Mfr 
 
 Z)f*/? TM " KT 
 
 t3. 
 

 
MANUAL OF POWER 
 
 FOR 
 
 MACHINES, SHAFTS, AND BELTS, 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 HISTORY OF COTTON MANUFACTURE 
 
 IN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 BY 
 
 SAMUEL WEBBEK, C. E. 
 H 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 
 
 549 AND 551 BROADWAY. 
 
 1879. 
 
T~S 
 
 COPYRIGHT BY 
 SAMUEL WEBBER. 
 
 1879. 
 
 V i ' 
 
 f ' : '/ 
 
 "' - . ,'.;,. 
 
TO 
 
 HOJST. E. A. STEAW, 
 
 PRESIDENT OP THE NEW ENGLAND COTTON MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, 
 
 THIS COLLECTION OF TESTS, COMMENCED AT HIS BEQUEST, 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, 
 
 BY THE COMPILER. 
 
 337536 
 
PEEFAOE TO EEVISED EDITION. 
 
 IN preparing for the press a second and enlarged edition of my 
 " Tests of Power," a somewhat more extended preface seems neces- 
 sary, in order to explain what have appeared to many persons to be 
 discrepancies in the first edition, and also to give a short explana- 
 tion of the manner in which the results were attained. 
 
 The dynamometer used in the great majority of the tests was 
 designed by Hon. E. A. Straw, of Manchester, New Hampshire, on 
 the same principle as the one originally invented by Samuel Batch- 
 elder, Esq., at Saco, Maine, in the year 1836, but contained the 
 modifications of the hydraulic regulator and second transmitting 
 shaft, which were added to the original machine by James B. Fran- 
 cis, C.E., of Lowell. The principle of the machine may be de- 
 scribed as follows : A shaft containing the receiving pulley passes 
 through the fulcrum of a steelyard, having fast on it at the end 
 next the pulley a bevel gear, which forms one side of a " box or 
 compound " gear. On a sleeve at the opposite end of the shaft, 
 and revolving freely around it, are fixed another bevel gear of equal 
 diameter, forming the opposite side of the " box," and a plain 
 gear, which transmits the power to a second shaft parallel with the 
 first, and which carries the delivering pulley, which is thus brought 
 in the same line of transmission as the receiving pulley. Around 
 the steelyard, on either side of the fulcrum, revolve freely two 
 other bevel gears, of equal diameter with those mentioned, which 
 complete the " box " or " compound," and which transmit the mo- 
 
VI 
 
 tion from the first shaft to the sleeve, from which it is given to 
 the second shaft by a pair of equal gears. 
 
 If the dynamometer is put in motion without attaching any 
 machine to the second shaft, the gears revolve around the steelyard 
 without any other resistance than their own friction, and no effect 
 is recorded ; but if a belt be carried from the delivering pulley to 
 the pulley on any machine, the resistance caused by such machine 
 tends to act upon the steelyard in such a manner as to give it a 
 motion around its fulcrum. 
 
 This steelyard is made of such length that a weight hung at its 
 extremity would describe a circle of 10 feet each revolution, if the 
 steelyard were allowed to rotate on its fulcrum ; and consequently 
 the 100 revolutions would move 1,000 feet. 
 
 A set of weights are therefore prepared, which are sufficient to 
 hold the steelyard at a level poise when the power is being trans- 
 mitted through the dynamometer, and each one pound weight is 
 considered to move 1,000 feet in 100 revolutions, or to equal 1,000 
 pounds moved one foot. The steelyard is also graduated into inches 
 and tenths, and a poise weight prepared, which represents 100 
 pounds moved one foot in 100 revolutions, for each inch that it is 
 carried out on the steelyard toward its outer end, this poise being 
 3.84 pounds in actual weight. The weights representing 1,000 
 pounds are also double the actual weight necessary to represent 
 that sum, as the steelyard would only make 50 revolutions, if left 
 free, while the shaft was making 100. 
 
 The dynamometer, being fastened in position and belted prop- 
 erly, is put in motion, the machine to be weighed being driven 
 through it ; and the weight necessary to hold the steelyard perfectly 
 level while driving the machine is attached to it in the usual man- 
 ner. When this balance is properly adjusted, the revolutions of the 
 shafts are counted by a clock driven by a worm and gear attached 
 to one of them, and the apparent weight hung on the steelyard is 
 divided by the number of seconds consumed in making 100 revo- 
 lutions. 
 
 Thus if 11,000 pounds be the marking of the weight hung on 
 the steelyard, and the time of completing 100 revolutions be 10 
 
Vll 
 
 seconds, the answer to the division is - - = 1,100 pounds lifted 
 
 a foot in one second, or 2-horse power 550 pounds lifted one foot 
 per second being the equivalent of 33,000 pounds lifted one foot 
 per minute, the established standard of a horse power. The amount 
 of weight necessary to balance the friction of the dynamometer it- 
 self, when in revolution at the desired speed, is first ascertained and 
 deducted before making such divisions, and will average not far 
 from five per cent, of the whole power consumed, but in all cases in 
 these tests has been actually ascertained and deducted in each in- 
 stance. 
 
 Previous to the commencement of these operations, the dyna- 
 mometer was compared with the one designed by Mr. Francis for 
 the Locks and Canals Company, of Lowell, with which it was found 
 to agree exactly, and was then further verified by over one thou- 
 sand tests with a Prony brake, the friction pulley of which was 
 attached to the machine in the place of the ordinary delivering pul- 
 ley and the arm of the lever loaded with varying weights ; while 
 by a series of pulleys the speed of the dynamometer was changed 
 from time to time, so as to vary from 200 to 1,000 revolutions per 
 minute. 
 
 During all these tests the steelyard of the dynamometer was 
 found to record accurately the load placed on the brake-lever, plus 
 a certain uniform difference for the friction of the machine, which 
 increased in a regular ratio with the velocity, and agreed very close- 
 ly with the amount of friction observed by running the dynamom- 
 eter without a load, and it was therefore decided to adopt the method 
 of deducting the actual observed friction in every test. 
 
 The greater part of the tests in the following tables have been 
 taken without any previous preparations of the machines to be 
 weighed, the dynamometer having been attached to them as they 
 were actually in operation in the mills ; but there are some few 
 exceptions which should be noted. 
 
 All the tests at Manchaug in August, 1871, were of compara- 
 tively new machinery, which was in the best possible order, and had 
 been run just about long enough to get fairly eased in its bearings 
 
Vlll 
 
 and the same remarks will apply to the tests at the Manchester 
 Print Works in June, 1872. The tests at Manville, Ehode Island, 
 were of a new frame in perfect order, kept thoroughly clean and 
 well oiled, but in an unfinished mill, where the atmosphere was 
 damp and cool until the last day of the trials, reference to which 
 will show that the machinery ran with less power on that day ; and 
 the same difference will be noticed in the tests at Mount Yernon 
 Mills, Baltimore, as well as the difference caused by the oils used 
 for lubrication in the same trials. 
 
 The tests of the Pusey Spindle at Wilmington, Delaware, and 
 those of the Sawyer Spindle at the Appleton Mills, Lowell, were 
 also made under the most favorable circumstances, as were those of 
 the Pearl and Rabbeth Spindles in June, 18T3, at the Pacific Mills, 
 and those of the Kabbeth in March, 1873, at the Potomska Mills. 
 The difference due to cleaning and lubrication will be noticed in 
 the tests of spinning September 25-27, 1873, at the Atlantic 
 Mills, and of the throstle frame, A, at the Stark Mills in April and 
 November, 1871. 
 
 The difference due to the atmosphere is strikingly shown in the 
 tests of the same spinning frame, August 7th and 8th, 1872, at the 
 Amoskeag Mills. 
 
 The differences due to banding may be seen in many places, but 
 in none more strikingly than in the tests at the China Mill in March, 
 1875 ; and those caused by tight belts may be seen in the trials at 
 the Ocean Mills, June, 1873. 
 
 The matter of banding is one to which it is well worth while to 
 call the attention of spinners, as all tension beyond that actually 
 required to drive the spindle up to its proper speed causes unneces- 
 sary friction in the bearings, and wears out both them and the 
 spindles rapidly. 
 
 A band should never be tied on so as to be rigid, but should 
 always retain its elasticity ; and the same is true in regard to belts ; 
 and a little extra attention to these matters is always true economy. 
 
 Geared machines, like drawing, speeders, and fly frames, will not 
 of course show these differences ; but with spinning every detail 
 must be taken into account to prove a correct conclusion as to the 
 
IX 
 
 result. It has also been found impossible to test a single loom 
 with absolute correctness, as the dynamometer tended to register the 
 extreme power of the beat, particularly if the speed was high. 
 
 It should also be noted that the speed of the mule spindles given 
 is the actual number of revolutions per minute, deducting the time 
 taken up in " running in " the carriage, and not the velocity of the 
 spindle when in operation, and the comparative power of the mules 
 and frames is ascertained by the number of yards of yarn per 
 spindle per minute, as compared with the foot pounds. 
 
 This in the mule is equal to the length of stretch, multiplied by 
 the number of stretches per minute, and in the frames by the 
 number of revolutions of the front roll, multiplied by 3.1410 or 3^-, 
 the diameter of the front roll being one inch. 
 
 Taken as a whole, however, the results obtained have agreed 
 remarkably with those obtained by the steam-engine indicator, when 
 the summary of the dynamometer results was compared with the 
 indicator cards of the same mill, after allowing for friction of en- 
 gine, or with the calculation of the effect of the Boyden turbine 
 in cases where water power was used, particularly in the cases shown 
 in the summaries of tests as in mills B and I. 
 
 In two cases " Swain " Wheels have been put into mills after 
 getting the required power by the dynamometer, namely, the 
 Whittenton Mills at Taunton, and the Clinton Mills at Woonsocket, 
 and in both cases have agreed exactly with the calculations previ- 
 ously made. 
 
 It should also be mentioned that in some of the mills tested, 
 such as those at Kockport, Newburyport, Gloucester, N". J., Hay- 
 densville, Mass., and the Stark Mills at Manchester, K. H., much 
 or all of the machinery was quite old, and the tests were made to 
 ascertain the actual consumption of power, with a view to future 
 improvements ; while in the tests previously referred to such im- 
 provement had commenced, and the trials were for the purpose of 
 demonstrating the prospective saving to be attained. 
 
 Such as the records are they are correct, and any apparent dis- 
 crepancies in them are usually explained at once by a full knowl- 
 edge of the circumstances. 
 
It should also be remembered that neither very new nor very 
 old machinery can be depended on for a fair average test of the 
 power usually required. In the first case there is a loss of power 
 from extra friction, in the last from extra gyration. 
 
 Although the greater part of my tests have been confined to 
 cotton machinery, there are a sufficient number of trials of woolen, 
 worsted, and flax machines to give a fair idea of the usual amount 
 of power required to operate them at the usual velocity, together 
 with a short list of machine tools and miscellaneous machinery. 
 Paper machinery has not been tested, for want of a dynamometer 
 of sufficient capacity. 
 
 To the separate tests of machines, I add in this edition the 
 summaries of all the machines, with the power required by them, 
 in a series of mills on different fabrics, and also tables for shaft- 
 ing and belting; the former calculated from the tables of Mr. 
 James B. Francis, the latter from various authorities, as well as 
 from my own experiments, and at the request of several manu- 
 facturers add the English tables of twist for yarn, and roving, and 
 for the breaking strength of yarns, together with certain convenient 
 rules for calculating drafts and numbers. 
 
 I also add a corrected report of the turbine tests at the Cen- 
 tennial Exposition, which contained a number of small errors in the 
 official publication, though not enough to invalidate the general 
 result. 
 
 The work is completed for the present by a historical sketch of 
 the growth and progress of the cotton manufacture in the United 
 States, originally prepared for the American Society of Civil En- 
 gineers, as part of a centennial record of various American indus- 
 tries, but the publication of which has been so long delayed, from 
 various causes, that the officers of the Society have consented to its 
 publication in this form. 
 
 MANCHESTER, N. H., January, 1879. 
 
PEEFAOE. 
 
 THESE tests, undertaken without any view to publication, 
 may be found deficient in some points ; but may be depended 
 on as correct, as far as they go. 
 
 They give a representation of the power required by cotton- 
 machinery, as actually in use, under various circumstances, in a 
 large number of mills: some of it new, and in the best run- 
 ning order ; some of it very old, and tested with a view to 
 ascertain how much power was lost by using it. Part of the 
 tests have been made to ascertain the variations due to weather, 
 oil, and banding; but the writer believes that the notes will 
 explain sufficiently these different points, and trusts that the 
 information contained, as to the average power actually used, 
 will be of sufficient value to manufacturers to justify their 
 publication. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 PAGES 
 
 EXPLANATORY PREFACE 3 
 
 Power Tests of Cotton Openers and Pickers 12, 66 
 
 " " Cards 16,59 
 
 " Railway Heads 18, 69 
 
 " Drawing Frames ,. 20, 69 
 
 " Roving Frames 22, 60 
 
 " " Throstle Spinning 28 
 
 " Ring Spinning, Common Spindle 30, 62 
 
 " " " Sawyer " 34, 66 
 
 " " " Pearl " 36, 68 
 
 " " < Rabbeth " 36,70 
 
 " " " Birkenhead 38, 70 
 
 " " " Excelsior " 38, 70 
 
 " " " Perry " 42,70 
 
 " " Pusey " 42 
 
 " " " Miscellaneous Spindles 70 
 
 " " MuleSpinning 44,72 
 
 " " Spoolers 48,73 
 
 " " Twisters 48,72 
 
 " " Warpers 48,73 
 
 " " Dressers 48, 73 
 
 " " Looms 46,74 
 
 " of Miscellaneous Machinery and Tools 49, 78 
 
 " of Flax Machinery 60, 72 
 
 of Wool " 50, 74 
 
 " of Worsted " 79 
 
 " of Shafting 62 
 
 of Mills in full 78 
 
 Rules and Tables for Shafting 88 
 
 " " Belting 95 
 
 Turbine Wheel Tests 101 
 
 Roving and Yarn Tables 115 
 
XIV 
 
 PART II. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Commencement of Cotton Manufacture by Machinery Arkwright Paul Har- 
 
 greaves Crompton Wyatt 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 First attempts in the United States Bridgewater Beverly Philadelphia Rhode 
 
 Island, etc 1 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Samuel Slater Almy and Brown Eli Whitney Pliny Earle Amos Whittemore. . 16 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 1800 to 1812 Rapid Growth Pawtucket Paterson Watertown New Ipswich, 
 N. H. Samuel Batchelder Peterborough, N. H. Amoskeag Falls General 
 Statistics 1 810 21 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Nathan Appleton Power Looms Francis C. Lowell Patrick T. Jackson Paul 
 Moody Waltham The New England System 28 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 1812 Beginning at Fall River Paterson Ludlow North Adams Matteawan 
 William Gilmore Power Looms Ira Draper Rotary Temple Statistics 
 1820 34 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 1821 Origin of Lowell Kirk Boott Nathan Appleton Paul Moody Francis C. 
 Lowell John D. Prince Samuel L. Dana Merrimac Manufacturing Company 
 Hamilton Company Appleton Company Samuel Batchelder First Mill 
 driven by main belts by Paul Moody Nashua Dover Chicopee Tariff of 
 1824 A. & A. Lawrence Aza Arnold Equation Box Saco Cohoes Tariff 
 of 1828 Danforth's Cap-Spindle 39 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Ring-Spinning John Thorpe William Mason Brewster's Speeder York Manu- 
 facturing Company Samuel Batchelder Balance Dynamometer Cotton Crop 
 of 1834 Boston & Lowell Railroad Patent Office established Newburyport 
 Amoskeag Company Stark Mills E. B. Bigelow Counterpane Loom Sta- 
 tistics 1840 47 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Self -Acting Mule Ira Gay Pitcher & Brown William Mason Richard Roberts 
 William C. Davo Smith Mule Higgins Mule Potter Mule Parr & Curtis 
 Platt Brothers Wanton Rouse English Roving Frames Higgins & Sons 
 
XV 
 
 First Turbine Wheels Uriah A. Boyden Lawrence Essex Company Atlan- 
 tic Mills E. B. Bigelow Gingham Loom Increase in size of Mills Produc- 
 tion 1850 52 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Iladley Falls Company Holyoke Lewiston Rapid Growth to 1857 Self-Stripping 
 Card George Wellman Horace Woodman Bag Loom Cyrus W. Baldwin 
 Picker Staff W. W. Dutcher Railway Evener D. W. Hayden George Dra- 
 per Pembertou Mills Census of 1860 Progress of Ten Years 58 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 The Great Rebellion of 1861 Prostration of Business Close of the War Revival 
 of Manufactures, and enormous increase " Slasher" Dresser Introduced by A. 
 D. Lockwood Improvements in Ring Spindles Oliver Pearl Jacob H. Saw- 
 yer George Draper Richard Garsed Barton H. Jenks F. J. Rabbeth Open- 
 ing and Picking Creighton Willow Richard Kitson Whitehead & Atherton 
 Palmer & Jillson Great Increase at Fall River New Mills in New England 
 and the Southern States 63 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Statistics of 1874 Calico Printing-Machines in 1876 Ginghams Cottouades Cot- 
 ton Duck Spool-Cotton Small Wares Statistics of 1876" Lowell Lawrence 
 Manchester Lewiston Fall River Comparative cost of Water and Steam- 
 Power Water-Wheels at the Centennial Letter of Edward Atkinson to New 
 York " Herald " 75 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER. 
 The Cotton Manufacture as illustrated at the Centennial Exhibition 89 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 A. Paper by William A. Burke, Esq 95 
 
 B. Letter of Aza Arnold.. 102 
 
12 
 
 TESTS OF POWER. COTTON-OPENERS, 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE, 
 
 MACHINE. 
 
 No. 
 Beaters. 
 
 Rev. 
 do. 
 
 May, 1871 
 
 ( Amoskeag Mills, [ 
 1 Manches'r, N. K. f 
 
 Double Creighton Willow, 
 
 2 
 
 946 
 
 " 1872 
 
 \ MasconometMill, } 
 | Newburyport, f 
 
 Single " " 
 
 1 
 
 820 
 
 " 1871 
 
 Amoskeag Mills, 
 
 Van Winkle Opener, 
 
 1 
 
 520 
 
 u u 
 
 u u 
 
 u u a 
 
 1 
 
 532 
 
 Aug., 1871 
 
 Manchaag Mill, Mass. 
 
 Kitson's " Old Pattern," 
 
 2 
 
 1,344 
 
 May, 1872 
 
 Eockport Mill, ' " 
 
 a a u 
 
 2 
 
 1,400 
 
 u u 
 
 u u u 
 
 Kitson's Mixer, 
 
 1 
 
 750 
 
 Nov. 1873 
 
 Tremont Mills, 
 
 f Whitehe'd & Atherton, ) 
 
 1 
 
 700 
 
 a u 
 
 Lowell, Mass., 
 
 \ New Mixer. \ 
 
 1 
 
 700 
 
 POWER OP COTTON-PICKERS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MACHINE. 
 
 No. 
 Beaters. 
 
 Revolution 
 
 Beaters. 
 
 May, 1871 
 
 Amoskeag Mills, ) 
 
 36 inch Amoskeag Pattern 
 
 3 
 
 1,507 
 
 j 
 
 Manchester, N. H. > 
 
 u u u 
 
 2 
 
 1,026 
 
 u 
 
 " S 
 
 Whitin's Pattern,* 
 
 3 
 
 1,617 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Derry Mills, Manch'r 
 
 Whitin's Lapper, 30 inch. 
 
 2 
 
 2,045 
 
 May, 1872 
 
 Rockport, Mass., 
 
 u u 48 u 
 
 3 
 
 1,500 
 
 April, 1873 
 
 j "Social" Mill, } 
 ( Woon socket, ) 
 
 " " 30 " 
 
 3 
 
 1,500 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 " " 30 " 
 
 3 
 
 2,100 
 
 April, 1872 
 
 Salmon Falls, N. H., 
 
 Platt's *' 36 " 
 
 2 
 
 1,100 
 
 May, 1872 
 
 j Masconomet, ) 
 i Newburyport, ) 
 
 u u ^g tt 
 
 2 
 
 1,016 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 It tt ^g U 
 
 2 
 
 1,066 
 
 Nov., 1873 
 
 Granite Mill, F.Riv'r 
 
 " " 36 " 
 
 2 
 
 1,130 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 36 <( 
 
 2 
 
 1,130 
 
 Aug., 1871 
 
 Mauchaug, Mass., 
 
 Kitson's " 
 
 2 
 
 1,344 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 j Whittenton, ) 
 1 Tannton, Mass., j 
 
 u a 
 
 2 
 
 1,530 
 
 Nov., 1872 
 
 j Essex Mill, Pat- ) 
 ( erson, N. J., ) 
 
 u u 
 
 2 
 
 1,066 
 
 Nov., 1873 
 
 Westville, Taunton, 
 
 u a 
 
 2 
 
 1,500 
 
 May, 1873 
 
 Manchester Print 
 Works, 
 
 Kitson's Compound, 
 
 4 
 
 1,500 
 
 u 
 
 Weetamoe Mill, 
 Fall River, 
 
 " Lapper, 
 
 2 
 
 1,500 
 
 Oct., 1873 
 
 Merrimac Manfg. ) 
 Co., Lowell, f 
 
 " Compound, 
 
 4 
 
 1,600 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 (i U 
 
 4 
 
 1,600 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 u a 
 
 3 
 
 1,600 
 
 NOTE. Ft. Ibs., in all cses in this book, refers to Ibs. lifted 1 ft. cer second. 550 of which = 1. H. P. 
 * Built at Amoskeag Shop. 
 
13 
 
 DELIVERING COTTON LOOSE ON FLOOR. 
 
 No. 
 Pans. 
 
 Rev. 
 do. 
 
 Lbs. Cott'n 
 per Day. 
 
 Ft. Lbs. 
 per sec. 
 
 Horse- 
 Power. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 1 
 
 1,420 
 
 5,000 
 
 6,868 
 
 12.488 
 
 Counter-shaft included j g^^'p 
 
 1 
 
 1,183 
 
 3,000 
 
 2,971 
 
 5.402 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 1,155 
 
 2,000 
 
 891 
 
 1.620 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1,360 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,149 
 
 2.090 
 
 a u 
 
 2 
 
 J 1,456 
 \ 1,620 
 
 3,200 
 
 3,298 
 
 5.996 
 
 Cotton blown through long dust-box. 
 
 2 
 
 1,600 
 
 3,000 
 
 3,151 
 
 5.730 
 
 " previously opened in mixer " 
 
 1 
 
 750 
 
 3,000 
 
 697 
 
 1.258 
 
 " delivered to last machine. 
 
 1 
 
 TOO 
 
 8,330 
 
 3,490 
 
 6.345 
 
 
 1 
 
 TOO 
 
 10,900 
 
 3,679 
 
 6.689 
 
 
 DELIVERING COTTON IN LAP. 
 
 No. 
 
 Fans. 
 
 Revolution 
 Fans. 
 
 Lbs. Cott'n 
 per Day. 
 
 Wt. Lap 
 per Yd. 
 
 Ft. Lbs. 
 per Sec. 
 
 Horse- 
 Power. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 8 
 
 1 822 
 
 1 000 
 
 
 2,670 
 
 4.860 
 
 1st Picker. 2 Beat's & Fans=2,024=3.68 
 
 2 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 1,676 
 
 3.048 
 
 2d " without Feed-motion=2.487 
 
 1 
 
 1 560 
 
 1 000 
 
 
 1 622 
 
 2.950 
 
 2d " " " 2 252 
 
 1 
 
 2,000 
 
 600 
 
 
 1,387 
 
 2.395 
 
 1st " 
 
 1 
 
 870 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 2,769 
 
 5.034 
 
 2d " 
 
 9, 
 
 
 
 
 3,487 
 
 6.340 
 
 1st " & Hayden Trunk & Dust-box. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 2,703 
 
 4.914 
 
 2d " 
 
 9, 
 
 1,600 
 
 
 
 2,486 
 
 4.520 
 
 1st " 
 
 9, 
 
 1,354 
 
 
 
 2,667 
 
 4.848 
 
 1st " without Feed =3.584 
 
 9, 
 
 1 421 
 
 
 
 2,511 
 
 4.566 
 
 2d " 
 
 2 
 
 1,507 
 
 
 
 10| oz. 
 
 3,237 
 
 5.886 
 
 1st " without Feed =3.885 
 
 9, 
 
 1 507 
 
 
 
 3,441 
 
 6.256 
 
 2d " 
 
 9, 
 
 1 456 
 
 1 200 
 
 
 2,080 
 
 3.776 
 
 1st " without Feed =2.976 
 
 9, 
 
 1,668 
 
 
 
 2,514 
 
 4.571 
 
 2d " 
 
 2 
 
 1,177 
 
 
 
 1,867 
 
 3.394 
 
 2d " with Evener. 
 
 2 
 
 1,500 
 
 2,000 
 
 11 OZ. 
 
 2,830 
 
 5.145 
 
 2d " 
 
 3 i 
 
 2. 1,500 
 1. 2,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 8 oz. 
 
 6,025 
 
 10.954 
 
 1st " 
 
 2 
 
 1,500 
 
 .... 
 
 12 oz. 
 
 3,045 
 
 5.536 
 
 2d " with Evener. 
 
 3 I 
 
 2. 1,600 
 1. 2,100 
 
 3,300 
 
 11 oz. 
 
 6,807 
 
 12.360 
 
 1st " on previously-opened Cotton. 
 
 8 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 5,795 
 
 10.530 
 
 1st " same Machine without Cotton. 
 
 2 i 
 
 1. 1,600 
 1. 2,100 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,897 
 
 7.086 
 
 1st " " 1 Beater and Fan stopped 
 
14 
 
 COTTON OPENERS AND LAPPERS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MACHINE. 
 
 No. 
 Beaters. 
 
 Revolution 
 Beaters. 
 
 Oct., 1873 
 
 j Merrimac Mnfg. ) 
 ( Co., Lowell, f 
 
 Kitson's Compound, 
 
 4 
 
 1,600 
 
 . tt 
 
 it 
 
 tt tt 
 
 4 
 
 1,600 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 tt tt 
 
 4 
 
 1,380 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 (t tt 
 
 4 
 
 1,380 
 
 (i 
 
 u 
 
 <t tt 
 
 4 
 
 1,380 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 " 2d Lapper, 
 
 2 
 
 1,700 
 
 ii 
 
 ti 
 
 tt tt 
 
 2 
 
 1,700 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 tt tt 
 
 2 
 
 1,550 
 
 tt 
 
 ti 
 
 tt tt 
 
 2 
 
 1,550 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 tt tt 
 
 2 
 
 1,400 
 
 tt 
 
 " 
 
 tt tt 
 
 2 
 
 1,400 
 
 Nov., 1873 
 
 j Tremont Mills, ) 
 1 Lowell, f 
 
 " Compound 
 
 4 
 
 1,380 
 
 tt 
 
 it 
 
 tt n 
 
 4 
 
 1,500 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt (t 
 
 4 
 
 1,500 
 
 (t 
 
 (t 
 
 C Whitehead & Atherton 1 
 
 3 
 
 1,300 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 Whipper Lapper, 
 
 3 
 
 1,300 
 
 M 
 
 tt 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 
 
 1,300 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 J 
 
 3 
 
 1,300 
 
 May, 1873 
 u 
 
 Great Falls, N. H., 
 tt 
 
 j Whitehead & Atherton 'i 
 ( Old 1st Lapper, J 
 2d " 
 
 2 
 
 1. 1,200 
 2. 1,500 
 1,500 
 
 Nov., 1873 
 
 j Westville Mill, ) 
 ( Taunton, f 
 
 Kitson Lapper, 
 
 2 
 
 1,500 
 
 Jan., 1874 
 
 ] Clipper Mill, Bal- [ 
 \ timore, Md. f 
 
 tt tt 
 
 3 
 
 1,380 
 
 <t 
 
 tt 
 
 Whitehead & Atherton, 
 
 3 
 
 1,380 
 
 Feb., 1874 
 
 (Jackson Co. Mills, j. 
 ( Nashua, f 
 
 Kitson Compound, 
 
 4 
 
 1,380 
 
 tt 
 
 u 
 
 tt tt 
 
 4 
 
 1,380 
 
 
 
 C Kitson Compound, ) 
 
 r 
 
 1. 700 
 
 tt 
 
 Boott MiUs, Lowell, 
 
 < New Style, with 2 > 
 ( "Broken" Beaters, ) 
 
 4 1 
 
 1. 950 
 2. 1,380 
 
 u 
 
 j Whittenton Mills,) 
 
 j Kitson Compound, Old { 
 
 43 
 
 .... 
 
 
 ( Taunton, f 
 
 i Style, ? 
 
 j 
 
 1,390 
 
 (t 
 
 
 f Same Machine, 1st pair ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 Beaters removed, and 
 
 
 
 Mar., 1874 
 
 tt 
 
 1.24 in. Whipper Cyl- 
 inder substituted by 
 
 1 
 
 1. 1,000 
 2. 1,390 
 
 
 
 Whitehead & Ather- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ton, 1,000 rev. p. min. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( 1.24 inch " Broken " ) 
 
 . 
 
 11 nnn 
 
 M 
 
 (C 
 
 < Beater substituted for [ 
 ( Whipper, by Kitson, ) 
 
 M 
 
 . 1,UUU 
 
 2. 1,390 
 
15 
 
 COTTON LAPPERS (Continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Fans. 
 
 Revolution 
 Fans. 
 
 Lbs. Cott'n 
 per Day. 
 
 Wt.Lap 
 per Yd. 
 
 Ft. Lbs. 
 per Sec. 
 
 Horse- 
 Power. 
 
 REMABKS. 
 
 ..{ 
 
 2. 1,600 
 1. 2,100 
 
 5,000 
 
 19^ OZ. 
 
 7,333 
 
 13.33 
 
 1st Trial, A. M., Heavy Lap. 
 
 
 I 
 
 2. 1,600 
 1. 2,100 
 
 5,000 
 
 19|- OZ. 
 
 7,414 
 
 13.48 
 
 2d " P.M., 
 
 | 
 
 3| 
 
 2. 1,380 
 1. 1,850 
 
 3,000 
 
 11 OZ. 
 
 4,815 
 
 8.75 
 
 Speed reduced. 
 
 t 
 
 H 
 
 2. 1,380 
 1. 1,850 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 3,889 
 
 7.07 
 
 11 without Cotton passing. 
 
 1 
 
 '{ 
 
 l! 1^850 
 
 4,500 
 
 18 oz. 
 
 5,864 
 
 10.66 
 
 Speed same, Lap increased. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1,700 
 
 2,250 
 
 8 oz. 
 
 3,744 
 
 6.80 
 
 " regular, following last machine. 
 
 f 
 
 2 
 
 1,700 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 2,615 
 
 4.755 
 
 " " without Cotton. 
 
 E 
 
 P< 
 
 2 
 
 1,550 
 
 2,300 
 
 10 oz. 
 
 2,923 
 
 5.315 
 
 " reduced. Lap heavier. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1,550 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 2,141 
 
 3.891 
 
 " " without Cotton. 
 
 ~ 
 
 2 
 
 1,400 
 
 1,750 
 
 8Joz. 
 
 2,410 
 
 4.382 
 
 " further reduced. 
 
 
 2 
 
 1,400 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,667 
 
 3.080 
 
 " " " without Cotton. . 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,380 
 
 4,200 
 
 12| oz. 
 
 8,871 
 
 16.128 
 
 2 Trials on Cotton from Bale. 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,500 
 
 3,540 
 
 llf oz. 
 
 8,518 
 
 15.487 
 
 1 Trial " 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,500 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 7,106 
 
 12.92 
 
 1 Trial without Cotton " 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,300 
 
 3,260 
 
 13 oz. 
 
 4,482 
 
 8.15 
 
 Taken as running " 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,300 
 
 3,600 
 
 13 oz. 
 
 4,623 
 
 8.407 
 
 U '11 U 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,300 
 
 4,080 
 
 14| oz. 
 
 4,448 
 
 8.085 
 
 11 (1 U 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,300 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 3,918 
 
 7.123 
 
 Without Cotton. 
 
 
 3 i 
 
 2. 1,500 
 1. 2,000 
 
 
 12 oz. 
 
 5,116 
 
 9.300 
 
 Opened Cotton, 1 Scratcher, 2 Beaters. 
 
 2 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 
 8 oz. 
 
 3,687 
 
 6.70 
 
 Following Jast Machine. 
 
 
 2 
 
 1,500 
 
 2,000 
 
 11 oz. 
 
 2,830 
 
 5.145 
 
 2d Picker. 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,380 
 
 3,930 
 
 16 oz. 
 
 4,383 
 
 7.969 
 
 1st Picker, working Cotton from Bale. 
 
 3 
 
 1,380 
 
 3,600 
 
 12 oz. 
 
 5,883 
 
 10.607 
 
 U It it 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,380 
 
 3,840 
 
 13 oz. 
 
 5,674 
 
 10.318 
 
 U 11 U 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,380 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 4,590 
 
 8.346 
 
 " without Cotton. 
 
 
 j 
 
 1. 1,730 
 
 4,800 
 
 14 oz. 
 
 4,525 
 
 8.228 
 
 " working Cotton from Bale. 
 
 ( 
 
 2. 1,380 
 
 .... 
 
 
 3,282 
 
 5.950 
 
 " without Cotton. 
 
 
 
 1,390 
 
 3,300 
 
 15 oz. 
 
 8,142 
 
 14.805 
 
 Work'g Bl'k Cotton, dyed after Card'g. 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,047 
 
 9.177 
 
 Without Cotton. 
 
 
 
 1. 1,000 
 
 
 
 3,906 
 
 7.102 
 
 
 
 3 ( 
 
 2. 1,390 
 
 3',350 
 
 15 oz. 
 
 6,308 
 
 11.505 
 
 Work'g Black Cotton, as at above test 
 
 
 
 4,420 
 
 19^ oz. 
 
 5,000 
 
 9.091 
 
 Working White Cotton from Bale. 
 
 
 < 
 
 1. 1,000 
 
 
 
 3,691 
 
 6.711 
 
 Without Cotton. 
 
 
 3 i 
 
 2. 1,390 
 
 3^300 
 
 15 oz. 
 
 6,588 
 
 11.978 
 
 Working Dyed Cotton, as before. 
 
 
16 
 
 COTTON CARDS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 | 
 
 Kevol'n 
 
 Lb. Cot. 
 per Day. 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 j Derry MiUs, Man- { 
 \ Chester, N. H., ) 
 
 Hand-Stripper, 
 
 30 
 
 116 
 
 30 
 
 u 
 
 j Amoskeag Mills, j. 
 "j Manches'r, N. H., ) 
 
 Self-Stripper, 
 
 36 
 
 110 
 
 36 
 
 Aug., 1871 
 
 Mauchaug, Mass., 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. " Breaker, 
 
 36 
 
 128 
 
 40 
 
 it 
 
 u u 
 
 " " Finisher, 
 
 36 
 
 128 
 
 40 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 Whittenton, Taunton, 
 
 Mason's Breaker, 
 
 30 
 
 127 
 
 . . 
 
 'a 
 
 tt n 
 
 " Self-Stripper, Finisher, 
 
 36 
 
 120 
 
 
 n 
 
 It tt 
 
 " " Breaker, 
 
 36 
 
 120 
 
 . . 
 
 tt 
 
 It it 
 
 " " Single, 
 
 36 
 
 120 
 
 . . 
 
 Mar., 1872 
 April, 1872 
 
 Haydensville, Mass., 
 Salmon Falls, N. H., 
 
 Whitin's Self-Stripper, 
 Saco W. P. Co. " Breaker, 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 120 
 125 
 
 
 it 
 
 it tt 
 
 " " Finisher, 
 
 36 
 
 125 
 
 . . 
 
 May, 1872 
 
 Rockport, Mass., 
 
 Whitin's Breaker, 
 
 48 
 
 137 
 
 
 u 
 
 u tt 
 
 SacoW. P. Co. S. S. Finsh'r, 
 
 36 
 
 123 
 
 . . 
 
 it 
 
 Masconomet Mill, 
 
 Mason's Breaker, 
 
 24 
 
 133 
 
 
 
 Newburyport, Mass., 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. Finisher, 
 
 36 
 
 127 
 
 
 June, 1872 
 
 j Manchester Print [ 
 1 Works, N. H., y 
 
 a a u 
 
 36 
 
 120 
 
 27 
 
 Nov., 1872 
 
 j Essex Mill, Pat- ) 
 ( erson, N. J., f 
 
 Howard & Bullough, 
 
 36 
 
 115 
 
 76 
 
 Apr., 1873 
 
 Clinton Mill, 
 
 Mason's Cylinder, Wood, 
 
 30 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 Woonsocket, Mass., 
 
 " " Iron, 
 
 30 
 
 132 
 
 
 May, 1873 
 
 Weetamoe, F. Kiver, 
 
 J. Pettee, Single, 
 
 36 
 
 120 
 
 
 Nov., 1873 
 
 Granite, " 
 
 Davol & Co., 
 
 36 
 
 136 
 
 
 June, 1873 
 
 j Ocean Mill, New- ) 
 { buryport, ) 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. Self-Strip'r, 
 
 36 
 
 125 
 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 u u 
 
 36 
 
 125 
 
 
 u 
 
 n 
 
 (( (C 
 
 36 
 
 125 
 
 
 Sept., 1873 
 
 Atlantic Mills, 
 
 Lowell Ma. Shop, " 
 
 36 
 
 130 
 
 65 
 
 u 
 
 Lawrence, Mass., 
 
 u u 
 
 36 
 
 130 
 
 65 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 It it 
 
 36 
 
 130 
 
 65 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 tl tl 
 
 36 
 
 130 
 
 65 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 It tt 
 
 36 
 
 130 
 
 45 
 
 Nov., 1873 
 
 Westville, Taunton, 
 
 Mason, 
 
 36 
 
 156 
 
 36 
 
COTTON CARDS (Continued). 
 
 Ft. Lbs. 
 per Sec. 
 
 Horse- 
 Power. 
 
 No. per 
 Railw'y. 
 
 H. P. of 
 
 Railw'y- 
 
 Total 
 H. P. 
 
 Cards 
 per H.P. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 44.85 
 
 .081 6 
 
 10 
 
 0.585 
 
 1.40 
 
 7.14 
 
 Single Carding for Hosiery, old. 
 
 78.92 
 
 .144 
 
 11 
 
 0.645 
 
 2.229 
 
 5. 
 
 " Tickings. 
 
 46.92 
 
 .085 
 
 52 
 
 1.437 
 
 5.857 
 
 8.88 
 
 2 Tests, Double Carding for fine Cambrics. 
 
 70.77 
 
 .129 
 
 13 
 
 .530 
 
 2.207 
 
 5.89 
 
 
 98. 
 
 .178 
 
 28 
 
 .806 
 
 5.790 
 
 4.83 
 
 Hand-Stripper, very old. 
 
 62. 
 
 .112 
 
 10 
 
 .361 
 
 1.481 
 
 6.75 
 
 
 80. 
 
 .145 
 
 22 
 
 1.016 
 
 4.206 
 
 5.23 
 
 
 80. 
 
 .145 
 
 11 
 
 .380 
 
 1.975 
 
 5.57 
 
 
 YO. 
 
 .126 
 
 9 
 
 .253 
 
 1.387 
 
 6.47 
 
 Single Carding. 
 
 50.58 
 
 .093 
 
 64 
 
 1.020 
 
 6.972 
 
 9.18 
 
 Double " 
 
 50.58 
 
 .093 
 
 16 
 
 .233 
 
 1.721 
 
 8.26 
 
 u u 
 
 201.36 
 
 .366 
 
 48 
 
 1.794 
 
 5.088 
 
 2.48 
 
 Hand-Stripper, old. 
 
 85. 
 
 .155 
 
 12 
 
 .361 
 
 2.221 
 
 5.40 
 
 Self 
 
 105. 
 
 .191 
 
 68 
 
 2.539 
 
 15.527 
 
 4.40 
 
 Hand-Stripper, Old. 
 
 147. 
 
 .268 
 
 11 
 
 .512 
 
 3.460 
 
 3.18 
 
 Self 
 
 40. 
 
 .073 
 
 12 
 
 .601 
 
 1.477 
 
 8.12 
 
 U U 
 
 280. 
 
 .527 
 
 . . 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 1.90 
 
 Single Card, Coiler, 8 W'kers & Strip're , 
 
 158. 
 
 .288 
 
 24 
 
 .247 
 
 7.159 
 
 3.35 
 
 Hand-Stripper, Breaker, old. 
 
 113.21 
 
 .206 
 
 12 
 
 .507 
 
 2.979 
 
 4.03 
 
 Self " , Finisher, " 
 
 120. 
 
 .218 
 
 12 
 
 *.667 
 
 3.283 
 
 3.66 
 
 H tt 
 
 92. 
 
 .167 
 
 15 
 
 .689 
 
 3.194 
 
 4.70 
 
 
 63.57 
 
 .116 
 
 10 
 
 .430 
 
 1.530 
 
 6.29 
 
 Single Carding. 
 
 66.07 
 
 .120 
 
 32 
 
 1.535 
 
 5.375 
 
 6. 
 
 Breaker. 
 
 65. 
 
 .118 
 
 8 
 
 .354 
 
 1.298 
 
 6.16 
 
 Finisher. 
 
 150. 
 
 .273 
 
 60 
 
 2.267 
 
 18.647 
 
 3.28 
 
 Breaker. 
 
 143.75 
 
 .261 
 
 60 
 
 2.267 
 
 17.927 
 
 3.35 
 
 u 
 
 189.13 
 
 .253 
 
 9 
 
 .906 
 
 3.183 
 
 2.83 
 
 Finisher. 
 
 125.22 
 
 .228 
 
 9 
 
 .906 
 
 2.958 
 
 3.04 
 
 " 
 
 82.92 
 
 .151 
 
 9 
 
 .906 
 
 2.265 
 
 3.97 
 
 H 
 
 76.74 
 
 .139* 
 
 11 
 
 .803 
 
 2.337 
 
 4.71 
 
 Single Carding. 
 
 * Estimated. 
 
18 
 
 RAILWAY-HEADS FOR CARDS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Amoskeag Mills, K H., 
 
 Breaker, Lap-Head, 
 
 August, 1871 
 
 Manchaug Mills, Mass., 
 
 U 11 
 
 January, 1872 
 
 Whittenton Mills, Mass., 
 
 u u 
 
 tt u 
 
 ft u u 
 
 It U 
 
 May, " 
 
 Salmon Falls, ST. H., 
 
 u u 
 
 u tt 
 
 Eockport, Mass., 
 
 u u 
 
 a tt 
 
 Masconomet, Newburyport, Mass., 
 
 u u 
 
 June, " 
 
 Manchester Print Works, K H., 
 
 a u 
 
 April, 1873 
 
 Clinton Mill, Woonsocket, R. I., 
 
 a a 
 
 June, " 
 
 Ocean Mill, Newburyport, Mass., 
 
 u u 
 
 September, " 
 
 Atlantic Mill, Lawrence, Mass., 
 
 U (( 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Berry Mill, Manchester, N. H., 
 
 Finisher Railway, 
 
 t( a 
 
 Amoskeag Mills, Manchester, N". H., 
 
 it tt 
 
 u u 
 
 a a tt a 
 
 tt tt 
 
 August, " 
 
 Manchaug Mills, Mass., 
 
 tt u 
 
 January, 1872 
 
 Whittenton, Taunton, Mass., 
 
 tt tt 
 
 March, " 
 
 Haydensville, Mass., 
 
 tt U 
 
 u u 
 
 Salmon Falls, K H., 
 
 tt 11 
 
 May, 
 
 Rockport, Mass., 
 
 tt u 
 
 tt tt 
 
 Masconomet, Newburyport, Mass., 
 
 tt U 
 
 June, " 
 
 Manchester Print Works, N. H., 
 
 tt (i 
 
 April, 1873 
 
 Clinton Mill, Woonsocket, R. I., 
 
 It U 
 
 June, " 
 
 Ocean Mill, Newburyport, Mass., 
 
 tt U 
 
 ft 
 
 u a u u 
 
 tt U 
 
 September, " 
 
 Atlantic, Lawrence, Mass., 
 
 tt <( 
 
 November, " 
 
 Granite, Fall River, Mass., 
 
 tt (( 
 
 U U 
 
 Westville, Taunton, " 
 
 tt (( 
 
 U U 
 
 u u 
 
 tt tt 
 
19 
 
 RAILWAY-HEADS FOR CARDS. 
 
 No. of Cards. 
 
 Diameter of Roll 
 
 Velocity of Boll. 
 
 Ft. Ib. per Sec. 
 
 Horse-Power. 
 
 32 
 
 9 inches. 
 
 10 yds. per min. 
 
 578. 
 
 1.051 
 
 52 
 
 u 
 
 9.42 " " 
 
 790. 
 
 1.437 
 
 28 
 
 u 
 
 10. " " 
 
 443. 
 
 .806 
 
 22 
 
 u 
 
 10. " " 
 
 559. 
 
 1.016 
 
 64 
 
 u 
 
 7.33 " " 
 
 560. 
 
 1.020 
 
 48, 48in 
 
 a 
 
 10. " " 
 
 987. 
 
 1.794 
 
 68, 24in 
 
 a 
 
 11. " " 
 
 1396. 
 
 2.539 
 
 36 
 
 n 
 
 10. " " 
 
 519. 
 
 .944 
 
 24 
 
 Can. 
 
 11.66 " " 
 
 135.76 
 
 .247 
 
 32 
 
 9 inches. 
 
 12. " " 
 
 844. 
 
 1.555 
 
 60 
 
 5 inches. 
 
 14:5 " " 
 
 1247. 
 
 2.267 
 
 10 
 
 1 inches. 
 
 320 revolutions. 
 
 321. 
 
 .585 
 
 11 
 
 u 
 
 400 " 
 
 395. 
 
 .716 
 
 11 
 
 u 
 
 378 " 
 
 - 361. 
 
 .656 
 
 13 
 
 u 
 
 290 " 
 
 291.46 
 
 .530 
 
 10 
 
 u 
 
 302 " 
 
 188. 
 
 .361 
 
 9 
 
 it 
 
 220 " 
 
 139. 
 
 .253 
 
 8 
 
 <t 
 
 230 " 
 
 128. 
 
 .233 
 
 12 
 
 u 
 
 200 " 
 
 198.38 
 
 .361 
 
 11 
 
 u 
 
 360 " 
 
 282. 
 
 .512 
 
 12 
 
 u 
 
 282 " 
 
 336. 
 
 .601 
 
 12 
 
 (( 
 
 394 " 
 
 278.57 
 
 .507 
 
 10 
 
 u 
 
 200 " 
 
 236.36 
 
 .430 
 
 8 
 
 u 
 
 200 " 
 
 194.44 
 
 .354 
 
 9 
 
 u 
 
 365 " 
 
 498. 
 
 .906 
 
 15 
 
 u 
 
 412 " 
 
 379.17 
 
 .689 
 
 11 
 
 It 
 
 306 " 
 
 310. 
 
 .564 
 
 11 
 
 it 
 
 312 " 
 
 441.51 
 
 .803 
 
20 
 
 DRAWINO-FRAMES.COTTON 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER. 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Derry Mills, Manchester, N. H., 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 u a 
 
 Amoskeag Mills, Amoskeag, " 
 
 Amoskeag Co., 1st, 
 
 a u 
 
 U U U U 
 
 " " 2d, 
 
 July, 
 
 Langdon Mills, 
 
 Whitin, 
 
 August, " 
 
 Manchaug Mills, Mass., 
 
 Saco W. P. Co., 1st, 
 
 a a 
 
 U (I U 
 
 2d, 
 
 January, 1872 
 
 Whittenton, Taunton, Mass., 
 
 Mason, 
 
 u c; 
 
 tl U i( 
 
 u 
 
 u u 
 
 u u u 
 
 u 
 
 March, " 
 
 Haydensville, Mass., 
 
 Whitin, 
 
 April, " 
 
 Salmon Falls, N. H., 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. 
 
 May, 
 
 Kockport, Mass., 
 
 Mason, 
 
 a u 
 
 Masconomet, Newburyport, Mass., 
 
 " 1st, 
 
 a u 
 
 u u 
 
 " 2d, 
 
 June, " 
 
 Manchester Print Works, N". H., 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. 1st, 
 
 (( It 
 
 U U U 11 
 
 " " 2d, 
 
 November, " 
 
 Essex, Paterson, N". J., 
 
 Howard & Bullough, 
 
 April, 1873 
 
 Clinton, "Woonsocket, E. I., 
 
 Whitin, 1st, 
 
 
 u u u 
 
 " 2d, 
 
 
 u u u 
 
 " 3d, 
 
 May, 
 
 "Weetamoe, Fall Eiver, Mass., 
 
 Whitin, 1st, 
 
 
 u a u 
 
 " 2d, 
 
 June, " 
 
 Ocean, Newburyport, " 
 
 Higgins, 1st, 
 
 a tt 
 
 u u 
 
 u 2d, 
 
 November, " 
 
 Granite, Fall Eiver, " . 
 
 Whitin, 1st, 
 
 a it 
 
 u u 
 
 " 2d, 
 
 a u 
 
 Westville, Taunton, u 
 
 Mason, 1st, 
 
 
 U U (t 
 
 " 2d, 
 
21 
 
 DRAWING-FRAME S. COTTON. 
 
 No. 
 Rolls. 
 
 Kev. 
 per min. 
 
 Doublings. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 No. De- 
 liveries. 
 
 Ft. Lb. per 
 
 Delivery. 
 
 H.P. per 
 Deliv'ry 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 
 qin 
 
 2 
 
 450 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 46.20 
 
 .084 
 
 .506 
 
 4 
 
 240 
 
 2 
 
 3. 
 
 97.g. 
 
 74.g 
 
 8 
 
 39.4 
 
 .072 
 
 .573 
 
 4 
 
 240 
 
 4 
 
 3.50 
 
 74. 
 
 80. 
 
 8 
 
 40.7 
 
 .074 
 
 .591 
 
 4 
 
 221 
 
 2 
 
 4. 
 
 79. 
 
 40. 
 
 6 
 
 52.8 
 
 .096 
 
 .580 
 
 5 
 
 226 
 
 3 
 
 4.0T 
 
 115. 
 
 87. 
 
 6 
 
 60.5 
 
 .110 
 
 .662. 
 
 5 
 
 226 
 
 3 
 
 4.30 
 
 87. 
 
 66. 
 
 8 
 
 57.75 
 
 .105 
 
 .842 
 
 3 
 
 400 
 
 2 
 
 5. 
 
 62.5 
 
 12.5 
 
 10 
 
 47.4 
 
 .086 
 
 .860 
 
 4" 
 
 040 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 105. 
 
 .190 
 
 .762 
 
 4" 
 
 155 
 
 3 
 
 3 50 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 66.6 
 
 .121 
 
 .727 
 
 4. 
 
 220 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 65. 
 
 .119 
 
 .474 
 
 5 
 
 196 
 
 3 
 
 3.34 
 
 109. 
 
 98. 
 
 8 
 
 45.5 
 
 .083 
 
 .662 
 
 A 
 
 202 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 42.73 
 
 .078 
 
 .621 
 
 5 
 
 258 
 
 3 
 
 4.83 
 
 123. 
 
 75. 
 
 6 
 
 79.40 
 
 .144 
 
 .866 
 
 5 
 
 296 
 
 3 
 
 4.68 
 
 75. 
 
 48. 
 
 8 
 
 75. 
 
 .136 
 
 1.091 
 
 5 
 
 184 
 
 3 
 
 3.33 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 12 - 
 
 72.4 
 
 .132 
 
 1.580 
 
 
 240 
 
 3 
 
 3.75 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 80.3 
 
 .146 
 
 1.753 
 
 4 
 
 338 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 74.72 
 
 .136 
 
 .815 
 
 4 
 
 381 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 104.36 
 
 .190 
 
 1.138 
 
 4 
 
 361 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 113.75 
 
 .207 
 
 1.655' 
 
 4 
 
 380 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 53.27 
 
 .097 
 
 1.937 
 
 4 
 
 220 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 72. 
 
 .131 
 
 .784 
 
 4 
 
 210 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 42.65 
 
 .078 
 
 .930 
 
 4. 
 
 220 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 46.38 
 
 .086 
 
 1.012 
 
 4 
 
 220 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 38. 
 
 .068 
 
 1.091 
 
 4 
 
 238 
 
 3 
 
 4. 
 
 136. 
 
 102. 
 
 8 
 
 63.5 
 
 .115 
 
 .924 
 
 4 
 
 238 
 
 3 
 
 4.61 
 
 102. 
 
 76.5 
 
 12 
 
 59.4 
 
 .108 
 
 1.296 
 
 4 
 
 312 
 
 3 
 
 4.50 
 
 135. 
 
 90. 
 
 4 
 
 73.21 
 
 .134 
 
 .534 
 
 4 
 
 415 
 
 3 
 
 4.50 
 
 90. 
 
 55. 
 
 4 
 
 89.12 
 
 .162 
 
 .648 
 
22 
 
 DEAD-SPINDLE ROVING-FRAMES. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Size of 
 Bobbin. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Kev. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 April, 1871 
 
 Stark Mills, 
 
 Lowell Speeder, 
 
 10 2 x5 3 
 
 28 
 
 720 
 
 U <( 
 
 Manchester, N. H., 
 
 u tt 
 
 8 X 4 
 
 52 
 
 904 
 
 u a 
 
 tt a 
 
 a it 
 
 u 
 
 64 
 
 830 
 
 June, " 
 
 Amoskeag Mills, 
 
 " " built 
 
 12 x 6 
 
 30 
 
 501 
 
 a a 
 
 Manchester, 
 
 by Amoskeag Co., 
 
 10 x 5 
 
 40 
 
 601 
 
 it a 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 40 
 
 575 
 
 u u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 8x4 
 
 46 
 
 887 
 
 a u 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 64 
 
 782 
 
 u a 
 
 U 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 64 
 
 906 
 
 Mar., 1872 
 
 Haydensville, 
 
 Brown Speeder, 
 
 9 x 4 6 
 
 30 
 
 
 u u 
 
 u 
 
 " " 
 
 7 x3 a 
 
 44 
 
 .... 
 
 " 1873 
 
 Am. Linen Co., F. River, 
 
 tt u 
 
 u 
 
 78 
 
 1277 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 Westville, Taunton, 
 
 a ti 
 
 a 
 
 60 
 
 962 
 
 Mar., 1872 
 
 Haydensville, 
 
 Pettee, "Soft Bobbin," 
 
 it 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 ROVING-FRAMES, 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESOBIPTION. 
 
 Size of 
 Bobbin. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 Aug., 1871 
 
 Manchaug, Mass., 
 
 SacoW. P. Co. Slubber 
 
 12x6 
 
 48 
 
 590 
 
 Sept., " 
 
 Wauregan, Conn., 
 
 u u 
 
 a 
 
 52 
 
 540 
 
 tt u 
 
 u u 
 
 Higgins & Sons' " 
 
 u 
 
 40 
 
 475 
 
 April, 1872 
 
 Salmon Falls, N". H., 
 
 it it 
 
 u 
 
 56 
 
 530 
 
 
 Masconomet, Newbury- 
 
 
 
 
 
 May, " 
 
 port, Mass., 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. " 
 
 ti 
 
 60 
 
 543 
 
 June, " 
 
 Manchester P. Works, 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 44 
 
 360 
 
 Mar., 1873 
 
 Am. Linen Co., F. River, 
 
 Higgins & Sons' " 
 
 it 
 
 64 
 
 606 
 
 tt It 
 
 a u a 
 
 it it 
 
 tt 
 
 60 
 
 515 
 
 it u 
 
 u it tt 
 
 Walker & Hacking" 
 
 it 
 
 64 
 
 543 
 
 April, " 
 
 Mannville, R. I., 
 
 Prov. Mach. Co. " 
 
 tt 
 
 68 
 
 648 
 
 May, " 
 
 Weetamoe, Fall River, 
 
 Curtis, Parr & Co. " 
 
 it 
 
 48 
 
 550 
 
 June, " 
 
 ( Ocean, ISTewbury- ) 
 
 Higgins & Sons' " 
 
 it 
 
 48 
 
 560 
 
 U 11 
 
 ( port, Mass., J 
 
 u u 
 
 tt 
 
 68 
 
 560 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 j Granite Mills, ) 
 
 Howa'd&Bullough" 
 
 it 
 
 48 
 
 630 
 
 U it 
 
 | Fall River, Mass., f 
 
 u u 
 
 tt 
 
 56 
 
 630 
 
23 
 
 DEAD-SPINDLE ROVING-FRAMES. 
 
 Diam. of 
 Boll. 
 
 Rev. 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Spindle. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindl's 
 H.P. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 li 
 li 
 
 175 
 162 
 
 4. 
 6. 
 
 72.gr. 
 18.3 
 
 18.8g. 
 6.* 
 
 465 
 597 
 
 16.6 
 11.49 
 
 .845 
 1.086 
 
 33.67 
 
 47.88 
 
 Average half-full 
 Bobbin. 
 
 tt 
 
 149 
 
 6. 
 
 18.3 
 
 5.* 
 
 626 
 
 9.78 
 
 1.138 
 
 56.24 
 
 M 
 
 li 
 
 178 
 
 3.50 
 
 80. 
 
 25. 
 
 461 
 
 15.36 
 
 .838 
 
 35.80 
 
 M 
 
 IT\ 
 
 170 
 
 4. 
 
 25. 
 
 12.50 
 
 522 
 
 13.05 
 
 .949 
 
 41.15 
 
 || 
 
 a 
 
 159 
 
 4.24 
 
 75. 
 
 17.70 
 
 554 
 
 13.85 
 
 1.007 
 
 39.72 
 
 
 n 
 
 180 
 
 5.78 
 
 17.70 
 
 1.381i 
 
 682 
 
 14.83 
 
 1.240 
 
 37.10 
 
 II 
 
 it 
 
 126 
 
 6.04 
 
 12.50 
 
 2. lik. 
 
 563 
 
 9.06 
 
 1.023 
 
 62.56 
 
 11 
 
 u 
 
 144 
 
 6.04 
 
 12.50 
 
 2. lik. 
 
 670 
 
 10.47 
 
 1.218 
 
 52.54 
 
 H 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 585 
 
 19.50 
 
 1.064 
 
 28.20 
 
 U 
 
 A 4 
 
 li. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,037 
 
 23.58 
 
 1.887 
 
 23.32 
 
 H 
 
 * o 
 
 a 
 
 125 
 
 6.60 
 
 1.25hk 
 
 4.13 h 
 
 859 
 
 11.01 
 
 1.561 
 
 50.. 
 
 || 
 
 a 
 
 175 
 
 6.50 
 
 55.gr. 
 
 0.95 h 
 
 830 
 
 13.63 
 
 1.509 
 
 40. 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 12.50 
 
 .910 
 
 44. 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ROVING-FRAME S. 
 
 Diam. ot 
 Roll. 
 
 Rev. 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Spindle. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindl's 
 JH.P. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 li 
 
 a 
 
 152 
 135 
 
 5.63 
 4.79 
 
 66.gr. 
 
 72.85 
 
 0.52 h 
 15.21 g 
 
 739 
 
 684 
 
 15.39 
 13.15 
 
 1.343 
 1.244 
 
 35. 
 
 41.8 
 
 Average half full. 
 
 u tt 
 
 n 
 
 125 
 
 4.48 
 
 60. 
 
 13. 
 
 521.20 
 
 13.03 
 
 .948 
 
 42.13 
 
 it u 
 
 it 
 
 142 
 
 4.72 
 
 85. 
 
 18. 
 
 692. 
 
 12.36 
 
 1.259 
 
 44.4 
 
 " New Frame. 
 
 it 
 
 183 
 
 3.80 
 
 47.9 
 
 0.56 h 
 
 796.5 
 
 15.27 
 
 1.448 
 
 41.4 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 92 
 
 4.03 
 
 0.13hk 
 
 0.531i 
 
 357 
 
 8.12 
 
 .650 
 
 68. 
 
 M 
 
 it 
 
 212 
 
 
 
 0.43 
 
 1220 
 
 19.06 
 
 2.217 
 
 28.75 
 
 tl /\1A TZ1-**fn 
 
 it 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 0.52 
 
 1154 
 
 19.24 
 
 2.100 
 
 28. 
 
 Old rame. 
 
 it 
 
 190 
 
 
 
 0.49 
 
 778.83 
 
 12.16 
 
 1.419 
 
 45. 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 107 
 
 4. 
 
 '6.14" 
 
 0.55 
 
 621 
 
 9.13 
 
 1.129 
 
 60. 
 
 M 
 
 tt 
 
 156 
 
 
 
 
 738.5 
 
 15.38 
 
 .738.5 
 
 35.76 
 
 
 H 
 
 150 
 
 4.17 
 
 0.12 
 
 0.50 
 
 454 
 
 9.44 
 
 .824 
 
 58.25 
 
 t4 
 
 u 
 
 150 
 
 4.17 
 
 0.12 
 
 0.50 
 
 827 
 
 12.16 
 
 1.503 
 
 45.50 
 
 U 
 
 li 
 
 174 
 
 4.53 
 
 76.5gr. 
 
 0.39 
 
 725 
 
 15.11 
 
 1.318 
 
 36.42 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 174 
 
 4.53 
 
 76.5gr. 
 
 0.39 
 
 862 
 
 15.51 
 
 1.567 
 
 35.75 
 
 u 
 
ROVING-FRAMES. (Continued.) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Size of 
 Bobbin. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 July, 1871 
 
 Langdon Mills, N. H. 
 
 Prov. Ma. Co. Slubber, 
 
 10x5 
 
 48 
 
 615 
 
 Aug., " 
 
 Manchaug Mills, Mass. 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. Inter., 
 
 
 80 
 
 736 
 
 u a 
 
 U U It 
 
 City M. Co. Slubber, 
 
 
 88 
 
 720 
 
 Sept., " 
 
 Wauregan, Conn., 
 
 Higgins & Sons " 
 
 
 52 
 
 509 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 j Whittenton Mills, 
 
 Wm. Mason " 
 
 
 56 
 
 670 
 
 u u 
 
 ( Taunton, Mass. 
 
 u a 
 
 
 64 
 
 634 
 
 April, " 
 
 Salmon Falls, N. H., 
 
 Higgins & Sons Inter., 
 
 
 88 
 
 630 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 Essex, Paterson, N. J., 
 
 How'd&Bull'hSlub., 
 
 
 80 
 
 564 
 
 a n 
 
 it tt it 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. " 
 
 
 60 
 
 525 
 
 Dec., " 
 
 WasVgton, Gloster,N. J., 
 
 Higgins & Sons " 
 
 
 76 
 
 750 
 
 Jan., 1873 
 
 Potomska, N. Bedford, 
 
 City Ma. Co. " 
 
 
 52 
 
 450 
 
 April, " 
 
 Manville, R. I., 
 
 Prov. Ma. Co. 1st In., 
 
 it 
 
 80 
 
 769 
 
 it 
 
 Social, Woonsocket, R. I. 
 
 City Ma. Co. Slubber, 
 
 tt 
 
 80 
 
 714 
 
 May, " 
 
 Weetamoe, Fall River, 
 
 Curtis, Parr & Co. In., 
 
 it 
 
 68 
 
 650 
 
 June, " 
 
 j Ocean Mills, New- 
 
 Higgins & Sons In- / 
 
 it 
 
 64 
 
 780 
 
 u u 
 
 i buryport, Mass., 
 
 termediates. f 
 
 it 
 
 88 
 
 780 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 Granite, Fall River, 
 
 How'd&Bull'h Inter., 
 
 tt 
 
 66 
 
 694 
 
 May, 1872 
 
 Rockport, Mass., 
 
 Prov. Ma. Co. Slubber, 
 
 it 
 
 60 
 
 477 
 
 ROVING-FRAMES, 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Size of 
 Bobbin. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Rev. 
 Spin. 
 
 July, 1871 
 
 Amoskeag, Manchester, 
 
 Prov. Ma. Co. Interm., 
 
 9x4 2 
 
 84 
 
 815 
 
 a a 
 
 Langdon, " 
 
 u a 
 
 a 
 
 80 
 
 773 
 
 Sept., " 
 
 Wauregan, Conn., 
 
 Higgins & Sons " 
 
 it 
 
 96 
 
 575 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 Whittenton, Taunton, 
 
 Mason " 
 
 it 
 
 72 
 
 676 
 
 May, 
 
 Rockport, Mass., 
 
 Prov. Ma. Co. " 
 
 it 
 
 72 
 
 588 
 
 u u 
 
 it it 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. " 
 
 it 
 
 84 
 
 604 
 
 It It 
 
 Masconomet, Mass., 
 
 Prov. Ma. Co. " 
 
 tt 
 
 80 
 
 630 
 
 June, ' 
 
 Manchester P. W., N. H. 
 
 SacoW.P.Co.lst" 
 
 it 
 
 72 
 
 550 
 
 Nov., ' 
 
 Essex, Paterson, N. J., 
 
 How'd&Bull'h " 
 
 it 
 
 100 
 
 562 
 
 Mar., 1873 
 
 j Am. Linen Co., Fall 
 
 Higgins & Sons " 
 
 ti 
 
 72 
 
 730 
 
 a t 
 
 ( River, Mass., 
 
 Walker & Hacking" 
 
 it 
 
 72 
 
 781 
 
 April, ' 
 
 Clinton, "Woonsocket, 
 
 Higgins & Sons Slub., 
 
 it 
 
 72 
 
 530 
 
 Nov., * 
 
 l Westville, Taunton, 
 
 Prov. Ma. Co. " 
 
 tt 
 
 80 
 
 880 
 
 U t 
 
 ] Mass., 
 
 u u 
 
 tt 
 
 80 
 
 576 
 
 Sept., 1871 
 
 Wauregan, Conn., 
 
 Higgins & Sons Inter., 
 
 8x4 
 
 80 
 
 709 
 
 Dec., 1872 
 
 Washington, N. J., 
 
 tt n 
 
 ti 
 
 96 
 
 900 
 
 Jan., 1873 
 
 Potomska, N. Bedford, 
 
 City Mach. Co. " 
 
 It 
 
 104 
 
 575 
 
 April, " 
 
 Manville, R. I., 
 
 Prov. Ma. Co. 2d " 
 
 a 
 
 136 
 
 952 
 
25 
 
 ROVING-FRAMES. ( Continued.) 
 
 Diam. of 
 Roll. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft, Lh. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Spindle. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindl'e 
 H.P. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 it 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 138 
 133 
 216 
 130 
 
 4. 
 5.03 
 4.03 
 4 03 
 
 39.77g 
 0.52h 
 
 T.ig 
 
 0.84h 
 1.25 
 0.54 
 
 434. 
 676. 
 1550 
 554 
 
 9.04 
 8.98 
 17.62 
 10 66 
 
 .789 
 1.300 
 2.819 
 1 008 
 
 60.86 
 62. 
 31.21 
 51 67 
 
 Half-fall Bobbin. 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 120 
 173 
 
 4.80 
 4.50 
 
 12t-g. 
 
 0.66 
 
 747. 
 925. 
 
 13.33 
 14.45 
 
 1.358 
 1.682 
 
 41.26 
 38.05 
 
 
 a 
 It 
 
 1* 
 
 112 
 
 176 
 101 
 200 
 
 5.14 
 6. 
 6. 
 
 18.g. 
 70.25 
 50.g. 
 
 T-g. 
 0.69 
 1.00 
 
 600. 
 879. 
 470.6 
 1650 
 
 6.82 
 10.99 
 7.84 
 22.71 
 
 1.091 
 1.595 
 .856 
 3.000 
 
 80.66 
 50. 
 70. 
 2530 
 
 tt u 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 (l 
 
 130 
 95 
 
 19,0 
 
 4. 
 4.2 
 5.41 
 
 O.lSh 
 0.55 
 
 0.55 
 1.30 
 
 446. 
 
 577. 
 848. 
 
 8.58 
 7.21 
 10.60 
 
 .811 
 1.049 
 1.541 
 
 64. 
 76. 
 52. 
 
 u tt 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 (i 
 
 140 
 130 
 130 
 124 
 145 
 
 5.30 
 5.30 
 5.30 
 6.20 
 4 90 
 
 0.50 
 0.50 
 0.50 
 0.39 
 
 1.32 
 1.32 
 1.32 
 1.21 
 
 939. 
 483.76 
 996. 
 780. 
 469 
 
 13.81 
 7.56 
 11.32 
 11.82 
 
 7 81 
 
 1.707 
 .878 
 1.811 
 1.418 
 853 
 
 40. 
 73. 
 
 48.5 
 46.5 
 70 
 
 t tt 
 
 ' New Frame 
 ' just started. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ROVING-FRAMES. ( Continued.) 
 
 Diam. of 
 Roll. 
 
 li 
 
 
 tt 
 
 It 
 
 li 
 
 it 
 
 11 
 it 
 it 
 
 li 
 
 i( 
 
 it 
 
 It 
 
 Rev. 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Spindle. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindl's 
 H.P. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 140 
 118 
 93 
 120 
 100 
 108 
 100 
 110 
 107 
 138 
 140 
 118 
 174 
 141 
 
 '125 
 
 180 
 118 
 100 
 
 5.25 
 4.50 
 5.07 
 
 0.47 li 
 0.84 
 13.g. 
 
 1.25h 
 1.88 
 1.50 
 
 575 
 681 
 723 
 814 
 475 
 507 
 537 
 417 
 781 
 911 
 858 
 326 
 937 
 833 
 
 539 
 1,175 
 573 
 
 885 
 
 6.84 
 8.51 
 7.53 
 11.30 
 6.60 
 6.04 
 6.72 
 5.79 
 7.80 
 12.05 
 11.92 
 4.59 
 11.14 
 9.47 
 
 6.74 
 12.24 
 5.51 
 6.53 
 
 1.045 
 
 1:238 
 
 1.314 
 
 1.480 
 .863 
 .924 
 .977 
 .758 
 1.420 
 1.656 
 1.561 
 .593 
 1.705 
 1.585 
 
 .981 
 2.137 
 1.042 
 1.610 
 
 80.58 
 64.62 
 73.06 
 48.65 
 83. 
 91. 
 82. 
 95. 
 70. 
 43.5 
 46. 
 120. 
 47. 
 58. 
 
 81.5 
 45. 
 100. 
 84. 
 
 Half-fall Bobbin. 
 
 it tt 
 11 tl 
 tt tt 
 
 it tt 
 tl it 
 tt tl 
 
 tt tt 
 tt tt 
 (i tt 
 
 11 Centrifugal 
 " Presser. 
 
 tt 
 tt 
 tt 
 
 H 
 
 5.20 
 5.20 
 5.27 
 5.03 
 4.20 
 5.50 
 5. 
 4.80 
 6.50 
 3.76 
 
 5.67 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.56 
 0.53 
 0.69 
 0.43 
 0.49 
 
 55.g.' 
 55.g. 
 
 0.85 
 
 1.49 
 1.30 
 1.45 
 1.20 
 1.26 
 1.14 
 9.95 
 0.55 
 
 2.33 
 
 6.18 
 5. 
 
 0.55 
 1.30 
 
 1.39 
 3.27 
 
26 
 
 ROVING-FRAMES. ( Continued.) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PIXA.CE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Size of 
 Bobbin. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Kev. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 July, 1871 
 
 j Langdon Mills, Man- ) 
 ( Chester, N. H. J 
 
 ( Prov. Machine Co. ) 
 1 Fine F. Frame, J 
 
 7x3|- 
 
 144 
 
 934 
 
 Aug., " 
 
 Manchaug, Mass, 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. 2d In, 
 
 a 
 
 136 
 
 968 
 
 u u 
 
 a tt 
 
 " Fine F. Frame, 
 
 a 
 
 136 
 
 979 
 
 Sept, 
 
 Wauregan, Conn, 
 
 a u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 993 
 
 a u 
 
 tt u 
 
 Higgins & Sons 
 
 a 
 
 128 
 
 993 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 Whittenton MiUs, 
 
 Wm. Mason 
 
 it 
 
 112 
 
 779 
 
 U 11 
 
 Taunton, Mass, 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 128 
 
 935 
 
 ti it 
 
 u u 
 
 If 
 
 it 
 
 112 
 
 935 
 
 u u 
 
 44 It 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 136 
 
 861 
 
 April, 
 
 Salmon Falls, N. H, 
 
 Higgins & Sons 
 
 it 
 
 152 
 
 1060 
 
 May, " 
 
 Rockport, Mass, 
 
 Saco W. P. Co, " 
 
 it 
 
 128 
 
 904 
 
 June, " 
 
 Manchester P. W, N. H. 
 
 " 2d Interme, 
 
 it 
 
 144 
 
 1000 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 Essex, Paterson, N. J: 
 
 How'd&Bull.F.F.F. 
 
 tt 
 
 144 
 
 873 
 
 u u 
 
 it u u 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. " 
 
 it 
 
 144 
 
 775 
 
 Dec, " 
 
 Wash'gton, Gloucst,N.J. 
 
 Higgins & Sons " 
 
 7x3 
 
 140 
 
 1350 
 
 Mar, 1873 
 
 Am. Linen Co, F. River, 
 
 u u 
 
 7x3^ 
 
 144 
 
 1305 
 
 April, " 
 
 j Clinton Mill, Woon- ) 
 
 u u 
 
 a 
 
 120 
 
 760 
 
 it tl 
 
 1 socket, Mass, C 
 
 u u 
 
 it 
 
 120 
 
 744 
 
 
 
 u u 
 
 Prov. Mach. Co. " 
 
 u 
 
 120 
 
 707 
 
 u 
 
 Social Mill, " 
 
 City " " 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 1041 
 
 u 
 
 a a 
 
 u u u 
 
 n 
 
 160 
 
 1041 
 
 u 
 
 a a 
 
 Wm. Mason " 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 900 
 
 May, 
 
 Weetamoe, Fall River, 
 
 Curtis, Parr & Co. " 
 
 It 
 
 144 
 
 1060 
 
 June, " 
 
 j Ocean Mill, New- ) 
 
 Higgins & Sons " 
 
 It 
 
 136 
 
 1160 
 
 u ti 
 
 ( buryport, Mass, J 
 
 u u 
 
 It 
 
 152 
 
 1160 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 Granite Mill, Fall River, 
 
 How'd&Bull'h, " 
 
 tt 
 
 160 
 
 1070 
 
 July, 1871 
 
 Amoskeag, Man'r, N. H, 
 
 Prov. M. Co. F. F. F, 
 
 6x3 
 
 128 
 
 611 
 
 May, 1872 
 
 Rockport, Mass, 
 
 U It 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 900 
 
 a u 
 
 Masconomet, New'port, 
 
 It It 
 
 ' tl 
 
 136 
 
 1000 
 
 Jan, 1873 
 
 Potomska, N. Bedford, 
 
 City Mach. Co. " 
 
 It 
 
 168 
 
 900 
 
 April, " 
 
 Manville, R. I, 
 
 Prov. " " " 
 
 It 
 
 184 
 
 1129 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 Westville, Taunton, 
 
 a a a it 
 
 It 
 
 128 
 
 832 
 
 Aug., 187S 
 
 Manchaug, Mass, 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. F.F.F, 
 
 5x2i 
 
 144 
 
 1117 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Manchester P. W, N. H, 
 
 u u a 
 
 u 
 
 152 
 
 1340 
 
27 
 
 ROVINO-FRAMBa ( Continued.) 
 
 Diam. of 
 Roll. 
 
 Rev. 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Spindle. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindles 
 perH.P. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 1* 
 
 98 
 
 5. 
 
 1.88 h. 
 
 4.76 h. 
 
 577 
 
 4.01 
 
 1.050 
 
 137. 
 
 Bob. * full. 
 
 M 
 
 115 
 
 5.90 
 
 1.25 
 
 4. 
 
 823 
 
 6.05 
 
 1.496. 
 
 91. 
 
 44 44 
 
 u 
 
 94 
 
 6.30 
 
 1.87 
 
 5.95 
 
 716 
 
 5.26 
 
 1.302 
 
 104.5 
 
 44 44 
 
 (( 
 
 106 
 
 5.98 
 
 1.54 
 
 4.75 
 
 910 
 
 7.11 
 
 1.655 
 
 77.4 
 
 u 44 
 
 tt 
 
 106 
 
 5.98 
 
 1.54 
 
 4.75 
 
 1,093 
 
 8.54 
 
 1.988 
 
 64.4 
 
 44 41 
 
 (I 
 
 130 
 
 6. 
 
 0.66 
 
 1.90 
 
 645 
 
 5.76 
 
 1.173 
 
 97. 
 
 " " Old Pattern 
 
 (1 
 
 104 
 
 4.54 
 
 0.88 
 
 4. 
 
 692 
 
 5.41 
 
 1.250 
 
 102. 
 
 " "New " 
 
 ' u 
 
 104 
 
 4.54 
 
 0.88 
 
 4. 
 
 584 
 
 5.22 
 
 1.063 
 
 105. 
 
 44 44 44 . 44 
 
 u 
 
 133 
 
 6. 
 
 0.66 
 
 1.90 
 
 757 
 
 5.57 
 
 1.377 
 
 99. 
 
 " " Col'd Rov. 
 
 (1 
 
 110 
 
 6. 
 
 1.21 
 
 3.62 
 
 691 
 
 4.55 
 
 1.256 
 
 121. 
 
 " "NewPat'rn 
 
 u 
 
 98 
 
 6. 
 
 1.32 
 
 4. 
 
 512 
 
 4. 
 
 .931 
 
 137. 
 
 
 u 
 
 100 
 
 5.45 
 
 1.30 
 
 3.64 
 
 646 
 
 4.49 
 
 1.175 
 
 122.5 
 
 44 44 
 
 u 
 
 97 
 
 5.34 
 
 1.49 
 
 4. 
 
 733 
 
 5.09 
 
 1.333 
 
 108. 
 
 44 44 
 
 a 
 
 94 
 
 6.66 
 
 1. 
 
 3.33 
 
 873 
 
 6.06 
 
 1.588 
 
 91. 
 
 44 U 
 
 u 
 
 141 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 1,534 
 
 10.96 
 
 2.789 
 
 50. 
 
 44 44 
 
 u 
 
 123 
 
 6.60 
 
 1.25 
 
 4.13 
 
 1,046 
 
 7.27 
 
 1.903 
 
 76. 
 
 4 44 
 
 it 
 
 95 
 
 6.60 
 
 1.14 
 
 3.80 
 
 549 
 
 4.57 
 
 .998 
 
 120. 
 
 ' "Cent. Pres'r 
 
 u 
 
 93 
 
 6.60 
 
 1.14 
 
 3-.80 
 
 506 
 
 4.22 
 
 .920 
 
 130. 
 
 ' " Spring " 
 
 a 
 
 86 
 
 6.60 
 
 1.14 
 
 3.80 
 
 413 
 
 3.44 
 
 .733 
 
 164. 
 
 4 44 44 44 
 
 it 
 
 120 
 
 6.86 
 
 1.27 
 
 4.37 
 
 1,167 
 
 7.28 
 
 2.121 
 
 75.2 
 
 ' "Bad order. 
 
 a 
 
 120 
 
 6.86 
 
 1.27 
 
 4.37 
 
 900 
 
 5.63 
 
 1.635 
 
 98. 
 
 ' " Sim. Frame 
 
 14 
 
 97 
 
 6.86 
 
 1.27 
 
 4.37 
 
 622 
 
 3.87 
 
 1.131 
 
 141. 
 
 4 44 
 
 lin. 
 
 120 
 
 6.40 
 
 1.20 
 
 3.80 
 
 995 
 
 6.91 
 
 1.808 
 
 80. 
 
 4 44 
 
 u 
 
 120 
 
 6. 
 
 1.32 
 
 3.90 
 
 842 
 
 6.19 
 
 1.540 
 
 83. 
 
 4 44 
 
 u 
 
 120 
 
 6. 
 
 1.32 
 
 3.90 
 
 1,065 
 
 7. 
 
 1.937 
 
 79. 
 
 ' "New Frame 
 
 H 
 
 126 
 
 6.40 
 
 1.21 
 
 3.88 
 
 1,414 
 
 8.83 
 
 2.570 
 
 62.25 
 
 4 44 
 
 u 
 
 89 
 
 5.92 
 
 1.25 
 
 3.70 
 
 256 
 
 2.00 
 
 .463 
 
 276. 
 
 44 44 
 
 u 
 
 98 
 
 5.87 
 
 
 
 682 
 
 5.33 
 
 1.241 
 
 103. 
 
 " " Old Frame 
 
 a 
 
 100 
 
 6.17 
 
 1.49 
 
 4.50 
 
 541 
 
 4.00 
 
 .983 
 
 138. 
 
 44 44 
 
 U 
 
 92 
 
 6.10 
 
 1.39 
 
 4.28 
 
 685 
 
 4.08 
 
 1.245 
 
 135. 
 
 44 44 
 
 U 
 
 86 
 
 5. 
 
 3.87 
 
 9. 
 
 604 
 
 3.77 
 
 1.263 
 
 146. 
 
 44 44 
 
 u 
 
 125 
 
 7. 
 
 0.55 
 
 1.95 
 
 597 
 
 4.67 
 
 1.086 
 
 118. 
 
 44 44 
 
 u 
 
 61 
 
 6. 
 
 4. 
 
 12. 
 
 603 
 
 4.18 
 
 1.096 
 
 131.4 
 
 44 44 
 
 u 
 
 86 
 
 6. 
 
 3.64 
 
 10.75 
 
 631 
 
 4.15 
 
 1.147 
 
 132.5 
 
 44 44 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28 
 
 THROSTLE-SPINNING. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 No. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 Weight 
 Flier. 
 
 Eev. of 
 
 Flier. 
 
 Rev. 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 April, 1871 
 
 ( Stark Mills, ) 
 lMan'r,N.H., f 
 
 j Amosk'g Sh'p ) 
 } 23 years old, f 
 
 128 
 
 3oz. 
 
 3,820 
 
 94 
 
 8.27 
 
 u a 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 3,820 
 
 94 
 
 8.27 
 
 it it 
 
 n 
 
 Locks and Ca- ) 
 ' nals Co., 30 y. J 
 
 u 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 4,000 
 
 94 
 
 7.84 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 tt 
 
 Amosk'g Sh'p j. 
 23 years, ) 
 
 u 
 
 3|oz. 
 
 4,100 
 
 100 
 
 8.27 
 
 a a 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 4,220 
 
 103 
 
 8.27 
 
 tt it 
 
 n 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 4,220 
 
 . . . 
 
 
 tt tt 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 It 
 
 3,690 
 
 90 
 
 8.27 
 
 tt it 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 3,280 
 
 80 
 
 8.27 
 
 it tt 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 U 
 
 u 
 
 2,954 
 
 72 
 
 8.27 
 
 tt tt 
 
 it 
 
 tt 
 
 u 
 
 11 
 
 2,685 
 
 66 
 
 8.27 
 
 June, 1872 
 
 Amosk'g Mill No.2 
 
 j Amosk'g Sh'p ) 
 
 ( about 20 yrs., j" 
 
 tt 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 3,071 
 
 76 
 
 9.35 
 
 a a 
 
 it it -^ 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 (( 
 
 3,170 
 
 74 
 
 10.26 
 
 it a 
 
 u a j 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 3,042 
 
 73 
 
 9.35 
 
 a it 
 
 a a j 
 
 It 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 3,332 
 
 78 
 
 9.35 
 
 tt tt 
 
 it tt ^ 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 3 oz. 
 
 3,226 
 
 76 
 
 9.35 
 
 it tt 
 
 " a 3 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 3,694 
 
 96 
 
 6.65 
 
 it tt 
 
 a u 3 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 tt 
 
 3,450 
 
 90 
 
 6.65 
 
 Aug. 7, 
 
 u n 3 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 it 
 
 3,450 
 
 90 
 
 6.65 
 
 " 8, " 
 
 " " 3 
 
 It 
 
 tt 
 
 n 
 
 3,450 
 
 90 
 
 6.65 
 
 June, " 
 
 " " 8 
 
 It 
 
 it 
 
 ti 
 
 3,690 
 
 76 
 
 7.09 
 
 a tt 
 
 " " 3 
 
 tl 
 
 it 
 
 ti 
 
 3,820 
 
 79 
 
 7.09 
 
 it n 
 
 " " 3 
 
 It 
 
 n 
 
 it 
 
 3,717 
 
 73 
 
 8.27 
 
 July, " 
 
 u 5 
 
 It 
 
 160 
 
 2oz. 
 
 4,136 
 
 72 
 
 8.39 
 
 hi U 
 
 u u 5 
 
 It 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 4,142 
 
 64 
 
 9.93 
 
 April, " 
 
 ( Appleton ) 
 1 Mills, Lowell, f 
 
 Lowell M.S'p.,old, 
 
 128 
 
 3i oz. 
 
 3,800 
 
 81 
 
 8. 
 
 July, 
 
 Pepperell Mills, 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 3.45 oz 
 
 4,929 
 
 71 
 
 7. 
 
 u a 
 
 Biddeford, Maine, 
 
 (( 
 
 II 
 
 a 
 
 4,929 
 
 71 
 
 7. 
 
 u u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 4,929 
 
 71 
 
 7. 
 
 tt tt 
 
 tt 
 
 u 
 
 It 
 
 2.83 oz 
 
 4,929 
 
 71 
 
 7. 
 
 n tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tl 
 
 a 
 
 4,929 
 
 71 
 
 7. 
 
 tt tt 
 
 tt 
 
 It 
 
 11 
 
 U 
 
 4,929 
 
 71 
 
 7. 
 
 Feb., 1874 
 
 Nashua Mfg. Co. 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 3,778 
 
 59 
 
 8.66 
 
DEAD-SPINDLE!. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Spindle. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindl's 
 H.P. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 5igr. 
 
 13. weft. 
 
 954 
 
 7.45 
 
 1.734 
 
 74. 
 
 Heart Motion on Lift, A. 
 
 1.61 h. 
 
 13. " 
 
 929 
 
 7.25 
 
 1.689 
 
 76. 
 
 Mangle " " Similar Frame, B. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33 wa. 
 
 1,077 
 
 8.38 
 
 1.959 
 
 65. 
 
 
 1.61 
 
 13. weft. 
 
 930 
 
 7.25 
 
 1.690 
 
 76. 
 
 Similar to Frame B. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Mangle, leveled. 
 
 1.61 
 
 13. " 
 
 867 
 
 6.72 
 
 1.576 
 
 81. 
 
 Frame A changed to [and oiled. 
 
 
 
 
 689 
 
 5.38 
 
 1.252 
 
 102. 
 
 " Bolls stopped. 
 
 1.61 
 
 13. weft. 
 
 722 
 
 5.64 
 
 1.313 
 
 97. 
 
 " speed reduced, in full operation. 
 
 1.61 
 
 13. " 
 
 604 
 
 4.72 
 
 1.079 
 
 110. 
 
 " " " further. 
 
 1.61 
 
 13. " 
 
 486 
 
 3.80 
 
 .883 
 
 145. 
 
 <i it u u 
 
 1.61 
 
 13. " 
 
 428 
 
 3.34 
 
 .778 
 
 164. 
 
 U U U li 
 
 1.50 
 
 14. " 
 
 746 
 
 5.83 
 
 1.357 
 
 94. 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 16. " 
 
 688 
 
 5.36 
 
 1.250 
 
 102. 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 14. " 
 
 767 
 
 6.00 
 
 1.395 
 
 92. 
 
 
 1.50 
 1.50 
 1.50 
 
 14. " 
 14. " 
 10. warp. 
 
 848 
 757 
 920 
 
 6.62 
 5.91 
 7.19 
 
 1.542 
 1.S77 
 1.673 
 
 83. 
 93. 
 76. 
 
 Speed increased from last Trial. 
 Similar Frame, Malleable-iron Flier. 
 Old Frame, refitted in New Mill. 
 
 1.50 
 
 10. " 
 
 881 
 
 6.89 
 
 1.601 
 
 80. 
 
 " Speed reduced. 
 
 1.50 
 1.50 
 
 10. " 
 10. " 
 
 757 
 938 
 
 5.91 
 7.33 
 
 1.377 
 1.703 
 
 93. 
 
 75. 
 
 " very Ttiot afternoon. [in night. 
 " Rainy morning, weather changed 
 
 2. 
 
 14. " 
 
 649 
 
 5.07 
 
 1.180 
 
 108. 
 
 Similar Frame. Fair day, 2 Trials, ex- 
 
 2. 
 2. 
 
 14. " 
 16. u 
 
 740 
 739 
 
 5,76 
 5.76 
 
 1.345 
 1.343 
 
 95. 
 95. 
 
 Similar Frame. [centionally light. 
 
 2.86 
 
 24. " 
 
 971 
 
 6.07 
 
 1.766 
 
 90. 
 
 
 2.86 
 
 28. " 
 
 954 
 
 5.96 
 
 1.735 
 
 92. 
 
 
 1.65 
 
 12.50 " 
 
 977 
 
 7.63 
 
 1.776 
 
 72. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BANDING TESTS. [16i on one side. 
 
 3.14 
 
 22. " 
 
 1,102 
 
 8.60 
 
 2.003 
 
 64. 
 
 Com'n Flier, empty Bobbin, long Band, 
 
 3.14 
 
 22. " 
 
 1.058 
 
 8.27 
 
 1.924 
 
 66.5 
 
 " 16 sp. across, 8 each side. 
 
 3.14 
 
 22. " 
 
 1,014 
 
 7.92 
 
 1.845 
 
 69. 
 
 "8 4 " . 
 
 3.14 
 
 22. " 
 
 927 
 
 7.24 
 
 1.686 
 
 76. 
 
 Pearls Flier 16 on one side. 
 
 3.14 
 
 22. " 
 
 884 
 
 6.90 
 
 1.607 
 
 79.75 
 
 " " 16 across, 8 each side. 
 
 3.14 
 
 22. " 
 
 841 
 
 6.57 
 
 1.528 
 
 83.75 
 
 " " 8 " 4 " 
 
 2.50 
 
 22. " 
 
 986 
 
 7.70 
 
 1.793 
 
 71.10 
 
 Bands hard and heavy. 
 
30 
 
 RING SPINNING 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER, 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 S'w 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Wt. 
 Spin. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Spindle. 
 
 Rev. 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft 
 
 April, 1871 
 
 ( Stark Mills, ) 
 \ Man'r, N, H., f 
 
 Lowell Ma. Shop, 
 
 If in 
 
 144 
 
 12JOZ 
 
 4,480 
 
 100. 
 
 7.84 
 
 Nov., 1871 
 
 it 
 
 44 
 
 (4 
 
 144 
 
 44 
 
 4,480 
 
 100. 
 
 7.84 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 144 
 
 44 
 
 4,480 
 
 
 
 May, 1871 
 
 Amosk'g Mills, " 
 
 Amoskeag Co., 
 
 H 
 
 144 
 
 11* 
 
 4,380 
 
 73. 
 
 7.26 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 144 
 
 u 
 
 5,100 
 
 72. 
 
 8.48 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 (4 
 
 144 
 
 11 
 
 5,727 
 
 75. 
 
 7.76 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 (4 
 
 128 
 
 13 
 
 5,066 
 
 62. 
 
 7.68 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,240 
 
 68. 
 
 8.40 
 
 July, 1871 
 
 Langdon Mills, " 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. 
 
 U 
 
 128 
 
 12i 
 
 5,900 
 
 62. & 
 
 7.44 
 
 Aug., 1871 
 
 Manchaug, Mass. 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 160 
 
 10 
 
 5,857 
 
 54. 
 
