAl. tie itcpuh. 1. 5, c. 10. AMAD'ODDAWLA {Hisl.) founder of the dynasty of the Buijians, obtained possession of Persia, where he reigned l6 years, having fixed his residence at Sclura;^. He died in the year of the Hegira .').'58, A. D. y-lS, leaving his domi- nions to his nephew Adado'ddawla. AMADO'DDIN, Zcnki (Hiit.) founded the Atabek dynasty in Irak, in the year of the Hegira 521, A. D. ll.'Jl ; and after extending his conquests throughout Syria, was assassi- nated by his own slaves in the year of the Hegira 540. AMAFINIUS {Hist.) or Amafaniiis, a Ifoman and an Epi- ■ curean, who was active in disseminating the doctrines of Epicurus. He wrote a work, entitled, ' Physica Epicurea.' C'Jc. ad. Fam. 1. 15, ep. ly ; Acad. 1. 1, c. 2 ; Luscid. 1. 4, c. o. AMAIA, Francis (Biog.) a native of Antiquera, and pro- fessor of law at Ossuna and Salamanca, wrote, 1 . ' Obser- vationes .luris,' Salamanca, lC26. 2. ' Commentaria in Pos- teriores Libros Codicis Justiniani,' Lugd. 1()39, Gcnev. lG55. AMAK (i?/oo-.) or Abuluagib al Bokliarie, because he was a native of Bokhara, was styled Ustad al Schoara, that is to say. Master of the Poets. He flourished in the reign of Kheder Khan, the great patron of learning, and died at the age of 100. His principal work is the ' Loves of .Joseph and Zoleiskhah,' a romance in Persian verse, besides his Elegies, of which the most distinguished is that on the death of Mamuk, the sister of the Sultan Mahmoud. AMALABERQUE {Hist.) niece of Theodoric, king of the Goths, in Italy, wife of Hemienfroi, king of Thuringia, instigated her husband to kill his two brothers, Bandi and lierthier, who were partners with him in the kingdom ; in consequence of which he was afterwards precipitated from a tower, by the order of Thierri, king of Metz, and the prin- cess retiring to Athalaric, king of the Ostrogoths, spent the remainder of her life in privacy. Paid. lEmd. AMALAFRIDA {Hist.) daughter of Valamer, and sister of Theodoric, king of the Goths, hi:d by her husband two children, Theodat, or Theodathade, and the above-named Amalaberquc. She was afterwards married to Thrasimond, king of the V^andals, in Africa, who, dying childless, was succeeded in 523 by Hilderic, who sent Amalafrida to pri- son, where she died in 52fi. AMALARIC {Hist.) or Amaiiri, the son of Alaric the Second, succeeded his father on the throne of the Visigoths, in Spain, in 583, and married ' Clotilda, the daughter of Clovis ; but treat- ■ ing her with great cruelty on account of lier adherence to the Catholic religion, he was engaged in a war with Childebert, king of France, and was slain in a church, wlierc he had taken refuge, or, as some say, was assassinated by his own subjects, in 521. His effigy is given, as in the annexed figure. A.MAi.AKir {Biog.) vide Almcriciis. AMALARIL'S, Furtunatus {Fee.) an archbishop of Treves, died in HI. 'J. He wrote only a ' Treatise on Bajjti.sm.' AMAi.Anirs, Si/nip/iosiiis, abl)ot of Hombac, wrote, A Trea- tise (m the Oihces ; Tiie Order of the Antiplional ; The Office of tiic Mass ; and Letters ; wliidi are ]>reserved in D'Acbery's .Sjiecilcgium, and Martenne's Anecdotes. AMALASONTE {Hist.) ox Amuta.suntc, daughter of Theo- doric, king of the Ostrogoths, and wife of Eutharic, go- verned during the minority of her s(m Athalaric with great l)rudence, and at his death placed the crown on the head of Theodat, her cousin german, and son of Anialafride, who in return for her kindness exiled her, and afterwardii put her to death in 534. AMALEK {Bitil.) phnv, son of Eliphaz and Timna his con- cubine, and grandson of Esau. He succeeded Galam in the government of Edom, south of Judah. Gen. xxxW. 12, 1(>; I Cliron. i. 3(). Amalkk, a mountain in the land of Ephraim, where Abdon, son of Hillel, the judge of Israel, was buried. Jiid-r. xii. 14, 15. AMALFI {Geng.) or Amalpbi, a small town of Naple.s, in the principalitv of Salcnio. 10 miles S. W. Salerno. Lon. 14-^20' E., lat. 40° 35' N. History of Amalfi. This town, which in the Latin of the middle ages was called Melpliis, was taken by the emperor I.otharius II, in 1133, when the place was given up to pillage ; but the emperor would have no other share of the liooty than a volume of the ' Pandects of Justiuiuu," whicli were preserved there. It was afterwards famous as the birth-place of I'lavio Goia, the reputed inventor of the magnetic needle. This city belonged at first to the house of St. Severin, after- wards to that of Picolomini, and in the 17th centur\' it was erected into a duchy in favour of Octavio Picolomini. .\malfi is an archbishop's see, having Capri, Scala, Me- nori, Lettere, and Ravello, for suffragans. Pope Nicho- las II assembled a council liere in lOJi), for the puipose of better regulating the election of popes, and preventing the schisms which had so frequently been produced bv setting up of antipopes. Sgon. de liigii. Ital. 1. 2 ; Blond. Hist. 1. 15; Leaiid. Albert. De.script. Bal. AMALON {Hi,it.) a duke of Champaign, who was killed by a ^Irl in his sleep, to whom he offered violence. Greg. 'Fur. 1. 4, c. 27. AMALRIC {Ecc.) or Amuiiri, archbishop of Tours, presided at the council of Soissons in 853. Amalric, bishop of Senlis, was very zealous in the repair of his cathedral. He died in ll6l. Amalric, Ariiaud, archbishop of Narbonne, was apjxiintcd inquisitor against the Albigenses, and employed in uniting Christian princes against the Moors. After being at the council of Montpelier, he died in 1225. Amai.ric, Aitgeri {Biog.) a biographer of the 14th centurj", who wrote a history of the popes, entitled, ' Chronicum Pontificale.' AMALTH/EA {Mi/Hi.) 'A/jaXflf/a, the nurse of Jupiter, whom she fed with goats' milk, was, according to Lactan- tius, said to be the daughter of Melissus, king of Crete. but, according to Diodorus, the name of a goat, whom Jupiter afterwards placed in heaven as a constellation. .Ju- piter is said to have given one of her horns to the nymphs wlio brought him up, by which they had the power of ob- taining what they wished : whence the proverb of Aniid- thicic coruu, to signify plenty ; but as to this horii, and other circumstances respecting Amaltluca, authors differ widely. Diodorus, 1. 4, c. 5 ; Grid. Fast. 1. 5, v. 113; Sirab. 1. 11) ; Hygin.; iV/K.s. 1. 7, c. 2(i ; Lactam, contra Gc«/. 1. 1, l-. 22; Sludas ; Erasm. Adag.c\\A. 1, cent. 0'. AMA AMA Ajialthsa, Hemophilus, or Hierophi/lu.i, the Sibyl, who carried the nine bouks of Prophecies to Tarquin the Proud. TibiiU. 1. 2, el. 5, v. 67. QuicquU AmaUhea, quicquid Marpesia dixit. fan: de Ling. Lnl. AMALTHEI (Biog.) Jcioiiw, John Baplist, and Corndius, ^^•ere brothers and poets of the Ititli century, who were born at Odenzo in the state of V cnicc. Amalthei, Jerome, who died in 17-1-t, wrote several Latin pieces, whicli were collected and published at V'enice in 1627, and afterwards by GraiWus in lO'Sy. Amalthei, John, who died at the age of VJ, wrote poems in Italian as well as Latin. Amalthei, Cornelius, the youngest, left some few Latin poems of the same cast as those of his brothers', which were much admired in their day. He died probably in the prime of life. AMALTHEUM {Aul.) 'A/iaXOdov, a Gymnasium, founded by Attieus, in Epii-us, called after Amalthiea, because learn- ing is supposed to nourish the mind as she nourished Jupiter with her milk. AMAMA, Sixlimis (Biog.) a professor of the Hebrew, was bom in 1593, and died in 1629- He wrote, 1. ' Censura ^'ulgata; Latina; Editionis Pentateuchi," 4to. Francken. l620. 2. ' Bybelsche Confcrenci,' or a Collation of the Dutch A''er- sion with the Originals. 3. ' Antibarbarus Biblicus." 4. ' De Nomine Tetragrammato.' AMAXA {Bibl.) Afiara, a mountain, mentioned Cant. iv. 8, supposed by some to be mount Amanus. A^L\ND, St. (Ecc.) a bishop of Bourdeaux in the fifth cen- tur}", who wrote man)- letters to his catechist, S. Paulinus. Gregor. Tttron. de Confess, c. 45 ; Baill. Vies de Saintes, au Juin. Amand, St., a bishop of Maastricht, who founded an abbey near Toumay, and died in 079. AiiANi), .John St., sumaracd Faye, or Fayeta, persuaded Cle- rient VH to exterminate a sect of heretics, called Flagel- lants, and died in 1. "94. He wrote ' De Esu Camium ; ' ' Manipulum Exemplorum ; ' ' Qua.>stiones super Sententias,' &c. AsiAND, sumamed Dn Chaslel, or de Castello, abbot of Mar- ehiennes, in Arras, lived about 111.3, and wrote, besides several treatises, a life of St. Odin, bishop of Cambray. Amand, de Liriezec, a Franciscan, so called from his native jilace in Zealand, died in 1534. He wrote ' De LXX Heb- domadibus Danielis;' ' Commentaria in Gcnesim, Jobum, et Ecclesiasten ;■ ' De XL Mansionibus;' ' De S. Anna; Conjugio.' AMANDUS, Cneus Salvius, (Hist.) an usurper, and a colleague in the command with Aulus Pomponius jElianus, in Gaul, under Diocletian, took the title of Augustus U. C. 1038, A. D. 285, and was killed the year following in battle, by Maximianus Herculius. Amandus (Xiimis.) one medal of this usurper, if it be genu- ine, bears the inscription IMP. C. C. AMANDUS, P. F. A«-. or IMP. C. CN. SAL. AMANDUS, &c. Gullz. The.i. AM;\NIC/E Pilla: (Geog.) 'A/xai'tKal vuXm, narrow defiles in the mountain Amanus, through which Darius passed into Cilicia. They arc called by Strabo 'A/iai'iat ; by Pliny, Amani Porta: ; by Curtius, Amanicw Pijlw ; by Ptolemy, (.'iliciar rrl Si/rice Porta', now Strello di Scanderona. Poli/b. 1. 2 ; Siral,. 1.14; Plin. 1. 5 ; Ptol. 1. 5. AM.\NTEA {GcDS.) a seaport of Calabria, on the Mediter- ranean. Lon. \ti' 10' £., lat. .39' 12' N. It has a .strong esistlc, and during the wars of Cliarles \'III and Louis XII, in" Italy, it disiilayed its fidelity to the house of Arragon. AMANTIA {Gc<)g.) a town on the coast of Illyria, to the south of Apoilonia ; the inhabitutUs of which were called Amantes, or Amantini, or Amantiani. Cic. Phil. 1. 11, c. 1 1 ; Ca-s. Bell. Civ. 1. 3, c. 40 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 23, 24. AMANTIUS {Hist.) grand chamberlain to the emperor Ar- cadius, introduced Poqihyry, bishop of Gaza, to this prince, by whom he was persuaded to destroy the heathen temple in that city. Baron. Annul, ann. 401. Amaktius, a pra;fect under tlie emperor Anastasius, who aimed at placing his friend Theocritus on the thi'one, but being supplanted by Justin, was put to death with his friend in 518. Evagr. 1. 4, c. 1. Amanth's, Bartholomew (Biog.) a lawyer of Lansherg in the 16th centur)', wrote ' Flores Celebranim Sententiarum Graicarum et Latinarum.' AMANUS (Mijth.) 'Afiaviie, the god of the Persians; the word amanus sigiufying, as is supposed, the sun of the Per- sian language. A.MANUs (Geog.) 'Ai-tavui', a mountain of Cilicia, branching oif from the Taurus, the straits of which are called Ama- nica' Pi/la; \\ide AmaniciB Pylaf^ and, according to Lucan,. reaching as far as Cappadocia. Luc. I. 3, v. 244. Cappadoces, duri popttlus mine cuhiv .4maui, It is celebrated as the retreat of wild beasts. Appian. Kvi'rjy, 1. 3. KtXtKcig re ndyHQ (cat npujvag 'Ap.dvu, Val. Flacc. Argon. 1. 1 . Mater in adverio catulis venatur Amano. Cic. ad Famil. 1. 2, ep. 10 ; Cic. ad Attic. 1. 5, ep. 20; Plut. in Ciccr. ; Arrian. 1. 2, &c. |[Vide Amanicw Pyke'] AMARA Singha {Biog.) a Hindoo in the first century, was the author of a San.scrit dictionary, entitled, ' Amara Kocha,' not written in alphabetical order, but divided into sections, including the names of stars, elements, &c. The first part of this dictionary was published by Father Paulin, in 1 798, at Rome, entitled, ' Amara Singha, Sectio Prima de Coelo Ex tribus ineditis Codicibus Manuscriptis,' 4to. A MS. of the whole is preserved in the Royal Library at Paris. AMARACUS (Mi/th.) an officer of Cinyras, wlio was changed into sweet marjoram, wliencc the poeticsil and botanical name of Amarucus for that plant. Sen. in JEn. 1. 1, V. 697- AMARyVH, Ben Alicmieni (Hist.) a jioct, who was pro- claimed caHph by the Alides after the death of Adhed, last calipli of the Fatimites in Egypt, but was deposed by .Saladin. Amarah (Biog.) the surname of Nagmeddin at Jeniieni, who was the author of a histoiy of the caliphs of Cairo, entitled, ' Nokt al Asarth.' AMARAL, Andrew d' (Hist.) a Portuguese nobleman, grand chancellor, and grand cross of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, being oflcnded with Philip, of the Isle Adam, grand master of this order, betrayed the island of Rhode* to the sultan SoUman II, for which act of treachery he was degraded and beheaded. Amaual, Don Louis d' {Ecc.) bishop of Vizeu, in Portugal, assisted at the council of Basle in 1433, which deposed Eugene IV, and elected Felix V, by whom he was made cardinal, and died in J 444. Amaral, Peter d' {Biog.) a Portuguese Jesuit of Coimbrft, died in 1711, leaving a discourse in honour of the Virgin, entitled, ' Canticum Marianum,' Evor. 170<). Amaral, Prudence d', a Portuguese Jesuit, died in 1715. He wrote, 1. ' Os Feitos dos Bispos y Arcebisjjos da Bahia,' fol. Lisbon. 1710. 2. ' Elegiarum Liber de Piclate erga Bea- tam Mariam Virgincm." 3. ' Mohc Sacchariic Poetica De- scriptio.' AMARAMUS (//«/.) W^inp.'.p'C, an inh.ibitant of Mya, be- yond Jordan, who, with Annibas and Eleazer, caused a sedition ; but being taken by Fadus, governor of Judiea, AMA AMA was sent into exile, with his companion Eleazcr. Jos(^p/i. Aniiq. 1.20, c I. AMARIAH (Hi/)/.) nnnn, eldest son of Meraioth, and father of the high priest Aliituh. He exercised the oHice of hifjh priest in the time of the jud<;es. 1 C/iroii. vi. 7- !!• Amariaii, one who sejiarated from his strange wife. Ezra X. 42. Amariah, grondfuther to the prophet Zcphaniah, and father of Gedaliah. /,ep/i. i. 1 . AMARICON, Jo/iii (Hixl.) an advocate in the parliament of Paris, and a descendant from a respectable family in Au- vergne, served tlie king against the leaguers, by whom he was imprisoned, and died before tlic murder o{ Henry HI, in 15f)0. He left Commentaries on Cicero and Horace. AMARSIAS {Mi/th.) 'A/iinpiriac, the pilot who conducted Theseus into Crete to the Minotaur. Phil, in I'll. T/ic.i. AMARYNTHUS (Geug.) •Auai>nS,)c, a village of Eubcra, where Diana was worshipped under the title of Amarysia, and her festivals there are called Amarynthia. Paus. 1. 1, C.31. AMARYSIA (^Mytk.) 'Apapvaia, a surname of Diana in Amarynthus. AMASA (Bihl.) nmns, son of Jcther and Abigail, David's sister, was treacherously slain by Joab, A. M. 2981. 2 Sam. xvii. 25. Ahasa, son of Hadlai, opposed the admission into Samaria of such captives as were taken from the kingdom of Judah in the reign of Ahaz. 2 C/iroii. xxviii. 12. AMASAI {Bihl.) ;vj)f, a prince of the island Oaractus, who for some time accompanied Alexander's expedition to India. Arrian. AMAZIAH (Bibl.) n'YDK, eighth king of Judah, succeeded his father Joa.sh, and after a reign of 52 years was assas- sinated A. M. 3194, A. C. 810. 2 Kings xiv. &c. Amaziah, a priest of the golden calves at Bethel, who pro- cured from Jeroboam the banishment of the prophet Amos, because he prophesied the destruction of the high places con- secrated to idolatry, about A.M. 3215, A. C. 789. Amos vii. 10, 11. AMAZON (Geog.) a river rising in Peru, of South America, the greatest in the world, being at its mouth 150 mUes broad, receiving in its course, which is 3300 miles, nearly 200 rivers, some of them not inferior to the Danube or the Nile. AMAZONES (Gcog.) Wftai^ovce, a celebrated nation of war- like women, who inhabited the country of Thennodon, in Cappadocia, and extended themselves even to Lybia, accord- ing to some. They are said to have cut off their right breast for greater convenience in managing tlie bow, from which circumstance they derive their name ; i. e. from a priv. and fiai^oc, a breast. Virgil, speaking of their queen Penthe.sUea, calls them Amazonides. rirg. jEn. 1. 1, v. 4<)0. Ducit Amaionulum luuatis agmina peltis Penthesilea J'lireiis, 7nediisque in miUibui ardet, Aurea sulmectetts extrrtit cirigula mammts. Homer designates them by the epithet uyTiayiipat, i. e. men- haters ; and other poets have described their mode of equip- ping for war, and their military habits. Martial speaks of the Pelts. Mart. 1. 9, epig. 104. Petlatam Hcylhico discinxit Amaionit nodo. Claudian. de Rapt. Proscrpin. 1. 2, v. 62. Qualis Aniaziviidum peUis eaultat aduncis Pulchra coht}rs, qiwtics Arcto7i pojmtuta virago Hippotyte niveas d7icit post pralia turinas. .Slat. Syh. 1. 5. Amazonii tatus intercludere peltas. Horace speaks of their axes. Ilor. 1. 4, od. 4. Quibtis Mos unde deductvi per omne Tetnpus Amaxonid securi Dextrus obarmct, quicrere diHuli, Seneca Agametn. act. ii. Non picta ptiuretras, el securigtra nwriu Peltata Amazon. Propertius sjieaks of their bared breasts. Projjcrt.l. 3, eleg. 12, v. 15. Qunlis Atnatonidiim jiudatis hellica mammis Thennndi^'titeis turba tuvatitr aquis. Their mode of coliabiting occasionidly with the male sex, and their treatment of their male oH'spring, has been vari- ously stated by diflerent writers; and Stratx) questions their existence altogether, as a nation ; but Diodorus, Justin, and others, specify iheir queens by name, of wliicb the follow- ing are the principal : Queens (>)' the Amazons. Marlhesia or Marpesia, MupTrijera.'u and Latnpcdo, reigned AMB AMB conjointly in the time of jE<»eus. They are said to have built Ephesus, and other cities of Asia Minor. Antiopc and Orcthi/a, were conquered by Hercules and Theseus. ApoIIodorus culls Antiope, Hippolytc ; and ApoUonius calls Orcthya, Otrcrc. Penthesilca, went as an auxiliary to Priam, to the Trojan war, where .she is said to have been killed by Achilles. Minil/iya or Tkalcstris, their last queen, paid a visit to Alexander the Great, that she might have offspring from so warlike a prince. Hoiit. II. 1. ;>, &c- Uod. 1. 2, c. 3 ; Dionij.s. Hal. 1. 4; Diodor. 1. 2; Strah. 1. 11 ; Hijgin. Fa/,. 14; P/in. I. 6, C 7, &c. ; Plul. in Thcs. ; Justin. 1. 2, c. 4 ; Qimtl. Curt. c. 5; Ptoi 1. 5, c. 10; Paus. 1. 7, c. 2 ; Palwphat. dc Iiicred. Amazonbs (Numis.) were represented on medals mostly with a battle-axe, of which an example is given under the head of Amisus. QV'ide Ajnisu.f] AMAZONIA (Hist.) a mistress of the emperor Commodus, on whose account he descended into the arena to fight as a common gladiator. He took the name of Amazonius, and gave it also to the month of December in honour of her. Lamp, in Fit. Amazonia (Geog.) a country of South America, so called by its discoverer Francisco Orellana, who, sailing down the river Amazon for the first time in 1580, observed on its banks numbers of women in arms, wherefore he designated the eountrj' and the river by the names which they now bear. Amazonia is 1400 miles long, and I96O broad, being bounded on the N. by Terra Fimia and Guayana ; on the E. by the Atlantic ocean and Brazil ; on the S. by Paraguay ; and on the W. by Peru. The Spaniards have made many unsuc- cessful attempts to settle there, but the Portuguese have some settlements between Cape North and the mouth of the Amazon. AMAZONIUM (Geog.) 'AjxaZovuov, a place in Attica, where Theseus defeated the Amazons. Plut. in Thes. Also a town of Cumse, where the Amazons lived. Steph. Bt/z. AMAZONIUS (Myth.) 'A^afdnoe, an epithet of Apollo in Laconia, from the defeat of the Amazons by Theseus. Paus. 1. 3. Amazonius {Hist.) the title which the emperor Commodus took, and gave to the month of December in honour of his mistress. [[Vide Amazonia'] Amazonits Mons (Geog.) or Arnazonicus Mans, a part of Mount Taurus called after the Amazons. AMAZONS (^Geog.) vide Amazon. AMBACIA (^Gcog.) a town of Touraine, in France, now Amboue. AMBARVI {Geog.) a people of Celtic Gaul, who inhabited the country now caUed Chalois. Cces. dc Bell. Gull. 1. 7 ; Lie. 1. 5, c. 34. AMBERGER, Christopher {Biog.) a painter of Nuremberg, of the 1 6th centur)-, is known by his History of Joseph in 12 pictures. He also painted a portrait of Charles V, and died in 1 550. AMBERKELET (Hist.) a king of Scotland, who succeeded Eugene VI in 697, and was killed whilst on an expedition. AMBIALITES (Geog.) a people of Gallia Celtica, who in- habited the countrv now called L'Amhalle. Merul. in Cccs. de Bell. Gall. 1. 3,' c. 9. AMBIANI {Geog.) a people of Belgium, who took up arms against Csesar. They inhabited what is now called Picardy. Cies. de Bell. Gall. 1. 8, c. 4 ; Lie. Epit. 114; Strab. 1. 4. AMBIANUM {Geog.) capital of the Ambiani, now Amiens, is celebrated as the theatre of Cesar's exploits. It was after- wards embellished by the emperors Antoninus Pius and Mar- cus AureUus, and chosen as a place of residence by Con- stantine, Constantius, Julian, Valentinian, Valens, Gratian, and Theodosius; but suffered much from the barbarians. particularly the Normans, by whom it was almost entirely burnt down in 925. Its earliest bLshop was St. Fcrmin, whose successors Fermin the Martyr, Fcrmin the Confesw^r, Honorius, Berchaud, Sylvius, and (iodefroi, were enrolled in the calendar of siiints. Its cardinals were Jean de la Grange, Jean le Jeune, Charles Hemand, Claude de Longiic, Nicolas de Pellevc. It likewise reckons among its distin- gULshed natives the celebrated antiquarian Du Cangc. [Vide Amiens'] AMBIATINUM (Geog-.) or Ambiatinus viciu, a village of the Treveri, in Germany, now Capelle, at the confluence of the Rhine and Maese. Caligula is said to have been bom there. Suet, in Cat. c. 8. AMBIBARETI {Geog.) vide Ambivareti. AMBIGATUS {HLit.) a king of the Celtie, who, finding the population of liis country to be excessive, sent out colonies under his two nejihews, Bellovcsus and Sigovesus. The auguries decreed the Hyrcanian woods to the latter, and Italy to the former. Liv. 1. 5, c. 34, et .seq. AMBIORIX {Hist.) a king of the Eburones, in Gaul, and a formidable enemy to the Romans, was at last totally routetl by Ca;sar, with the loss of his whole army, and himself obliged to seek safety by flight. Cces. de Bell. Gall. I. 5, c. n ; 1. 6, c. 30, et seq. AMBIVARETI {Geog.) or Ambihareti, a people of Celtic Gaul, who occupied the country now called Nivernois. Cas- de Bell. Gall. 1. 7- AMBIV'ARITI {Geog.) a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed by Ortellius and others to have inhabited Brabant. Caes. dc Bell. Gall. I. 4. AMBIVIUS, Marcu.)r, a river of hell, the waters of which no vessel could contain. Plato de Repuli. 1. 10. AMELI.\ {Grog.) the ancient Ameria ; a town of Spoleto. in Italy, with a bishop's see, dependant immediately on the AME Holy See. It is situated on a mountain between the Tiber •ind the Mera, 8 miles S.S. W. Spoleto. Lon. V2° H)' E. hit. 42^ 25' N. AM ELI N, JvfiH (i (Bio^.) a gentleman of Sarlat, translated sonie jwrtsof Livy into Frcncli, and wrote other things whicii are not now known. AMELINE, Claude {Biog.) an ecclesiiustic, was bom at Paris about UyZQ. He wrote, 1. ' Traite de la \'olontiV 12nio. Paris, ]6S4. 2. ' Traiti- do 1' Amour dc Souverain Hicn,' 12mo. Paris, U)t)<). AMELIUS (Biot;.) a philosopher of the third century, the cotemporary of Porjiliyry, and disciple of Plotiiuis, wrote above a hundred treatises, none of which are e.\tant. Por- plii/r. in I'll. Viol. F.iinap. Tlicod ; Ions. 1. 3, c. 16. Amkhus, or Amclio, I'e/cr, an Augustine, accompanied St. Gregorj' XI from Avignon to Home, an account of which reniovid he wrote in Latin verse, and died bisliop of Seuiga- glia in 1365. AMELitis, George (Biog.) a celebrated lawyer of Friburg, addressed a letter to Frederic Nausea, bishop of Vienna. Amelius, Martin, son of the jjreceding, was in the service of the marquis of Baden, by whom he was sent on a mis- sion to the emperor Ferdinand, and was well received at the court of Vienna. AMELONGUS {Hisl.) a soldier under Rcmoald, king of the Lombai'ds, of such prodigious strength tliat, with a blow of his staff, he could knock a rider off his horse, and whirl him over his head. AMELOT {Hist.) a family originally from Orleans, which produced a great number of magistrates, who held high offices in the state, of which the following are entitled to particular notice. Amelot, James, lord of Canietin, was the first who went from Orleans to Paris, and became advocate to the Parlia- ment in the reign of Francis I : in which capacity he dis- tinguished himself, and died in l630. Amelot, Michael, marquis de Goumay, and baron de Brunelles, fiUed all the highest offices of state, and was em- ployed on the most important negotiations at Venice, in Switzerland, Portugal, and Spain ; all which he executed with the greatest ability and integrity. He died in 1724, after having assisted at the consecration of Louis XV. Amelot, de la Hoiisai/e, Nic/iolas (Biog.) an historian and scholar,- w-as bom Feb. l634 at Orleans, and died at Paris, Dec. 8, 1706. He wrote, 1. ' Histoire du Government de Venise,' &c. Paris, 1676". 2. 'La Morale de Tacite,' iGSfi. 3. A Translation of Palafox's Theological and Moral Homi- lies upon the Passion of our Lord ; besides Translations into French of Machiavel's Prince; Father Paul's History of the Council of Trent ; Balthasar Gracian's ' Oraculo ManusU ; ' and the first six books of Tacitus's Annals. Ni- ceron also gives a list of some other pieces. AMELOTTE, Denis (Biog.) a French vi'riter, was bom at Saintonge in I606, and died in 1678. His works are, 1. ' La Vie du P. de Gondren,' 4to. Paris, 1643. 2. A French Translation of the New "Testament, in 4 vols. 8vo. 1666-8. 3. 'Abrege de la Theologie,' 4to. Paris, 167,'i. 4. ' Les Epitres et les Evangiles de toute I'Annee,' &c. AMEN ANUS (Geog.) 'A/ifiVnoc, a river of Sicily, now /«- dicelln, that has its source in Mount Etna, and sometimes runs in a very small stream, to which Ovid ;illudes. Ovid. Fast. 1. 4, v. 46?. Ptleciion Sicanias voh-ens .4tnenanHS arenas AuncJiuU ; iiiterdiim siippvessisfontihusaret. Slrab 1. 5. Amenanus (Numis.) some medals of Catana commemorate this river which watered its country, by the inscription AMENANOC and KATANAIiiN. AMENIDES (Hi.fl.) secretary to Darius, whom Alexander set over the Arimaspi. Quint. Curl. 1. 7, c. 3. AME AMENOCLES (//«/.) a native of Corinth, and the first Grecian, as it is said, who built a three-oared galley at Corinth and Samos. Thuct/d. 1. 1. AMENOI'HIS {Hisl.) '.\^iroclus, Poq)hyr)', and others. Aristotle, in the book attributed to him, ' Dc Mundo,' intimates that there are other islands l^esidcs Europe, Africa, and Asia, which were then known ; and Diodorus expre&sly states that the Cartha- AME ginians discovered a large island beyond the Pillars of Hercules, which, for reasons of state, they would not suffer to become known to the Europeans. Pint, in Tim.; Arislot. de Mund. ; Diod. Sic. 1. 2 ; Plin. 1. 2, c. 92 ; Tertull. de Pall. c. 2, ct Apolog. c. 40 ; Arnob. adv. Gent. 1. 1 ; Turnel. Adv. 1. 20, c. 11 ; Voss. de Mathem. c. 42. Among the number of those who contributed to the disco- very of America were Alonzo de Ojeda, Nunez de Bal- boa, Ferdinand Cortez, and Francis Pizarro, by which two last adventurers Mexico and Peru were discovered and conquered. At the time when the Spaniards arrived in those countries, Motezuma was the king of the Mexi- cans, and Ahatualpa the inca of the Peruvians. The following is a list of the princes who reigned in these countries from the foundation of the two monarchies to their conquest by the Spaniards. Succession of the Kings of Mexico. Acamapixtli, who died after a useful reign of more than 40 years, during which he did much towards the improve- ment of the country, and was succeeded by Vitzilocutly, his son, who was unanimously elected to the throne, but died after a short reign. Chiluapopoca, his son, although only ten years of age, was elected ; but being treacherously murdered by the Tepea- cans, a neighbouring people, he was succeeded by his uncle, Izcoalt, who, among other wise regulations, confided the election of the Mexican princes to six electors, who were to be themselves princes. Izcoalt died after a prosperous reign of 12 years. Motezuma I, a warlike prince, who died after a reign of 28 years, leaving the reputation of an experienced general and a wise monarch. Tezazic, son of the preceding, a weak prince, was poisoned after an inglorious reign of four years. Axayaca, brother of the preceding, reigned prosperouslj' and wisely for 1 1 years. Autzul died after a reign of 11 years, deeply regretted by his subjects. Motezuma II, a magnanimous but unfortunate prince, was killed by his own subjects in a seditious tumult, which was occasioned by the invasion of the Spaniards. Quilava, who, dying in the first year of his reign, was suc- ceeded by Guatimozin, nephew and son-in-law to Motezuma, who made the last desperate effort to rescue his country from the Spaniards ; but being taken prisoner in the struggle, and aftervv'ards convicted of conspiring against his ene- mies, was hanged, with some of his adherents, by order of Cortes in 1521. With him terminated the Mexi- can monarchy, and the existence of his nation. Succession of the Incas of Peru. Manco Capac, the founder of the Peruvian monarchy, was fabled to be the otl'spring of the sun and moon ; and his wife, who was also his sister, was named Cava Mama. Tliev are said to have been sent by their parents among the Peruvians to refine tlicir morals, introduce religion, and establish good government. Manco Capac reigned between 30 and 40 years, after which, as he informcil his subjects, he returned to his father. He was succeeded by his son, Sinchi Roca, who improved and enlarged the institutions of hLs parent, during a long and jirosperous reign. Llopie Yupampd, succeeded his father ; and after a reign of some years, in which he was devoted no less to arms than to the arts, he died, with the reputation of being tlie greatest captain and statesman that had yet filled the Peru\'ian throne. AME Mayta Capac, son of the preceding, died in the 30th year of his reign, full of honour and glory, acquired both in peace and war. Capac Yupanqni, succeeded his fatlier, and displayed, dur- ing a reign of many years, all the qu;Jitics of a jirudent, politic, and brave monarch. Ruca imitated the virtues of his fatlicr during a reign of 50 years. Yahuarhitac was a less wise and happy prince than any of liLs predecessors, being compelled by tlie rebellion of his subjects to resign the government to his son. Virachua, who rendered a long reign illustrious by the splen- dour of his conquests and tlie wisdom of his government. Pathacalcc, who died after a long and glorious reign, and was succeeded by Yupanqui, who had rendered himself popular by his mili- tary exploits during his father's life-time, distinguished his reign by tlie conquest of Chili. Tupac Yupanqui, the son and successor of the preceding, extended the boundaries of the Peruvian empire by his conquest. Huana Capac, his son and successor, completed the con- quest of Quito, which he left at his death to his natural son Atahualpa, and thereby laid the foundation for the civil war which raged in Peru on the arrival of the Spaniards. Huascar, the 13th inca of the Peruvians, was engaged at the period of the Spanish invasion in a civil war with his brother Ahatualpa, wlio, after three successful battles, took him prisoner, and mounted the throne in his place. He was soon afterwards put to death by his brother's order, to prevent him from obtaining his liberty by the help of the Spaniards. AlaliuaJpa, the usurjier of his brother's throne, was soon compelled to defend his ill-gotten kingdom against the Spaniards, by whom he was taken prisoner and beheaded. Manco Capac II, brother of Huascar, succeeded to the tot- tering throne of his ancestors, and endeavoured, in vain, to regain his independence. After having escaped from the hands by whom he was taken prisoner, he was acci- dentally killed by a refugee Spaniard, who had sought his protection. After his death the Indians chose Sayri Tapac, the nearest akin to Manco Capac, to preserve the dignity and title of an inca ; and on his death, which happened soon after, he was succeeded by Tapac Amm, whose vio- lent death on the scaffold, by order of Francisco de Toledo, put an end to the male race of the blood royal, and to the empire of the Peruvians. This happened in 1541, since which time Me.\ico, Peru, and other parts of South America, have been in the hands of the Spaniards and Portuguese ; whilst the Northern parts of this con- tinent were colonized by Great Britain, and remained subject to the British crown till the period when thev a.sserted their own independence, and established a repub- lic, under the name of the United States of North Ame- rica, in 177(i, which, after a seven years' war, was finally ratified by the peace with England in 1783. AMERICUS (Biog.) vide Ve.tpucius. AMERINUS {Gcog.') a gentile name for what belongs to Ameria. Cic. pro Scxl. Ruse; Pirn. 1. 15, c. 15. AMERSBURY {Gcos.) vide Ameshun/. AMERSFORT (Geog.) a town of Utrecht, in HoUand, on the river Ems, 10 m. E. N. E. Utrecht. Mention is made of this place as early as lOOG, in the reign of Henry II, while Ansfrid, count de Teysterband, was 1 8th bishop of Utrecht. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1624, and by the French in l672. AMERSHAMUM (Geog.) or Agmundeshamum, a town of England, now Amcrsham. AMES, WUliam (Biog.) a polemical writer in the reign of AMII James I and Charles I, was bom of an ancient Norfolk family in 157fi, and died at Rotterdam in 1 633. His works are mostly controversial, and but little known at present. Ames, Joseph, a typographer, was bom at Yarmouth in 1668-9, and in 175y he wrote, 1. ' Typographical Antiqui- ties; being an Historical Account of Printing in England, with some Memoirs of our Ancient Printers, and a Register of Books printed by them from the Year 1471 to I600; with an Appendix, concerning Printing in Scotland and Ireland to the .same Time,' 4to. 1749. 2. ' A Catalogue of Englbh Printers, from 1471 to 1700,' 4to. 3. ' An Index to Lord Pembroke's Coins.' 4. ' A Catalogue of English Heads ;' or. An Account of about 2000 Prints, describing what is peculiar on each, as the Name, Title, or Office of the Per- son ; the Habit, Posture, Age, or Time when done ; the Name of tlie Painter, Graver, Scraper, &c. ; and some re- markable Particulars relating to their Lives, 8vo. 1748. 5. ' The Parentalia,' or Memoirs of the Family of Wren, fol. 1750. AMESIUS, William (Biog.) an English protestant, professor of theologj' at Franeker in the 17th century, who wrote against Bellarmin ; also against the Socinians, Armenians, &c. AMESSIS (Hist.) the sister of Amenophis I, succeeded her brother on the throne of Egypt, A. M. 2239, B. C. 1 765, and reigned 2 1 years 7 months, or, according to Eusebius, 48 years. Joseph. Antic, contra Appion. I. l,c. 5; Euseh. in Chron. ; Lher. Annul, ann. 2239. AMESTRATUS (Gcog.) 'A/o;. ' Chronologia de los Vir- reycs, &c. de Sicilia,' 4to. Panorm. 1640. Amico, Bart hiJomerr , a Jesuit of Anzo, in I-ncania, was l)oni in 1.562, and died in l64;). He wrote a work on Aristotle's writings, entitled, ' In Universam AristotelLs Philosophiam Not« ct Disputatinnes, &c. Amico, Laurentius, a gentleman of Milazzo, lx;camc a Fran- cLscan in 1 G48, and afterwards a teacher of canon law. He wrote, 1 . ' Dissertationes Epistolares.' 2. ' Liber Ceremo- niarum Ecclesiasticarum.' 3. ' \'ita de Papino Martyre.' 4. ' Pancgyrici,' &c. Amico, P/iilip, was bom at Milazzo, of a noble family, in 1()54. He wrote, ' Riflcssi Historici sopra q\iell() che scrive ed attesta della Citta di Melazzo,' &c. 4to. Catan. 170O. Amico, Bernardine, an artist and Franciscan of Gallipoli, in Naples, WTote a work, entitled, ' Trattato delle Pifture ed Imagini dei Sacri Edifizi della Terra Santa,' fol. Fir. 1619- Amico, Vila Maria, a profes.sor of theology at Catania, in Sicily, was bom of a noble famil\' in l693, and is principally known by two of his publications on the antiquities of his country, namely, 1. Sicilia Sacra, Disqiiisitionibus et Noti- titiis lUustra,' 2 vols. fol. Panorm. 17'^3; which was re- printed in the .same year under the title of ' Sicilie Sacrtc Libri W , Integra Pars Scciinda,' 2 vols. fol. 2. ' Catania Illustrata,' Catan. 4 vols. fol. 1741 — 1746. AM ICON I, Gincomo {Biog.) a painter of V^enice, who died in 17.'>2, painter to the king of Spain. His style of paint- ing is condemned by lord Orford. AMID {Hist.) Aboulfadhi Mohammed Ben Hoii.\.tain, sur- named .Ukareh, i. e. the writer, was the vizier of the sultan Rokneddulat : but still more known as an orator and poet. He brought the Arabic characters to perfection, and died in the year of the Hegira ;J60, A. D. 970. Amid, Amolk, vizier of Tognd Begh, first sultan of the Sel- giucides, was put to death by his successor Alp-Arslan. AMIDA {Myth.) a god of the Japonese, whom they honour very much, haN-ing a temple erected to him in most of their towns Ajiin.t {Hi.tt.) or Amides, son of Mulei-Hassen, took pos- session of his father's throne in 9.'>2 of the Hegira, A. D. 1562; but was defeated and deposed by Selim II, emperor of Constantinople. Amida {Geog.) "A^tca, a town of Mesopotamia, was taken several times by the barbarians ; but once in particular, after a long and vidiant resistance by Sapor, king of Persia. It was enlarged and beautified by Constantine, who gave it the name of Constantinus ; but afterwards it fell into the hands of the Turks, from whom it received its present name of Diarbec, or Caramit. [^Vide Diarbee'^ It was formerly a see, of which St. Agatius was bishop in the fifth cen- turv, in the time of the emperor Theodosius. Ammian. Marcell. 1. 1 8, c. 22 ; Hieron. Chron. ann. 1 1 ; Procop. de Bell. Pers. 1. 1, c. 8 ; Salmas. Exercitat. : Plin. p. 488; Baillrl. Toi)Og. des Sainte.f. AMIENS {Geog.) Amhianuni, or Samobriva Ambianornm, capital of the province of Picardy, and the department of the Somme, in France, is a town illustrious for its antiquity, [Vide Ambianuni^ the bishop of which is a suffragan of the archbishop of Rheims. It was taken by the Spaniards in l.')97, and retaken by Henrj- I\^ A treaty of peace was eoncludeiaii, A. C. 480; and, according to Herodotus, on the same day that Xerxes was defeated at Salamis, he burnt himself, that his body miglit not be found among the slain. Herod. 1. 7, c. 16.5, &c. Amit.cah, sumamed lihodanus, was in such favour with Alex- ander the Great, that his countrymen put him to death on his return, in the 112th Olympiad, A.C. 332. Justin. 1. 21,c. 6. Amilcar, a Carthaginian general, entered into a league with AMI Agntliofles, on wlikli account he was oonderanecl by tlic Semite, unil escaped iiaiiisliinent by a timely death- Jiislin. 1. i-i, c. 2. Amilcak, son of Giscon, commanded the Carthapnians against Agathoeles, and was kiUed at Syr.uusc, in the 1 17th Olym- piad, A. C. 30!). Diodor. I. !,'0 '; Jimtiii. 1. a'2, c. 3, &c. ' AwiLCAH, surnamcd Barcns, father of Annibal, the bitterest enemy of the Romans, alter fifrhting with success against every eneniv but Rome, was killed in Spain, U. C. 520", A. C. 228. 'Poli/b. 1. 2 ; Liv. 1. 21, c. 1 ; Corn. Ncp. in fit.; Pint, in Aniiib. Amilcar, a general who put himself at the head of the In- subri, and was taken prisoner bv the consul Cn. Cornelius, U.C. 551, A. C. 199- jKstin.'l. ii, c. 5 ; Eiilrop. 1. 4; Oros. 1. 4, c. IJ). AMILCON (Hisl.) \-ide Imilco. AMILIA, Michael {Biog.) grand \-icar of M. Caulet, bishop of Paniicrs, had a turn for poetrii', which he employed in reconnncnding the doctrines of Christianity. AMILOS {Gcog.) or Amiliis, a river of Mauritania, where the elephants are said to have gone in companies at stated periods to wash them.selves by moonlight. Plin. 1. 8, c. 1. ASIIMONE (Mijl/i.) or Avii/monc, a daughter of Danaus, is said to have been changed into a fountain near Argos. Ovid. Met. 1. 2 ; Plin. 1. 4, c. 5. AMIX, Ben Haroun (Ilisi.) named Mohammed, and sumamed Am'ui or Faithful, was sLvth caliph of the Abassides. He succeeded his father Haroun Al Raschid in the year of the Hcgira 1!).'), A. D. 803 ; and was killed by Thaher, a general under his brother Manioun, who rebelled against him, in the year of the Hegira lf)8, A. D. 808. AlllN, Miihammed .imin Bin Obedallah Al Moiimin .11 .ihadi Al Bokhari {Biog.) author of a book entitled, ' Aniliat Fil Forou,' which was a commentary on the Mussulman's law. AuiN, .41 DouUil, or .4min Eddoulat, a christian physician, so called by the caliphs who employed him, signifying faithful to the princes and state. AMINADAB {Bill.) nj-aw, otherwise called Aminndab of Judah, was the son of Aram, and the father of Elisheba, the wife of Aaron the high priest. Exod. vi. 23. Aminadab, whose chariots are mentioned. Cant. vi. 12. Ajiinadab, son of Koath, a brother of Korah. 1 Chron. \\. 22. Ahin'adab, or Abinadah, son of Saul, was killed with him in the battle of Gilboa, A.M. 2949, A. C. 1055. 1 Sam. xxxi. 2 ; 1 Chron. viii. 33, x. 2. Aminauab, or Abinadah, a levite of Kirjath-jcarim, with whom the sacred ark was deposited, after it was brought back from the Philistines. 1 Sam. vii. 1 ; Joseph. Anliq. 1. 6, c. 2. AMIKANDER (Hiit.) king of the Atheraenes, joined the Ro- mans against Philip, the king of Macedonia. Liv. 1. 31, c. 28. AMINEA (Geog.) 'Afmaia, or Amminca, a country of Cam- pania, famous for its vines. yirg. Georg. 1. 2, v. 97. .Sunt etiam .imiiilius Aurclianus, with Janson d'Almcloveen's Notes,' 4to. I7O9. A.11MAN, John, son of the preceding, and a jihySician, was boni in 1707, and died in I7IO. He published ' Stirpium Kariorum in Imperio Ruthcno sponte Provenientium Icones et Descriptioncs,' 4to. Petrop. 1739. A.M.MANATI, Bartliolomcw (Biog.) an architect and sculptor, was Ixjm at Florence in 1511, and died in 1592. Among other works he made the colossal statue of Neptune, in St. Mark's place at Venice ; and the statue of Hercules, in tlie .Mrnitava jialacc of I'adua ; and erected the tomb of cardinal de Monti, at Rome ; and in addition to wliich lie published an architectural work entitled, ' La Cita.' His wife, tlie daughter of John Antony Ballifcri, was also distinguished as a jxx;t, particularly sus the author of the poems, ' L'Ojiere 'loticane,' 1560. She died in 1589. AM.VIAR, Ben Jasscr (Biog.) one of the first followers of Mahomet, of whom the Mussulmcn tell many wonderful stories. A.tiMAK, Ben Mansor, a Sheikh of great repute among the Mus.'iuhnen. AMMLUERA {Gcog.') a colony of Numidia, and a bbhop's see, suffragan to the archbishop of Carthage. Goltzius makes mention of a medal of Domitian, with the inscription AMMEAEPiJN. TliC. lEP.VC. KAI. ACYAOY, which is supposed to refer to this place. Antonin. Itin. ; Collat. Carlhag. c. 125, 207; Goltz. Thesaur. p. 207; Harduin. Num. Antiq. Illustrat. AMMEREN {Geog.') a town of Juliers, in Germany, on the river Swalm ; supposed to be the ancient Medcriacum. AM^^ANUS {Biog.) Wde MarcelUnus. AMMIEL {Bibl.) ov Amial, ^«'Dr; son of Gemal, of Dan, one of the twelve sent to examine the land of Canaan. Numb. xiii. 12. Ammiel, native of Lodebar, a city of Simeon. Ammiel was father of Machir and of Bathsheba, who married Uriah, and was seduced by David. 1 Cliron. iii. 5 ; 2 Sam. ix. 4, 5. Ammiel, son of Obcdedoni, a leWte, was made porter of the temple under Da\-id. 1 Chron. xxvi. 5. AMMIHUD {Bibl.) im'ns, *Aju1.) caMinr, the descendants of Ammon, the son of Lot, and long the enemies of the Israelites, until they were subdued by Dax-id, A.M. 2977, A.C. 1037- 2 Sam. X. 1 ; 1 Chron. xix. ; Usscr. Annul. Ann. 2977- AMMONIUS (^Hisl.) a Carthagcnian general, sumamed Barcas, who assisted Ptolemy Philopater against Antiochus the Great. Poli/L 1. 5. Ammonius, a general under Alexander Balas, and governor of Antioch, was taken prisoner and put to death bv Ptolemy Pliilometer, A. M. 3856, A.C. 148. Liv. 1. 50, cpist. Ammonius, an Egj-ptian ambassador, sent to Rome by Pto- lemy Auletes, to obtain assistance against his rebellious subjects. Cic. ad Fain. 1. 1, epist. 1. Ammonius (Ecc.) sumamed Saccas, an Alexandrine philo- sopher of the third century ; who, according to Poqihyry, left the Christian faith, in which he was bred, to follow philosophy ; Eusebius and Jerom, however, maintain that he was a steady believer to the end of his life. He had Plotinus for one of his scholars, and wrote among other things, ' The Conformity of Moses with Jesus,' and ' Dia- tessaron,' or ' Monotessaron,' explaining the harmony of the four gospels. Porphyr. in Vit. Plolin. ; Euseb. Hist. Eccles. 1. 6, c. 14; Socrat. Hi.st. Eccles. ; Hist. Eccles. 1. 6, c. 6 ; Hieron. in Catal. ; Ammiau. Marccllin. 1. 22 ; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i. ; Tillemont, Mem. pour I'Hlst. Eccles. ; Du Pin, Bihl. Eccles. Ammonius, and Ammonaria, two martyrs in the reign of Dccius. Ammonius, an eastern monk, who cut off one of his ears, that he might be disqualified for the office of a bishop, but notwithstanding was elected. Ammonius {Biog.) 'Afifiilxwc, a native of Lampria, and suc- cessor of the celebrated Aristarchus, in the school of Alex- andria ; lived, as is supposed, a little before the Augustan age. To him is attributed a work on Sacrifices, and an- other on the Harlots of Athens. Atlien. 1. 1 1, c. 7 ; Suidas. Ammonius, a philosopher of Potamon, and preceptor to Plu- tarch, flourished about A. D. 54. Pint, in fit. Thcnmt. Ammonius, a surgeon, sumamed the Lillivtumist, because he invented the operation of cutting for the stone. Le Clerc, Hist, de la Mcdec. Ammonius, a jioet and historian in the reign of Arcadius and Thcodosius the younger, wrote a History, in verse, of the War against Gainas the Goth. Ncccpli. Hist. 1. 3 ; f'oss. dc Hist. Lai. 1. 1, e. 18. AMO AurMONiTTS, a grummarian of the fourth century, who a]>plicd himself particularly to the Greek, and is sujijMised to lie the author of the Greek .synonyraes, the l)C.st edition of wliicli is that by Valknaer, 4to. Lugd. Bat. 173y. But others attribute this work to the Ammonius that follows. Foss. de Sect. PhilM. c. 1, § 18. Ammonius, son of Hermia.s, a peripatetic philosopher of the sixth century, and disciple of I'roclus, wrote commentarici on Aristotle, and as .some suppose on the Greek synonymcs. Phot. Bibliolh. sect. 242. Am.monius, one of the (ireek fathers, who wrote on the gospel of St. John, and other parts of Scripture. Anastas. in Pra-f. Anagng. Qutcst. Ammonius, Andrew, of Lucca, lK)ra in 1477, and died in 1517. He was secretary to Henry \'III, and author of, 1. ' Scotici Conflictus Historia;,' according to Gessner, 1. 1. 2. ' Bucolica seu Edogcc.' 3. ' De Rebus Nihili.' 4. ' Pa- negyrlcus Quidam.' 5. ' Epigrammata.' 6. ' Pocmata Diversa.' Ammonius, Levinus, vulgarly called Vandcr Maud ; a Car- thusian monk and friend of Erasmus, wrote a Life of Wil- liam Bibauc, general of the Carthusians; ' Tractatus in Parabolam de Filio Minore Natu.' AMNER, Richard (Biog.) a dissenting minister, was bora in 1 736, and died in 1 803. He wrote, 1 . ' An Account of the Occasion and Design of the Positive Institutions of Christianity, extracted from the Scriptures only,' 8vo. 1774- 2. ' An Essay towards an Interjirctation of the Prophecies, with occasional Remarks upon some of the most celebrated Commentaries on them,' 8vo. 1776- 3. ' Considerations on the Doctrine of a Future State and the Resurrection, as revealed, or supposed to be .so, in the Scriptures ; on the In- spiration and Authority of the Scripture itself; on .some Peculiarities in St. Paul's Epistles; on the Prophecies of Daniel and St. John, &c. ; to which are added some Stric- tures on the Prophecies of Isaiah,' 8vo. 1798. AMNISUS {Geog.) 'AfuKroc, a river and town of Crete, where was a cave of Lucina. Strab. 1. 10; Paus. 1. 1. AMNON (Bihl.) pjn«, the eldest son of Da\-id, by Aliinoam, who was slain by his brother Absalom, to avenge the cau.se of his sister Taniar, A. M. 297-i ; Jul- per. 3684 ; A. C. 10.90. 2Sam.xm.26; Usser. Annul. Ann. 2974:. Amnon, the son of Shinion. 1 Chron. iv. 20. Amnon (Biog.) a Jew of Mentz, in 1242, who was condemned to death for Judaism, but instead of suffering the punish- ment of death, he had his fingers and toes cut off, which he salted and laid up in the synagogue. The Jews give a marvellous account of this man. AMOEBEUS (Biog.) 'Afioipjioc, a player of Athens, who perfomied at the" nuptials of Demetrius and Nicjra. jEI. Far. Hi.':!. 1. 3, c. 39 ; Hist. Anim. 1. 6, c. 1. AMON (Bihl.) pDH, a governor of Samaria, kept the pro- phet Micaiah in custody, by king Ahab's order. 1 Kings xxii. 26. Amon, fourteenth king of Judah, son of Manasseh and Me- .shullcmeth, the daughter of Haruz ; died after a «-icked reign of two vears, A.M. 33()1, Jul. per. 4071, B.C. 643. 2 Kings xxi. 18, 19. Clemens Alexandrinus calls him WfiiJr- Clem. Ale.r. Strom. 1. AMOND (Hist.) a king of Sweden. [Vide Amund] AMONTONS, Jfilliam (Bios.) a French mechanic, was bom in Nomiandv in I()6;J, and died in 1705. He studied the nature of barometers and tliermometers, invented a hygro- scope, and contrived a sort of telegraph ; besides which he wrote ' Remarques ct Exi>eriences Physiques sur la Con- struction d'line nouvclle Clepsydre, sur les Barometres, Ther- mometres, et Hygrometrcs ;' and several contributions to the Journal des Sc^'avans. AMORGINUS (Biog.) 'Afiopyooc, the surname of Simo- A MO A^rp Fig nidcs the poet, from his birth-place Amorgiis. QV'ide Amorgus"^ AMOREUS (Hisl.) a king of Dcrhicc, who was skin in a battle with Aniorges, the ally of Cyrus Ctesias. AMORGES {Hisl.) 'Afiopyqs, a king of the Sacac, who was at first the opponent of Cvrus, but became afterwards his faithful ally. Cles. A510RGES, a Persian general, who was killed in Caria, in the reign of Xerxes. Hotxl. 1. 5, e. 121. AMORGUS (Gfog-.) A/iopyor, one of the Sporades, celebrated as the birth-place of Sinionidcs the poet. Pliny says it was once culled Hi/pere and Pattige, or Plafage ; Steplianus as- signs to it the names of Puiiciilc and Pxi/chium ; to which may be added that of Tripolis, because it contained the three cities, Arcesine, Minoa, and Psychia. It is now called Morgo, or Miirgo. The red stuff from wliich the Greeks made a jiart of their dress, Wfiupyun lun-tn, was manufac- tured in this island, to which also condemned persons were banished, as Tacitus relates was the case with V'ibius Serenus. The gentile name is Amorginus. Si rah. 1. 10 ; Plin. 1. •!•, c. 12 ; Tacit. Annal. 1. 4, c. 30 ; Jul. Poll. Stepli. Btfz. ; Siiid. Harjxk-rat. Phavorin. Amorgus (Xuinis.) two medals Fi^. 1. of this Island represent, as in figs. 1 & 2, a globe on a tripod, or a globe over a pair of com- passes; inscriptions AMOPFI- NilN and AAl. AMORITE (Bibl.) 'ins, ^.\^'o,■,. pitlo': ; a people descended from AmoiThirus, the fourtli king of Canaan. Thev were conquered bv Moses {Numb. xlii. 2')), A. M. 2553, Jul. per. 3262, A. C. 1452. Usser. Annal. ann. 2553. AMORIUM (Geog.) 'A/wpioy, Wfnopiov, or Amuriiim, in the Peutingeriana Tabula, a town of Phn'gia Major, and an archbishop's see. In the 9th centur)', about the year 840, it was almost totally ruined bv the sultan Motassem. Slrah. 1. 10. Amobium {Numis.) this town is known by several medals of Trajan, Julia Domna, Antoninus, Geta, and others, bearing the gentile name AMOPIANiiN. AMOltT, Eiisebiiis (Biog.) a canon regular of the order of St. Augustine, who died in 1775 at the age of 82, wrote, 1. ' Philosophia Pollingana,' fol. August. 1730. 2. 'A Theological History of Indulgences.' 3. ' A Supplement to Pontas' Dictionary of Cases of Conscience,' &c. AMORV, Thomas (Biog.) a dissenting minister, was bom at Taunton in 1701, and died in 1774. His works consist principally of sermons, besides ' A Dialogue on Devotion,' and ' Forms of Devotion for the Closet.' AMO.S (liil)l.) DIDP, the fourth of the minor prophets in the reign of ,Ierolx)am, was, it is supposed, a native of the little town of Tckoah, in Judah, four leagues soutli of Jerus'alem ; because hither he retired when driven fnim Bethel, A. M. 3207, Jul. per. 3917, H. C. 797- Awos vii. 10, &c. ; Q. Eftiphan. tie Fit. ProplieK .imos, c. xii. ; Isid. de Fit. el Mnrl.; Usscr. Annal. ann. .'JI97. Amos, the father of the prophet Isaiah, was, it is said, .son of king Joash, and l)r(>thcr to .\niaziah. Some liave supposed him to Ix; the prophet l)ef<)rc S])oken of, but the names are differently written ; namely, d?3«, ./mat, the prophet, and yiDP, Omulz, the father of Isaiah. Jsaiali x.xxvii. 2) ; Clan. Alcjc. Strom. I. fil ; St. Hieroii. in I. tat. rl Amat. ; Si. Aii- fv.tt. de Civil. Dei. I. 18, c. 27 ; Si. Ba.sit. in rap. i. Isai.; iiUaruan. de Script. Krcles. ; Vsscr. Annal. hint*, son of Nahun, and father of Mattathia.s, in the genea- logy of our Saviour. I.uke iii. 25. Amos {IIi.1l.) vide Amasis. Amcm* {Ecc.) or Ilamos, an Eg>'ptian, and father of t lie Cli no- monks, whom he ordered to sit at table with their mouths open, that their virtue of abstinence might not be made too apparent. AiMos, a patriarch of Jerusalem, who succeeded John V in 593. AMOSIS {Hist.) vide Amasis. AMOUR, nWiam dr St. {Biog.) native of St. Amour, in Burgundy, and doctor of the Sorbonne, died in 1272. He wrote ' De Pharistco et Publicano;' ' De Periculis No- vissimorum Temporum,' which was condemned by Alex- ander IV, and the author banished to his native place ; also ' CoUectiones Scriptunu Sacra?,' &c. AMOun, Louis Gorin de St., another doctor of the Sorbonne, was bom at Paris in l6l9; and died in I687. He took a great part in all the theological questions of the day, parti- cularly the five propositions, on wliich he wrote a journal and other things. AMOUREUX, N. L. (Biog.) a sculptor, who was drowned in the Soane in the 19th centun-. His works are preserved at Lyons. AMPELUS {Mi/l/i.) a favourite of Bacchus, who, whilst gather- ing the fruit of the \-ine, fell down and was killed. He was afterwards honoured as a god, and enrolled among the constellations. Ovid. Fast. 1. 3, v. 407. .impclon Intonsum, Satyro, nipnphaqtie crftitiim Fcrtur in Ismaris, Bacchus umassf jttgis. Ampelus {Geog.)" AfiTreXoc, now Ampela, a town and promon- tory of Crete. AMPELUSIA {Geog.) otherwise called Cote, now Le Cap de Spartvllo, a promontory near Tangiers, in Mauritania, oppo- site to Andalusia. Pomp. Mela, 1. 1, c. 5, &e. ; Strab. 1. 17; Plin. 1. 5, c. 1 ; Ptol. 1. 4. AMPEZO {Geog.) a town of Tirol at the foot of the Alps, which was ceded to Austria in 1 505 by a treaty between the emperor Maximilian and the republic of Venice. AM PH ARES {Hist.) 'AftAapr^c, one of the Ephori in the reign of Agis, who was his bitterest enemy, and put to death both Agis, himself, his mother, and his grandmother. Plul. in Fit. Agis. AMPHAXIS (Gpo^.) "A/j^aJif, a town of Macedonia, in a district of Thessalonica, called 'AfufiaUnc, Amphaxilis, whi- ther Cicero was banished. The ti)wn is mentioned by Ste- phanus, and the country by Polybius. The inhabitants are called Amp/ia.rila: AMPHIALUS(i%//(.) 'ApAinXoc, a dancer of the Phoeacians noted by Homer. Ho/n. Odyss. 1. 8, v. 8. AMPHIANAX {Mr/Ill.) 'Afifiarni., a king of Lycia, cotem- porarv with Acrisius and Proetus. AMPHIARAUS {Mi/lh-) 'A^Kpu'ipanc, son of Oicleu.s, a Gre- cian prophet, concealed himself in order to escape going on the expedition against Thebes, but being betrayed by his wife Krvphyle, wlio had been bribed to this act of perfidy by a golden necklace, he went to assist Adrastus, king of Argos, and was swallowed up the first day. Pind. Xem. 6 dpii:\oc, a Trojan, who was killed by Phylides in battle. Horn. J!. 1. 1 6', v. ;J13. AMPIIICRATES (Biog.) 'Ayu^ucpanjr, a biographer who, according to Diogenes Laertius, was eondcnnied to die by poison. Al/icii. 1. 13, c. 5 ; Diog. in Fit. Aristip. Amphichatks, an Athenian orator, who, being banished from his country, retired to Seleucia beyond the Tigi-is, iind starved himself to death. Jonsius thinks this is tiie same as the preceding. Plut. in Luciill. ; Jonsius de Script. I list. Phil. 1. 2, c. 15. AMPHICTVON {Hist.) \\i.i(I>iktvuh', the son of Deucalion and PjTrha, and third king of Athens from Cecrops, first de- dicated the city to Minerva, and gave it the name of Athens. Pausanias says that he expelled his futhcr-in-law Cranaus from the throne, and was himself in his turn expelled by Erycthion. Ju.itin. 1. 2, c. 6. AlUPHiCTYON, a son of Helen, whom Dionysius Halicaniassus makes to be the founder of the Amphictionic council, al- though Pa\isanias and others ascribe this work to the pre- ceding. Dioni/s. Hal. 1. 4; Diodor. 1. l6; St rah. 1. 8; Paus. in Achaic. ; Euseh. in Chron. ; Marm. Arundel. AMPHIDAMAS (Mi/l/i.) 'A/jiplcafiac, a son of Aleus, who was of the family of the Inachida% and one of the Argo- nauts. According to Orpheus, he is called Ipliidanuis. Paus. 1. 8, e. 5 ; Flacc. 1. 1, v. 376- Amphidajias, a Trojan leader, whose son was slain by Patro- clus. Hum. II. 1. 23, V. 87- Ajiphidamas, a son of j?^geus and Cleobule, who was among the Argonauts. Hi/gin. Fab. 14. Amphidamas (Hist.) A^Kp/ca^iac, an illustrious citizen of Chalcidis, and general of the armies of his country, died fighting against the Erythreans. Plut. Si/tnjMs. 1. ."j. AMPHlblCUS (Hi.':!.) 'A^ipiciKoc, one of the sons of As- tacus, who distinguished himself at the Theban war. Apollod. 1. 3. AMPHIGENIA {Geog.) '\fi(jiiyivua, a town of Messenia, in Peloponnesus. Strab. 1. S. AMPHILOCHI {Gcog.) a people of Epirus, in Acarnania, of which Ampiiilochia was its capital. ^Vide Amphilochia'\ AMPHILOCHIA {Geog.) 'AuI. AM$IAOXIi2N ; the common types of which are a Pegasus, or a head of Hercules, &c. AMPHILOCHIUS (Ecc.) a native of Cappadocia, and bishop of Iconium, was the friend of St. Gregorj', Nazianzen, and St. BasU. He died about the year 3.94. St. Jerome men- tions one work of his concerning the divinitv of tlie Holv Spirit. An Iambic poem likewise is ascribed to him by some containing a catalogue of the books of the Old and New Testament. Socrat. Hist. Ecclcs. 1. 5 ; Hieron. in Catalog. Theodor. Ecc 1. 5, c. 16'; Baron. Amtal. ; Dii Pin. Bi- bliothck, S,c. AMPHILOCHUS (3/;///;.) W^ifiXnxk, the son of Amphia- raus and Er\']ihcle, wlio distinguisiicd himself in the Theban war. Horn'. Odijs. 1. 15, v. 218 ; Apollod. 1. 3. Ampiiilociiiis, .son of Alcniicon, went into Epirus after the Trojan war, and built Aiii]>liil(K hia. QN'idc Ampliilocliia'] Ampiiilochus, one of Helen's suitors, called also Amphima- chus. AMPiiii.oniu.s (Biog.) an .Athenian who wrote on agriculture. AMIMIILYSSL'S (Grog.) a river that takes its rise in As- sarus, a mountain of .Samos. AMPIIILVTUS (Biog.) the father of Eumelus, the poet and historian of Corinth, was of the family of the Bacchide. Pau.s: 1. 2, c. I. A.MPiiiLVTUs (Hi.it.) 'Afi, c. 3. AMPHIMALLA (Geog.) 'A^ififiiXa, 'Afift^aXijc, 'Au(fitfia\- \toi; 'A/jrpinaXXa ; a town and bay in Crete, the latter of which is supposed to be now Golfo della Suda ; Dicwarch. Stat. Grcec. ; Plin. 1. 4, c. 12; Ptol. 1. 3; Steph. Bi)z. AMPHIMEDON (Mi/l/i.) 'A//(/.i/if?w.-, the son of ^Melan- theus, one of Penelope's suitors, who was killed by Tclema- chus. Horn. Odij-ts. 1. 22, v. 285. Amphimedon, a native of Lybia, who was killed by Perseus at the court of Cepheus. Qrid. Met. 1. 5, v. 75. AMPHINOMUS (Myth.) '.\fiiXoi'o^oc and KoXX/aj ; and Anapius is written .4naphius in Claudian. Sil. Ital. 1. 14, v. 1.08. Turn Catane iiimium ardenti vidua Titphco, Kt generasse pws quondam celeben-'tma fratrei. Cornel. Sever, in JFAna. Amphininnus, fraterqite , pari sub munerf fortes. Cum jam vicinis strffiii-ent iticeiidia tectis, Accipiuut, pigrumque putrem, viatremque sj>iiiiiii.\n , .\M>nn().\ri'iiN, amiii()- AEirU.N, AlI.Moi .\>M>HK).\niii\. Gullz. in Aumsti Grtec. Sfc: Mus. Pemb. Tab. Hunt.; Num. Pop. Vel. SfC. ; Peller. llec. dcs Med. <^x. AMPHIS (Biog.) 'Aficfii^, a comic poet of Athens, the son of Amphierates. He was cotcniporary with Plato, and \\T0te many comedies, and other pieces, of which notliing now remains but quotations in Athenseus, Stobscus, and the Scholiast of Aratus, &c. Diog. Laert. in fit. Plut. ; Athcn. SfC. AMPHISSA (Mi/lh.) ' AfKjiiiraa, a daughter of ^facereus, beloved by Apollo. She gave her name to a town of the Locri. [Vide Aniphissa"^ Amphissa (Geog.) a town of the Locri, now Lanibina, or, according to some, Anfila, at the extremity of the plain of CrissiEUS, which contained a monument of Amphissa, and a temple of Minerva. Lucan. 1. 3, v. 172. Pbocaicas Amphissa manus, scojjutosaque Cyrrha Ptiriiasmsque jugo misit desertus utn^que. It was destroyed by a decree of the Amphictyons, Strab. 1. 9 ; Paus. 1. 10, c. 38 ; Liv. 1. 3, c. 5. Amphissa, now Roccella, a town of the Bruttii, between Caulcm and Locri. Ovid. Met. 1. 15, v. 703. AMPHISTIDES {Biog.) 'AntpiTeieric, a man of so bad a memory that he almost forgot that he had a father, and could never learn above the figure 4 in arithmetic. Aristot. prob. 4 ; Suidas. AMPHISTRATUS {Myth.) 'AfiiTparoc, one who, with Rhecas, was charioteer to Castor and Pollux. They are caUcd Frudius and Amphistratus by Justin, Amphius and Tclchius by Ammianus. Strab. 1. 1 1 ; Justin. 1. 42, c. 3 ; Sotin. c. 20; Amm. Marcell. 1. 22, c. 15. Amphistratus (Biog.) a statuary, whose statue of Calis- thenes, the historian, is mentioned by Pliny. Plin. 1. 36, c. 5. AMPHITHEA (Myth.) 'AfiipiQirf, the wife of Autolycus, by whom she had Anticlca, the wife of Laertes, and mother of Ulysses. Horn. Odyss. 1. 19) ^'. 4l6. Amphithea, the mother of jEgialeus, by Cyanippus, and of three daughters, Argia, Deipyle, and jEgialea, by Adrastus, king of Argos. AjX)tlod. 1. 1 . AMPHITHEMIS (Hist.) 'Afj(l,idcfitc, a Theban, who was bribed by the Persians, with others, to raise a war in Greece against the Lacedsmonians. Plut. in Lysaud. ; Pans. 1. 3, c. 9- AMPHITHEUS (Myth.) a priest of Ceres, at Athens, whom Aristophanes introduces, deriving his origin from that god- dess; which the Scholiast supposes to be a satire against Euripides. Arisloph. in Acharn. AMPHITHOE (Myth.) one of the Nereides. Hygin. i« Fah. Poet. ; Gi/rald. Hist. Dcor. AMPHITRITE' (Myth.) 'A^ipirpirv, a daughter of Nereus. or Oceanus, and Thetys, and mother to Triton, by Nep- tune. Hesiod. Theog. v. 930. 'Kk ^' 'Ap', a Theban prince, son AMR AMU of Alexus and Hipponome, wlio, having revenged the death of Electryon's sons on the Telobocans, received liis daughter to wife as the reward of his valour. He was the rejiuted fatlier of Hercules, of whom however Alcinena is said to have become pregnant by Juiiiter, preWous to her marriage with Amphitryon, whence 11 ercules, under the patronymic of Amphitryoniades, is designated falsipurcns. Catidl. Carm. 67, v. 1 12. Quod quonilam easts moittUfodisie mettuUis Audet JaUipareits Amphitrtjimiades^ Hcfiod. in. Scut. Herciil- ; Apollod. 2, c. 4 ; Hi/gin. fab. 20 ; Pans. 1. 8, e. 14. AMPHITRYONIADES (Mi/lli.) a surname of Hercules, from Amphitryon, his reputed father, f'irg. jEn. 1. 8, v. 213 ; Luc. 1. 9, v. 644; I'al. Fine, l 1, v. 371. AMPHITUS (Mi/l/i.) vide Amphislratus. Ampuitus, a priest of Ceresj at the court of Cepheus. OviJ. Met. 1. 5. AMPHIUS (Mijl/i.) 'Afiipws, one of the sons of Merops, the soothsayer, who, in spite of his father's predictions, went to the Trojan war, at the head of the Peloponnesians. Horn. //. 1. 2, V.'SSO. AMPHOTERUS {Myth.) 'Afi6Tepoc, the son of Alcmson, by Callirrhoa. Pans. 1. 8, c. 24., Amphoterus (Hi.il.) a commander of Alexander's fleet on the coast of the Hellespont. Q. Curt. 1. 4, c. 5. AMPHRYSUS (Mijlh.) a river of Thcssaly, on the banks of which Apollo, when banished from heaven, fed the flocks of king Admetus. Callimach. Hymn, in ApoU. v. 48. 'E^oV CTT* 'Afi^pvtrtii l^ivyiirtCag erpi(pfv "mrtig. Apollon. Argon. 1. 1, v. 54. ^— — iiT* A^(*>pvfT(roio poTJmv. MTicnce Apollo was designated by the epithet of Amphrys- sius, and his priestess, the Sibyl, by that of the Amphrysia votes. Virg. Georg. 1. 2, v. 1, et Mn. 1. 6, v. 398; Ovid. Met. 1. 1, v. 580 ; ^Liic. 1. 6, v. 367- AMPIA {Hist.) a daughter of Titus Ampius Balbus, men- tioned by Cicero. Epist. ad Fam. 1. 6, epist. 12. AMPIGLIONE {Geog.) a place between Tivoli and Gecili- ano, wliich was ruined in 1257, and of which nothing but the ruins now remain. AMPLIAS {Bibl.) 'A^TrXiai, a disciple mentioned by St. Paul in terms of affection Rom. xvi. 8. According to the account of the Greeks, he was ordained bishop of Odyssopolis, in Moesia, by St. Andrew, and afterwards suffered martjTdom. Martyrol. Rom. 31 Octo/j. AMPYCIDES {Myth.) a patronymic of Mopsus, the son of Ampyx. Ovid. Met. 1. 8, v. 310. AMPYX {Myth.) "A/iffui, a son of Pelias, mentioned by Pau- sanias. Pans. 1. 7, c. 10. Ampyx, the son of Titanor, and the father of Mopsus, the soothsayer. Orph. in Argon. ; Ovid. Met. 1. 5, 1 85. AMRA^i {Bil)l.) czmv, 'A^/5pap, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi, and father of Moses, by Jochebed, died in Egj'pt, aged 137. E.wd. vi. 20. Amk.