 7.68 
 
 Sept., 1871 
 
 Wauregan, Conn., 
 
 Whitin, 
 
 U 
 
 144 
 
 12 
 
 5,028 
 
 63. 
 
 7.26 
 
 ii 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 II 
 
 144 
 
 12* 
 
 4,968 
 
 54. 
 
 6.75 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 144 
 
 44 
 
 5,060 
 
 53. 
 
 6.75 
 
 (( 
 
 4i 
 
 U 
 
 1{* 
 
 240 
 
 44 
 
 4,930 
 
 53. 
 
 6.75 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 11 
 
 44 
 
 240 
 
 (4 
 
 5,010 
 
 64. 
 
 6.75 
 
 June, 1871 
 Nov., 1871 
 
 j Derry Mills, ) 
 { Man'r, N. H., f 
 Stark Mills, N.H., 
 
 M 
 
 Lowell Ma. Shop, 
 
 2 
 H 
 
 120 
 144 
 
 (4 
 
 12i 
 
 2,211 
 4,524 
 
 90. 
 101. 
 
 6. 
 
 7.84 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 (4 
 
 144 
 
 44 
 
 4,255 
 
 95. 
 
 7.84 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 44 
 
 144 
 
 44 
 
 3,893 
 
 87. 
 
 7.84 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 (I 
 
 44 
 
 144 
 
 (4 
 
 3,476 
 
 78. 
 
 7.84 
 
 44 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 144 
 
 44 
 
 3,200 
 
 73. 
 
 7.84 
 
 Mar., 1872 
 
 Haydensville, Ms. 
 
 Whitin, 
 
 1A 
 
 120 
 
 
 5,609 
 
 84. 
 
 .... 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 j Whittenton, } 
 ( Taun'n, Mass. J 
 
 William Mason, 
 
 iff 
 
 128 
 
 12 
 
 4,325 
 
 100. 
 
 9.50 
 
 44 
 
 " No. 1 Mill, 
 
 a 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 4,325 
 
 100. 
 
 9.50 
 
 u 
 
 44 a 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 3,500 
 
 120. 
 
 5. 
 
 u 
 
 u u 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 3,800 
 
 100. 
 
 7.37 
 
 u 
 
 u a 
 
 44 
 
 li 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 4.326 
 
 114. 
 
 8. 
 
 u 
 
 u u 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 3,800 
 
 100. 
 
 8. 
 
 u 
 
 u u 
 
 44 
 
 a 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 3,400 
 
 86. 
 
 7.37 
 
 (( 
 
 " No. 2 Mill, 
 
 44 
 
 H 
 
 160 
 
 (4 
 
 4,050 
 
 130. 
 
 8. 
 
 u 
 
 u u 
 
 U 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 U 
 
 5,067 
 
 96. 
 
 9.50 
 
 u 
 
 u it 
 
 t( 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 (4 
 
 5,067 
 
 84. 
 
 6.50 
 
 Mar., 1872 
 
 Salmon F'ls, N.H. 
 
 Saco W. P. Co., 
 
 44 
 
 144 
 
 11 
 
 4,972 
 
 68. 
 
 7.25 
 
 Apr., 1872 
 
 j Appleton Co., ) 
 "j Lowell, ) 
 
 Lowell Ma. Shop, 
 
 U 
 
 144 
 
 12 
 
 5,120 
 
 100. 
 
 8. 
 
 May, 1872 
 
 Rockport, Mass., 
 
 William Mason, 
 
 (1 
 
 72 
 
 44 
 
 5,240 
 
 68. 
 
 7.27 
 
 a 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 a 
 
 108 
 
 44 
 
 5,440 
 
 68. 
 
 7.27 
 
 tt 
 
 44 
 
 Saco W. P. Co., 
 
 44 
 
 192 
 
 11 
 
 5,460 
 
 68. 
 
 7.27 
 
 u 
 
 j Masconomet, ) 
 ( Newburyp'rt, J 
 
 <( 
 
 1C 
 
 192 
 
 (( 
 
 6,000 
 
 75. 
 
 6.66 
 
 June, 1872 
 
 Amoskeag, No. 6, 
 
 Amoskeag Co., 
 
 li 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 5,154 
 
 61. 
 
 7.68 
 
 a 
 
 44 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 
 6,187 
 
 68. 
 
 7.68 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 44 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 . . . . 
 
 3,544 
 
 74. 6 
 
 .... 
 
 u 
 
 Manches'r P. W., 
 
 Saco W. P. Co., 
 
 If 
 
 128 
 
 .... 
 
 5,950 
 
 64. 
 
 .... 
 
 u 
 
 Manchester, N.H. 
 
 U 
 
 44 
 
 192 
 
 .... 
 
 5,950 
 
 56. 
 
 . . . . 
 
31 
 
 RING SPINNING. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 *i 
 
 s- 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindl's 
 H.P. 
 
 KEMAKKS. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33 wp 
 
 750 
 
 5.21 
 
 1.363 
 
 106. 
 
 Old Bands, Bobbin half fall. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33 " 
 
 865 
 
 6. 
 
 1.572 
 
 92. 
 
 Same Frame, new Bands. 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 630 
 
 4.37 
 
 1.145 
 
 126. 
 
 " Rolls stopped, Spindles only. 
 
 3.30 
 
 24. " 
 
 631 
 
 4.38 
 
 1.148 
 
 126. 
 
 
 3.30 
 
 28. " 
 
 715 
 
 5. 
 
 1.300 
 
 110. 
 
 Same Frame as last trial. Speed and Draft 
 
 4.40 
 
 34. " 
 
 845 
 
 5.87 
 
 1.537 
 
 94. 
 
 Similar ' " [changed- 
 
 4.42 
 
 34. weft 
 
 727 
 
 5.68 
 
 1.322 
 
 97. 
 
 
 4.42 
 
 37. " 
 
 794 
 
 6.20 
 
 1.444 
 
 90. 
 
 Similar to last Frame. 
 
 4.26 
 
 33. warp 
 
 698 
 
 5.45 
 
 1.268 
 
 101. 
 
 
 12. 
 
 46. " 
 
 596 
 
 3.73 
 
 1.084 
 
 148. 
 
 Three Trials, averaged. [started that A.m. 
 
 4.33 
 
 30. " 
 
 1,306 
 
 9. 
 
 2.375 
 
 61. 
 
 Wet day, Frame near open door, not previously 
 
 7. 
 
 48. " 
 
 1,111 
 
 7.70 
 
 2.020 
 
 71. 
 
 Common Bobbin, 1-8 inch Bands. 
 
 7. 
 
 48. " ' 
 
 979 
 
 6.80 
 
 1.781 
 
 81. 
 
 Chambered Bobbin, 1-16 inch Mule Bands. 
 
 7. 
 
 48. " 
 
 1,476 
 
 6.15 
 
 2.684 
 
 90. 
 
 Common Bobbin and Band, Draper's Spiral 
 
 4.50 
 
 30. " 
 
 1,451 
 
 6.04 
 
 2.639 
 
 91. 
 
 " " " [Bolster. 
 
 1.33 
 
 8. " 
 
 634 
 
 5.28 
 
 1.153 
 
 104. 
 
 Hosiery Frame. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33 " 
 
 841 
 
 5.77 
 
 1.510 
 
 95. 
 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33 " 
 
 769 
 
 5.34 
 
 1.399 
 
 103. 
 
 Same Frame as last, Speed reduced. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33 " 
 
 677 
 
 4.70 
 
 1.230 
 
 117. 
 
 " " " further. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33 " 
 
 584 
 
 4.05 
 
 1.062 
 
 136. 
 
 tt 11 ' tt tt 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33 " 
 
 527 
 
 3.66 
 
 .959 
 
 150. 
 
 tl U H tl 
 
 , 
 
 23. " 
 
 782 
 
 6.52 
 
 1.423 
 
 84.4 
 
 
 it 
 
 16. " 
 
 787 
 
 6.15 
 
 1.431 
 
 89.5 
 
 Colored Rovings, Black and Orange. 
 
 1.90 
 
 16. " 
 
 727 
 
 5.68 
 
 1.322 
 
 97.5 
 
 White 
 
 1.90 
 
 9. weft 
 
 677 
 
 5.29 
 
 1.231 
 
 104. 
 
 tt u 
 
 1.90 
 
 14. " 
 
 649 
 
 5.10 
 
 1.180 
 
 108. 
 
 tt it 
 
 ( 2. 60 
 2 3< oo 
 
 11. warp 
 
 820 
 
 6.40 
 
 1.491 
 
 86. 
 
 Colored " 
 
 u 
 
 11. " 
 
 700 
 
 5.46 
 
 1.273 
 
 100. 
 
 " " Black and White. 
 
 1.90 
 
 14. weft 
 
 680 
 
 5.31 
 
 1.237 
 
 103. 
 
 White 
 
 1.15 
 
 9. warp 
 
 1,018 
 
 6.36 
 
 1.852 
 
 86.5 
 
 tt tt 
 
 ft 
 
 17. " 
 
 1,060 
 
 6.60 
 
 1.927 
 
 83. 
 
 Colored " Black and Orange. 
 
 3.40 
 
 22. ;t 
 
 1,055 
 
 6.59 
 
 1.917 
 
 83.5 
 
 White " 
 
 3.62 
 
 25! " 
 
 735 
 
 5.10 
 
 1.336 
 
 108. 
 
 
 1.65 
 
 12.50 " 
 
 740 
 
 5.14 
 
 1.346 
 
 107. 
 
 Average of four Tests. 
 
 3.80 
 
 28. " 
 
 501 
 
 6.96 
 
 .911 
 
 79. 
 
 Old Frame. 
 
 3.80 
 
 28. " 
 
 728 
 
 6.74 
 
 1.323 
 
 82. 
 
 it it 
 
 3.80 
 
 28. " 
 
 1,023 
 
 5.33 
 
 1.861 
 
 103. 
 
 
 4.50 
 
 30. " 
 
 1,179 
 
 6.14 
 
 2.143 
 
 90. 
 
 
 4.42 
 
 34. " 
 
 660 
 
 5.15 
 
 1.200 
 
 107. 
 
 
 4.42 
 
 34. " 
 
 789 
 
 6.16 
 
 1.434 
 
 89. 
 
 Same Frame, last Trial, increased Speed. 
 
 .... 
 
 14. " 
 
 480 
 
 3.75 
 
 .872 
 
 147. 
 
 
 .... 
 
 30. " 
 
 886 
 
 6.92 
 
 1.611 
 
 80. 
 
 
 .... 
 
 42. " 
 
 1.150 
 
 6. 
 
 2.091 
 
 92. 
 
 
32 
 
 RING SPINNING (Continued.) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER. 
 
 i 
 p 
 
 No. 
 
 Spin- 
 
 Wt. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 Rev. 
 Spindle. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft 
 
 July, 1872 
 
 Pepperell Mills, 
 
 Saco W. P. Co., 
 
 H 
 
 128 
 
 ll. 2 oz 
 
 5,666 
 
 84 
 
 7. 
 
 u 
 
 Biddeford, Me., 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,666 
 
 84 
 
 7. 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 6. 2 
 
 5,666 
 
 84 
 
 7. 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 II. 2 
 
 5,666 
 
 84 
 
 tj 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 a 
 
 5,666 
 
 84 
 
 7! 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 a 
 
 5,666 
 
 84 
 
 7. 
 
 Oct., H72 
 
 Amoskeag Mill, 
 
 Amoskeag Co., 
 
 H 
 
 144 
 
 a 
 
 4,600 
 
 70 
 
 7.26 
 
 a 
 
 Manchester, N~.H. 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 144 
 
 u 
 
 5,250 
 
 77 
 
 7.26 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 144 
 
 a 
 
 6,127 
 
 90 
 
 7.26 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 144 
 
 U 
 
 7,355 
 
 107 
 
 7.26 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 128 
 
 13. 
 
 3,090 
 
 66 
 
 9.35 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 4,050 
 
 82 
 
 9.35 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 128 
 
 a 
 
 5,672 
 
 115 
 
 9.35 
 
 Dec., 1872 
 
 Washington Mill, 
 
 Gloucester Foun., 
 
 1 T V 
 
 128 
 
 12. 
 
 6,000 
 
 70 
 
 7.30 
 
 a 
 
 Gloucester, N". J., 
 
 Whitin, 
 
 ii 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,890 
 
 63 
 
 7.30 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 6,356 
 
 70 
 
 7.30 
 
 u 
 
 (t 
 
 Lanphear, 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 6,000 
 
 72 
 
 7.30 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 Fales & Jenks, 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 
 6,000 
 
 72 
 
 7.30 
 
 Fob, 1873 
 
 j Cocheco, Do- 
 { ver, K H., 
 
 Cocheco Co., 
 
 If 
 
 128 
 
 .... 
 
 4,820 
 
 66 
 
 7.90 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 Saco W. P. Co., 
 
 If 
 
 192 
 
 . . . . 
 
 4,895 
 
 67 
 
 7.90 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 192 
 
 .... 
 
 4,895 
 
 67 
 
 7.90 
 
 April, 1873 
 
 Clinton Mill, 
 
 Whitin, 
 
 a 
 
 192 
 
 12. 
 
 5,460 
 
 68 
 
 8.14 
 
 u 
 
 Woonsocket, B. I. 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 192 
 
 a 
 
 5,540 
 
 69 
 
 8.14 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 a 
 
 5,380 
 
 67 
 
 8.14 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 6,020 
 
 75 
 
 8.14 
 
 H 
 
 Social Mill, B. I., 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 192 
 
 a 
 
 5,715 
 
 64 
 
 7.52 
 
 tt 
 
 u 
 
 t( 
 
 a 
 
 192 
 
 u 
 
 5,715 
 
 64 
 
 .... 
 
 May, 1873 
 
 j Am. Linen Co., 
 t Fall River, 
 
 Higgins & Sons, 
 
 H 
 
 224 
 
 12. 83 
 
 5,200 
 
 56 
 
 7.09 
 
 u 
 
 Davol Mills, " 
 
 Saco W. P. Co., 
 
 a 
 
 128 
 
 11. 
 
 6,000 
 
 74 
 
 6.52 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,270 
 
 65 
 
 6.52 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 tc 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,430 
 
 67 
 
 6.52 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Pacific Mills, 
 
 Whitin, 
 
 H 
 
 160 
 
 12. 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 a 
 
 Lawrence, Mass., 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 " Altered,* 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 7. 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u u 
 
 a 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 a a 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u u 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 (t 
 
 6,059 
 
 
 
 Sept., 1873 
 
 Atlantic Mills, 
 
 Lowell Ma. Shop, 
 
 H 
 
 176 
 
 12. 
 
 5,802 
 
 96 
 
 7.60 
 
 u 
 
 Lawrence, Mass., 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 176 
 
 a 
 
 5,802 
 
 96 
 
 7.60 
 
 Nov., 1873 
 
 Westville, Taun- 
 
 William Mason, 
 
 a 
 
 192 
 
 8. 
 
 5,864 
 
 107 
 
 9.45 
 
 a 
 
 ton, Mass. 
 
 Light Spindle, 
 
 u 
 
 192 
 
 u 
 
 5,651 
 
 102 
 
 9.45 
 
 Mar., 1873 
 
 j Orescent Mill, 
 ( Fall Biver, 
 
 u 
 
 If 
 
 192 
 
 6. 
 
 5,570 
 
 67 
 
 7.50 
 
 * Spindle cut off at butt, and reduced in diameter top as before. 
 
33 
 
 RING 
 
 ontinued.) 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 *i 
 
 n 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 SpindPs 
 H.P. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 3.14 
 
 3.14 
 
 22. warp. 
 
 22. " 
 
 '850 
 983 
 
 6.64 
 7.69 
 
 1,545 
 
 1.788 
 
 83. 
 
 71.5 
 
 Spindles banded singly. 
 Empty Bobbin j Averages 1.667 H. P., 7.26 Ib. pel 
 Full j Spindle, or 77 Spindles per H. P. 
 
 3.14 
 3.14 
 3.14 
 3.14 
 
 22. " 
 22. " 
 22. " 
 22. " 
 
 900 
 939 
 817 
 750 
 
 7.03 
 7.33 
 6.38 
 5.86 
 
 1.636 
 1.707 
 1.485 
 1.364 
 
 78. 
 75. 
 86. 
 94. 
 
 Spindle shortened at butt. Average one-half full. 
 Common Spindle, long Band, 16 Spin, on one side, 
 " 16 Spin, across, 8 each side. [Av. i full. 
 
 it g u "4 " " 
 
 3.30 
 
 24. " 
 
 619 
 
 4.30 
 
 1.125 
 
 128. 
 
 Straight Spindle. 
 
 3.30 
 
 24. " 
 
 716 
 
 4.97 
 
 1.302 
 
 110. 
 
 " Same Frame, increased Speed. 
 
 3.30 
 
 24. " 
 
 978 
 
 6.79 
 
 1.779 
 
 81. 
 
 " Further " 
 
 3.30 
 
 24. " 
 
 1,553 
 
 10.78 
 
 2.824 
 
 51. 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 14. weft. 
 
 422 
 
 3.30 
 
 .768 
 
 167. 
 
 Taper Spindle. 
 
 1.50 
 
 14. " 
 
 627 
 
 4.90 
 
 1.140 
 
 112. 
 
 " increased Speed. 
 
 1.50 
 
 14. " 
 
 1,053 
 
 8.23 
 
 1.915 
 
 67. 
 
 " " Further " 
 
 4. 
 
 30. warp. 
 
 853 
 
 6.64 
 
 1.551 
 
 88. 
 
 Bobbin one-half full. 
 
 4. 
 
 30. " 
 
 896 
 
 7. 
 
 1.629 
 
 78.5 
 
 It 41 
 
 4. 
 
 30. " 
 
 1,006 
 
 7.86 
 
 1.830 
 
 70. 
 
 U tt 
 
 4. 
 
 30. " 
 
 827 
 
 6.46 
 
 1.562 
 
 85. 
 
 41 It 
 
 4. 
 
 30. " 
 
 776 
 
 6.06 
 
 1.410 
 
 90.5 
 
 It 11 
 
 3.54 
 
 28. " 
 
 746 
 
 5.63 
 
 1.358 
 
 98. 
 
 tt - 
 
 3.54 
 
 28. " 
 
 991 
 
 5.16 
 
 1.800 
 
 107. 
 
 " u Cocheco Dynamometer. 
 
 3.54 
 
 28. " 
 
 1,016 
 
 5.29 
 
 1.847 
 
 104. 
 
 " " twa-thirds full, Amoskeag " 
 
 3.80 
 
 31. " 
 
 1,370 
 
 7.35 
 
 2.491 
 
 77. 
 
 Half full, damp day, next to wall of mill. 
 
 3.80 
 
 31. u 
 
 1,204 
 
 6.27 
 
 2.190 
 
 87.66 
 
 " Clear day, in centre of room. 
 
 3.80 
 
 31. " 
 
 736 
 
 5.75 
 
 1.337 
 
 95.75 
 
 " " " 
 
 3.80 
 
 31. " 
 
 910 
 
 7.11 
 
 1.655 
 
 77. 
 
 (I tt tt 
 
 4.37 
 4.37 
 
 32. " 
 32. " 
 
 996 
 1,143 
 
 5.18 
 5.95 
 
 1.811 
 
 2.078 
 
 106. 
 
 92. 
 
 Empty Bobbin, j Av'ge, 1,069.5 ft.lb.=1.945 H.P. 
 Full " 1 =5.57 Ib. Spin.=99. Spin. H P. 
 
 4.13 
 
 29. " 
 
 1,410 
 
 6.29 
 
 2.580 
 
 88. 
 
 Half-full Bobbin. 
 
 4.50 
 
 29. " 
 
 947 
 
 7.40 
 
 1.722 
 
 74.2 
 
 Frame not level, old Mill. 
 
 4.50 
 
 u 
 
 726 
 
 5.68 
 
 1.321 
 
 97. 
 
 Bands too tight and Bobbins too heavy. 
 
 4.50 
 
 u 
 
 726 
 
 5.68 
 
 1.321 
 
 97. 
 
 Bobbin lighter than last. 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 28.56 " 
 28.56 " 
 
 1,098 
 1,141 
 
 6.87 
 7.15 
 
 1.996 
 2.073 
 
 80. 
 
 77. 
 
 Empty Bobbin, j Av'ge, 1,120 ft. lh. =2.037 H. P.= 
 Full " j 7.01 Ib. Spin. =78.5 Spin. H. P. 
 
 
 
 1,007 
 
 6.30 
 
 
 
 Empty Bobbin only on Spin* .Rolls stopped. 
 
 
 
 -*) V V ' 
 
 1,050 
 
 6.56 
 
 
 
 Full " " 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.56 " 
 
 1,253 
 
 7.83 
 
 2.378 
 
 70. 
 
 Empty " j Av'ge, 1,432 ft. Ib. = 2.602 H. P. = 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.56 u 
 
 1,630 
 
 10.19 
 
 2.965 
 
 54. 
 
 Full " 1 8.95 Ib. per Spin.=61.5 Spin. H. P. 
 
 
 
 1,087 
 
 6.80 
 
 
 
 Empty Bobbin only on Spindle. Rolls stopped. 
 
 
 
 1,447 
 
 9.04 
 
 
 
 Full " " " 
 
 2. 
 2. 
 
 15. " 
 15. " 
 
 1,395 
 1,575 
 
 7.92 
 8.77 
 
 2.536 
 
 2.807 
 
 70. 
 62. 
 
 Empty " j Av'ge, 1,470 ft. Ib. = 2.671 H. P. = 
 Full " 1 8.B5 Ib. Spin.= 66. Spin. H. P. 
 
 0.95 
 
 9. " 
 
 1,270 
 
 6.61 
 
 2.309 
 
 83. 
 
 Two-thirds full Bobbin, tight Bolster. 
 
 0.95 
 
 9. " 
 
 886 
 
 4.61 
 
 1.610 
 
 119. 
 
 Half-full Bobbin, tight Bolster, reamed out. 
 
 4. 
 
 30. " 
 
 806 
 
 4.20 
 
 1.466 
 
 131. 
 
 11 " Evidently full fast enough. 
 
34 
 
 RING-SPINNING. { Continued.) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER. 
 
 Diam 
 King. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Wt. per 
 Spindle. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Spindle. 
 
 Rev. 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 Jan.,. 1874 
 
 Mt. Vernon Mills, 
 
 Bridesburg Mfg. 
 
 If 
 
 204 
 
 8 OZ. 
 
 5,050 
 
 128 
 
 7. 
 
 44 a 
 
 Baltimore, Md., 
 
 Co., 
 
 44 
 
 204 
 
 44 
 
 5,050 
 
 128 
 
 7. 
 
 u a 
 
 "Carroll Spin.," 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 204 
 
 44 
 
 5,050 
 
 80 
 
 7. 
 
 u 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 204 
 
 44 
 
 5,050 
 
 80 
 
 7. 
 
 44 44 
 
 44* 
 
 44 
 
 (4 
 
 204 
 
 4-4 
 
 5,050 
 
 80 
 
 7. 
 
 14 U 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 204 
 
 U 
 
 5,050 
 
 80 
 
 7. 
 
 44 U 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 204 
 
 44 
 
 5,050 
 
 80 
 
 7. 
 
 (4 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 204 
 
 44 
 
 5,050 
 
 80 
 
 7. 
 
 44 44 
 
 U 
 
 (4 
 
 44 
 
 204 
 
 44 
 
 5,050 
 
 80 
 
 7. 
 
 Feb., 1874 
 
 Nashua Mfg. Co., 
 
 Tales & Jenks, 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 5,930 
 
 94 
 
 7. 
 
 44 44 
 
 j Altered from 
 ] Throstle, 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 5,930 
 
 94 
 
 8.66 
 
 SAWYER 
 
 April, 1872 
 
 j Appleton Mills, 
 1 Lowell, 
 
 Lowell Ma. Shop, 
 
 (4 
 
 160 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 6,050 
 
 120 
 
 8. 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 Altered from old 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 3,055 
 
 66 
 
 8. 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 Throstle-Frame, 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 4,027 
 
 88 
 
 8. 
 
 44 44 
 
 U 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 5,000 
 
 107 
 
 8. 
 
 44 44 
 
 U 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 2,950 
 
 83 
 
 8.07 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 ( 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 4,027 
 
 110 
 
 8.07 
 
 (4 44 
 
 44 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 4,027 
 
 110 
 
 8.07 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 ( 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 4,027 
 
 110 
 
 8.07 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 14 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 4,115 
 
 117 
 
 8.07 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 4,022 
 
 115 
 
 8.07 
 
 Oct., . 1872 
 
 Stark Mills, Man- 
 
 (4 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 5,605 
 
 115 
 
 7.84 
 
 44 44 
 
 chester, N. H., 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 a 
 
 5,069 
 
 104 
 
 7.84 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 4,386 
 
 90 
 
 7.84 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 3,753 
 
 77 
 
 7.84 
 
 Jan., 1873 
 
 44 f 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 4,180 
 
 90 
 
 7.84 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 4,900 
 
 104 
 
 7.84 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 5,320 
 
 115 
 
 7.84 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 6,320 
 
 135 
 
 7.84 
 
 44 44 
 
 "t 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 4,600 
 
 91 
 
 7.84 
 
 44 4; 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 It 
 
 5,230 
 
 106 
 
 7.84 
 
 44 44 
 
 (4 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 5,770 
 
 117 
 
 7.84 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 6,350 
 
 130 
 
 7.84 
 
 Feb., 1873 
 
 j Oocheco Mills, 
 1 Dover, N. H. 
 
 Old Frame alter'd 
 
 H 
 
 128 
 
 3|oz. 
 
 6,002 
 
 78 
 
 7.90 
 
 Mar., " 
 
 Stark Mills, " 
 
 44 
 
 If 
 
 128 
 
 31 oz. 
 
 5,290 
 
 110 
 
 7.84 
 
 U 44 
 
 King Philip, F.R. 
 
 Saco W. P. Co., 
 
 New, 
 
 H 
 
 160 
 
 44 
 
 6,260 
 
 65 
 
 7.31 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 160 
 
 44 
 
 6,260 
 
 
 
 44 44 
 
 Manville, R. I., 
 
 Fales & Jenks, alt., 
 
 H 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 7,730 
 
 80 
 
 11.25 
 
 <4 44 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 
 7,730 
 
 80 
 
 11.25 
 
 April, " 
 
 44 44 
 
 j Social Mill, 
 1 Woonsock't,R.I. 
 
 44 
 
 Whitin, New, 
 
 a 
 
 If 
 
 192 
 192 
 
 44 
 44 . 
 
 6,448 
 6,448 
 
 77 
 77 
 
 7.52 
 
 7.52 
 
 * Frame had been in operation three weeks longer. 
 
 t Same frame. 
 
 % Similar. 
 
35 
 
 RING-SPINNING. ( Continued. ) 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft, Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 S'l 
 
 ' 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindl's 
 ft. P. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 0.85 hk 
 
 6. wp 
 
 1696. 
 
 8.31 
 
 3.080 
 
 66. 
 
 Mill cold, 60 Fahr. Oil at 65 cents per gallon. 
 
 0.85 
 
 6. " 
 
 1875. 
 
 9.19 
 
 3.409 
 
 60. 
 
 " damp " " 35 
 
 1.83 
 
 12. " 
 
 1661. 
 
 8.14 
 
 3.020 
 
 67. 
 
 " " " " 35 
 
 1.83 
 
 12. " 
 
 1500.39 
 
 7.35 
 
 2.727 
 
 75. 
 
 " " 65 
 
 1.83 
 
 12. " 
 
 1464. 
 
 7.18 
 
 2.662 
 
 77. 
 
 4t gg 
 
 1.83 
 
 12. " 
 
 1348.25 
 
 6.61 
 
 2.451 
 
 83.2 
 
 " warmer = 70", 65 " 
 
 1.83 
 
 12. " 
 
 1134. 
 
 5.56 
 
 2.062 
 
 .... 
 
 Ends down. Traveler stopped = 13.60 per cent. 
 
 1.83 
 
 12. " 
 
 1009. 
 
 4.95 
 
 1.835 
 
 .... 
 
 Rolls stopped = 9.52 per cent. 
 
 1.83 
 2.50 
 
 12. " 
 
 22. " 
 
 884. 
 1034.30 
 
 4.33 
 8.08 
 
 1.607 
 1.880 
 
 .... 
 
 Bobbin off = 9.53 per cent. Spin, only 67.35 per ct. 
 Empty Bobbin. Warm and clear. 
 
 2.50 
 
 22. " 
 
 1271.20 
 
 9.93 
 
 2.311 
 
 .... 
 
 Full 
 
 
 1152.54 
 
 9. 
 
 2.095 
 
 61. 
 
 Average " Bands heavy and hard. 
 
 SPINDLE. 
 
 1.65 
 
 12.50 " 
 
 662. 
 
 4.14 
 
 1.204 
 
 133. 
 
 Average of 18 Tests. Bobbin half full. 
 
 1.65 
 
 12.50" 
 
 207. 
 
 1.62 
 
 .376 
 
 340. 
 
 Bobbin half full. Loose Bands, 55 in., & in diam. 
 
 1.65 
 
 12.50" 
 
 326. 
 
 2.54 
 
 .593 
 
 216. 
 
 44 
 
 1.65 
 
 12.50" 
 
 454. 
 
 3.55 
 
 .825 
 
 155. 
 
 M 
 
 1.65 
 
 13. wf. 
 
 211. 
 
 1.65 
 
 .384 
 
 333. 
 
 M 
 
 1.65 
 
 13. " 
 
 322. 
 
 2.52 
 
 .586 
 
 219. 
 
 " 
 
 1.65 
 
 13. " 
 
 343. 
 
 2.68 
 
 .623 
 
 205. 
 
 " Damp day, wet floor. Bands 54f in. 
 
 1.65 
 
 13. " 
 
 303. 
 
 2.37 
 
 .551 
 
 232. 
 
 " Dry day. New Bands, 55f in. 
 
 1.65 
 
 13. " 
 
 399. 
 
 3.12 
 
 .725 
 
 176. 
 
 " Common Ring Bauds, ^ diam. Dry. 
 
 1.65 
 
 13. " 
 
 417. 
 
 3.26 
 
 .758 
 
 167. 
 
 " " " Damp. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12. wp 
 
 731.58 
 
 5.71 
 
 1.330 
 
 96. 
 
 Half-full Bobbin, 1.10 in. Band. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33" 
 
 541. 
 
 4.26 
 
 .984 
 
 130. 
 
 " Speed reduced. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33" 
 
 444. 
 
 3.47 
 
 .808 
 
 158. 
 
 " Speed further reduced. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33" 
 
 361. 
 
 2.82 
 
 .656 
 
 180. 
 
 ;t n il ti 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33" 
 
 451. 
 
 3.52 
 
 .820 
 
 156. 
 
 " 1-8 inch Band. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33" 
 
 596. 
 
 4.66 
 
 1.083 
 
 118. 
 
 " Speed increased. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33" 
 
 667. 
 
 5.21 
 
 1.218 
 
 105. 
 
 " Speed further increased. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33" 
 
 890. 
 
 6.96 
 
 1.619 
 
 80. 
 
 it U U it 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33" 
 
 486. 
 
 3.80 
 
 .884 
 
 145. 
 
 " New Bolster, 1.10 in. loose Band. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33" 
 
 611. 
 
 4.73 
 
 1.112 
 
 115. 
 
 Speed increased. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33" 
 
 718. 
 
 5.61 
 
 1.306 
 
 95.5 
 
 " " Speed further increased. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33" 
 
 899. 
 
 7.02 
 
 1.634 
 
 78.5 
 
 U IV It 11 It 
 
 3.54 
 
 28. wp 
 
 577. 
 
 4.50 
 
 1.049 
 
 122. 
 
 " Spiral Bolster. [Rolls, 24 per cent. 
 
 1.61 
 
 12.33 " 
 
 547. 
 
 4.28 
 
 .995 
 
 129. 
 
 " Cyl. and Spin., 56 per ct., Traveler, 20 p. ct., 
 
 6. 
 
 40. " 
 
 613.43 
 
 3.83 
 
 1.116 
 
 143.5 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 366. 
 
 9,9,8 
 
 .665 
 
 
 " = 60 per ct. of whole power for Cyl. & Spin. 
 
 7. dou. 
 
 40. " 
 
 493. 
 
 3.85 
 
 .897 
 
 143. 
 
 Empty Bobbin, 334 grains weight. 
 
 7. dou. 
 
 40. " 
 
 525. 
 
 4.10 
 
 .955 
 
 134. 
 
 Half-full Bobbin = 172 gr. yarn additional. 
 
 4.37 
 4.37 
 
 32. " 
 32. " 
 
 750. 
 941. 
 
 3.91 
 
 4.90 
 
 1.364 
 1.711 
 
 140. 
 112. 
 
 Empty " I Average, 846 ft. lb.= 1.538 H. P. 
 Full " 1 =4.40ft. per Spin.=125. Spin. H.P. 
 
36 
 
 RING-SPINNING. ( Continued.) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER. 
 
 Diam 
 King. 
 
 No. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 Wt. per 
 Spindle. 
 
 Rev. 
 Spindle. 
 
 Rev. 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft 
 
 Jun. 2,1873 
 
 j Pacific Mills, 
 1 Lawrence, 
 
 j Whitin, altered 
 ( to Saw. Spin., 
 
 1| 
 
 160 
 
 3.75 oz 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 it 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 (I 
 
 160 
 
 tt 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 " 5, " 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 it 
 
 n 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 It 
 
 160 
 
 tt 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 a " 
 
 u 
 
 It 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 n 
 
 6,059 
 
 
 
 *l 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 11 
 
 160 
 
 11 
 
 6,059 
 
 
 
 u 5' a 
 
 u 
 
 tl 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 
 
 **1 
 
 Sep. 30, " 
 
 j Same Frame 
 ( repeated. 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 n 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 (i 
 
 u 
 
 ti 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 it 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 U 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 Dec., " 
 
 Stark Mills, Man- 
 
 Lowell Ma. Shop, 
 
 H 
 
 128 
 
 3.75 
 
 5,820 
 
 97 
 
 9.48 
 
 a 
 
 chester, N". H., 
 
 Old Frame alter'd 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 it 
 
 5,820 
 
 97 
 
 9.48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RJ 
 
 IBB] 
 
 BTH 
 
 Jan., " 
 
 it 
 
 Potonska Mills, 
 N. Bedford, Mass., 
 
 ( Fales & Jenks, 
 \ Rabbeth Spind. 
 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 480 
 160 
 
 3oz. 
 
 a 
 
 6,100 
 6,100 
 
 80 
 80 
 
 7.50 
 7.50 
 
 Mar., " 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 160 
 
 n 
 
 6,160 
 
 79 
 
 7.50 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 (( 
 
 n 
 
 160 
 
 it 
 
 6,200 
 
 80 
 
 7.50 
 
 a 
 
 It 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 160 
 
 it 
 
 6,200 
 
 80 
 
 7.50 
 
 u 
 
 tl 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 160 
 
 ti 
 
 6,200 
 
 80 
 
 .... 
 
 tt 
 
 It 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 160 
 
 11 
 
 6,200 
 
 Spin 
 
 only 
 
 it 
 
 It 
 
 11 
 
 it 
 
 160 
 
 tt 
 
 6,200 
 
 80 
 
 7.50 
 
 Jun. 2, " 
 
 Pacific Mills, 
 
 Lowell Shop, al. 
 
 H 
 
 160 
 
 3f oz. 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 u 
 
 Lawrence, Mass., 
 
 to Kabbeth Spin. 
 
 ti 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 by Fales & Jenks, 
 
 it 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 u 
 
 tl 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 160 
 
 11 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 .... 
 
 u 
 
 It 
 
 l( 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 it 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 .... 
 
 " 5, " 
 
 tl 
 
 (( 
 
 It 
 
 160 
 
 n 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 u 
 
 tl 
 
 a 
 
 tl 
 
 160 
 
 ti 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 (( 
 
 11 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 it 
 
 6.059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 tl 
 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 It 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 
 
 Sep. 30," 
 
 It 
 
 n 
 
 ti 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 r <( ' 
 
 11 
 
 it 
 
 tl 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 u 
 
 tl 
 
 it 
 
 It 
 
 160 
 
 ti 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PEu 
 
 flLRL 
 
 
 
 
 C Lowell Machine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jun. 2, " 
 
 Pacific Mills, 
 
 ? Shop, Pearl 
 ( Spindle No. 3, 
 
 tl 
 
 160 
 
 3oz. 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 11 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 it 
 
 It 
 
 it 
 
 It 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 
 
 t< 
 
 tl 
 
 n 
 
 tl 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 
 
 " 5, " 
 
 tl 
 
 ti 
 
 11 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 it 
 
 11 
 
 it 
 
 tl 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6,79 
 
 u 
 
 11 
 
 it 
 
 It 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 H 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SAWYER SPINDLE. ( Continued. ) 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft. Lbs. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft. Lbs. 
 Spindle. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindl's 
 H.P. 
 
 KEMAKKS. 
 
 hanks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.40 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 wp 
 
 u u 
 a a 
 
 692. 
 
 724. 
 766. 
 
 4.32 
 
 4.53 
 
 4.79 
 
 1.258' 
 
 1.317 
 1.394 
 
 121 
 
 Empty Bob., clear day, ( Av. of 3 tests, 728. ft. lb., 
 i full " " ( 1. 322 H. P., 4.55 lb. per 
 Full " " f Spin., 121 Spin, per H. P. 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 11 <( 
 
 a u 
 u a 
 
 726.5 
 727.4 
 805.7 
 
 4.54 
 4.58 
 5.04 
 
 1.321 
 1.322 
 1.465 
 
 117 
 
 Empty Bob., damp day ( Av. of 3 tests, 753ft. lb., 
 *full " " < =1.860 H. P.= 4711b.jjer 
 Full " " (Spin.=117. Spin, per H.P. 
 
 
 
 479. 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 Empty Bob. only on Spin. Rolls stopped=69.5 pr. 
 
 . . . 
 
 
 
 554. 
 
 3.46 
 
 
 
 
 
 FuU " " " [cent, of whole. 
 
 
 
 
 490. 
 
 3.06 
 
 
 
 
 
 Empty Bobbin only = 67.5 per cent. 
 
 4.40 
 
 a u 
 
 689.7 
 
 4.31 
 
 1.2541 
 
 
 Empty Bobbin ( Average, 758.6 ft. lb., 1.372 H. P. 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 a u 
 a u 
 
 758.6 
 827.6 
 
 4.74 
 5.17 
 
 1.372 [ 
 1.534J 
 
 116 
 
 *full " < " 4.74 lb. per Spindle. 
 Full " ( " 116 Spindles per H. P. 
 
 1.61 
 1.61 
 
 15.25 " 
 
 a a 
 
 416.6 
 
 522.7 
 
 3.25 
 
 4.09 
 
 .757 
 .950 
 
 169 
 135 
 
 Empty Bobbin, J Average, 470 ft. lb.= .854 H. P.= 
 Full " 1 3.67 lb. per Spin.=150 Spin. H.P. 
 
 SPINDLE. 
 
 4. 
 
 30. warp 
 
 2285. 
 
 4.75 
 
 4.155 
 
 116 
 
 4. 
 
 u u 
 
 759. 
 
 4.73 
 
 1.380 
 
 116 + 
 
 4. 
 
 u a 
 
 770. 
 
 4.81 
 
 1.401 
 
 114 
 
 4. 
 
 u u 
 
 702. 
 
 4.39 
 
 1.277 
 
 125 
 
 4. 
 
 
 584. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 571 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 500. 
 
 3.125 
 
 =71p c 
 
 
 4. 
 
 u u 
 
 690^5 
 
 4.315 
 
 1.255. 
 
 128 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 " 
 
 609. 
 
 3.80 
 
 1.1071 
 
 A 5 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 u u 
 u a 
 
 689. 
 696. 
 
 4.31 
 
 4.35 
 
 1.253 \ 
 
 1.265J 
 
 Av ge, 
 132.5 
 
 . . . 
 
 
 
 460. 
 
 2.89 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 532. 
 
 3.32 
 
 
 
 
 4.40 
 
 a u 
 u u 
 
 617. 
 672.3 
 
 3.85 
 4.20 
 
 1.1221 
 
 1.252 \ 
 
 Av'ge, 
 
 V.40 
 
 u u 
 
 712.8 
 
 4.45 
 
 1.290 J 
 
 
 . . . 
 
 . 
 
 457.4 
 
 2.88 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 a a 
 a u 
 
 574.5 
 
 627.7 
 
 3.59 
 3.92 
 
 1.0451 
 1.141 \ 
 
 Av'ge, 
 1/11 
 
 4.40 
 
 u a 
 
 672.4 
 
 4.20 
 
 1.222 J 
 
 14:1 
 
 ) 3 Frames taken together average, J full, 
 1 Full = 4.491 H. P. Empty = 3.877 H. P. 
 
 Half-full Bobbin. 
 
 44 Centre of cylinder f in. below whorl. 
 
 " " raised level with " 
 
 Ends down. Traveler stopped = 16.93 per cent. 
 Roving Broken, Draught stopped = 1.70 per cent. 
 Rolls stopped = 10.17 per cent. [oiled, 
 
 i full, Bands all put in order, and Frame well 
 Empty Bobbin, clear day. 
 
 j. full Bobbin j Average, 664 ft. lb. = 1.208 H. P.= 
 Full " j 4.15 lb. per Spin. = 132.5 Spin. H. P. 
 Empty Bobbin only = 75.5 per cent. 
 Full " = 76.3 " [ster-step. 
 
 Empty Bob., damp day, but with fresh oil in Bol- 
 
 * full Bobbin j Average, 667.4 ft. lb.= 1.232 H. P. = 
 Full " J 4.17 lb. Spin. = 132 Spin. H. P. 
 
 Empty Bobbin only on Spindle = 74 per cent. 
 44 " Reduced in weight from 379 gr. to 214 gr. 
 
 * full Bobbin j Average, 624.8 ft. lb.= 1.136 H. P.= 
 Full " 1 3.90 lb. per Spin.= 141. Spin. H.P. 
 
 SPINDLE. 
 
 4.40 
 
 li ti 
 
 519.6 
 
 3.25 
 
 .945-j 
 
 
 Empty Bobbin, clear day. 
 
 4.40 
 
 u u 
 
 664.3 
 
 4.15 
 
 1.208 ( 
 
 Av'ge, 
 141 
 
 i full Bobbin j Average, 623 ft. lb. = 1.134 H. P.= 
 FuU " 1 3.90 lb. Spin.= 141 Spin. H. P. 
 
 4.40 
 
 u u 
 
 687.5 
 
 4.30 
 
 1.250J- 
 
 
 
 . . . . 
 
 
 
 383.9 
 
 2.42 
 
 =74p c 
 
 
 
 Empty Bobbin on Spindle only. Rolls stopped. 
 
 
 
 
 526.8 
 
 3.29 
 
 =76p c 
 
 
 
 Full 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 U ti 
 U It 
 
 u a 
 
 578.9 
 682.5 
 710.5 
 
 3.62 
 
 4.28 
 4.44 
 
 1.053] 
 1.241 I 
 
 1.292J 
 
 Av'ge, 
 134 
 
 Empty Bobbin, damp, showery day. 
 * full Bobbin j Average, 657.31 ft. lb.= 1.195 H.P.= 
 Full " 1 4.11 lb. per Spin.= 134 Spin. H. P. 
 
 4.40 
 
 
 
 430. 
 
 2.69 
 
 =74pc 
 
 
 
 Empty Bobbin only on Spin. Rolls stopped. 
 
38 
 
 RING-SPINNING ( Continued.) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER. 
 
 Diam 
 Ring. 
 
 No. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 Wt. of 
 
 Spindle. 
 
 Rev. 
 Spindle 
 
 Rev. 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft 
 
 Sep. 30, '73 
 
 Pacific Mills, 
 
 Pearl Spin. No. 2, 
 
 If in 
 
 160 
 
 4ioz. 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 679 
 
 
 (( 
 
 14 
 
 (4 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 6.79 
 
 " 25, 
 
 Atlantic Mills, 
 
 U 
 
 44 
 
 176 
 
 u 
 
 5,719 
 
 80 
 
 7.60 
 
 4i 
 
 (i 
 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 176 
 
 44 
 
 5,719 
 
 80 
 
 7.60 
 
 ii 
 
 u 
 
 (1 
 
 u 
 
 176 
 
 U 
 
 5,719 
 
 80 
 
 7.60 
 
 " 27, " 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 176 
 
 U 
 
 5,719 
 
 80 
 
 7.50 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 (4 
 
 u 
 
 176 
 
 a 
 
 5,719 
 
 80 
 
 7.60 
 
 (t 
 
 u 
 
 11 
 
 44 
 
 176 
 
 u 
 
 5,719 
 
 80 
 
 7.60 
 
 " 25, " 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 176 
 
 u 
 
 5,285 
 
 103 
 
 7.60 
 
 (4 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 176 
 
 u 
 
 5,285 
 
 103 
 
 7.60 
 
 (( 
 
 14 
 
 (I 
 
 u 
 
 176 
 
 u 
 
 5,285 
 
 103 
 
 7.60 
 
 U 
 
 11 
 
 (4 
 
 u 
 
 176 
 
 41 
 
 5,448 
 
 90 
 
 7.60 
 
 U 
 
 (4 
 
 41 
 
 (4 
 
 176 
 
 U 
 
 5,448 
 
 90 
 
 7.60 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 (4 
 
 44 
 
 176 
 
 44 
 
 5,448 
 
 90 
 
 7.60 
 
 u 26, u 
 
 U 
 
 41 
 
 (I 
 
 176 
 
 U 
 
 5,448 
 
 66 
 
 7.60 
 
 14 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 176 
 
 U 
 
 5,936 
 
 72 
 
 7.60 
 
 it 27, 
 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 u 
 
 176 
 
 44 
 
 5,735 
 
 70 
 
 7.60 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 U ' 
 
 u 
 
 176 
 
 44 
 
 5,735 
 
 70 
 
 7.60 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 176 
 
 U 
 
 5,735 
 
 70 
 
 7.60 
 
 BIRKENHEAD 
 
 Mar., 1873 
 
 Eic'd Borden Mill 
 
 Wm. Mason, Bir- 
 
 If in 
 
 192 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 5,100 
 
 69 
 
 8.14 
 
 a 
 
 Fall Kiver, Mass., 
 
 kenhead Spin., 
 
 (4 
 
 192 
 
 u 
 
 5,100 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 Amer. Linen Co., 
 
 Higgins, altered 
 
 H 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 5,830 
 
 69 
 
 7.09 
 
 44 
 
 u 
 
 to Birkenhead, 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 44 
 
 5,830 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 U 
 
 6,840 
 
 81 
 
 7.09 
 
 May, 1873 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 160 
 
 44 
 
 5,750 
 
 08 
 
 7.09 
 
 u 
 
 14 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 160 
 
 U 
 
 5,750 
 
 68 
 
 7.09 
 
 {4 
 
 44 
 
 U 
 
 a 
 
 160 
 
 U 
 
 5,750 
 
 68 
 
 
 a 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 5,750 
 
 68 
 
 
 u . 
 
 44 
 
 (I 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 44 
 
 5,750 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RICH. 
 
 ARD 
 
 SON 
 
 June, 1873 
 
 Ocean Mills, New- 
 
 Lowell Ma. Shop, 
 
 If in 
 
 208 
 
 
 
 5,200 
 
 67 
 
 7.04 
 
 44 
 
 buryport, Mass., 
 
 Eichardson & 
 
 u 
 
 208 
 
 . . . 
 
 5,440 
 
 71 
 
 7.04 
 
 44 
 
 tt 
 
 Oumnock's Spin. 
 
 u 
 
 208 
 
 .... 
 
 5,290 
 
 68 
 
 7.04 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 and Bolster, 
 
 u 
 
 208 
 
 .... 
 
 5,000 
 
 65 
 
 7.04 
 
 U 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 u 
 
 208 
 
 .... 
 
 5,290 
 
 68 
 
 7.04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EXC 
 
 2ELS 
 
 IIOR 
 
 Oct., 1872 
 Dec., 1872 
 
 44 
 
 Frankford, Pa., 
 Wingohocking M'l 
 
 Bridesburg Man- 
 ufacturing Co., 
 
 u 
 
 Ifin 
 
 44 
 44 
 
 204 
 204 
 204 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 2,960 
 4,103 
 5,081 
 
 62 
 90 
 111 
 
 6. 
 6. 
 6. 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 204 
 
 44 
 
 6,053 
 
 130 
 
 6. 
 
 44 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 204 
 
 44 
 
 6,923 
 
 148 
 
 6. 
 
 14 
 
 44 
 
 u 
 
 44 
 
 204 
 
 U 
 
 5,035 
 
 68 
 
 7. 
 
 44 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 204 
 
 44 
 
 6,020 
 
 79 
 
 7. 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 n 
 
 204 
 
 (4 
 
 7,009 
 
 90 
 
 7. 
 
 14 
 
 (i 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 204 
 
 44 
 
 8,026 
 
 102 
 
 7. 
 
39 
 
 PEARL-SPINDLE. ( Continued.) 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft.Lb. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindl's 
 UP. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 4.40 
 
 warp. 
 
 28.50 
 
 732.14 
 
 4.58 
 
 1.3311 
 
 ATT-'O-A 
 
 Empty bobbin, Bolsters too tight fit. Damp day. 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 
 28.50 
 
 839.3 
 875. 
 
 5.25 
 
 5.47 
 
 1.526 \ 
 1.691 J 
 
 Avge, 
 108. 
 
 Half full Bob. j Av'ge, 815.48 ft. lb. =1.483 H. P. = 
 Full " 1 5.10 lb. per Spin.=108. Spin. H. P. 
 
 2.80 
 
 20.50 
 
 806.5 
 
 4.58 
 
 1.466 
 
 .... 
 
 Empty Bobbin. Taken just as running in mill. 
 
 2.80 
 
 20.50 
 
 959.7 
 
 5.45 
 
 1.745 
 
 .... 
 
 Full " [No cleaning. 
 
 2.80 
 
 20.50 
 
 883. 
 
 5.02 
 
 .605 
 
 110. 
 
 Average. [and oiled. 
 
 2.80 
 
 20.50 
 
 685.5 
 
 3.90 
 
 .246 
 
 .... 
 
 Empty Bobbin. Same Frame, thoroughly cleaned 
 
 2.80 
 
 20.50 
 
 758. 
 
 4.31 
 
 .378 
 
 .... 
 
 Full 
 
 2.80 
 
 20.50 
 
 721.8 
 
 4.10 
 
 .312 
 
 134. 
 
 Average Bobbin. 
 
 1.87 
 
 14. 
 
 806. 
 
 4.58 
 
 .465 
 
 .... 
 
 Empty " Similar Frame, taken as running 
 
 1.87 
 
 14. 
 
 1000. 
 
 5.68 
 
 .818 
 
 
 Full 
 
 1.87 
 
 14. 
 
 903. 
 
 5.13 
 
 .641 
 
 107.' 
 
 Average " " 
 
 2. 
 
 15. 
 
 824.60 
 
 4.68 
 
 .500 
 
 .... 
 
 Empty " Frame like last. Spindle half an 
 
 2. 
 
 15. 
 
 962.46 
 
 5.47 
 
 1.752 
 
 .... 
 
 Full " [inch shorter. 
 
 2. 
 
 15. 
 
 893.53 
 
 5.07 
 
 1.621 
 
 110. 
 
 Average " 
 
 3.68 
 
 28. 
 
 701.75 
 
 3.986 
 
 1.273 
 
 138. 
 
 Half full " Same Frame, finer Yam. 
 
 3.68 
 
 28. 
 
 789.47 
 
 4.486 
 
 1.435 
 
 122. 
 
 " " 4 P. M., same Frame, speed incr'd. 
 
 3.68 
 
 28. 
 
 694.9 
 
 3.94 
 
 1.263 
 
 
 
 Empty " 10A.M., " cool morning. 
 
 3.68 
 
 28. 
 
 915.24 
 
 5.20 
 
 1.666 
 
 
 Full " 
 
 3.68 
 
 28. 
 
 805.08 
 
 4.57 
 
 1.465 
 
 120.' 
 
 Average " 
 
 SPINDLE. 
 
 3.53 
 
 29. 
 
 817.71 
 
 4.25 
 
 1.487 
 
 129. 
 
 Half full " Bands very tight. 
 
 
 
 666.60 
 
 3.47 
 
 
 
 Spindle and Cylinder only = 81.50 per cent. 
 
 4.13 
 
 29. 
 
 630.66 
 
 3.94 
 
 1.147 
 
 139.' 
 
 Bobbin half full. 
 
 
 
 516. 
 
 3.23 
 
 .938 
 
 
 Spindle and Cylinder only = 81 per cent. 
 
 4.13 
 
 29. 
 
 836. 
 
 5.22 
 
 1.520 
 
 105. 
 
 Bobbin half full. Too high speed for Frame. 
 
 4.13 
 
 29. 
 
 690.8 
 
 4.31 
 
 1.256 
 
 128. 
 
 " " Same Frame as above. 
 
 4.13 
 
 20. 
 
 680. 
 
 4.25 
 
 1.237 
 
 130. 
 
 * " " Bands eased. 
 
 
 
 593. 
 
 
 1.079 
 
 
 Ends down, Traveler stopped = 12.8 per cent. 
 
 
 
 553. 
 
 
 1.006 
 
 
 Weight off Eolls = 5.88 per cent. 
 
 
 
 540. 
 
 3*3*7*5 
 
 .982 
 
 
 Rolls stopped. Spin, and Cyl. only = 79.4 per ct. 
 
 SPINDLE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.90 
 
 29. 
 
 975. 
 
 4.69 
 
 1.773 
 
 117. 
 
 Bob. i full. Banded in usual way. Belt too tight. 
 
 3.90 
 
 29. 
 
 1082. 
 
 5.20 
 
 1.967 
 
 106. 
 
 " Frame not level. Belt too tight. 
 
 3.90 
 
 29. 
 
 711.6 
 
 3.42 
 
 1.294 
 
 160. 
 
 " * Level; Belt easy. 
 
 3.90 
 
 29. 
 
 746.6 
 
 3.59 
 
 1.359 
 
 153. 
 
 " Belt tight, f Banded, 6 Spin, with long 
 
 3.90 
 
 29. 
 
 575.4 
 
 2.77 
 
 1.046 
 
 199. 
 
 " Belt easy. 1 Band across, 3 on each 
 [side. 
 
 SPINDLE. 
 
 2. 
 
 12. 
 
 326. 
 
 1.60 
 
 .593 
 
 344. 
 
 1st Frame tested of this Spindle. 
 
 2. 
 
 12. 
 
 565. 
 
 2.77 
 
 1.027 
 
 200. 
 
 3d " Bobbin half full in all cases. 
 
 2. 
 
 12. 
 
 769. 
 
 3.77 
 
 1.398 
 
 146. 
 
 " 
 
 2. 
 
 12. 
 
 1038. 
 
 5.09 
 
 1.888 
 
 108. 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 12. 
 
 1273. 
 
 6.24 
 
 2.314 
 
 88. 
 
 H 
 
 2.90 
 
 20.5 
 
 620. 
 
 3.04 
 
 1.127 
 
 181. 
 
 It 
 
 2.90 
 
 20.5 
 
 804. 
 
 3.94 
 
 1.462 
 
 140. 
 
 M 
 
 2.90 
 
 20.5 
 
 1009. 
 
 4.94 
 
 1.834 
 
 111. 
 
 tl 
 
 2.90 
 
 20.5 
 
 1206. 
 
 6.11 
 
 2.266 
 
 90. 
 
 H 
 
40 
 
 RING-SPINNING ( Continued.) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER. 
 
 it 
 
 S 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Wt. 
 Spin. 
 
 Rev. 
 Spindle. 
 
 Rev. 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft 
 
 Dec., 1872 
 
 Franktbrd, Pa., 
 
 Bridesburg Mfg. 
 
 If in 
 
 204 
 
 4oz. 
 
 9,067 
 
 118 
 
 7. 
 
 (i 
 
 u 
 
 Co, 
 
 a 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 5,081 
 
 62 
 
 7.50 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 6,053 
 
 72 
 
 7.50 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 tt 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 ti 
 
 7,009 
 
 84 
 
 7.50 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 ti 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 8,026 
 
 96 
 
 7.50 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 9,067 
 
 108 
 
 7.50 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 10,071 
 
 121 
 
 7.50 
 
 Mar., 1873 
 
 Stark Mills, Man- 
 
 it 
 
 IT\ 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 4,900 
 
 116 
 
 8.30 
 
 u 
 
 chester, N. H. 
 
 u 
 
 n 
 
 204 
 
 ti 
 
 5,050 
 
 118 
 
 8.30 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 ti 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 5,200 
 
 120 
 
 8.30 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 tt 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 4,736 
 
 120 
 
 8.30 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 ti 
 
 5,264 
 
 131 
 
 8.30 
 
 June, 1873 
 
 a 
 
 tt 
 
 ti 
 
 204 
 
 11 
 
 4,287 
 
 110 
 
 8.30 
 
 April 2, '73 
 
 Mannville, R. I., 
 
 ti 
 
 tt 
 
 204 
 
 u 
 
 8,300 
 
 80 
 
 5.71 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 Cast-Iron Step 
 
 a 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 8,300 
 
 80 
 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 and Bolster, 
 
 a 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 8,300 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 8,300 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 u 
 
 ti 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 8,300 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 tt 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 April 3, '73 
 
 tt 
 
 tl 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 9,300 
 
 91 
 
 5.71 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 n 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 8,300 
 
 80 
 
 5.71 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 It 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 7,550 
 
 73 
 
 5.71 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 It 
 
 a 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 6,870 
 
 67 
 
 5.71 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 tl 
 
 a 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 6,390 
 
 62 
 
 5.71 
 
 April 7, '73 
 
 u 
 
 Brass Step and 
 
 n 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 9,600 
 
 100 
 
 5.71 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 Bolster, 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 8,740 
 
 91 
 
 5.71 
 
 (4 
 
 tt 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 8,300 
 
 86 
 
 5.71 
 
 U 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 7,650 
 
 80 
 
 5.71 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 6,870 
 
 72 
 
 5.71 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 it 
 
 ti 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 6,150 
 
 64 
 
 5.71 
 
 April 9, '73 
 
 u 
 
 Ring changed, 
 
 1A 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 9,440 
 
 98 6 
 
 5.71 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 " 204 
 
 n 
 
 8,300 
 
 86 
 
 5.71 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 " 204 
 
 n 
 
 7,450 
 
 77 6 
 
 5.71 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 It 
 
 u 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 6,870 
 
 70 6 
 
 5.71 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 6,150 
 
 64 
 
 5.71 
 
 Apr. 11, '73 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 10,040 
 
 104 
 
 5.75 
 
 ti 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 ti 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 9,080 
 
 94 
 
 5.75 
 
 (C 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 ti 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 8,300 
 
 86 
 
 5.75 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 7,650 
 
 80 
 
 5.75 
 
 a 
 
 U 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 204 
 
 n 
 
 6,970 
 
 73 
 
 5.75 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 ti 
 
 n 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 6,000 
 
 63 
 
 5.75 
 
 Nov., 1873 
 
 Weetaraoe Mills, 
 
 it 
 
 tt 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 5,760 
 
 90 
 
 9.06 
 
 a 
 
 Fall River, Mass., 
 
 ti 
 
 it 
 
 204 
 
 it 
 
 5,760 
 
 90 
 
 9.06 
 
 Jan., 1874 
 
 Clipper Mills, 
 
 it 
 
 If 
 
 132 
 
 n 
 
 4,660 
 
 122 
 
 6.50 
 
 M 
 
 Baltimore, Md., 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 132 
 
 n 
 
 4,660 
 
 122 
 
 6.50 
 
 U 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 132 
 
 11 
 
 2,700 
 
 70 
 
 6.50 
 
41 
 
 EXCELSIOR SPINDLE. (Continued.) 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 it 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindl's 
 H. P. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 2.90 
 
 20.5 wp. 
 
 1508. 
 
 7.89 
 
 2.742 
 
 74.5 
 
 2d Frame. 
 
 4. 
 
 30.5 " 
 
 546. 
 
 2.67 
 
 .993 
 
 205. 
 
 tt tt 
 
 4. 
 
 30.5 " 
 
 705. 
 
 3.45 
 
 1.282 
 
 159. 
 
 tt (t 
 
 4. 
 
 30.5 " 
 
 929. 
 
 4.55 
 
 1.649 
 
 121. 
 
 
 4. 
 
 30.5 " 
 
 1174. 
 
 5.75 
 
 2,134 
 
 95.5 
 
 
 4. 
 
 30.5 " 
 
 1475. 
 
 7.23 
 
 2.862 
 
 76. 
 
 
 4. 
 
 30.5 " 
 
 1754. 
 
 8.60 
 
 3.190 
 
 64. 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 13. weft. 
 
 864. 
 
 4.23 
 
 1.571 
 
 130. 
 
 Bobbin half full. Bands too tight. 
 
 1.50 
 
 13. " 
 
 896. 
 
 4.39 
 
 1.629 
 
 125. 
 
 \ Cyl. & Spin. 68.4 p. c., Twist 16 do., Rolls 15.6 do. 
 
 1.50 
 1.50 
 
 13. " 
 13. " 
 
 963. 
 693. 
 
 4.72 
 3.40 
 
 1.753 
 1.260 
 
 116.5 
 162. 
 
 U th bt It tt 
 
 j Bobbin half full. New Bands, larger, 
 1 Cyl. & Spin. 61.4 p. c., Twist 20 do., Rl's. 18.6 do. 
 
 1.50 
 1.50 
 
 13. " 
 13. " 
 
 772. 
 571. 
 
 3.78 
 2.80 
 
 1.404 
 1.038 
 
 145. 
 196.5 
 
 1 Bobbin half full. New Bands, larger, 
 1 C. & S. 66.66 p. c., Twist 18.02 do.,Tlolls 15.32 do. 
 Bobbin half full. 
 
 7. 
 
 40. warp 
 
 993.33 
 
 4.87 
 
 1.806 
 
 113. 
 
 Half full. New Frame, a new mill. Cold and wet. 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 893.33 
 
 .... 
 
 1.624 
 
 
 
 " Yarn broken, Trav'r stop'd = 10.07. p. c. 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 843.33 
 
 .... 
 
 1.530 
 
 .... 
 
 Roving u Draught " = 5.03 " 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 816.66 
 
 .... 
 
 1.485 
 
 
 Top Rolls off = 2.69 " 
 
 
 
 766.66 
 
 3.76 
 
 1.394 
 
 .... 
 
 Bottom Rolls stopped = 5.03 " 
 
 7.'" 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 40. " 
 
 100. 
 1233.33 
 916.86 
 
 6.04 
 4.50 
 
 .182 
 2.242 
 1.665 
 
 91.' 
 122. 
 
 j Bands off, Spindles stopped =67.11 " 
 1 Cylinder only = 10.07 " 
 Half full. Weather warmer, but mill damp. 
 " and cool all through the experiments 
 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 
 772.73 
 
 3.79 
 
 1.405 
 
 145. 
 
 it ^ it tt 
 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 
 700. 
 
 3.46 
 
 1.273 
 
 159. 
 
 tt t. tt it 
 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 
 646. 
 
 3.17 
 
 1.175 
 
 174. 
 
 tt tt tt it 
 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 
 1372. 
 
 6.73 
 
 2.495 
 
 82. 
 
 " Twist-gear changed. Colder than last test 
 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 
 1140. 
 
 5.59 
 
 2.073 
 
 98. 
 
 tt tt tt 
 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 
 983.33 
 
 4.84 
 
 1.788 
 
 114. 
 
 tt tt tt 
 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 
 833.33 
 
 4.08 
 
 1.576 
 
 135. 
 
 tt tt tt 
 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 
 755. 
 
 3.70 
 
 1.373 
 
 149. 
 
 tt tt t> 
 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 
 714. 
 
 3.50 
 
 1.298 
 
 157. 
 
 tt tt tt 
 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 
 1190. 
 
 5.83 
 
 2.163 
 
 94.2 
 
 " Mill still very cold and damp. 
 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 
 953. 
 
 4.67 
 
 1.733 
 
 118. 
 
 tt tt tt tt 
 
 7. 
 
 40. ' 
 
 834. 
 
 4.09 
 
 1.517 
 
 134.5 
 
 tt it tt tt 
 
 7. 
 
 40. ' 
 
 733.33 
 
 3.59 
 
 1.333 
 
 153. 
 
 tt tt tt ' .it 
 
 7. 
 
 40. ' 
 
 573.5 
 
 2.81 
 
 1.053 
 
 195. 
 
 it tt tt tt 
 
 7. 
 
 40. ' 
 
 1283.33 
 
 6.28 
 
 2.333 
 
 87.5 
 
 " Warm day. WindS.W. 
 
 7. 
 
 40. ' 
 
 983.6 
 
 4.82 
 
 1.788 
 
 114. 
 
 tt tt it 
 
 7. 
 
 40. ' 
 
 833.33 
 
 4.08 
 
 1.515 
 
 135. 
 
 tt tt tt 
 
 7. 
 
 40. 
 
 743.33 
 
 3.64 
 
 1.351 
 
 151. 
 
 tt it tt 
 
 7. 
 
 40. ' 
 
 643.33 
 
 3.15 
 
 1.190 
 
 175. 
 
 tt n 
 
 7. 
 
 40. " 
 
 500. 
 
 2.45 
 
 .909 
 
 224. 
 
 tt tt 
 
 4. 
 
 36. weft. 
 
 640. 
 
 3.14 
 
 1.165 
 
 175. 
 
 Empty Bobbin. 
 
 4. 
 
 36. " 
 
 656.25 
 
 3.21 
 
 1.193 
 
 171. 
 
 Pull 
 
 1. 
 1. 
 
 6.50 wp 
 6.50 " 
 
 607.43 4.60 
 700.33 5.21 
 
 1.104 
 1.274 
 
 lAv. 
 {ill. 
 
 Empty Bobbin j. Avera ge, 4.95 Ib, per Spindle. 
 
 1. 
 
 6.50 " 
 
 319. 
 
 2.42 
 
 .580 
 
 228. 
 
 tt 
 
42 
 
 RING-SPINNING. ( Continued.) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER. 
 
 !' 
 ss 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Spindle. 
 
 Rev. 
 Roll. 
 
 Draft 
 
 June, 1872 
 
 Amosk'g Mills, 
 
 Amoskeag Co., 
 
 liin 
 
 128 
 
 .... 
 
 5,154 
 
 61 
 
 7.68 
 
 u 
 
 (i 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 .... 
 
 6,187 
 
 68 
 
 7.68 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 .... 
 
 3,506 
 
 74 
 
 9.35 
 
 Oct., 1872 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 128' 
 
 ... 
 
 3,090 
 
 66 
 
 9.35 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 .... 
 
 4,050 
 
 82 
 
 9.35 
 
 n 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 .... 
 
 5,672 
 
 115 
 
 9.35 
 
 n 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 144 
 
 .... 
 
 4,600 
 
 70 
 
 7.26 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 144 
 
 .... 
 
 5,250 
 
 77 
 
 7.26 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 <( 
 
 144 
 
 .... 
 
 6,127 
 
 90 
 
 7.26 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 144 
 
 .... 
 
 7,355 
 
 107 
 
 7.26 
 
 Feb., 1874 
 
 a 
 
 (I 
 
 u 
 
 144 
 
 .... 
 
 5,004 
 
 66 
 
 7.26 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 144 
 
 .... 
 
 5,700 
 
 75 
 
 7.26 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 144 
 
 .... 
 
 6,316 
 
 83 
 
 7.26 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 144 
 
 
 7,384 
 
 97 
 
 7.26 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 u 
 
 144 
 
 .... 
 
 8,380 
 
 110 
 
 7.26 
 
 PUSEY SPINDLE. 
 
 Jan., 1874 
 
 Clipper Mill, 
 
 Pusey Bros., Wil- 
 
 2 Jin 
 
 132 
 
 .... 
 
 3,132 
 
 108 
 
 4. 
 
 u 
 
 Baltimore, Md., 
 
 mington, Del., 
 
 u 
 
 132 
 
 .... 
 
 3,132 
 
 108 
 
 4. 
 
 u 
 
 Wilmington, Del., 
 
 
 
 If in 
 
 132 
 
 .... 
 
 6,026 
 
 84 
 
 8.86 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 132 
 
 .... 
 
 6,026 
 
 84 
 
 8.86 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 (i 
 
 u 
 
 132 
 
 .... 
 
 7,030 
 
 98 
 
 8.86 
 
 u 
 
 (t 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 132 
 
 
 
 7,030 
 
 98 
 
 8.86 
 
43 
 
 PERRY SPINDLE (Dead). 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 .0* 
 
 j.2 
 
 & 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindl's 
 
 H.P. 
 
 KEMAEKS. 
 
 4.42 
 4.42 
 
 34 warp 
 34 " 
 
 493. 
 608. 
 
 3.85 
 4.75 
 
 .896 
 1.106 
 
 143. 
 116. 
 
 Bobbin half full. Set on Whorl which revolves 
 around Spindle, the latter free to move. 
 Bobbin half full. 
 
 1.50 
 
 14 weft. 
 
 339. 
 
 2.65 
 
 .616 
 
 208. 
 
 u u 
 
 1.50 
 
 14 " 
 
 811. 
 
 2.43 
 
 .565 
 
 226. 
 
 u u 
 
 1.50 
 
 14 " 
 
 440. 
 
 3.44 
 
 .801 
 
 160. 
 
 
 
 1.50 
 
 14 " 
 
 669. 
 
 5.23 
 
 1.217 
 
 105. 
 
 u u 
 
 3.30 
 
 24 warp 
 
 439. 
 
 3.05 
 
 .800 
 
 180. 
 
 (t (i 
 
 3.30 
 
 24 " 
 
 518. 
 
 3.60 
 
 .941 
 
 153. 
 
 " " 
 
 3.30 
 
 24 " 
 
 716. 
 
 4.97 
 
 1.202 
 
 110. 
 
 11 u 
 
 3.30 
 
 24 " 
 
 956. 
 
 6.64 
 
 1.738 
 
 83. 
 
 it it 
 
 3.30 
 
 24 " 
 
 437.5 
 
 3.04 
 
 .795 
 
 181. 
 
 it it 
 
 3.30 
 
 24 " 
 
 514. 
 
 3.57 
 
 .935 
 
 155. 
 
 it tt 
 
 3.30 
 
 24 " 
 
 639. 
 
 4.44 
 
 1.162 
 
 124. 
 
 it ii 
 
 3.30 
 
 24 " 
 
 804. 
 
 5.58 
 
 1.462 
 
 98. 
 
 tt ii 
 
 3.SO 
 
 24 " 
 
 1000. 
 
 7. 
 
 1.818 
 
 78.5 
 
 ii 11 ^ 
 
 (Dead.) 
 
 0.75 
 
 3 warp 
 
 1145.84 
 
 8.08 
 
 2.083-1 
 
 Av. 
 
 ( Empty Bobbin. A 
 
 0.75 
 
 3 " 
 
 1218.75 
 
 9.23 
 
 2.216J 
 
 67. 
 
 (Full " =8oz. Yam. 
 
 2.25 
 
 20 " 
 
 404.35 
 
 3.06 
 
 .735-1 
 
 Av. 
 
 (Empty " 
 
 2.25 
 
 20 " 
 
 525.22 
 
 3.98 
 
 .955 J 
 
 156.25 
 
 (Full " =2oz. " 
 
 2.25 
 
 20 u 
 
 521.21 
 
 3.96 
 
 .949-1 
 
 Av. 
 
 (Empty " 
 
 2.25 
 
 20 " 
 
 712.80 
 
 5.40 
 
 1.278J 
 
 123.5 
 
 (Full " = 2oz. " 
 
 A Bobbin placed on a tube which revolves around Spindle. 
 
44 
 
 MULE-SPINNING. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Ac. Rev. 
 Spindle. 
 
 St'ch. 
 
 Sec. 
 St'ch, 
 
 July, 1871 
 
 Amosk'g Mill, N.H. 
 
 1 pair Smith Mules, 
 
 896 
 
 4,500 
 
 65 in 
 
 19* 
 
 u 
 
 Langdon, " 
 
 ( 1 Saco W. P. Co. Im- 
 \ proved Sharpe & Eoberts 
 
 704 
 
 5,000 
 
 60 
 
 19. 
 
 Aug., 1871 
 
 Manchaug, Mass., 
 
 j 1 Saco W. P. Co. Cur- 
 ( tis, Parr & Madely. 
 
 696 
 
 5,000 
 
 64 
 
 22. 
 
 a 
 
 u u 
 
 u u 
 
 552 
 
 5,000 
 
 64 
 
 22. 
 
 Sept., 1871 
 
 Wauregan, Conn., 
 
 1 Curtis, Parr & Madely, 
 
 696 
 
 4,860 
 
 62 
 
 21.66 
 
 a 
 
 u u 
 
 j 1 Marvel & Davol, 
 1 Sharpe & Eoberts, 
 
 516 
 
 4,560 
 
 61 
 
 21. 
 
 Aug., 1871 
 
 Manchaug, Mass., 
 
 1 Wm. Mason & Co., old, 
 
 832 
 
 4,170 
 
 60 
 
 19.33 
 
 Sept., 1871 
 
 Durfee Mills, 
 
 j 1 Win. Mason & Co., 
 Warp T 5 T Gau., new. 
 
 768 
 
 4,600 
 
 60 
 
 18. 
 
 
 
 1 1 Wm. Mason & Co., 1^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 Fall Eiver, Mass., 
 
 < Gauge, 5 months old, 
 
 768 
 
 4,600 
 
 60 
 
 18. 
 
 
 
 ( 1 T V oz. warp, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan., 1873 
 
 j Whittenton, 
 ( Taunton, Mass., 
 
 iWm. Mason, " " " 
 
 576 
 
 3,000 
 
 60 
 
 18. 
 
 Mar., 1873 
 
 Haydensville, Mass. 
 
 1 u 1 Gauge, 
 
 468 
 
 4,200 
 
 60 
 
 17.5 
 
 Apr., 1873 
 
 Salmon Falls, K H. 
 
 1 Saco W. P. Co., S. & E., 
 
 560 
 
 3,850 
 
 60 
 
 17. 
 
 a 
 
 j Appleton Mills, 
 Lowell, 
 
 1 Platt Bros. -If Gauge, 
 
 600 
 
 2,460 
 
 64 
 
 15.5 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 Same Mule, Twist ch'd, 
 
 600 
 
 3,220 
 
 64 
 
 17.5 
 
 May, 1873 
 
 Eockport, Mass., 
 
 j 1 Franklin Foundery, 
 ( Geared Mule, 
 
 600 
 
 3,470 
 
 60 
 
 23.33 
 
 u 
 
 u u 
 
 i 1 Saco W. P. Co., F. F. 
 \ Pattern, 
 
 544 
 
 3,850 
 
 60 
 
 18. 
 
 u 
 
 Masconomet Mill, 
 
 1 Wm. Mason, 1 J Ga., old, 
 
 480 
 
 3,690 
 
 60 
 
 19.5 
 
 u 
 
 Newburyp't, Mass., 
 
 a u u 
 
 572 
 
 3,690 
 
 60 
 
 19.5 
 
 Nov., 1873 
 
 ( Essex, Paterson, 
 
 i N. j., 
 
 1 Curtis, Parr & Co., If 
 inch Gauge. 
 
 704 
 
 3,700 
 
 63 
 
 22. 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 Marvel, Davol & Co., 
 1 inch Gauge, 
 
 600 
 
 3,550 
 
 60 
 
 18. 
 
 Mar., 1873 
 
 Granite Mill, F. E., 
 
 j 1 Platt Bros. & Co. If ga. 
 1 warp. 
 
 552 
 
 4,713 
 
 64 
 
 19. 
 
 Nov., 1873 
 
 u u tt 
 
 Same Mule, 
 
 552 
 
 5,300 
 
 64 
 
 17. 
 
 Mar., 1873 
 
 Slade " " 
 
 1 Mason, 1^- Gau. warp, 
 
 556 
 
 4,480 
 
 60 
 
 18. 
 
 May, 1873 
 
 Weetamoe, " 
 
 1 Parr & Curtis 1-^g- ga. wp. 
 
 544 
 
 5,106 
 
 63 
 
 17. 
 
 u 
 
 u a 
 
 1 i^. we f. 
 
 600 
 
 4,113 
 
 63 
 
 17. 
 
 Nov., 1873 
 
 Westville, Taunton, 
 
 1 Wm. Mason 1 " " 
 
 480 
 
 3,100 
 
 60 
 
 18. 
 
45 
 
 MULE-SPINNING. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 START. 
 
 DRAFT & TWIST 
 
 BACKING. 
 
 Average 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 Lb. per 
 Spindle. 
 
 Average 
 H. P? 
 
 Spindles 
 perH.P. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 FtLb 
 
 8.99 
 
 3.33 
 
 30. weft. 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 1,472 
 
 1.64 
 
 2.677 
 
 335. 
 
 7.17 
 
 4.76 
 
 33. " 
 
 2. 
 
 1,604 
 
 12 
 
 1,185 
 
 5 
 
 349 
 
 1,146 
 
 1.63 
 
 2.084 
 
 338. 
 
 8.74 
 
 5.95 
 
 52. " 
 
 4. 
 
 2,912 
 
 14 
 
 1,912 
 
 4 
 
 912 
 
 1,912 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.476 
 
 200. JA 
 
 8.74 
 
 5.95 
 
 52. " 
 
 4. 
 
 2,772 
 
 14 
 
 1,772 
 
 4 
 
 772 
 
 1,772 
 
 3.21 
 
 3.222 
 
 173. ' A 
 
 8.71 
 
 7. 
 
 58. " 
 
 4. 
 
 2,701 
 
 13 66 
 
 1,701 
 
 4 
 
 701 
 
 1,701 
 
 2.59 
 
 3.093 
 
 225. 
 
 9.15 
 
 4.33 
 
 40. " 
 
 3. 
 
 2,220 
 
 13 
 
 1,660 
 
 5 
 
 600 
 
 1,660 
 
 3.22 
 
 3.019 
 
 171. B 
 
 8.40 
 
 4. 
 
 36. " 
 
 3. 
 
 2,579 
 
 13 
 
 1,592 
 
 5 
 
 605 
 
 1,592 
 
 1.91 
 
 2.895 
 
 287. 
 
 7.70 
 
 3.85 
 
 29. warp. 
 
 2. 
 
 2,918 
 
 -S 9 
 
 la 
 
 1,839 
 1,153 ' 
 
 5 
 
 388 
 
 1,486 
 
 1.93 
 
 2.702 
 
 284.1 
 
 7.70 
 
 3.85 
 
 29. " 
 
 2. 
 
 2,892 
 
 (2 
 
 1,842 . 
 1,114 
 
 5 
 
 383 
 
 1,473 
 
 1.92 
 
 2.678 
 
 u 
 
 287. j , 
 
 8.50 
 
 2. 
 
 17. weft. 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1,050 
 
 6 
 
 478 
 
 859 
 
 1.46 
 
 1.562 
 
 370. 
 
 
 
 27. " 
 
 
 
 II 6 
 
 1,235 
 
 6 
 
 374 
 
 941 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.710 
 
 
 8.56 
 
 3.62 
 
 31. " 
 
 2. 
 
 1,536 
 
 I 1 ? 
 
 '627 f 
 
 4 
 
 400 
 
 955 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.736 
 
 
 
 322. 
 
 8. 
 
 1.65 
 
 13. " 
 
 2.5 
 
 2,512 
 
 9 
 
 2,078 
 
 4 
 
 813 
 
 1,700 
 
 2.83 
 
 3.091 
 
 194. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( Q 
 
 o Knq ) 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 7.95 
 
 1.65 
 
 12.50 wp 
 
 2.5 
 
 2,946 
 
 1 
 
 ta 
 
 Zf.vUO f 
 
 1,742 f 
 
 4 
 
 813 
 
 2,031 
 
 3.38 
 
 3.693 
 
 163. 
 
 7. 
 
 3.80 
 
 26. weft. 
 
 4.33 
 
 1,647 
 
 14 
 
 1,314 
 
 5 
 
 368 
 
 1.173 
 
 1.9/6 
 
 2.133 
 
 281. 
 
 7.21 
 
 3.80 
 
 32. " 
 
 3- 
 
 1,694 
 
 10 
 
 1,254 
 
 5 
 
 444 
 
 1,102 
 
 2.03 
 
 2.004 
 
 272. 
 
 8.25 
 
 4.50 
 
 36. " 
 
 2. 
 
 1,560 
 
 12 5 
 
 1,357 
 
 5 
 
 372 
 
 1,124 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.045 
 
 235. ) c 
 
 8.25 
 
 4.50 
 
 36. " 
 
 2. 
 
 1,613 
 
 12 5 
 
 1,405 
 
 5 
 
 421 
 
 1,174 
 
 2.29 
 
 2.135 
 
 240. f 
 
 7.30 
 
 4. 
 
 30. warp. 
 
 2. 
 
 2.244 
 
 15 
 
 1,625 
 
 5 
 
 475 
 
 1,404 
 
 2. 
 
 2.533 
 
 275- 
 
 8.10 
 
 3.33 
 
 30. weft. 
 
 1. 
 
 1,207 
 
 12 
 
 873 
 
 5 
 
 367 
 
 734 
 
 1.225 
 
 1.335 
 
 450. 
 
 7.47 
 
 3.88 
 
 29. warp. 
 
 3. 
 
 3,104 
 
 11 
 
 2,195 
 
 5 
 
 695 
 
 1,944 
 
 3.525 
 
 3.535 
 
 156. D 
 
 7.47 
 
 3.88 
 
 29. " 
 
 3. 
 
 3,127 
 
 9 
 
 2,217 
 
 5 
 
 854 
 
 1,977 
 
 3.58 
 
 3.594 
 
 153.2 
 
 7.50 
 
 3.80 
 
 28. " 
 
 3. 
 
 1,967 
 
 8 
 
 1,517 
 
 7 
 
 363 
 
 1,099 
 
 1.976 
 
 1.998 
 
 279. 
 
 7.15 
 
 4.15 
 
 29.5 " 
 
 2. 
 
 2,620 
 
 10 
 
 2,046 
 
 5 
 
 517 
 
 1,664 
 
 3.06 
 
 3.025 
 
 180. 
 
 8.43 
 
 4.15 
 
 35. weft. 
 
 2. 
 
 2,093 
 
 10 
 
 1,512 
 
 5 
 
 465 
 
 1,257 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.287 
 
 262. 
 
 10.77 
 
 1.95 
 
 21. " 
 
 2. 
 
 1,009 
 
 10 
 
 855 
 
 6 
 
 309 
 
 690 
 
 1.46 
 
 1.255 
 
 382.5 
 
 * Mules balanced each other. t Companion Mules. 
 A Mules rather new and stiff. B Mules old and not quite level. 
 
 c Mules quite old. j> Belt new and slipped. Not up to proper speed. 
 
46 
 
 COTTON-LOOMS. 
 
 DATS. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 No. 
 Warp 
 
 No. 
 Weft. 
 
 Picks Clo'h 
 per inch. 
 
 Picks 
 p.min. 
 
 April, 1871 
 
 Stark Mills, 
 
 Lowell M. S., Sheeting 
 
 inches. 
 
 36 
 
 16. 
 
 16 
 
 56 X48 
 
 128 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Amoskeag Mills, 
 
 Amosk'g Co., Ticking, 
 
 28 
 
 10. 
 
 .... 
 
 48 X 50 
 
 118 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 " Print Cloth, 
 
 28^ 
 
 30. 
 
 33 
 
 64 X 64 
 
 120 
 
 July, 1871 
 
 u 
 
 " Fine Sheeting, 
 
 40 
 
 24. 
 
 30 
 
 64 x 80 
 
 125 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 U U 
 
 49 
 
 24. 
 
 30 
 
 it 
 
 120 
 
 a 
 
 (( 
 
 u u 
 
 60 
 
 24. 
 
 30 
 
 n 
 
 116 
 
 a 
 
 11 
 
 u u 
 
 100 
 
 24. 
 
 30 
 
 it 
 
 70 
 
 it 
 
 tl 
 
 " Fancy Gingham 
 
 28 
 
 13.5 
 
 16 
 
 56 x 56 
 
 82 
 
 <( 
 
 u 
 
 " " [Goods, 
 
 28 
 
 24. 
 
 28 
 
 a 
 
 94 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 "simple Check" 
 
 28 
 
 24. 
 
 28 
 
 a 
 
 94 
 
 Aug., 1871 
 
 Manchauff, 
 
 SacoW.P.Co.Plain " 
 
 37 
 
 46. 
 
 52 
 
 
 140 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 n ct u 
 
 37 
 
 46. 
 
 52 
 
 
 138 
 
 <i 
 
 M 
 
 11 <l (I 
 
 37 
 
 46. 
 
 52 
 
 
 154 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 Whitin's " " 
 
 36 
 
 46. 
 
 52 
 
 
 151 
 
 it 
 
 (( 
 
 u u u 
 
 28 
 
 30. 
 
 32 
 
 64 x 64 
 
 150 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 (( U U 
 
 28 
 
 30. 
 
 32 
 
 it 
 
 130 
 
 1856 
 
 Ind. Orchard, 
 
 Lowell M. S. " " 
 
 36 
 
 23. 
 
 24 
 
 64 x 72 
 
 126 
 
 u 
 
 (c 
 
 u a 
 
 39 
 
 23. 
 
 24 
 
 64 x 68 
 
 126 
 
 Feb., 1872 
 
 Langdon Mills, 
 
 Whitin's " " 
 
 40 
 
 30. 
 
 33 
 
 88 x 100 
 
 120 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a K a 
 
 40 
 
 33. 
 
 38 
 
 72 x 80 
 
 120 
 
 Mar., 1872 
 
 Haydensville, 
 
 U it 11 
 
 36 
 
 23. 
 
 27 
 
 64 x 64 
 
 120 
 
 April, 1872 
 
 Salmon Falls, 
 
 SacoW.P.Co. " " 
 
 36 
 
 25. 
 
 31 
 
 64 x 72 
 
 125 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 Whittenton Mills, 
 
 Mason's Drop-box L'm 
 
 36 
 
 9. 
 
 11 
 
 ti 
 
 112 
 
 <i 
 
 u 
 
 1 Thomas's Patent " 
 
 36 
 
 9. 
 
 11 
 
 it 
 
 118 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 Mason's 4 Harness " 
 
 36 
 
 9. 
 
 11 
 
 it 
 
 115 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 u it it 
 
 36 
 
 9. 
 
 11 
 
 it 
 
 125 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 1 Eevolving Box, 
 
 36 
 
 9. 
 
 11 
 
 ti 
 
 110 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 Mason's 4 Harness, 
 
 36 
 
 9. 
 
 11 
 
 it 
 
 120 
 
 l\ 
 
 u 
 
 1 Crompton, New Pat. 
 
 36 
 
 9. 
 
 11 
 
 it 
 
 118 
 
 (i 
 
 II 
 
 " Old " 
 
 36 
 
 22. 
 
 24 
 
 it 
 
 118 
 
 May, 1872 
 
 Eockport Mills, 
 
 W. Mason's Drill, " 
 
 33 
 
 28. 
 
 32 
 
 83 x 68 
 
 145 
 
 (i 
 
 u 
 
 a u u 
 
 36 
 
 28. 
 
 32 
 
 n 
 
 140 
 
 ff 
 
 u 
 
 u u it 
 
 40 
 
 28. 
 
 32 
 
 n 
 
 135 
 
 (( 
 
 It 
 
 " " [Pat. 
 
 40 
 
 28. 
 
 32 
 
 n 
 
 140 
 
 (( 
 
 II 
 
 Lewiston Sh., Mason's 
 
 40 
 
 28. 
 
 32 
 
 n 
 
 140 
 
 ic 
 
 u 
 
 Win. Mason, " 
 
 40 
 
 28. 
 
 32 
 
 u 
 
 117 
 
 u 
 
 Masconomet " 
 
 " Plain Sheeting, 
 
 40 
 
 30. 
 
 36 
 
 80 x 84 
 
 130 
 
 ( 
 
 it 
 
 Lesley, " 
 
 40 
 
 30. 
 
 36 
 
 u 
 
 130 
 
 t( 
 
 u 
 
 U tl 
 
 48 
 
 30. 
 
 36 
 
 u 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 tl tl 
 
 36 
 
 30. 
 
 36 
 
 a 
 
 130 
 
 Nov., 1872 
 
 n 
 
 Essex, Pat'n, N. J. 
 Dale Mfg. Co., " 
 
 Mosquito-Net Loom, 
 Jacquard on Silk Serge 
 
 72 
 27 
 
 30. 
 
 30 
 
 12 x 12 
 
 88 
 100 
 
 u 
 
 (i 
 
 Fancy Braid Loom, ) 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 Doub. Bk., 48 Shut. J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 April, 1873 
 
 Clinton, Woon'kt 
 
 Whitin's Plain Loom } 
 
 40 
 
 31. 
 
 32 
 
 64 x 72 
 
 129 
 
 u 
 
 Social, " 
 
 it it 
 
 40 
 
 31. 
 
 i 
 
 5.66 x 68 
 7.76 x 84 
 
 il39 
 
 Sept., 1873 
 
 Atlantic, Law'nce 
 
 Lowell Mach. Shop, 
 
 40 
 
 22. 
 
 24 
 
 64 x 68 
 
 145 
 
 11 
 
 u 
 
 tl U 
 
 36 
 
 15. 
 
 16 
 
 52 x 52 
 
 156 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 a u 
 
 36 
 
 20. 
 
 20 
 
 56 x 56 
 
 156 
 
 Nov., 1873 
 
 Weetamoe, F. E., 
 
 Kilburn, Lincoln &Co. 
 
 28 
 
 29. 
 
 35 
 
 64 x 64 
 
 154 
 
 it 
 
 Granite, 
 
 Davol & Co., 
 
 28 
 
 29. 
 
 35 
 
 u 
 
 154 
 
47 
 
 COTTON-LOOMS. 
 
 Ft. Lb. per 
 Sec. Loom. 
 
 H. Power 
 Loom. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tes'd 
 
 Total H. P. 
 
 Looms per 
 
 H.P: 
 
 REMAKES. 
 
 75.23 
 106.15 
 
 0.160 
 .193 
 
 8 
 20 
 
 1.282 
 3.855 
 
 6.25 
 
 5.18 
 
 Dynamometer driving Counter-Shaft, 
 ii u u it 
 
 35.14 
 
 .064 
 
 20 
 
 1.278 
 
 15.62 
 
 u it it it 
 
 51.15 
 
 .093 
 
 12 
 
 1.117 
 
 10.75 
 
 tt tt tt it 
 
 62.15 
 
 .113 
 
 9 
 
 1.019 
 
 9. 
 
 tt tt t tt 
 
 64.90 
 
 .118 
 
 15 
 
 1.779 
 
 8.47 
 
 tt .t tt tt 
 
 89.10 
 
 .162 
 
 3 
 
 .486 
 
 6.17 
 
 n tt tt tt 
 
 96.82 
 
 .176 
 
 10 
 
 1.760 
 
 5.68 
 
 tt tt it tt 
 
 86.35 
 
 .157 
 
 10 
 
 1.568 
 
 6.37 
 
 tt tt tt it 
 
 48.95 
 
 .089 
 
 15 
 
 1.333 
 
 11.23 
 
 ti it it tt 
 
 65. 
 
 .118 
 
 1 
 
 .118 
 
 8.47 
 
 tt ! tt ft / 
 
 72.05 
 86.35 
 
 .131 
 .157 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 .131 
 .157 
 
 7.63 
 6.37 
 
 u it it it J New Looms 
 
 " it u it | just started. 
 
 85.80 
 
 .156 
 
 4 
 
 .624 
 
 6.41 
 
 " ( Old Looms. 
 
 64.35 
 
 .117 
 
 4 
 
 .469 
 
 8.55 
 
 n it 11 tt j it it 
 i' it 11 it it tt 
 
 53.90 
 
 .098 
 
 4 
 
 .391 
 
 10.20 
 
 i 
 
 60. 
 
 .109 
 
 10 
 
 1.090 
 
 9.17 
 
 ii t tt tt 
 
 64.50 
 
 .117 
 
 10 
 
 1.170 
 
 8.55 
 
 " i u tt 
 
 115.7 
 
 .210 
 
 8 
 
 1.682 
 
 4.76 
 
 " i it it 
 
 74,4 
 
 .135 
 
 8 
 
 1.082 
 
 7.41 
 
 " t u it 
 
 71.86 
 
 .131 
 
 6 
 
 .786 
 
 7.83 
 
 " 1 (I 11 
 
 59.60 
 
 .108 
 
 10 
 
 1.084 
 
 9.23 
 
 II t ' II II 
 
 166. 
 96.43 
 
 .302 
 .175 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 .302 
 .175 
 
 3.31 
 5.71 
 
 Dynamometer applied direct to Loom. Doubtful. 
 
 ii it it it it 
 
 102.5 
 
 .183 
 
 1 
 
 .183 
 
 5.47 
 
 " old Loom, " 
 
 85.70 
 
 .156 
 
 1 
 
 .156 
 
 6.41 
 
 " u new u it 
 
 80. 
 
 .145 
 
 2 
 
 .290 
 
 ' 6.90 
 
 " C.-shaft. No doubt correct. 
 
 87.16 
 
 .158 
 
 1 
 
 .158 
 
 6.33 
 
 " " Loom quite new. Doubtful. 
 
 141.17 
 
 .257 
 
 1 
 
 .257 
 
 3.89 
 
 u u it tt u 
 
 116.2 
 
 .212 
 
 1 
 
 .212 
 
 4.72 
 
 " " old, 
 
 63.44 
 
 .116 
 
 4 
 
 .464 
 
 8.62 
 
 " Counter-Shaft. Correct. 
 
 77.60 
 
 .144 
 
 2 
 
 .288 
 
 7.09 
 
 " New Loom, " 
 
 55. 
 
 .100 
 
 1 
 
 .100 
 
 10. 
 
 tt ti Q ld it u 
 
 63.33 
 
 .115 
 
 3 
 
 .345 
 
 8.70 
 
 It II II 
 
 64.44 
 
 .117 
 
 3 
 
 .357 
 
 8.55 
 
 It Ik II 
 
 50.86 
 
 .092 
 
 4 
 
 .370 
 
 10.87 
 
 II tl It 
 
 73. 
 
 .133 
 
 2 
 
 .266 
 
 7.52 
 
 11 It 11 
 
 80. 
 
 .145 
 
 2 
 
 .289 
 
 6.90 
 
 " " " Old Loom. 
 
 76. 
 
 .138 
 
 1 
 
 .138 
 
 7.25 
 
 tt it ii t 
 
 57. 
 
 .104 
 
 2 
 
 .207 
 
 9.61 
 
 ii it ti it 
 
 50. 
 
 .091 
 
 8 
 
 .727 
 
 11. 
 
 it it it it 
 
 32.5 
 
 .059 
 
 1 
 
 .059 
 
 17. 
 
 " '* direct to Looms. 
 
 44.27 
 
 .080 
 
 1 
 
 .080 
 
 12.5 
 
 it it tt 
 
 61.12 
 
 .111 
 
 14 
 
 1.561 
 
 9. 
 
 " " to Shaft. 
 
 93.62 
 
 .170 
 
 12 
 
 2.043 
 
 6. 
 
 u tt ti 
 
 92.6 
 
 .168 
 
 4 
 
 .673 
 
 6. 
 
 It Ii tC 
 
 108. 
 
 .196 
 
 12 
 
 2.351 
 
 5.10 
 
 II It 44 
 
 108. 
 
 .196 
 
 12 
 
 2.351 
 
 5.10 
 
 It tt It 
 
 63.44 
 
 .115 
 
 10 
 
 1.153 
 
 9. 
 
 tt It It 
 
 56.50 
 
 .103 
 
 12 
 
 1.233 
 
 10. 
 
 tl tt tt 
 
48 
 
 COTTON-SPOOLERS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Rev. 
 Spin. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 Lb. p. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 May, 1857 
 
 Ind. Oro'd, Mass. 
 
 Lowell Ma. S'p, upright, 
 
 100 
 
 936 
 
 23 
 
 1.18 
 
 0.215 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Amoskeag, No. 3, 
 
 Amoskeag Shop, 
 
 80 
 
 700 
 
 10 
 
 2.35 
 
 .342 
 
 Aug., " 
 
 Manchaug, 
 
 Saco W. P. Co., 
 
 100 
 
 663 
 
 46 
 
 .92 
 
 .167 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 Whittenton, 
 
 Mason, "Skein Sp'ler," 
 
 60 
 
 .... 
 
 16 
 
 3.11 
 
 .340 
 
 Mar., 1873 
 
 Haydensville, 
 
 Whitin, upright, " 
 
 80 
 
 800 
 
 30 
 
 3.62 
 
 .527 
 
 April, " 
 
 Salmon Falls, 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. " 
 
 100 
 
 700 
 
 25 
 
 1.80 
 
 .327 
 
 May, 
 
 Rockport, 
 
 it tt 
 
 70 
 
 1,000 
 
 28 
 
 2.82 
 
 .359 
 
 a a 
 
 Masconomet, 
 
 Lewiston Ma. Shop, 
 
 80 
 
 600 
 
 30 
 
 1.57 
 
 .228 
 
 tt a 
 
 Weetamoe, 
 
 William Mason, 
 
 130 
 
 640 
 
 29 
 
 .81 
 
 .192 
 
 Sept., " 
 
 Atlantic MiU, 
 
 Lowell Ma. Shop, 
 
 96 
 
 700 
 
 15 
 
 1.62 
 
 .282 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 Granite Mill, 
 
 George Draper & Son, 
 
 80 
 
 630 
 
 29 
 
 1.28 
 
 .186 
 
 COTTON-TWISTERS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Diam 
 
 Ring. 
 
 No. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 Lb. p. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Derry Mills, 
 
 ( Eing Frame used as ) 
 i Oass. Yarn-Twister, j" 
 
 11 in 
 
 100 
 
 5,186 
 
 12.50 
 
 2.273 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 Stark Mills, 
 
 Duck " 
 
 3* 
 
 80 
 
 2,812 
 
 10. 
 
 1.467 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 Whittenton Mill, 
 
 Mason's Ring,No. 17 Y'n 
 
 2* 
 
 48 
 
 3,400 
 
 9.23 
 
 .805 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 Dale Silk Mill, 
 
 English Flier-Twister, 
 
 
 100 
 
 3,897 
 
 4.30 
 
 .783 
 
 tt it 
 
 Paterson, N. J., 
 
 n a 
 
 .... 
 
 112 
 
 3,005 
 
 3.30 
 
 .673 
 
 COTTON-WARPERS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 No. 
 
 Ends. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Amoskeag, 
 
 
 10 
 
 230 
 
 0.171 
 
 
 Aug., 
 Jan., 1872 
 May, " 
 Nov., " 
 
 Manchaug, 
 Whittenton, 
 Masconomet, 
 Granite, 
 
 Lewiston English Box, 
 Mason, 
 Lewiston, 
 English, 
 
 46 
 9 
 32 
 29 
 
 383 
 240 
 400 
 358 
 
 0.118 
 0.119 
 0.177 
 0.113 
 
 
 COTTON-DRESSERS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 No. 
 
 Ends. 
 
 Yards 
 p.Min 
 
 Lb. p. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Amoskeag, 
 
 Amoskeag Co., Old Style 
 
 10 
 
 1,872 
 
 4 
 
 627 
 
 1.141 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 Whittenton, 
 
 Mason's " 
 
 9 
 
 1,920 
 
 10 
 
 1,177 
 
 2.139 
 
 Mar., 
 
 Haydensville, 
 
 Whitin's " 
 
 23 
 
 2,300 
 
 7 
 
 1,060 
 
 1.927 
 
 SLASHERS. 
 
 May, 1871 
 
 Amoskeag, 
 
 Howard & Bullough, 
 
 28 
 
 2,720 
 
 20. 
 
 869. 
 
 1.581 
 
 Aug., 1872 
 
 Manchaug, 
 
 it tt 
 
 46 
 
 2,298 
 
 28.57 
 
 855. 
 
 1.555 
 
 May, " 
 
 Rockport, 
 
 tt ti 
 
 28 
 
 2,592 
 
 24. 
 
 702. 
 
 1.277 
 
 April, 1873 
 
 Olint'n, Woon'kt, 
 
 n it 
 
 31 
 
 2,800 
 
 38.57 
 
 583. 88 
 
 1.061 
 
 May, 
 
 Weetamoe, F. R., 
 
 ti it 
 
 29 
 
 1,728 
 
 30. 
 
 S95. 
 
 .702 
 
49 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY AND TOOLS. 
 
 DATB. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Revolu. 
 
 FtLb. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Amoskeag Mills, 
 
 j 1 Filling- Winder, on No. 34 
 \ Yarn, 100 Spindles, 
 
 2,910 
 
 793. 
 
 1.442 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 Whittenton " 
 
 1 Fil. Wind., 17 Yarn, 80 Spin., 
 
 2,000 
 
 484. 
 
 .870 
 
 tt tt 
 
 tt tt 
 
 1 Eeel ; Skeins per 60 Spin., 
 
 180 
 
 76.5 
 
 .140 
 
 tt tt 
 
 tt tt 
 
 1 Folding Ma., 70 yds. per min. 
 
 .... 
 
 164. 
 
 .300 
 
 July, 1871 
 
 Langdon " 
 
 1 " " 75 " 
 
 .... 
 
 69. 
 
 .126 
 
 May, 1872 
 
 Eockport, 
 
 1 " u 70 " 
 
 .... 
 
 216. 
 
 .393 
 
 July, 1871 
 
 Langdon Mills, 
 
 1 Cloth Shear, 4 Blades, f 
 
 2,000 
 
 1171. 
 
 2.130 
 
 
 
 Fan to same, 
 
 516 
 
 526. 
 
 .957 
 
 
 
 Total, 
 
 
 1697. 
 
 3.087 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 Whittenton, 
 
 1 Cloth Shear, 5 Blades & Fan, 
 
 2,070 
 
 2275. 
 
 4.136 
 
 May, " 
 
 Rockport, Mass., 
 
 j 1 Cloth Shear, 3 Blades and 
 ( Fan, 1,200 Eev. [hard wood 
 
 2,056 
 
 1645. 
 
 3.000 
 
 Mar., " 
 
 tt tt 
 
 1 Cir. Saw, 18 in. diam., 3 in. 
 
 1,300 
 
 700. 
 
 1.273 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 C Paterson, N. J., 
 
 1 "9 in., 1 in. pine wood, 
 
 4,000 
 
 900. 
 
 1.637 
 
 tt tt 
 
 J Whitney's Sew- 
 
 j 1 Small engine Lathe, on 3-8 
 
 
 51. 
 
 .092 
 
 
 ( ing Ma. Man., 
 
 "j inch Iron, [cut, 1 in. Iron, 
 
 
 
 
 May, " 
 
 Eockport, Mass., 
 
 1 6 ft. Windsor Lathe, heavy 
 
 .... 
 
 116. 
 
 .212 
 
 tt tt 
 
 tt tt 
 
 1 Upright Drill, 3-4 in. Drill, 
 
 .... 
 
 88. 
 
 .160 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 Paterson, N. J., 
 
 j 1 Upright Press Drill, 4 Sp., 
 ( only 1 cutting, 1-4 in. hole, 
 
 
 
 168.75 
 
 .307 
 
 tt tt 
 
 tt tt 
 
 1 Crank-Planer, 2 in. stroke, 
 
 .... 
 
 125. 
 
 .227 
 
 May, 
 
 Eockport, Mass., 
 
 15ft. " 4ft. " 
 
 .... 
 
 135. 
 
 .245 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 Paterson, N. J., 
 
 j 1 Profiling Machine, 1-4 in. 
 "i Cutter, quick speed, [speed, 
 
 
 
 152. 
 
 .276 
 
 tt tt 
 
 tt tt 
 
 1 Pro. Ma., li in. Cutter, slow 
 
 .... 
 
 147. 
 
 .267 
 
 tt tt 
 
 tt tt 
 
 1 Milling Ma., small work, 
 
 .... 
 
 121. 
 
 .220 
 
 u tt 
 
 j Whitney's Shop, 
 
 ( 1 Small screw-cutting En- 
 
 
 122. 
 
 .222 
 
 
 ( Paterson, N. J., 
 
 ( gine, J in. Screws, 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 tt tt 
 
 tt tt 
 
 j 3 Polishing- Wheels, 12 in. 
 
 1,000 
 
 633. 
 
 1.151 
 
 
 
 ( Diam., li in. Face, 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 Mav 1873 
 
 Manch'r P. W., C 
 
 1 Log- Wash. Ma. in Bleach'y 
 
 
 
 
 jXLitjr j J.O | O 
 
 
 1 Roll, 10ft. long, 20 in. Diam. 
 
 1 It It 1*7 " 
 
 ) 100 
 f 120 
 
 7650. 
 
 13.818 
 
 U U 
 
 ( Underbill Edge- 
 ? Tool Co., Nash- 
 ( ua, N. H., 
 
 1 Grindstone, 6 ft. Diam., ) 
 12 in. face, grinding Axes, \ 
 
 84 
 
 1680. 
 
 3.055 
 
 June, " 
 
 j Collins Axe Co., 
 ( Collinsville, Ct., 
 
 1 Grindstone, 6.6 in. Diam., ) 
 13 in. face, grinding Axes, in > 
 Wood Boxes, ) 
 
 175 
 
 6260. 
 
 11.383 
 
 n n 
 
 tt tt 
 
 do. do. in Iron " 
 
 175 
 
 5263. 
 
 9.57 
 
 n u 
 
 tt tt 
 
 Stone in Eevolution alone, 
 
 175 
 
 2807. 
 
 5.103 
 
 
 
 t 1 Stone, 3 ft. 10 in. Diam., 
 
 
 
 
 it n 
 
 u ti 
 
 < 11 in. Face, grinding in 
 ( Wood Boxes. 
 
 229 
 
 4300. 
 
 7.810 
 
 U tl 
 
 tt tt 
 
 j 1 do., 2 ft. 8 in. Diam., 12 in. 
 
 229 
 
 3645. 
 
 6.627 
 
 
 
 \ Face, grind, in Wood Boxes, 
 
 
 
 
 u tt 
 
 n it 
 
 j 1 Polishing Wh'l, 1 ft. Diam., 
 
 1,320 
 
 658. 
 
 1.200 
 
 
 
 \ 3 in. face, on Axes. 
 
 
 
 
50 
 
 FLAX MACHINERY. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 SIZE. 
 
 April, 1871 
 
 Stark Mills, Man- 
 
 1 1st Drawing-Frame, " Tow," 
 
 4 Deliveries, 
 
 u it 
 
 chester, N. H., 
 
 1 2d " " 
 
 6 " 
 
 u 
 
 11 11 
 
 u 
 
 1 Eoving Frame, 
 1 Fairbairn's Spinning Fra. " 
 
 48 Spindles, 
 108 " 
 
 u tt 
 
 (4 
 
 1 Long Line Spreader, "Flax," 
 
 1 Delivery, 
 
 u it 
 
 " 
 
 1 " 1st Drawing, " 
 
 2 Deliveries, 
 
 it tt 
 
 *' 
 
 1 " 2d " u 
 
 6 " 
 
 it tt 
 
 U 
 
 1 " Koving Frame, " 
 
 48 Spindles, 
 
 it tt 
 
 " 
 
 1 Fairbairn's Wet Spinning-Frame 
 
 116 " 
 
 tt tt 
 
 " 
 
 
 116 " 
 
 Nov., 1872 
 
 tt tt 
 
 Arkwright Mills, 
 Paterson, N. J., 
 
 1 Long Line Spreader, 
 1 2d Drawing-Frame, 
 
 1 Delivery, 
 3 Deliveries, 
 
 tt n 
 
 u 
 
 1 Roving-Frame, 
 
 40 Spindles, 
 
 it tt 
 
 a 
 
 1 Wet Spinning,. 
 
 96 " 
 
 tt tt 
 
 it 
 
 1 Twine-Polisher, 
 
 Ordi'ry Pressure, 
 
 n it 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 Ex. Heavy " 
 
 WOOL MACHINERY. 
 WOOL-CARDS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESOKIPTION. 
 
 Width. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Eevolu. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 
 
 C 1 Davis & Fur- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan., 1871 
 
 Derry Mills, 
 
 -< ber 2d Breaker, 
 
 40 
 
 48 in. 
 
 96 
 
 500 
 
 .910 
 
 
 
 ( 6 Workers. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oct., 1871 
 
 Manchester P.W. 
 
 j 1 Double Oylin. 
 { Card, 10 Work., 
 
 40 
 
 48 " 
 
 130 
 
 700 
 
 1.273 
 
 <t 
 
 i< 
 
 u 
 
 40 
 
 48 " 
 
 82 
 
 659 
 
 1.179 
 
 WOOL-JACKS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Eevolu. 
 
 DRAFT. 
 
 TWIST. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 June, 1871 
 
 Derry Mills, 
 
 j 1 Davis & Fur- 
 ( ber, 200 Spin., 
 
 2,457 
 
 431 
 
 .784 
 
 361 
 
 .657 
 
51 
 
 FLAX MACHINERY. 
 
 Draught. 
 
 Gills Speed. 
 
 Bolls Speed. 
 
 Spindle Speed. 
 
 Ft. Lb. per 
 Second. 
 
 Horse-Power. 
 
 8. to 1 
 
 180 per min. 
 
 
 
 340 
 
 0.619 
 
 7. " 1 
 
 180 " 
 
 
 
 632 
 
 1.149 
 
 8.* " 1 
 
 
 100 Kevol'ns, 
 
 590 
 
 1,297 
 
 2.358 
 
 6. " 1 
 
 
 30 " 
 
 2,665 
 
 1 860 
 
 3 382 
 
 30. " 1 
 16 " 1 
 
 54 per min. 
 108 " 
 
 70 " 
 
 
 560 
 
 427 
 
 1.018 
 767 
 
 14. " 1 
 12. " 1 
 7.89 " 1 
 
 102 " 
 130 " 
 
 84 " 
 108 " 
 39 " 
 
 *oi6 
 2,925 
 
 604 
 1,132 
 2 335 
 
 1.097 
 2.058 
 4.246 
 
 7.89 " 1 
 
 
 40 ( ' 
 
 3,176 
 
 2,702 
 
 4.913 
 
 
 
 
 
 520 
 
 .947 
 
 
 
 
 
 790 
 
 1.436 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,077 
 
 1.957 
 
 
 
 
 2,700 
 
 1,903 
 
 3.460 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,653 
 
 3.005 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,853 
 
 5.186 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WOOL MACHINERY. (Continued.) 
 WOOLEN-LOOMS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Width. 
 
 Harness 
 
 'Picks' 
 per min. 
 
 Ft. 
 Lhs. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 June 1871 
 
 Derry Mills 
 
 1 Satinet Loom. 
 
 36 in. 
 
 
 95 
 
 1^,0, 
 
 .221 
 
 u 
 Oct., 1871 
 
 t( 
 
 ( Manchest. Print 
 1 Works. 
 
 j 1 Broad Cromp- 
 \ ton Loom, 
 
 1 " . 
 
 90 " 
 90 " 
 
 :g 
 
 10 
 
 86 
 86 
 
 285 
 348 
 
 .519 
 .633 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 1 Thomas, 
 
 108 " 
 
 10 
 
 65 
 
 233 
 
 .424 
 
 FINISHING-MACHINERY. ( Continued:) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Revolu. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 June, 1871 
 U 
 
 Derry Mills, 
 u 
 
 1 Broad Gig, 54 inches, empty, 
 " set light, old Teazles, 
 
 160 
 160 
 
 279 
 570 
 
 .507 
 .927 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 " set heavy, new " 
 
 160 
 
 1,100 
 
 2.000 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 1 Kotary Full ing-Mill, 
 
 126 
 
 1,395 
 
 2.536 
 
 
 
 [ton & Co., 
 
 
 
 
 (t 
 
 U 
 
 1 38 in. Hydro-Ex., Rice, Bar- 
 
 580 
 
 1,100 
 
 2.000 
 
 cc 
 
 u 
 
 1 80 in. Hydro-Ex., Laconia Pat., 
 
 680 
 
 999 
 
 1.817 
 
52 
 
 TESTS OP SHAFTING. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Weight of 
 Pulleys. 
 
 Total 
 
 Weight. 
 
 April 1871 
 
 Amoskeag Mills, 
 
 8 ft. 6 in. 
 
 2t inc. 
 
 101 lb. 
 
 577 lb. 
 
 678 lb. 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 34 
 
 " , 
 
 404 
 
 1,974 
 
 2,378 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 114 
 
 u 
 
 1,366 
 
 1,859 
 
 3,225 
 
 " 
 
 u 
 
 228 
 
 u 
 
 2,732 
 
 3,617 
 
 6,349 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 342 
 
 ti 
 
 4,098 
 
 5,331 
 
 9,429 
 
 u 
 ti 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 178 
 
 2t inc. ) 
 
 at " f 
 
 2,427 
 
 2,988 
 
 5,415 
 
 u 
 
 " 
 
 10ft. 4 in. 
 
 4t " ] 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 " 
 
 80 
 
 at " 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 " 
 
 32 
 
 at " r 
 
 3,910 
 
 5,393 
 
 9,303 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 at " 1 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
 32 
 
 at " J 
 
 
 
 
 July, 1871 
 
 " C 
 
 10 
 
 at " ) 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 " ^ 
 
 48 
 
 at " f 
 
 1,289 
 
 1,456 
 
 2,745 
 
 u 
 
 " r 
 
 32 
 
 at " i 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 Similar line 
 
 
 
 1,006 
 
 2,295 
 
 n 
 u 
 
 ill . f 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 at " ) 
 at " r 
 
 1,484 
 
 1,736 
 
 3,220 
 
 u 
 
 ( 
 
 32 
 
 at " ) 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 U f 
 
 10 ft. 4 in. 
 176 
 
 at " i 
 
 at " j 
 
 2,336 
 
 2,999 
 
 5,335 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 Similar line 
 
 
 2,336 
 
 2,999 
 
 5,335 
 
 Jan., 1872 
 
 Whittenton Mills, 
 
 Ab't 200 ft. 
 
 21 " 
 
 2,700* 
 
 
 
 Feb., 1872 
 
 Langdon " 
 
 24 ft. 10 in 
 
 at " 
 
 295 
 
 350 
 
 645 
 
 Mar., 1872 
 April 1, '72 
 
 Haydensville, 
 j Salmon Falls, 
 1 KH., 
 
 42 
 9 
 231 
 
 at " 
 
 4 ) 
 
 at " j 
 
 428 
 3,151 
 
 
 
 2,354 
 
 5,805 
 
 April 2, '72 
 
 
 Same shaft. 
 
 
 3,151 
 
 2,354 
 
 5,805 
 
 May, 1872 
 
 Rockport,Mass. 
 
 9 ft. 10 in 
 
 3 " 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 at " I 
 at " [ 
 
 1,987 
 
 2,000* 
 
 3,987 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 it " J 
 
 
 
 
 May, 1872 
 
 Masconom't M'l 
 
 10 ft. 8 in. 
 
 3 " 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Newburyport, 
 
 24 
 
 ai " 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 127 ft. 1 in. 
 
 2i " j. 
 
 3,554 
 
 4,268 
 
 7,882 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 2 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 ft. 3 in. 
 
 If " J 
 
 
 
 
 Nov., 1872 
 
 Paterson, N. J., 
 
 100 
 
 It " 
 
 unkn'wn 
 
 unkn'wn 
 
 unkn'wn 
 
 Nov., 1873, 
 
 Granite Mills, ) 
 Fall River, j" 
 
 Ab't 200 ft. 
 
 2 " 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 " 
 
 * Estimated. 
 
TESTS OP SHAFTING. 
 
 53 
 
 No. of 
 Bear'gs. 
 
 Kev. per 
 Minute. 
 
 Ft. Lbs. 
 
 Horse- 
 Power. 
 
 Coeff. 
 Friction 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CONTINUOUS OILING. [Kerosene Oils mixed- 
 
 2 
 
 216 
 
 49 
 
 .089 
 
 .0336 
 
 Single Counter. Dreyfuss Pat. Oiler. Sperm and 
 
 8 
 
 216 
 
 196 
 
 .357 
 
 .0413 
 
 4 Count 1 s like above. Connected with Belts. Same 
 
 15 
 
 216 
 
 325 
 
 .590 
 
 .0500 
 
 Single line. Oilers aa above. [Oils mixed- 
 
 30 
 
 216 
 
 660 
 
 1.181 
 
 .0501 
 
 2 Lines like above connected. Oils, etc., same. 
 
 47 
 
 216 
 
 1,022 
 
 1.858 
 
 .0552 
 
 3 " " ll " 
 
 25 
 
 216 
 
 378 
 
 .687 
 
 .0338 
 
 Single line, " " 
 
 26 
 
 210 
 
 873 
 
 1.587 
 
 .0334 
 
 Single line, Oils, etc., same. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ORDINARY ODLING. 
 
 12 
 
 150 
 
 275 
 
 .499 
 
 .0640 
 
 Single line. Oiled in ordinary way, daily. Tallow 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in Boxes, as safeguard in case of Heating. 
 
 12 
 
 150 
 
 217 
 
 .394 
 
 .0610 
 
 tl U III it 
 
 13 
 
 150 
 
 291 
 
 .537 
 
 .059 
 
 11 It It 11 
 
 24 
 
 211 
 
 793 
 
 1.442 
 
 .0759 
 
 Single line. Had been oiled A. M., test at 11 A. M. 
 
 24 
 
 211 
 
 679 
 
 1.234 
 
 .0650 
 
 " " Taken- just after oiling. 
 
 
 155 
 
 314 
 
 .571 
 
 
 
 ' 4* 
 
 210 
 
 143 
 
 .260 
 
 .114 
 
 " " Sprung in centre by pull of Belt. 
 
 5 
 
 120 
 
 147 
 
 .267 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 211 
 
 857 
 
 1.558 
 
 .0714 
 
 " " Tallow in Boxes, taken at noon ; had 
 been oiled early in A. H. 
 
 31 
 
 211 
 
 619 
 
 1.120 
 
 .0516 
 
 Tallow removed from Boxes, and sponge saturated 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in oil substituted. Time of testing as before. 
 
 30 
 
 185 
 
 376 
 
 .685 
 
 .0568 
 
 Oiled daily in usual manner. 
 
 37 
 
 245 
 
 1,028 
 
 1.870 
 
 .0585 
 
 u u 
 
 11 
 
 170 
 
 184 
 
 .385 
 
 
 Dreyfuss Oilers. 
 
 
 200 
 
 302 
 
 .549 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TESTS FROM 1874-79. 
 
56 
 
 POWER OP COTTON 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MACHINE. 
 
 No. of 
 Beaters. 
 
 Diam. 
 Beaters. 
 
 Eev. per 
 Minute. 
 
 Jan., 1874 
 
 j Clipper Mills, ) 
 ( Baltimore,Md. } 
 
 ( Kitson Lapper, 
 1 Whitehead & Ath- ) 
 ( erton, Old Pattern, j 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 16 in. 
 18 in. 
 
 1,380 
 1,380 
 
 Feb., 1874 
 
 Jackson Co., ) 
 Nashua, J 
 
 Kitson's Compound, 
 
 * \ 
 
 2. 12 in. 
 2. 16 in. 
 
 1,380 
 
 < 
 
 ( Boott Mills, ) 
 j . Lowell, f 
 
 u \ 
 
 New Pattern, V 
 " Broken Beaters," ( 
 
 4 
 
 1. 9 in. 
 1. 12 in. 
 2. 16 in. 
 
 700 
 950 
 1,380 
 
 u 
 
 j Whittenton ) 
 I Mills, Taunt'n, J 
 
 Kitson's Compound, \_ 
 Regular Pattern, j 
 
 4 
 
 2. 16 in. 
 2. 12 in. 
 
 1,390 
 
 
 
 ' Same Machine, 1st ~| 
 
 
 
 
 Mar., 1874 
 
 
 
 pair Beaters re- J 
 - moved, and White- >- 
 head Whipper put 
 
 3 { 
 
 1. 24 in. 
 2. 16 in. 
 
 1,000 
 1,390 
 
 
 
 in place, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I Same Machine, Tooth- ) 
 
 
 1O 4 l-n 
 
 
 u 
 
 < 
 
 j ed Beater substitut- > 
 
 3 
 
 . z4 in. 
 
 1,390 
 
 
 
 ( ed by Kitson, ) 
 
 
 2. 16 in. 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 ( Same Machine, 4 ) 
 j Bladed Beater in J 
 
 3 \ 
 
 1. 24 in. 
 
 933 
 
 
 
 ( place of Tooth'd Btr., \ 
 
 ] 
 
 2. 16 in. 
 
 1,390 
 
 April, 1874 
 
 ( Stark Mills, ) 
 ( Manchester, J 
 
 \ 1. Kitson Compound, ) 
 ( Regular Pattern, J 
 
 * \ 
 
 2. 12 in. 
 2. 16 in. 
 
 1,390 
 
 " 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 1,390 
 
 May, 1874 
 
 11 
 
 Same Machine, 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 1,400 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 Similar, 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 1,150 
 
 Aug., 1874 
 
 Nashua Mfg. Co., 
 
 i Whitehead & Ather- ) 
 < ton Compound, 1 > 
 ( Whipper, 1 Beater, ) 
 
 * \ 
 
 1. 24 in. 
 1. 16 in. 
 
 1,130 
 1,500 
 
 Mar., 1875 
 
 China Mills, ) 
 Suncook, J 
 
 1. Kitson Compound, 
 
 4 1 
 
 2. 12 in. 
 2. 16 in. 
 
 1,450 
 
 
 
 Webster Mills, ) 
 Suncook, f 
 
 j a a 
 
 3 
 
 16 in. 
 
 1,300 
 
 u 
 
 July, 1875 
 
 j China Mills, j 
 "j Suncook, J 
 Appleton Mills, 
 
 1. Whitin Lapper, 
 j Whitehead & Ather- ) 
 ( ton Opener, j" 
 
 3 
 
 2 1 
 
 12 in. 
 1. 24 in. 
 1. 16 in. 
 
 1,700 
 1,080 
 1,380 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fl. 620 
 
 Nov., 1875 
 
 Boott Mills, 
 
 ( Kitson's Atmospheric ) 
 1 Opener, f 
 
 j 2 Disks 
 ( 2 Beaters 
 
 16 in. 
 16 in. 
 
 J 1. 666 
 1 1.1,200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [1.1,480 
 
 Aug., 1876 
 
 Prescott Mill, 
 
 Kitson's New Feed ) 
 Motion, f 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 240 
 
PICKERS AND LAPPERS. 
 
 57 
 
 No.of 
 Fans. 
 
 3 
 
 Eev. per 
 Minute. 
 
 Wt. Lap 
 per Yd. 
 
 Lbs. per 
 Day. 
 
 Ft. Ib. 
 Power. 
 
 Horse- 
 Power. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 1,380 
 
 16 oz. 
 
 3,930 
 
 4,380.53 
 
 7.969 
 
 Opening from Bale. Without cotton, 5.812 H.P. 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1,380 
 1,380 
 
 1. 1,730 
 2. 1,380 
 
 12 oz. 
 13 oz. 
 
 14 oz. 
 
 3,600 
 3,840 
 
 4,800 
 
 5,883.33 
 5,674.70 
 
 4,525.64 
 
 10.607 
 10.318 
 
 8.228 
 
 " " " " " 7.969 H.P. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1,390 
 
 15 oz. 
 15 oz. 
 
 3,300 
 3,350 
 
 8,142.86 
 6,308.31 
 
 14.805 
 11.505 
 
 Carded & Dyed Cotton." " 9.177 H.P. 
 
 U tl 
 
 3 
 
 1. 1,000 
 2. 1,390 
 
 19^ oz. 
 
 4,420 
 
 5,000 
 
 9.091 
 
 Opening from Bale. " 7.102 H.P. 
 
 8 
 
 1. 1,000 
 2. 1,390 
 
 16$ oz. 
 
 3,350 
 
 6,588 
 
 11.978 
 
 Carded & Dyed Cotton. 4 * " 6.711 H.P. 
 
 3 
 
 933 
 1,390 
 
 15 oz. 
 
 3,320 
 
 7,521 
 
 13.678 
 
 " 8.082 H.P. 
 
 3 
 
 1,390 
 
 17 oz. 
 
 4,000 
 
 6,766 
 
 12.302 
 
 Cotton from Bale, " 10.752 H.P. 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1,390 
 1,400 
 1,150 
 
 1. 1,700 
 1. 1,500 
 
 13 oz. 
 17 oz. 
 11 oz. 
 
 3,060 
 4,000 
 2,220 
 
 5,370 
 5,000 
 
 6,394 
 
 7,208 
 4,800 
 
 4,349 
 
 4,814 
 
 11.623 
 13.105 
 8.725 
 
 7.907 
 8.754 
 
 U It 41 
 
 " " " " 11.139 H.P. 
 " " " " 7,027 H.P. 
 
 PreVi Cot S ton OPened \ " " 5.793 H.P. 
 Cotton from' Bale. 
 
 3 
 
 1,450 
 
 18 oz. 
 
 4,000 
 
 6,300 
 
 11.453 
 
 u t. it 
 
 2 
 
 1,300 
 
 8 oz. 
 
 2,700 
 
 3,361.61 
 
 6.112 
 
 " " * 6.442 H.P. 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 1,400 
 1,380 
 
 7 oz. 
 12 oz 
 14 oz. 
 
 1,600 
 3,000 
 3,400 
 
 2,844.44 
 3,219.51 
 3,463.42 
 
 5.172 
 5.864 
 6.3 
 
 As running. 
 Cotton from Bale. " " 4.08 H.P. 
 Fed heavier on Aprons. 
 
 3 
 
 1,500 
 1,480 
 1,440 
 
 16 oz. 
 
 4,000 
 4,000 
 
 4,200 
 193.85 
 
 7.636 
 .352 
 
 Cotton from Bale. " >! 6.886 H.P. 
 Tested separate from Picker. 
 
 
 
 
58 
 
 COTTON CARDS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKES. 
 
 Width. 
 
 Eev. per 
 Minute. 
 
 March, 1875 
 
 China Mills, Suncook, 
 
 Wm. Mason Breaker, 
 
 36 in. 
 
 127 
 
 <( 
 
 it <( U 
 
 " * Finisher, 
 
 36 in. 
 
 127 
 
 
 
 Pembroke Mills, " 
 
 " Breaker, 
 
 36 in. 
 
 127 
 
 a 
 
 u u 
 
 " Finisher, 
 
 36 in. 
 
 127 
 
 ( u 
 
 Webster Mills, " 
 
 " ' Breaker, 
 
 36 in. 
 
 127 
 
 
 
 a tt u 
 
 " ' Finisher, 
 
 36 in. 
 
 127 
 
 April, 
 
 Newton, Mass., 
 
 0. Fetter " 
 
 36 in. 
 
 128 
 
 August, 1876 
 
 Mass. Mills, Lowell, 
 
 Lowell Ma. Shop Finisher, 
 
 . 36 in. 
 
 125 
 
 <C U 
 
 (( U (( 
 
 " Breaker, 
 
 36 in. 
 
 125 
 
 11 U 
 
 (( U U 
 
 Foss & Pevey, Single, 
 
 36 in. 
 
 125 
 
 April, 1877 
 
 Lockwood Mills, 
 
 Saco W. P. Co. Breaker, 
 
 36 in. 
 
 133 
 
 
 
 Waterville, Maine, 
 
 ". " " Finisher, 
 
 36 in. 
 
 133 
 
 a (( 
 
 u 
 
 " " Single, 
 
 36 in. 
 
 133 
 
 RAILWAYS FOR CARDS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKEB. 
 
 March, 1875 
 
 China Mills, Suncook, 
 
 Wm. Mason Breaker, 
 
 U (( 
 
 <( 
 
 " " Finisher, 
 
 U (1 
 
 Webster " " 
 
 (( (( U 
 
 (( <( 
 
 Pembroke" " 
 
 U (( (( 
 
 ti (( 
 
 Newton, Mass., 
 
 U U {( 
 
 August, 1876 
 April, 1877 
 
 Mass. Mills, Lowell, 
 
 (( U U 
 
 Lockwood Mills, Waterville, 
 
 Lowell Finisher, 
 " Foss & Pevey Finisher, 
 " Breaker, 
 
 
 <( U ({ 
 
 " Finisher, 
 
 COTTON DRAWING-FRAMES. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKEB. 
 
 No. Eolls. 
 
 March, 1875 
 
 China Mills, Suncook, 
 
 Mason, 1st, 
 
 4 
 
 <t 
 
 " 4 (( 
 
 2d, 
 
 4 
 
 " " 
 
 Webster ' " 
 
 1st, 
 
 4 
 
 i( U 
 
 (C 
 
 2d, 
 
 4 
 
 (t (( 
 
 Pembroke ' " 
 
 " 1st, 
 
 4 
 
 (( (( 
 
 <t < <( 
 
 2d, 
 
 4 
 
 {( U 
 
 Newton Mills, Newton, Mass., 
 
 Whitin, 1st, 
 
 4 
 
 (( (t 
 
 <( u 
 
 " 2d, 
 
 4 
 
COTTON CARDS. 
 
 59 
 
 Lb. per Day. 
 
 Ft. Lbs. each. 
 
 H. P. each. 
 
 Cards per Bail- 
 way. 
 
 H. P. Railway. 
 
 No. of Cards per 
 H. P., including 
 Railway. 
 
 45 
 
 149.60 
 
 .272 
 
 40 
 
 1.361 
 
 3.27 
 
 46 
 
 149.60 
 
 .272 
 
 9 
 
 .659 
 
 2.90 
 
 45 
 
 145.65 
 
 .265 
 
 40 
 
 1.360 
 
 3.34 
 
 46 
 
 145.65 
 
 .265 
 
 9 
 
 .424 
 
 3.20 
 
 45 
 
 180 
 
 .327 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 45 
 
 137.5 
 
 .250 
 
 9 
 
 .521 
 
 3.25 
 
 53 
 
 80 
 
 .145 
 
 14 
 
 .846 
 
 4.86 
 
 65 
 
 146.08 
 
 .266 
 
 8 
 
 .473 
 
 3.07 
 
 65 
 
 159.77 
 
 .283 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 65 
 
 192.77 
 
 .350 
 
 *8 
 
 '.554 
 
 2.38 
 
 48 
 
 97 
 
 .177 
 
 72 
 
 2.085 
 
 4.85 
 
 48 
 
 75.60 
 
 .137 
 
 12 
 
 .546 
 
 5.48 
 
 27 
 
 61.92 
 
 .112 
 
 12 
 
 .546 
 
 6.35 
 
 RAILWAYS FOR CARDS. 
 
 No. of Cards. 
 
 Diam. F. EolL 
 
 Eev. F. Roll. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 Wt. Sliver. 
 
 Ft. Lbs. per Sec. 
 
 H.-Power. 
 
 40 
 
 12 in. 
 
 12 
 
 
 8 oz. 
 
 748.91 
 
 1.361 
 
 9 
 
 Hin. 
 
 445 
 
 4.2*1 
 
 95 gr. 
 
 362.5 
 
 .659 
 
 9 
 
 Hin. 
 
 370 
 
 3.50 
 
 89 gr. 
 
 286.86 
 
 .521 
 
 9 
 
 Hin. 
 
 340 
 
 3.50 
 
 89 gr. 
 
 233.33 
 
 .424 
 
 14 
 
 Hin. 
 
 570 
 
 3.50 
 
 120 gr. 
 
 466.22 
 
 .846 
 
 8 
 
 l|in. 
 
 350 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 505 
 
 .554 
 
 8 
 
 Hin. 
 
 350 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 260 
 
 .473 
 
 72 
 
 12 in. 
 
 12 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 1,145.83 
 
 2.085 
 
 12 
 
 Hin. 
 
 300 
 
 4 
 
 90 gr. 
 
 300.3 
 
 .546 
 
 COTTON DRAWING-FRAMES. 
 
 Eev. Rolls. 
 
 Doublings. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 No. of Deliv- 
 eries. 
 
 Ft. Lb. per 
 Delivery. 
 
 H. P. per 
 
 Delivery. 
 
 Total H. P. 
 
 340 
 
 4 
 
 4.24 
 
 4 
 
 126.13 
 
 .229 
 
 .917 
 
 348 
 
 2 
 
 4.08 
 
 8 
 
 63.06 
 
 .114 
 
 .917 
 
 280 
 
 4 
 
 4.12 
 
 4 
 
 106.25 
 
 .194 
 
 .776 
 
 370 
 
 2 
 
 4.12 
 
 8 
 
 75 
 
 .135 
 
 1.091 
 
 310 
 
 4 
 
 4.60 
 
 3 
 
 141.02 
 
 .25 
 
 .769 
 
 380 
 
 2 
 
 4.50 
 
 6 
 
 86.24 
 
 .167 
 
 .941 
 
 312 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 80.60 
 
 .147 
 
 1.173 
 
 390 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 123.60 
 
 .224 
 
 1.345 
 
60 
 
 ROVING FRAMES. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 FLACK. 
 
 MAKERS. 
 
 Size of 
 Bobbin. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Rev. 
 Spin. 
 
 Diam. 
 of Eoll. 
 
 Aug., 1874 
 
 a ( 
 
 
 Amoskeag Co., 
 Manchester, 
 
 Howard &Bullough, 
 
 a u 
 
 10x5 
 9x4.5 
 
 56 
 
 68 
 
 620 
 602 
 
 H 
 
 a (( 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 7x3.5 
 
 116 
 
 930 
 
 u 
 
 Jan., 1877 
 
 
 Conant Thread Co., 
 
 Higgins & Sons, 
 
 5x2.5 
 
 140 
 
 1120 
 
 
 
 u' 
 
 
 Pawtucket, 
 
 Prov. Machine Co., 
 
 u 
 
 148 
 
 1260 
 
 II 
 
 April, " 
 
 
 Lockwood Mills, 
 
 Saco W. P. Co., 
 
 11x5.5 
 
 64 
 
 700 
 
 li 
 
 a u 
 
 
 Waterville, Maine, 
 
 
 
 10x4 
 
 88 
 
 855 
 
 li 
 
 (( (( 
 
 
 u a 
 
 a 
 
 7x3.5 
 
 160 
 
 1175 
 
 u 
 
 Dec., " 
 
 
 Whittenton Mills, 
 
 Prov. Machine Co., 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 1100 
 
 a 
 
 u a 
 
 
 a a 
 
 Win. Mason, 
 
 
 u 
 
 900 
 
 u 
 
 DEAD SPINDLE 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKEE. 
 
 Size of 
 Bobbin. 
 
 No. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 Eev. 
 Spin. 
 
 Diam. of 
 F. Koll. 
 
 Sept., 1873 
 
 
 'Atlantic Mills, 
 
 Lowell Shop Speeder 
 
 12 x 6 
 
 34 
 
 625 
 
 li 
 
 a a 
 
 
 Lawrence, 
 
 a a a 
 
 12 x 6 
 
 34 
 
 600 
 
 li 
 
 <( U 
 
 
 a 
 
 a a a 
 
 10.5x4.5 
 
 36 
 
 750 
 
 li 
 
 u 
 
 
 a 
 
 " Intermediate 
 
 9.5x4.5 
 
 58 
 
 900 
 
 1ft 
 
 u 
 
 - 
 
 a 
 
 a a 
 
 9.5x4.5 
 
 58 
 
 900 
 
 1ft 
 
 u 
 
 
 a 
 
 a a 
 
 9.5x4.5 
 
 58 
 
 900 
 
 1ft 
 
 a <( 
 
 
 
 
 " Fine Speeder 
 
 8.5x3.5 
 
 72 
 
 1200 
 
 li 
 
 a u 
 
 
 u 
 
 a a a 
 
 8.5x4.5 
 
 50 
 
 900 
 
 H 
 
 U 41 
 
 
 a 
 
 " Intermediate 
 
 9.5x4.5 
 
 58 
 
 900 
 
 1-1% 
 
 Mar., 1875 
 
 j China Mills, 
 
 0. Pettee, 1st, 
 
 9 x4.5 
 
 30 
 
 800 
 
 ii 
 
 u u 
 
 ( Suncook, 
 
 " 2d, 
 
 7 x3 
 
 78 
 
 1420 
 
 li 
 
 a a 
 
 j Webster Mills, 
 
 " 1st, 
 
 8 x4 
 
 28 
 
 820 
 
 li 
 
 a a 
 
 | Suncook, 
 
 2d, 
 
 61 x 3 
 
 78 
 
 1500 
 
 li 
 
 a a 
 
 ( Pembroke Mills, 
 
 " 1st, 
 
 8 x4 
 
 24 
 
 800 
 
 li 
 
 a a 
 
 
 
 Suncook, 
 
 " 2d, 
 
 6 x3 
 
 72 
 
 1420 
 
 li 
 
 a a 
 
 
 a 
 
 1st, 
 
 9 x4 
 
 40 
 
 800 
 
 li 
 
 a a 
 
 
 Newton Upper Falls, 
 
 " 1st, 
 
 9 x4 
 
 36 
 
 864 
 
 li 
 
 a a 
 
 
 Newton, Mass, 
 
 1st, 
 
 10 x5 
 
 36 
 
 593 
 
 li 
 
ROVING FRAMES. 
 
 61 
 
 Eev. 
 Eoll. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft.Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 Spindle. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindles 
 per H.P. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 193 
 
 4.67 
 
 77. g. 
 
 0.521* 
 
 639.99 
 
 11.43 
 
 1.163 
 
 48.1 
 
 Average 4- full. 
 
 143 
 
 4 
 
 0.52 hk 
 
 1.04 
 
 422.93 
 
 6.22 
 
 .768 
 
 88.4 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 6 
 
 1.04 " 
 
 3 
 
 636 
 
 5.48 
 
 1.156 
 
 100 
 
 u 
 
 80 
 
 8 
 
 5 " 
 
 20 
 
 654.54 
 
 3.96 
 
 1.008 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 8 
 
 5 " 
 
 20 
 
 393.33 
 
 2.66 
 
 .715 
 
 207 
 
 (( (( 
 
 168 
 
 4 
 
 .55 gr. 
 
 0.60 
 
 820 
 
 12.81 
 
 1.491 
 
 43 
 
 ( (( 
 
 145 
 
 5 
 
 0.60 hk 
 
 1.50 
 
 820 
 
 9.31 
 
 1.491 
 
 69 
 
 ( (( 
 
 129 
 
 6.80 
 
 1.50 " 
 
 4.70 
 
 930.43 
 
 5.81 
 
 1.701 
 
 94.5 
 
 ( (( 
 
 175 
 
 u 
 
 2 " 
 
 .... 
 
 1290 
 
 10.21 
 
 2.345 
 
 55 
 
 * " New Frame. 
 
 147 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .... 
 
 760 
 
 5.94 
 
 1.382 
 
 93 
 
 " Old Frame. 
 
 ROVING FRAMES. 
 
 Eev. 
 F. 
 Eoll. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft.Lb. 
 Spindle. 
 
 H.P: 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Spindles 
 perH.P. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 198 
 
 3.06 
 
 89 g. 
 
 0.301* 
 
 641.66 
 
 16 
 
 .984 
 
 34 
 
 Bobbin i full. 
 
 185 
 
 4.54 
 
 u 
 
 0.49 
 
 441.41 
 
 13 
 
 .800 
 
 42.5 
 
 u 
 
 152 
 
 4.30 
 
 (( 
 
 0.45 
 
 472.44 
 
 13.12 
 
 .859 
 
 42 
 
 (t 
 
 190 
 
 6.04 
 
 0.49 hk 
 
 1.25 
 
 704 
 
 12.14 
 
 1.280 
 
 45.30 
 
 " " as running. 
 
 190 
 
 6.04 
 
 u 
 
 1.25 
 
 670 
 
 11.67 
 
 1.219 
 
 47.25 
 
 " freshly oiled. 
 
 190 
 
 6.04 
 
 u 
 
 1.25 
 
 700 
 
 12.08 
 
 1.273 
 
 45.60 
 
 " similar frame as 
 
 173 
 
 3.68 
 
 I " 
 
 1.81 
 
 863 
 
 12 
 
 1.570 
 
 46 
 
 " as run'g. [r'g. 
 
 116 
 
 7.75 
 
 0.45 " 
 
 1.81 
 
 612.29 
 
 10.24 
 
 .931 
 
 53.60 
 
 " " as running. 
 
 200 
 
 5.78 
 
 0.30 " 
 
 1 
 
 576 
 
 10 
 
 1.048 
 
 56 
 
 (( U 
 
 166 
 
 5.97 
 
 50 g. 
 
 1.25 
 
 388.23 
 
 12.94 
 
 .706 
 
 42.5 
 
 U (( (( 
 
 127 
 
 7.03 
 
 1.25 " 
 
 3.71 
 
 1200 
 
 15.38 
 
 2.182 
 
 35.76 
 
 (( (( 
 
 170 
 
 5.97 
 
 45 g. 
 
 1.25 
 
 465.12 
 
 16.61 
 
 .846 
 
 32 
 
 U U (( 
 
 148 
 
 7.03 
 
 1.25 
 
 3.71 
 
 1480.62 
 
 18.97 
 
 2.692 
 
 29 
 
 (( (( (( 
 
 166 
 
 5.97 
 
 45 gr. 
 
 1.25 
 
 512.5 
 
 21.35 
 
 .932 
 
 26 
 
 (( (( U 
 
 140 
 
 8.03 
 
 1.25 " 
 
 4.12 
 
 1333.33 
 
 18.52 
 
 2.484 
 
 30 
 
 (( U 
 
 150 
 
 5.32 
 
 45 gr. 
 
 1.20 
 
 712.50 
 
 17.87 
 
 1.297 
 
 31 
 
 (( (( (( 
 
 157 
 
 12.82 
 
 88 " 
 
 1.50 
 
 529.41 
 
 14.73 
 
 .963 
 
 37.4 
 
 (( (( (( 
 
 153 
 
 8.32 
 
 100 gr. 
 
 1.50 
 
 342.31 
 
 9.51 
 
 .622 
 
 67.8 
 
 " " New Pattern. 
 
62 
 
 RING SPINNING. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCBIPTION. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 King. 
 
 No. 
 Spin 
 
 Weight 
 Spindle. 
 
 Kev. 
 Spin. 
 
 Rev. 
 RoD. 
 
 Mar., 1874 
 
 j Whittenton Mills, ) 
 1 Taunton, Mass., f 
 
 Wm. Mason, 
 
 If in. 
 
 160 
 
 12 oz. 
 
 6,000 
 
 110 
 
 ti u 
 
 tf 
 
 u it 
 
 " 
 
 160 
 
 it 
 
 6,000 
 
 110 
 
 June, " 
 
 Lawrence Manuf. Co., 
 
 Lowell M. Shop, 
 
 If 
 
 224 
 
 12* 
 
 6,095 
 
 82 
 
 Jan., 1875 
 
 j China Mills, ) 
 } Suncook, N. H., f 
 
 Wm. Mason, 
 
 
 
 128 
 
 14 
 
 6,000 
 
 61 
 
 ti ii 
 
 fl tt 
 
 u ti 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 it 
 
 4,500 
 
 56 
 
 Feb., " 
 Mar., " 
 
 Renfrew Co., S. Adams, 
 China Mill, Suncook, 
 
 Whitin, 
 Wm. Mason, 
 
 tt 
 it 
 
 144 
 128 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 6,000 
 6,160 
 
 96 
 66 
 
 tt ti 
 
 u tt it 
 
 u it 
 
 ft 
 
 128 
 
 it 
 
 5,000 
 
 64 
 
 ti u 
 
 Webster Mill,Suncook, 
 
 tt 
 
 Ii 
 
 128 
 
 ii 
 
 5,000 
 
 64 
 
 it tt 
 
 u it tt 
 
 it 
 
 ti 
 
 128 
 
 ii 
 
 5,160 
 
 66 
 
 tt it 
 
 ti tt tt 
 
 tt 
 
 it 
 
 128 
 
 ii 
 
 6,160 
 
 66 
 
 ti ti 
 
 it ii u 
 
 it 
 
 ti 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,160 
 
 66 
 
 tt ti 
 
 it tt ti 
 
 u 
 
 ti 
 
 112 
 
 u 
 
 5,000 
 
 64 
 
 u ii 
 
 fl 11 It 
 
 ft 
 
 u 
 
 112 
 
 ii 
 
 5,075 
 
 65 
 
 tt 
 
 Pembroke Mill, 
 
 Saco W. P. Shop 
 
 tt 
 
 112 
 
 12 
 
 5,080 
 
 58 
 
 u u 
 
 it tt tt 
 
 u a tt 
 
 ti 
 
 112 
 
 " 
 
 6,080 
 
 58 
 
 it ti 
 
 u tt tt 
 
 ii it u 
 
 u 
 
 112 
 
 ti 
 
 5,080 
 
 68 
 
 it u 
 
 Newton Falls, Mass., 
 
 ti it ii 
 
 If 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 6,120 
 
 68 
 
 tt it 
 
 tt ii it 
 
 ii u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,120 
 
 67 
 
 ti ii 
 
 u tt it 
 
 it u 
 
 tt 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,060 
 
 66 
 
 u u 
 
 u it ti 
 
 u u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,060 
 
 66 
 
 u u 
 
 it u it 
 
 u ii 
 
 it 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 5,120 
 
 64 
 
 it ii 
 
 it it it 
 
 u u 
 
 tt 
 
 128 
 
 ii 
 
 5,120 
 
 72 
 
 April, 
 
 Manchester Mills, 
 
 i ii 
 
 ii 
 
 192 
 
 11* 
 
 5,757 
 
 71 
 
 tt it 
 
 ii it 
 
 i u 
 
 ii 
 
 192 
 
 ii 
 
 5,757 
 
 
 ti it 
 
 ii u 
 
 t u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 ii 
 
 5,700 
 
 61.5 
 
 tt ti 
 
 it tt 
 
 i u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 it 
 
 6,700 
 
 61.5 
 
 ii tt 
 
 tt ti 
 
 i ii 
 
 ii 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,700 
 
 61.5 
 
 ii tt 
 
 it tt 
 
 i u u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 ii 
 
 5,700 
 
 61.5 
 
 July, 
 
 Pacific Mills, 
 
 Whitin, 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 12 
 
 5,030 
 
 63 
 
 it u 
 
 tt ft 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 M 
 
 5,030 
 
 61.5 
 
 ti u 
 
 ti ti 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 5,030 
 
 61.5 
 
 ti tt 
 
 u u 
 
 tt 
 
 ii 
 
 160 
 
 it 
 
 5,030 
 
 61.5 
 
 April, 1876 
 
 York Mills, Saco, 
 
 Saco W. P. Shop 
 
 ii 
 
 128 
 
 11| 
 
 5,800 
 
 82 
 
 tt ti 
 
 i 
 
 SacoW.P.Sh. / 
 Old Throstle, } 
 
 .... 
 
 128 
 
 j flier , I 
 i 3.40 f 
 
 3,610 
 
 60 
 
 June, 
 
 Everett Mills,Lawrence 
 
 Lowell Sh., 0. T. 
 
 
 128 
 
 1 u ; 
 
 3,750 
 
 57 
 
 April, 1877 
 
 Clinton, Woonsocket, 
 
 Whitin, 
 
 ii 
 
 128 
 
 12 
 
 5,670 
 
 71 
 
 u ti 
 
 ti ii 
 
 " 
 
 ii 
 
 128 
 
 M 
 
 5,670 
 
 71 
 
 Dec., 1875 
 
 Nov., 1877 
 
 Jackson Co., Nashua, 
 Atlantic Mills, 
 
 Lowell Throstle, 
 " Shop Ring 
 
 u 
 
 192 
 176 
 
 lier, 4 oz. 
 18* 
 
 3,260 
 6,022 
 
 93 
 
 88 
 
 Dec., " 
 
 Whittenton Mills, 
 
 Wm. Mason, 
 
 HI 
 
 128 
 
 12 
 
 4,800 
 
 128 
 
 Jan., 1878 
 June, " 
 
 Amoskeag Mills, 
 JLyman Mills No. 1) 
 1 Holyoke, f 
 
 Amoskeag Co., 
 Whitin, 
 
 H 
 If 
 
 128 
 128 
 
 11 
 12 
 
 3,910 
 4,200 
 
 89 
 132 
 
 ti u 
 
 
 tt 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 " 
 
 4,200 
 
 132 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Whitin, alter'd) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 | 
 
 to light Spin- [ 
 die No. 1. ) 
 
 Ife- 
 
 128 
 
 frl 
 
 5,593 
 
 116 
 
 it u 
 
 u 
 
 " 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 " 
 
 5,593 
 
 16 
 
 it a 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 128 
 
 " 
 
 5,593 
 
 16 
 
 tt ii 
 
 ti j 
 
 No. 2, different ) 
 form of spindle j 
 
 
 
 128 
 
 " 
 
 6,593 
 
 116 
 
 ft tt 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,593 
 
 116 
 
 
 it 
 
 ii 
 
 
 128 
 
 II 
 
 5,593 
 
 116 
 
ORDINARY SPINDLE. 
 
 63 
 
 Draft. 
 
 Kov'g. 
 
 Tarn. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Spin. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Fr'me. 
 
 Spindles 
 perH.P. 
 
 KEMABKS. 
 
 * 
 
 2 
 
 14 warp. 
 
 1,212.50 
 
 7.58 
 
 2.205 
 
 72.5 
 
 Average half full. Heavy Bobbin, 1 oz. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 14 " 
 
 1,149.37 
 
 7.18 
 
 2.090 
 
 76.6 
 
 " " Light Bobbin, i oz. 
 
 8 
 
 2.25 
 
 18 " 
 
 1,324.56 
 
 5.93 
 
 2.405 
 
 93 
 
 " " " Hussey's Banding. 
 
 7.92 
 
 3.54 
 
 28 " 
 
 878.12 
 
 6.86 
 
 1.596 
 
 80.2 
 
 11 (i it 
 
 7.92 
 
 3.54 
 
 28 " 
 
 638.24 
 
 4.99 
 
 1.160 
 
 110 
 
 U (t U 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 15 " 
 
 977.28 
 
 6.75 
 
 1.717 
 
 81.5 
 
 It (1 tt 
 
 7.72 
 
 3.71 
 
 28.50" 
 
 857.14 
 
 6.70 
 
 1.543 
 
 83 
 
 " " Bands rather tight. 
 
 7.72 
 
 3.71 
 
 28.50" 
 
 763.16 
 
 6.96 
 
 1.387 
 
 92.5 
 
 " " easy. 
 
 7.72 
 
 3.71 
 
 28.50" 
 
 941.25 
 
 7.35 
 
 1.711 
 
 75 
 
 " " " " tight. 
 
 7.72 
 
 3.71 
 
 28.50" 
 
 1,137.37 
 
 8.89 
 
 2.196 
 
 62.4 
 
 " " " " very tight. 
 
 7.72 
 
 3.71 
 
 28.50" 
 
 1,540.62 
 
 12.03 
 
 2.801 
 
 46 
 
 u u ii New B ^ SI tt tt i n< ieed. 
 
 7.72 
 
 3,71 
 
 28.50" 
 
 915.62 
 
 7.15 
 
 1.665 
 
 77 
 
 " " " " easy. 
 
 7.72 
 
 3.71 
 
 28.50" 
 
 875 
 
 7.81 
 
 .591 
 
 70.5 
 
 " " " Bands aver, tight, of Mill. 
 
 7.72 
 
 3.71 
 
 28.50" 
 
 894.25 
 
 7.98 
 
 .625 
 
 69 
 
 U U tl tt It It It 
 
 7.72 
 
 3.71 
 
 28.60" 
 
 610.46 
 
 5.45 
 
 .110 
 
 101 
 
 t tt u tt u 
 
 7.72 
 
 3.71 
 
 28.50" 
 
 691.86 
 
 6.17 
 
 .258 
 
 90 
 
 " " Similar Fr'me, B'ds tight. 
 
 7.72 
 
 3.71 
 
 28.50" 
 
 622.60 
 
 6.55 
 
 .131 
 
 99 
 
 " " " " " " eased. 
 
 6.78 
 
 3.62 
 
 28 " 
 
 669 
 
 5.23 
 
 1.216 
 
 105 
 
 " " " Bands properly adjusted. 
 
 6.78 
 
 3.62 
 
 28 ' 
 
 677.6 
 
 6.30 
 
 1.232 
 
 104 
 
 " " " Sim. F'me, B'ds prop. ad. 
 
 6.78 
 
 3.62 
 
 28 ' 
 
 785.72 
 
 6.12 
 
 1.429 
 
 90 
 
 *. " " " " Bands tight. 
 
 6.78 
 
 3.62 
 
 28 ' 
 
 675.33 
 
 6.28 
 
 1.228 
 
 104 
 
 " ? " Same " " adjusted. 
 
 6.78 
 
 3.62 
 
 28 
 
 674.25 
 
 5.26 
 
 1.226 
 
 104 
 
 Bobbin i full. Bands in good order. 
 
 6.78 
 
 3.62 
 
 28 k 
 
 703.9 
 
 6.50 
 
 1.280 
 
 100 
 
 " " Eolls higher speed. 
 
 7.66 
 
 4 
 
 30 * 
 
 1,049.24 
 
 5.46 
 
 1.908 
 
 101 
 
 it ti 
 
 
 
 
 757.7 
 
 3.94 
 
 
 
 ii prnt)tv Rolls stopped Spindle only. 
 
 7.68 
 
 lldbl 
 
 40 " 
 
 735.07 
 
 6.75 
 
 1.336 
 
 95.5 
 
 " J full. Taken as running. 
 
 7.68 
 
 11 
 
 40 " 
 
 695.92 
 
 5.60 
 
 1.303 
 
 98.4 
 
 " " Bands adjusted. 
 
 7.68 
 
 11 
 
 40 " 
 
 750 
 
 5.86 
 
 1.364 
 
 94.8 
 
 " " Spindle shortened JJ inch. 
 
 7.68 
 
 11 
 
 40 " 
 
 734.33 
 
 5.74 
 
 1.335 
 
 96 
 
 " " Spin, short, B'ds adj., 2d trial. 
 
 6.94 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50" 
 
 793.75 
 
 4.96 
 
 1.443 
 
 111 
 
 ' " Taken as running. 
 
 6.94 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50" 
 
 843.75 
 
 5.27 
 
 1.534 
 
 104 
 
 FuU Bobbin. " 
 
 6.94 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50" 
 
 862.50 
 
 6.39 
 
 1.568 
 
 102 
 
 " " Bobbin fin. longer. 
 
 6.94 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50" 
 
 931.25 
 
 5.82 
 
 1.693 
 
 94.5 
 
 " " " " Dampmor. 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 21 " 
 
 976.19 
 
 7.62 
 
 1.775 
 
 72 
 
 Av'ge i full. Bands a little tight. 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 21 " 
 
 898.33 
 
 7,01 
 
 1.634 
 
 78 
 
 j Bands In good order. 
 1 Tested for comparison. 
 
 7.50 
 
 3 
 
 22.50" 
 
 1,059.07 
 
 8.27 
 
 1.928 
 
 66.30 
 
 " " " 
 
 8.14 
 
 3.68 
 
 32 " 
 
 700 
 
 6.47 
 
 1.272 
 
 100.6 
 
 " Taken as running. 
 
 8.14 
 
 3.68 
 
 32 " 
 
 637.50 
 
 4.98 
 
 1.159 
 
 110.4 
 
 " Draper's " Tension Regulator." 
 
 9 
 
 1.56 
 
 13.50w'ft 
 
 1,076 
 
 5.60 
 
 1.957 
 
 98.21 
 
 " Tested for comparison. 
 
 7.60 
 
 2 
 
 15 warp. 1,160.38 
 
 6.60 
 
 2.110 
 
 83.50 
 
 M 
 
 10 
 
 5dbl 
 
 9 " 
 
 1,017.26 
 
 7.94 
 
 1.849 
 
 70 
 
 " Bands rather tight 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 14 " 
 
 683.91 
 
 5.34 
 
 1.223 
 
 103 
 
 *' " easy. 
 
 
 
 13 weft. 
 
 537.38 
 
 4.20 
 
 .977 
 
 Ave'ge 
 
 Empty Bobbin ) 
 J. Speed variable. 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 " 
 
 528.03 
 
 4.11 
 
 .960 
 
 132 + 
 
 FuU " ) 
 
 
 
 23 " 
 
 576.92 
 
 4.51 
 
 1.049 
 
 
 Empty " 1 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Full Bobbin tested first, 
 
 
 
 23 " 
 
 524.04 
 
 4.18 
 
 .958 
 
 131.5 
 
 f then empty, then* full, 
 
 
 
 23 " 
 
 581.72 
 
 4.23 
 
 1.053 
 
 
 Full " J the last probably correct. 
 
 
 
 23 " 
 
 692.30 
 
 5.41 
 
 1.259 
 
 
 Empty " "I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 " 
 
 629.80 
 
 4.92 
 
 1.145 
 
 112 
 
 Half full " j- Same notes as above. 
 
 
 
 23 " 
 
 70l'.92 
 
 5.48 
 
 1.276 
 
 
 Full " J 
 
 
 
 
64 
 
 RING SPINNING (Continued.) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKEE. 
 
 Diam. 
 King. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Weight 
 Spindle. 
 
 Eev. 
 Sp. 
 
 Eev.F. 
 Boll. 
 
 June, 1878 
 
 (Lyman Mills No. 1, ) 
 } ' Holyoke, f 
 
 j No.l Spindle, ) 
 ( Coarser Y'n, f 
 
 If^in. 
 
 128 
 
 7f oz. 
 
 4,033 
 
 135 
 
 < 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 128 
 
 i< 
 
 4,033 
 
 135 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 4,033 
 
 135 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 j No. 1, Higher ) 
 } Speed, f 
 
 a 
 
 128 
 
 a 
 
 6,282 
 
 132 
 
 u u 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 6,282 
 
 132 
 
 i( (< 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 (( 
 
 6,282 
 
 132 
 
 <t 
 
 <( 
 
 Whitin Lt. Sp., 
 
 U 
 
 128 
 
 10 
 
 5,383 
 
 121 
 
 (( (( 
 
 u 
 
 {< 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,383 
 
 121 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 t( 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 5,383 
 
 121 
 
 u 
 
 Oct., 1878 
 
 No. 2 Mill, 
 Prescott Mill, 
 
 u 
 
 j Lowell Shops, ) 
 I Reg.Sp., f 
 
 if 
 
 if 
 
 176 
 176 
 
 6 
 12 
 
 7,400 
 5,600 
 
 62 
 
 86 
 
 (( U 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 u 
 
 176 
 
 M 
 
 5,600 
 
 86 
 
 ( (( 
 
 u 
 
 II 
 
 (( 
 
 176 
 
 (C 
 
 5,600 
 
 86 
 
 U (( 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 (( 
 
 176 
 
 H 
 
 5,600 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 {Whitin Spin- 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16, " 
 
 Pacific Mills, Lawrence, 
 
 die, Cut-off [ 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 7 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 at Butt, ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i( {( <( 
 
 <t 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 U (( 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 U (( 
 
 <( 
 
 (( 
 
 {( 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 5,073 
 
 61 
 
 U (( 
 
 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 5,073 
 
 61 
 
 U (( (( 
 
 M 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 " 
 
 5,073 
 
 61 
 
 " 22, " 
 
 M 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 u a u 
 
 11 
 
 (( 
 
 M 
 
 160 
 
 II 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 (i <( (i 
 
 {( 
 
 (( 
 
 II 
 
 160 
 
 M 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 ". 25, " 
 
 M 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 U 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 U (( U 
 
 (I 
 
 (1 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 it (( 
 
 it 
 
 (( 
 
 II 
 
 160 
 
 " 
 
 6,059 
 
 . 73 
 
 " 16, " 
 
 M 
 
 ( Regular Whi- ) 
 J tin Spindle, [ 
 ( Old Bolster, ) 
 
 II 
 
 160 
 
 12 
 
 5,063 
 
 61 
 
 i< 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 160 
 
 II 
 
 6,063 
 
 61 
 
 u 
 
 !( 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 a 
 
 5,063 
 
 61 
 
 u u 
 
 M 
 
 {Similar Fr., .) 
 Coned-up [ 
 Bolster, ) 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 6,063 
 
 61 
 
 il U U 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 160 
 
 II 
 
 5,063 
 
 61 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 5,063 
 
 61 
 
 " 22, " 
 
 .( 
 
 Same Frame, 
 
 U 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 U (( (( 
 
 (( 
 
 .u 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 M 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 U U (( 
 
 {( 
 
 K 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 U 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 " 23, " 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 II 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 t( U U 
 
 M 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 U i( (( 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
65 
 
 ORDINARY SPINDLE. (Continued.) 
 
 Draft. 
 
 Kov'g. 
 
 Tarn. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft.Lb. 
 Spin. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Frame 
 
 Spindle 
 per H.P. 
 
 KEMA.EKS. 
 
 
 
 13 weft 
 
 435.19 
 
 8.4 
 
 .791 
 
 
 EmDtv Bobbin ) o, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Av'ge 
 
 IMffuU 1 Speed irregular as 
 
 
 
 13 " 
 
 440.37 
 
 3.44 
 
 .8 
 
 "163 
 
 Full " f before ' 
 
 
 
 13 " 
 
 420.56 
 
 3.28 
 
 .765 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 " 
 
 656.86 
 
 
 1.194 
 
 
 Empty " 1 
 
 
 
 23 " 
 
 666.67 
 
 4.99 
 
 1.212 
 
 110 + 
 
 Half full " I Speed more even. 
 Full " ) 
 
 
 
 23 " 
 
 676.47 
 
 
 1.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 warp 
 
 733.33 
 
 5.73 
 
 1.333 
 
 ) A , 
 
 n " . * 
 
 
 
 12 " 
 
 850 
 
 6.64 
 
 1.545 
 
 f Av'ge 
 
 Half full " j. Speed irregular. 
 
 
 
 12 " 
 
 888.88 
 
 6.94 
 
 1.616 
 
 f 85.4 
 
 Full j 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 1,118.42 
 
 6.35 
 
 2.033 
 
 86.6 
 
 Half full " 
 
 
 
 21 " 
 
 950.82 
 
 5.4 
 
 1.727 
 
 1 Av'ge 
 
 Empty " ) Pearl Bobbin, 6 in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V D 
 
 V Traverse. 842.18 
 
 
 
 21 " 
 
 1,065.57 
 
 6.05 
 
 1.938 
 
 I 96 
 
 Full " } Grains Yarn. 
 
 
 
 21 " 
 
 950.82 
 
 5.4 
 
 1.727 
 
 ) Av'ge 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 21 " 
 
 1,049.80 
 
 5.96 
 
 1.909 
 
 V ^^ O 
 
 J 96.8 
 
 Empty * \ Common Bobbin. ojj in* 
 Full " f Trav. 645.T8 Gr. Yarn. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 " 
 
 1,021.28 
 
 6.38 
 
 1.857 
 
 86 
 
 Emntv " 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wt. Bob., 847.25 gr. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 " 
 
 1,191.49 
 
 7.447 
 
 2.166 
 
 73.9 
 
 _ V " Yarn, 52T.75 gr. 
 Taken as found. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 " 
 
 1,106.38 
 
 6.91 
 
 2.011 
 
 80 
 
 Average " J 
 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 " 
 28.50 " 
 28.50 " 
 
 718.18 
 845.46 
 781.81 
 
 4.49 
 5.28 
 4.89 
 
 1.37 
 1.537 
 1.453 
 
 122 
 104 
 113 
 
 E^Pty ' " j Lower speed, as ordi- 
 Iverage * \ nari ^ run. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 " 
 
 ,031.91 
 
 6.45 
 
 1.876 
 
 85.3 
 
 Empty Bob. ) Kings centred and Bobbins 
 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 " 
 28.50 " 
 28.50 " 
 28.50 " 
 
 ,202.13 
 ,117.02 
 
 978.72 
 ,148.94 
 
 7.51 
 6.98 
 6.12 
 7.18 
 
 2.186 
 2.031 
 
 1.78 
 2.089 
 
 73.2 
 78.8 
 89.9 
 76.6 
 
 Full " V selected. Wt. Bob., 871.9 
 Average " ) gr. Wt. Yarn, 541.4 gr. 
 ^ Kings and Bobs, as above. 
 Empty " 1 Wt. reduc'dlO p.ct. Weath- 
 Full " Ver very dry and clear. Wt. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 " 
 
 ,063.83 
 
 6.65 
 
 1.984 
 
 82.7 
 
 Average " still further reduced 20 p.ct. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J without ch. in power req'd. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 " 
 
 807.23 
 
 5.045 
 
 1.468 
 
 109 
 
 Empty Bobbin.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Taken as running. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 " 
 
 879.52 
 
 5.5 
 
 1.6 
 
 100 
 
 Full " /"Usual speed. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 " 
 
 843.37 
 
 5".27 
 
 1.534 
 
 104.5 
 
 Average " j 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50" 
 
 819.28 
 
 5.12 
 
 1.49 
 
 107.4 
 
 Empty " ] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I Taken as running. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 " 
 
 891.57 
 
 5.57 
 
 1.621 
 
 98.8 
 
 Full " [ Usual speed. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 < 
 
 855.42 
 
 5.345 
 
 1.555 
 
 103.1 
 
 Average " J 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 ' 
 
 1,014.29 
 
 6.34 
 
 1.844 
 
 87 
 
 Empty " ) Speed increased. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 ' 
 
 1,157.14 
 
 7.23 
 
 2.014 
 
 76 
 
 Full " VWt. Bobbin, 871.9 gr. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 ' 
 
 1,085.71 
 
 6.786 
 
 1.909 
 
 81.5 
 
 Average " } " Yarn, 486.7 gr. 
 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 ' 
 28.50 ' 
 
 1,071.43 
 1,200 
 
 6.7 
 7.5 
 
 1.948 
 
 2.182 
 
 82 
 73.3 
 
 Empty " ) Damp morning. Storm 
 Full " V of 24th coming on. 
 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 
 28.50 ' 
 
 1,135.71 
 
 7.1 
 
 2.065 
 
 77.7 
 
 Average " ) Bob. & Y'n as before. 
 
RING SPINNING. (Continued.} 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKEE. 
 
 Diam. 
 Eing. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Weight 
 Spindle. 
 
 Eev. 
 Spindle. 
 
 Eev.F. 
 Eoll. 
 
 June, 1874 
 
 cc cc 
 
 ( Lawrence Co., ) 
 ( Lowell, Mass., ) 
 
 Lowell M. Shop, 
 
 cc 
 
 13 in. 
 
 224 
 224 
 
 4 oz 
 cc 
 
 6,400 
 6,340 
 
 103 
 102 
 
 cc cc 
 
 cc 
 
 " 
 
 cc 
 
 224 
 
 " 
 
 6,340 
 
 102 
 
 Sep., " 
 
 cc 
 
 u 
 
 cc 
 
 224 
 
 51 
 
 6,540 
 
 98 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 j Stark Mills, Man- ) 
 1 Chester, N. H., f 
 
 Altered Throstle, 
 
 H 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 5,130 
 
 110 
 
 cc cc 
 
 cc 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 128 
 
 M 
 
 5,130 
 
 110 
 
 Jan., 1875 
 
 ( China Mill, Sun- ) 
 "( cook, N. H., j" 
 
 Altered Mason, 
 
 If 
 
 128 
 
 cc 
 
 5,800 
 
 70 
 
 cc cc 
 
 " 
 
 Ring Frame, 
 
 " 
 
 128 
 
 " 
 
 6,000 
 
 72 
 
 Feb., " 
 
 ( Renfrew Mfg. Co., ) 
 1 South Adams, C 
 
 Whitin, altered, 
 
 
 
 144 
 
 cc. 
 
 5,380 
 
 98 
 
 cc cc 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 
 
 144 
 
 cc 
 
 6,050 
 
 110 
 
 Aug., 
 
 Stark Mills, Manchester, 
 
 Lowell M. Shop, 
 
 2 
 
 128 
 
 51 
 
 6,070 
 
 117 
 
 cc cc 
 
 " 
 
 New Frames, 
 
 2i 
 
 128 
 
 cc 
 
 5,976 
 
 116 
 
 Oct., " 
 
 Hamilton Co., Lowell, 
 
 " 
 
 If 
 
 208 
 
 4 
 
 5,600 
 
 90 
 
 cc cc 
 
 cc 
 
 (C 
 
 cc 
 
 208 
 
 II 
 
 5,600 
 
 90 
 
 Jan., 1876 
 
 Salmon Falls, N. H., 
 
 Altered Frame, 
 
 cc 
 
 144 
 
 " 
 
 5,800 
 
 74 
 
 cc cc 
 
 cc 
 
 Throstle, 
 
 " 
 
 144 
 
 
 
 6,050 
 
 77 
 
 April, 
 
 York Mills, Saco, 
 
 " 
 
 cc 
 
 128 
 
 5 i 
 
 5,800 
 
 82 
 
 cc cc 
 
 (C 
 
 " 
 
 cc 
 
 128 
 
 " 
 
 5,800 
 
 st'p'd 
 
 June, " 
 
 Everett Mills, Lawr'ce, 
 
 cc 
 
 " 
 
 128 
 
 5 
 
 3,800 
 
 58 
 
 ii ii 
 
 " 
 
 ** 
 
 " 
 
 128 
 
 cc 
 
 4,885 
 
 72 
 
 Aug., 
 April, 1877 
 
 Boott Mills, 
 
 ( Clinton Mills, ) 
 ( Woonsocket, ) 
 
 Lowell Shop, ' 
 ( Whitin, alt'd ) 
 -j to Mod. Pat, V 
 ( Sawyer Spin. ) 
 
 
 
 224 
 192 
 
 H 
 
 6,020 
 7,500 
 
 97 
 96 
 
 CC C( 
 
 " 
 
 cc 
 
 " 
 
 192 
 
 .... 
 
 7,000 
 
 st'p'd 
 
 cc cc 
 
 ( Lockwood Mills, ) 
 ( Waterville, Me., j" 
 
 ( Saco W. P. ) 
 I Co. Shop, j" 
 
 
 
 176 
 
 5i 
 
 7,000 
 
 90 
 
 1C CC 
 
 " 
 
 '* 
 
 cc 
 
 176 
 
 cc 
 
 7,000 
 
 90 
 
 cc cc 
 
 " 
 
 (C 
 
 cc 
 
 176 
 
 cc 
 
 7,300 
 
 105 
 
 Nov., 
 
 Jackson Co., Nashua, 
 
 Lowell M. Shop, 
 
 if 
 
 192 
 
 4f 
 
 5,568 
 
 116 
 
 ii ii 
 
 " 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 192 
 
 (C 
 
 5,568 
 
 116 
 
 
 
 ( Wm. Mason, ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dec., " 
 
 Whittenton, Mills, 
 
 -^ Old, alt'd to [ 
 
 1-J.jj. 
 
 128 
 
 cc 
 
 5,135 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 ( Sawyer Spin. ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cc cc 
 
 " 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 128 
 
 " 
 
 5,135 
 
 130 
 
 Jan., 1878 
 
 Amoskeag No. 4, 
 
 Whitin M. Co., 
 
 If 
 
 144 
 
 4 i 
 
 6,230 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 (DrapVsFil'g) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cc cc 
 
 (C 
 
 j Fr.,withMod. V 
 
 " 
 
 144 
 
 M 
 
 6,230 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 ( Sawyer Spin. \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cc cc 
 
 M 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 144 
 
 " 
 
 5,925 
 
 112 
 
 cc cc 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 144 
 
 cc 
 
 5,234 
 
 104 
 
 cc cc 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 144 
 
 II 
 
 4,960 
 
 120 
 
 cc cc 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 144 
 
 cc 
 
 3,658 
 
 108 
 
 Mar., " 
 
 Nashua Mfg. Co., 
 
 Lowell M. Shop, 
 
 If 
 
 192 
 
 cc 
 
 6,790 
 
 106J 
 
 ii ii 
 
 " 
 
 Modified Sawyer, 
 
 cc 
 
 192 
 
 cc 
 
 6,790 
 
 106 
 
 ii ii 
 
 ii 
 
 " 
 
 cc 
 
 192 
 
 cc 
 
 6,790 
 
 106^- 
 
 June, " 
 
 Lyman Mills, Holyoke, 
 
 ( Whitin, alt'd ) 
 } to Saw'r Sp., C 
 
 1-& 
 
 128 
 
 4f 
 
 5,597 
 
 117 
 
 1C CC 
 
 " 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 128 
 
 " 
 
 5,597 
 
 117 
 
 (C CC 
 
 cc 
 
 " 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 " 
 
 5,597 
 
 117 
 
 CC 1C 
 
 cc 
 
 " 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 " 
 
 4,633 
 
 135 
 
 cc cc 
 
 " 
 
 cc 
 
 " 
 
 128 
 
 cc 
 
 4,633 
 
 135 
 
 
 " 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 128 
 
 " 
 
 4,633 
 
 135 
 
SAWYER SPINDLE. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 Kov'g. 
 
 Yarn. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Frame 
 
 Spindle 
 per H.P. 
 
 REMABKS. 
 
 8 
 
 2.25 
 
 18 warp 
 
 1,002.67 
 
 4.478 
 
 1.823 
 
 123 
 
 T5r>h nirVa A full J Hussey Banding. 
 Bob. av ge t lull, -j B an a 8 tight. 
 
 8 
 
 2.25 
 
 18 " 
 
 968.75 
 
 4.32 
 
 1.761 
 
 127 
 
 " " " Bands adjusted. 
 
 8 
 
 2.25 
 
 18 " 
 
 1,159.42 
 
 5.176 
 
 2.18 
 
 106 
 
 " " Single Banding. 
 
 8 
 
 2.25 
 
 18 " 
 
 1,113.63 
 
 4.97 
 
 2.03 
 
 110.6 
 
 44 44 44 j Hussey Banding. 
 J 6.25 in. Trav., 1.8 oz. Y'n. 
 
 7.84 
 
 1.62 
 
 12.33 " 
 
 643.23 
 
 5.025 
 
 1.179 
 
 110 
 
 it ti tt tt 28 it 
 
 7.84 
 
 1.62 
 
 12.33 " 
 
 698.6 
 
 5.48 
 
 1.275 
 
 100 + 
 
 " " " Single Banding, " " 
 
 7.92 
 
 3.54 
 
 28 " 
 
 738.69 
 
 6.77 
 
 1.342 
 
 95.3 
 
 " " " " " Bands tight 
 
 7.92 
 
 3.54 
 
 28 " 
 
 762.5 
 
 6.96 
 
 1.386 
 
 92.3 
 
 it tt tt it tt it tt 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 16 " 
 
 718.39 
 
 4.99 
 
 1.306 
 
 110 
 
 " " " As running. 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 16 " 
 
 925.34 
 
 6.42 
 
 1.682 
 
 85.7 
 
 " " " " " Tight Belt. 
 
 8 
 
 1.54 
 
 12.30 " 
 
 732.1 
 
 5.72 
 
 1.296 
 
 96 
 
 tt tt u tt tt 
 
 8 
 
 1.54 
 
 12.30 " 
 
 757.5 
 
 5.91 
 
 1.377 
 
 93 
 
 tt u tt tt it 
 
 9 
 
 1.85 
 
 16.65 " 
 
 964.28 
 
 4.64 
 
 1.753 
 
 118.6 
 
 " " " Ordinary Banding. 
 
 9 
 
 1.85 
 
 16.65 " 
 
 865.7 
 
 4.26 
 
 1.61 
 
 129 
 
 " " "Hussey " 
 
 8.54 
 
 2.60 
 
 22 " 
 
 775.76 
 
 5.46 
 
 1.415 
 
 102 
 
 " " " As running. Bands tight. 
 
 8.54 
 
 2.50 
 
 22 " 
 
 804.35 
 
 5.58 
 
 1.462 
 
 98.5 
 
 U tt tt U it It tt 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 21 " 
 
 567.16 
 
 4.43 
 
 1.031 
 
 124 
 
 " " " " " Bands easy. 
 
 
 
 
 335.82 
 
 2.63 
 
 
 
 " empty. Spindle only. 
 
 7.50 
 
 3 
 
 22.5 " 
 
 431.25 
 
 3.37 
 
 .784 
 
 163 
 
 " av'ge i full. As running. 
 
 7.60 
 
 3 
 
 22.5 " 
 
 543.75 
 
 4.24 
 
 .988 
 
 130 
 
 tt t< tt tt tt 
 
 8.80 
 
 1.65 
 
 14 " 
 
 1,207.93 
 
 5.39 
 
 2.144 
 
 102 
 
 " " " M " 
 
 8.14 
 
 3.68 
 
 32 " 
 
 858.95 
 
 4.47 
 
 1.561 
 
 123 
 
 tt tt tt tt tt 
 
 
 
 
 556.72 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 
 Empty Bobbin. Spindle only. 
 
 7 
 
 4.35 
 
 30 " 
 
 980 
 
 5.57 
 
 1.792 
 
 99 
 
 Av'ge | full Bobbin. As running. 
 
 7 
 
 4.35 
 
 30 " 
 
 1,010 
 
 5.74 
 
 1.836 
 
 97 
 
 " " " Frame just leveled. 
 
 6.89 
 
 3.64 
 
 25 " 
 
 1,166.66 
 
 6.63 
 
 2.141 
 
 83 
 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 1.90 
 1.90 
 
 13.69 " 
 13.69 " 
 
 1,229.16 
 1,456.25 
 
 6.4 
 
 7.58 
 
 2.235 
 2.648 
 
 ) Av'ge 
 J 78.7 
 
 Empty Bobbin. ) "Willimantic" Sawyer 
 Full " J Spindle. 
 
 10 
 
 2dbl. 
 
 9 " 
 
 953.49 
 
 7.44 
 
 1.733 
 
 [ Av'ge 
 
 I 72 2 
 
 Empty " I Eegular Sawyer Spin. 
 Full " ) Bands very tight. 
 
 10 
 
 2 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 1,000 
 
 7.81 
 
 1.818 
 
 ) 
 
 
 9.5 
 
 2 
 
 19 weft 
 
 968.45 
 
 6.72 
 
 1.761 
 
 82 
 
 Bobbinf full. New Frame. Had run 6 
 weeks. 
 
 9.5 
 
 2 
 
 19 " 
 
 959.2 
 
 6.66 
 
 1.744 
 
 82.6 
 
 " } " Similar Frame. 
 
 9.6 
 
 2 
 
 19 " 
 
 849.5 
 
 6.9 
 
 1.545 
 
 93.2 
 
 " " " 1st Fr. repeated, slower sp'd. 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 16 " 
 
 989.58 
 
 6.87 
 
 1.8 
 
 80 
 
 " " " Sim. Fr. 4 weeks in opera'n. 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 14 " 
 
 908.16 
 
 6.3 
 
 1.651 
 
 87.3 
 
 tt tt tt 4 u 
 
 7.35 
 8.24 
 
 1.60 
 2.61 
 
 11 " 
 21.50 wp. 
 
 561.22 
 1,347.06 
 
 3.9 
 7.01 
 
 1.02 
 2.44 
 
 140 
 
 Empty Bobbin. 
 
 8.24 
 
 2.61 
 
 21.50 " 
 
 1,617.65 
 
 8.42 
 
 2.941 
 
 .... 
 
 Full 
 
 8.24 
 
 2.61 
 
 21.50 " 
 
 1,482.35 
 
 7.717 
 
 2.695 
 
 71.3 
 
 Average " 
 
 
 
 23 weft 
 
 633.03 
 
 4.84 
 
 1.151 
 
 
 Empty " 
 
 
 
 23 " 
 
 633.03 
 
 4.84 
 
 1.151 
 
 113.6 
 
 Half full " 
 
 
 
 23 " 
 
 642.3 
 
 6.02 
 
 1.168 
 
 
 Full " 
 
 
 
 13 " 
 13 " 
 13 " 
 
 467.89 
 477.06 
 467.59 
 
 3.655 
 3.726 
 3.655 
 
 .851 
 .867 
 .851 
 
 [Av'ge 
 I 140 
 
 S^Pl 7 !! 1 Speed irregular all 
 Half full j- ^through trials. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
68 
 
 RING SPINNING. (Continued.) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER. 
 
 Diam, 
 of Ring. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Weight 
 Spindle. 
 
 Rev. 
 Spin. 
 
 Eev. F. 
 Koll. 
 
 June, 1878 
 
 Lyman Mills, Holyoke, 
 
 j Whitin, alt'd ) 
 ( to Sawyer Sp. j 
 
 l|in. 
 
 128 
 
 4foz. 
 
 6,383 
 
 121 
 
 
 (C 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,383 
 
 121 
 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,383 
 
 121 
 
 Oct., 
 
 Pacific Mills, 
 
 ti 
 
 If 
 
 160 
 
 *t 
 
 5,851 
 
 70.5 
 
 
 a 
 
 (C 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 5,851 
 
 70.5 
 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 U 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 5,851 
 
 70.5 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 {( 
 
 160 
 
 {( 
 
 5,893 
 
 71 
 
 
 (t 
 
 t( 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 (( 
 
 5,893 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 (i 
 
 160 
 
 ( 
 
 5,893 
 
 71 
 
 
 a 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 M 
 
 5,893 
 
 71 
 
 
 u 
 
 (t 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 (( 
 
 5,893 
 
 71 
 
 
 a 
 
 (( 
 
 (1 
 
 160 
 
 u 
 
 5,893 
 
 71 
 
 PEARL 
 
 June, 1874 
 
 Lawrence Manu. Co., 
 
 Lowell Ma. Shop 
 
 If in. 
 