\m, son of Bani, who, on his return from Babylon, sepa- rated from his wife whom he had married contrary to the law. Ezra x. 3 1. AMRAPHEL {Bibl.) bz^na, a king of Shinar, who, with his confederates, plundered Sodom, and carried away Lot and his fomily prisoners, A. M. 2802, Jul. per. 2802, A. C. 1912. Gen. xiv. AMRI-AL-CAIS {Biog.) or Amriolcais, son of Hagre, or Hogre, king of the Arabs, of the tribe of Kindale, a poet, who lived in the time of Mahomet. He did not join his party, but made satires on him and them. AMROU, Ben-Al-As {Hist.) one of the great captains among the Mussulmcn, died in the year of the Hegira ()5, A. [i. 675. AMHOtr, Ben Harclh, ctiptain of the Giorliamides, made war against the Coraischitcs, the princij)al inhabitants of Mecca, and sacked the city. AjiHon, Ben Laith, second sultan of the dynasty of the Sol- faridcs, succeeded his father Jacob in tlie year of the Hegira 267, A. D. 877, and died in the year of the Hegira 289, A. D. 899. Amroi;, Ben Calthoum {Biog.) the seventh and last poet, whose poems are suspended in the temple of Mecca. AMSANCTUS {Geog.) or Ampsunctus, a lake of the Hir- pini, in the middle of Italy, celebrated for the me])liitie odour which issues from it, now called Mufiti, from the god Mephitis, who had a temple there. Virgil makes the Fury Alccto to descend down to hell by this lake. yE«. 1. 7, V. 565. Fm hviLS ItalitE medio sub moTitibns attis Kobilis, etfamd multis memoratus in ori(, Amsaticti uitles. Claud, dc Rapt. Proserp. 1. 2, suhjinem. Tunc et pestijh-i pacatvm limen Avemii Innocua transistis avts, flatumque repressit Amsanctus. Cic. de Div. 1. 1, c. 36 ; Plin. 1. 2, e. 93 ; Sidoiu 1. 3, ep. 13. AMSDORF, Nicholas {Biog.) an associate with Luther, was bom in 1483, and died in 1565. He wrote on the Lord's Supper, and other things, mentioned bv Mekhior Adam. AMSTELRODAMUM {Geog.) the town of Amsterdam. QVide Amslcrdam'\ AMSTERDAM {Geog.) the capital of Holland, situate at the conflux of the Amsel and Wye. Lon. 4° 52' E., lat. 52° 22' N. This town, which in the Latin of the middle ages was called Amstelrodamiim, derived its name from its situation near the river Amstel. It consisted in former ages of a few fishermen's huts, and first acquired the name of a commercial town in the 14th century. It was encompassed with walls in 1482, and has since that period been increas- ing in wealth and importance, so as to entitle it to the first rank among the trading cities of Europe, which it is likely to preserve, notwithstanding the shock it received during the revolutionary government of France. It surrendered to the king of Prussia in 1787; received the French troops, without resistance, in 1795 ; and declared first for the re- storation of the house of Orange in 1813. AMULIUS {Hist.) son of Procas, and youngest brother ti> Nimiitor, disjjossessed the latter of his kingdom of Alba, and was afterwards dethroned by Romulus and Remus, the children of his daughter Rhea Silvia, who reinstated their grandfather Numitor, and put the usurper to death. Ovid. Met. 1. 14, V. 772. Proximus Ausonias injusti miles Amuli Resit opes; Numitorque seiiex umissa nepotum Muitere Teoria capit, Ovid. Fast. 1. 3, v. 67- Romulcoijue cadit tTojeclus Amulkis ense. Dionys. Hal. 1. 1 ; Liu. 1. 1, c. 3 ; Plut. in Rom. ; Flonn, Eutropius, t^c. Amulius, Screnus, a primipilaris, or captain in the pni'to- rian cohorts, mentioned by Tacitus. 7\ic. Hist. 1. 1, c. 31. AjiuLirs, a painter, mentioned with commendation by Pliny. Nat. Hist. 1. 35, c. 10. AMULON {Biog.) Amolon, or Amofo, archbishop of Lyons, wrote several pieces, mentioned in the ' Bibliotheca Patrnm." He died in 854. AMUND {Hi.ft.) Asmtind, or Amond, a fabulous king of Sweden, .said to have lived long before Christ, and died A. M. 2891. Amund II, son of Rag^vald, succeeded his father in 220, and died after a reign of five years. AMY AMY AMUNDISHAM, John (Biog.) an EngUsh Benedictine of the 14th century, was the author of many works. AMURATH {Hist.) the name of some sultans. AsrtJRATH, sumamed Ga.isis, i. e. the Hero, one of the great- est princes of the Ottoman throne, succeeded his father Orchan in the year of the Hegira 761, A. D. 1371, and died after a reign of 30 years, during which he gained 37 battles. Amurath, succeeded Mahomet in the year of the Hegira 82 1, A. D. 1434, and died in 1451, after havint]; twice retired from government, and returned to it again in order to de- feat the Hungarians, and the famous Scandeberg. He was the first who used cannon. Amurath, succeeded his father Selim H, in 1574, and died in 1595, leaving Mahomet, his son, to be his succes.«or. Amurath, son of Achmet, succeeded his uncle iMustapha in 1623, and died in l640. He besieged Bagdad, and put to the sword all its inhabitants, to whom he had promised pro- tection. AMUS {Bioi;.) an ancient ^gj-ptian author, quoted by Plu- tarch and Synesius. Pliil. de I sis. el Osir. ; Syncs, in Dion.; Du Pin. Bibl. des AiU. Profanes. AMYCI Partus {Geog.) a place in Pontus, remarkable for the death of Amycus, king of the Bebryces, who is said to have been slain there ; it is supposed to be the place now caUed Lamia. Plin. 1. 6, c. 44. AMYCLA (Myth.) 'A/ivKka, one of the daughters of Niobe, who, with her sister Melibooea, was spared by Diana when the rest perished. Homer, however, says, that they were all destroyed. Horn. II. 1. i24 ; A/xjIlod. 1. 3 ; Pans. I. 2, &c. Amycla {Hist.) the nurse of Alcibiades, a native of Laconia. Pint, in Vit. Alcib. AsrvcLA {Geog.) 'A/xvKXai, a town of Laconia, now For- dona, was built by Amydas, and is celebrated as the birth- place of Helen. From the splendid temple dedicated there to Apollo, this god had the epithet of Amyclipus, and the place is called for the same reason by Statins ApoUincce. Theb. 1. 4, V. 223. JIujus ApoUine{E cumim comitantiir Amycltr* It was distlnguLshed by other epithets among the poets, as Anmferce, by Ovid, dc Art. Am. 1. 2, v. 5. Talis ab amtiferU Priameius hflspes Amyclii, Candida cujit rapta coujuge vela dahat. Anliqux, by Oi'k/. Met 1. 8. Et quoi llippoco't/ii autitjuis misit Amyclis. Ledew, by SUUitu, Theb. 1. 7, v. 16'2. Parrhanumque ntmus, Ledetuque ibis Amyelas. Also, Telricce, Therapncw, SfC. Horn. II. 1. 2, v. 586 ; Po- /y6. 1. 5, c. 19; Liv. 1. ,34, c. 28 ; 3ff/«, 1. 2, c 3 ; Strab. i. 8 ; .ViV. Ital. 1. 2, v. 434; Plin. 1. 34; Pans. 1. 3, c. 18 ; Meurs MisccU. Lacon. Amycla, a tovm of Italy, now Spcrunga, between Caieta and Tarracina, built by the companions of Castor and Vo\- lux. It was destroyed hy seqK-nts, and afterwards taken by surprise, the inhabitants being j)rohibited by a law from giving any alarm on the approach of an enemy. Sil. 1. 8, V. 530. , ifumq^it ntrtere tilmtia, Amycla. Whence the proverb, Loqui volo, nam scio Amt/clas taccndo jicriisse. yirg. Mn. L 10, V. 564. TactXii n^ixaxii. Amycla. AusoniuR uses Amydas vivcre, for keeping silence. Plin. L 3, c. 5 ; 1. 8, c. 29 ; TaciL 1. 4, c. 59 ; Holin. de Ital. c. 2 ; Sidon. 1. 8, tp. f). AMYCL/EUS {Hi.tl.) 'AftvxXaiot, a surname of Apollo, from the magnificent temple which he had built at Amydte. Paus. 1. 3, c. 18. AiiYCLEUs (Biog.) a statuary, whose works are mentioned by Pausanias. Paus. 1. 10, c. 13. AMYCLAS (Mi/(L) 'Af^vK\as, .son of Lacedacmon and Sparta, was the founder of Amycla?. Apollod. 1. 1, c. 23 ; 1. 3, c. ig ; Pans. 1. 3, c. 1 ; Tzetzes. in Lycoph. Amycl.\s, the master of a ship wlio carried Ctesar in disguise when he was going to Brundusiura to hasten his troops into Greece. Aniyclus wishing to put bacJc to avoid a storm that was coming on, Cicsar threw otl' his disguise, and exclaimed, " Cicsarcm vehis, Cicsarisque fortunas." Lucan. 1. 5, v. 520. AMYCUS (Mijt/i.) 'AfivKoij, son of Neptune, by Melia, or, according to sonic, of Bithynis, was king of the Bebrj'ces, who, being well skilled in the use of the Cestus, challenged idl strangers to a trial, but was at length killed by Pollux, one of the Argonauts, who accepted the challenge. Theo- crit. Idyll. 22 ; Apollon. in Argon. 1. 2 ; Ajxillod. 1. 1, c. 9 J Lactant. in T/ieb. 1. 3. AsiYCt's, one of the companions of TEneas, wlio escaped the storm, and was afterwards killed by Turnus. I'irs- JEn. 1. 1, V.225; 1. 9, V. 373. Amycus, another of ^Eneas's followers, who was killed by Turnus. Ibid. 1. 12, v. 509. A-MYCus, a centiiur, and sou of Ixion and Nephele. Met. 1. 12, v. 245. AMYDOX ificog.) 'A^vSuv, a city of Pajonia, in Macedonia, which sent auxiliaries to Priam during the Trojan war. Horn. II. 1. 2 ; Juv. Sal. 3, v. 69. AMYMONE (Myth.) 'Anyixiliiii, a daughter of Danseus, murdered her husband Enceladus, and became afterwards the mistress of Neptune. Apollod. 1. 2 ; Propert. 1.2, el. 18; Paus. 1. 2, c. 37. Amyjione {Grog.) a river of Peloponnesus, running into the lake of Leona, called after Amvmone, the daughter of Da- naus. Strab. 1. 8 ; Olid. Met. 1. 2, v. 240. AMYN Ahmed Razy {Biog.) native of the city of Rey, in Azerbaidjan, a Persian geographer, flourished about the 11th century of the Hegira, and 17th of the Christian sera. His work, entitled, ' Hefticlym,' i. e. The Seven Climates, contains short biographical notices of the most eminent au- thors, concluding with the year of the Hegira 1002. A fine copy of it is to be seen in the Library of Paris. AMYNTAS {Myth.) a shepherd, mentioned by Virgil. Amyntas {Hisl.) 'Aftvyrai, there were several kings of Ma- cedonia of tlus name, besides private individuals. Kings of Macedonia. A.MYNT^is I, succeeded his father Alceta. His son Alexander murdered the ambassadors of Mcgabyzus, for their atrocious l)eha\-iour towards the females of his father's court. Herod. 1. 5, c. 19, Sic. ; Ju.il in. I. 7, c. 3. Amyntas II, the son of Menalaus, was father of Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. He murdered Pausanias in order to ascend the throne of Macedonia. Diod. 1. 14 ; C. Nep. el Phil, in Vit. Amyntas, a name which has been given by some authors to other kings of Macedonia, of whom little is known. Other Princes and Distinguished Persons. Amyntas, an ambassador of Philip the Great to Thebes, who was sent to defeat the efforts of Demosthenes. Pint, in Vit. Drmaslh. Amyntas, a son of Andromenes, and an officer under Alex- ander tlie Great, is probably the same as was made a satrap. Curt. 1. 5, c. 9. Amyntas, another officer of Alexander's, who deserted to Da- rius, and was killed in Egypt. Q. Curt. 1. 4, c. 13. Amyntas, an officer of the Macedonian cavalry, who cleared iiimself from the charge of haWng joined the conspiracy of Philotas, and was afterwards made governor of Sogdiana. Q. Curt. 1. 8, c. 12. ANA ANA Amyntas, a son of Arrhibteus, who was sent to reconnoitre the enemy. Amvntas, a son of Antiochus, left Macedonia out of Iiatrcd to Alexander. Amvntas (Xinnis.) some ancient medals are ascribed to the Macedonian kinjjs of this name, one of which is inscritwd, B. .VMIMTcdY M. i.e. BnatXibii; 'AfiifiTM MaKtCoiwf, Rcgix Amiitili Maccdoiiiim ; but for tlie most part they are inscrib- ed A. M., which is attributed to the lirst king of this name: tliose of hi.s successors are inscribed AMYNl'A AMYNT.\i;, or AMYNTOY li.\i:i.\Eai:. Amyntas (Biog.) a Greek historian, and author of a work, entitled, XTctO^tiig, i. e. The Encampments of Alexander the Circat ; a book quoted frequently by Athenscus and .(Elian. Jt/ieit. 1. 10, &c. ; jElimi. Vat: Hist. 1. 17, c. 17, &c. Amyntas, son of EUanicus, a pancratiast, whose statue was made by I'olyclcs. Pans. 1. C. Amvntas, king of Galatia, who succeeded Dejotarus. After liis death it became a Roman province. Strab. I. 12; Pint, in J'il. Anion. AMVNTIAN'US (Biog.) an historian in the time of M. An- tonius, who wrote an eulogium on Philip Olympias and Alexander. P/iol. Bibl. Cod. 131 ; Foss. Hist. Gr. 1. 2, c. 14. AMYNTOR {Mt/th.) one of the 50 sons of jEgyptus, who was murdered by his wife Damone. Hygin. fab. 1 7. Amvntor (Hist.) 'A/jviTwp, son of Phrastor, and king of Argos, who deprived his son Phoenix of his eyes for having offered violence to his concubine. Horn. II. 1. 9. Olov ore npwruv X'nrov 'EWaSa KaWiyvvatKa ^evyuv ve'iKta Trarpog 'Aftvvropog 'Opfievl^ao. Ovid. Met. 1. 12, v. 364. Quern Dohpum rector bello supentttis Amyntor, Amyntor, a Macedonian, and father of Hephsestion, the friend of Alexander the Great. AMYOT, James (Ecc.) bishop of Auxerre, and grand almoner of France, was bom of an obscure family at Me- lun, in 1514, and died in 1593. His works are, 1. A translation of ' Heliodorus,' fol. 1547; of ' Diodorus Sicu- lus,' fol. Paris, 1554 ; of ' Plutarch's Lives and Morals,' 2 vols. fol. 1559. 2. 'Lettre a M. de Morvillier,' contain- ing the Author's Journey to Trente. 3. ' CEuvres Melees,' 8vo. 1611. 4. ' Projet de I'Eloquence Royale compose pour Henry HI, Roi de France,' 8vo. 1805. AMYRAUT, Moses (Biog.) a Calvinistic Protestant of France, and a famous controversialist in his day^, died in 1664, leaving many theological works not now much in request. AMYRT.?iU.S (Hist.) 'Afivpraioc, a king of Egypt, accord- ing to Ctcsias, at the time of the invasion of Cambyses. AMYRUTZES (Biog.) a peripatetic philosopher of Trebe- zond in the 15th century, was carried to Constantinople by Mahomet l\, when his native place was taken, after which he became a convert to Mahometanism. AMYTHAON (Myth.) 'Auvdnuiy, a son of Hippasus, and an ally of Priam, was killed in battle by Lycomedes. He is frequently called Apisaon. Horn. II. 1. I7. Amvthaon (Hist.) son of Cretheus, king of lolchos, became king of Messenia, and re-established the Olympic games. Horn. Odyss. 1. 11, v. 257; Apollod. 1. 1 ; 'Diodor. 1. 4; Pans. 1. 5. AMYTIS (Hist.) a daughter of Astyages, whom, according to Ctesias, Cyrus married. Amytis, a daughter of Xerxes, who disgraced herself by her debaucheries. ANACHARSIS (Biog.) 'Ayaxapci-s, a Scythian philosopher, and one of the seven wise men, flourished 592 years before the Christian sera, and was slain by his brother Saulius, king VOL. I. of tlie .Scythians, on his return from Greece to his native countri,', on account of his attachment to foreign customn. Two letters of his to Croesus and Hanno arc said to be still extant, but this is a matter of some question. The name of Anachiirsis has been rendered familiar to the modem ear by the pleasant fiction of tlie Alibt- iJarthelemi, entitled, the ' Travels of Anacharsis.' Hcnxl. 1. t, c. 40, ct seq. ; C'ic. Tii.ir. 1. 5, c. 32 ; Strait. 1. 7 ; Pint, in Si/mjXK. ANACLETUS (Ecc.) a pope who succeedcu St. Linus in 78, and is .said by .some to have been a martyr. .S'. Iren. 1. 3, c. 3 ; Euseb. Hi.it. 1. 3 ; .S'. Aiigiistin. Epi.sl. ] ()5 ; Rujin. Anaci.etus, otherwise called Pclcr, antipo])e in op]X)sition to Innocent II, died in 1138. .V. Bernard, ep. 124; Pel. Diacon. Chron. 1. 2, c. 98, &c. ; Baron. Annul, unn. 1130, &c. ANACOANA (Hist.) a queen of Maguana, in Hispaniola, who succeeded her brother Behechio in 1503, gave the Spa- niards under Bartholomew Columbus a cordial reception ; but, hostilities afterwards ensuing, Ovando, the governor- general, invaded her territory, and having seized her person, hanged her up under the pretence of being a rebel. ANACREON (Biog.) 'AyuKpiuiy, a lyric poet of Teos, in Ionia, who flourished about the 6"2d Olympiad, in the time of Cyrus, Cambyses, and Darius, that is, A. C. about 532, according to Eusebius ; or the 52d Olympiad, A. C. 572, ac- cording to Suidas. He was a lover of pleasure, as his poems denote, and died, as it is said, from a grape-stone, with which he was choked, in the 85th year of his age. Hor. Epod. od. 14, v. 9- AVc aliter Samio diciuit arsisse Bathyllo Anacreojita Te'itnn. Herod. 1. 3, c. 121 ; Cic. Tusc. 1. 4, c. 33; Sirab. 1. 14; Plin. 1. 7, c. 7; .i^lian. Far. Hist. 1. 9, e. 4; Mao:. Tyr. 1. 2. ANACTES (Myth.) " Ai'aKTiQ, or Anaces, " AvaKtt, ; the name common to the three gods who were fabled to be bom at Athens of Jupiter and Proserpine, i. e. according to Cicero, Tritopatreus, Eubuleus, and Dionysius, who were likewise called Dioscuri, and according to Pausanias, Curetes and Cabires ; but it is more generally understood to refer to Castor and Pollux, Avho were honoured as the tutelary deities of Athens. The origin of the name has been vari- ously derived: according to Plutarch, either from a>o«ri5c, carefully, uroxi], a treaty, in allusion to the treaty between Theseus and the Tyndaridie; or d'rw, above, that is, above the horizon, in allusion to the stars of Castor and Pollux ; but the general supposition is that it is derived from «ia£, a king, i. e. a guardian, although Vossius thinks that it is a Phoenician word signifying the descendants of Enach. Cic- de Nat. Dcor. 1. 3, c. 21 ; Plut. in Thes. ; Paus. 1. 10, c. ult ; Tzetz. in Lycoph. ; Foss. de Orig. Idd. 1. 1 , c. 13. ANACTORIUM (Geog.) 'Avatcriipiov, Anactoria, a town of Acamania at the mouth of the bay of Ambracia, which belonged in common to the Cor\'nthians and the Cor- cyrseans, whence it was the cause of frequent wars among the Greeks. The Athenians becoming masters of it, gave it into the possession of the Acamanians ; but, according to Pausanias, Augustus planted a colony of Corinthians at Ni- copolis, near Actium, of which Anactoriuni was the em- porium. Thucyd. 1. 1, c. 55 ; Scyl. Peripl. ; Strab. 1. 10 ; Plin. 1. 4, c. 1 ; Paus. 1. 5. Anactorium (A^umis.) this town is known by the inscription ANAKTOPIilN on some medals which represent the head of Achelous, the symbol of Acamania ; as also the figures of Pallas, the Pega'su.s, and other types. ANAETIS (Mi/th.) vide Anaitis. ANjETIUS (Ilisl.) 'A.o<'r ^€ re XtfradSa 7'TJfrov 'laKov, S Ci'i *oi(ioi; fiiy o'riis'>/">"J'!,' dviiptive. Some have supjioscd it to come from the Phiviiician nsJB^ dark, because ApoUonius and others call it Ban) 1 tjirnr: Cullimach. apiid Slrab. ; Ovid. Mel. 1. 7, v. 46l ; Slnd>. 1. ANA 10; Plin.l-Q, C.87 ; Stephan. Bi/z. de Urb. ; P/iavorinus ; Phot. Cod. 18(). ANAPHES (Hisl.) 'Aia(/,>;c, was the lender of the Cissi, in the expeditimi of Xerxes into (Jreece. llorod- 1. 7, e- 62. ANAPUS (Gcog.)"AiaTror, a river of Epirus. near the town of Stratos, mentioned by Thucydides. 'I'/iiic. 1. 2, c. 82. Also a river of Sicily, near Syracuse, now called AlJ'eo. It is said not to have a large stream. T/ieocrit. Id. 1, V. 68. 'Oil yap Sij Tro-ajioXo /liyav ^o'oi' tix""' AvaTTH. Wherefore by the poets it is feigned to have fallen in love with Cyane, who was changed into a fountain. Orid. Poiil. 1. 2, ci). 10, v. 2(). Quaipie sttis Cyanen niiscet Anapus tujuis. Tliiicyd. \. 6 ; Lii\\. 24, c. 3(5 ; (hid. Mel. I 5, fab. 5; Pint.' VI Dion. ; Sll. It(d. 1. U ; JEliaii. Far. Hist. 1. 2, c. S.'i. ANAQUITO (Go)£f.) a province of Quito, in America, cele- brated by the battle fought between the Spaniards, under Almagro, and those inider Pizarro, in IS-iG. ANASSUM {Gcog.) a river of the Cami, in the territory of Venice, now la Piavc, according to Lcander. Plin. 1. .'!, c. 18. ANASTASIA {Ecc.) or Resurrection, the name of a chapel where Gregory Nazianzene assembled the Catholics, and re- suscitated, as he himself expresses it, the word of charity among his Catholic brethren. It was afterwards converted into a superb temple, by Marcian Economicus, of the church of Constantinople. Anastasia, another church of the Novatians, so called because it was rebuUt by permission of Julian, after having been de- stroyed by the Arians, in the reign of Constantius. Anastasia, a noble Roman lady, daughter of Pretextatus, was married to a heathen husband, and suffered martjTdom in the reign of Dioclesian. Her remains were deposited in the church of Anastasia, in Constantinople, in the reign of the emperor Leo. T/ieodoret. Lect. 1. 2 ; Tillemoni. Mem. pour I'Hi.it. Eeclcs. Anastasia {Hist.) a daughter of Constantius Chlorus, and sister of Constantine the Great, is said to have built the public baths at Constantinople, which she called after her name. Ammian. Marcellin. 1. 26, &c. Anastasia, a sister of the emperor Valens and Valentinian, who is supposed by some to have buUt the above-mentioned baths. Socrat. Ecc. Hist. 1. 4, c. ig ; Sozom. Hist. Eccles. 1. 6, c. 9. Anastasia, wife of the emperor Tiberiu.^, died in SQi. She was the mother of all those cliildren who were so cruelly murdered by Phocas. Anastasia, wife of Constantine Pogonatus, was the mother of Justinian Rhinothmet, who fell a victim to the fury of the soldiery, her grandson Tiberius also shared the same fate. Anastasia (^Geog.) a city of Mesopotamia, built by the em- peror Anastasius, called before Daras, according to Marcel- linus ; and Daria, according to Procopius. ANASTASIUS (Hist.) there were two emperors of this name. Anastasius, surnamed Silentarius or Dieorus, succeeded Zeno in 491, and was kUled by a thunderbolt in 518. Eiag. Hist. Eccles. 1. 3 ; Pmcop. de Reg. et Temp. Success. ; Ca.isiod. in Ckron. ; Paul. Diacon. dc Gest. Roman. Anastasius, othenx'ise called Artemius, secretary to the em- l)eror Philip Bardanes, succeeded him after his death in 713, but was deposed by Theodosius, and put to death bv Leo, in 719- Anastasius {Kfimis.) many medals are extant of the first emperor of this name, bearing /S^£^^?''vi' his effigv, as in the annexed figure, and in- scribed, D. N. ANASTASIUS P. F. AUCi. ~D. N. ANASTASIUS PERP. and TR. P. I.— XXVII. COS. I.— IV : on the reverse. Bandur. patri- ANA F. INVICTA ROMA— VICTORIA AUG. and tlie like, as on the medals of the earlier emi>erors. Some few medals are also extant of the .second Anastasius, Ixaring his effigy, as in the annexed figiire ; and the inscription, D. N. ANASTASIUS P. P. AUG.; or D. N. ARTEMIUS ANASTASIUS P. P. AUG. Goltz. Ntwt. Imp.; Du Cangc Fam. By: Imp. Roman. Anastasius (Ecc.) there were several popes and archs, &c. of this name. Popes of this Name. Anastasius I, succeeded Siricus in 398, and died in 402, having Innocent I for his successor. Socrat. Hist. Eccles. 1. 7, c. 9; Sozom. 1. 8, c. 24; .S". August. Episl. 165; .S'. Hieron. Ep. 1 6 ; Baron. Annul. Ann. 3!)8, &c. Anastasius II, succeeded Gelasius in 496, and died in 498. He wrote a letter to the emperor Anastasius, to request that the name of Acacius might be struck out of the dyptics; and a congratulatory epistle to Clovis I, king of France. Theo- dorct. Lect. 1. 2. Anastasius III, a Roman, son of Lucian, .succeeded Ser- gius III in 910, and died two years after Sigebert. Gatc- brard et Onuphrius in Chron. ; Baron. Annal. ann. 9I 1 , 912. Anastasius IV, a Roman, named Conrad, succeeded Eu- gene III in 1153, and died in 1154. He dLstingiiished himself by his charity during an almost universal famihe. S. Antonin. § 15; Platin. in Fit.; Gencbrard el Onu- phrius in Chron.; Baron. Aiinal. ann. 1153. Anastasius, an antipope, was set up in opposition to Bene- dict III in 855, but was expelled with his parti-sans. Vos- sius and .some others suppose this to be Anastasius, sur- named Bibliothicarius. Gencbrard; Onuphrius ct Ciac- conius in Bened. Ill ; Baron. Annal. Patriarchs, ^-c. of this Name. Anastasius I, surnamed Sinaite, from the monastery on Mount Sinai, to which he belonged, was placed over the see of Antioch in 56l, and died in 5d9- He left several theological treatises, the principal of which were, 1. 'Ocijyor, or a Guide to the True Way, Gr. et Lat. 4to. Ingolstadt. 1606. 2. ' Contemplationes in Hexameron,' Gr. et Lat. 4to. Lond. 1682. Anastasius II, surnamed the Martyr, succeeded the former in 599, and was put to a cruel death in 6O8 by the jews, whom he attempted to convert. Niceph. Hist. Eccles. 1. 18, c. 44 ; Cedreii. Compend. ; Baron. Annal. et Martyrol. Anastasius III, one of the most determined heretics of the sect called Jacobites, obtained the .see of Antioch, after the preceding, from the emperor Heraclius by a subterfuge. He is called Athanasius by Du Pin. Theophan. ct Cedren. in Amial. ; Baron. Annal. ann. 629. Anastasius, was elected to the see of Constantinople by Leo the Isaurian in 730, and died in 753, after ha\-ing spent a ■wicked life. _ 1 j- j Anastasius, a patriarch of Jerusalem, lived in 457, and died in 477. Disliuguished Persons of this Name. Anastasius of Nice, had some difl'erences with Eunomius of Nicomede respecting the rights of their churches, which was terminated in the council of Chaleedon in 451. BeUamun. de Script. Eccles. , , -. i.- 1. ^ Anastasius, a Persian, named Magundal before his baptism, served first in the army of Chosroes, king of Persia, against the Christians, until he became a convert, and was after- wards strangled bv order of the king in 628. Baron. AnnaL ct Martyrol.; Bolland. Acles. Jan. 22; Badlet. lies des Saintes. V 2 AX A ANA Anastasius, a disciple of St. Maximus, who sufFered much in defence of the faith against the Monotholites, and died in exile in 66-i. M. Du Pin Bibl. lies Aid. Eccles. des \'ii. & viii. Eccles. AnastasiuSj Apocrisariiis, or nuncio of the Roman church in the Tth century, was persecuted by the Monotholites, and shut up in a castle in 666. Du Pin Bibl. Anastasius, a monk of Mount Cassin, was afterwards a car- dinal, and bibUothecarius to Stephen II in 1754. He wrote the History of the Translation of S. Benedict. Giil. Cave. Script. Ecc. Hist. Lilt. Anastasius, St., a monk and hermit of the 1 1th century, left his retreat to preach to the Musselinen in Spain ; but not finding his labours successful, returned to his hermitage, and died in lOSti. He wrote a letter on the eucharist. Anastasius {Biog.) the TkeojMlite, i. e. of Theopolis, or An- tioch, as is supposed, lived in the fifth century, and wrote a Narrative between a Christian and a Pagan. Joss. Grcec. Hist.h 1. Anastasius, an abbot of the monastery of S. Euthymius in the eighth centun.-, wrote a Treatise against the Jews. Anastasius, BibUothecarius, a Roman abbot of the ninth century, under the popes Nicholas I, Adrian II, and John VIII. To liim have been attributed many works, the principal of which was his ' Liber Pontificalis,' or the Lives of the Popes ; of which he is supposed to have written only as far as Nicholas I. Many particulars respecting the writings of this author, as also the period of his death, are matters of dispute. loss, de Hist. Lat. 1. 2, c. 35 ; Cave. Hist. Lit. vol. i. ; Fabric. Bibl. Gra:c. 1. 5, c. 35 ; Baron. Annal. ; Sisebert. de Script. Eccles. ; Du Pin, SfC. ANATHOTH (£t6/.) ninjj;, eighth son of Becher. 1 Chron. \Ti. 8. Anathoth, a city of Benjamin, about three miles from Jeru- salem, or, according to Josephus, twenty furlongs, where the prophet Jeremiah was born. It was a city of refuge given to the Lexdtes of Kohath's family. Josli. xxi. 18; Jereni. i. 1, and xxix. 27 ; Joseph. Antiq. 1. 8, c. 10; Euseb. el Hieron. de Loc. Heb. ANATILII {Geog.) the inhabitants of the countr}' in Gallia Narbonensisj which is now called Provence. Plin. 1. 3, c. 4, 5. ANATIS (Geog.) a river of Mauritania TLagatana, now Zilia. Plin. 1. 5, c. 6. AN.\TOLIA (Ecc.) a virgin and martyr in the reign of Decius, in the third century. Anatolia (Geog.) vide Natalia. ANATOLICO (Geog.) a village in the province of Despo- tato, which was the ancient jEtolia, in Greece. ANATOLICUM Thema (Geog.) that part of Asia Minor now called by the Turks Natolia. ANATOLIUS (Hist.) a Roman consul, and colleague \vith the emix;ror Valcntinian. Anatomus, a general of Theodosius II against the Persians. Ammiun. MarcelUn. 1. 3\. Anatolius, P'iudanius, or Vindamonius, a prscfect under Con- stance and Constantius, is supposed to be tlie Anatolius who is mentioned by Pliotius as tlie author of twelve books on agriculture ; he was a zealous ))agan. Phot. Bibliolh. Anatolius (Ecc.) a patriarch of Constantinople, was elected to the patriarchate through his own intrigues and those of Dioscurus, patriarcli of Alexandria, and died in 458. S. Leo. ep. 51, 52 ; Baron. Annal. ann. 449 — 458. Anatolius, a bishop of Laodicea, succeeded Eusehius in 259, and died alxiut 282. He was con.sidercd one of the ablest men of his time, and wrote, among other things, ' De Arithmetica- In.stitutionibus,' in ten books. Euseb. Hi.il. Eccles. 1. 7, c. 26 ; .S'. Hieron. in Catal. ; Fats, de Math. c. 50, § 3 ; Trilhem. de Script. Eccles. Anatolius, deacon of the Roman church, who corresponded with Ferrand, deacon of the church at Carthage, on the essence of Christ. Baron. Annal. Anatolius, a hyjiocrite of mean extraction, who rose to the first offices in Antioch ; but, being detected in worshipping idols, was exposed to wild beasts, and his body afterwiu-ds hung upon a cross by the instigation of the people in 580. Evag. 1. 5, c. 18 ; Baron. Annal. ann. 580. ANAUCHIDAS (Biog.) 'Atavxtcae, a native of Elis, and a famous wTestler, to whom a statue was erected. Parts. 1. 5, c. 27. ANAURUS (Geog.) or Anauros, a river of Thessaly having its source at the foot of Mount Pelion. It is supposed to derive its name from its being undisturbed by the winds. Callimach. Hijmn. in Dian. kliv ifinKvXioi'TO iit\aft\l/ti(ji}dog 'Avdvpa. Luc. 1. 6, v. 369. Quique nee humentes neiulas, nee rare madentem Acra, nee tenuei ventos suspirat Anauros. ANAUSIS (Myth.) a king of the Alani and the Heniochi, and one of the suitors of Medea, who was killed by his rival Styrus. Pal. Flacc. 1. 6, v. 43. ANAX (Mi/th.) "Ayai, a son of Coclum and Terra, who was the founder of Miletus, called at first after him Anactoria. Pans. 1. 1. ANAXAGORAS (Hist.) a king of Aigos, succeeded hi? father Megapenthes, and shared the throne with Bias and Melampus, descendants of jEoIus and Deucalion. Paus. 1. 2, c. 18. Anaxagoras, a son of Echeanax, who assisted his brother."; Codrus and Diodorus, in putting an end to Hegesias, tyrant of Ephesus. Poli/cen. 1. 6. Anaxagoras (Biog.) a philosopher of Clazomene, in Ionia, surnamed t'voe, i. e. mind ; because he admitted of a divine mind in the universe. He lived about the 70th Olympiad, A. C. 500, and after having been banished from Athens for the novelty of his opinions, he went to Lampsacus, where he died in the 88th Olympiad, A. C. 428. He was pre- ceptor to Euripides, Pericles, and as some will have it, to Socrates and Themistocles. Cic. /lead. Qucest. 1. 4, c. 23 ; Plin. 1. 2, c. 58 ; Plut. in Nic. ct Pcricl. ; Diog. in Pit. Anaxagoras, Mgineta, a statuary of ^Egina. Paus. 1. 5, c. 23. Anaxagoras, an engraver mentioned by Antigonus. Anaxagoras, an orator and disciple to Socrates. Diog. in Pit. ANAXAGORIDjE (Hist.) ' Avalayopicat, the descendants of Anaxagoras, king of Sparta. Anaxandeb (Hist.) 'AvalniCpoc, of the family of the He- raclidsE, son of Eurycrates, was king of Spai-ta. Herodot. 1. 7, c. 204. Anaxander, a general of Megalopolis, taken bv the Thebans. ANAXANDRIDES (Hist.) 'Ayai<.iylf>ihi<:, son of Leon, king of Sparta, subdued tlie Tegeatcs. The cphori wanted to oblige him to put away his wife on account of her barrenness, but he retained her out of affection, and took anotlier, who bore him children. His first wife wius after- wards the mother of Doriieus, Lccmidas, and Clcomln-otus. Herod. 1. 1, c. 67, kc; Pausan. 1. 3; Plul. Ajiophlh. c. 33. AnaxandRidks, a son of Theopompus. Herodot. 1. 8, c. 131. Anaxanurides (Biog.) a comic poet of Cainira, in IUkmIcs, lived in the 101st Olympiad, in the age of Philip; and wrote 65 comedies, according to Suidas, in which lie first introduced amours on the stage. He was condemned to be starved to death by the Atlienians, for satirizing the govern- ment. Aristot. lihel. 1. 3 ; Athen. I. 6, c. 1 8, &c ANAXAHCHUS (///V.) •Ar«&'ipx"c. n Theban general, spoken of by Thucydides. Thnciid. 1. 8, c. 100. Anaxabchus (Biog.) a sceptic of Al)dcni, in the 1 10th Olym- jiiad, A. C. 340, was in great favour with Alexander the ANA ANA Great ; but after his death he fell under the displeasure of Nicocreon, tyrant of Cyprus, who poiindcd him in a mortar, when tlie philosopher exclaimed, " Pound on, you are only poundiu}; the carcase of Anaxarchiis, not Anaxarchus." The tyrant then threatened to cut out liis tongue, hut he bit it oft' and s])it it out into his face. Ovid, ill I/ii/i. V. ;)7- Jntf nt Anaxttrclnis, pita minuarii in alia, Jactaqtte, pro si^litis Jhigilnts, ossa soiient, Cic. in Tiisc 1. 2, c. 22 ; I'til. Mii.r. 1. 3, c. " ; Justin. 1. 12, c. 15; riiil. in Si/mp. 1. 7; Diog. in Fit.; Tcrtiill. Ajxilog.; Origen. contra Cel.tum. 1. 6 ; Clement. Akwanii. Strom, t. ANA'XAUETE {Mi/th.) a princess of the family of Teucer, who rejected tlie addresses of Iphis, a rustic youth, with such arrogance, that he hung himself at her door ; and she seeing it with indiflerence, was turned into a stone. Ovid. Met. Hi. ANAXENOR (Hisl.) 'Ayab)yop, a. harper of Magnesia, in great favour with M. Antony, who presented him with the tribute of four cities. Strab. 1. 14. ANAXI AS {Hisl.) a Theban general, mentioned by Pausanias. Pam. 1. 3. ANAXIBIA {Myth.) 'Arati/jin, a daughter of Atreus, and mother of seven sons and two daughters, by Nestor. Apullod. 1. 1 ; Pans. 1. 2, c. 29. Anaxibia, daughter of Bias; or, according to Hyginus, of Dymas ; and wife of Pelias, by whom she had Acastus and four daughters, Pisidice, Pelopea, Hippothoc, and Alceste. AjHjllod. 1. 1, c. 9; Hi/gin. Fal). 14. ANAXICRATES {Hist.) 'Arot(icpori;c, one of the comman- ders of the Athenian fleet, fell fighting bravely in the battle which Cimon gained over the Persians, in the 92d Olympiad, A.C. 412. Xenoph. Hellen. 1. 1. Anaxicrates, an Athenian archon, according to Pausanias, in the time that Brennus entered Rome with the Gauls. Pausan. 1. 10, c. 23. ANAXIDAMUS (//w/.) 'Ara^ica^/oc, king of Sparta, suc- ceeded his father Zeuxidamus, and was succeeded by his son Archidamus. He had Anaxander for a colleague, in whose reign the Messenians were subdued. Pans. 1. 3, c. 7, &c. ANAXILAS (Hist.) or Anaiihins, 'Ava^iXac or ^AvallXaoQ ; a Messenian, and tyrant of Rhegium ; who reigned with great justice, and died in the 7('th Olympiad, A. C. 476. He left his childi-en to the care of a faithful slave, whom the people obeyed out of regard to his memory, until the sons had reached manhood, when they were depo.sed in order to make way for a republic, according to Diodorus. Herod. 1. 6, c. 23, i. 7, c. 167, &c. ; Tliucyd. 1. 6, c. 5 ; Biodor. 1. 1 1 ; Justin. 1. 3, c. 2 ; Pans. 1. 4, c. 23 ; Macrob. Sat. 1. 1. Anaxilas (Biog.) a magician of Larissa, banished from Italy by Augustus, A. C. 28. Eiiscb. in C/iron. Anaxilas, a physician mentioned by Pliny. Plin. Nat. Hist. 1. 19, e. 1. Anaxilas, an historian mentioned by Dionysius Halicar- nassus. Dioni/s. Hal. 1. 1. Anaxilas, a Lacedemonian mentioned by Plutarch. Plut. in Alcib. Anaxilas, a comic poet in the 100th Olympiad. Athen. 1. 12. ANAXILIDES {Biog.) 'AraliXih^t, author of some philo- sophical books, in which he makes the mother of Plato to have been pregnant by a phantom of Apollo. Dios:. in Plat. ANAXIMANDER (Biog.) 'Avatlftaicpoe, a philosopher of Miletus, and friend of Thales, first taught the doctrine since revived by Copernicus, that the earth turns round the sun. He is also said to have first constructed maps and sun- dials, and died A. C. 547. Cic. Acad. Qua:st. 1. 4, c. 7 ; Strab. 1. I ; Plin. 1. 2, c. 79 ; Plnl. Plac. Philos. ; Diog. Lacrt. in Vit. ; S. August, de Civ. Dei. Anaximander, the Younger, also a Milesian, and son of Anaximander, was an historian, who wrote an intcniretation of Pythagorean symbols, according to Suidas ; and wa.s an Ionic writer, according to Diogenes Laertius. They both distinguisii him from the preceding, although by some they have l)een confounded. Duig. in I'it.; Suidas. ANAXIiMENES (Biog.) 'Araii/jtVijr, a Milcsiim philosopher, and disci))le of Anaximander. He it was, according to Plinv, and not Anaximander, who made the sun-dial. He lived in the 58th Olympiad, A. C. 547, when the kingdom of Cra'sus was overturned by Cvrus. Cic. Acad. Qu(cst. 1. 4, c. 37 ; Plin. 1. 2, c. 76 ; Pint. Plac. Phitat. ; Diog. Lacrt. in Vit. ; S. August, de Civ. ^-c- ; Dei. 1. 8, c. 2 ; Voss. de Philos. Sf-c. Anaxiwenes, a rhetorician and historian of I-ampsacus, son of Aristoclcs, and a disciple of Diogenes, the Cynic, was in great favour with Alexander the Great. This prince hav- ing threatened to put to death all the inhabitants of Lamp- sacus, Anaximenes was deputed to intercede for them with Alexander, who no sooner saw him than he swore he would not grant his request, upon which Anaximenes begged that he would destroy Lampsacus altogether, with its inhabitants ; and by this happy turn of wit obtained pardon for his fellow citizens. He wrote the Life of Philip and Alexander, and a History of Greece, in 12 books, of which nothing now remains. Val. Max. 1. 7, c. 3 ; Pans. 1.6, c. 1 8 ; Diog. in J'il. ; Voss. Hist. Grwc. 1. 1 . ANAXIPOLLS (Biog.) a comic poet of Thasos, lived about the l65th Olympiad, according to Vossius. Plin. 1. 14, c. 14 ; Voss. de Pod. Grac. c. 8. ANAXIPPUS (Biog.) 'A)'aiiV:roc, a comic poet, lived in the age of Demetrius Poliorcctus, in the 120th Olympiad. He used to say, that philosophers were wise only in their speeches, but fools in their actions. Athen. 1. 10, c. 3; Suidas. Anaxippus, .cumamed Mindceus, dedicated a statue to Her- cules. Pans. 1. 5. ANAXIRRHOE (Myth.) •Aiaitp^"'?. a daughter of Coronus, who married Epheus. Pans. 1. 2, c. 22. ANAXIS (Myth.) "Ai'a^tc, a son of Castor and Hilaria, who had a celebrated equestrian statue, made of ebony, in the temple of the Dioscuri at Argos. Pans. 1. 2, c. 22. Anaxis (Biog.) an historian of Ba>otia, who wrote a history to the age of Phdip, son of AmvTitas. ANAXITHEA (Myth.) a Danaid, who was the mother of Olenus, bv Jupiter. ANAXO (Myth.) 'Arali), daughter of Alceus, was the mo- ther of Alcmene, by Electrj'on, king of Thebes. Ajmllod. 1. 2, c. 9. &c. Anaxo, a wgin of Troezene, was carried away by Theseus. Pint, in Thes. ANAZARBUS (Geog.) 'Ava^ap/3oc, 'Avaiapiiric, or 'Avajiap- Hoc, now Asceri, a metropolitan city of Cilicia, on the river Pyramus, the birth-place of Dioscorides and Oppian, which was once called Ca-sarea in honour of Augustus, and Justinia- polis in honour of Justinian, by whom it was rebuilt, after having been destroyed by an earthquake. It was called Anazarbus, either after its founder's name, as is generally supposed, or else from a mountain of the .same name, at the foot of which it stands. Jrlin. 1. 5, c. 27 ; Amm. Marccll. Anazarbus (Numis.) this town struck medals of M. Aure- lius, L. Verus, Commodus, CaraciJla, Julin Paula, Alex- ander Severus, Maximinus, Maximus, Gordianus Pius, Tra- janus Decius, Hercnnius Etruxus, V'olusianus, Valerianus, sen., and Gallienus. Its epwha is marked on most of them, which is dated by Vaillant and others from U. C. 734, soon after the battle of Actium, when it received many privileges from Augustus. It is frequently designated a metnipolis in the inscriptions on a medal of Caracidla, as ANAZAPBOY MUTPOnOAEilC ET. BAC, to which is added, KOINO- BOYAION, i. e. Anazarhi Metroj>olios, Anno 232, commune ANC ANC concilium. Sometimes it was inscribed, ANAZ. EN AGS. MHTr., i. e. Anarzarhi Inclt/tce Melro/Mleos. Sometimes ANA5!APBii AYTON. i.e. Amizarho .s-iiix juris ufetitc, with tlie addition of lEPOC, i. e. Sacrum ; one of its most an- cient mediJs was inscribed ANAZAPBGilN, i. e. Aiiazar- betixium. Its types were a figure of Victory, of Capricorn, Jupiter, Mercurj', &c. Faill. Num. Gr. ; Hunt. Num. Lai. ; Vet. &e. ' ANAZZO (Geog.) a town of Naples^ which is supposed to be the ancient Egnatia, or Gnatia. ANBAHOUMATH (Blog.) a Musschnan, who translated into Arabic a book on the Brahmin reliy:ion. AXBAR {Gcog.) a town of Irak Arabi, in Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates, 40 m. W. Bajrdad. It was the residence of the caliph Aboul-Abbas Saflah, and his successors, until Bagdad was built. AN"C.\ (Mi/l/i.) or Anca Mrgarch, a marvellous bird of the Arabians^ which, as they saV, lays eggs as big as mountains, takes elephants up in its claws with facility, and lives a thousand years. It was once to be seen l)y men, but has since 1)een banished by God to an island inhabited by nothing but wild beasts. AKC/EUS (Mj/t/i.) son of Lycurgus and Antinoo, was in the expedition of the Argonauts. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in which he perished. Orpheus in Argon. 'Aynttiov c' dv ofiiXov aV 'ApKalirie jroXu/iij'Xa ni^^e 7rari/p yyjpaioQ iiri ttXoov 'AKtivoio. AjxJlon. 1. 1, V. 163. rpiraTO^ ye /xtr iO-rtr liirjiv 'AyKoioQ, Tov fiiv pa Trartip AvKoipyoe tTTtfiiTi. Hygin. fab. 173, Qi8. Ascxus, son of Neptune and Astypalsa, native of Samo.s, and an Argonaut, was killed by a wild boar just at the mo- ment that he was going to drink of the fruit of his vineyard, which it had been predicted to him that he should never taste. No sooner had he got the cup into his hand, than he was informed that a wild boar was in his vineyard, upon which he threw down the cup and went in pursuit of it, whence the proverb, IloXXn fiiraKv ttjXei i-uXticos Kai xiikioQ aicpov. Which Horace renders, Miilla cttiiunt inter calicem siiprema^e labra. Better rendered by Cato, Multum iuterat inter os et offam. ANCALITES (Geog.) a people of England, near the Trino- bantes, inhabiting what Ls now called the hundred of Hcnly. Ca:t. Com. 1. !> ; Camden. Brit. ANCHARANO, Peter {Biog.) a civilian of Bologna, died about 14-10. He wrote, 1. ' Commcntaria in sex Libros Decretalium,' &c fol. Bonon. 1581. 2. ' Lectura .super Clementinas,' &c. fol. Lyons, 1.5+y, l.'i.^.S, &c. Anchauano, James, or Puladino, wrote two books on the Temptations of the Virgin Mary and of Christ by the Devil. ANCHARANUM {Geog.) a town of Naples, now Anca- rano. AN'CHARIA (Myth.) a goddess, worshipped by the Asculani. ANCH.'MUUS (Hist.) a Roman senator, killed by the p:irti- tisans of Marius during his civil wars with Svlla. Plul. in Mar. Anchahhts, Q, a tribune of the jicople in the consulship of Ca-Mr an(l Bibulus, who prevented tlie pasting of the Agra- rian law. Cic. in Pi.mn c. 38. ANCHEMOLUS (Myth.) son of Rhoptus. king of the Miir- ruhii, iled to Tumus in order to escape tlic vengeance of his father, whose wife, Ca.spcria, his mother-in-law, he had \'iolated. He was killed by Pallas, son of Evander, in the wars of jEneas against the Latins. Firg. JEn. 1. 10, v. 389. Et RAirli de genie vetmtd .inchemolumj thalanws ausum inctitare nifvercit. ANCHER, Peter Kofod (Biog.) a Danish lawyer of the 18th century, wrote many elementaiy works on the civil and cri- minal law of Denmark ; among others. The History of Da- nish Law, from the Time of Harold to that of Christian V, 3 vols. 8vo. 17'>9, \mtten in the Danish language. ANCHESMIUS (M^th.) an epithet of Jupiter, from mount Anchesmus. ANCHESMUS (Geog.) a mountain of Attica, where Jupiter Anchesmius had a statue. ANCHETES (Hist.) vide Anchises. ANCHIALE (Myth.) 'Ayy^inXi], daughter of Japetu.s, and founder of the city Anchlale, according to some authors. Steph. Bi/z. AnCHIALE (Grog.) 'Ayj^taX)/, 'Ayj^iaXti'n, or 'Ayj^iaXoc, a town of Ciiicia, built, according to Strabo and most authors, by Sardanapalus ; but according to Stephanus, on the autho- rity of Artcmidnru.s, by Anchiala, daughter of Japetus. St'rab. 1. 14; Plin. 1. 5, c. 27; Arrian. 1. 2; Athen. 1. 8; Tzctz. Chit. 1. 3 ; Hist. 4,')4. Ancuiale (Numis.) the above-mentioned town in Ciiicia, or another in Thrace of the same name, is distinguished by the inscriptions ANXIAAEilN, i. e. Anchialensium, on me- dals of Domitian, Trajan, Antoninus, M. AureUus, Com- modus, Septimius, Severus, Caracalla, PlautUla, Geta, &c. It is sometimes designated OYAIIIANH, after the emperor Ulpius Trajanus. ANCHIALUS (Geog.) or Anchialum, a to^vn of Thrace, which is near the great Apollonia ; it is called by the Greeks Anchialo, or Anchelo, according to Sophianus ; and Kenkis, by the Turks, according to Leunclavius. Ovid calls it the city of Apollo. Ui'id. Trist. 1. 1, el. 10, v. 36. .^—^— Et ah his per Apolhiiis urbem Alta per Anchiati miatia Jindat iter. ANCHIETA, Joseph de (Ecc.) a missionary, who was bom in 1 533, at the isle of Teneriffe, of a noble family, and went to the Brazils to propagate the gos])cl in 1553. He wrote a dictionary and grammar of the Brazilian language. ANCHIMOLIUS (Hist.) 'Ayx'ftoXtoQ, a Spartan general, who was killed in an expedition against the Pisistratida. Anohimolius, Wdc Anchemo/us. Anciiimolius (Biog.) a sophist of /Elis, who lived upon figs and water without injury to his hciUth. ANCHINOE (Mtjth.) 'AyX"'''?' ^ daughter of Nilus, and wife of Belus. ANCHION (Biog.) vide Chion. ANCHIS.I^US (Myth.) an epithet for any thing appertaining to Anchises. ANCHISES (Mt/th.) 'Ayyjntjc, son of Capys, by Themis, and father of /Eneas, by Venus. Horn. It. 5, v. 24?.' *Ao'«i«c ^' *^'oc fityaXiiropot^ Ay\iiTao. Firg. /En. I 1, V. 617. Tune ille JEnens, quern Dardunio AnehistE Alma Venus Pftrygii genuit ■*iinuientii ad undani ' Ovid. Epist. lleroid. Phryx etiam Anchises, vohterum ctii mater Amontm Gaudet in Idais coneubuisiejugii. Hesiod. Thcos- v. 1010; Xcnoph. Ci/neg. c. 1 ; Dioni/s. Ha^ Hear. 1. 1 ; ih/gin. fab. .<)1 ; Pans. \. 8,"c. 12. Anchisks (Hisl.) peqietual archon at Athens in the 73d Olympiad, A. C. ISS. Anciiisks (Ere.) Wde .S7. Arnold. ANCHISIADES (Myth.) 'AyvtiriaeiK, a patronymic of jEneas. Hom. 1. 17, V. 754 i Firg. Mn. 1. 6, v. 348, &c. ANCHITA (Hist.) mother of Pausanias, king of Lacedee- ANC xnonia, set the example of blocking up the temple of Mi- nervu, wheie her son Imd taken rcfiiije, thiit he inigljt not escape from the ei)hori, by whom lie iuid been condemned to death iis a traitor, in the TO'th Olympiad, A. C. 474. Diodor. 1. 11. ANCHURUS {Myth.) 'Avx«poc, the son of Midas, threw liiniself into a yawning gulf, that closed over him, for the benefit of his countn,-, the oracle having declarerotect it against the inroads of the Turk.i. In 17y(i it Wius taken by the I'rench, and in 17!*)) surrendered to the Auslrians. Procoji. dc Bell. Gutli. ; Blond. Hist. Uomun. 1. 13 ; Leandcr Albert. Descripl. Ilal. Ancona, the Murqtiisale of (^Geog.) a i)ro\-ince of the eccle- siastical states in Italy. ANCOURT, Florent Carton d' (Biog.) a French actor antl poet, was lx)m in UiO'l, and died in 1720. He wrote 52 Plays, the Psalms of David, in verse; and a Sacred Tragedy. AN'CRUM, Robert, Earl of (Hisi.) of the family of Kerr, mentioned under Ilcmldry, [vide Kerr and Lothian'] the confidential friend of Cliarles I, when i)rince of Wides, was his no less faithful adlierent in all Ids troubles, and died in exile on account of his loyalty in lC54, at the age of 76". He was the author of a sonnet in praise of solitude. ANCUS {Hist.) a prsenomen drawn from the Sahines, which Festus derives from ayiuvy, cubitus, signifying one that has a crooked ami. There were two Romans who had this pnenonien, namely, Angus, Piibliciu.', wrote, among other things, ' A Chronicle of the Orders of St. James, Calatrava, and Alcantara.' Andrada, Diego de Paira, son of Francis, and nephew of the preceding, was the author of an Heroic Poem in twelve Books on the Siege of Chaoul ; an Examination of the An- tiquities of Portugal, 4to. ; a moral work entitled ' Ca- samiento Perfecto,' or the Perfect Marriage, 1630. He died in 1660. ANDR.^MON (Hist.) ■Aycpaiftwv, the father of Thoas, married Gorge, daughter of ^Eneus, whom he succeeded on vol.. I. the throne of Calydon. He died at Amphissa, where hii tomb was still to Ijc seen in the age of the Antonincs. Horn. II. 1. 2, v. 6.S8. 'AiruXiiiv ^' ijyeTro 8oac ' AvSpdtfiovo^ i/o'f. ApoUod. 1. 1, c 19; Ovid. Met. L 9. v. 333; Hygin. Fa/,. 97 ; Pans. 1. 10, c. 38. ANDRACiATHIUS (Hist.) 'AvcpayAeiot, a man who was rewarded by Lysimachus for lx;traying his country, but afterwards put to death. Polyarn. 1. 4, c. 12. Andraoatiiiijs, a general of Maximus, who, by a stratagem, .slew the emperor Gratian in 383 between Lyons and Gre- noble, and, on the defeat of his master, threw himself into the sea. Socrat. Hist. Eccles. L 5 ; Marcetlin. C/iron. ; Zo-vim. 1. 4. Andragathius (Biog.) a philosopher of the fourth century, who had St. Chrysostom for a disciple. Sozom. Hist. Eccles. 1. 8, c. 2. ANDRE, John (Hi.st.) a British officer in America, who, while negotiating privately with general Arnold, was taken and condemned by general Washington to be hanged as a spy, which sentence was executed in 1789- A monument was afterwards erected to his memory by the king in West- minster abbey. ANDREW, Jo/in Gerard Reinhard (Biog.) a German .apo- thccani', was bom at Hanover in 1724, and died in 1793, leaving Dissertations on the Earths which compose the Soil, &c. and their Uses in Agriculture. ANDREADES, Luctalius Peter (Biog.) a Dutch poet, wrote, among other poems, one entitled ' Achantides As])ricollis.' ANDREANI, Andrea (Biog.) an engraver of Mantua, died in 1623. He engraved in a peculiar style called chiaro-satro, and executed many pieces from Raphael, Titian, and other famous painters. ANDREAPOLIS (Geog.) the name of three places, i. e. in Spain, Gennanv, and Scotland, now called St. Andrews. ANDREAS (Bill.) \'ide Andrew. Andreas, John (Ecc.) bishop of Aleria, in Corsica, was bom in 1417, and died in 1475. He is principally known as the great promoter of printing on its invention and introduction into Rome, where ho edited and annexed valuable prefaces to, 1. Epistola; Ciceronis ad Familiares. 2. Hieronymi Epis- tolse. 3. Juljus Cffisar. 4. Livy. 5. Virgil. 6. Lucan. 7. Aulus GeUius. 8. Apuleius. 9- Lactantius. 10. Ciceronis Orationes. 11. S. Bibha. 12. Cyprianus. 13. S. Leon. Mag. Sermones et Epistols. 14. Ovidli Metamorph. 15. Pliny. 16. Quintilian. 17- Suetonius. 18. Ciceronis, Epist. ad Attic, Straho, &c. Andreas, John (Biog.) a canon and lawyer of Bologna, was bom at Mugello, near Florence, and died in 1348; in his epitaph he is styled "Rabbi Doctorum Lux, Censor, Normaquc Monim." He wrote, 1. ' Novella,' a Commentary ujwn the Decretals of Gregory X. 2. ' Glosses upon the sixth Book of the Decretals,' &c 3. ' Mercuriales,' a Commentary in ' Regulas Sexti.' 4. ' The Speculum of Durant,' which he enlarged. Andreas, John, a Mahometan of Xativa, in the kingdom of N^alencia, was converted to Christianity in 1487, and after- wards distinguished himself for his zeal in promoting the cause of that faith which he had embraced. He wrote, 1 . ' A Translation from the Arabic into Spanish of the \Miolc Law of the Moors.' 2. ' The Confusion of the Sect of Mahomet.' Andreas, James, a Lutheran divine, was bom at Waibling, in the duchy of Wirteniberg, in 1528, and died in 1590, leaving several theological works. Andreas, John Valentine, grandson or nephew of the pre- ceding, was born at Herrenberg, in Wirtembcrg, in 1586, and died 1654. His works, which amount as is said to an hundred, are principally of a mystical character. -X AND AND Andreas, Valerius, a biographer, was liom at Desscliel, in Brabant, in 1588, and died in 1656. He wrote ' Biblio- theca Belgica,' besides other works on Canon Law. Andreas, or Andrea Onuphrius, a Neapolitan poet, who died in \6i~, wrote, 1. ' Aci,' Vlww. Naples, l628. 2. ' Italia Liberata,' an Heroic Poem, 12mo. Naples, 16'2(). 3. ' Klpino Favdla Boschercccia.' 4. ' La Vana Gelosia,' the two last theatrical )>ieces. 5. A Collection of Lyric Poems in two parts. 6. ' DLscorsi,' in prose. ANDREHAX, Arnold Sire d' (Hixl.) otherwise called Au- deneham, marshal of France in the reign of king John, was taken prisoner at the battle of Poicticrs ; and, after having been in the serrice of his king for his whole life, died in \S~0. ANDREINl, Francis (Biog.) an Italian comedian of the l6th century, wrote, 1. ' Le Bravure del Capitan Spavento,' 4to. Venice. 2. ' Kagionamenti Fantastici Posti in Forma di Dialogi Rapprescntativi,' 4to. Venice, 1()12. 3. ' L'Al- terezza di Narciso,' 12mo. Venice, . 1 (ill. 4. ' L'lngan- nata Proserpina ;' ibid, same year the two last dramatic pieces. AxDREiNi, IsahcUa, wife of the preceding, was bom at Padua in 156'2, and died ifiOt. She was an actress and a poetess of such reputation that, at her death, a medal was struck in . honour of her to commemorate her talents, her virtue, and her piety. Her poetical works were, 1. ' Mirtilla Favola Pastorale,' Svo. Verona, 1588. 2. ' Rime," Ito. Milan, l601 ; 12mo. Pari.s, KJO.'J, t"v:c. 3. ' Lcttere,' 4to. Venice, Kioy. 4. ' Frammenti d'Alcune Scritture,' &c. ; a Collection of Fragments, Dialogues, &c. on Love Subjects, published by her husband, Venice, \6\6. Andreini, John Bapiist, son of the two preceding, and a comedian, was bom in 1578. Among other pieces for the theatre, he wrote ' Adamo,' a sacred drama. ANDRELINI, Publio Fausto {Biog.) or Publius Faiislinus AndrcUnus, a modem Latin poet of Forli, who died in 1518, was the author of several pieces which are inserted in the first tome of the ' Deliciie Poetarum.' ANDREMON (^Hisl.) Wvqn^uov, a Pylian, and founder of Colophon, according to Slrabo, 1. 14. ANDRETIUM {Geog.) vide Andelrium. ANDREUCCI, Andrew Jerome (Biog.) a Jesuit of Viterbo, in Italy, was born in 1()'84, and wrote many theological works. ANDREW (Bi/jl.) 'Atqiiur, an apostle of Jesus Christ, native of Bethsidda, and brother of Peter, was first a disciple of John the Bapiist and left botli him and his calling as a fisherman, to tecome the constant follower of our Saviour. Mall. iv. If^; John vi. 8. After having ])reachcd the gospel in .'>cythia, he is generally supposed to have suiiered cruci- fixion. Euseb. IJisl. Eccles. 1. 3, c. 1 ; .S'. Aiignxt. dc Fid. conl. yianich. c. 38 ; .S'. Gregor. Nazianz. Oral. 25 ; «S'. Chri/.iosl. Horn, de 12 Ajxtst. ; Baroniiis ; Tillcnionl. ; Dii Pin, c^c. Andrew (//i.v/.) the name of several princes, &c Princes of this Name. Kings of Hungary. Andrew I, eldest son of Ladi-slaus, was invited by the people to the throne after tlie expulsion of Peter in lOlfi. He comi»clled bis subjects to liecome ('hristians, and was killed in a civil war raised by Ills brotlicr Bela in lOfjl. Andrew II, succeeded his nephew Ladislaiis in 1204. He di.Ktinguishcd himself in the crusade, an were slaves in tliat country. Joseph. Antiq. 1. 12, c. 2. Andrew, or Giiiqnes Andre, of Burgundy, count d'Albon, and dauphin of Viennois, eldest son of Hugh III, duke of Burgimdy, distinguLshed himself in the crusades, and died in 1237- Andrew, of Hung.iri-, called by the Italians Andrca.ise, king of Naples, succeeded Charles II, king of Hungary. He m:vt~ ricd Joan II, queen of Naples, who contracted such a dislike to her husband that she joined in a conspiracy to take away his life, which succeeded in 1 345. Andrew, de Harckii, a knight in the time of Edward II, who, for his distinguished valour, was made earl of Carlisle ; but, having proved treacherous to his sovereign, whom he wished to deliver into tlie hands of the Scotch, he was de- graded from all his dignities, and then hanged. Andrew (^Ecc.) archbishop of C;csara:a, in Cappadocia, in the O'th century, wrote ' Commentaries on the Apocalypse.' Andbe\v, bishop of Samosata, and intimate friend of Theo- doret, refuted the anathematisms of .St. Cyril, &c. Andrew, of Crete, called the Jcrusalemite from his retiring to a monastery at Jerusalem, was at the sixth general council held at Constantinople in ()S0, and died in 720. He left many works on religious subjects. Andrew, d'AlbahtIc, vide Alhalale. Andrew, of Hungary, of the order of preaching friars, was made archbishop of Antivati, a town of Dalmatia, by Cle- ment V in 1305 ; but, returning some years after, died in a convent after a life of distinguished piety. Andrew, of Rhodes, archbishop of Culosse in 1445, was at the council of Constance. Andrew (Biog.) abbot of Schonaugcn, whose writings were burnt by the reformers during the civil war. Andrew, .abbot of the monastery at Banbury, who died in 1519) after governing his house for 36 years, wrote several lives. Andrew, or Andrea Pisa/io, a sculptor and architect, was bom at Pisa in 1270, and died in 1315. He executed a statue of Boniface VIII, of St. Peter, St. Paul, and other saints. As an architect, he built the fortifications round Florence, and the strong castle of Scarperia, S:c. Andrew, Nino, son of the preceding, and also a sculptor, erected a monument to the memory of his father. Andrew, a Franci.scan, and native of Neufchatel, in Lorrain, about 1300, wrote Commentaries on the Proverbs. Andrew, A/ilont/, a monk of tlie order of minor friars:, and disciple of Jolui Duns, sumamed S'colns, flourished alxjut 1320, and wrote, 1.' Commentaries on the Proverbs,* Venice, 1578. 2. ' Connnentarics (m Ari.stotle, &c. Andrew, or Andrea del Sarlo, a painter, so called from his fatlier's trade, that of a tailor, but whose family name was J'eniicri, was born at Florence in 1488, and died in tlie 42d year of bis age. He made an imitation of Raphael's Leo X, whidi could not be distinguished fnmj the original, and left many specimens of his art in the churches and convents of Florence. Andrew of Utrecht, a Benedictine, wrote diircrent works of piety, mentioned by Trithcmius, and died in 1445. Andrew, Dominie, a .Spaniard of the Kith centuiy, wrote ' De Hianinis Rcdemptione,' itc. Andrew, or Andreas Tobias, a Greek profi-ssor at Grouingcn, was bom in 1()04, and died in l(i7(). He wrote in defence of Dcs Cartes, with whom he was intimate, and the Carte- sian philosophy, to wliich he was attached. His works are, 1. ' Melhodi Cartesians; As,seriio, oppasita Jacob! Revii, PrafV 2. ' Methodi Cartesiamc Considerationes Thcologicie.' AND AND S. ' Brcvis Replicatio Brevi ExpHoationi Mentis Humana; Hcnrici Ucjiii Expositu.' I. ' Excrcitationcs I'hilosopliicii-.' Andukh', or Andrce Yvcx Man/, a EriiRli Jesuit, was bom in 10'7-^, and died in i~M. He was re},'ius ])rofess(>r of raathcmaties at Caen, till the ajje of St, and wrote, 1. ' Essai sur le Beau." 2. ' Traite sur rilonimc.' Andrkw, .S7. (GfOi'.) a town in Fifeshire, of Seotland, was forraerly an arelibisliop"s see, and is still the scat of the oddest university in Scotland. Lon. H" 50' VV. lat. 56" 18' N. ANDREWS, Laiiiicflol (Ecc) bishop of Winelicstcr in the reigns of Jaiucs I and Charles I, was boni in 15.'>5, edu- cated at IVnibroke-hall, Canil)ridge, made honorary- fellow of Jesus eollege, Oxford, advanced to the see of Ely in 1609, and to that of Winchester in U>18, where he died in KiSO". He wrote, 1. A \'olume of Sermons, fol. London, lC28 and l6;Jl. 2. 'The Moral Law expounded, or Lectures on the Ten Comituindments, with Nineteen Ser- mons on Prayer,' fol. 1()12. 3. ' A Collection of Posthumous and Orplian Lectures delivered at St. Paul's and St. Giles,' &c fol. London, 1()57. 4. ' Manual of Devotions,' in Greek and Latin, 12mo. 5. ' Responsio ad Apologiam Cardinalis Bellarmini,' &c. 4to. I6IO. 6". 'Theological Determinations on Usury Tithes.' 7. ' Re.sponsiones ad Petri Molinsi Epistolas Tres.' 8. ' Stricturtc,' &c. !). ' A Speech delivered in the Star Chamber against the two Judaical Opinions of Mr. Traske.' Andrk'rs, James Petlil (Biog.) a miscellaneous writer, was bom at Newbury, in Berks, in 1737, and died in 1797. His works are, 1 . ' A Pamphlet in behalf of the Chimney Sweepers in 1788.' 2. ' Anecdotes Ancient and Modem, with Observations,' 8vo. 1789; and a Supplement to it, 1790. 3. ' History' of Great Britain, with Notes,' &c. 4to. 1794. -t. 'An Account of Saxon Coins found in Kintbury Church-yard, Berks.' 5. ' The Account of Shaw,' in Mr. More's Berkshire Collections. 6. ' The Savages of Europe,' a novel translated from the French. Andrews (Her.) the name of a family originally from Northamptonshire, wliich enjoys the dignity and title of a baronet confen'ed in I766 on Sir Joseph Andrews. The arm.s, &c. of this family are as follow : Arms. Gules, a saltire argent, surmounted by another azure, charged in the centre with a bezant. Crest. Out of an eastern crown or, a blackmoor's head couped, having in his ear a pendant or. Motto. " Victrix fortunse sapientia." ANDRISCUS (Hist.) a Greek of low birth, sumamed Pseu- dophilippus, because he gave himself out to be the son (rf Perseus, excited a revolt in Macedonia against the Ro- mans ; but being conquered, was first led in triumph by Metellus, and then put to death, U. C. 607, A. C. 147. Lh. Epit. 1. 49 ; Flor. 1. 2, c. 14 ; Eutrop. 1. 4, &c Andriscus {Biog.) 'AyCpi(TKoe, an historian, who wrote a liistory of Naxos. Athen. 1. 3, c. 5 ; Partlien. Erut. c. I9. ANDROBIUS {Biog.) a painter, who is commended bv Pliny. P/in. 1. 35, c. 11. ANDliOBL'LUS (Biog.) a painter, mentioned by Plinv. Plin. 1. 34, c. 7. ANDROCLEA (Hist.) 'Akc/xjcXeio, one of the daughters of Antipienus, who, with her sister Alcida, sacrificed herself to obtain, according to an oracle, a victory for her countrymen against Orchomenes, for which they received great honours after their death. Paii.^. 1. 9> c. 17- ANDROCLES (Hist.) 'AylpoKXiic, a son of Phintas, in whose reign the war began between the Lacediemonians and Rfessenians. The latter were conquered, and Androcles killed in the 2 1th Olympiad, A. C. 682. Pau.s. I. 4, e. 5. Anurocles {Biog.) an historian, who wrote an account of Cvprus. ANDROCLIDES {Hist.) -AyipoKXeicnt, a Theban, who wanted to change the govemnunt from an oligarchy to s democracy, and was secretly dispatclied liy Leonidas. Plul. in Pelop. Andhoclidks {Biog.) a man who, Ixring rallied alxjut his going to war wlien he Wius lame, answered, that those ought to go into the battle who think on lighting, not on living. Plut. ill Ajxipft. ANimocLiiJEs, a writer in the age of Aurclian, and author of a iKjok concerning tlie sophists of his time. Svidax. ANDROCLUS {Hist.) -Ay'tpoKXoQ, a son of Codrus, wlio established a colony of lonians at Ivphesus, and was killed in battle, A. M. 2967, A. C. 1038. Pans. 1. 7, c. 2. AndrocLUS, or, as he is called by .some, Aiulrodiis, a Dacian slave, was exposed to a lion, whicli, recognising him in the circus, forbore to hurt him, because he had taken a thorn out of its foot in tlie wood. He was in consequence libe- rated, and afterwards led the lion about the streets of Rome. Scnec.de Bencf. 1. 2, c. 19; Aul. Cell. 1. 5, c. 14; yEl. Hist. Anim. 1. 7, c. 48. ANDROCOPUS {Hist.) ' ArlpoKoiror, a founder of Lebcdus,. according to Strabo. Strab. 1. 14. ANDROCOTTUS {Hist.) or Saudrocottus, an ofiicer of Alexander the Great, who having faUen under the dispkc- of liis master fled from him, and taking uj) arms against him, succeeded in maintaining himself against the generals of Alexander, and conquered i)art of India. Strab. 1. 1 : Justin. 1. 15, c. 4. ANDROCYDES {Biog.) a physician, whose epistle to Alex- ander is quoted bv Pliny. Plin. 1. 5, c. 14. ANDRODAMAS '{Myth.) 'Aycpocnpur, a son of Phlias, by his wife Chthonophyle, who was descended from Bacchus. Androdamas {Biog.) a native of Rhegium, and a legisla- tor for the Chalcidenses in Thrace, made laws res))ecting homicide and other matters. Ari.stut. Polit. 1. 1, c. 12. ANDROGEOS {Myth.) a Greek killed by /Eneas's party, whom he mistook for his countrymen. Virgil. /En. 1. 2, V. 371. ANDROGEUS {Hist.) Wycpoyiuc, son of Minos, king of Crete and Pasiphae, a conqueror at the games, was killed out of envy by"the Athenians and Mcgarians ; as a punishment for this ofl'ence, Minos demanded that seven youths, male and female, should be sent to be devoured by the Minotaur. rirg. JEn. 1. 6, V. 20. In t'oribus Ittiim Amlrogei ; turn pendere jxtnas Cecnypidff iussi (miserum) septeua quotanniSt Citrpora itatn-ttm, Catullus de Nupt. Pel. et Thet. A'nm perhibent olim crutit'ti peste ccactum AndrogeoiietB pccnas perwliere cadii, Electos juvenes, simut et decu$ irtmtptarum , Cecropium sotitam eise daptin dare ISlinotauTo. Ovid in Epist. Ariad. I'iverct Aitdrogeos lUinam, uec facta luisses Impiafuiieribus, Vecrvpi terra, tiiis. Apollod. 1. 2, c. 5 ; Diod. 1. 4; Pint, in Thcs.; Pans. ANDROGYN/E {Geog.) a people of Africa, said to Le her- maphrodites, whose right breast was like that of a male, and the left like that of a fem.ale. Plin. 1. 7, c. 2. ANDROMACHE {Myth.) 'Ar^po^ux'h daughter of -F.tion, king of Thebes, and wife of Hector, was carried away cap- tive by Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, and afterwards married to Helenus, son of Priam. Hum. n. 1. 6, v. 3Q5. 'EvS' a\oxoQ TToXv'i'uipot tvavrii) i\\6i 6inca 'Av^popdxri, Bvydriip /iijaXnTopoi 'tiiHuvoe. Virg. JEn. 1. 3. v. 319- Hectirris, Amirmnachc, Furrhm' comiuhia srruisl Apollod. 1. 3, c. 12 ; Hygin. fab. 123 ; Ovid Am. 1. 1, el. 9. V. 35, &c. ; Paus. 1. 1, e. 1 1, &c. Andromache, the title of one of Ennius's tragedies. X 2 AND AND ANDROMACHUS (Hist.) •Av?p6fiaxoQ, father of the his- torian Timaeus, who founded the city of TuuremiEnium on an eminence near Naxos, where he had assembled the Naxians who fled from the tyranny of Dionysius. Ho assisted Timoleon in rescuing Syracuse from the power of Dionysius in the 105th Olympiad, A. C. S60. Andromachus, governor of Coelo-Syria, under Alexander the Great, was burnt alive by the Samaritans in the 122d OljTnpiad, A. C. 332. Andromachus, brother-in-law of Seleucus Callinichus, king of Syria, and father of Achfeus, made himself master of the pro\inces situated beyond mount Taurus, and assumed the title of king in the time of Antioduis III. He was afterwards taken prisoner by Ptolemy Philopater, but set at lilxirty again through the intercession of the Rhodians. Polj/h. 1. 