 224 
 
 6i 
 
 6,150 
 
 99 
 
 July, 1875 
 
 Pacific Mills, Lawrence 
 
 j Davis & Fur- [ 
 { ber, No. 3 Sp. } 
 
 H 
 
 160 
 
 4^f 
 
 5,800 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 (( (i U 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 5,800 
 
 70 
 
 Aug., 
 
 Stark Mills, 
 
 j Davis & Fur- ) 
 1 ber, No. 1 Sp. C 
 
 2 
 
 144 
 
 6f 
 
 5,300 
 
 106 
 
 ( tt 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 144 
 
 
 
 5,470 
 
 108 
 
 Oct., " 
 
 Manchester Mills, 
 
 j Saco W. P. ) 
 1 Co., No. 2 Sp. f 
 
 If 
 
 192 
 
 6i 
 
 5,830 
 
 71 
 
 Dec., " 
 
 Jackson Co., 
 
 Lowell Shop, 
 
 iA 
 
 208 
 
 6 
 
 4,340 
 
 107 
 
 Jan., 1876 
 
 Salmon Falls, 
 
 Davis & Furber, 
 
 if 
 
 144 
 
 H 
 
 5,500 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 Pearl Bobbin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (i (( 
 
 u 
 
 Saco Spindle 
 
 u 
 
 144 
 
 9 
 
 5,800 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 Cut-off Tip 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 April, - 
 
 York Co., Saco, 
 
 SacoW.P.Co. 
 Throstlealt'd 
 
 u 
 
 128 
 
 H 
 
 6,140 
 
 K hf\f\ 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 128 
 
 
 5,700 
 
 82 
 
 (( U 
 
 
 
 ( Lowell M.Sh. ) 
 ( Throstlealt'd j" 
 
 a 
 
 128 
 
 6i 
 
 5,515 
 
 82^ 
 
 (( (I 
 
 u a 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 128 
 
 u 
 
 5,870 
 
 84 
 
 Nov., 1877 
 
 (( U 
 
 Atlantic Mills, 
 
 (( (4 
 
 ( Davis & Fur- ) 
 ^ ber, Spind. in [ 
 ( Lowell Fr'me ) 
 Lowell Ma. Shop 
 
 
 u 
 
 176 
 176 
 
 8f 
 4i 
 
 5,022 
 6,059 
 
 88 
 73 
 
 <( (( 
 
 (t (( 
 
 u 
 
 <( 
 
 176 
 
 u 
 
 6,059 
 
 73 
 
 U (( 
 
 Jackson Co., Nashua, 
 
 u 
 
 If 
 
 192 
 
 4f 
 
 5,564 
 
 115.5 
 
 (( (i 
 
 a u u 
 
 (( 
 
 U 
 
 192 
 
 u 
 
 5,564 
 
 115.5 
 
 Sept., 1878 
 
 China Mill, 
 
 j Whitin, alt'd ) 
 } toP'lSp.No.2 [ 
 
 If 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 7,400 
 
 77 
 
 u 
 
 C( 
 
 u 
 
 <( 
 
 128 
 
 <( 
 
 7,400 
 
 77 
 
 <( 
 
 (( (( 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 7,400 
 
 77 
 
 Oct., " 
 
 j Massachusetts Mill, ) 
 1 Lowell, f 
 
 j Lowell M.Sh.) 
 1 P'rlSp.No.l f 
 
 If 
 
 160 
 
 5 
 
 5,080 
 
 107 
 
 U (( 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 5,080 
 
 107 
 
 U (( 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 5,080 
 
 107 
 
 (I (( 
 
 ( Pacific Mills, Law- ) 
 \ rence, J 
 
 ( Davis &Furb. ) 
 (P'rlSp.No.3 f 
 
 H 
 
 160 
 
 H 
 
 6,006 
 
 66 
 
 iC (( 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 
 6,006 
 
 66 
 
 ( (( 
 
 
 
 
 <( 
 
 160 
 
 
 6,006 
 
 66 
 
 U (( 
 
 (( 
 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 
 6,006 
 
 66 
 
 ( <( 
 
 u 
 
 
 K 
 
 160 
 
 
 6,006 
 
 66 
 
 U <i 
 
 (( 
 
 
 (( 
 
 160 
 
 
 6,006 
 
 66 
 
69 
 
 SAWYER SPINDLE. ( Continued, ) 
 
 Draft. 
 
 Kov'g. 
 
 Tarn. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Spin. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Fr'me. 
 
 8p.per 
 
 EEMAEKS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 warp 
 
 12 " 
 12 " 
 28.50" 
 28.50" 
 28.50" 
 28.50" 
 28.50" 
 28.50" 
 28.50" 
 28.50" 
 28.50" 
 
 800 
 
 911.11 
 951.11 
 
 829.54 
 852.27 
 840.40 
 832.91 
 848.84 
 840.88 
 819.77 
 883.72 
 851.74 
 
 6.25 
 
 7.12 
 7.43 
 5.18 
 5.326 
 5.25 
 5.206 
 5.305 
 5.256 
 5.12 
 5.52 
 5.32 
 
 1.355 
 
 1.656 
 1.729 
 1.508 
 1.550 
 1.529 
 1.514 
 1.543 
 1.529 
 1.490 
 1.607 
 1.548 
 
 )Av'ge 
 f 80- 
 
 Empty Bobbin ' 
 Half full " 
 Full " , 
 
 Empty Bobbin' 
 Full " 
 Average " 
 Empty Bobbin 
 Full 
 Average " 
 Empty Bobbin" 
 Full " 
 Average " , 
 
 Speed irregular all 
 through trials. 
 
 Pearl Bobbin, weight 
 240.6 grains, yarn on 
 Bobbin 458.4 grains. 
 Hybrid Bobbin,between 
 Pearl and Sawyer, w'ght 
 ' Bobbin 213.8 gr., weight 
 Yarn on Bob. 470.3 gr, 
 Sawyer Bobbin, weight 
 < 295.8 grains, Yarn on 
 Bobbin 465 grains. 
 
 
 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 6.79 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 'ioi.V 
 
 
 104.5 
 
 
 103.5 
 
 SPINDLE. 
 
 8 
 
 2.25 
 
 18 " 
 
 1,411.11 
 
 6.299 
 
 2.565 
 
 87.5 
 
 Average J full. Hussey banding, tight. 
 
 8.14 
 
 4.40 
 
 38 " 
 
 629.95 
 
 3.94 
 
 1.146 
 
 140 
 
 " " Ordinary banding. 
 
 6.94 
 
 4.40 
 
 28 " 
 
 648.33 
 
 4.05 
 
 1.161 
 
 136 
 
 U 41 44 44 
 
 8 
 
 1.55 
 
 12.30" 
 
 1,152.50 
 
 7.97 
 
 2.095 
 
 69 
 
 11 " 1 Extra large Bobbin. 
 
 8 
 
 1.55 
 
 12.30" 
 
 1,162.5 
 
 8.07 
 
 2.113 
 
 68 
 
 v 2,000 yards yarn. 
 " " ) New. Higher speed. 
 
 7.66 
 
 4 
 
 30 " 
 
 980 
 
 5.10 
 
 1.782 
 
 108 
 
 " . " 
 
 9 
 
 1.50 
 
 13.50w'ft 
 
 1,108 
 
 5.33 
 
 2.014 
 
 103.24 
 
 44 
 
 7.07 
 
 4.29 
 
 29 warp 
 
 955 
 
 6.63 
 
 1.736 
 
 83 
 
 " Bands wry tight. 
 
 8.54 
 
 2.60 
 
 22 " 
 
 865.67 
 
 6.01 
 
 1.574 
 
 91* 
 
 " " " tight. 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 21 " 
 
 716.98 
 
 5.61 
 
 1.313 
 
 98 
 
 " " " in good order. 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 21 " 
 
 611.11 
 
 4.77 
 
 1.111 
 
 115 
 
 44 44 44 44 44 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 21 " 
 
 594.70 
 
 4.65 
 
 1.082 
 
 118 
 
 44 . 44 44 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 21 " 
 
 644.96 
 
 5.04 
 
 1.173 
 
 109 
 
 U ,4 
 
 7.60 
 
 2 
 
 15 " 
 
 824.07 
 
 4.685 
 
 1.600 
 
 117 
 
 ( Pearl Spindle, like origi- 
 Bobbin i full. < nal Model in Patent 
 1 Office. 
 
 7.60 
 
 3.68 
 
 28 " 
 
 868.85 
 
 4.937 
 
 
 
 " empty Chambered tip P'rl Sp. No. 2 
 
 7.60 
 
 3.68 
 
 28 " 
 
 942.60 
 
 5.356 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 1.90 
 1.90 
 
 13.69w'ft 
 13.69 " 
 
 1,364.58 
 1,625 
 
 7.10 
 8.46 
 
 2.481 
 2.954 
 
 ) Av'ge 
 J 70.7 
 
 44 44 ) Pearl Spin. No. 1. Frame 
 V New. Bands and Belts 
 " "Hi J tight. 
 
 7.72 
 
 3.21 
 
 28.50wp. 
 
 956.21 
 
 7.47 
 
 1.739 
 
 
 41 stvnr\4-rr "^ 
 
 7.72- 
 
 3.21 
 
 28.50 " 
 
 1,138.46 
 
 8.89 
 
 2.070 
 
 
 empty, i 
 1 Kolls too slow for speed 
 full, of Spindle. 
 
 7.72 
 
 3.21 
 
 28.50 " 
 
 1,047.3 
 
 8.18 
 
 1.904 
 
 67 + 
 
 " average, J 
 
 
 
 13 warp 
 
 812.5 
 
 5.08 
 
 1.477 
 
 
 Empty Bobbin. 1 
 
 
 
 13 " 
 
 944.44 
 
 5.90 
 
 1.717 
 
 
 Full " f 
 
 xuu 
 
 
 
 13 " 
 
 878.47 
 
 5.49 
 
 1.597 
 
 100 + 
 
 Aswraee " 
 
 8.14 
 
 4.40 
 
 38 " 
 
 736.21 
 
 4.60 
 
 1.339 
 
 
 -%> s J 
 Empty Bobbin, ] Eegular Pearl Bobbin, 
 
 8.14 
 
 4.40 
 
 38 " 
 
 762.07 
 
 4.76 
 
 1.385 
 
 
 Full " I 241 grams. Yarn on 
 
 8.14 
 
 4.40 
 
 38 " 
 
 749.14 
 
 4.68 
 
 1.362 
 
 117.75 
 
 Average " J Bobbin 421 gr. 
 
 8.14 
 8.14 
 
 4.40 
 4.40 
 
 38 " 
 38 " 
 
 736.21 
 753.45 
 
 4.60 
 4.70 
 
 1.339 
 1.370 
 
 
 Empty " 1 Lower Bush of Bobbin 
 p^j 44 ! reamed out. 
 
 8.14 
 
 4.40 
 
 38 " 
 
 744.83 
 
 4.65 
 
 1.355 
 
 118.25 
 
 /"Bobbin, 240*6 grains. 
 Average " J yarn on Bob. 421.1 grs. 
 
RING SPINNING. (Continued.) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER. 
 
 Diam. 
 King. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Wt. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 Kev. 
 
 Spindle. 
 
 Eev.F. 
 Eoll. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 July, 1875 
 
 U ( 
 
 Augusta, Me., 
 Pacific Mills, 
 
 Fales & Jenks, 
 
 U U 
 
 If in. 
 1| 
 
 128 
 160 
 
 7foz. 
 3f 
 
 5,200 
 6,200 
 
 63 
 
 58 
 
 6.98 
 4.6 
 
 Dec., 1877 
 
 Whittenton Mills, 
 
 j Whitin, alt'd ) 
 ( to Babbeth, j 
 
 lit 
 
 160 
 128 
 
 4 
 
 6,200 
 5,135 
 
 58 
 130 
 
 4.6 
 
 10 
 
 BIRKENHEAD 
 
 Aug., 1875 
 
 Stark Mills, 
 
 C. Lamphear, 
 
 2 
 
 132 |6i 
 
 6,460 
 
 108 
 
 8 
 
 Dec., 1877 
 
 Whittenton Mills, 
 
 Whitin, altered, 
 
 n 
 
 128 
 
 4 
 
 4,800 
 
 128 10 
 
 EXCELSIOR 
 
 April, 1875 
 
 j Stark Mills, ) 
 1 Man'r, N. H., C 
 
 Bridesburg Co., 
 
 11 
 
 204 
 
 6 
 
 4,730 
 
 104 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 (i 
 
 M 
 
 I.A. 
 
 204 
 
 6 
 
 4,520 
 
 110 
 
 8.24 
 
 Aug., " 
 Oct., " 
 
 
 <( 
 
 ( Bridesburg ) 
 jCo.,Cuphold- I 
 ( er on Spin. ) 
 Excelsior Spin., 
 
 2 
 
 204 
 204 
 
 8i 
 6 
 
 4,785 
 4,446 
 
 100 
 110 
 
 8 
 8.3 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 " 
 
 1-j. 
 
 204 
 
 6 
 
 4,660 
 
 104 
 
 7.84 
 
 Nov., " 
 
 (( 
 
 " repeat'd 
 
 2 
 
 204 
 
 6 
 
 4,660 
 
 105 
 
 7.84 
 
 <t 
 
 (( 
 
 CupholderSp.rep. 
 
 2 
 
 204 
 
 8J 
 
 4,930 
 
 102 
 
 8 
 
 LOWELL MACHINE SHOP 
 
 Aug., 1876 | Boott Mills, 
 
 Lowell Shop, 
 
 If 
 
 224 |5i 
 
 6,480 
 
 103 
 
 8.80 
 
 PERRY 
 
 Aug., 1876 
 
 Stark Mills, | Amoskeag Shop, 
 
 2 
 
 128 |2ffl'r| 6,588 
 
 110 | 8 
 
 MASON'S NEW SINGLE 
 
 Dec., 1877 
 
 ( Whittenton ) 
 I Mills, Taun- [ 
 ( ton, ) 
 
 fWm. Mason, 
 New Sgl. Rail 
 Sp. set in Jaws, 
 
 } 
 
 128 
 
 2f 
 
 5,135 
 
 130 
 
 10 
 
 (t 
 
 " 2 128 
 
 2| 5,135 130 10 
 
 AMOSKEAG CO.'S 
 
 Jan., 1878 
 
 ( Namaske M., ) 
 ( Manchester, j" 
 
 ( Amosk. Co., ) 
 
 1 Short Str't [ 
 ( Clutch Spin. ) 
 
 H 
 
 120 
 
 6 
 
 3,955 
 
 100 
 
 5.5 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 it 
 
 2i 
 
 120 
 
 6 
 
 3,955 
 
 100 
 
 5.5 
 
 
 
 
 2i 
 
 120 
 
 6 
 
 4,520 
 
 115 
 
 6.4 
 
71 
 
 RABBETH SPINDLE. 
 
 Koving. 
 
 Yarn. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Frame. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Spin. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Frame 
 
 Spindle 
 per H. P. 
 
 BEMABKS. 
 
 4.4 
 
 29.50wp. 
 
 916.66 
 
 7.16 
 
 1.666 
 
 77 
 
 Bobbin half fulL Old Pattern Spindle. 
 
 11.6 
 
 45 " 
 
 632.14 
 
 3.95 
 
 1.149 
 
 I Av'ge 
 
 
 11.5 
 
 45 
 
 703.59 
 
 4.4 
 
 1.279 
 
 j-132 
 
 Si. ' \ Average, 4.1T Ib. per Spin. 
 
 1.8 dbl. 
 
 9 " 
 
 953.49 
 
 7.45 
 
 1.726 
 
 73.8 
 
 " half full. Bands tight. 
 
 SPINDLE. 
 
 1.54 
 
 12.33 " 
 
 1,082.03 
 
 8.19 
 
 1.963 
 
 67 
 
 " Extra large, 2,000 yds. of T'n 
 
 1.8 dbl. 
 
 9 " 
 
 1,038.37 
 
 8.11 
 
 1.888 
 
 67.8 
 
 " " [when full. 
 
 SPINDLE. 
 
 1.52 
 
 12.30 " 
 
 1,087.31 
 
 6.33 
 
 1.977 
 
 103 
 
 " " As running. 
 
 1.62 
 
 13.5 wft. 
 
 1,136.36 
 
 5.56 
 
 2.065 
 
 100- 
 
 " " " 
 
 1.54 
 
 12.3 wp. 
 
 1,506.16 
 
 7.38 
 
 2.748 
 
 74.5 
 
 " " New Frame. As running. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [Large Bobbin. 
 
 1.6 
 
 13.5 wft. 
 
 931.25 
 
 4.56 
 
 1.693 
 
 120 
 
 " " As running. 
 
 1.6 
 
 12.3 wp. 
 
 1,261.72 
 
 6.19 
 
 2.292 
 
 89 
 
 " " Bands very tight. As run'g. 
 
 1.6 
 
 12.3 " 
 
 890.63 
 
 4.36 
 
 1.619 
 
 126 
 
 " " Bands eased. 
 
 1.52 
 
 12.3 " 
 
 1,332.03 
 
 6.54 
 
 2.422 
 
 84 
 
 " " Same Frame tested in Aug. 
 
 COMBINATION SPINDLE. 
 
 1.65 |14 wp. 1 1,349.2 1 6.02 2.4531 91f | Comb'n Pearl and Sawyer Spin. 
 
 SPINDLE. 
 
 1.54 |12.3 wp.!l,012.04| 7.91 1.84 70 
 
 New Frame, large Bobbin. 
 
 RAIL SPINDLE. 
 
 1.8 dbl. 
 
 9 wp. 
 
 966.29 
 
 7.55 
 
 1.757 
 
 [ Av'ge 
 
 Empty Bobbin. Bands tight. 
 
 1.8 " 
 
 9 " 
 
 1,213.36 
 
 9.48 
 
 2.206 
 
 C 64.6 
 
 Full 
 
 SHORT SPINDLE. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 5.5 wp. 
 
 5.5 " 
 
 691.86 
 819.87 
 
 5.77 
 6.83 
 
 1.258 
 1.49 
 
 ) Av'ge 
 f 87.3 
 
 Bobbin empty. } Stock all Waste for 
 " full. ) Coarse Duck. 
 
 1.25 
 
 7 
 
 1,069-77 
 
 8.75 
 
 1.945 
 
 63 
 
 " half full. Cotton Stock for Duck Wp, 
 
72 
 
 MULE SPINNING. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Eev. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 ii 
 
 Time 
 Stretch. 
 
 Mar., 1874 
 
 Eagle Mill, Taunton, 
 
 j W. Rouse, by Dean ) 
 I Cotton Machine Co., f 
 
 692 
 
 4,876 
 
 60 in. 
 
 17 sec. 
 
 u u 
 
 u u 
 
 " 
 
 592 
 
 4,896 
 
 60 
 
 17 
 
 " 1875 
 
 (( U 
 
 China Mill, Suncook, 
 Webster Mill, Suncook, 
 Pembroke Mill, Suncook, 
 
 Wm. Mason's, 
 
 u 
 
 512 
 612 
 512 
 
 3,889 
 3,540 
 3,780 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 21 
 20 
 
 (( 
 
 Newton M., New'n, Mass. 
 
 " 
 
 384 
 
 3,780 
 
 60 
 
 21 
 
 (( U 
 
 U it 
 
 " 
 
 384 
 
 3,780 
 
 60 
 
 21 
 
 April, 1877 
 
 ( Lockwood Mills, ) 
 ( Waterville, Me., f 
 
 j SacoW.P.Co., "Parr ) 
 ( Curtis," Long Spin., f 
 
 640 
 
 4,360 
 
 64 
 
 18* 
 
 COTTON TWISTERS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Diam. 
 King. 
 
 No. 
 Sp. 
 
 Eev. 
 
 Spin. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 per Sp. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Feb. 1875 
 
 Renfrew Mfg. Co., 
 
 Collins, 
 
 2 in. 
 
 132 
 
 3,452 
 
 7.57 
 
 1.818 
 
 u 
 
 South Adams, Mass., 
 
 '* 
 
 2-J 
 
 100 
 
 3,700 
 
 10.47 
 
 1.902 
 
 u 
 
 U (( 
 
 j Same, altered to ) 
 I Sawyer Spindle, j" 
 
 u 
 
 100 
 
 3,700 
 
 8.82 
 
 1.603 
 
 Jan. 1877 
 
 ( Conant Thread ) ] 
 j Co.,Pawtucket, [ 
 
 
 j Fales & Jenks, ) 
 I No. 80 Yarn, f 
 
 H 
 
 150 
 
 5,066 
 
 8.8 
 
 2.4 
 
 
 
 
 Rabbeth Sp.,No.80 Y'n, 
 
 u 
 
 150 
 
 5,066 
 
 8.47 
 
 2.309 
 
 
 
 
 1st Twist, No. 100 ' 
 
 (1 
 
 150 
 
 5,066 
 
 8.8 
 
 2.4 
 
 
 
 
 " " " 120 ' 
 
 u 
 
 160 
 
 5,066 
 
 8.67 
 
 2.364 
 
 
 
 
 2d " " 80 < 
 
 14 
 
 150 
 
 4,560 
 
 10.77 
 
 2.936 
 
 
 
 
 " " " 100 * 
 
 
 150 
 
 4,560 
 
 9.8 
 
 2.673 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 " " " 120 ' 
 
 u 
 
 150 
 
 4,660 
 
 9.73 
 
 2.654 
 
 " 
 
 j Pawtucket, ) 
 \ R. I.,No. 2 Mill, j 
 
 1st " " 80 " 
 
 H 
 
 160 
 
 5,428 
 
 8.58 
 
 2.341 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 
 " " " 80 " 
 
 % u 
 
 150 
 
 6,428 7.83 
 
 2.136 
 
 " 
 
 M 
 
 
 " " " 32 " 
 
 ' <( 
 
 150 
 
 5,428 9.5 
 
 2.591 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 2d " " 32 " 
 
 if 
 
 150 
 
 4,88011.29 
 
 3.079 
 
 " 
 
 u 
 
 
 <( U (( QQ 
 
 u 
 
 150 
 
 4,657 
 
 8.69 
 
 2.37 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 " " " 80 " 
 
 
 150 
 
 4,657 
 
 8.89 
 
 2.424 
 
 FLAX MACHINERY. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCBIPTION. 
 
 Delivery 
 
 Kolls. 
 
 Ft. Lbs. 
 
 Horse- 
 Power. 
 
 Apr., 1874 
 
 Stark Mills, 
 
 1 Tow Card, 6 Workers, 
 
 165 Rev. 
 
 1,807.40 
 
 3.286 
 
MULE SPINNING. 
 
 
 
 
 STABT. 
 
 DEAFT. 
 
 TWIST & BACK. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Yarn. 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 Lb.per 
 Spin. 
 
 |0N 
 
 4 
 
 Spindles 
 per H. P. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 See. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 8 
 
 3.6 
 
 28.50 
 
 3 
 
 2,252 
 
 9 
 
 1,586 
 
 5 
 
 633 
 
 1,423 
 
 2.59 
 
 2.4 
 
 229* 
 
 8 
 
 3.6 
 
 28.50 
 
 3 
 
 1,905 
 
 9 
 
 1,429 
 
 5 
 
 574 
 
 1,260 
 
 2.29 
 
 2.13 
 
 258f 
 
 9.16 
 
 4.08 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 1,716.66 
 
 12 
 
 1,383.31 
 
 *t 
 
 384.33 
 
 1,044.17 
 
 1.898 
 
 2.04 
 
 270 
 
 9,16 
 
 4.08 
 
 37 
 
 2 
 
 1,448 
 
 12 
 
 1,055 
 
 7 
 
 323 
 
 848.52 
 
 1.548 
 
 1.64 
 
 332 
 
 9.4 
 
 3.91 
 
 37 
 
 2 
 
 1,610 
 
 11 
 
 1,310 
 
 7 
 
 510 
 
 1,060 
 
 1.927 
 
 2.07 
 
 266 
 
 91fi 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 866.6 
 
 6 
 
 341.6 
 
 716.6 
 
 1.303 
 
 1.85 
 
 294 (old) 
 
 9.16 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 1,333.3 
 
 18 
 
 1,000 
 
 6 
 
 416.6 
 
 865 
 
 1.573 
 
 2.25 
 
 244 (new) 
 
 8.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 2,635.13 
 
 8* 
 
 1,959.46 
 
 5 
 
 878.35 
 
 1,850 
 
 3.364 
 
 2.89 
 
 190 
 
 COTTON SPOOLERS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER. 
 
 No. 
 Spin. 
 
 Rev. 
 Spindle. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 per Sp. 
 
 Horse- 
 Power. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 Mar., 1875 
 
 China Mills, 
 
 Saco W. P. Shop, 
 
 80 
 
 775 
 
 1.48 
 
 .23 
 
 29 
 
 u 
 
 Webster Mills, 
 
 a 
 
 80 
 
 750 
 
 1.81 
 
 .264 
 
 29 
 
 it 
 
 Pembroke Mills. 
 
 u 
 
 80 
 
 600 
 
 1.68 
 
 .244 
 
 29 
 
 WARPERS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 No. 
 Thr'ds. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Mar., 1875 
 
 China Mills, 
 
 Saco W. P. Shop, ) 
 ' " Iron Tip" Spools, f 
 
 28 
 
 438 
 
 40 yds. per min. 
 
 .185 
 
 u 
 
 c( 
 
 Saco W. P. Shop, I 
 " Skewers," f 
 
 28 
 
 438 
 
 40 " 
 
 .142 
 
 u 
 
 Webster Mills, 
 
 <( 
 
 28 
 
 292 
 
 48 " 
 
 .149 
 
 Mar., 1875 
 
 China Mills, 
 
 Howard & Bullough, 
 
 28 
 
 1,752| 25 yds. per min. 
 
 1.242 
 
 " 
 
 Webster Mills, 
 
 " 
 
 28 
 
 1,752 
 
 32 " 
 
 1.594 
 
 Aug., 1876 
 
 Boott Mills, 
 
 j Lowell Shop, ) 
 ( " Hot Air," f 
 
 14 
 
 1,300 
 
 27 " 
 
 1.63 
 
 * Wet day. 
 
 t Fair day. 
 
COTTON LOOMS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKEB. 
 
 Width. 
 
 No. 
 Warp. 
 
 May, 1874 
 
 .Stark Mills, 
 
 Amoskeag, Bag Loom, 
 
 24 in. 
 
 10 dbl. 
 
 n 
 
 u 
 
 " Crash " 
 
 24 
 
 
 n 
 
 u 
 
 Thomas, Diaper " 
 
 24 
 
 
 Nov., 1874 
 
 Manchester Mills, 
 
 Bridesburg Co.,Clip'r Um,New 
 
 30 
 
 70 
 
 
 Jan., 1875 
 
 Stark Mills, 
 Arlington Mill, 
 
 Amoskeag Co., 
 S. T. Thomas, 
 
 37 
 30 
 
 12.30 
 70 
 
 u 
 
 Methuen, Alpacas, &c., 
 
 Hodson, English, 
 
 30 
 
 70 
 
 u 
 
 (i 
 
 Bridesburg, Clipper, 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 Same, tested singly, 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 Mar.. 1875 
 
 Webster Mill, Suncook, N. H., 
 
 Mason's, 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 (( 
 
 Newton Falls, Newton, Mass., 
 
 <( 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 Empire Loom, 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 April, 1875 
 
 Manchester Mills, 
 
 Clipper " 
 
 30 
 
 70 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 Bridesburg Co., Alpacas, 
 
 30 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 70 
 
 April, 1877 
 
 Lockwood M., Waterville, Me., 
 
 Lewiston M. Sh., New Looms, 
 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 WOOLEN MACHINERY. 
 
 CARDS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 MAKER & DESCRIPTION 
 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 Dlam 
 
 Kev. 
 
 h 
 a* 
 
 Ft. Lbs. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 each. 
 
 Aug., 1876 
 
 Saxonville, Mass., 
 
 Davis & Furber, 
 1st Breaker, 
 
 48 in 
 
 48 in 
 
 108 
 
 225 
 
 484.30 
 
 .88 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 Davis & Furber, 
 2d Breaker, 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 108 
 
 225 
 
 426.47 
 
 .775 
 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 Davis & Furber, 
 2d Finisher, 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 108 
 
 225 
 
 423.91 
 
 .771 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 IW'st'dCard&Comt 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 115 
 
 300 
 
 1,162.28 2.113 
 
 (( 
 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 125 
 
 300 
 
 952.28 
 
 1.732 
 
 Jan., 1877 
 
 Passaic, N. J., 
 
 IWool Card with 
 Oiler Breaker, 
 
 60 
 
 48 
 
 84 
 
 300 
 
 667.27 
 
 1.231 
 
 u 
 
 Rittenhouse Co., 
 
 1 Finisher with 
 4 Rubbers, 
 
 60 
 
 40 
 
 87 
 
 300 
 
 667.27 
 
 1.231 
 
 PICKERS. 
 
 Aug., 1876 
 
 Saxonville Mills, 
 
 1 Wool Picker, 
 
 36ini36in 
 
 360 
 
 2000(3,161.11 
 
 5.747 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 I u 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 480 
 
 25003,640 
 
 6.618 
 
 (( 
 
 i< 
 
 IRag 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 560 
 
 1200k,028.57 
 
 7.324 
 
 Jan., 1877 
 
 Rittenhouse Co., 
 
 1 " 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 770 
 
 1500 ! 4,861.54 
 
 8.839 
 
 u 
 
 Passaic, N. J., 
 
 1 Waste Lumper, 
 
 48 
 
 16 
 
 810 
 
 743.24 
 
 1.351 
 
 <t 
 
 u 
 
 1 Parkhurst Burr M. 
 
 36 
 
 
 353 
 
 2,341.18 
 
 4.258 
 
75 
 
 COTTON LOOMS. 
 
 No. Weft. 
 
 Picks 
 
 ! 
 
 Ft. Lbs. 
 
 *'g 
 
 No. 
 
 Total 
 
 Iw' 
 
 
 
 per in. 
 
 s 
 
 Loom. 
 
 wj 
 
 test'd 
 
 H.P. 
 
 IP, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 8 double 
 
 
 126 
 
 214.28 
 
 .39 
 
 6 
 
 2.338 
 
 2.66 
 
 Counter shaft for 16 Looms, .881 H.P. 
 
 
 
 136 
 
 89.74 
 
 .163 
 
 6 
 
 .979 
 
 6.13 
 
 " " 8 " .22 H.P. 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 82.91 
 
 .151 
 
 4 
 
 .603 
 
 6.62 
 
 " ." 6 " .145 H.P. 
 
 No. 36 w'st'd 
 
 43x80 
 
 188 
 
 235.4 
 
 .428 
 
 1 
 
 
 2.33 
 
 Taken in quantity would be probably 
 
 13.66 
 
 48x48 
 
 158 
 
 180.5 
 
 .328 
 
 7 
 
 2.297 
 
 3.05 
 
 [8.5 Looms per H.P. 
 Counter shaft for 8 Looms, .58 H.P. 
 
 32 
 
 43x80 
 
 142 
 
 80 
 
 .145 
 
 8 
 
 1.164 
 
 7 
 
 " " 8 " .282 H.P. 
 
 
 
 142 
 
 107.5 
 
 .195 
 
 2 
 
 .391 
 
 6 + 
 
 
 32 
 
 43x80 
 
 172 
 
 110.9 
 
 .202 
 
 8 
 
 1.614 
 
 5 
 
 " " 8 " .25 H.P. 
 
 32 
 
 43x80 
 
 172 
 
 148 
 
 .27 
 
 1 
 
 
 3.38 
 
 Single Loom, tests doubtful. (?) 
 
 36 
 36 
 
 64x64 
 64x64 
 
 154 
 154 
 
 60 
 74.54 
 
 .109 
 .135 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 1.091 
 1.355 
 
 9 + 
 7.4 
 
 j 200 ft. Shafting, average, 2* Diam. 
 ( 208 Rev. per min. 1.487 H.P. 
 
 36 
 
 64x64 
 
 140 
 
 75.2 
 
 .136 
 
 13 
 
 1.758 
 
 7.4 
 
 Counter shaft. .888 H.P. 
 
 36 
 
 64x64 
 
 175 
 
 85.06 
 
 .165 
 
 4 
 
 .619 
 
 6.45 
 
 .088 H.P. 
 
 36 
 
 43x80 
 
 140 
 
 143 
 
 .26 
 
 7 
 
 1.818 
 
 3.84 
 
 8 Short Counters, 280 Rev. .545 H.P. 
 
 36 
 
 43x80 
 
 154 
 
 170.83 
 
 .31 
 
 6 
 
 1.863 
 
 3.22 
 
 8 " " 250 " .568 H.P. 
 
 36 
 
 43x80 
 
 180 
 
 223.21 
 
 .406 
 
 7 
 
 2.861 
 
 2.46 
 
 8 " " 292 " .618 H.P. 
 
 29.5 
 
 68x72 
 
 148 
 
 121.49 
 
 .219 
 
 4 
 
 .876 
 
 4.57 
 
 2 " " 240 " .096H.P. 
 
 32 
 
 64x64 
 
 160 
 
 103.66 
 
 .188 
 
 3 
 
 .565 
 
 5.32 
 
 2 " " 240 " .096H.P. 
 
 WOOLEN MACHINERY. (Continued.) 
 SPINNING. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 No. 
 8p. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Stretch. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 Twist. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 Back. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 Av'ge. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 AVge. 
 
 Aug., 1876 
 
 Saxonville Mills, 
 
 1 Woolen Mule, 
 
 150 
 
 704.54 
 
 568.18 
 
 318.18 
 
 536.91 
 
 .976 
 
 Jan., 1877 
 
 Kittenhouse Co., 
 
 1 " 
 
 200 
 
 612.33 
 
 546.68 
 
 380 
 
 534.66 
 
 .972 
 
 ii 
 
 u 
 
 1 <c it 
 
 384 
 
 972 
 
 892 
 
 612 
 
 854.38 
 
 1.553 
 
 LOOMS. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 li 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 || 
 P. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 per Sec. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Looms 
 per H.P. 
 
 Aug., 1876 
 
 Saxonville, Mass., 
 
 Blanket Loom, 
 
 90 in 
 
 4 
 
 68 
 
 101.86 
 
 .185 
 
 5.4 
 
 Jan., 1877 
 
 ( Rittenh'seCo., } 
 \ Passaic, N. J., f 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 4 
 
 68 
 
 202.08 
 
 .387 
 
 2.58 
 
 FINISHING MACHINERY. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Diam 
 
 Rev. 
 
 FtLb. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Jan., 1877 
 
 Rittenhouse Co., 
 
 1 Hydro Extractor, 
 
 60 in 
 
 375 
 
 2,340 
 
 4.255 
 
 
 u 
 
 1 Rotary Fulling Mill, Double, 
 
 16 
 
 96 
 
 1,676.47 
 
 3.081 
 
 
 
 
 1 Rinser to above, 116 
 
 94 
 
 1,504 
 
 2.844 
 
 
 
 
 1 Broad Gig, 108 in., 
 
 48 
 
 148 
 
 833.33 
 
 1.515 
 
WORSTED MACHINERY. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCBIPTION. 
 
 Diam 
 Eolls. 
 
 Eev. Eolls. 
 
 Oct., 1871 
 
 Manchester Mills, 
 
 Eng. Spin. Frame, " Flier," 
 
 4 in. 
 
 24 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 alt'd to " Cap Spin.," 
 
 2- 3 V 
 
 44 
 
 Dec., 1871 
 
 u 
 
 Platt Bros. " Flier," 
 
 
 22 
 
 Jan., 1873 
 
 
 
 u u 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 alt'd to "Cap Spin.," 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 Nov., 1874 
 
 
 
 (t 
 
 4 
 
 48 
 
 Jan., 1875 
 
 
 
 j Arlington Mills, ) 
 1 Methuen, Mass., f 
 
 1 English Flier Frame, 
 
 4 
 
 23.5 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 | U (( 
 
 4 
 
 23.5 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 1 " " alt'd to Cap, 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 M 
 
 " 
 
 1 2-Can Gill Box, 1st Proc., 
 
 
 102 bars per min. 
 
 (( 
 
 II 
 
 1 2-Can " 2d 
 
 .... 
 
 156 " " 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 1 2-Spin. " 3d 
 
 
 146 
 
 U 
 
 u 
 
 1 4-Spin. 1st Kov.,4th 
 
 .... 
 
 88 
 
 <( 
 
 
 
 1 6-Spin. 2d " 5th 
 
 .... 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 6-Spin. 3d " 6th 
 
 .... 
 
 48 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 1 Dandy Roving, 7th " 
 
 
 26.5 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 1 1st Preparing Gill, 
 
 .... 
 
 62 bars per min. 
 
 u 
 
 14 
 
 1 2d " " 
 
 .... 
 
 82 " * 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 1 3d " " 
 
 .... 
 
 80 " ' 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 1 4th " 
 
 
 90 " ' 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 1 5th " " 
 
 .... 
 
 130 " * 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 1 Lister Comber, 
 
 
 36 sweeps ' 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 1 Noble " 
 
 r . 
 
 293 rev. sh. ' 
 
 Aug., 1876 
 
 Saxonville Mills, 
 
 1 Single Bobbin, 1st Rov'g, 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 1 Double " 2d " 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 
 1 Dandy or 3d " 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 1 Flier Spinning Frame, 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 1 Twister, 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 ( A. T.Stewart & Co., ) 
 
 
 
 
 Mar., 1878 
 
 { Worsted Mills, [ 
 ( Glenham, N. Y., ) 
 
 1 Wool Washer, 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 1 Yarn Squeezer, 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 1st Preparing Gill, 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 II 
 
 (( 
 
 Screw Gill Balling Head, 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 (( 
 
 Noble Comber, 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 u 
 
 {( 
 
 1st Screw Gill Drawing, 
 
 .... 
 
 . 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 Screw Gill Slubber, 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 " 1st Roving, 
 
 
 .... 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 Dandy Roving, 
 
 . . . . 
 
 .... 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 1 1st Bal'g Box, Sliv. fr'm Cd. 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 II 
 
 (( 
 
 1 Throstle Spinning Frame, 
 
 4 
 
 48 
 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 I U U (( 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 1 Twister, 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 1 Redoubler, 
 
 
 .... 
 
 " 
 
 u 
 
 1 Reel, 
 
 .... 
 
 ..... 
 
 u 
 
 II 
 
 1 Print Yarn Winder, 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 (( 
 
 II 
 
 1 Warp Beamer, 
 
 .... 
 
 shaft, 337 
 
 (( 
 
 II 
 
 1 Linen Skein Winder, 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 M 
 
 (( 
 
 1 Warp Dresser, 
 
 
 .... 
 
 u 
 
 CI 
 
 1 Small Skein Spooler, 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 u 
 
 {( 
 
 1 Quill Winder, 
 
 
 .... 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 1 27-ft. Print Drum, 3 ft. wide 
 
 .... 
 
 .... 
 
 {( 
 
 U 
 
 118.ft.9-in. " 3 " " 
 
 
 .... 
 
77 
 
 WORSTED MACHINERY. 
 
 No. Sp. 
 
 Eev. Spindles. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 Koving. 
 
 Tarn. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 Machine. 
 
 Ft.Lb. 
 per Spin. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Machine 
 
 Spindle 
 per H.P. 
 
 120 
 120 
 132 
 144 
 144 
 144 
 
 144 
 
 128 
 144 
 
 "2" 
 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 "l" 
 2 
 12 
 
 128 
 108 
 
 2,474 
 5,025 
 2,500 
 2,470 
 6,025 
 5,820 
 
 2,356 
 
 2,356 
 4,575 
 
 ' ' 62 
 148 
 200 
 240 
 655 
 
 150 
 200 
 250 
 3,110 
 2,650 
 
 100 bars per min. 
 
 8.8 
 8 
 8.8 
 8.8 
 8.8 
 8.8 
 
 8.9 
 
 8.9 
 8.9 
 
 3.3 gr. 
 2.05 
 3.3 
 3.3 
 3.3 
 3.3 
 
 3.1 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 No. 34 
 52 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 30 
 
 810 
 
 968 
 744.5 
 1,170 
 1,618 
 
 2,276 
 
 962 
 
 886.5 
 1,440 
 625 
 185 
 170 
 560 
 510 
 210 
 517.4 
 487.5 
 404 
 321 
 466 
 345 
 813 - 
 748 
 201.18 
 241.66 
 307.5 
 1,264.29 
 1,600 
 
 1,066.82 
 
 345.33 
 668.62 
 226.45 
 866.66 
 289.56 
 694.12 
 694.12 
 734.44 
 85 
 1,407.14 
 1,164.29 
 1,028.37 
 148.4 
 107 
 373.33 
 165 
 336 
 438.2 
 168.18 
 353.31 
 114 
 121.11 
 
 6.75 
 8.07 
 6.64 
 8.12 
 11.23 
 15.1 
 
 . 6.68 
 
 6.92 
 10 
 
 17.27 
 
 2V.66 
 9.88 
 14.81 
 
 30'.6 ' 
 
 V.77 
 
 8.08 
 8.3 
 
 1.473 
 1.759 
 1.364 
 2.127 
 2.941 
 4.135 
 
 1.741 
 
 1.612 
 2.618 
 1.126 
 .336 
 .309 
 1.018 
 .942 
 .382 
 .94 
 .886 
 .735 
 .583 
 .848 
 .627 
 1.478 
 1.361 
 .366 
 .439 
 .559 
 2.3 
 2.91 
 
 1.939 
 
 .628 
 1.033 
 .41 
 1.573 
 .526 
 1.262 
 1.262 
 1.335 
 .154 
 2.668 
 2.117 
 1.87 
 .27 
 .194 
 .679 
 .3 
 .611 
 .797 
 .306 
 .642 
 .207 
 .22 
 
 81.5 
 68 
 97.5 
 67 
 49 
 36.4 
 
 82.3 
 
 80 
 55 
 
 81.8* 
 
 21.4 
 55.6 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rakes, 
 
 14 sw'ps 
 
 per min. 
 
 
 
 
 
 205 " 
 240 rev. sh. 
 250 " 
 265 " 
 265 " 
 833 
 250 rev. sh. " 
 2,289 
 2,289 
 1,526 
 
 25 
 
 urns 150 
 
 urns 198 
 urns 1,234 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 8 
 24 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 144 
 144 
 124 
 42 
 
 41sk 
 20dr 
 
 *25dr 
 "30dr 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
WORSTED MACHINERY.-<Con/A) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCBIPTION. 
 
 Picks 
 per Min. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 
 ( A. T.Stewart & Co., ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mar., 1878 
 
 1 Worsted Mills, V 
 
 1 18-ft.9-in. Pr. Dr., 6 ft. wide, 
 
 . . 
 
 122.55 
 
 .223 
 
 
 / Glenham, N. Y., ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 1 Tapestry Brussels L'ra, 
 
 60 
 
 390.74 
 
 .71 
 
 K 
 
 it 
 
 If"' u " 
 
 80 
 
 301.85 
 
 .549 
 
 
 
 || 
 
 1 | Dandy 
 
 80 
 
 464.29 
 
 .844 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 1 5 Frame Jacquard " 
 
 60 
 
 573.69 
 
 1.043 
 
 <( 
 
 u 
 
 1 Set 7 Dry Cans, 24 in. Diam., 
 
 . 
 
 46.33 
 
 .084 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 1 Carpet Shear, 
 
 . . 
 
 706.66 
 
 1.284 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
 1 Winding &Meas'gMach., 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 .364 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY. 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Eev. 
 
 Ft. Lb. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 May, 1874 
 
 Stark Mills, 
 
 1 Fan in No. 3 Pick'r, 3 ft. Di., 
 
 827 
 
 1,396.55 
 
 2.54 
 
 Mar., 1875 
 
 Crosby, Morse & ) 
 Co., Boston, f 
 
 1 Diamond Grinding Ma- / 
 chine, 12 in. Diam., ) 
 
 2100 
 
 364.03 
 
 .662 
 
 July, 1875 
 
 P. C. Cheney & Co., j 
 ' Goffstown, N. H., j 
 
 1 Pulp Grinder, 4 ft. Di., j 
 4 in. Face, running alone, j 
 
 425 
 
 666.66 
 
 1.212 
 
 it 
 
 u 
 
 Same with 1 Sliding Box 
 up, 100 Ibs. pressure, 
 
 425 
 
 1,633.33 
 
 2.97 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 Same with 2 Boxes up, ) 
 opposite sides of stone, 
 
 425 
 
 4,466.66 
 
 8.121 
 
 u 
 
 If 
 
 Same with 3 Boxes up, 
 opposite sides of stone, 
 
 425 
 
 6,873.24 
 
 12.5 
 
 
 
 Same with 4 Boxes up, 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 opposite sides of stone, 
 
 380 
 
 7,859.15 
 
 14.29 
 
 
 
 Belt slipped on this trial, 
 
 
 
 
 Oct., 1875 
 
 Manchester Mills, ) 
 Manchester, N. H., j" 
 
 1 Cloth Shear, Print ) 
 Cloth, 4 Cutters, j" 
 
 2500 
 
 1,733.33 
 
 3.151 
 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 1 01. sh., 36 in. 01., 4 Cutters, 
 
 2500 
 
 2,566.66 
 
 4.666 
 
 May, 1876 
 
 ( Hopedale, Mass., ) 
 ( Geo. Draper & Sons f 
 
 j 1 Soda Pump in Shop, ) 
 | 4 in. x 8 in., J 
 
 18 
 
 94.8 
 
 .172 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 1 Ring Polish'g Lathe, empty, 
 
 .... 
 
 244.83 
 
 .445 
 
 u 
 
 II 
 
 Same in Full Work, 
 
 
 451.73 
 
 .821 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 2 Mill'g Mach., 2 Rings each, 
 
 .... 
 
 555.15 
 
 1.009 
 
 (1 
 
 If 
 
 1 Small Engine Lathe, 
 
 .... 
 
 44.12 
 
 .08 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 "Duster" in Foun. (Rattlebox), 
 
 
 416.66 
 
 .755- 
 
 it 
 
 (( 
 
 " " " Smaller, 
 
 .... 
 
 313 
 
 .569 
 
 Dec., 1876 
 
 j Douglass Braid M., ) 
 ( Providence, R. I., j" 
 
 1 Bench, 32 Braiders, 
 
 .... 
 
 216.16 
 
 .393 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 Same, 22 " 
 
 .... 
 
 177.88 
 
 .323 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 Difference, 10 " 
 
 .... 
 
 38.27 
 
 .07 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 1 Bench, 64 " 
 
 .... 
 
 338.62 
 
 .616 
 
 (1 
 
 u 
 
 j 1 Skein Spooler, 100 sk., ) 
 ( including Counter Shaft, J 
 
 
 147.83 
 
 .269 
 
MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY. ( Continued.) 
 
 DATE. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Eev. 
 
 FtLb. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 Dec., 1876 
 
 Douglass Braid Mill., Prov., 
 
 1 Tagging Machine, 
 
 
 39.13 
 
 .071 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 Reel Bench, 10 Reels, 
 
 .... 
 
 25.14 
 
 .046 
 
 
 
 1 Braid Finishing Mach., 
 
 .... 
 
 245.83 
 
 .447 
 
 
 
 1 Straightening " 
 
 .... 
 
 61.29 
 
 .111 
 
 
 
 1 Balling Head, 
 
 
 12.5 
 
 .023 
 
 
 Adams & Shaw, Prov.,Silverw'e, 
 
 1 Sp'd Lathe, turn'g Cups, 
 
 400 
 
 130 
 
 .236 
 
 
 
 1 " " Wood, 
 
 1300 
 
 80.43 
 
 .146 
 
 
 
 1 Chuck " Dies, 
 
 150 
 
 53.84 
 
 .098 
 
 
 M 
 
 1 Polish'g Buffer, 6 in. Di., 
 
 2950 
 
 360 
 
 .654 
 
 
 it 
 
 1 " Spin., 1 " 
 
 2800 
 
 280 
 
 .509 
 
 
 a 
 
 1 Emery Wheel,12 " 
 
 1200 
 
 187.5 
 
 .341 
 
 
 Robinson's Sh., Jewelry, Prov., 
 
 1 pr. Flat'ng R'ls for Wire 
 
 
 113.33 
 
 .206 
 
 
 M 
 
 l"break'gd'nR'lsforPl. 
 
 . . . . 
 
 977 
 
 1.773 
 
 SUMMARY OF POWER OF MILLS. 
 
 MILL A. Heavy Sheetings. Average No. of Yarn spun, 12.75. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Total 
 Spin. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 H.P. ea. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 1 Stick Whipper, 
 1 Double Creighton Willow, 
 2 Bacon Willows, 
 3 Kitson, 2 Beaters, 1st Pickers, 
 4 " 2 " 2d " 
 3Whitins, 3 " " 
 3 Amoskeag, 2 " " 
 96 36-in. Breaker Cards, 
 2 Lap Heads to same, 
 112 Finisher Cards, 
 16 Railway Heads to same, 
 8 Frames, 1st Drawing, 8 Deliv's each, 
 8 " 2d " 8 
 16 Lowell Speeders, 30 Spindles each, 
 28 " " 52 
 163 " Throstle Spin. Fr., 128 Spin, each, 
 5 Sawyer Spin. Ring " 128 " 
 2 Old St. Lowell " " 144 " 
 2 Platt Bros' Mules, 624 " 
 4 3^-in. Ring Twisters, 80 " 
 5 Spoolers, 50 " 
 11 " 40 " 
 6 Winders for Filling, 100 " 
 6 " " " 50 " 
 2 Manchester Warpers, 
 10 English 
 2 Slashers, 
 677 36-in. Looms, 
 1 Banding Machine, 
 
 Total Machinery = 
 Very Heavy Shafting, estimated at 16# = 
 H.P. per 1,000 Sp.=30.41=33 Sp. per H.P. 
 Total = 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 12 
 4 
 15 
 20 
 13.5 
 13.5 
 13.824 
 2.5 
 16.128 
 10.992 
 7.04 
 7.04 
 13.52 
 30.436 
 277.1 
 6.5 
 3 
 6 
 5.868 
 1.25 
 2.2 
 9 
 4.5 
 .342 
 1.25 
 3 
 108.32 
 .5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Beat'rs, 1,500 Rev. 
 " 1,500 " 
 2,000 ." 
 1,500 " 
 Cylin'r, 126 " 
 
 5 
 5 
 4.5 
 4.5 
 .144 
 1.25 
 .144 
 .687 
 .11 
 .11 
 .845 
 1.087 
 1.7 
 
 1.3 
 1.5 
 3 
 1.467 
 .25 
 .2 
 1.5 
 .75 
 .171 
 .125 
 1.5 
 .16 
 
 .... 
 
 " 126 " 
 
 480 
 1,456 
 20,564 
 640 
 288 
 1,248 
 320 
 250 
 4,400 
 600 
 300 
 
 per Delivery, 
 
 M 
 
 Spindle, 720 Rev. 
 904 " 
 4,100 " 
 5,700 " 
 4,500 " 
 
 2,812 " 
 600 " 
 600 " 
 2,900 " 
 2,900 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 125 Picks 
 
 
 
 609.31 
 91.396 
 
 700.706 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
80 
 
 SUMMARY OP POWER OP MILLS. ( Continued.) 
 
 MILL A. (Continued.) 
 
 f Picking and Carding, 29.62 
 Spinning, 48.02 
 
 Per cent, of Power of Machinery 
 
 $ 
 
 javing, v 
 
 4.58 
 17.78 
 
 
 MILL B. Denims, Ticks, etc. 
 
 I 
 
 Avera^ 
 
 1 
 ye No. of Yarn, I 
 
 00 
 1. 
 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Total Sp. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 H.P. ea. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 2 Kitson Comp'nd Opener H'ds, 2 Beat'rs 
 
 
 Beat'rs, 1,100 Rev. 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 5 tc u tt 3 u 
 
 
 1 100 " 
 
 5 5 
 
 275 
 
 5 Amoskeag 1st Pickers 2 " 
 
 
 1 100 " 
 
 4.86 
 
 243 
 
 10 " 2d " 2 " 
 
 
 " 1,026 " 
 
 3.048 
 
 30.48 
 
 264 Breaker Cards, 
 
 
 Cylin'rs, 110 " 
 
 .144 
 
 38.016 
 
 24 Railway Heads 
 
 
 F Roll 400 " 
 
 .687 
 
 16488 
 
 8 Frames, 4 Roll Drawing, 8 Deliv's each 
 
 
 " 240 " 
 
 del- 072 
 
 9 168 
 
 8 " 4 " 2d " 8 " 
 
 
 " 240 " 
 
 " .074 
 
 9.456 
 
 8 Lowell Speeders, 6 in. x 12 in., 30 Sp. ea., 
 16 " 4C 5 in. x 10 in., 40 " 
 30 " " 4in.x 8 in., 64 " 
 198 Throstle Spinning Fr., 128 " 
 6 Parr & Curtis Mules, 672 " 
 
 240 
 640 
 1,920 
 25,344 
 4032 
 
 Spin., 501 " 
 " 601 " 
 " 906 " 
 " 3,700 " 
 
 .838 
 .949 
 1.218 
 1.5 
 3 
 
 6.704 
 15.184 
 36.54 
 
 297 
 18 
 
 12 FiUing Winders, 100 " 
 13 Spoolers, 80 " 
 8 Reels 
 
 1,200 
 1,040 
 
 2,910 " 
 600 " 
 
 1.442 
 .342 
 .143 
 
 17.304 
 4.446 
 1 144 
 
 16 Warpers, 
 
 
 
 .171 
 
 2.736 
 
 3 Slashers, 
 
 
 
 1.581 
 
 4.743 
 
 2 Dressers, 
 
 
 
 1.141 
 
 2.282 
 
 2 Size Kettles, 
 
 
 
 .153 
 
 .306 
 
 622 34-in. Looms, 
 6 36-in. " 
 60 38-in " 
 
 
 
 118 Picks permin. 
 118 " " 
 118 " " 
 
 .193 
 .193 
 .197 
 
 120.046 
 1.158 
 11.82 
 
 217 40-in. " 
 
 
 118 " " 
 
 .2 
 
 43.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total Machinery 
 
 
 
 
 744.221 
 
 Shafting, New, at 10 %, 
 
 
 
 
 74.442 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 818.643 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 27.85 = 35.9 Spindles per H. P. 
 
 Per cent, of Power of Machinery, 
 
 Picking and Carding, 29.54 
 Spinning, 42.33 
 
 Dressing, 4.42 
 
 Weaving, 23.71 
 
 100 
 
81 
 
 SUMMARY OF POWER OF HULLS* (Continued.) 
 MILL C. Fancy Pantaloonery, Shirting Stripes, etc. Average No. of Yarn, 16.5. 
 
 DESCBIPTION. 
 
 Total 
 Spin. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 H.P. ea. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 1 Creighton Willow, 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 4 Kitson 2-Beater Openers, 
 
 
 
 Beat'rs, 1,500 Rev. 
 
 4.571 
 
 18.284 
 
 44 Breaker Cards, 
 
 .... 
 
 Cylin'r, 120 " 
 
 .145 
 
 6.38 
 
 2 " Lap Heads, 22 Cards each, 
 
 .... 
 
 10 yds. per min. 
 
 1.016 
 
 2.032 
 
 1 " " Doubler, 
 
 .... 
 
 10 " " 
 
 .... 
 
 .345 
 
 66 Finisher Cards, 
 
 .... 
 
 Cylin'r, 120 Rev. 
 
 .145 
 
 9.57 
 
 6 " Railways, 
 
 .... 
 
 F. Roll, 320 " 
 
 .38 
 
 2.28 
 
 6 Heads, 4 Roll 1st Drawing, 12 Deliv's, 
 
 .... 
 
 " 155 " 
 
 del.121 
 
 1.454 
 
 6 " 4 " 2d *' 12 " 
 
 .... 
 
 " 200 
 
 ".165 
 
 1.S6 
 
 3 Slubbers, 64 Spin, each, 10 in. x 5 in., 
 
 192 
 
 Spin., 634 
 
 1.682 
 
 5.046 
 
 6 Intermed'te,72 9 in. x 4 in., 
 
 360 
 
 " 676 
 
 1.48 
 
 7.4 
 
 9 Fine F. Fr., 136 7 in. x 3 in., 
 
 1,224 
 
 " 861 
 
 .377 
 
 12.393 
 
 12 Ring Fr., 160 No. 9 Yarn, 
 
 1,920 
 
 " 4,053 
 
 .862 
 
 22.226 
 
 11 " 160 " 16 " 
 
 1,760 
 
 5,067 
 
 .927 
 
 21.197 
 
 10 " 160 " 22 u 
 
 1,600 
 
 5,067 
 
 .917 
 
 19.17 
 
 3 " 140 " 22 " 
 
 420 
 
 5,067 
 
 .686 
 
 5.068 
 
 8 Mas'n Mu.,576 " " 17 " 
 
 4,608 
 
 3,400 
 
 .562 
 
 12.496 
 
 6 Reels, 60 in., 
 
 .... 
 
 160 
 
 .143 
 
 .858 
 
 6 Skein Spoolers 60 in., 
 
 
 
 .34 
 
 2.04 
 
 3 Bobbin Spoolers 60 in. 
 
 
 
 .25 
 
 .75 
 
 4 Filling Winders,' 80 in.,' 
 
 .... 
 
 2,000 
 
 .878 
 
 3.312 
 
 7 W^arpers 
 
 
 
 .119 
 
 .833 
 
 4 Dressers, 
 
 
 8 yds. per min. 
 
 1.5 
 
 6 
 
 100 36-in. Plain Looms, 
 
 
 120 Picks 
 
 .158 
 
 15.8 
 
 36 40-in. " 
 
 
 120 Picks 
 
 .166 
 
 6 
 
 100 36-in. Crompton, 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 .234 
 
 23.45 
 
 Total Machinery _ 
 
 
 
 
 214.244 
 
 Add Shafting, 10$,= 
 
 
 
 
 21.424 
 
 Total = 
 
 
 
 
 235.608 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 22.85 = 43.77 Spindles per H. P. 
 
 f Picking and Carding, 35.03 
 Spinning, 37.41 
 
 Per cent, of Power of Machinery, J 
 
 100 
 
82 
 
 SUMMARY OP POWER OP MILLS. ( Continued.-) 
 NEW MILL D. Fine Sheetings. Average Number of Yarn, 28. 
 
 DESCBIPTION. 
 
 Total 
 Spin. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 H.P. ea. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 1 Van Winkle Opener, 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 Platt's 36-in. 2-Beater Lappers, 
 
 
 
 Beat'rs, 1,100 Rev. 
 
 4.52 
 
 18.08 
 
 64 Saco 36-in. Breaker Cards, 
 
 .... 
 
 Cylin'r, 125 " 
 
 .093 
 
 5.952 
 
 1 " " " Lap Head, 
 
 .... 
 
 22 ft. per min. 
 
 .... 
 
 1.02 
 
 64 " Finisher Cards, 
 
 .... 
 
 Oylin'r, 125 Rev. 
 
 .093 
 
 5.952 
 
 8 " " Railways, 
 
 .... 
 
 F. Roll, 230 ' 
 
 .233 
 
 1.864 
 
 8 Heads, 5-Roll Drawing, 32 Deliv's, 
 
 .... 
 
 " 196 ' 
 
 del. 083 
 
 2.648 
 
 2 Slubbers, 56 Sp. ea., 12 in. x 6 in., 
 
 108 
 
 Spin., 530 ' 
 
 1.259 
 
 2.518 
 
 4 Intermediates, 88 " 10 in. x 5 in., 
 
 352 
 
 " 630 c 
 
 1.091 
 
 4.364 
 
 8 Fine F. Fra., 152 " 7 in. x 3 in., 
 
 1,216 
 
 " 1,060 
 
 1.256 
 
 10.048 
 
 53 R'g Spin. Fra., 144 " 
 
 7,632 
 
 4,972 
 
 1.326 
 
 70.808 
 
 8 Mules, 560 " 
 
 4,480 
 
 3,812 ' 
 
 1.736 
 
 13.888 
 
 4 " 592 " 
 
 2,368 
 
 3,812 ' 
 
 1.835 
 
 7.34 
 
 5 Spoolers, 100 " 
 
 500 
 
 700 " 
 
 .327 
 
 1.635 
 
 5 Warpers, 
 
 
 
 .125 
 
 .625 
 
 1 Slasher, 
 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 180 36-in. Looms, 
 
 
 
 125 Picks 
 
 .108 
 
 19.44 
 
 136 40-in. " 
 
 
 
 125 " 
 
 .116 
 
 15.776 
 
 Total Machinery 
 
 
 
 
 185.458 
 
 Shafting by tests = 
 
 
 
 
 21.5 
 
 Total = 
 
 
 
 
 206.958 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 14.25 = 70 Spindles per H. P. 
 
 Per cent, of Power of Machinery, < 
 
 f Picking and Carding, 29.35 
 Spinning, 49.64 
 
 * ,< 
 
 100 
 
 MILL E. Fine Sheetings. Average Number of Yarn, 32. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Total 
 Spin. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 H.P. ea. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 1 Opener and Mixer, 
 2 2-Beater Whitin Pickers, 
 2 3-Beater " " 
 48 36-in. Cards, 
 2 Railways to same, 
 1 Doubler " 
 
 .... 
 
 Beatr's, 700 Rev. 
 " 2,000 " 
 " 2,000 " 
 Cylin'r, 130 " 
 llf yds. per min. 
 
 3" 
 4 
 
 .288 
 .247 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 8 
 13.824 
 .494 
 .25 
 
 48 36-in. Finisher Cards, 
 4 Railways to same, 
 1 Frame, 1st Drawing, 5-Roll, 6 Deliv's, 
 1 " 2d " " 8 " 
 
 .... 
 
 Cylin'r, 132 Rev. 
 F. Roll, 394 " 
 " 381 " 
 361 
 
 .207 
 .507 
 .19 
 .207 
 
 9.888 
 2.028 
 1.138 
 1.655 
 
83 
 
 SUMMARY OF POWER OP MILLS (Continued.} 
 
 MILL E. (Continued.) 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Total 
 Spin. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 H.P. ea. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 1 Frame, 3d Drawing, 5-Roll, 20 Deliv's, 
 
 
 F. Roll, 380 Rev. 
 
 .097 
 
 1.907 
 
 6 Slubbers (Higgins), Bob. 9 in. x 4.2 in., 
 
 352 
 
 Spin., 530 " 
 
 .581 
 
 2.944 
 
 5 Fine Fr., " " 7 in. x 3.2 in., 
 
 600 
 
 " 750 " 
 
 .982 
 
 4.91 
 
 6 " (Hill) " 7 in. x 3.2 in., 
 
 680 
 
 750 " 
 
 .824 
 
 4.946 
 
 52 Ring Frames, 
 
 7,328 
 
 " 5,800 " 
 
 1.74 
 
 90.479 
 
 16 Marvel & Davol Mules, 
 
 9,024 
 
 " 4,350 " 
 
 2.051 
 
 32.814 
 
 4 Spoolers, 
 4 Warpers 
 
 360 
 
 " 2,000 " 
 
 .327 
 125 
 
 1.31 
 5 
 
 1 Slasher 
 
 
 
 
 1 061 
 
 343 40-in. Looms, 
 
 
 
 129 Picks per min. 
 
 .111 
 
 37 
 
 Total Machinery 
 
 
 
 
 223 178 
 
 Shafting, 10$, 
 
 
 
 
 22.318 
 
 Total H P 
 
 
 
 
 245 496 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 15.01 = 66.6 Spindles per H. P. 
 
 f Picking and Carding, 26.88 
 Spinning, 65.25 
 
 J Dressing, 1.29 
 
 Weaving, ' 16.58 
 
 Per cent, of Power of Machinery, 
 
 ] Weaving, ' 16.58 
 
 100 
 
 NEW MILL F. Fine Shirtings and Cambrics. Average Number of Yarn, 33. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Total 
 Spin. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 H.P. ea. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 1 Kitson Opener, 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 " 2-Beater Lappers, 
 60 Breaker Cards, 
 1 " Lap Head, 
 
 
 
 Beat'rs, 1,500 Kev. 
 Cylin'r, 120 " 
 
 4.5 
 .125 
 
 18 
 7.5 
 1 
 
 60 Finisher Cards, 
 6 " Railways, 
 
 
 120 " 
 
 .125 
 .5 
 
 7.5 
 
 3 
 
 2 Frames, 4-Roll Drawing, 12 Deliv's, 
 2 12 
 
 4 Slubbers, 60 Sp. ea., 10 in. x 5 in., 
 6 Intermediates, 80 " 9 in. x 4| in., 
 11 Fine F. Fr., 144 " 7 in. x 3| in., 
 64 Ring Sp. Fr., 128 " 
 14 F.F. Pat. Mu., 704 " 
 4 Spoolers, 100 " 
 6 Warpers, 
 
 *240 
 480 
 1,584 
 8,192 
 9,856 
 400 
 
 F. Roll, 221 
 " 221 
 Spin., 615 
 773 
 " 934 
 5,908 
 5,000 
 600 
 
 d.1.096 
 " .096 
 .789 
 1.238 
 1.05 
 1.258 
 2.084 
 .25 
 .125 
 
 1.16 
 1.16 
 3.156 
 
 7.428 
 11.55 
 80.612 
 29.176 
 1 
 .75 
 
 1 Slasher, 
 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 200 40-in. Looms, Heavy Cloth, 
 200 40-in. " Light " 
 
 .... 
 
 120 Picks 
 120 " 
 
 .2 
 .135 
 
 40 
 27 
 
 Total Machinerv 
 
 
 
 
 247.492 
 
 Shafting etc ,10$ 
 
 
 
 
 24.749 
 
 Total Power 
 
 
 
 
 272.241 
 
 
 
 
 
 
84 
 
 SUMMARY OP POWER OP MILLS. (Continued.) 
 
 MILL F. (Continued.) 
 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 15.08 = 66.31 Spindles per H. P. 
 
 f Picking and Carding, 27.25 
 Spinning, 44.32 
 
 Percent, of Power of Machinery, Slaving', 27.07 
 
 100 
 
 MILL G. Old, partially renewed, on Corset Jeans. Average No. of Yarn, 33. 
 
 DESCBIPTION. 
 
 Total 
 Spin. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 H.P. ea. 
 
 H.P. 
 
 1 Single Creighton Willow, 
 
 
 Beat'rs, 820 Rev. 
 
 
 5.402 
 
 2 Platt's 2-Beater, 48-in., 1st Pickers, 
 
 .... 
 
 " 1,016 " 
 
 4.848 
 
 9.696 
 
 2 2d " 
 
 .... 
 
 " 1,066 " 
 
 4.566 
 
 9.132 
 
 68 Old 24-iu. Breaker Cards, 
 
 .... 
 
 Cylin'r, 127 " 
 
 .185 
 
 12.92 
 
 1 Lap Head to same, 36 in., 
 
 .... 
 
 il yds. per min. 
 
 .... 
 
 2.539 
 
 44 36-in. Finisher Cards, 
 
 .... 
 
 Cylin'r, 127 " 
 
 .268 
 
 11.792 
 
 4 Railways to same, 
 
 .... 
 
 F. Roll, 360 " 
 
 .512 
 
 2.048 
 
 4 Heads, 5-Roll Drawing, 12 Deliv's, 
 
 .... 
 
 " 258 " 
 
 del.144 
 
 1.732 
 
 4 " " " 16 " 
 
 .... 
 
 " 296 " 
 
 ".136 
 
 1 2.182 
 
 2 Slubbers, 60 Sp. ea., 12 in. x 6 in., 
 
 120 
 
 Spin., 543 " 
 
 1.448 
 
 2.896 
 
 6 Intermediat's, 80 " 9 in. x 4.2 in., 
 
 480 
 
 " 630 " 
 
 .977 
 
 5.862 
 
 12 Fine F. Fr., 136 " 6 in. x 3 in., 
 
 1,632 
 
 " 1,000 " 
 
 .983 
 
 11.796 
 
 36 R'g Sp. Fr., 192 " 
 
 7,056 
 
 " 6,000 " 
 
 2.143 
 
 77.148 
 
 12 Mason Mules, 512 " 
 
 6,144 
 
 " 3,690 " 
 
 2.135 
 
 25.62 
 
 8 " " 480 " 
 
 3,840 
 
 " 3,690 " 
 
 2.045 
 
 16.36 
 
 6 Spoolers, 80 " 
 
 480 
 
 " 600 " 
 
 .228 
 
 1.368 
 
 4 Warpers 
 
 
 
 .177 
 
 .71 
 
 1 Slasher 
 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 100 36-in. Looms, 
 
 
 
 130 Picks 
 
 .104 
 
 10.4 
 
 223 40-in. " 
 
 .... 
 
 130 " 
 
 .135 
 
 30.077 
 
 28 48-in. " 
 
 
 122 " 
 
 .138 
 
 3.864 
 
 Total Machinery 
 
 
 
 
 245.044 
 
 Sliciftin^ etc frotn tests **~ 
 
 
 
 
 27.41 
 
 Total H. P. = 
 
 
 
 
 272.454 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 16 = 62.5 Spindles per H. P. 
 
 C Picking and Carding, 31.83 
 Spinning, 48.61 
 
 Percent, of Power of Machinery, 4 Weaving 18J 6 
 
 I 
 
 100 
 
85 
 
 SUMMARY OF POWER OF MILLS. ( Continued.} 
 MILL H. New, on Print Cloth, all Mule Spinning. Average No. of Yarn, 31. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Total 
 Spin. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 H.P. ea. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 1 Double Creighton Willow, 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 4 Platt Bros.' 1st Pickers, 
 
 .... 
 
 Beat'rs, 1,130 Rev. 
 
 5.806 
 
 23.544 
 
 4 " 2d " witheveners, 
 
 .... 
 
 " 1,130 " 
 
 6.256 
 
 25.024 
 
 176 36-in. Cards, 
 
 .... 
 
 Cylin'r, 136 " 
 
 .167 
 
 29.44 
 
 12 Railways to same, 
 
 .... 
 
 F. Roll, 412 " 
 
 .689 
 
 8.273 
 
 4 Frames, 4-Roll, 1st Draw'g, 32 Deliv's, 
 
 .... 
 
 " 238 " 
 
 del.115 
 
 3.696 
 
 4 " " 2d " 48 " 
 
 .... 
 
 " 238 " 
 
 " .108 
 
 6.184 
 
 4 Slubbers, 66 Sp. ea., 
 
 224 
 
 Spin., 630 " 
 
 1.667 
 
 6.268 
 
 2 " 48 " 
 
 96 
 
 " 630 " 
 
 1.318 
 
 2.636 
 
 14 Intermediates, 66 " 
 
 924 
 
 " 694 " 
 
 1.418 
 
 19.852 
 
 20 Fine F. Frames, 160 " 
 
 3,200 
 
 " 1,070 " 
 
 2.57 
 
 61.4 
 
 38 Warp Mules, Platt Bros., 552 " 
 
 20,976 
 
 " 6,300 " 
 
 3.594 
 
 136.572 
 
 34 Weft " u 600 " 
 
 20,008 
 
 " 4,200 " 
 
 2.732 
 
 92.888 
 
 14 Spoolers, 80 " 
 12 Warpers, 
 
 1,120 
 
 " . 630 " 
 
 .186 
 .113 
 
 2.6 
 1.36 
 
 3 Slashers, 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1,008 Looms, 
 
 
 
 154 Picks 
 
 .103 
 
 103.649 
 
 Total Machinery =: 
 
 
 
 
 527.286 
 
 Shafting, etc., 10$, = 
 
 
 
 
 52.728 
 
 Total H. P. = 
 
 
 
 
 580.014 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 13.88 = 72 Spindles per H. P. 
 
 (Picking and Carding, 35.52 
 Spinning, ^ 43.52 
 
 100 
 
86 
 
 SUMMARY OF POWER OP MILLS. (Continued.} 
 MILL I. New, on Print Cloths, all Mule Spinning. Average No. of Yarn, 32. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Total 
 Spin. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 H.P. ea. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 2 Kitson's Compound Openers, 
 
 .... 
 
 Beat'rs, 1,500 Rev. 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 3 " 2-Beater Pickers, 
 
 .... 
 
 " 1,500 " 
 
 5.536 
 
 16.608 
 
 144 36-in. Cards, 
 
 .... 
 
 Cylin'r, 120 " 
 
 .227 
 
 32.688 
 
 12 Railway Heads, 
 
 
 
 .666 
 
 8 
 
 24 Deliveries, 1st Drawing, 
 
 .... 
 
 F. Roll, 220 " 
 
 del.131 
 
 3.136 
 
 48 " 2d " 
 
 .... 
 
 " 210 " 
 
 " .078 
 
 3.72 
 
 8 Slubbers, 48 Sp. ea., 12 in. x 6 in., 
 
 384 
 
 Spin., 550 " 
 
 1.4 
 
 11.2 
 
 12 Intermediates, 68 " 10 in. x 5 in., 
 
 816 
 
 " 650 " 
 
 1.707 
 
 20.484 
 
 20 Fine F. Fra., 144 " 7 in. x 3.2 in., 
 
 2,880 
 
 " 1,060 " 
 
 1.808 
 
 36.16 
 
 32 Parr & Curtis Warp Mules, 564 Sp. ea., 
 
 18,048 
 
 " 5,110 " 
 
 3.025 
 
 96.8 
 
 28 " Weft " 600 " 
 
 16,800 
 
 " 4,110 " 
 
 2.287 
 
 64.036 
 
 8 Spoolers, 130 " 
 
 1,040 
 
 " 640 " 
 
 .192 
 
 1.536 
 
 8 Warpers 
 
 
 
 .366 
 
 2.928 
 
 2 Slashers, 
 
 
 
 .702 
 
 1.404 
 
 800 Looms, 
 
 .... 
 
 154 Picks 
 
 .115 
 
 92.24 
 
 Total Machinery = 
 
 
 
 
 408.94 
 
 Shafting, etc., 10$, = 
 
 
 
 
 40.894 
 
 Total H. P. = 
 
 
 
 
 449.834 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 13.03 = 76.74 Spindles per H. P. 
 
 Per cent, of Power of Machinery, 
 
 Picking and Carding, 36.68 
 
 Spinning, 
 
 Dressing, 
 
 Weaving, 
 
 39.33 
 1.43 
 22.56 
 
 100 
 
 Indicator Cards of Engine, 470.57 H. P. 
 Less 5$ for Engines, 23.52 " 
 
 NetH. P. of Mill = 
 
 447.05 
 
SUMMARY OP POWER OF MILLS. ( Continued.} 
 MILL K. New, on Fine Cambrics. Average Number of Yarn, 49. 
 
 DESCEIPTION. 
 
 Total 
 Spin. 
 
 Speed. 
 
 HP., ea. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 1 Kitson 2-Beater Opener, 
 
 
 Beat'rs, 1,350 Rev. 
 
 
 . 
 
 6 
 
 4 " " Lappers, 
 
 .... 
 
 " 1,350 " 
 
 3.776 
 
 15.104 
 
 52 36-in. Breaker Cards, 
 
 .... 
 
 Cylin'r, 128 " 
 
 .085 
 
 4.42 
 
 1 Breaker Lap Head. 
 
 .... 
 
 9 yds. per min. 
 
 .... 
 
 1.437 
 
 52 36-in. Finisher Cards, 
 
 
 Cylin'r, 128 Rev. 
 
 .129 
 
 6.708 
 
 4 " Kailways to same, 
 
 .... 
 
 F. Roll, 290 " 
 
 .53 
 
 2.12 
 
 12 Deliveries, 1st Drawing, 5-Roll, 
 
 .... 
 
 " 226 " 
 
 del.ll 
 
 1.324 
 
 16 " 2d " " 
 
 
 
 " 226 " 
 
 .105 
 
 1.684 
 
 3 Slubbers, 48 Sp. ea., 12 in. x 6 in., 
 
 144 
 
 Spin., 590 " 
 
 1.343 
 
 4.029 
 
 5 Intermediates, 80 " 10 in. x 5 in., 
 
 400 
 
 " 736 " 
 
 1.3 
 
 6.5 
 
 5 Fine F. Fra., 136 " 7 in. x 3.5 in., 
 
 680 
 
 " 968 " 
 
 1.496 
 
 7.48 
 
 4 " " 136 " 7 in. x 3.5 in., 
 
 544 
 
 " 979 " 
 
 1.302 
 
 5.208 
 
 14 Jack Frames, 144 " 5 in. x 2 in., 
 
 2,016 
 
 " 1,117 " 
 
 1.096 
 
 15.344 
 
 61 R'gSpin.Fr., 160 " 
 
 9,760 
 
 " '5,800 " 
 
 1.084 
 
 68.292 
 
 8 Parr & Curtis Mules, 696 Sp. ea., 
 
 5,568 
 
 " 5,600 " 
 
 3.476 
 
 27.808 
 
 8 " " 552 " 
 
 4,416 
 
 " 5,600 " 
 
 3.222 
 
 25.776 
 
 4 Spoolers, 100 " 
 
 400 
 
 660 " 
 
 .167 
 
 .668 
 
 4 Warpers, 
 
 
 
 .118 
 
 .472 
 
 1 Slasher, 
 
 
 
 
 1.555 
 
 288 Looms (New), 
 
 
 
 150 Picks 
 
 .137 
 
 39.456 
 
 Total Machinery = 
 
 
 
 
 241.385 
 
 Shafting: etc. 10^ 
 
 
 
 
 24.138 
 
 KJ11C4J tUi.1*.^ VWJ J.\J/Cy 
 
 Total H. P. = 
 
 
 
 
 265.523 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 13.28 = 75.58 Spindles per H. P. 
 
 Per cent, of Power of Machinery, 
 
 Picking and Carding, 32.04 
 
 Spinning, 50.5 
 
 Dressing, 1.12 
 
 Weaving, . 16.34 
 
 100 
 
SHAFTING. 
 
 THE writer is indebted to the courtesy of James B. Francis, Esq., 
 of Lowell, for permission to copy the formula and tables prepared by 
 him for the strength and velocity of shafting, after long and careful 
 tests made for the Merrimac Manufacturing Co., and originally pub- 
 lished by him in " The Journal of the Franklin Institute " for 1867, viz. : 
 
 For 1st shafts, or prime movers, subject to the strain of gears or 
 main pulleys : 
 
 Wrought Iron. Biam. = A/ 100 x H - P - to be transmitted 
 
 No. of Eev. per min. 
 (The breaking strain being taken at 66,000 Ibs. per sq. in.) 
 
 Cast Iron. Diam. = ,8/1 67 x H. P. to be transmitted 
 
 No. of Rev. per min. 
 (Breaking strain taken at 30,000 Ibs. per sq. in.) 
 
 Steel. Diam 
 
 =/' 
 
 62.5 x H. P. to be transmitted 
 
 No. of Rev. per min. 
 (Breaking strain taken at 80,000 Ibs. per sq. in.) 
 
 Being equal to 15^ times the breaking power. 
 
 For 2d movers, or long lines, transmitting power : 
 
 50 x H. P. 
 
 Wrought Iron. Diam. = jj/, 
 
 ' No. Rev. per min. 
 
 Cast " " = i7 83xH. P. 
 
 No. Rev. per min. 
 
 Steel. 
 
 = V 
 
 r 
 
 81.25 xH. P. 
 
 No. Rev. per min. 
 
 Being equal to 7f times the breaking power. 
 
 For 3d movers, or light counters, driving machines well supported 
 by bearings at short distances apart : 
 
 Wrought Iron. Diam. = M 
 
 33 x H. P. 
 
 No. Rev. per min. 
 Cast =V 65.5 xH. P. 
 
 21 x H. P. 
 
 No. Rev. per min. 
 Steel. 
 
 No. Rev. per min. 
 Or 5-J- times the breaking power. 
 
89 
 
 From the above formulae the relative diameters necessary for the 
 same strength may be obtained as follows : 
 
 Wrought Iron 1 
 
 Cast " 1.184 
 
 Steel 0.855 
 
 And the necessary size for shafts of the latter materials may be calcu- 
 lated from the following tables for wrought iron, which the writer has 
 computed from Mr. Francis's data to an extent covering all necessary 
 demands. 
 
 These tables apply to the torsional strains, but it is often neces- 
 sary to use shafts larger than are required to transmit the power, in 
 order to avoid the transverse strain and consequent friction due to 
 flexure, in regard to which I quote Mr. Francis as follows : 
 
 Table of the greatest admissible Distances between the Bearings of continuous Shafts, subject 
 to no Transverse Strains except from their own Weight. 
 
 1 
 
 DIAMETER OF SHAFT, IN INCHES. 
 
 DISTANCE BETWEEN BEABINGS, IN FEET. 
 
 If of Wrought Iron. 
 
 If of Steel. 
 
 1 . . . . 
 
 12.27 
 15.46 
 17.7 
 19.48 
 20.99 
 22.3 
 23.48 
 24.55 
 25.53 
 26.44 
 27.3 
 28.1 
 
 12.61 
 15.89 
 18.19 
 20.02 
 21.57 
 22.92 
 24.13 
 25.23 
 26.24 
 27.18 
 28.05 
 28.88 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 ... .. . 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7.. .... . 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 . 
 
 11 
 
 12 . . . .... 
 
 
 " In practice long shafts are scarcely ever entirely free from trans- 
 verse strains ; however, in the parts of long lines which have no pul- 
 leys or gears, with the couplings near the bearings, the interval 
 between the bearings may approach the distances given in the preced- 
 ing table. Near the extremities of a line the distances between the 
 bearings should be less than are given in the table. The last space 
 should not exceed sixty per cent, of the distance there given, the 
 deflection in that space being much greater than in other parts of the 
 line. In shafts moving with high velocities it will usually be neces- 
 sary to shorten the distances between the bearings as given in the 
 table, in order to obtain sufficient bearing surface to prevent heating. 
 
90 
 
 " In factories and workshops power is usually taken off from the 
 lines of shafting at many points by pulleys and belts, by means of 
 which the machinery is operated. When the machines to be driven 
 are below the shaft, there is a transverse strain on the shaft due to the 
 weight of the pulley and tension of the belt, which is in addition to the 
 transverse strain due to the weight of the shaft itself. Sometimes the 
 power is taken off horizontally on one side, in which case the tension of 
 the belt produces a horizontal transverse strain, and the weight of the pul- 
 ley acts with the weight of the shaft to produce a vertical transverse 
 strain. Frequently the machinery to be driven is placed above the floor, 
 to which the shaft is hung in the story below ; in this case the transverse 
 strain produced by the tension of the belt is in the opposite direction 
 to that produced by the weight of the pulley and shaft. Sometimes 
 power is taken off in all these directions from the part of a shaft 
 between two adjacent bearings. To transmit the same power the 
 necessary tension of a belt diminishes in proportion to its velocity ; 
 consequently, with pulleys of the same diameter, the transverse strain 
 will diminish in the same ratio as the velocity of the shaft increases. 
 In cotton and woolen factories with wooden floors the bearings are 
 usually hung on the beams, which are usually about eight feet apart ; 
 and a minimum size of shafting is adopted for the different classes of 
 machinery, which has been determined by experience as the least that 
 will withstand the transverse strain. This minimum is adopted inde- 
 pendently of the size required to withstand the torsional strain due to 
 the power transmitted ; if this requires a larger diameter than the 
 minimum, the larger diameter is of course adopted. In some of the 
 large cotton factories in this neighborhood, in which the bearings are 
 about 8 feet apart, a minimum diameter of If inch was formerly 
 adopted for the lines of shafting driving looms. In some mills this is 
 still retained ; in others 2-J inches and 2^- inches have been substi- 
 tuted. In the same mills the minimum size of shafts driving spinning 
 machinery is from 2-J to 2{-J- inches. In very long lines of small shaft- 
 ing fly-wheels are put on at intervals, to diminish the vibratory action 
 due to the irregularities in the torsional strain." 
 
 The proper velocity for shafting has been of late the subject of 
 much discussion and experiment, and has been greatly increased from 
 former standards in the most approved modern mills, and a velocity of 
 from 200 to 250 revolutions per minute is now usually adopted for 
 carding and weaving rooms, as giving a fair proportionate size of pul- 
 leys, where the speed of the pulleys on the cards and looms varies from 
 130 to 160 revolutions per minute, while 300 to 350 revolutions per min- 
 ute seems not too much for spinning rooms, where the speed of the 
 cylinder on the frames varies from 600 to 900 revolutions, and will 
 
91 
 
 allow the use of 20-inch to 30-inch pulleys on the shaft, belting on to 
 a 10-inch pulley on the frame, instead of the 6-inch or 7-inch pulleys 
 formerly used, thus giving a much better holding surface to the belt, 
 and from its high velocity allowing it to be much lighter while trans- 
 mitting the same power, and with less strain and friction on the jour- 
 nals. At these velocities a line of 2-inch shaft in the weaving room, 
 at 200 revolutions, will transmit 32 horse-power, or drive 256 looms at 
 8 looms per horse-power, and one of 2J- inches, at 300 revolutions, in 
 the spinning room, will transmit 68 horse-power, or drive 6,800 spin- 
 dles at 100 spindles per horse-power. 
 
 These sizes are, however, capable of transmitting all the power 
 required for the whole line, and are usually diminished as the power is 
 taken off at intervals ; but in such cases care is taken either to place 
 the transmitting pulleys as close as possible to the bearings or to add 
 supplementary bearings to support the shaft close to the pulleys, where 
 it is necessary to place the latter in or near the middle of a " bay," or 
 space between beams. In some of the latest mills the sizes given by 
 the table for 3d movers are adopted for line shafting or 2d movers, 
 and additional hangers for bearings are provided ; and in one new 
 mill which the writer has recently visited the main tie beams of the 
 mill are 10 feet apart, but the bays or spaces -are divided by supple- 
 mentary beams for the support of bearings, so that the shafting is 
 everywhere supported at intervals of 5 feet. This gives it a sufficient 
 resistance to flexure to permit of the use of the third table of sizes, 
 in which the factor of safety or strength in excess of the breaking 
 strain is 5-J-, which is ample for most purposes so far as strength is 
 concerned, although machines having a reciprocating motion, like 
 looms and mules, will sometimes require a greater diameter, to insure 
 rigidity of shaft and steadiness of motion. 
 
 The use of "cold-rolled shafting" will also enable the further 
 application of the third table to sizes for 2d movers or line shafting, 
 as the experiments made by Professor Thurston, of the Stevens Insti- 
 tute of Technology, on cold-rolled iron from the works of Messrs. Jones 
 & Loughlin, of Pittsburgh, Pa., show its great advantage in stiffness 
 and elasticity, as might be expected from the perfect and uniform con- 
 densation of the fibres of the iron. We have not space here to copy 
 the details of the experiments, but give the conclusions drawn by Pro- 
 fessor Thurston, stating also that our own observation of mills where 
 this shafting has been introduced leads us to believe in its great superi- 
 ority to turned shafting from hot-rolled iron. The writer would not, 
 however, advise the use of any line shafting less than 1 inch diame- 
 ter, except possibly the last length in the line. 
 
 1. The process of cold rolling produces a very marked change in 
 the physical properties of the iron thus treated : 
 
92 
 
 (a.) It increases the tenacity from 25 to 40 per cent., and the 
 resistance to transverse stress from 50 to 80 per cent. 
 
 (b.) It elevates the elastic limits under both tensile and transverse 
 stresses from 80 to 125 per cent. 
 
 (c.) The modulus of elastic resilience is elevated from 300 to 400 
 per cent. The elastic resilience to transverse stress is augmented from 
 150 to 425 per cent. 
 
 2. Cold rolling also improves the metal in other respects : 
 
 (a.) It gives the iron a smooth, bright surface, absolutely free from 
 the scale of black oxide unavoidably left when hot rolled. 
 
 (b.) It is made exactly to gauge, and for many purposes requires 
 no further preparation. 
 
 (c.) In working the metal the wear and tear of the tools are less 
 than with hot-rolled iron, thus saving labor and expense in fitting. 
 
 (d.) The cold-rolled iron resists stresses much more uniformly than 
 does the untreated metal. Irregularities of resistance exhibited by the 
 latter do not appear in the former ; this is more particularly true for 
 transverse stress, as is shown by the smoothness of the strain-diagrams 
 produced by the cold-rolled bars. 
 
 (e.) This treatment of iron produces a very important improvement 
 in uniformity of structure, the cold-rolled iron excelling common iron 
 in its uniformity of density from surface to center, as well as in its 
 uniformity of strength from outside to the middle of the bar. 
 
 The proportion of length of the bearing of a shaft to its diameter 
 is a question which has caused much discussion, and the writer has 
 been asked to give his opinion ; and, although he does it with all 
 modesty, he will say that he is inclined to favor a length of three 
 times the diameter, as being the best point for practical use when the 
 shafts can be kept well in line and well lubricated. This proportion 
 with proper couplings will afford sufficient bearings, and by the use 
 of swivel bearings avoid any unnecessary twist or strain at the end of 
 the boxes. Lubrication also deserves some notice, and here the au- 
 thor's opinions are positive, and confirmed by his tests, in favor of 
 continuous lubrication with oil, which oil should be mixed to suit the 
 weight in the bearing, in various proportions of mineral and animal 
 oils. One half of each is a very good proportion for medium shaft- 
 ing, say petroleum and sperm or lard, while for light bearings the 
 petroleum may be three fourths, and for heavy ones the animal oil 
 may be neatsfoot. 
 
 Grease or tallow is an abomination ; and where old boxes fitted for 
 it are in use, with holes through the cover of bearing for the tal- 
 low to run down when it gets hot enough to melt, these holes may be 
 filled with sponge and kept saturated with oil. 
 
93 
 
 Table of Horse-Power which can be safely carried by 1st Movers at different Velocities, 
 Factor of Safety being = 15.5. 
 
 Diameter in ! i 
 Inches. 
 
 .Revolutions per Minute. 
 
 .3 
 o> o> 
 gjj 
 ft 
 
 Eevolutions per Minute. 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 Horse-Power. 
 
 Horse-Power. 
 
 1 
 
 .5 
 
 1 
 
 1.5 
 
 2 
 
 2.5 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 108 
 
 216 
 
 324 
 
 432 
 
 1.25 
 
 .975 
 
 1.95 
 
 2.92 
 
 3.9 
 
 4.87 
 
 5.85 
 
 6.25 
 
 122.07 
 
 244.14 
 
 366.21 
 
 488 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.68 
 
 3.37 
 
 5.04 
 
 6.74 
 
 8.4 
 
 10.11 
 
 6.5 
 
 137.31 
 
 274.62 
 
 411.93 
 
 549 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.68 
 
 5.36 
 
 8.04 
 
 10.72 
 
 13.4 
 
 16.08 
 
 6.75 
 
 153.72 
 
 307.55 
 
 461.16 
 
 615 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 171.5 
 
 343 
 
 514.5 
 
 686 
 
 2.25 
 
 5.69 
 
 11.39 
 
 17.07 
 
 22.78 
 
 28.45 
 
 34.17 
 
 7.25 
 
 190.54 
 
 381.08 
 
 571.62 
 
 762 
 
 2.5 
 
 7.81 
 
 15.62 
 
 23.43 
 
 31.24 
 
 39.05 
 
 46.86 
 
 7.5 
 
 210.93 
 
 421.87 
 
 632.79 
 
 843 
 
 2.75 
 
 10.4 
 
 20.8 
 
 31.2 
 
 41.6 
 
 52 
 
 62.4 
 
 7.75 
 
 232.74 
 
 465.48 
 
 698.22 
 
 931 
 
 3 
 
 13.5 
 
 27 
 
 40.5 
 
 54 
 
 67.5 
 
 81 
 
 8 
 
 256 
 
 512 
 
 768 
 
 1,024 
 
 3.25 
 
 17.16 
 
 34.33 
 
 51.5 
 
 68.66 
 
 85.8 
 
 103 
 
 8.25 
 
 280.76 561.52 
 
 842 
 
 1,123 
 
 3.5 
 
 21.43 
 
 42.87 
 
 64.29 
 
 85.74 
 
 107.15 
 
 128.61 
 
 8.5 
 
 307.06 
 
 614.12 
 
 921 
 
 1,228 
 
 3.75 
 
 26.36 
 
 52.73 
 
 79.08 
 
 105.46 
 
 131.8 
 
 158.19 
 
 8.75 
 
 334.96 
 
 669.92 
 
 ,005 
 
 1,340 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 64 
 
 96 
 
 128 
 
 160 
 
 192 
 
 9 
 
 364.5 
 
 729 
 
 ,093.5 
 
 1,458 
 
 4.25 
 
 38.38 
 
 76.77 
 
 115.15 
 
 153.54 
 
 191.9 
 
 230.31 
 
 9.25 
 
 395.72 
 
 791.45 
 
 ,187 
 
 1,583 
 
 4.5 
 
 45.56 
 
 91.12 
 
 136.68 
 
 182.24 
 
 227.8 
 
 273.36 
 
 9.5 
 
 428.68 
 
 857.37 
 
 ,286 
 
 1,715 
 
 4.75 
 
 53.58 
 
 107.17 
 
 160.75 
 
 214.34 
 
 267.9 
 
 321.54 
 
 9.75 
 
 463.43 
 
 926.86 
 
 ,390 
 
 1,854 
 
 5 
 
 62.5 
 
 125 
 
 187.5 250 
 
 312.5 
 
 375 
 
 10 
 
 500 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 2,000 
 
 5.25 
 
 72.35 
 
 144.7 [217.05 ,289.4 
 
 361.75 
 
 434.1 
 
 11 
 
 665.5 
 
 1,331 
 
 1,995 
 
 2,662 
 
 5.5 
 
 83.18 
 
 166.37 249.54 
 
 322.75 
 
 415.9 
 
 499.11 
 
 12 
 
 864 
 
 1,728 
 
 2,592 
 
 3,456 
 
 5.75 
 
 95.05 
 
 190.11 
 
 285.15 
 
 380.22 
 
 475.25 
 
 570.33 
 
 13 
 
 1,05'3.5 
 
 2,107 
 
 3,160.5 
 
 4,214 
 
 Table of Horse- Power for Shafting for Long Lines of Transmission, or 2d Movers, 
 Factor of Safety being = 7.75. 
 
 a 
 
 ^Revolutions per Minute. 
 
 l s 
 
 Eevolutions per Minute. 
 
 9M 
 
 100 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 3s 
 
 ! 
 1.9 
 
 100 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 Q 
 
 Horse-Power. 
 
 5 
 
 Horse-Power. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Sf 
 
 77.88 
 
 116.83 
 
 155.76 
 
 194.7 
 
 233.64 
 
 H 
 
 2.88 
 
 4.32 
 
 5.76 
 
 7.2 
 
 8.64 
 
 H 
 
 85.74 
 
 128.61 
 
 171.48 
 
 214.35 
 
 257.22 
 
 I* 
 
 3.9 
 
 5.85 
 
 7.8 
 
 9.75 
 
 11.7 
 
 8f 
 
 95.25 
 
 142.86 
 
 190.5 
 
 238.1 
 
 285.75 
 
 if 
 
 5.2 
 
 7.8 
 
 10.4 
 
 13 
 
 15.6 
 
 sf 
 
 105.46 
 
 158.19 
 
 210.92 
 
 263.65 
 
 316.38 
 
 H 
 
 6.74 
 
 10.11 
 
 13.48 
 
 16.85 
 
 20.22 
 
 3* 
 
 116.37 
 
 174.54 
 
 232.74 
 
 290.9 
 
 349 
 
 if 
 
 8.58 
 
 12.87 
 
 17.16 
 
 21.45 
 
 25.74 
 
 4 
 
 128 
 
 192 
 
 256 
 
 320 
 
 384 
 
 if 
 
 10.72 
 
 16.08 
 
 21.44 
 
 26.8 
 
 32.16 
 
 4 
 
 140.38 
 
 210.57 
 
 280.76 
 
 351 
 
 421.14 
 
 i* 
 
 13.18 
 
 19.77 
 
 26.36 
 
 32.95 
 
 39.54 
 
 4 
 
 153.54 
 
 230.31 
 
 307 
 
 383.85 
 
 460.62 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 24 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 48 * 
 
 4f 
 
 167.48 
 
 251.22 
 
 335 
 
 418.7 
 
 502.48 
 
 2i 
 
 19.19 
 
 28.77 
 
 38.38 
 
 47.95 
 
 57.57 
 
 4* 
 
 182.24 
 
 273.36 
 
 364.48 
 
 455.6 
 
 546.72 
 
 2i 
 
 22,78 
 
 34.17 
 
 45.56 
 
 56.95 
 
 68.34 
 
 4f 
 
 197.86 
 
 296.79 
 
 395.72 
 
 494.65 
 
 593.58 
 
 2f 
 
 26.79 
 
 40.17 
 
 53.58 
 
 66.95 
 
 80.37 
 
 4f 
 
 214.34 
 
 321.54 
 
 428.68 
 
 535.85 
 
 643 
 
 21 
 
 31.24 
 
 46.86 
 
 62.48 
 
 78.1 
 
 93.72 
 
 4 
 
 231.71 
 
 347.55 
 
 463.42 
 
 579.25 
 
 695.73 
 
 2f 
 
 36.18 
 
 54.27 
 
 72.36 
 
 90.45 
 
 108.54 
 
 5 
 
 250 
 
 375 
 
 500 
 
 625 
 
 750 
 
 2f 
 
 41.6 
 
 62.4 
 
 83.2 
 
 104 
 
 124.8 
 
 5i 
 
 289.4 
 
 434.1 
 
 578.8 
 
 723.5 
 
 868.2 
 
 H 
 
 47.52 
 
 71.28 
 
 95 
 
 118.8 
 
 141.56 
 
 51 
 
 332.75 
 
 499 
 
 665.5 
 
 831.87 
 
 998.25 
 
 3 
 
 54 
 
 81 
 
 108 
 
 135 
 
 162 
 
 5f 
 
 380.22 
 
 570.33 
 
 760.44 
 
 950.55 
 
 1,140.66 
 
 8* 
 
 61.02 
 
 91.53 
 
 122 
 
 152.55 
 
 183 
 
 6 
 
 432 
 
 648 
 
 864 
 
 1,080 
 
 1,296 
 
 i 
 
 68.66 
 
 103 
 
 137.32 
 
 171.65 
 
 206 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table of Horse-Power for Shafting for Counter Shafts, well supported, or 3d Movers. 
 Factor of Safety = 6.17. 
 
 Diameter 
 in Inches. 
 
 Eevolutions per Minute. 
 
 100 
 
 160 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 300 
 
 350 
 
 400 
 
 Horse-Power. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4.5 
 
 6 
 
 7.5 
 
 9 
 
 10.5 
 
 12 
 
 l-i 1 * 
 
 3.59 
 
 6.37 
 
 7.18 
 
 9.95 
 
 10.77 
 
 12.53 
 
 14.36 
 
 H 
 
 4.27 
 
 6.54 
 
 8.54 
 
 10.9 
 
 12.81 
 
 15.26 
 
 17.08 
 
 ift 
 
 6.02 
 
 7.53 
 
 10.04 
 
 12.55 
 
 15.06 
 
 17.57 
 
 20.08 
 
 li 
 
 6.85 
 
 8.77 
 
 11.7 
 
 14.62 
 
 17.55 
 
 20.47 
 
 23.4 
 
 1-,% 
 
 6.78 
 
 10.17 
 
 13.56 
 
 16.95 
 
 20.24 
 
 23.73 
 
 27.12 
 
 If 
 
 7.79 
 
 11.67 
 
 15.58 
 
 19.45 
 
 23.37 
 
 27.23 
 
 31.16 
 
 4 
 
 8.91 
 
 13.35 
 
 17.82 
 
 22.25 
 
 26.73 
 
 31.15 
 
 35.64 
 
 H 
 
 10.11 
 
 15.16 
 
 20.22 
 
 25.27 
 
 30.33 
 
 35.38 
 
 40.44 
 
 l-& 
 
 11.44 
 
 17.16 
 
 22.88 
 
 28.6 
 
 34.32 
 
 40 
 
 45.76 
 
 lf 
 
 12.87 
 
 19.29 
 
 25.74 
 
 32.15 
 
 38.61 
 
 45 
 
 51.48 
 
 iU 
 
 14.41 
 
 21.6 
 
 28.82 
 
 36 
 
 43.23 
 
 60.4 
 
 57.64 
 
 if 
 
 16.08 
 
 24.12 
 
 32.16 
 
 40.2 
 
 48.24 
 
 66.28 
 
 64.32 
 
 IH 
 
 17.86 
 
 26.79 
 
 35.72 
 
 44.65 
 
 53.58 
 
 62.51 
 
 71.44 
 
 H 
 
 19.77 
 
 29.64 
 
 39.54 
 
 49.4 
 
 59.31 
 
 69.16 
 
 79.08 
 
 m 
 
 21.81 
 
 32.7 
 
 43.62 
 
 54.5 
 
 65.43 
 
 76.3 
 
 87.24 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 48 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 84 
 
 96 
 
 a* 
 
 26.32 
 
 39.48 
 
 52.64 
 
 65.8 
 
 79 
 
 92.12 
 
 105.28 
 
 4 
 
 28.78 
 
 43.17 
 
 67.56 
 
 71.95 
 
 86.34 
 
 100.73 
 
 115.12 
 
 2ft 
 
 31.4 
 
 47.1 
 
 62.8 
 
 78.5 
 
 94.2 
 
 109.9 
 
 125.6 
 
 4 
 
 34.17 
 
 51.25 
 
 68.34 
 
 85.42 
 
 102.51 
 
 119.6 
 
 136.68 
 
 2A 
 
 37.09 
 
 55.63 
 
 74.18 
 
 92.72 
 
 111.27 
 
 129.81 
 
 148.36 
 
 H 
 
 40.18 
 
 60.27 
 
 80.36 
 
 100.45 
 
 120.54 
 
 140.63 
 
 160.72 
 
 & 
 
 43.44 
 
 65.16 
 
 86.88 
 
 108.6 
 
 130.32 
 
 152.04 
 
 173.76 
 
 2* 
 
 46.87 
 
 70.8 
 
 93.74 
 
 117.17 
 
 140.61 
 
 164.04 
 
 187.48 
 
 2ft 
 
 50.46 
 
 75.69 
 
 100.92 
 
 126.15 
 
 151.38 
 
 176.61 
 
 201.84 
 
 a* 
 
 54.27 
 
 81.4 
 
 108.54 
 
 135.67 
 
 162.81 
 
 189.54 
 
 217,08 
 
 2^ 
 
 58.23 
 
 87.35 
 
 116.46 
 
 145.57 
 
 174.69 
 
 203.8 
 
 232.92 
 
 2f 
 
 62.4 
 
 93.6 
 
 124.8 
 
 156 
 
 187.2 
 
 218.4 
 
 249.6 
 
 2|| 
 
 66.74 
 
 100.11 
 
 133.48 
 
 166.85 
 
 200.22 
 
 233.59 
 
 266.96 
 
 H 
 
 71.28 
 
 106.92 
 
 141.56 
 
 176.95 
 
 213.84 
 
 249.49 
 
 285.12 
 
 2*f 
 
 76.04 
 
 114.96 
 
 152.08 
 
 190.1 
 
 228.12 
 
 266.14 
 
 304.16 
 
 3 
 
 81 
 
 120.5 
 
 162 
 
 202.5 
 
 243 
 
 283.5 
 
 324 
 
 The above tables are carried out to an extent beyond all probable 
 need, but may possibly be useful in extreme cases ; and it should be 
 remembered that the first length of shaft in a line, which carries the 
 receiving pulley, and has to bear the vertical or lateral strain of the 
 main belt, being also usually of considerable length, should generally 
 be of the size given in the first table. 
 
BELTING. 
 
 ANT general rule for the speed of belts to convey a given number of 
 horse-powers will of course be somewhat varied by situation and cir- 
 cumstances, but the writer believes that the following data and deduc- 
 tions will be found reliable for well tanned leather belts under ordinary 
 conditions : 
 
 MoRLNr gives .551 Ib. per .00155 sq. in. section as a safe working 
 strain, which is equal to 551 Ibs. per 1.55 sq. in.,-or 355 Ibs. per sq. in., 
 and assumes the thickness of an ordinary single belt to be .16 in., 
 which gives the safe strain on each inch of width to be equal to 56.8 Ibs. 
 
 HASWELL, in his " Engineer's Pocket-Book," gives the safe strain 
 in like manner at 350 Ibs. per sq. in., or equal to 56 Ibs. per inch width 
 of ordinary belt. 
 
 RANKINE gives 285 Ibs. per sq. in., or 45.6 per inch width, and 
 copies from Towne's tables, in "The Journal of the Franklin Insti- 
 tute," the following : 
 
 Breaking strain per inch width in solid leather 675 lbs< 
 
 " " " " at rivet holes of splice 362 " 
 
 " " " " at lacing holes ..210" 
 
 Safe working tension 45 " 
 
 Mr. James S. Atwood, of Wauregan, Conn., has prepared a table 
 for his own use, based on 330 Ibs. per sq. in. as a safe working tension. 
 
 The very valuable collection of data and observations published by 
 Mr. J. H. Cooper, of Philadelphia, gives a very wide range of opin- 
 ions from various authorities, extending from 40 to 100 Ibs. per inch 
 in width of ordinary belting, as consistent with safety. 
 
 Mr. Cooper has also published in " The Journal of the Franklin 
 Institute " for November, 1878, a paper containing a translation from 
 the French of M. Laborde, originally published prior to 1833, and 
 
96 
 
 based on a working tension of only 20 Ibs. per inch in width, but from 
 which Mr. Cooper deduces the following simple rule for strength, viz. : 
 " It is the stress in pounds which each inch of belt width will safely 
 and continuously bear at any velocity" 
 
 The tests made with Riehle's breaking machine at the Centennial 
 Exhibition showed a breaking strain per sq. in. ranging from 3,000 to 
 5,000 Ibs., or from 500 to 833 Ibs. per 1 in. in width and in. in thick- 
 ness, which I assume to be about the average of single belting. 
 
 The writer's own experience has shown him that a rule given him 
 many years since by an experienced mechanic, of " 600 ft. velocity per 
 1 inch of belt width per horse-power? was perfectly reliable ; and the 
 reasons for it may be deduced from the above data as follows : 
 
 Assuming as a basis a fair average from the various tests, of a safe 
 working strain of 330 Ibs. per sq. in., or 55 Ibs. for \ in. in thickness, 
 about one quarter of the strength shown by Mr. Towne's tests at the 
 lacing holes, we may obtain a very simple formula for velocity : 
 33,000 Ibs. lifted 1 ft. per minute being the accepted unit of a horse- 
 power, 1 sq. in. of belt must then move 100 ft. per minute to transmit 
 the same, 330 X 100 being = 33,000 ; and -J- sq. in. or 1 in. width of 
 ordinary belting must move 600 ft. per minute, equal to 50 sq. ft. of 
 belt per minute, which I therefore adopt as my rule for single belts. 
 Double belting will vary from J- to \ or in. in thickness, and of 
 course require proportionately less velocity per horse-power ; and the 
 following rules may be deduced for all dimensions, viz. : 
 
 " Multiply the denominator of the fraction expressing the thick- 
 ness of the belt in inches by 100, and divide by the numerator, for the 
 necessary velocity in feet per minute for each inch in width ; " viz., 
 to transmit 1 horse-power : 
 
 \ in. = 6 x 100 = 600 ft. per minute. 
 
 f in. = S -^^ = 266.66" 
 3 
 
 in. = 4 x 100 = 400 
 
 " 
 
 The velocity and width being given, to get the horse-power : 
 " Divide the actual velocity by the velocity per horse-power as above, 
 and multiply by the width ; " viz., for a 12-in. belt, single, 2,400 ft. 
 per minute : 
 
 = 4x 12=48 H.P. 
 
 600 
 
 The velocity and horse-power being given, to get the inches in 
 width : " Divide the velocity by the velocity per inch obtained as 
 
97 
 
 above, and divide the horse-power by the product ; " viz., for a belt 
 3,000 ft. per minute to transmit 50 horse-power : 
 
 3,000 50 H. P. 
 
 = 5. = 10 in. 
 
 600 5 
 
 These rules will, however, be varied by circumstances. Belts, 
 when stopping and starting, or shifting from one pulley to another, as 
 in the case of looms and mules are frequent, should, on account of the 
 wear and tear, be made wider than the power only requires. Also any 
 great difference in the size of pulleys, materially decreasing the angle 
 of friction on the smaller pulley, will require an increase of width, to 
 give the necessary holding surface. 
 
 Belts should be used with the grain or hair side next the pulley ; 
 they will hold better and wear longer. 
 
 So far as the capacity of the belt itself to transmit power is con- 
 cerned, independent of the frictional surface of the pulleys, the follow- 
 ing table may prove convenient for reference for single belts of the 
 average thickness of -J- in., and from it may be readily deduced the 
 available power to be derived from double belts according to their 
 thickness. There are, however, other points to be considered than the 
 one of the actual strength of the belt, the most important one of which 
 is its friction or " hold " upon the pulley. 
 
 It is generally conceded that the friction of a belt passing half 
 around a pulley is equal to one half the strain on the belt ; or that an 
 inch belt at 600 ft. per minute, with a strain of 55 Ibs., would give a 
 pressure of 27.5 Ibs., and require a pulley which would give 1,200 
 lineal feet per minute of surface contact, to obtain the 1 H. P. to 
 which the belt would be equal. Morin, in his "Mechanics," gives 
 as the result of actual trials with a loaded belt over a wooden drum an 
 average friction of 50 per cent., which would be increased by using a 
 pulley covered with leather ; and a polished iron pulley, with a smooth, 
 flexible belt, may, I think, be depended on in actual use for 50 per cent. 
 The most scientific writers commit gross errors in treating of this 
 question. Professor Rankine says that the rough or flesh side of the 
 belt should be next to the pulley to get friction ; whereas the friction 
 of a belt is due to close contact and the consequent atmospheric pres- 
 sure from outside, so that the best result is obtained by a smooth sur- 
 face of leather, which, being moderately elastic, admits of the com- 
 plete expulsion of the air between the surfaces and the consequent full 
 effect of the external pressure. 
 
 Considering this established in practice, that the available friction 
 is 50 per cent, of the strain, I find in use the following rules (which 
 
98 
 
 agree very closely with my previous conclusions) for getting at the 
 proper width of a belt where the speed and amount of contact surface 
 are determined by the necessities of the case. 
 
 The Page Belting Co., of Concord, N. H., gives the following for- 
 mula : 
 
 No. H. P. x 36,000 
 
 Inches width = 
 
 Velocity in ft. x -J contact length in inches 
 
 In Cooper's admirable collection of " Belting Facts and Figures," 
 I find the following : " Professor Thurston gives : 
 
 No. H. P. x 7,000 
 Width in inches 
 
 Velocity in ft. x contact length in ft. 
 Mr. F. W. Bacon, C. E., says : 
 
 No. H. P. x 6,000 
 
 Width in inches = 
 
 Velocity in ft. x contact length in ft.' 
 
 which is only a different way of expressing the rule given by the Page 
 Belting Co. Messrs. Hoyt Bros., of New York, say : 
 
 _ H. P. x 5,334 
 
 Velocity x contact in ft. 
 
 Yan Riper, of Paterson, gives the same rule ; and some one, whose 
 name is not given, says : 
 
 H. P. x 26,000 
 
 Velocity x contact in ft. x 6 
 
 My own deductions would give, in the verms of the Page formula : 
 
 No. H. P. x 33,000 
 
 Width in inches = - ; 
 
 Velocity in ft. x contact in inches 
 
 or, reduced to feet, as by Mr. Bacon, for a single belt : 
 
 W= H. P. x 5,500 
 
 Velocity x contact in ft. 
 
 or for a double belt : 
 
 w= H- P. x 3,660 
 
 Velocity x contact in ft. 
 
 In this rule for double belts I have assumed J in. in thickness and 
 82-J Ibs. strain ; but, if the belt be, as many are, f in. thick, it would 
 of course bear from 110 to 120 Ibs., and 267 ft. per minute would give 
 
99 
 
 1 H. P. per inch ; and the formula for contact with one half the sur- 
 face, or 180, would be 
 
 H. P. x 2,444 
 w = 
 
 Velocity x contact length in ft. 
 
 These formulae are based on my previous data of a velocity of 50 
 sq. ft. per minute, or a strain of 55 Ibs. per inch on a single belt, and 
 on the belt being in contact with one half the circumference of the 
 pulley. Now, the friction varies with the arc of the circle with which 
 the belt is in contact, and is only half as great on one quarter of a pul- 
 ley as on one half of one ; so that double the surface in square inches 
 will be required to transmit the same power in the former case that 
 would be needed in the latter, and the numerator of the formula for 
 single belts would be H. P. X 11,000. This will be easily understood 
 by those who know the enormous hold given by passing the rope from 
 a pulley-block once around a post where the whole surface is in con- 
 tact. If one third of the circumference is in contact, the coefficient 
 in the numerator would be 8,250. 
 
 Carrying out these rules, it will be easily seen that, where high 
 speed is to be obtained by the use of small pulleys, a much greater 
 width of belt is necessary to get the frictional surface than is called 
 for by the strength of the leather ; and it will be found that for cir- 
 cular saws, cotton pickers, spinning frames, etc., a wider belt is needed 
 than is due to the actual power transmitted. Take, for instance, a 
 spinning frame, with a 7-in. pulley, 900 revolutions per minute, or 
 1,650 ft. belt velocity, and requiring 1^ H. P. One inch of belt at 
 that speed would transmit 2J H. P., but the contact surface of the 
 pulley would not be over 10 in. in length, and by the above rules calls 
 for a 3-in. belt, which is the standard size for that purpose. 
 
 A good practical example of a main belt in actual use, under the 
 writer's frequent observation, is that of a 24-in. double belt, at a ve- 
 locity of 3,200 ft. per minute, transmitting 160 H. P. to a pulley 4 ft. 
 10 in. in diameter. 
 
 Taking the first formula for double belts as above, the width 
 should be 
 
 W= ISO H-r-* 3,660 =24 .Uin. 
 3,200 x 7.58 (i circle) 
 
 This belt has now run seven years without repair. 
 
 According to the rules for the strength only, it would transmit 
 192 H. P., but the smaller pulley should then be 5 ft. 9.6 in. diameter, 
 instead of 4 ft. 10 in. 
 
100 
 
 Table of Power which may be transmitted by Single Belts of different Widths and Velocities, 
 averaging one sixth of an inch in thickness. 
 
 li 
 
 2 
 [* 
 
 Velocity in Feet per Minute. 
 
 600 
 
 800 
 
 1,000 1 1,200 
 
 1,500 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 3,000 
 
 3,500 
 
 4,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 Horse- Power. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.66 
 
 2 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.33 
 
 4.16 
 
 5 
 
 5.83 
 
 6.66 
 
 8.33 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2.66 
 
 3.33 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6.66 
 
 8.33 
 
 10 
 
 11.66 
 
 13.33 
 
 16.66 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7.5 
 
 10 
 
 12.5 
 
 15 
 
 17.5 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5.33 
 
 6.66 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 13.33 
 
 16.66 
 
 20 
 
 23.33 
 
 26.66 
 
 33.33 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6.66 
 
 8.33 
 
 10 
 
 12.5 
 
 16.66 
 
 20.83 
 
 25 
 
 29.16 
 
 33.33 
 
 41.66 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10.66 
 
 13.33 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 26.66 
 
 33.33 
 
 40 
 
 46.66 
 
 53.33 
 
 66.66 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 13.33 
 
 16.66 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 33.33 
 
 41.66 
 
 50 
 
 58.33 
 
 66.66 
 
 83.33 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 18.66 
 
 23.33 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 46.66 
 
 58.33 
 
 70 
 
 81.66 
 
 93.33 
 
 116.66 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 21.33 
 
 26.66 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 53.33 
 
 66.66 
 
 80 
 
 93.33 
 
 106.66 
 
 133.33 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 45 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 
 105 
 
 120 
 
 150 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 26.66 
 
 33.33 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 66.66 
 
 83.33 
 
 100 
 
 116.66 
 
 133.33 
 
 166.66 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 29.33 
 
 36.66 
 
 44 
 
 55 
 
 73.33 
 
 91.66 
 
 110 
 
 128.33 
 
 146.66 
 
 183.33 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 60 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 120 
 
 140 
 
 160 
 
 200 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 34.66 
 
 43.33 
 
 52 
 
 65 
 
 86.66 
 
 108.33 
 
 130 
 
 151.66 
 
 173.33 
 
 216.66 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 37.33 
 
 46.66 
 
 56 
 
 70 
 
 93.33 
 
 116.66 
 
 140 
 
 163.33 
 
 186.66 
 
 233.33 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 125 
 
 150 
 
 175 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 42.66 
 
 53.33 
 
 64 
 
 80 
 
 106.66 
 
 133.33 
 
 160 
 
 186.66 
 
 213.33 
 
 266.66 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 45.33 
 
 56.66 
 
 68 
 
 85 
 
 113.33 
 
 141.66 
 
 170 
 
 198.33 
 
 216.66 
 
 283.33 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 48 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 90 
 
 120 
 
 150 
 
 180 
 
 210 
 
 240 
 
 300 
 
WATEB-WHEELS. 
 
 THE following tables of the Turbine Wheel tests at the Centennial 
 Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876 will be explained by the annexed 
 extract from the Official Report made by me to Captain John S. 
 Albert, Chief of the Bureau of Machinery. The calculations as pub- 
 lished in the report were revised by another person after leaving my 
 hands, and published over my name without my knowledge. Some 
 errors were corrected, and many more introduced, and I have there- 
 fore recalculated the whole, with the aid of Vega's logarithmic tables ; 
 so that the results as now shown may be regarded as substantially 
 correct. 
 
 In several instances they have been confirmed by tests since made 
 by other persons, to whom the wheels had been taken by disap- 
 pointed exhibitors for new trials. 
 
 TESTS OF TURBINE WATER-WHEELS. 
 
 "The water was furnished by a pair of powerful centrifugal 
 pumps, exhibited by Messrs. W. L. Andrews & Co., of New York, 
 and driven by oscillating engines, which raised from 1,800 to 1,900 
 cubic feet of water per minute to a tank placed at the end of the Hy- 
 draulic Annex, the overflow of which was 33 feet above the level of 
 the water in the large tank in the center of the building, from which 
 it was pumped. 
 
 " This water usually formed the ' cataract,' which was stopped par- 
 tially or wholly while testing the Turbines. 
 
 " From this tank a wrought-iron tube or ' penstock/ 4 feet in diam- 
 eter, descended to the ' flume,' or case in which the wheels were set, 
 and which was 8 feet in diameter by 6 feet in height, supported by a 
 brick wall resting on a granite bedstone. From the wheels the water 
 
n- 102 
 
 was conducted by an ample passage to a rack or strainer 30 feet from 
 the wheel, and stretching across a brick tail-race 14 feet wide by 8 
 deep, at the lower end of which, 15 feet below the rack, was the meas- 
 uring weir, 9 feet long, formed of a heavy cast-iron plate planed to a 
 true edge one eighth of an inch thick, and beveled from that on the 
 lower side at an angle of 45. The upright ends of the weir were 
 made of Georgia pine, cut and beveled to the same dimensions, and 
 were carefully adjusted by Mr. Samuel S. Webber, and verified by 
 myself. 
 
 " The hook gauge, loaned for the experiments by Mr. T. H. Ris- 
 don, was placed in a tight wooden box 6 feet up stream from the 
 weir, and the water was admitted to this box, for the purpose of 
 measurement of height, by a few f -inch holes bored in the bottom of 
 the box, 3 feet below the surface of the water ; and an examination of 
 the very thorough test of the Tait wheel shows the sensitiveness with 
 which the weir measurement responded to the changes of load and 
 variation in the number of revolutions of the wheel. 
 
 " The apparatus for measuring the power consisted of a friction 
 pulley fitted to the wheel shaft, 37.44 inches diameter and 18 inches 
 face, which was clasped by a Prony brake, consisting of a pair of cast- 
 iron shoes lined with wood, from one of which projected an oak arm 
 6 by 4 inches, through which a knife-edged eye-bolt was fastened at a 
 distance from the center of the shaft of 10.5 feet, or the radius of a 
 66-feet circle. These portions of the apparatus, with the scale-pan 
 and hydraulic regulator, 16 inches diameter, were also kindly loaned 
 by Mr. Risdon. 
 
 " To facilitate the handling of the weights, this lever was con- 
 nected by an iron rod with the short arm of a bell-crank or scale-beam 
 2 feet in height, while the longer arms, which were attached to the 
 scale-pan and regulator, were 4 feet each, thus giving a leverage of 
 132 to 1 for each pound placed in the scale. All the pivots or bear- 
 ings of this scale-beam were of steel, knife-edged, and bearing in 
 hardened iron sockets. 
 
 " The weights used were United States standard, and were kindly 
 loaned by Messrs. Fairbanks & Co. The pulley, weighing 1,000 
 pounds, rested on the shaft and step of the wheel, corresponding in 
 some measure to the usual * crown-gear ' ; but the brake, which 
 weighed 1,600 pounds, was suspended by a swivel from a beam di- 
 rectly over the center of the wheels, so as to allow perfect freedom 
 of motion in any direction. An examination of the records will also 
 show the sensitiveness and accuracy of this part of the apparatus, 
 every distance and dimension of which I carefully measured and ad- 
 justed personally before commencing the tests. 
 
103 
 
 " The head of water acting on the wheels was ascertained by a 
 gauge-rod, having a hook at the lower end, which was carefully kept 
 at the level of the tail-water in a box sunk in the floor and connected 
 with the tail-race by a perforated pipe ; while a pipe led from the case 
 to the level of the head- water, where a glass tube enabled the observer 
 to read at once the acting head by the graduations on the upper end 
 of the gauge-rod. 
 
 " Experiments not strictly belonging to the wheel tests were made, 
 showing that the same wheel, with the same load, at different times 
 repeated the number of revolutions very accurately, and proved the 
 correctness of the apparatus. The revolutions of the wheel were as- 
 certained by a worm-gear clock, which was thrown in and out of con- 
 nection with the shaft of the wheel, at signals given by a bell, which 
 was struck at intervals of one or two minutes, according to the length 
 of test desired. 
 
 " The friction pulley was accurately balanced before commencing 
 the tests, and, when the wheels themselves were truly set, ran with 
 perfect steadiness and regularity. 
 
 " In conducting these tests I have been assisted by the following 
 gentlemen, our watches being all set to the same time before com- 
 mencing the tests, and simultaneous observations being taken during 
 their entire duration. These observations being noted down as taken, 
 a comparison of the different note-books gave a record of all the 
 points in the test at every half -minute of its duration." 
 
 "Mr. Percy Sanguinetti read the hook gauge, giving the height of 
 water on the weir ; Mr. Philip R. Voorhees read the gauge giving 
 the head of water acting on the wheel ; Mr. Samuel S. Webber man- 
 aged the counting clock and read the revolutions of the wheel, and 
 also saw that the lubrication was perfect ; while Mr. John Cotter, 
 Superintendent of the Hydraulic Annex, kept the records of the 
 weight and revolutions, and assisted me generally in various ways. 
 I personally kept an eye on all points, and gave the bell-signals by 
 which the observations were taken'." 
 
 " Each exhibitor was allowed free access and liberty of observa- 
 tions during the tests of his own wheel ; and, whatever may be- the 
 accuracy of the net results obtained, the comparative ones may be 
 depended on, as the tests were all made under similar circumstances, 
 and the different points watched and the notes taken throughout by 
 the same observers, none of them having any interest whatever in the 
 result, or any opportunity at the time of knowing what the observa- 
 tions were at other stations than their own." 
 
 " It is worthy of notice that the best results have been attained by 
 wheels taken just as they came from the shop, without any especial 
 
104 
 
 finish or preparation, and the thoroughly exhaustive test of the Tait 
 wheel is worth studying, as showing the accurate working of the 
 apparatus." 
 
 " The Geyelin wheel, entered by R. D. Wood & Co., was so tightly 
 fitted in the shop that I do not think we got a fair record of its power ; 
 and the Cope wheel used so much water that we could not carry the 
 test out in full, but the percentage was gaining regularly up to the 
 last trial, when we exhausted the supply of water, having reached 
 over 1,860 cubic feet, or 14,000 gallons per minute. 
 
 " The Hunt wheel also taxed the supply of water to the utmost, 
 and the third wheel from the York Company was only tested to prove 
 or disprove what was believed to be an unsound principle, viz., that 
 of shallow buckets and central discharge ; and the result is confirmed 
 by those obtained from some of the other wheels. 
 
 " The leakage of the flume was large during the first six trials, but 
 by calking and tamping with lead was very much reduced at the test 
 of the Tyler wheel, after which test the allowance was uniform of 
 14.352 cubic feet per minute waste to each wheel. In the first six 
 tests it was taken as noted in the tables, and the amount is in all cases 
 deducted from the water consumed per minute." 
 
 The temperature of the water until November 1 was 75 Fahr., 
 giving a weight of 62.234 pounds per cubic foot. After that date it 
 was taken at 70, or 62.3 pounds per cubic foot. 
 
 TESTS OP WATER-WHEELS-INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. 
 
 September 18. Barker & Harris, Turbine. 20 Inches Diameter. 
 
 No. of Test. 
 
 * 
 
 Time of Stop. 
 
 WeightLiffd. 
 
 Eevolutions 
 per Min. 
 
 Head on 
 Wheels. 
 
 l| 
 
 Cubic Feet 
 Discharged 
 per Min. 
 
 & 
 
 > _! 
 ^ "a) 
 O Q 
 
 IP 
 
 Jj'o 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 |P 
 
 1* 
 
 Percentage 
 of Effect. 
 
 Waste on 
 Weir. 
 
 EEMABKS. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5.05 
 
 5.07 
 
 23 
 
 354 
 
 31.25 
 
 .62 
 
 812.43 
 
 32.57 
 
 47.88 
 
 .6802 
 
 .096 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 5.08 
 
 5.10 
 
 26 
 
 348.5 
 
 31.22 
 
 .623 
 
 818.66 
 
 36.244 
 
 48.2 
 
 .7519 
 
 .096 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 5.13 
 
 5.15 
 
 27 
 
 341.5 
 
 31.18 
 
 .63 
 
 833.28 
 
 36.882 
 
 49 
 
 .7527 
 
 .096 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5.18 
 
 5.19 
 
 28 
 
 330.5 
 
 31.18 
 
 .626 
 
 824.88 
 
 37.02 
 
 48.5 
 
 .7631 
 
 .096 
 
 u 
 
 5 
 
 5.21 
 
 5.23 
 
 22 
 
 380.5 
 
 31.27 
 
 .6 
 
 771.22 
 
 33.484 
 
 45.48 
 
 .7362 
 
 .096 
 
 | Gate. 
 
 6 
 
 5.27 
 
 5.29 
 
 22 
 
 287.5 
 
 31.4 
 
 .514 
 
 601.72 
 
 25.3 
 
 35.63 
 
 .71 
 
 .096 
 
 t " 
 
 7 
 
 5.30 
 
 5.32 
 
 20 
 
 299 
 
 31.45 
 
 .495 
 
 566 
 
 23.92 
 
 33.57 
 
 .7125 
 
 .096 
 
 f " 
 
 8 
 
 5.40 
 
 5.42 
 
 16 
 
 271.5 
 
 31.62 
 
 .405 
 
 405.97 
 
 17.376 
 
 24.21 
 
 .7177 
 
 .096 
 
 1 U 
 
 9 
 
 5.47 
 
 5.49 
 
 13 
 
 327.5 
 
 31.66 
 
 .405 
 
 405.97 
 
 17.03 
 
 24.24 
 
 .7026 
 
 .096 
 
 i " 
 
 Waste, .096 = 53.34 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from cu. ft. per minute gross, to 
 give amount in table. 
 
1.07 
 1.10 
 1.13 
 1.18 
 1.21 
 1.26 
 1.31 
 1.38 
 1.41 
 1.44 
 
 105 
 
 September 21. Risdon Wheel. 30 Inches Diameter. 
 
 1.09 
 1.12 
 1.15 
 1.20 
 1.23 
 1.28 
 1.33 
 1.40 
 1.43 
 1.46 
 
 t3 
 
 5 
 
 Jo 
 
 *> 
 
 P 
 
 Jjla 
 
 1* 
 
 ll 
 
 if 
 
 a 
 
 
 H-i 
 
 |3 
 
 li S 
 
 ''* 
 
 S^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 PH ca 
 
 Gstt 
 
 &<v 
 
 EEMARKS. 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 in 
 
 3* 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 s-Sft 
 
 P 
 
 5* 
 
 I* 
 
 < P 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 78 
 
 266 
 
 30.36 
 
 .973 
 
 1,653.85 
 
 82.99 
 
 94.69 
 
 .8768 
 
 .072 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 80 
 
 258.5 
 
 30.36 
 
 .9795 
 
 1,669.31 
 
 82.73 
 
 95.57 
 
 .8655 
 
 .072 
 
 " 
 
 82 
 
 252.5 
 
 30.37 
 
 .9804 
 
 1,671.27 
 
 82.82 
 
 95.72 
 
 .8652 
 
 .072 
 
 M 
 
 68 
 
 257 
 
 30.59 
 
 .8738 
 
 1,403.67 
 
 69.9 
 
 80.96 
 
 .8622 
 
 .072 
 
 Gate. 
 
 70 
 
 247 
 
 30.59 
 
 .876 
 
 1,410.94 
 
 69.16 
 
 81.36 
 
 .85 
 
 .072 
 
 7 
 
 60 
 
 238 
 
 30.83 
 
 .795 
 
 1,210.38 
 
 57.12 
 
 70.41 
 
 .8112 
 
 .072 
 
 t " 
 
 58 
 
 248 
 
 30.84 
 
 .7876 
 
 1,198.92 
 
 57.53 
 
 69.81 
 
 .8241 
 
 .072 
 
 i ;; 
 
 38 
 
 269 
 
 31.05 
 
 .677 
 
 951.81 
 
 40.88 
 
 55.74 
 
 .7316 
 
 .072 
 
 
 40 
 
 263.5 
 
 31.04 
 
 .68 
 
 958.44 
 
 42.16 
 
 56.11 
 
 .7513 
 
 .072 i " 
 
 41 
 
 258 
 
 31 
 
 .681 
 
 960.54 
 
 42.31 
 
 56.15 
 
 .7535 
 
 .072 
 
 i a 
 
 Waste on weir, .072 = 34.66 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from gross amount, to 
 give amount in table. 
 
 September 23. Knowlton & Dolan. 24 Inches Diameter. 
 
 .j 
 
 
 & 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 S3 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 Time of Sto 
 
 Weight Lift 
 
 Ke volution 
 per Min. 
 
 
 
 ll 
 
 *& " 
 
 1^ 
 
 HH 
 
 Cubic Fee 
 Discharge* 
 per Min. 
 
 Horse-Pow 
 of Wheel. 
 
 Horse-Pow 
 of Water. 
 
 Percentage 
 of Effect. 
 
 Waste on 
 Weir. 
 
 EEMARKS. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.26 
 
 12.28 
 
 50 
 
 333.5 
 
 30.82 
 
 .908 
 
 1,482.3 
 
 66.7 
 
 86.13 
 
 .7743 
 
 .082 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 12.29 
 
 12.31 
 
 52 
 
 324 
 
 30.79 
 
 .9195 
 
 1,510.89 
 
 67.39 
 
 87.73 
 
 .7681 
 
 .082 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 12.38 
 
 12.40 
 
 54 
 
 311 
 
 30.75 
 
 .923 
 
 1,519.7 
 
 67.17 
 
 88.13 
 
 .7622 
 
 .082 
 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 12.41 
 
 12.43 
 
 56 
 
 302 
 
 30.76 
 
 .924 
 
 1,523.2 
 
 67.64 
 
 88.3 
 
 .7661 
 
 .082 
 
 '' 
 
 5 
 
 12.44 
 
 12.46 
 
 58 
 
 293.5 
 
 30.74 
 
 .928 
 
 1,532.2 
 
 68.09 
 
 88.75 
 
 .7672 
 
 .082 
 
 " 
 
 6 
 
 12.48 
 
 12.50 
 
 60 
 
 282.5 
 
 30.73 
 
 .931 
 
 1,533.9 
 
 67.8 
 
 88.88 
 
 .7628 
 
 .082 
 
 a 
 
 7 
 
 12.52 
 
 12.54 
 
 48 
 
 299.5 
 
 30.85 
 
 .853 
 
 1,347.9 
 
 57.5 
 
 78.4 
 
 .7334 
 
 .082 
 
 | Gate. 
 
 8 
 
 12.55 
 
 12.57 
 
 50 
 
 292.5 
 
 30.86 
 
 .856 
 
 1,354.86 
 
 58.5 
 
 79.02 
 
 .723 
 
 .082 
 
 
 <9 
 
 12.58 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 283.5 
 
 30.88 
 
 .859 
 
 1,362.12 
 
 58.97 
 
 79.5 
 
 .7243 
 
 .082 
 
 7 u 
 
 10 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.07 
 
 38 
 
 233 
 
 31.18 
 
 .684 
 
 959.6 
 
 35.42 
 
 35.41 
 
 .6273 
 
 .082 
 
 | to f Gate. 
 
 11 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.10 
 
 36 
 
 243.5 
 
 31.18 
 
 .684 
 
 959.6 
 
 35.06 
 
 35.06 
 
 .6213 
 
 .082 
 
 itof " 
 
 12 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.13 
 
 34 
 
 256.5 
 
 31.19 
 
 .683 
 
 957.42 
 
 34.88 
 
 34.88 
 
 .6194 
 
 .082 
 
 itof " 
 
 13 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.16 
 
 32 
 
 270.5 
 
 31.21 
 
 .678 
 
 946.58 
 
 34.62 
 
 34.62 
 
 .6214 
 
 .082 
 
 itof " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Waste on weir, .082 ==42.15 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from gross amount, to give 
 result in table. 
 
106 
 
 September 25. A. N. Wolff. 24 Inches Diameter. 
 
 1i 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 g . 
 
 
 
 * - 
 
 !- 
 
 L 
 
 g^ 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 CC 
 
 
 .2.9 
 
 oS 
 
 .. 
 
 EJJ kC.S 
 
 o sj 
 
 o 
 
 rt o 
 
 O 
 
 
 M 
 
 ' 
 
 || 
 
 I 
 
 EH 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 ! 
 
 m 
 
 IP 
 
 f 
 
 || 
 I* 
 
 I 
 
 j| 
 
 BEMAEKS. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.21 
 
 12.23 
 
 64 
 
 266 
 
 30.58 
 
 .977 
 
 1,664.15 
 
 68.1 
 
 95.97 
 
 .7096 
 
 .072 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 12.24 
 
 12.26 
 
 60 
 
 274 
 
 30.59 
 
 .975 
 
 1,659.03 
 
 67.95 
 
 95.73 
 
 .7097 
 
 .072 
 
 
 3 
 
 12.27 
 
 12.29 
 
 60 
 
 287.5 
 
 30.58 
 
 .9715 
 
 1,650.07 
 
 69 
 
 95.16 
 
 .7251 
 
 .072 
 
 
 4 
 
 12.30 
 
 12.32 
 
 58 
 
 297 
 
 30.6 
 
 .968 
 
 1,641.06 
 
 68.9 
 
 94.79 
 
 .7269 
 
 .072 
 
 
 5 
 
 12.33 
 
 12.35 
 
 56 
 
 305 
 
 30.6 
 
 .96 
 
 1,620.65 
 
 68.32 
 
 93.53 
 
 .7305 
 
 .072 
 
 
 6 
 
 12.42 
 
 12.44 
 
 55 
 
 303.5 
 
 30.58 
 
 .963 
 
 1,628.3 
 
 66.77 
 
 93.9 
 
 .7085 
 
 .072 
 
 
 7 
 
 12.45 
 
 12.47 
 
 57 
 
 297.5 
 
 30.56 
 
 .961 
 
 1,623.2 
 
 67.83 
 
 93.63 
 
 .7244 
 
 .072 
 
 
 8 
 
 12.49 
 
 12.51 
 
 50 
 
 276.5 
 
 30.79 
 
 .842 
 
 1,328.65 
 
 55.3 
 
 76.97 
 
 .7184 
 
 .072 
 
 f Gate. 
 
 9 
 
 12.52 
 
 12.54 
 
 44 
 
 297.5 
 
 30.83 
 
 .83 
 
 1,300 
 
 52.36 
 
 75.58 
 
 .6927 
 
 .072 
 
 i " 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 1.02 
 
 30 
 
 287.5 
 
 31.08 
 
 .66 
 
 916.37 
 
 34.5 
 
 63.65 
 
 .643 
 
 .072 
 
 i " 
 
 11 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.11 
 
 24 
 
 272.5 
 
 31.4 
 
 .572 
 
 733.72 
 
 26.16 
 
 43.45 
 
 .6026 
 
 .072 
 
 i 
 
 12 
 
 1.19 
 
 1.21 
 
 22 
 
 282.5 
 
 31.45 
 
 .56 
 
 709.53 
 
 24.86 
 
 42.08 
 
 .5907 
 
 .072 
 
 1 U 
 
 Waste on weir, .072 == 34.66 cu. ft. per minute, deducted in column of discharge. 
 
 October 15. A. JV. Wolf. 24-Inch Wheel. Second Test. 
 
 No. of Test, j 
 
 * . 
 
 11 
 
 H 
 
 Time of Stop. 
 
 T 3 ' 
 
 
 Eevolutions 
 per Mic. 
 
 Head on 
 Wheels. 
 
 1* 
 
 1* 
 
 Cubic Feet 
 Discharged 
 per Min. 
 
 Horse-Power 
 of Wheel. 
 
 Horse-Power 
 of Water. 
 
 Percentage 
 of Effect. 
 
 Waste on 
 Weir. 
 
 EEMAEKS. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4.34 
 
 4.36 
 
 54 
 
 300 
 
 30.18 
 
 .913 
 
 1,522.52 
 
 64.8 
 
 86.05 
 
 .7478 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 4.3*7 
 
 4.39 
 
 56 
 
 291.5 
 
 30.16 
 
 .918 
 
 1,535 
 
 65.29 
 
 87.31 
 
 .7469 
 
 .04 
 
 " 
 
 3 
 
 4.41 
 
 4.43 
 
 58 
 
 275 
 
 30.12 
 
 .923 
 
 1,547.5 
 
 63.8 
 
 87.9 
 
 .7258 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 4.44 
 
 4.46 
 
 60 
 
 267.5 
 
 30.12 
 
 .926 
 
 1,555 1 64.2 
 
 88.33 
 
 .7268 
 
 .04 
 
 it 
 
 5 
 
 4.48 
 
 4.50 
 
 52 
 
 312 
 
 30.17 
 
 .91 
 
 1,515 
 
 64.9 
 
 86.2 
 
 .7429 
 
 .04 
 
 tt 
 
 6 
 
 4.55 
 
 4.56 
 
 50 
 
 320 
 
 30.16 
 
 .905 
 
 1,502.5 
 
 64 
 
 85.66 
 
 .7489 
 
 .04 
 
 n 
 
 7 
 
 4.57 
 
 4.59 
 
 52 
 
 307.5 
 
 30.14 
 
 .909 
 
 1,512.5 
 
 63.96 
 
 85.97 
 
 .744 
 
 .04 
 
 (i 
 
 8 
 
 5.04 
 
 5.06 
 
 40 
 
 300 
 
 30.58 
 
 .762 
 
 1,161.5 !48 
 
 66.83 
 
 .7183 
 
 .04 
 
 | Gate. 
 
 9 
 
 5.07 
 
 5.08 
 
 42 
 
 298 
 
 30.56 
 
 .766 
 
 1,170 50 
 
 67.43 
 
 .7415 
 
 .04 
 
 f ' 
 
 10 
 
 5.10 
 
 5.11 
 
 30 
 
 284 
 
 30.83 
 
 .644 
 
 901.69 34.08 
 
 52.43 
 
 .6501 
 
 .04 
 
 f " 
 
 11 
 
 5.17 
 
 5.18 
 
 24 
 
 290 
 
 30.89 
 
 .582 
 
 773.71 27.84 
 
 45.18 
 
 6177 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 12 
 
 5.19 
 
 5.20 
 
 26 
 
 271 
 
 30.9 
 
 .588 
 
 785.81 28.18 
 
 45.9 
 
 6154 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 Waste on weir, .040, deducted from discharge. 
 
107 
 
 September 26. John T. Noye & Sons, Buffalo, N. Y. 26 Inches Diameter. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <V 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 g 
 
 3 
 
 & 
 
 q 
 
 g <a 
 
 g,. 
 
 11s 
 
 H 
 
 1 **' 
 
 rtj 
 
 q 
 o . 
 
 
 1 
 
 |1 
 
 Time of 5 
 
 1 
 
 1ft 
 
 il 
 
 
 m 
 
 35* 
 
 Horse-P 
 ofWht 
 
 |! 
 
 I! 
 
 f 
 
 EEMABKS. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.30 
 
 32 
 
 285 
 
 31.11 
 
 .697 
 
 995.52 
 
 36.48 
 
 58.41 
 
 .6246 
 
 .072 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 3.32 
 
 3.34 
 
 34 
 
 269 
 
 31.1 
 
 .698 
 
 997.71 
 
 36.38 
 
 58.52 
 
 .6234 
 
 .072 
 
 " 
 
 3 
 
 3.35 
 
 3.37 
 
 30 
 
 294 
 
 31.1 
 
 .691 
 
 982.39 
 
 35.28 
 
 57.62 
 
 .6123 
 
 .072 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3.38 
 
 3.40 
 
 28 
 
 302.5 
 
 31.11 
 
 .686 
 
 971.44 
 
 33.88 
 
 56.99 
 
 .5944 
 
 .072 
 
 u 
 
 5 
 
 3.41 
 
 3.43 
 
 26 
 
 317 
 
 31.16 
 
 .63 
 
 851.96 
 
 32.97 
 
 50.07 
 
 .6585 
 
 .072 
 
 ^ Gate. 
 
 6 
 
 3.45 
 
 3.47 
 
 26 
 
 289 
 
 31.24 
 
 .62 
 
 831.12 
 
 30.06 
 
 48.97 
 
 .6139 
 
 .072 
 
 f " 
 
 7 
 
 3.48 
 
 3.50 
 
 24 
 
 300 
 
 31.21 
 
 .615 
 
 820.76 
 
 28.8 
 
 48.31 
 
 .5961 
 
 .072 
 
 t " 
 
 8 
 
 3.52 
 
 3.53 
 
 22 
 
 314 
 
 31.17 
 
 .608 
 
 806.33 
 
 27.63 
 
 47.39 
 
 .583 
 
 .072 
 
 f " 
 
 9 
 
 3.55 
 
 3.57 
 
 22 
 
 293 
 
 31.29 
 
 .542 
 
 674.23 
 
 25.78 
 
 39.79 
 
 .648 
 
 .072 
 
 f " 
 
 10 
 
 4.02 
 
 4.04 
 
 20 
 
 256.5 
 
 31.28 
 
 .536 
 
 660.59 
 
 20.52 
 
 38.97 
 
 .5266 
 
 .072 
 
 
 11 
 
 4.05 
 
 4.07 
 
 18 
 
 272.5 
 
 31.28 
 
 .528 
 
 647.16 
 
 19.62 
 
 38.18 
 
 .5139 
 
 .072 
 
 i "' 
 
 12 
 
 4.08 
 
 4.10 
 
 16 
 
 289.5 
 
 31.28 
 
 .52 
 
 631.84 
 
 18.52 
 
 37.27 
 
 .4969 
 
 .072 
 
 i 
 
 Continued September 27. 
 
 13 
 
 12.24 
 
 12.26 
 
 30 
 
 302 
 
 31 
 
 .684 
 
 967.12 
 
 36.24 
 
 56.54 
 
 .641 
 
 .072 Full Gate. 
 
 14 
 
 12.27 
 
 12.29 
 
 28 
 
 317 
 
 30.95 
 
 .665 
 
 926.09 
 
 35.3 
 
 54.05 
 
 .653 
 
 .072 
 
 u 
 
 15 
 
 12.30 
 
 12.32 
 
 26 
 
 325 
 
 30.8 
 
 .664 
 
 923.95 
 
 33.8 
 
 53.67 
 
 .6298 
 
 .072 
 
 (C 
 
 16 
 
 12.33 
 
 12.35 
 
 27 
 
 320 
 
 30.64 
 
 .668 
 
 932.53 
 
 34.56 
 
 53.88 
 
 .6414 
 
 .072 
 
 
 
 Leakage = 34.66 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. 
 
 October 2. Goldie & McCullough, Gait, Province Ontario. 27 Inches Diameter. 
 
 No. of Test. || 
 
 ll 
 
 In 00 
 
 Time of Stop. 
 
 Weight Lift'dJ 
 
 Is 
 
 |fc 
 
 Head on 
 Wheels. 
 
 Head on 
 Weir. 
 
 +* T3 
 
 in 
 in 
 
 Horse- Power 
 of Wheel. 
 
 Horse-Power 
 of Water. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 Percentage I 
 of Effect. 
 
 Waste on 
 Weir. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.20 
 
 52 
 
 320 
 
 30.25 
 
 .945 
 
 1,582.55 
 
 66.56 
 
 90.28 
 
 .7373 
 
 .072 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 12.21 
 
 12.23 
 
 54 
 
 316 
 
 30.27 
 
 .95 
 
 1,595.22 
 
 68.25 
 
 91.06 
 
 .7495 
 
 .072 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 12.27 
 
 12.29 
 
 58 
 
 303.5 
 
 30.27 
 
 .963 
 
 1,628.29 
 
 70.41 
 
 92.95 
 
 .7575 
 
 .072 
 
 (( 
 
 4 
 
 12.30 
 
 12.32 
 
 60 
 
 301 
 
 30.24 
 
 .968 
 
 1,641.09 
 
 72.24 
 
 93.59 
 
 .7719 
 
 .072 
 
 u 
 
 5 
 
 12.33 
 
 12.35 
 
 62 
 
 299 
 
 30.2 
 
 .972 
 
 1,651.34 
 
 74.15 
 
 94.05 
 
 .7884 
 
 .072 
 
 u 
 
 6 
 
 12.36 
 
 12.38 
 
 64 
 
 296.5 
 
 30.2 
 
 .974 
 
 1,656.4 
 
 75.9 
 
 94.34 
 
 .8045 
 
 .072 
 
 u 
 
 7 
 
 12.39 
 
 12.41 
 
 66 
 
 291 
 
 30.18 
 
 .982 
 
 1,677.03 
 
 76.82 
 
 95.45 
 
 .8048 
 
 .072 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 12.42 
 
 12.44 
 
 68 
 
 286.5 
 
 30.12 
 
 .984 
 
 ,682.17 
 
 77.92 
 
 95.55 
 
 .8155 
 
 .072 
 
 u 
 
 9 
 
 12.45 
 
 12.47 
 
 70 
 
 281.5 
 
 30.05 
 
 .988 
 
 ,692.47 
 
 78.82 
 
 95.91 
 
 .8218 
 
 .072 
 
 u 
 
 10 
 
 12.49 
 
 12.51 
 
 50 
 
 280 
 
 30.14 
 
 '.858 
 
 ,367.22 
 
 56 
 
 77.71 
 
 .7206 
 
 ,072 
 
 f Gate. 
 
 11 
 
 12.52 
 
 12.54 
 
 48 
 
 285 
 
 30.15 
 
 .861 
 
 ,374,47 
 
 54.72 
 
 78.15 
 
 .7012 
 
 .072 
 
 f " 
 
 12 
 
 12.57 
 
 12.59 
 
 26 
 
 352 
 
 30.63 
 
 .848 
 
 ,343.1 
 
 36.61 
 
 77.58 
 
 .4719 
 
 .072 
 
 f " 
 
 13 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.04 
 
 30 
 
 350 
 
 30.55 
 
 .85 
 
 ,347.91 
 
 42 
 
 77.66 
 
 .5408 
 
 .072 
 
 f " 
 
 14 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.09 
 
 30 
 
 325 
 
 30.65 
 
 .782 
 
 ,187.25 
 
 39 
 
 68.62 
 
 .5683 
 
 .072 
 
 i " 
 
 15 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.12 
 
 34 
 
 312 
 
 30.65 
 
 .792 
 
 ,210.46 
 
 42.43 
 
 69.97 
 
 .6064 
 
 .072 
 
 i " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Leakage = 34.66 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. 
 
108 
 
 October 4. John Tyler, Claremont, N. H. 30 Inches Diameter. 
 
 No. of Test. || 
 
 I* 
 
 I" 
 
 Time of Stop. 
 
 Weight Lift'dJ 
 
 Eevolutions 
 per Min. 
 
 i 
 Head on 
 Wheels. 
 
 S-S 
 
 1* 
 
 Cubic Feet 
 Discharged 
 per Min. 
 
 L 
 
 <?! 
 l^ 
 
 KO 
 
 Horse-Power 
 of Water. 
 
 Percentage 
 of Effect. 
 
 1 
 
 Waste on 1 
 Weir. 
 
 KEMARKS. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.21 
 
 12.23 
 
 74 
 
 251 
 
 30 
 
 .972 
 
 1,671.63 
 
 74.29 
 
 94.57 
 
 .7855 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 12.28 
 
 12.30 
 
 72 
 
 257 
 
 30.05 
 
 .96 
 
 1,640.96 
 
 74.02 
 
 92.82 
 
 .7974 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 12.31 
 
 12.33 
 
 64 
 
 278 
 
 30.05 
 
 .955 
 
 1,628.21 
 
 71.17 
 
 92.27 
 
 .7713 
 
 .04 
 
 H 
 
 4 
 
 12.34 
 
 12.36 
 
 62 
 
 285.5 
 
 30.06 
 
 .948 
 
 1,610.46 
 
 70.8 
 
 91.3 
 
 .7755 
 
 .04 
 
 (( 
 
 6 
 
 12.37 
 
 12.39 
 
 60 
 
 288.5 
 
 30.1 
 
 .945 
 
 1,602.87 
 
 69.24 
 
 90.99 
 
 .761 
 
 .04 
 
 (( 
 
 6 
 
 12.40 
 
 12.41 
 
 58 
 
 294 
 
 30.08 
 
 .944 
 
 1,600.34 
 
 68.21 
 
 90.78 
 
 .7513 
 
 .04 
 
 U 
 
 7 
 
 12.46 
 
 12.48 
 
 64 
 
 282.5 
 
 30.05 
 
 .958 
 
 1,635.87 
 
 72.32 
 
 92.7 
 
 .7801 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 12.51 
 
 12.52 
 
 66 
 
 277 
 
 30.02 
 
 .959 
 
 1,638.41 
 
 73.13 
 
 92.76 
 
 .7884 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 9 
 
 12.54 
 
 12.56 
 
 58 
 
 266.5 
 
 30.1 
 
 .88 
 
 1,441.06 
 
 66.47 
 
 81.83 
 
 .8123 
 
 .04 
 
 1 Gate. 
 
 10 
 
 12.58 
 
 12.59 
 
 56 
 
 261 
 
 30.25 
 
 .814 
 
 1,282.38 
 
 58.46 
 
 73.16 
 
 .7991 
 
 .04 
 
 4 " 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 1.02 
 
 52 
 
 246 
 
 30.47 
 
 .807 
 
 1,265.88 
 
 51.17 
 
 72.74 
 
 .7034 
 
 .04 
 
 4 " 
 
 12 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.05 
 
 48 
 
 256.5 
 
 30.52 
 
 .788 
 
 1,221.45 
 
 49.25 
 
 70.3 
 
 .7005 
 
 .04 
 
 4 " 
 
 13 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.09 
 
 44 
 
 247 
 
 30.6 
 
 .745 
 
 1,122.81 
 
 43.47 
 
 64.79 
 
 .6709 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 14 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.12 
 
 40 
 
 260 
 
 30.65 
 
 .73 
 
 1,089 
 
 41.6 
 
 62.95 
 
 .6609 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 15 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.15 
 
 36 
 
 240 
 
 30.8 
 
 .622 
 
 855.57 
 
 34.56 
 
 49.7 
 
 .6955 
 
 .04 
 
 * " 
 
 Waste = 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge, 
 high above upper bearing. 
 
 Friction pulley too 
 
 October 6. Wm. F. Mosser, Allentown, Pa. 24 Inches Diameter. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 *,u 
 
 " 
 r;oD 
 
 Time of Stop. 
 
 Weight Llft'd. 
 
 Eevolutions 
 per Min. 
 
 Head on 
 Wheels. 
 
 Head on 
 Weir. 
 
 Cubic Feet 
 Discharged 
 per Min. 
 
 Horse-Power 
 of Wheel. 
 
 Horse-Power 
 of Water. 
 
 1 
 
 1 Waste on 
 Weir. 
 
 EEMABKB. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 12.26 
 
 12.28 
 
 42 
 
 300 
 
 30.56 
 
 .763 
 
 1,163.8 
 
 50.4 
 
 67.07 
 
 .7514 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 12.29 
 
 12.31 
 
 44 
 
 289.5 
 
 30.58 
 
 .772 
 
 1,184.46 
 
 50.95 
 
 68.31 
 
 .7459 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 12.32 
 
 12.34 
 
 46 
 
 276 
 
 30.58 
 
 .778 
 
 1,198.29 
 
 50.78 
 
 69.15 
 
 .7343 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 12.35 
 
 12.37 
 
 40 
 
 312.5 
 
 30.6 
 
 .77 
 
 1,179.86 
 
 50 
 
 68.09 
 
 .7344 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 5 
 
 12.38 
 
 12.40 
 
 38 
 
 326.5 
 
 30.6 
 
 .758 
 
 1,151.36 
 
 49.63 
 
 66.44 
 
 .747 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 6 
 
 12.41 
 
 12.43 
 
 36 
 
 342 
 
 30.62 
 
 .752 
 
 1,138.69 
 
 49.25 
 
 66.82 
 
 .737 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 7 
 
 12.44 
 
 12.46 
 
 34 
 
 356.5 
 
 30.65 
 
 .744 
 
 1,120.55 
 
 48.48 
 
 64.77 
 
 .7485 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 8 
 
 12.47 
 
 12.49 
 
 32 
 
 365 
 
 30.67 
 
 .74 
 
 1,111.41 
 
 46.72 
 
 64.28 
 
 .7268 
 
 .04 
 
 <t 
 
 9 
 
 12.59 
 
 1.01 
 
 32 
 
 310.5 
 
 30.9 
 
 .666 
 
 948.53 
 
 39.74 
 
 55.27 
 
 .719 
 
 .04 
 
 i Gate. 
 
 10 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.04 
 
 30 
 
 323 
 
 30.95 
 
 .657 
 
 929.27 
 
 38.76 
 
 54.24 
 
 .7146 
 
 .04 
 
 it " 
 
 11 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.07 
 
 28 
 
 335 
 
 31 
 
 .648 
 
 910.14 
 
 37.52 
 
 53.21 
 
 .7052 
 
 .04 
 
 4 " 
 
 12 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.10 
 
 26 
 
 347 
 
 31.02 
 
 .644 
 
 901.67 
 
 36.09 
 
 52.75 
 
 .6842 
 
 .04 
 
 f " 
 
 13 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.13 
 
 24 
 
 345 
 
 31.03 
 
 .636 
 
 884.82 
 
 34.08 
 
 51.78 
 
 .6582 .04 
 
 I " 
 
 14 
 
 1.18 
 
 1.20 
 
 24 
 
 312 
 
 31.1 
 
 .595 
 
 800.04 
 
 29.95 
 
 46.92 
 
 .6383 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 15 
 
 1.21 
 
 1.23 
 
 22 
 
 343 
 
 31 
 
 .586 
 
 781.79 
 
 30.18 
 
 45.79 
 
 .6585 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 Waste = 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. 
 
109 
 
 October 10. York Manufacturing Co., York, Pa., Bollinger Wheel. 26J Inches Diam. 
 
 4> 
 
 JH 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 *i 
 
 o> & 
 
 II 
 
 Time of Stop. 
 
 WeightLift'd. 1 
 
 Revolutions 
 per Min. 
 
 Head on 
 Wheejs. 
 
 .fa 
 1^ '3 
 
 fi* 
 
 Cubic Feet 
 Discharged 
 per Min. 
 
 Horse-Power 
 of Wheel. 
 
 Horse-Power 
 of Water. 
 
 M 
 
 || 
 
 13 
 
 J5* 
 
 Waste on 
 Weir. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.40 
 
 12.42 
 
 44 
 
 310 
 
 30.47 
 
 .855 
 
 1,380.27 
 
 54.56 
 
 79.31 
 
 .6879 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 12.43 
 
 12.45 
 
 48 
 
 292.5 
 
 30.44 
 
 .858 
 
 1,367.5 
 
 56.16 
 
 79.65 
 
 .7051 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 12.46 
 
 12.48 
 
 46 
 
 300 
 
 30.3 
 
 .865 
 
 ,380 
 
 55.2 
 
 78.86 
 
 .7 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 12.50 
 
 12.52 
 
 44 
 
 300 
 
 30 
 
 .852 
 
 ,373 
 
 52.8 
 
 77.68 
 
 .6797 
 
 .04 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 12.55 
 
 12.57 
 
 44 
 
 290 
 
 30.46 
 
 .818 
 
 ,291.8 
 
 51.04 
 
 74.2 
 
 .6878 
 
 .04 
 
 | Gate. 
 
 6 
 
 12.58 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 300 
 
 30.46 
 
 .816 
 
 ,287 
 
 50.4 
 
 73.93 
 
 .6817 
 
 .04 
 
 * " 
 
 7 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.09 
 
 36 
 
 290 
 
 30.62 
 
 .738 
 
 ,107 
 
 41.76 
 
 63.92 
 
 .6533 
 
 .04 
 
 * " 
 
 8 
 
 .10 
 
 1.12 
 
 34 
 
 300 
 
 30.61 
 
 .737 
 
 ,104.74 
 
 40.8 
 
 63.77 
 
 .6398 
 
 .04 
 
 4 " 
 
 9 
 
 .13 
 
 1.14 
 
 32 
 
 306 
 
 30.62 
 
 .735 
 
 ,100.24 
 
 39.27 
 
 63.53 
 
 .6181 
 
 .04 
 
 4 " 
 
 10 
 
 .21 
 
 1.23 
 
 30 
 
 274.5 
 
 30.8 
 
 .663 
 
 942 
 
 32.94 
 
 64.72 
 
 .602 
 
 .04 
 
 i " ! 
 
 11 
 
 .24 
 
 1.26 
 
 28 
 
 290 
 
 30.81 
 
 .66 
 
 935.68 
 
 32.48 
 
 54.37 
 
 .5974 
 
 .04 
 
 i ;; 
 
 12 
 
 .34 
 
 1.36 
 
 24 
 
 263 
 
 31 
 
 .584 
 
 777.81 
 
 25.25 
 
 45.47 
 
 .5553 
 
 .04 
 
 
 13 
 
 .37 
 
 1.39 
 
 20 
 
 291 
 
 31.1 
 
 .58 
 
 769.51 
 
 23.28 
 
 45.13 
 
 .5158 
 
 .04 
 
 " 
 
 Waste = 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. 
 
 October 12. Second Bollinger Wheel, York Manufacturing Co. 27 Inches Diam. 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 go 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 l 
 
 
 
 11,q 
 
 N 
 
 ij 
 
 It? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ll 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 "o - 
 
 
 ll 
 
 ll? 
 
 & nft HI 
 
 Ijjg 
 
 fl 
 
 II 
 
 ll 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 ^ 
 
 EH 
 
 S 
 
 Jjy 
 
 ^ fii 
 
 tt fe 
 
 ft 
 
 S -2 2 
 
 O **H 
 
 o *S 
 
 S> ^5 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 fc 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 oft 
 
 W 
 
 w 
 
 PL, 
 
 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.35 
 
 12.37 
 
 34 
 
 312 
 
 30.59 
 
 .759 
 
 1,154.6 
 
 43.43 
 
 66.61 
 
 .637 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 12.38 
 
 12.40 
 
 36 
 
 306 
 
 30.55 
 
 .763 
 
 ,163.8 
 
 44.06 
 
 66.74 
 
 .6576 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 12.41 
 
 12.43 
 
 38 
 
 296 
 
 30.63 
 
 .766 
 
 ,170.1 
 
 44.99 
 
 67.06 
 
 .6678 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 12.44 
 
 12.46 
 
 40 
 
 287 
 
 30.54 
 
 .772 
 
 ,184.46 
 
 45.92 
 
 68.22 
 
 .6731 
 
 .04 
 
 ii 
 
 5 
 
 12.47 
 
 12.49 
 
 42 
 
 282.5 
 
 30.55 
 
 .778 
 
 ,198.29 
 
 47.46 
 
 69.08 
 
 .687 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 6 
 
 12.50 
 
 12.51 
 
 44 
 
 275 
 
 30.63 
 
 .782 
 
 ,207.54 
 
 48.4 
 
 69.51 
 
 .6963 
 
 .04 
 
 ii 
 
 7 
 
 12.52 
 
 12.53 
 
 46 
 
 273 
 
 30.5 
 
 .79 
 
 ,226.1 
 
 50.23 
 
 70.52 
 
 .7122 
 
 .04 
 
 ' 
 
 8 
 
 12.54 
 
 12.56 
 
 48 
 
 270 
 
 30.5 
 
 .794 
 
 ,235.43 
 
 51.84 
 
 71.05 
 
 .7296 
 
 .04 
 
 ' 
 
 9 
 
 12.57 
 
 12.58 
 
 50 
 
 260 
 
 30.48 
 
 .798 
 
 ,244.76 
 
 52 
 
 71.55 
 
 .7268 
 
 .04 
 
 t 
 
 10 
 
 1.01 
 
 .03 
 
 52 
 
 252.5 
 
 30.44 
 
 .803 
 
 ,256.5 
 
 52.52 
 
 72.13 
 
 .7281 
 
 .04 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 1.04 
 
 .06 
 
 54 
 
 246.5 
 
 30.42 
 
 .804 
 
 ,258.84 
 
 53.24 
 
 72.22 
 
 .7372 
 
 .04 
 
 i 
 
 12 
 
 1.08 
 
 .09 
 
 56 
 
 232 
 
 30.42 
 
 .805 
 
 ,261.2 
 
 51.97 
 
 72.35 
 
 .7183 
 
 .04 
 
 ii 
 
 13 
 
 1.12 
 
 .14 
 
 32 
 
 318 
 
 30.6 
 
 .735 
 
 ,100.22 
 
 40.7 
 
 63.49 
 
 .641 
 
 .04 
 
 | Gate. 
 
 14 
 
 1.15 
 
 .17 
 
 36 
 
 300 
 
 30.6 
 
 .742 
 
 ,116 
 
 43.2 
 
 64.4 
 
 .6708 
 
 .04 
 
 7 ll 
 
 15 
 
 1.19 
 
 .21 
 
 36 
 
 280 
 
 30.7 
 
 .703 
 
 ,029 
 
 40.32 
 
 59.7 
 
 .6768 
 
 .04 
 
 t " 
 
 16 
 
 1.23 
 
 .24 
 
 34 
 
 290 
 
 30.72 
 
 .7 
 
 1,022.3 
 
 39.44 
 
 59.23 
 
 .6659 
 
 .04 
 
 4 " 
 
 17 
 
 1.27 
 
 .29 
 
 34 
 
 268 
 
 30.85 
 
 .656 
 
 927.14 
 
 36.45 
 
 53.94 
 
 .6758 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 18 
 
 1.30 
 
 .32 
 
 32 
 
 277 
 
 30.85 
 
 .654 
 
 922.87 
 
 35.45 
 
 63.69 
 
 .6602 
 
 .04 
 
 i ( 
 
 19 
 
 1.40 
 
 .41 
 
 24 
 
 300 
 
 31.03 
 
 .6 
 
 810.23 
 
 28.8 
 
 47.41 
 
 .6074 
 
 .04 
 
 " 
 
 20 
 
 1.42 
 
 .44 
 
 26 
 
 285 
 
 31 
 
 .603 
 
 816.36 
 
 29.64 
 
 47.73 
 
 .621 
 
 .04 
 
 a 
 
 Waste deducted from discharge as before. 
 
 8 
 
110 
 
 October 13. York Mfg. Co., Center Vent Wheel. 27 Inches Diam. (Experimental.) 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 
 3 
 
 la 
 
 533 
 
 Sj 
 
 ^ 
 
 ||, 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 s< 
 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 P 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 f 
 
 .3^ 
 
 Is 
 
 &* 
 
 II 
 
 1* 
 
 IS* 
 
 35* 
 
 i ^ 
 
 s 
 
 1* 
 
 g 
 
 i* 
 
 w 
 
 SH 
 
 1* 
 
 F. 
 
 REMAKES. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 12.32 
 
 12.34 
 
 36 
 
 265.5 
 
 30 
 
 .83 
 
 1,320.3 
 
 38.23 
 
 74.7 
 
 .5118 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 12.44 
 
 12.46 
 
 38 
 
 264.5 
 
 30.1 
 
 .832 
 
 1,325.2 
 
 40.2 
 
 75 
 
 .536 
 
 .04 
 
 M 
 
 3 
 
 12.47 
 
 12.49 
 
 40 
 
 260.5 
 
 30.05 
 
 .839 
 
 1,341.8 
 
 41.68 
 
 76.04 
 
 .5481 
 
 .04 
 
 " 
 
 4 
 
 12.50 
 
 12.52 
 
 44 
 
 255 
 
 30.02 
 
 .845 
 
 1,356.2 
 
 44.88 
 
 76.79 
 
 .5845 
 
 .04 
 
 " 
 
 5 
 
 12.53 
 
 12.55 
 
 46 
 
 249 
 
 30 
 
 .85 
 
 1,368 
 
 45.81 
 
 77.4 
 
 .5919 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 6 
 
 12.56 
 
 12.58 
 
 48 
 
 244 
 
 29.95 
 
 .853 
 
 1,375.4 
 
 46.84 
 
 77.61 
 
 .6035 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 *7 
 
 12.59 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 240 
 
 29.92 
 
 .851 
 
 1,370.6 
 
 49.92 
 
 77.19 
 
 .6467 
 
 .04 
 
 II 
 
 8 
 
 1.01 
 
 1.02 
 
 56 
 
 225 
 
 29.86 
 
 .86 
 
 1,392.87 
 
 50.4 
 
 78.41 
 
 .6426 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 9 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.05 
 
 60 
 
 212 
 
 29.85 
 
 .863 
 
 1,399.64 
 
 50.88 
 
 78.79 
 
 .6458 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 10 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.11 
 
 32 
 
 264 
 
 30.25 
 
 .765 
 
 1,168.11 
 
 33.79 
 
 66.64 
 
 .5071 
 
 .04 
 
 | Gate. 
 
 11 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.16 
 
 30 
 
 251 
 
 30.48 
 
 .667 
 
 950.65 
 
 30.12 
 
 54.61 
 
 .5515 
 
 .04 
 
 f " 
 
 12 
 
 1.19 
 
 1.21 
 
 34 
 
 242 
 
 30.49 
 
 .67 
 
 957.11 
 
 32.91 
 
 55.03 
 
 .5982 
 
 .04 
 
 *. " 
 
 13 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.23 
 
 36 
 
 233 
 
 30.46 
 
 .672 
 
 961.43 
 
 33.55 
 
 55.23 
 
 .6075 
 
 .04 
 
 f " 
 
 Waste = 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. 
 
 October 18. National Wheel, Bristol, Conn. 25 Inches Diameter. 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 o 
 
 OB 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 j| 
 
 H 
 
 !| 
 
 111 
 
 ll 
 
 9K 
 
 II 
 
 tc+j 
 
 g . 
 
 EEMAKKS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 "bo 
 
 g |H 
 
 03 S- 
 
 a>K 
 
 2 o i? 
 
 I 5 ' 
 
 03 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 EH* 32 
 
 a 
 
 
 || 
 
 a^ 
 
 HT 
 
 II 1 
 
 o'S 
 
 O o 
 
 'o 
 
 ^^" 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 EH 
 
 f 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.30 
 
 40 
 
 330.5 
 
 30.3 
 
 .787 
 
 1,219.15 
 
 52.88 
 
 69.66 
 
 .759 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 3.31 
 
 3.33 
 
 46 
 
 312 
 
 30.25 
 
 .804 
 
 1,258.84 
 
 57.41 
 
 72.05 
 
 .7968 
 
 .04 
 
 " 
 
 3 
 
 3.34 
 
 3.36 
 
 50 
 
 299 
 
 30.24 
 
 .814 
 
 1,282.38 
 
 59.8 
 
 73.13 
 
 .8177 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 3.37 
 
 3.39 
 
 52 
 
 290 
 
 30.22 
 
 .818 
 
 1,291.8 
 
 60.32 
 
 73.62 
 
 .8191 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 5 
 
 3.40 
 
 3.42 
 
 54 
 
 287.5 
 
 30.2 
 
 .825 
 
 1,308.4 
 
 62.1 
 
 74.52 
 
 .8334 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 6 
 
 3.43 
 
 3.45 
 
 56 
 
 279 
 
 30.17 
 
 .826 
 
 1,310.81 
 
 62.49 
 
 74.58 
 
 .8379 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 7 
 
 3.46 
 
 3.48 
 
 58 
 
 265 
 
 30.14 
 
 .832 
 
 1,325.1 
 
 61.48 
 
 75.32 
 
 .8163 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 8 
 
 3.49 
 
 3.51 
 
 60 
 
 257.5 
 
 30.13 
 
 .837 
 
 1,337 
 
 61.8 
 
 75.97 
 
 .8135 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 9 
 
 3.52 
 
 3.54 
 
 62 
 
 249 
 
 30.12 
 
 .84 
 
 1,344.2 
 
 61.75 
 
 76.34 
 
 .8089 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 10 
 
 3.56 
 
 3.58 
 
 64 
 
 241.5 
 
 30.11 
 
 .844 
 
 1,353.77 
 
 61.82 
 
 76.87 
 
 .8042 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 4.02 
 
 66 
 
 226.5 
 
 30.17 
 
 .848 
 
 1,363.2 
 
 59.8 
 
 77.56 
 
 .771 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 12 
 
 4.11 
 
 4.12 
 
 32 
 
 312 
 
 30.67 
 
 .7 
 
 1,022.4 
 
 39.94 
 
 59.13 
 
 .6754 
 
 .04 
 
 f Gate. 
 
 13 
 
 4.13 
 
 4.14 
 
 36 
 
 292 
 
 30.7 
 
 .702 
 
 1,026.8 
 
 42.04 
 
 59.45 
 
 .7072 
 
 .04 
 
 f " 
 
 Waste = 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. 
 
111 
 
 October 19. E. T. Cope & Sons, West Chester, Pa. 30 Inches Diameter. 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 S3 
 
 S3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 o^ 
 
 11 
 
 TiraeofSto 
 
 WeightLift' 
 
 J 
 
 Head on 
 Wheels. 
 
 a 
 It 
 
 ||| 
 
 Horse-Pow 
 of Wheel. 
 
 Hcrse-Pow 
 of Water. 
 
 >. 
 
 f| 
 
 I* 
 
 Waste on 
 Weir. 
 
 REMABKS. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3.59 
 
 4 
 
 64 
 
 226 
 
 30.5 
 
 .903 1,497.68 
 
 57.86 
 
 86.14 
 
 .6716 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 4.03 
 
 4.04 
 
 60 
 
 240 
 
 30.55 
 
 .894 
 
 1,475.44 
 
 57.6 
 
 84.9 
 
 .6784 
 
 .04 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 4.05 
 
 4.06 
 
 60 
 
 245 
 
 30.54 
 
 .91 1,515.1 
 
 58.8 
 
 87.15 
 
 .6747 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 4.08 
 
 4.09 
 
 56 
 
 272 
 
 30.3 
 
 .942 1,595.26 
 
 60.93 
 
 91.91 
 
 .6629 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 5 
 
 4.10 
 
 4.11 
 
 58 
 
 266 
 
 30.26 
 
 .943 
 
 1,597.8 
 
 61.71 
 
 92.02 
 
 .6706 
 
 .04 
 
 U 
 
 6 
 
 4.12 
 
 4.13 
 
 60 
 
 255 
 
 30.2 
 
 .945 |l,602.88 
 
 61.2 
 
 91.59 
 
 .6682 
 
 .04 
 
 " 
 
 7 
 
 4.14 
 
 4.15 
 
 63 
 
 254 
 
 30 
 
 .954 
 
 1,625.69 
 
 64.01 
 
 91.98 
 
 .6959 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 4.16 
 
 4.17 
 
 67 
 
 240 
 
 29.8 
 
 .958 
 
 1,635.8 
 
 64.32 
 
 91.93 
 
 .6996 
 
 .04 
 
 M 
 
 9 
 
 4.19 
 
 4.20 
 
 70 
 
 223 
 
 28.5 
 
 .954 
 
 1,625.69 
 
 62.44 
 
 87.38 
 
 .7146 
 
 .04 
 
 U 
 
 10* 
 
 4.37 
 
 4.38 
 
 64 
 
 274 
 
 30.15 
 
 1.032 1,827.6 
 
 70.14 
 
 103.92 
 
 .675 
 
 .04 
 
 it 
 
 11 
 
 4.41 
 
 4.42 
 
 76 
 
 267 
 
 29.65 
 
 1.035 1,835.3 
 
 78.13 
 
 102.62 
 
 .7613 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 12 
 
 4.43 
 
 4.44 
 
 78 
 
 251 
 
 29.2 
 
 1.04 
 
 1,848.74 
 
 80.5 
 
 101.81 
 
 .7907 
 
 .04 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 4.45 
 
 4.46 
 
 80 
 
 241 
 
 28.8 
 
 1.04 
 
 1,848.74 
 
 77.12 
 
 100.41 
 
 .768 
 
 .04 
 
 
 Waste = 14.352, deducted from discharge as before. 
 October 23. Thomas Tail, Rochester, N. Y., " Centennial Wheel." 25 Inches Diam. 
 
 
 
 o 1 
 
 g 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 S3 
 
 S3 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 O q 
 
 
 
 
 
 I&S 
 
 i" 
 
 U 
 
 11 
 
 g ri 
 
 
 | No. of 1 ] 
 
 IB 
 
 CC 
 
 Time of 
 
 i 
 
 P 
 
 1| 
 W^ 
 
 p 
 
 SJa 
 
 2S5 
 
 5 * 
 
 f 
 
 ws 
 i 
 
 o ^3 
 
 o 
 go 
 
 (2^ 
 
 4S-S 
 
 p 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12.42 
 
 12.44 
 
 30 
 
 331 
 
 31.12 
 
 .651 
 
 916.5 
 
 39.72 
 
 53.79 
 
 .7384 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 12.37 
 
 12.39 
 
 32 
 
 321.5 
 
 31.06 
 
 .655 
 
 925.01 
 
 41.15 
 
 54.18 
 
 .7595 
 
 .04 
 
 " 
 
 3 
 
 12.40 
 
 12.41 
 
 34 
 
 315 
 
 31.05 
 
 .661 
 
 937.82 
 
 42.84 
 
 54.91 
 
 .7801 
 
 .04 
 
 " 
 
 4 
 
 12.34 
 
 12.36 
 
 36 
 
 300 
 
 31.03 
 
 .664 
 
 944.24 
 
 43.2 
 
 55.25 
 
 .7818 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 12.46 
 
 12.48 
 
 38 
 
 295 
 
 31.06 
 
 .668 
 
 952.84 
 
 44.84 
 
 55.81 
 
 .8033 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 6 
 
 12.31 
 
 12.33 
 
 40 
 
 288.5 
 
 31 
 
 .672 
 
 961.43 
 
 46.16 
 
 56.21 
 
 .8212 
 
 .04 
 
 U 
 
 7 
 
 12.49 
 
 12.51 
 
 42 
 
 274 
 
 31.02 
 
 .677 
 
 972.24 
 
 46.03 
 
 56.87 
 
 .8093 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 8 
 
 12.53 
 
 12.54 
 
 44 
 
 265 
 
 31.01 
 
 .68 
 
 978.75 
 
 46.64 
 
 57.24 
 
 .8148 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 9 
 
 12.55 
 
 12.56 
 
 46 
 
 254 
 
 31.01 
 
 .683 
 
 985.25 
 
 46.74 
 
 57.62 
 
 .8112 
 
 .04 
 
 (( 
 
 10 
 
 12.57 
 
 12.58 
 
 48 
 
 243 
 
 31.02 
 
 .685 
 
 989.59 
 
 46.66 
 
 57.89 
 
 .806 
 
 .04 
 
 a 
 
 11 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.10 
 
 22 
 
 322.5 
 
 31.32 
 
 .539 
 
 688.7 
 
 28.38 
 
 40.68 
 
 .6977 
 
 .04 
 
 Gate. 
 
 12 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.06 
 
 24 
 
 302.5 
 
 31.32 
 
 .544 
 
 698.42 
 
 29.04 
 
 41.25 
 
 .7039 
 
 .04 
 
 f " 
 
 13 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.13 
 
 26 
 
 292 
 
 31.32 
 
 .548 
 
 706.25 
 
 30.37 
 
 41.71 
 
 .7282 
 
 .04 
 
 " 
 
 14 
 
 .18 
 
 1.20 
 
 20 
 
 277.5 
 
 31.45 
 
 .478 
 
 573.6 
 
 22.2 
 
 34.02 
 
 .6525 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 15 
 
 .21 
 
 1.22 
 
 21 
 
 265 
 
 31.44 
 
 .479 
 
 575.43 
 
 22.26 
 
 34.12 
 
 .6524 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 16 
 
 .24 
 
 1.25 
 
 22 
 
 258 
 
 31.44 
 
 .48 
 
 577.27 
 
 22.7 
 
 34.23 
 
 .6632 
 
 .04 
 
 i t( 
 
 17 
 
 .32 
 
 1.34 
 
 11 
 
 268.5 
 
 31.57 
 
 .37 
 
 387.03 
 
 11.81 
 
 23.04 
 
 .5125 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 18 
 
 .30 
 
 1.31 
 
 12 
 
 265 
 
 31.47 
 
 .373 
 
 391.89 
 
 12.72 
 
 23.26' 
 
 .5469 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 19 
 
 .35 
 
 1.36 
 
 13 
 
 245 
 
 31.57 
 
 .377 
 
 398.41 
 
 12.74 
 
 23.72 
 
 .5571 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 20 
 
 1.43 
 
 1.44 
 
 7 
 
 255 
 
 31,6 
 
 .305 
 
 286.49 
 
 7.14 
 
 17.07 
 
 .4182 
 
 .04 
 
 1 " 
 
 21 
 
 1.39 
 
 1.41 
 
 8 
 
 235 
 
 31.59 
 
 .309 
 
 292.4 
 
 7.52 
 
 17.42 
 
 .4317 
 
 .04 
 
 1 " 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 1.47 
 
 1.48 
 
 5 
 
 277 
 
 31.61- 
 
 .301 
 
 280.62 
 
 5.54 
 
 16.73 
 
 .3312 
 
 .04 
 
 1 (( 
 
 23 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.46 
 
 6 
 
 266 
 
 31.61 
 
 .303 
 
 283.58 
 
 6.38 
 
 16.9 
 
 .3767 
 
 .04 
 
 i " 
 
 Waste of 14.352 cu. ft. deducted from discharge as before. The times of making 
 the tests of this wheel are transposed in order to show the increase of weight in regular 
 succession, with the corresponding increase in discharge. 
 
 * Stopped for want of steam. These tests were not completed, the steam pumps being unable to sup* 
 ply the necessary water, and the wheel consequently ran very unevenly. 
 
112 
 
 October 31. GeyeUn>s Duplex Jonval Turbine. 36 Inches Diameter. R. D. Wood 
 Co., Philadelphia. Outer Row of buckets only tested. 
 
 i 
 
 
 f 
 
 jf 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ^3 
 
 E 
 
 | - 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 " 
 
 OQ 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 |-i 
 
 o!^ 
 
 o 
 
 il 
 
 -3 QJ 
 
 .{3 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1* 
 
 wS 
 
 ** 
 
 IP 
 
 E 
 
 r 
 
 | 
 
 |f* 
 
 
 
 A.M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 9.17 
 
 9.18 
 
 34 
 
 260 
 
 30.1 
 
 .7 
 
 1,022.38 
 
 35.36 
 
 58.1 
 
 .6086 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 9.19 
 
 9.20 
 
 36 
 
 255 
 
 30.1 
 
 .7 
 
 1,022.38 
 
 36.72 
 
 58.1 
 
 .632 
 
 .04 
 
 
 3 
 
 9.06 
 
 9.08 
 
 38 
 
 250 
 
 30.12 
 
 .702 
 
 1,026.8 
 
 38 
 
 58.39 
 
 .6508 
 
 .04 
 
 
 4 
 
 9.04 
 
 9.05. 
 
 40 
 
 240 
 
 30.1 
 
 .7 
 
 1,022.38 
 
 38.4 
 
 58.1 
 
 .661 
 
 .04 
 
 
 5 
 
 9.23 
 
 9.24 
 
 42 
 
 235 
 
 30.3 
 
 .703 
 
 1,029 
 
 39.48 
 
 58.86 
 
 .6707 
 
 .04 
 
 
 6 
 
 9.25 
 
 9.26 
 
 44 
 
 227 
 
 30.3 
 
 .703 
 
 1,029 
 
 39.95 
 
 58.86 
 
 .6787 
 
 .04 
 
 
 7 
 
 9.27 
 
 -9.28 
 
 46 
 
 220 
 
 30.3 
 
 .703 
 
 1,029 
 
 40.48 
 
 58.86 
 
 .6877 
 
 .04 
 
 
 8 
 
 9.29 
 
 9.30 
 
 48 
 
 215 
 
 30.3 
 
 .705 1 1,033.4 
 
 41.28 
 
 59.11 
 
 .6983 
 
 .04 
 
 
 9 
 
 9.31 
 
 9.32 
 
 50 
 
 208 
 
 30.3 
 
 .705 
 
 1,033.4 
 
 41.6 
 
 59.11 
 
 .7038 
 
 .04 
 
 
 10 
 
 9.34 
 
 9.35 
 
 52 
 
 200 
 
 30.3 
 
 .708 
 
 1,040.04 
 
 41.6 
 
 59.49 
 
 .6992 
 
 .04 
 
 
 11 
 
 9.37 
 
 9.38 
 
 54 
 
 19,6 
 
 30.28 
 
 .708 
 
 1,040.04 
 
 42.33 
 
 59.45 
 
 .712 
 
 .04 
 
 
 12 
 
 9.39 
 
 9.40 
 
 56 
 
 190 
 
 30.28 
 
 .708 
 
 1,040.04 
 
 42.56 
 
 59.45 
 
 .716 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 13 
 
 9.41 
 
 9.42 
 
 58 
 
 181 
 
 30.28 
 
 .708 
 
 1,040.04 
 
 41.99 
 
 59.45 
 
 .7063 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 14 
 
 9.44 
 
 9.45 
 
 60 
 
 170 
 
 30.28 
 
 .708 
 
 1,040.04 
 
 40.8 
 
 59.45 
 
 .6863 
 
 .04 
 
 tt 
 
 Wheel bound in case ; taken out and eased and repeated trial November 1. Leak- 
 age deducted as previously. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 15 
 
 12.52 
 
 12.54 
 
 54 
 
 205 
 
 29.95 
 
 .716 
 
 1,057.76 
 
 44.28 
 
 59.81 
 
 .7405 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 16 
 
 12.55 
 
 12.56 
 
 56 
 
 199 
 
 29.96 
 
 .715 
 
 1,055.56 
 
 44.57 
 
 59.7 
 
 .7465 
 
 .04 
 
 c< 
 
 17 
 
 12.57 
 
 1258 
 
 58 
 
 191 
 
 29.96 
 
 .715 
 
 1,055.56 
 
 44.31 
 
 59.7 
 
 .7422 
 
 .04 
 
 <( 
 
 18 
 
 12.59 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 186 
 
 29.95 
 
 .717 
 
 1,059.99 
 
 44.64 
 
 59.98 
 
 .7442 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 Wheel still too tight ; test stopped. 
 
 November 2. Oeyelin Duplex Turbine. Both Rows of Buckets. 
 
 
 P, 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 S S 1 
 
 1 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 *! 
 
 |I 
 
 Time of Sto 
 
 WeightLift' 
 
 Revolution 
 per Min. 
 
 Head on 
 Wheels. 
 
 il 
 
 Cubic Feel 
 Dischargee 
 per Min. 
 
 Horse-Pow 
 of Wheel. 
 
 Horse-Pow 
 of Water. 
 
 Percentag< 
 of Effect. 
 