4. Andromachus, a traitor, who drew tlie Romans under Crxs- sus into the snare by which they fell, and were all cut to pieces by the Partliians. Pint, in Crass. Andromachus and Gemellus, two men who had rendered great ser\'ices to Herod, but were afterwards banished for testifying their disapprobation at the death of his two sons Alexander and Aristobulus. Joseph. Aiitiij. 1. l6, c. 11. Andromachus (Biog.) a physician in the age of Nero, wrote in elegiac verse a description of his theriaca, a medicine which he invented. Galen, de Theriac. Andromachus, son of the preceding, wrote a description of the theriaca in prose. Galen, de Theriac, SfC. Andromachus, a sophist in the age of Dioclesian. Voss. de Philosoph. Andromachus, the Abderite, a wctor at the Pythian games, for whom Lysippus made a statue. Paits. 1. 6. ANDROMADAS (i//,s/.) Wde Androdamas. ANDROMEDA {Myth.) 'AvcpofxHa, daughter of Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, by Cassiope, was rescued by Perseus from the sea-monster by which Juno had condemned her to be devoured, and aftenvards married to him. Minerva is said to have placed her among the constellations. Proper! . 1. 2, cleg. 19, v. 21. Andromeda monstrisfuerat devota marinis Hac eudem Persei iwbilis uxor crat. Idem. 1. 1, eleg.3. Qua/is et accxdmit prima Cepheia tamno. Libera jam duris cotibus Andromeda. Ouid. in Epist. Candida si non sum ; plaaiit Ctphe'ia Perseo, Andromede, patritsftuca cobrre sua: Androsieda, the title given by Euripides to one of his plays. ANDRON (Hist.) "Aitfxof, an officer who wiis appointed by Dionysius to guard the citadel of Syraeu.o;royu7ro£, one of the de- scendants of Neleus, king of Thessidy, was the father of Melanthus, who was elected king of Athens. Pausanias however makes him to have been also king of Athens. Pau.s. 1. 2, c. 18. ANDROS {Geog.') or Andrus, 'Artpog, now Andros, or An- dro, one of the Cyclades, known, according to Pliny, by the names of Epagrys, Antandros, Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, and Nonagria. It received the name of Andros from Andros, son of Anius, one of its kings, who lived in the time of the ■ Trojan war. Virg. JEn. 1. 3, v. 80. liex Anmt^ ret idem bominum Pha'biqii£ sacerdos. Ovid. Met. I. 13, v. 648. Qitem dicta suo de lumiine tellus. Andros habetf pro patTe hcumque et regna tctientem. Jiiv. 1. 3, V. 70; Mela 1. 1, &c. ; Plin. 1. 2, c 103 ; Antonin. Lib. Narrat. Andbos {Nnmis.') some medals are ascribed to this town, Ix-aring the inscription ANAPI. Andros {Geog.) an island in the Archipelago, the capital of which is of "the same name. Lon. 2.5° 2' E., lat. 38° 0' N. It is the ancient Andros above mentioned. ANDROSTHENES {Hist.) 'Ai'Spo-^diprie, an officer who was sent by Alexander the Great to explore the coasts of Arabia, after which he wrote an account of his voyage. Theophrnst. Hist. Plant. 1. 2, c, 7; Slrab. 1. 16; Arrian. Exped. Alex. 1. 7, c. 10. Androsthenes, a governor of Thessaly, who took the part of Pompey against Csesar, and was conquered by the latter. Ca:s.dcBclLCivil.\.3. Androsthenes {Biog.) an historian of Cyzicus, who is quoted by Polybius. Polyb. 1. 4. AwDROsTHENEs, a Statuary of Thebes, who was engaged in beautifying the temple of Delpbi. ANDROTI {Biog.) or Androzi Fulvio, a Jesuit of the l6th century, of Monticello, in Ancona, died in 1575; leaving several works on religious subjects. ANDROTION {Biog.) 'Ar^porioiv, an historian of Attica, quoted bv Plutarch, Julian, and others. Plut. iji Sot. ; jElian. Far. Hist. 1. 8, c 10; Paiisan. I. 10, c 8. ANE Androtion, author of a treatise on agriculture, mentioned by Varro and Columella. Varr. dc lie Jlusl. 1. 1 ; Culumel. de lie Bnsl. 1. I. Androtion, son of Andron, and discijde of Isocratcs, an Athenian demagogtie, wlio led the people which way lie l)leased, according to Suidas. It has Ijeen suppcjsed that these three are one and the same jK-rson. ANDROUET, ilu Ccreeau, James {Biog.) an architc-ct, bom at Orleans or Paris, in the l6th century. His works an an artist were the triumphal arch at Pola, in Italy ; the Pont Neuf, at Paris, began in 1578, but not fniislied ; the hotels at Camavalet, &c. in 1596 ; and the galleiy of the Louvre, by order of Heniy IV. His works as a writer are, 1. ' \Avre d' Architecture, contenant les Plans et Dessins de Cinqujinte Batimens,' &c. 2. ' Second Livre d' Architecture.' 3. ' Lee Edifices Romains,' &c. ANDRY, Nicholas {Biog.) sumamed Bois liegard, a French physician and medical writer, was Ixim at Lyons in l658, and died in 1742. He wrote, 1. ' Traite de la Generation des Vers dans le Corps de I'Homme,' 1710, and often re- printed. 2. ' Eclaircissements sur le Livre de la Generation,' in answer to the attacks of Lemery and Valisnieri on his ' Traite.' 3. ' Remaniues de Medecine sur differens Siijets, principalement sur ce qui regarde la Saignee et la Purga- tion,' 12mo. Paris, 1710. 4. ' Orthopedie ; ou I'.Vrt de prevenir et de corriger dans les Enfans les Difformites du Corps,' 2 vols. Paris, 1741 ; besides other small pieces. ANEALF, Bartholomew {Hist.) in Latin Aniilus, a French scholar of Bourges, in the l6th century, who being sus- pected of secretly favouring protestantism, was massacred in a tumult by the people, in consequence of an insult ofli?red to the host. His writings are, 1. ' Chant Natal,' contain- ing the mystery of the nativity, 4to. Lyons, 15.3y and 1559, with the title ' Genethliac Musical et Historical de la Con- ception et de la Nativite de J. C 2. ' Lyon Marchand,' a French satire or drama of the historical kind, 4to. 1542. 3. Alciati's Emblems translated, 8vo. Lyons, 1549 and 1558. 4. ' Picta Poesis,' Svo. Lugd. Bat- 1552, a collec- tion of emblems with Greek and Latin verses. 5. A trans- lation of Sir Thomas More's ' Utopia,' Paris and Lyons. 6. ' Alector, ou le Coq,' a fabulous history professed to be taken from a Greek fragment ; Lyons, 1560. ANEGANUM {Geog.) a town in Italy, now Monte Agn/tiio, according to Simler. ANELLO, Thomas {Hist.) or Massaniello, a fisherman of Naples, excited an insurrection in l647 against the Austrian government, and succeeded in getting the power into his own hands, which he used so ill, that 10 days after he was massacred by the people who had set him up. ANEM {Bibl.) DJP ; a city of Manassch, given to the Lc- ■v-itcs of Kohath's family. 1 Cliron. vi. 73. ANEMO {Geog.) a river of Gallia Cispadana, now Atnme. ANEMURIUM {Geog.) 'Avcfi^pwv, now Scalcmiira, a town and promontory of Cilicia. 6'cy/. in Perip. ; Strab. L 4 ; Mel. 1. 1 ; Pliti. 1. 5. Anemurium {Niimis.) this town stnifk mediJs of Domiti*n, Domitia Longina, Caracalla, Alexander Severus, and A'a- lerian sen.; the inscription ANEMOVP. -VNliMOYPIEilN, with the addition sometimes of the name of their magis- trates which were pnctors, as on a mcdid of Severus. CT. ANTON. ANEMOYPIEiiN, i. c. Prwiore Antonio Ane- murienmwi ; sometimes also the year of the reign is added, as ANEMOYPIESiN. ET. A, i. e. in the fourth year of the rei/i/i.) a Phocian, who kept the sheep of Peleus. Olid. Mel. 1.' 11, V. ^iS. AXEURIN' {Hisl.) a British jx)et, celebrated as the leader of the Oliilinian Britons at the battle of Catraeth, on which he made a poem, preser\'ed among the records of \\'clsh li- terature, as also his Odes of the Months. He died about 570. AN'FOSSI, Pascal (Biog.) an Italian musiciiin, was bom about 1736, and died in 1795. He composed, 1. ' In- connue Persecutee." 2. ' La Finta Giardiniera.' .'J. ' II Geloso in Cimento." 4. ' OljTnpiade ; ' besides oratorio.s. ANFRID (^Ecc.) or Aiifrid, comte de Hui, a descendant from Charlemagne, becnime a priest with the consent of his wife, who was a beautiful woman, and was made bishop of Utrecht. He died blind in lOOS, in a convent of Bene- dictines, of which he himself had been the founder. Julian, de Bcka Chroii. AN'GE {Biog.) or Angchis Clavisius, a Franciscan, composed, 1. ' Summa Angelica,' or a Summary of Cases of Con- science. 2. ' Area Fidei,' a Treatise on Restitution. He died at Coni in Piedmont, in 14,95. Ange, or Angela Rocca, a sacristan to Sextus V, wrote ' De Potestate Ecclesiastica ; ' ' Bibliotheca ^'aticana ; ' ' Biblio- theca Theologica et Scripturalis ; ' ' Commentaiius de sacro- sancto Christi Corpore,' &c. He died in lG20. Ajs'GE, de Saulien, le Pere, a Capuchin, who died at Dijon in 1 ()7S, was the author of ' Hydrologie, ou Traite des Eaux Minerales trouvees aupres de la V'ille de Nuys entre Prixey et Premeaux.' Ange, de St. Rosalie, le Pere, a barefoot Augustine, and a genealogist, was bom in l655, and died in 172(3. He wrote ' I'Etat de la France,' and was preparing a new edition of le Pere Anselm's HLstor}- of the Royal Family of France, when he died. Ange, de St. Joseph, properly called La Brosse, a barefoot Carmelite of Toulouse, died in Ib'y" ; leaving, 1. ' A Latin Translation of the Persian Pharmascopoeia,' 8vo. Paris, 1681. 2. ' Gazophylacium Linguse Persarum,' fol. Amst. 1()S4. ANGEL, Jolin (Biog.) a nonconformist of the Ifith ccnturj', died in l655, leaving a treatise on ' The right Government of the Thoughts," 8vo. London, lC59. AN'GELI, Sebastian (Biog.) a Dominican, and an astronomer of Perouse, was bom in 1447, and died in 1525. He wrote the life of one Colombe de Rielt, who had the reputation of being a holy maid, and uttered predictions which were said to be realized. Angelt, Bonavenlurc, an Italian historian of Fcrrara, who died in 1576 ; was the author of, 1. ' Istoria dclla Citta di Parma e Descrizione del Fiume Parma Lib. VTII,' 4to. Parma, 1591. 2. ' The Life of Ludonco Catti.' 3. ' De non Sepeliendis Mortuis.' 4. ' Gli Elogi degli eroi Estensi.' 5. ' Discorso intomo I'Origine dei CanlinaU,' 1565. Anceli, Bahliis, an Italian physician, wrote a Latin treatise on vipers, at the latter end of the l6th centurj-. .\ngeli, Peter, or in Latin, Angelas Bergeus, a poet of Herges, a village in Tuscany, and a disciple of Hush Buoncompagno, afterwards Gregory XIII; wrote the ' .Syriad,' and other works. Angei.i, vide St. John d' Angeli. ANGELIC, Giovanni da Ficiole {Btog.) a Dominican, and a painter of Fiesola, in the 1 5th century ; was employed to paint Nicholas V"s chapel, for which he refused the arch- bishopric of Florence ; and left faults in some of liis pic- turex, a.s is said, tliat he might nut have too mu«h praise. He died in 1445. ANGELIERI, Bonaventure {Biog.) a writer of the 17th century, and a monk of the order of the Minorites of St. Francis, wrote a book entitled ' Lux Magica,' &c. ANGELIO {Biog.) or Degli Angeli Peter. [\"ide Angelilj ANGELION {Biog.) a statuarj', who made a statue of Apollo, at Delos. ANGELIS, James {Ecc.) archbishop of Urbino, was bom of a gocnl family in l6l2, created cardinal in 1686, and died in 1695. Angelis, Dominieo de, a native of Lecce, the capital of Otranto, in the kingdom of Naples, who died in 1719; wrote, 1. ' Dissertastione intomo alia Patria di Ennio,' Na- ples, 1712. 2. ' Le V'ite de Letterati Salentini,' 4to. part 1, Naples, 1710; part 2, 1713. Angelis, Peter, a painter, was boni at Dunkirk in l685, and distinguished himself in the exercise of his profession in Germany, England, Italy, and France. He died in 1734, at Rcnnes, in Bretagne, where he had settled. Angelis, Stephen de, an Italian mathematician, was a Jesuit at the time that that order was suppressed, and was living in 167s. He wrote among other things, 1. ' Miscellaneum Hyperbolicum et Parabolicum,' 4to. \'enice, 1659- 2. ' Delia Gravita dell' Aria e Fluide, Dialogi \',' 4to. Padua, 1671-2, &c. ANGELO, Buonaroli Michael {Biog.) an illustrious artist, better known by the simple name of Michael Angela, was bom in 1474 in tlie castle of Capresse, in Tuscany, and died in 1563. The most celebrated of his paintings was his ' Last Judgment,' which he executed for Paul III. He was also distinguished as an architect and a sculptor. The completion of St. Peter's church at Rome, on which he bestowed 17 years' labour, was the principal specimen of his architectural skill. Angelo, vide Caravagio. Angelo, Angclico or Anjcoli James, a Florentine writer of the 14th and 15th centuries ; left among his works some translations from the classics, namely, 1. ' Cosmographiie Ptoloma;i Lib. VIII.' 2. ' Ptolomai Quadripartitum.' 3. ' Ci- ceronis A'ita,' from Plutarch, &c. AKGELOCRATOR, Daniel {Biog.) a Cah-inist preacher of Corbach, in Hesse, was the author of ' Clironologie Antop- tique,' as he himself styles it, to indicate its certainty. 2. ' De Ponderibus et Mensuris.' f'oss. de Sciail. Mathem. c. 68. ANGELOME {Biog.) a Benedictine of Burgundy, in the 9th centun.', wrote ' Stromates ou Tapisseries sur les IV Livres des Rois, et sur le Cantique.' ANGELONI, Francis {Biog.) an antiquary of the 17th cen- tury, born at Terni, died in 1652. He wrote ' Storia di Terni,' 4to. Rome, 1646 and 1685; and collected a series of medals which were published after his death, under the title of ' I'lstoria Augusta di Giulio Cesare Costatino il Magno," Rome, 1641. ANGELOPOLIS {Geog.) 1. A town of Urbino, now St. Angela. 2. A town in New Spain, now Lat Angelas. ANGELUCCI, Theodore {Biog.) a poet of Ancona, died in 1600 ; wrote, 1. ' Sententia quod Metaphysica est eadem quae Physica,' 4to. Venet. 1584; a defence of Aristotle against Patrizi, who preferred Plato. 2. ' Exercitationum cum Patricio Liber,' 4to. Vcnet. 1585; a rejoinder to Pa- trizi's an.swer. 3. ' Ars Medica, ex Hippocratis et Galeni Thesauris potissimum depronipta,' 4to. Venet. 1593. 4. • De •Natura et Curationc Maligna? FebrLs." 5. ' Eneide di Vir- gilio, tradotto in Ver.so Sciolto,' 12mo. Naples, 1649; the only edition, wliich Ls very scarce and highly valued. ANGELU.S {Myth.) '.VyytXof, a son of Neptune by a nymph of Chios. Pans, 1. 7, c. 4. Angeliis {Hist.) tlie surname of a family which was originally of Philadelphia, and of no great distinction ; but on settling in Constantinople, many of its members rose tu the highest ANG .ANG dignities, even to that of enijicrors, under tlic nanios of Alexis, Androniciis, Isaac, Constantine, Manuel, John, and Theodore. [^\'ide Alcris, cSc.] Angklus, Christopher {Biog.) a Greek christian, and a native of Peloponnesus, who suttered many cruelties from the Turkish <;ovemor of Athens, on account of his faith, and taking refuge in England was well received at both the universities, Canihridge and Oxford ; at which latter jilacc he taught tlie Greek language to the students, tUl his death in 1()38. He wrote, 1. ' Of the many Strijies and Tor- ments inflicted on him by the Turks for the Faith which he had in Jesus Christ,' in Greek and English, Oxford, U)17. 2. ' An F'ncomium of the fann)us Kingdom ol' Great Bri- tain, and of the Two Sister Universities of Cambridge and Oxford,' also Greek and English ; Cambridge, lO'l*)- 3. ' Enchiridion de Instltutis Gnecorum,' in CJreek and Latin, 12mo. Francof. 1(j55 ; and 410. Lips. 1()76. 4. ' Labor. C. A. — de Apostasia Ecclesis, et de Homine pcccati, scilicet Antichristo,' Greek and Latin ; Lond., 1()24. ANGENNES (Hist.) an ancient and noble family of France, which derives its title from Angennes, in the pro\-ince of Orleanois. Many of its members filled the highest posts, of wiiich the following are the most entitled to notice : Angexnks, liohcrt d', was killed at the battle of Aglncourt. Angennes, Rcgiiaut d', chamberlain to Charles VI, was em- ployed on many Important missions in Germany and else- where. He was taken prisoner in a .^edition at Paris in 1413, but afterwards recovered his liberty. Angennes, John d', defended Cherbourg for six raontlis against the English in 1417, and is said to have been after- wards beheaded liv the king of England, for having borne arms ag-ainst him contrary to his promise. Angennes, John d', second of this name, took in 1442, from the English, the town of Mante, of which he was made goremor, as also of the town of Angouleme. Angennes, James d', a favourite of Francis I, was his lieu- tenant general in Germany. Angennes, Nicholas d', was sent as embassador extraordinary to queen Elizabeth. Angennes, Julia d', marchioness de Rambouillet, and duchess de Montausier, was governess to the dauphin son of Louis XIV, and maid of honour to Maria Theresa of Austria. She was a lady of distinguished merit and talent. Angennes, iMiiis d', was ambassador in Spain, in 1581. Angennes, James d', the second of this name, was sent am- bassador to England in 1(534. Angennes, Charles d', other\vise called Count d' Angennes, was killed at the battle of Malplaquet, In 170p. Angennes, Charles d' (Ecc.) of the same family as the pre- ceding; was sent on a mission to Pius V, by Charles IX; and being created a cardinal in 1570, he as.slsted at the dectlon of Gregory XIII In 1573. Angennes, Claude d', bishop successively of Paris and of Man.s, died in l601, after having been active in the dls- diarge of his various public duties. Spondan. Coiit. Baron. Annul. Ann. 158,9, &c. ; Thuan. Hist.; Samiiiarlli. Gall. Cftrist. ANGERIAXO, Giralamo (Biog.) an Italian jioet in the Ifith centur}', whose poems were, 1. ' De Obitu Lyd;e, de vero Poeta, de Parthenope," in Latin. 2. 'Epwrojracyrior, a col- lection, of love verses, 12rao. Paris 1512; besides other pieces of his in the ' Carmina lUustrium Poetarum Ital- ormn.' ANGERMANLAND (Geng.) In Latin Angcrmannia, a nor- tJiem province of Sweden, filled principally with mount;uns, rocks, and forests. ANGERONIA (Mt/th.) or Angerwia, a Roman goddess, so called, as some suppose, because she was said to drive away the disease angina, the qulnzy ; or ab angcndo, i. c. com- primendo, from jircssing the mouth to keep silence, because siio was the goddess of silence ; and her statue was repre- sented with lier linger on her mouth. Her festival wa« called Angcioiialia. I'arro de Lul. Ling. 1. 4 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 5; riul. in Num.; Macrub. Sal. 1. 1, c. 10. ANGERS {Geog.) Audegava f)r Andegavum, the capital of Anjou, or the department of the Maine and Loire, and tlje birth-place of Menage, is 50 m. E. N. E. Nantes, and 17.*; S. W. Paris, Ion. 0' ;j3' W. hit. 47" 28' N. It was a bishop's sec before the revolution ; and its first bisliop mtn- tioncd in history was Defensor, in the fourth ccnturv-, since which time it has liad many distinguished men to fill the bl.shopric, and has had five councils held wltliln its walls ; namely, in 453, 126"(), 127 fatal expedition into England, where liis two sons fell at tlie battle of Flodden. He liimself having received an affront had previously witlidrawn Croin the army, and died in 1514. An(;us, Archibald, si.ilh Karl if, lx;cume brother-in-law to Henry VIII by his marriage with Margaret, sister to the latter, and queen Dowager ; but, although afterwards di- vorced from her, he became one of the council of the rcent, and took an active part in all the troubles of the times. Angus, William, tenth Earl of becoming a Roman catholic, engaged with the earls of Errol and Huntly in a treasonable correspondence with the king of Sjiain for the re-establish- ment of that religion ; but, failing in their attempt, he re- tired to the continent. Angus, James, Earl of, son of the second marquis of Douglas, raised the regiment now called the 26th f jot of Cameronians, and, after much active service, fell at the battle of Steinkerk in 1692. Angus {Geog.) another name for Forfarshire. ANHALT {Geog.) a principality of Ciermany, 42 miles long and 10 broad, the capital of which is Zerbst. It is watered by the two rivers, the Salde and the Mulda. This princi- pality gives its name to one of the most ancient houses, not only of Germany, but of all Europe, in so much that some have been pleased to trace its origin from Ascanias, the .son of Gomer, and great grandson of Noah. It Ls however certain that the princes of Anhalt of the present day are descended from Bernard, son of the emperor Albert, sur- named the Bear, to whose son Henry the emperor Frederic Barbarossa gave the title of prince of Anhalt. Since Joachim Ernest, prince of Anhalt in the l6th century, this house has branched out into the houses of Bernburg, Hat- zerod, Zerbst, &c. ANHOLT {Geog.) an island of Denmark, in the Cat^at, which was taken by the English in 1810, who defeated the Danes in 1811 in their attempt to retake it. ANI {Bibl.) 'Jif, a levite and a musician, who accompanied the ark when brought by David to Jerusalem. 1 Ckron. XV. 18. ANIANUS {Biog.) an jEgyptian monk in the reign of Arca- dius, wrote a chronicle of the emperors. Foss. de Hist. Grwc. 1. 2, c. 20. Anianus, a lawyer in the time of Alaric, king of the Visi- goths, in Spain, about 484, j)ublished a work on the laws of the emperor Theodosius, and translated the Homilies of St. Chrysostom. He is confounded by some with the preceding. Sigebert. de Script. Eccles. c. 70 ; J'oss. de Hist. Grcec- 1. 2, &c. ; Mir. in Auct. de Script. Eccles.; Possevin. ^-c. Anianus, a Latin author of the fifth century, who was one of the defenders of Pelagius against S. Augustin and others. •S'. August, contra Jul. c. 8 ; Hieron. ; Du Pin, Bibl. des Aut. Anianus, a Benedictine of the l6th century, of Mount Cassel, in Flanders, composed a chronicle from the commencement of the world to 1457, which was never printed. ANI AM {Bibl.) nr>J», son of Shemida of Manasseh. 1 Chron. vii. 19. ANICETUS {Myth.) "Aji/cijroc, a son of Hercules by Hebe, the goddess of youth. Anicetus {Hi.consul of Asia and the Hellespont, and afterwards consul in 3.'M. Anicius Phobus, Svrlus, a consul in 371, and one of tlie mo-it distinguished men of his time, was the Inisliand of the illustrious proba Falconia, sumamcd Anicia. £\'ide Anicia'^ Anicius Olybrius, Sexlus, and Sextus Anicius Probus, sons of tlie preceding, were consuls together in 395. They were great patrons of learning. Claudian. de Consul. Olib. S,- Prob. Anicius Bassus, Sextus, a consul in 408 and 4;>1, brought an accusation of incontinence against the pope Sixtus III, who consented to be tried by a council, and being, after a strict investigation, found innocent, his accuser was punished by the emperor witli the confiscation of liis goods. Anastas. in Sixl. Ill ; Baron. Annal. ann. -iSS. Anicius, was also the name of several other consuls. ANIENSIS, Tribus (Geog.) a Roman tribe, consi.sting of the inhabitants near the river Anis, who were added by the censors to the rest, U. C. 455, A. C. 299. ANILEUS (Hist.) a Jew of humble birth, who, with his brother A.sineus, made himself very fonnidable to the neigh- bouring states, until he was killed in the night by the Baby- lonians, in the reign of Caligula, A. D. 40. Joseph. Antiq. 1. 8, c. 12. ANIM {Bibl.) t=)>jp, a city of Judah. Josh. xv. 50. ANJOU, Duke of {Hist.) who at his confirmation assumed the name of Francis, was the fourth surviving son of Henry II. He was successively duke of Alen^on, Brabant, and Anjou, under which latter title he aspired to the hand of queen Elizabeth, and was for a time favourably received. Anjou {Geog.) a province of France, which Avas first inha- bited by the Andes or Andegavi, and forms now the depart- ment of the Maine and the Loire. Extent. It is 30 leagues in length and 20 in breadth. Rivers. It is watered by a number of rivers, the principal of which are the Loire, the Sarthe, the Vienne, the Ma- yenne, the Fouey, &c. Towns. Its capital is Angers, besides which there are Mon- treuU-Bellai, Saumur, Chateau, Gontier, Fleche, Cande, Ingrande, &c. History. Anjou was a favourite proA^nce of the Roman!!, who have left many vestiges of their residence in that part of France. It was afterwards subject to the king.s of France, from whom it was taken by the English in the nth century, and retaken in 1203 by Philip of France. It was subsequently converted into a county by Charles the Bald, in favour of Tertulle, or Tercule, a Breton, from whom the ancient counts derived theii- origin. One of liis descendants, Foulquez, was king of Jerusalem ; and Geofiiy V, count of Anjou, surnamed Plantagenet, was the fatlicr of Henry II, king of Eng- land, who was also count of Anjou. At his death the county of Anjou reverted to the crown, being forfeited ti> king John, who converted it into a duchy in favour of his second son Louis, afterwards king of Naples and Sicily. But it again reverted to the crown in 14S0, at the death of Charles IV, king of Naples and Sicily, since which time it lias been a royal title, mostly conferred on the second son. ANI RAN (Mi/th.) an angel or genius among the Persiims, who presides over weddings, and takes cognizance of every thing tliat happens on tlie .'iOth day of every month, accord- ing to tlie notions of tlie magi ; on which account this day, which bears tlie name of Aniram, is kept with much solem- nity as a festival. ANIS (Geog.) a notable river of Italy, now Teterone, which has its source in mount Trebiani, and runs through the Tiburlinum Agrum. It is called praccps by Horace, pro- jjably from the force of its stream. Hor. 1. 1, od. 7) V. 13. Fa iritce\)s Anio, et Tyhurui Incus, cl uita Mobilihus poniaria rivii. Gelidus, by Virgil. Virg. jEn. 1. 7, v. 683. Gelulnmque Aniemm cl mcida riui.', Ilernica saia culiint. ANN Pom'iftr, by Propcrtius. Propcrl. 1. i, el. 7, v. 86. liamosis Anh qua poinifer inciihat arns. It is supposed to derive its name from Aniiis, a king of the Etnisci, who drowned himself tlicre out of grief for the loss of his ihuighter, who was carried away. The epithet de- rived from the name of this river is Anienus, as the Aniena fliiailu of Virgil ; the Aniena wulaoi Propertius ; the Aniena friirora of Statins ; also Anienus the god of the Anio. Dio- nys. Hal. 1. 6 ; Cic. pro Cornel, c. 1 ; Lie. 1. 2, c. 32 ; Plin. I. 3, c. 12; Sfrah. 1. 5 ; Pliil. dc Fort. Rum.; Priscian. dc Art. Grammat. 1. 6. ANISTIUS {Hist.) a Lacedtcmonian, courier to Alexander the Great, made a journey on foot, according to Solinus, from Sicyon to Elis, which is 3200 stadia, or 150 miles. ANISUS {Geog.) the Latin name for the river Ens. ANITORGIS (Geog.) a town of Hispania Tarraconcnsis, near which a battle was fought between Asdrubal and Scipio. Liv. 1. 2.5, c. 33. ANIUS (Mi/ih.) "Avwc, a son of Rhea, by Apollo, was a king of Dclos. He had three daughters who were after- wards changed into doves. Dionys. Hal. 1. 1 ; Diod. 1. 5 ; Ovid. Met. 1. 13 ; Tzelz. in Lycoph. Anius (Hi.it.) a king of the Etrusci. QVide Anio'] ANKERSTROM, John James (Hist.) a Swedish officer, was convicted of holding a treasonable correspondence mth the Russians during the Swedish war, and received the pardon of the king Gustavus : after which he assassinated his bene- factor at a masked ball, and in 1792 suffered for his offence, in the same year, by losing his head and his right hand. ANNA (Bibl.) daughter of Phanuel, a prophetess, and widow of the tribe of Asher, was distinguished for her piety and f\iith which she displayed at the time that the Holy \'Lrgin went to present Jesus in the temple. Luke ii. 36. Anna (Mijt/i.) a goddess of the Romans, who was supposed by some to be the sister of Dido, by others to be put for the Bioon. She had the epithet of percnna, from her being sup- posed to remain constantly under the waters. Ovid. Fast. 1. 3, v. 6v>3. ■ Plticidi sitm nympha A'ttmici, Amne perenne latens Anna Perenna vocar. Anna, the daughter of Belus, and sister of Dido, is said to have fled towards Carthage on the death of the latter, and to have been throvni on the coast of Italy, where she was well received. Those who make her to be the goddess above-mentioned, maintain that she leaped into the river Numicus to escape from Lavinia, the wife of ^neas, who was jealous of her. AjTNA {Hist.) or Hannah, njn, was the wife of Tobit, of the tribe of Naphthali, who was carried away captive to Nineveh by Salmanescr. She supported her blind husband and family by spinning. Toh. i. 1,2, &c. Anna, wife of Joachim, and mother of the Blessed Virgin, whose names do not occur in Scripture, hut have been handed down by the Christians of the East. Their autho- rity is however not to be relied on. Anna, vide ylnne. Anna, Comnena, daughter of the emperor Alexis Comnenus, wrote the history of her father's reign, under the title of the ' Alexiad,' or, the Life of the Emperor Alexis Com- nenus, which is to be found in the fourth volume of the ' Corpus Byzantarum Historiarum,' fol. Paris. l65I. Anna, Iwanowna, daughter of John Alexiowitz, czarine of Russia, was bom in 1693, succeeded Peter Alexiowitz \l, in 1711, and died in 1740. At the death of her husband Frederic VVOliam, duke of Courland, she took one Biron, a person of low birth into favour, which he abused very greatly, to the injury of her subjects. ANN^EI (Hist.) a famUy originally of Cordova, which set- tled at Rome in the time of the emperors, and produced ANN some distinguished persons, as Anna?us Seneca, Lucan, Mella, and Serenus. ("Vide Seneca, &c.] ANNAND, ]VilHam (Bwt;.) dean of Edinburgh, was bom in 1633, and died in liisg. He wrote, 1. ' Fides Catho- hca,' 4to. London. I66I. 2. ' Panem Quotidianum,' in Defence of the Book of Common Prayer, 4to. I66I. 3. ' Pater Noster,' a Treatise on the Lord's Prayer, &c. ANNARUS {Hist.) a king of Babylonia, noted for his luxu- rious habits. ANNAS {Bi/)l.) the name given in Luke and John to the high priest, otherwise called Ananns. QVide Ananu.s~\ Annas {Hist.) a king of the East Angles, who succeeded Egrick in (i35, and died in 654. Du Chene, Hist. Angle- terrc. Annas, the Latin name for other men, who arc to be found under Anne. ANNAT, Francis (Biog.) confes.sor to Louis XIV, was born in 1590, and died in I67O, leaving several works, which have been collected in three volumes, folio, treating mostly of theological subjects. ANNE {Hisl.) the name of several empresses, queens, &c. Empresses of this Name. Anne of Savoy, daughter of Amadeus V, count of Savoy, and wife of Andronicus III, emperor of Constantinople, ad- ministered the government after her husband's death, and died in 1345. Anne, daughter of Ladislaus, king of Hungary and Bohe- mia, was the wife of the emperor Ferdinand, and died in 1547. Anne, vide Anna. Queens of England.. Anne, Boleync, vide Bolei/ne. Anne of Cleves, daughter of John III, duke of Cleves, was married to Henry VIII, king of England, in 1540, and divorced soon after to make way for his sixth wife, Cathe- rine Howard. She went back to her country, and died in 1557. [Vide Plate VI] Anne, daughter of Frederic II, king of Denmark, and wife of James I, king of England, died in 1619- Anne, daughter of James II, by Anne his first wife, was married to George, king of Denmark, in l683, succeeded William III in 1702, and died in 1713, after a reign glori- ous both in arts and arms. [Vide Plate IV] Queens of France. Anne, daughter of Jarislas, or Georgas, king of Russia, was married to Henrj' I, king of France, in 1044, by whom she had Philip I. Anne of Britanny, daughter of Francis II, duke of Britanny, and wife of Charles VIII, governed with great wisdom dur- ing liis absence in Italy. She was afterwards married to Louis XI, and died 1514. She is said to have first taken under her protection ladies of quality, called Filles de la Reine, and founded, or contributed to the foundation of several houses. She also instituted an order for her ladies at court, called La Cordelierc, in honour of the cords with which our Saviour was bound at his passion. Anne of Austria, eldest daughter of Philip III, of Spain, was married to Louis XIII in l6l5, administered the go- vernment as queen regent in the minority of her son Louis XIV, and died in 1666. This queen built the Faux- bourg St. Jacques at Paris, and the magnificent church Val de Grace. Queens of Poland. Anne of Poland, or Jagellon, daughter of Sigismond I, was married to Stephen Bathori, prince of Transj'lvania, who succeeded Henry III, afterwards king of France. She died in 1596. Y 2 ANN Anne of Austria, daughter of Charles, archduke of Austria, was bom in 1573, married to Sigisniond III, king of Po- land, in 1592, and died in 15y5. Slrad. Gencal. Aiisl. Due. Queen nf Denmark. Anne of Brandenburgh, daughter of James II, elector of Brandenburgh, was married to Frederic I, king of Denmark, in 1502, and died in 1521. Queen of Spain. Anne of Austria, eldest daughter of Maximilian II, was bom in 154-9, mamed to Philip II, king of Spain, in 1570, and died in 1580. Thuan. Hist. ; Marian. Hist. Ilispan. ; Strad. Geiieal. ^c. Queen of Hungary and Boliemia. Anne of Jagellon, or of Hungarj', daughter of Ladislaus, king of Hungar>', was married to Ferdinand, airhduke of Austria, in 1521, succeeded her brotlier, Louis l/ie Younger, in 1526, a.s queen of Bohemia, and died in 15i7. Thuan. Hist. ; Marian. Hist. Hixp. ; Slrad. Gencal. c'jf. Princesses and other Distinguished Persons of this Name. AxNE, Comnena, vide Anna. Anne of Viennois, daughter of Andi-ew of Burgundy, was married to Amadeus IV'. Anne, countciis d'Albon, mamed Humbert baron dc la Tour du Pin, and died in 12yi. She, in conjunction with her husband, founded the monastery of Salattes Cistertian nuns. Anne of Burgundy, daughter of John, surnamcd the In- trepid, was luarried in 14.22 to John duke of Bedford, re- gent in the kingdom of France, in the reign of Heniy VI. She died in 1432. Anne, dauphiness of Auvergne, was married to Louis II, duke of Burgundy, in 1371 ; and, after a life of active piety, died in 1416. Anne of Bourbon, daughter of John I, count de la Marche, &c. ; was married first to John de Berri, count de Montpensier, and afterwards to Louis duke of Havana, when she died in childbed in 1 404. Anne of Cyprus, daughter of Janus, king of Cyprus, was married to Louis, eldest son of Amadeus VII, in 143,'), and died in 1 462. She was reckoned one of the most beautiful women of her time, and u.sed her itiflucnce with her husband, which was very great, in building many religious houses. Anne of Savoi/, daughter of Amadeus IX, was married in 1470 to Frederick of Arragon, afterwards king of Naples and Sicily. yVxNE of Poland, daughter of Casimir, king of Poland, and wife to Boleslas X ; was a prudent and pious princess of a very delicate constitution, who died in 1503. Anne of France, daughter of Louis XI, was married to Peter duke of Bourlion, in 1474, and appointed regent during the minority trf her brotlier Charles V'lII, for whom .she administered tiie government with great wisdom. .She died in 1522. Anne of Lorraine, daughter of Anthony, duke, of Lorraine, was married to Rene, prince of Orange, in 1540, who died in 1544. Anne of Saxony, daughter nf Maurice, elector of .Saxony, wa.s married to Uilliam jirince of Nassau, in 156l, and died in 157S. Annk of Denmark, daughter of Christiem III, king of Den- mark, was married in 1548 to Augustus, duke and elector of Saximy, and died in 1585. Anne of Est or Fcrrara, daughter of Hercules II, duke of Ferraia, was mHrrie A. C. 297 ; and on his return to Carthage was crucified. Polt/b. 1. 1. Annibal, sumamed llie Rhodian, undertook to enter the town of Lilybieum, notwithstanding it was besieged by the Ro- mans, and to return again to the Carthaginians. This he effected to the admiration of all in the sight of the Romans, who, although lying with their fleet at the mouth of the ■ harbour, were for some time unable to prevent him. At length, however, they succeeded in capturing his vessel on the repetition of these attempts. Polyb. 1. 1. Annibal, a leader of the Carthaginians, against the revolters in the war called the Lybian war, was taken prisoner, and immediately crucified by the enemy. Poli/b. 1. I. Annibal, sumamed the Great, the son of Amilcar, one of the most celebrated generals of antiquity, was the most for- midable enemy that Rome had ever to contend witli. His hatred of the Romans is said to have been inflamed by his father at the early age of nine, when he made him swear before an altar that he would never make peace with them. Silius Itidicus introduces Amilcar addressing hi* son. SU. Ital. 1. 1, v. 109. //hops of Liege. Anselme of Gemblours, continued the Chronicle of Sigebert from 1112 to 1137, in which year he died. Anselme, George, a mathematician and astronomer, died in 1440, leaving in MS. ' Dialogues on Harmony,' and 'As- trological Institutions.' Anselme, a Franciscan of the l6th century, wrote an ac- count of his travels to the Holy Land. loss, de Hist. Lat. 1. 3, c. 10. Anselme, Anthont/, a lawvcr of Antwerji, died in I668 aged 80, leaving, 1. ' Codex ISelgicus,' fol. Ant v. 1649. 2. ' 'fri- bunianus Belgicus,' fol. Brux. 1663. 3. A Collection of ' Edicts,' 4 vols. fol. 1648. 4. A Collection of ' Consul- tations,' fol. Antv. 1671- Anselme, George, grandson of the mathematician, a Latin poet of the l6th century, wrote, 1. ' Georgii Anselme Ne- potis Epigranmiaton Libri Septcm,' &c. 8vo. Venet. 1528. 2. ' Epipliyllides,' Venet. 1518, being illustrations of Plautu.s, &c. Anselme, de St. Mary, or Peter de Guibours, commonly called Father of Paris, a bare-footed Augustine, died in 1()94, leaving an elaborate work entitled ' Histoii'e Genca- logi(jue et Chnmologique de la Malson de France et des Grands Officiers de la Couronne,' 2 vols. 4to. 1673. Anselme, Anthony, a celebi-ated French preacher, was born in 1632, and died in 1737, leaving, among his works, a Collection of Semions, and ' Panegyriques et Oraisons Fune- bres,' 7 vols. 8vo. ANSER (Bios..) a poet who was intimate with Antony, and is mentioned by Virgil, Ovid, and Propertius. ANSGARDE (f//,?/.) daughter of count Hardouin, was mar- ried privately to Louis II, by whom she had Louis III and Carloman, who succeeded to the throne. She was after- wards repudiated bv command of Charles the Bald. AXSGARIUS (Ecc'.) vide Anscharius. ANSGRAVE (Biog.) \'ide Angrave. ANS ANT ANSIBARII (Geog.) or Ansivarii, a people in the north of Gcnnaiiy, near to the Frisii, who inhahitcd, as Cluverius suj)poses, the counti-j- round Minden. Tac. Annal. 1. 13, c. 55; Cliiv. German. Antiq. 1. 3, c. \6. ANSIDEI, M. Antoiii) (Ecc.) was created cardinal by Bene- dict XIII in 172.0, and died in 1730. ANSLO, Rchicr (liiui^.) a Dutch poet, was bom in 1622, and died in 1 ()().'), leaving; a Poem, on the 'Crown of St. Steplien the Martyr," and other subjects ; also a tragedy entitled the ' Parisian Nuptials, or the Massacre of St. Bartholomew.' ANSON, George {Hisl.) a distinguished naval officer of the family mentioned under Ueraldri/, was bom in l697, en- tered tlie navy in 171(), and by his merits rose in 1739 to the appointment of commander in the expedition against the Spanish in the great Pacific Ocean, when he took the Acapulca galleon. In 17-17 he captured the French fleet oft" Cape Finisterre, for which he was raised to the peerage [vide Anson'] ; and, after passing through the various posts of honour in the navy, he was in 1 75 1 appointed first lord of the admiralty. In I76I he escorted queen Charlotte to England, which last service was followed by his death in 1762. The well-known history of lord Anson's voyage was written under his lordship's inspection by Mr. Robins, the mathematician, although it bears the name of Walter. Anson (Her.) the name of an ancient and respectable family in Staffordshire, whose descendant William Anson, esq. of Lincoln's Inn, was an eminent barrister in the reign of queen Elizabeth. His great grandson. Commodore Anson, the most distinguished member of tliis family, was, for his signal services, raised to the digniry of the peerage by the title of lord Anson, baron of Soberton, in Hants, June 1 3, 174'7. The title became extinct at his death, but Thomas Anson, esq. his great nephew, was created a peer in 1800' by the title of viscount Anson, of Shugborough and Orgrave, CO. Stafford ; Baron Soberton, of Soberton, co. Hants. The arms, &c. of this family are as foUow: Arms. Argent, three bends engrailed gules, a crescent for difference. Crest. Out of a ducal coronet or, the top of a spear argent. Supporters. On the dexter-side, a sea-horse urgent, on the sinister, a lion gardant, collared. Mollo. " Nil despcrandum." Anson (Biog.) an abbot of Laubes, who died in the same year as Charlemagne was declared emperor, is principally known as the author of the Lives of St. Ursmar and others. Anson, Peter Hubert, a miscellaneous French writer, was bom in 17-i-i, and died in 1810. He wrote, among other things, ' Anecdotes sur la Famille de le Feore de la Branche d'Ormesson,' &c. ANSPRAND {Hist.) vide Asprand. ANSTEY, Christopher (Biog.) a poet, who was bom in 1724, and died in 1805, is best known by his ingenious and humorous satire entitled ' The New Bath Guide;' he however left many other jneces, which have been collected by his son in a splendid edition of his works. ANSTIS, John (Biog.) an heraltlic writer, was bom in I669, admitted at Exeter college, Oxford, in 16'85, and afterwards admitted of the Middle Temple. He was created Garter in 171 8, and died in 1744~5, leaving many works on his favourite subject ; among which the principal are, 1. ' The Register of the most Noble Order of the Garter, usually c-alkd the Black Book, with a Specimen of the Lives of the Knights' Companions,' 2 vols. fol. 1724. 2. 'Aspi- logia,' or a Discourse on Seals. 3. ' Office, &c. of Garter, . King at Arms, of Heralds, and Pursuivants in this and other Kingdoms,' &c. 5 vols. fol. ANSTRUDE (Hist.) wife of Berthier, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, was afterwards married to Drogon, duke of Champagne, son of Pepin d'Heristel. ANSTRUTHER (Her.) the name of a family of consider- able antiquity in the county of Fife, of which mention is made as early as the 12th century. Of this family was the right honourable sir .lohn Anstruther, who in 1798 waii created a baronet. I'lie anns, &c. of this family are as follow : Arms. Argent, three piles sable. Crest. Two demi-arms holding a pole-axe with both arms proper. Supporters. Two falcons with wings expanded proper, armed gules, chessed and belled or. Motto. " Periissem ni periissem." ANTACHIA (Geog.) vide Antioch and Anliochia. ANTvEA {Myth.) "Avreta, the wife of Proteus. Horn. II. 1. 6, V. 160. Ant^a, another name for Rhea. ANT./EAS (Hi.tt.) a king of the Scythians, who preferred the neighing of a horse to the music of Ismenias, a famous musician. Plut. de Alex. Fort. AXTjEUS (Mijth.) AvToioc, one of the giants, son of Nep- tune and Terra, who, notwithstanding his immense strength, was overcome by Hercules, who lifted liim up in the air, and suffocated him. Juv. Sal. 3, V. 88. — ^— Cervicibus aquat Herculis, Ant(Cum prncui a tellure tenentU. Senec. in Her. Oct. Kullus Anteus Libys .4nimam resumit. Luc. 1. 4 ; Stat. Thch. 1. 6. ANTiEus {Biog.) a freedman of Atticus. Cic. 1. 13, ep. 44. ANTiEUS, a physician, and also a statuary, mentioned by Pliny, 1. 8, c. 1 ; and 1. 34, c. 8. ANTAGORAS (Biog.) 'At'Tayopac a poet of Rhodes much noticed by Antigonus, flourished in the 126th Olympiad, A. C. 276. He wrote a poem entitled the Thebaid, and an epigram against Crantor, wliich last is still extant. Pans. 1. 1, c. 2 ; Plut. Si/mjMS. 1. 4, c. 2, &c. ; Coel. Rhodig. 1. 7, c. 8 ; Gyrald. de Poet. Hist. I. 3. Antagoras, a man of distinction at Cos in the time of the Persian ex-jjedition. Pans. 1. 3, c. 5. ANTALCIDAS {Hist.) 'ArroXu'cac, a Spartan general, sou of Leon, was sent on a mission to Artaxerxes, with whom he made a treaty of peace disadvantageous to his country in the 98th Olvmpiad, A. C. 387. Xenoph. Hellen. 1. 5 ; Polyl/. 1. 1 ; Diod.'l 14; Plut. in Artax. ; Paus. 1. 9, c. 1. ANTANDER (Hist.) "Avractpoc, a general of Messenia, who was sent against the Spartans. Paus. 1. 4, c. 7- Antander, a brother of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily, com- mitted a horrible massacre of the Syracusans by order of the latter. He is called Androne by Orosius. Diod. 1. 20, &c. ; Justin. 1. 22, c. 7 ; Oros. 1. 4, c. 6. Antandeb, a general of the yEtolians, who is said to have been the founder of Antandros. Step. Byz. ANTANDROS {Geog.) " AvravcpoQ, a city of Troas, other- wise called Edonis, now St. Demetri. There is a lull in its neighbourhood, where Paris is said to have sat when he gave judgment between the three goddesses. Firg. jEn. 1. 3, v. 6". —~~ Chissemquc siih ipsil Anlandro, et I'hriigia molimur montibiis IcUc. Mela supposes its name to stand for pro Andro, i. e. oppo- site to Andros. Strab. 1. 13; Ovid. Epist. Pa rid. ; Mela, 1. 3, c. 18. Antandros {Xumis.) this town .struck mediUs of Titus, An- toninus Pius, Aurelius, Commodus, &c. ; inscriptions A N- TAN. ANTANAl'. or ANTANAPliiN, i. e. Antandriensiittn : in some the name of the magistrate is added as on a medal of Commodus. EHI . . . . EIT^X. . . . ANTANAPinN, i. e. tub Eulychio, c'jc. The figure of Diana is the most fre- ANT ANT quent type under the name of aCTYPHNII, i.e.Epkesia. Vaill. Num. Gr. Hardiiin. Num. Urb. Illiisl. ANTAPHERNES (^Hist.) vide Artai)hernes. ANTARADUS (Geog.) a town of isyria, once called Con- stanlia, after the emperof Constantius, now Tortosa. It was fomierlv a bishop's see, but at present is in ruins. ANTEBROGIUS (Hw/.) a chief of the Rhemi, who, with Iccius, was sent on a mission to Cssar. Ca's- de Bell. Gall. 1. 2, c. 3. ANTEIUS (Hu7.) a Roman senator, who was killed by the body-guard of Caligula, A. D. 41. Joseph. Antiq.l.l. Anteius, Piibliiis, a governor of Syria under Nero, who, being implicated in a charge of conspiracy against the em- peror, put an end to liis life by opening his veins. Tacit. Annal. 1. 13, c. 22. ANTELMI, Joseph (^Biog.) a French ecclesiastic and anti- quary, was bom in l648, and died in l697, lea\'ing among his works, 1. ' De Periculis Canonicorum Tractatus.' 2. ' Dissertation Latine Historitjue Chronologique Critique Sacree et Profane sur les Commencemens de I'Eglise dc Fregus.' 3. ' Annales Ecclesiastici Gallarum,' &c. ANTENOR {Myth.) 'Ay-riifwo, a Trojan prince related to Priam, who, after the capture of Troy, retired into Italy, and built Antenorea, now called Padua. He was always desirous of peace with the Greeks, and, on that account, charged with being in correspondence with them. Ovid. Fast. 1. 4. Adjice Trojaiue suasorem Antenora pads. Horat. 1. 1, ep. 2, v. 9. AntencT unset belli prseidere causam. Dionys. Hal. 1. 1 ; Lit. 1. 1, c. 1 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 13; Strab. 1. 13 ; Tacit. Annal. 1. I6, c. 21 ; Paus. 1. 10, c. 27 ; Leand. Albert. Descript. Ital. Antenok {Hist.) an ambassador of Perseus, king of Mace- donia, to the Rhodians, who endeavoured, but without effect, to draw the latter from their alliance with the Romans. He was afterwards commander of a Persian fleet. Polyb. Legat. 65 ; Liv. 1. 42, &c. Antenor, a name given by historians to three Gaulish kings, who are said to have reigned a little after the birth of our Saviour. Geneb. Chron. Antenok (Biog.) sumamed Delta, a Greek historian of Crete. /Elian. Hist. Anim. 1. 17, c. 35 ; Phot. Bibl. Cod. I90. Antenor, a statuary, mentioned by Pausanias, 1. 10. ANTEXORIDES {Myth.) a patrom-mic for the three sons of Antenor, who were all killed during the Trojan war. ANTEROS {Myth.) 'AiTt'pwf, a son of Mars and Venus, who is mentioned by Cicero as a god, but by Pausanias as a daemon. He is the brother of Cupid, and is said to repre- sent a return of love. Cic. de Nat. Dear. 1. 3, c. 23 ; Pan.-:. 1. 1, c. 30, &c. ; Porphyr. de Div. Rom. ; Gyrald. Synlag. Dear. 1. 13, c. 13. Anteros, .S7. (Ecc.) a Greek by birth, and a pope, succeeded St. Pontianus in 235, and died in 236" ; Baron. Annal. ann. 238. Anteros {Biog.) a freedman of Atticus. Cic. ad Attic. 1. 9, ep. 14. Anteros, a grammarian in the age of the emperor Claudian. Suida.s. ANTESIGNANUS {Biog.) a grammarian of the Ifith cen- tury, wrote a Greek grammar, which went through several editions, and published an edition of Terence witli notes. ANTESTIA. gent (//«/.) vide Antistia. ANTEVORTA {Myth.) a goddess worshipped among the Romans for knowing what was past. Macroh. Sal. 1. I, c. 17- ANTHARIC {Hist.) Aniharit, or Antharis, king of the Lom- Lard)", succeeded his father in 58f), and died in 5<)1 by poison, as i& supposed. Gregor. Turon. Hist. ; H. Grcgor. Epist. 1. 6, ep. 23 ; Patd. Diacon. Hist. Longobard. 1. 3, c. 18. ANTHARIUS {Hist.) sLxth king of the Sicambri, who inha- bited the country now called Guetderland, was killed in a battle with the Gauls. His son and successor Francus is said to have given the name of Franks or French to the people. ANTHEDON (3/y/;.) 'AvOycivy, daughter of Neptune, who is said to have given her name to a city of Boeotia, now called Talandi. Horn. II. 1. 2, v. 15 ; Sci/l. in Bceot. ; Strab. 1. 9 ; Mela, l."2, c. 3 ; Pau.t. 1. 7, c. 10, &c. ANTHEMIUS {Hist.) the name of an illustrious familv at Constantinople, of which the following are the most entitled to notice : Anthemius, Fl. Jul. or Procopius, son-in-law of the emperor Martian, was declared emperor of the East, A. D. 407, and was killed by his son-in-law Ricimer, after a reign of four or five years. Evagr. Hist. Ecclcs. 1. 1, c. 18; Niceph. 1. 15, c. 11 ; Cassiodor. lornandes, SfC. Anthemil's, the name of tliree consuls. Anthemr's {Numis.) many medals or coins were struck of Anthemius, the emperor, bearing the inscription D. N. ANTHEMIUS P. F. AUG. &c.; on the reverse, SALUS REIPUBLIC^, &c. Vail. Prwst. ; Bog. Thes. Brand.; Med. Num. Imp. Anthemius (Biog.) an architect of the sixth century, was born at Tralles, in Lydia, and is now best known by the church of St. Sophia, at Constantinople, which is at present a Turkish mosque. ANTHERMUS (Biog.) a famous sculptor of Chios, son of Mucias, who, with his brother Bupalus, made so ridiculous a statue of Hipponax the poet, that they hung themselves with vexation at the invectives which he heaped upon them. Plin. 1. 36, c. 5. ANTHES {Biog.) a native of Anthedon, who is said first to have invented hymns. Plvt. de Mus. ANTHEUS {Myth.) a son of Antenor, and a favourite with. Paris. Antiieus, a companion of jEneas. ANTHIA (Myth.) 'Aideia, a sister of Priam, who was taken awav bv the Greeks. Polymn. 1. 7, c. 47. ANTHIMUS, St. {Ecc.) a bishop of Nicomedia, suffered martvrdom under Diocletian. Lactant. de Mori. Persecut. ; Euseb. Hist. 1. 8, c. 4. Anthimus, a patriarch of Constantinople after Epiphanius, who was deposed by Justinian for holding heretical opinions. Anastas. Biblioth. in Agapet. ; Baron. Annal. ann. 53. ANTHIPPE {Myth.) •Xrdi-rirrj, a daughter of Thesrius. king of Boeotia, and mother of several children by Her- cules. Apollod. 1. 2, c 35. ANTHIPPUS (Hi.?/.) 'Avdiinros, a Lacedsemonian, who was party to a league formed between hLs countrymen and the Athenians in the 11th year of the Peloponnesian war. Thucyd.l 5, c. !9- ANTHOINE, Nicholas {Ecc.) a Christian who was burnt at Geneva for professing Judaism. ANTHONGES {Hist.) vide Athongcs. ANTHONY {Hist.) the name of a Roman family. (^Vide Antonius'^ Anthony, the name of several princes, &c. in modem times. Kings of this Name. Anthony, king of Navarre, father of Henry I\', left the Protestants to embrace the Catholic faith, and being engaged in the wars which raged at that time between the contend- ing parties, he was killed in 1562. Anthony, titular king of Poland, and .son of Emanuel, king of Poland, was driven from his dominions by Pliilip II, of [ Spain, who took him prisoner. He afterwards made hlj I escape, and died a fugitive in 1594. ANT ANT Dukes of this Name. Anthony, dulco of Burfiundy, nnd second son of Philip the Hold, was bom in I.'iiSt, and was killed at the battle of Afiincourt in 14-15. Anthony, duke of Lorrain, succeeded his father Ferri I de Lorraine in 1431, after liavinj; taken his brother-in-law Rene d'Anjou, the kinj; of Naples, prisoner, who disputed his claim to the dukedom. Anthony, bastard of Bourbon, surnamcd l/ic Great, son of Pliilip the Good, gave many testimonies of his valour, par- ticularly against the Moors in Africa, and the Swiss in 117(i. He retx?ived letters of legitimation from Charles VIII, and died at the age of 84, in 1504. Anthony, duke of Lorraine and Bar, was born in 1 48,Q, sig- nalized himself at the battles of Agnadel, .Marignon, i*tc. and (lied in 1.541. Anthony, duke of Bourbon, natural son of Henry IV, was born in 1.587, legitimated in 1608, and killed at the battle of Ca-stelnaudari in lG32. Anthony, a Sicilian, being taken prisoner by Maho- met II, at the Negropont, in 1743, set fire to the arse- nal at Gallipoli, for whidi he was sawed in two by the Turks. Anthony {Ecc.) the name of some patriarchs, &c ^Vide Aiiloiiiiis'^ Anthony, St. the founder of the monastic life, was bom in 2,5 1 at Coma, a village of Egypt, and died in 356, in the I<)th year of the emperor Constantius. To this saint was as- cribed the power of working miracles, and curing the dis- order well known by the name of St. Anthony's Fire, or the Erysijielas. His Life was written by St. Athana- sius, and seven letters of his are extant in the ' Biblio- theca Patrum.' Grcgor. Nazian. Oral. 21 ; S. Athanas. in Fit. ; S. Chri/sastom. Horn. 8, in Math. t'jr. ; Socrat. Hist. Eecles. 1. 4 ; St. Angiist. Confess. 1. 8, c. 8 ; Hierun. dc Script. Sanct. ; Sozom. Hist. Eecles. 1. 2, &e. Anthony, or .intonij, St. of Padua, a Franciscan, also ob- tained credit for the power of working miracles, and at his death, in 1231, was canonized by Gregory IX. He left many sermons, which were much esteemed. Anthony, Nicholas, was burnt at Geneva for heresy in l632. Anthony {liiog.) vide Antonius. Anthony, of Palermo, a scholar, who was sent to Venice by his patron, Alphonso of Arragon, in 1451, to procure the bone of the arm of Li\'y, which the Venetians pretended to have found. He wrote ' De Dictis et Factis Alfonsi Regis Arragonum.' Paul Jov. in Elog. c. 11 ; Foss. de Hist. Lat. I. 3, c. 7. Anthony, of Messina, the first Italian who in 1430 painted in oil, ha\'ing obtained the secret from Vandyke. Anthony, Paul Gabriel, a Jesuit, who died in 1 743. He wrote, 1. ' Theologia LTniversa Moralis," 3 vols. 12mo. Nannet. 1736. 2. ' Theologia Uni versa Speculativa,' 7 vols. 12mo. Paris. 1736. 3. ' Lectures Chretiennes,' 2 vols. 8vo. 4. ' Meditations,' &c. Anthon-y, or Antontj Francis, a noted empiric of the l6th century, was bom in 1550, and died in 1()23. He was the son of a goldsmith, and having applied himself with dili- gence to the study of diemistrv-, he invented a nostrum, "which he called Aurum potahile, which he sold and admi- nistered more to his own advantage than to the benefit of the public. He also wrote two different treatises in its de- fence. ANTHORES (Myth.) a companion of Hercules, killed in the war of Tumus with j^nca.s. Virg. /F.n. 1. 10, v. 778. ANTHRACIA {Myth.) 'AiOpaWa, a nymph who as.sisted at the religious ceremonies of the Tegeans, sacred to Minerva. Pans. 1. 8, c. 31. ANTHIOPINUS {Hist.) one of the conspirators, who, with VOL. I. Tisarchu.s and Dioclcs, having formed a j)lot against Aga- thocles the 'I'ymnt, were put to death with 000 otheni. Polyani. 1. 5, c. 3. ANTHl'SA (liiog.) the wife of Secundus, and mother of S. Chrysostom, lost her husband at tlie age of 28, and lived the rest of her life in a state of widnwhfxxL -V. Chrysoit. ep. 1. Anthusa, a virgin who pa.s.sed a holy life in solitude, near Constantinople. She would have suffered much from the emperor Copronymus, on account of her worshipping image!), if slic had not been protected by the empress Eudoxa. Baron. Annal. 755. ANTnus.\, the daughter of Ccmstantine Copronymus, called after the preceding virgin, retired to a monastery and dis- ])osed of all her wealth in works of charity and piety. ANTHYLLA (Geog.) "AiHuXXn or ".Vr-uXXa, a town not far from Alexandria in Egyjit, which, according to Herodotus, supplied the queens of the country with shoes, or, according to Athenicus, with girdles. Herod. 1. 2, c. 98 ; Allien. 1. 1, c. 25. yVNTIA, gens (Numis.) a plebeian family of Rome, of which some medals are extant, bearing the inscription on the obverse, sometimes RESTIO, the surname of this family, and on the reverse Q'aius ANTIUS Caii Filius. AXTIBES (Geog.) the ancient Anlipolis, a town of Pro- vence, in France, in the department of the Var, which was formerly a bi.shop's see, suffragim of Embrun ; but the bishopric was afterwards transferred to (irasse. The illu.s- trious house of Cirinialdi possessed the temporal domain, which was purchased by Henr>' the Great. It is situated on the Meiliterranean, 1 1 m. S.S.\\'. Nice, Ion. 7° 7' E., lat. 43° 45' N. ANTICLEA (Myth.) VVitiVXeio, a daughter of Autolycus and Amphithca, was the wife of Laertes, and the mother of LUvsscs, by Sisyjihus, as is said, previous to her marriage with the former. Odyss. 1. 1 1 ; Hygin. fab. 201 ; Pans. 1. 10, c. 2!) ; Lactant. in Slat. Achil. \. 3, v. 76. ANTICLES (Hi.il.) 'AitikXtjc, an Athenian commander, sent with a fleet against the Athenians. Thucyd. 1. 1, c. 117- Anticles, an Athenian archon in the 103d 01)Tnpiad. Anticles, one of Alexander's officers, who joined in the con- sj)iracy of Hermolaus. Q. Curt. 1. 8, c. 6. ANTICLIDES (Biog.) 'AmcXtif »?f, a Greek historian, quoted by the Scholiast in ApoUonius, and also by other writers. Strab. 1. 5 ; Phil, in Alex. ; Allien. 1. 4, &c. ANTICRATES (Hist:) 'A.rtk-parijc, a Spartan general, who stabbed Epaminondas at the battle of Mantinea. Pint, in Agesil. ANTICYRA (Geog.) 'Avrik-vpa or ' AvriKv/ifia, novr Suola, an island in the Meliacan Bay, opposite to mount CEta. It was fiimous for the growth of hellebore, which was said to be good for insanity, whence the proverb Naiigct Anticyram, as applied to madmen or unreasonable people. Hor. 1. 2, sat. 3, v. l65. .1 Verum ambitiosus et audax Nai'iget Anticyram. Ovid. Pont. 1. 4, ep. 3, v. 53. / bibe, (iiiu^sem, piirgnntes jKctira succos, Quicquidet in tola mscitur .Inticyni. Per. Sal. 4, v. l6. Antic was melior sorbere meraeas. There was an island in Phocis which bore the same name, and is also said to have abounded in hellebore. Strab. 1. 9 ; Liv. 1. 26, c. 26 ; Mela 1. 2, c. 23 ; Plin. 1. 25, c. 5 ; Suet. in Calis. c, 29 ; Pans. 1. 10, c. 36. ANTIUAmUS (Biog.) a Greek historian. Foss. de Hist. Grar. 1. 3. ANTIDORUS (Hist.) 'AtrlSupoi, a Lemnian, who passed ANT over from the annr of Xerxes to the side of the Athenians just before the battle of Salamis. Herod. 1. 7, c. 11. ANTIDOTUS (Biog.) a painter, of whom Pliny speaks in high tei-ms of commendation. Plin. 1. 35, c. 11. ANTIGENES (Hist.) 'AiTiyt'rr/c, the ftuher of Socrates, who was one of the commanders of the Athenian fleet, sent to the court of Peloponnesus. Thucyd. 1. 2, c. 24. Antigenes, an officer in Alexander's army who obtained the command of a thousand men, but proving fiiithless in his commission was burnt alive for his treachery, in the llGth Oh-mpiad, A. C. 315. Quiiil. Curt. 1. 5, c. 10. Antigenes (Biog.) a Greek historian quoted by Plutarch. Plut. in Alex. Antigenes, a shepherd spoken of by Virgil. Virg. Eclog. 5. AXTIGENIDAS (Biog.) a celebrated Theban player on the flute, who was remarkable for the efleminacy of his dress. ANTIGONE (Mi/tk.) 'An-iydvi/, the daughter of CEdipus, bv liis mother Jocasta, who led about her blind father. She was condemned by Creon to be buried alive for ha\-ing se- cretly interred her brother, but killed herself previous to the execution of the sentence. Ovid. Trist. 1. 3, el. 3. _ Fralrem Thehana perempliim SupjKsuit tutnuio, Tege vetaiite, soroi: Hiemon, the son of Creon, being in love with Antigone, killed himself when he found that her death was deter- mined on. Sophocles has chosen Antigone for tlie fable of one of his best tragedies, which was represented at Athens 30 times without interruptiim. Sop/tocl. in Aiitigon. ; Apol- lod. 1. 3, c. 5 ; Hifs^in. fab. 67 ; Scuec. in (Edif. ; Stat, in Theb. \. 2, V. 350 T Philost. 1. 2, c. 29- Antigone, a daughter of Laomedon, and sister of Priam, was said to have been changed into a stork for comparing herself with Juno. Ovid. Met. 1. 6. Antigone (Hist.) daughter of Berenice, was wife to king Pvrrhus. Plut. in Pynh. ANTIGONIA (Geog.) or Antigonea, 'Acrtyovtta, the name of several places, as 1 . A town of Epirus, near the Acrocerau- nian mountains supposed by some to be the present Argiro Castro, by others Cro:n. Plin. 1. t, e. 1. 2. A town of Macedonia, now Cocogna, or, according to others, Atiligoca. Plin. \. 4, c. 10. 3. A town of Assyria, Arcadia, Troas, SfC. Antigonia {Niiniis.) medals of Antigonia, in Epurus, are distinguished by an obelisk within a crown of ivy leaves and bunches of grapes, as in fig. 1, and a medal of Anti- gonia, in Macedonia, is known by the inscription ANTIFO- NEfiN, witlun a Macedonian shield, as in fig. 2. Gultz. Grwc. fab. 3 and 23. ANTIGONUS (Hist.) 'Ayrtydvoi, a name common to seve- ral princes. Antigonus, one of Alexander's generals, who at his death ob- tained Pamphylia, Lycia, and Pbiygia, for his share of the succession. He died after a successful reign in the 115th Olympiad, A. C 301. DuHlor. 1. 17, &e- ; Slra/j. 1. 13 ; C. iVryxw. in Eumcn. ; Phil, in Deniel. ; Justin. 1. 1 3 ; Pau.s: 1. I, c. C; Eiiscl). Citron.; U.ts. Annal. Antigonl's, sumamed Gnnatas, son of Demetrius, and grand- son of the preceding, was king of Macedonia, and died after ft reign of 12 years, in the 125th Olympiad, A. C. 278. Po/i/A. 1. 9; Pint, in Deniel. ; Jnslin.'l 21; Paus.l. 1; Kii-schiiis, t^c. Antigoniis, sumamed ^wrrwv, i. c. Doson, or one .ibout to give, from his promising much and giving nothing, was guardian to his nepliew Pliilip, the son of Demetrius. He ANT usurped the throne of Macedonia, but dying after a reign of eleven years, left it to Philip the lawful successor. Poli/b. 1. 2 ; Plut. in Clam, j Justin. 1. 8 ; Pausanias, Eu' schius, c*i"c. Antigonus, the son of Hyrcanus, and brother of Aristobulus, shared the kingdom of Judica with the latter, but was after- wards killed by his order on suspicion that he was conspiring against his life. Joseph. Aniicj. 1. 13, &c. Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II, was opposed by Hyrcanus in his pretensicms to the tlirone of Judaa, and being at length taken priscmer by Herod, he was put to death by M. Antony, A. D. 37- He was the last of the race of tlie Asmoncans, who had held the throne of .Tudita for 123 years. Joseph. Antiq.l. 14, c. 15, &c. ; Plut. et Dion, in Anton, ^-c. Antigonus, Socha^iis, a president of the Jewish Sanhedrim, whose son Sadoe was the founder of the sect of the Sad- ducees. Antigonus, an historian and philosopher of Chn-stus, who wrote the lives of some ancient philosophers, and many other things, of which his Quvfjacria, or Account of Won- ders, is still extant, and was edited by Meursius in I619. Diogen. Laerl., Athen., ^-c. Antigonus, the name of several other writers mentioned by Diogenes Laertes, Plutarch, and Stephanus. Antigonus, a statuarv, spoken of bv Plinv. Plin. 1. 34, c. 8. Antigonus (Numis.) a medal bearing the effigy of one king of Macedonia of this name, as in fig. 1, is ascribed by some to the first Antigonus, and bv others to the second. The inscription BAi:iAEiiS ANTirONOY, sufficiently showing that it belongs to one or the other. Goltzius has, however, given two mediils of Antigonus Gonatiis, hearing on the obverse, as in lig. 2, a head of tliis prince, and the inscription on the reverse, BASIAEiiS ANTirO- KOY rONATOY. Antigonus, the king of Judsea, is represented on a medal of Socius, the general of Mark iVnthony, with his liands bound behind him, and looking at a trophy. Gultz. Grwc. Eab. 38 ; Spanh. Prwstant. S,-c. vol. i. p. 385 ; Morel. Earn. ; Bcs. Thas. Brand, vol. L p. 247. ANTIGUA, Maria de la (Bios-) a Spanish nun of the 17th ccntun', who died in Hil 7, lea\'ing several treatises on re- ligious subjects. ANTILEON (Hist.) 'Arr.Xta.^, a t},Tant of Chalcis, at whose death the goveniment became an oligarchy. Aristot. Polil. 1. 5, c. 1. " Antileon (Biog.) a Greek historian, who wrote on chrono- logy. Diogen. 1. 3, c. 3. Antileon, another historian mentioned by Pollux ; wlicthcr the same as the preceding or not is inicertain. ANTILOCHUS (Mi/lh.j WinXox'":, a son of Nestor, wlio distinguished himself at the Trojan war. He was slain by Meninon, according to Hector. Horn. Odi/ss. 1. 4, v. 187; Piiid. Piilh. ()d. ()'; Xcnoph. Ci/nogel.; AjwllodA. 1 ; Hi/gin. fab. 252 ; Otid. in Epist. Penelop. v. 11. Antilik-hus (Biog.) a poet, who wrote among other things a l)ancgyric on Lysias. Pint, in Lt/s. Antilocuus, an historian, eimimcnded by Dionysius Hali- camassus, and others. Dionys. Halic. Judic. ; Clem. Ale.i- and. •Strom. ; Voss. Grwc. Hist. 1. 3. ANTIMACHUS (Myth.) "Arn'/inxoc, a Trojan, brilicd by Paris to oppose the restoration of Helen, tioni. II. 1. 1 1 , V. 123. ANT ANT Antimacihts (Biog.) a poet of Colophon, or Chiros, a cotem- poniry with Socrates und Plato in the Jl.'id Olympiad, A. C. 408. He wrote among other things on the war of Thches, and was hy some compared to Homer. Properl. 1.' 2, cl. 34. Tu non Autimacho, jton tutiirr ibis Homero. But Catullus gives him the epithet of iitmidus. Calul. Carm. i)i. At pifpulH3 tttmido gaitdeat Antimacho. A fragment of Antimacluis is preserved in Rnmck's Ana- Iccta, entitled, ' Aiitimachi Coloj)honii Reli(|ui!i',' &c. Pint, ill Li/xaiuL el Tim»/. ; Quint. 1. 10, c. 10 ; I'aus. 1. f), c. S5 ; Gfiraid. (le Poet. Hi.it. 1. S ; i'oxs. de Pod. Grwc. Antimachi's, the name of two other poets, one of whom was a musician; also of a sculptor, mentioned by Pliny. Antimaciu's, or Antimiico, Mark Antony, a celebrated Greek professor in Italy, was bom in 1173, and died in 1.552. He translated Gemistus Plethon, and jiart of Dionysius Hali- camassus ; and wrote also several Latin and Greek poems, or epigrams, the latter of which are addressed to Vcttori, and published in 1758. ANTLMENIDAS (Hi.tt.) 'Arn/iEvi^ac, one of the Laccdie- monians, who was sent on a mission to Athens respecting tlie restoration of some captives. T/nicijd. 1. 5, c. 42. ANTIMENIDES {Hist.) 'A.T(/<£.(?r,f, a leader of the Mity- lenean exiles, who went with the poet Alcirus against the tyrant Pittacus. Arinlol. Polit. 1. 3, c. 1 4 ; Stnib. 1. 1 3. ANTIMNESTUS (Hi.it.) •A.t the town in Syria, described under Geography, is the one mentioned in Scripture, which, according to St. Jerome, was formerly called Riblah, Acts xi., S. Hieron, in Ezck. xlrii. Also Antioch, of Pisidia, is specified as distinct from the former Antioch, whither St. Paul went to preach the Gospel. Acts xiii. 14. Antioch (Geng.) a famous ancient town of Syria, [vide Aniiuchia'] which by the Turks i.s called Antaki. It is situ- ated on the south bank of the river Orontes, in .Soune, a province of Asiatic Turkey, 6'7 ra. \V. Aleppo, Ion. 35° 17' E., hit. .'iG° 0"' N. Notliing nnnains of its ancient splendour but ruins. History of Antioch. Antioch, in the Latin Antiochia, fvide Antiochia"^ Greek 'AfTW)(iia, had the appellation of TtrpaTroXic, becau.se it \vas divided into four parts, which were reckoned so many distinct cities. It was, according to Araraianus, not sur- passed by any other city in his time in wealth and gran- deur, iilthough it had suffered severely from earthciuakes at different times, both before and after the Christian era. It was almost entirely mined by two shocks, which it experienced in 526 and 528, whence, after being repaired by the emperor Justinian, it was called Theopolis, accord- ing to Evagrius. In 548 it was taken and burnt by Chosroes, king of Persia, and again in 574, after having been rebuilt by Justinian, it was taken, and its walk destroyed by the same Chosroes. In 637 it vvas taken with the rest of Syria by the Saracens, and retaken hy Nicephorus Phocas in 966, but it fell into the hands of the Saracens again in ,070. It was however recovered during the crusades in IO97, when it was governed by Boemond, and his successors of the same name, until the time of Boemond VIII, who died wthout issue, after which, in 1268, it finally fell into the hands of the Sara- cens, and sunk into insignificance. Church of Antioch. At Antioch, about the year A.D. 43, the disciples of Christ were first called Christians, as we learn from the Acts of the Apostles, xi. 26 ; and here St. Peter is supposed to have established in 38, a patriarchal see, after which the bishops who held that see had the title of patriarchs of the East. The following Ls the order of their succes- A. D. Patriarchs. Governed. 42 ... . S. Evodius 26 years 68 .... S. Ignatius, a martyr 38 108 .... S. Heron, a martyr 21 129 .... Cornelius 14 143 .... Heron II 24 169 S. Thcophilus 13 182 Maximin 7 189 S. Serapion 21 211 .... Asclepiades 6 217.... Philetes 10 228 Zebenus 10 238 S. Babylas, the Confes.sor. 251 Fabius 2 253 .... Demetrian 7 260.... Paul, of Samosates, an heresiarch. . 10 270 Domnus I 5 275 .... Timnscus 4 279 S.Cyril 23 302 Tyrannus 11 313 Vitalis 11 318 S. Philogone 6 323 S. Eustathiu.s, deposed in 330. .... 7 330 .... Paulinus 6 mon. 331 .... Eulalius 6 mon. 333 .... Flacillus 1 year 345 .... Stephen, expelled in 348. 349 .... Leontius, a eunuch <) years 358 .... Eudoxus, translated to Constanti- nople in 360. , 2 z 2 A. D. 3601 361 J 381 -> 389/ 404. ., 414. . 417 . 427 . 436 . 451 . 456 . 458 . 459 . 474 . 477 . 479 . 482 . 486 .. 496 . 512 . 519 . 521 . 526 . 546 . 561 . 599 . 630 . 640 .. 681 . 742 . 744 . 751 . 1050 . 1090 . 1099 . 1137 . 1143 . 1180 . 1186 . 1214 . 1234 . 1-242 . ANT Patriarchs, Governed. S. Meletius 20 years Paulinas II, for the Eustathians. . . 29 S. Flavianus 23 Evagrus, for the Eustathians S Poriihvry, an intruder 10 Alexander 3 Theodorus 10 John 9 Domnus II, expelled 11 Maximus 5 Basilius 2 Acacius I MartjTius, alternately expelled and restored 14 Peter, a heretic, expelled 3 Stephen, killed by the heretics. ... 2 Stephen III S Calendion. 1 Palladlus, a heretic 10 Fla\'ianus II, exiled l6 Severus, a leader of the Acephali. . 7 Paul II 3 Euphrasius 5 Ephrem 20 Domnus III 15 S. Anastasius, exiled, and after- wards recalled in 595 l6 S. Anastasius II, killed by the Jews in 608 9 Anastasius III, a heretic. 10 Macedonius, &c. Theophanes 4 Stephen IV, after the city was re- taken from the Saracens 2 Theophilaetes 7 Theodore, &c. Peter. John. Bernard, after the capture of An- tioch by the Christians. 36 Rodolphus I, or Kaoul 4 Aimeric, &c Rodolphus II. Theodore Balsamon. 28 Rainier 20 EUas 8 Christian, the martyr 5 ANT A. D. 475 Councils uf Antioch. A. n. 56 In which tlic apostles arc supposed to have regu- lated tlie discipline of the church. 253 Against the Novatians. 264 Against Paul de Saniosates, the heretical patriarch. 270 On the same subject. 330 When Eusebius and other bishops condemned Eu- stathius, patriarch of C^onstantinople. 341 When the Arian bishops condemned Athana- sius. 358 When Eudoxus, an heretical patriarch, defended the Antinomians. In defence of the catholic faith. To put a stop to the schism of the Eus-tathiaas. Against the Me,ssalian.s, in wliich St. Cyril was condemned by his enemies. Against Rabulus, bishop of Edessa, and friend of St. Cyril. 436 To examine the writings of Diodorus, of Tarsus. 448 On the subject of Ibas, of Edessa. 363 .373 38 43 432 ?} Against Peter the heretic, and usurper of the pa- triarchate of Antioch. 482 On the election of Calendion. 1 102 Against Rudolphus, patriarch of Antioch, who was deposed by the pope for asserting the independ- ency of his church. Eiiseb. Socrat. et Sozoni. Hist. Eccles. ; S. Chri/soslom ; S. Athanas. S. Gregor. Nyssai. ; Gul. Tiiroii. ; Baron. Annal. ; Scalig. Emend. Temp.; Petav. Doctrin. Temp.; Ricciol. Chronolog. ANTIOCHIA {Gcug.) 'Ayntixeto, the name of very many towns among the ancients, of which the following only are worthy of notice. Antiochia, the celebrated city of Syria, which has been treated at large under the more familiar name of Antioch. This town, which is known to the Turks at present by the name of Antachia, was built in the liytli Olympiad, A. C. 301, by Seleucus, suniamed Nicaiior; by whom it was ciilled after his father Antiochus the Great, as is generally sup- posed. A harbour was constructed here by the order of Tiberius, which was repaired at difilrent times, and the town beautified by the succeeding emperors, Nero, Vespasian, and Titus, who bestowed great privileges on the inhabitants. Tliey fell under the displeasure of Adrian, who deprived them in part of the distinction which they held ;unong the cities of Asia, and in the reign of Tlieodosius they were threatened with the vengeance of the emperor for having, in a popular tumult, thrown down the statues of the empress Flacilla, but the punishment was averted by the interference of the patriarch Fla\danus. A further account of this place may be found under the head of Aiilioc/i, and also under A^iunismatics. Cic. pro Arch. c. 3 ; Slrah. 1. I6; Plin. 1. 5; Plot. I. 5 ; Procop. /Edific. 1. 2, c. 10; Spartian in Fit. Ha* drian ; Ammian. Marcellin. 1. 4, &c. Antiochia, a town of Caria, now Sachiali, near the Mseander, now called the M/tdre, and in the modem province of Na- tolia. Antiochia, a town of Pisidia, now Tachia or Versagelli, situated on a hill not far from the Micander, was made a Roman colony by Augustus, and received the additional name of Cscsarea. Sirab. h 12; Plin. 1. 5; Ptol. \. 5. Antiochia, a town of Coelosyria, at the foot of Mount Hippus, which, according to Stephanus, was built by Semiramis, and was othcr\vi.se called Gadara. Steph. Bj/z. Antiochia (^Niimis.) medals were struck by several towns of this name, which are sufficiently distinguished from each other. Antiochia, the capital of Syria, struck medals as an inde- pendent state, and also in honour of Augustus, Tiberius, Ca- ligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, A'espasian, Titu.s Do- mitian, Nerva, Trajan, Adrian, ^'Elius, .\ntoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, L. A'erus, Lucilla, Commodus, Pescennius, .Severus, Caracalla, Macrinus, Philijipus, Otacilla, Trajanus, Decius, &c. Its earliest medals bear the inscription, .\NloHs; to which are added their first epocha, dated from tlie building of thcii- city, 6T vel El'OYi; BM, €11", ZOl', i'<:c. i. e. .Anno ■12, 115, 177, &c. After receiv- ing from I'onipcy the privilege of Aiitonomin, or of living under tluir own laws, their medals were inscribed .\N Tl- O.XHUN MUTI'OIIO.VKOC AYTONO.MOY, and marked with an ejjocha dated from that event, as A on some, II on others; I'l, OI, \',\\, and lastly on others with ,\.\, which, added to U. C. 69 1, the commencement of the Pompeian lera, makes U. C. 722, the year preceding the battle of Actium. These medals are moreover distinguished by the type of the head of Jupiter on the obverse, without inscrip- ti(m ; and on the reverse, Jupiter himself sitting and holding a figure of victory, &c. Sometimes the titles lEP.Vl, and ANT ANT ASYAOY were added, as ANTIOXEQN. TH2 MHTPO- nOAKni; rili; IEPA^: KAI AilVAOr. A third qmdui is marked on the medals of Augustus dated from the battle of Aetiuni, which in some cases are distini;uished liy the ad- dition of IVfOYi; NIKIIi;, i. e. .iiiiiu lulnrni:. This cpodia is suj)posed to have continued in use until the reipi of Ti- berius, in honour of whom the Julian epocha was adopted, dated from U. C. 705, when Julius Cii-sar having entered on his dictatorsliip, restored to the inhabitants of Antioeh their freedom. The letters A€ SC, i. e. A»;^/cip)(i),)7f- l",i»- o-i'ac, Trihiniicia potcxtatc Seiialun Consiilto, arc frequently to be met with on medals or coins of this Antioeh, from the time that Caraealla planted a colony there, and granted to tlie inhabitants the liberty of coining. I'aill. Nii/n. Gr. ; Spanh. vol. i. p. ()()1' ; Hunt. Num. Urb. d Pop. c^'r. Antioiiua, the town of Ccelesyiia, struck medals of M. Au- rclius, L. V^erus, and Commodus, and marked an c])ocha on tliem, dated from the period of their liberation by I'ompey from their subjection to the Jews ; they also l)ore the titles of Sacra, axi/liim or inviolata, Aiitoitomus or Uhcra, as ANTIOX riPoc 111770.' lEPa ACYAOC AYToiv^os ('Mil, ■ Antiochia ad Hippiim sacra inviolata siiis Icgihiis iileiis anno 248, on a medal of Commodus. Antiochia, the town of Caria, is known by the inscription, AN rU)XenN MGANAPOC, Anliochcminm Meander, on a medal of Trajanus Deeius. Several other medals are ascribed to this town, of Augustus, Claudius, Domitian, Antoninus, M. Aurelius, Commodus, Diadumenianus, Gordianus Pius, Philippus, sen., Otacilia, &c. ; particularly some of Au- gustus, bearing the title of Si/narc/iia, as ATTAAOY ilYNATXlA, Atlali Synarchia vel consortium imperii; also one of Commodus, inscription, ANTIOXESIN KAI AAO- AIKEllN 0:Mt)N()IA, Antiochensium ct Laodiccnxium Con- cordia. Some ancient medals struck by this town as an in- dependent state, bear the inscription lEl'A BOYAII or AIIMOi;. Jupiter Capitolinus was honoured on the medals of this Antioeh, as appears from the iiTscription ZEYC KA- niXaAIEYC ANTIOXEaX, together with the figure of Jupiter half naked and sitting, having a spear in his right hand, and a figure of victory in his left, on a medal of M. Aurelius. Antiochia, a to\^Ti of Cilicia, near the river Sarus, is known by the inscription ANTIOX. lEP. KAI. aCYA. n. CAPON. POB, Antiochia Sacra et inviolabilis ad Sarum. Ann. 172. The epocha is supposed by VaiUant to be dated from the year U. C. 734, when Augustus conferred privileges on this . town. Vaill. Num. Gr. Antiochia, a town of Mesopotamia, otherwise called Edes.ia, struck medals of Antiochus IV, inscribed ANTIOXEiiN nPOC KAAAIPOEHN. or TiiN HPOC KAAAIPOHN. Antiochia, a town of Commagene, which was washed by the Euphrates at the foot of Mount Taurus, is therefore distinguished on medals, if genuine, bv the inscriptions, , ANTR)XEiiN nPOC EYPATMN or TiiN EHI TAYPOY, on a medal of Septlmius Severus. Antiochia, the town of Pisidia, is known bv the inscriptions COLONIAE AXTIOCHIAE, vd ANTIOCHEAE, vel CAES. ANTIOCH. &c. This Antioeh struck medals of Titus, Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Verus, Sept. Se- verus, Domnic, Caraealla, Geta, Heliogabalus, Maesa, Alex- ander, Gordianus Pius, Philippus, sen. and jun., Trajanus, Deeius, Gallienus, SiJoninus, and Claudius Gothicus ; bear- ing the types of an eagle with expanded wings to denote their power, a legionary eagle, a husbiuidman driving oxen, a figure of Cybele or Rhea sitting turreted between two lions ; of Diana, as huntress ; of Jupiter, Luna, &e. ; also of a wolf suckling Romulus and Remus ; the river Mic- ander, \-c. /'«///. Col.; Patin. Nnm. Imp. Rom.; Hardttin. Num. Urb. Illust. ; Mediob. Num. Imp. Antiochia, vide Ptolemais. ANTIOCHIANUS, Flavins {Hisl.) a pnctorian prefect, and a consul under the emperor Claudius II, A. D. 270. ANTIOCH IS {Hist.) tlie mother of Antiochus, the son of Scleucus. .Vniiociiis, a concubine of Antiochus Epi])hanes, who, having given her tiie revenues of the cities of Tarsus and Mallo, in Cilicia, a sedition was the consequence, which he himself was obliged to (piell. 1 Maccab. iv. 30. ANTIOCHUS {Mj/t/i.) •ArWoxT, a son of Hercules by Medea. Ajtolloil. 1. 2. Antiochus, a son of yEgjiitus, who was murdered by his wife Itea. Ilx/gin. Fab. 170. Antiochus {Hist.) the name of several princes and distin- guished persons. Kings of Syria. Antiochus I, suniamed Solcr, the son of Se- leucus, died after a reign of If) years in the 12i)th Olympiad, A. C. 2()1. The effigies of this and the following princes are given on me- dals as in the annexed figures. QV'ide Anlio- c/ius under Numisniatics'J Poli/b. 1. 4 ; Fal. Ma.rim. 1. 5 ; Justin. 1. 17, e. 2 ; Appian. in Syriac. Antiochus II, sumamed Theus, succeeded his father Antiochus, and was poisoned by his queen Laodicea after a reign of 15 years in the 133d Olympiad, A. C. 246. Appian. in Syriac. ; Enseb. Ctiron. ; Sulpit. Sever. 1. 2 ; Hieron. in Dan. xi. G. Antiochus III, suiTiamed the Great, son of Seleucus Callinicus, succeeded his brother Seleucus Ceraunius, and died after a long and glorious reign of 37 years in the 148th Olympiad, A. C. 1 87- He it was who gave an asylum to Annibal. Cic. de Oral. 1. 2, e. 18'; Liv. 1. 34, c. 59; Strab. 1. \6 ; Justin. 1. 31 ; Flor. 1.2, c. 1 ; Enseb. in Cliron. Antiochus IV, sumamed Epiphanes, i. e. illus- trious, succeeded his father Antiochus III, and died after a reign of 11 years in the 154th Olympiad, A. C. l64. ' He it was who profaned the temple of Jerusalem. I Maccab. xiii. ; Polyb. 1. 3 ; Joseph. Antiq. I. 12 ; Appian. de Bell. Syriac. Antiochus V, sumamed Eupator, succeeded his father Antiochus in the l.")4th Olympiad, A. C. 164, and was killed by Demetrius, his uncle, after a reign of two years. 2 & 3 Mac- cab. Joseph. Antiq. Jnd. 1. 12, &c. ; Justin. 1. 34. Antiochus VI, sumamed Theos, or God, son of Alexander Balas, was murdered by Tri- phon, by whom he had been seated on the throne, after a reign of one year, in the 1 5;)th Olvmpiad. 2 Mace. xiii. ; Joseph, .intiq. 1. 13 ; Appian. de Bell. Syriac. Antiochus VII, suiTiamed Sidetes, son of Demetrius Soter, succeeded Tryphon the Usurper, and was killed in a battle with Phraates, king of Parthia, after a reign of II years, in the l62d Olympiad. .Javeph. 1. 13; Justin. 1. 38; .Ippian. ct Oros. 1. 5, e. 11. Antiochus VIII, sumamed Gryphus, from the size and shape of his nose, was the son of Demetrius Nicanor. He succeeded his bro- ther Seleucus, whom his mother Cleopatra had slain with an arrow ; and, finding that she was preparing poison for him, he com- ANT pelled her to drink it. He was assassinated bv Hcratleon, after a reign of 26 years, in the 170th Olympiad, A. C. 97. Joseph. Aniiq. 1. 13 ; Justin.; Applan. S(C. Antiocuus IX, suniamed Cyziccmis, son of Antiochus Sidetes, was engaged witli his brother, Antiochus VIII, in a war of IS years about the succession ; and, on his death, .succceeded to the throne of Syria, whicli he occupied but one year, being killed by Se- leucus VI, the son of Gryphus, in the 171st Olympiad. Joscphus, Justin, Sfc- Antiochus X, suniamed Euscbcs, i. e. Pious, so cidled in derision because he married his father's wife ; succeeded his father, Antio- chus IX, after expelling Seleucus, but was killed in battle after a reign of three years in the 19-.2d Olympiad, A. C. 91. Strab. 1. 1 1 ; Jwcphus, Justin, Eu.iebius, t'j-c. Arcnocnus XI, son of Antiochus Gryphus, was drowned in the Orontes, after disputing the throne with his brother Eusebes. Josc- phus, Appian. Antiochus XII, surnamed Dionysius, the fifth and last son of Antiochus Gryphus, disputed the kingdom with his brother, and was killed in battle whilst fighting with the Arabians. Antiochus XIII, surnamed Asiaticus, son of Eusebes, was named king of SjTia by Lu- cullus, but deposed four years after. He was plundered by Verres in his passage through Sicily to Rome. Cic. in Ferr. act 4, c. 27 ; Appian ; Justin, ^-c. Kings of Commagena. Antiochus I, was the same as the preceding, who, on being deprived of his kingdom of Syria by the Romans, was left to reign over Commagena. Ho was afterwards summoned to Rome by Augustus, and condemned to death. Cic. ad Fam. 1. 15, c. 1 ; Dio. 1. 1, 52. Antiochus II, the fourth king of Commagena, succeeded Mithridates II, and died in the reign of Tiberius, A. D. 17. Antiochus III, son of the preceding, succeeded his father by the favour of Caligula, and was deposed by Vespasian, who allowed him to retire to Lacedtemon, and afterwards to live at Rome in privacy. Diou. 1. .V). Antiochus IV, surnamed Epiphancs, either the same as the preceding, or his son, assisted Tit lis at the siege of Jeru- salem, and afterwards followed his father to Rome. QVide Antiochus under Numismaiics^ Joseph, de Bell. Jud. Other Princes and distinguished Persons of this Name. Antiochus, son of Phintas, was king of Mcssenia in con- junction with Androcles his Ijrother, and died about the 24tli Olympiad, A. C. f)82. Paiisan. 1. 4.. Antiochus, a king of the Orestse, :nid an ally of the Corin- thians in the Peloponnesian war. Thuci/d. 1. 2, c. SO. Antiochus, a commander of tlic Athenian fleet under Alii- biadcs, who was defeated bv Lvsander. Xenoph. Hellen. I. 1, c. 5 ; j:>iodor. 1. 13 ; P'aus.'X. 3. Antiochus, a leader of the Rliocians, who opposed Brennus, the commander of the Gauls, when he jicnctrated into Greece. Paus. 1. 10. Antiochus, surnamed Jlierax, son of Antiochus II, king of Syria, took the title of king, although he is not generally rcckimed among the kings of Syria. He defeated his brother Seleucus Callinicus ; init, lx;ing then overpowered bv the Gauls, he fled to Egypt, and after having esta])ed from the impri-sonmcMt of Ptolemy Evergetes, was killed by robbers in the 138tli Olympiad, A. C. 227. Justin. 1. 27, c. 2. ANT ANTiocfius, a Jew of a considerable family in Antioch, ac- cused his father, and other Jews, of a conspiracy to set the city on fire, for which they were put to death. He after- wards turned pagan, and sacrificed to idols. Joseph, de Bell. Jud. 1. 7, c. 2. Antiochus, a man of low birth, was set up by the people of Palmyra to be their king, but was deposed by Aurelian, A. D. 272. Vopisc. in Aurcl. ; Zosim. 1. 1, c. 60. Antiochus, a noble Persian, who governed at Constantinople during the minoritv of Theodosius the Younger. Thcophan. Misc'cll. Hist. 1. 13'. Antiochus (Ecc.) a bishop of Ptolemais at the commence- ment of the fifth century, was the friend and cotemporary of S. Chr\-sostom, and, like him, a distinguished preacher. Socrat. Hist. Eccles. 1. 6 ; Sozom. 1. 8 ; Pallad. Fit. S. Chri/sost. ; Baron. Annal. ann. 400, &c. Antiochus {Numis.') medals of all the Syrian kings of this name are extant, bearing, on the obverse, their effigies as given above; and, on the reverse, the general inscription BASIAEilS ANTIOXOY, with their distinguishing epi- thets in some cases; as ANTIOXOY MEFAAOY, for Antio- chus III ; GEOY EniIAOnATO, for Antiochus X; ElIIiI>ANOYi; IAAAEA*OY, for Antio- chus XI ; <1>IA0UAT0P02 KAAAINIKOY. The most frequent type occurring on these medals is the eagle stand- ing on thunder, sometimes the figure of Jupiter, Pallas, Victory, Hercules, Isis, the ^ flowers lotos, or lily, &c. FaiU. Num. Se- lene. ; Froel. Annal. St/r. The kings of Commagena had aLso their medals, of which none but those of Antiochus III or IV can be defined, whose effigy is given as in the annexed figure ; and, on the reverse, a female sitting, sup]iosed to be his queen lotape ; inscrip- tions BAiSIAfuc MEPae ANTIOXOS EniAuv.'/c, and BA- SIAISSA lOTAnil ilEBASTHNilN. His two sons are also represented on horseback on another medal ; inscription YIOI BASLVEili): on the reverse, the figure of Capri- cornus, with the star and anchor, the tyjie commonly as- sumed by the Seleucidie, within a crown of laurel ; inscrip- tion KOMMAPHNiiN. Seguin. Sel. Num.; Paid). Mut- pt. ii. ; Froel. Notct. Elem. tab. xix. &c. Antiochus {Biog.) an historian of Syracuse, and son of Xe- nophon, in the 90th Olympiad, A. C. 400, wrote, among otlier things, a History of Sicily, which was extant in the time of Pausanias, by whom it is much commended. Diodor. 1. 12; Dionys. HaL 1. 1; Paus. 1. 10; Foss. de Hist. Gra-c. Antiochus, an Arcadian, wlio was Wctor in the pancratium at the Olympic games. Xenoph. Hellen. 1. 7, c. 1 ; Pausan. 1.6. Antiochus, of Ascalon, a stoic philosojihcr, the master of Varro and Cicero, was the fbiuuler of a fifth academy of the Plat(mic scliool. Cic. Brut. c. If); Pint, in Lucult. et Cic Antiochus, a Cilician and a cynic philosoplier, wlio, having enriched liimsclf under the emperors .Scvorus and Caracnlla, retired to Vologesus, king of the Parthians, Imt was re- called by Carai-.dla. Dio. 1. 77. Antiochus, a name common to several other persons men- tioned by ancient writers as a sceptic pliilosoplior of Lao- dicea ; and anotlier of Alexandria ; a sophist and historian of ;lvgea ; three slaves or freedmen mentioniHl by Cicero ; also a sculptor, who Ls said to iiavc made the famous statue of ANT Pallas prcser\-ed in the Ludovici gardens at Rome ; &c. Cic. ad Allic. 1. 4, ep. 16, &c. ; Alhen. 1. 11 ; Diogen. Lacrt. 1. 9. &c- Antiothus, an abbot of Palestine in the 7th centur>', wrote, among other thinfjs, an Account of the Takinij of Jeru- salem bv Chosrocs, King of Persia, liaroii. Aiiiinl. ; licllar- niiii. ric Script, /'cc/c,?. / Da I'in. Bihliotluli. S^-c. ANTIOPE (Mj/l/i.) 'AiTion-/), a daughter of Nycteus, king of ThelK's, was the mother of Amphion and Zctlius by Jupiter, whom she brought forth on Mount Citha;ron. Ovid. Met. I. (j, V. no. Addiitit ut Siityri eelatiis imagine pulchram Jupiter imptcret ganiiio }iiete'idaja:tu. Propert.l. 3, el. 1."?, v. II. Tu lifet Antiiyp Arrian. Alex. Krped. 1. 1, c. 11, &c. Antipatbr, son of Cassander, and son-in-law of Lysimaclius, succeeded his lather in the 120th Olympiad, A. C. 2.98; and, after ha\'ing killed his mother, was in his tuiTi killed by his brotlier Demetrius, or, as some say, by his father- in-law Lysimaehus. Jii.iiin. 1. 1 6 ; Pans. 1. 9. Antipater, a nephew of Cassander, was placed on the throne of Macedimia in llie 124th Olympiad, but retained it not more than 45 days. Puli/h. 1. 2 ; Justin. 1. 24 ; Pau.ian. c^r. Antipater, son of Seleucus Ceraunius, and nephew of An- tiochus the Great, concluded the peace with Scipio for his uncle, A. C. I9I ; Poli/b. 1. 4 ; Liv. 1. 37, c, 45. Antipater, an Idumean by birth, and governor of Idumea, was the son of Antipas, and fallier of Herod the Cireat. He was poisoned by one Malchus, wliom he had loaded with favours, A. C. 43; Joseph. Antiq. 1. 14, &c. Antipater, eldest .son of Herod the Cireat, after having con- tributed to the death of his two brothers, Alexander and ANT Aristobulus, was detected in a conspiracy against his fatlicr. for wliich lie was juit to death. Jose/i/i. Antii/. 1. 14, &c. Antipater, the son of Sahnne, pleaded for the crown of Juda?a, before Augustus, against his rivid Archelaus, but without success. Jo.teph. Antiq. 1. 17. Distinguished Persons (if this Name. Antipater, a son of Orgi.s, exacted the sum of four hundred talents of silver from the Thasian? to provide an entertain- ment for Xerxes and his army. Herod. 1. 7, c. I 1 8. Antipater, an Athenian archon in tlie !)7th Olympiad. Antipater, one of Alexander's soldiers, who joined in the conspiracy of Hermolaus. Q. Curt. 1. 8, c. 6. Antipater, a general of Perseus, king of Macedonia, wius slain in a battle fought with the Romans, U. C. 581, A. C. 173. Antipater, son of Jason, was sent by Simon Matcabsus to renew the alliance with the Romans, A. C. 144. 2 Maccati. xii. Antipater, governor of Idumea, and father of Herod the Great, was i)i:isone"'. 1. 31, &c.; Spnrlinn. in Hadrian. ; Poinpon. tit. de Orig. ; liiitil. in Vit. Jnris. Consult.; I'oss. de Hist. Lat. 1. 1, c. 8. Antipater, a poet of Tyre in the time of Gate of Utica, died a short time before the son of Cicero went to Athens. Some of his epigrams arc preserved in the Anthologia. C'c- de ANT ANT OJfic. 1. 2, c. S-l ; Pliil. ill Cat. ; Voss. de Hist. Grwc 1. 3 ; de Fuel. c. 8. Antipatek of Dcrbe, was intimate with Cicero. Cic. ad Fam. 1. 13, ep. "3. Antipater, a Greek poet of Thessalonica in tlie time of Au- gustus, \rrotc, among other things, epigrams in Greek, some of which are extant in tlie collection of epigrams. Antipater, Giilliis, a Latin liistorian of the tliird centurj-, wrote a life of M. Aureolus Marius, who was elected em- peror of the Gauls in the time of (iallicnus. Trebcll. Poll, ill J'il. Claud. Antipater, a writer of the fifth century, who wrote against Euscbius the historian. /. Con. Nic. ; Dii Pin Bihlioth. ANTIPATRIS {Bihl) WrmraTpk, a town of Palestine, where St. Paul was brought by order of Lysias. Aci,', a promontory of jEtolia, now Si. Andrew, opposite to the shore of Rhium, in Pelo- ponnesus, which together formed tlic bay of Corinth of Lepanto, now called the Dardanelles. Strab. 1. 8 ; Plin. 1. 4, c. 2. ANTISSA {Geog.) ' Avnatta, a town on the island of Lesbos, which was taken by the Athenians in the Pcloponnesian war. r/iiici/d. 1. 3, c. 18 ; Liv. 1. 15, c. 31 ; Strab. 1. 13. ANTISTHENES {Hist.) 'AynrrOiitir, a .Spartan, who was sent witli a fleet to I'liarnabazus, in the 20th year of the Pel()i)onnesian war. 1'tinci/d. 1. 8, c. 39. Anti.sthknks (Biog.) fatlicr of Antisthenes the Athenijin, wxs the fimnder of the sect of the Cynics who had Diogenes for a disciple, and Socrates for a master. He wrote 20 vo- ANT ANT lumcs, according to Diogenes Laertiiis. Cic. dc Oral. I. 3 ; Pint, in Lye. : /TA. Far. Ili.si. 1. 9 ; Diogen. 1. 6. Antisthenes, an liLstorian of Rhodes, and also a jieripntctic pliilosoplicr. Diog. Lacrt. 1. G ; Plilig. TralVmn. Mirnf>. 1. 3. ANTISTIA {Hi.it.) wife of Rubellius Plautus. Tacit. An- tial.l 14, c. 22. Antistia, geiLt, a plebeian family of Rome, distinguished into the Veteres and Kegini. QX'ide Aiili.tlliix] Antistia, gcii.t (Nionis.) several medals are extant of this faniilv, wliieh bear on the obverse the head of Augustus, inscriptions CAESAR AUGUSTUS, or IMPERATOR, CAESAR AUGUSTi/.v CoiiSut XI, &c.; on the reverse Cains ANTISTIUS REGINUS III. VIR, or Caius ANTISTIUS VETUS III. VIR. The tj-pe of one, as in fig. 1, is commemora- Fig.l. Fig. 2. tive of the victor)' at Ac- tium, representing Apollo ill a female habit, standing on a pulpit adorned with the beaks of ships and an- chors, holding a goblet in his right hand over the fire of an altar, and in his left a lyre; to the inscription of which is added APOLLINI ACTIO. Another, as in fig. 2, scr\'ed to show the origin of this family from the Gabii, whereon are represented two men dressed in the toga, with the head covered after the manner of sacrificers, holding a pig over the fire of an altar, inscription C. ANTISTIUS VETUS. FOEDjm Populi Eowani CUM GABINIS. Gollz. Fast.; Faill. Fain.; Patin. Fam. ; Morell. Fam. ANTISTIUS {Hist.) a name common to several Romans of distinction. Antistius Petro, of the Gabii, concluded a treaty between his country and the Romans, in the age of Tarquin the Proud. Dionys. Hal. 1. 4. Antistius, was made tribune of the people in Ms ab.sence, U. C. 332, A. C. 422. Liv. 1. 4, c. 42. Antistius, a tribune with consukr power, U. C. 373. Antistius, Scxiiis, an ambassador to the Gauls, U. C. 544. Liv. 1. 27, c. 36. Antistius, a public accuser, who was slain in the c'ivtI wars of Sylla. Cic. liosc. c. 32. Antistius, C. a knight and master of the publicans in Sicily. Cic. in Verr. 3, c. 7- Antistius, M. a knight whom the censor Lepidus dismount- ed. Cic. Orat. 1. 2, c. 71. Antistius Vetus, a defender of popular freedom, and a friend of Brutus. Cic. Brut. c. 1 1 . Antistius, T. a prstor of Macedonia in the beginning of the ci\-il war. Cic. ad Fam. 1. 13, c. 2.9. Antistius Rheginus, C, a lieutenant under Ca;sar in Gaul. Ca:s. dc Bell. Gall. 1. 6, &e. Antistius, the name of several consuls in the time of the emperors. Antistius Sosianus, first a tribune of the people, and after- wards a praetor, was banished for making verses on Nero. Tac. Annal. 1. 14, c. 48. Antistius Labeo (Biog.) vide Lahco. Antistius, an orator, and one of those to whom the emperor M. AurcHus entrusted the education of his son Commodus. ANTITHEUS (Hist.) 'Airtdioi, an Athenian arehon in the ifiOth Olympiad. Paii.t. 1. 7, c. 17. ANTITAURUS (Geog.) a branch of the Taurus, from which it is separated by the river Cydnus ; it is now called by the inhabitants Roham Thoura, according to Thivet. ANTIVESTIUM {Geog.) a promontory in Cornwall, now the Land's End. ANTIUM (Gcog.) a town of Latium, now Anlio Rovinata, or Torre d' Aiigo. It was the capital of the Volsci, built TOL. I. by Ascaniii.s, taken by Camillu.s, and adorned by Nero, whose birth-place it was. A celebrated temple was also dedicated to Fortune, whence Horace, 1. 1, od. 3.'>. O diva gratum tjtur rfgis Antium. Cic. de Div. 1. 1 ; Dionys. Hal. 1. 1 ; Slrah. 1. 5 ; Liv. 1. 8, c. 14; Tacit. Annal. 1. l.'J, c. 23 ; Surt. in Cat. c. 8 ; Leand. Albert. Dctcript. Ital. ; Cliiv. Ital. Antiq. I. 3, c. 7. Antium {Kumis.) i.s distinguished on one medal by the in- scription ANTI, the tyjie, an cffigj- <\f Hercules with his club ; and as a Roman colonv on a medal of Nero, inscribetl COL. ANTIAT. LEG. III. ITALICA. ANTIUS (Nnniis.) vide A ntia, gcn.i. ANTOINETTE (///,s/.) the duche.ss of Guise, was bom in 149,3, and died in 1.583, having got the reputation of un- affected piety among the Catholics, and that of a bigotted attachment to the Romish religion among the Huguenots. Dupleix. Hist, dc France. Antoinette, of Orleans, retired to a monastery (m the death of her husband, and afterwards founded a new order called Calvary. She died in I6I8. Antoinette, the unfortunate queen of France, daughter of Francis I and Maria Theresa, and wife of Louis XVI, fell under the guillotine by the sentence of a revolutionary mob in 1793, aged 38. [Vide Plate VI] ANTOLINEZ, Augiistin {Ecc.) archbishop of Compostella, was bom at VaUadoUd in 1554, and died in 1626, leaving the Lives of some Saints. Antolinez, Ju.stin, bishop of Tortosa, and brother of the pre- ceding, died in 1640, leaving an Ecclesiastical History of Grenada. ANTOMENES (H/.v/.) vide Automencs. ANTON, Patd (Biog.) a German theologian, of the Lutheran persuasion, was born in 1661, and died in 1730, leaving among his writings, 1. ' Concilii Tridentini Doctrina Pub- lica.' 2. ' Elementa Homeletica,' &c. ANTONELLI, Nicholas Maria (Ecc.) count of Pergola, was bom in l697, and after rising to the dignity of a car- dinal, died in 1767, leaving the reputation of a scholar. He wrote, 1. ' De Titulis quos S. Evariscus Romanis Pre.sbyteris distribuit,' 8vo. Rom. 1725. 2. ' Ragioni della Sede Apos- tolica sopra il Ducato di Parma e Piacenza esposte a' Sov- ran! e Principi Cattolici dell' Europa,' 4 vols. 4to. Rome, 1742. 3. ' Vetus Missale Romanum,' &c. ANTONELLO (Biog.) vide Antonio. ANTONIA, gens (Hi.st.) one of the noblest and most ancient families in Rome, which was among the number of the first senators chosen by Romulus, and deduced its origin from Anton, the son of Hercules. The ancient surname of this family was Merenda. [Vide Antonii and Antonius^ Antonia, the name of some distinguished females among the Romans. Antonia, the elder daughter of M. Antony, and wife of Do- mitius jEnobaibus, was the grandmother of the emperor Nero. Tacit. Annal. 1. 4, c. 44 ; Suet, in Ner. e. 5. Antonia, another daughter of M. Antony, was the wife of Drusus, by whom she had three children, namely, Germa- nicus, who was put to death by Tiberius ; Claudius, the emperor; and the infamous Liviii. I'al. Ma.r. 1. 4, c. 3 ; Joseph. Antiq. 1. 18, c. 8 ; Sucton. in Claud, et Caligiil. Antonia, daughter of Claudius and .^lia Patina, and wife of Faustus, or according to Tacitus, of Comclius, was put to death by Nero because she refused to marn.- him. Tacit. Annal. 1. 13, c. 5, &c. ; Plut. in Anton.; Suet, in Claud, d Ner. ; Bio. 1. 60. Antonia, gens (Nuniis.) tlie principal medals or coins of thi^ family were those of the Triumvir, which bear on the ob- verse his cflSgy Qvide Plate V^II] ; inscriptions, 'Slarcus ANTONIUS III. VIR. Re? Publico; Con.ttitucnda- Marci Filius Marci Nepos. AUG«r IMPeralor. ITERum III. 2 A ANT ANT VIR. Rei Vublicm Consltttiendce COiiSul UlLSlGnaliis ITE R(/m ET TeJlTiiim. — Mai-pof ANTwooc AYTocparwp TI'I TftNTPIUN ANAPSIN, &c. On the reverse of some medals is the inscriptions L,iiciiis ANTON I US. COhSh/, whose elfigv is given as in the annexed (ijjure ; and PIETAS. COnSiil, a name aflectcd by tliis Lucius. Some bear the inscription of Cleopatra, witli her effigy, [vide C/eupnlra'^ and others tlie names of Atratinus, Fonteius, Appius, So- sius, &c. prefects of the cities subjected to hLs jurisdiction ; to these mav be added the inscripti(ms CONCORDIA, or CONCOR.EXERCITULM, or EXERCIT.— LEG VII. \III. IX. &c. — COHORTIS SPECULATORUM.— COHORTIUM PRAETORIANARUM. c^c. The cities of Carthago Nova, Corinth, Ephesus, Sinope, Thessalo- nica, Tripoli in Syria, \ienne in Gaul, and the province of Sicily, struck medals of Antony. The grandfather of the Triumvir is inscribed on some medals M. ANTONl. C/ici Filiux, his brothers Lucius and Caius, httcius ANTONiKi- Marci Filius, with the addition sometimes of COiiSul; Caius ANTONIUS Mora F. Antoma, the wife of Drusus, was honoured with many medals, bearing her effigv, as in the annexed figure, inscriptions ANTOMA AUGUS- TA.— ANl'ii.XIA ilKBASTH— GEA 2E- BAiTIl AX XaMA-ANTONI A CEBACTH eECducazionc Christiana de' Figliuoli Libri tre, 4to. Verona, 158 1-. '2. ' Orationes Tredecim,' Ito. Rom. l6lO; besides various discourses. ANTONIDES, Ju/m (Bioi;.) a Dutch poet, surnamed J'andcr Goes, was bom of mean jiarentage in Ifi.'J?, and died in l()84, leaving among his works, 1. ' Bellona aan Band,' i. e. Bellona Chained ; on occasion of the peace between Holland and England. '2. The River V, in four books. ANTON H (Ilisl.) an illustrious family in Rome, said to be descended from Anton the son of Hercules. It con.sisted of patricians, with the surname of Mvrenda, and of plebeians, without anv surname. [^Vide /Inluniu.v'] ANTONIN \ni.st.) vide Antoninus. ANTONl NI, di Foraplioni, St. {F.cc.) archbishop of Flo- rence, was bom in l.'iSf), sent on diflcrent important mis- sions by the popes Nicholas V, Calli.stus III, and Pius II; nominated to the archliishopric of Fh)rence in IHC, died in 145y, and was canonizc(l by Adrian VI in 152.'!. He wrote, 1. ' Historiarum opus sen Chronica Libri vigintl quatuor," Venet. 1 ISO ; Noremb. 1181-; .'J vol.s. foi. Basil. Ityi. 2. ' .Summa Theologia; Morulis,' 4 vols. 4to. Venet. 3. ' Sumnuila Confe.ssionis,' Venet. 1473; one of the curliest printed books. Morel I. Fam. Antonini, Annibal and Joseph (Biog.) two brothers, who were engsiged in writing the History of I,ucania, were bom in the 17th and 18th centuries. Annibal likewise wrote an Italian dictionary and grauunar. ANTONINUS (Hist.) a name common to several emperors and distinguished jiersons. Emperors of this Name. Antoninits, Titus Aurelius, surnamed Pius, descended from a famUy originally from Nismes, in Languedoc, was bom at I^anusium in Italy, and succeeded Adrian (bv whom he had been adopted), A. D. 138, and died after a reign of 23 years, regretted by all his subjects. [^V'ide Plate I, and also tnider Numi.sinatics'] Dion. 1. 70 ; Jul. Capitol, in Ant. et M. Aurel. ; Spartian. in Aurcl. et Ver. Antoninus, Marcus .iurelius, surnamed the Philosopher, succeeded the preceding (by whom he had been adopted), and died after a reign of 19 years. Q\ ide Plate I, and also under Nuynisnialics^ This emperor wrote a book in fircek, entitled, 'Ta KaO' iavrui',' i. c. concerning himself. Tlic edi- tion in 4to. Cantab. 1652, and that in 8vo. Oxon. 1704, are reckoned the best. Tcrtull. Apolog. ; Dion. 1. 72 ; Jul. Capitol, in Marc. ; Euscb. Hist. 1. 5, &c. Antoninus, vide Comnwdus, Caracalla, Heliogabalus, Gela, and Diadutnenianus. Distinguished Persons of' this Name. Antoninus, Haterius, a consul in the reign of Claudius, A. D. 53. Tacit. Annal. 1. 12, c. 58. Antoninus, Arrius, a consul in the reign of Otho, A. D. 6"9, whose daughter Arria Fatidilla was the mother of Anto- ninus Pius. He is supposed to be the same as is mentioned by Pliny the Younger in his epistles. Plin. 1. 4, ep. 18. Antoninus, Galerius, the name of the second son of Anto- ninus Pius. Antoninus, a general who was proclaimed emperor at the death of Ulpian, but never ventured to oppose himself to Alexander Scverus. Antoninus, a son of Abgarus, king of Edessa, who was sent to Rome after his father had been stripped of his kingdom by Caracalla, A. D. IK). He made the epitaph on his brother Abgarus, who died at Rome. Sidvn. Apollin. 1. 2, ep. 8. Antoninus, an officer under Constantius, who being involved in debts and difficulties, went over to Sapor, king of Persia, and acted as a guide in an expedition undertaken liv that monarch against his own countr)'. Ammian. Marcel/. 1. 18, c. 5, &c. Antoninus {Numis.) the name given on medals and coins to six emperors ; namely, Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Commodus, Caracalla, Diadimienianus, and Heliogabalus, besides Cialcrius, who was of the imperial family. The medals of all these are on many occasions simply inscribed, ANTONIN. AUG.; and that of CaracaUa at full length ANTONINUS AUGUSTUS. The first emperor of this name is disting\iished by his effigy []vide Plate I] on nu- merous medals bearing the inscriptions in Latin, 'I'ihis AKLius CAESAR ANTONINUS. PIUS. niVerator. T. AEL. CAES. UAmUauus ANTONINUS AVGustus PIUS. Vater Valria- TRi/iuni/ia Votcstatc II to XXIII, the ninuber of times which be filled this oflice and COnSul III ; the in.scriptions in Greek T. AIAIOC KAICAP ANia- NKINOC AhTvicpuTuifi — AYT. K. T. AIA. A^pia>■os AN- TiiNI"IN()(' CEBnTOf lA'(rf/ii)c- Among the inscriptions on the reverse were AEQUITAS. — AETERNITAS. — ANNONA AUG. — BONO EVENTUI. — CON- CORDIA AUG. — DISCIPLINA. —DIVA FAUS- TINA. — FELICITAS. COS. II. HI. or IIH. — FIDES EXERCi7i«/« COS. IIH — INDULGENTIA ANT ANT AUG. COS. IH.— LAETITIA TF.MPORUM.— LIBE- llALITAS. AUG. II. III. I HI. V. &c. CO.S. II II.— MUNIFICENTIA. AUG. COS. Ill— I'AX. 'i"K. I'OT. XIII. COS. IIM.— PIETAS I'ltll!. I'OT. COS. &c.— PIETATI AUG. COS. IIII.— I'UOVIUENTIA DE- OHU.M.— JOVI STATORI.— .lUNONI SOSPITAE.— MAHTIULTORI. ; SALUS PUliLIC.V — SECURITAS PUBI.ICA, &c. The principiil places which lionourctl Antoninus on their medals were Alxlera in Thrace, AIhiho- tichus, Tlocgic, AcUa Capltolina, Ale.xanilria, Amastris, Amisus, Antandrus, Antiochia, Apollonia, Ascalon, Astiiriiia, Bcroea, Borytus, Citsarea, Cerctapa, Claudiopolis, Cnidu.s, Coella, Colophon, Corinthus, Cos, Crcta, Ciima, Cyzicus, Damascus, Ells, Emisa, Ephesus, Epidaurus, Ciadara, Ciaza, ■ Hadriano]X)Iis, Hadrianothcra, ricradca, Hijipo Regius, Ionia, I.aoc'dicmon, Laodicea, Macedonia, Magnesia, Mem- phis, Miletus, Neapolis, Nictca, Nicopolis, Patrsu, Perga, Per- famus, Philadelphia, Philippi, Samosata, Sardes, Seleucia, icilia, Smyrna, Syria, Tarsus, Tenedos, Tiberius, Tripolis, Troas, i"ic. Antoninus, vide Aiireliiis, ^c. Antoninus (Ecc.) a patriarch of Jerusalem, at the end of tlic second century. Euseb. C/iron. Antoninus, bishop of Ephesus, was accused of sacrilefje by Eusebius, bishop of \'alentinopolis, in a council held by .St. John of Chrysostom in 400, but the aftair was not brought to any issue, as the parties were afterwards reconciled. Baron. Annal. ; Pnllad. in Vit. Julian. C/iri/sosl. Antoninus (^Biog.) author of an Itinerary, which has been as- cribed by some to the two emperors of that name, but is most generally supposed to be the work of some writer of later date than either of these writers. loss, dc Hist. Lat. 1.3. Antoninus, \'ide Liberalis. Antoninus, Con.itantinianus, vide Conslantinianu.s. ANTONIO, de Jepes {Biog.) a Spanish Benedictine, who wrote a history of his order in seven decades. Antonio, Xicholas, a Spanish biographer, was bom in lfil7, and died in l684; leaving many useful works, among which the principal are, 1. ' De Exilio, sive de Exilii Poena An- tiqua et Nova, Exulumque Conditione et Juribus, Libri trcs,' fol. Ant v. 1659. 2. ' Bibliotheca Hispana Nov.,' 2 vols. fol. Rom. Hi72 ; Matrit. 1783. .'5. 'Bibliotheca Hispana Vetus,' &c. 2 vols. fol. Rom. ifigO; Matrit. 178S. 4. ' Cen- sura de Historiiis Fabulas, Obera Postuma,' fol. ANTONIl'S (Hist.) the name of a Roman family, and other distinguished persons. QVide Antonia, gens^ Family of the Antonii. Antonius, T. Mcrcnda, one of the decemvirs who was ex- pelled with Appius Claudius, U. C. 304, A. C. 450. Liv. 1. 3, c. 35. Antonius, Q. Merenda, a militarv tribune with consular power, U. C. 332, A. D. 422. lAv. 1. 4, c. 42. Antonius, Marcus, a master of the horse under the dictator P. Cornelius. Liv. 1. 8, c. 17. Antonius, Marat.'!, the Orator, was chosen successively qusestor and censor, and after having taken an active part in the public concerns, was killed in the troubles of Marius and Cinna, and his head was fixed on the rostrum. Cic. ad Heren. 1. 4, c. 5, &c.; Liv. Epit. 1. 80; I'al. Max. 1. 9. c. 2. Antonius, Marcus, son of the preceding, surnamed Crclicu.f, because he was unsuccessful in a war with the Cretans, died as is said of mortification at his ill success. Cic. in Verr. 1. 2, c. 3 ; Liv. Epit. 1. 97 ; Paterc. 1. 2 ; Flor. 1. 3, c. 7 ; Plut. in .■tiiton. Antonius, Caius, brother of the preceding, and a colleague in the consulship with Cicero, was banished from Rome _ for extortion notwithstanding he was defended bv the latter. Cic. I'at. c. 1 1, &c. ; Sullust. c. 24, &c. ; Liv. Epil- 1. IC'i. Antonius, Mnrcu.i, the triumvir, was .son of Antonius, sur- named Crclicus, and gnindsdu of Antonius the Orator. He- was distinguished by being the enemy of Cicero, whom he caused to Ix- beheaded and liLs head to he fixed on the rostrum; and no less so by being one of the triumvirate witli Octavius and Lepidu.s. He was after\vards the rival and antagonist of the former, by whom he was beaten at the battle of Actium ; and on learning the death of his mistress, Cleopatra, queen of Eg\'|)t, he put an end to his own existence. Q\'ide Aniunia, ^ens, under X umismatics'^ Ovid. Met. 1. 1.5, V. 826. Romaniijue ducis conjux ^gyptia tadit NoH bene fisa cadet. I'irg. /En. 1. 8, v. G85. llinc ope liarharicd vtiTiistpte AnttmiuB arnth Victcrr ab Aiirinti' pttpiilis, et litare Rubra JEgyptnm, vire$(jue Orietitis el ultima i^cum Bactra vehit: se'i^ilurquc Qiefas) .'Kgyptia canjui. Floral, epod. 9- Vt Ttuper, actus cilni freto Neptunius Dux J'ugit, vstis uavibus, Minatus urbi vincia, qua detrajerat Servis amicus pirjidis: liomanus (^eheu posttri tifgabitit) EmaucijiatHS fa:miutt, Fert t^Uum et arma miles, et spadoiiibus Servire rugusis ptiteit, Cic. Philip, ^'c. ; Corn. Ncp. et Pint, in Vit. ; Flor. 1. 4 ; Justin. 1. 41, &c. Antonius, Caius, brother of the triumvir, served under Ceesar against Ponipcy, and was afterwards put to death by Brutus. Plut. in Brut. ; Suet, in Jul. Ctfs. c. 36. Antonius, Lucius, another brother of the triumvir, opposed Augustus, but being afterwards taken prisoner, obtained from the conqueror his life anil liberty. Cic. Phil. ; Siielon. in August, c. 14. Antonius, Julius, or Julus, son of tlie triumvir, was a consul with Paulus Fabius Maximus, U. C. 744, A. C. 10; and in great favour with Augustus, who gave him his niece Mar- cella in marriage, but being afterwards detected in an adul- terous connexion with tlie emperor's daughter Julia, he was put to death, or, according to Paterculus, killed himself He is supposed to have written an heroic poem on Dioraede in 12 books, to which Horace alludes in the second ode of the fourth book, which is dedicated to this Antonius. J'ell. Paterc. 1. 2; Tacit. 1. 4, c. 44; Dio, 1. 55. Antonius, Lucius, son of the preceding, and grandson of the triumvir, was banished by Augustus to Marseilles, where he died ; and with him, as it is said, the family of the Antonii was extinct, which Tacitus dcmmiinates " Multa daritudine sed improspera." Other Distinguished Persons of this Name. Antonius, Felix, a frecdman of Claudius, who was set over Judica by that emperor. Tacit. Hi.st. 1. 5, c. 9. Antonius, Novellus, a conunander under Otlio, lost all his authority with the soldiers. Tac. Hist. 1. 1, e. S7, ite. _ Antonius', Natalis or Primus, a conspirator ag.unst Nero; who, having escaped with impunity, became a great general under \'espasian, and slew Vitellius. Joseph, de Bell. Jtid. 1. 5, c. 5 ; Tac. Annal. 1. 15, c. 50, iSrc. Antonius, a Roman captain, who commanded at Ascalon, and killed 1 8,000 Jews in two battles. It is possible this may be the same as the preceding. Joseph, de Bell. Jud. 1. 3, c 1. Antonius, a centurion at the siege of Jotaphat, who was killed by the stratagem of a Jew. Joseph, de Bell. Jud. 1. 3, c 13. 2 A 2 ANT Antonius, Fhtm'ina, an officer in the reign of Vespasian, who was exiled for his cruelty. Tac. Hist. 1. 4, c. 4(). Antonius, Lucius, a governor of Upper Germany, who set himself up as emperor against Doraitian, but was defeated and killed by Lucius Maximus. Dio. 1. 67- Antonius, the name of modem princes, &c. ^Vide An- Ihonif] Antonius {Ecc.) the name of several patriarchs, &c. Patriarchs of Conslaniinople of this Xayne. Antonius I, succeeded Theodore Iconomachus in 821, and held the see for 1 1 years. Antonius II, sumamed Caulcas, was elected after Stephen in 893, and died in 895. Antonius, sumamed Studiles, was elected in the room of BasU, who was deposed in 974. He afterwards resigned his charge in 979. Baron. Annal. Antonius IV, sumamed Caloger, was elected in 1388, and died in 1396". Bi.thops and other Distinguished Persons. Antonius, Honoratus, bishop of Constantine, in Africa, in 435 ; wrote a consolation and exhortation to one Arcadius, who was exiled for liis faith by Genseric, king of the Visi- goths. Antonius, sumamed de Beck, bishop of Durham, was made patriarch of Jerusalem in 1305, by Clement VI, which was only a nominal title. Antonius, D., better known by the name of St. Anthony. \yiAc Anthonif\ Antonius, M. Gnipho (Biog.) a poet and rhetorician of Gaul, taught rhetoric at Rome, and had, among others, Cicero for his dLsciple. Sueton. de Illust. Gramm. Antonius, or Antoninus Musa, a physician in the time of Augustus. Plin. 1. 29, c. 1. Antonius, or Antoninus Liberalis, vide Liheralis. Antonius, a discijjle of St. Simeon, the Styleote, wrote a life of his master, about 460. Antonius, a monk of Valeria, a city of Pannonia, died in 526, after having undergone much suffering from the bar- barians. Antonius, Tudentinus, native of Todi, in Umbria, translated .several of Plutarch's lives about 1460. Leand. Albert. Dcscript. Ital. ; Voss. Hist. Lat. 1. 3, c. 7. Antonius, jEHus Nebri.sscnsis, or Antonij of Lcbrixa, a Spa- nish writer on grammar, poetry, history, law, medicine, and theology, was bom in 1 442, and died in 1 522 ; leaving among his numerous productions, 1. ' Grammatica Sobre la Lingua Castellana,' 4to. Salmantic, 1492; Complut. 1517. 2. ' Dictionarium Latino- Hispanicum,' &c. fol. 1508 & 15.'i2. 3. ' Lexicon Juris Civilis,' &c. fol. Salmant. 1511. 4. • De- cades duic Rerum Ferdinando et Elisabetha,' &c. Granat. 1545. 5. ' De BcUo Navariensi,' &c. ANTONY (Hist.) vide Anthoni/ and Antonms. ANTOR (Mi/lh.) a centaur mentioned by Valerius Flaccus. Val. Flac.'\.\. ANTORIDES (Biog.) a painter and disciple of Aristippus. Plin. 1. 35, c. 10. ANTRECHT, John {Hist.) chancellor and master of the re- quests to the elecUir of Hesse Cassel, was bom in 1544, and died in I607. He was a learned man, and the patron of learning. Mel. Adam, in Fit. Juris. ANTRIM, Randal Mac-Sorlrij, Earl of {Hist.) of the family mentioned under Heraldry, joined Tyrone fur some time ill his relK.llion, but returning to his duty he aided the lord deputy Mimntjoy in reducing tlie rebellious Irish to obe- dience, much to the satisfaction of king .lames I, by whom he was honoured with a pliice in his privy council, the ap- pointment of lord-lieutenant of the county of Antrim, and the dignity of the peerage. ANT Antrim, Randall, Marquis of, son of the preceding, a no- bleman of great sjiirit and acti\'ity, exerted himself in the royal cause both in Ireland and Scotland, and caused a body of 1500 men to be conveyed from the fomier of these two countries to the latter, under the command of colonel Alex« ander Macdonald, [^Wde Macdonald^ in order to co-operate with the marquis of Montrose. He died in 1682. Antrim, Alexander, third Earl of, was sworn of the privy- council of James II, for which he was attainted and his estates forfeited, but being comprised within the articles of Limerick his outlawiy was reversed, and he died in 1()79. Antrim, Earl of (Her.) one of the titles enjoyed bv the family of Macdonald Qvide Macdonald^i the titles, arms, &c. of which are as follow : Titles. Macdonald, earl of Antrim, and viscount Dunluce. Anns. Quarterly, 1st. or, a lion rampant gules for Macdouell. 2d. or, a dexter arm issuing from the sinister fess point, out of a cloud proper, holding a croslet litchy azure, said to be assumed from one of the family assisting St. Patrick, to reduce the Irish to civility, and to propagate the Christian faith ; 3d. argent, a ship with the sails furled up, sable. 4th. Party per fess azure and verl, the under part wa\'y, a dolphin naiant in fess argent. Crest. On a wreath, a dexter arm couped at the shoulder, attired or, turned down argent, the hand proper, holding the like croslet as in the coat. Supporters. The dexter, a savage proper, wreathed about the temples and middle vert ; the sinister a falcon proper, with beak, members, and bells or. Motto. " Tout jour pret." Antrim (Geog.) a maritime county of Ireland, in the pro\'ince of Ulster, 46 m. long and 26 broad. It has two great na- tural curiosities, namely, Lough Neah, a Lxrgc lake, the waters of which are of a petrifying nature ; and the fiiant's Causeway, consisting of lofty pillars of Basaltes. Its prin- cipal towns are Antrim, Belfast, Cariekfergus, and Lisbum. Its rivers are the Bush, Rewel, Braid, Crumlin, itc. ANTRO, Coraeius (Hist.) vide Coracius. ANTROBUS (Her.) the name of a family which held the seat of Antrobus HsJl, in the county of Chester, from an early period previous to the reign of Heniy ^T, when it was alienated by Henry Antrobus, esq. but re-purchased in 1808, by sir Edward Antrobus, who in 1815 Avas created a baronet. The arms, iS.c. of this family are as follow : Anns. Lozengy or and azure, on a pale guh's, three stars of six points, waved of the first. Crest. On a wreatli of the colours, issuing out of rays proper, an luiiconi's liead covipcd argent, homed and mailed or, gorged with a wreatli of laurel vert. Supporters. Two horses proper, being the supporters used and borne by the lords Rutherford, co. Roxburgh, which (tlie title having become extinct in 1730) have been granted to sir lulward Antrobus, who purchased the barony and estate of Rutherford. ANTRUM, Sibi/lla' (Geog.) a celebrated place in Campania, which was said to be inhabited by the Sibyl, now Grolta delta Sibilln. Fib. Seijuesl. ANTWERP (Geog.) a city of Brabant, called by the Latin authors Antverpia or Andoverpuni ; by tlic Gennans, Antorf; by the Si)anish, Anveres ; and by the French, Anver.ut 1540. Among his works are, 1. ' Satyra; ad Pompeium Columnam Cardinalem,' 4to. Neapol. 1532. 2. ' Protogenos,' a tragedy. 3. ' Commentariolus in Tragoediam,' &c. ANYSUS (Hi.sl.) "Aivrror, fiither of Tetramnestus, a com- mander in the anny of Xerxes. Herod. 1. 7, c. 98- Anysus (Ecc.) a bishop of Thessalonica, the cotemporary and advocate of St. Chrysostom. Chri/sost. ep. 143, &c. ; Ambros. ep. 15, &c. ANYTA {Biog.) a Greek poetess, of whose verses some frag- ments have been preserved in the collection entitled ' Car- mina noveni Poetarum Foeminarum,' 8vo. Antv. 1568 ; 4to. Hamb. 1734. ANYTUS (Hist.) "AvvTos, one of the accusers of Socrates, with Melitus and L3X0, who were afterwards put to death by the Athenians. Hor. 1. 2, sat. 4, v. 3. .^— Qualia utu^arit Pythagoravi, Aiiijti renm, docttimque Platona. Plul. in Alcib.; JEUan. Far. Hist. 1. 2, c. 13; D'lOgcn. Laert. in Fit. Socral. ANZAR (Geog.) a town of Turkestan, near the frontiers of China, which Tamerlane converted into a fortress. ANZOLI (Hist.) tlie name of an Italian fiimily, which de- rives its descent from the Angeli of Constantinople. AON (Myth.) a son of Neptune, who reigned over the country afterwards called Bosotia, which from him received the name of Aonia. Paus. 1. 9> e- 5. AONIDES (Ml/Ik.) another name for the Muses, so called from Helicon and Cithieron, two mountains of Aonia or Boeotia, which were sacred to them. Juven. Sal. 7, v. 59- — — Cupidut silmrum, aptusque biimidis Foutitius .-Eonidum. AONIUS (Geog.) an epithet for Ba?otia, frequent among the poets ; as Verier Aonius of ^'irgiI ; Aonium Ncmus of Pro- pertius ; Aonia Ltfra of Ovid ; Mons Aonius of Claudian ; Aonios speriis of Catullus, &c. AORIUS (Hi.il.) or Ariarius, a king of the Goths in the tlme of Constantine. Joruand. de lieb. Goth. c. 21. AORNOS (Gcof.) "Aopcoi', a very lofty rock which was token by Alexander. It was said to be so high that the birds could not reach it ; whence it derived the name, signifying to be APA without birds. Strab. 1. 15 ; Arriau. Alex. Expedit. 1. 4 ; Dionifs. Pericges. v. 1149; Phil, in Alex. AORSi {Geog.) a people of Sarmatia, inhabiting the country now called Servia. AOSTA (Geos-) or Aou.ila, in the Latin Augnsia Prwtoria ; an ancient town of Piedmont, at the foot of the Alps, which contains many monuments of the Romans. It is a bishop's see, suffrag-an of Milan. The most ancient bishop mentioned in history was Protasus, in 408, who was succeeded by Eu- stathius. Aosta is seated on the river Doria, 45 miles N. \. W. Turin. Lon. 7° 25' E, lat. 45= 41' N. APACHNES {Hist.) or Paclian, third king of the dynasty of the sliephcrd kings of Egj-pt, who reigned 3Q years. His reign commenced 1446, A. C. APACZAI, John (Biog.) or Apatzaitsere, a scholar of Tran- sylvania, who, by his death in l659, escaped the threatened punishment for his adherence to the protestant religion. He wrote, 1. ' Dissertatio Continens Introductionem ad Phi- losophiam Sacram,' &c. Ultraj. l650. 2. ' Magyar Ency- clopediat,' &c. i. e. an Encyclopedia in the Hungarian Language, Utrecht. l653. 3. ' A System of Logic,' also in the Hungarian Tongue, Weissenburgh, l636. APAMA {Hist.) 'Awafia, daughter of Artabasus, and wife or sister of Seleucus Nicanor, was the mother of Antiochus. From her several cities received the name of Apamea. Liv. L 38, c. 13; Strab. 1. 12. Apama, wife of Prusias, and mother of Nicofliede. Strab. I. 12. APAMEA {Geog.) or Apamia, ' Xirafiua, the name of several towns, the principal of which were, 1. A town of Phiygia, near the river Marsyas, and the fountain of Mseander. It was buUt by Seleucus on the ruins of Celicnic, and so called after Apame his wife. It had likewise the name of Cibotai, and the gentile name was 'Airajjuc, Apamemis, as we learn from medals. QVide Apamea under Numismatics^ Cic. ad Attic. 1. 5, ep. 16; Strab. 1. 12; Liv. 1. 35, c. 15; Plin. 1. ,5, c. 29; Joseph. Aniiq. 1. 1, c. 4. 2. A town of Syria built also by Seleucus Nicanor, from wlumi it received its name, was situated near the river Axius, and had originally been called Pella ; the gentile name Apamai, Apameni, or Apa- menses. It was an archbishop's see under the patriarchate of Antioch. Thomas, one of its bishops, saved it by his ad- dress from destruction at the hands of Chosroes, king of Persia. It is now called Aman or Hama, as Gusseme sup- poses. Cic. ad Fam. 1. 22, ep. 12 ; Strab. 1. 16; Joseph, dc Bell. Jud. ; Plin. 1. 5, c. 23 ; Dio. 1. 47 ; Sozomen. Hi.it. EA:cles. 1. 7, c. 15. 3. A town of Bithynia, near the mouth of the river Rhyndacus, which, under the name of Myrlea, was destroyed by Philip, king of Macedonia, and rebuilt by Ni- comedes, the son of Prusias, who called it after his mother Apama. It was the only town of this name which was a Roman colonv. The gentile name was Apamenses. Sci/I. Perip. ; Strab. 1. 12 ; Plin. 1. 5, c. 32 ; Ptol. 1. 5, c. 2 ; Plin. 1. 10, cpist. 56; Zosim. 1. 1, c. 35. Apajuea {Niimis.) the town of BithjTiia, was the only one PYriA2, as on one of Trebonianus Gallus. Apamea, the town of Syria, struck many medals as an inde- pendent state, some of which bore the inscription AIIA- MEilN THS lEPAi: KAI ASY.VOY. Apamensium Sacrce et inviolabilis. A medal of Alexander I, king of Syria, de- fines the situation of this town near the river Axius. AIIA- MEON TilN nPOC Tii ASUi. They first used the ten. of the Seleucidte on their medals, which are marked PSP, ME, Cq^, &c. 163, 240, 293, &c. ; afterwards, on receiving a confirmation of their privileges, they adopted the Au- gustan epocha, as on a medal of Augustus. A1I.\MEI.'V2 TII2 lEPAS K. A2Y'i\. 1"K. Apama;a; .lacra' et inviolabilis. Anno 23. Another of \'espasian inscribed I'.TOYi; NEOY lEPOY. A, Anni Novi Sacri 4. Their mo.st frequent tj-pe was a figure of \'ictory, but sometimes a head of Jupiter, Minerva, or Bacchus. APEL, John {Biog.) or Apellus, a lawyer of Wittemberg, who, wliilst canon of Wurzburg, ran away witli a nun, whom he married, and afterwards assisted Luther in the refonnation. He wrote, besides a defence of IiLs marriage, l.'Methodica Dialcctices Ratio, ad Juri.sprudcntiam Ac- commodata,' 4to. Norimbcrg. 1535. 2- ' Brachylogus Juris Civilis, sive Corpus Legum.' He died in 1536. APELLAS {Biog.) or Apelles, an architect of Chios. Cic. ad Attic. 1. 12, ep. 19- .\ PEL I. AS, a frcedman of Fabius Gallus. Cic. ad Fam. 1. 7, ep. 25. Apellas, a statuary mentioned by Pliny, 1. 34, c. 8. ApKLLAs, a geographer of Cyrenc, supposed to be the same as the ApoUos mentioned by Athena?us. Athen. 1. 9, c. 2 ; S. Clem. Alexand. Prut rep. ; loss, dc Hist. Grwc. 1. 3; de Srient. Math. c. G'J. APELLES {Bibl.) a disciple whom St. Paul approved in APE APn Christ, who is supposed to have been one of the seventy-two. liom. xvi. Apkiessa, daughter of CEncraieus, with whom he had fallen in love. Pint, in Fort. Rom. APHAREUS {Mi/th.) Wcjjapiio^, son of Caletor, was kiUed by jEneas in the Trojan war. Horn. II. 1. 9, v. 83. Aphareus, king of Messenia, reigned at first conjointly with his brother Leucippus, but afterwards usui-jied the whole throne to himself. Apollod. 1. 1, c. 23 ; Paus. 1. 3, c. 1. Aphareus (Biog.) an adopted son of Isocrates, who wrote orations. Pint, in Fit. Oral. APHARS.\CHITES (Bibl.) N'DonEJK, a people sent by the kings of Assyria to inhabit Samaria instead of the Israelites, who were removed beyond the Euphrates. They were among the number of those who opposed the building of the walls of Jerusalem. Ezra iv. 9, v. 6. APH.VS {Geog.) a river of the Molossi, running into the bay of Ambracia, now Inacho. Plin. 1. 4, c. 1. APHEK (Bibl.) ps«, the name of some cities mentioned in Holv Writ, as a city of Judah, where the Philistines en- camped with the ark ; one in the v.olley of Jezreel, a dty of Asher ; and one in Syria, where the battle was fought between Ahab and Benhadad. Josh. xiii. 4 ; 1 Sam. iv. x. and xxix ; 1 Kin^s xx. 26, &c. APHET.?; {Geos^ " Aipercti, n toTxn o( Maf:nesia, now Fetid, in the Sinus Pesasa-us. Ai>ollon. Argon. 1. 1 . APHETOR {Myth.) '.\(j,>]r(on, an epithet of Apollo, from his pronouncing the oracles. Hcsychius. APHIDAS {Hi.sl.) 'Ai^ya, or "A^i^vai, part of Attica, called after Aphidnus, tlie companion of Theseus. It was taken by the Tindarida;. Herod. 1. Q, c. 73 ; Serieca in Hipjmli/t. ; Paus. 1. 1. APHNEUS (Mi/lh.) 'A(j>ieioc, an epithet of Mars, so called from a temple he had in Arcadia. Pans. 1. 8, c. 44. AfHCEBETUS {Hist.) one of the conspirators against Alex- ander, with Philotas. Q. Curt. 1. fi, c. 7- APHRICES {Hist.) 'AlpplKrjc, an Indian prince who defended the rock Aomos with 20,000 men and elephants, but being treacherously slain, his head was carried to .Vlexander. Q. Ciirtius calls him Erj'ces. Diodor. 1. 17 ; Cur/. 1. 8, c. 61. APHRODISEUS, Alexander (^Biog.) vide .4/exandcr. APHRODISIAS (Geog-.) 'ACi(riac, a town of Caria, near the Micander. It was once a bishop's see, but is now in ruins, and in the hands of the Turks, under the name of Apodisia. Jac. Anual. 1. 3, c. 62 ; PUn. 1. 5, c. 29 ; Ptol. 1. 5, c. 2. Aphrodisias (Nnmis.) struck many medals as an independent state, bearing the inscriptions on the obverse, iGl'A BOYAH, or ilYNK.VHTOC, Sacer Senatiis, AHAIOC popnlus ; and on the reverse, A*P()AeiCl€iiN. It was afterwards under the government of archons, when it struck medals of Augustus, Livia, Adrian, M. Aurelius, Crispina, Sept. Severus, Julia Pia, Caracalla, Geta, Gordianus Pius, De- cius, N'alerianus, sen., Gallienus, and Salonina, mostly bear- ing the name of tlieir magistrates. Their most usual types were a figure of victory, Venus, and Diana of Ephesus, &c. APHRODISIUM (^Geog.) \\((>poci(Tiut', a maritime town of Africa, now Mahomelta, between Neapolis and Adrimetum. Ptol. 1. 2, c. 3. APHRODISIUS (Ecc.) an Egyptian and a disciple of St. Peter. APHRODITE (Mfflk.) W-ppochrt, the Grecian name for \'enus, from an. II. 1. 1, v. 270. APIAN {Jiiog.) vide Appian. Apian, vide Apiun. An AN, or Appian Peter, in German sumamed Bieneivitz, an astronomer and mathematician, was born in IA[)5, and died in 1552. He wrote, among other tilings, 1. ' Astronomi- cum Cicsareum," fol. Ingolst. 1540. 2. ' Cosmographia,' 4to. 1529, 1575, &c. He also constructed many instruments, and made many astronomiciJ observations. Apian, Philip, son of the preceding, was also distinguished as a matlicmatician. APIARIUS {Ecc.) a priest of Sicca in Africa, v,ho, render- ing him-self infamous by his vices, was twice condemned by tlie bishops of Africa in council, and twice protected by the court of Rome. Condi. V. Carthag. APICATA {Hist.) the wife of Sejanus, by whom she was repudiated. After his fall she laid open the intrigues by which he had caused the death of Drusus. Tuc. Annal. 1. 4, r. .3, &c. APICIUS {Biijg.) the name of some Romans, who were ail distinguished for l)eing gluttons. Apicium, the lirst of this name mentioned by ancient writers, lived, according to Atheniuus, in the time of Sylla, and pro- cured the banLthmcnt of Rutilius the historian. At/icn.l 4,c.l9. Apicius, M. Coelius, who has been confounded with the pre- ceding, was a distinguished glutton in the time of Augustus and 'Tiberius, who, after having expended the greater part of his fortune in extravagance and luxury, poLsoned himself for fear that he should not have enough left for his indul- gence. He is noted by the poets. Juvcii. Sat. 11, V. 3. - Qj(i(i eiiim nuijiyre cachinno Eicipitur mUgi, quam pituper Apicius? — Mart. 1. 2, ep. 49- }pse quoque ad arnam gaudebat Apicius ire, Quum coLiiaTtt, erat tristiar ille domi. He was the author of a work ' De Arte coquinaria,' of which the Amsterdam edition, 12mo. is reckoned the best, 1709- Senec. ad Hclv. ; Plin. 1. 