 Waste on 
 Weir. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 A.M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9.30 
 
 9.32 
 
 76 
 
 223.5 
 
 29.53 
 
 .942 
 
 ,595.28 
 
 67.94 
 
 88.93 .7639 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 9.36 
 
 9.38 
 
 80 
 
 217.5 
 
 29.55 
 
 .942 
 
 ,595.28 
 
 69.6 
 
 88.99 .7821 
 
 .04 
 
 M 
 
 3 
 
 9.39 
 
 9.41 
 
 84 
 
 204 
 
 29.58 
 
 .942 
 
 ,595.28 
 
 68.54 
 
 89.08 .7694 
 
 .04 
 
 " 
 
 4 
 
 9.42 
 
 9.44 
 
 88 
 
 195.5 
 
 29.58 
 
 .94 
 
 ,590.23 
 
 68.82 
 
 88.8 .775 
 
 .04 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 9.45 
 
 9.47 
 
 92 
 
 185.5 
 
 29.52 
 
 .938 
 
 ,585.2 
 
 68.264 
 
 88.33 .7711 
 
 .04 
 
 M 
 
 6 
 
 9.48 
 
 9.49 
 
 90 
 
 190 
 
 29.52 
 
 .938 
 
 ,585.2 
 
 68.4 
 
 88.33 .7739 
 
 .04 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 9.52 
 
 9.54 
 
 86 
 
 197 
 
 29.52 
 
 .94 
 
 ,590.2 
 
 67.77 
 
 88.62 .7647 
 
 .04 
 
 U 
 
 8 
 
 9.55 
 
 9.56 
 
 82 
 
 206 
 
 29.56 
 
 .943 
 
 1,597.8 
 
 67.57 
 
 89.17.7581 
 
 .04 
 
 U 
 
 9 
 
 10.04 
 
 10.06 
 
 89 
 
 189 
 
 29.56 
 
 .938 
 
 1,585.2 
 
 67.284 
 
 88.46 .7606 
 
 .04 
 
 
 Waste = 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. This wheel was now 
 withdrawn, the step having worn down one quarter of an inch for want of lubrication, 
 and from the fact that the testing flume was not solid enough to stand the pressure of the 
 water without springing so as to cause the wheel, which was very closely fitted, to bind 
 and wear in its case. 
 
113 
 
 November 3. Geyelin Single Jonval Turbine. 36 Inches Diameter. JR. D. Wood & Co., 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 *g 
 
 2 
 
 fe 
 
 R . 
 
 o * 
 
 a 
 
 "S^ - 
 
 i-rf 
 
 1 : 
 
 fcc+J 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 'o 
 
 O^j 
 
 o s- 
 
 02 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 ll 
 
 |3 
 
 || 
 
 S^? 
 
 <?l 
 
 o ^ 
 
 11 
 
 |-s 
 
 EEMABKS. 
 
 d 
 
 1- 
 
 o 
 g 
 
 I 
 
 J* 
 
 K 
 
 X* 
 
 II s, 
 
 1* 
 
 wS* 
 
 l- 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 A.M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9.42 
 
 9.44 
 
 80 
 
 213.5 
 
 29.3 
 
 .896 
 
 1,480.4 
 
 68.32 
 
 81.89 
 
 .8343 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 9.45 
 
 9.47 
 
 82 
 
 205 
 
 29.61 
 
 .897 
 
 1,482.88 
 
 67.24 
 
 82.89 
 
 .8112 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9.48 
 
 9.50 
 
 84 
 
 197 
 
 29.62 
 
 .903 
 
 1,497.68 
 
 66.192 
 
 83.75 
 
 .7902 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 9.51 
 
 9.53 
 
 86 
 
 190.5 
 
 29.65 
 
 .904 
 
 1,500.18 
 
 65.53 
 
 83.97 
 
 .7839 
 
 .04 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 9.54 
 
 9.56 
 
 78 
 
 211 
 
 29.64 
 
 .9 
 
 1,490.27 
 
 65.83 
 
 83.39 
 
 .7894 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 6 
 
 9.57 
 
 9.58 
 
 78 
 
 212 
 
 29.62 
 
 .9 
 
 1,490.27 
 
 66.144 
 
 83.33 
 
 .7937 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 9.59 
 
 10.01 
 
 78 
 
 205.5 
 
 29.6 
 
 .9 
 
 1,490.27 
 
 64.116 
 
 83.28 
 
 .7699 
 
 .04 
 
 " 
 
 Waste deducted as previously from discharge, 14.352 cu. ft. This wheel also bound 
 in the step, and was withdrawn for future trials, which were prevented by the close of 
 the Exhibition before the wheel could be refitted. Further trials of the National, Tyler, 
 Cope, and Risdon wheels were also rendered impossible from the same cause. 
 
 November 6. Chase Manufacturing Co., Orange, Mass. 24 Inches Diameter. 
 
 | No. of Test, ll 
 
 |* 
 
 Time of Stop. 
 
 WeightLiftU 
 
 Eevolutions 
 per Min. 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Is 
 
 A ^3 
 
 O t^ 
 
 vr 
 
 Cubic Feet 
 Discharged 
 per Min. 
 
 Horse-Power 
 of Wheel. 
 
 Horse-Power 
 of Water. 
 
 Percentage 
 of Effect. 
 
 Waste on 
 Weir. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3.28 
 
 3.30 
 
 32 
 
 399 
 
 29.3 . 
 
 .915 
 
 1,527.5 
 
 51.07 
 
 84.69 
 
 .603 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 3.31 
 
 3.33 
 
 34 
 
 380 
 
 29.35 
 
 .917 
 
 1,532.5 
 
 51.68 
 
 84.92 
 
 .6086 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 3.34 
 
 3.35 
 
 34 
 
 379 
 
 29.52 
 
 .918 
 
 1,535 
 
 51.54 
 
 85.54 
 
 .6011 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 3.36 
 
 3,38 
 
 36 
 
 366 
 
 29.7 
 
 .921 
 
 1,542.5 
 
 52.7 
 
 86.49 
 
 .6093 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 5 
 
 3.39 
 
 3.41 
 
 38 
 
 358 
 
 29.88 
 
 .924 
 
 1,550 
 
 54.416 
 
 87.43 
 
 .6224 
 
 .04 
 
 (( 
 
 6 
 
 3.42 
 
 3.44 
 
 40 
 
 349 
 
 29.98 
 
 .928 
 
 1,560 
 
 55.84 
 
 88.29 
 
 .6324 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 3.45 
 
 3.47 
 
 42 
 
 331 
 
 30 
 
 .927 
 
 1,557.5 
 
 55.61 
 
 88.21 
 
 .6304 
 
 -.04 
 
 u 
 
 8 
 
 3.48 
 
 3.49 
 
 44 
 
 304 
 
 29.8 
 
 .927 
 
 1,557.5 
 
 53.5 
 
 87.62 
 
 .6106 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 Wheel taken out and eased in bearings, and repeated November 7. 
 
 9 
 
 3.49 
 
 3.51 
 
 40 
 
 365 
 
 29.85 
 
 .927 
 
 1,557.5 
 
 58.4 
 
 87.77 
 
 .6654 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 10 
 
 3.53 
 
 3.54 
 
 42 
 
 355 
 
 29.8 
 
 .925 
 
 1,552.5 
 
 59.64 
 
 87.34 
 
 .6828 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 11 
 
 3.55 
 
 3.56 
 
 44 
 
 332 
 
 29.8 
 
 .925 
 
 1,552.5 
 
 68.43 
 
 87.34 
 
 .669 
 
 .04 
 
 a 
 
 12 
 
 3.18 
 
 3.20 
 
 28 
 
 435 
 
 29.25 
 
 .871 
 
 1,419.1 
 
 48.72 
 
 78.36 
 
 .6217 
 
 .04 
 
 f- Gate. 
 
 13 
 
 3.21 
 
 3.23 
 
 36 
 
 363.5 
 
 29.35 
 
 .866 
 
 1,406.9 
 
 52.34 
 
 77.88 
 
 .6714 
 
 .04 
 
 * " 
 
 14 
 
 3.24 
 
 3.26 
 
 38 
 
 346 
 
 29.38 
 
 .866 
 
 1,406.9 
 
 52.59 
 
 78.03 
 
 .6739 
 
 .04 
 
 * " 
 
 15 
 
 3.29 
 
 3.31 
 
 40 
 
 325 
 
 29.55 
 
 .867 
 
 1,409.3 
 
 52 
 
 78.62 
 
 .6614 
 
 .04 
 
 * * 
 
 16 
 
 3.32 
 
 3.34 
 
 37 
 
 360.5 
 
 29.62 
 
 .867 
 
 1,409.3 
 
 53.354 
 
 78.81 
 
 .677 
 
 .04 
 
 f ' 
 
 17 
 
 3.37 
 
 3.39 
 
 24 
 
 372.5 
 
 30 
 
 .748 
 
 1,129.6 
 
 35.76 
 
 63.97 
 
 .559 
 
 .04 
 
 i ' 
 
 18 
 
 3.41 
 
 3.43 
 
 26 
 
 350 
 
 30.12 
 
 .746 
 
 1,125.1 
 
 36.4 
 
 63.97 
 
 .5676 
 
 .04 
 
 * ' 
 
 19 
 
 3.44 
 
 3.46 
 
 28 
 
 328 
 
 30.12 
 
 .746 
 
 1,125.1 
 
 36.74 
 
 63.97 
 
 .5743 .04 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Waste deducted as previously = 14.352 cu. ft. per minute. 
 
114 
 
 November 9. Rodney Hunt, Orange, Mass. 24 Inches Diameter. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 Time of 
 Start. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 | Weight Lift'd. 
 
 Revolutions 
 per Min. 
 
 C 03 
 
 P 
 
 life 
 
 s 
 
 j! 
 
 II 
 
 Waste on 
 Weir. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 A.M. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l 
 
 9.27 
 
 9.29 
 
 58 
 
 328 
 
 28.96 
 
 1.028 
 
 1,817.08 
 
 76-096 
 
 99.35 
 
 .766 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 9.38 
 
 9.39 
 
 60 
 
 317 
 
 29.26 
 
 1.034 
 
 1,832.9 
 
 78.616 
 
 101.25 
 
 .7764 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 12.21 
 
 12.23 
 
 66 
 
 300 
 
 29 
 
 1.04 
 
 1,848.74 
 
 79.2 
 
 101.21 
 
 7825 
 
 .04 
 
 
 4 
 
 12.28 
 
 12.30 
 
 68 
 
 300 
 
 29.47 
 
 1.045 
 
 1,861.98 
 
 81.6 
 
 103.69 
 
 7877 
 
 .04 
 
 <i 
 
 5 
 
 12.33 
 
 12.34 
 
 70 
 
 295 
 
 29.75 
 
 1.047 
 
 1,867.31 
 
 82.6 
 
 104.87 
 
 7876 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 6 
 
 12.35 
 
 12.36 
 
 72 
 
 276 
 
 29.25 
 
 1.038 
 
 1,843.45 
 
 79.49 
 
 101.8 
 
 7809 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 7 
 
 12.40 
 
 12.42 
 
 40 
 
 312 
 
 30.25 
 
 .809 
 
 1,270.6 
 
 49.92 
 
 72.56 
 
 688 
 
 .04 
 
 i Gate. 
 
 8 
 
 12.43 
 
 12.45 
 
 42 
 
 300 
 
 30.27 
 
 .816 
 
 1,284.1 
 
 50.4 
 
 73.38 
 
 6868 
 
 .04 
 
 i K 
 
 9 
 
 12.46 
 
 12.48 
 
 44 
 
 287.5 
 
 30.23 
 
 .82 
 
 1,296.56 
 
 50.6 
 
 73.99 
 
 6838 
 
 .04 
 
 i << 
 
 10 
 
 12.50 
 
 12.52 
 
 54 
 
 306 
 
 29.8 
 
 .966 
 
 1,656.2 
 
 66.096 
 
 93.18 
 
 7094 
 
 .04 
 
 f 
 
 11 
 
 12.53 
 
 12.55 
 
 56 
 
 298 
 
 29.62 
 
 .973 
 
 1,674.2 
 
 66.75 
 
 93.57 
 
 7133 
 
 .04 
 
 
 12 
 
 12.56 
 
 12.58 
 
 58 
 
 289 
 
 29.6 
 
 .974 
 
 1,676.7 
 
 67.05 
 
 93.7 
 
 7156 
 
 .04 
 
 f 
 
 13 
 
 12.59 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 278 
 
 29.6 
 
 .974 
 
 1,676.7 
 
 66.72 
 
 93.7 
 
 7121 
 
 .04 
 
 I 
 
 14 
 
 1.03 
 
 1.05 
 
 36 
 
 223 
 
 30.45 
 
 .748 
 
 1,129.63 
 
 32.11 
 
 64.94 
 
 4945 
 
 .04 
 
 
 15 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.08 
 
 34 
 
 238 
 
 30.44 
 
 .743 
 
 1,118.27 
 
 32.37 
 
 64.2 
 
 5037 
 
 .04 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 1.09 
 
 1.10 
 
 32 
 
 254 
 
 30.43 
 
 .742 
 
 1,116 
 
 32.51 
 
 64.11 
 
 5071 
 
 .04 
 
 i 
 
 17 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.12 
 
 30 
 
 266 
 
 30.5 
 
 .725 
 
 1,077.84 
 
 31.92 
 
 61.98 
 
 5143 
 
 .04 
 
 i 
 
 Waste, 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted as before. It was very difficult to supply 
 this wheel with water, and several tests were rejected in consequence. But a subsequent 
 test of a 54-in. wheel from the same makers, at Passaic, N. J., in January, 1877, gave 
 141 H. P., equal to .843 per cent., by the water measurement taken by another engineer. 
 
 November 10. Stout, Mills & Temple, Dayton, Ohio. 30 Inches Diameter. 
 
 
 
 
 T 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 .2.3 
 
 1 
 
 PI 
 
 |1^ 
 
 |i 
 
 ojj 
 
 IN 
 
 C 
 
 
 f* 
 
 o 
 
 CoQ 
 
 Is 
 
 O> 
 
 1 
 
 Is 
 
 cj 
 
 li 
 
 l| 
 
 ill 
 
 Pkjjj 
 
 11 
 
 P 
 
 fl 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 0"^ 
 
 w 
 
 W 
 
 oS^ 
 
 IP 
 
 1 
 
 1* 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4.42 
 
 4.44 
 
 64 
 
 245.5 
 
 30.05 
 
 .965 
 
 1,653.33 
 
 62.848 
 
 93.79 
 
 .6701 
 
 .04 
 
 Full Gate. 
 
 2 
 
 4.45 
 
 4.47 
 
 66 
 
 236.5 
 
 29.7 
 
 .965 
 
 1,653.33 
 
 62.436 
 
 92.66 
 
 .6738 
 
 .04 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5.05 
 
 5.07 
 
 68 
 
 236 
 
 29.7 
 
 .975 
 
 1,679.33 
 
 64.19 
 
 94.09 
 
 .6822 
 
 .04 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5.08 
 
 5.10 
 
 70 
 
 231 
 
 29.55 
 
 .98 
 
 1,692.38 
 
 64.68 
 
 94.42 
 
 .685 
 
 .04 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 5.12 
 
 5.13 
 
 72 
 
 223 
 
 29.45 
 
 .983 
 
 1,699.88 
 
 64.224 
 
 94.51 
 
 .6795 
 
 .04 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 5.19 
 
 5.20 
 
 74 
 
 210 
 
 29.05 
 
 .973 
 
 1,674.2 
 
 62.16 
 
 91.81 
 
 .677 
 
 .04 
 
 t 
 
 7 
 
 5.23 
 
 6.24 
 
 76 
 
 201 
 
 28.75 
 
 .978 
 
 1,687 
 
 61.1 
 
 91.56 
 
 .6673 
 
 .04 
 
 u 
 
 8 
 
 5.28 
 
 5.29 
 
 46 
 
 259 
 
 29.8 
 
 .84 
 
 1,344.2 
 
 47.656 
 
 75.62 
 
 .6296 
 
 .04 
 
 i Gate. 
 
 9 
 
 5.41 
 
 5.42 
 
 60 
 
 252 
 
 29.7 
 
 .845 
 
 1,356.2 
 
 60.4 
 
 76.04 
 
 .6628 
 
 .04 
 
 ^ l 
 
 10 
 
 5.43 
 
 5.44 
 
 54 
 
 242 
 
 29.48 
 
 .854 
 
 1,377.85 
 
 52.272 
 
 78.47 
 
 .6661 
 
 .04 
 
 i ' 
 
 11 
 
 5.45 
 
 5.46 
 
 68 
 
 230 
 
 29.38 
 
 .859 
 
 1,389.93 
 
 53.36 
 
 77.09 
 
 .6921 
 
 .04 
 
 i i 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 6.01 
 
 34 
 
 180 
 
 30.95 
 
 .548 
 
 706.24 
 
 24.752 
 
 41.26 
 
 .5998 
 
 .04 
 
 i ' 
 
 13 
 
 6.02 
 
 6.03 
 
 34 
 
 181 
 
 30.95 
 
 .547 
 
 704.28 
 
 24.616 
 
 41.15 
 
 .5982 
 
 .04 
 
 i ' 
 
 14 
 
 6.04 
 
 6.05 
 
 28 
 
 204 
 
 30.95 
 
 .535 
 
 680.96 
 
 22.848 
 
 39.79 
 
 .5742 
 
 .04 
 
 Gear on Gate- 
 
 15 
 
 6.06 
 
 6.07 
 
 24 
 
 229 
 
 30.97 
 
 .527 
 
 665.65 
 
 21.984 
 
 38.91 
 
 5649 
 
 .04 
 
 Shaft loose,& 
 Gate closed 
 
 16 
 
 6.08 
 
 6.09 
 
 24 
 
 224 
 
 30.98 
 
 .525 
 
 661.69 
 
 21.5 
 
 38.7 
 
 5556 
 
 .04 
 
 itself grad'ly. 
 
 Waste, 14.352 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. This test was completed 
 by lamplight, at the close of the Exhibition, and some of the latter observations may not 
 be exactly correct, but their general correspondence is evidence that they are not far out 
 of the way. 
 
KOYING- AND YAKN TABLES. 
 
 TABLE FOR NUMBERING ROVING BY GRAINS, TROY WEIGHT. 
 
 *t 
 
 I* 
 
 si 
 
 gw 
 
 i! 
 
 1 
 ih 
 
 ji 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 
 ll 
 
 ^ 
 II 
 
 ! 
 
 tf 
 
 ^M 
 11 
 
 ** 
 
 *& 
 
 ** 
 
 *& 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 *3 
 
 5 I 
 
 n 
 
 &$ 
 
 | 
 
 l 
 
 .1 
 
 83.83 
 
 70,000 
 
 1.3 
 
 6.41 
 
 5,384 
 
 3* 
 
 2.38 
 
 2,000 
 
 6f 
 
 .234 
 
 1,037 
 
 .15 
 
 55.56 
 
 46,666 
 
 1.4 
 
 5.95 
 
 5,000 
 
 3f 
 
 2.22 
 
 1,866 
 
 7 
 
 .19 
 
 1,000 
 
 .2 
 
 41.66 
 
 35,000 
 
 1.5 
 
 5.55 
 
 4,666 
 
 4 
 
 2.08 
 
 ,750 
 
 7 
 
 .149 
 
 965.5 
 
 .3 
 
 27.77 
 
 23,333 
 
 1.6 
 
 5.2 
 
 4,375 
 
 4J- 
 
 1.96 
 
 ,647 
 
 71 
 
 .111 
 
 933.3 
 
 .4 
 
 20.83 
 
 17,500 
 
 1.7 
 
 4.9 
 
 4,117 
 
 4.| 
 
 1.85 
 
 ,555 
 
 
 .075 
 
 903.2 
 
 .5 
 
 16.66 
 
 14,000 
 
 1.8 
 
 4.62 
 
 3,888 
 
 4f 
 
 1.75 
 
 ,473 
 
 8 
 
 .041 
 
 875 
 
 .6 
 
 13.88 
 
 11,666 
 
 1.9 
 
 4.38 
 
 3,684 
 
 5 
 
 1.66 
 
 ,400 
 
 8i 
 
 1.01 
 
 848.4 
 
 .7 
 
 11.9 
 
 10,000 
 
 2 
 
 4.16 
 
 3,500 
 
 5J 
 
 1.58 
 
 ,333 
 
 8* 
 
 .98 
 
 823.5 
 
 .8 
 
 10.41 
 
 8,750 
 
 2i 
 
 3.7 
 
 3,111 
 
 5^ 
 
 1.51 
 
 ,272 
 
 8f 
 
 .952 
 
 800 
 
 .9 
 
 9.25 
 
 7,777 
 
 2* 
 
 3.33 
 
 2,800 
 
 5f 
 
 1.44 
 
 1,217 
 
 9 
 
 .925 
 
 777.77 
 
 1 
 
 8.33 
 
 7,000 
 
 2| 
 
 3.03 
 
 2,545 
 
 6 
 
 1.38 
 
 1,166 
 
 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 7.57 
 
 6,363 
 
 4: 
 
 3 
 
 2.77 
 
 2.333 
 
 64- 
 
 1.33 
 
 1,120 
 
 
 
 
 1.2 
 
 6.94 
 
 5,833 
 
 
 2.56 
 
 2153 
 
 "* 
 
 64- 
 
 1.28 
 
 1,076 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jj4W 
 
 U 1T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TABLE FOR NUMBERING YARN BY GRAINS, TROY WEIGHT. 
 
 No. of 
 Yarn. 
 
 Grains 
 per 
 Hank. 
 
 No. of 
 Yarn. 
 
 Grains 
 per Hank. 
 
 No. of 
 Yarn. 
 
 Grains 
 per Hank. 
 
 No. of 
 Yarn. 
 
 Grains 
 per Hank. 
 
 No. of 
 Yarn. 
 
 Grains 
 per Hank. 
 
 9 
 
 777.77 
 
 Ht 
 
 622.22 
 
 13| 
 
 518.51 
 
 15* 
 
 444.44 
 
 18 
 
 388.88 
 
 9 
 
 756.75 
 
 11* 
 
 608.69 
 
 13f 
 
 509.09 
 
 16 
 
 437.5 
 
 18t 
 
 383.56 
 
 *i 
 
 736.84 
 
 HI 
 
 595.74 
 
 14 
 
 500 
 
 lt 
 
 430.76 
 
 18| 
 
 378.37 
 
 9f 
 
 720.51 
 
 12 
 
 583.33 
 
 Mt 
 
 491.22 
 
 16i 
 
 424.24 
 
 18f 
 
 373.33 
 
 10 
 
 700 
 
 12i 
 
 571.42 
 
 14| 
 
 482.75 
 
 16f 
 
 417.91 
 
 19 
 
 368.42 
 
 lot 
 
 682.92 
 
 m 
 
 560 
 
 14f 
 
 474.57 
 
 17 
 
 411.76 
 
 191 
 
 363.63 
 
 10* 
 
 666.66 
 
 12f 
 
 649.01 
 
 15 
 
 466.66 
 
 17i 
 
 405.79 
 
 19i 
 
 358.97 
 
 lOf 
 
 651.16 
 
 13 
 
 546.15 
 
 li 
 
 459.01 
 
 m 
 
 400 
 
 19| 
 
 354.43 
 
 11 
 
 636.36 
 
 13 
 
 526.11 
 
 15* 
 
 451.61 
 
 17| 
 
 394.36 
 
 20 ' 
 
 350 
 
116 
 
 TABLE FOR NUMBERING YARN BY GRAINS. (Continued.) 
 
 No. of 
 Yarn. 
 
 Grains 
 per Hank. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Yarn. 
 
 Grains 
 per Hank. 
 
 No. of 
 Yarn. 
 
 Grains 
 per Hank. 
 
 No. of 
 Yarn. 
 
 Grains 
 per Hank. 
 
 No. of 
 Yarn. 
 
 Grains 
 H^nk. 
 
 20J 
 
 344.44 
 
 H 
 
 222.22 
 
 42f 
 
 163.74 
 
 54 
 
 129.62 
 
 81 
 
 86.4 
 
 20 
 
 341.46 
 
 31f 
 
 220.47 
 
 43 
 
 162.79 
 
 64i 
 
 129.03 
 
 82 
 
 85.4 
 
 20f 
 
 337.34 
 
 32 
 
 218.75 
 
 43 
 
 161.84 
 
 54i 
 
 128.44 
 
 83 
 
 84.3 
 
 21 
 
 333.33 
 
 32- 
 
 217.05 
 
 43i 
 
 160.91 
 
 54f 
 
 127.85 
 
 84 
 
 83.3 
 
 21* 
 
 329.41 
 
 324 
 
 215.38 
 
 43f 
 
 160 
 
 55 
 
 127.27 
 
 85 
 
 82.4 
 
 21* 
 
 325.58 
 
 82| 
 
 213.74 
 
 44 
 
 159.69 
 
 55J 
 
 126.69 
 
 86 
 
 81.4 
 
 21f 
 
 321.83 
 
 33 
 
 212.12 
 
 44i 
 
 158.19 
 
 55 
 
 126.12 
 
 87 
 
 80.4 
 
 22 
 
 318.18 
 
 33J 
 
 210.52 
 
 44i 
 
 157.41 
 
 55f 
 
 125.56 
 
 88 
 
 79.5 
 
 22J 
 
 314.6 
 
 334 
 
 208.95 
 
 44f 
 
 156.42 
 
 56 
 
 125 
 
 89 
 
 78.6 
 
 224 
 
 311.11 
 
 33f 
 
 207.4 
 
 45 
 
 155.55 
 
 56i 
 
 124.49 
 
 90 
 
 77.8 
 
 22f 
 
 307.69 
 
 34 
 
 205.88 
 
 45J 
 
 154.69 
 
 56| 
 
 123.89 
 
 91 
 
 76.9 
 
 23 
 
 304.34 
 
 34^ 
 
 204.3 
 
 45| 
 
 153.84 
 
 66f 
 
 123.34 
 
 92 
 
 76.1 
 
 23J 
 
 301.07 
 
 344 
 
 202.89 
 
 45f 
 
 152.95 
 
 67 
 
 122.8 
 
 93 
 
 75.3 
 
 234 
 
 297.87 
 
 34f 
 
 201.43 
 
 46 
 
 152.17 
 
 57i 
 
 122.27 
 
 94 
 
 74.5 
 
 23f 
 
 294.73 
 
 35 
 
 200 
 
 46J 
 
 151.3 
 
 57 
 
 121.73 
 
 95 
 
 73.7 
 
 24 
 
 291.66 
 
 85J 
 
 198.58 
 
 46| 
 
 140.53 
 
 67f 
 
 121.21 
 
 96 
 
 72.9 
 
 24 
 
 288.65 
 
 354 
 
 197.32 
 
 46f 
 
 149.73 
 
 68 
 
 120.68 
 
 97 
 
 72.3 
 
 244 
 
 285.71 
 
 35| 
 
 195.8 ' 
 
 47 
 
 148.93 
 
 58 
 
 120.17 
 
 98 
 
 71.4 
 
 24f 
 
 282.82 
 
 36 
 
 194.44 
 
 47i 
 
 148.14 
 
 58^ 
 
 119.65 
 
 99 
 
 70.7 
 
 25 
 
 280 
 
 36 i 
 
 193.1 
 
 47i 
 
 147.34 
 
 58f 
 
 119.14 
 
 100 
 
 70 
 
 25J 
 
 277.22 
 
 364 
 
 191.78 
 
 47f 
 
 146.59 
 
 59 
 
 118.47 
 
 105 
 
 66.7 
 
 254 
 
 274.5 
 
 36 
 
 190.47 
 
 48 
 
 145.83 
 
 59^ 
 
 118.14 
 
 110 
 
 63.6 
 
 25| 
 
 271.84 
 
 37 
 
 189.18 
 
 48i 
 
 145.07 
 
 694 
 
 117.64 
 
 115 
 
 60.9 
 
 26 
 
 269.23 
 
 37i 
 
 187.91 
 
 48i 
 
 144.32 
 
 59f 
 
 117.15 
 
 120 
 
 58.3 
 
 26J 
 
 266.66 
 
 374 
 
 186.66 
 
 48| 
 
 143.58 
 
 60 
 
 116.66 
 
 125 
 
 56 
 
 264 
 
 264.15 
 
 37f 
 
 185.42 
 
 49 
 
 142.85 
 
 61 
 
 114.8 
 
 130 
 
 53.8 
 
 26f 
 
 261.68 
 
 38 
 
 184.21 
 
 49i 
 
 142.13 
 
 62 
 
 112.9 
 
 135 
 
 51.8 
 
 27 
 
 259.25 
 
 38i 
 
 183 
 
 49i 
 
 141.41 
 
 63 
 
 111.1 
 
 140 
 
 50 
 
 27J 
 
 256.88 
 
 384 
 
 181.81 
 
 49f 
 
 140.7 
 
 64 
 
 109.3 
 
 145 
 
 48.3 
 
 274 
 
 254.54 
 
 38f 
 
 180.63 
 
 60 
 
 140 
 
 65 
 
 107.7 
 
 150 
 
 46.7 
 
 27f 
 
 252.52 
 
 39 
 
 179.48 
 
 50i 
 
 139.3 
 
 66 
 
 106.1 
 
 155 
 
 45.2 
 
 28 
 
 250 
 
 39 
 
 178.34 
 
 60^ 
 
 138.61 
 
 67 
 
 104.4 
 
 160 
 
 43.8 
 
 28 
 
 247.78 
 
 394 
 
 177.21 
 
 50f 
 
 137.93 
 
 68 
 
 102.9 
 
 165 
 
 42.4 
 
 284 
 
 245.61 
 
 39| 
 
 176.1 
 
 51 
 
 137.29 
 
 69 
 
 101.4 
 
 170 
 
 41.2 
 
 28f 
 
 243.46 
 
 40 
 
 176 
 
 Bl* 
 
 136.58 
 
 70 
 
 100 
 
 175 
 
 40 
 
 29 
 
 241.37 
 
 40i 
 
 173.91 
 
 6H 
 
 135.92 
 
 71 
 
 98.6 
 
 180 
 
 38.9 
 
 29J 
 
 239.31 
 
 40| 
 
 172.83 
 
 51f 
 
 135.26 
 
 72 
 
 97.2 
 
 185 
 
 37.8 
 
 294 
 
 237.28 
 
 40f 
 
 171.77 
 
 52 
 
 134.61 
 
 73 
 
 95.9 
 
 190 
 
 36.8 
 
 29| 
 
 235.29 
 
 41 
 
 170.73 
 
 52 
 
 133.97 
 
 74 
 
 94.6 
 
 195 
 
 35.9 
 
 30 
 
 233.33 
 
 41* 
 
 169.69 
 
 62^ 
 
 133.33 
 
 75 
 
 93.3 
 
 200 
 
 35 
 
 30i 
 
 231.4 
 
 41| 
 
 168.67 
 
 52f 
 
 132.7 
 
 76 
 
 92.1 
 
 . . . 
 
 
 304 
 
 229 .5 
 
 41f 
 
 167.66 
 
 63 
 
 132.07 
 
 77 
 
 90.9 
 
 . . . 
 
 .... 
 
 30f 
 
 227.64 
 
 42 
 
 166.66 
 
 53 
 
 131.45 
 
 78 
 
 89.7 
 
 
 .... 
 
 81 
 
 225.8 
 
 42i 
 
 165.68 
 
 53| 
 
 130.84 
 
 79 
 
 88.6 
 
 . . . 
 
 .... 
 
 31i 
 
 224.08 
 
 42| 
 
 164.7 
 
 63f 
 
 130.23 
 
 80 
 
 87.5 
 
 
 .... 
 
117 
 
 ENGLISH TABLE 
 
 Showing the quality of Warp Yarn, by the weight, that one semnth of a hank, or eighty 
 turns of a yard-and-a-half reel from one bobbin, will bear before breaking, given in 
 pounds and ounces. 
 
 ORDINARY QUALITY. 
 
 FAIR QUALITY. 
 
 GOOD QUALITY. 
 
 EXTRA QUALITY. 
 
 SUPER-EXTRA 
 QUALITY. 
 
 No. 
 Tarn. 
 
 Breaking 
 Weight. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 Breaking 
 
 Weight. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 Breaking 
 Weight. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 Breaking 
 
 Weight. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 Breaking 
 Weight. 
 
 10 
 
 Lbs. Oz. 
 115 10 
 
 10 
 
 Lbs. Oz. 
 120 8 
 
 10 
 
 Lbs. Oz. 
 125 6 
 
 10 
 
 Lbs. Oz. 
 130 4 
 
 10 
 
 Lbs. Oz. 
 135 3 
 
 11 
 
 102 4 
 
 11 
 
 104 7 
 
 11 
 
 106 10 
 
 11 
 
 108 14 
 
 11 
 
 111 2 
 
 12 
 
 96 15 
 
 12 
 
 99 2 
 
 12 
 
 100 5 
 
 12 
 
 103 8 
 
 12 
 
 105 12 
 
 13 
 
 91 14 
 
 13 
 
 93 15 
 
 13 
 
 96 
 
 13 
 
 98 2 
 
 13 
 
 100 4 
 
 14 
 
 89 12 
 
 14 
 
 91 12 
 
 14 
 
 93 13 
 
 14 
 
 95 14 
 
 14 
 
 97 15 
 
 15 
 
 83 12 
 
 15 
 
 85 10 
 
 15 
 
 87 8 
 
 15 
 
 89 7 
 
 15 
 
 91 6 
 
 16 
 
 81 11 
 
 16 
 
 83 8 
 
 16 
 
 85 6 
 
 16 
 
 87 4 
 
 16 
 
 89 2 
 
 17 
 
 76 14 
 
 17 
 
 78 10 
 
 17 
 
 80 6 
 
 17 
 
 82 2 
 
 17 
 
 83 14 
 
 18 
 
 72 10 
 
 18 
 
 74 4 
 
 18 
 
 75 14 
 
 18 
 
 77 8 
 
 18 
 
 79 3 
 
 20 
 
 67 14 
 
 20 
 
 69 6 
 
 20 
 
 70 14 
 
 20 
 
 72 7 
 
 20 
 
 74 
 
 22 
 
 61 11 
 
 22 
 
 63 1 
 
 22 
 
 64 7 
 
 22 
 
 65 14 
 
 22 
 
 67 5 
 
 24 
 
 58 10 
 
 24 
 
 59 15 
 
 24 
 
 61 4 
 
 24 
 
 62 9 
 
 24 
 
 63 15 
 
 26 
 
 54 10 
 
 26 
 
 55 13 
 
 26 
 
 57 1 
 
 26 
 
 58 5 
 
 26 
 
 59 9 
 
 28 
 
 50 4 
 
 28 
 
 51 6 
 
 28 
 
 52 8 
 
 28 
 
 53 10 
 
 28 
 
 54 13 
 
 30 
 
 48 11 
 
 30 
 
 49 12 
 
 30 
 
 50 13 
 
 30 
 
 51 14 
 
 30 
 
 53 
 
 32 
 
 45 9 
 
 32 
 
 46 7 
 
 32 
 
 47 5 
 
 32 
 
 48 3 
 
 32 
 
 49 2 
 
 34 
 
 44 6 
 
 34 
 
 45 6 
 
 34 
 
 46 6 
 
 34 
 
 '47 6 
 
 34 
 
 48 6 
 
 36 
 
 41 14 
 
 36 
 
 42 13 
 
 36 
 
 43 12 
 
 36 
 
 44 11 
 
 36 
 
 45 11 
 
 38 
 
 39 11 
 
 38 
 
 40 9 
 
 38 
 
 41 7 
 
 38 
 
 42 6 
 
 38 
 
 43 5 
 
 40 
 
 38 15 
 
 40 
 
 39 13 
 
 40 
 
 40 11 
 
 40 
 
 41 9 
 
 40 
 
 42 8 
 
 42 
 
 37 13 
 
 42 
 
 38 10 
 
 42 
 
 39 8 
 
 42 
 
 40 6 
 
 42 
 
 41 4 
 
 44 
 
 35 7 
 
 44 
 
 36 3 
 
 44 
 
 37 
 
 44 
 
 37 13 
 
 44 
 
 38 10 
 
 46 
 
 33 13 
 
 46 
 
 34 9 
 
 46 
 
 35 6 
 
 46 
 
 36 1 
 
 46 
 
 36 14 
 
 48 
 
 32 3 
 
 48 
 
 32 14 
 
 48 
 
 34 9 
 
 48 
 
 34 5 
 
 48 
 
 35 1 
 
 60 
 
 32 2 
 
 50 
 
 32 13 
 
 50 
 
 33 8 
 
 50 
 
 34 4 
 
 50 
 
 35 
 
 55 
 
 30 8 
 
 55 
 
 31 3 
 
 55 
 
 31 14 
 
 55 
 
 32 9 
 
 55 
 
 33 5 
 
 60 
 
 27 10 
 
 60 
 
 28 4 
 
 60 
 
 28 14 
 
 60 
 
 29 8 
 
 60 
 
 30 2 
 
 65 
 
 25 8 
 
 65 
 
 26 1 
 
 65 
 
 26 10 
 
 65 
 
 27 3 
 
 65 
 
 27 13 
 
 70 
 
 24 6 
 
 70 
 
 24 15 
 
 70 
 
 25 8 
 
 70 
 
 26 1 
 
 70 
 
 26 10 
 
 75 
 
 22 12 
 
 75 
 
 23 4 
 
 75 
 
 23 12 
 
 75 
 
 24 4 
 
 75 
 
 24 13 
 
 80 
 
 22 
 
 80 
 
 22 8 
 
 80 
 
 23 
 
 80 
 
 23 18 
 
 80 
 
 24 
 
 85 
 
 20 4 
 
 85 
 
 20 13 
 
 85 
 
 21 6 
 
 85 
 
 21 15 
 
 85 
 
 22 8 
 
 90 
 
 19 8 
 
 90 
 
 19 3 
 
 90 
 
 19 14 
 
 90 
 
 20 9 
 
 90 
 
 21 5 
 
 95 
 
 18 8 
 
 95 
 
 18 14 
 
 95 
 
 19 5 
 
 95 
 
 19 12 
 
 95 
 
 20 3 
 
 100 
 
 18 4 
 
 100 
 
 18 10 
 
 100 
 
 19 
 
 100 
 
 19 6 
 
 100 
 
 19 12 
 
 110 
 
 15 10 
 
 110 
 
 16 
 
 110 
 
 16 5 
 
 110 
 
 16 11 
 
 110 
 
 17 
 
 120 
 
 15 8 
 
 120 
 
 15 13 
 
 120 
 
 16 2 
 
 120 
 
 16 7 
 
 120 
 
 16 13 
 
 130 
 
 14 4 
 
 130 
 
 14 9 
 
 130 
 
 14 14 
 
 130 
 
 15 3 
 
 130 
 
 15 9 
 
 140 
 
 13 10 
 
 140 
 
 13 15 
 
 140 
 
 14 4 
 
 140 
 
 14 9 
 
 140 
 
 14 14 
 
 150 
 
 12 7 
 
 150 
 
 12 11 
 
 150 
 
 12 15 
 
 150 
 
 13 4 
 
 150 
 
 13 9 
 
 160 
 
 12 4 
 
 160 
 
 ]2 8 
 
 160 
 
 12 12 
 
 160 
 
 13 
 
 160 
 
 13 5 
 
 170 
 
 11 9 
 
 170 
 
 11 13 
 
 170 
 
 12 1 
 
 170 
 
 12 5 
 
 170 
 
 12 9 
 
 180 
 
 10 10 
 
 180 
 
 10 13 
 
 180 
 
 11 1 
 
 180 
 
 11 5 
 
 180 
 
 11 9 
 
 190 
 
 10 9 
 
 190 
 
 10 12 
 
 190 
 
 11 
 
 190 
 
 11 4 
 
 190 
 
 11 8 
 
 200 
 
 10 4 
 
 200 
 
 10 7 
 
 200 
 
 10 11 
 
 200 
 
 10 15 
 
 200 
 
 11 3 
 
 210 
 
 9 13 
 
 210 
 
 10 
 
 210 
 
 10 3 
 
 210 
 
 10 7 
 
 210 
 
 10 11 
 
 220 
 
 9 13 
 
 220 
 
 9 15 
 
 220 
 
 10 1 
 
 220 
 
 10 4 
 
 220 
 
 10 7 
 
118 
 
 ENGLISH TABLE. (Continued.) 
 
 OBDINABY QUALITY. 
 
 - FAIB QUALITY. 
 
 GOOD QUALITY. 
 
 EXTBA QUALITY. 
 
 SUPEB-EXTBA 
 QUALITY. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 Breaking 
 Weight. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 Breaking 
 Weight. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 Breaking 
 Weight. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 Breaking 
 Weight. 
 
 No. 
 Yarn. 
 
 Breaking 
 Weight. 
 
 
 Lbs. Oz. 
 
 
 Lbs. Oz. 
 
 
 Lbs. Oz. 
 
 
 Lba. Oz. 
 
 
 Lbs. Oz. 
 
 230 
 
 9 3 
 
 230 
 
 9 6 
 
 230 
 
 9 9 
 
 230 
 
 9 12 
 
 230 
 
 10 
 
 240 
 
 8 14 
 
 240 
 
 9 1 
 
 240 
 
 9 4 
 
 240 
 
 9 7 
 
 240 
 
 9 11 
 
 250 
 
 8 10 
 
 250 
 
 8 13 
 
 250 
 
 9 
 
 250 
 
 9 3 
 
 250 
 
 9 7 
 
 260 
 
 8 8 
 
 260 
 
 8 11 
 
 260 
 
 8 14 
 
 260 
 
 9 1 
 
 260 
 
 9 4 
 
 270 
 
 8 3 
 
 270 
 
 8 6 
 
 270 
 
 8 9 
 
 270 
 
 8 12 
 
 270 
 
 8 15 
 
 280 
 
 8 1 
 
 280 
 
 8 4 
 
 280 
 
 8 7 
 
 280 
 
 8 10 
 
 280 
 
 8 13 
 
 290 
 
 7 12 
 
 290 
 
 7 15 
 
 290 
 
 8 2 
 
 290 
 
 8 5 
 
 290 
 
 8 8 
 
 300 
 
 7 11 
 
 300 
 
 7 13 
 
 300 
 
 8 8 
 
 300 
 
 8 3 
 
 300 
 
 8 6 
 
 310 
 
 7 7 
 
 310 
 
 7 9 
 
 310 
 
 7 12 
 
 310 
 
 7 15 
 
 310 
 
 8 2 
 
 320 
 
 7 6 
 
 320 
 
 7 8 
 
 320 
 
 7 10 
 
 320 
 
 7 13 
 
 320 
 
 8 
 
 330 
 
 7 2 
 
 330 
 
 7 4 
 
 330 
 
 7 17 
 
 330 
 
 7 10 
 
 330 
 
 7 13 
 
 340 
 
 6 15 
 
 340 
 
 7 1 
 
 340 
 
 7 3 
 
 340 
 
 7 6 
 
 340 
 
 7 9 
 
 350 
 
 6 14 
 
 350 
 
 7 
 
 350 
 
 7 2 
 
 350 
 
 7 5 
 
 350 
 
 7 8 
 
 ENGLISH TWIST TABLE. 
 
 Showing the square root of the numbers or counts from I to 100 hanks in the pound, 
 with the twists per inch for different kinds of yarn. 
 
 Counts or 
 Numbers. 
 
 Square 
 Boot. 
 
 Frame 
 Warp Twist. 
 
 Extra Mule 
 Twist. 
 
 Mule Twist. 
 
 Filling 
 Twist. 
 
 Twist for 
 Doubling. 
 
 Hosiery 
 Yarn. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4.75 
 
 4 
 
 3.76 
 
 3.26 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.5 
 
 2 
 
 1.4142 
 
 6.71 
 
 5.65 
 
 6.3 
 
 4.6 
 
 3.88 
 
 3.53 
 
 3 
 
 1.732 
 
 8.22 
 
 6.92 
 
 6.49 
 
 5.62 
 
 4.76 
 
 4.33 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 9.6 
 
 8 
 
 7.6 
 
 6.6 
 
 5.5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 2.236 
 
 10.62 
 
 8.94 
 
 8.37 
 
 7.25 
 
 6.14 
 
 6.59 
 
 6 
 
 2.4494 
 
 11.63 
 
 9.79 
 
 9.18 
 
 7.96 
 
 6.73 
 
 6.12 
 
 7 
 
 2.6457 
 
 12.56 
 
 10.58 
 
 9.92 
 
 8.59 
 
 7.27 
 
 6.61 
 
 8 
 
 2.8284 
 
 13.43 
 
 11.31 
 
 10.5 
 
 9.19 
 
 7.77 
 
 7.07 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 14.25 
 
 12 
 
 11.25 
 
 9.75 
 
 8.25 
 
 7.5 
 
 10 
 
 3.1622 
 
 15.02 
 
 12.64 
 
 11.85 
 
 10.27 
 
 8.79 
 
 7.9 
 
 11 
 
 3.3166 
 
 15.75 
 
 13.26 
 
 12.43 
 
 10.77 
 
 9.12 
 
 8.29 
 
 12 
 
 3.4641 
 
 16.46 
 
 13.85 
 
 12.99 
 
 11.25 
 
 9.52 
 
 8.66 
 
 13 
 
 3.6055 
 
 17.12 
 
 14.42 
 
 13.55 
 
 11.71 
 
 9.91 
 
 9.01 
 
 14 
 
 3.7416 
 
 17.77 
 
 14.96 
 
 14.03 
 
 12.16 
 
 10.28 
 
 9.35 
 
 16 
 
 3.8729 
 
 18.39 
 
 15.49 
 
 14.52 
 
 12.48 
 
 10.65 
 
 9.68 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 4.1231 
 
 19.58 
 
 16.49 
 
 15.46 
 
 13.4 
 
 11.33 
 
 10.3 
 
 18 
 
 4.2426 
 
 20.15 
 
 16.97 
 
 15.9 
 
 13.78 
 
 11.66 
 
 10.6 
 
 19 
 
 4.3588 
 
 20.7 
 
 17.43 
 
 16.34 
 
 14.16 
 
 11.98 
 
 10.8 
 
 20 
 
 4.4721 
 
 21.14 
 
 17.88 
 
 16.77 
 
 14.53 
 
 12.29 
 
 11.18 
 
 21 
 
 4.5825 
 
 21.76 
 
 18.33 
 
 17.18 
 
 14.8 
 
 12.6 
 
 
 22 
 
 4.6904 
 
 22.27 
 
 18.76 
 
 17.58 
 
 15.24 
 
 12.8 
 
 
 
119 
 
 ENGLISH TWIST TABLE. ( Continued) 
 
 Counts or 
 Numbers. 
 
 Square 
 Koot. 
 
 Frame 
 "Warp Twist. 
 
 Extra Mule 
 Twist. 
 
 Mule Twist. 
 
 Filling 
 Twist. 
 
 Twist for 
 Doubling. 
 
 Hosiery 
 Yarn. 
 
 23 
 
 4.7958 
 
 22 78 
 
 19 18 
 
 1798 
 
 15 58 
 
 13 18 
 
 
 24 
 
 4.8089 
 
 23.26 
 
 19 59 
 
 18.37 
 
 1592 
 
 13.47 
 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 23.75 
 
 20 
 
 18.75 
 
 16.25 
 
 13.75 
 
 
 26 
 
 5.099 
 
 24.22 
 
 2039 
 
 19 11 
 
 16 57 
 
 1402 
 
 
 27 
 
 5.1961 
 
 24.63 
 
 2078 
 
 19.48 
 
 16 88 
 
 14.28 
 
 
 28 
 
 6.2915 
 
 25 13 
 
 21 16 
 
 19 84 
 
 17 19 
 
 14 65 
 
 
 29 
 
 6.3861 
 
 25.57 
 
 21 54 
 
 20 19 
 
 1749 
 
 148 
 
 
 30 
 
 6.4772 
 
 2601 
 
 21 9 
 
 20.58 
 
 178 
 
 15.06 
 
 
 
 31 
 32 
 
 6.5677 
 6.6568 
 
 26.44 
 26.86 
 
 22.27 
 22 62 
 
 19.77 
 21 21 
 
 18 
 1838 
 
 15.31 
 15 55 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 6.7745 
 
 27.42 
 
 23.09 
 
 22.64 
 
 18.75 
 
 15.87 
 
 
 
 34 
 35 
 
 6.8309 
 5.916 
 
 27.69 
 28.1 
 
 23.32 
 23 66 
 
 21.86 
 22 18 
 
 18.95 
 19 22 
 
 16.03 
 16 27 
 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 28.5 
 
 24 
 
 22 5 
 
 19 5 
 
 16.5 
 
 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 
 6.0827 
 6.1644 
 6.2449 
 
 28.89 
 29.28 
 29.66 
 
 24.33 
 24.65 
 2498 
 
 22.81 
 23.11 
 2341 
 
 19.76 
 20.03 
 2029 
 
 16.72 
 16.95 
 17.17 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 63245 
 
 3004 
 
 25 29 
 
 23 71 
 
 20 55 
 
 1739 
 
 
 41 
 
 6.4031 
 
 30.42 
 
 25 61 
 
 2401 
 
 2081 
 
 17 6 
 
 
 42 
 43 
 
 6.4807 
 6 5574 
 
 30.78 
 31 14 
 
 25.92 
 26 22 
 
 24.3 
 24 59 
 
 21.05 
 21 31 
 
 17.82 
 18 03 
 
 
 44 
 45 
 
 6.6332 
 
 6 7082 
 
 31.5 
 31 86 
 
 26.53 
 26 83 
 
 24.87 
 25 15 
 
 21.55 
 21 8 
 
 18.24 
 18 44 
 
 
 46 
 
 6 7823 
 
 32 21 
 
 27 12 
 
 25 43 
 
 22 04 
 
 18 65 
 
 
 47 
 
 6.8556 
 
 32 56 
 
 2742 
 
 267 
 
 2228 
 
 1885 
 
 
 48 
 
 6 9282 
 
 32 9 
 
 27 71 
 
 25 98 
 
 22 51 
 
 18 95 
 
 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 
 7 
 7.071 
 7 1414 
 
 33.25 
 33.58 
 33 92 
 
 28 
 28.28 
 28 56 
 
 26.25 
 26.51 
 26 78 
 
 22.75 
 22.98 
 23 2 
 
 19.25 
 19.44 
 19 63 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 72111 
 
 3425 
 
 28 84 
 
 2704 
 
 23 43 
 
 19 83 
 
 
 53 
 
 7 2807 
 
 34 58 
 
 29 12 
 
 27 3 
 
 23 66 
 
 20 02 
 
 
 54 
 
 73484 
 
 34 9 
 
 29 39 
 
 27 55 
 
 23 88 
 
 202 
 
 
 65 
 
 7.4161 
 
 35.22 
 
 29 66 
 
 2781 
 
 24 1 
 
 2039 
 
 
 56 
 
 7 4833 
 
 .35 54 
 
 29 93 
 
 28 06 
 
 24 32 
 
 20 67 
 
 
 67 
 
 7 5498 
 
 35 86 
 
 30 2 
 
 28 31 
 
 24 53 
 
 2076 
 
 
 58 
 
 7.6157 
 
 36.17 
 
 3046 
 
 28 65 
 
 2475 
 
 2094 
 
 
 69 
 
 7 6811 
 
 36 53 
 
 30 72 
 
 28 8 
 
 24 96 
 
 21 14 
 
 
 60 
 
 7.7459 
 
 36 79 
 
 3098 
 
 2904 
 
 25 17 
 
 21 3 
 
 
 61 
 
 7 8102 
 
 37 09 
 
 31 24 
 
 29 28 
 
 55 38 
 
 21 47 
 
 
 62 
 63 
 64 
 65 
 
 7.874 
 7.9372 
 8 
 8.0622 
 
 37.4 
 37.7 
 38 
 38 29 
 
 31.49 
 31.74 
 32 
 32 24 
 
 29.52 
 29.76 
 30 
 3023 
 
 25.59 
 25.79 
 26 
 26 2 
 
 21.65 
 21.82 
 22 
 22 17 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 72 
 73 
 74 
 75 
 
 8.124 
 8.1853 
 8.2462 
 8.3066 
 8.3666 
 8.4261 
 8.4852 
 8.544 
 8.6023 
 8.6602 
 
 38.58 
 38.88 
 39.16 
 39.45 
 39.74 
 40.02 
 40.3 
 40.58 
 40.86 
 41.13 
 
 32.49 
 32.74 
 32.98 
 33.22 
 33.46 
 33.7 
 33.94 
 34.17 
 34.4 
 34.64 
 
 30.46 
 30.69 
 30.92 
 31.14 
 31.37 
 31.59 
 31.81 
 32.03 
 32.25 
 32.47 
 
 26.4 
 26.6 
 26.8 
 26.99 
 27.17 
 27.38 
 27.57 
 27.76 
 27.95 
 28.14 
 
 22.34 
 22.5 
 22.67 
 22.84 
 23 
 23.17 
 23.33 
 23.48 
 23.65 
 23.81 
 
 
 
120 
 
 ENGLISH TWIST TABLE. (Continued.) 
 
 Counts or 
 Numbers. 
 
 Square 
 Boot. 
 
 Frame 
 Warp Twist. 
 
 Extra Mule 
 Twist. 
 
 Mule Twist. 
 
 Filling 
 Twist. 
 
 Twist for 
 Doubling. 
 
 Hosiery 
 Yarn. 
 
 76 
 
 8.7177 
 
 41.4 
 
 34.87 
 
 32.69 
 
 28.33 
 
 23.97 
 
 
 77 
 
 8.7749 
 
 41.68 
 
 35.09 
 
 32.9 
 
 28.51 
 
 24.13 
 
 
 78 
 
 8.8317 
 
 41.95 
 
 35.82 
 
 33.17 
 
 28.6 
 
 24.28 
 
 
 79 
 
 8.8881 
 
 42.21 
 
 35.55 
 
 33.33 
 
 28.88 
 
 24.44 
 
 
 80 
 81 
 
 8.9442 
 9 
 
 42.48 
 42.75 
 
 35.77 
 36 
 
 33.54 
 33.75 
 
 29.06 
 29.25 
 
 24.59 
 24.75 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 9.0553 
 
 43.01 
 
 36.22 
 
 33.95 
 
 29.42 
 
 24.9 
 
 
 83 
 
 9.1104 
 
 43.26 
 
 36.44 
 
 34.16 
 
 29.6 
 
 25.05 
 
 
 84 
 
 9.1651 
 
 43.53 
 
 36.66 
 
 34.36 
 
 29.78 
 
 25.2 
 
 
 85 
 
 86 
 87 
 
 9.2195 
 9.2736 
 9.3273 
 
 43.79 
 44.04 
 44.3 
 
 36.87 
 37.09 
 37.28 
 
 34.57 
 34.77 
 34.97 
 
 29.96 
 30.13 
 30.31 
 
 25.35 
 25.5 
 25.65 
 
 
 
 88 
 89 
 90 
 91 
 
 9.3808 
 9.4339 
 9.4868 
 9.5393 
 
 44.55 
 44.81 
 45.06 
 45.31 
 
 37.52 
 37.73 
 37.94 
 38.15 
 
 35.17 
 35.37 
 35.47 
 
 35.77 
 
 30.48 
 30.66 
 30.83 
 31 
 
 25.79 
 25.94 
 26.08 
 26.23 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 9.6916 
 
 45.56 
 
 38.36 
 
 35.96 
 
 31.17 
 
 26.37 
 
 
 93 
 
 9.6436 
 
 45.8 
 
 38.57 
 
 36.16 
 
 31.34 
 
 2651 
 
 
 94 
 
 9.6953 
 
 46.05 
 
 38.78 
 
 36.35 
 
 31.5 
 
 26.66 
 
 
 95 
 
 9.7457 
 
 46.19 
 
 38.98 
 
 36.55 
 
 31.67 
 
 26 8 
 
 
 96 
 
 9.7979 
 
 46.54 
 
 39.19 
 
 36.74 
 
 31.84 
 
 26.94 
 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 9.8488 
 9.8994 
 
 46.78 
 47.02 
 
 39.39 
 3959 
 
 36.93 
 37.11 
 
 32 
 32.17 
 
 27.08 
 27 22 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 9.9498 
 
 47.26 
 
 39.79 
 
 37.31 
 
 32.36 
 
 27.36 
 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 47.5 
 
 40 
 
 37.5 
 
 32.5 
 
 27.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ROVING TWIST TABLE. 
 
 Showing twists per inch and the laps per inch on the bobbins, according to the size of 
 
 the roving. , 
 
 Hank 
 Boving. 
 
 Square 
 Boot. 
 
 Twist per 
 Inch. 
 
 Coils per 
 Inch on 
 Bobbin. 
 
 Hank 
 Boving. 
 
 Square 
 Boot. 
 
 Twist per 
 Inch. 
 
 Coils per 
 Inch on 
 Bobbin. 
 
 i 
 
 .7071 
 
 .848 
 
 6.576 
 
 2 
 
 1.4142 
 
 1.697 
 
 13.152 
 
 1 
 
 .791 
 
 .949 
 
 7.358 
 
 H 
 
 1.4577 
 
 1.749 
 
 13.556 
 
 1 
 
 .866 
 
 1.039 
 
 8.052 
 
 2i 
 
 1.6 
 
 .8 
 
 13.95 
 
 I 
 
 .9354 
 
 1.122 
 
 8.699 
 
 2 
 
 1.5411 
 
 .849 
 
 14.331 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1.2 
 
 9.3 
 
 2i 
 
 1.5811 
 
 .897 
 
 14.704 
 
 H 
 
 1.0606 
 
 1.272 
 
 9.863 
 
 2f 
 
 1.6201 
 
 .944 
 
 15.067 
 
 1* 
 
 1.118 
 
 1.341 
 
 10.397 
 
 2f 
 
 1.6583 
 
 .989 
 
 15.422 
 
 if 
 
 1.1726 
 
 1.407 
 
 10.805 
 
 21 
 
 1.6956 
 
 2.034 
 
 15.768 
 
 H 
 
 .2247 
 
 1.469 
 
 11.389 
 
 3 
 
 1.732 
 
 2.078 
 
 16.107 
 
 H 
 
 .2747 
 
 1.529 
 
 11.849 
 
 i 
 
 1.7677 
 
 2.121 
 
 16.439 
 
 l 
 
 .3228 
 
 1.587 
 
 12.302 
 
 3 
 
 L 1.8027 
 
 2.163 
 
 16.765 
 
 i* 
 
 .3688 
 
 1.643 
 
 12.734 
 
 *! 
 
 1.8371 
 
 2.204 
 
 17.086 
 
121 
 
 ROVING TWIST TABLE. (Continued.) 
 
 Hank 
 Boving. 
 
 Square 
 Boot. 
 
 Twist per 
 Inch. 
 
 Coils per 
 Inch on 
 Bobbin. 
 
 Hank 
 Roving. 
 
 Square 
 Boot. 
 
 Twist per 
 Inch. 
 
 Coils per 
 Inch on 
 Bobbin. 
 
 8* 
 
 1.8708 
 
 2.244 
 
 17.391 
 
 8* 
 
 2.9154 
 
 3.498 
 
 27.113 
 
 H 
 
 1.9034 
 
 2.284 
 
 17.701 
 
 
 2.9368 
 
 3.524 
 
 27.312 
 
 3f 
 
 1.9364 
 
 2.323 
 
 18.202 
 
 8f 
 
 2.958 
 
 3.549 
 
 27.509 
 
 
 1.9685 
 
 2.362 
 
 17.313 
 
 
 2.979 
 
 3.574 
 
 27.705 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2.4 
 
 18.6 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 3.6 
 
 27.9 
 
 H 
 
 2.031 
 
 2.437 
 
 18.886 
 
 H 
 
 3.0201 
 
 3.624 
 
 28.092 
 
 4* 
 
 2.0615 
 
 2.473 
 
 19.165 
 
 H 
 
 3.0413 
 
 3.649 
 
 28.284 
 
 4 
 
 2.0918 
 
 2.509 
 
 19.444 
 
 9f 
 
 3.0618 
 
 3.674 
 
 28.475 
 
 
 2.1213 
 
 2.545 
 
 19.723 
 
 
 3.0824 
 
 3.698 
 
 28.664 
 
 4 
 
 2.1505 
 
 2.58 
 
 20 
 
 9f 
 
 3.1024 
 
 3.722 
 
 28.852 
 
 4f 
 
 2.1794 
 
 2.615 
 
 20.268 
 
 91 
 
 3.1224 
 
 3.746 
 
 29.039 
 
 44 
 
 2.2078 
 
 2.649 
 
 20.533 
 
 94 
 
 3.1424 
 
 3.77 
 
 29.224 
 
 5 
 
 2.236 
 
 2.683 
 
 20.793 
 
 10 
 
 3.1622 
 
 3.794 
 
 29.409 
 
 6* 
 
 2.2638 
 
 2.716 
 
 21.053 
 
 10* 
 
 3.1815 
 
 3.817 
 
 29.582 
 
 6* 
 
 2.2912 
 
 2.749 
 
 21.308 
 
 10* 
 
 3.2015 
 
 3.841 
 
 29.774 
 
 5f 
 
 2.3184 
 
 2.782 
 
 21.561 
 
 10f 
 
 3.221 
 
 3.865 
 
 29.945 
 
 * 
 
 2.3452 
 
 2.814 
 
 21.81 
 
 10* 
 
 3.2403 
 
 3.888 
 
 30.135 
 
 
 2.3717 
 
 2.846 
 
 22.057 
 
 iot 
 
 3.2596 
 
 3.911 
 
 30.314 
 
 5f 
 
 2.3979 
 
 2.877 
 
 22.3 
 
 lOf 
 
 3.2788 
 
 3.934 
 
 30.492 
 
 
 2.4238 
 
 2.908 
 
 22.541 
 
 104 
 
 3.2975 
 
 3.957 
 
 30.663 
 
 6 
 
 2.4494 
 
 2.939 
 
 22.78 
 
 11 
 
 3.3166 
 
 3.979 
 
 80.834 
 
 6* 
 
 2.4748 
 
 2.969 
 
 23.009 
 
 11* 
 
 3.3354 
 
 4.002 
 
 31.016 
 
 6i 
 
 2.5 
 
 3 
 
 23.25 
 
 ni 
 
 3.3541 
 
 4.024 
 
 31.193 
 
 8f 
 
 2.5248 
 
 3.029 
 
 23.48 
 
 ill 
 
 3.3726 
 
 4.047 
 
 31.365 
 
 H 
 
 2.5495 
 
 3.059 
 
 23.71 
 
 tl* 
 
 3.3911 
 
 4.069 
 
 31.537 
 
 
 2.5739 
 
 3.088 
 
 23.938 
 
 
 3.4095 
 
 4.091 
 
 31.706 
 
 6f 
 
 2.598 
 
 3.117 
 
 24.161 
 
 nf 
 
 3.4278 
 
 4.113 
 
 31.878 
 
 64 
 
 2.622 
 
 3.146 
 
 24.384 
 
 
 3.446 
 
 4.135 
 
 32.047 
 
 7 
 
 2.6457 
 
 3.174 
 
 24.605 
 
 12 
 
 3.4641 
 
 4.156 
 
 32.216 
 
 7* 
 
 2.6692 
 
 3.203 
 
 24.823 
 
 12* 
 
 3.482 
 
 4.178 
 
 32.382 
 
 7* 
 
 2.6925 
 
 3.231 
 
 25.04 
 
 18* 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.2 
 
 32.55 
 
 Vf 
 
 2.7156 
 
 3.258 
 
 25.255 
 
 
 3.5176 
 
 4.221 
 
 32.716 
 
 
 2.7386 
 
 3.286 
 
 25.468 
 
 18* 
 
 3.5355 
 
 4.242 
 
 32.885 
 
 7f 
 
 2.7613 
 
 3.313 
 
 25.679 
 
 12f 
 
 3.5531 
 
 4.263 
 
 33.043 
 
 7f 
 
 2.7838 
 
 3.34 
 
 25.89 
 
 12f 
 
 3.5707 
 
 4.284 
 
 33.208 
 
 
 2.8062 
 
 3.367 
 
 26.107 
 
 
 3.5881 
 
 4.305 
 
 33.369 
 
 8 
 
 2.8284 
 
 3.394 
 
 26.304 
 
 13 
 
 3.6055 
 
 4.326 
 
 33.536 
 
 8* 
 
 2.8504 
 
 3.42 
 
 26.519 
 
 14 
 
 3.7416 
 
 4.489 
 
 34.797 
 
 8* 
 
 2.8722 
 
 3.446 
 
 26.712 
 
 15 
 
 3.8728 
 
 4.647 
 
 36.017 
 
 8* 
 
 2.8939 
 
 3.472 
 
 26.913 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
122 
 
 RULE BY WHICH TO FIND THE DRAFT OF ANY SPINNING MACHINE. 
 
 Write down the number of teeth in all the driving wheels and 
 multiply them together. Then write down the number of teeth in all 
 the wheels that are driven, and multiply them together in like man- 
 ner. If there is any difference in the diameter of the rollers, multiply 
 the least, or driver's product, by the diameter of the back roller, which 
 is also a driver, and the largest product, or that of the driven wheels, 
 by the diameter of the front roller, which is also driven. Divide the 
 sum of the driven wheels by that of the drivers, and the quotient will 
 be the draft of the machine. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Drivers. Driven 
 
 20 64 
 
 18 30 
 
 160 1920 
 
 20_ 8 
 
 360 2520 ) 15360 ( 6.1 draft of frame, nearly. 
 
 7 15120 
 
 2520 240 remainder = .1, nearly. 
 
 To FIND THE DRAFT ON A MULE. 
 
 Suppose the driving pinion on the front roller is 20 ; stud carrier, 
 74 ; change pinion attached to the carrier, 32 ; this drives the back 
 roller by a wheel of 68. The diameter of the front roller is one inch, 
 and that of the back roller seven eighths of an inch. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the change pinion, 32, by the front-roller pinion, 20, and 
 that product by 7, the diameter of the back roller being seven eighths 
 of an inch. Multiply the number of teeth in the stud carrier, 74, by 
 the number in the roller wheel, 68, and that product by 8, the diam- 
 eter of the front roller being eight eighths of an inch. Divide the 
 greater number by the less, and the quotient will be the draft of the 
 
 mule. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Drivers. Driven. 
 
 32 74 
 
 20_ _68 
 
 640 . 592 
 
 __7 diam. back roller. ' 444 
 
 4480 6032 
 
 8 diam. front roller. 
 4480 ) 40256 ( 9, Ans. 
 The draft is nearly 1 into 9. 40320 
 
123 
 
 RULE BY WHICH TO FIND THE NUMBER OF TWISTS PER INCH IN 
 
 THE YARN. 
 
 Multiply the number of revolutions of the front roller by its cir- 
 cumference, and divide the number of revolutions of the spindle per 
 minute by that product. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 91 revolutions of front roller per minute 
 3f inches circumference of roller. 
 273 
 13 
 
 Inches per minute, 286 ) 6000 ( 21 twists to 1 inch, nearly. 
 672 
 
 280 ' 
 286 
 
 To number the yarn produced from a given drawing or sliver : 
 Measure off a convenient number of yards of sliver ; multiply this 
 number by extent of drawing on roving and spinning heads ; then 
 multiply by 8-j- and divide by the weight, which will give the number 
 of yarn produced from the given sliver. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Take 2 yards of sliver weighing 20 grains ; 2 x 5, the draw on roving, =10 x 10, 
 
 833 3 
 the draw on spinning ; 100 x 8 = grains = the number, 41.6 
 
 To determine the number of hanks or decimal parts of hanks to 
 the pound, for carding ', drawing, stubbing, roving, and yarn, according 
 to a given number of yards reeled or measured : Multiply the number 
 of yards by 8-J and divide by their weight ; the quotient will be the 
 hanks or decimal parts of hanks required. 
 
 To determine what weight a given length of drawing, slubbing, 
 roving, or yarn should be to equal a given number of hanks or deci- 
 mal parts of hanks required: Multiply the given number of yards in 
 length by &J and divide by the number of hanks or decimal parts of 
 hanks required ; the quotient will be the weight of the given length 
 of drawing, roving, or yarn required. 
 
 To number the yarn produced by roving : Reel or measure off a 
 convenient number of yards of roving ; multiply this number by ex- 
 tent of drawing or spinning heads. This product multiplied by 8-J 
 and divided by its weight will give the number of yarn which would 
 be made from the roving. 
 
124 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 Suppose 5 yards of roving weigh 20 grains, then 6 x 10 drawing = 60 x 8 = 
 
 grains = 20.8, the number. 
 20 
 
 To change from one number to another on a mule or spinning 
 frame when the draft and roving have both to be altered: Multiply 
 the number of yarn, the yarn being spun, by the hank roving desired, 
 and that product by the number of teeth in the change pinion being 
 used ; divide the product thus obtained by the number of yarn de- 
 sired, multiplied by the hank roving being used. The quotient will 
 show the change pinion required. 
 
 To change from one number to another without changing the rov- 
 ing : Multiply the number of teeth in the change pinion in use by the 
 number of yarn being spun. The product, divided by the desired 
 number of yarn, will give the change pinion required. 
 
 For the above tables the writer is indebted to Messrs. George 
 Draper & Sons, of Hopedale, Mass. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 OP THE 
 
 COMMENCEMENT AND PEOGKESS 
 
 OP THE 
 
 COTTON MANUFACTURE IN THE 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 UP TO 
 
 1876. 
 
HISTOEIOAL 'SKETCH. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE history of cotton manufacturing in the United States is so in- 
 separably interwoven with that of its progress in Europe, its growth 
 has been so rapid, and its results have exercised such an enormous in- 
 fluence on our national welfare, that it is necessary and advisable, be- 
 fore attempting to describe it, to examine its history in England, 
 where machinery was first applied to this purpose, and note its prog- 
 ress up to the time when the first spindles were set in motion on this 
 side of the Atlantic ; and to do this I shall have occasion to quote 
 from the various works of Dr. Andrew Ure on the subject and from 
 Baines's " History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain." 
 
 The words " calico," " muslin," and " nankeen " bear testimony to 
 the Asiatic origin of the cotton fabrics bearing those names, which 
 had been imported into Europe long before any attempt was made 
 there to spin the fiber of which they were composed ; and any inquiry 
 into the origin or date of the cotton plant' and the fabrics produced 
 from it previous to the invention of machinery for the purpose may be 
 dismissed with a short notice as foreign to our subject. 
 
 The first record of the introduction of the cotton fiber into Eng- 
 land is in the year 1641, in a little treatise on trade, called " Treasure 
 of Train" c," by Lewis Roberts, in which he says : " The town of Man- 
 chester buys the linen yarn of the Irish in great quantity, and, weaving 
 it, returns the same again in linen into Ireland to sell. Neither does 
 her industry rest here, for they buy cotton wool in London that comes 
 from Cyprus and Smyrna, and work the same into fustians, vermil- 
 lions, and dimities, which they return to London, where they are sold ; 
 and from thence not seldom are sent into foreign parts, where the 
 first materials may be more easily had for that manufacture." 
 
 Were it not for the distinct reference to Cyprus and Smyrna, it 
 would be somewhat doubtful even here if cotton was really the article 
 
spun, as the word " cotton " seems to have been indifferently " used for 
 * coating ' in the English works of that day, and denoted a species of 
 woolen stuff made for that purpose." (Ure, " Origin and Progress of 
 Cotton Manufacture," vol. i., p. 30.) 
 
 Be this as it may, the amount of cotton used in England was com- 
 paratively trifling until the invention of Arkwright in 1768, and it 
 was only in 1774 that it was made lawful by act of Parliament to wear 
 fabrics composed wholly of cotton. Ure says that " the imports of 
 cotton wool from the end of the seventeenth century till the middle of 
 the eighteenth seem, however, to have remained in a stationary condi- 
 tion. In fact, the quantity was only 24,000 or 25,000 Ibs. less than 
 2,000,000 in each of the years 1697, 1701, and 1720. But in 1730 it 
 had fallen to a little more than 1,500,000, and in 1740 it was only 
 1,660,000. In 1750 it rose to about 3,000,000, and in 1764 it amounted 
 to nearly 4,000,000, betokening the auspicious noonday of the cotton 
 trade of England. The importation of cotton wool was greatly kept 
 in check by the large importation of East Indian cotton goods, which 
 continued with fluctuations during the whole of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury, with the exception of a short period toward its close, after the 
 application of the machinery of Arkwright to spin warp, and that of 
 Crompton to spin weft for muslin in general." Ure also says that 
 " almost all the cotton consumed in the British manufactures was ob- 
 tained from the West Indies and British Guiana prior to the year 
 1794, with the exception of a little from India and the Levant for the 
 fustian trades, and a still smaller quantity from the Brazils and the 
 Isle of Bourbon for the finer muslin yarns " ; and the supply for 1787 is 
 given by him as follows : 
 
 British West Indian 6,800,000 Ibs. 
 
 French and Spanish Colonies 6,000,000 
 
 Dutch " 1,700,000 
 
 Portuguese " 2,500,000 
 
 Isle of Bourbon 100,000 
 
 Smyrna and Turkey 5,700,000 
 
 22,800,000 " 
 
 And 26,000,000 Ibs. may be considered as the extreme till the appear- 
 ance in England of cotton from America, which happened, according 
 to Baines, in 1784, when " eight bags of cotton arrived at Liverpool 
 in a vessel from Savannah, and were seized by the customs authorities 
 on the ground that they could not possibly have been the produce of 
 the country whence they were exported." Leaving this matter of the 
 supply of cotton for a while, let us return to the history of its manu- 
 facture by machinery. 
 
The first successful patent for drawing cotton by means of rollers 
 revolving at different speeds, which is the whole basis of cotton spin- 
 ning, was granted to Richard Arkwright in 1769 ; and in 1771, in con- 
 nection with Samuel Need, a considerable manufacturing hosier of Not- 
 tingham, and Jedediah Strutt, of Derby, the inventor of the frame for 
 making ribbed stockings, he erected the first water spinning mill at 
 Cromford, on the Derwent River in Derbyshire, and in 1775 obtained 
 his second patent, which covered the whole train of operations in a 
 spinning factory. 
 
 After Arkwright had at great expense got his mills into successful 
 operation, there arose a number of claimants to different parts of his 
 invention, and it seems probable that crude attempts had been made 
 by other parties at various times, but unsuccessfully, to do that which 
 he succeeded in accomplishing. 
 
 At nearly the same time with Arkwright's invention of the "water- 
 frame," as it was called, the spinning jenny was patented by James 
 Hargreaves, differing in principle from Arkwright's process of rollers 
 by having a reciprocating motion and drawing out and twisting the 
 yarn at the same time by the motions of the carriage and spindles, 
 which were, however, separate in the jenny ; the spindles being sta- 
 tionary, and the carriage or draw-bar operated with the left hand, 
 regulating the delivery of the roving. 
 
 From the " water-twist-frame " of Arkwright and the " jenny " of 
 Hargreaves, in 1770, Samuel Crompton, of Bolton, constructed the 
 "mule" in 1776, which, however, did not come into general use until 
 about 1786, on the abrogation of Arkwright's patent, taking its name 
 of " mule " from its joint parentage. 
 
 About the same time an ingenious mechanic of Stockport con- 
 structed the " slubbing-billy," a combination of the jenny and the 
 mule, which was used for drawing out the loose " slab " or " slubbing " 
 of wool as delivered from the card, and giving it a partial twist, form- 
 ing a soft " roving," which was afterward spun into yarn. 
 
 In giving Arkwright the credit for the first successful patents for 
 machinery for cotton carding and spinning, it is not my intention to 
 ignore the claims of other parties who had previously made attempts 
 to accomplish the same object by very similar means, and I will there- 
 fore briefly mention them. According to Dr. Ure, a patent was 
 granted in 1738 to Lewis Paul, of Birmingham, for " spinning wool 
 and cotton by rollers," but evidence shows the real inventor to have 
 been John Wyatt, of the same town. 
 
 I quote from Ure as follows : "An interesting notice of Mr. Wy- 
 att's contrivances for spinning cotton was published by his son, Mr. 
 Charles Wyatt, in the * Repertory of Arts, Manufactures, and Agricul- 
 
ture ' for January, 1818, of which his brother, Mr. John Wyatt, was 
 then editor. The following extracts contain the substance of the 
 communication : 'In the year 1730 or thereabouts, living then at a vil- 
 lage near Litchfield, our respected father first conceived the project 
 and carried it into effect ; and in the year 1733, by a model of about 
 two feet square, in a small building near Sutton Coldfield, without a 
 single witness to the performance, was spun the first thread of cotton 
 ever produced without the intervention of the human fingers, he, the 
 inventor, to use his own words, " being all the time in a pleasing but 
 trembling suspense." The wool had been carded in the common way, 
 and was passed between two cylinders, whence the bobbins drew it by 
 means of the twist?" This certainly is not Arkwright's invention, 
 where the " sliver " of cotton is drawn between " pairs of rollers," de- 
 scribed by him in this manner in his patent, viz., " Four pairs of roll- 
 ers, the forms of which are drawn in the margin, which act by tooth 
 and pinion made of brass and steel nuts fixed in two iron plates. That 
 part of the roller which the cotton runs through is covered with wood, 
 the top roller with leather, and the bottom one fluted, which lets the 
 cotton, etc., through it ; by one pair of rollers moving quicker than the 
 other draws it finer for twisting, which is performed by the spindles." 
 
 The patent as granted to Paul also claims " a succession of other 
 rollers, cylinders, or cones, mpving proportionably faster than the 
 first r " but unfortunately adds a claim of such manifest absurdity i. e., 
 " Sometimes these successive rowlers, cylinders, or cones (but not the 
 first) have another rotation besides that which diminishes the thread, 
 viz., that they give it a small degree of twist betwixt each pair, by 
 means of the thread itself passing through the axis and center of 
 that rotation " as to utterly upset the whole claim. The last para- 
 graph of Paul's patent covers what Wyatt actually did, and what was 
 probably the whole of the invention, viz., " In some other cases only 
 the first pair of rowlers, cillinders, or cones are used, and then the 
 bobbyn, spole, or quill upon which the thread, yarn, or worsted is 
 spun is so contrived as to draw faster than the first rowlers, cillinders, 
 or cones give, and in such proportion as the first mass, rope, or sliver 
 is proposed to be diminished." 
 
 In 1748 a patent for carding machinery, in which is described the 
 cylinder card as first used by hand, was granted to Lewis Paul, and 
 consisted of a cylinder clothed with sheets or fillets, substantially as at 
 the present day. A concave card clothed in the same manner was ap- 
 plied to the under side, and after the cotton was sufficiently carded, by 
 turning the cylinder by hand, the casing was let down, and the cylin- 
 der stripped by hand, the rolls obtained in this manner from each 
 sheet being pieced together at the ends to form a continuous roving. 
 
In 1758 a second patent was issued to Paul, from which I quote : 
 " The several rowls or filaments so taken off (the flat cards) must be 
 connected into one entire roll, which being put between a pair of 
 rollers or cylinders, is by their turning round delivered to the nose of 
 a spindle, in such proportion to the thread made as is proper for the 
 particular occasion. From hence it is delivered to a bobbin, spole, or 
 quill which turns upon the spindle, and which gathers up the thread or 
 yarn as it is spun. The spindle is so contrived as to draw faster than 
 the rollers or cylinders give, in proportion to the length of thread or 
 yarn into which the matter to be spun is proposed to be drawn." 
 
 This covers the principal claims to priority of invention in carding 
 and spinning, although the invention of the feeder was claimed by 
 John Lees in 1772, and James Hargreaves, the inventor of the " jenny," 
 claimed the crank and comb fpr taking the cotton from the card. 
 Thomas Wood also in 1774 claimed to have obtained a perpetual or 
 endless carding by nailing the card fillet on spirally instead of longi- 
 tudinally ; but all these points are covered in Arkwright's patents of 
 1775. 
 
 The machinery of Paul and Wyatt proved a failure, and the mill at 
 Northampton, where it was erected, was dismantled and sold in 1764. 
 
 Arkwright's final success led to continual infringements on his pat- 
 ents, and in 1781 a law-suit was the consequence, in which he was 
 beaten on the score of obscurity and def ectiveness in his specifications, 
 and a second trial in 1785 confirmed the former decision, and threw 
 his inventions open to the public. 
 
 Although Arkwright's first machinery was moved by water power, 
 the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1769 the same year of 
 Arkwright's first patent proved of incalculable value to the new 
 manufacture, and in 1785 Messrs. Boulton and Watt erected the first 
 engine for cotton spinning at Papplewick in Nottinghamshire. In 
 1787 they erected one at Warrington, and three at Nottingham all 
 for hosiery yarns and in 1789 one was built for the calico trade of 
 Manchester. 
 
 This brings us properly to the end of this chapter and the date of 
 the introduction of the cotton manufacture into America, and it can 
 not better be closed than by the following quotation from Mr. Samuel 
 Batchelder, of Cambridge, to whom the writer is greatly indebted for 
 permission to copy from his valuable little history of the " Introduc- 
 tion of the Cotton Manufacture in the United States," as well as for 
 other information derived from his great experience in manufac- 
 turing : 
 
 " It is not always easy to decide to whom we ought to award the 
 merit of many inventions, which may have been the study of various 
 
6 
 
 ingenious mechanics for years without success ; and it happens in re- 
 lation to cotton machinery, as in other mechanical inventions, that 
 there are conflicting claims to all the most important improvements 
 after they are put in operation. Many may have been engaged for a 
 long time in unsuccessful attempts to accomplish the object, and 
 among them some who have been partially successful, but not so far 
 as to make their schemes of any practical utility. At length some 
 one with better advantages, or better workmanship, or by the applica- 
 tion of the same principles with more skill and better judgment, 
 builds a machine which goes into successful operation. In such a case 
 all the unsuccessful schemers rise up and say, * I tried that principle,' 
 or, ' I put that wheel in operation years ago ' ; and thus all those who 
 condemn themselves by having made the attempt without success, 
 come before the public and contend for the merit of the more fortu- 
 nate or more skillful mechanic who has brought the plans to perfec- 
 tion. Something of this kind probably occurred in relation to the 
 invention of Arkwright's spinning machinery. According to the evi- 
 dence on the trial in relation to his patent in 1785, it would appear 
 that Highs, who " (claimed to have) " invented the spinning jenny in 
 1763 or 1764, afterward made some experiments or attempts at spin- 
 ning with rollers, but without succeeding so far as to make it of any 
 practical use. It seems probable that Arkwright became acquainted 
 with the experiments of Highs, and was able, by combination with his 
 own plans, to mature the invention, and put it in successful operation. 
 This, as well as most other important improvements, is the result of 
 successive experiments and failures, until some one who becomes ac- 
 quainted with the unsuccessful schemes, and has the skill and good 
 judgment to remedy the defects, succeeds in perfecting the invention. 
 " In 1780 there were twenty water-frame factories, the property of 
 Mr. Arkwright, or of parties who had paid him for permission to use 
 his machinery ; and after his patent was made public in 1785, the 
 number increased so rapidly that in 1790 there were one hundred and 
 fifty cotton factories in England and Wales." 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 IN commencing the account of the progress of the cotton manufac- 
 ture in the United States, the writer must again acknowledge his in- 
 debtedness to Mr. Samuel Batchelder, of Cambridge, probably the 
 oldest living cotton manufacturer in the country ; * and to White's 
 " Memoirs of Samuel Slater," published in Philadelphia in 1836, for the 
 greater part of his material relating to the introduction of cotton ma- 
 chinery and the history of its manufacture previous to the foundation 
 of Waltham in 1813. The reader must bear in mind that the factories 
 spoken of so far in England, and which will be mentioned in this coun- 
 try up to the above-mentioned date, bear no comparison to the gigan- 
 tic structures which strike his eye in all our manufacturing cities and 
 villages to-day: no "Arctic" or "Baltic," "Atlantic "or "Pacific," 
 " Social " or " Harmony " Mills, taking in the cotton at one end, and 
 discharging some completed and beautiful fabric at the other, but 
 small mills of a few hundred or even one or two thousand spindles, 
 simply producing yarn, which was afterward woven by hand in the 
 country farm-houses for miles around into a great variety of coarse 
 " domestic " fabrics ; whence the name applied to the ordinary coarse 
 sheetings and shirtings made by machinery at the present day. 
 
 The first record to be found of any action in this country toward 
 introducing machinery for the manufacture of cotton is in the journals 
 of the Legislature of Massachusetts in 1786. I quote from Mr. 
 Batchelder : " On the 25th of October, 1786, Richard Cranch, of the 
 Senate, and Mr. Clarke and Mr. Bowdoin, of the House, were ap- 
 pointed * to view any new invented machines that are making within 
 this Commonwealth for the purpose of manufacturing sheep's and cot- 
 ton wool, and report what measures are proper for the Legislature to 
 take to encourage the same.' This committee reported that ( they had 
 examined those very curious and useful machines made by Robert and 
 Alexander Barr for the purpose of carding and spinning cotton.' And 
 
 * Since these pages were written, the death of Mr. Batchelder, at Cambridge, Mass., 
 in February, 1879, has closed a long, useful, and valuable life, at the advanced age of 
 over ninety-six years. 
 
8 
 
 in accordance with the further report of the committee, a resolve was 
 passed on the 16th of November, 1786, granting the sum of 200, 'to 
 enable . them to complete the said three machines, and also a roping 
 machine, and to construct such other machines as are necessary for the 
 purpose of carding, roping, and spinning of sheep's wool as well as of 
 cotton wool.' " 
 
 On the 8th of March, 1787, Messrs. Cranch, of the Senate, and 
 Clarke and Howard, of the House, were appointed a committee to ex- 
 amine the machines now nearly completed by Robert and Alexander 
 Barr, and also to examine and allow their account for the expense of 
 making them, and also to report to the next General Court what gra- 
 tuity should be allowed them " as a reward for their ingenuity, and an 
 encouragement for their public spirit in making them known to this 
 Commonwealth. " 
 
 " The report of this committee allowed their account to the sum of 
 189 12s., including the expense of transporting the machines to and 
 from Boston," from which it is to be inferred that they were exhibited 
 to the Legislature, and on May 2, 1787, a further resolve was passed, 
 discharging the Messrs. Barr from the advance of the 200 aforesaid, 
 and granting them six tickets in the land lottery established by an act 
 passed the 14th of November, 1786, as a proper reward. " And it is 
 further resolved, that the said machines be left under 'the care of the 
 Hon. Hugh Orr, Esq., until the further order of the General Court, 
 and that public notice be given for three weeks successively in 
 Adams and Nourse's Newspaper, that the said machines may be seen 
 and examined at the house of the Hon. Hugh Orr, Esq., in Bridge- 
 water, and that the manner of working them will be there explained 
 to those who may wish to be more particularly informed of their great 
 use and advantage in carrying on the woolen and cotton manufactures. 
 And the said Hon. Hugh Orr, Esq., is hereby requested to explain to 
 such citizens as may apply for the same the principles on which said 
 machines are constructed, and the advantages arising from their use, 
 both by verbal explanations and by letting them see the machines at 
 work. And it is further resolved, that the said Hon. Hugh Orr, Esq., 
 be, and he hereby is, permitted and allowed to make use of the said 
 machines during the whole time of his having the care of them, as 
 some recompense for his own time and trouble in shewing them and 
 explaining their use to the citizens of this commonwealth at large." 
 
 Mr. Batchelder quotes from Judge Mitchell's " History of Bridge- 
 water " the following notice of the above-mentioned Hugh Orr, Esq. : 
 " Hugh Orr was born at Lochwinnoch, in Scotland, January 2, 1715, 
 and came to America June 17, 1740, and settled at Bridgewater, 
 where he died December 6, 1798. He was engaged there before the 
 
9 
 
 Revolution in the manufacture of fire-arms, and at the commencement 
 of that war made the first cannon that were made in this country by 
 boring from the solid casting. He is said to have invited Robert and 
 Alexander Barr, both Scotchmen, brothers, in order to construct at his 
 works in East Bridgewater machinery for carding, roving, and spin- 
 ning cotton." 
 
 In the " Memoirs of Samuel Slater " is given in full the petition of 
 Thomas Somers, said to have been a midshipman in the English Navy, 
 which was presented to the Legislature of Massachusetts about the 
 same time, and set forth " That in the fall of the year 1785, the 
 tradesmen and manufacturers of Baltimore in Maryland, having formed 
 themselves into an association, in order to apply to the Legislature in 
 behalf of American manufactures, being stimulated thereto by a cir- 
 cular letter received from a committee of the tradesmen and manufac- 
 turers of the town of Boston : your petitioner, then residing at Balti- 
 more (having been formerly brought up to the cotton manufactory, 
 and willing to contribute what lay in his power to introduce said 
 manufacture in America), did at his own risk and expense go to Eng- 
 land in order to procure the machines for carding and spinning cotton. 
 That, after much difficulty, your petitioner found that he could only 
 take descriptions and models of said engines ; with which he returned 
 to Baltimore last summer. Soon after his arrival he found that they 
 were very dilatory about encouraging the matter, and with the advice 
 of some friends he resolved to try what might be done in Boston. 
 That, on his way to Boston, the sloop was driven ashore by the late 
 storms on Cape Cod, by which misfortune your petitioner lost almost 
 one half the small property he had to subsist on till he could get into 
 business. Your petitioner therefore humbly prays for such assistance 
 to begin the manufactory as shall seem most agreeable to your hon- 
 ors," etc., etc. "N. B. Your petitioner is perfect master of the weav- 
 ing in the speediest manner, and of adapting to advantage the different 
 kinds of yarn for Marseilles quilting, dimity, muslins plain, striped, or 
 checked, calico, cotton and linen jeans, jeanettes, handkerchiefs, 
 checks, drabs, and many other kinds in that line, and understands the 
 management of cotton, and how the spinning should be performed." 
 
 On the 8th of March, 1787, the Legislature of Massachusetts passed 
 a resolution appropriating 20 for the purpose of giving Somers " an 
 opportunity to give specimens of his ability to perfect the manufac- 
 tures, as set forth in his petition " ; to be deposited in the " hands of 
 Hon. Hugh Orr, who shall be a committee to superintend the applica- 
 tion of the same." 
 
 The same Somers afterward appears in connection with the factory 
 at Beverly, Mass., which was also projected in 1787 by Messrs. John 
 
10 
 
 Cabot and others, and which appears, according to Mr. Batchelder, to 
 have been the first one to produce yarn by machinery in the United 
 States, as it was undoubtedly in operation some time before 1789. 
 There seems to be no doubt that the machinery built at Bridgewater 
 was the first on the Arkwright plans, but it does not seem to have 
 been put in practical operation ; and the probability is that the spin- 
 ning at Beverly was done on the Hargreaves " Jenny." 
 
 Finding the construction of the machinery very difficult and ex- 
 pensive and the prospects discouraging, the proprietors applied to the 
 Legislature for aid, which was granted by the following resolve, 
 February 17, 1789 : " Be it resolved, That there be granted, and there 
 is hereby granted accordingly, and conveyed to John Cabot, Joshua 
 Fisher, Henry Higginson, Moses Brown, George Cabot, Andrew 
 Cabot, Israel Thorndike, Isaac Chapman, and Deborah Cabot, they 
 being members of the said corporation, the value of five hundred 
 pounds, lawful money in specie, to be paid in the eastern lands, the 
 property of this commonwealth," etc., the lands being assigned in dif- 
 ferent proportions, from one fortieth part to ten fortieths parts, to the 
 above named proprietors ; conditional, however, on the manufacture 
 within the next seven years of "a quantity of not less than 50,000 
 yards of cotton and linen piece goods, of a quality usually imported 
 into this commonwealth," of which a true record was to be kept and a 
 fair copy lodged in the office of the Secretary of State, verified by the 
 oath of at least two of the proprietors ; and failing which the lands 
 were to revert to the commonwealth, unless the said corporation should 
 pay to the Treasurer of the Commonwealth 500 in gold or silver 
 within eight years from the passage of the resolve. At the same ses- 
 sion of the Legislature an act was passed incorporating the aforesaid 
 parties, including Thomas Somers, as the "Beverly Manufacturing 
 Company," and authorizing them to hold personal property to the 
 amount of 80,000 and real estate to the amount of 10,000. 
 