9, c 17 ; Dio. 1. 57- Apicius, who lived in the time of Trajan, to whom he sent fresh oysters as far as Parthia, in order to display his skill in the art of preserving them. At/ien. 1. 1, c. 6 ; Suidas in 'O'^pia- APIDANUS {Geog.) one of the principal rivers of Thessaly, flowing into the Enipeus, according to Lucan. Lvcan. 1. 6, v. 373. Kt quisquis pelago per se non cqgTu'tuj omnis Petieo domavit aquas, it gurgite rapto Apidamis, nunquam celer, nisi mintus Enipeus. It is called seneji by Ovid. Ovid. Met. 1. 1, v. 580. Apidanus seuex, leyiisque Amphrysus et ^as. Hcrbosus by Propertius. Properl. 1. 1, eleg. 3. Qualis in hcrboso coucidit Apidano, APIDIUS Merula {Hist.) a senator who was struck out of the lists of Tiberius, because he h;id not sworn to the acts of Augustus. Tacit. Annal. 1. 4, c 42. APINA {Geog.) an insignificant town of Apulia, which is said to have been destroyed by Diomedes, together with Trica, whence the proverb, ' Apina et Trica,' for trifling things. Mart.l. 14, ep. 1, v. 7- A PIN US, John Lemis {Biog.) a physician of Altdorf, was born in 1668, and died in 1703, leaving among his works, ' Theses, de Syncope, Tempcramento,' &c. APIOLA {Geog.) a town of Italy, taken by Tarquin the Proud, wdth the stones of which he laid the first foundation of the capitol. Dioni/s. Hal. 1. 3 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 15. APION {Hist.) a king of Libya, who left liis kingdom by will to the Romans. Apion, or Apian {Biog.) son of Posidius, and a native of Oasis, in Egyjit, was bom in the reign of Augustus. He wrote against the .Tews, and was refuted by Josephus. He was also one of the deputies from the city of Alexander to tlie emperor Caligula against the Jews. Senec. Epist. 88 .; Joseph. Cont. Apion. ; Plin. Prwf. Hist.; Aul. Gel. I. 1, Sec APIS {Mijfh.) "Attic, a god of the ^Egyptians, who was wor- shipped under the fonii of an ox. Grid. Amat. 1. 2, eleg. 13. Kt amies in pitnipa coruiger Apis erat, Lucan. 1. 9- Et sacer in Magni cineres mactabitur Apis. Some have supposed him to have been Apis king of Sicyon, who is said to have passed over into Egypt ; but others con- ceive him to answer to Osis and Osiri.s, who taught the Eg\'ptians agriculture. Herod. I. 2, &c. ; Apollml. 1. 1, &c. ; Diodor. 1. 1 ; Cic. de Nat. Dcor. 1. 1 ; Plin. c. 38 ; Mel. 1. 1, c. 9 ; ^-'lian. Par. Hi.st. 1. 4, &c. ; PM. de Osid. <^c. ; Eu.wb. de Pra'parat. Erang. c. 1 1 ; August, de Civ. Dei, 1. 18, c. 5 ; Macrob. Sal. 1. 21, c 2. Apis (Niimis.) this deity is frequently repre- sented on medals in the form of a bull, and stmietiines iLs in the annexed figure, in com- pany with Osiris, to whimi he was sacred. Osiris is licre represented adorned witli tlie lotus, having a .spear in his right hand, and a sistruiu in the left. APO APO Aprs, a son of Jason, was killed by tlie horses of iEtolus. Pans. 1. 5, c. 1. Aris {Uiil-i fourth kiu<; nf Argos, or Sicyon, who pave the name of Apia to the country he reigned over, accordiii;,' to Euscbius. Authors ditlir greatly in their account of tliis king. yF..\r/ii/l. in Siipplic. Act '2 ; Ajxilhxl. 1. ~, c. 1. APOCAUCHUS (Ilisl.) a Greek of mean original, and a favoiu-ite of Andronicus, who abused his power, and was cut off by liis enemies in 1345. Canlacuzen, t^c. ApoCAL'CHKt; {Biog.) a learned man of the lath century, to whom Act iiarius" dedicated his works. He has been by some confoundL'ior, iroifivwr, &c. The manner of representing this god may be found under Numismatics. Orp/i. in Argon, v. 991 ; Ajjollod. 1. 1, c. 3, &c. ; Callim. in Apoll ; H^orat. 1. 1, od. 10; Hifgin. Fa!>. 9, &c. ; Lucian. Dial. ; Scholiast, in Find. Euripid. Aris- toph. Arat. ^-c. ; Plut. de Amor. Apollo (Nuinis.) this deity is represented under a great va- riety of forms, but for the most part accompanied with the bow, the bow and arrow, the arrow, or the lyre, as in fig. 1 &c. ; and sometimes with the tripod and laurel, as in fig. 3 ; Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3, a stag, or a mechanical tool, or the serpent for the serpent Python, &c. The bow and arrow, together or apart, the lyre, the tripod and the laurel, his usual symbols, are fre- quently put for him without any figure. He is most com- monly represented naked, as in figs. 1, 3, &c., but sometimes clothed in a female habit, as in fig. 2 ; his figure always youthful, and his head sometimes adonied with flowing hair, as in fig. 4 ; sometimes with hair tastefully disposed, and crowned with a diadem, or with rays, or with laurel ; Fig. 4, Fig. 5. on a medal of the MUesians he is represented as m fig. 5. having his head adorned with the rays of Sol, standing in a temple which was dedicated to him, by a burmng altar, and holdinn- u stag in his hand. His posture was also very various', and most frequently standing, as in fig. 6 ; some- times sitting, sometimes in the act of stretching his bow to shoot, sometimes in the act of darting his arrow, and some- times in a chariot drawn by gn-phons, &c. as in fig. 1. There was scarcely a city of Greece which struck medals 2b APO APO that had not some representation of Apollo, besides many cities in Italy, Sicily, &-c. Apollo {Geog.) the temple of iVi^ollo on the promontory of Actium, whidi served as a beacon for mariners. Apollo (/J/oij.) a monk of Thebais, who remained 40 years in solitude. Sozom. 1. 8, c. 1. APOLLOCRATES (Hisl.) 'jWoXKoKpaTtic, the eldest son of Dionysiiis, the tyrant of Syracuse, to whom his father gave the citadel when he took to flight. Pliil. in Dion. APOLLODORUS (Hixl.) 'A7ro\Xoc(ipo£, who made a league with Croesus. Pans. 1. 4. Apollodorus, an Athenian commander in the time of Cymon, the son of Miltiades. runs. 1. 1. ApoLLODORt!s, the name of tliree Athenian archons, namely, in the 87th, 107th, and ll;>th Olymjiiads. Apollodouus, a governor of Babvlon in the time of Alex- ander. Diodor. 1. 1 7 ; Plnf- in Ale.r. ; Q. Curl. 1. 5, c. 9- Apollodoris, an Athenian leader of a revolt, who was ba- nished by his countiymen, U. C. .OGO, A. C. IgS. Apollodorus, sumamed Pyragrits, one of the principal in- habitants of Argyrina in Sicily, who suffered by tlie op- pressions of Verres. Cic. in J' err. c. 31. Apollodorus {Bio^.) a native of Troczcne, who had a statue at Delplii. Apollodorus, an Athenian who flourished in the 93d Olym- piad, A. C. 408, and had Zeuxis for a pupil. Plin. 1. 35, c. 9- Apollodorus, a .statuary in the time of Alexander the Great, who was so dissatisfied with his own works, that he destroyed them all. Plin. 1. 34, c. 8. Apollodorus, a grammarian of Athens, son of Asclepias, and disciple to Pana;tius the philosopher, flourished about the 169th Olyinpiad, A. C. 104, and wrote many works, of which none are extant except his ' Bibliotheca,' or History of the Gods. The best edition of this work is that of Heyne. Diodor. 1. 4; Cic. ad Atlic. 1. 12, ep. 23 ; Aul. Gel. 1. 17, c. 4; Diog. Laerl. 1. 1, c. 37. Apollodorus, a rhetorician, who was preceptor to Augustus. Slrah. 1. 13. Apollodorus, an architect of Damascus, who executed seve- ral considerable works for Trajan ; but falling afterwards under the displeasure of Adrian was put to death. Justin. 1. 4 ; Dion. 1. ()9 ; Procop. dc Edif. Apollodorus, the name of several authors, as a poet of Gela, in Sicily, in the age of Mcnander; a poet of y\ then s, and another of Tarsus; a writer on Agriculture, quoted by Varro ; a physician to one of the Ptolemies, &c. APOLLODOTUS {Hisl.) ' AnoWoioroc, a governor of Gaza who was besieged by Alexander Jannaus. Joseph. Anliq. 1. 13, c. 21. APOLI.ONTA (Ecc.) a Christian maid who suffered martyr- dom in the reign of Decius. Ensch. Hisl. 1. (i, c. 41. ApoLL<)M.\ {liilil.) 'AttoXXiJi («, a town of Macedonia, through which St. Paul passed in his way to Thessalonica ; Avis xxii. 1 ; probably the same as the first mentioned under Geograp/it/. Apollonia {Gcog.) 'AiroWaittu, the name of several towns, whicli derive their name from A])ollo, who was particularly worsliippod tlicre. 'I'lie jirincipal of tliese were, 1 . A town of Mygdonia, in Macedonia, now Ceres, Seres, or Asera, which is an archbishop's see. 2. A town on Mount Atlios, in Miu-edonia, now named Erissn. 3. A town called Apol- lonia Magna, on the l-luxine, in Tlirace, now called .SVv.v/- poli. 4. A town of Mysia, on tlie Rhindacus, proliahly the present l.iipadi. !>. A town on the toast of lliyriiiini, or Epinis, founded by tlie Corinthians and Corcyrians. Sirabo, Plini/, Slrphanu.i, Sfc. Apoli.<>\i.\ (A'kwii.5.) several cities of this n.ame struck medals of Adrian, Antonius I'ius, Severus, Jul. Domnia, Caracalla, Gcta, Diadumcnianus, Heliogabalus, Micsia, &t. Tlie in- scription, for the most part, AITOAAIINIATAN, together with the name of their magistrates, who were supposed to have been prtetors. Some medals, inscribed, AIIOAAiiNI-- ATAN IIPOC PYNAAKil, are known to belong to the last town of this name men- tioned under Geogrnp/ii/, and the town of Illyricum is also known by the type, as in the annexed figure, of the gar- dens of Alcinous, witliin a square on the obverse, and a cow suckling her calf, with the prow of a ship underneath. With regard to the others it is not so easy to detennine to which they ought to be ascribed. Faill. Num. Gr. ; Beg. Tlies. Brand. ; Spanh. Disserlat. APOLLONIADES (Hisl.) a tyrant of SicUy, who \ras compelled bv Timoleon to resign liis power. APOLLONlAS (H/,v/.) the wife of Att;Uus, king of Perga- mos, bv whom he had four chOdren. APOLLONIDES {Hi.sl.) '\t7u\\w,-u,,c, a governor of Chios, and a Grecian, who in a secUtion of the people was delivered up as a prisoner, with Pliarnabazus and Athcnoras, to Am- photcrus, one of Alexander's naval commanders. Q. Curl. 1. 4, c. 6. Apollonides, a confidant of Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, Phil, in Demet. Apollonidks, a chief among the Syracusans, who recom- mended his countni'men to make peace with the Roman.'* during the second Carthaginian war. Lir. 1. 24, c. 28. Apollonides, a physician at the court of Artaxerxes I, who was buried alive by the order of Amcstris, in revenge for the intrigues wliidi he had carried on with her daughter Amytis, the king's sister Clesias. Apollonides {Biog.) a poet and historian of Nice, who wrote a treatise on the embassy of Demosthenes, &c. Schol. in Ajx)llon. Apollonides Orapius, an Egyptian, and author of a work on the Ceremonies of the Egyptians, loss, de Hisl. Grwc. Apollonides, an engraver on stones. Plin. 1. 37. c. 1. Apollonides, a stoic, and friend of Cato Minor, who attended him at his death. Plal. in Cat. Min. Apollonides, a plivsician of Cyprus of the methodic sect. Gal. de Method. Med. 1. 1, c. 7. APOLLONIUS {Hist.) 'ATroXXwrioc, an officer of Antiodius tlic Great, who fought with Annibal against the Rliodian.s. He is probably the same as was afterwards in the sei-vicc of Antiochus Epiplianes, or, according to .losephu.s, of So- leiicus, as ambassador to the Romans, and as governor of Samaria, in wliich latter case he was killed by Judis Mac- cabieus. 1 Maccah. i. 30, &c. ; Lie. 1. 37, c. 23 ; Joseph. Antiij. \. 13, c. 18. Apoli.onius, .sumamed Dans, a general under Demetrius Nicanor, was beaten by .loiiatlum Maccabicus with the loss of 8,000 men, in tlie 11 8th Olympiad, A. C. 148. Apollonius, a tyrant of one of the cities of Mesopotamia, which was taken by Crassus and destroyed. Pint, in Cra.ts. Apollonius (Ece.) a Roman senator and a Christian convert, suffered martyrdom in tlie reign of Commodus. St. Jerom includes him among the number of eccle.sia.stical writers, on account of the defence which lie is said to have made in tlie senate of Christianity ; but the words of Eusebius, the his- torian, do not seem to imply that he drew up any formal written defence. Apollonius (Biog.) a name common to vcit many writers, I'^'c. Of several it is not known the time in which they lived, as Apollonius, a pagan priest and liistorian of Apliro- disia ; also a )>liysician of Pciganms ; another physician of l'"gypt ; an Athenian sculptor; and a sculptor of Rhodes, who executed the celebrated Faniese bull, which is still extant, reprcsentmg Ainphion, Zethes, and Dirce tied to APO APO tlic horns of a Imll. f'nrro tic lie liiisl. ; S/roh. 1. 14; I'liii. 1. iip, 36, Sec; Siiiiliix ; (>nilci: Inscripl. ]i. l-S. ApoLLONius, of Perga, in I'limphylia, was si niuthcmatician in the reign of Ptolemy Kvcrgetes, A. C. 242, who wrote a treatise on Conic Sections, tight books of which are still extant. According to l'a|){>iis lie was likewise tlie author of nianv other works. The best edition of ApoUonius is that by Dr. Halley, Gr. et Lat. fol. Oxon. 1710. Papp. Math. Collect. 1. 7 ; Euloch. Cnmmciil. in Ajwlloti. ; yats. dc Sciciil. Mat. c. lb"; Fabric. Bihliolhcc. 1. ;i, c. 2,3. ApoM.ONios, (;/' Rliodc.i, so called because he lived there a long time, though originally of Alexandria, was the son of Ileus, or Sillius, a disciple of Callimachus, the poet, third librarian in the Alexandrine library under Ptolemy Ever- • getcs, and author of a poem, entitled, ' Argonautica,' of which the best editions are Shaw's 4to. Oxon. 1777, Svo. 177!); and Brunck's 12mo. 1780. Strah. 1. 14 ; Qiiiiilil. 1. 10, c. 1 ; Lons- dc Siiblim. ; Girald. dc Poet. Hist. 1. 3; ro,5.y. de Pod. Gr. 1. 1, c. 1(), &e. Apom-onuis, a stoic of Nissa, in Armenia, and a disciple of Pana-tius in the U);Jd Olympiad, A. C. 128, wrote several works mentioned by Strabo and others. Strab. 1. 14; Meurs. Si^iilag. de A poll. ; Joss, de Hist. Grwc. 1. 1. Apollonius, a sculptor of Rhodes, who made the celebrated Farncse Bull, representing Amphion, Zethes, and Dirce, tied to the horns of a bull. PUn. 1. 36, c. 5. Apollonius, suniamcd 3/o/o, a Greek orator of Alabanda in Caria, had Cicero and Julius Cicsar for hLs pupils. He wrote a History of the Jews, which is answered by Jose- plius. Plutarch calls him the son of Molo. Cic. de Oral. 1. 1 ; Joseph, emit. Apion. ; Plut. in Cws. ; Suet, in Cces. c 4. Apollonius of Ti/re, an historian in the time of Pompey the Great and Augustus, wrote an account of the works of Zeno, and the philosophers of that .sect. Apollonius, Thyaueus, a Pythagorean philosopher and a magician, who was employed in exercising his art against the Christians. .S'. Jtist. Mart. Qucest. 24 ; Aiiaslas. Niccph. QucEst. 23 ; Lactant. dc Fats. lielig. c. 2. Apollonius, an Egyptian who predicted the death of Cali- gula, for which he was imprisoned till the latter was killed. Dio. 1. 59. Apollonius, a sophist of Alexandria In the first century, whose • Lexicon Grsecum Iliadis et Odyssee,' was edited by Villoison, 2 vols. 4to. Paris. 1773. Apollonius o/' Syria, a platonist who wrote in the time of Adrian. Apollonius of Chalcis, a stoic who lived in the second cen- tury, about A. D. 146, was preceptor to M. Aurelius Anto- ninus. Apollonius of Alexandria, sumamed DIkoUis, wrote much on grammar, besides a book of wonderful stories. Suidas ; Voss. Hist. Apollonius, an ecclesiastical writer in the reign of Commo- dus, who wrote against the heresiarch Montanus. This Apollonius has been confounded with the senator and martyr. Hieron. dc Script. Eccles. c. 40. Apollonius, Collalius Peter, a priest of Navarre in the 14th centur}', as is supposed wa.s the author of a poem on the Siege of Jerusalem. Scalig. Poet. 1. 6 ; Foss. de Hist. Lai. 1. 3, &c. ; Bartk. Adv. 1. 23, c. 27. Apollonius, Levinux, of Flanders, published in 1567 a De- scription of Peru. APOLLOPHANES (Biog.) 'Airo\Ko<(,ivr]c, one of the most ancient Greek poets, and a comic writer, j^lian. Hist. Aniin. 1. 6, c. 2 ; Suidas. Apollopiianes, an heroic poet mentioned by Fulgentius and others, but whether the same as the preceding is doubtful. Fulgciit. My t hoi. 1. 1 ; Suidas ; f'ossius, 6)-c. Apollophanes, a physician at the court of Antiochus Soter, whose works are fjuotcd by Galen, CelsuR, and others. Po/t/b. 1. .', ; Gal. de Cum/>os. Med. 1. 8, c. 9 ; Cch. I. 5, c. I's ; Plin. 1. 22, c. 21 ; Act. Tctrab. I. 3 ; Paul, ^ginet. 1. 7, c. 18. Apoi.loimianes, a stoic and adulator of Antigonu.s. Diogen. f.acrt. 1. 7. Ai'()LLOS (Bibl.) •AttoXXwc, a Jew of Alexandria, who, being a Christian convert, spoke with nui.h zeal and elo- quence in the cause of Christ, and was much followed by the Corinthians. Acts xviii. 24 ; 1 Cor. iii. 4, 7. APOLLOTHEMIS {Biog.) a writer who gave some account of Lycurgus. Phit. in Li/ciirg. APONIUS, Saturuinus, a man of pni-torian rank, mentioned by Suetonius. Sucton. in Cal. c. 38. Aponius, M. Saturniuus, a governor of Mcesla, who was honoured with a statue by Otho for having defeated the barbarians ; whether the same as the preceding is doubtful. Tacit. Hist. 1. 1, c. 7.9- Aponius (Biog.) an ecclesiastical writer of the seventh een- tuiy, who wrote on the Canticles, and is quoted by the \\nierable Bcde. Bed. Comment, in Cant. I. 4, c. 25. APOMYIOS (Mi/th.) 'Airofivtoi;, an epithet for Jupiter in Elis. Plin. 1. 2'y, c. 6 ; Pans. 1. 5. APOXO, Petrus {Biog.) or Peter Abano, a physician and astroncmier of Abano, was born in 1250, and died in 1316. His skill in astrology and philosophy brought upon him the suspicion of witchcraft and heresy, of which he was accused more than once, to the inquisition. At the time of his death he was under the sentence of this court for heresy, and his body was ordered to be disinterred, and to be burnt, which would have been executed if a female servant of his had not contrived to have it removed to another church during the night-time. Among his works were, 1 . ' Conciliator Differentiarum PhUosophorum et priecipue Medicorum," Venet. 1471. 2. ' De Venenis, eorumque Remediis." 3. ' Expositio Problematum Aristotelis,' 4to. Mant. 1475. 4. ' La Fisionomie du Conciliator Pierre de Apono,' Svo. Padua. 1474. 5. ' Hippocrates de Medicorum Astrologia Libellus,' from the Greek into Latin, 4to. Venet. 1485. 6. 'Quicstiones dc Febribus,' 1482, Patav. ; a manuscript in the imperial library. 7- ' Geomantia," Svo. Venet. 1549, &c. APONUS (Geog.) a fountain and village near Patavium, in Itidy, now Abano. The waters of the fountain were hot and salutary in cases of disease, as we learn from an idyl of Claudian written in its praise. Lucan also alludes to the same thing. Luc. 1. 7, V. 193. Eugaine, si tera fides memorantibus. Augur Colte setlens, Aponus terris tibi fumifer tiit, Atque Antentrrti disperg'Uitr undu Timaii. This place was encircled with widls by order of Theodoric, king of the Goths. Suet, in Tiber. 14 ; Sil. 1. 12, v. 18 ; Claud. Idyl. 6; Cassiodor. Far. 1. 2, c. 39. APOPHIS {Hist.) the fourth dynasty of shepherd kings, who began to reign in Egypt A. C. 1410. APOSTEL, Daniel {Hi.^t.) a general of the Cossacks, who distinguished himself in the service of Peter I, and his suc- cessor, and died in 1734. APOSTOLIUS, Michael {Biog.) a learned Greek at the court of Constantinople, in the middle of the 1 5th centur>-, wrote, among other things, a collection of apophthcgins entitled "luiria, or the Violet-bed. Gr. et. Lat. 4to. Lugd. Bat. 1619 and 1653; also an epitome of the same, Svo. Basil. 1538. APOSTROPHIA (Myth.) •Ano-rpofia, a surname of Venus in Bceotia, from aVo and rptVo/, to turn, because her vota- ries besought her to turn them from illicit indulgences. APOTROPvEI {Myth.) another name for the deities entitled Averrunci. 2 b2 APP APPENZELL (Gcog.) or in tlie Latin Ahhit'iscella ; a canton of Swiss, so called because its capital of the same name ori- ginally belonged to the Abbey of St. Gidl, from whose yoke the inhabitants, after many struggles, succeeded in releasing themselves in lib'i, when it joined the Swiss confederacy : but it was not recognized as the l.'Jth canton till 1513. APPIA (Bilil.) a noble lady of Rome supposed to be of the family of the Appii, was, with her husband Philemon, made a convert to Christianity by St. Paul, who, in his epistle to Philemon, calls her his verj- dear sister. They are said to have suffered mart}Tdom on the 2d of November, when their festival is observed. Appia Via {Topog.) a celebrated road leading from the Porta Capua, at Rome, to Brundusium, so called after Appius Claudius, by whom it was begun. It was continued and finished by Gracchus, Julius Cssar, and Augustus. Luc. I. 3,' V. 285. Et qua Pomptinas via dividit uda palwies. Slat. Sylv. 1. 2, v. 12. Appia longanini teritur regina viarum. Marl. I. 9, cpig. 104. Appiii, qiutm simili ivneraiidits in Ilerciile Citsar Consecrat, Ausonite majimaj'ama vitc. APPIADES (Mijlk.) an epithet for Mars and Venus, to whom a temple was erected at Appia? Aquse. Ovid, dc Art. Amand. 1. 1, V. 82 ; Ca;l. Bhodig. 1. 12, c. 1. APPIAN (liiog.) vide Appinnus. APPIANUS (Biog.) or Appian, a Greek historian of Alex- andria, flouiished in the reigns of Trajan and Adrian, about A. D. 123. He wrote a Roman history, of which there is extant only nine books, containing an Account of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, Mitluidatic, and Spanish Wars, with those against Annibal, the Civil Wars, and the Wars in Illyricum, and some Fragments of the Celtic and Gallic Wars. The best editions of Appian are those by Stephanus, folio, Gencv. 1592 ; of ToUius, Gr. et Lat. 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. IG7O; and of Schweighauser, 3 vols. 8vo. Lips. 178J.. APPII (H»/.) vide Appius. Appii Forum (^Geog.) the place described under Geography, where St. Paul met the Christians in liis way to Rome. Acts xx\Tii. 1. Apph Forum (Geog.) a small place not far from Rome, now called Borzo Longo. Horat. I. 1, sat. 5. Inde Forum Appi Differtum nautiSt cauponibus atqne maligiiis. It was so called from Appius Claudius, who made the Appian way. Cic. rpoc, an Athenian archon, A. C. 70+. Eiiseh. in Cliron. APSIXUS (Biug.) the name of .sovcnJ sophists, mentioned by I'liilostratiis, one of wliom, in tlic tliird century, wrote a work entitled ' Preceptor de Arte lihetorica.' One in tlie reign of Maximus was of considar rank ; and a third of Athens lived in the reign of Constantine. APSLEY, Lord {Her.) the title bonic by the eldest son of the earl Rathurst. APSUS {Geog.) a river of Macedonia falling into the Ionian sea between Dyrrhacium and Apollonia, was called by Strabo and Pliny Aoiir, and by Appian Alorcs ; it is now Aspro. Lucan. 1. 5, v. 46l. Aj)So gestarc carinas Causu palus, leni quamj'allens egerit uiida, APT (Geog.) the ancient Apia Julia ; a town of Provence, in the modem department of the mouth of the Rhone, seated on the Calavon, 20 miles N. Aix. It contains, among other vestiges of a Roman colony, a bridge called after Julius Caisar, the Julian Bridge. Previous to the revolution Apt was an archbishop's see, where one or two councils were held. APT A, Julia {Geog.) a town of Gallia NarlKinensis, now Apt, called after Julius Cssar, who sent a Roman colony to this place. Pliu. 1. 3, c. 4. APUA {Geog.) a town of Liguria, now Pontremoli, on the confines of Tuscany. Lii: 1. 38 ; Cluv. Antiq. Ital. 1. 1, c. 10. APULEIA, gens {Hist.) or, as it is written on ancient mo- numents, &c. Appvleia, gens ; a plebeian family of Rome that took its rise and its name from the region of Apulia, in Italy ; several of whom rose to the consular dignity. Apuleia, Varilla, grand-daughter of the sister of Augustus, was convicted of adultery with one Manlius, in the reign of Tiberius. Tac. Annul. 1. 2, c. 50. Apuleia, gens {Numis.) vide Appuleia. APULEIUS {Hist.) or Appuleius, the name of a plebeian family in Rome. Apuleius, L., a tribune of the people, who cited F. Camillus before the people concerning the plunder of the Veil, U. C. i&2, A. C. 391. Lib. 1. 5, c. 32. Apuleius, Q. p., a consul with M. Valerius Maximus Cor- vanus. Liv. 1. fi. Apuleius, Q., a decemvir appointed to divide the public lands. Liv. 1. 42. Apuleius, L., a decemvir for dividing the lands, and after- wards a praetor. Apuleius Satuhninus, a quinque^'ir appointed by the senate to determine the boundaries between the Pisani and the Lunenses. Apuleius Saturninus, L. a seditious tribune, wlio proposed many laws in favour of the people in order to serve the cause of Marius by whom he was afterwards put to death. Cie. in Brut. c. 62 ; Appian. de Bell. Civ. 1. 1 ; Plul. in Mar. Apuleius Cklsus, a relation of the emperor Augustus, was consul with Sextus Pompey, A. D. 14. Dio. 1. 56 j Sueton. in August, c. 97, &c. Apuleius Celsus {Biog.) a physician of Centuripa, or Cen- torbi, in Sicily, in the reign of Tiberius, is supposed to be the author of a work on agriculture entitled rtwrorawr, which was published at Basle in 1539 and 1540. Apuleius Saturninus, Lucius, a platonic philosopher of Madaura, in Africa, in the reign of Antoninus and M. Aurelius, is known at j)resent by some ingenious works, of which he was the author; as, 1. ' Apologia,' or His Apology for marrying Prudentilla, a Rich Widow. 2. ' Metamor- AQU phesos, sive de Ahino Aureo.' 3. ' De Mundo," &c. The l)cst editions of Apuleius arc the Deli)hin, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, H)S8 ; Prico-i, 8vo. Paris, l635 ; Variorum & Prieii, Hvo. Good. 1650. August, de Civ. IX L 18, c. 18 j Jul. Capitol, in Clod. ; Macroh. in Sonin. Scip. 1. 1 , c. 2. APULIA {(ieog.) a country of Italy, now Pugliti, lx)rderiiin on tlie Adriatic Sea, between Daunia and Calabria, extend- ing from the river Frcnto to Brundusium and Tarentum. Horace speaks of it as his native country. Horat. L 3, od. 4, v. J). AHricii extra limen Ajml'ta. It was famous for the fineness of its wools, as w« leani from Martial. Mart. Apophth. 155. Velteribits primis Apulia, Parma sectivdis A'uW/is, .illinum iertia taiulac avis. Cic. de Div. 1. 1, c. 43 ; Slrah. 1. 6; Mel. 1. 2, c. 4. AQUA or Aquce {Geog.) the name of several places, so called from their baths or mineral waters. Aqua Pulchra, now Aigue-belle, a small place in Sabaudia it Savoy. AQUtE, a town of the Helvetii, now Baden. AQUffi Augusta', a town of Gallia Aquitania, or the modem Gascony, now Acqs or Dax. Aqua; Calidce, or Aqua: Solix, a town of Britain, now Bath. Aqu.e Carolina;, a town of Bohemia, now Carhbaden. AdVJE. Gratiance, a town of Sabaudia, or modem Savoy, now Aix. Aqu;e Matiacw, now JVeisbaden, a town of Germany. AQUiE Se-rtia;, now Ai.r, a town of Gallia Narbonensis, or the modem Provence. Aqu^ Solis, vide Aquw Calida;. AQVJEUS, Stephanus {Hist.) Lord of Beni, distinguished himself by his deeds and his writings, in the reign of Francis I. Among the latter are his Commentaries on Csesar's Historv of the Civil Wars, &c. AQUAPENDE'NTE {Biog.) vide Fabriciiu: AQUASPARTA, Matlhia's d' {Biog.) a cardinal of the IJth century, so called from the place of his birth, was employed by Martin IV and Boniface VIII on many important ;iffairs; made cardinal by Nicholas IV in 128S, and died in 1302. AQUAVIVA {Hi.it.) the name of an illustrious family of Naples, who took their name from the seignoiy of Aqua- viva, a small place in the kingdom. The following are the principal of this family entitled to notice. Aquaviva, Anthony d', the first of this name was created duke of Atri, by king Ladislaus. Aquaviva, Andrew Matthew d', son of the preceding, was killed by his own vassaLs in 1407. Aquaviva, Julius Anthony d\ grandson of the preceding, was killed by the Turks at the siege of Otranto in 1480. He obtained permission from Ferdinand, king of Naples, to bear the name of Arragon. .\quaviva, d' Arragon, Andrew Matthew d', II, son of the pre- ceding, was present at two unsucces-sful engagements, in die latter of which being taken a prisoner, he devoted the re- mainder of his life after his release to lctters,'and died in 1 582 ; leaving among his works as an author, 1 . 'An Encyclo- psedia,'' which was left imperfect. 2. ' Disputationes de Virtute Morali," 4to. Helcnop. 1609. Aquaviva, Bellsarius d', brother of the preceding, was made duke of Nardi, and al.so distinguished him.self as a man of letters; leaving among his works ' De Aucupio; de \ em-- tionc, de Certamine singuhiri,' &c. fol. Cap. 1519; 8vo. Basil 1578. , Aquaviva, d Arragon, John Francis d\ I, was made a pnnoner by the French at the battle of Ravenna, in 1512. Aquaviva, d'Arrason, Julius Anthoni/, H, taking part witli the French agaiiist Charles V, was declared a rebel by the AQU emperor, and obliged to retire to France, where he was protected by Francis I. Aquaviva, d'Arragon, John Jerome d', a grandee of Spain, left the kingdom of Naples rather than fail in his allegiance to PhUip y of Spain. Aquaviva, Claude d' (Ecc.) son of John Anthony d' Aqua- viva d'Arragon, of the preceding family, was a general of the order of the Jesuits, who after a prudent and mild ad- ministration died in l6l5, leaving many works of piety. Aquavi^'a, liudolphus d', nephew of the preceding, was also a Jesuit and a missionary to the Mogul, where he acquired the esteem of the emperor Akbar. He was afterwards killed at Salsetta, in Goa, being pierced with arrows, with four other Jesuits. Aquaviva, Oclavio d', archbishop of Naples, was created car- dinal by Gregorj- XIV, and assisted at the election of In- nocent IX, Clement VIII, Leo XI, and Paul V. He died in 1612. Aquaviva, Oclavius d', son of Josias d'Aquaviva, duke of Atri, was bom in I609, created cardinal in 1652, by Inno- cent X, and died in l694. Aquaviva, d' Arragon, Thomas d', was made bishop of Bitonto, which he governed with much prudence tUl his death in 1672. Aquaviva, d'Arragon, Francis d', second son of Josias d'AquaWva d'Arragon, was bom in 1665, chosen to the archbishopric of Larissa in 1700, created cardinal by Cle- ment XI in 1706; appointed protector of the crown of Spain, as archbishop of Lima, in 1713; and after serving Philip V in the solemnization of his marriage with Eliza- beth Formese, princess of Parma, and on other public oc- casions, died in 1725. AQUIAB (Hisl.) vide Achiab. AQUILA (Bibl.) a Jew, and native of Pontus, became a convert to Christianity, with his wife PrisciUa, from the preaching of St. Paul. Nothing authentic is known of them beyond the Scripture account, but the Greeks honour Aquila as an apostle and bishop; and in the Roman calendar, which styles him bLshop of Heraclea, the festival of Aquila and PrisciUa is fixed for July 8. Acts xviii. 2. Aquila {Hist.') one of the con.spirators who gave Caligula the death blow, A. D. 41. Joseph. Antiq. 1. I9. Aquila, Julius, a Roman knight, who conducted an expedi- tion against Cotys, king of the Bosphorus, in the reign of Claudius. Tacit. Annal. 1. 12. Aquila, Vedius, a lieutenant of the 13th legion on the side of Otho, which fled in battle. Tac. Hist. 1. 2, &c. Aquila, a governor of Egypt, under the emperor Severus, A. D. 203. Aquila (Biog.) a native of Sinope, in Pontus, in the reign of Adrian, who became a convert to Christianity, but being expelled the church for his attachment to judiciid astrology, he embraced judaLsm, and tran.slatcd the Bible from the Hebrew into the Greek, wherein he Ls charged with an endeavour to give an interjiretation of certain passages more favourable to the prejudices of the Jews than the Septuagint. Aquila (Geog.) a town of Abruzzo Ultra, in Naples, and a bishop's see, suffragan to Curta de Chiari, was built on the ruins of Amitemo and Forcono, the Forconium of the an- cients. This place was entirely destroyed by an earthquake in 1703. Leand. Albert. Descript. Ital. AQUILANO, Serajino (Biog.) a poet, so called from Aquila, his native place, was lx)m in 146ti, and died in 1500; leav- ing a number of poems, wliich were printed at Rome in 150.3, 8vo. and 1516. AQUILANUS, Sehastianus (Biog.) or Sebastian d' Aquila, a physician of Aquila, died in 1543, leaving among his works, I . ' De Morbo Gallico,' 4to. Lugd. 1 506 ; 8 vo. Bonon, ^517. 2- ' De Fcbrc Sanguinea,' 8vo. Basil. 1537. AQU AQUILEIA (Geog.) or Aquilegia, a town of Gallia Trans- padana, on the Adriatic, founded, according to Livy, by a Roman colony, U. C. 570, A. C. 184. The situation of which on the river Timavus, near the Adriatic, and the \'enetian territoiy, is defined by the poets. Mart. 1. 4, epig. 25. Et tu Lediro felix Aquileia Timaio. Sil. Ital 1. 8, v. 605. Nee non cunt Venelis Aquileia perfusit avTnis. Dionys. Perieg. v. 381. r69i avperai 'Acptag aX/ij; XloiTov (s dy\iizopov 'AicuXr/tov. History of Aquileia. Aquileia was once so considerable a place that it was called Roma, il" we may believe Herodian, and Ausonius reckons it among his illustrious cities. Auson. in Catalog. Nona inter claras Aquileia cieberis urhes. It was enlarged and beautified by the Roman emperors, who made it occasionally their place of residence ; and to this place it was that Herod the Great went to meet Augustus for the purjjose of preferring an accusation against his two sons. It sustained several sieges at difl'erent times, parti- cularly by the tyrant Maximinus, who was killed before this place in 237. On which occasion the females cut off their hair to make bow-strings for their husbands. In 453 it was rendered stiU more memorable by the obstinate resistance which it opposed to Attilus, who at length took it and re- duced it to ruins ; but being rebuilt by Narses, it was again taken and ruined by the Lombards in 590, since which it has fallen into insignificance. It is now known by the same name as a small town of Friuli, near the Gulf of \'eiiice, 15 m. N. E. V^enice. Ecclesiastical History of Aquileia. St. Mark is said to have founded the church of Aquileia, which was erected into a patriarchate that was next in power and dignity to the see of Rome. The first patri- arch of Aquileia is said to have been S. Hennonas, who had for his successors Helarius, Chrj'sogenes, Theodore, Valerian, Chromatins, Theodoret, &c. ; who have been enrolled in the calendar of saints. On the fall of Aquileia in political importance the patriarchate was abolished, and the archbishoprics of Gorz and Udina were established in its stead. Several councils were held in tliis city, as in 381 under pope Damasus; in 400, at which Chromatius presided ; afterwards in 553, 698, and 791 ; and finally in 1409, which was assembled by Gregory XII, after he had been deposed in the council of Piso. Aquileia was the birth-place of Pius I, St. Epiphanius, Chromatius, Paul Diaconus, and many other celebrated men. Cic. Oral, in Vatin. Sfc. ; CcBS. de Bell. Gall. 1. 1 ; Liv. 1. 39, &c. ; Strab. 1. 5 ; Mela, 1. 2 ; Joseph. Antiq. 1. 16 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 1 9 ; Sueton. in Augu.it. ; Liv. 1. 2, c. 4. Aquilius Tuscus, Caiu.t, a consul, U. C. 26?, A. C. 487 ; gained an advantage over the Hcniici, for which he received the honour of an ovation. Livy and Dionysius give a dif- ferent account in some particulars of this affair. Dioiujs. 1. 8 ; Liv. 1. 2, c. 40. Aquilius Florus, a consul and colleague of L. Corn. Scipio, defeated the Carthaginians, U. C. 4.9.'). Aquilius, L., a pra;tor of Sicily, U. C. 578. Cic. in Vcrr. 3, c. 54, &c. Aquilius Nepos, M., a consul with Sempronius Tuditanus, U.C. 653, A.C. 101. Aquilius, Manius, or according to Justin, Marcus ; a consul, was defeated by Mithridates, in Bithynia, and being after- wards treacherously delivered into his hands, was put to death with every circumstance of ignominy. Liv. Epit. 1. 77, &c. ; Justin. 1. 36 ; Appian. de Bell. Mithrid. Aquilius Julianus, M., a consul, A. D. 38. Aquilius Regulus, a general under Vespasian, was conquered by Civilis, a chief of the Batavi. Tacit. Hi.it. 1. 4, c. 15. Aquilius Sabinus, a lawyer of consular dignity, who was consul twice, namely, A. D. 214, and 21 6, is supposed to have been the father of the vestal Aquilia Severa before- mentioned. Lamprid. in Heliogah. ; Fasti. Cons. ; Cas- siodor. Chron. ; Rutil. in fit. Juriscon. Aquilius, Cneus (^Biog.) a comic poet, flourished about U. C. 570, A.C. 182. Farro, dc Lin. Lat.; Jul. Cell. 1. 3, c. 3. Aquilius Gallus, a distinguished lawyer, who flourished about 65 years A.C. wrote, 1. ' De Dolo Malo,' on the occiLsion of a fraud which Octaeilia, the mistress of Q. Vi- teUius \'aiTo, wanted to practise upon him. 2. ' De Pos- thumorum Institutione." 3. ' De Stipulatione," &c. To him has been attributed the ' Lexicon Aquilia,' which is, how- ever, more generally considered to be the work of one Aquilius, a tribune of the people of a much earlier date. Cic. Brut. c. 42, &c. Aquilius Nigeh, author of a history of the war of Modena, mentioned by Suetonius. Suelon in Aug. c. 11. Aquilius Sevekus, otherwise caHeA ylc/tilius or Acilius, a poet and historian of the 4th centur)', wrote a journal of his own life in prose and verse. S. Hieron. dc Script. Ecclcs. c. 3 ; Du Pin. Bibliothelc. j\QUIN (^Hiil.) vide Aquino and Aquinus. AQUINIUS {Hist.) vide Aquinus. AQUINO (Hist.) an illustrious and ancient family, and one of the seven grandees of the kingdom of Naples, after that tlie kingdom of the Lombards was divided into 30 duchies. From the ducby of Benevento sprang tlie county of Aquino, AQU which was held by Antenolfe in 879. The principal racm* hers of this family are as follow : Aquino, Adinoljc d', 1, suniamed Summucula, in the reign of Otho 111, conquered the fortress of ItcKca .Seci'a. Aquino, Adinotfe d', 11, conquered the Mintumians about 1038. Aquino, I.andolf d', in the reign of Lotharius, defended, in 1137, the state of Mount Cassin. Aquino, Thomas Count d', as commander-in-chief under the emperor Frederic II, brought all Naples, in 1221, under his sulijection, and afterwards accompanied the emix.Tor to the Holy Land, where he served him on many iiniwrtant occasions. Aquino, Landolfe d', in 1435 took part with Alphonsus, king of Arragon, whom he assi.sted in obtaining the kingdom of Naples. Aquino, Lndislaus d', was created duke of Bicheil, for his distinguished services. Aquino, Raimond d', distinguished himself in the service of Manfrid, king of Naples, but being taken prisoner by the French, died in captivity. Aquino, Adinolf d', was a successful warrior in the ser\'icc of Robert, king of Sicily, in three different wars. Aquino, Thomas d', II, was taken jirisoner by the Germans after a long sen-ice under Philip V of Spain and Naples, but died captain-general of Navarre in 1721. Aquino, Ladislaus d' (Ecc.) of the same family as the pre- ceding, was created cardinal by Paul V^ in l6l6, and died in 1621, at the moment of hLs election to the papal chair. Aquino, Thomas d' (Biog.) or .S7. Thomas Aquinas, commonly called the Angelic Doctor, of the preceding family, was bom in the castle of Aquino in 1224, and died in 1274, lca\-ing a vast number of books which were printed in 17 vols. fol. at Venice, in 1490 ; Nuremberg, in 1496 ; Rome, in 1570 ; Venice, in 1594; Cologne, in 16I2, &c. Aquino, Philip d', a rabbi of Carpentras, whose proper name was Mordicai, took the name of Aquino from the place where he was baptized into the Christian church. He died in 1650, leaving among his works, 1. ' Dictionarium Hebnco- Chaldao-Talmudico-Rabbinicum,' fol. Paris. I629. 2. ' Ra- cines de la Langue Sainte,' fol. Pari-s 1()20. 3. ' Expli- cation des Treize Moyens dont se servoient les Rabbins pour entendre le Pentateuque,' &c. Aquino, Lewis d', son of the preceding, was as well versed in rabbinical learning, and the oriental languages, as his father, of which he left many proofs at his death. Aquino, Anthony d', grandson' of Philip d' Aquino, was phy- sician to Louis XIV. Aquino, Charles d', a Jesuit and poet of Naples, was boni in 1654. He wrote among other things, 1. ' Sacra Exequi- alia in Funere Jacob! II, Magnic Britannia; Regis,' &c. 2. ' Carmen Auguralc Josc)iho Austriaco Romanoruin et Hungariic Regis,' fol. Rom. I698. 3. ' Lexicon Militare,' &c. 2 vols. fol. Rom. 1728. Aquino, or Aquin, Louis Claude d', a French musician, was born in I694, and died in 1772. His power of executing on the har])sichord at the early age of six years, and his wonderful skill on the organ in after life, excited the admi- ration of the whole musical world in bus day. Aquino, de Chateau Li/on, a miscellaneous writer of tlie pre- ceding familv, who died in 1797, was the author of ' Conte* mis en vers par un petit Cousin de Rabelais,' Svo. 1775, and other things. /• v 1 Aquino (Geog.) the ar\dent Aquiiiiim, a town ot ^Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, a bishop's see, suffragan to the archbishoii of Capua, was destroyed bv the emperor Conrad, so that it is now not more than a village, 20 m. S. by E. Sora. [Vide Aquinum'] /. t • i AQUINUM (Geog.) now Aquino, a town of Latium, on the borders of the Sauiiiites, where Juvenal was bom. AQU Juven. Sat. 3, v. 3 IS. et quoties tc Soma tuo refici properantem reddet Aquiun. It produced a dye wMcli greatly resembled the Tyrian pur- ple, to which Horace alludes. Hor.l 1, ep. 10, V. 2G. ^11! Sidonio contendere callidus ostro Ktscit Aquivatem potatttia vellera fucum, Certius accipiet dainnmn, ^c. Stnih. 1. .5 ; Sil. Jal. 1. 8 ; Leaml. Dcscripl. Ital. AQUINUS, Conicliii.i (Hist.) commander of a legion in the rtign of Galba, under Fonteius Capito, concerted with Julius \'alens to kill this general, under the pretence that he wished to usui-p the imperial throne. Tacit. Hist. 1. 1 . Aquinus, the name of some kings of Nor^\'ay. Aquinl-s I, succeeded Magnus IV in 1232, and died after a reign of 30 years, whilst he was making a successful war on Scotland. Hect. Booth. Hist. Rer. Scot. ; Kranlz. Hist. Nor. Aquinus II, succeeded his brother Eric, surnamcd the Sivcde, in 1300, and died after a reign of 15 years. Olaus. Mag. ; Kranlz. Hist. 1. 1. Aquinus III, succeeded his father Magnus on the throne of Sweden, but being driven from his kingdom, he reigned two years in Norway. Krantz. Aquinus IV, nephew of the preceding, succeeded his father Magnus in 1 359, and ha\ing married Margaret, daughter of A'aldemar III, king of Denmark, succeeded him by right of his wife on the throne of Denmark. By the persuasion of liis queen he also recovered the throne of Sweden from Albert, whom he took prisoner in 1387, so that the three kingdoms were united in his person, and in that of his queen who succeeded him. Aquinus (Biog.) or Aquiniiis, a Latin poet, flourished U. C. Cy3, A. C. Cl, in the time of Catullus and Cicero, both of whom mention him in terms of contempt. Cic. Tusc. 1. 5 ; Caliill. 1. 14, V. 18 ; Voss. de Poet. Lat. Aquinus, Jii^er, a Latin lustorian of the first centur)', wrote the Life of Augustus Csesar. Voss. dc Hist. Lat. AQUISGRANUM (Geog.) the Latin name for the town now called Aix-la-Chapclle. [Vide Aix-la-Chapcllc] AQUITAXIA (Geog.) one of the three provinces of ancient Gaul, wliich Pliny'calls Gallia Aquilanica, the Notilia, Pro- rincia Aquitanica. Its original name was Armoricca, which was changed to that of Aqiiilania, from the number of its waters. It comprehended what is now known by the names of Guicnne and Ga.scony, the former of which is in all pro- bability a corruption of the word Aquitania. Boundaries. Aquitanui was bounded on the N. by Gallia Lugdunensis ; on the S. Ijy Gallia Narbonensis ; on the E. by the ocean ; and the W. by Hispania. Principal Towns- The principal towns in Aquitania were as follow : — i4nrifii(. Modern. Burdegala, Bourdcaux. Bajona, Bayonnc. Aqua;, Acqs or Dax. History. Aquitania was entirely subdued by Julius Cwsar, and after remaining upwards of four centuries in the hands of the Romans, it was taken by the Goths, who were dispossessed of it by Clovis. It then became a duchy, and from that was erected into a kingdom by Charlemagne, for his .son Charles in 777, who was suc- ceeded by I'qjin in 817. It afterwards became again a duchy, and one part of it, namely, Guicnne, fell into the hands of the English, who retained it until the reign of Charles V I H , in J 1-52, when the whole of Aqiiitnnia wtit finally iniitcd to the Frcncli crown. Ctvs. de Bell. Gull, is] Mela, 1. 3, c. 2; yUrnv. 1. 2, c. 7 ; Sirnh. Ancient. Modem, Aturus, Aire. Cadurcum, Cahm:elled by the Ethiopian kings, who established the Christian religion in Arabia. Aryat, Abraha cbn al Sabah, Yaesum, his son, and Masruk, another son, were the Ethiopian kings who reigned in Arabia until Self Ebn Dhu Yajan expelled the Ethio- VOfc. 1. plans, but was himself shortly after killed. Tlie suc- ceeding princes Wahzur, Mar;!abiin, .Sihun, Jiirgi.s or Georgius, and Uazaii, were apjKiinted by the i'cniian princes till Arabia fell into the hands of NIahomet, who, with Ills successors, reigned not only f)ver Arabia, but all .Syria, and took up their residence in Bagdad. ^V'ide Thus far our account of the ancient Arabs has been col- lected from the most authentic And) historians. The Greek and Roman writers furnish but few materials, even of the transactions in which their own nations were concerned. Arabia was never entirely subjugated by any other power. The Eg^-ptians under Sesostris did little more than restrain the Arabian princes in their excursions, having never been able to make them tributary. Alex- ander contemplated the conquest of Arabia, when death intcn-upted him in his career of ambition ; and Antigonus, one of his successors, made an unsuccessful effort to in- vade their territories. The Romans under Lucullus are supposed to have made some parts tributan.- ; and Pomj)ey, by means of liis general, Scaurus, obliged Aretas, an Arabian prince, to receive a Roman g-arrison. vElius Gallus also, or as he is otherwise called, /Elius Largus, made an unfortunate expedition into the interior of Arabia in the time of Augustus ; and much was done towards the reduction of this country in the time of Trajan, but after making several parts of Arabia l'etra;a subject to the Roman empire, the emperor was obliged to de&Lst from further conquests. In subsequent ages the Arabians, par- ticularly that tribe of them well known by the name of the Saracens, became the assailants in their tum, and under the conduct of Mahomet and his successors contri- buted materially to the downfal of the Roman empire. Ecclesiastical Hislun/. Christianity was early intr(xluced into Arabia, as we learn from the Scriptures, where \ve find the Arabians reckoned among the people on whom the Holy Ghost fell. St. Paul is afterwards said to have gone into Arabia, which received moreover an accession of followers from among the number of those who fled to escape the persecution and troubles of the eastern churches in the second and third centuries. These being mostly of the Jacobite communion, this .sect was prevalent among the Arabians, who were however much addicted to here- .sies and schisms in general, and on the introduction of Mahometanism, deserted the profession of the gospel altogether. Before the age of Mahomet they had numer- ous churches and several bishops, one of whom was styled absolutely the bishop of the Arabs, whose residence was chiefly at Akula, which is supposed to be the same as Cufa. Authors who have written on Arabia. Herodotus, Xenophon, Agatharcides, Pomponius Mela, Josephus, PHny, Ptolemy, Agathemerus, Eusebius, So- crates, Spartianus, Julius Capitolinus, Nicephorus, Pro- copius, Zonaras, Cedrenus, Stephanus Byzantinus, El- macinus, Abulfeda, Abulpharagius, Johannes Leo, Po- cock, Mannol, Ockley, &c. Ahabia {Xumis.) is represented on some me- dals of Trajan, as in the annexed figure, of a female in a long rotx;, bearing in her right hand a branch, and in her left a reed ; at her feet a camel : on the obverse of tliis me- dal, besides the head of the emperor, is the inscription ARABin ADQ. ADQUI. AD- QUIS. or ADQUISITA ; on the reverse, Senaius, Popu* lus Que, Romanus, OPTIMO PRINCIPI. Senatus Con- sulto. Another mediJ of this emjwror is inscribed, AH- M.\PX ES tn.VTOY; and others, ARABIA L. IT. A«HO 13.— ARABIA AUGUSTI PUOVINCIA.; so lik«- 2 c ARA ARA wsc ARABIA CAPTA. S. C. ADVENTUI AUG.— ARABIAE. SC— and RESTITUTORI ARABIAE.S.C. on medals of Adrian, raill. Freest . ; Pal in. Numm. Imp. Rom. ; Beg. Thcs. Brand, torn. ii. &c. ARABIANL'S {Hist.) a governor of Armenia, who was ac- cused of rebellion in the reign of Macrinus, but was par- doned. Arabianus (Biog.) a Greek liistorian in the reign of Gor- dian, is also called Arrianus, by Julius Capitolinus. Jul. Capita, in Gordian. ARABINUS, Septimius (Hi.'.i.) a Roman senator, who had been found guilty of peculation, but was pardoned by Helio- gabulus. He was afterwards forbidden to appear in the presence of Severus. Herodian. Hist. 1. 6; Lamprid. in Sever. ARABICUS Siinis (Geog.) the Arabian Gulf, a sea between Eo-ypt and Arabia, which ancient writers distinguish from the Rubrum Mare, or Red Sea, lying between Ethiopia and India. Arrian. et Marcian. Heracleot. Perip. ; Plin. 1. 5, c. 11 ; Solin. c. 58. ARABS (3/y//i.) or Arahiis, a son of Apollo and Babylone, who is said to have lirst inventenis, Sept. Severus, Cara- calla, and I leliogabalus, bearing the inscription, APA^MflN IIKI". Aradiorum, Anno ViH. IIAP. 138. 0.\I'. 13J), Ike.. marking the cpocha, which was dated from the period when the Aradians were delivered from the sulijection of the Syrian kings; sometimes they added, W,. V,. \. \. i:. Sacrw Ulierw inriotaliilis. Gollz. Insul. ; Vaill. Num. Or. j Hard. Chron. Vet. Test, ^-c ARM { Geog.) rocks between Africa and Sardinia, which are supposed to be between the Romans and the Africans, the same as the jEgates. [Vide .lEgales'^ On this coast, the fleet of jEneas was shipwrecked. I'irg. JEn. 1. 1, v. 109. An.'E is also the name of other places ; as, 1 . Aro" C(esarU, now Veliki, a town of European Sarmatia. 2. Ara' Flaviw, now Nordlingcn, a town of Germany. 3. Arce Muliw, now Arennizzi, a tov\ni of Etruria. 4. Arw Sextianw, now Lugo, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. ARAGISUS {Hist.) duke of Benevento, cmbroUcd himself with Charlemagne, but afterwards submitted to do him homage. Aimon. Hist. 1. 6, c. 7 ; Sigon. de Regn. Ital. ; Mezer. in Carol, et Dupl. Mag. D. ARAGON, Tullia d' {Biog.) a poetess of Italy, in the 17th centui-y, was the natural daughter of Peter Tagliava d'Aragon, archbishop of Palermo, and a cardinal, who was himself an illegitimate descendant of the house of Arragon. She wrote many things that procured her many admirers in her day, but their reputation did not long survive her. Aragon {Geog.) vide Arragon. ARALIUS {Hist.) or Analins, sixth king of the Assyrians, reigned 1 1 years. Julian. African, el Euseb. in Chron. ARAXI {Bibl.) C3TS, the fifth son t)f Sheni, who peopled Syria, the inhabitants of which were from him called Arameans. Genes, x. 23; Joseph. Ant. 1. 1, c. 6. Aram, Eugene {Biog.) a self-taught scholar of Ramsgill, in Yorkshire, who made himself master of the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, would have distinguished himself by his talents if he had not killed a man in a fit of jealousy, for which he suffered the sentence of the law. ARAMSCHAH {Hist.) son of Ibek, who had been a slave to Shehadeddln, sultan of the Gaurides, succeeded his father on the throne of Delhi, but was soon dispossessed of his power by another freedman of Shehadeddin. ARAMONT, Gabriel d' {Hist.) a Gascon gentleman, was ambassador from Henry of France to the sultan Soliman II, whom he persuaded to make an attack on the coast of Italy ■with his fleet. ARANDA, Pelerd' {Ecc.) vide Pel er d' A ran da. ARANHA, Francis {Biog.) a Portuguese Jesuit, died in 1677, leaving, 1. 'Commentarius in Virgilium,' 8vo. Ebor. l657, & Olisip. 1668. 2. ' Series Historica Rcgum Lusitanie,' 4to. Ebor. 1661, &c. ARANTIUS, Julins Cecsar {Biog.) an Italian anatomist, was born in 1530, and died in 1589, leaving among his works, l.'De Humano Fcetu Liber,' 8vo. Venct. 1571; Basil. 1579 ; ^' Ludg. Bat. 1664. 2. ' In Hippocratis Libnim de Vulneribus Capitis Commentarius Brevis,' &c. 12mo. Ludg. 1580; Ludg. Bat. 1639, 16'41. ARAR {Geog.) a river of CJallia Narbonensis, nmning into the Rhone, so called, as Plutarch says, from Arar the bro- ther of Celtiber, now the Soarie. Its gentleness is celebrated bv the ])OCts. .Vi7. Ital. 15, v. 500. Jihinlani (jui gurgite gtutdent Quorum $erj)U Ara7- per ntra pigtrriinvs amjiii. Luc 1. 1, V. 434. qua Hhodanus raptuin vdccibus undis In marefert Arariin. Senec. in Ajmth. Artirijue dubitons ijiio suos cun'us ogat, ARARAT {Bihl.) nrnM, 'Apupii, a famous menia, on whicli the Ark of Noali rested Gen. viii. 1- ; Beras: apiid Joseph. Anlitj. 1. ARAROS {Biog.) 'Apafwc, a ccmiic poet, and sim of Ari.sto- phanes, lived'in the lOIst Olympiad, 376 A. C. He had tlie reputation of writing dull verse.s. .ithen, 1. 3, c. 2, &c. ; Siiidas. AR.\S {Hi.tt.) first king of the Phlasiiuis, who built Arantia. Pau.i. in Corinth. mountain in Ar- after the deluge- 10, c. 2. ARA ARD ARASPES (Hixl.) Wpaam^r, a companion of Cyrus, who felJ in lo\-e with K-ntheas, tlic wife of Ahradiiles, wlio had been conniiittcd to his ihnr^e. Xriiuph. Ci/rofufd. 1. (). AUATOU {Ilisl.) w poit of till- sixth century, luid secretary to kinj; Atliidiirio, was sent anihas-sador to Justinian in .W7- He put the Acts of the Apostles into verse. Caxxwihr. I'ar. 1. 8 ; Sigclicrl. lie Strip/, lucla: ; Mir. liihi. Kccles. ARATUS" {Hixl.) WpiiTiii:, son of Clineas and Aristodaina, put an end to tlic reipd govciTiment of Sicyon, l\is native phiee, hy the murder of Nicocles, in the l,"? 1st Olympiad, 25,5 A. C. lie joined the republic of Sicyon to the Achean lea. 1. 2 ; Cic. tie Ojic. 1. 2, e. 23 ; Liv. 1. 27, &e. ; SI rah. Hi; Plul. ill Aral. ; Pau.t. 1. 2, c. 8 ; Voss. ilc Hist. Grwc. Abatus {Hiog.) a Greek poet of Sole, in Cilicia, in the 127th Olympiad, 277 A. C, lived at the court of Antigonu.s, hy whom he was patronized. He was much addicted to the study of astronomy, to which the poets allude. Theocril. Idyl. 6. ^afioiTtti Kai Adortant missions by the emperors Maximilian and Charles V, by the latter of whom he was highly honoured. ARBORIUS, ^Emilius Magnus {Biog.) a rhetorician of Gaul, A. D. 270, was tutor to the children of Constantine the Great, and died in Slia. ARBOROSjE {Geog.) a town of Gaul, now Arbois. Ain- inian. Marcell. 1- I6. ARBUCKLE, James {Biog.) a Scotch poet, who died in 173*, after publishing a volume of poems. 2c 2 ARC ARC ARBUSCULA (Biog.) an actress at Rome,, who laughed at the hisses of the populace while she received the applauses of the great. Horat. 1. 1, sat. ARBUTHNOT {Ha:) a Scotch family, the first of whom derived his name in 1105 from the lands of Arhutlinot, which came to him by marriage with a daugliter of the house of Oliphard, sherift' of Kinkardine. Richard de Ar- buthnot, his successor in 1 1 "8, was witness to a charter of the abbey and convent of Kelso ; in the reign of Alex- ander II, Duncan de Arbuthnot was witness to a donation of that sovereign in l;242 ; and in 1582, Hugh Arbuthnot gave the patronage of the church of Gavoch in pure alms to the monks of Aberbrothrick ; in 1367, Philip Arbuthnot was a benefactor to the church of Aberdeen. From liim de- scended Sir Robert Arbuthnot, the first viscount, who, for his loyalty to king Charles I, w-as first knighted, and after- wards created viscount Arbuthnot, and lord Inverbervie. The titles, arms, &c. of this family are as follow : Titles. Arbuthnot, \iscount of Arbuthnot, and lord Inver- berWe. Arms. Azure, a crescent between three stars argent. Crest. A peacock's head couped proper. Supporters. Two wyvems, with wings expanded and tails noied vert spouting fire. 3/0//0. " Laus Deo." Ar.BUTHXOT, Alexander {Biog.) of the above-mentioned fa- mily, was bom in laSS, and died in 1583. He was prin- cipal of the university of Aberdeen, and took an active part in the protestant cause, and the establishment of the Scotch kirk. His only work, as an author, was entitled ■ ' Orationes de Origine et Dignitate Juris,' 4to. Edinburgh, 1572. Arbuthnot, John, a physician in queen Ann's reign, the son of an episcopal clergyman, nearly allied to the above-mentioned noble family, died in 173-i, lea^'ing the reputation of a great wit, and a good scholar. He was the friend of Pope, Swift, Gay, and PameU, whom he frequently met as a member of the Scriblerus Club. His principal works are, 1 . ' An Exami- nation of Dr. Woodward's Account of the Deluge," &c. Svo. 169.5. 2. 'Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus,' a Satire on the Abuse of Learning, which was projected by Arbuthnot in conjunction with Pope and Swift, but was never com- pleted. The fragment which is left is supposed to be the production of our author. 3. ' Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights, and Measures,' 4to. 1727- l'- ' Essay concern- ing the Nature of Aliments, &c. ; and another essay in the following year, entitled ' Effects of Air on Human Bodies." ARC, Joan of {Hist.) vide Joan. ARCADIA ' {Hist.) a daughter of the emperor Arcadius, who was distinguished for his piety. Sozom. Hist. Ecclcs. 1. 9, c. 1. Arcadia {Gcog.) 'Apkacia, an inland country of Peloponnesus, go called from Areas, the son of Jupiter, now called Tzaconiu by the Turks. The inhabitants boasted of being before the moon. Apollon. Argon. 1. 4, v. 263. 'ApKiicii, 61 icai -iTfioaQi aiK>ivait)Q v^iovrni. Ovid. Fait. I. 1, V. 468. Orta pruiT Lima (lU le «i ercdilur ipsi) A magno UUus Arcade nomen hubet, Senec in HippoUt. Aut te stelli/ero despieieni polo Suius post vttera Arcadet ediium. Stat. Thcb. 1. 4. Arcadu tunc Vetera, ailrii lunique priora Agmiita Jida satis. Pan, the god of the shepherds, was particularly honoured in ' this country, which was mountainous, and fit for pasturage ; whence Homer designates it by the epithets of ?roXu^i>'(\oc, i. e. abounding in sheep ; or ^»/r>)j) ^i'/Xw)', i. e. the mother of sheep ; or ttuXuttiCu^, i. e. abounding in fountains. yirg. Eclog. 4. Pan etiam Arcadia mecum sejudice certet Pan etiam /Ircadid dicat sejudice victum. The Arcadians were reckoned skilful in music. I'irg. Eclog. 10. Soli cantare periti Arcades. And also warlike, according to Homer, who calls them ey^iaifxwpot, i. e. fatal in the use of the spear. The prin- cipal towns of Arcadia were Megalopolis, now Leontari, the birth-place of Polybius ; Tegea ; Hersea ; Mantinea ; Mx- nalus ; and Stymphalus. It was celebrated for its moun- tains, the principal of which were Erymanthus, Stym- phalus, Parrhasius, Cyllene, &c. Horn. II. 1. 2, &c. ; Xenoph. Hellen. 1. 7 ; Aristol. de Met. 1. 4 ; Apollon. Argon. 1. 4 ; Pohjb. 1. 4 ; ApoUodor. 1. 3, c. 8 ; Scyl. in Pe- ripl. ; Dionys. Hal. 1. 1 ; Liv. 1. 24, &c. ; Hi/gin. Fab. 15.5, Strab. 1. 8 ; Senec. in Hip. ; Mela, 1. 2 ; Plin. 1. 4 ; Pans. Arcad. Arcadia {Kiimis.) medals are attributed, to the province of Arcadia, bearing the inscilntions AP. — APK. — APKAAIiiN AIIMOS— T0I2 APKASf. Goltz. Gra;c. ARCADIOPOLIS {Gcog.) a town of Thrace, now Bergcs. ARCADIUS {Hist.) the eldest son of Theodosius the Great, succeeded his father, A. D. SQS, when the Roman empire was divided into two parts j namely, eastern and western. He made choice of the eastern, leaving the western to his brother Honorius, and tlied after an effeminate reign of 13 years, during which the western empiie experienced an attack from Alaricus, who took and plundered Rome. fVidc Plate II] Sucrat. Hist. Eccles. I. 5, &c. ; Sozom. \. 6; Cassiodor. in Chron. Arcadius, a senator, and son of the emperor Avitus, whose ambition led him into the commission of many crimes. Gresor. Tour. Hist. 1. 3, c. 9- Arcadius {Numis.) the medals of this empen>r bear, on the obverse, his effigv (^vide Plate II], and the inscription D. N. ARCADIUS P. F. AUG. or AUGUSTUS, i. e. Do- minus Nosier Arcadius Pius Felix Aiiicustus ; on the reverse, CONCORDIA AU(;G.— GLORIA ROMANORUM— VIRTUS EXERCIT. &c. Vaillant. Begcr. ^-c. Arcadius {Ecc.) a bishop who was present at the council of Ephesus, after which he was sent on a mission to the emperor Tlieodosius the Younger, A. D. 431. Baron. Annal. Arcadius, a bishop of Africa, who was a great opponent to the Arians, and was put to death by Genseric, king of the Vandals, on account of his faith, A. D. 437- Arcadius, archbishop of Bourges, subscribed in 538 to the acts of the third council of Orleans. ARCANDAM {Biog.) an Arabian astronomer, who wrote astrological predictions. Foss. de Malh. Scient. c. ()4. ARCAS {Mt/t/i.) 'Apdtc, a son of Jupiter and Callisto, wlw reigned in Pelasgia, which, after him, was named Arcadia. [vide Arcadia'] AKCA8S()N {Geog.) now Arcac/ion, a bay of Aquitania. ARCE {Ml/Ill.) 'Ajixii, a daughter of Thaumas, who was the son of Pontus. .Slie was bom with wnigs, which were taken from her by Jupiter, and given to Achilles. Plolein. Hephw.sl. ARCENSIUM Culonia {Geog.) now Arcos, a town of Van- dalitia, in Spain. ARCERE, Louis Step/ten {Biog.) an historian of Mar.seillcs, who was born in 1()93, and died in 1782, leaving, among his works, 1. ' L'Histoire de la N'ille de Roclulle,' itc 2 vols. 4to., or 6 vols. 12mo. 17.56. 2. ' Journal llistoriiiue de hi Flotte Angloisc sur la Cote d'xVunis,' 4to. 1757- ^- ' Me- I ARC ARC moirc sur la Necessity de diminuor le Nombrc dcs Fetes/ 12mo. 1763. 4. ' Dc I'Etut de I'Agrkultiire cIrz Ics Romains depuis le Commonceraent de lu Itepublicjuc jiisqu'au Siecle de Jiilc Cesar,' &c. Svo. 1777- AUCKSILAUS(iV/y//i.yApi.-f>i\aoc,ttdescendant fromBoeotus, and a louder of the Bcrotians in the Trojun war, was slain by Hector. Horn. II. 1. 2 ; Diodur. 1. 15. Akcksilaus (Hist.) a son of Battus, kinf^ of Cyrenc, who succeeded his father, A. M. 3il3, A. C. 6"ii2, and was driven from liis kingdom in a sedition. HcrocL 1. 4. Abcesilaus, the name of two other kings, of whom little is known. Poli/wn. 1. 4. Arcesilaus, a general of Alexander, who obtained Mesopo- tamia for his share. Dicxlor. 1. 18. AncKSiLAUS, a chief of Catana, who betrayed the town to Dionysius the Elder. D'uxlor. 1. 14. Arcesilaus, a consul under Gallicn in 247- Arcksilaus (Biog.) a philosopher of Fitanc, in iEtolia, founded an academy which was called the Middle Academv, in distinction from the old one founded by Socrates, and the new one by Carneades. He was called a caviller, or sceptic, to which Persius refers. . Per. Sat. 3, v. 78. — .^^ Kon ego cunt l^se qu^ Arcesilai, t£nimnosii{ue Stthnes, Obstipo capite, etjigentes Uimitie terrain^ Murntura cum seatm, et rabuisa sitentia rodunt, Atque expom^to trutiuantur verba labello, ^groti veteris mediUtntes somiiia ; gigiii De nihilo itihit, in itihilum nil posse reverti. Cicero calls him " Philosopliis eversor." Cic. in Quasi. Acad. 1. 1, c. 12, &c. ; Senec. de Bene/. 1. 2, c. 10 ; Lactaiil. . de Fals. Relig. 1. 3, c. 5. Arcesilaus, a sculptor, and also a painter, mentioned by Pliny. Plin. 1. 35. ARCESIUS (Mi/i/i.) 'ApKEtaioc, a son of Jupiter, and father of Laertes. Horn, in Odjjss. 1. 24; Ovid. Met. 1. 13. ARCH-'EANAX (Hist.) the friend of Pisistratus the tyrant, who fortified Sigcum. Strab. 1. 13. ARCHAGATHUS {Hist.) Wpx'tyadoc, a SicUian general under the tyrant Agathocles, who was slain by his own soldiers in a mutiny ; but Justin says he was put to death by Archesilaus. Diodor. 1. 20 ; Justin. 1. 22. Archagathu.s, son of the preceding, poisoned his grandfather Agathocles. Diodor. 1. 20. AncHARATHUs (Biog.) a son of Lysanias, a Peloponnesian, is said to have been the first physician, who settled in Rome under the consulship of Lucius .Emilius and Marcus Livius in the 148th Olvmpiad, A. C. 220. ARCHANDER (Mi/tk.) "Apxaytep, the father-in-law of Da- naus. Herod. I. 2. ARCHEBIUS (Hist.) "Apxi/jioe, a native of Heraclea, who, lay in ambush for the enemy that interrupted the fishery, and falling suddenly upon them, slew them all. Poli/wn. 1. 4. ARCHEDEMUS (Biog.) 'Apxeoifio^, a lawyer, whose poverty and prudence are distinguished by Xenophon. Xenoph. Memorab. ARCHEDICE (Mi/th.) 'ApxdiKT], a daughter of Hercules by jEschreis. Ajxjllod. 1. 2. ARCHEDICL'S (Biog.) 'Apx«'?i».oc, a Greek comic poet, who lived in the 104th Olympiad, A. C. 324. ARCHELAU.S (Mi/th.) 'ApxiXaoc, a son of Alectryon and Anaxo. Apo/lod. 1. 2. Archelai's (Hist.) a name common to some kings and dis- tinguished persons. Archelaus, king of Lacediemon, succeeded his father Agesi- laus, and reigned 42 vears mth Charilaus. Herod. 1. 7, c. 204. Archelaus, natural son of Perdiccas, succeeded liis father on the throne of Macedonia, after having killed the legitimate heirs. He was afterwards killed liimself, in the 95th Olym- piad, A. C. 39.9. ]'/al. in Alcibid.; Arislol. de Repub. 1. li; Diodor. 1. 10; Pint, in Amal. ; Lu.ieb. in C/iron. Archelaus, si\da!i, who unilcrstanding that it was decreed . in the senate to isend away the won)cn into Crete, when the < city was ticsieged by Pyrrlius, ni.shcd among the scn.ntors kword in hand, declaring tlint the women were as n-ady to , fight Hi the men, on which the decruc was revoked. Plul. IN Pyrrh. ; Polya-n. I. 8. .\rciiidamia, a priestess of C*res, who restored Aristophanes to liberty after he had been titken pri.soncr by her female tittondnnts at the celebration of the festival. ARCIIIDAMIIM Brlhim {Hist.) a war so called from Arvbidiinnis, who invadeonipus. He Ix^an to reign in the ^8th Oi>-rainad, A. C. 668. Pautan. in Uicom. Abchidamvs II, son of Xeuxidamus, succeeded hLs grand- father Lcotychides ii\ the 70"th Olympiad, A. C. 475. This Archidamus made many irruptions into Atrica. and took I'lutca. He died after a walike reign of more than 30 years. Tliiai/d. 1. 1, &c- ; Diodor. 1. U ; Pans. 1. 3. Anciiio.vMus 111, son of Agesilaus the Great, succeeded his father in the 106'th Olympiad, A. C. Sa6, and died after a successful reign of 23 years. Xenop/i. 1. 5 ; Diodor. 1. l6 ,- Plul. Ai>oplh. Arcuid-vjjus IV, sou of Eudamidas, was twice defeated by Demetrius Poliorxetes, king of Macedonia, and obliged to take refuge in the city. Plul. in Demel. Archidamus {Ecc.) a bishop who was sent by Pope Julius to be one of his Icg-ates at the council of Sardinia, A. D. S4"i S. At/ianai: Ajxd. 2 ; Baron. Aniial. ann. 347. ARCHIDAS {Ill.tl.) 'Apx'fnr, an Atlienian general who was slain by his own tnxips. Plul. in Agesil. ARCHIDEMLS {Biog.) 'Ap)(i<"i/;ioc, a stoic philosopher, who went into voluntary banishment among the Parthians. ARCHIDONA {Getig.) a town of Andalusia, in Spain, which was taken from the Moors. ARCHIGENES {Biog.) a phy.sician of Apamca, in Sjiia, who nourished in the reigns of Domitian, Nero, and Trajan. He is frequently mentioned in terms of disrespect by Galen, and is rcfcrnxl to bv .'uvcnal. Jut: Sat. 6, v. 235. ARCHILOCnUS {^Il/lll.) •Apx'Xoxoc, a son of Nestor, killed by Memnou in the Trojan war. Horn. II. 1. 2. Archilochus {Biog.) a poet of Paros, A. C. 1)85, first intro- duced Iambics into his verse, which from him has been dis- tinguished by the name of Archilochian verse. He jnuticu- larly exercised his satirical humour against Lycambe, whose daughter Neobule he wished to marrj-, but was slighted for a richer suitor. Hor. Art. Poet. v. 79. ArthHochum proprio rahitrs arminil IjmiM. Ibid. Epod. 6. Quatii hvcambiE Sfrctus ivfido gener. Ibid. 1. 1, epist. I9. Pariiti ego primus lamU^i Ostmdi Latio, niintn\ts animoii^ie seeutus .irchilixhi, mm rts, et agentia vtria Lyeambtn. Ovid, in II. V. 54. Tiiicta LtKombeo sanguine tela madent. Archilochus was a licentious writer, whose poems were so odensive to the Spiu-tans that they banLshed him from their city, ;ifter which he is said to have been assassinated, or slain in war. Some fragments of liis verses are extant, wliich, for their vindence, Cicero designated by the mune of Archi- loc/iia Ediiia. Herod. 1. I, c. 12 ; Cic. in Titsc. 1. 1, Sec; Mart. L 7. ep. U ; Slal. Siflv. 1. 2 ; P/i». 1. 7, c 29 ; Quint. 1. 10, c- 1 ; Corn. Sep. apud Aul. Gell. 1. 17, c. 21 ; Clem. Alex. Strom. 1 ; Talian. cow/. Gent. ; S. Cyril, cant. Jtilutn. 1. 1. ARCHIMEDES {Biog.) 'Apxi/iii^ic, a mathematiciim of Svracosc. wiLs kdled by a solilier, who did not know him on the taking ol" that city in the 142d Olympiad. U. C. 546, A. C. 208, by the Romans, notwitlistandiug that the consul Marcellus had prohibited any one from doing hioi any harm, and had even oHlred a reward for his being brought to him in safety. He afterwards raised a monumc«t over his grave, and ]>lacee the (igure of a sphere, and the inscription /R. MJ. Haverkamp. Pariil. Sicil. ARCHIMKLUS (Biog.) a Greek poet, who lived in the l.'Jtith Olympiad, A. C. 276. Allien. 1. 5. ARCHINT'O {Hisl.) an illustrious family of Milan, which were descended from the kings of Lombard}', and were em- ployed in the different offices of the state, or the church. Arcminto, Jo.wpli, was conservator of Milan when this city recovered its liberty after the government of the Visconti. He was high in favour with Francis Sforza. Archinto, Jerome, was created a counsellor of Milan by Charles V. He it was to whom Alciatus dedicated his Treatise on Weights and Measures. Archin'TO, Franci.s, was made duke of Milan by Francis W, who gave him the government of the proWnee of Chi;> venna. Archinto, Johii Bapti.ife, was sent to Marseilles by the Mi- lanese, in 1538, to complain of the bad conduct of the Spanish soldiers. Archinto, Alexander, brother of the preceding, held high posts under Charles V, and was made a baron of the empire. Archinto, Oetavius, grand.son of the preceding, was created count of Barate by Philip HI; which title remained in his family. He was much addicted to the study of antiquities, and jmblished, 1. ' Epilogati Raconti delle Antichita, e Xo- hilita della Famiglia Archinti,' &c. fol. Milan, 16"48. 2. ' Col- lectanea Antiquitatum in ejus Domo,' fol. Archinto, Charles, grandson of the preceding, was made a knight of the golden fleece, and a grandee of Spain by Charles H and Philip V, besides the honours which he re- ceived from the emperor Leopold. He instituted an aca- demy at Milan for the sciences and mathematics, and to him the public arc indebted for the Palatine society, and their valuable editions of the Italian historians, &c. He wrote a work which was published after his death, entitled ' Tabula prsEcipua Scientiarum et Artium Capita digesta per ordi- nem,' &c. Archinto, Philip {Eec.) of the above-mentioned family, was made archbishop of Milan. Archinto, Jo.ieph, archbishop of Milan, was created cardinal by Innocent XII in I699, and died in 1712. ARCHIXL'S (Hiit.) 'Ap-^li'nr, a man who, by a stratagem, made himself master of Argos. Archinus (liiog.) a rhetorician of Athens, and also an his- torian, quoted by the scholiast on Pindar. ARCHIPELAGO (Geog.) that part of the Mediterranean sea which was originally called JEgeum Mare. It contains many islands whicli were divided by the ancients into the Sporades and the Cyclades ; the principal of these are Rhodes, Negropont, Lemnos, Tenedos, Scirus, MeteUn, Scio, Samos, Patmos, Pares, Andros, Delos, Naxia, &c. After . the capture of Constantinople by the French these islands were converted into a duchy, which was assigned to Mark Sanuda, a celebrated captain of Venice, in 120". It re- mained in the hands of this family for 300 years, when James Crispo, the 21st and last duke, being abandoned to his plea.sures, the Turks got possession of the islands, and obliged him to seek his safety by flight. AliCHIPOLIS (//i.v/.) an accomplice in the conspiracy of Dymnus agiiinst Alexander. Qiiinl. Curt. 1. f), c. 7. ARCIIIPPA {liiog.) a courtezan, with whom Sophocles fell in love in his old age. Alhen. 1. 13. ARCHIPPUS {Bibl^ a deacon of whom St. Paul siicaks, Col. iv. 17. He is described by the Apostolical Constitutions as bishop of La2. ARCHipprs (Hi.vt.) an Athenian archon. Archippus (Biog.) a Theban phUosqiher, and a disciple of Pythagoras ; also a comic poet of Athens. ARCHlTiS (Mijlk.) the name under which Venus is wor- shij)ped among the Assyrians. Maerob. Sal. 1. 1, c. 1. ARCHOX (Hi.sl.) one of Alexander's generals, to whom the province of Habylon was assigned. Archon, Louis (Biog.) chaplain to Louis XIV, was bom in 164,5, and died in 1717, leaving a ' History of the Chapel of the Kings of France,' 2 vols. 4to. Pari.s, 17II. ARCHYLUS, Thurius {Hist.) a general of Dionvsius the Elder. Diod. 1. 14. ARCHYTAS {Flisf.) 'Apy(yTa<;, son of Histeeus, a native of Tarentum, aud a Pythagorean philosopher, was an astro- nomer and geometrician, to whom is ascribed the invention of the screw and pulley. He perished in a shipwreck, A. C. .')f)4, to which Horace alludes Hor. 1. 1, od. 28. Te maris et terrtr numeroque, carentis arenet Mensorem ci'luheiit, Archuta ? Puh'eris exigui]m^e lilttis parva Malinum Mutiera ; nee (juhlquam tihi prodest ^4'tr'tas tentusse domos, animnque Totundum Percurrisse poiiau, morituro, Cic. de Oral. 1. 3, c. 34 ; Diog. in Vil. ; Aul. Cell. 1. 9, c. 12 ; Censor, de Die. Nat. ; Cardan. Subtil. 1. 16 ; Fms. de Scient. Math. c. 13, &c. Archytas, the name of three other writers, according to Diogenes ; namely, a musician of Mitylene, a writer on agri- culture, and an epigiammatist. ARC I (Geog-.) a town of Hispania Tarraconensis, now Ha- risca. ARCIACA {Geog.) a town of Gallia Celtica, now Arci/. ARCILACIS {Geog.) a town of Hispania Boetica, now Alcala. ARCIMBOLDO, John {Ecc.) a native of Milan, was created a cardinal by Sextus IV in 1473, appointed archbishop of Milan by Innocent VIII, and died in 1491. Arcijiboldo, Guy Anthontj, son of the preceding, succeeded his father in the archbishopric of Milan, and was afterwards succeeded by a nephew of his. ARCITENENS {Myth.) an epithet of Apollo signifying the bowbearer. J'^ir^. JEn. 1. 3, v. 75. ARCKEXHOLZ,"jo/;« {Biog.) a Swedish historian, wius bom in 1695, and died in 1777. He wrote many political and historical pieces, and, among others. Memoirs ooncern- ing Christina, Queen of Sweden, 4 vols. 4.to. AniBterdam, 1751 — 1760. ARCO, Niclwlas d' (Biog.) a Latin poet of the l6th oentury, the second son of count Oderic, was bom at Arco, in Tyrol, in 1479, and died about 154(5. His jwems wore first published at Mantua under the title of ' Nicolai Ardiii Co- mitis Numeri/ 4to. 1546; also with the poems of Fumano and Fracastorius, 2 vols. 4to. 1759- Arco, Gambiatista d', imperial intendant at Mantua, of th« same family, was also author of some works in great esti- mation. ARCON {Biog.) ride Michaud. ARCONS, Cesar d' {Biog.) an advocate of the Parli.wient ARD ARD at Bourdeaux, died in IfiSl, leaving many works on physic, as ' Le Flux ct le Reflux de la Mer,' 8vo. Rouen, \655, \c. ARCL'DK), I'eler (^liiog.) or Arcudius, a Greek ecclesiastic who, having attached liiniself to the Roniish church, was cmi)loyed by Urban \'III. He wrote, among other things, ' Dc Concordia Ecclesice Occidcntalis ct Orientalis, in Septem Sacramentorum Administrationc,' -ito. Paris, 1672. ARCUDIUS, Francis (Ecc-) a bishop of Nusco, in Naples, died during the pontificate of Urban VIII. ARCULFUS (£tr.) a bishop in the 7th century, of French extraction, who travelled to the Holy Land, and on his re- turn to France, was driven by contrary' winds to the coast of France, where he is supposed to have remained till his death. He wrote an account of liis travels. ARCULUS (M^l/i.) a heathen deity, who is supposed to have presided over chests. Fesl. de f'erb- SisniJ'.; August, dc Cii: Dei. ARCY, Hugh d' (Ecc.) archbishop of Rhelms, died in 1.351, after having contributed to the foundation of the college of Cambray. Abcy (Biog.) vide d'Arcy. ARD.ABUHIU.S (Hisl.) a general of Theodosius, was sent against John the Usurper, by whom he was taken prisoner. He was afterwards delivered by his son Aspar, and the Usuqier destroyed, A. D. 4^5. Scxral. Hisl. Eccles. 1. 7 ; Evagr. 1. 2, c. I6; MarcelUn. in C/iron. ; Theodur.l. 5. ARD.VLEOX (Ecc.) a player of Alexandria, and a convert to Christianity, suflered martyrdom in the reign of Maximianils Galerius. Martijr. Bom. Apl. 14. ARDALU.S (Mi/tk.) a son of Vulcan, who is said to have in- vented the pipe. Pans. 1. 2, c. 31. ARD,\RIU.S (Hii/.) a king of the ticpida?, conquered a son of Attalus, and drove him into Barbary. Jornand. dc Rch. Goth. ARDA VAN (Hi-it.) the name of three kings of Persia of the dynasty of the Aschganians, who reigned successively, but without being in any way distinguished. ARDEA (Gcog.) ot Ardjta, capital of Latiura, said to have been built by Danae, or by a son of Ulysses and Circe, and to have been burnt by j^neas, when it was changed into the bird culled the Ardea, or Acron. Ovid. Met. 1. 1. Cadit Ardca Turiio Sospite, dicta potetiSt quampostqitam barbarus ignis Abstulit, Sfc. rirg. JEn. 1. 7, v. 412. Lwus Ardea quondam Dienis avis, ft nunc magjmm tend Ardea lumten. It is derived from ardiius, lofty, or from ardeo, to bum, owing to the heat of the surrounding country. Mart. 1. 4.. Ardea lolititio, Pneslanaqiie rura petantur Quique CteoiKco sidereferiet tiger. This place wa-s besieged by Tarquin the Proud, and the in- habitants were afterwards formidable to the people of Rome. Cic. de Nat. Deor. 1. 3, c. 47, &c. ; C. Nep. in Attic, c. 14 ; Liii. 1. 1, c. 57 ; Strab. 1. 5 ; Sil. 1. 1, v. 293; Plin. 1. 5, c. .'>, &c. ; Eiitrop. 1. 1 , c. 7- A.RDEE, discount (Her.) the title commonly borne by the eldest son of the earl of Meath. AUDELLUS (Hist.) a general of Simon, tyrant of Jeni- fculum, who let a Roman escape whom he was ordered to be- head. ARUEN, Edward (Hist.) of an ancient family in VVarwick- sliicc, who, being implicated in a cons])ira(y against queen ElLzalieth, was executed in 1583. UoHingslted, Stotvc, Camhden, Sfc. AaoEN (Her.) or Ardennc, the name of an ancient family, .■seated at Arden, in Cheshire, of whom fidl mention is made in the heraldic visitations for that county in the time of Henn,' III. Richard Arden, of this fixmily, was raised to the dignity of the peerage by the title of lord Alvanley. QVide Alimnh'ii~\ Akdkn, Lord, the title enjoyed by that branch of the Per- cival family paternally descended from the earl of Egmont. Charles George Percival, the eldest son of John Percival, second earl of Egmont, by his second wife, lady Catharine Compton, who was created in 1 770 baroness Arden, of Lahort Castle, in the county of Cork, succeeded his mother in the barony in I'S-t, and was further advanced to the British peerage by the title of lord Arden, of Arden, in the county of \\'arwick, in 1802. The right honourable Spencer Per- cival, late chancellor of the exchequer, was the brother of this nobleman. The arms, &c. of this family are as foUow: Arms. Argent, on a chief indented gules, three crosses patee of the first. Crest. On a wreath, a thistle proper. SupjMrters. Two griflbns azure, seme of fleurs-de-lis or, ducally collared, chained, bcakedj and unguled or. Motto. " Sub cruce Candida." ARDENE, Esprit Jean dc Rome d' (Biog.) a poet of Mar- seilles, was bom in 1684, and died in 1748. His principal works are, 1. ' Recueil de Fables NouveUes en Vers,' 12mo. 1747. 2. ' Oeuvres Posthumes,' 4 vols. 12mo. Marseilles, 1764. Ardene, Jo/in Paul de Borne d", brother of the preceding, was born in I689, and died in 1769; leaving among other botanical works, 1 . ' Traite des Ranoncoles ; des Tulipes ; des OeiUets,' &c. 12mo. Paris, 176O, &c. 2. ' Lettrcs In- teressantes pour les Medicins de Profession, utiles aux Eccle>- siastiques,' 2 vols. 12mo. Avignon, 1759, &c. ARDENNES (Geog.) a famous and ancient forest of Cham>- pagne, called by the Romans Ardueniia. ARDERICUS (Ecc.) an Irish iimovator of the 1 1th centirr}', who wanted to ordain women, and to commit other irregu- larities, for which he was banished A. D. 1053. Baron. Aunal. ARDERN, John (Biog.) a medical writer of the I4th century, who left among other things a treatise entitled ' De Fistula in Ano.' ARDERNE, James (Divg.) dean of Chester, and the de- scendant of an ancient family in Cheshire, was entered in Christ's college, Cambridge, and afterwards in 1763 at Brazen-nose college, Oxford. He died in I69I, leaving among other works, 1. ' Directions concerning the Manner and ^Iattcr of Sennons,' 12mo. I67I. 2. ' Conjectura circa 'Kiriiofiiif D. dementis Romani,' &c. ARDINGHELLE, Nicholas (Ecc.) a Florentine, who was sent as nuncio to Francis I, and on his return was made cardin;d by Paul III. He died in 1547, leaving some poems and treatises, particularly on the peace between Charles V and Francis I. ARDISCELLUS (Biog.) a painter of Corinth, who left many good pieces. Plin. I. t^5, c. 3. ARDONEA (Geog.) now Ardona, a town of Apulia. Liv. 1. 24, c. 20. ARDOTIUM (Geog.) now Magonicha, a maritime town of Illyria. Ptol. 1. 2. ARDRA (Geog.) now Ardres, a town of Gaul, or a town of PiciU-dy, wlfere Francis I and Hcnrj' \'1II had an inter- view. It was taken by Albert of Austria in 1596, and restored in 1598. It is 10 m. S. S. E. Calais. Ardra, a kingdom and town of Guinea, the king of which place .sent an ambassador to France in I67O, for making a treaty of conunerce. Baudrand. Bel. Nouv. ARDSCHIR (Hist.) the Persian name for Ahasuerus. or Artaxcrxcs, of whom the Persians make mention. This name is given also to other kings of Persia, namely, ARE AnDSCHiR, Bahaman, was the same as Artaxerxes Longi- manus. Ardscuir, Babcgan, first king of the fourth dynasty, or of the Sassanidcs, died after a reign of 1 years. Ardscuir, the son of Sin)es, succeeded his father, hut was put to death by one of his own generals. He was the second of this race, and was succeeded by Artaxerxes, the son of Sajwr. ARDUENNA (Geos'.) now Ardennes, a noble forest of Oaul, in the time of Julius Ciesar, extending .50 miles from the Rhine to the borders of the Nervii. Cecs. de Bell. Gall. 1. (>, c. 29. ARDUIXUS (^Hixl.) a marquis, who set himself up as king of Lomhardy, but was conquered by the emperor Henrj' II, and stripped of all his provinces in 1015. Sigon. dc Reg. Ital. 1. 8. ARDULFUS (Hist.) a king of Northumberland, who was diiven from his throne but restored by means of Charle- magne. Annal. Franc. ARDYS (Hist.) 'Ap^vc, a son of Gyges, king of Lydia, who reigned 49 years. Herod. 1. 1, c. 15. AREAS (Hist.) a general chosen by the Greeks against .ffiltolia. Justin. 1. 24, c. 1 . ARECCA (Gcog.) a part of Gallia Narbonensis, the capital of which was Nemausis, or Nismes. AREDATjE (Gcog.) a town of Austria, now Lint:. AREFASTUS (Hist.) a descendant from the dukes of Nor- mandy in the 11th century, was sent on a mission to the court of France. AREGON (Biog.) a painter mentioned by Strabo. Strab. 1. 8. AREGONIS (Mi/t/i.) "Aptyoi'ic, the mother of Mopsus, by Ampvx. Orph. in Argon. AREltHOUS (Myth.)'~'ApiiiBoog, a king of Arneo, in Pelo- ponnesus, who was kUled at the Trojan war by Paris. Horn. II. 1. 7, V. 9. Areithous, an ally of Priam. Horn. II. 1. 20. ARELATUM (Gcog.) a town of Gallia Narbonensis, now Aries, which is fabled to have been built by Arulus, the grandson of Priam ; others pretend with as little reason to trace its foundation to Areli, the son of Gad. But in all probability it was built by the Phoceans, who built Mar- seilles. It is called Arelas, and also Arelate ; and Ausonius gives it the epithet of duplex, because it is built upon both banks of the Rhone. ^Vide Arlcs^ Auson. de Clar, Urb. Pande, duplex AreUite, tuos, blanda hospita, partus. Cces. de Bell. Civil. 1. 1, c. 36; Mela, 1. 2, c. 5 ; Sirah. 1. 4; Plin. 1. 3, c. 4 ; Sueton. in Tib. c. 4 ; Cassiodor. 1. S, ep. 11, &c. ; Gregor. Tur. 1. 9, c. 2. Arelatum (Numis.) this touTi is known to have been a Roman colony by the inscriptions on some medals, as COL. ARELAT. SEXTAN, i. e. Colonia Arelate Sexlanorum ; also ARL. P. i. e. Arelatetisium. Prima. — ARL. Q. i. e. Arehitensium Qiiarta, ^-c. Harduin. Oper. ARELLIUS, Fuscus (Hist.) a knight who was degraded. Plin. 1. S3, c. 55. Arellius, Fusciis (Biog.) father of the preceding, a rheto- rician. Senec. C. I. 1, controv. 7, &c. Arei.lu's, a painter of distinction. Plin. 1. 35, c. 10. AREMORICA (Gcog.) vide Annorica. ARENA, Anthony (Biog.) a French poet, sumamed Sablon, died about 1544, leaving a small volume of poems, which were principally distinguished by being written in what is called macaronic verse. A REN AC UM (Gcog.) now Amhcim, a fortified town of Ger- many. Tac. Hist 1. 5, c. 20. AREOBINDUS (Hist.) a general in the army of Theodosius the Younger, who conquered Alamundunus, a leader of the VOL. I. ARE single comlwt. Socrat Hist. Eccles. 1. 7, who was successful Saracens, c. IS. Aheobindus, a general under Justinian, again.st Chosrocs, king of tlie Persian.s. ARESGOL (Gcog.) called in the Latin of the middle ages Siga, an ancient city in the kingdom of Algiers, was very considerable for its commerce, but was entirely ruined by the caliph of Cairwan. It was afterwards twice rebuilt anil destroyed ; the List time by the Beremerinis, since which it has remained in ruins. Mamwl. L'Afrique. ARESI, Paul (Ecc.) bishop of Tortona, was bom at Milan in 1574, and died in l(i44. His principal works were, 1. ' In Liljros Aristotclis de Generatione et Corruptione,' 4to. Mediol. 1617. 2. ' De Aquas Transrautationc in Sa- crificio Missa;,' 8vo. Torton. J6'22. 3. 'Arte de Predicar bene,' 4to. Venice, l6li. 4. ' Impresse sacre con Triplicati Discorsi Illustrate ed Arrichito,' 8 vols. 4to. Verona, l6l3, 1621, &c ARESIAS (Hist.) one of the thirty tyrants of Athens. ARESTORlDES (Myth.) a patronymic of Argus, the son of Arestor. Ovid. Met. 1. 1, v. 584. ARETA (Myth.) 'Apiirrj, a daughter of Rhexenor, descended from Neptune, was tlie mother of Nausicaa, by her unde Alcinous. Horn. Ody.?s. 1. 7, &c. ; yljMllod. 1. 1. Areta (Hist.) a daughter of Dionysiu.s, and wife of Dion, was thrown into the sea. P/ut. in Dion. Areta (Biog.) the mother of Aristippus the philosopher. Diog. Laeri. 1. 2. Areta, a female philosopher of Cyrene. ARETvEUS (Biog.) a physician of Cappadocia, who is sup- posed to have flourished about the time of Augustus, al- though some maintain that he lived as late as Trajan. The best editions of his works which are extant are that by Wigan, Gr. et Lat. fol. Oxon. 1723,- and that by Boerhaarve, Gr. et Lat. fol. Lugd. Bat. 1731. A Latin version of Aretaus is in the collection of ancient physicians, by Stephanus, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 15G7. ARETAPHILA (Hist.) 'Aptra^/Xa, wife of Melanippus, a priest of Cyrene, caused Nicocrates the murderer of her husband and her suitor, to be killed by his brother Lysander, Whom she afterwards married, but finding him no less cruel, she had him thrown into the sea. Plut. de Virt. Mul. ; Polyain, 1. 8, c. 38. ARETAS (Bibl.) 'Apirac, a king of Arabia, under whom the governor of Damascus shut the gates of the cit)' at the re- quest of the Jews, to prevent the escape of St. Paul. 2 Cor. xi. 32. Aretas (Hist.) the name of three kings of Arabia Felix. Aretas, the first of this name assisted the inhabitants of Damascus to throw off the yoke of Antiochus IV, king of Syria, and added that city to his own dominions. Aretas, his successor, was reduced to submission by jEmiUus Scaurus 84 A. C. ; of which a memorial is preserved on the medals of the gens Mmilia. QVide JEmilia, gens'] Joseph. 1. 13. Aretas, sumamed Mneas, son or grandson of the preceding, and father-in-law of Herod the Tetrarch, was engaged in a warfare with the Romans, on account of the quarrels between him and Herod, who had repudiated his daughter. It is this Aretas of whom mention is made under Biblical History. Aretas (Xumis.) to the second of this name are attributed two medals, the first of which represents on the obverse, the head of the king crowned, as in the annexed figure ; on the reverse, the genius of the city of Danuiscus, under the form of a woman with a turreted head, in her right hand a palm brancli, in the left a comucopisB, and at her feet a figure of the river Chrysorrhoc emerging ; inscription, 2 D ARG ARG BASIAEOS APET0Y*IAEAAHN02. The other repre- sents the same Aretas conquered by the Romans. QVide /Emilia, gens'] ARETATES (Biog.) or Arelazes, 'Aptrdrijf, a Cnidian, wlio wrote a history of Macedonia. Plut. in Paral. Min. c. 11, el in Fliim. ARETE (Mi/t/i.) ApijTrt, the only daughter of Rhexenor, the wife of Alcinous. ARETES (Hisi.) one of Alexander's officers. Q. Curl. 1. l, c. 15. ARETHUS {Hiii.) a warrior who went armed only with a club. He was treacherously killed by Lycurgus. Pans. 1. 8, c. 11. ARETHUSA (3/v///.) "Af)£0«<7a, a nymph of Elis, and daughter of Oceanus, one of Diana's attendants, by whom she was said to be changed into a fountain, the waters of which mingled with the Alpheus. ^V'ide Alpheus~\ Arethusa, one of the Hesperides ; also a daughter of Heri- leus ; and one of Actson's dogs. ARETINO {Hisl.) a name by which .several of the famUy of Accolti are known, from Arczzo, the place of their birth. [\ide .4ccolir\ Aretino, Bernard {Biog.) vide Accollo. Aretino, Guido, a native of Arezzo, and a chorister in the monastery of Benedict, was the author of the scale of music which is expressed by the syllables ut, mi, sol, &c. He also wrote a tract on music entitled ' Micrologus,' and another entitled ' Argumentum novi Cantus inveniendi.' .Vretixo, Charles, a poet of Arezzo, wrote some conieilics, and in 1443 was chosen to succeed Leonard Arctin in the office of secretary to the republic of Florence. Aretino, Francis, vide Accolli. Aretino, Peler, the natural son of Louis Bacci, a gentleman of Arezzo, wrote satirical verses which gained liim much reputation and the patronage of Charles V, Francis I, and other princes. He also wrote some works of piety, as a Paraphrase on the Psalms, &c. A RET IN, Charle.9, \'ide Tortellius. Aretin, Leonard, vide Brujii. ARETIXUM (^Geog.) xide Arrelinum. ARETIUS, Bencdiclus (Biog.) a botanist and divine of Swit- zerland, died in l.'J74, leaving among his works, 1. ' Examen Theologicum,' which was printed twelve times within three years. 2. Commentaries on the whole of the New Tes- tament, besides liis botanical writings, which consisted principally of letters. ARETUS (Myth.) Wptiror, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. Hmn. Odtiss. L .3, v. 413. Aretus, a Trojan who opposed the Greeks. Horn. II. 1. 17. AREUS (Hist.) "Apeor, a king of Sparta, who succeeded his father Acrotatus. He assisted Athens when besieged liy Antigonus, and was killed at Corinth after a reign of 16 years. Paus. 1. 3, c. 6. Areus, grandson of the preceding, succeeded his father Aero- tatus II, and died after a reign of eiglit years. Paus. 1. .'i ; yicurs. de Reg. Laeon. c. 13. Areus (Biog.) a philosoplier of Alexandria, intimate with A«gustu.s, also a poet of Laconia, and an orator. Quint, de Oral. Instil. ; Voss. de Pud. AREZZO (Geog.) Aretium or Arrelium, an e])iscopal town of Tuscany, stands (m a hill at the conflux of the Chianna and the Anio, 42 ra. E. S. E. Florence. It was famous in tlie time of the Romans, but suffered much from the Goths and the Lombards, until it fell into the hands of the Floren- tines. It wa-s after^vards taken and retaken several times during the wars of Florence. Arczzo Is distinguished as the t)irth-placc of the Accoltis ; also of Guido, tlie inventor of musicid notes ; and Petrarcli. ARGADL'S (Hist.) a gentleman of Scotland, to whom was entrusted the administration of the government when tlie king Conarus was imprisoned. He was afterwards kUIed hi battle. Buchan. Hisl. Scot. ARG.-EI (Mijth.) the effigies of men made of reeds, which were thrown by the vestal \'irgins over the Pons Sublicius every year. I'arr. de Ling. Lai. 1. 4, c. 8. ARG/EUS (Myth.) a son of ApoUo and Cvrene. Justin. 1. 13, c. 7. Arceus, a son of Pelops and Alcetor; also a son of Lycim- nius, wlio died while attending on Hercules. His body was burnt in order to preserve the ashes. ApoUod. 1. 2, c. 34. ARGiEUS (Hist.) a son of Perdiccas, who succeeded liis fatlier in the kingdom of Macedonia. Justin. 1. 7, c. 1. Arg;eus, a son of Ptolemy, who was killed by his brother. Paus. 1. 1. Abceus (Geog.) a mountain of Cappadocia, which is covered with perpetual snows. It is celebrated by the poets for its fine pastures. Claud, in Ruffin. 1. 2. Jam pascua J'umant, Cappadociini volHCriinupie parens .Irga-us eqttorum, ARGiEUS, Campus, the plain with seven hills, on which Rome was built. ArgjEUS (Numis.) this mountain is distinguished by an in- scription on a medal of Cssarea, in Cappadociii, Iv AICA- PEilN nP.Tii APPAIii. ARGDIZ, Gregory d' (Biog.) or Argaez, a Spanisli Bene- dictine of the 17th century, is known as a literar}' impostor, who published in 16'67 an ecclesiastical history of Spain, entitled ' Poblacion Ecclesiastica de Espana, y Noticia de sus Primeras Honras,' &c. which he pretended to have com- piled from the works of St. Gregory, bisliop of Grenada, but the imposture was detected by Garcia de MoUna, who proved that Argaez had forged the MS. of St. Gregoi-j-. ARGALL, John (Biag.) an English writer of Cornwall, was entered a student of Clirist-church, Oxford, towards the latter end of queen Mary's reign, took his degree of A. M. in 1565, and died suddenly in I6O6. He wrote, 1. ' De vera Penitentia,' 8vo. l604. 2. ' Introductio ad Artem Dialecti- cam,' 8vo. 1605. Argali,, Richard, a poet in the reign of James I, wrote and publLshed, 1. ' The Song of Songs,' &c. 4to. Lond. I621. 2. ' The Bride's Ornaments,' &c. 3. ' Funeral Eleg^' con- secrated to the Memory of his ever-honoured Lord, John King, late Bishop of London,' &c. ; besides a book of ' Me- ditations of Knowledge, of Zeal,' &c. ARGATHONIUS (Hisl.) a king of Tartassus, near Cadiz, who reigned 80, and lived 120; or according to some 150, or even 300 years. Plin. 1. 7, c. 48 ; Sil. Hal. 1. 3, v. SyU. ARGAS (Biog.) 'ApyiiQ, an epithet of Demosthenes, from the uncouthness of his manners. Ilcsychius. ARGE (Mi/lh.) 'Apyi), a beautiful huntress, changed into u stag ; a daughter of Thespius, l)y wlioni Hercules had two sons, and a nymph, the daughter of Jupiter and Juno. ARCjEA (Geog.) vide Argeus Campus. AIKiELLATI, Philip (Biog.) a printer, of an ancient family originally of Florence, was bom at Bologna in l685, and died at Milan in 1755. He was distinguished for his zeal in tlie cause of literature, which he dis))layed in tlio jirinting that immense collection entitled ' Scriptores Riruui Itidi- curum," edited by Muratori, and at the expense of the learned society at Milan, known liy tlie name of tlie Pala- tine society, of which Archinto was the fomuler and main support. He printed besides, ' Bililiotlieca Scriptonim Me- diolanensiuni,' 2 vols. fol. Mediol. 1745. 2. ' Bililiotlieca de Volgnrizzalori Italian!,' and a number of other important works, to which he also contributed essays and letters, &c. Argkllati, Francis, son of the jireceding, was bom at Bologna in 1712, and died in 1754. He was a lawyer by jirofession, and wrote, 1. ' Practica del Foro Vcncto," 4to. Venice, 1737. 2. ' Saggio d'una Nuova Filosoiia," 8vo. ARG ARG \'emcc, 1740- 3. ' Storia della Nascita della Scienze e Belle Letterc,' Florence, 17-t^. 4. ' II Decamerone,' 2 vols. 8vo. Bologna. ARGEXS,, John Bapliste tk Boi/er, Marquis il' (Biog.) a Frencli writer, who by his writings contributed to the revo- lution of opinions which has desolated all Europe. He died in 1771. ARGEKDAL (Givg.) a river of Provence, in France, which is mentioned by the ancients under tlic name of Argcnteus. AROEXSOLA (Bioi;.) the name of two Spanisli poets, l)ro- thers and natives of Balbastro, in Spain. Lupcrcio or Lo- bergo d'Argenrolc, the eldest, was horn in ifiSo, and died in l6l3. Bartholomew Leonard, the brother, was born in 1566, and died in lfi31. Their poems were pitblished under the title of ' Rimas de Lujicrcio del Doctor Bartolome Leonardo de Argensola,' 4to. Saragossa, \63i. The younger, who became historiographer of Arragon, wrote also, 1. ' Con- giiista de las Islas Molucas,' fol. Madrid, I609. 2. ' Primera Parte de los Anales de Aragon,' iS:c. fol. Saragossa, 1630. ARGEXSON, Marquis de (Biog.) vide Foi/er. ARGEXTAX^ (Gcog.) a town of Xomiandy, in France, which was called by the Latins Argcnlonuim or Argeniomagum. ARGEXTARL^^ (Geog.) \-ide Argenlinaria. ARGEXTARIUS (Gcog.) now Argentaro, a mountain of Piedmont. ARGEXTEXIL (Geog.) Argentolium, a town of France, on the river Seine, 5 m. X. W. Paris. ARGEXTEUS {Geog.) now Argemlal, a river of Gallia Xar- bonensis. Cic. ad Fam. 1. 10, ep. 14 ; Vim. 1. 3, c. 4 ; Plol 1. 2, c. 10. ARGEXTIER, Jolm (Biog.) a physician of Quiers, in Pied- mont, died at Turin in 1572, at the age of 58, leaving several works which were collected after his death, in 2 vols, fol. Venice, 1592, I606; and Hanover, I6IO. ARGEXTIX, Francis (Ecc.) a cardinal of Venice, gained the good graces of pope Julius, so that after having employed him on several important missions, he created him cardinal in 1511, shortly after which he died in the same year. ARGEXTIXUS {Mylli.) a god among the Roman.s, who was supposed to preside over commerce. Aususlin. de Civ. Dei, 1. 4, c. 21. ARGEXTO, John (Ecc.) a Jesuit of Modena, and vice- provincial of his order, died in IC26, after having been more than once driven from Poland on account of his pro- fession. He wrote an apology for the Jesuits, which was presented to Sigismund HL ARGEXTOLIUM (Gcog.) vide Argenleucl. ARGEXTOMAGUM (Geog.) now Argciitoii, a town of Gaul, near the frontiers of the Bituriges. ARGEXTOX (Geog.) a town of Berri, in France, in the department of the Indre, called by the Latins Argeniomagum. It is divided into two parts by the river Creusc, and is 37 m. S. W. Bourges. Lon. 1° 38' E., lat. 46^ 35' X. ARGENTORATUM (Geog.) a town of Gallia Belgica, now Stra-isburg, so called ab argenio, i. e. from money, because the Romans had a treasury there. The Alemanni were beaten there by Julian in 356, and by Gratian soon after ; and in 478 it was taken by Childeric from the Romans. Plol. 1. 2, c. 9; Ammian. Marcell. 1. 15, c. 27; Zosim. 1. 3, c. 3. ARGENTRE, Ber/vflMf/ d" (Biog.) an historian of an ancient family in Britanny, wrote a history of Britanny and other works, and died in 1590. Argextre, Charles du Plcs.tis d' (Ecc.) of the same family, was bom in l67'' ; elected bishop of Tulles in 1723, and died in 1740. He wrote among other things, 1. ' Latin Notes on Holden's Analysis of Faith,' Paris, I698. 2. ' Apologie de 1' Amour qui nous fait desirer de possider Dieu seul,' &c. 8vo. Amst. 1698. 3. ' Traite de I'Eglisc,' 2 vols. 12mo. Lyons, I698. 4. ' Elementa Theologise,' 4to. Pari.s. 1702. 5. ' Lexicon Philosophicum,' 4to. Hag. 1706. 6. ' Dc Propria ratione qua res Supematundes a rebus Na- turalibus Diflerunt," 4to. Paris, 1707- 7. ' Martini Gran- dini Opera,' 6 vols. 8vo. 1710. 8. ' Collcctio Judiciorum, &c. &c. ARGEXVILLE (Biog.) vide Degallicr. ARGER, Pclcr (Hisl.) an assassin who went from Flanders into France with one Ridicovi, for the purpose of killing Henry IV, but being often frustrated in his design, and at length detected, he was taken and broken on the wheel with his companion. Dupleix. Hisl. de Henri IF. AIKjES (Mijlh.) "Apy;;c, a son of Jupiter and Juno. AjmHoiI. 1. 1, c. 1. ' AIIGESTRATUS (Hisl.) a king of Lacedsmon, who reigned 35 years. ARGEUS (Hi.il.) '.Apyfioc, a partisan of Elis, who with 400 others was sent into exile. Xenoph. 1. 7, c. 4. ARGIA (Mi/l/t.) a daughter of Adrastus, and wife of Poly- nices, is said to have been buried alive by Creon, for burying her husband in the night-time. Hi/gin. Fab. 1. 7- Argia, the wife of Inachus, and mother of Ino ; also the mother of Argos, by Polvbus ; and the wife of Aristodemus. Apollod. 1. 2 ; Hi/gin. Fab. 145 ; Pans. 1. 4, c. 3. ARGIASB (Hisl.) or Argiast, a king of Tui-questan, was killed by his own subjects. He is said to have been the son or grandson of Afrasiab, the conqueror of Persia. ARGILETUM (Topog.) a place at Rome where tradesmen had their shops, so called as is supposed from Argi leluni, because an Argive is said to have been slain there. Farro de Ling. Lai. 1. 4; Firg. JEn. 1. 8, v. 355; Mart. 1. 1, epig. 4. ARGILIUS (Hisl.) a youth, who being in the confidence of Pausanias, betrayed his designs to the Ephori. ARGILLATA, Peler (Biog.) or Peler d' Argillala, a phy- sician of Bologna, whose works entitled ' Chirurgis Libri Sex,' went through four editions in less than twenty years, fol. Venet. 1480, 1492, 1497, 1499; and according to HalJer a fifth in 1520. ARGIMOND (Hist.) chamberlain to Recaredes, king of the Goths, being detected in a conspiracy to dethrone his master, was put to death after being led about Toledo on an ass. ARGINUS^ (Geog.) three islands between Mitylene and Mithj-mna, where the Lacedemonian fleet was conquered by Conon, the Athenian. Sirab. 1. 13. ARGIOPE (Mijlh.) 'ApyloTTti, a nymph of Mount Parnassus, who was seduced by the musician Philammon, a son of Apollo, by whom she had Thamyris. Paus. 1. 4, c. 33. ARGIPHOXTES (Myth.) an epithet for Mercury, because he killed the hundred eved Argos. Arnob. contra GcnI. 1. 6; Macrob. Sal. 1. 1, c. 19- ARGIVA (Myth.) 'Apytia, a surname of Juno, from Argos, the place where she was worshipped. Firg. JEn. 1. 5, v. 547 ; Paus. 1. 4, c. 13. ARGIVI (Geog-.) 'Apytim, a name for the people of Argos; or for the Greeks in general, among the poets. ARGIL'S (Hisl.) a freedman, and steward of the household to the emperor Galba, privately interred the body of his master in his gardens. Tac. Hist. 1. 1, c. 49- ARGLAS (Geos.) now Down, a town in Irehuid. ARGO (Muth.f' Apyu,, the ship in which Jason and his com- panions sailed to Colchis, so caUed from the buUder, whose name was Argos: Fal. Flacc. 1. 1, v. QS. Ad charum Tritcmia dnvlat Argum Moliri Juliet huncpuppimel dimittereferro Ri>bora. or, according to some, from the Argives, who were carried in it according to Cicero ; or from aypk, swift, according to Diodorus, to which Pindar and Catullus allude. 2 D 2 ARG ARG Find, in Pylh. Od. 4. dvix' ciyKvpav irori xo^foyfiiv vat Kpr}fjii'dvTwv tTrirotrfft, 9odg 'ApyQ^ Xa\tv6v. Caliil. in Xupt. Pel. el Thet. Auai sunt vnda salsa citii Jecurrere puppe. Ptolemy derives Its name from Arso, a son of Jason ; and others have derived It from the Hebrew jth, tcxuit, de- noting, by distinction, something that was built or con- structed with peculiar art, because it is said to have been the first ship built, wliich was constructed by Minerva ; to this the poets allude. Catul. ill Niipt. Pel. et Thet. Pvtea conjtingens injiestc tejta earh(e ' Ilia nidem ettrsu priijia imbtiit Amphitriteti. Ovid. Met. 1. 6. Per mare two luHtirn primi petite carina. Orph. in Argon. "H Kal vir' tiXarivoig e'pfr^oTf dXipvpia /Sf'vflj; nptoTTi vTrtKtTr6p7]tT€j rpi/3«t' c' ijVLKTat OaXa'ffai/t- . Apdlon. Argon. 1. 1, V. 19- Nijn ficv ovv 01 vpooBtv In kXi'ihuiv n'oifoi 'Apyov 'AOrjvaiijg Ka^itiv vTTo9i}^o(TVvti<7i. Ltican. 1. 3, v. 193. Thessatus .'Emoniam vomer protcindit Jolcon hide lacessitnm primo mare, cum nidisArgo. Miscuit igiwtas temerato litore getites, Senec- in Med. Merces primi digna earini. Manil.l. 1. Mori qvuE prima cucurrit. According to Orpheus and others, it had the power of giving oracles. Orph. in Organ. -^— TopdtoQ iK\ayt pdyog. Mschtfl. apud Phi Ion. IliJ i' iziv ' ApyuQ iipov avddZov ivXov. Lycoph. in Cassand. 'Eij riji' \d\i)9pov Kiuaav tjppaTtiaro ^Ooyytjv iCuiXiutv ;^ao»'(reicwv ajro Bporriaiav iilaav, t/irraiov ipofiuv. Senec. in Med. ^^— Ipiaque vocrm Perdidit Argo. VaL Place. 1. 1, v. 2. Fatidicamque ratem. Claudian De III. Cons. Honor. Rursusque locaut In te Chaonia mowriinl carmirm ijuercus. This ship is said to have been transported into heaven, and has given its name to one of the old constellations ; anil those who sailed in it have since been well known by the name of Argonauts. Diodor. 1. 4; Cic. Ttisc. 1. I, c. 20; Hygin. Fat). 14; Plin. 1. 7, c 56; Lnciun. in Somn. ; Phi- Inxtrat. in Imag. ARGOB (Bit)l.) njn«, a district beyond Jordan, in the trilx' of Mana-isoh ; aLs^) the capital of that district {Dcut. iii. 11-, &c.) ; and a place in Samaria, near the royal palace, where Pekah, son of Rcmaliah, assassinated Pekahiah, son of Me- nahem, king of Israel. 2 Kinus xv. 25. ARGOB.ASTES {Hist.) vide Arhogastc. ARGO LI {Hist.) the name of a family originally of Aries, wliich followed Charles I into Naples. Anr.oi.i, Alexander (Ecc.) of the above-mentioned funily, bihhii]) of 'rtrracina, was held in great esteem by Paul III. AnooM, Philip (Biog.) a Franciscan, who died in l.'')9I, was dLstinguishcd in his day for his theological and philosophical talents. ArgolI, Andrew, a mathematician of Tagliacozozzo, in the kingdom of Naples, was bom in 1570, and died in l653, leaving among his works, 1. ' De Diebus Criticis,' 4to. 16"52. 2. ' Ephcmerides," 4 vols. 4to. lb"20. 3. 'Observations on the Comet of 10'53,' printed in the same year. Argoli, John, a poet, and son of the preceding, was born in 1()09, and died, as is supposed, in 1660. He wrote, 1. ' Bam- bace c seta idUlio,' before the age of fifteen. 2. ' Endyniion/ 4to. lC2(); a poem in twelve cantos, which was written at the ago of seventeen. ARGOLICUS, Sinus (Geog.) a bay on the coast of Argolis, now Gol/'o di Romania. ARGOLIS {Geog.) or Argia, now Romania, a country of Peloponnesus between Arcadia and the jEgean sea, the capital of which was Argos. ARGON {Myth.) "Apyoiv, one of the descendants of Her- cules, who reigned in Lydia 505 years before Gvges. Herod- 1. 1, c. 7. ARGONAUTj'E {Myth.) 'Apyovavrat, from 'Apyd-, the ship, and t'diiTtji, a sailor ; the name given to those heroes who sailed with Jason to Colchis to fetch the golden fleece, who are celebrated by the poets with many diHerent epithets. Pyndar calls them yavruiy awrog, i. e. the flower of saUors ; Theocritus, Ot'wg awrog i/pwioy, i. e. the diN-ine flower of heroes ; Apollonius, i\£k.Toi !ipwu>y, a chosen band of heroes ; or i)pil)ii}t' Oc'iog ^uXoc, a divine band of heroes ; Statius, Argoos reges ; Flaccus, Deum genus, Divum progenies, or reges diis geniti, &c The number of tlie Argonauts is stated by Apollonius and Diodorus to have been 54, but Apollodorus makes them to be only 45 ; of whose names a list is given in Orpheus, Apollonius, and Valerius Flaccus, &c. ARGONNE, Noel d' {Biog.) or Dom Bonavenlure d'Argonne, a Cartliusian, was bom in l6o4, and died in 1704, leaving, 1. 'Traite de la Lecture des Peres de I'EglLse,' 12mo. 1697- 2. ' Melanges d'llistoire et de Litterature,' published under the name of ' Vigneuil Marvilliana.' ARGOS {Geog.) an ancient and noble city of Achaia, the capital of Argolis, which was distinguished by the poets on account of its excellent breed of horses; whence Homer gives it the epithet iViro/^oroc, i. e. horse-feeding, so likewise Horace. Hor. 1. 1, od. 7- Aptum dicit ejuis Argos, ditesque Mercenas, This city was built, according to Euri])ides, by seven Cyclops, and near it were celebrated the Neme;m games. History of Argos. The kingdom of Argos is very ancient, having been founded by Inachus, A.M. 2177, A. C. 1858, Jul. per. 285(i, and lasted 545 years to tlie end of the reign of Acrisius, who was killed by his grandson Perseus. Tlie following is the list of its kings in their succession, according to Eusebius. Chronological Succcuion of the Kings of Argos. Kings. Inachus 2177 Phoroneus 2227 Apis 2287 Argus 2322 Criasus 2392 Pborbas 2416 Triopas 2481 Crotope 2527 Sthenele 2548 Danuus 2559 LvnciLUS 2609 Abus 2650 Prutus 2fi73 Acrisius 20"98 Begun to reign I. M. A.C. Reigned. 1858 .. . . 50 years 1808 . .. 60" 1748 .. .. 35 1723 .. .. 70 1643 .. .. 54 1589 . .. S5 1554 . .. 46 1508 . .. 21 1487 . .. n 1476 .. .. 50 1426 ,. .. 41 1385 . .. 23 1362 . .. 17 1345 . .. 32 ARG Pausanias gives an ncwunt nf the kings, in some particulars, dlircrent from tliis. In the time of tlic Trojan war, Aga- memnon was king of Argos, whicli 80 years after fell into tJie hands of the HeraeliJiL' ; but, after tlie defeat of tiie Persians, Argos became a rciniblic, sometimes tributary to the Lacedivmonians, and sometimes to the Athenians, until the final eomiucst of Greece by the Romans. On the dismemberment of the Roman empire, Argos was \nider the dominions of lonls, who were dependant on Constantinople ; the last of whom was Peter Coniaro, whose widow sold the scigiiorj' of Argos in 1 383 to the rejiublie of Venice. Tlie sangiac of Corinth became in;ister of it in 146'2 ; but it was shortly after retaken liy tlie V'enetians, and finally fell into the hands of the Turks. Argos retains its ancient name, and is a bishoji's sec. Long. 22" 47' E. lat. 37" 48' N. Herod. 1. 1 ; I'bil. ik Lcs. 1. 3 ; Polijb. 1. 2 ; Liv. 1. 31, &c. ; Sirah. 1. 8 ; Meh, 1. l", c. 13 ; Piiii. I: 7, c. 56; Mian. Far. Hist. 1. ,0, c. 15. Argos, was the name of other towns ; namely, of Thessaly, now Ann'tro ; of Epirus, which was sumamed Amphilo- cJtium ; and of Apulia. Dica:arch. ; Plin. 1. 4 ; Cliivcr. Antiq. Ital. Argos (Numi.?.) the town in Peloponnesus struck medals as an independent state, and also of Nero, Adrian, Antoninus Pius, L. V'erus, Sept. Sevenis, Julia Domna, Geta, and He- liogabalus, bearing the inscriptions A. AP. APF. APrEIiiN, also with the addition of IIPA APFEIA, i.e. Juno Argiva, tliat goddess being particularly worshipped there. Their ' types, besides that of Juno, or the peacock, the bird of Juno, were the head of Minerva, Jupiter, Apollo, Lycaeus, besides that of the wolf on their earlier coins. Gollz. Grac. ; Faill. Num. Gr. ; Beg. Thes. Brand. ; Hunt. Nmn. Pop. d Urh. ^-c. Argos, some medals aie also ascribed to the town in Acama- nia and Cilicia of this name. ARGOTA, Jerome Contador d' (Biog.) a monk of Estrema- dura, was born in I676, and died in 1749. He was one of the first members of the Portuguese academy of history, and wrote, among other things, 1 . ' De Antiquitatibus Con- ventus Bracarugustani Libri IV,' 4to. 1728. 2. ' Memoires ]K)ur serNar a I'Histoire de I'Eglise Primatiale de Brugue,' Lisbon, 3 vols. 4to. 1732-44. 3. ' Regras de Lingoa Por- Vugueza,' 8vo. Lisbon, 1725. ARGOUS, Partus (Gcog.) a harbour of .^thalia, now Porlo Ferraro. ARGUES, Gerard des {Biog.) a geometrician of Lyons, was born in 1597, and died in ifilil, leaving, 1. ' Traite de Per- spective,' fol. 2. ' Traite des Sections Coniques,' 8vo. 3. ' La Pratique du Trait,' 8vo. 4. ' Traite de la Coupe des Pierres,' 8vo., an excellent work on Stone Cutting, &c. ARGUMTHIS (Hist.) a king of the Scythians in the time of the emperor Gordian. Capilolin. in Gord. ARGUN (Hisl.) the son of Abaga Khan, the fourth in de- scent from Genghis Khan, succeeded Ahmed Khan on the throne of Iran or Persia at large, and died after a reign of seven years, in the year of the Hegira 69O, A. D. 1300. ARGUS (Mi/th.) 'Apycic, the son of Arestor, who is fabled to have had an hundred eyes, was set by Juno to watch lo, whom Jupiter had changed into a heifer, but was slain by Mercun,', who lulled all his eyes asleep by the sound of his lyre. Ovid. Mef.l. 1. Cfntum tuiiiinitnis cinctum caput Argus habehat hi siiis victims cupU'hant liina f]uietem Cittera sei-cabaut, atqite in statione manebant. Plant, in Aulul. Qm^s si Argus serivt, qui oculeus totus fuii, Quew quouilam loui Juno ciistodem addiiUt, Is nunquem sen'et. Jimo is said to have placed his eyes in the tail of the peacock. ARG Oeid. Met. 1. 1. I'^cipit lios, volucriiqtu sua Satumia penuit Collocdl, et gemmoi caudam sleltautibut irdplet. A]«>llod. 1. 1, &c. Argus, a son of Agcnor ; also a son cf Danaus, who built the shij) Argo ; a son ANOYi;, illuslris; to Ariarathes VI, by some IV, as in fig. 4, styled Fig. -1. Fig. 5. Fig. 0. EYSEBOYS, with the years of his reign, 4, 5, 11, &c. to 33 ; to Ariarathes VII, as in fig. 5, styled "HAOPiiM AIUY ; to Ariarathes X, or by some IX, as in fig. 6, styled EYSE- BOY SKAI - stinately defended a rock against the a.ssaults of Alexander, whom he treated with contempt, was, on his being com- pelled to surrender, scourged and crucified with his relations. Q. Curt.l. 7, c. 11. ARIMINUM (Geog.) an ancient city of Italy, near to the river Rubicon, on the borders of Gaul, which was the first place occupied by Caesar, and gave rise to the civil wars. Liic. 1. 1, v. 231. Vicinumque miiwx invadit Ariminum, vl igiies Sotei lucifero fugiebant astra relicto. It was built by the consuls Sempronius and Appius Clau- dius, and being destroyed by the Libunii, was rebuilt by tlie emperor Diocletian, after whicli time it fell into the hands of the Goths and other masters, and became at length an episcopal town under the present name of Rimini. Poli/b. 1. 3; Cic. ad Fam. in Verr. 1. 16, ep. 12, &c. ; Ca:s. de Bell. Civ. 1. 2 ; Strab. 1. 5 ; Veil. Pater. 1. 1 ; Mela, 1. 2, c. 4 ; Plin. 1. 3, c. 13 ; Plut. in Cws. Tacit. Hist. 1. 3, c. 4 ; Appian. de Bell. Civ. 1. 4 ; Flor. 1. 4 ; Eutrop. 1. 2 ; Zosim. 1. 5. ARIMINUS Atnnis (Geog.) a river of Italy, now Marecckia, near which stood the town Aiiminum. ARIKES (Myth.) an ally of Aetes, who was slain. VaL Flacc. 1. 6. ARINTHEUS (Hist.) a consul in 372, who favoured the catholic faith in opposition to his colleague Modestus, who favoured the Arians. ARIOALD (Hist.) a king of the Lombards, who reigned in the place of the lawful successor Adelvala in 626, and died after a reign of 12 years. Paid. Diacon. de Rcb. gest. Lom- bard. 1. 4, &c. -VRIOBARZANES (Hist.) 'Apto/Bapfdiijc, the name of several princes and distinguished persons. Kings of Pontus. Ariobakzanes I, a satrap of Phrygia, succeeded Mithridates I, on the throne of Pontus, by favour of Artaxerxes, against whom he afterwards revolted, and joined the Laeedremo- nians. He was killed after a reign of 26 years by his son Mithridates II, in the 110th Olympiad, A. C. 331 years. Polyb. 1. 3; Diodor. 1. 17- Ariobakzanes II, succeeded his father Mithridates in the 128th Olympiad, A. C. 266. Diodor. 1. 20. Kings of Cappadocia. Ariobarzanes I, was elected king of Cappadocia, A. C. 91, and being driven from his kingdom by Mithridates, was restored by Pompcy, whose cause he cs])oused at the battle of Pharsalia. He afterwards abdicated in favour of his son. Cic. ad Famil. 1. 15, ep. 2, &c. ; Vat. Max. 1. 5, c. 7 ; Justin. 1. 38. Ariobarzanes II, son and successor of the preceding, was killed by order of Cassius, A. C. 42. Dion. 1. 47. Other Princes and distinguished Persons. Ariobarzanes, a general under Darius, repulsed Alexander, and was afterwards killed in an attack on Perscpolis. Diod. 1. 17; Quint. Curt. 1. 4, &c. Ariobarzanes, was appointed king of the Annenians in the reign of Augustus, and died after a reign of seven years. Tacit. Annal. 1. 2. Ariobarzanes (Niimis.) medals of the kings of Cappadocia of this name are extant, bear- ing, on theobverse.theheads, .f'5. 1. F'g-*. as in figs. 1 and 2 ; on the reverse, for the first, RA- i:iAi:iii: Ai'ioRAfZAN I.V.V- ARI AEA*OY. Pcmhroch. Mus. pt. ii. ; Spanh. Dissert, vol. i. p. 47 f) ; Beg. T/ics. Brand, p. 12. AUIOBINDA (Ilisl.) (rat; of the generals of Ana.stasius, who sutlcTcd a severe defeat from the Persians. Marccllin. C/iron.; Procop. (Ic Bell. Persic. 1. 1. AlUOCH (Bibl.) ^inM, a king of Ellasar, who was in league with Chedorlaomcr in the war against the kings of Sodom and Gomorrrha. Ge>i. xiv. 1, &c. AmocH, a general in the army of Nebuchadnezzar. Dan. ii. 15. AltlOMANDES {Ilisl.) 'Apw^u'iyaic, a son of Gohryas, and a general of the Athenians against the Barbarians. Pliil. in dm. ARIOMARDUS (Hist.) 'Apuifiufy^oc, a son of Darius, who attended Xerxes into Greece. Herod. 1. 7, c. 7S. AHIOMAZES (His/.) or Ariomedcs, vide Arimazes. AUION {Myth.) WpUov, a famous lyric poet and musician of Mithymna, in the island of Lesbos, being on board a vessel in his way from Corinth to Lesbos, the sailors conspired to kill him for the sake of liis riches, but he leaped into the sea, and was taken up by a dolphin, who was attracted round the vessel by his music, and carried him safe back to Tenarus, whence he hastened to the court of Periandcr, tyrant of Corinth, his patron, who ordered all the sailors to be crucified on their return. Virg. Eel. 8, v. 56. Orpheus in sylins, inter delphinas Avion. Omd. Fast. 1. 2. hidejide niq/u.«, tergn Delphina recunv Se meinorant otieri siipposuiiie novo. Mart. 1. 8, epig. 51. Sic Melhymneo gavisus Arione delphin Languida non taciturn perfreta vexit onus, Propert. 1. 2, el. 18, v. 17. Sed tihi suhsidio delphimim currere vidi, Qui puto Arioniam vejerat ante lyram. Herod. 1. 1, e. 23, &c. ; Hygin. Fab. c. 91. ; Plin. 1. 9, c. 8 ; Jul. Cell. 1. 16, e. 19 ; jFli'an. de Nat. Anim. 1. 12, c. 45, &c. ; Plut. in Sympos. ; Etistatli. in Od. 1. 3. AniON, the name of a horse, which Neptune had by Ceres. Adrastus having received this horse as a present from Her- cules won the prize at the Nemean games. ApoUodor. 1. .", c 9 ; Propert. 1. 2, el. 23, v. 37 ; Pans. 1. 8, c. 25 ; Stat. Theb. 1. 4. ARIOSTA, Lippa {Hist.) wife of Obizzon, marquis of Est and Ferrara, was left at his death in 1352 to administer the government during the minority of her children, which trust she executed witli great prudence. ARIOSTO, Lndovico {Biog.) a well known Italian poet, was bom in 1474, and died in 1533. He was descended from a good family, his father being governor of Rheggio at the time of his birth ; but is still more distinguished for his poetical talent, which procured him not only the patronage of princes during his life, but also the highest place in the rank of poets of any age. He reckoned, among his patrons, the emperor Charles V ; pope Leo X ; Alphonso, duke of Ferrara, (in whose service he died) and others. His fame, as a poet, is built on his ' Orlando Furioso,' which is said to have gone through eighty editions, and to have been translated into most of the European languages. The Eng- lish public were made acquainted with it tlirough the ver- sions of Sir John Harrington and Mr. Huggins, which have been superseded by tliat of Mr. Hoole, which was completed in 1783 in 5 vols. 8vo. The most esteemed editions of the Orlando are that printed at Venice, fol. 1584, with Rus- celli's notes, and engravings by Parro ; that of Molini, 4 vols. Svo. 1772 ; that of Pankouke's, 10 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1787; that by Mr. Isola, 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1789. Be- sides this poem, Ariosto wrote some comedies ; as the ' Cas- saria,' ' Suppositi,' ' La Lena,' and ' II Negromante,' in prose and verse ; and the ' Scolastici,' in verse. Two me- VOL. I. ARI d;Js were struck in honour of Ariosto, from one of which his effigy has been taken as in Plate XXVII. ARIOVALDL'S {Hist.) vide Ario" Pint, in Apeyph. ARISTj^SNETUS {Hist.) a consul in the reign of Honorius, A. D. 404. Arist;enetus {Biog.) a Greek writer, who is said to have lived in the fourth century ; but of whom nothing is known, except from a work consisting of amatory epistles, which passes under his name. The best editions of Aristacnetus are those of Paw, 12mo. Ultraj. 1736-7; and of Abresch, Svo. Zwoll. 1749. The facetious Tom Brown, as he is called, translated^ or rather imitated some pieces of Aristte- netus, but with as little poetic beauty as fidelity. Sheridan and Halhed also attempted to translate the first part of the epistles, but did not succeed to the satisfaction of the public. ARIST^US {Milth.) WpiTfuoc, a son of ApoUo, and the nymph Cyrene, who Ls said to have leamt hunting, the cul- tivation of the olive, the management of bees, &c. from th« nymphs, all which he communicated aftcrwanls to the rest of mankind. Apollon.l. 4, y. 1132. K«p)) Api^raio.o nt\ipovot, o'c pa pfXiatriuv 'Epya, ToXuK/i./roio r' livtvparo n'taf t\nt))c. App'tan. Cyneg. 1. 4. Mupio I' aypavXuv /3ior>iv iiittiiaTO puruv. Oeid. Fast. 1. 1. yUhat Ariitdus, lyuivi apes cum stirpt ntcolas Viderat inceptos destituifiejaivs. 2 E ARI ARI ApoUodor. 1. 3 ; Diodor. 1. 4 ; Cic. de Nat. Dcor. 1. 3 ; Firg. Georg. 1. ■»■ ; Hyg'in. Fab. l6l, &c. ; Pohjccn. 1. 1 ; Justin. 1. 13 ; 6c/io/- i« J/x)/. ; Serv. in Virg. Akist^us {Hilt.) vide Aristeus. Arist^i's {Bios.) vide Aristeas. ARISTAGORAS (i/u<.) son of Malpajroras, and son-in-law of Hyst«us, tj-rant of Miletus, was killed in his endeavours to release the Greeks from their subjection to the Persians in the 69th Olympiad, A. C. 502. Henxl. 1. 5, c. 30, &c. ; Polyam. 1. 1 , c. 24. Aristagoras, son of Heraclides, and a tyrant of Cuma, was expelled at the instigation of Aristagoras the Milesian. Herod. 1. 5. Aristagoras, a prince of Cyzicus, was on the side of Mil- tiades. Herod. 1. 4. Aristagoras, the father of Hegistratus, who fought at My- cale against the Persians. Herod. 1. 9> c. 90. Aristagoras (Biog.) son of the grammarian ArLstarchus. fVide ArisUircfiiis^ Aristagoras, a Greek liistorian in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who wrote a History of Egypt. He is sup- posed to be the same as the Aristagoras mentioned by Diogenes Laertes. Plin. 1. 36, c. 12; Diog. Laert. in Vit. Chil. ARISTANDER (Biog.) a celebrated soothsayer much esteemed by Alexander. Plitt. 1. 17, c. 25 ; Q. Curt. 1. 1, &c.; Plut. in Alex. ARISTANDROS {Bios-) a statuary of Sparta. Pmis. 1. 3, c. 18. ARISTARCHE {Myth.) 'Api';apxv> a matron of Ephesus, who sailed by order of Diana into Massilia with the Phoe- cians, where she was made priestess. Stra/j. 1. 4. ARISTARCHUS (Bibl.) 'Api^apxoc, a native of Thessalo- nica, was a disciple and companion of St. Paul, whom he attended in his travels into Greece and Asia, and afterwards to Rome. Ado and the Roman martyrology call him bishop of Thessalonica ; but, accoriiing to the Greeks, he was bishop of Apamea, and was beheaded under Nero. AcU xix. 29 ; Col. iv. &c. Aristarchus {Hiii.) an ^Vthenian, who, favouring an oli- garchy, fled from yVthens, and delivered jEnoe to the Boeo- tians. TInicijd. 1. 8, c. 98. Aristarchus, a chief man of Ambracia, at whose persuasiim the inhabitants expelled the garrison of Philip, king of Macedon, and took the government on themselves. Diodor. 1. 17- . . ARiSTAnnius {Biog.) a tragic poet of Tegea in the 82d Olympiad, A. C. 452, wrote about 70 tragedies, two of which were rewarded witli tlic prize, and one called AcJidlc.s wa-s translated bv I'-nnius into Latin verse. Euicb. in Chroii.; Gi/rald. de Poet'. Hist. 1. 7, &c. Aristarchus, a Greek pliilosopher of Samos, maintained tlie doctrine of Pythagoras, which is the favourite notion of mo- dem times, that the earth moves round the sun. Of his works there is extant a Treati.sc on the Magnitude and Distance of the Sun and Moon ; a Latin translation of wliich, with Pappus' Explanations, was first iiulilislied liy Conimandine, 4to. I'isaur. 1572; afterwards by Dr. WiJlis, in Greek, with Commandine's Version, 8vo. Oxon. 1()88. A work en- titled ' De Systeraatc Mundi,' which appeared in I(f44 under the name of Ari.starchus, wa.s the fiction of Roberval. Vilruv. de Architect. 1. I ; Plut. de Fac. in Or/). Lun. Aristarchus, a grammarian of .Samolliracx', in tlie 158th Olymjnad, A. C. 148. He wrote conunentaries on Homer, in which he rejected all verses as .spurious of wliich he dis- approved. Horace and Ovid distinguished him for tlie rigour of his criticism. Hor. ad Pliun. Argxiet ambigu dictum, mulanda nalabii, fVc Arutanhvi. Ovid. Pont. 1. 3, ep. 9, v. 24. Corrigere at res est tantif magis ardua, qnanto Magnus Aristarchi) niajtfr Honienis ertit. Falling into a dropsy, he star\'ed himself to death in the 72d year of his age, leaving two sons named Aristarchus, and Aristagoras, who were both fools. Aristarchus the elder was sold for a slave, but liberated by the Atheniiuis out of respect to the father. Cic. ad FamiL 1. 3, ep. 1 1 ; Quintil. 1. 1 0, e. 1 ; Suidus. Aristarciiu.s, physician to Berenice, w^ife to Antiochus, sur- named Thcos. Polyxn. 1. 8, c. 29- Aristarchus, a chronograjihcr, who wrote an historical letter on the city of Athens, and what the apostles did there, wliich is supposed to be a fictitious work. ARISTAZANES {Hist.) a noble Persian, who was in favour with Artaxerxes Ochus. Uiod. 1. I6. ARISTEAS {Hist.) 'Api^hic, or Aristoeiis, a prefect or oflScer under Ptolemy Pliiladelphus, of Jewish extraction, who was sent, as is reported, by the king to the high priest Eleazer, to demand some learned men to translate the Bible, upon which Eleazer sent him 72 persons, whose version is known by the name of the Septuagint. A work entitled ' Historia de S. Scripturs Interpretibus,' containing a history of the translation, is ascribed by some to tliis Aristeas, but this has been a matter of considerable dispute among the learned. This history was first published in the Bible printed at Rome, fol. 2 vols. 1471 ; and again at Oxford, 8vo. 1692. Joseph. 1. 12, c. 2 ; TerluUian. in AjxjI. c. 12 ; Euseh. Prcev- Evang. 1. 9 ; Epiphan. de Pond. ; Hicron. Prcef. m Pentat. Aristeas {Biog.) a poet of Proconnesus, who lived about the time of Cyrus and Croesus, of whom some verses are quoted by Longinus. It is fabled of tliis poet that he apjieared seven years after his death to his countrymen, and 540 years after to the people of Metapontum, in Italy, and ordered them to raise a statue to him near the temple of Apollo. Herod. 1. 4, c. 13; Sirab. 1. 14; Mar. Txjr. 1. 22; Sitidas. Aristkas, a mathematician, surnamcd tlie Elder by Pappus, is said by him to have been intimate with Euclid. Papp. Math. Coll. Pref. in 1. 7. AHISTEL'S {Hist.) 'Api-rfOc, the son of Pellice.s, a Corin- thian, was sent as a commander of a fleet against the Cor- cyreans, in the early part of the Peloponnesian war. Thucyd. 1. 1, c. 29- Aristeus a Corinthian, and son of Adamantus, being sent by the Laceda;monians with others on a mission into Thrace and i\sia, in order to draw away the allies of the Athe- nians from their alliance, was treacherously delivered into the hands of the latter, and put to death. Herod. I. 7, c. 137; Thucxid. 1. 2, c. ()7. Akistkus, a native of Argos, who stirred up the citizens against Pyrrluis. Polifcen. 1. 8, c. fi8. Ari>tkus {Biog.) a sophist in the time of Antoninus. ARISTHENES {Mi/lh.) a .shepherd who found .Esculapius wliLii he was exposed in the woods by his mother Coronis. ARISTHUS (Bios.) an historian of Arcadia. Dioni/s. Hal. 1. 1. ^ ARISTIDES {Hi.it.) 'Ap(<7. Aristodejius, a grammarian of Nyssa, and preceptor to the children of Pompey the Great. Sliab. 1. \i. Aristodemus of' Alexandria, wrote Commentaries on Pindar. Athcn. 1. 10. Aristodemus, an historian. Varro de Ling. Lat. 1. 9 ; Tcr- liill. de Anim. c. -K), &c. ARISTODICUS (Biog.) 'AptTofiroc, a son of Heraclides of Curaa, in the time of Cyrus, disputed tlie answer which was given by the oracle of Apollo. Herod. 1. 1, c. 158. Aristodicus, a native of Tenagrte, was instrumental in the death of Ephialtes, a leader of the people in the time of Pericles. ARISTOGENES (Biog.) a slave to the philosopher Chry- sippus, was afterwards a physician to Antigonus I, ting of ilacedonia. Siiidn.i ; Voss. de Phil. c. 11. ARI.STOGITON (Hi.it.) 'Api'^oyiiron', an Athenian, who, with tlie assistance of his friend Harmodias, tilled Hippar- chus, the son of Pisistratus, and tluis put an end to the mo- narchy of Athens ; for which deed the Athenians erected statues in honour of liim and his friend. Herod. 1. .'>, c 56 ; Thuc'/d. 1. 6, c. 22 ; Pint, de dec. Oral, c^r. Aristooiton (Biog.) an orator, sumamed Canis, for his impudence. Suidas. ARI.STOLAL'S (Hist.) a tribune under the emperor Theo- dosius the ^'oungcr, who was distinguished for piety and talent. He brought alxiut a reconciliation between S. Cyrill, of Alexandria, and Jobn, of Antioch, who favoured Nesto- rius. Baron. Annal. ann. 4.'J2. Aristolaus (Biog.) a painter commended by Pliny. Plin. 1. 35. AIIISTOMACHE (Mytli.) ' Afn-:nfinxn, a daughter of Priam, wlio married Critolaus. Pans. 1. 10. Aristomachk '(Biog.) the wife of Dionysius of Syracuse. (u: 'fuse. 1. 5, c. 20. Aristomaciie, a poetess mentioned by Plutarch. Pint, in Si/mpos. ARISTOMACIIU.S (Myth.) ' ApiT-'.^axoc, a son of Talaus and Lysimathe, the daughter of Abas. Apollod. 1. 1. Arirto.m,iciius, one of tlie suitors of IlipiKxlamiiu Pau.i. 1. C. Aristomaciius, the father of Hippomedon, one of the seven chiefs against Thebes. Apollod. 1. 3. Aristomachus (Hist.) the son of Clodaus, and grandson of Hyllus, wliose three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aris- todemus, conquered and divided Peloponnesus. Herod. 1. 6, c. 52, &c. ; Pans. 1. 2. Aristo.machus, a tyrant of Argos in the time of Aratus, who was assassinated by liis slaves. Phil, in Aral. Aristomachus, sumamed the Younger, another tjTant of Argos, was persuaded by Aratus to resign liis power, and afterwards put to death by Antigonus, ting of Macedonia. Phil, in Aral. ; Pans. 1. 2. Aristomachus, a chief of Crotona, who delivered the town to Annibal. Liv. 1. 24, c. 2, &c. Aristojiachus (Biog.) a writer of Solos, who wrote on the culture of bees, of which lie was very fond. ARISTOMEDES (Hi.st.) 'ApiTop^a/jc, a Thessalian gene- ral in the interest of Darius the Third. Aristomedes, a Theban statuary. Pans. 1. 9- ARISTOMEDON (Biog.) 'ApiTo/it'^oj', a statuary of Argos. Pans. 1. 10. ARISTOMENES (Hist.) 'Api'^ofiii'ijc, a general of Messenia, who fought against the Lacedaemonians for many years, by whom he was taten prisoner several times, and at length was tilled about the second Olympiad, A. C. C71. He had the surname of Just, for his many excellent qualities. Diod. 1. 15 ; Justin. 1. 3; Pans. 1. 4. Aristomenes, commander of the fleet of Darius on the Hel- lespont, which was conquered by the Macedonians- Aristomenes, a Lacedsemonian who was sent to the assistance of Dionysius. Poli/wn. 1. 2. Aristomenes (Biog.) a Greet poet of Athens in the 88th Olympiad, A. C. 428, who wrote many comedies. Suidas ; Voss. de Gra'c. Poet. Aristomenes, a pagan philosopher of Cappadocia in the reign of Julian, who addressed a letter to him inviting him to Rome. Jul. Ep. • ARISTON (Hi.st.) 'Api^biv, OT Arislo, son of Agasicles, suc- ceeded his father on the throne of Sparta. He was noted for his apoplithegms. Pint. Apoph. Lacon. Ariston, a tyrant of Byzantium, who joined Histaeus against Mdtiades, supposing that the lonians would not desert. Darius, 1. 4, c. 138. Ariston, a gener.al of Alexander the Great, who defeated Satropates, a commander of tlie Persians. Ariston, a Corinthian, and son of Pyn-liichus, was one of the most expert pilots. He assisted the Synicusans against the Athenians. T/iucijd. 