 In June, 1790, the same parties presented another petition, signed 
 by John Cabot and Joshua Fisher, managers, representing " that they 
 had expended about 4,000, and that the present value of their stock 
 was not equal to 2,000, and that a further very considerable advance- 
 ment is absolutely necessary ; that the intended aid by a grant of land 
 made by a former Legislature has not in any degree answered the 
 purpose of it ; and pray that in lieu of that grant some real and ready 
 assistance may be afforded them." 
 
 " The petitioners state, as one of the public advantages to be de- 
 rived from the manufacture of cotton, that the raw material is pro- 
 cured from the West Indies, in exchange for fish, ' the most valuable 
 export in possession of the State.' They also mention the extraordi- 
 
11 
 
 nary cost of machines, intricate and difficult in their construction, 
 without any model in the country, and instance a carding machine 
 that cost $1,100." The Legislature voted them " a grant of 1,000, 
 to be raised in a lottery, on condition that they give bonds that the 
 money be actually appropriated in such a way as will most effectually 
 promote the manufacturing of cotton piece goods in this common- 
 wealth." Mr. Batchelder then quotes from Washington's diary as 
 follows : 
 
 " Friday, October 30, 1789. After passing Beverly two miles, we 
 came to a cotton manufactory, which seems to be carrying on with 
 spirit by the Cabots (principally). In this manufactory they have the 
 new invented carding and spinning machines. One of the first sup- 
 plies the work, and four of the latter, one of which spins 84 threads at 
 a time by one person. The cotton is prepared for these machines by 
 being first (lightly) drawn to a thread on the common wheel. There 
 is also another machine for doubling and twisting the thread for par- 
 ticular cloths ; this also does many at a time. For winding the cot- 
 ton from the spindles and preparing it for the warp there is a reel, 
 which expedites the work greatly." " A number of looms (15 or 16) 
 were at work with spring shuttles, which do more than double 
 work. In short, the whole seemed perfect and the cotton stuffs 
 which they turn out excellent of their kind warp and filling both 
 of cotton." 
 
 This factory was built of brick, and continued in operation for sev- 
 eral years, and was driven by horse-power, and appears to have been, 
 by the above extract, indisputably the earliest enterprise carried into 
 execution in this country. 
 
 A great deal of interest was also manifested in Philadelphia at the 
 same period on the subject of manufactures, and Tench Coxe, who 
 was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury under Hamilton, delivered an 
 address August 9, 1787, to an assembly of the friends of American 
 manufactures, convened for the purpose of establishing a " Society for 
 the Encouragement of the Useful Arts" 
 
 Mr. Samuel Wetherill, Jr., as chairman, signed a report of the 
 managers of the society in August, 1788, by which it appears that the 
 amount of cash received from the contributors on the 23d of August 
 was 1,327 10s. Qd. ; that they had purchased a quantity of flax, and 
 employed between two and three hundred women in spinning linen 
 yarn, and also engaged workmen to make a carding engine, and four 
 jennies, of 40, 44, 60, and 80 spindles, for spinning cotton ; that as 
 soon as the season would permit the house to be fitted up, they were 
 set to work, but, owing to various delays and obstructions thrown in 
 their way by foreign agents, it was the 12th of April, 1788, before they 
 
12 
 
 began to weave, and on the 23d of August, 1788, they had made 
 11,367 yards of various kinds of cotton and linen goods. 
 
 Mr. Wetherill had been engaged in manufacturing for some years, 
 as appears by his advertisement in the " Pennsylvania Gazette " of 
 April 3, 1782, of : 
 
 " Philadelphia Manufactures, suitable for every season of the year, 
 viz.: Jeans, Fustians, Everlastings, Coatings, etc., to be sold by the 
 subscriber at his dwelling-house and manufactory, in South Alley, be- 
 tween Market Street and Arch Street, and between Fifth and Sixth 
 Streets, on Hudson's Square. SAMUEL WETHERILL." 
 
 The manufacturers of Rhode Island were also turning their atten- 
 tion to the new machinery at this time, as will be seen by the follow- 
 ing account, furnished by William Anthony, which I copy from the 
 memoir of Slater : 
 
 " About the year 1788 Daniel Anthony, Andrew Dexter, and Lewis 
 Peck, all of Providence, entered into an agreement to make what was 
 then called ' homespun cloth.' The idea at first was to spin by hand, 
 and make jeans with linen warp and cotton filling, but, hearing that 
 Mr. Orr, of Bridge water, Mass., had imported some models of machin- 
 ery from England for the purpose of spinning cotton, it was agreed 
 that Daniel Anthony should go to Bridgewater and get a draught of 
 the model of said machine ; he, in company with John Reynolds, of 
 East Greenwich, who had been doing something in the manufacturing 
 of wool, went to Bridgewater and found the model of the machine 
 spoken of in possession of Mr. Orr, but not in operation. It was not 
 the intention of Mr. Orr to operate it, but he only kept it for the in- 
 spection of those who might have an inclination to take draughts. 
 The model of the machine was very imperfect, and was said to be 
 taken from one of the first built in England. A draught of the ma- 
 chine was accordingly taken, and laid aside after a while. They then 
 proceeded to build a machine of a different construction called a 
 jenny ; I understood that a model of this machine was brought from 
 England into Beverly, Mass., by a man of the name of Somers. This 
 jenny had 28 spindles ; the woodwork was built by Richard Anthony ; 
 the spindles and brasswork were made by Daniel Jackson, an ingenious 
 coppersmith of Providence. This jenny was finished in 1789. It was 
 first set up in a private house, and afterward removed to the market- 
 house chamber in Providence, and operated there. Joshua Lindly, of 
 Providence, was then engaged to build a carding machine, for carding 
 the cotton agreeably to the draught presented, also obtained from 
 Beverly. This machine was something similar to the one now used 
 
13 
 
 for carding wool, the cotton being taken off the machine in rolls, and 
 roped by hand ; after some delay this machine was finished. They 
 then proceeded to build a spinning frame after the draught obtained 
 at Bridgewater. This machine was something similar to the water 
 frame now in use, but very imperfect ; it consisted of 8 heads of 4 
 spindles each, being 32 spindles in all, and was operated by a crank 
 turned by hand. The first head was made by John Baily, an inge- 
 nious clock-maker of Pembroke, Mass. ; the other seven heads were 
 made by Daniel Jackson, of Providence. The woodwork was made 
 by Joshua Lindly. In 1788 Joseph Alexander and James McKennis, 
 natives of Scotland, arrived in Providence, both being weavers and 
 understanding the use of the fly-shuttle ; they were engaged to weave 
 corduroy, Mr. Alexander to weave a piece in Providence, and Mr. 
 McKennis went to East Greenwich to work there. A loom was ac- 
 cordingly built after the direction of Mr. Alexander, and put in opera- 
 tion in the market-house chamber ; this was the first fly-shuttle ever 
 used in Rhode Island. A piece of corduroy was then woven, the warp 
 being linen and the filling cotton, but, as there was no person to be 
 found who could cut the corduroy and raise the pile which makes the 
 ribs on the face of the cloth, and give it the finish, it was thought best 
 to abandon that kind of cloth. Mr. Alexander 'went to Philadelphia. 
 Mr. McKennis continued to work in Greenwich for some years. This 
 appears to be the beginning of the jenny-spinning in Rhode Island, 
 and undoubtedly originated with the above company. 
 
 " The spinning frame (the one attempted from the State's model), 
 after being tried some time in Providence, was carried to Pawtucket 
 and attached to a wheel propelled by water. The work of the ma- 
 chine was too laborious to be done by hand, and the machine was too 
 imperfect to be turned by water. Soon after this the machine was 
 sold to Mr. Moses Brown, of Providence, but, as all the carding and 
 roping was done by hand, it was very imperfect, and but little could 
 be done. This was the situation of cotton manufacturing in Rhode 
 Island when Mr. Samuel Slater arrived in this country ,- then all this 
 imperfect machinery was thrown aside, and machinery more perfect 
 built under his direction." 
 
 This statement is confirmed by Joseph Anthony, the son of the 
 Daniel Anthony above mentioned. The Mr. Moses Brown to whom the 
 water frame was sold was a partner of the firm of Almy & Brown, 
 who were about commencing the business of what was strictly cotton 
 manufacturing r , the yarn being spun and the cloth woven by manual 
 labor. 
 
 A statement of their production from the commencement, June 
 11, 1789, to January 1, 1791, shows : 
 
14 
 
 Corduroy 45 pieces, 1,090 yards, sold from 3s. 6d. to 4s. per yard. 
 
 Denims, royal ribs, etc 25 " 558 " " 3s. to 4s. " 
 
 Cottonets 13 " 825 " " 2s. &d. to 3s. " 
 
 Jeans 79 " 1,897 " " 2s. to 2s. 6c7. " 
 
 Fustians 26 " 687 " " Is. 8d. to 2s. 
 
 Total 189 4,556 
 
 With this summary of the progress of the cotton manufacture and 
 its condition in 1789, I will close this chapter, and in the next will 
 introduce Samuel Slater, whose arrival in the United States with the 
 necessary information marks the era of positive and decided progress. 
 
15 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE following brief account of himself, found among Mr. Slater's 
 papers, forms a fitting opening to this chapter : 
 
 " Samuel Slater was born in the town of Belper, in the county of 
 Derby, June 19, 1768. On June 28, 1782, being about fourteen years 
 of age, he went to live with Jedediah Strutt, Esq., in Milford, near 
 Belper (the inventor of the Derby ribbed stocking machine and several 
 years a partner of Sir Richard Arkwright in the spinning business), as 
 a clerk, who was then building a large factory at Milford, where said 
 Slater continued until August, 1789. During four or five of the last 
 years his time was solely devoted to the factory as general overseer, 
 both as respected making machinery and the manufacturing depart- 
 ment. On the first day of September, 1789, he took his departure 
 from Derbyshire for London, and on the 13th he sailed for New York, 
 where he arrived in November, after a passage of sixty-six days. He 
 left New York in January, 1790, for Providence, and there made an 
 arrangement with Messrs. Almy & Brown to commence preparation for 
 spinning cotton at Pawtucket. 
 
 " On the 18th day of the same month the venerable Moses Brown 
 took him out to Pawtucket, where he commenced making the machin- 
 ery, principally with his own hands, and on the 20th day of December 
 following he started three cards, drawing and roving, and 72 spindles, 
 which were worked by an old fulling-mill water-wheel in a clothier's 
 building, in which they continued spinning about twenty months ; at 
 the expiration of which time they had several thousand pounds of yarn 
 on hand, notwithstanding every exertion was made to weave it up and 
 sell it. Early in the year 1793 Almy, Brown & Slater built a small 
 factory in that village (known and called to this day the old factory), 
 in which they set in motion July 12 the preparation and 72 spindles, 
 and slowly added to that number as the sales of the yarn appeared 
 more promising, which induced said Slater to be concerned in erecting 
 a new mill, and to increase the machinery in the old mill." 
 
 Slater's motive for leaving England is said to have been his observ- 
 ing in a Philadelphia paper an advertisement of a reward offered by a 
 10 
 
16 
 
 society for a machine to make cotton rollers, etc. This convinced 
 him that there was an opportunity to turn his knowledge to account in 
 this country, and, fearing that the cotton business " would be overdone " 
 in England, he resolved to emigrate. As the laws of England prohib- 
 iting the exportation of machinery were very severe, he took no pat- 
 terns or drawings of any kind with him, trusting solely to his excel- 
 lent memory, and relying for an introduction on his indenture as an 
 apprentice to Jedediah Strutt. Landing in New York, he was intro- 
 duced to the " New York Manufacturing Company," and entered their 
 employment ; but, not liking the prospects which were opened to him, 
 and hearing through the captain of one of the Providence packets of 
 Moses Brown, he wrote to him, with the result above stated. The 
 old machinery, which, as has been related, Mr. Brown had purchased, 
 was first shown him, but condemned by him at once as unsatisfactory, 
 and he immediately commenced building a new set. 
 
 With the introduction of the improved machinery by Slater, the 
 manufacture of cotton in the United States may be said to have fairly 
 commenced, and some of the first yarn, said to have been as fine as 
 No. 40, with some of the first cloth made from the same warp, was 
 sent to the Secretary of the Treasury October 15, 1791. 
 
 He, however, found great difficulty in procuring proper mechanical 
 assistance to build the machinery from his instructions, and his great- 
 est perplexity was in making the cards, for which purpose he em- 
 ployed Pliny Earle, of Worcester, who had never before made machine 
 cards, but finally succeeded in accomplishing the desired result ; and 
 the demand for cards which was created by the success of the new 
 manufacture resulted in the invention of the card -setting machine by 
 Amos Whittemore, of Cambridge, in 1797, and its subsequent intro- 
 duction in England in 1799. This, however, must be considered as 
 only the second great American invention relating to the manufacture 
 of cotton, the first having been the cotton gin, which was the inven- 
 tion of Eli Whitney in 1793. 
 
 This leads us to the consideration of another branch of the subject, 
 viz., the adequate supply of the raw material in proper condition for 
 manufacture. 
 
 The First Provincial Congress in South Carolina, held in January, 
 1775, recommended to the inhabitants " to raise cotton," yet very little 
 practical attention was paid to their recommendation. A small quan- 
 tity only, was raised for domestic manufactures. Georgia took the 
 lead in this culture, and the introduction of the new machines and the 
 consequent demand greatly promoted it. We find in " Baines's History 
 of Cotton Manufacture " the export from the United States in 1791 
 given as 189,316 Ibs.; and in 1792 as 138,328 Ibs.; in 1793, 487,600 : 
 
17 
 
 and in 1794, after the invention of the gin, it rose to 1,601,700 Ibs., 
 and thenceforward the increase was constant and rapid. 
 
 Cotton had been produced for a long time in small quantities in 
 several of the Southern States, and the following extract from a pam- 
 phlet by Dr. G. Emerson, of Philadelphia, entitled " Cotton in the 
 Middle States," published in 1862, which I copy from Mr. Batchelder, 
 is worthy of introduction in this place : 
 
 "Long before the Southern States took up its regular culture, cot- 
 ton was raised on the eastern shore of Maryland, lower counties of 
 Delaware, and other places in the Middle States. As early as 1736, 
 and for some time after, it was chiefly regarded as an ornamental 
 plant, and confined to gardens ; but it soon became appreciated for its 
 useful qualities, and was brought under regular cultivation. This cul- 
 ture, though comparatively limited in those places, has never been 
 entirely abandoned up to the present day. I have myself seen many 
 families who came from Sussex County, Delaware, to reside in the 
 adjoining county of Kent, wearing clothes made of cotton of their own 
 raising, spinning, and weaving. The culture of cotton in this section 
 of our country gradually diminished, in consequence of the vast area 
 over which the plant was extended in more southern States. In com- 
 petition with these, our more northern farmers found they possessed 
 superior advantages for raising other field-crops, from which they 
 derived greater profits." 
 
 " Limited as has been the culture of cotton on the peninsula be- 
 tween the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, it has furnished a demon- 
 stration of the highest importance to our country. In proof of this it 
 may be stated that at the close of the Revolution a convention was 
 held at Annapolis, in 1786, to consider what means could be best re- 
 sorted to for the purpose of remedying the embarrassment of the coun- 
 try, then so much exhausted in its finances. 
 
 "The late President Madison, a member of this convention from 
 Virginia, there expressed it as his opinion, 'that, from the results of 
 cotton raising in Talbot County, Maryland, and numerous other 
 proofs furnished in Virginia, there was no reason to doubt that the 
 United States would one day become a great cotton-producing coun- 
 try ! ' It would hence appear that the first culture of cotton in the 
 United States worthy of notice was made in the peninsula between the 
 Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, from whence it crossed into Western 
 Maryland and Virginia, and so went southward." 
 
 It would, however, appear, as shown by the following letter, that 
 the first cotton received by Messrs. Slater & Brown was so imperfectly 
 cleaned as to be of small comparative value, and we find that, when 
 they first began to spin, they used Cayenne and Surinam cotton, but 
 
18 
 
 after a few years they began to mix about one third of Southern cot- 
 ton, and this yarn was designated as second quality and sold at a price 
 accordingly. 
 
 On the 19th of April, 1791, Moses Brown writes to the proprietors 
 of the Beverly factory as follows : 
 
 " I have for some time thought of addressing the Beverly manu- 
 facturers on the subject of an application to Congress for some encour- 
 agement to the cotton manufacture by an additional duty on the cot- 
 ton goods imported, and the applying such duty as a bounty, partly for 
 raising and saving cotton in the Southern States, of a quality and 
 cleanness suitable to be wrought by machines, and partly as a bounty 
 on cotton goods of the kind manufactured in the United States." 
 
 On the 15th of November, 1791, Mr. Brown writes to J. S. Dexter 
 on the same subject as follows : 
 
 "PROVIDENCE, November 15, 1791. 
 
 "When it is considered that cotton, the raw material, may be 
 raised in the United States, it shows that legislative attention should 
 be paid to this subject. The cotton raised at present in the Southern 
 States is as imperfect as our manufactured goods. This, I presume, 
 is owing to the promiscuous gathering and saving of the article from 
 the pods in which it grows, some of which, like fruit on a tree, are 
 fair and full grown, while others are not. In the picking of these, 
 and in taking the cotton out of the pods, care should be taken that it 
 be kept separate, and the thin membrane which lines the pod, and 
 sometimes conies off with the cotton, should be separated, and the 
 clean, full grown preserved to work on the machines ; the other will 
 answer to work by hand. But, as the cotton must be clean before it 
 works well on the card, the present production, in the mixed manner 
 in which it is brought to market, does not answer a good purpose. 
 The unripe, short, and dirty part, being enveloped with that which 
 would be good if separated properly at first, so spoils the whole as to 
 discourage the use of it in the machines, and obliges the manufacturer 
 to have his supply from the West Indies, under the charge of the im- 
 post, rather than work our own production a circumstance truly mor- 
 tifying to those who, from motives of promoting the produce and 
 manufactures of our own country, as well as from interest, have been 
 at much expense and trouble to promote so desirable an object. I 
 therefore beg leave to suggest the idea of some encouragement to the 
 raising and saving of cotton, clean and fit for the manufacturers." 
 
 The relief from these difficulties was soon provided by the ingenu- 
 ity of Eli Whitney. 
 
19 
 
 Born at Westboro, Worcester County, Mass., December 8, 1763, he 
 developed indications of mechanical genius at a very early age. When 
 twelve years old he "made a fiddle," in his sister's words, and after 
 that he was often employed to repair violins. By his own personal 
 exertions he prepared himself for Yale College, which he entered in 
 May, 1780, and through which he passed with little expense to his fa- 
 ther. On one occasion he repaired the philosophical apparatus belong- 
 ing to the college, to the great satisfaction of the Faculty. 
 
 Soon after taking his degree in the autumn of 1792, he formed an 
 engagement with a gentleman of Georgia to reside in his family as a 
 tutor, and on his way thither was so fortunate as to fall into the com- 
 pany of the widow of General Greene, who with her family was re- 
 turning to Savannah after spending a summer at the North. On 
 arriving in Georgia, he found that the gentleman who had engaged 
 him had employed another tutor, leaving him entirely without re- 
 sources or friends, except those he had made in the family of General 
 Greene. The interest he had excited in them, however, led to a kind 
 invitation from Mrs. Greene to make her house his home, and there 
 pursue his studies, which he accepted, and commenced the study of 
 law under* her hospitable roof. 
 
 Turning his mechanical ingenuity to account, he soon made for 
 Mrs. Greene a tambour frame ; and not long after this incident a 
 party of gentlemen, principally officers who had served under General 
 Greene in the Revolutionary war, came from Augusta and the upper 
 country on a visit to the family. 
 
 The conversation turned one day on the state of agriculture among 
 them, and great regret was expressed that there were no means of 
 cleaning the green-seed cotton or separating it from its seed, since all 
 the lands which were unsuitable for the culture of rice would yield 
 large crops of cotton. 
 
 During this conversation Mrs. Greene said, " Gentlemen, apply to 
 my young friend Mr. Whitney ; he can make anything." She then 
 led the company to another room, and showed them the tambour 
 frame which he had made, and also a number of toys which he had 
 made or repaired for the children, and then introduced them to Mr. 
 Whitney himself. 
 
 Mr. Whitney disclaimed all pretension to mechanical genius, and 
 said that he had never seen either cotton or cotton seed in his life ; 
 but a new turn was given to his views, and he went to Savannah, and 
 searched the warehouses and boats till he found a small parcel of cot- 
 ton in the seed. This he took home with him, and commenced his 
 experiments with such rude tools as he could find, even drawing his 
 own wire, of which the teeth of the first gins were composed. 
 
20 
 
 The ensuing winter saw the new machine completed, and Mrs. 
 Greene invited to her house a number of gentlemen from different 
 parts of the State to witness the new invention. They saw. with 
 astonishment and delight that more cotton could be separated from 
 the seed with it in one day, by the labor of a single hand, than could 
 be done in the former manner in many months. 
 
 Phineas Miller, Esq., a native of Connecticut and a graduate of 
 Yale College, who married the widow of General Greene, contributed 
 much to the success of the undertaking. He provided the funds to 
 carry out the enterprise, and the parties agreed to share the profits 
 and emoluments resulting by an instrument bearing date May 27, 
 1793. Immediately after this they commenced business under the 
 name of Miller & Whitney. On the 25th of June, 1793, Whitney 
 presented his petition for a patent to Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary 
 of State, and on the 20th of October in the same year he made oath to 
 his invention before the Notary Public of the city of New Haven. 
 
 Of his long and tedious struggles with the horde who grasped at 
 his invention, without any remuneration to him, of the almost endless 
 litigations and disappointments which followed, I have neither the 
 time nor the space to speak here ; it is sufficient for our present pur- 
 pose that the invention was made, the supply of the raw material to 
 the Northern manufacturers assured, to say nothing of the wants of 
 Europe, and the destiny of the Southern States of the Union fixed for 
 a century at least. Next on the roll of inventors to Arkwright, in 
 point of time as well as importance in the history of the cotton manu- 
 facture, stands Eli Whitney, the first American who is distinguished 
 in that connection. Next in order to Whitney comes Whittemore, 
 already mentioned, whose machine for setting card clothing is often 
 selected as an example of the perfection of mechanical automa- 
 tism. This was soon adopted by Pliny Earle, whose nephews still 
 carry on the business of making card clothing in Worcester, under 
 the firm name of Timothy K. Earle & Co. This closes the period of 
 distinct invention for the century, and, although many small modifica- 
 tions and improvements may have been made, we shall find little to 
 note except the growth of the now established business of " cotton 
 spinning " until the War of 1812, the introduction of the power loom, 
 and the building of the first mill at Waltham for combining all the 
 processes of making cloth under one roof. Meanwhile we will devote 
 another chapter to notices of the extension of the business, which was 
 very rapid, and which spread to various parts of the country during 
 the intervening period. 
 
21 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 IN 1798 Samuel Slater entered into partnership with Oziel Wilkin- 
 son, Timothy Green, and William Wilkinson, the two latter as well as 
 himself having married daughters of Oziel Wilkinson. He built the 
 second mill on the east side of Pawtucket River, called the "White 
 Mill," in what was then the town of Rehoboth, within the limits of 
 Massachusetts, and an act was passed by the Massachusetts Legisla- 
 ture in 1799 exempting the said mill, together with the materials and 
 stock, from taxation for seven years from April 1, 1800. 
 
 The firm was known as Samuel Slater & Co., he holding one half 
 the stock. 
 
 " Until this time " (according to Mr. Batchelder) " the business had 
 been confined to Slater and his associates, but soon after this it is stated 
 that several of his men who had become acquainted with the construc- 
 tion of his machinery left his employment, and commenced the erection 
 of mills for themselves or other parties. Mr. Benjamin S. Wolcott 
 was employed by Mr. Slater in the construction of his first mill. After 
 acquiring sufficient knowledge of the business, he united with Rufus 
 and Elisha Waterman for the purpose of erecting a cotton factory in 
 Cumberland about 1801. The machinery was afterward removed to 
 Central Falls, a short distance above Pawtucket, and a new company 
 formed, with the addition of Mr. Stephen Jenks. 
 
 Another of his workmen, by the name of Robbins, commenced a 
 mill in New Ipswich, which was put in operation in 1804 ; being the 
 first cotton mill built in New Hampshire. 
 
 B. S. Wolcott, Jr., was employed in one of the early mills at Paw- 
 tucket ; a second one, known as the " Yellow Mill," having been built 
 in 1805, under an act exempting it from all taxes for five years ; and 
 with the assistance of his father, in 1807 or 1808, built the first cotton 
 mill in Oneida County, New York, four miles west of Utica. 
 
 Some years later Mr. Wolcott, associated with Benjamin and Jo- 
 seph Marshall, formerly English merchants in New York, built the 
 "New York Mills." 
 
 Meanwhile the attention of other parts of the country was being 
 drawn to the subject, and the Society for the Establishment of Useful 
 
22 
 
 Manufactures in New Jersey was organized at New Brunswick, No- 
 vember 22, 1791. In May, 1792, the society selected the falls of the 
 Passaic as the site of their operations, and named their town Paterson 
 after the governor who signed their charter. At a meeting of the di- 
 rectors at the Godwin Hotel July 4th, they made appropriations for 
 building factories, machine-shops, and print-works, and a raceway was 
 directed to be made for bringing the water from above the falls to the 
 proposed mills. Unfortunately the direction of their water-power was 
 given to Major L'Enfant, a French engineer, and the same one who 
 laid out the city of Washington, and his gigantic schemes, reaching 
 from above the falls to tide- water, proved far beyond the means of the 
 company, so that in 1793 the business was put in charge of Peter 
 Colt, then Comptroller of the State of Connecticut, who completed the 
 raceways, abandoning the outlet to tidewater, and built a factory in 
 which they commenced spinning cotton yarn in 1794 ; and during the 
 years 1795 and '96 much yarn was spun, and several species of cotton 
 fabrics were made. But not succeeding financially, they resolved in 
 July, 1796, to discontinue the manufacture, and discharged the work- 
 men. This result was produced by a variety of causes. Nearly 
 50,000 had been lost by the failure of parties to certain bills of ex- 
 change purchased by the company to buy in England plain cloths for 
 printing ; large sums had been wasted by the engineers ; and the ma- 
 chinists and manufacturers imported were presumptuous, and ignorant 
 of many branches of the business they engaged to conduct. The cot- 
 ton mill of the company was subsequently leased to individuals, who 
 continued to spin candle-wicks and coarse yarn until 1807, when it was 
 accidentally burned, and was never rebuilt. 
 
 Between 1801 and 1814 several mill-seats were leased to other par- 
 ties, and in 1814 Mr. Roswell L. Colt purchased at a low price a large 
 proportion of the shares, and reanimated the association, since when 
 the growth of Paterson has been steady, though largely in other direc- 
 tions than that of cotton manufacturing. Still, much cotton t ma- 
 chinery and many valuable inventions have been produced there, and 
 we shall probably have occasion to refer to it again in due order. At 
 present Paterson is distinguished as the chief seat of the silk manufac- 
 ture of the United States, and contains several large and important 
 locomotive and machine works, as well as the different flax mills of the 
 Messrs. Barbour & Brothers. 
 
 William Pollard, of Philadelphia, obtained a patent for cotton 
 spinning December 30th, 1791, which was the first water-frame put in 
 motion in Pennsylvania. But whether he obtained his patterns direct 
 from England, or by the way of Pawtucket, is not certain ; and it is 
 doubtful if the machinery was capable of successful operation. At 
 
23 
 
 any rate, the enterprise failed, while Slater was making his greatest 
 profits, and its want of success is said to have retarded the progress of 
 cotton-spinning in Philadelphia. 
 
 In 1808 the Globe Factory, with a capital of $80,000, was estab- 
 lished in the " Northern Liberties " of Philadelphia by Dr. Redman 
 Coxe. 
 
 The Arkwright machinery was also introduced very early at Copps 
 Creek, Delaware, by Goodfellow, and also at Kirk Mill, near Wil- 
 mington. 
 
 In 1790 a person who had been engaged in the Beverly Factory 
 was employed to go to Norwich, Conn., to put in operation some cot- 
 ton machinery which was understood to be similar to that used at 
 Beverly. This machinery is supposed to have been imported by some 
 means from England. In 1794 another mill was built in the west part 
 of New Haven by John R. Livingston and David Dickson, of New 
 York. In 1807 this was converted into a woolen mill, and since into a 
 paper mill. In 1806 General Humphrey built a mill at Derby, Conn., 
 both for cotton and woolen ; and the same year a company was 
 formed, consisting of James, Christie, and William Rhodes, brothers, 
 of Pawtucket, Oziel Wilkinson and his five sons, viz., Abraham, Isaac, 
 David, Daniel, and Smith Wilkinson, and his two sons-in-law, Timo- 
 thy Green and William Wilkinson, with a capital of $60,000, five 
 twelfths of which was invested in real estate then known as Congers 
 Mills, on the Quinebaug River, and included about one thousand acres 
 of lands lying in the adjoining towns of Pomfret, Thompson, and 
 Killingly, in Connecticut. 
 
 In this year also (1806) Samuel Slater sent for his younger .brother 
 John, who came from England, bringing all the latest improvements 
 in the business, and joined with his brother and his partners in build- 
 ing a new establishment in Smithfield, R. I., now known as the village 
 of Slatersville. In June, 1806, John Slater took charge of the business 
 at this place, under the firm of Almy, Brown & Slaters, and com- 
 menced spinning in 1807, managing the business successfully for up- 
 ward of fifty years. Samuel Slater's business was now becoming very 
 profitable, and he was evidently accumulating property, although his 
 salary as superintendent of the two mills at Pawtucket was only 
 $1.50 per diem from each mill. 
 
 The second cotton mill in Massachusetts was built on Bass River, 
 in Beverly, in 1801, with six water-frames of seventy-two spindles 
 each. This machinery was built a,t Paterson, N. J., by a man named 
 Clark, who came to Beverly to put it in operation. This mill was un- 
 successful, from insufficient water-power and other causes, and contin- 
 ued in operation but two or three years. 
 
24 
 
 In 1805 the first factory established at Beverly, having sunk half 
 its capital, suspended operation. 
 
 The return of exports for this year shows of Sea Island cotton 
 8,787,659 Ibs., and of other kinds 29,602,428 Ibs., and the quantity 
 manufactured in the United States is said to have been 1,000 bales, or 
 300,000 Ibs., as bales then averaged. The prices of yarn at Pawtucket 
 were as follows : No. 12, 99 cents per lb.; No. 16, $1.15 per lb.; No. 
 20, $1.31 per lb. About this time the first regular cotton factory in 
 the State of New York was erected in Union Village, Washington 
 County, by William Mowry, who had learned the business at Paw- 
 tucket. 
 
 February 27, 1807, an exemption from taxes for five years was 
 granted by act of the Legislature of Massachusetts for a cotton mill 
 erected at Watertown by Seth Bemis and Jeduthan Faller, and June 
 20 of the same year a factory was incorporated at Fitchburg, Mass. ; 
 and March 12, 1808, the Norfolk Cotton Factory at Dedham was 
 incorporated. A small cotton factory was also established at Pitts- 
 burg, Pa., in 1807 ; and Mr. Zachariah Allen estimates the whole 
 number of cotton spindles in the United States to have been about 
 4,000. 
 
 The second cotton mill in New Hampshire was commenced upon 
 the same stream with the first one, the Souhegan River, at New Ips- 
 wich, in 1807, and put in operation in 1808 by Seth Nason, Isaac 
 Holton, and Samuel Batchelder, containing, like the first mill, about 
 500 spindles. In 1805 the Legislature of New Hampshire granted to 
 the proprietors of the first mill an exemption from taxes for five years, 
 and in 1808 the same to the proprietors of the second mill. 
 
 I here extract from u The Textile " the following from a letter 
 from Mr. Batchelder to the editor : " Six or seven years before the 
 commencement of weaving by the power loom at Waltham, I was the 
 owner, with two or three others, of the second cotton mill that was 
 built in New Hampshire, and in order to dispose of my part of the 
 product of the mill I undertook to manufacture yarn by the hand 
 loom into shirting, gingham, checks, and ticking. At that time al- 
 most every farmhouse in the country was furnished with a loom and 
 spinning wheels, for manufacturing the ordinary clothing of the fam- 
 ily, and most of the females were weavers or spinners, and were very 
 willing to undertake to weave such articles as I proposed, in order to 
 purchase calicoes and such other goods as they could not manufacture 
 themselves. 
 
 " Before the War of 1812 I made a contract with the other owners 
 of the mill to purchase the whole of the yarn produced by the mill 
 for several years, and extended the business of weaving so that at 
 
25 
 
 times I had about a hundred weavers in my employ not constantly 
 at work, but as they had leisure from other household employment. 
 They came from the neighboring towns for the distance of six or eight 
 miles for the yarn and to return the webs. The price for weaving the 
 different articles was from three to seven cents per yard. On the 
 power loom at the present time the cost would average about one 
 cent. I also at this time made an experiment of weaving on the hand 
 loom pillow-cases without seams, in the manner which was patented 
 many years afterward for weaving bags for grain, which has now be- 
 come an extensive business. I continued the business for several 
 years after the introduction of the power loom at Waltham, which 
 was confined to weaving plain sheetings and shirtings, while most of 
 the goods which I made were twilled or checks, such as were not 
 woven on the power loom, and consisted in part of dyed yarn of blue 
 and other colors. I paid at that time fifty cents per Ib. for dyeing a 
 fast indigo blue, such as would now cost only seven or eight cents. 
 
 " On looking back at my account books I find that I manufactured 
 more than fifty tons of cloth of various kinds by hand looms, which I 
 continued till 1825, when I went to Lowell to build the Hamilton 
 Mills, where I adopted the power looms for the purpose of weaving 
 twilled goods, such as I had formerly made on 'the hand loom. My 
 goods were mostly sold in Boston, after commission houses were 
 established for the sale of American goods. Mr. Nathan Appleton 
 states, in his ( Account of the Introduction of the Power Loom,' 
 that on his first bringing the Waltham sheetings to market (1815) 
 there was but one place in Boston where domestic goods were sold ; 
 and when, before the War of 1812, I first offered my hand-loom goods 
 for sale in Boston, and proposed to consign them to some dry-goods 
 merchants, I was told that it would be discreditable for them to under- 
 take the sale of American goods, and I had to consign them to retail 
 shops in Salem and other places at a limited price, paying a commis- 
 sion of ten per cent. At one time such was the demand for goods 
 that speculators came from Boston and cleared my shelves of goods at 
 the retail price. Ticking, such as would now be worth fifteen to 
 twenty cents, then sold for seventy-five cents a yard, and a better arti- 
 cle sold regularly for a dollar." 
 
 In December, 1808, the State of New Hampshire, by a general 
 law, granted exemption from taxation for five years to those who 
 should erect works for the manufacture of cotton, wool, salt, or glass, 
 and incorporated a cotton manufactory at Peterborough, and one at 
 Exeter. In 1809 were incorporated the second Peterborough cotton 
 factory and one in Chesterfield. In 1810 one was incorporated at 
 Milford, one at Swanzey, one at Pembroke, and one at Amoskeag 
 
26 
 
 Falls, being the nucleus from which has grown the present Amoskeag 
 Company ; in 1801, one at Walpole, one at Hillsborough, one at Mere- 
 dith, and a third at Peterborough. Most of these mills went into oper- 
 ation within about a year of the time of incorporation, so that at the 
 commencement of the War of 1812 there were probably fifteen cot- 
 ton mills in operation in New Hampshire, averaging not more than 
 five hundred spindles in each, or not more than six or seven thousand 
 in all. The first cotton mill in the State of Maine was built at Bruns- 
 wick in 1809, and soon after another was erected at Gardiner. 
 
 Tench Coxe, in his report of the census of 1810, gives the number 
 of cotton factories as follows : 
 
 New Hampshire 12 
 
 Massachusetts 64 
 
 Rhode Island 28 
 
 Connecticut 14 
 
 Vermont . . 1 
 
 New York 26 
 
 New Jersey 4 
 
 Pennsylvania 64 
 
 Delaware. . . 3 
 
 Maryland 11 
 
 Ohio 2 
 
 Kentucky 15 
 
 Tennessee ... 4 
 
 This, however, does not agree with other authorities. 
 
 Dr. Bishop, in his "History of American Manufactures," gives 
 eighty-seven mills, which he locates as follows : 
 
 Maine 1 
 
 New Hampshire 6 
 
 Massachusetts 15 
 
 Rhode Island... 25 
 
 Connecticut 6 
 
 Kentucky. 6 
 
 Vermont 4 
 
 New York 6 
 
 New Jersey 2 
 
 Pennsylvania 4 
 
 Delaware 2 
 
 Tennessee. . . 1 
 
 Maryland 5 
 
 Virginia 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Ohio. . 
 
 And of these, fourteen were horse mills. 
 
 "These eighty-seven mills were expected to employ a capital of 
 $4,800,000, and use 3,600,000 Ibs. of cotton, worth $720,000. They 
 would spin in 1811 2,880,000 Ibs. of yarn, worth $3,240,000, and em- 
 ploy 500 men and 3,500 women and children." 
 
 Mr. Batchelder says : " All the factories built before the war of 
 1812 were built after the plan first introduced by Slater, with very lit- 
 tle modification. His spinning was what was usually denominated the 
 water-frame, built in separate sections of eight spindles each ; but be- 
 fore 1808, when the second mill was built in New Hampshire, the 
 spinning-frame, called the < throstle,' had been introduced, and was 
 adopted in this mill." 
 
 The spread of manufactures, due to the restrictions on the importa- 
 tions of goods, and the consequent advance of prices, was now very 
 rapid, and in 1812 there were said to be nearly forty cotton mills in 
 Rhode Island, with about 30,000 spindles, and about thirty mills in 
 
27 
 
 Massachusetts, within thirty miles of Providence, with about 18,000 
 spindles, amounting in the whole to 48,000 spindles. 
 
 " The war with Great Britain in 1812 raised the price of goods to 
 such extravagant rates, and stimulated the building of cotton factories 
 to such a degree, that a list of the mills in and near Providence, in- 
 cluding a number in Massachusetts at the close of the war, makes the 
 number of mills ninety-six, and of spindles 65,264 ; being an average 
 of 680 spindles to a mill, eighteen of the whole number having less 
 than 300 spindles each, and the largest, that of Almy, Brown & Slater, 
 5,170 spindles." 
 
 This brings us to a new era, that of the power loom, and the intro- 
 duction of what was known as the " Waltham system," where all the 
 processes of manufacturing cloth were carried on under the same roof 
 and by the same management. 
 
 With the growth of the cotton manufacture there had as a neces- 
 sary consequence sprung up shops for building the machinery, and 
 skillful mechanics had been trained. Calico printed with engraved 
 rollers, and by machinery driven by water-power, was produced by 
 'Thorp, Siddall & Co., about six miles from Philadelphia, in October, 
 1810, and in the same year Alfred Jenks, a pupil and co-laborer with 
 Slater, commenced the manufacture of cotton machinery of every de- 
 scription at Holmesburg, near Philadelphia, afterward removing to 
 Bridesburg, where he engaged extensively in the construction of 
 looms. 
 
 The era of weaving by power now demands a new chapter, and 
 will bring a new set of inventors on the stage. 
 
28 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 IN the following pages I shall have occasion to quote frequently 
 from a pamphlet written by the Hon. Nathan Appleton, of Boston, 
 and printed in 1858 in Lowell by the " Proprietors of the Locks and 
 Canals on Merrimac River," as well as from the authorities previously 
 mentioned, commencing with the following summary of the most reli- 
 able facts in the history of the power loom as given by Mr. Batchel- 
 der : " The first attempt to weave by machinery was made by M. de 
 Gennes. His loom is described in the * Philosophical Transactions ' in 
 the year 1700. About 1765 a weaving factory driven by water was 
 built by Mr. Garside, of Manchester. It was furnished with l swivel 
 looms,' probably those invented by M. Vaucanson, and described in the 
 ' Encyclopedic Methodique.' It was worked for a considerable time, 
 but with no advantage, one man being required for each loom." 
 
 The prototype of the present loom, however, was the loom invented 
 by the Rev. Edmond Cartwright, an English clergyman, for which he 
 secured his first patent April, 1785. In his own words, " This being 
 done, I then condescended to see how other people wove, and you will 
 guess my astonishment when I compared their easy modes of operation 
 with mine. Availing myself, however, of what I then saw, I made a 
 loom, in its general principles, nearly as they are now made, but it was 
 not until the year 1787 that I completed my invention, when I took 
 out my last weaving patent, in August of that year." 
 
 A weaving factory was built at Doncaster, under Arkwright's li- 
 cense, by some of his friends, but was unsuccessful, and another estab- 
 lishment at Manchester, containing 500 looms, was built by Mr. Grim- 
 shaw in 1790, but was destroyed by a mob. The invention, however, 
 overcame all opposition, and at the time of Cartwright's death it was 
 estimated that power looms were performing the labor of 200,000 men. 
 
 Another loom was invented by a Mr. Austin, of Glasgow, in 1789, 
 and put in operation in 1798, but with what success is not known. 
 
 Patents were obtained for power looms by Robert Miller in 1796, 
 and by Toad, of Bolton, in 1803. Mr. Horrocks, of Stockport, took 
 patents for a power loom in 1803 and 1805, and for further improve- 
 
29 
 
 ments in 1815. This seems to have been the first really successful 
 loom, and has now become of general use, as the crank or " Scotch " 
 loom. Great difficulty was, however, experienced in preparing the 
 yarn so as to produce a warp which could be woven by power ; but 
 the desired result was attained by William Radcliffe, of Stockport, and 
 Thomas Johnson, of Bredbury, who in 1804 patented the " dressing- 
 machine," and also took out patents for improvements in the loom, 
 taking up the cloth as woven by the motion of the lathe. Horrocks 
 and Radcliffe, like nearly all inventors, failed financially, which re- 
 tarded the adoption of their inventions, so that in 1813 it was supposed 
 that not more than 100 dressing-machines and 2,400 looms were in 
 operation in Great Britain. Still these were enough to alarm the hand- 
 loom weavers, who, attributing to machinery the distress arising from 
 the American war and the " Orders in Council," broke all the looms set 
 up at Middleton, West Houghton, and other places. (Baines's " His- 
 tory of the Cotton Manufacture," etc.) 
 
 Mr. Batchelder says that a loom was built at Exeter, N". H., by T. 
 M. Murphy in 1806, and experimented with for three years, and ex- 
 periments were also made at Dorchester and Dedham, Mass., between 
 1806 and 1809, but were not sufficiently successful to take the place of 
 hand-weaving. 
 
 "In the year 1811," says Mr. Appleton, "I met my friend, Mr, 
 Francis C. Lowell, at Edinburgh, where he had been passing some 
 time with his family. We had frequent conversations on the subject 
 of the cotton manufacture, and he informed me that he had determined 
 before his return to America to visit Manchester for the purpose of 
 obtaining all possible information on the subject, with a view to the 
 introduction of the improved manufacture in the United States. I 
 urged him to do so, and promised him my cooperation. He returned 
 home, and in 1813 came to me on the Boston Exchange one day, with 
 Mr. Patrick T. Jackson, and stated that they had purchased a water- 
 power in Waltham (Bemis's paper-mill), and that they had obtained 
 an act of incorporation, and Mr. Jackson had agreed to give up all 
 other business, and take the management of the concern." Mr. Jack- 
 son was the brother-in-law of Mr. Lowell, and from a memoir of him 
 published in 1858 in Hunt's " Merchant's Magazine," by John A. Low- 
 ell, Esq., of Boston, I extract the following : 
 
 " Mr. Lowell had just returned to this country in 1812, after a long 
 visit to England and Scotland. While abroad he had conceived the 
 idea that the cotton manufacture, then almost monopolized by Great 
 Britain, might be advantageously prosecuted here. The use of ma- 
 chinery was daily superseding the former manual operations, and it 
 was known that power looms had recently been introduced, though the 
 
30 
 
 mode of constructing them had been kept secret. The cheapness of 
 labor and abundance of capital were advantages in favor of the Eng- 
 lish manufacturers ; they had skill and reputation. On the other 
 hand, they were burdened with the taxes of a prolonged war. We 
 could obtain the raw material cheaper, and had a great superiority in 
 the abundant water-power, then unemployed, in every part of New 
 England." " So confident was he in his calculations that he thought 
 he could in no way so effectually assist the fortunes of his relative, 
 Mr. Jackson, as by offering him a share in the enterprise." Mr. Jack- 
 son had been engaged in the Calcutta trade, which was prostrated by 
 the war, and gladly took hold of the new enterprise. 
 
 The difficulties were very great. The war precluded all communi- 
 cation with England. Neither books, designs, nor models could be 
 procured ; everything had, as it were, to be reinvented ; and the pow- 
 er loom was the first thing to be accomplished. " In England it had 
 been invented by a clergyman : why not here by a merchant ? " 
 
 After numerous trials, they succeeded in the autumn of 1812 in 
 producing a model which was so satisfactory that they engaged the 
 services of Mr. Paul Moody, of Amesbury, a well-known and skillful 
 mechanic, to aid in the construction of a mill for weaving cotton 
 cloth. The first project was for a weaving-mill exclusively, but it was 
 found that it would be more economical to spin the yarn than to buy 
 it, and they put up a mill with about 1,700 spindles, which was com- 
 pleted late in 1813. This was probably the first mill in the world that 
 combined all the operations for converting the raw cotton into finished 
 cloth. 
 
 Great difficulty was at first experienced at Waltham for the want 
 of a proper machine for preparing the warps. They procured from 
 England a drawing of Horrocks's dressing machine, which they altered 
 and very much improved, producing the " dresser," which has till re- 
 cently been of general use in this country. No plan, however, was 
 shown in this drawing for putting the yarn on the section beams, and 
 to supply this deficiency Mr. Moody invented the warper. 
 
 The " stop motion," to indicate the breaking of any of the threads 
 on the warper > was also invented at Waltham by Jacob Perkins, the 
 inventor of the present system of bank-note engraving on steel, and 
 other ingenious inventions. Other great improvements were made. 
 Mr. Appleton says : " The greatest improvement was in the ' double- 
 speeder.' The original fly frame or roving frame introduced from 
 England was without any fixed principle for regulating the changing 
 movements necessary in the process of filling a spool. Mr. Lowell 
 undertook to make the numerous mathematical calculations necessary 
 to give accuracy to these complicated movements, which occupied him 
 
31 
 
 constantly for more than a week. Mr. Moody carried them into effect 
 by constructing the machinery in conformity. Several trials at law 
 were afterward had about this patent, involving, among other ques- 
 tions, one whether a mathematical calculation could be the subject of 
 a patent." The last great improvements consisted in giving a more 
 slack twist to the yarn spun for filling on the throstle, and in spinning 
 it directly on the shuttle "quill" without the process of winding. 
 Mr. Lowell and Mr. Moody went to Taunton to purchase a filling- 
 winder, the patent of which was owned by Mr. Shepherd, of that 
 place, having previously tried one made by Mr. Stowell, of Worcester. 
 Mr. Lowell tried to get a reduction in price from Mr. Shepherd, which 
 he refused, telling them that " they must have the machines, as they 
 could not do without them," when Mr. Moody remarked that " he was 
 just thinking that he could spin the filling direct upon the bobbin." 
 Mr. Lowell, who perceived the practicability of doing this, dropped 
 the subject, and after some further conversation they took leave. On 
 their return, Mr. Lowell told Mr. Moody that he must accomplish the 
 plan he had suggested, and the invention of the " filling frame " was 
 the result. This has been of late years superseded to a great extent 
 by the mule ; but, since the recent improvements in ring-spinning, the 
 motions have been applied to the ring-frame, and it has been proved 
 that the coarser numbers of yarn, say below No. 20, can be spun 
 cheaper in this way than on the mule. 
 
 A similar jesting remark also led to the adoption of soapstone for 
 the rollers in the dressing-frame, instead of wood, which swelled and 
 warped so much with the moisture of the size that they would not 
 work properly. 
 
 Mr. Moody's brother suggested to him the use of a " soapstone " 
 mold in which to cast some " pewter " rollers. Mr. Moody took the 
 hint in a manner different from what was intended, and made the roll- 
 ers themselves of soapstone. 
 
 Mr. Lowell's loom was different in several particulars from the 
 English loom, the principal one being that the lathe was driven by an 
 eccentric cam instead of a crank, which has now been generally substi- 
 tuted for the cam motion, and some other improvements have been in- 
 troduced. 
 
 With the success of the new machinery, there was no difficulty 
 in raising the capital of $400,000 required to carry out the scheme 
 at Waltham. A charter, under the name of the Boston Manufac- 
 turing Company, was obtained, and the full water-power utilized, and 
 $200,000 additional were afterward raised for the purchase of the 
 adjoining property in Watertown. 
 
 With the mechanical success of Waltham, and the adoption of the 
 11 
 
32 
 
 new system, which long went by its name, came other great changes, 
 which were equally the result of the foresight and sagacity as well as 
 the philanthropy of Mr. Lowell ; and I can not better express them 
 than by the following quotation from the memoir of Mr. Jackson, 
 above referred to. 
 
 " It is not surprising that Mr. Lowell should have felt great satis- 
 faction at the result of his labors. In the establishment of the cotton 
 manufacture in its present form, he and his early colleagues have done 
 a service not only to New England, but to the whole country, which 
 perhaps will never be fully appreciated : not by the 'successful estab- 
 lishment of this branch of industry that would sooner or later have 
 been accomplished ; not by any of the present material results which 
 have flowed from it, great as they unquestionably are ; but by the in- 
 troduction of a system which has rendered our present manufacturing 
 population the wonder of the world. Elsewhere vice and poverty 
 have followed in the train of manufactures ; an indissoluble bond of 
 union seemed to exist between them. Philanthropists have prophesied 
 the like result here, and demagogues have reechoed the prediction. 
 These wise and patriotic men, the founders of Waltham, foresaw and 
 guarded against the evil. By the erection of boarding-houses at the 
 expense and under the control of the factory, putting at the head ma- 
 trons of tried character, and allowing no boarders to be received except 
 the female operatives of the mill; by stringent regulations for the 
 government of these houses by all these precautions they gained 
 the confidence of the rural population, who were now no longer afraid 
 to trust their daughters in a maunfacturing town. A supply was thus 
 obtained of respectable girls ; and these, from pride of character as 
 well as principle, have taken especial care to exclude all others. It 
 was soon found that an apprenticeship in a factory entailed no degra- 
 dation of character, and was no impediment to a reputable connection 
 in marriage. 
 
 " A factory-girl was no longer condemned to pursue that vocation 
 for life, and it soon came to be considered that a few years in a mill 
 were an honorable mode of securing a dower. The business could 
 thus be conducted without any permanent manufacturing population. 
 The operatives no longer form a separate caste, pursuing a sedentary 
 employment, from father to child, in the heated rooms of a factory, 
 but are recruited in a circulating current from the healthy and virtu- 
 ous population of the country. By these means, and a careful selec- 
 tion of men of principle and purity of life as agents and overseers, a 
 great moral good has been obtained. Another result has followed, 
 which, if foreseen, as no doubt it was, does great credit to the sagacity 
 of these remarkable men. The class of operatives employed in our 
 
33 
 
 mills has proved to be as superior in intelligence and efficiency to the 
 population elsewhere employed in manufactures as they are in morals. 
 They are selected from a more educated class, from among persons in 
 more easy circumstances, where the mental and physical powers have 
 met with fuller development. This connection between morals and in- 
 tellectual efficiency has never been sufficiently studied. The result is 
 certain, and may be destined in its consequences to decide the ques- 
 tion of our rivalry with England in the manufacture of cotton." 
 
 I have quoted thus at length from this memoir, written nearly 
 thirty years ago, because the ideas expressed in it seem to me to be 
 yet worthy of careful study ; although the special manufacturing pop- 
 ulation, which the founders of Waltham so much deprecated, is grow- 
 ing up among us, under the influence of competition, combined with 
 an enormous foreign immigration, and the growth of our manufactur- 
 ing towns, which have increased so as to form the homes of a perma- 
 nent population. Under the circumstances, the policy pursued by Mr. 
 Lowell and his associates was not only wise, but necessary. The wa- 
 ter-powers which it was proposed to use in developing the new indus- 
 try on a grand scale were literally "in the woods." Dwellings for the 
 operatives were to be constructed in these solitudes, and the operatives 
 to be procured. The latter were readily found in the surplus female 
 population scattered all over New England, many of whom had learned 
 to spin and weave on the hand-wheel or loom ; and philanthropy and 
 economy went hand in hand in the organization of the new system. 
 The church and factory were built together, and the school-house soon 
 followed. 
 
 From Waltham this mode of organization spread rapidly to the 
 northern district of New England Lowell, Saco, Dover, etc. which 
 will be noticed in due course ; but chronological order compels us to 
 return to Rhode Island and its vicinity ; and in this connection it is 
 but proper to say that Slater and his associates also established Sun- 
 day-schools, and took great interest in the moral welfare of their em- 
 ployees, though the permanent or family system was adopted by them 
 in the small way in which their mills were commenced as compared 
 with the scale of operations at Waltham and afterward at Lowell. 
 There were also other great points of difference between what we may 
 call the " Waltham " and the " Rhode Island " systems. At Waltham 
 the wages were paid in cash, no children were employed, and the oper- 
 atives were free to make their purchases at their discretion. In 
 Rhode Island the owners of the mills established a sort of " factory 
 store" from which the families were supplied with all that they 
 needed on credit, and but little cash was used in the daily transactions, 
 and the employees were kept in a sort of dependence on their employers. 
 
34 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 IN 1812 the first cotton mill in Fall River, then called Troy, was 
 erected at what was known as Globe Village by Colonel Joseph Dur- 
 fee and others, and was afterward converted into the Globe Print 
 Works in 1829, and was burned in December, 1838. In 1813 the 
 Troy Manufacturing Company was organized and built their first mill. 
 From that time until 1840 the growth of the place was slow, and in 
 the latter year there were 32,864 spindles where there are now over 
 1,200,000. I merely note its commencement here in due order. In 
 1814 manufacturing was again revived at Paterson, as noted by Mr. 
 Roswell L. Colt, the son of Mr. Peter Colt ; and it was estimated that 
 Essex County, N. J., contained in September of this year 32,500 spin- 
 dles. The second steam-engine in Providence, of 24 horse-power, was 
 erected in this year by Oliver Evans, for the Providence Dyeing, 
 Bleaching, and Calendering Company. 
 
 The Bellingham Cotton and Woolen Factory, on Charles River, 
 and the H^mpden Cotton Manufacturing Company, on Chicopee 
 River, at Ludlow, were incorporated by Massachusetts. The first 
 cotton mill in North Adams, Mass., was erected in 1811 and started 
 in 1812. The cotton was received here as it was picked in the cotton- 
 field. It was put out in families and picked and whipped, then sent 
 back to the mill and carded and spun into yarn. This yarn was 
 put out in the families by the company, and woven on hand looms 
 into blue and white striped cloth for pants, also another style for 
 women's dresses. The name of this company was "The Adams 
 North Village Cotton Factory Company." The Eagle Mill was 
 started in 1814, near the Eagle Mill of the Freeman Manufacturing 
 Company, and in 1819 the first power loom was started in that mill. 
 The first power loom on satinet was started by S. Burlingame in 1823. 
 The first cotton mill at Fishkill, N. Y., the commencement of the 
 Matteawan Manufacturing Company, was built by Messrs. Schenck & 
 Dowling, and the Lancaster Manufacturing Company, of Lancaster, 
 Penn., commenced operations, but failed in 1818. 
 
35 
 
 In 1815 William Gilmore came from Scotland to this country, 
 arriving in Boston in September. He was met in Boston by Mr. 
 Robert Rogerson, who knew that he had been employed in power- 
 loom weaving, and understood the construction of the looms and dress- 
 ing machinery, and who took him to Smithfield and introduced him to 
 John Slater. He proposed to Mr. Slater to build the machinery for 
 power-loom weaving, receiving nothing for his labor unless he suc- 
 ceeded in putting the looms in operation. But the prospects of busi- 
 ness were at that time so discouraging that parties were not willing to 
 enter into engagements, and he went to work as a machinist at Smith- 
 field, where he commenced paying rent October 21, 1815. Previous 
 to this time a machinist by the name of Blydenburg had been em- 
 ployed at the Lyman Mills, in North Providence, in the attempt to 
 build a power loom, but so far without success. Gilmore was em- 
 ployed, in the early part of 1816, to build twelve looms, and also 
 machinery for warping and dressing, from the plans and drawings 
 which he had brought with him, which he accomplished to the satis- 
 faction of his employer, and they were put in operation early in 
 1817. 
 
 For the compensation of ten dollars he allowed Messrs. David 
 Wilkinson & Co. the use of his patterns for building twelve other 
 looms ; and they got their looms in operation nearly as soon as those 
 built by Gilmore. This was the first introduction of the crank loom 
 in this country ; and, to manifest their gratitude for the services ren- 
 dered by Mr. Gilmore, the manufacturers subscribed to raise a fund of 
 $1,500, and one of the subscribers to this fund refers to his receipt for 
 payment of his subscription, which he has preserved, dated May 31, 
 1817, thus showing the time when the crank loom was put in opera- 
 tion in this country. 
 
 Mule spinning having been introduced in Rhode Island, the build- 
 ing of the power loom, as noted, completed the manufacturing system 
 of that State within about three years after the power loom was built 
 at Waltham. 
 
 In order to avoid the use of the patented machinery used at Wal- 
 tham, the Rhode Island mills adopted the crank loom, and introduced 
 various roving frames copied from English models, among them, at a 
 later date, the tube speeder, invented by George Danforth, of Massa- 
 chusetts, and otherwise known as the " Taunton speeder." This was 
 also introduced to a considerable extent in Great Britain in 1825. 
 Another form of roving frame was known as the " Brown " speeder, 
 patented in 1821 by John Brown, of Providence. But the two sys- 
 tems differed essentially in the fact that the Rhode Island district 
 adopted the " live " spindle, the Waltham and Northern district the 
 
36 
 
 " dead " one ; the first, the mule, Scotch dresser, and crank loom ; the 
 other, the filling frame, Waltham dresser, and cam loom. 
 
 An important addition to the loom was made in 1816 by the inven- 
 tion of the " rotary temple " by Ira Draper, of Weston, which was 
 introduced in this country many years before it was adopted in Eng- 
 land, where they clung for a long time to the use of the old hand 
 " temple," for keeping the cloth extended after leaving the reed. This 
 temple was afterward improved by his son, George Draper, who car- 
 ries on the only manufactory of temples in the United States, and to 
 whom we shall again have occasion to refer in connection with other 
 valuable inventions. 
 
 Cotton machinery as perfect as any in existence was now fairly 
 introduced into America, and during the war the number of spindles 
 in New England had increased to over 120,000. A statement com- 
 piled by Samuel Green, of Woonsocket, which I copy from Mr. Batch- 
 elder, and which was made for " The Rhode Island Society for the 
 Encouragement of Domestic Industry," gives the statistics as follows 
 in 1815 : 
 
 Rhode Island 99 mills, 68,142 spindles. 
 
 Massachusetts 52 " 34,468 
 
 Connecticut.. 14 " 11,700 
 
 165 119,310 
 
 This says nothing about Maine or New Hampshire. 
 
 I also copy the following table from a report of the Committee on 
 Manufactures to Congress in 1815 : 
 
 Capital $40,000,000 
 
 Males employed, of the age of seventeen and upward 10,000 
 
 Boys under seventeen 25,000 
 
 Women and female children 66,000 
 
 Wages of 100,000, average $1.50 per week $7,800,000 
 
 Cotton manufactured, 90,000 bales, or Ibs = 27,000,000 
 
 No. yards cloth 81,000,000 
 
 Cost, averaging 30 cents per yard $24,300,000 
 
 The close of the war in 1815, and the consequent enormous increase 
 of importations, threatened ruin to this newly born and imperfectly 
 developed interest, and in 1816, after a long struggle, the tariff act of 
 that year was passed, recognizing the principle of "protection to 
 American industry." A duty of 25 per cent, ad valorem was levied 
 on all cotton cloths, and the minimum valuation at the port of expor- 
 
37 
 
 tation was fixed at 25 cents per square yard, thus amounting to a spe- 
 cific duty of 6J cents per square yard. This rate was to be leviable 
 for three years, after which it was to be reduced to 20 per cent, ad 
 valorem, and the same rates were to be applied to cotton twist, yarn, 
 or thread, unbleached costing less than 60 cents per lb., and bleached 
 or colored less than 75 cents per lb. 
 
 With the help of this protection by Government, and the introduc- 
 tion at the same time of the power loom, the cotton manufacture be- 
 came established as a national industry, and has continued to thrive, 
 though subject to great fluctuations, from the uncertain and varying 
 policy of Congress in regard to the tariff on imported goods. 
 
 Mr. Appleton says : " By degrees the manufacturers woke up to 
 the fact that the power loom was an instrument which changed the 
 whole character of the manufacture, and that, by adopting the other 
 improvements which had been made in machinery, the tariff of 1816 
 was sufficiently protective." 
 
 The Legislature of New Jersey in 1815 abolished the tax on spin- 
 dles employed in the cotton manufacture. Twelve hundred spindles 
 are said to have been in operation in Cincinnati this year. There 
 was one manufactory of fustians and cotton velvets at Hudson, N. Y., 
 and one about to be started at Frankfort, Penn: 
 
 In 1816, Mr. Seth Bemis, of Watertown, Mass., applied the power 
 loom to the manufacture of cotton duck, which he had commenced 
 with the hand loom in 1809, and which was made from Sea Island 
 cotton, costing then from 20 to 25 cents per lb. ; and in this year 
 also Jephtha Wilkinson, of Otsego, N. Y., patented a machine for 
 making loom reeds. In 1817 " societies for promoting American 
 manufactures " were formed in a number of the States. In 1818 the 
 first cotton factory in North Carolina was established at the Falls of 
 Far River, in Edgecombe County, and was followed by another near 
 Lincolnton, on the Catawba, in 1822. " In 1819 the first cotton mill 
 in Manayunk, Philadelphia, was built by Captain John Towers, and 
 afterward passed into the hands of Joseph Ripka, to whose enter- 
 prise the growth of that place is principally due." (Bishop, vol. ii., 
 p. 253.) 
 
 During these years, 1817-'20, the cotton manufacture had, how- 
 ever, been in a declining condition, and urgent and incessant endeavors 
 had been made to secure further legislation by Congress, but without 
 success. The report of a committee of that body, based on the census 
 of 1820, shows the pounds of cotton actually spun in that year to have 
 been 9,945,609, being a decrease of 63 per cent, on the amount con- 
 sumed in 1815, .and distributed as follows : 
 
38 
 
 
 No. Spindles. 
 
 Lbs. Cotton spun. 
 
 Maine 
 
 3070 
 
 56 500 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 13,012 
 
 412 100 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 30 304 
 
 1 611 796 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 63372 
 
 1 914 220 
 
 Connecticut . . . . 
 
 29 826 
 
 897 335 
 
 Vermont 
 
 3 278 
 
 117 250 
 
 New York 
 
 33,160 
 
 1 412 495 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 18 124 
 
 648 600 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 13 776 
 
 1 062 753 
 
 Delaware ... . . . 
 
 11 784 
 
 423 800 
 
 Maryland . .. 
 
 20245 
 
 849 000 
 
 Virginia 
 
 
 3 000 
 
 
 288 
 
 18000 
 
 South Carolina ... ... 
 
 588 
 
 46 449 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 8097 
 
 360 951 
 
 Ohio.. 
 
 1,680 
 
 81 360 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 250572 
 
 9 945 609 
 
 
 
 
 In 1821 the cotton crop of the United States had increased to 
 180000,000 Ibs., of which 124,000,000 Ibs. were exported. Secretary 
 Woodbury estimated the amount consumed in the United States to 
 have been 20,000,000 Ibs., which, compared with the census returns 
 just quoted, leaves about 10,000,000 Ibs. to have been manufactured 
 by hand labor. 
 
 Despite this general prostration of the manufacturing interest, 
 arising from a variety of causes, into which I have neither space nor 
 time to inquire, the factory at Waltham, which was the largest one in 
 the country, had been uniformly successful, whether from its size and 
 ample capital, or its more perfect organization and the great business 
 talent of its owners, is not for me to say ; and is said to have paid 
 twelve per cent, annually during this period of depression, and its princi- 
 pal owners, Messrs. Jackson & Appleton, began inquiries in 1821 for a 
 water privilege where they could commence the manufacture and 
 printing of calicoes on a large scale. And to the result of their search 
 and the foundation of Lowell I will devote another chapter, having 
 in this given all the statistics which I can procure of the progress of 
 the manufacture up to this time. 
 
39 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE year 1821 is a memorable one in the annals of American man- 
 ufactures as witnessing the inception of a larger enterprise than had 
 yet been attempted, and which, in view of its full results, may be fair- 
 ly termed " gigantic " the foundation of the city of Lowell. Mr. 
 Nathan Appleton says : " I was of opinion that the time had arrived 
 when the manufacture and printing of calicoes might be successfully 
 introduced into this country. In this opinion Mr. Jackson coincided, 
 and we set about discovering a suitable water-power. At the sugges- 
 tion of Mr. Charles H. Atherton, of Amherst, N. H., we met him at a 
 fall of the Souhegan River, a few miles from its entrance into the 
 Merrimac ; but the power was insufficient for our purpose. This was 
 in September, 1821. In returning we passed the Nashua River, with- 
 out being aware of the existence of the fall which has since been made 
 the source of so much power by the Nashua Company. Soon after 
 our return, I was at Waltham. one day, when I was informed that Mr. 
 Moody had lately been at Salisbury, when Mr. Ezra Worthen, his for- 
 mer partner, said to him, ' I hear that Messrs. Jackson & Appleton are 
 looking out for water-power. Why don't they buy up the Pawtucket 
 Canal? That would give them the whole power of the Merrimac, 
 with a fall of over thirty feet.' On the strength of this, Mr. Moody 
 had returned to Waltham by that route, and was satisfied of the ex- 
 tent of the power which might thus be obtained, and Mr. Jackson was 
 making inquiries on the subject." 
 
 Mr. Jackson a day or two after called on Mr. Appleton and ex- 
 plained his plans, which were carried out by associating with them- 
 selves Mr. Kirk Boott, a merchant of Boston who had been educated 
 in England, and had some knowledge of engineering, and who was de- 
 sirous of engaging in the active management of the enterprise. Mr. 
 Thomas M. Clark, of Newburyport (the father of the present Bishop 
 of Rhode Island, and the agent of the Pawtucket Canal Company), 
 was employed by these gentlemen jointly to buy up all the lands 
 about the falls and canal, and such shares of the Canal Company as 
 were within his reach ; while Mr. Henry M. Andrews was employed 
 
40 
 
 to purchase all the shares owned in Boston. All this was done very 
 quietly in order to prevent attempts at extortion or speculation ; and 
 in November, 1821, Messrs. Jackson, Appleton, Boott, Dutton, and 
 Moody visited the spot. Formal articles of association were then 
 drawn up, bearing date December 1, 1821, and in 1822 the Merrimac 
 Manufacturing Company was incorporated, on the 5th of February. 
 On the 27th of February the first meeting of stockholders took place, 
 and a board of directors was chosen, to whom was transferred the 
 property which had been purchased, and for which had been paid, viz., 
 for lands, $18,339, and for 339 canal shares, $30,217. The Pawtucket 
 canal had been originally built to facilitate the navigation of the Mer- 
 rimac River, and its enlargement and the renewal of the locks was 
 the first thing to be done. This was commenced in 1822, and com- 
 pleted in 1823 at a cost of $120,000, and was estimated to furnish 
 fifty "mill-powers." This term of "mill-power," or "mill-privilege," 
 used in Lowell, Lawrence, and all the northeastern district, is derived 
 as follows : " The second mill built at Waltham contained 3,584 spin- 
 dles, with all the apparatus necessary to spin No. 14 yarn, and convert 
 it into cloth, which was taken as a standard, and the necessary water- 
 power was estimated and established as the right to draw twenty-five 
 cubic feet per second on a fall of thirty feet, or a gross horse-power of 
 85.05, supposed to net about 60 horse-power. The price for this was 
 fixed at Lowell at $4 per spindle, or $14,336 for a mill-power and the 
 necessary land, of which $5,000 were to remain unpaid, subject to an 
 annual rent of $300, or $5 per horse-power." This quantity of water, 
 or its equivalent, according to the height of the fall used, has been 
 ever since adopted as the standard in the towns which have followed 
 Lowell, and the water rent has also been substantially the same. An 
 arrangement was made with the Waltham company to equalize the inter- 
 est of the stockholders in both companies, by mutual transfers at rates 
 agreed on, and to pay the Waltham company $75,000 for all their pat- 
 terns and pattern-rights, and the release of Mr. Moody from their ser- 
 vice, as he was indispensable to the new company. 
 
 Houses for Mr. Boott, Mr. Moody, and the operatives were built, 
 as well as the first Merrimac Mill, and a church, and the first water- 
 wheel was started September 1, 1823. Mr. Worthen was the first su- 
 perintendent of the mills, and Mr. Moody moved from Waltham, and 
 took charge of the machine-shop. Print-works were also commenced 
 in 1823, and at the same time were begun by the Dover Manufacturing 
 Company at Dover, N. H., and also at Taunton, Mass. The Great 
 Falls Manufacturing Company, at Somers worth, N. H., was also incor- 
 porated this year, as well as the Newmarket Manufacturing Company 
 at Newmarket, N. H. Mr. Worthen, who was a man of great mechan- 
 
41 
 
 ical skill and ingenuity, died very suddenly in 1824, deeply regretted 
 by all with whom he had been connected, and was succeeded by War- 
 ren Colburn, the mathematician. 
 
 " The original capital of $600,000 was increased to $1,200,000 in 
 1823, and in October, 1824, a new subscription of 600 shares was 
 voted, and a committee appointed to consider the expediency of or- 
 ganizing the Canal company by selling them all the land and water- 
 power not required by the Merrimac Manufacturing Company. This 
 committee reported on the 28th of February, 1825, in favor of the 
 measure, which was adopted, and at the same time a subscription was 
 opened by which 1,200 shares in the locks and canals were allotted to 
 the holders of that number of shares in the Merrimac Company, share 
 for share." 
 
 In 1821 Mr. Paul Moody had taken out patents for improvements 
 in spinning-frames, and two patents for roving-frames ; one of them 
 being the " double-speeder." These and other improvements were in- 
 troduced into the new factories with great advantage. The business 
 of printing calicoes was entirely new in this country, and required some 
 time to establish in a satisfactory manner. The print works of the 
 Merrimac Company were at first placed under the charge of Mr. Allen 
 Pollock, but in 1826 Mr. John D. Prince, of Manchester, England, was 
 induced to come out to this country and take the charge of them, 
 bringing with him from England the knowledge of the art of printing 
 by engraved copper cylinders, by machinery, then just introduced 
 there by Robert Peel, and which was taking the place of the old 
 method of printing by hand with wooden blocks. Dr. Samuel L. 
 Dana, of Waltham, the distinguished chemist, was also engaged by 
 the company ; and by the joint skill and talent of Messrs. Boott, 
 Prince, and Dana the success and reputation of the Merrimac Com- 
 pany were established. 
 
 The first mills built by them were about 150 feet long by 45 wide, 
 and five stories high, containing about 6,000 spindles each, with the 
 necessary preparation and looms, and of these there were five, making 
 about 30,000 spindles, which was their full complement for some 
 twenty years. Two of the original mills have been destroyed by fire, 
 and the others torn down and rebuilt on a larger scale ; so that the 
 five mills now standing contain, by the Lowell statistics of 1876, 158,- 
 464 spindles and 3,941 looms, with a capital of $2,500,000, and em- 
 ploy 900 male and 1,800 female operatives. 
 
 The Locks and Canals company now organized, taking the machine- 
 shop as part of their property, and built the necessary new canals to 
 improve the remaining water-power, and in 1825 made their first sale 
 to the Hamilton Manufacturing Company, who secured the services of 
 
42 
 
 Mr. Samuel Batchelder, of New Ipswich, N. H., who had shown great 
 manufacturing skill, as their first agent, and under his management 
 the power loom was applied with great success to the weaving of 
 twilled and fancy goods. In 1828 the Hamilton Company commenced 
 calico printing, under the charge of Mr. William Spencer, who came 
 out here from England for that purpose. 
 
 In 1828 the Appleton Company was organized, and their mills con- 
 tained various later improvements by Mr. Moody, and are believed to 
 have been the first in which the system of driving the whole mill by 
 " main belts " instead of geared shafting was put in operation, and 
 which was the suggestion of Mr. Moody, who thereby saved, not only 
 in first cost, but in power. 
 
 All these early mills in Lowell were of about the same size, i. e., 
 5,000 to 6,000 spindles, and I will now only enumerate the order in 
 which the remaining companies were organized, giving their present 
 statistics in their proper order in my summary. The Lowell Manufac- 
 turing Company, for coarse cottons, negro cloths, and carpets, was in- 
 corporated in 1828 ; the Suffolk and Tremont Mills, now united, in 
 1830, commencing the manufacture of heavy drills, which experiments 
 by Mr. Batchelder at the Hamilton Company had shown to be very 
 profitable. With these mills commenced the connection of Messrs. 
 Amos and Abbott Lawrence with the manufacturing interest, and in 
 1831 the Lawrence Manufacturing Company was incorporated, com- 
 mencing operations in 1833. The Boott Cotton Mills, on a somewhat 
 larger scale, followed in 1835, and the Massachusetts Cotton Mills in 
 1839 ; succeeded by the Prescott Mills (now united with the Massa- 
 chusetts) in 1844. 
 
 The Lowell Bleachery was incorporated in 1832, and the Lowell 
 Machine-Shop was also incorporated as a separate establishment in 
 1845, when the Locks and Canals Company sold out the remainder of 
 their real estate, and was reorganized as a water-power company only, 
 under the charge of James B. Francis, Esq., the eminent hydraulic 
 engineer, who had been for a long while the engineer of the old com- 
 pany. The proceeds of the sales of the shop and real estate were di- 
 vided among the old stockholders, and the new stock was taken pro 
 rata by the different manufacturing companies, working under the 
 original charter of 1792, as " the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals 
 on Merrimac River." 
 
 The Middlesex Company for the Manufacture of Woolen Goods, 
 incorporated 1830, completes the list of the larger corporations in 
 Lowell. 
 
 The old canals proving insuificient for the proper supply of water 
 to the mills, a new and much larger one was constructed by Mr. Fran- 
 
43 
 
 cis, in 1846, by the erection of a massive stone wall for a long dis- 
 tance parallel with the old bank of the river, and founded on its rocky 
 bed ; then turning, was excavated through the ledge, and carried into 
 the heart of the city. The cost of this work was about $500,000. 
 During the past year a massive and permanent stone dam, laid in ce- 
 ment, has been built by Mr. Francis just below the original one, and 
 the water-power of Lowell may be considered as completed. In 
 March, 1826, the town of Lowell was set off from Chelmsford, and in 
 1836 it was incorporated as a city. 
 
 Meanwhile, there had been growth elsewhere. In 1822 the manu- 
 facture of cotton sail-duck was commenced in Paterson, N. J., by 
 John Colt, with hand looms, for which Mr. Bemis's power loom was 
 substituted in 1824, and the business was rapidly extended, and was 
 established in Baltimore in 1823 by Charles Crook, Jr., & Brother, 
 who were themselves unsuccessful in business, but the manufacture of 
 duck has remained and become prosperous in Baltimore. In 1822 the 
 first "Texas" cotton appeared in market. In 1823 the Nashua Manu- 
 facturing Company was incorporated in New Hampshire, and the Do- 
 ver Manufacturing Company, at Dover, incorporated in 1822, which 
 failed, and was merged in the Cocheco Manufacturing Company in 
 1827, had commenced operations, besides mills 'at Exeter and Pem- 
 broke, N. H.; while in Massachusetts the Boston and Springfield 
 Manufacturing Company, with a capital of $500,000, was chartered, 
 and commenced operations on the Chicopee River, in the town of 
 Springfield. The name of this company was changed in 1828 to that 
 Chicopee Manufacturing Company. 
 
 It is now impossible to trace the exact progress in different locali- 
 ties it was so rapid and various. The Blackstone Manufacturing 
 Company in Massachusetts commenced about this time, as well as the 
 Coventry Manufacturing Company in Rhode Island, according to 
 Bishop (vol. ii., p. 284). 
 
 In 1824, after a long and tedious struggle, a new tariff bill was 
 passed by Congress, which raised the minimum valuation on cotton 
 cloths from twenty-five to thirty-five cents the square yard, and also 
 levied a duty of three and three quarters cents per square yard on cot- 
 ton bagging, for the benefit of Kentucky and the Western States. A 
 report of the Secretary of State, in answer to a resolution of the Sen- 
 ate, this year, gives the manufacturing capital authorized by State 
 laws since 1820 as, in New Hampshire, $5,830,000 ; in Massachusetts, 
 $6,840,000 ; in Connecticut, $1,300,000 ; and New York, $797,000 
 making a total in seven States, with the amount authorized in 1820, of 
 $70,636,500. This, however, includes other industries besides cotton. 
 A bleaching and print works was incorporated at Belleville, N. J., this 
 
44 
 
 year, and Philadelphia was estimated to contain thirty cotton-mills, 
 averaging 1,400 spindles each. The Ware Manufacturing Company 
 was also incorporated at Ware, Mass. 
 
 Numbers of patents for improvements in cotton machinery had 
 also been issued since the establishment of power-loom weaving at 
 Waltham, one of the most important of which was that of the appli- 
 cation of the " compound gear," " differential box," or " equation 
 box " to the roving-frame. This motion, which has been adopted uni- 
 versally in all roving-frames or speeders, and which was patented in 
 England in 1826, by Henry Houlds worth, Jr., was the invention, ac- 
 cording to Mr. Zachariah Allen, of Providence, of Aza Arnold, a na- 
 tive of Rhode Island, who first applied it in 1822, but took no measures 
 to secure his patent till January 7, 1823.* A model was taken to Eng- 
 land by an American in 1825, and it was seized upon eagerly and came 
 into general use ; English writers giving the credit of the invention to 
 Mr. Houldsworth. This beautiful invention for regulating the different 
 velocities of the spindle and bobbin, so that the surface of the bobbin, 
 while constantly increasing in size, still preserves the same relation to 
 the speed of the rollers, consisted of a train of bevel gears, one of 
 which was set in the web of another gear, and, while possessing a ro- 
 tary motion of its own, also revolved bodily around another center ; 
 thus either retarding or accelerating the motion transmitted through 
 it, according to the direction given to the intermediate gear. A sim- 
 ple change of a single pinion, which gave this regulating motion, at 
 once adapted the frame to any size of roving, without the great cost 
 which attended the alteration of the old speeder to different numbers 
 from those for which it was originally geared. Mr. Arnold's neglect 
 in asserting his patent led to tedious and expensive litigation ; so that 
 he reaped no proper reward for his ingenuity, while the parties who 
 appropriated it in England are said to have derived great profit. 
 
 The year 1825 is marked by the invention by Richard Roberts, of 
 Manchester, England, of the self-acting mule, which was not, however, 
 introduced into the United States until some years later. 
 
 The amount of cotton grown this year in the United States is 
 stated at 255,000,000 Ibs., of which 176,500,000 Ibs. were exported, 
 and the number of spindles in the country is given as 800,000. The 
 first commencement of operations at Saco, Me., was made this year by 
 a company of Boston gentlemen who bought Cutts's Island, at the 
 mouth of the Saco River, and formed their plans for a cotton-mill of 
 12,000 spindles, which was built in 1826, and was the largest mill yet 
 attempted in America. 
 
 * See Appendix B. 
 
45 
 
 Bishop (vol. ii., pp. 308 and 309) gives an estimate for 1826 of 
 400 cotton factories in New England, averaging 700 spindles each, 
 and consuming 98,000 bales of cotton. These were distributed as fol- 
 lows : Massachusetts, 135 ; Rhode Island, 110 ; Connecticut, 80 ; 
 New Hampshire, 50 ; Maine, 15 ; Vermont, 10. The larger villages 
 in the order of their size he gives as follows : Lowell, Mass. ; Great 
 Falls, Dover, and Nashua, N. H.; Pawtucket, R. L; Fall River, 
 Mass.; Blackstone, Mass.; Slatersville, R. I.; Taunton, Mass.; Paw- 
 tuxet, R. I. (?); Ware and Waltham, Mass.; New Ipswich and New- 
 market, N. H.; Springfield and Lancaster, Mass.; Norwich, Conn. 
 The number of cotton factories in the other States was estimated at 
 275, of the same average size ; making the total consumption of cot- 
 ton 150,000 bales per annum. 
 
 This year the Hudson Calico Print-Works were established at Co- 
 lumbiaville, near Hudson, N. Y., by Joseph and Benjamin Marshall, and 
 have since been largely increased ; and the Cohoes Company was in- 
 corporated, for the improvement of the water-power of the Mohawk 
 River where it falls into the Hudson. For the following statistics I 
 am indebted to D. J. Johnston, Esq., of the Harmony Mills. The 
 first attempt at manufacturing at Cohoes was made in 1811, when the 
 Cohoes Manufacturing Company was incorporated for the purpose of 
 manufacturing cotton, woolen, and linen goods. This came to no- 
 thing ; and in 1826 the Cohoes Company, with a capital of $250,000, 
 since increased to $500,000, was formed, as noted. They built a dam 
 and canals, making the whole fall of 103 feet available on five different 
 levels. The Harmony Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 
 1835 by a company of gentlemen from Albany and New York, among 
 whom was Peter Harmony, from whom the company received its 
 name. They erected in 1837 Mill No. 1, which still stands, enlarged 
 and improved. Financially this concern proved unsuccessful, and in 
 1850 it passed by a compulsory sale into the hands of the present com- 
 pany ; the present statistics of which show as follows : Mill No. 1, 
 550 by 70 feet, 4 stories, containing 42,000 spindles and 900 looms ; 
 No. 2, built in 1857, enlarged in 1866, is 660 by 75 feet and 3 stories, 
 containing 48,500 spindles and 1,100 looms ; No. 3, built 1866, en- 
 larged 1872, 1,250 by 76 feet, 5 stories, containing 130,000 spindles, 
 1,700 narrow and 1,100 wide looms ; No. 4, formerly the " Ogden 
 Mill," is 500 by 50 feet, 5 stories, containing 29,000 spindles, 650 
 looms ; No. 5, formerly the "Strong Mill," 330 by 50 feet, 4 stories, 
 containing 19,000 spindles, 330 looms ; No. 6, 240 by 60 feet, 3 sto- 
 ries high, containing 4,000 spindles and 100 looms. This latter mill is 
 used for the manufacture of jute goods, seamless bags, and coarse 
 yarns. The aggregate amount of machinery used by this company is 
 
46 
 
 267,500 spindles and 5,880 looms ; more than the whole estimate for 
 the United States in 1820. 
 
 For the first time in the returns of exports, manufactured cotton 
 goods are included in 1826, amounting to a value of $1,138,125, of 
 which $671,266 was sent to Mexico and Central and South America. 
 
 The manufacture of cotton bagging was also attempted this year 
 (1826), at Nashville, Tenn. In 1827 the Cocheco Manufacturing 
 Company bought for $750,000 the property of the Dover Company, 
 which had cost about $2,000,000, and continued operations at .Dover. 
 
 The cotton manufactures of Philadelphia and vicinity for this year 
 are stated by Dr. Bishop to have amounted to 24,300,000 yards, worth 
 $3,888,000, and consuming 20,250 bales of cotton, and the total con- 
 sumption of cotton for the United States is estimated at 103,482 bales. 
 Six thousand bales were consumed this year at Paterson, N. J. In 
 1827 or 1828 subscriptions were made for the first cotton factory in 
 Virginia , at Petersburg, and a company was also projected about this 
 time at Fredericksburg. 
 
 The year 1828 is memorable for the passage of a positively " pro- 
 tective tariff" by Congress, which, however, especially favored the 
 woolen and iron interests. 
 
 On the 2d of September, 1828, Charles Danforth, of Paterson, N. 
 J., received his patent for the " cap spindle," which was introduced 
 into England in 1830, and extensively used, both there and at home, 
 for spinning " filling " before the great improvements in and general in- 
 troduction of the self-acting mule, and is now being adopted success- 
 fully for spinning worsted " filling " in this country. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 ANOTHER patent was granted this year (1828) to John Thorpe, of 
 Providence, which has been productive of such enormous results, and 
 so changed the character of cotton spinning in America, that it de- 
 serves to head a chapter. I refer to the " ring spindle," which has 
 driven out the " cap," and almost superseded the throstle in the manu- 
 facture of cotton warp-yarns. 
 
 Dispensing with the flier, which carried the yarn around the bob- 
 bin in the original patent, the yarn was led in by a slot in the outer 
 one, between two concentric rings, around the inner one of which it 
 was carried by the revolutions of the spindle, one or two modifica- 
 tions of which were shown in the drawings. 
 
 In 1829 a patent was granted to Addison & Stevens, of New York, 
 for a " traveler " or wire loop, sliding around on a single ring ; and 
 from this the present form of ring-spinning has been derived. The 
 germ of the idea was undoubtedly in Danf orth's " cap " ; but the ring 
 and traveler had so much more scope and took so much less power, 
 that it became the favorite, and with the latest improvements seems 
 likely to take the place of the mule for spinning " filling " as well as 
 warp-yarns. Mr. William Mason, of Taunton, Mass., writes me as 
 follows : " I introduced the ring-spinning frame in Connecticut (at 
 Killingly) in 1833. I built quite a number there, but moved to 
 Taunton with all my patterns in the spring of 1836. All the success- 
 ful ring-frames that were built were made by me up to about 1840,. 
 when P. Whitin & Sons commenced to build them. I built ring- 
 frames for their mills as early as 1833. There has been no improve- 
 ment in the ring and traveler since I first reduced it to practice in 
 1833." 
 
 This system was finally adopted by all the large machine-makers 
 in the United States, and has recently received great developments, of 
 which notice will be taken in due order. 
 
 Among other noticeable events of this year (1828) are the estab- 
 lishment of the Covington Cotton Factory at Covington, Ky., of mills 
 at Vincennes, Ind., and of the Norwich Water-Power Company, on 
 the Shetucket River in Connecticut, at what is now called Greeneville. 
 12 
 
48 
 
 A substantial stone dam 280 feet in length was built, and several 
 large cotton mills were erected in the few years next following. The 
 Columbian Mills at Mason Village, ]ST. H., also started this year (1828). 
 
 In 1829 another roving frame was invented by Gilbert Brewster, 
 of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in which a temporary twist was given to the 
 roving during its passage from the rolls to the spool, by passing it 
 between two leather bands or belts moving rapidly in opposite direc- 
 tions. This was used for a considerable time to some extent, on ac- 
 count of the small cost of the machine and the great quantity of work 
 it would produce, and was known as the " Eclipse speeder." It was 
 introduced into England by Messrs. Sharp Brothers in 1835, but has 
 now given place to the roving frame with the "equation-box" or 
 " compound " movement, as it is generally called, either in the form 
 of the " fly frame " or " speeder," the latter name being given to those 
 frames in which the arms of the flier are connected at the bottom and 
 are independent of the spindle. 
 
 In 1830 the quantity of cotton goods manufactured in the United 
 States was estimated at 250,000,000 yards. The Exeter Cotton Fac- 
 tory, at Exeter, N". H., went into operation in March of this year. 
 The mill at Saco, Me., was burned, and the Lonsdale Company com- 
 menced operations at Smithfield, R. I. 
 
 In 1831 .the York Manufacturing Company, of Saco, secured the 
 services of Mr. Samuel Batchelder, who had just left the Hamilton 
 Company, at Lowell, and built a new four-story mill on the old site. 
 Here, in 1832, Mr. Batchelder introduced the stop motion, which he 
 applied to the drawing frame ; and not long after invented the " bal- 
 ance dynamometer," for weighing the power required to drive ma- 
 chinery. Mr. Batchelder remained here until 1846, when he sold out 
 his interest, but some years later, at upward of seventy years of age, 
 accepted the treasurership of the company, at a time when the value 
 of the stock had depreciated from $1,200 to $600 per share, and re- 
 mained in that office until the value of the shares had again risen to 
 $1,700, when he finally retired from business. 
 
 A Convention of the Friends of American Industry was held in 
 New York in 1831, at which the following statistics were obtained : 
 The cotton crop was estimated to be 1,038,847 bales, and the domestic 
 consumption to be more than one fifth of the crop ; and the condition 
 of the manufacture in the twelve Eastern and Middle States, including 
 Maryland and Virginia, was as follows : 
 
 Capital invested (principally in fixtures) $40,614,984 
 
 Number of spindles in operation 1,246,503 
 
 Hands employed 62,157 
 
 Value of product, annual $26,000,000 
 
49 
 
 A large steam cotton factory was built this year at Olneyville, 
 R. I., and another at Fall River, Mass., and the first cotton mill was 
 built at Amoskeag Falls, now Manchester, N. H. 
 
 Besides the larger establishments noted, others were growing up 
 on all the waterfalls in Rhocle Island, Southern Massachusetts, and 
 Connecticut, the precise data of which I am unable to get. The 
 whole valley of the Blackstone River, from Worcester to Providence, 
 and those of the Mumford, Quinebaug, and Shetucket, furnished nu- 
 merous mill sites, which were rapidly appropriated, for cotton and 
 woolen factories. Eighteen hundred and thirty-two will never be for- 
 gotten as the " nullification year," the Legislature of South Carolina 
 having passed a resolution declaring the tariff act of that year " null 
 and void." The Southern States, who were at first advocates of pro- 
 tection, on account of their " cotton," while New England was gen- 
 erally opposed to it, on account of her " commerce," had changed 
 front with their old adversaries entirely ; and, while the Eastern and 
 Middle States, having embarked heavily in manufactures, were desirous 
 of continuance of the system, the South had begun to think it advisa- 
 ble to ship their cotton to Europe, and under free trade have it manu- 
 factured there and returned to her, with such other manufactured 
 articles as might balance the account. The excitement and disturbance 
 consequent on this action of the State of South Carolina led to the 
 introduction and passage of the celebrated " Compromise Act " of 
 
 1833, by which the duties on imports were to be gradually reduced. 
 The statistics for 1833 show the capital invested at Lowell to have 
 
 been $6,150,000, with 19 mills, 84,000 spindles, 3,000 looms, 5,000 
 laborers, using 200,000 bales of cotton. 
 
 Fall River contained 13 mills, with 31,500 spindles and 1,050 
 looms, employing 1,276 hands. The York Manufacturing Company 
 started their new mill this year, with 8,000 spindles. 
 
 The cotton crop of the United States was estimated the next year, 
 
 1834, at 460,000,000 Ibs., of which 384,000,000 were exported. At this 
 time, says Dr. Bishop, "the ports of Rio de Janeiro, Aux Cayes, 
 Malta, Smyrna, and the Cape of Good Hope were overstocked with 
 unbleached American cotton, to the exclusion of British goods, which 
 they undersold." I also quote from the same authority, that " the 
 manufacture of cotton gins was commenced on an extensive scale at 
 this time in Autauga County, Ala., by Daniel Pratt, a native of New 
 Hampshire, who in 1846 added a cotton factory. The Jackson Manu- 
 facturing Company, at Nashua, N. H., was incorporated this year 
 (1834), and the Lonsdale Company, of Rhode Island, commenced 
 operations. 
 