1. 7, c. 39; I'o/ya'u. 1. 5. Ariston, a son of Autolcon, was insidiously deprived of his father's tingdom by Lysimacluis. Poh/wii. 1. 4. Ariston, a Tyrian, who was sent to Cartilage on a secret errand to the senate, but falling under the suspicion of the populace was obliged to fly. Lif. 1. 34, c. (il. Ariston, a general of Herod, ting of Chalci.s, A. D. 43, defeated Silas, a general of Agrippa the Cireat. Joseph. 1. 19, (■• 7- Ariston, a tragic actor of Syracuse, who discovered the plot formed by Athanadorus to seize the government. Liv. 1. 24^ c. 24. Ariston (Biog.) a wrestler, under whom Plato practised th« art. Ariston, a stoic philosopher of Chios, and a disciple of Zeno, maintained many sceptical notions. Plul. de Isid. el Osir. ; Diogen. Laerl. in Vit. Arist. Ariston of' Alexandria, a writer on tlie Nile, &c. Strab- 1. 17. Ariston, a peripatetic philosopher in the time of Augustus, perhaps the same sis the jircceding. Ahihton, a tragic poet of Alliens, who was banished for ridi- culing Menestheus; and also a musician of Athens. Diogen. in Vit. Ariston. Ariston, a Greet historian of PeUa, in the reign of Ailrijin, ARI wrote a worlc in which he spoke of the Inst rchollion of the Jews. Eiiscb. Ilisl. Eccles. 1. 4, c. 6 ; Niccph. Illst. EccU's. 1. 3, c. 24. AKISTONA (Hist.) 'Api^oiv^. a daughter of Cyrus, and wife of Darius the son of Hystaspes, by whom she was so greatly beloved, that he ordered statues to be erected in honour of her, and that she should be worshipped. Clcsiax. ARISTONICE (Ilisl.) 'AptToi/ni;, a Pytliian priestess, who pronounced a threatening oracle to the Athenians. Her. 1. 7, c. 140. ARISTONICUS (IJixt.) •ApiTo.uof, one of the tA-rants of Methymnes, who, bein^ given up by Alexander the (Jreat to the furv of the populace, was precipitated from the top of the wails. Q. Curt. 1. 4. Aristonicus, a natural son of Eumenes, invaded the king- dom of Attains, and defeated the consul P. Lucius Crassus, but was afterwards taken by Perjienna, the consul, and being carried to Rome, was strangled by order of the senate. Cic. Philip. 2, c. 8 ; Liv. 1. 59 ; Vel. Pater. 1. 2, c. 4 ; Slrah. 1. 14 ; Justin. 1. 36", c. 4 ; Flor. 1. 2, c. 20. Aristonicus {Biog.) a harper of Olynthus, who was patron- ized by Alexander the Great. Poli/xn. 1. 5. Aristonicus, a grammarian of Alexandria, who wrote Com- mentaries on Homer and Hesiod, &c. Slrah. 1. 1. Aristonicus, an historian of Tarentum. J'ms. Hist. Gr. 1. 4. ARISTONIDES (Blog.) a statuarj-. Plin. 1. 35. ARISTONUS {Hist.) a captain of Alexander's cavalry. Curt. 1. 9, e. 5, &c. ARISTONYMUS (Blog.) 'ApiTuVu/uoc, a harper at the court of Alexander. Pint, in Alex. ^ristonymus, a comic poet in the reign of Ptolemy Phila- delphus, who was also keeper of the library of Alexandria. Suidas. ARISTOPHANES (Hist.) 'ApiTO(/-oi'j;c, an Athenian archon in the 112th Olympiad. Diodor. 1. 17. Aristophanes (Biog.) a comic poet of Athens, the son of Iliilip of Rhodes, who wrote fifty-four comedies, of which only eleven are extant, namely, the Plutus, Nubes, Ranac Equites, Achamenses, V'^espa;, Aves, Pax, Concionantes, Cerealia, Celebrantes, and Lysistrata. His Nubes was pointed against his cotemporary Socrates, whose opinions and manners he held up to universal ridicule. He is looked upon to be the prince of the old comedy, a.s Menander was of the new. Horat. 1. 1, sat. 4. Eupolis, atque Cratinus, Arist*ypha?ieS'jue, poettF, Atque alii, (juorum com(Edia prisca virorum est. The best editions of Aristophanes, besides the first of Aldus, fol. Gr. Venice, 1498, were that of Kuster, fol. Amst. 1710; of Bergler, 2 vols. 4to. I76O ; of Brunck, 3 vols. 8vo. Argen- torat. 1783. Qiiinii/. 1. 10, c. 1 ; Fell. Pat. I. 1, c. iG; Sijl. Giruld. Poet. Hist. 1. 7. Ahistophanks, a grammarian of Byzantium, and keeper of the Alexandrine library under Ptolemy Evergetes, after Callimachus, wrote sevei-al works, which are quoted by the ancients. Allien. 1. 9 ; Diosen. Laerl. in Plat. Si/ida.'i. ARISTOPHANTUS (^Hisl.) •Api-.ofayroc, a Corintliian who fought under Lysander against the Athenians. His statue was placed at Delphi. Paus. 1. 10. ARISTOPHILIDES {Hist.) \\pi-o', wrote a history of his native place. ARMAGEDDON (Bibl.) 'Apjxayecoy, a place mentioned in Rev. xvi. 16, probably the same as Megiddo. QV'ide Me- giddo^ ARMAGH (Gcog.) a city of Ulster, and anciently the me- tropolis of Ireland, is now the capital of the county, 62 m. N. Dublin, Ion. 6^ 36' W., lat. 54° 21. N. It was an ex- tensive and populous city in the middle centuries, and was celebrated as a place of learning, having, according to the Irish writers, as many as "000 students at its college ; but it was frequently plundered by the Danes, and once destroyed by fire. In 1642 it was also set on fire by sir Phelim O'Neil. The church of Armagh is said to have been founded by St. Patrick, in 455, and was erected into an archbishopric in 1511, the bishop of wliieh is the primate and metropolitan of all Ireland ; and the see extends into five counties, namely, Armagh, Derry, Meath, TiiTone, and Louth. Usher, the learned chronologer, held this see during the usurjjation of Cromwell. ARMAGNAC (Hi.ft.) a district of Gascony in France, which formerly bore the title of a countj', and gave its name to an ancient family descended from the dukes of Gascony. Akm.\onac, Bernard d', the eighth count of this name. Was made constable of France in 1415, in which capacity he governed with gi-eat wisdom ; but was massacred in a sedi- tion at Paris, raised by the partisans of the duke of Bur- gundy in 1418. Akmagnac, James d', Duke of Nemours, was convicted of high treason in the reign of Louis XI, for which he was beheaded in 1477. Armagnac, Jo/in d' (Ecc.) natural .son of .John II, count of Armagnac, was made archbishop of Ausch by Clement VIII, in 1391, and created a cardinal by Benedict XIII, in 1403, shortly after which he died. Akmagnac, George d', son of Peter, the natural son of Charles d'Annagnac, was created cai-dinal by Paul III, in 1544, chosen archbishop of Toulouse in 1565, and died in 1585, after having employed his life zealously in the cause of reli- gion and the encouragement of letters. Thuan. Hist. ; Sammartli. Gall. Christ. ARMAIS (Hi.il.) son of Acenchres II, succeeded his father on the throne of Egypt, A. M. 2422, A. C. IO97, and reigned 14 years, during which time he had an immense basin dug as a reservoir for the waters of the Nile. Joseph, coiit. Ajipioii. ; Du Pin, Bibl. des Hist. Profan. ; Marsham. Canon. Chron. Saxul. ARMAND, dc Bourbon (Hist.) prince of Conti, distinguished himself as a general in the service of the king of France in Catalonia, in l655, and died in I666, leaving some reli- gious works, of which he was the author. AuMANu, Ignatius (Ecc.) a Jesuit who contributed to the re-cstablishraent of his society in France in the reign of Henry IV. ARMATA (Myth.) an epithet for V'cnus in Lacedsemon, to whom a temple was erected in a state of armour. ARM.VTUS (Hist.) a consul in the time of the emperor Leo, A. D. 477. ARMECESMIANUM (Hi.it.) succeeded A rmais his father, on the throne of I'',gypt, and reigned 66 years. It is said that it was he who lonunitted such cruelties against the Jcw.s, and sought the life of Moses. Joseph, cont. Appion. 1. 1. ■\RMELLIND, Francis (Ecc.) a native of Perouse, of obscure parentage, rose into favour with pope Leo X, by whom he was created cardinal in 1517, and died in 1 527, while he was besieged in Tarentum with Clement VII, by the im- perialists. 1 I ARM ARM ARMENES (Hisl.) a son of Nabos, tyrant of Lacedeemon, was led in triumph by the consul T. Quinctius. ARMENIA (('Cog.) Wfj^uiia, a hxrjje countr)' of Asia, which uxs divided into Upper und Lower, so called, as Ls said, from Armenus, one of the Argonauts, and now Turcomania, or Ciirdittan. Rivers of Armenia. Tlic principal rivers of Armenia arc the Euphnites, Tigris, Araxos, Cyrus, Pharis, Lycus, &c. Mountains. The principal mountains are the Caucasus, Taurus, I'aryadric, Abus, and above all Mens Gordyteus, or Mount Ararat, on wliich Noah's ark rested. Towns. Tlie principal towns are Artaxata, now Eschia ; Trigranocerta, now Suit hania ; Nicopolis, now Gianich; Melitenc, now Malatia. Hi.ilory of Armenia. This country formerly belonged to the Persians, and after- wanLs became a Roman province, altliough it was allowed for some time to have its own kings. On the decline of the Roman empire Armenia was alternately in the liand.s of the emjierors of Constantinople, and of the Saracens, until its entire conquest by tlie sultan Selim, in 151.5, since wliich time it has l)een divided between the Turks and the Persians. The Turks have dixaded Armenia into ax pachalics or governments, namely, Erzerim, Diarbckir, Akisker, Kars, Bayazid, and Moosh. Ecclesiaslical History. It is supposed that the apostle St. Bartholomew preached the gospel in Armenia, the church of wliich was vltv flourishing in the fourth century, and was governed by two patriarchs. In 435 a council was held here, touching some heretical books which the Nestorians wLshed to pass off for orthodox ; since that time the church of Armenia has been much distracted by schisms. AtUltors who liave written on Armenia. Herodotus, Strabo, Pliny, Joscphus, Mela, Tacitus, Justin, Suetonius, Q. Curtius, Ptolemy, Dio, Spartianus, Euse- bius, Socrates, Nicephorus, LeunclaWus, Paul Joviu.s, Ortelius, Sanson, Cluverius, and Ccllarius. Armenia (Niimis.) is distinguLshed on medals by the bow, the arrows, and the tiera or hat, which was common to both sexes, as represented in the subjoined figures ; the inscrip- tions refer mo.stly to the conquest of Armenia by Anthony and Augustus, as in fig. 2, where she is represented in a supplicating attitude, inscription ARMENIA CAPTA, Fig.u Fin- 3. sometimes DEVICTA ; or, as in fig. 3, where a male figure with the attributes of Armenia represents its recover}.', in- scription ARMENIA RECEPTA ; or sometimes ARME- NIA ET MESOPOTAMIA IN POTESTATEM Po- puli ^omani REDACTAE S. C. Gollz. Jul. C. et Aug. ; Fa III. Xumm. Gr. ; Span ft. Dissert, lij-r. ARMENIDAS {Biog.) an historian of Thebes. Schol. in .ijmlhm. ARMENIUS {Ecc.') a priest of the Gal, who was condemned to death, with Priscelliana his wife, on a charge of heresy, in 385. Sulpit. Sever. Hist. Sac 1. 2. ARMENTARIUS {Hi-ii.) vide Galerus. Arwent.\rius (Ecc.) an eccle.siastic of the fifth century, got himself elected bishop of Embnin, but was deposed at the council of Riez in Provence in 439- ARMENUIS (HIjtt.) a leader of the ChcniKJ, who wa« de- feated by Cienuanicus, and jxiisoncd by one of liis friimls. fell. Paler, l. 2; Tacit. Annul. 1. 1 ; iJio. 1. 5(j ; Suelim. iv Fah. ARMENUS, Hipfxtlt/lus (liiop.) a jKiet of Scntini in Sicily, in the Kith ccntur>', composed a [Kxin, entitled, ' De Lau- dibus Panormi.' ARMIGER {Mi/l/i.) annijer, or flrmijonan*, epithets for Mi- nerva. Virg.'jI'.n. 1. 2 ; Ovid. Met. 1. 14. AR.MINIU.S, James (Ecc.) the leader of a sect from him called Anninians, was born at Oudewater, a town of Hol- land, in 1560, and died in KiOf), after having ox|)ericTic«l much trouble fnmi the opposition wliich wa.s raised againrt his opinions on the doctrines of ))rcilcstinative-men- tional noble (iiniily, dieil in l(i()7, Kaviiif; aniim^ his works, oiie entitled, ' Les Anticjnites de IVii^oid,' which is very scarce. ARN.M'S, J'iiirciil (Bios) a Latin and Itidian jmct of Ma- xani in Sicily, died in 1()'25, leaving among other things ' Anagramniuta ct Cantioncs.' ARNO'r, Ju/iH (Hiog.) a protestant divine of Germany, was born in 1:')5:'), and died in I()'.21. He was a controversial writer, and wrote, among other things, a treatise of true Christianity, in the German language. Abndt, C/iritliaii, a professor of logic at Rostock, was born in li)-2.'i, and died in lO'S.'S. His works are, 1. ' Dissertatio de l'hiloso])hia \'eteruni,' 4to. Rostoch. Ib'50. 2. ' Discur- sus I'oliticus de Frincijiiis constituentibus et conservantibus Rem})ublicam,' ibid. 1().51. ;j. ' De Vera Usu Logices in Thcologifi.' Abndt, Joshua, brother of the preceding, was born in ](i2(), and died in ifiS.T. Among his numerous writings, philo- sophical and historical, may be distinguished, 1. ' Lexicon Antiquitatum Ecclesiasticaruni,' 4to. Greifswald. l(i(J7. 2. ' Genealogia Scaligeroruui,' Hafn. Ifi-iS. 3. ' Tru- tina Statuum Europip Ducis do Rohan,' 8vo. 1()().5, &c. AuNDT, Charles, son of the preceding, was born in \6~3 at Gustron, and died in 17~1, professor of Hebrew, at Rostock. Among his works are, 1. ' Schediasma de Phalaride,' &c. Ito. Rostoch, 1702. 2. ' Schediasmata Hibliotbccic (intcie Dith- cilioris,' ibid. 3. ' Bibliotheca Politico-heraldica," Svo. 170.5. 4. ' System.i Litcrarium," &c. 4to. Rostoch. \1\i, a bibliographical work. .'5. ' Dissertationes Philologica-,' &c. ARNE (Mi/lh.) Wpr,,, a daughter of .^lolus. Horn. II. 1. 2, v. 507 ; Ovid. Mel. 1. 6, fob. 4. Arne, Thomas Augustine, a great musical composer, was the son of Thomas Arnc, upholsterer, of King-street, Covent- Garden, at whose house the Indian kings lodged in the time of queen Anne, as mentioned in the Spectator, N^ 50. This son was bom in 1710, and died in 177S, lea\'ing many operas and N'auxhall airs, which were the models of taste and perfection in his day. ARNGRIM, Jonas {Biog.') vide Jonas. ARNHEIM {Gcog.) \n L,;\\.'m Arcnacum, a town of Guelder- land, in the Low Countries, which was fortified by Otho IV, duke of Cnielderland, and taken by the French in 1672. It is situated 30 miles E. Utrecht, and 45 S. E. Amsterdam, Ion. 5° 37' E., lat. 52° N. ARNIGIO, Bartholomew (Biog.) a phy.sician and poet of Brescia, in Lombardy, was bom in 1523, and died in 1557, leaving among bis works, 1. ' Le Rime,' 8vo. \'enice, 1555, 2. ' Lettera, Rime et Orazione,' 4to. 1558, without place or printer's name. 3. ' Lettura letta publicamente sopra il Sonnetto del Petrarca,' &c. 8vo. Brescia, 15(i5. 4. ' Me- teoria overro Discorvo Intomo idle Impressioni imper- fetti,' &c. 4to. Bre.scia, 1568. 5. ' Dieci Veglie degli Amraendati Costumi dell' Umana Vita,' &c. 4to. Brescia, 1577. ARNISjT",US, Ilenniugus (Biog.) a philosopher .and physi- cian of the 17th century, wrote on political and medical subjects, as, 1. < De Auctoritate Prlncipum in Po])ulum semper Inviolabili, Francof. Ifil2. 2. ' De Jure Majos- tatis,' Francof. 16IO. 3. ' Reflectiones Politicse,' Francof. 1615. 4. ' Observationes aliquot Anatomica;,' &c. ARNOBIL^S (Biog.) an African and a convert to Christianity, of the third and fourth centuries, has left an evidence of the sincerity of his conversion, as also of his learning and his piety in his well-known work, entitled, ' Adversus Gcntes,' the first edition of which was printed at Rome, folio, 1542; to which the ' Octavius ' of Minutius FelL\ VOL. I. was added as nn cightli, the editor nii.stuking Oeiavju* f«rr Oilavus: of the Miccccding editions, lliut o( Leyden, 4to. 165 J, is reckoned the lx.),t, ulthough jiriiiud incor- rectly. Ahnoiim-s, a Gaul, and a favourer of the Pehigiar. doctrine* in the fifth century, wrote a Comnienlar)- ou the Psulm.i, wliich was edited bv Erasmus. ARNOLD (Ui-sl.) vide ArniwUI. AliNor.u, Melrhthal, a native of the Canton of Underwald, was a confederate with William 'I'ell, \\enitr, of Schjulhich, and Walter Furst, of Uri, in the revolt which wa.s net on foot against the Au.strians, which terminated in the formation of the Helvetic republic. Simlir. tic Hep. Helv. AiiNOLD (Biog.) vide Arnaud. Ahnoi>d of' Sens, a physician and mathematician of the ifith century, wrote ' I.sagoge in Geometrica Elemcnta Euclidis.' Antv. 'l5()5. AiiNoi.D, Chri.stopher, & writer of Nuremberg, was bom in 1627, and died in l656, leaving among his works, 1. ' Or- natus Lingufc Latinic' 2. ' De Parasilis,' &c. AuNOLn, Gei>fl'nj, a Cicrman divine, wrote in favour of here- sies, and was distinguished as the chief of the sect in that day called Pietists. AiiNOi.n, Samuel, a distinguished musician and composer, was born in 173f), and died in 1802, leaving, among his pub- lished works, four oratorios, eight odes, three screnatas, forty-seven operas, and three burlcttas, besides overtures, concertos, &c. Arnold, John, a mechanic who distinguished himself in the last century by his imiirovements in the mechanism of time- keepers, &c. ARXOLDE, Richard (Biog.) one of our English chronicler! in the l6th century, mentioned by Stowc and Holingshed. ' Arnoldc's Chronicle,' sometimes called ' The Customs of London,' contains an account of the magistrates, charters, municipal regulations, &c. The first edition was printed at Antwerp in 1502, a second in 1520, and a third in 1811. ARNON (BihI.) tm«, a river or brook frequently mentioned in Scripture, which had its source in the mountains of GUead or Moab. Deut. ii. 24, &c. ARNOUL (Hist.) vide Arnulphu.?. Arnoul, son of Drogon or Dreux, and nephew to Charles M artel, who, being suspected of malpractices, was arrested and died in prison. Arnoul, surnamed the Bad, duke of Bavaria in the tenth centurv, was always at war witli liis neighbours, and was at length killed, after having pillaged Augsbourg. HLs sister was the grandmother of Henry the Fowler. Otho. de Fri- .sing. 1. 6, c. 8 ; Sigon. de lieg. Ilal. ; Baron. A. D. 932 ; Bert. German. 1. 2. Aknoul I, Earl of Flanders, .surnamed the Great, was con- cerned in the assassination of ^^'i^l;^nl Longsword, duke of Nonnandy, in consecpience of a dispute resi^cting the o-.ij>- ture of Montreuil by the French. Sigcberi. ct Flodoard. in Chron. Arnoul II, Earl of Flanders, surnamed the Younger, and son of Baldwin, died in f)S6, after having been engaged in many wars. Guill. de Juniicge.t. Ilisl. 1. 4, c. 1}). Arnoul HI, son of Baldwin VI, was killed in battle before he came of age. Sigeliert. in Chron. Arnoul, son of Thierri, cai\ of I lolland, was killed in katle against the Friezlanders, with whom he was continually ot war, because they would not acknowledge him as their prince. Arnoul, SI. (Ecc.) a bishop of Metz, from whom the kings of France, of the second race, were descended, resigned bis bishoi>ric, and ;dl connexion with the court, to retire into solitude, where he died about 626. 2 F ARN ARP Arnoul, two bishops of Orleans, one in 970, the other in 986. Abnoul, archbishop of Rheims, and natural son of Lotha- rius, took part in the troubles of the times. Aimun. 1. 1, c. 4() ; Baron. AnrwL Ann. 989. Arnoui., or Ernulphus, Ijisliop of Rochester, was bom at Beauvais in 1040, and died in 1114. There are two trea- tises of this Anioul extant, entitled ' De Incertis Nuptiis,' and ' Quatuor Qusstiones Divina; ScrijjtursE Soluta; ab eo.' Abnoul of lihode.s, patriarch of Jerusalem at the commence- ment of the 12th century, who accompanied Robert II, duke of Normandy, in the first crusade. William, of Tyre, does not speak fa\*urably of this prelate, who was deposed by the pope for his irregularities, and although he recovered his dignity, he did not reform his morals, and died in 1118. Aknoul, bishop of Liseux, in the 12th century, succeeded his uncle John in 1141, and died in 1182. He attempted to bring about a reconciliation between Henry II and Bccket, but without effect. To him is ascribed a treatise entitled, ' De Schismate orto post Honorii II Discessum,' &c. Guil. Tur. 1. 7, c. 1 ; Aimon. Cuntin. 1. 5, c. 52 ; Du Pin. Bib- liol/i. Abnoul {Biog.) vide Armilplnis. ARXOULT, John Baptist (Biog.) an ex-jesuit, was bom in 1689, !>"d died in 1753; leaving, among other things, a collection of French, Italian, and Spanish proverbs, 12mo. Besan9on, 1733. 2. ' Le Precepteur,' after the manner of Dodsley's Preceptor. ARNTZENIUS, John, a philologist, was born at Wesel, in 1702, and died in 1728. He wrote, among other things, 1 . ' Dissertationes de Colore et Tinctura Coniarum, et de Civitatc Romana Apostoli Pauli,' 8vo. Ultraj. 1725. 2. ' Oratio de Causis Corruptse Eloquentia;,' 4to. Neomag. 172s. Arntzenius, Olho, brother of the preceding, was bom at ^Vmheim in 1703, and died in 1763. He wrote a disser- tation ' Do MUliatio aureo," besides a variorum edition of the Disticha Catonis, and some academical oratiims. Arntzenius, John Henri/, son of John Arntzenius, was bom at Nimeguen in 1734, and died in 1797; leaving some Ora- tions on Law and Criticism. ARNU, Nicholas (Biog.) a Dominican of Lorraine, was born in 1629, and died in I692. He wrote, 1. ' Clypeus Phi- losophiic Thomisticie,' 8 vols. 8vo. Patav. 1686. 2. ' A Commentary on the Sum of St. Thomas," 2 vols. fol. 1691. ARNULPHUS (Hf.?/.) natural son of Car- loman, king of Bavaria, was elected em- peror of Germany in 888, crowned at Rome in 896' by pope Formosus, and died of poison as Ls sujjposed in 899, leaving Louis IV his son to be hLs successor. His effigy is given as in tlie annexed figure. Arnulphus {Ecc.) \ade Arnonl. Arnulpiius {Biog.) vide Arnold and Arnonl. Arnulphus, a monk and a chronicler of the 1 1th century. .'Vrnulphus, a friend of St. Bernard, and author of a book entitled ' Ascctica,' in IO77. ARNUPHLS (Biog.) a magician, and a native of Egjqit, who deceived the Roman people by his enchantments in the reign of the emperor Aurelius. Dion. 1. 55; Tcrtullian. Apol. c. 5 ; Eu.iel). Hist. Eccles. 1. 5, c. 5. ARNUS (Gcog.) a river of Etruria, now Ariio, which rises on the Apennine mountains, and falls into the Mediterra- nean. Strab. 1. 5 ; Plin. 1. 3 ; Tacit. Annal. 1. 1 ; Ptol. 1. 3 ; RutU. Ttin. ARNWAY, John (Biog.) a native of Shropshire, who after studying at Oxford became rector of Hodrct and Ightficld, in his native county, and distinguished himself for his loyalty and sufferings in the grand rebellion. He died in Virginia in 1653, leaving two little pieces which were printed in Holland, one entitled ' The Tablet, or tlie Moderation of Cliarlcs I, the Martyr;' the other ' An Alarm to the Sub- jects of England.' AROCHA (Geog.) a river of the Locri, now Alaca. Plin. 1. 3. AROD (Bihl.) inK, the fifth son of Gad. Num. xxv. 17. AUGER (Bihl.) m'lS, a city of Gad, on the bank of the brook Anion. A^U7n. xxii. 34. AROL^, 7nons {Gcog.) now Arberg, a town of Germany. AROMATRI, Joseph {Biog.) a physician of Assisi, in Italy, was bom about 15S6, and died in I66O. He wrote, 1. 'Ri- poste alle Considerazion di Alessandro Tassoni sopra le Rime del Petrarca,' 8vo. Padua, I6II. 2. ' Dialoghi di Fdcidio Melampodioin Reposta agli Avvcrtimenti date sotto Nome di Ores. Pepe,' Sec. 8vo. Venice. I6l3. 3. ' Disputatio de Rabie Contagiosa,' 4to. Venet. 1625; 4to. Francof. 1626, to which was added, a Letter on the Generation of Plants. AROPH (Hist.) one whom Joseplius reckons of the race of high priests, although not mentioned in Scripture. AROT (JMijtli.) and Marot, the name of two angels, whom Mahomet feigned to have been sent from God to teach men to abstain from murder, false judgments, and the like. AROZEN (Geog.) Arosia, an episcopal town of Sweden, suf- fragan to Upsal, where Gustavus I, king of Sweden, de- feated Christem II, in 1521. Bert. Germ. 1. 2. ARPAD (Bihl.) or Arphad, tstk, a town mentioned in the Scriptures, always in connexion with Himiath. 2 Kings xviii. 34 ; Isaiah x. 9- ARPAIA (Geog.) a village of Naples, supposed to be the Cattdimn of the ancients. [|Vide Candinnt] ARPAJON (Hist.) one of the ancient and illustrious houses of France, which derived its name from Arpajon, a town of Auvergne. Hugh d'Arpajon, the first of this name men- tioned in histoiy, possessed the seignoiy of Arpajon in 1268. He founded in 1297 the abbey of Notre Dame d'Arpajon, for Benedictine monks. The following are the most distinguished members of this family : Arpajon, Berenger II d', of the above-mentioned family, rendered great services in the wars of his time, in 1380. Arpajon, Cliarlcs d', baron of Arpajon and Severac, received from Henry III the honour of being among the number of the first named knights on the institution of the Order of the Holy Ghost ; which honour he was obliged to decline on account of his religious profession as a Calvinist. Arpajon, Louis Due d', distinguished himself on many occa- sions as a general in the armies of Louis XIII, and after having been sent as ambassador extraordinary into Poland, died in l679._ Arpajon, Louis d\ commanded the annies of the king on numl)erlcss occasions, particularly at tlic siege of Mons, in 1691 ; and at the first battle of Hochstcdt in 1763. ARPHAXAD (Bib/.) ntvaQlK, son of Shem, and father of Salah. Gen. xi. 12, S:c. Arphaxai), a king of Media, mentioned in Judith, who is supposed by Calraet to be Phraortcs, the son and successor of Dejoces ; but by Prideaux, to be Dejoces himself Judith. i. 1 ; Herod. 1. 1 ; Prid. Connect, p. 1,1. 1, &c. ARPI (Geog.) a town of Apulia, wliich was originally called 'Apyvp/TTTTd, and also "Apyoe ixttioi', by Diomcde ; who by some is said to have buOt it, and by others to have sur- rounded it with walls. Lycoph. V. 592. 'O f ' ApyvpiwTrav ^avvtoiv jray(cX>jpiav Hap' Avaovtrtv tfivXafiov toiitjatrai. Virg. JEn. I. 10. Atque iterum in Teuorn vEloiii surgit ab Arpit. ARR Horace was bom in the neighbourhood of this town, to whicli Martini iiUudcs. ArpU cetUre jwn sitiis desfrtis. It is now a small town of Naples in the iirovinee of C'api- tanata. Po////). 1. 3 ; Cic. ad Allic 1. <), ep. 3 ; Lir. 1. J), &e. ; Slrii/i. 1. 6 ; I'lin. 1. 3 ; Appian. in Annibal. ; Procop. dv Colli. Tteh. 1. 1 ; Tzelz. in I.i/cop/i. ; Scrv. in Firg. Abpi (Nionix.) this town is distinguished on some medals by the insmi)tion Al'IlANiiN. ARPINC), Joseph d' (ISIdi.'.) a painter of Aqiino, was bom in 15C0, and died in KiK). He was much patronized by Gregon- XII 1 and Clement VHI, and obtained a consider- able reputation in his day. Arpino (GfwrO t'lc ancient Arpiniim, a small town of Terra di Lavora, 55 m. N. N. \V. Naples. [[Vide Arpiniitn~\ ARPIN'UM {Geos-) a town of the Vol.sci, which is now a small place of '1 crra di Lavora, in Naples, known by the name of Arpiiiu. It is distinguished as the birth-place of Marias and Cicero. Jilt'. Sat. 8, V. 23", speaking of Cicero. Hie vnvus ArjHiias igiiatnlis, el modv Uomis Mtiiiicipalis Ei]Hes f^aleutum poiiit ttlnqne rrttiidiitm aUoilitis Ibid. Sat. 8. v. 245, speaking of Marius. Arjjinas alius Volscornm in moitte soUbat Poscere mercedes, aliciw lassus aratro. ^^'^lence Martial calls the books of Cicero Arpinw C/iartw. Martial, 1. 10, cpig. If). Hoc (jnnd seciita posteritjue possint Arpinis qucque contparare charlis. Cic. ad Fam. 1. 13, ep. 1 1 j Salliisl. Jtigur. c. 63 ; Li v. 1. 10, c 1 ; 'Cliiv. Ital. Aiiliq. 1. 4, &c. ARPUS {Hist.) a prince of the Catti, whose wife and chil- dren were taken prisoners by Caius Silius, a lieutenant- general acting under Germanicus. Tar. Anna!. 1. t. ARQUA (Gcoo'.) or Arquala, in the Latin Arquatiim, a tov\Ti of Sardinia, in the territory of Genoa. ARQUES {Geog.) a small town of Normandy, celebrated by the victory wliich Henry IV gained over the duke of May- enne. It is two leagues S.E. Dieppe. ARRABILA, Peter d' (Hi.it.) a chancellor of France to Lotus X, was created cardinal by John XXII in 1310", and died in 1346. VRUAGON (Geog.) or Aragon, in the Latin of the middle ages Aragonia, or Arrngonia ; Ls supposed with most pro- bability to derive its name from Tarraconensis, one of the ancient divisions of Spain. . Boundaries. It is bounded by the Pyrenees on the N, Na- vaiTC and Castile on the W, Valencia on the S, and Ca- talonia on the E. Its chief town is the celebrated Sara- gossa. Histori). AiTagon formed at first oidy a part of the kingdom of Navarre, bearing the title of a county. .Sancho I, a noble Gascon, was count of Arragon in 852 ; and his de- scendant Sancho III, sumamcd the Great, was king of Na- vaiTe, AiTagon, and Castlllc, and at his death, he divided these three kingdoms among his sons, Garcias IV, Fer- dinand I, and Raniirus I. To the latter was as.signcd the kingdom of Arragon, to which liis successors added the principality of Catalonia, and the kingdoms of Valentia and Majorca. The kings of Arragon were divided into three races ; namely, the first race descended innne- diately from Ramirus I ; the second race was descended from Riiimond Bcrenger, the fourth of this name, who was count of Barcelona, and obtained the crown of Ar- ragon by his marriage with Petronilla, daughter of Ra- mirus II. Tlie third race was descended from FenUnand, the son of John I, king of Castille, who was acknow- ledged king of Arragon in 1412. ARR Chronological Succeaxion of the Kings of Arragon until its Union trith Castille. Itamiru* I 1036 James II 1291 Alphonso IV I,'{2H Peter IV MiSG John I I.3H7 Martin I 1395 Interregnum 1410 Ferdinand. 1412 Aliihonso \' 1416 John II \U')H Ferdinand \' 1 479 Sancho- Ramirus I IO6.S Peter 1 10<)4 Alplionso I. 1104 Hamiriis II i\3H Raimond Herenger .... 113" Alphon.so II 1162 Peter II 11J)6 James I 1214 Peter III .' 1276 Alphonso III 1284 In this Ferdinand, with his queen IsalK'lla, the crown of AiTagon and Castille was united. QVidc Spain'] The house of Arragon furnished many other princes besides those who had governed this kingdom ; namely, kings of Sicily hi the person of Frederic III, of Arragon, and his descendants; kings of Majorca in that of James II, of Arragon, and his descendants ; al.so some dukes of Athens and of Segorbe ; counts of L rghel, of Prade, &c. ARRAN, James Hamilton, Jirst Karl of (llist.) son of James lord Hamilton. ([V'ide Hamilton'] Arran, James, second Earl of, and duke of Chatclherault, in France, was, when but a very young man, one of the lords wht> attended king James \ , by hLs six^cial appointment, in his voyage to France ; and, at his deatli in 1 542, wa.s, by the unanimous consent of parliament, chosen protector to the yoiuig queen Man', and governor of Scotland, lx;ing the second person in the realm, and nearest to succeed to the crown of the same at the decease of the (jueep without issue. He afterwards resigned the regency in 1551 into the hands of the queen dowager Mary of (Juise ; and, after various fluctuations of council, and XTici.ssitudes of fortune, which has made his name so conspicuous in the history of those times, he died in 1575. Akran, Earl of, son of the duke of Chatclherault, aspired to the hand of Mary, queen of Scots ; but, being rejected, he lost his senses. Arran, Earl of, James Stewart, obtained the title and estate from James Hamilton at his death in the reign of James \'I, king of Scotland ; and, after taking an active part in the troubles of the times, and retaining the favour of the king for a long time, he was killed by a cousin of the earl of Morton, the late regent, whcmi he had accused falsely. Cambd. in Fit. Eliz. et in Brilan ; Thiian. Hist. 1. 83. Arran, Earl of {Her.) one of the titles belonging to the Hamilton familv, which was conferred in 1503 on Jame.<:, third lord Hamilton, by James I\' on his return from Eng- land in I50.'>, where he had l)een to negotiate the marriage between that king and the ]u4nce.ss Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VH. This title Ls derived from Arran, an island of Scotland, in the Frith of Clyde, to the S. of the isle of Bute, and constituting the principal part of the county of Bute. Arran, Earl of, a title conferred on the Gore family, and de- rived from the Islands of Arran, on the coiLst of Inland- Sir Arthur Gore, who was descended from Sir Raljili Ciore, the sixth baronet, was advanced iu 1758 to the dignities of viscoinit Sudley, of Castle Clore, and banin Saunders ; and in 1762 was created earl of the Islands of .\rran, in the county of Galway. The arms, &c. of this family are as follow : Title.'!. Gore, earl of Arran, viscount Sudley, baron Saun- ders, and a baronet. Arms. Gules, a fesse between three collars fitchy or. Crest. On a wreath, a wolf rampant argent. Sap/mrters. Two horses argent. Motto. " In hoc signo ^•inces." 2 F 2 ARR ARRAS, Ben Arras (Biog.) author of a book on tlie Supe- riority of the Two Nations, Arabia and Persia. Arras {Geog.) an episcopal town of Artois, in the Low Coun- tries, suffragan of Canibray, which by CiEsar was called Atrehdlum, and by Ptolemy Origiacum. It is seated on the Scarpe, 22 miles W. N. W. Cambrav. Lon. 2^ 4G' E. lat. 50^ 17' N. Hixlory of Arras. Arras was the capital of Flanders when Charles the Bald, king of France, gave it in dowry to his daughter Judith, who was married to Baldwin, surnanied Iron-arm, in 863. It was afterwards reunited to France, with all Artois, in 1180. Louis XI took this city after the death of the duke of Burgundy, and in HQS it was delivered to the emperor Maximilian I ; but in 1()40, it fell into the hands of the French; and when the Spaniards be- seiged it in l6iH, they were compelled to raise the siege after a great loss. Ecclesiastical History of Arras. St. Wast, the first bishop of Arras, died in .')40 ; after him Canibray and Arras had the same prelate under the me- tropolitan of Rheims. In 1093 the pope Urban II sepa- rated these two dioceses, and gave a particular bishop to Arras; and when, in the l6th centun,', Canibray was erected into an archbishopric, An-as was placed among the number of its sufiragans. Four synods were held in this city ; namely, in 1025, by Gerard, bishop of Cam- bray and Arras; in 1490, by Peter de Ranchicourt ; in 1570, by Francis Richardof; and, lastly, in 1588. Giii- chard. Descripl. des Bas. Pays.; Orn. Rais. Belg. Christ. ; Sammarth. Gall. Christ. ARRETIUM (Geog.) 'ApfjtjTioi', one of the principal towns of Etruria, now Arezzo, near which the consul Flaminius pitched his camp preA'ious to his defeat at the lake of Thra- svmene. Silius introduces him, saying, Sil. Hal. 1. 5, V. 121. An, Ciyrvine, sedet^ clausitm se cnmul iuerti XJt teneai valto ; PiEiius nunc occupet atU-pt, married her brother Ptolemy Philadelphus, and w;is wor- shipix'd after her death under the name of Venus ZcphyritLs. Puli/h. 1. 1 ; I'al. Mujc. 1. 2 ; Plin. L 34. ART ART Arsinoe, another daughter of Ptolemy, married first Lysima- chus, king of Macedonia, and afterwards her own brother Ceraunus, who murdered the two sons of Arsinoe by lier former marriage, and seizing the thrown of Macedonia, banished her to Samothrace. Justin. 1. l?- Aksinoe, wife of Magus, king of Cyrene, committed adultery with Demetrius, her son-in-law, for which he was put to death. Justin. 1. 26, c. 3. Arsinoe, a younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister to ("leopatra, had Achillas dispatched, and was afterwards put to death by Antony to gain the good graces of the sister. Cces. de Bell. Civil. 1. 3; Lncan. 1. 10; Appian. de Bell. Civil. 1. 10. Arsinoe (Numis.) the wife of Ptolemy Phi- ladelphus, is distinguished on a medal, bear- ing, on the obverse, as in the annexed figure, the head of this queen ; and on the reverse, the inscription APi;iN0H2 *IAA AEAOY, in distinction from another Arsinoe, the wife of Ptolemy Pliilopater, styled in an inscription APSINOIIE itlAOnATOPOS. Arsinoe, to a town of tliis name, near the lake Moeris, are inscribed some medals, bearing the inscriptions ARC. — APSI. A. lA. — AP2IN0I. — AP2IN0ITHS. — AP2I- NOITHN. ARSINUS (Ecc.) a martyr in the reign of Decius. ARSLAN, Sckah (Hist.) son of Kerman Schah, the son of Caderd, fiftli sultan of the race of the Selgiucides, succeeded his nephew Kerman Schah in the j'ear of the Hegira 494, A. D. 1 104, and died after a reign of 42 years. Ahslax, Schah, Ben Massoud, twelfth sultan of the dynasty of the Gaznevides, succeeded his father Massoud III, but was put to death by his brother Bahiram in the year 512, A. D. 1122, after a reign of four years. Arslan, Ben Tognd, a son of Mahomet, and grandson of Malek Schah, succeeded Soliman in the year of the Hegira 555, A. D. Il65, and reigned 15 years. Arslan, Alp, vide Alp Arslan. ART A {Geog.) \iAe Larla. ARTABANUS {Hist.) 'Apra/Safoc, the name of several kings and distinguished persons. Kings of this Name. Artabands I, brother of Arsaces II, succeeded his nephew Phraates II, and perished in a war vi-ith the Trogari, a nation of Scythians in the first year of his reign, A. C. 124. Justin. 1. 24. Artabanus II, king of the Medes, was afterwards made king of Parthia, on the e.vjiulsion of Venones, who had been set up by Tiberius. He died A. D. 84. Ahtabani's III, son of Vologcses, was a determined enemy of Vespasian, and died after a very short reign. Zonar. in Titul. ARTABANrs IV, the last king of the Parthians, succeeded his brotlicr Vologcses III ; and, after waging war for some time with the Romans, particularly in the reign of Caracalla, was at length defeated by one Artaxerxes, a private soldier, and put to death, after which the kingdom of Parthia was trans- ferred to the Persian monarchs. Dio. 1. 77 ; Hcrodian. 1. 4 ; Agalh. 1. 2. Divtingiiished Persons of this Naine. Artabanus, son of Hystaspcs, and brother of Darius, a wise and faithful prince, w:w entrusted with the government of Persia during the expedition wliich his nephew Xerxes made into Cirecce. Hvrml. 1. 3, c. 10; 1. 4, c. 83, &c. Artabanus, a captain of the guards in the army of Xerxes, a.ssassinated his raa.ster. He i.s called by Aristotle, 'A^itu- •xtt.rjc. Aristot. Polil. 1. 5, c. 10; Diodor. I. 11, c. 7;); Justin, 1. 3, c. 1. ARTABASDUS (Hist.) son-in-law to the emperor Leo, the Isaurian, rebelled against Constantine Copronymus, hut being defeated he surrendered himself with his sons, when their eyes were put out. Theophan. in Chron. ; Zonar. Hist. Miscell. 1. 22, &-c. ARTABAZANES (Hist.) Artamenes, or, according to Hero- dotus, 'ApTojiai^/iiijc, the eldest son of Darius, was set aside in the succession to the tlirone of Persia, in favour of his younger brother Xerxes, because the latter was the first-bom after his father became king. He was killed at the battle of Salamis. Herod. 1. 7) c. 4; Pli/t. de Frat. Amor, s Justin. \. 2, c. 10. Artabazanes, a commander of Artaxerxes, was defeated by Datames. Diud. 1. 15. ARTABAZES (Hist.) vide Arlavasdes. ARTABAZUS (Hist.) 'Apra/3ai,'of, son of Phamaces, was the leader of the Parthians in the aniiy of Xerxes. He fled from Greece after the battle of Platea. Herod. 1. 7j c. 6(i, &c. Artabazus, a faithful adherent of Darius, who at his death surrendered to Alexander, and was wxll received by him. He was made governor of Bithynia. Diodor. 1. IG ; Q. Curt. I. 5, &c. ; Lucian. Dial. Artabazus, \ddc Artaxias. Artabazus (Hist.) or Artapnnits, an historian, who wrote a fabulous account of the Jews. Euseb. Evang. Prceparal. 1. 1, c. 25 ; Clevi. Alexand. Strom. 1 ; Chron. Alexand. ARTABRUS (Geog.) a promontory of Lusitania, now Cape Fineslerre. ARTACHjEES (Hist.) 'ApTaxaivc> a noble Persian, who was the tallest man in the anny of Xerxes. He was honoured at his death as a hero. Herod. 1. 7, c. 1 1 J. ARTiEUS (Hist.) 'Apraioc, the father of the aforementioned Artachaees, an ofiicer in the army of Xerxes, was appointed to superintend the digging of Mount Athos. Herod. 1. 7, c. 21. ARTAGERSES (Hist.) 'Aprayiprnjc, a general in the aimy of Artaxerxes, who was slain by Cyrus the Younger. Plul. in Artax. ARTANES (Hist.) 'ApTavnQ, a brother of Darius, who fell at the Straits of Thermopyla;. Herod. 1. 7, c. 224. Ahtanes, a general of Antiochus, and king of Armenia, was di-iven from his kingdom. Strah. 1. 14. ART ANUS (Biog.) a la^^■yer, bom at Narbonne; was the friend of the poet Martial, in the reign of Domitian. ARTAPHERNES (Hist.) 'Ap-T'' '""1 afterwards beheaded by order of Cleopatra. He was idso a poet and an historian. Strab. 1. 11 ; Pint, in Cras.s: ; Appian. in Parth. ; Dio. 1. 11 9. • Arta\asdes II, was placed on the throne of Annenia, by I Augustus, but soon after deprived of his kingdom in favour of Ariobarzancs. Tacit. Annul. 1. 2, c. 3 ; Jo.icph. Antiq. 1. 15. ARTAVASDUS (Hist.) vide Artalumlus. ARTAUD (Ecc.) archbishop of Rheims in the 10th century, was for a time driven from his see, but afterwards restored. Flodoard. Hi.it. de FEglise de Rheims. ARTAXAS (Hisl.) a general of Antiochus. QVide Artaxias'] ART ART ARTAXARES (Hist.) a Persian soldier. [Vide Arta- J"C/Mi'.v] ARTAXATA (Gcog.) 'ApraWro, now Ardcsh, tlie foniicr capital of UpjKT Armenia, is said to have heen built liy Annihal for Artaxias, the king of the countiy. It was burnt by Corbido, and rebuilt by TiridateSj who called it Neronea, in honour of Nero. Slrah. 1. 11. ARTAXERXES {Bibl.) WpmUptric, the Greek name in Ezra for Ahasucrus ; but which of the kings of this name is here to be understood, has been a matter of dispute umong the learned. \rtaxerxks, the name in Ezra for the Magus, who assumed the name and jwrson of Smcrdis. AuTAXEUXKs (ilixl.) the name of several kings of Persia. AuTAXKRXF.s I, surnamcd Luiigimaiiiis, succeeded his father Xerxes in the 7<)th Olympiad, A. C. Uii, and died after a reign of 3,0 years, at the commencement of which he juit to death Artabanus his father's murderer. It was this Arta- serxes who i)ermitted Nehemiah to go into Juda;a, and to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem. Ne/i. i. 11 ; Herod. 1. ()", &c. ; Thiici/(l. 1. 1, &c. ; Diodor. 1. 11 ; Jii.^t. 1.3; Euseb. Ckron. ; Seal, dc Emendnl. Temp. c. 5 ; Pctav. de Docl. Temp. ; Vsser. Aiinal. ; Prid. Coiuiect. Part I. Artaxekxes II, sununned Miiemoii, on account of his happy memory, succeeded Darius his father in the y4th Olympiad, A. C. ■K)4, and died after a troublesome reign of 43 years ; in which his brother C\tus, sumamed Ihe Younger, and his son Darius, both revolted against him. The former perished in battle, and the latter was put to death by his father. This Artaxcrxes is sujjposcd by many to have been the Ahasuerus in the Scripture. Xeiiop/i. Anaha.i. ; Diodor. I. 15; Justin. 1. 10; Jo.veph. Aniiq. 1. 1, c. 6; S. Hieron. in Ezech. c. 4; Nieephor. Eccles. Hist.; Zonar. Annal. ; Petav. De Doct. 1. 12 ; Ricciol. Chron. Reform, torn. i. I. (), c. 12 ; Usser. Annal. ; Prid. Cunneet. Part I. Ahtaxehxes III, sumamed Ochus, succeeded his father Ar- taxerxes Mnemon, in the 104th Olympiad, A. C. 36l, after having put to death not less than 80 of his kindred, and was poisoned by Bagoas, after a reign of three years. It is supposed that in tliis reign the eunuch Bagoses profaned the temple of Jerusalem, and imposed a tax upon the Jews for every lamb they offered, as related by Joseph. Diodor. 1. iC ; Joseph. Antiq. 1. 11, c. 7; Stilpit. Sever. 1. 2. Artaxerxes, or Artaxarcs, a private soldier of Persia, in the reign of Alexander Severus, revolted against Artabanus, the last king of the Paithians, whom he defeated and slew, and ascending tlie tlirone of Persia, which he re-established, he died after a reign of 15 years, A. D. 242. Herodian. 1. ()' ; Sparlian. in Ale.r. ; Nieep/i. Hist. Eccl. 1. 1, c. C; Agath. dc Bell. Per. ; Oros. 1. 7, c. 1 1 . Aht/VXerxes, king of Persia, succeeded his brother Sapor II, and died after a reign of four years, A. D. 384. ARTAXIAS (Hist.) the name of three kings of Armenia. Artaxias 1, reigned in Ujiper Armenia, with the consent of Antiochus the Great. He gave an asylum to Annibal at one time, and was also taken prisoner by Antiochus Epi- phanes, but afterwards regained his liberty. Poli/li. Legal. 55 ; Diodor. Excerpt. ; Slrah. 1. 1 1 ; Plutarch in Lucul. ; Appian. de Sijr. Bell. Artaxias II, the son of Artavasdes, being lolled by his own subjects, A. D. 20, Tigianes was chosen as his successor. Dio. 1. 59 ; Jaieph. 1. 15 ; Tnc. Annal. 1. 2. Artaxias III, sumamed Zeno, son of Polemon, king of Pontus, was proclaimed king of Armenia, by Germanicus, in the place of Venones, who was expelled the throne. He died A. D. 35. Tac. Annal. I. 6. ARTAYCTUS (Hist.) WpTaikTrjc, a governor of Sestus, under Xerxes, who being taken by the Athenians, was crucified for his cmelties. Herod. 1. 9, c. 120. ARTAYNTA (Hist.) 'ApTuiiTri, a Persian lady, whom Xerxes gave in marriage to his son Darius, and aftcrwardji mode her one of his niistres,scs. Herod. 1. 9, c. 108. Al{TA>'N"ri'..S (//;.i/.) .\pTiiiiiTtir, a commander of a fleet under Xerxes. Herod. 1. 8, 9. AIITEACJA, Stephen (Biog.) a .*>]mnish .lesuit, who dii-d in 1799, wrote ' Revoluzicme del Teatni Musicalo Italiano, della sua Originc, tino al Prescnte,' 3 vols. 8vo. Venice, 1785. [\RTEDI, Peter (Biog.) a Swedish physiclim and naturalt.<(t, the friend and coteniporary of Linnirus, wa.^ drowned in 1735, leaving a work on ichthyologj', his favourite study; which was published by Linnicus under the title of ' Petri Artedi, Sueci Medici, Ichthyoh)gia, .sive OiKTa omnia de Piscibus,' 4to. Lugd. Bat. 1738, with a life of the author; a more valuable edition was jjublished by Dr. Wallmum, of Lulx^ck, including ;dl modern discoveries, and a history of the science, 3 vols. 4to. Lubec. 1788, 1"89, and 17i>2.' A new edition by Schneider of a part of this work apjicared under the title of ' Petri Artedi .Synonyniia Piscium,' 4to. Lip. 17S9. ARTEMAS (Bihl.) AprifiCt,;, a disciple of St. Paul, who was sent by the Apostle into Crete, in the room of Titus. Til. iii. 12. ARTEMBARES (Hi.tt.) 'Aprffiftapric, a noble Mede, grand- father of Artayctes beforementioned, distinguished himself in the reign of Cvrus the Great. Herod. 1. 1 and 9. ARTEMIDORUS' (Hist.) Wprf^/rwpoc, a philosopher of Cnidus, who haWng been entrusted by his friend Brutus with the secret of the conspiracy set on foot against Casar, pre- sented to the latter a memorial containing an account of the whole affiiir, which he deferred reading till it was too late. Plut. in Jul. Cws. ARTE.-Minonus (Biog.) a geographer of Ephesus in the Ifipth Olympiad, A. C. 104, wrote a description of the ciu-th, in 11 Ixioks, mentioned by Strabo and Pliny. The only remaining fragments of thLs work are inserted in Hud.son's collection of the ' Geograpliia; Veteris Scriptores,' 3 vols. 8vo. Oxon. 1703. Artemiborus, sumamed Aristophanus, wrote A Dictionary on Culinary Terms, and other works. Aiken. L S, c. 28, &c. Artemidorus, a grammarian of Tarsus. Strnh. 1. 14. ARTEMinoRUS, aphilosopher in the reign of Trajan. Plin. 1. 2, epist. 11. Arteimidorus, a philosopher of Ephesus, in the reign of An- toninus Pius, who wrote A Book on Dreams, wliich Ls still extant. The best edition of this work is that of Rigaltius, Gr. and Lat. with notes, 4to. Paris, l604 ; to which is an- nexed ' Achraeti's Oneiro-critica.' Artemidorus, the name of other persons mentioned by Dio- genes. Laerlius, Vaisius, t'j-c. ARTEMIS (Numis.) this name for Diana occurs frequently on medals, APTEMIC Ea>EClA ; APTEMIC EcMXlA ACYAOC; APTEMIC ACYA; APTEMIC KAAPIA, &c. ARTEMISIA (Hist.) 'Apnptaia, a daughter of LygdamLs, and queen of Halicamassus, a,ssLsted Xerxes in his expe- dition against Greece, and displayed the most vidoiir of any one in the eng-agenicnt. Herodot. 1. 7, c. 99, &c. ; Justin. 1. 2, c. 12; Plot. Hephwsl. 1. 7- Artejiisia, a queen of Caria, who was so fond of her hus- band, that at his death .she drank in liquor the ashes of his body after it had been burnt, and erected a monument to his memory, which, for its magnilicence, was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world ; and was called by her a mausoleum. She died two vears after him, of grief. Strah. 1. 14 ; Plin. I. 25, &c. ; Aul. Gelt. 1. 10. c. 8. ARTEMIUS (Hist.) an emperor. [} ide Ana.Uastu.'Q Artemius (Ecc.) a gcner.d who suflered martynlom under the apostate Julian. Athanas. Epist. ad SolUar ; JuUoh. Epist. 10; Amni. Marcclt.l 20. ART ARU Artemius (Kumis.) some medals of the aliovc-mentioned em- peror are inscribed DX. ARTEMIUS ANASTASIUS. P. F. AUG. ARTEMOX (Hist.) Wprefiwr, a Syrian of low origin, who resembled Antiochus, siiriiaraed Dcii.s, king of Syria, so muili. that he was employed by Laodicea, t!ie queen, wlio had poisoned lier liusband, as an instrument for concealing his (l<"uth, and securing the succession to h.cr son Seleucus Gallinicus. i'al. JSIax. 1. () ; Plhi. 1. 17; Eiixcb. iii Chroti. Artksion (Ecc-) or Artemius, a follower of Theodotiis, the heretic, who denied tlie divinity of our Saviour. Kiiseh. Hist. Ecclcs. 1. 5, c. '2S ; Baron. Annul. Ann. 2y(j ; Tillem. Mem. ; Dii Pin. Bihlioth. Artemom (Biog.) an historian of Clazoraenc, and companion of Pericles, at the siege of Sanios ; is said to liavc invented the battering ram. yElian. dc Anim. 1. 12 ; Scliol. in Find. Oli/mp. ; Serv. in JEn. Arte.iion, a physician, and aLso a piiiuter mentioned by Plinv. P/in. 1. 28 and 35. Arti:mox, a writer on books and authors. Athen. 1. 12, c. 2, &-C. ARTESIA {Gcos:.') a district of Gallica Belgica, now Artois. ARTE^ ILLE, James (Hist.) a Fleman of mean condition in tlie 1 4th ccnturi', who was deeply in the interests of Ed- ward 111, king of England, gave much trouble to Philip de A'alois, by his enterprising talents, until he was at length killed by the people of Glient in 134,5. Arte\ille, P/iilip, son of the preceding, had not less am- bition, although less talent, than his father. He headed the revolters in Ghent, but was defeated by king Charles VI, with the loss of his life. ARTHOXGATE (Hist.) or Ercongote, succeeded his father Erconiberg, king of Kent, in 6"40. He was zealous in the propagation of Christianity in his kingdom, and sutfercd his daughter to go into the abbey at Meaux, in France, because there were no convents at that time. Bed. Hist. Angl. 1. 3, c. 8. ARTHUR (Hist.) a king of Great Britain, of whose won- derful exploits many fabulous stories are told by Polydor, Vergel, Du Chene, and others. Arthur, the name of three counts of Brittany. Ahtfiur I, .son of (ieoffry, fourth son of Henry II, of Eng- land, was put to death by his uncle .John in 1200. Arthur II, son of John II, succeeded in 1262. Arthur III, son of John \', was taken prisoner at the battle of Agincuurt in 1415, gained some advantages over the EnglLsh in 142,9 ; succeeded to the duchy in 1457, and died in 1458. Arthur, the eldest son of Heniy VII, died at the age of l(), in 1502. Roger.de Horedon. ; Mat I /an', (if Ji'estminsler. Arthur, Areldhuld (Biog.) a professor of moral philosophy, at Glasgow, was born in 1744, and died in 17.97; leaving some lectures on theological and literary subjects, which were published in 1 803. ARTIGXI, Antlioni/ Gacliet d' (Biog.) a canon of Vienna, was bom in 1704, and died in 17('8 ; leaving among other things, ' Mcmoires d'Histoire, de Critique, et de Litterature,' 7 vols. 12mo. Paris. 174<). ARTIMPAS (Myth.) a name of Venus, among the Scythians. Hero'23. 2. ' Discursus Aciidcmici ad Auream BuUam Canili IV,' 4to. Jen. 1()17. .'i. ' Commcntaria tic Coiiiitiis Honum. Gcnunn. Imp.' 4to. Jon. Ifi.SO. ARUNDEL, EdmNriil, fuiirlh Knrl ol(HUt.) of the Fitzalan fiuiiilv, fvide Arinuhl, under Urraldri/^ heinj; a favourite of kills; hdwanl II, and of the Spenser faction, was he- hcjuled hy the procurement of Mortimer in l.'i'2(i. ARUNiiKli, lUc/icird, xrrcnih Earl of' Anindil, of tlic same family, was beheaded in the frouhlesome reign of Hieliard II. Arundei., John, niiilli Earl nj', lost his life in the wars in France in l.'i Henry V'l. Ariinkei,, Kir John, a knight of the ancient family of Arun- del, [[vide Arundel, under llcraldri/'] was r)ne of the valiant commanders in France in tlie reign of Henry ^'l, who, wlien the Frencii king sent a puissant army to subdue .'\(]uit;iinc, had the goveniment of the eountn', together with the lord Camois and sir John Sc^Tnoiir. They garrisoned towns, and did all that was possible to frustrate the designs of the French. AnuNPEL, Sir John, grandson of the preceding, was in \ l',)5 made a knight of the Bath, at the creation of the duke of York, and for his valour at the siege of Tcroucn and Tour- nay, and at the battle tliat ensued, was made knight ban- neret in 151 l in .5 Henry \TII. Arundel, II illiam, thirlrcnih and last Earl of , of the Fitzalan family, aspired to the hand of queen Elizabeth at the com- mencement of her reign. He was afterwards a favourer of the duke of Norfolk's marriage witli queen Mary, for which he .suffered imprisonment in 14 Eliz. Arundel, Sir Thomas, second son of Sir John Arundel, be- fore-mentioned, was beheaded in 1.552, on a charge of con- spiring with Edward, duke of Somerset, the murder of John Dudley, duke of Northumberland. Arundel, Sir Thotnas, grandson of the preceding, and first lord Anmdel of Wardour, served as a volunteer in the im- perial army in Hungary ag-ainst the Turks, and in an en- gagement took their standard with his own hands, on which account Rudolph II, emperor of Germany, created him count of the sacred Roman empire. He afterwards distin- guished himself on .several other occasions, and was for his merits raised by James I to the dignity of the English peer- age, £vide Arundel, under Hcraldry'\ and died with the surname of Valiant in itt.'Jf), aged 7.Q- Arundel, Thomas, second Baron Arundel, raised at his own expense a regiment of horse, for the service of king Charles I, and died from the wounds he had received on the field of battle, in his majesty's g-arrison at Oxford. His lady, Blanch, fifth daughter of Edward .Somerset, earl of Wor- cester, distinguished herself no less than her lord in the same cause, by bravely defending \\'ard the Tower upon the information of the infamous Titus Gates ; who were afterwards impeached by the House of Comnions for high crimes and misdemeanours, hut were never brought to trial. He continued in confine- ment till lf)8.'j, but on king .lames H's acce.s.sion to the throne, in 1()S5, was sworn of bis privy council, and con- stituted lord keeper of the privy seal, itc. Arundel, Thomas, second son of the fourth lord Arundel, was killed at the battle of the Boyne, as he was fighting for king James II VOL. I. Anu Arundel, Philip ILnrnrd, Earl of, ton of the fourth dule of Norfolk, fell uiuler the su.s-picion of pnictising, in imita- tion of his father, against the government, in favtmr of queen Mary, and being taken pri.viner wlieii he wus attempt- ing to make his escai>o, he was tried on a charge of high treasim, found guilty, and condemned to die ; hut Kcntencf not luing executed upon him, he died in prison in 15y.5. Ani'NnEL, Thomas, Earl of, only son of the preceding, came into f'lvour with James I, by whom, in Ki'JI, he wa.s connti- tuted earl-marshal of England for life, and after having U-cn also in the .service and favour of Charles I, he died in lf)46, in the 55th year of his age. He is well known liy the Parian or .Arundelian marbles which be disi-overed, and which were presented by his grandson, the sixth duke of Norfolk, to the University of Oxford. Prideaux, Chandler, and .Mattaire, )>ublishcd an account of this collection under the title of ' Marmora Oxonien,sa.' AnuNDKL, Ilenrij Frederic, Earl of, the eldest surviving son of the ])reccding, voted against the bill of attainder of Thomasi, earl of StraHord, and was steady in his adherence to the king, for whom he was a sufferer until his death in 1 fi52. Arundel, Thomas (Ece.) archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of Richard II, Henrj' IV, and Henry V, was the brother of Richard Fitzalan, carl of Arundel, who wa.s be- headed. Q\'ide Arundel, under Hixlori/'] He was exiled in the reign of Richard, but restored to his dignity on the accession of Henry IV, and died in 1413, alter having zealously maintained the rights and authority of the Romish chin-ch. Arundel (Her.) an ancient family in the west of England, where Roger de .'\rundel, according to Doomsday iKKjk, was possessor of 20 lordships in the coimty of .Somerset. Sir Thomas Arundel above-mentioned, first lord Arundel, was created a baron of England in the reign of James I, in \(i05, under the title of lord Arundel of Wardour. The arms, &c. of this family, are as follow : Arms. Salile, six swallows, three, two, and one, argent, besides the quarterings, with the illustrious families of Chidiocke, Dynham, Howard, Brotherton, Warren, and Moubray. Crest. On a wreath a wolf passant argent. Supjwrlers. On the dexter side a lion guardant crminas, i. e. yellow, powdered with black, ducaUy crowned or. On the sinister, an owl argent, with wings disclosed or, crowned as the dexter. Motto. " Deo data." Arundel, Eord Arundel of Treriee, a title conferred first on Ridiard Arundel, in 1()()4, which Iwcamc extinit in 17C8, in the person of the fourth peer, .John, Lord Arundel, his great grandson. Ari'ndel, Earl of a title belonging to the Fitzalan family, which came hy inheritance in 124.'! to John Fitzalan, Lord FitZidan of Clun, in Shropshire, who in right of his mother had, in 28 Hen. Ill, the castle of Arundel assigned to him as his share of his mother's inheritance ; all iK),sse.ssors of that castle and honour t)eing earls thereof, without any other creation. The title Iwcame extinct in that family in 157.Q, in the person of William, thirteenth earl of Arun- Fitzalan, earl of Arundel. Arundel, Man) (Biog.) wife to Henry Howard, carl of Arundel in the Kith century, is known hy her translation of the Wise Sayings, \e. of Alexander Scverus, ania, 4to. Petersburgh, 177S. ASCHAM, Anthony (Hist.) one of Cromwell's friends and adherents, was assjissinated with his interpreter by six exiled royalists in Spain, where he had Ijeen sent on a mis-sion from England in H);50. He wrote ' A Discourse on the Revolutions and Confusi(ms of Governments,' 8vo. 1(J48. AsciiAM, Roger (Biog.) an English scholar, was bom in 1515, and died in 15()8. He was sent in 15.'iO to St. John's col- lege, Cambridge, and after taking his degrees in 15;>J. and \53C), was employed as preceptor to Queen Elizabeth, by whom he was patronized, a,s he had been before by king Edward and Queen Mary. The only works he published were, 1. ' Toxophilus, or the School of Shooting, in two B(X)ks,' 4to. London 1545, 1571, and 1589. '2. 'A Report and Discourse, written by Roger Ascham, of the Affairs and State of Gennany,' &c. London, printed by John Daye, dwelling over Aldsgatc. Cum gritia et privUegio Regisc Majestatis per decennium, without a date. After his death were published. .'!. ' The Schoolmaster, or a Plain and Perlite Way of Teaching Children to understand, write, and speak the Latin Tongue,' &c. by Roger Ascham, anno 1570, at London, printed by .John Dave, dwelling over Aldsgate, inscribed by Margaret, his widow, to Sir William Cecil, principal secretar^• of state. It was reprinted bv Daye, 1571; by Jeffe's, 1589; and by Upton, 1711. 4. ' Apologia Doct. Viri R. A. pro Coena Dominica contra Missum et ejus Prestigias,' 8vo. London, 1577- Ascham's Epistles were published by Mr. Grant, master of West- minster school, in 157(>, 1577, 1578, and 1590 ; there were also two editions at Hanau, 1()02 and I6l0; and one at Nuremberg, ifill. The last and best edition is that pub- lished by Mr. Elstob, Oxford, 170.3. Ascham's English works were published by the Rev. James Bennett, 4to. 17(i7; to which Dr. Johnson added a life that has since been in- serted in his works. AaciiAM, Ant/ioni/. author of ' Tracts on Astrology, and on the Properties of Herbs gathered in 1550,' was a physician, and also an ecclesiastic. ASCHARI {Biog.) a mus.selnian doctor, and chief of the Asciiarians, who were particularly opposed to the Hanba- lites. The latter maintained a particular pro\-idcnce, but the former were ab.solutc prcdestinarians. Aschari died at Bagdad in 940. ASCH EG (Hist.) fir.st king of Persia, of the dynasty of Persian kings, called after him Aschganians, who died after a reign of 'Z5 years. ASCHEK {JIi.ll.) first king of the dynasty, railed after him Aschkaiiians. He reigned seven years, and had 12 succcMonu Oriental writers make him a desr.)a bi.shop of CJaza, in Palestine, in the fourth centur}', was at the general council of Nice in .'125, but wa-i at length dcjjosed through the influence of the Arian.s. St. Athanas. ad Solil. el A/xitog. ; S. l-'.piphaii. Ila-rcs. (if) ; So- znni. 1. .'{ ; Themluret. 1. 1 ; Baron, .innal. ann. .342. ASCLEPIADES (A'rr.) a patriarch of Antioch in the third century, was one of the sufferers from the jKirsecution which raged under Severus. Euscb. in C/iron. el Hisl. Eccles. 1. (i, c. 11. AscLEPiADES {Biog.) a disciple of Isocrates, who wrote on the events which have been the subjects of tragedies. PluJ. in I.10C. ; Diom. 1. 3. AscLKPiADES, a disciple of Stilpo, and a sworn friend of Me- nedemus, who .spent their lives together. Cic. Tutc. 1. 5. c. 39 ; Diog. Laert. de fit. Phil. AscLEPiADES, a Greek historian in the reign of Ptolemy Epi- plianes. He wrote a Historv' of Alexander the Great, of Bithynia, &c. Strab. 1. 3 ; Allien. 1. 3 ; Arrian. 1. 7, &c. AscLEPiAHES, a physician of Bithynia in the time of Pompey the CJreat, who set up a mode of practice for himself much after the manner of modem quacks. He is said to have laid a wager that he would never be sick, and to have won it by his being killed from a fall. He wrote several books quoted by Pliny, Celsus, and Galen. Ccl. 1. 2, c. f), &c. ; Plin. 1. 7 ; Gal. de Antidot. ; Apiil. Flor. 1. 4. Asci-EPiADEs, a physician in the reign of Trajan, mentioned in an ancient inscription. Grnl. Inscripl. AscLEPiADEs, the name of several other persons, mentioned by ancient writers. Meiirs in Xol. ad Chalcid. ; I'oss. de Hist. Grtec. ; Gcssner. Po.'isciin. cljr. ASCLEPIODORUS {Hisl.) a nobleman who was impUcated in a conspiracy against Alexander. Q,. Curl. 1. 8, c. 6. AscLEPioDonus {Biog.) a painter in the age of Apelles. Plin. 1. 35. ALso a .sculptor of the same name. AscLEPioDOKUs, a great mathematician, mentioned by Suidas. ASCLEPIODOTUS {Hisl.) cme of the generals of .Mithri- dates the Great, who consjiired agiiinst him, but afterwards revealed the conspiracy. Appian. in Milhridal. ; Oros. I. 6. Asci/EPiODOTUs, Cas.^iiis, a native of Nice, in Bithynia, was exiled by Nero on an unjust charge, but recalled by Galba. Dio. 1. 62. Asci.EPionOTUs, a Prsctorian prefect under Constantine Chloriis. defeated Allectus, who had caused him.self to be proclaimed emperor in Great Britain in 29(). f'upisc. in .4iirel. AscLEPionoTus {Biog.) an historian, who wrote the life of Diocletian, whether the same as the prefect above-mentioned is doubtful. ASCLEPIUS {Ecc.) a bishop of Africa in the fifth centur)-, who wrote against the Arians. Gcnnad. dc Script. EccUa. e. 73. ASCLETARIAN {Biog.) an astrologer in the reign of Do- mitian, who, declaring that he should lie torn by dogs, the emperor ordered him to be put to death, and his Unly to be burnt ; but as .soon as he wiis laid on the homing pile, a stomi arose, and put out the fire, when the dogs came and tore him to pieces. Sucl. in Domit. c. 1 5. ASCOLI, Ceccodi {Ecc.) or Francisco de Slabili, professor of mathematics at Bologna, wrote an Italian Poem on the Systerfi of Empedocles, for which he was burnt as a heretic at Florence in 1328, aged 70. So3 ASD ASG AscoLi (Geos-) an ancient town of Italy, called by the Latins Asciilum Plcenum, situated on a mountain by the river Tronto, in the niarquisate of Ancona, 80 miles N. E. Rome. Lon. 13° 29' E. lat. 42" 41' N. Hislort/ of' Ascoli. It is an episcopal city, which is said to have been one of the first towns which l)elonged to the temporal dominion of the popes. In 1.557 it was the theatre of a fierce en- gagement between the French and Spaniards. QVide As- cti/um'^ Ascoli ili Satriano, an ancient town of Naples, called by the Latins Asciilum .■iacrianiim, or Apuliim, in the province of Capitanata, situated on a hill, 70 miles E. Naples. Lon. 15'' 30' E. lat. 41° 8' N. History of Ascoli. The ancient town of Asculum was destroyed by an earth- quake in 139.0, and on its ruins was built the present town. The principality was founded by Charles V in 1530 in favour of Antony de Leve, a distinguished officer, whose posterity enjoyed the title of prince of Ascoli. It is a bishop's see, suffragan of Benevento. Leand. Albert. Descript. Ilal. ASCONIU.S Labeo (Hist.) preceptor to the emperor Nero, who, when he mounted the throne demanded of the senate that he should be invested with the insignia of consular authority. Tac. .innal. 1. 13, c. 18. AscoNius Babinus Modestus, a native of Padua, was pro- consul and administrator of the finances, as we learn from an inscription. Pignor. in Orig. Patav. ; Cavacc. in Elog. illiistr. Patav. AscoNius Pedianus {Biog.) a grammarian of Padua, proba- bly of the same family as the above-mentioned proconsul, lived in the age of Augustus, and was intimate with Virgil and Livy. He is well known as the commentator on Cicero, and is generally supposed to have written also some histori- cal works, although others, on the authority of .St. Jerome, make the grammarian and historian to be distinct persons. Pliii. 1. 7, c. 48; Sil. Ilal. 1. 12 ; Qiiiiitil, 1. 1, c. 7; Hieron. in Euseb. C'/iron. ; Suidas, in 'Ao-cwv ; Foss. de Hist. Lat. 1. 1, c. 27 ; Seal. Animad. in Eu.8. He published nothing himself, but contributed to the lalxiurs of others ; as to Mr. Nichols, in his life of Bowyer; Daines Barrington, on the Statutes ; also to bishop Percy, Mr. CJr.ingcr, Mr. Gough, itc. ; who have acknowledged themselves as in- debted to him for his assistance. ASHDOD (Bibl.) nnii'W, a city of the Philistines. Josh. xi. 12. ASHDOTH (Bibl.) nnti>», a region and city in the tribe of Reuben, Josh. x. 40 ; also a tiiwn of the Amoritcs. Josh. xii. 3. ASHE, Simeon (Biog.) a puritan preacher in the time of the rebellion, of Emanuel college, Cambridge, who, quarrelling with the presbyterian party, lussisted in the restoration of Charles II, but continued a nonconfonnist to his death. ASHER (Bibl.) Ti'K, son of .Jacob and Zilpah, his wife. Gen. xlix. AsHKR, a city between Scythopolis and Shechem. Josh. xvii. 7- ASHIMAII (Bibl.) KO'tl'W, a deity who was worshipped by the men of Haniath, settled in Samaria. 2 Kings xvii. 30. ASHKENAZ (Bibl.) iJ3i:'«, eldest sh, a governor of king Nebuchad- nezzar's eunuchs, who changed the name of Daniel and his companions. Dan. i. 3. ASHTON, Thomas (Biog.) a puritan preacher of Brazen-nose college, Oxford, in the time of the grand rebellion, whose spirit is discernible from the titles of his books, as ' Blood- thirsty Cyrus, unsatisfied with Blood,' &c. ; ' Satan in Ema- nuel's Mantle,' &c. AsHTON, Thomas, an English divine, was bom in 1716, elected from Eton to King's college, Cambridge, in l"!.'^; and pass- ing his .several degrees up to that of doctor in 175<}, died in 1775. Besides single sermons, he published, 1. ' A Disser- tation on 2 Peter, i. I.Q.' 8vo. 17.'50. 2. ' An Extract from the Case of the Obligation of the Electors of Eton College to supply all Vacancies,' &c. 3. ' A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Morell, on the (Question of electing Aliens into the vacant Places in Eton College,' 4to. 1771. ASHTOWN, Lord (Her.) baron of Ashtown, of Moate, in the county of Galway, the title at present enjoytd by the family of Trench, whose descent is the same as that of tlic carls of Clancarty. ASHL'ATH {Bibl.) m»«, third son of Japhct, and grand- son of Hel)cr. 1 Chron. vii. 33. ASHUR {BihI.) niiTK, .son of Shem, who gave his name to Assyria. Gen. x. 1 1. ASHWELL, George (Biog.) an English divine, was bom in 1612, entered of Wadham college, Oxford, in l627; after which he took his degrees, and was elected fellow of tliat ASI house. He preached before the king during the rebellion, and died in 1693, leaving, 1. ' Fides Apostolica, or a Dis- course asserting the received Authors and Authority of the Apostle's Creed,' 8vo. Oxon. I6j3. 2. ' Gestus Eucha- risticus,' 8vo. Oxon. l663. 3. ' De Socino et Socianismo.' 4. ' De Ecdesia,' &c. 5. ' An Answer to Plato Redivivus,' MS. 6. A translation from Pocock's edition of ' Philosophus Autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Giaphar Ebn Tophail,' &c. 8vo. Lond. 1686. ASH WORTH, Caleb (Biog.) a dissenting minister, wrote, among other things, ' A Hebrew Grammar,' and died in 1774. ASIA {Mi/lh.) 'Aahi, wife of Prometlieus, who gave name to Asia, according to Herodotus. Herod. 1. 4, c. 45. Asia {Geog.) one of the three quarters of the ancient world, and of the four quarters of the modem ; received its name from Asia, according to Herodotus ; or more probably from the Hebrew ty«. Boundaries and Extent. Asia is bounded by the ocean on the North, East, and South. It is bounded on the N. by the Frozen Ocean, on the E. by the Pacific Ocean, and on the S. by the Indian Ocean. On the W. it is sepa- rated from Africa by the Red Sea, from the Straits of Babelmandel to the Isthmus of Suez ; and it is separated from Europe by the Archipelago, tlie Straits of Gallipoli, the Euxine or Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora, and the Straits of Constantinople, &c. Its greatest length from the Western shores of Natolia to East Cape, in Siberia, is about 7583 miles; and its greatest breadth from Cape Kerven Vostochnir, in the Frozen Ocean to the Southern point of Malacca, is upwards of 5000 miles. Division. Asia was divided by the ancients into Asia Minor and Asia Major, which were separated by Mount Taurus. Asia Minor comprehended Mysia, Phrygia, Lydia, Caria, Doris, iEolis, Ionia, and the Island of Rhodes ; Asia Major comprehended Sarmatia, Scythia, India, Persia, Arabia, Syria, Armenia, Colchis, Iberia, Albania, Cappa- docia, Cilicia, Galatia, Pontus, Bithynia, Pamphylia, Lycia, the Island of Cyprus, &-c. Modem Asia is di- vided into five parts, namely, the Indies, with the adjacent parts, China, Tartary, Persia, and the Turkish Empire. Seas, Lakes, and Rivers. The principal seas are the Caspian Sea, the China Sea, Yellow Sea, the Sea of Aral, and of Ochotsk, ixc. ; the lakes and rivers are Barkal, the Ganges, Indus, Euphrates, &c. ; the Gulf of Siam, the Gulf of Tonquin, &c. Islands. The most noted islands amongst the ancients were the Islands of Samos, Scio, Mytelcne, Riiodes, Cos, and Cyprus ; those among the moderns are Ceylon, Borneo, the Philippines, the Celebes, the Islands of Japan, &c. Mountains, t^c. The most celebrated mountains were Mount Taurus, and Caucasus, iS.c. Ton'nu. The principal towns known to the ancients and modems are Jerusalem, Smyrna, Ephesus, Tarsus, Da- mascus, Cicsarea, Aleppo, Mecca, &c. Historji. A.sia was successively governed by the Assyrians, Medes, Persians, and Greeks ; but the regions of India and China were but little known even to Alexander, or any of the conquerors of the ancient world. On the de- cline of tliese emiiires, great part of Asia submitted to the Romans, till at length the Saracens arose and founded a still larger empire, not only throughout Asia, hut also in Africa, and part of I'Airope. Tlie Saracens were ob- liged to yield to tiic I'urks after the death of Tamerlane, who now possess the miiklle regions of Asia. Ercle.tiastieal Histonf. TiiLs quarter of the glolie has liecn the scene of the most important transactions wliich con- cern the liuman race, having witnessed the creation, the fall, and iinally the redemption ol man by the life and ASI ASP death of our Siiviour; Iiut iJthoii{;h Christianity was first iiitrodiii'cd into tliis part of the worhl, it lias hccn pre- vented from niukinfj any loiisidenilile spread hy tlie pre- valence of idohitry, wliiili l■xi^ls liere in its j;nissest forms. Asia Minor, one of the ancient divisions of Asia, is now known by the name of Ndlo/iii. Asia {\iiiiiix.) or that part of it which foraied a consular pro- vince of the Romans, was rejiresented on some medals under the figure of a female habited in a tunic, and luiving her right foot on the jirow of a ship, in her right hand an acros- terium, and in her left a rudder, itc. ; inscriiition, ASIA, to which is added on medals of Adrian and Antoninus Fius, COS. II. or III. S. C. wmietimes ASIA UIXKITA, or SL'BACTA, put for the eastern part of the empire. ASIATICUS (Hixl.) the .surname of L. Scipio, so called be- cause he was the concjueror of Antiochus. AsiATicis, a freedman of \'itellius, who was honoured with the equestrian rank, and afterwards crucified by Mucianus, a general of \'cs)iasian. Tac. Hist. 1. il, v. 4. AsiATicu.s, vide J'lt/criii.i. ASIEI, (Hi/)/.) ^«'i:'i% father of Seraiah. 1 Cliron. iv. 35. ASILAS {Mijlli.) an augur, who assisted jEneas against Tunius. I ii'g. JEn. 1. 9- ASINA (His/.) a surname given to st)me of tlie Cornelian family, becau.se they oflered an ass loaded with money as a surety. Macro/). Sti/. 1. 1, c. (). ASINARI, Frederic (IJi.tt.) count de Caraerano, a nobleman of Asti, in Piedmont, in the l6th centuiy, was sent by the Duke of Savoy to assist Maximilian II. and distinguished liimself against Soliman, the sultan. He was also a poet, and wrote many sonnets, which have been published at difl'erent times ; besides some tragedies, which remain in MS. in the library of Turin. ASINARUS (^Geog.) 'Aaiiapog, or Aatrhapos, a river of Sicily, now Falcoiiara, near which the Athenian generals Nicias and Demosthenes were defeated. T/iiicj/d. 1. 7, c. 84 ; Diodor. 1. t S ; P/itl. in Nic. A.SINIU.S I'oLi-io (His/.) an orator and historian, who rose from obscurity to the dignity of the consulship, which he held U. C. 714, A. C. 40. He triumphed over the Dal- matians, and after the death of Caesar, rendered great .service to M. Antony, wliich did not prevent him from being a great favourite with Augustus. He wrote a History in 18 books, besides Orations and Tragedies, and was celebrated by the verses of V irgil and Horace, who were under his pa- tronage. Asinius died at Frescato, at the age of 80. Cic. ad Famd. 1. 10, ep. oS ; Vire. Ec/og. 4; Hur. 1. 2, od. 1 ; Veil. Pater. 1. 2; P/in. 1. 7, e. 30; Quintd. 1. 6, &c. ; Appiaii. Civi/. 1. 5 ; Eiiseb. Asinius G.vllus, .son of Asinius PoUio, was cimsul with M. Censorinus, U. C. 74(), A. C. 8. He afterwards married Vipsania, the repudiated wife of Tiberius, which causing the displeasure of the emperor, he starved himself to death, cither voluntarily or by the order of the latter. He wrote a Comparison betvreen his father and Cicero, in which he gives the preference to the fonner, besides some Epigrams and Poems. Tacit. Anna/. 1. 1 and 5 ; P/in. 1. 7, ep. 4 ; Dio. 58. Asinius Marceli-us, grandson of Asinius Pollio, was accused of some ndsdcineanours, but afterwards acquitted. Tacit. Anna/. 1. 14. .'VsiNius, a commander in Mauritania, under Vitellius. Tacit. Hi.it. 1. 2, c. 59. Asinius Capito (Biog.) a grammarian, wrote a Book of Epistles. All/. Of//. 1. .i. .\siNius Pollio, a Greek historian, in the time of Pompey. Suidas, Vossius, Sfc. Asinius Quadratus, an historian in the third century, who wrote a Roman history, and also a history of the Par- thians, &c. ASI US (Mi/th.) "Aaioc, a son of Dyinan, and brother of He- cuba, was killed by Idumeneus, in the 'I'riijan war. Horn, n. 2, 12, and 13. ' Asius, a .son of Imbracus, who accompanied yEneos into Italy. I'irg. jJui. 1. 10. Asius (liiog.) a poet of Sumos, who wrote on the Genealogy of Heroes, &c. I'aiis. 1. 7, c. 4. ASKELON (7^(7)/.) pSpirw, a city in the land of the Phi- listines, Ix'longing to tlie tribe of .ludah. Jiid. i. 18 ; Jer. XXV. ; Anius i. 8, &c. 'i'his town was distingui.slied among the Greeks and Romans by the name of Aiiculon. Q\'idc A.Kca/on'] ASKEW, Anne (Ecc) daughter of sir William Askew, of Helsay, in Lincolnshire, was bom in 1.02!), and embracing the Protestant religion, was burnt in f .O Ki. AsKKW, .Intlioni) (Biog.) a physician and scholar, was Ixim at Kendal, in Westmoreland, in 1722 ; took his degrees of A. B. and A.M. at Cambridge, in 174.'j and 17-50, and died in 1774. Among his books and MSS. was a comi)lete col- lection of the editions of /Eschylus, which had Ixen made with the view of publishing a new edition, for which bin acknowledged iirolicicncy in the Greek qualified him in a peculiar manner. His library was disposed of at his death by public auction for .'iOOO/. ASLAN {Hist.) a Tartar general in the Uith cent un,-, after having distinguished himself against the Ru.ssian.s, was chosen khan in the place of his master Schah, and died after a reign of about 12 years. AS.MODEUS (Hi/)/.) nDty«, Air^oc'oToe, a name of an evil s])irit, mentioned by Tobit. Toh. vi. 14. ASMONEANS (Hist.) a name given to the Maccabees, the descendants of Matathias. Josepli. dc Be//, da//. 1. I,c. 1. ASMOUG (Mi/t/i.) the name of a dsemim anwmg the Persians, who was reckoned the author of evil. ASMOUIL (Biog.) a Spanish physician, and a Jew by birth, became a convert to Mahometanism, and wrote against the .lews, in the vear of the Hegira .')70, A. D. 1 f80. ASMUNDUS (///,v/.) vide Amundiis. ASNAPPER (Bib/.) TBJD.^, a king of Assyria, who sent the Cutheans into Israel. Ezra iv. 10. ASN'OLS (Geog.) a town of Nivernois, in France, which had formerly a castle that suffered much in the civil wars of Charles VI and \TI, and in the wars of 1()20 and the fol- lowing years ; the town itself was almost destroyed. ASOLO (Geog.) fonuerly Ace/nin, a small town of Treviso, in the Venetian states, is situated on a hill between Padua and Feltri. ASOPIADES (M_i/t/i.) a patronymic of jEacus, a gnindson of Asopus. ASOPIS (Mi/tfi.) "Aii;, a lake, which Ls otherwise called the Dead Sra, on account of the per- petual stillness of its waters. It forms the eastern boundary near the site of Sodom and the other cities wliich were con- sumed bv fire. It was called Asplialtus, or the Lacus Asphal- tites, from the asplialtus, or bitumen, which abounds therein. Jo.icpL. de Bell. Jud. 1. 5, c. .5 ; Gal. dc Simpl. Medic. Fa- Ciilt. 1. 4, c. 19 ; Hieron. in Ezec/i. xlvii. ASPIS (Hist.) a satrap of Chaonia, who revolted from Arta- xerxes, and was reduced by Datames. Corp. Nep. in T)at. ASPLEDON (Mj/tli.) 'Ao-7r'\»,fw.', a .son of Xeptunc, by the nymph Midea, who gave his name to a citv of Bicotia. Horn. /■/. 1. '2, v. 18. ASPOREN.\ (Mj/tli.) an epithet for the mother of the gods, so called from a mountain of Asia Minor, where slie was worshippt-d. ASPR/ENAS (Hist.) the name of a family in Rome, who enjoyed the consulship, l)ut of whom little is known. Pliii. 1. :). ASPRANDUS (Hi.st.) a king of the I,oml)ards in 712, died after a reign of three years. Paul. Diacon. 1. (), c. 36. ASPRENAS, C. Nonins (Hist.) a youth who, being lamed at the games called Trojic I.udi, was |)nsinted witli a gold chain by Augustus. Suvton. in August, v. l-.'i. AsrRKNA.s, L. Nonius, a consul in tlie ivign of Domitian, and al.so of Adrian. AsPKKNAH, Ciilpurnius, a governor of Galatia and Pam])hylca, under Galba, defeated tlie im]Mistor, styling himself Nero in Citbnus. Tacit. Hist. 1. 2. c. y. ASS ASPRENIUS (Hist.) a proconsul in Africa in the time of Tiberius. ASRIEL (Bibl.) V«nty«, son of Gilead, and head of a family. AsRiEL, a son of Manasseh. Josh. xvii. 2. ASSABINUS (Myth.) the Jupiter of the Athenians. Plin. 1. 12. ASSADEDDOULAT (Hist.) sumamed Saleh, son of Mar- das, made himself master of Aleppo, and founded the dy- nasty of the Mardassites. He died after a reign of five years, in the year of the Hegira .^)20, A. D. 11 30. ASSADI (Biog.) a Pertiian poet. QVide Assedr] ASSAF (Mi/th.) .son of Barakhia, was, according to the tra- ditions of the Orientalists, vizier or prime minister to king Solomon. ASSAILI, Gilhcrl d' (Hist.) fifteenth grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was engaged with Amauri I, king of Jerusalem, in opposing the Saracens, but not being successful, resigned his charge in 1 1 f)9. ASSAKER (Biog.) an Arabian author, who WTOte on the excellences of the Koran. ASSARACUS (Myth.) 'Ao-o-apacoc, son of Tros, and grand- father of Anchyses. Horn. II. 1. 20, v. 232 ; Virg. JEn. 1. 1, V. 284. ASSARHADON (Bibl.) \'ide Esarhaddm. ASSASSINS (Hist.) vide Ismaelians. ASSEDI (Biog.) one of the most celebrated Persian poets of Khorasan, wrote a poem, entitled, ' Schah-nameh,' compre- hending a History of the ancient Kings of Persia. ASSELEYN, Jolin (Biog.) a Flemish painter, was bom at Antwerp in KilO, and died in 1(J6'0, leaving a high reputa- tion for landscape painting. ASSEMANI, Jo.H, and died in 1711. He was tlie projector of" tlie scheme for providing a maintenance for clerg\nnen's widows and others, and wrote, among other tilings, 1. ' Toleration Disapjirovcil and Condemned,' &c. Oxford, IT^'O. 2. 'The Cases of Scandal and Persecution,' 6vc. London, 1()74. if. ' The Royal Apology, or. An Answer to the Rebels' Plea.' 4. ' A seasonable \'indication of their present Majesties,' London. 5. ' The Countri' Parson's Admonition to his Parishioners against Poperj',' &c. ASSIK {Bilil.) n>D«, son of Jeconiah, king of Judah. 1 Chroii. iii. 17- AssiR, son of Korah, a Levite. Exod. vi. 2 !■ ; 1 Chruii. \i. 22. ASSORUS {^Gcog.) " Atrabipoc, or Assoriiis, 'Aaaiipmr, now Asaro, a town of Sicily, between Enna and Agyrium. Diodor. 1. 1 4 ; Cic- in Verr. 4. ASSOS (liihl.) 'Aaanc, a maritime town of Mysia, whither St. Paul went by sea from Troas. Acl.i xx. 13. It was tlie native place of the stoic pliilosopher Cleanthes, which Pbny calls AjMllonia. St rah. 1. l.'J ; Pliii. 1. 2. ASSOUCI, Charles Coypcau Sieiir d' (liiog.) called the Ape of Scarron, was bom at Paris in 16"04, and, after a dissolute and vagrant life, died in H)79. He wrote hLs adventures in a style of buflbonery, .S vols. 12mo. 1678 ; and also some poems, which were collected in 3 vols. 12mo. I(i78. ASSYRIA (Gcog.) Wrravphj, a large country of Asia; de- rives its name from Ashur, its first planter. Boundarie.9 and Extent. Assyria was hounded, according to Ptolemy, by part of Annenia and Mount Niphates on the N. ; by the Tigris on the W. ; by Susiana on the S. ; and by part of Media, and the mountains Choatra and Zagros on the E. ; but Strabo allows it a greater extent, so as to comprehend .Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Assyria properly so caUed. Division. It was divided by Ptolemy into the provinces of Adiabcne, Calachene, Arrapachites, Arbclitus, Apollo- niatis, .Sittacene, and Chalonitis ; but is at present divided between the Turks and the Persians. Tliat part which the grand seignior retains, which is the least, is now called Anerunt, and comprehends Beglerhey and the eastern part of Mozu(}ue, beyond the Tigris. The other part, which the Persians possess, is re-united to the dif- ferent Persian pro\-inces. Tonnis. Its principal towns were Ctesiphon, Ninevali, Ar- bela, Arropa, Sambata, Garama, Sittacene, &c. History. Assyria, which stands the foremost in profane history, is in Scripture the second most ancient kingdom after Baliylon. The chronology and succession of its kings has given rise to much dispute and investigation among the learned, of which the reader ma}' inform hini- .self by consulting the authorities annexed to this article. The following list is taken from Eu.sebius, who followed Julius Africanus, Castor, Cephallion, and Thallus. He divides their kings into three dynasties, the first of which he calls tlie Chaldean kings, as follow : Kings. Reign. Evechous, or Nimrod 6 years. Chomasbole 7 Porus 35 Nechobes 43 Abius 48 Oniliallus 40 Xinxirus 45 Total 224 VOL. I. ASS The second dynasty he calls Arabian kings, who were as follow : Kings. it^. Mordocentes 45 years. .Sisimadachus . 28 Gabius .S? Parannus 40 Nabonnades 25 6 Unknown 41 Total 216 The Arabians being expelled the kingdom, he gives the third dynasty of Assyrian kings, properly so called, which were as follow : Kingt. A. M. A.C. Belus 1879 2I0"1 Ninus 1.929 2106 Semiramis lySl .... 2054 Ninyas 2023 .... 201 2 Arius 20(>I 1.974 Aralius 2091 .... 1944 Xer-xes 2131 1.904 Annamithres 216"1 1874 Belochus 2199 1836" Baleus 2234 1801 Sethos 2286 1749 Mamythus 2318 1717 A.schalius 2348 1687 Spherus 2376 16.59 Mamylus 2398 .... 1637 Spart'hcus 2428 l607 Ascatades 2458 1577 Amyntas 2496 1 .^39 Belochus II 2541 1494 Belatorus 2566 .... 1 46() Lamprades 2596 1439 Sosiires 2626 1409 Lampraes 2646 .... 1389 Tanyas 2676 1359 So.sannes 2716 1319 Mitlireus 2738 1297 Tautanes 2765 1270 Teutcus 2797 1238 Thineus 2841 1194 Dercylus 2871 H64 Eupacmes 291 1 .... 1 124 Laosthenes 2949 1086 Pyrtiades 2,994 1041 Ophrateus 3024 1011 Epacherus 3045 990 Acragancs 3097 .... 938 Sardanapalus 31. 'i9 .... 896 The correctness of the above list may justly be questioned, as it rests on no better authority than that of Ctesius ; but we learn from Scripture that Nimrod was the first who reigned in that part of the world, which was called Assyria, Gen. x. ; but of his succes.sors no mention is made. His kingdom was in all probability diWdcd into smaller portions, as Amrapliel is .said to have reignwl in " Babylon when Abraham was alwut 90 years old. Gen. xiv.'which was A. M. 2119, A. C. 1914. 'Of other kings little is known until A. M. 2806, A. C. 122.9, when Semi- ramis laid the foundations of the mighty empire of the Assyrians, whose successors are unknown until I'hul, who reigned at Nineveh at the same time as Maneheni reigned over Israel at Samaria, A. M. 3270, A. C. 765, 2 Kings xv. 2 H AST AST The following is a list of the successors of Phul, accord- ing to the canon of Scripture and profane authors : Tiglathpilesar, or Thclylathphalnasar. Siilinananeser. Sennacherib. Esarhaddon. Nebuchadnezzar, or Saosduchinus. Chynaladanus, or Sarac. Ch}Tialadanus, who is better known in profane history by the name of Sardanapalus, was the la-st king of Assyria, who in a fit of despair set fire to his own palace, and consumed himself witli all his possessions. The empire of Assyria was henceforth divided between the Medes and the Babvlonians, by whom it was destroyed. According to Euscbius it flourished 1240 years; according to Justin 1 300 ; but according to Herodotus 5 or 000, which is most conformable to Scripture. Authors mho have written on Assyria and the Assyrian Empire. Herodotus, Xenophon, Polybius, Scylax, Diodorus, Strabo, Mela, Dionysius Periegetes, Pliny, Agatharcidas, Pto- lemy, Q. Curtius, Arrian, Euseblus, Isidor, Bochart, \^ossius, Usher, Petavius, Riccioli, Selden, Newton, Marsham, Calmer, Prideaux, &c. ASSYRIUS {Geog.) the Gentile name for the inhabitants, &c. of Assyria, which was also applied to what was Pha;nician and Tyrian. rirg. Georg. 1. 2. Alba nee Asiyrlo fiicatur lana veneno. The term Assyrian was likewise synonymous with Syrian. Macro!). Sal. \. 1, c. 27- .\STA {Geos.) a town of the Turditani, in Spain, otherwise called Regia, now Xeres ; also a town of Liguria, referred to bv Claudian. Plin. 1. 3 ; Claud, de Cons. Honor. 1. 6 ; Paul Diacnn. De lieh. Lougobard. 1. 4, c. 42. ASTACES (Hist.) a governor of Darius, who is called by Arrian Mazaces. ASTALLI (Ecc.) three cardinals of that name, who were of a noble family at Rome. AsTALLi, Aslaid, was created cardinal by Celestin II, in 1144, and died under Alexander III, lea\'ing a high reputation as a lover of peace and gcxsd order. AsTALLi, Camillus, was created cardinal by Innocent X, in 1650; but was afterwards degraded for his political in- trigues witli the Spanish ambassador. He retired to his bishopric of Catana in Sicily, where he died in l0'()3. .AsTALLi, Fulvio, was created cardinal in 1()86", by pope In- n(K-ent XI. Onuphriits, Ciacconius, Auheri, S(C. ASTAP.V {Geog.) a town of Hispania Boetica, now Eslepa. The inhal)itants, called Astapenscs, threw themselves, with their wives and children, into the flames, that tliey might not fall into the hands of the Romans. Lii>. 1. 28, c. 24. AST.\ROTH {BihI.) nnnii>r, or A.tlarolh Carnaim, u city beyond Jordan, six miles from Adraa. AsTAROTH, or Astarle, a Syrian goddess, sup])Oscd to be tlic moon ; or Ashlerolh, the ijucen of heaven, among the He- brews ; Isis, among the Eg>'ptians ; Alilta, among the Arabians; Melilla, among the Assyrians and Persians; Diana, among the Greeks ; Baal and Aslaroth, in the Holy Scriptures, where she is also called a goddess of the Sido- nians. By Cicero she \» supposed to be Venus. C'lc. dc Nat. Deor. 1. 3 ; Liician. de Dca Syr. ; Tertidl. in Aixil. I. 24, c. 3 ; Siiidax; Bochart. Geog. Sa. p. 781 ; Selden dc Diis Syr. ASTARTE (Numi.i.) this goddess is represented on medals in a diveniity of forms, sometimes in a long habit, and some- times in a short one ; holding a long stick ; having her head crowned with rays, or with a battlement, or a victorj', &c. On a medal of Cssarea Palestina she is represented as in the annexed figure, in a short habit, crowned with battlements, holding the head of Osiris in her right hand, and a staff in her left, in- scriiiticm COhunia Vrima Filijs AVGusla Fldiia Commodiana, c^-c. [^\'ide Cwsarea'^ ASTE, Marcelhis (Ecc.) was created cardinal by pope Inno- cent XII, in 1 ()'!)<), after having acted as nuncio in Switzer- land ; and died bishop of Ancona in 1707. ASTELL, Mary (Biog.) a lady of Newcastle-upon-Tj-ne, was bom about l668, and died in 1731. Tliis lady, who was distinguished for her literary attainments, was ac- quainted with the most learned men of the age, as Atter- bury, Dodwell, Norris, Hicks, and spent her life in severe study, by which she made herself familiar with Xenophon, Plato, Cicero, and other writers of antiquity. She wrote, 1 . ' A Serious Proposal to the Ladles for the Advancement of their True and Greatest Interests;' and some time after a second part under the same title, with this addition, ' wherein a Method is offereil for the Improvement of their Minds,' published in I696. The object of this work was to recommend the formation of a society among ladies who were disposed for retii'ement and study to live together under one establishment ; and the plan at first met the ap- probation, as it is said, of the queen so much that she would have given 10,000/. towards canying it into cflect, if bishop Burnet had not represented it to her as a dangerous imita- tion and encouragement of nunneries. 2. ' An Essay in De- fence of the Female Sex, in a Letter to a Lady; written by a Lady.' 3. ' Reflections on Marriage,' 1 700 ; and a second edition in 1705. 4. ' Moderation truly stated,' in answer to Dr. d'Avenant's ' Moderation a Virtue.' 5. ' An Impar- tial Inquiry into the Causes of Rebellion and Civil Wars in this Kingdom,' an Examination of Dr. Kcnnet's Sermon, Jan. 30, 1 703-4. 6. ' A Fair Way with Dissenters and their Patrons,' Sec. 1704. 7- ' The Christian Religion, as practised by a Daughter of the Church of England,' 1705. 8. ' Six Familiar Essays upon Marriage, Crosses in Love, and Friendship,' I7O6. 8. ' Bart'lmy Fair, or an Inquiry after V\'it,' 1700, occasioned by colonel Hunter's Letter on Enthusiasm ; it was reprinted in 1722 without the words ' Bart'lmy Fair.' ASTER (Hist.) a citizen of Olynthus, who shot an arrow at Philip, king of Maccdon, wliile he was besieging the town of Methon, with these words, " For Philip's right eye." The arrow having reached its aim, was shot back with this inscription, " If Pliilip take the town he will hang up Aster." The king kept his word. Pint, in Philip. ; Luciun. de Hi.\l. Scril). ASTERIA (Myth.) 'A^iplii, a daughter of Ca-lus, the son of Titan, was changed bv Jupiter into a quail. Hcsiod. T/ieog. v. 130 ; A/iollod. 1. 1 ;' Ovid. Met. 1. (). AsTEKiA, one of tlie daughters of Atlas. A/Mjllod. 1. 2. ASTERION (Myl/i.) or Astcrius, a river of Peloponnesus, whicli had tlu-cc daughters, Euba-a, Prasymna, and Acraia, who nursed tlie goddess Juno. Paus. 1. 2. AsTKKioN, a son of Minos, second king of Crete, by Pasi- l)hae, was killed hy Theseus. Ajmllod. 1. 3. ASTERIUS {Hi.1l.) a governor in the East, who perished in the earthquake at Antioch in 588. Evag. 1. (). AsTKHius {Ecr.) a Roman senator, and a Cliristian in the time of Gallienus, who is supposed to have been a mar- tyr. AsTKiiius, an Arian bishop, supposed by some to be the sophist mentioned under Biography. Abtehius, a bisliop of Amasia, who was sent by S. Lai as a legate to Constantinople on the mission of uniting tlie AST AST Eastern and Western churches. Epist. S. Leon. ; Baron. Annal. ann. 450. AsTERlus (Biog.) a sophist of Cappadocia, who from a heathen became an Arian, and wrote commentaries on the Epistle to the Romans, &c. which were nmcii read by men of his party. Eii.ieh. Ilixl. Ecck:- plitcs, Tragivdia Sacra,' 1713; besides many lesser pieces in Greek, Latin, and Italian. 2 H 2 AST AST ASTRjEA (Myth.) 'A^paitj, a daughter of Astreus, king of iVrcadia, or, according to Hesiod, of Jupiter and Thetis. She was called Justice, of which she was the goddess, and left the earth in the iron age, and was placed among the con- stellations under the name of P'irgo, or Erigone. Aral. Plwenom. Kat t6t€ fiKTtjffatTa AtKtj Keivojv ytvog dvSpuiv "KTTTaO' vnapaviiij TavTtjv ^ apa I'dufTaro \oipap *'H;(;i Trep ivvvxifl iTt tpaivirai dvOpoiTToitrt, Ovid. Mel. 1. 1, v. 149- -^^ Et Virgo cade madentes Ultima caUeitum terras AstrU(ulorus, Hygin. Jiyc. ASTYOCHUS (Hist.)'A'7vt')xo(, a naval commander of the Lacedicnionians, who conquered the Atlicnians at Cnidus, and took Phocctc and Cuniic, A. C. 411. Thucyd. 1. 8. ATA ASULUM (Geog.) a town of Italy, now Aso/o ASVCHIS lllisi.) "Ao-ux't, 11 kiiij; of Efjypt, who built a magnificent pyramid. Ho succeeded Micerineus. IJerud. 1. 2, c. I. SO". ASYLAS (Myth.) an augur and friend of JEneaa. Virg. Mn. \.\). ' ASYNC'HITUS (BSh/.) davyKfuTtii;, one of the disciples whom St. Paul greets. Rom. xvi. 14. He is sujiposcd to haw been one of the 7- disciples, and also the first bisliop of Hyrcania. The Roman raartyrology places his festival on the «th of Ajiril. ATA, Abihil (llist.) a dervise or enthusiast among the Mus- selmen, who won the good graces of Tamerlane by the smartness of his replies. ATABALIl'.V {Hist.) the king of Peni at the time of its di.scovcry by Pizarro, who, having got this prince into his power, strangled him in violation of his pledge in l^iXi. r\'idc Plate V] Garcilass. dc la Veg. Hist, del Peru; Herrera. SfC. ATABEK {Hist.) a Turkish word for prince, which was ap- plied in a particular manner to the governors of provinces of the house of the .Selgiucides, who made themselves inde- pendent princes ; as the Atabekian Erak, i. e. Atabeks of Irak, fonning the first dynasty, who began to reign in the year of the Hegira 521, A. D. 1131. Of these there were eight princes ; namely, Omadeddin Zenghki, son of A. Ksancar ; A. Nouroddin >Iahmoud, liisson ; Saleh, his son ; Ezzeddin Massoud, his cousin ; Noureddin Arslan Schah, his son ; Malek al Caher Ezzeddin Massoud, his son ; Nassareddin Mahmoud, his son. The next dynasty was the Atabekian Adherbigian, or the Atabeks of Media, the first of whimi, Ildighiz, began to reign in the year of Hegira 555, A. D. 11 65. He was succeeded by Mohammed, his son; Kezcl Arslan, brother of Mohammed ; Aboubecre, son of Mo- hammed ; Cotluc Enbanage and Modliaifercddin Usbeck two other sous of Mohaunned, the latter of whom was stripped of his kingdom, and died in the year of the He- gira ()'22, A. D. 1232. The tliird dynasty called Atabekian- Fars, or the Atabeks of Persia, comprehended the following princes ; namely, Modhafereddin Ben Salgari, the first of the dynasty, who began to reign in the j'ear of the Hegira 543, A. D. 1153; Modhaflfereddin Zenghi, his brother; Modliaf- fereddin Taklah, son of Zenglii ; Modhaffercddin Abou Schcgia, brother of Taklah ; Abubecrc, grandson of Zenghi; Saad, son of Abubecrc ; and Mohammed, his son ; Moham- med Schah, son of Salgar Schah, and grandson of Saad ; Selgiuc Schah, another son of Salgar ; Arschal Khatoun, son of Saad, and grandson of Abubecre ; the last of tliis dynasty died in the year of the Hegira 663, A. D. 1273. There was another dynasty of princes called Atabekian La- ristan, who made themselves masters of Lar, a province ex- tending along the Persian Gulf ; the first of whom was Abou- Thaher, son of Mohammed, a general of Salg.ir, the sultan of Persia. His successors were Nasraddin, or Nasreddin, his son, sumamcd Takla ; Schampseddin Alp Argoun, son of Takla ; Joseph Schah, son of Alp Argoun ; Afrasiab, son of Joseph Schah ; Nosrat^ddin, son of Alp Argoun ; Rokned- din, son of Jo.seph Schah ; Modhaffercddin Afrasiab, son of Rokneddin. ATABYRIS (Gcog.) 'Ar(i/5i>pic, a celebrated mountain of Rhodes where Jupiter was worshipped, who on that account was sumamcd Atabyrius. .Sirah. 1. 14. ATACINU.S, P. Tireiiliu.'.- Farm {Hist.) vide Varro. ATAD {Bibl.) 1E)« nJ, the threshing floor of Atad, the place where the sons of Jacob and the Egj-ptians mourned for Jacob. Gen. 1. ATAHUALPA {Hi.il.) vide Atabalipa. ATALANTA {Myth.) 'ArdXniTo, an Arcadian \Trgin and a huntress, was the daughter of .Schoenus, king of Scjtos, or, according to some, the daughter of Jasus, devoted herself ATE to a life of celibacy ; but having many suitors, on account of her iKaiily, she consented to acrej)t the one wiio ohculil excel her in running, on condition that the unMii(. Cent. 33. ATANACU.M {Geog.) a town of Gallia Lugdunensis, now Im Place d'Ainai/. ATANAGI, Dennis {Biog.) a native of Cagli, in the duchy of Urbino, and a critic in the l6th centun,-, published, 1. ' Rhetoricorum AristotclLs, necnon Paraphrasis Hermo genis Taljuhc a D. A. collcctic,' 4to. Venet. 1553. 2. • Let- tere Famigliari di XIII Uomini Illustri,' 8vo. Rome, 1554. 3. ' Rime di M. Bernardo Cappello," 4to. Venice, I5f)0. 4. ' Sonetti, Canzoni, rime cd cgloghe Pescatorie di Bernar- dino Rota,' 8vo. Venice, 156l. 5. ' Ripii e Vcrsi Lattini di Diversi, in Morte d'Irene di Spilcmbergo,' 8vo. Venice, 156l. 6". ' Delle Lettere facete e Piacevoli di diversi Uomini grande e chiari c begl. ingegni, raccolte, &c. Libro Primo,' 8vo. \'enice, 156l ; and a second volume published after Atanagi's death. 7. ' II Libro degli Uomini Illustri di Caio Plinio Cecilio, ridotto in lingua volgare,' &c. 8vo. Venice, 1562. 8. ' De le Rime di Diversi Nobili Pocti Tos- cani,' 2 vols. 8vo. Venice, 1565. ATAPHERNES {Hist.) a Persian nobleman, and one of the seven conspirators, according to Ctesias, against the Magus, who assumed the name of Smerdis. ATARANTES {Geog.) 'Arnpan-tc, a people of Africa, near the Garamantis, in whose country there was a hill of salt. ATARGATIS {Mi/lh.) a Syrian deity, called dso Alargata, or Derceto, answering to the Astarte of the Assyrians, and the Venus of the Greeks. Lucian. de Dea Syr. ; Held, dc Diis Si/r. AT.'VROTH {Bibl.) nntflj?, a city of Gad, Numb, xxxii. 3; probably the same as Asteroth Shophan, mentioned in verse 35 of the same chapter. ATAROTH-ADDER {Bibl.) tin-mtas, a city in the fron- tiers of Ephraini. ATAS {Biog.) vide Atlwnatus. .'\TASCH {Hist.) an impostor who got possession of the for- tress of Dizghoveh, near Ispahan, in the reign of Moham- med, the son of the sultan Malek Schah. .VTAULPHUS {Hist.) brother-in-law of Alaric, who succeeded him in the kingdom of the Goths, in 412, and was killed at Barcelona, after a reign of three years. His effig\' is given, as in the annexed figure. Isidor. ct Gencbrard in Chron. ; Oros. 1. 7, c. 43. ATAX {Geog.) a river of Gallia Narlwnensis, now Aude. ATE {Myt£) "A77;, the daughter of Jupiter, and goddess of evU. Hoin. II. 1. 7. ATELLA {Geog.) or Atlelln, a town of Campania, where there was a splendid amphitheatre, whence the Ludi Atellani, consisting of farces, &c. Juv. Sat. 1. G. Urbieus aodh ruum movet AtUtlana . Oestibus Auti'noes. Liu. 1. 7 ; Tacit. Annul. 1. 4. ATH ATH ATELLARI (Geog.) a river of Sicily, otherwise called i4cc^ Inro, which by the ancients was called Elorus. ATEPOMARUS {Hist.) a king of Gaul, who waged war with the Romans, and whilst besieging Rome was over- powered through the stratagem of some female slaves, in honour of whom an annual festival was instituted, entitled. The Feast of Female Slaves. Pint, in Parallel. ATER {Bibl.) ^t3^<, an Israelite whose children, to the num- ber of ninety-eight, returned from Babylon. Ezra ii. ]6. A.TERGATIS (Mi/t/i.) Ndde Atargatis. ' ATERXUM {Geog.) a town-of Picenum, now Pescara, near which was a river Cidlcd Atermis. ATH ACH (Bibl.) "inw, a city in the tribe of Judah. 1 Sam. XXX. 30. ATHAIAH (Bibl.) n'njr, son of Uzziah. Nehem. xi. 4. ATHALARIC (Hist.) king of the Ostrogoths, in Italy, succeeded his father Eutharic, in 52(), and died after a reign of eight vears. Procop. 1. 1 ; Cassiodor. in Episl. ; Greg. Tur. Hist. ATHALIAH {Bibl.) jrr'^nj;, daughter of Ahab, king of Samaria, and wife to Joram, king of Judah, massacred all the princes of the blood royal of Judah, except Joash, the son of Ahaziah, who being afterwards seated on the throne of Israel, Athaliah was put to death, after a reign of six years. A. M. 3126", A. C. 878. 2 Kings ■^. Athai-iah, a chief man of Benjamin. 1 Chron. ATHAMANES {Geog.) ' Atia/xatee, a people of Epirus, who existed before the Trojan war. Strab. 1. 7 ; Plin. 1. 2 ; Mela, 1. 2 ; Solin. c. 12 ; Ovid. Met. 1. 15. ATHAMANTIADES (Mi/th.) a patronymic of MeHcerta and Phr}-xus, &.c. the children of Atliamas. Oviit. Met. 1. 13. ATH AMAS {Myth.) " Atiafxai;, son of ^olus, king of Thebes in Boeotia, who married Ncphcle, by whom he had Pliryxus and Helle. He afterwards married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, by wliom he had Learchus and Melicerta, the fonner of whom he killed in a fit of madness. Apolhd. 1. 1 ; Hi/giii. Fab. 1, &c. ; Otid. Mel. 1. 4 ; Pans. 1. 9. Athajmas, one of the Greeks concealed in the wooden horse at the siege of Troy. Firg. JEn. 1. 2, v. 26'3. Ath,v3ias {Biog.) a tragic i)oet. Athajias, a stage dancer and a slave of Atticus. Cic. ad Attic. 1. 12, ep. 10; Pis. c. 36. ATH.'VNADAS {Biog.) a writer on the affairs of the Am- Ijraciotsc. Foss. de Hist. Lai. ATHANAGILDUS (Hi.st.) a king of the Visigoths in Spain, ascended tlie throne, after haWng put Agila, the rightful suc- cessor, to death, and died after a reign of 14 years. His ettigy is given as in the annexed figure. Isidor. in Chron. ; Greg. Tur. Hist. 1- .'). ATH.WARIC {Biog.) a judge or king of the Goths in Spain, who raised a hot persecution against the Christians, and died after a reign of 12 years, in 381. Socral. Hist. Eccles. 1. 4 ; .S'. Ambros. de Spirit. Sanct. Prws. ; S. August. De Civ. Dei, I. 18, c. 31 ; Amiiiiau. Marcell. 1. 27; Isidor. rl Idal. in Chron. ; Zosim. 1. 4 ; Baron. Annal. ann. 38. ATHAN'ASIA, -SV. {Ecc.) a lady, who, after being obliged to marr)' twice, retired to a convent, of which she became tlie al)bess, and died in 80"0. ATHANASIUS, St. {Ecc.) sumamed the Great, on account of his zeal for the ortliodox faith, in opposition to all Iiere- tics, particularly the Arians, was made bisho]) of ^Vlexandria, and died after a life of much toil and suilering, from the bitterness of his enemies, in '.i~'.i. His works, which are numerous, contain a defence of the Holy Trinity, and of the Incarnation ; of all which, the best edition is that of tlie Benedictines, 3 vols. fol. Par. KiyS. The creed which goes by his name, though supjjoscd not to have proceeded immediately from his pen, contains the best iUustralion of his sentiments. St. Gregor. Nazian. Oral. 21 ; Socral. Hist. 1. 4 ; Sozom. 1. 2 ; Sulpit. Sever. Hist. Sacr. 1. 2 ; S. Hieron. in Catal. ; Phot. Cod. ; Foss. Dissert. 2 De Trib. Symbd. Sfc. ; Tillemonl, Montfaucoii, Du Pin, Sfc. Athanasius, Si. a deacon of Jerusalem, who was killed by Theodosius, an heretical patriarch, and his body given to the dogs, in 452. Athanasius, a nephew of St. Cyrill, who accused the patri- arch Dioscorus at the council of Chalcedon. Athanasius, a bisliop of Ancyra, died in 372. Athanasius, sumamed Herniosus, an heretical patriarch of Alexandi-ia in 490. Evagrius, Nicephorus, Baronius, Sfc. Athanasius, a patriarch of Constantinople, resigned his dig- nity, but was re-elected in 1304. He resigned again six years after. Some pieces attributed to him are extant in the ' Bibliotheca Patrum,' tom. iii. Athanasius, vide Anastasius III. ATHANATUS {Biog.) a man of prodigious strength, who exliibited at Rome. Plin. 1. 7i e- 5. ATHAR {Bibl.) nnr, a city of Simeon. ATHARA {Mi/th.) wife of king Damas, who was worship- ped by the Syrians after her death, perhaps the same as Atargatis. ATHEAS {Hist.) a Scythian, and first king of Pontus, was kUled in battle with Philip king of Macedon, in the 110th Olvmpiad, A. C. 340. Justin. 1. 9 ; Frontin. 1. 2 ; Oros. 1. 3. ATHALREDUS {Hist.) vide Ethelred. ATHELING, Edgar {Hist.) grandson of Edmond Ironside, and heir to the throne of England, was supplanted by Harold, and despairing of success after the battle of Hastings, sub- mitted to the conqueror. He then went to the Holy Land, where he distinguished himself at the first crusade, but passed the last years of his life at Mahnsbury. Matth. Par. ATHENA {Myth.) 'Adtp'it, an epithet of Minerva, among the Greeks, and also the Egyptians, before Cccrops, king of Athens, had introduced the worship of the goddess into Greece. ATHENj??; (Geog.) 'AOiivai, a celebrated town of Greece, the capital of Attica, which was fust called Cecropia, from its founder Cecrops, afterwards Athentc, cither in honour of Minerva, its tutelary deity, or from Athene, a daughter of Cranaus. It was the seat of science and philosophy, for which it retained its celebrity long after it had lost its poli- tical consequence. Horat. 1. 2, epist. 2, v. 44. Adjecere btnitr jkinto plus artis Athene. Proper!. 1. 3, v. 21. Magnum iter ad dcctus pnifisci eager Athenoi. Juven. Sat. 15, v. 110. Nunc tiHas Craias vostrasque tiabet t>i-bis Alkenai. History of Athens. The kingdom of Athens is generally said to have been founded by Cccrop.s, A. M. 2477, A. C. l.)58, although Pausanias makes Actcus to have been the first king of Attica, who had, among liis .succcs.sor.s, Ogyges, king of Thebes. Nearly two centuries after came Cecrops into Attica, from Sais, a town of Egypt, who reigned 50 years, and was succeeded by 1() other kings, in the fol- lowing order : Kings of Alhem. A. C. Reign. Cranaus 1506 9 Amphyction 1497 .... 10 Ericthonius 1487 .... 50 Pandion 1437 ... . 40 Erectheus 1397 .... 50 Cecrops IF 1347.... 40 Pandion II 1307 .... 25 ^Egeus 1283 48 Theseus 1235 .... 30 ATH Kinf;s tf Athens. A. C. JUign. Menesthcus 1205 .... 23 Dcmophoon 1282 33 O.xynthes Hi!) 12 Apliidus 1 1 .'>7 . . . . 1 Thvma-tcs 1 U(i 8 Mclanthus 1 128 37 Codrus 1091 21 Total 487 On the death of Codrus, who devoted himself to destruc- tion for the benefit of his country, the monarchical go- vernment was alxJLshcd, and ))crjietual ardions were substituted in their place, of which the following is a list: Perpetual Archons. A. C. Governed. Medon IO68 20 Acastus 1048 36 Archippus 1012 19 Thersippus 993 41 Phorbas 952 .... 31 Me^aclcs 921 .... 30 Diof^netus 891 28 Phercelus 863.... 19 Ariphron 844 ... . 31 Thespicus 824 17 Agamestor 797 .... 24 jEschylus 777 .... 23 Alcma;oii 754 .... 12 Total 316 The perjictual archons were succeeded by decennial ar- chons, of wliich the following is the list : Decennial Archons. A, C. Governed. Charops 752 10 Esimedes 742 .... 10 Clidicus 732 10 Hippomenes 722 .... 8 Leocratcs 714 .... 10 Apsandrus 704 .... 10 Eryxias 694 10 Total 68 And these by annual archons, as follow : Annual Archons. Olympiad. A. C. Creon 24—1 684 Unknown for 2 years. Lysias 4 . . . . 681 Tlesias 25—1 680 Unknown for 9 years. Leostrates 27 — 2 .... 671 Unknown for 1 year. Pisistralcs 4 . . . . 669 Austothcnes 28—1 .... 668 Unknown for 3 years. Miltiades 29—1 .... G6i Unknown for 4 years. Miltiades II 30 — 2 659 Unknown for 13 years. Dropides, or Dropilus 33^-4 .... 645 Unknown for 4 years. Daraasias 35 — 1 .... 640 Unknown for 4 years. Epcnetes 36—1 636 Unknown for 1 1 years. Draco 39—1 624 Unknown for 8 years. Heniochidos 41— -2 .... 6l5 Unknown for 9 years. ATI! Annual Archons. Olympiad. A. C. Aristoc-les 43—4 dOr, Unknown for 4 years. Mcgacles 45—1 600 I'hilombrotus 2 599 .Solon 3 .... 59» Dropides II 4 .... 597 Ivucrates 46—1 .... 596 Unknown for 1 year. (ritias 3 .... 594 Unknown for 2 years. Cimon 47—2 591 Damasias II 3 590 Unknown for 1 year. Pha'nippus 48 — 1 588 Unknown for 10 years. Archestratidcs 50—4 .... 577 Unknown for 6 years. Ari.storaenes 52 — 3 .... 570 Unknown for 7 years. Hippodidcs 54—3 .... 562 Coniias 4 . . . . 561 Hegesistratus 55 — 1 560 Unknown for 3 years. ICuthydemus 56—1 556 Unknown for 7 years. Erilicles 58—1 .... 548 Unknown for 11 years. Alceus 61 — 1 536 Unknown for 2 years. Thericles 4 533 Hcradidcs 62—1 .... 532 Unknown for 7 years. MUtiades III 64—1 .... 524 Unknown for 1 1 years. Clisthencs 67—1 512 Unknown for 3 years. Isagoras 68-1 .... 508 Uiiknown for 3 years. Acestorides 69— 1 504 Unknown for 3 years. Myrus 70—1 .... 500 Unknown for 3 years. Hipparchus 71 — 1 .... ^^96 Pythocritus 2 495 Laeratides 3 .... 494 Themistocles * 493 Diogcnetus 72—1 .... 492 Phanippus II 2 .... 491 Aristidcs 3 .... 490 Hybrilides 4 .... 489 Anchises 73—1 .... 488 Philippus 2 .... 487 PhUocrates 3 486 Phedon * .... 485 Leostratus 74—1 484 Nicodemus 2 .... 483 Aphcpsias 3 .... 482 Unknown for 1 year. CaUiades 75—1 .... 480 Xantippus - ■ ■ ■ ■ '^79 Timosthones 3 . . . . 478 Adimantus 4 . . . . 477 Phedon II 76—1 .... 476 Dromoclides ^ *''' Acestorides ^ • • • • *' * Menon * *73 Chares 77—1 .... 472 Praxicrgus 2 .... 471 Aphephion 3 .... 4/0 ATH Annual Archms. Olympiad. A. C. Phedon III 77— 4 .... 469 Theagenides 78—1 468 Lisistratus 2 46? Lysanias 3 466 Lysitheus 4 . . . . 465 Archldeinides 79 — 1 '^^* Tlepolemus 2 463 Conon 3 462 Eutippus 4 . . . . 46l Phrasiclides 80—1 460 Philocles 2 459 Blun 3 458 Mncsithides 4 . . . . 457 CaUias 81—1 456 Sosistratus 2 . . . . 455 Ariston 3 . . . . 454 Lysicrates 4 . . . . 453 Cherephanes 82 — 1 .... 452 Antidotus 2 451 Euthvdemus 3 450 Pedie's 4 . . . . 449 Philicus 83—1 448 Timarchides 2 .... 447 Callimaehus 3 446 Lysimachides 4 . . . . 445 Praxiteles 84 — 1 .... 444 Lvsanias II 2 443 Diphilus 3 442 Timocles 4.... 441 Mvrichides 85—1 440 Giaucides 2 439 Theodorus 3 . . , . 438 Eutymenes 4 . . . . 437 Nausimachus 86 — 1 .... 436 Antilochides 2 435 Chares 3 434 Apseudes 4 . . . . 433 Pithodorus 87—1 432 Euthydemus II 2 431 Apollodorus 3 430 Epiminondas 4 . . . . 429 Diorimus 88—1 428 EucHd.js 2 427 Euthydemus III 3 426 Stratocles 4 . . . . 425 Isarchus 89 — 1 424 Amiiiias 2 .... 423 Alcff us 3 422 Ariston 4 . . . . 421 Aristophilus 90 — 1 .... 420 Archias 2 . . . . 419 Aritiphon S . . . . 418 Eupliemus 4 , . , . 417 Aristomnestes 91—1 .... 41 6 Chabrias 2 .... 415 Pisandcr 3 . . . . 414 Cleocritus 4 . . . . 413 Callias II 92—1 412 Theoponipus 2 .... 411 Ghiucippus 3 .... 410 Diodes 4 409 Euctcmon 93—1 408 Antigcncs 2 .... 407 CaUias III 3.... 406 AJcnias 4 . . . . 405 Pythodorus II 94—1 404 Euelides 2 403 Micon 3 . . . . 402 Excnctes 4 . . . . 401 ATH Annual Archms. Olympiad. A. C. Laches 95 — 1 400 Aristocrates 2 . . . . 399 Ithycles 3 398 Lvsiades 4 397 Phormion 96—1 396 Diophantes 2 395 Eubulides 3 394 Demosthenes 4 393 Philocles 97—1 392 Nichoteles 2 391 Demostratus 3 . . . . 390 Antipater 4 389 Pvrrhion 98—1 .... 388 Theodotus 2 .... 387 Mystichides 3 386 Dexystheus 4 . . . . 385 Diotrephes 99—1 384 Phanostratus 2 . . . . 383 Menander 3 382 Demophilus 4 381 Pytheas 100—1 .... 380 Nicon 2 379 Nausicrates 3 . . . . 378 Callias IV 4 377 Chariander 101—1 376 Hippodamus 2 . . . . 375 Socratides 3 .... 374 Asta:us 4 373 Alcisthenes 102—1 372 Phrasiclides 2 371 Dyssinethus 3 370 Lisistratus 4 . . . . 369 Nausigenes 103 — 1 368 Polyzelus 2 367 Cephisodorus 3 . . . . 366 Chion 4 365 Timocrates 104—1 364 Chariclides 2 363 Molon 3 .... 362 Nicophemus, or Agathocles .... 4 . . . . 361 Callimedus 105—1 360 Eucharistus 2 . . . . 359 Cephisidorus 3 . . . . 358 Agathocles 4 357 Elpicines 106—1 .... S56 Callistratus 2 355 Diotimus 3 . . . . 354 Eudcmus 4 . . . . 353 Aristodcraus 107 — 1 352 Thessalus 2 351 Apollodorus 3 . . . . 350 Callimaehus 4 349 Theoi)hilus 108—1 348 Thcmistoeles 2 347 Archias 3 346 Eubulus 4 . . . . 345 Lvciscus, or Aristolochus 109 — 1 .... 344 Pythodorus 2 343 Sosigenes 3 . . . . 342 Nicomachus 4 . . . . 341- Theophrastus 110—1 340 Lysimachides 2 . . . . 339 Charondas 3 . . . . 338 Phrvnichus 4 33? Pythodorus 111—1 336 Evcnetus 2 . . . . 3S5 Ctesides 3 .... 334 Nlcocrates 4 . . . . 333 Nicetes 112—1 332 ATH Annual Archons. Olympiad. A. C. Aristophanes 1 12 — 2 .... 331 Aristophoii 3 , . , . 330 Ccijhisophon 4 . . . . 329 Euthvaitiis 113 — 1 3'2S Chemcs 2 327 Anticles 3 326 Socsiclcs 4 . . . . 325 Hescgias 114—1 324 Cephisodorus 2 . . . . 323 Philoclcs 3 322 ApoUodorus 4 . . . . 321 Arehippiis 115 — 1 .... 320 ApoUodorus 2 . . . . 319 Ph(x-ion 3 . . . . 318 Dcmogenes 4.... 317 Dcmoclides 116—1 .... 316 Praxibulus 2 315 Nicodorus 3 .... 314 Theophrastus 4 . . . . 313 Polemon 1 17 — 1 .... 312 Simoiiides 2 .... 311 Hieromnemon 3 . . . . 310 Demetrius 4 . . . . 309 Charinus 118 — 1 308 Anaxicrates 2 . . . . 307 Corebus, or Xenias 3 . . . . 306 Xenippus 4 . . . . 305 Pherecles 119 — 1 .... 304 Leostratus 2 303 Nicocles 3 . . . . 302 Calliarchus 4 . . . . 301 Hegemachus 120 — 1 300 Euctemon 2 . . . . 299 Mnesidemus 3 . . . . 298 Antiphantes 4 . . . . 297 Nicias 121 — 1 .... 296 Nicostratus 2 .... 295 Olympiodorus 3 . . . . 294 Philippus, or Diphiles 4 . . . . 293 Unknown for 1 year. Gorgias 122 — 2 .... 292 Anaxicratus 3 . . . . 291 Democles 4 . . . . 290 Unknown for 5 years. Pytharatus 124—2 .... 289 Unknown for 17 years. Diogenetus 128 — 4 .... 265 This is the last archon mentioned on the Arundel marbles, although other names of archons are mentioned in histor\', 85 Antitheus, in the UiOth Olympiad, and Hcrodes in the 1 80th. This democracy of the Athenian.s, however, experienced an interruption on two difl'erent occasions, u.imely, by the establishment of the 400 through the in- trigues of .Mcibiades ; and afterwards by that of the 30 tyrants, by the influence of the Spartan commander Ly- sander. The Athenians distinguished themselves during the war with the Persians, particularly in the battles of Salamisand Marathon ; but the Peloponnesian war, which lasted 27 years, terminated in the capture of the city by the Lacedffimnnians, and its tcmporarv subjection to the 30 tyrants. It afterwards fell, with the rest of the Greeks, successively into the hands of the Macedonians and the Romans, by whom the whole coinitry was con- verted into a Roman province. WTiat relates to the sub- sequent history of tliis city, will be found under the head of .\thens. Ancient Writers on Athens. Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Aristotle, Polybius, VOL. I. ATH Diodorus, Livy, Smbo, Pliny, Ncpo«, Plutarch, Justin, jDIian, &c. ATIIKN.T; (A'h;hi.9.) the figure or head of Minerva, the owl and the eurtlien ves.sel, are the ordinary symbols of Athens, as represented in the annexed cut. The Athe- nians honoured this goddess more than all other deities, because they lix)ked ujjon her as the foundress of their city, which received her name, 'Afii)vr]. They employed the other symbols of the owl and the vessel, because the former was sacred to her, and alKninded in the neighbour- hood ; and the latter l)ecause they were the inventors of earthenware. Sometimes the seqient as well as tlie owl u to be found on their coins, because it was the emblem o{ wisdom ; and the figures of Jupiter with his thunder, V^ilcan with his forceps and an\Tl, Ceres with the poppy and .sow, &c., Diana with her bow and quiver, Hercules with his club, ^sculapius with his stafl' and serpent, are frequently substituted in the place of Minerva. 'J'he ordi- nary inscriptions of this city are A. AG ABE .veil. .veilN.^ Ao'llNAI. AOHNAS AeHNAIUN, with the names of their miigistrates. GoUz. Grwc. ; Fail/. Xum. 6V. / Spanh. Dissert. ; Beg. Thes. Brand. Turn. p. 470 ; Mus. Pembroch. ; Hunt. Num. Pop. et Urh. SfC. ATHEN-?;UM {Geog.) a promontory of Italy, now Capo di CampancUa. ATHEN.ff;i;M (Topog.) a place at Athens .sacred to Minerva, and devoted to learning, whither philosophers, orators, and artists resorted and declaimed or repeated their compositions. A similar place bearing the same name, was built by the emperor Adrian, A. D. 135. A third place of this kind was fonned at Lyons, which has since been converted into an abbey. This was distinguished by gomes that were instituted by Caligula. Athen.«:us (Hist.) 'Adrii'aioc, a son of Periclides, one of the Spartan plenipotentiaries in the treaty of peace between them and the Athenians. T/iucyd. 1. 4, c. 19- ATHEN.EUS, a brother of Eumcncs III, king of Pergamus, was much in favour with the Romans, by whom he wa5 employed as a general on several occasions. Lit: 1. 38, and 45. ATnEN.«:us, an orator and peripatetic philosopher, who wa.^ implicated in a conspiracy against Augustus, but escaped punishment, and was afterwards crushed by the fall of a house. Strab. 1. 4. Athen/eus (Biog.) an historian, who, according to Diodorus, gave an account of SemiramLs. Atiien.«:us, a Greek grammarian of the .second century, and native of Naucratis, flourished in the reign of M. Aurelius. He wrote many things, of which there remains one only, namely, his historical work entitled ' Deipnosophisttt." The best editions of Athenacus are that of Casaubon, fol. Lugd- I6l2; and that of Schweighaeuser, 14 vols. 8vo. 1801-1807. Athen-eus, an engineer in the reign of (lallicnus, probably the author of a work on ' Machines for War,' wliich was printed in the collection of ancient mathematicians, fol. Gr. and I, at. Paris. I693. ATHENAGORAS (Hist.) ' AOtiyaycpat, a popular leader among the Syracusans. Athenagoras, a Greek, to whose charge Chios w.^s entrusted by Darius ; but a sedition arising, he was sent bound to the Macedonians. Q. Curt. 1. 4. Athenagoras, a general under Philip, king of Maccdon, and father of Perseus, who attacked the Romans, but was de- feated. Liv. 1. 39, c. 27. Athenagoras. al.so a general of Perseus, whether the same as the preceding or not is doubtful. Liv. 1. 44. 2 I ATH ATH Athenagoras {Biog.) an Athenian phUosoplier and convert to Cliristianity, wlio wrote an ' Apolo<;y for Christianitv,' which he addressed to the emperors Aiirelius and Commodiis, ahout the year ISO; also a piece on the Resurrection, botli of which are extant, and have been printed often. Tlic best edition of Atlienagoras is that of Dechair, 8vo. Gr. and Lat. Oxon. 1706. His works are also published in the ' Bibliotheca Patrum.' The romance of Theagonus and Charidea is falsely ascribed to him. ATHENAIS (Mi/'th.) a sibyl of Erytlira;a, in the age of Alexander. Athenais (Hist.) a daughter of the philosopher Leontius, assumed the name of Eudoxia, when she became the wife of the emperor Theodosius the Yoiinser. ATHENION (Hist.) 'AO,,yiu,y, a favourite of Ptolemy Ever- getes, king of Egypt, was sent to Onias to demand the tribute which was due. Joseph. Anliq. \. 12, c. 3. Athenion, a man of Cilicia, who was a ringleader of the slaves in Sicily, but being taken prisoner, was torn in pieces by the soldiers. Athenion, a slave of Egypt, who was set at liberty by his master, after which he took the name of Aristion, and ob- tained the supreme power at Athens. ATHENOBIUS {Bibl.) 'AeTjvojjtoe, son of Demetrius, was sent by Antiochus Sidetes, king of Syria, to Simon Mac- cabseus, to surrender Joppa, Gaza, and the fortress of Je- rusalem, and to pay him tribute, «S:c. 1 Maccab. xv. ATHENOCLES {Biog.) 'A9i;id/oXj;E, a Greek historian, who wrote an account of Assyria. Agath. 1. 2. Athenocles, a skilful engineer. Polyxn. 1. 6. ATHENODORUS {Hist.) 'Ae,]r6cu>pog, a leader of the Greeks who revolted from Alexander, and was afterwards kiUed. Q. Curt. 1. 9. Athenodorus (Ecc.) a disciple of Origen, and bishop of Neocssarea, in Pontus, was at the council of Antioch in 264, and suffered martyrdom under the emperor Aurelian. Baron. Aiiiial. Ann. 233. Athenodorus {Biog.) two sculptors, one an Arcadian, and the other a Rhodian, the latter of whom took part with Agesander and Polvdorus in the execution of the Laoeoon. Plin.l 36; Pans. I 10. Athenodorus, a stoic of Tarsus, and a favourite of Augustus, who followed his counsels. He wrote many things men- tioned by ancient writers. Cic. ad Fam. 1. 3, cp. 7 ; Sirab. 1. 1 4 ; Suelon. in Claud, c. 4 ; Pint, in Alex. ATHENOGENES {Ecc.) a martyr in the third century, who is said to have composed a hymn while in the flames. S. Ba.nl. de Spirit. Sand. c. 2(). ATHENS {Geog.) the once celebrated city of Greece, Qvide Alhenaf} is now a small town in the province of Livadia, the ancient Attica, known by the inhabitants by the name of Setline ; and situated on the rivulets of Ilis.sus and Ce- phissus, (JO m. E. Corinth, 100 m. N. E. Misitra or Sparta, and above 300 S. W. Constantinople. Lon. 23° 52' E., lat. 37" 58' N. Political History of Athens. From the invasion of Xerxes to its final subjugation by the Turks, Athens has had a greater diversity of masters, and been exjMised to severer hardships, than almost any other city. It was twice burnt by the Persians, twice de.stroycd, once by I'liilip II, of Maccdon, and again bv Sylla. The Acropolis was plundered by Tiberius ; the city was desolated by the Goths in the reign of Claudius, and the whole territory was ravaged and ruined by Alaric, when lie made his irruption into Greece i)i .'Jy(). It was bet^ieged by Sgure, a petty prince of the Morea, in 12()1' ; but was successfully defended by the archbisliop. It af- terwards fell into the hands of Boniface X, marquis ol' Montserrat, who gave it to Otho de la Roche, one of his followers. By him and his descendants It was governed for a considerable time with the title of duke, until it became a lief of Sicily ; and from thence it was trans- ferred to Renier Acciaioli, a Florentine, who becjueathed it to the Venetians ; in whose possession it remained until 1455, when it was taken by Omar, a general of Ma- homet II. It was sacked by the Venetians in 14()4 ; and in lti87 it was once more bombarded and taken b)' them, but retaken by the Turks in I688 ; since which they have retained undisturbed possession of it. The Turkish governor of Athens is called the Vaivode, who is either changed or continued in his office every year. Present State of Athens. Athens is at present a small open place with streets, which, whatever they may have been anciently, are at present extremely narrow and inegular. The houses are mostly mean and straggling, and many have large courts or areas before them ; but the eye of the curious traveller is met everywhere by vestiges of its ancient splendour, which are more numerous and in better preservation here than in most parts of Greece, notwithstanding the many \dcissitudes it has undergone. One of its most interesting remains is the citadel, formerly called the Acropolis, which is situated on a rock inaccessible on all sides. Ou this citadel stood the Parthenon or temple of Minerva, which was destroyed by the Persians, and rebuilt by Pericles ; it remains, though in a damaged state, a model of magni- ficence of the Doric Order, now converted into a mosque. The Areopagus, or Hill of Mars, which was almost in the centre of the ancient town, is now on the outside, where the steps cut in the rock to ascend this famous tribunal are still to be seen. The temple of Theseus is almost entire except the roof, which has been repaired, and that of Jupiter Olympius retains 10' out of its 120 colimms. Besides these there are still to be seen the re- mains of the temple of Victory, which is of the Ionic Order, and serves the Turks as a powder magazine ; and the Temple of the Winds, of which Vitruvius speaks, together with many other monuments of antiquity. The long walls which surrounded Athens are now demolished, but their foundations have been traced by late travellers. The far famed Ilissus and Cephissus are now almost dry, and scarcely deserve the name of rivers. They empty themselves into the Gulf of Engia, at some distance from the town. Of its three ancient harbours, the Pineus, though it hardly presents a memorial of its ancient aspect, is now frequented by a few French and English traders", and is known by the name of Porto Leone. Its population consists of from 8 to 10,000 inhabitants, one-fourth of which are Tmks, the rest Cii-ceks, who are supplied with water by an aqueduct from Mount Hymettus. The honey of Attica, especially that from Mount Hymettus, retains ■ its credit ; and the olive still continues to cover the site ■ of the ancient city, so as to form a forest in the plain adjoining to the town, which extends the length of a league ; covering the Ccramiciis, the Academy, and the gardens of the philosophers ; to which the sacred road of Elcu.sis, filled with the relics of ancient tombs and monu- ments, is the j)rincipal access. Besides tlie foiu- mosipies of the Turks, there are not less th:ui thirty-six churches in Athens, and five times the number of chajicls. Between the Areopagus and the ancient temple of Theseus, there is a ruinated church which was dedicated to Dionysius, the Areopagite, who was the first Christian and bishop of Athens. It is now the residence of tlie metropolitan of the Cireek church. Tlierc are also a number of convents for both .sexes. ATHESIS {Ceog.) a. river of Gallia Cisidpina, falling near the Poj into the Adriatic Sea, now Adigc. ATH ATI Firg. Mn. 1. 9, V. fiSO. Quoits acTttt tiijuentia Jhanina eircum Sivt Vadi ripis, Athesim uu priiftter itmiXiinm, ConsuTf^unt <^cmina: fjiterau, Claud, de Cons. Honor. — — /.'( veloi Alhnis, lanluiqiit meatu Miiicius. Cas.^wlor. 1. 3, cp. 48; .'l/mllinnr. 1. I, cp. 5. ATHIAS, Joseph (7i/«n-.) a nibbi and printer at Amsterdam, to whom the world is indebted for one of the oorreotest editions of the Hebrew bible, which was printed in HiO'l and 1()()7, 2 vols. 8vo. He is said to have died in 1700. ATHIIUON {Ilisl.) twcnt\-ei;,Hith kinj; of Scotland, in the thinl ccntLir)-, succeeded his father Ethodius l\, and killed himself after a reij^n of 12 years. ATHLONE, Karl of (Her.) the title at present enjoyed by the family of De Ginkell. The lirst earl Ciodart de Ginkell was for his merits created by William HI, earl of Athlone, and baron of Atjhrim, in the county of Cralway, in 1()<)2. ^N'ide Dc Cinkeir] The titles, amis, &c. of tliis family are as follow : Titlv.i. De Ginkell, earl of Athlone, baron of Aghrim, co. Galway, baron de Hecde and Ginkell, baron of Anime- rongen, Middachicr, Livendale, East Stervelt, and Roen- burg. Arms. Argent, two bars dancette sable. Cresl. On a wreath, a pair of wings erect and barways, dancette, as in the coat. Siip]x)rlers. Two gryphons with wings expanded or. Mollo. " Malo mori (juam foedari." Athi.onk (Geog.) a town of Connaught, in Ireland, situated on both sides the Shannon ; which was besieged by the prince of Orange in Hipi, ;md after a vigorous defence was taken the following year, when all Ireland submitted to the rulint; powers. ATHOLL, John, first Earl of {Hist.) of the Stewart f\imily, mentioned under Hcraldrt/, was sent as ambassador into England in 14f),'S, and had a principal command in the army of king James against his S(m and the rebel lords in 1488 ; for which he was imprisoned in the castle of Dunbar, on the death of that monarch, and died in I.'JIS. Atholl, John, fourth Earl of, being a zealous Roman Ca- tholic, strongly opposed the Reformation in the Parliament in 15()0, was sworn a pri\'y councillor to queen Mani' in 156l ; entered heartily into the association for the defence of king James VI, was constituted lord high chancellor of Scotland in I. 577, and died in 1.579 of poison, as was sus- pected, administered by the regent Morton ; but the latter, when under sentence of death, attested his innocence in this matter. Atholl, John, first Marquis of, son of the preceding, took an active part in the royal cause as long as resistence was of any avail, for which he suffered in his person and estate ; but at the Restoration he was sworn a privy councillor to Charles II, and, after assisting at the Revolution, died in 1703. Atholl, John, first Earl of, of the Murray fiimUy men- tioned under Hcraldrif. raised 1 800 men at the breaking out of the rebellion, in defence of the crown, and exerted himself in the same cause until his death in 1()42. Atholl, John, second Earl of, was killed at Flodden in 1513, after enjoying his title not more than a year. Atholl, Duke, Marquess, and Earl (f (Her.) titles at present enjoyed by the Murray family, which have been long .settled in the county of Perth ; and arc descended from Sir Mal- colm Murray, whose s v. 667. ItUi sub tiesperiis stantem Titana columnis In cautes Atlanta dedit. Sil. 1. 1. ^ecpatitur nomen proferri longius Atltis, Atlas subducto tucturus rertice cxlum ; Sid^a nnbij'erum fulcit caput, trthcriasque Erigit iEtenium compages ardua cervii ; Canet barba gelu, franteinque immanibus umbris Pinea silia premit, vastaut cava tempera venti Kimbosaque ruunt spuman'ia Jiumina rictu. Hesiod. Theos. v. 508, &c. ; Arat. in Apparent. ; Apollud. 1. 1 ; Diodor. L 3 ; Mela, 1. 3 ; Plin. 1. 2, c. 8. Atlas {Xumis.) the giant above-mentioned is represented on gems, and some medals, as in the annexed figure, bearing a globe on hia shoulders in his fabulous character. Vaillani. PrcEsl. tom. iii. ; Hardiiin. Oper. Maff. Gem. p. iii. Atlas {Geog.) a mountain of Africa, which was said to re- ceive its name from king Atlas. It is of such an immense height that, according to the fables of the ancients, the heavens rested upon it. It runs across the desert from east to west, and was divided formerly into two parts ; namely. Atlas Major, now called by the inliabitants Ayduacal ; and Atlas Minor, now Errif, but it is better known by its an- cient name of Atlas. QVide Atlai] ATOSSA {Hist.) " ATiiaaa, daughter of Cyrus, was succes- sively the wife of Cambyscs, Snierdis, and Darius, by whicli latter she had Xerxes. Herod. 1. 3, &c. ATRiE {Geog.) a town between the Euphrates and the Tygris famous for having withstood three sieges ; namely, by 'fra- jan, Severus, and Artaxerxes, king of Persia. Dio. 1. 75 ; Ammian. Marcellin. 1. 25. ATRAPES {Hist.) vide Atropafus. AT RATI N US, A. Semproniu.',- (//iV.) a military tribune, U. C. 310, A. C. 442. I.iv. 1. 4, c. 7- Atkatinus, L. Semprwiius, a consul and colleague of L. Pa- parius, U. C. 339, A. C. 41. S. Liv. 1. 4, c. 8. Atratinus, L., was accused of bril)cry by M. Ca