 Eighteen hundred and thirty-five shows 112 cotton mills in the 
 
50 
 
 State of New York, with 157,316 spindles and a capital of $3,669,500, 
 employing 12,954 hands and producing 21,000,000 yards of cloth. The 
 year is also marked by the death of Samuel Slater on the 20th of 
 April. Mr. Samuel Batchelder obtained a patent this year for the 
 application of a steam-drying cylinder to the dressing machine, and the 
 Boston and Lowell Railroad was opened for communication between 
 those two cities. In 1836 the capital invested in manufacturing in the 
 United States was estimated at $80,000,000, the consumption of cotton 
 at 100,000,000 Ibs., and the number of spindles at 1,750,000, the value 
 of the product being from $45,000,000 to $50,000,000. The speed of 
 spindles had also been materially increased by the various improve- 
 ments which had been made, making the production per spindle much 
 greater than in 1813. 
 
 This year the Patent Office was organized into an independent 
 bureau, and the Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth was appointed the first 
 Commissioner of Patents on the 4th of July. On the same date a 
 cotton factory of 1,000 spindles was put in operation at Fayetteville, 
 N. C. 
 
 Another manufacturing company was incorporated this year at 
 Chicopee, Mass., with a capital of $400,000, under the name of the 
 " Perkins Manufacturing Company " ; and the Mauchaug Manufactur- 
 ing Company, at Sutton, Mass., and the Fiskdale Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, at Sturbridge, Mass., were incorporated. In 1836 the Gray 
 Manufacturing Company, and in 1837 the Laurel Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, of Maryland, commenced operations. 
 
 Bishop (vol. ii., p. 411) says : " There were at this date four cotton 
 mills in North Carolina, viz., at Greensborough, Mocksville, Haw 
 River, and Cane Creek. Two or three spinning factories, of 100 or 
 200 spindles each, carried by animal power, were in operation in Illi- 
 nois, producing yarn successfully from material grown in the State." 
 One or two manufacturing companies were chartered this year in the 
 State of New York. 
 
 In 1838 the Bartlett Steam Mills, at Newburyport, Mass., were 
 chartered. Mr. Bartlett, the chief owner and projector, conceived the 
 idea that a cotton factory in that town would give employment to the 
 families of the sailors and fishermen who were residents of the town, 
 and who were themselves absent the greater part of the year. 
 
 The transfer of commerce to the cities of New York and Boston 
 had seriously crippled the prosperity of Newburyport, Salem, and 
 other towns along the coast of New England, and it was hoped that 
 the introduction of manufactures would aid in restoring them to their 
 former prosperity. These towns contained a large unemployed 
 female population, and it was believed that the abundance of labor 
 
51 
 
 and the saving in freight of coal and cotton would compensate for the 
 additional cost of steam-power over that of water ; but these hopes 
 have proved fallacious, so far as all the steam mills on the seacoast 
 northeast of Boston are concerned. The " James " Mill, at Newbury- 
 port, started in 1843, the " Globe " Mill, at the same place, in 1846, 
 and the Portsmouth Steam Mill, at Portsmouth, N. H., the same year, 
 are notable examples. 
 
 I will endeavor in an appendix to give some data as to the actual 
 relative cost of the two modes of obtaining power. 
 
 The Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, of Manchester, N. H., 
 incorporated in 1831, and which had acquired by purchase all the wa- 
 ter rights on Merrimac River, from Nashua to Concord, commenced 
 in 1838 to greatly extend and develop their water-power, by the con- 
 struction of an extensive system of canals on the east side of the river, 
 opposite to the site of the original mill built in 1810, and erected a 
 large shop for the construction of machinery. In 1839 the Stark 
 Mills and the Manchester Print Works were incorporated, the former 
 commencing operations at once, although the latter did not begin 
 till 1845. 
 
 In 1841 and '42 the Amoskeag Company built two mills, which were 
 known as the " Amoskeag New Mills " until the destruction of the old 
 mill by fire some years later, and have since gradually increased to 
 135,000 spindles, besides building machinery of various kinds and 
 further developing their water-power. The present statistics of Man- 
 chester will be given at the close of this memoir, in connection with 
 those of Lowell, Lawrence, Lewiston, and other distinctively manu- 
 facturing towns. 
 
 Another important event of the year 1838 was the invention by 
 Erastus B. Bigelow of an improvement on the loom for weaving- 
 knotted counterpanes. 
 
 The close of the decade in 1840 shows a capital of over $50,000,000 
 invested in cotton manufactures, and 2,285,000 spindles in operation, 
 working 113,059,000 pounds of cotton, and with over 70,000 people 
 employed in its various branches. 
 
 The introduction of the self-acting mule, which occurred at this 
 time, is an event of sufficient consequence to deserve a new chapter. 
 
52 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 I HAVE spent a long time in endeavoring to trace accurately the "his- 
 tory of the introduction of the self-acting mule into America, and 
 met with some conflicting statements, from which, however, I am 
 enabled to extract the following facts : 
 
 Mr. Ira Gay, of the firm of Pitcher & Gay, of Pawtucket, R. L, 
 went to Nashua, N. H., as the mechanical superintendent of the 
 Nashua Company, in 1824. A self-acting mule was then built by him 
 in 1825-'26 at the Nashua Mills, and others of the same pattern were 
 built by his successors, Pitcher & Brown, in 1828, for Edward Wal- 
 cott, of Pawtucket. " Messrs. Pitcher & Brown afterward built the 
 1 Sharp & Roberts ' mule in 1840, and in 1868 built the < Parr, Curtis 
 & Madely ' pattern." For this information I am indebted to the 
 Hon. Zachariah Allen, late Governor of Rhode Island, and through 
 him to Mr. James Brown, of Pawtucket, one of the firm of Pitcher & 
 Brown. 
 
 This information as to the early attempts at mule spinning in the 
 United States is confirmed by William A. Burke, Esq., Treasurer of 
 the Lowell Machine Shop, who writes me as follows : 
 
 " Mr. Ira Gay was the superintendent of the Nashua Manufactur- 
 ing Company's machine shop, at Nashua, N. H., when I began to learn 
 my trade in December, 1826. The job I was working on had no part 
 of the mule work, but I recollect very well that they were a promi- 
 nent machine in the shop, and caused no little discussion with us boys. 
 
 " 1 believe the old Nashua Mill No. 2 was supplied with them for 
 making filling, and I remember very well the tin quill or bobbin, with 
 its wooden cone on the lower end, and the raised rings on the tin part, 
 for holding the yarn from pulling off. As you may now well suppose, 
 these tin tubes were giving trouble enough in keeping straight, for 
 they reached nearly to the top of the spindle. I left off working in 
 the Nashua Company's shop in 1828, and the mules were in a few 
 years abandoned and broken up." 
 
 The next attempt was made by William Mason, of Taunton, who 
 writes me as follows : 
 
53 
 
 " I commenced to experiment on the self -actor mule in 1837, and 
 from that time to 1843 I continued to persevere and improve it. I 
 produced several patterns which were more or less successful, but the 
 last pattern, the one that we are now building, was put in operation 
 for the first time at the old Essex Mill, at Newburyport, Mass., early 
 in 1843." 
 
 Mr. Thomas J. Hill, of Providence, says : " I made mules after 
 Mason's patent in 1840." 
 
 Mr. Mason has, however, introduced many improvements in strength- 
 ening the parts of his mules since 1843, and the " Mason mule " is 
 now well known throughout the country, as doing more work with the 
 same power than any other mule built. 
 
 Up to 1840, however, mule spinning in this country was only an 
 experiment, and its successful practical introduction was due to Brad- 
 ford Durfee and William C. Davol, of Fall River, who, on March 9, 
 1839, signed a contract with Messrs. Sharp, Roberts & Co., of Man- 
 chester, England, for the mutual benefit of the aforesaid parties, and 
 William C. Davol acted as agent to procure letters patent for the 
 United States, under the name of Richard Roberts, the original in- 
 ventor of the mule. These letters patent are dated October 11, 1841. 
 
 Owing to the rigidness of the English export laws at that time, 
 the first mule was obliged to be shipped via France, and was received 
 at Fall River in 1840. This mule was set up and put in operation the 
 same year at the Annawan Mill, Fall River, under the superintendence 
 of William C. Davol. The mule being considered an entire success, 
 several orders were at once given to Hawes, Marvel & Davol to build 
 them, and the firm, being anxious to complete the orders as rapidly as 
 possible, employed Messrs. Pitcher & Brown, of Pawtucket, who had 
 been experienced in building jacks, to make the carriages from pat- 
 terns furnished by Messrs. Hawes, Marvel & Davol. 
 
 From this date forward the progress of mule spinning in the 
 " Southern district " of Massachusetts and Rhode Island was very 
 rapid, though it was many years before it was introduced to any great 
 extent farther to the North and East, where the prejudice was strong 
 in favor of the hard-twisted and wiry yarn made by the throstle. 
 
 Many experiments were, however, made, the first one being the 
 introduction of the Smith or " Scotch " mule by the Matteawan Com- 
 pany, of Fishkill Landing, N. Y., soon after 1840, and letters patent were 
 secured by W. B. Leonard, agent of that company. This pattern was 
 much liked for a time, and a small number of them were built by the 
 Amoskeag Company for a mill owned by them at Hooksett, N. H., 
 and later for one of their own mills at Manchester, and also by the 
 machine shop of the Locks and Canals Company, at Lowell, for a mill 
 
54 
 
 at Great Falls, N. H. In 1844 the " Parr, Curtis & Madely " mule, 
 an outgrowth from the Sharp & Roberts, was imported for a mill at 
 Spring Gardens, in Philadelphia, and in 1845 the Franklin Foundry 
 Company, of Providence, commenced their construction. 
 
 The Potter mule was also introduced in 1845 by the Manchester 
 Print Works, then going into operation, for the purpose of spinning 
 delaine filling, to which the " Smith " mules were applied at Hooksett ; 
 and were afterward imported for the mill built for the manufacture of 
 lawns at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1848, and about the same time for a 
 mill in East Greenwich, Conn. 
 
 Still later, about 1853, the " Higgins " or " low-head " mule was 
 introduced by the Franklin Foundry Company, and became well 
 known in the country under their name, and was soon afterward 
 adopted and built by the Saco Water-Power Company. 
 
 This mule, the original " Sharp & Roberts " pattern, and the 
 " Mason," were the ones mainly used in the United States up to the 
 period immediately succeeding the civil war, when the extraordinary 
 demand for fabrics, and the impossibility of procuring machinery ex- 
 cept at an exorbitant cost, if at all, from any American machine- 
 builder, led to the importation of a great number of English mules of 
 two kinds nominally : one, the " Parr, Curtis & Madely " before men- 
 tioned ; the other, the " Platt," built by the Platt Brothers, of Old- 
 ham, Lancashire ; but both, in all essential features, lineal descendants 
 of the Sharp & Roberts mule. 
 
 Of these two patterns, that of the Platt Brothers was adopted by 
 the Lowell Machine Shop, and the Parr & Curtis by the Saco Water- 
 Power Company, both of which establishments have been largely en- 
 gaged in their manufacture since the close of the war ; and these, with 
 the Mason arid a few of the Sharp & Roberts pattern, are the only 
 kinds now built ; the Smith & Potter being quite obsolete, and the 
 Higgins, though an excellent machine, not able to compete in speed 
 or production, on coarse numbers, such as are generally spun in this 
 country, with these improved and more powerful rivals. 
 
 Another American mule, invented by Wanton Rouse, of Taunton, 
 which formed the cop by an enormous eccentric cam or " builder," was 
 also introduced in 1853, but has never been used to any great extent. 
 
 The English fly frame or roving frame, differing from the American 
 speeder in having the flier attached to the top of the spindle, and revolv- 
 ing with it, while the bobbin was headless, and carried independently 
 by the differential motion of Aza Arnold, already spoken of, which 
 was adopted in England by Houldsworth, was introduced in this coun- 
 try about 1845, and has since been generally adopted, though the 
 prejudice against it, on account of the delay in " doffing," was for a 
 
55 
 
 time very strong. The first frames were sent to Rhode Island by 
 Messrs. William Higgins & Sons, of Manchester, who have supplied a 
 great number to American mills, as have also Messrs. Howard & Bal- 
 lough, of Accrington, particularly during the period following the 
 war ; but the manufacture of these machines was soon taken up by 
 the Providence Machine Company and the Saco "Skater-Power Com- 
 pany and others, and there are now very few imported. 
 
 The Lowell Machine-Shop has built an improved speeder, combin- 
 ing the headless bobbin and wind of the fly frame with the long flyer, 
 which is in use to a great extent, and with entire satisfaction, on 
 coarse rovings. 
 
 The year 1844 is memorable for the introduction of the turbine 
 wheel, one of which, of seventy-five horse-power, after the Fourneyron 
 plan, with improvements, was introduced at the Appleton Mills at 
 Lowell by Uriah A. Boyden, an eminent engineer of Boston. Atten- 
 tion had been previously called to this matter, and Mr. Elwood Morris, 
 of Philadelphia, had in 1843 published a translation of a French work 
 on the subject of turbines, by Morin, with notes of the operation of 
 some turbines of his own design at Philadelphia ; but the success of 
 the system may be said to date from the results obtained by Mr. Boy- 
 den at Lowell ; seventy-eight per cent, of the' gross power of the 
 water, besides that required for driving the bevel-gears and "jack- 
 shaft," having been obtained on the test of the first wheel, and eighty- 
 eight per cent, at the test of more perfectly constructed wheels, built 
 afterward from the designs of Mr. Boyden. From this time forward 
 the turbine in some form or another has been introduced, till it has now 
 entirely superseded the old " breast " or " overshot " wheel, giving a 
 much higher percentage of effect from the water, and enabling mill- 
 owners to run some portion of their machinery in times of freshets or 
 back-water, when the old wheels were entirely useless. 
 
 Another American invention of about the same date was the cloth- 
 shear or trimmer, which is now in universal use in cotton mills, al- 
 though the intention of its inventor, Milton D. Whipple, of Lowell, 
 was confined to trimming the ends and threads from the cloth in the 
 calico print works ; but the machine proved so useful that it has been 
 generally adopted in all mills as a necessary operation in preparing 
 the cloth for market. 
 
 The growth of the cotton manufacture, under the stimulating in- 
 fluences of protection, and the favor with which American goods 
 were received in China, was now very rapid, and in 1845 plans were 
 made for a further development of the water-power of the Merrimac 
 River, at North Andover, by the construction of a dam across it, at 
 the rapids at that place, which should give a fall of twenty-six feet, 
 
56 
 
 and set back the water in the pond above the dam to the foot of 
 Hunt's Falls, just below Lowell. The Essex Company was incorpo- 
 rated for that purpose, and the work commenced ; and in 1847 the 
 dam and canal were completed, and the town which had sprung up in 
 consequence of the operations was called Lawrence, from the name of 
 the gentlemen in Boston who had been the leaders in the enterprise. 
 
 The Atlantic Cotton Mills were the first to commence operations, 
 but were soon followed by others, until a flourishing and populous 
 city occupies the site which thirty years ago was a barren sand-bank, 
 and of which particulars will be given in the proper appendix. 
 
 The Dwight Manufacturing Company, of Chicopee, had been in- 
 corporated in 1841, and eventually absorbed both the Cabot and Per- 
 kins Mills, of the same place. 
 
 Another special industry was inaugurated by E. B. Bigelow, of 
 Lancaster, in 1844, by the commencement of the Lancaster Mills, at 
 Clinton, Mass., for the manufacture of ginghams, which were to be 
 woven by machinery instead of by hand loom, as had formerly been 
 the practice, and resulted in entire success, proving the scheme to be 
 practicable and profitable, and serving as the pioneer to various other 
 successful establishments of a similar character. 
 
 The Ocean Mills, of Newburyport, Mass., were commenced in 
 1845, the Boston Duck Company, of Palmer, in 1843, and the Ply- 
 mouth Cotton Company in the same year ; and in 1847 the Wamsutta 
 Mills, of New Bedford, the Agawam Canal Company, of West Spring- 
 field, and the Annisquam Mills, of Rockport, all in Massachusetts, 
 were started. In 1848 the Glasgow Company, of South Hadley, fol- 
 lowed the Lancaster Mills on ginghams. The Massasoit and Metaco- 
 met Mills, of Fall River, commenced respectively in 1845 and 1846, 
 and the Naumkeag Mills, of Salem, commenced in 1839, and the Otis 
 Manufacturing Company, of Ware, 1840, should also be included in 
 the growth of Massachusetts for this decade. 
 
 Nor were the other New England States behind in developing their 
 resources. The Saco Water-Power Company, in Maine, by means of 
 new dams and canals on the west side of the river, opposite the York 
 Mills, utilized the whole power of the Saco River, and built the Pep- 
 perell Mills in 1844, and the Laconia Mills in 1845, with a large ma- 
 chine shop, which has been successfully operated since by the Water- 
 Power Company, and as a necessary result the city of Biddeford grew 
 up around these establishments. The Hallowell Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, at Hallowell, was also commenced in 1845. 
 
 Neither can the growth of the cotton manufacture at this time be 
 estimated fairly by the number of mills built. The original mills of 
 4,000 to 6,000 spindles had given place to larger and more convenient 
 
57 
 
 structures containing from 10,000 to 15,000 spindles each, and these 
 were in time to give place to still larger ones, or to be connected by 
 intermediate buildings, bringing 30,000 or 40,000 spindles under one 
 roof and one system of superintendence, as experience and practice de- 
 veloped overseers of skill sufficient to take the charge of so large an 
 amount of machinery, with its complement of operatives. 
 
 In New Hampshire the Amoskeag and Great Falls companies were 
 extending their operations and adding to their machinery, and in 1845 
 the Monadnock Mills at Claremont were commenced, using the water- 
 power of Sugar River. 
 
 Large numbers of mills were also built in Rhode Island, among 
 which were those of the Groton Company, at Woonsocket, in 1840, the 
 Hope Company, at Scituate, in 1845, the Warren Company, at Warren, 
 in 1847, and the Quidnick Company, at Anthony, in 1848. 
 
 In Connecticut the Falls Company, of Norwich, and the Chestnut 
 Hill Mill, at Killingly, commenced operations in 1844 ; the Granite 
 Mill, at Stafford Springs, and the Greenwood Company, at New Hart- 
 ford, in 1845 ; the Uncasville Manufacturing Company, at Montville, 
 in 1848 ; and the Moodus Manufacturing Company, at East Haddam, 
 in 1849. 
 
 The Victory Manufacturing Company, of Saratoga, N. Y., com- 
 menced in 1846, and the Utica Steam Mills in 1848. 
 
 I -have no statistics by which to mark the exact progress of the 
 manufacture at this period in the States farther South and West, but 
 it is certain that there was a large increase in and around Philadel- 
 phia, which has always been a great manufacturing center, though the 
 individual enterprises have been on a smaller scale than those of the 
 great incorporated companies of the New England States. 
 
 The census of 1850 gives no reliable information as to the amount 
 of machinery then in operation or the number of operatives employed, 
 but the production of cotton fabrics is given as 263,190,642 Ibs. 
 
 The business of cotton manufacture was by this time so firmly 
 established as to be little affected by changes in legislation in regard 
 to duties on the coarser fabrics required for domestic consumption, to 
 which American machinery had been adapted ; and its progress was 
 constant and steady for the next ten years, with constant improve- 
 ments in the mechanical and economical appliances, and successive 
 enlargements of the scale of operations ; and its growth from 1850 to 
 1860 will fill our next chapter. 
 
58 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE earlier years of the next decade, until 1857, were marked by 
 a continual and steady growth of the cotton manufacture ; the Amer- 
 ican manufacturers and mechanics who visited the first International 
 Exhibition in London in 1851 extended their tours to the manufactur- 
 ing districts, and brought home many valuable ideas and economical 
 improvements, which were rapidly introduced in all parts of the coun- 
 try. The boldness of the scheme which created a waterfall at Law- 
 rence, by the erection of a dam twenty-five feet in height and the 
 formation of a mill-pond ten miles long, had stimulated an enterprise 
 on a still larger scale that of rendering available in a similar manner 
 the enormous power of the Connecticut River at South Hadley, where 
 there was a fall of sixty feet extending over some two miles, in a series 
 of continuous rapids. To accomplish this purpose the Hadley Falls 
 Company was incorporated by the Legislature of Massachusetts in 
 1848, with a capital of $4,000,000, and operations were commenced by 
 the purchase of about 1,200 acres of land on the west side of the river, 
 near the principal fall, where a dam of timber, loaded with stone, with 
 massive stone bulkheads, was constructed, 1,019 feet long and 30 feet 
 high. The first attempt was unsuccessful, and the dam gave way 
 under the pressure of the water as it was being completed ; but a sec- 
 ond attempt fared better, although the wearing away of the sandstone 
 bed of the river below the fall necessitated a reconstruction of the 
 work in 1868, when an apron was built below the dam, so as to give 
 the whole structure the form of a triangle, with a base of ninety feet 
 and a perpendicular of thirty, consisting of a heavy timber crib frame, 
 bolted to the rock, filled with stone and covered with plank, while the 
 crest was " armor-plated " with boiler iron. In the western bulkhead, 
 operated by a turbine wheel, were placed the gates which admitted 
 to the upper canal, and from this the water was taken to a second, 
 and then to a third, which discharged into the river at the lower end 
 of the town. 
 
 The fall from the upper to the middle canal was 20 feet, from the 
 
59 
 
 middle one to the lower one 12 feet, and 20 feet to the river at the 
 upper end, where part of the water was discharged, while it was from 
 23 to 28 feet on the lower one, and the whole system was over four 
 miles in total length, rendering available in all about 30,000 horse- 
 power. 
 
 The first dam was completed in 1849, and a machine shop (since 
 converted into a cotton-thread mill) was constructed, in imitation of 
 the original plan of Lowell, where a shop to build the machinery for 
 the mills was an absolute necessity and an integral part of the sys- 
 tem, from the entire absence in the country at that time of any shops 
 of sufficient capacity for the purpose. A machine shop (also since 
 converted into a cotton mill) had been built at Lawrence, and it was 
 the first thing done at the new town, now a city, of Holyoke. 
 
 In 1852 the Hampden Mill, of 16,000 spindles, was built, and in 
 1853 the Lyman Mills, now containing 75,000 spindles, commenced 
 operations. The crash of 1857 ruined the original company which 
 built the dam and laid out the town, and the water-power passed into 
 the possession of the Holyoke Water-Power Company, and has since 
 been largely utilized for the manufacture of paper and other indus- 
 tries, Holyoke being now the great headquarters of the writing-paper 
 business. 
 
 At about the same date another company commenced the develop- 
 ment of the water-power of the Androscoggin River at Lewiston, Me., 
 where a high fall and a solid rock foundation rendered operations 
 much less expensive, and where manufacturing has been very suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 The first cotton mills to start here were those of the Bates Manu- 
 facturing Company, in 1852, since followed by others, the statistics 
 of which will be given at length later in this memoir. 
 
 In addition to these larger enterprises, the following establishments 
 commenced operations between 1850 and 1860 : In Maine, the Cabot 
 Manufacturing Company, of 35,000 spindles, at Brunswick, in 1857, and 
 the Westbrook Manufacturing Company, at Saccarapa, 16,000 spindles, 
 in 1858. In Massachusetts, the mills of the Hebron Manufacturing 
 Company, at Attleboro, 37,000 spindles, in 1852 ; the Monument 
 Mills, at Great Barrington, the same year ; the Lawrence Duck Com- 
 pany, 7,500 spindles, at Lawrence, the Phoenix Company, 6,000 spin- 
 dles, at Shirley, and the American Linen Company, at Fall River, 
 originally projected for a flax mill, but changed to cotton, now con- 
 taining 83,000 spindles, in 1853 ; the Warren Cotton Mills, 13,500 
 spindles, at West Warren, and the Ward Manufacturing Company, 
 since changed to the Indian Orchard Mills, 16,000 spindles, at Spring- 
 field, in 1854 all on cotton exclusively, besides the Pacific Mills at 
 
60 
 
 Lawrence, started in 1852 partially on cotton and worsted goods, as 
 well as on calicoes, originally on a magnificent scale, and now one of 
 the largest manufacturing establishments in the world. 
 
 In Rhode Island during the same time were commenced the mills of 
 the Franklin Company, at Olneyville, in 1850, 34,500 spindles ; the 
 Valley Falls Company, at Lincoln, 35,000 spindles, and the Lippitt 
 Company, 7,500 spindles, at Phoenix, in 1853 ; the Dyerville Compa- 
 ny, 18,000 spindles, at Centredale, and the Clinton Mill, 16,000 spin- 
 dles, at Woonsocket, in 1854 ; together with the Social Mills, since 
 burnt and rebuilt, now 50,000 spindles, at Woonsocket, in 1855. 
 
 Connecticut also shows a long list of mills, commencing with the 
 Quinebaug Company, 34,000 spindles, at West Killingly, in 1851 ; the 
 Smithville Manufacturing Company, at Willimantic, 17,000 spindles, 
 and the Atlantic Duck Company, at Haddam, the same year ; the 
 East Haddam Duck Company and the Wauregan Mills, now contain- 
 ing 56,000 spindles, were begun in 1853 ; and the Williams Duck 
 Company, at Haddam, in 1854, the duck manufacturing companies 
 being all small establishments. In 1856 the A. & W. Sprague Manu- 
 facturing Company built their great Baltic Mill, of 75,000 spindles, 
 for the manufacture of print cloths, at the village of Sprague ; and in 
 1857 the Willimantic Linen Company, so called, but devoted to the 
 manufacture of sewing-cotton, commenced operations, and now em- 
 ploys 45,000 spindles on that product. The Dunham Company, of 
 Willimantic, with 6,000 spindles, was started in 1858, and the Wil- 
 liamsville Manufacturing Company, with 12,500 spindles, at West 
 Killingly, and the Elliottville Manufacturing Company, at East Kil- 
 lingly, 3,800 spindles, in 1859. The Attawaugan Company, also at 
 Killingly, 17,000 spindles, began in 1860. 
 
 A part, however, of the above named establishments commenced 
 operations with a smaller number of spindles than they are now cred- 
 ited with, having received large additions since the date of starting. 
 
 The Newburgh Steam Mills, at Kewburgh, N. Y., were commenced 
 in 1850, and the Harmony Mills, at Cohoes, reorganized, as before 
 noted. 
 
 The Indiana Cotton Mills, at Cannelton, Ind., with 10,800 spindles, 
 commenced in 1855, and the St. Louis Cotton Factory, at St. Louis, 
 Mo., with 10,500 spindles, in 1857. 
 
 The financial difficulties of the latter year checked any further 
 rapid development until after the close of the civil war in 1865, and 
 proved fatal to the great enterprise at Holyoke, causing a great loss of 
 capital to the original projectors, as well as to those of many of the 
 other new establishments which had just commenced operations. 
 
 The great mechanical invention of the period was that of the " self- 
 
61 
 
 stripping " card, which was brought into successful use about the year 
 1857. Various experiments had been made both in this country and 
 in Europe to accomplish the object of cleansing the " top-flats " or 
 cards from the constantly accumulating waste, consisting of short cot- 
 ton, bits of seed-husk, leaf, etc., by some automatic process while the 
 card was in operation, thus avoiding loss of time and securing more 
 systematic, regular, and perfect cleaning, while dispensing with a large 
 amount of hand labor. This result was finally accomplished by two 
 inventors, working separately, but whose patents were finally united 
 in 1867, forming the card as in ordinary use to-day. 
 
 George Wellman, of Lowell, Mass., received letters patent Decem- 
 ber 6, 1853, for a system of mechanism for elevating, cleaning, and 
 returning to their places the top-cards or flats, and also for moving the 
 vibrating frame, which accomplished this purpose from flat to flat, or 
 from one to the second flat from it in the series. 
 
 Horace Woodman, of Biddeford, Me., received letters patent on the 
 1st of August, 1854, for a system of mechanism for the same purpose, 
 but differing somewhat from that of Wellman. 
 
 Wellman took out a second patent, for an improved machine, 
 March 18, 1856, and a third one January 27, 1857. 
 
 Woodman also received a second patent July 8, 1856, and a third 
 December 1, 1857. As might naturally be expected, where the object 
 to be effected was so positive and confined, these different patents in- 
 terfered with each other essentially, and, after much litigation, the 
 matter was compromised oy a union of the two in 1867, as noted. 
 This invention has come into general use, and has not only proved 
 more effectual in producing perfect work, but more economical in 
 wear and tear of card clothing, as well as in labor. 
 
 Another valuable invention, but of less general application, was the 
 seamless bag loom, invented by Cyrus W. Baldwin, of Manchester, 
 N. H., in 1851, in which, after weaving the necessary length of bag in 
 a tubular form, by a simple automatic change of cams, the harnesses 
 were shifted in such a manner as to weave an inch or more of solid 
 double cloth, thus forming the bottom of the bag, and then returned 
 to their original position in the same manner, without stoppage or dis- 
 arrangement of the machinery or need of manual assistance. 
 
 The parallel motion for the picker-staffs of looms was also brought 
 into use about this time, the first one having been invented by W. W. 
 Dutcher, of Hopedale, Mass., in 1853, soon followed by several others. 
 This was a valuable invention, as saving a large expenditure for 
 " pickers " and " picker-strings," and in some form or another is in 
 general use. 
 
 The " shuttle-guard " of H. D. Bobbins, patented in 1852, and the 
 
62 
 
 improved oiler of I. R. Scott, afterward improved by W. H. Thomp- 
 son, are also deserving of notice. 
 
 In connection with the improvement in cards should be mentioned 
 the railway evener, invented by D. W. Hayden, of Willimantic, 
 Conn., in 1850, and afterward improved by Newell Wyllis, of Glas- 
 tonbury, and still later by Messrs. George Draper & Sons, of Hope- 
 dale, Mass. This valuable invention, applied to the railway-head, 
 which receives the sliver from a system of six or more cards, being 
 driven by a belt working on a pair of cone-pulleys, changed the 
 draught of the rolls in the head whenever the sliver was broken down 
 from any of the cards, by means of a " trumpet," through which the 
 combined sliver passed, and which operated a lever, shifting the belt 
 on the pulleys, thus causing the sliver delivered to be of uniform size. 
 
 In 1860 the large machine shop at Lawrence, Mass., built by the 
 Essex Company, and afterward known as the Lawrence Machine Shop, 
 was converted into a cotton mill, and has since been known as the 
 Everett Mills ; and the Pemberton Mills, at the same place, originally 
 built in 1853, which had been destroyed by an accident, with horrible 
 loss of life, the previous year, were rebuilt ; and both these mills were 
 applied to the manufacture of colored fabrics, such as cottonades and 
 dress-goods. 
 
 These are the principal enterprises of this period, during which the 
 number of spindles had increased, as shown by the census of 1860, to 
 5,035,798, and the pounds of cotton worked to 450,877,823, while the 
 crop of cotton raised in 1859 had reached the enormous amount of over 
 4,000,000 bales, or 1,850,000,000 pounds, of which we consumed about 
 one quarter, while the rest found a ready market at high prices in 
 Europe, and the enormous profits realized by its cultivation gave rise 
 to political results which for a time convulsed the world and bid fair 
 to destroy the republic. 
 
63 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 IT is not within the purposes of this article to enter on the discus- 
 sion of political questions, but this enormous and rapid growth of the 
 cotton manufacture was unquestionably one of the principal causes 
 which brought about the great American Civil War. 
 
 The superiority of the staple of American cotton had made it the 
 favorite in the markets of the world, and the demand for it seemed to 
 be practically unlimited. The profits of its cultivation were great, 
 and every acre of the cotton-growing States that could be made avail- 
 able was devoted to this purpose. " Cotton is king " was the watch- 
 word of the planters, and so fully were they convinced of the truth of 
 this fallacy that they dreamed of a new empire to be devoted to the 
 cultivation of cotton by slave labor, and to be attained by the disrup- 
 tion of the existing union with the manufacturing and food-growing 
 States of the North and West. 
 
 The question of slavery had long been a serious difficulty between 
 the North and the South, and, as it was fully believed in the latter 
 region that this important staple could only be raised by slave labor, 
 the planters regarded any opposition to the system or its extension as 
 an attack upon their most vital interests, while the North, regarding 
 it as both morally and economically wrong and injurious, had planted 
 itself firmly against its introduction into the unorganized territories 
 belonging to the nation. 
 
 The election of a president on this basis, of opposition to the fur- 
 ther extension of slavery, served the South as a casus belli, and, be- 
 lieving that cotton must be had, and that they were sure of the 
 support and assistance of European manufacturers, the cotton-growing 
 States took the responsibility of attempting the dissolution of the 
 Union. 
 
 It is needless to say that the result has been very different from 
 
 the anticipation, and that the crop of cotton cultivated by free labor 
 
 is now greater than before the war, having reached 4,500,000 bales, 
 
 and continually increasing, although the whole system has been 
 
 13 
 
64 
 
 changed, and the crop is now raised by small land-holders or tenants 
 of land, in connection with food-crops, as a staple " money-article," 
 for the supply of their clothing and other wants beyond their own pro- 
 duction, instead of in large lots by the owners of great plantations, 
 who depended on the profits of their cotton to supply all their other 
 wants, even buying much of the food consumed by their families and 
 laborers. The greatest increase in the crop has been in the State of 
 Texas, where the most white labor has been employed, and the " farm 
 system," as in contrast to the " plantation," most fully developed, 
 amounting to over 80 per cent, more than before the war, the last 
 crop of the State having been nearly 700,000 bales. 
 
 The introduction of the new system has of course been attended 
 with more or less difficulty to the .manufacturer, wno can not now go 
 into the market and purchase one or two hundred bales of cotton of 
 the growth of one plantation and of uniform quality ; but care on the 
 part of the buyer and skill in mixing his cotton on that of the manu- 
 facturer render it one of no very great importance. 
 
 The outbreak of the war in 1861 stopped all further extension of 
 the manufacture for a time, and utterly prostrated the business. 
 Many cotton mills sold their stock on hand, and put in more or less 
 woolen machinery, to supply the anticipated demand for army cloth- 
 ing, or in doubt whether they should ever see any more cotton ; while 
 other shrewder manufacturers bought the cotton thus sold, and piled 
 it up, until the demand for cotton cloths rendered its manufacture 
 enormously profitable ; but it was a long time before matters resumed 
 their normal condition. 
 
 The necessities of the South, however, drove them into manufac- 
 turing to a small extent, and in 1864 the Augusta Cotton Factory, of 
 23,000 spindles, was commenced ; and since the close of the war the 
 number of spindles at the South has been increasing, although the de- 
 ficiency of capital and skilled labor prevents very rapid progress. 
 Still Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia have begun to 
 utilize their valuable water-powers to some extent, and something has 
 been done in Alabama, Kentucky, and Mississippi. 
 
 After about two years of uncertainty, the manufacturing districts 
 began to take courage, and business was again resumed partially ; to 
 be revived with increased vigor at the close of the war in 1865, when 
 the country had become pretty thoroughly drained of its stock of cot- 
 ton fabrics ; and while many of the existing mills increased their 
 number of spindles to a great extent, the following new enterprises of 
 note were commenced one or two of them during the war, but the 
 greater number after its close. In 1861 the Webster Mills, at Sun- 
 cook village in Pembroke, N. H., which had been previously planned, 
 
65 
 
 were started, with 30,000 spindles, in 1862 the Coventry Company, at 
 Anthony, B. I., with 10,700 spindles, and the Grafton Mills, at Graf- 
 ton, Mass., with 12,400 spindles ; in 1863 the Ashland Company, 
 20,000 spindles, at Jewett City, Conn. ; the Central Mills, 10,600 spin- 
 dles, at Southbridge, Mass. ; and the Oriental Mills, at Providence, B. 
 I., with 15,000 spindles ; while the machine shop of the Hadley Falls 
 Company, at Holyoke, was converted into a mill for the manufacture 
 of spool cotton, and reorganized as the Hadley Company, with 30,000 
 spindles. In 1864 the Providence Steam Mill, at Providence, B. I., 
 began with 21,000 spindles ; the Reynolds Manufacturing Company, 
 at Bristol, B. I., with 10,750 spindles ; the Augusta Factory, at Au- 
 gusta, Ga., 23,000 spindles ; and the Indianapolis Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, of Indiana, with 4,000 spindles. The year 1865 saw the start 
 of the Whitestone Company, at East Killingly, Conn., with 8,000 
 spindles ; the Danielsonville Company, at West Killingly, 16,000 spin- 
 dles ; the Putnam Mills, at Putnam, Conn., 18,600 spindles ; the Mer- 
 rick Thread Company, at Holyoke, Mass., 12,000 spindles ; the Harris 
 Manufacturing Company, Coventry, B. I., 14,000 spindles ; the Orion 
 Manufacturing Company, East Greenwich, B. I., 15,000 spindles ; the 
 Bockville Manufacturing Company, Bockville, B. I., 8,000 spindles ; 
 the United States Flax Manufacturing Company (on cotton goods, 
 however), at Pawtucket, 30,000 spindles ; the Fletcher Manufacturing 
 Company, at Providence, 17,000 spindles ; and the Warren Manufac- 
 turing Company, at Warren, Md., 6,000 spindles. In 1866 the Wil- 
 liston Mills, at East Hampton, Mass., went into operation, with 30,000 
 spindles ; the Williamstown Manufacturing Company, at Williams- 
 town, Mass., 14,600 spindles ; and the Empire Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, Paterson, K J., 3,000 spindles. In 1867 the A. & W. Sprague 
 Manufacturing Company built a large mill at Augusta, Me., making, 
 with the old mill on the spot, which they purchased, a total of 40,000 
 spindles ; and the dam across the Kennebec Biver at that point was 
 rebuilt, affording a magnificent water-power, which has not as yet 
 been further developed. The Benfrew Manufacturing Company, at 
 South Adams, Mass., with 27,000 spindles, was commenced the same 
 year, and the Smithfield Manufacturing Company, 11,000 spindles, at 
 Hyde Park, Mass. In Vermont the Vermont Mills at Benningtoh, 
 7,000 spindles, and the Burlington Cotton Company, at Winooski 
 Falls, were started. Another large Southern enterprise also dates 
 from this year the Eagle and Pho3nix Manufacturing Company, at 
 Columbus, Ga., with 22,000 spindles ; and in 1868 the Frankfort Cot- 
 ton Mills, at Frankfort, Ky., were commenced. The year 1869 records 
 the beginning of the Lowell Hosiery Company, 10,400 spindles, at 
 Lowell, Mass.; the China Mills, 50,000 spindles, at Suncook, N. H.; 
 
66 
 
 the Mt. Vernon Manufacturing Company, at Alexandria, Va., 4,000 
 spindles ; and the Marshall Manufacturing Company, with 6,000 spin- 
 dles, at Manchester, V-a. In 1870 the Slater Cotton Company, at 
 Pawtucket, R. I., 20,000 spindles; the Whitin Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, Northbridge, Mass., 16,000 spindles ; the Morse Mills, Putnam, 
 Conn., 10,000 spindles ; and the gigantic Ponemah Mill, of 72,000 
 spindles, at Taftville, in Norwich, Conn., were commenced. 
 
 This closes the list of the more important manufacturing establish- 
 ments commenced during the decade, during which the increase of 
 spindles, as shown by the census of 1870, was very great, and was to 
 continue for three years longer, although, owing to the substitution of 
 lighter fabrics, on account of the scarcity and high price of cotton, 
 the number of pounds worked was slightly less than in 1860, being 
 447,216,000 pounds, while the spindles had increased to 7,114,000. 
 
 There is no American invention of any remarkable importance till 
 the close of this period ; but a very great advance had been made by 
 the adoption of the "slasher" dresser, which was introduced from 
 England at the Androscoggin Mills, Lewiston, by Mr. A. D. Lock- 
 wood, in 1867. The distinctive feature in this machine consisted in 
 the use of hot size, through which the warp was passed, and then 
 dried at once over large cans or cylinders, made of copper or galvan- 
 ized iron, instead of being passed through cold starch, usually fer- 
 mented, and dried by the air as it passed to be wound on the beam for 
 the loom. Previous trials of machines on this principle had been made 
 in this country, one known as the "tape-dressing" machine having 
 been imported by Mr William A. Burke, then superintendent of the 
 Lowell Machine Shop, in 1851 ; but whether from imperfection in the 
 yarn, or prejudice on the part of the operatives, none of the experi- 
 ments were successful until the arrival of the machine imported by 
 Mr. Lockwood. 
 
 One of these machines, as built by Messrs. Howard & Bullough, of 
 Accrington, Lancashire, proved capable of doing the work of ten of 
 the old style of dressers, or from 300 to 500 pieces per day ; while the 
 expense per yard was only about one fifth of that of the old manner, 
 and the warp was more thoroughly sized, so that the new " slashers," 
 as they were called, were soon introduced in every direction. 
 
 There had been many minor improvements in warpers, spoolers, 
 and looms, but spinning had remained without any essential change 
 since the introduction of the ring spindle, in 1836, by Wm. Mason, 
 and of the self-acting mule in 1840, by the importation of the Sharp 
 & Roberts mule, and the invention by Mr. Wm. Mason, of an essen- 
 tially different machine in construction, but capable of accomplishing 
 the same purpose, about the same time. The ring spindle had taken 
 
67 
 
 the place of the flier throstle, in nearly all the new mills, and with a 
 saving of 20 per cent, of the power, but had not been materially 
 changed from its first form, unless to make it heavier so as to run 
 steadier, until 1870, when a great alteration was made in it by Oliver 
 Pearl, of Lawrence, Mass., producing very important results and ma- 
 terially reducing the cost of production. This may perhaps be best 
 understood by Mr. Pearl's own description, in his patent issued May 
 3, 1870, viz. : 
 
 " My invention relates, first, to certain improvements in the construc- 
 tion of bobbins having frictional or adhesive bearings uniting them to 
 the spindle and carried by it, the object of this part of my invention 
 being to make a very light bobbin, and strengthen its various parts so 
 that it will not be easily crushed or broken ; second, to an improved 
 construction, and combination of both the bobbin and the ring-spindle, 
 so that they can be successfully used with greater advantages of 
 length of traverse, speed, and steadiness of rotation than heretofore 
 attained, and at the same time be much lighter, the object of this part 
 of my invention being to greatly diminish the amount of power re- 
 quired to drive the spindle at any given speed, and increase its effi- 
 cient operation at the same time." 
 
 After describing the ordinary spindle and bobbin, he says of his 
 own : " This bobbin is made with a thin and light shell or barrel of 
 wood, and has a lower adhesive or frictional bearing, &, and a middle 
 one, i, and is also bushed at the upper end by a plug, re-inforce, or 
 bushing, I; and the bearings, k and , and the bushing, , are united to 
 and combined with the shell of the bobbin, and strengthen it in all 
 directions from being broken. The adhesive or frictional bearings, k 
 and i, are made to sustain the bobbin on the spindle in one position 
 with relation to the latter, and so as to enable the spindle to carry the 
 bobbin with it in its rotation. 
 
 " My improved spindle, instead of extending substantially to the 
 upper end of the bobbin, as heretofore, is only made long enough 
 above the upper bolster to enable the adhesive bearing i at the center 
 of the bobbin to hold the latter firmly upon it. I am thus enabled to 
 remove a large portion of the blade of the spindle above the bolster ; 
 and the tube of the bobbin projecting beyond the shortened blade of 
 the spindle, resting, by its adhesive central bearing, upon the latter, 
 and being both light and rigid, retains its length and the position 
 which it had before the spindle blade was shortened, while the 
 traverse of the frame and the length of the bobbin remain as before. 
 
 " By thus dispensing with the length and weight at the top of the 
 spindle above the bolster, while the length of bobbin and the traverse 
 of the frame remain as before relatively, I am enabled to lighten the 
 
68 
 
 lower part of the spindle and wheel below the bolster many times the 
 weight taken from its blade above, without destroying the proper 
 balance of the spindle and its consequent steadiness of motion ; arid by 
 these means I accomplish the ultimate effect, which is the purpose of 
 this improvement, of enabling the spindle to be run steadily at high 
 speed with much less power than heretofore, thus diminishing the 
 expense and increasing the production at the same time." 
 
 I have been thus particular in giving Mr. Pearl's own description of 
 his invention, as he was soon followed by others, who aimed at 
 accomplishing the same result by different methods, but the claims of 
 some of whom, infringing more or less on those of Mr. Pearl, are now 
 the subject of legal adjudication. The effect of the improvement was 
 decided and positive, the new spindle ran at the same speed with the 
 old one, with a saving of one third of the power required to carry it, 
 and was also capable of being run at a higher speed than had been 
 possible before this invention. 
 
 The old spindle was limited to a speed of about 6,000 revolutions per 
 minute, and was seldom used at even that speed, probably averaging 
 about 5,500 revolutions in ordinary practice, while the new one was 
 capable of being driven to 6,500 or even to 7,000^ revolutions without 
 extra vibration or loss of power. 
 
 Part of this saving was due to the diminution in weight of the 
 spindle, which had been reduced from 12 ozs. to about 5 ozs., but 
 more to its smaller diameter, giving a shorter length of frictional sur- 
 face in the bearings, opposed to the lateral tension of the driving 
 band ; but a great deal of it was due to the improvement in the bob- 
 bin, which was reduced from 1 oz. or 1J oz. in weight to about 
 J oz.; thus, with the shortening of the top of the spindle, materially 
 reducing the vibratory weight, carried above the upper bearing or 
 "bolster." 
 
 The new bobbin was more expensive than the old one, but, from the 
 peculiarities of its construction, was necessarily more accurately and 
 carefully made, and more mathematically " true," and less liable to 
 warp, and spring from its form of a true cylinder. 
 
 As, according to the mathematical law, the vibration of a spindle is 
 as the cube of its length above the point of support, divided by the 
 cube of its diameter, this disturbing element, which caused much of 
 the friction, and thereby absorbed a large proportion of the power, 
 was materially reduced by the new invention. 
 
 Mr. Pearl commenced his experiments on this spindle and bobbin in 
 1868, but did not take out his patent until 1870. 
 
 He was soon followed by Jacob H. Sawyer, of Lowell, who, on the 
 llth of April, 1871, received letters patent for an improved spindle, 
 
69 
 
 which was a further step in carrying out the same mechanical law, by 
 placing his upper bearing or " bolster " at the top of a tube, supported 
 from the "bolster-rail," and chambering out the lower half of the 
 bobbin, so that it would drop freely over this tube ; thus placing the 
 point of support very nearly in the center of the bobbin vertically, 
 and still further diminishing the length, and consequent vibration, 
 above the point of support. 
 
 In both cases, the " blade " of the spindle or that part above the 
 bolster was slightly tapered, and in Mr. Pearl's case the bobbin was 
 driven by the adhesion to it of two bushings, one at the bottom, and 
 one half way up the bobbin, while in Mr. Sawyer's spindle the bush- 
 ings were respectively at the center and the top, or entirely in the 
 upper half of the bobbin, which in Mr. Pearl's invention projected 
 above the top of the spindle. 
 
 A difficulty was soon found with the Sawyer spindle, from the in- 
 ability to oil the bolster bearing while in operation, which was 
 obviated by Mr. George Draper who purchased the patent, or a part 
 of it by the application of a bolster tube having a spiral groove cut 
 internally, so as to carry up the oil steadily and constantly from a sup- 
 ply at the bottom, to the bearing at the top, while the spindle was in 
 revolution. This spiral bolster was patented January 14, 1873, and 
 proved successful. 
 
 The natural result of Mr. Sawyer's invention was to make a still 
 further increase in the capability of speed attainable by the spindle, 
 and reduction of the power required, over that reached by Mr. Pearl, 
 although the spindle, including its bearings, was necessarily more ex- 
 pensive in construction; but both forms are being very extensively in- 
 troduced, as might be expected, when we consider that one half, or 
 nearly so, of the whole power of a cotton mill was required for the 
 spinning, and that of this power one third was saved over the old 
 style of Ring spindle, and one half over the Flier spindle by their 
 adoption, the saving being rather greater with the Sawyer spindle than 
 with the Pearl spindle, for the reason that its diameter is usually 
 less. 
 
 Another form of light spindle, invented by Richard Garsed, of Phila- 
 delphia, was introduced by the Bridesburg Manufacturing Company, 
 in 1872. It consisted like the others of a short spindle, but the bob- 
 bin had no adhesive bearings, being driven by a clutch at the bottom, 
 which engaged on a square shoulder cut on the spindle just above the 
 bolster ; and, the spindle being straight, the bobbin was so bored as 
 just to drop freely on it to its bearings. 
 
 Another feature about this spindle was the use of a "loose 
 bolster," patented by Barton H. Jenks, of Philadelphia, which was 
 
70 
 
 held by a screw from turning around in the " rail," but had just 
 enough play to allow it to align itself to the spindle. 
 
 This not only prevented the spindle from being cramped between 
 the upper and lower bearings, but avoided the friction caused by the 
 revolution of a body liable to vibration, in a rigid bearing, to some ex- 
 tent. This form of spindle, although not possessing the advantages of 
 the Sawyer plan, where a very large and heavy bobbin of yarn was to 
 be carried, has proved itself very useful with light bobbins, especially 
 for weft or filling, as there can be no loss of twist in the yarn, from 
 the bobbins working loose upon the spindle, and as the size of the 
 weft bobbin is limited by the capacity of the shuttle. The saving of 
 power within the range of its capacity is about the same as with the 
 Sawyer spindle. 
 
 Still another pattern, the " Rabbeth " spindle, is a modification of a 
 spindle patented in 1867 by Messrs. Rabbeth & Atwood, of Birming- 
 ham, Conn. 
 
 The original spindle was intended for use in the manufacture of 
 silk, and had a sleeve or shield, extending downward below the flange 
 on which the bobbin was set, and by means of pins in which it was 
 driven, for the purpose of protecting the silk from any oil which 
 might be thrown out from the bolster by the revolution of the 
 spindle. 
 
 The spindle itself was dropped into a tube filled with oil, at the bot- 
 tom of which was the step, or lower bearing. The spindle thus re- 
 volved in oil, which was prevented from getting on the silk by the 
 sleeve or shield above mentioned. As this tube prevented the applica- 
 tion of the whorl to the spindle in the usual manner, it was attached 
 to the bottom of the sleeve. 
 
 This form of spindle was modified by Mr. Rabbeth in 1872, by the 
 use of a bolster similar to Mr. Sawyer's, and the reduction of the 
 sleeve in diameter, so as to permit the chambered bobbin to drop 
 down upon and be driven by it. 
 
 This brings the bobbin, spindle, and bolster in relatively the same 
 mechanical position as in the Sawyer patent, but differs in having the 
 lower part of the spindle constantly immersed in and revolving in oil, 
 thus needing less frequent attention. This spindle has also been in- 
 troduced to a considerable extent, with nearly the same results in 
 economy of power as the others. 
 
 Several other light spindles have been experimented with, but have 
 proved to be an infringement on one or the other of the above forms, 
 the rights of which as among themselves have not yet been entirely 
 adjudicated, but of which in all almost 2,000,000 have been put in 
 operation, the Sawyer spindle so far showing the greatest number. 
 
71 
 
 The saving of power resulting from their use has proved of great 
 value to mills, where steam was employed for that purpose, as well as 
 to those driven by water, on the many privileges where the supply was 
 short during the summer months. 
 
 The subject of opening and picking cotton also received much at- 
 tention about this time. Various machines had been employed for 
 this purpose, the most of them of English origin, prominent among 
 which was the one known as the Creighton Willow, which opened the 
 cotton very successfully but delivered it in loose masses, on the floor, 
 and was very liable to accident from fire. 
 
 Messrs. Lord, of Todmorden, England, and others, and Kitson, of 
 Lowell, Mass., turned their attention to machines which should not 
 only open the cotton from the bale, but form it at one operation into 
 a preparatory lap, for the second machine. These machines came into 
 general use, on account of the thorough way in which they did the 
 work, and their immunity from fire, but were objectionable from 
 the great amount of power required to operate them, and were also 
 supposed by some to injure the staple of the cotton. 
 
 This form was originally introduced in England during our Civil 
 War, when the English spinners had to depend largely on short- 
 stapled and dirty East Indian cotton, and answered their purpose 
 admirably, but did not seem to be so well suited to the longer stapled 
 American varieties. I have referred to their operation in the supple- 
 mentary chapter, in the notice of Kitson's improvements. On the 20th 
 of December, 1870, an improved opener was patented by Messrs. Palmer 
 & Jillson of Willimantic, Conn., in which the rigid beater blade was 
 replaced by a series of hinged fingers, hung on rods parallel with the 
 axis of the beater, and which, while striking the cotton with a blow 
 like a flail, as it was delivered by the feed rolls, would yield partially 
 to the resistance of an unusually heavy clot or mass due to dampness 
 in the cotton, and great pressure in the packing. There were, how- 
 ever, objections to the operation of this machine, as the points of the 
 fingers which struck the cotton tended to draw it out into " strings," 
 so called, and this difficulty was obviated by the improvement of 
 Messrs. Whitehead & Atherton, of Lowell. Patented in 1871, 1872, 
 1873, 1874 and 1875. 
 
 This improvement consisted in uniting the ends of every pair of 
 fingers by a cross-bar, thus forming a continuous line of short beaters, 
 each about five inches long, and hinged on the above-mentioned rods. 
 This " Whipper " as it was called avoided the objection to the Jillson 
 & Palmer " finger," cleaned the cotton from seeds as thoroughly as 
 the rigid beater, or even more so, required much less power in opera- 
 tion, and caused less injury to the staple. This machine of Messrs. 
 
Whitehead & Atherton has been very widely and successfully intro- 
 duced, and has led to the improvements already mentioned by Mr. 
 Kitson, in which the lumps or masses of cotton are torn apart or 
 loosened before reaching the beater, whose office it is to remove the 
 seed. Both the improved opener of Mr. Kitson and the Whipper 
 opener of Whitehead & Atherton are now being introduced in Eng- 
 land, and giving entire satisfaction, the Whitehead & Atherton ma- 
 chine having proved itself especially adapted to long-stapled cotton, 
 or to cotton which has been previously dyed. 
 
 Another variation introduced by Kitson was the substitution of a 
 series of toothed feed rolls, increasing in speed, like those in a drawing 
 frame, by which the cotton was torn apart, and then blown through a 
 dust-trunk, before reaching the regular "feed-rolls of the beater. 
 
 In either way, the improvement in the manner of opening cotton 
 from the bale has been very great. 
 
 The city of Fall River made its great increase in manufacturing 
 at this period, and a number of new and large mills were erected, 
 almost entirely devoted to the manufacture of print-cloths, the demand 
 for which was very great, and the price of which had risen to 8 cts. 
 per yard, or 50 cts. per lb., giving a very large profit. These mills 
 were, to some extent, filled with English machinery, the roving frames, 
 mules and dressers being generally imported, but the cards and 
 looms were of American manufacture. A reference to the table of 
 statistics of Fall River will show the date at which these new mills 
 were built, and the rapidity of their increase, which, with that of 
 other places, resulted in 1873 in overstocking the home market with 
 cotton goods. Another result also followed from the large increase 
 in mule spindles. 
 
 These machines were usually accompanied by foreign operatives, 
 who brought with them all their foreign prejudices, as well as their skill 
 at their trade, and soon attempted, by trades-union management, to fix 
 the price of labor and dictate to the mill owners, by means of a 
 " strike " ; in which, as usual, the operatives came out the losers, after 
 stopping the mills for many weeks. The labor of these weeks was 
 not only lost, but the attention of manufacturers has been turned to 
 the production of weft as well as warp yarns, by the improved 
 light ring spindle instead of the mule. This is now the subject of ex- 
 periment by various inventors, and has nearly passed the stage where 
 it can be called experimental. It has been satisfactorily proved that 
 a soft weft yarn can be spun on either the Sawyer, Pearl, Garsed, or 
 Rabbeth spindles, at as low a cost as on the mule, by a more docile 
 and manageable class of operatives, and with the advantage of pro- 
 ducing an equal amount of yarn, with one half the quantity of room 
 
IB 
 
 in the mill. Many large establishments are trying one or more of 
 these different spindles, and it seems very probable that their substitu- 
 tion for the mule will be gradually effected, when the best form of 
 spindle is decided upon. 
 
 Besides the great increase at Fall River, the following manufac- 
 turing establishments of note commenced operations during this 
 period, 1871, in Massachusetts. The Potomska Mill at New Bedford, 
 44,000 spindles ; the Freeman Manufacturing Company, 17,000 
 spindles, at North Adams, in 1874 ; and the Johnson Company at the 
 same place with 6,000 spindles. In Connecticut, in 1872, the Powhat- 
 tan Manufacturing Company, 17,000 spindles, and the Mawhansett 
 Company, 12,400 spindles, at Putnam ; and the Fitchville Manufactur- 
 ing Company, 13,000, at Bozrah ; in Rhode Island, the Green Manu- 
 facturing Company, 23,000 spindles, at Phoenix ; in 1872, the Man- 
 ville Mill, of 70,000 spindles, at Manville ; the Moss's Manufacturing 
 Company at Westerly, 10,000 spindles ; and the Ballou Mill of 50,000 
 spindles at Woonsocket, in 1873. 
 
 In New York, the Lake George Manufacturing Company, 10,000 
 spindles at Ticonderoga, in 1872. 
 
 In Maine, the Barker Mill, at Auburn, 18,000 spindles in 1872, fol- 
 lowed by the Lockwood Mill of 32,000 spindles, at Waterville, in 1875. 
 
 In Vermont, the North Pownal Manufacturing Company, 16,000 
 spindles in 1873. In New Jersey, the Millville Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, 30,000 spindles in 1873, and Messrs. R. & H. Adams & Com- 
 pany, 24,000 spindles at Paterson in 1872. 
 
 Michigan, the Jonesville Manufacturing Company, 5,000 spindles 
 in 1872. 
 
 Illinois, the Chicago Manufacturing Company, 5,000 spindles in 
 
 1871, and the Rock Island Manufacturing Company, 5,000 spindles in 
 
 1872. 
 
 Tennessee, the Brownsville Manufacturing Company, 3,600 spindles 
 in 1874, and the Tennessee Manufacturing Company at Nashville, 
 14,000 spindles in 1875. 
 
 Wisconsin, the Janesville Manufacturing Company of 10,000 spin- 
 dles in 1874. 
 
 North Carolina, the Oakdale Manufacturing Company, 4,000 spin- 
 dles at Greensboro in 1873, and the Rockfish Manufacturing Company 
 at Fayetteville the same year, 4,500 spindles. 
 
 South Carolina shows the Graniteville Manufacturing Company of 
 23,000 spindles, commenced at an earlier date, the'Langley Manufac- 
 turing Company at Langley, 10,000 spindles, and the Camperdown 
 Manufacturing Company at Greenville, in 1875, 14,000 spindles. 
 
 In Georgia, the Arkwright Manufacturing Company of Savannah, 
 
74 
 
 4,000 spindles in 1873, and some additions of spindles to other pre- 
 viously built mills. 
 
 Alabama the Tallassee Mauufacturing Company of 18,000 spin- 
 dles. 
 
 At the present moment efforts are being made for a further exten- 
 sion of manufactures at the South, but the want of capital renders it 
 very difficult to make much progress. 
 
 A large mill has been projected, and commenced at Atlanta, and 
 the Eagle and Phoenix Company of Columbus, Ga., are building a new 
 mill, and other projects are under discussion, but at the North the gen- 
 eral feeling is that there are spindles enough to supply the present de- 
 mand for home consumption, and that further increase must depend on 
 the natural growth of the country, and the further development of our 
 export trade, which was severely crippled during the Civil War, and 
 to the revival of which the serious attention of our manufacturers and 
 merchants is now being turned. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE number of spindles in the United States in 1874 had reached 
 to 9,415,383, distributed as follows : 
 
 TOTAL NUMBER OF COTTON SPINDLES IN THE UNITED STATES, JULY 1, 1874. 
 
 Maine 609,898 
 
 New Hampshire I... 855,189 
 
 Vermont 58,948 
 
 Massachusetts... 3,769,692 
 
 Connecticut 908,202 
 
 Rhode Island 1,336,843 
 
 New York 580,917 
 
 New Jersey 150,000 
 
 Pennsylvania 452,064 
 
 Delaware 47,976 
 
 Maryland 110,000 
 
 Ohio 20,000 
 
 Indiana 22,988 
 
 Minnesota. . . . . 3,400 8,927,754 
 
 Alabama. 57,594 
 
 Arkansas 1,256 
 
 Georgia 137,380 
 
 Kentucky 10,500 
 
 Louisiana 15,000 
 
 Mississippi 15,150 
 
 Missouri 18,656 
 
 North Carolina 55,498 
 
 South Carolina 62,872 
 
 Tennessee 47,658 
 
 Texas 10,225 
 
 Virginia... 56,490 487,629 
 
 Total number of spindles 9,415,383 
 
 Number of mills 847 
 
 Number of looms 186,975 
 
 Number of spindles, 1874 9,415,383 
 
 Number of spindles, 1870 7,114,000 
 
 Increase in four years 2,301,383 
 
 and the cotton consumed to 1,220,000 bales, or 567,583,873 Ibs., which 
 was divided among the following products, viz. : Threads, yarns and 
 
76 
 
 twines, 149,000,000 Ibs.; sheetings and shirtings, 707,000,000 yards; 
 drills, jeans, flannels, etc., 306,000,000 yards ; print cloths, 588,000,000 
 yards ; ginghams, 33,000,000 yards ; duck, 30,000,000 yards ; bags, 
 6,000,000. 
 
 As print-cloths, as before stated, .had been for a few years an arti- 
 cle of great demand, it must be inferred that there had been a corre- 
 sponding increase in printing machinery, although a portion of the 
 cloths were finished as bleached and dyed cambrics, and a large 
 amount consumed for various purposes, such as lining trunks, cheese- 
 boxes, etc., etc., and the following table, taken from the New York 
 " Journal of Commerce," is believed to be correct : 
 
 PRINT WORKS AND NUMBER OF PRINTING MACHINES IN THE UNITED STATES, JANUARY 1, 
 
 1876. 
 
 Woonsocket Co., Providence, R 1 12 
 
 American, Fall River, Mass 16 
 
 Bay State, Fall River, Mass 6 
 
 Albion, Coneschocken, Pa 6 
 
 Ancona, Gloucester, N. J . . 10 
 
 A. & W. Sprague, Cranston, R. 1 30 
 
 Cocheco, Dover, N. H 13 
 
 Clyde, River Point, R. I. 7 
 
 Dunnell, Pawtucket, R.I 11 
 
 Dundee (Reed & Barry), Passaic, N. J 7 
 
 Freeman, North Adams, Mass 7 
 
 Garner & Co., Haverstraw, N. J 20 
 
 Garner & Co., Wappinger's Falls, N. Y 20 
 
 Gloucester, Gloucester, N. J 12 
 
 Greenwich, East Greenwich, R. I 7 
 
 Hamilton, Lowell, Mass 8 
 
 Hunter 8 
 
 Hartel, Holmesdale, Pa 6 
 
 Hamilton Woolen Co. (Knickerbocker), Southbridge 6 
 
 Harvey, Arnold & Co., North Adams, Mass 8 
 
 Wm. H. Locke, Passaic, N. J 7 
 
 Lodi, Lodi, N. J 3 
 
 Manchester, Manchester, N. H 14 
 
 Mystic, Medford, Mass 2 
 
 Merrimack, Lowell, Mass 18 
 
 Oriental, Apponaug, R. I * 9 
 
 Pacific, Lawrence, Mass 22 
 
 Richmond, Providence, R. 1 7 
 
 Simpson, Philadelphia, Pa 13 
 
 Scott (Franklin), Paterson, N. J 7 
 
 Saunders, Southbridge, Mass 4 
 
 Smith, Philadelphia, Pa 1 
 
 William, Bustleton, Pa 4 
 
 Total.. . 331 
 
Allowing each machine to produce 200 pieces per day, a fair aver- 
 age, for 40 weeks in the year, this would give a total of 14,400,000 
 pieces printed annually, of which almost the whole has been used at 
 home, our exports of prints being very small. 
 
 Within the last two years a portion of the Fall River production 
 of cloths has been sent to England, where they have probably been 
 printed, and distributed to other markets, with which we have not 
 established an export trade, or with which our commerce was inter- 
 rupted during the war. 
 
 The American calicoes at the Exhibition were very highly com- 
 mended by the Foreign Judges, and were considered to be fully equal 
 in design, color and execution to those exhibited by any other country, 
 although there was no representation of the higher grades of more ex- 
 pensive goods from France. 
 
 The manufacture of ginghams, cottonades, and other cotton 
 fabrics dyed in the yarn, has also been very widely extended, and the 
 goods of the York, Amoskeag, Lancaster, Bates, Everett, Pemberton, 
 Whittenton, Renfrew, and Glasgow Companies, in New England, are 
 well known and appreciated, as are also those of a number of smaller 
 establishments in the Philadelphia district. 
 
 Fine lawns and muslins have been made to soine extent, although, 
 as has been stated previously, the great bulk of cotton manufactures 
 have been of yarns between No. 14 and No. 40. The manufacture of 
 cotton duck for sails and tents is an American invention, and received 
 great extension during the Civil War, and is widely scattered over the 
 Eastern and Middle States. 
 
 Spool cotton is also made in great quantities, the more notable 
 brands being those of the Willimantic Company, at Willimantic, 
 Conn. ; the Hadley Company and Merrick Company at Holyoke, 
 Mass.; the Coats Thread Company at Pawtucket, R. L, Green & 
 Daniels of the same place ; the Clark Thread Company of Newark, 
 N. J., and Samuel Semple & Sons, of Mount Holly, Burlington County,. 
 N. J. ; the Coats and Clark companies being originally offshoots 
 from the parent establishments in Scotland. 
 
 Cotton bags, woven without seam in the loom, are also of Ameri- 
 can introduction, and are made from the waste left in the manufacture 
 of finer fabrics, mixed with stained or lower grades of cotton. 
 
 Small wares, such as tapes, braids, lamp-wicking, suspender web- 
 bing, etc., etc., are extensively made, principally in Massachusetts, 
 Rhode Island, and in and about Philadelphia. 
 
 The accompanying table shows the statistics in a condensed form 
 of several of the larger towns and cities, which owe their prosperity, 
 and in most cases their origin and existence, to the cotton manufacture, 
 
having been first established in situations where a natural waterfall 
 rendered a great amount of power available ; and in addition to these, 
 the whole area of the New England States is studded with cotton 
 mills, some of them of great size and importance, wherever suitable 
 water power was to be found, in many cases compensating for the 
 droughts of summer by the addition of steam. 
 
 STATISTICS OF LOWELL, 1876. 
 
 Merrimack Mfg Co 
 
 1823 
 1825 
 1828 
 1830 
 1831 
 1835 
 1839 
 
 cs or I 
 1846 
 
 1852 
 
 1860 
 1858 
 
 1860 
 1853 
 
 p MANC 
 
 1831 
 1838 
 
 1873 
 1857 
 
 )F LEW 
 
 1846 
 1850 
 1850 
 1866 
 
 1853 
 
 1860 
 1870 
 
 158,464 
 56,080 
 42,488 
 93,528 
 92,000 
 112,752 
 101,720 
 
 AWRENCE, 
 
 86,880 
 5135,000 
 worsted 
 25,000 
 28,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 33,280 
 7,500 
 
 HESTER, N. 
 
 135,000 
 45,000 
 
 75,000 
 33,056 
 
 tsiON, MAII 
 
 21,740 
 56,196 
 51,000 
 70,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 58,450 
 18,576 
 
 2,700 
 1,225 
 600 
 1,400 
 1,750 
 1,875 
 1,475 
 
 MASS. 
 1,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 675 
 300 
 
 775 
 225 
 
 H., IS'i 
 
 4,000 
 1,200 
 
 2,940 
 500 
 
 ns, 187( 
 
 407 
 1,250 
 1,000 
 1,200 
 
 850 
 
 1,100 
 250 
 
 6,344,000 
 3,900,000 
 4,992,000 
 7,280,000 
 9,100,000 
 6,760,000 
 9,256,000 
 
 8,800,000 
 6,000,000 
 
 1,710,000 
 675,000 
 
 2,250,000 
 1,500,000 
 
 6. 
 
 13,000,000 
 6,760,000 
 
 4,160,000 
 1,560,000 
 
 >. 
 
 1,040,000 
 2,023,114 
 2,500,000 
 6,000,000 
 {2,800,000 
 jute, 
 1,011,000 
 
 4,350,000 
 855,000 
 
 37,700,000 
 14,040,000 
 12,480,000 
 19,760,000 
 22,100,000* 
 23,920,000 
 27,768,000 
 
 24,500,000 
 42,000,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 j warps, 
 ( 5,200,000 
 7,000,000 
 1,700,000 
 
 36,400,000 
 12,376,000 
 
 28,600,000 
 4,940,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 8,151,000 
 8,000,000 
 15,000,000 
 
 Hamilton " 
 
 Appleton " 
 
 Tremont & Suffolk Mfg. Co,. 
 
 Lawrence " 
 
 Boott Cotton Mills 
 
 Massachusetts Cotton Mills 
 
 STATISTI 
 Atlantic Cotton Mills. 
 
 Pacific Mills (also worsted) 
 Pemberton Mills (also woolens) 
 
 Washington " " " 
 Everett " 
 
 
 STATISTICS o 
 Amoskeag Mfg. Co 
 
 Stark Mills 
 
 Manchester Mills (also worsted), re- 
 organized 
 
 Langdon Mfg. Co 
 
 STATISTICS < 
 Lincoln Mill . . ... 
 
 Bates Mfg. Co 
 
 Hill " 
 
 Continental Mills 
 
 Lewiston " (also jute) 
 
 Androscoggin Mills 
 
 57,000,000 
 bags, 
 2,000,000 
 2,000,000 
 
 Barker Mill (Auburn).. 
 
 
 * Lawrence Company also, 780,000 dozen hosiery and 46,800 shirts and drawers. 
 
79 
 
 STATISTICS OP FALL RIVER, 1876. 
 
 NAME OF ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 Date of 
 Incorpo- 
 ration. 
 
 iNo. of 
 Spindles. 
 
 No. of 
 Opera- 
 tives. 
 
 Lbs. Cotton 
 consumed 
 annually. 
 
 Yards Cloth 
 produced an- 
 nually. 
 
 American Linen Co . 
 
 1852 
 
 82 512 
 
 1 000 
 
 3 825 000 
 
 21 000 000 
 
 Annawam Manufactory 
 
 1815 
 
 10 116 
 
 140 
 
 450 000 
 
 2 150 000 
 
 Barnard Mfg Co 
 
 1874 
 
 28 400 
 
 340 
 
 1 575 000 
 
 9 000 000 
 
 Border City Mills 
 
 1872 
 
 72 144 
 
 900 
 
 3712 500 
 
 20 500 000 
 
 Chase " 
 
 1871 
 
 43480 
 
 425 
 
 2 025 000 
 
 12 000 000 
 
 Crescent " 
 
 1871 
 
 33,280 
 
 340 
 
 1,462,500 
 
 5,750,000 
 
 Davoe u . . 
 
 1867 
 
 30496 
 
 375 
 
 1 575 000 
 
 5 000 000 
 
 Durfee " ... .... 
 
 1866 
 
 87424 
 
 950 
 
 4 275 000 
 
 23 000 000 
 
 Fall River Manufactory 
 
 1813 
 
 25,902 
 
 330 
 
 1 350,000 
 
 7 000 000 
 
 " " Print Works. . 
 
 1848 
 
 13 600 
 
 175 
 
 607 500 
 
 3 500 000 
 
 Flint Mills 
 
 1872 
 
 45 360 
 
 450 
 
 2 137 500 
 
 12 500 000 
 
 Granite Mills 
 
 1863 
 
 76 920 
 
 900 
 
 4 050 000 
 
 21 500,000 
 
 King Philip Mills 
 
 1871 
 
 37440 
 
 425 
 
 1,350,000 
 
 5,500,000 
 
 Mechanics' "... 
 
 1868 
 
 53 712 
 
 550 
 
 2 587 500 
 
 14 000 000 
 
 
 1867 
 
 85 570 
 
 800 
 
 4,162 500 
 
 22 500,000 
 
 
 1847 
 
 23 840 
 
 325 
 
 1,125,000 
 
 6,500,000 
 
 Montauk " ... 
 
 1871 
 
 7 200 
 
 125 
 
 1 1 25 000 
 
 2 000 000 
 
 Mount Hope " 
 
 1867 
 
 9*024 
 
 135 
 
 303,750 
 
 1 225 000 
 
 Narra^ansett u .... 
 
 1871 
 
 27920 
 
 326 
 
 1,462,500 
 
 8,250,000 
 
 Osborn " 
 
 1871 
 
 37,232 
 
 425 
 
 1,912,500 
 
 11,000,000 
 
 Pocasset Mfg Co 
 
 1822 
 
 36 744 
 
 5&0 
 
 1 417 500 
 
 7 500 000 
 
 Richard Borden Mfg. Co. 
 
 1871 
 
 42 528 
 
 450 
 
 2,025,000 
 
 12 000,000 
 
 Robeson Mills 
 
 1867 
 
 21,632 
 
 275 " 
 
 1,125,000 
 
 6,500,000 
 
 Sagamore ' . . 
 
 1872 
 
 37672 
 
 425 
 
 1 800 000 
 
 10 500 000 
 
 Shove ' 
 
 1872 
 
 37 504 
 
 425 
 
 1,912,500 
 
 11,500,000 
 
 Slade ' 
 
 1871 
 
 37,040 
 
 350 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 10,000,000 
 
 Stafford ' 
 
 1871 
 
 34 928 
 
 350 
 
 1 800 000 
 
 10 000 000 
 
 Tecumseh ' 
 
 1866 
 
 42 156 
 
 400 
 
 2 025,000 
 
 12,000,000 
 
 Troy Cotton & Wool Manufactory. . 
 Union Mill Co . 
 
 1814 
 1859 
 
 38,928 
 44 784 
 
 400 
 475 
 
 1,800,000 
 2 250 000 
 
 10,250,000 
 12 000 000 
 
 Wampanoag Mills 
 
 1871 
 
 27 920 
 
 325 
 
 1 462,500 
 
 8,250,000 
 
 
 1871 
 
 34080 
 
 350 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 10,000,000 
 
 Fall River Merino Co ... 
 
 1875 
 
 1 560 
 
 60 
 
 337 500 
 
 9 000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 1,269,048 
 
 14,270 
 
 62,628,750 
 
 343,375,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The question of the comparative economy of steam and water- 
 power has often been discussed, and results drawn which have proved 
 erroneous, for want of correct data in the premises. 
 
 As before stated, many cotton mills were started in the seaboard 
 towns of New England, in the belief that steam was as cheap a motor 
 as water, and nearly if not all of those east of Fall River have proved 
 unsuccessful as investments. 
 
 The writer had occasion to make a careful examination of the cost 
 of power at some of these mills a few years since, and arrived at the 
 following results : 
 14 
 
80 
 
 
 Mill No. 1, 
 NewburypH. 
 
 Mill No. 2, 
 Eockport. 
 
 Mill No. 8, 
 Newburyp't. 
 
 Mill No. 4, 
 Fall Eiver. 
 
 Number of spindles 
 
 17,040 
 
 17,904 
 
 26,976 
 
 34,848 
 
 Horse-power required 
 
 275.75 
 
 291 
 
 327 5 
 
 450 
 
 Tons of coal per annum 
 
 1,612 
 
 1,873.5 
 
 2,213 
 
 2,632 
 
 Cost of " " . . f 
 
 $10 823 24 
 
 $12486 78 
 
 $14 560 00 
 
 $18 766 
 
 Engineer, fireman, oil, etc., includ- | 
 ing delivery of coal 4 
 
 2,074.28 
 
 3,556.92 
 
 2,701.29 
 
 2,500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total cost. . ^ 
 
 $12,987.52 
 
 $16,053.70 
 
 $17,261.29 
 
 $21,266 
 
 Cost per horse-power per annum 
 
 47 10 
 
 55 12 
 
 52 70 
 
 45 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Including the Fall River Mill, which agrees with two other mills 
 there very closely, the average cost of the 4 mills for fuel, oil, and 
 labor per annum per horse power is $50.04, or for the mills east of 
 Boston, where coal was higher, $51.64 to which must be added about 
 $20 per horse power for interest and depreciation on plant, or 20 per 
 cent, of a fair average cost of $100 per horse power for engine, boilers, 
 and setting, engine house and chimney ; of which the engine would 
 cost ^ at 10 per cent, depreciation ; boilers, J at 20 per cent. ; and 
 buildings and chimney J at 6 per cent., making an average of about 12 
 per cent., which, with interest, etc., would bring the whole allowance up 
 to about 20 per cent. This would give a total cost for steam power of 
 $70 per horse power per annum, which may be assumed as the average 
 cost in quantities of from 2 to 500 horse power near the sea coast of 
 New England. This would, of course, be increased or lessened in 
 different localities by the cost of coal. Mr. George H. Corliss, of Provi- 
 dence, R. I., the eminent steam-engine builder, estimates the cost with 
 his improved engines, including 20 per cent, as above, to be 16.22 
 cents per day per horse power, which, for 300 working days, would 
 give $48.66 per annum. 
 
 The above figures were, however, taken from the actual running 
 accounts of mills, in ordinary years. Now at Lowell and Lawrence, 
 the annual water rent per horse power paid to the Water Power Com- 
 panies is $5.00 per annum ; and if the cost of wheels, pits, and flumes 
 be estimated at $100 per horse power, there is to be added $7.00 per 
 annum for interest, and $5.00 per annum for depreciation, making in 
 all, for power, $17.00 per annum. To this should be added the further 
 sum of $3.00 per annum, for heating and dressing, giving a total ex- 
 penditure of $20.00 per annum per horse power of water, as against 
 $70.00 for steam. 
 
 At the Androscoggin Mills, Lewiston, Me., the cost of water 
 power and heating is made up as being $14.10 per horse power per 
 
81 
 
 annum ; that of steam, as being $67.92 ; interest and repairs not 
 being included in either case. In this account the coal was taken at 
 $8.50 per ton. There are many mills in the New England States, 
 where the whole cost of water power, including dam, wheels and 
 canals, has not been over $100 per horse power ; and allowing $12.00 
 per annum for interest and depreciation, and $3.00 more for heating 
 and dressing, the cost in these cases would be only $15.00 per horse 
 power yearly. 
 
 Against this positive difference in the cost of power, we must set 
 off the less cost of freight in such localities as Fall River, which, how- 
 ever, owes much of its success to the general system of management 
 pursued there, and to various causes which are not within the scope of 
 this article, and the discussion of which would occupy much time and 
 space, and involve opposing arguments. 
 
 Steam .power in smaller quantities, say less than 100 horse power, 
 would cost more than the above rates, while water power would 
 usually decrease in cost, from the need of less expensive dams and 
 wheels. 
 
 The average cost of steam engines may be taken as being : 
 
 For 800 to 1,000 horse power $20 per horse power 
 
 For 500 to 600 " 30 " " " 
 
 For 200 to 300 " 40 " " " 
 
 For 50 to 100 " 50 " " " 
 
 Boilers and setting, 30 to 40 " " 
 
 Engine and boiler house, chimney, etc 30 " " 
 
 \ 
 
 "The Engineer" gives the cost in England for 100 horse-power 
 engine, with boilers and "plant" complete, as being $75 per horse 
 power, and the cost of fuel, etc., per annum, at $50 per horse power. 
 The cost of a first-class turbine wheel is given by the same authority 
 as $3,500 for 100 horse-power, or $35 per horse-power. 
 
 The turbine has almost entirely taken the place of the cumbrous 
 over-shot or breast wheels, and may be procured at very reasonable 
 prices. 
 
 While the Fourneyron wheel, as improved by Mr. Boyden, has 
 been generally used in the large manufacturing establishments of New 
 England, the attention of engineers and inventors has been turned to 
 the production of a less expensive wheel, of equal efficiency, and there 
 are now a number in the market giving excellent results, which are 
 cast in one piece, instead of being " built up " with bronze or other 
 sheet metal buckets riveted into cast-iron plates or flanges. Several of 
 these were tested at the Centennial Exhibition, and 
 
82 
 
 The Risdon wheel, which gave over 87 per cent. 
 
 The National wheel " " " 83 " 
 
 The Geyelin wheel " u " 83 " 
 
 The Tait or Centennial wheel which gave over 82 " 
 
 The Tyler wheel which gave over 81 " 
 
 and the Hunt wheel which gave over 80 " 
 
 are all well made and reliable wheels. 
 
 Besides these there were several others giving over 75 per cent., 
 which may be considered as the maximum effect of the old style of 
 wheels. 
 
 Of these wheels, the Geyelin was of the Jonval pattern, with a 
 direct downward discharge of the water ; the others were all inward 
 and downward, as is also the case with the Swain wheel, which was 
 not on exhibition, but which is very largely used in New England, 
 and the form of bucket of which is the progenitor of those of several 
 of the above-named wheels. 
 
 Mr. James B. Francis, of Lowell, has obtained with this wheel a 
 result of over 83 per cent, of effect, but the wheel is like the Boyden, 
 a "built " and expensive one, compared with those mentioned. 
 
 This method of central discharge of the water is believed to be of 
 American origin, the type of this class having been the "Howd 
 wheel," patented by Samuel B. Howd, of Geneva, N. Y., July 26, 
 1838. 
 
 . Water wheels can not be strictly considered as parts of " Cotton 
 Machinery," but their common use and economy as motors in 
 America seem to excuse the above digression. 
 
 I have aimed to trace, as concisely as possible, the growth of the 
 cotton manufacture in the United States up to the present time, and 
 the dates of the more important American inventions which have con- 
 tributed to its success, and have endeavored to omit nothing which 
 could be condensed within the space I have allowed myself for this 
 memoir ; and I cannot bring it to a close better than by the insertion 
 of the following article from the New York " Herald," which I am per- 
 mitted to use by the kindness of the author, Edward Atkinson, Esq., 
 of Boston, which states clearly our present position, as a Nation, in 
 regard to the production of the raw material ; and also the admirable 
 analysis of the cost of manufacture in 1838 and 1876, prepared for me 
 by Mr. William A. Burke, of Lowell, the treasurer of the Lowell Ma- 
 chine Shop, and read by him before the New England Cotton Manu- 
 facturers' Association, which is inserted in the Appendix : 
 
83 
 
 EXTRACT FROM LETTER OF EDWARD ATKINSON TO THE " 
 YORK HERALD." 
 
 " The commanding position of the United States in respect to the 
 production of cotton has long been admitted, but it seems probable 
 that few even of the manufacturers themselves have been fully aware 
 of the strong position in which the cotton manufactures of the United 
 States now stand in relation to other countries. 
 
 " A HISTORY OF COTTON. 
 
 " The subject of the production of cotton opens so wide a field that 
 it is hard to know where to begin or end. There is no other product 
 that has had so potent and malign an influence in the past upon the 
 history and institutions of the land, and perhaps no other on which ita 
 future material welfare may more depend. Cotton belongs to this 
 continent. When the Spaniards first entered Mexico the natives were 
 found to be clothed in cotton, and the art of weaving and dyeing had 
 been carried to a high state of perfection for that time among them. 
 Then, as now, the best and most prolific varieties of the cotton plant 
 existed there, and the plant is doubtless indigenous in Mexico. In the 
 United States, a century ago, cotton was scarcely known as an im- 
 portant production, and not until the invention of the saw gin, by Eli 
 Whitney, in 1792, did it become so ; that invention renewed the life 
 of slavery. To-day the United States furnish all the cotton used in 
 their own limits and in Canada, and nearly three fourths the quantity 
 consumed in their own limits and in Europe combined. There are no 
 data by which the quantity produced and consumed elsewhere can be 
 determined accurately, the production of Asia and Africa being un- 
 known ; but the inhabitants of these two continents are clothed in 
 cotton to a very large extent of their own production and manu- 
 facture. 
 
 " COTTON MANUFACTURE. 
 
 "In respect to the cotton manufacture the world may be divided 
 into two sections that which still adheres to the hand work, and which 
 is by far the largest and most populous section, and that which uses 
 complex machinery worked by water or steam power. It is common 
 to name the divisions "civilized" and "uncivilized"; but, if there had 
 been no previous reason for hesitating to apply these terms, the won- 
 derful exhibition from China and Japan at Philadelphia might well 
 teach us a lesson in modesty. 
 
 "Among the machine-using nations it may, perhaps, be rightly 
 claimed that the United States takes the lead ; not that we can assert 
 superiority in all, or perhaps in any, special machines, but that our 
 
84 
 
 people adopt machinery more quickly than others, and adapt it to a 
 greater variety of purposes. The object of this paper is to mark the 
 progress we have made in the cultivation of cotton and in the applica- 
 tion of machinery to its manufacture, and also to forecast the work we 
 may have yet to do. 
 
 "COMPARATIVE IMPORTANCE TO FABRICS. 
 
 " Among the three common fibers wool, flax and cotton which 
 constitute the principal materials for the clothing of the human race, 
 cotton is the most important, because it is ready for treatment by ma- 
 chinery as soon as it is gathered ; because its conversion into cloth is 
 least costly, and because its use for clothing is most conducive to 
 health in respect to the largest portion of the population of the world. 
 It is a non-conductor of heat and of electricity, while flax is the re- 
 verse ; it is easy to spin because Nature begins to twist it in the boll, and 
 each fiber is like a twisted ribbon, a little thicker at the edges than in 
 the middle ; hence the fibers interlock and adhere to each other to 
 their very points. The great inventions in cotton spinning have not 
 been in the twisting, which is a comparatively simple matter whether 
 compassed upon one spindle or many, but in the extension of the strand 
 both before and after the twisting begins. 
 
 " PROCESSES OI? PREPARATION. 
 
 " The processes applied to the fiber in order to convert the bale of 
 cotton into yarn for weaving are of three kinds first, to clean and 
 straighten the fibers and lay them alongside each other in a thick and 
 heavy strand ; second, to extend that strand with a constant doubling 
 of two or more ends into one in order to get the strand even ; and 
 third, to combine the further extension and doubling of the strands 
 with the twisting. The extreme accuracy required in the working of 
 the machinery will be best appreciated from the fact that the No. 14 
 yarn, of which the coarse standard sheeting is made, weighs sixty 
 hundredths of a grain to one yard, while the yarn in a common lawn 
 of which a woman's summer dress is made, No. 70, weighs twelve 
 hundredths of a grain. It follows that all the complex machinery and 
 the twelve to fifteen processes through which the cotton must pass 
 from the bale to the spindle are worked within the limit of about half 
 a grain in the result, the two numbers named representing substantially 
 the whole cotton spinning of the United States. The number indicates 
 the number of skeins or hanks of 840 yards each in one pound avoir- 
 dupois, or 7,000 troy grains, the cotton spinners' tables being based 
 on troy grains and avoirdupois ounces and pounds. 
 
 " If we consider our production of cotton in the light of a service 
 
85 
 
 
 rendered, we then find that it stands first in rank among the material 
 services which we render to humanity. In the cotton factories of 
 Europe and the United States there are a little over 68,000,000 
 spindles, worked by about 1,000,000 men, women and children. In the 
 operation of these spindles a little more than 6,000,000 bales of cotton, 
 of the average weight of American bales, are annually converted into 
 10,000,000,000 yards of cloth, averaging one yard wide and four yards 
 to the pound, or 10 pounds to a piece of forty yards, or into the equiva- 
 lent of such cloths in other fabrics. As nearly as the writer can ascer- 
 tain, the fabric called by the trade a four-yard sheeting is about the 
 average fabric made on the cotton spindles of the world. In this 
 country the average would be heavier ; in Great Britain lighter. The 
 fabric made by the Lawrence Manufacturing Company, known as LL, 
 is a representative of this average. 
 
 "This quantity of cloth would furnish 500,000,000 persons five 
 pounds or twenty yards each annually. Of the 6,000,000 bales of cot- 
 ton the United States now furnishes about 4,500,000 in each year, and 
 our proportion is year by year increasing. The eight last crops, raised 
 by the labor of freemen, exceed the eight last crops before our civil 
 war, then raised mainly by the labor of slaves, in the number of more 
 than 1,500,000 bales. If, then, it is a service to' men to provide for 
 them the largest quantity of the material that best meets their need for 
 clothing, in this one respect our rank is assured. 
 
 " AMEKICAN CAPABILITIES. 
 
 " Then let us mark the extent to which we have yet trenched upon 
 our resources. In this production less than 2 per cent, of the area of 
 the cotton States is now used. What we may yet accomplish may be 
 better comprehended by considering the condition of a single State. 
 We will select Texas as being the State now making the most rapid 
 progress in population, production and wealth. Few persons can 
 realize the facts in regard to this great State except by comparison. 
 In area it exceeds the German Empire by about 60,000 square miles ; 
 it has land and climate fitted for the growing of almost all the products of 
 the temperate zone ; it is underlain to a large extent with coal. But, 
 in respect to cotton, on less than one half of one per cent, of its area it 
 last year produced one half of all the cotton consumed in the United 
 States, and 4 per cent, of its area would be capable of producing all the 
 cotton now consumed in Europe and the United States, or 6,000,000 
 bales. Whenever the fertile land of Texas, which constitutes nearly 
 three fourths its area, is settled with the same density of population as 
 Massachusetts, one person to each three acres, it will contain nearly 
 40,000,000 people. 
 
86 
 
 " Under what conditions is this work of cotton production now ac- 
 complished or yet to be done ? No longer by the forced labor of the 
 slave upon the plantation, but by the labor of freemen and largely of 
 freeholders on the farm. In most of the States where it is now grown, 
 cotton constitutes the salable or money crop of the farmer, who, in 
 other respects, is becoming entirely independent as to his subsistence. 
 Raising food and meat to a greater extent than ever before, the 
 Southern farmer still finds in cotton the means wherewith to furnish 
 himself with money for other purchases. Cotton being therefore more 
 and more the surplus crop or profit of the farmer as distinguished from 
 the planter of old time, it becomes more difficult to determine its cost, 
 its annual quantity until each year's crop has been actually delivered, 
 or the price at which its production will be checked. In Texas, the 
 State that has increased its crop about 80 per cent, over the largest 
 ante- war crop, by far the largest portion is now raised by farmers 
 owning their own lands. Her last crop was nearly 700,000 bales, and 
 within one or two years at farthest it will be 1,000,000, mostly culti- 
 vated by white labor. 
 
 " COST OF PRODUCTION. 
 
 " In answer to a very extended inquiry lately made, the writer has 
 received estimates of the cost of the production of cotton ranging from 
 six to fifteen cents per pound, the latter cost, however, having been 
 given by one who on 600 acres of land made only four bales the pre- 
 vious year. The general range of the estimates of cost were six to ten 
 cents. But one answer to the question of cost was the most signifi- 
 cant. One said : " I have a nephew twenty years of age who, with- 
 out the least detriment to his schooling, and working Saturdays, pro- 
 duced 4 bales of cotton." It may be asked what did this lad's cotton 
 cost to produce ? The average estimate of cost is nine and six tenths 
 cents per pound ; those who give the higher rates basing their esti- 
 mates upon the purchase of provisions at present prices ; those who 
 give the estimate of six to seven cents basing them upon provisions being 
 raised on the same farm. The significant fact in all the estimates is 
 that the lowest come from Texas, North Carolina and Georgia, which 
 are essentially farming States, while the highest come from Mississippi 
 and Louisiana, the States which were formerly par excellence the 
 country of the large planters. 
 
 " IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 " According to these returns, the centennial year is also marked by 
 greater improvements than ever before in the selection of seed, in the 
 improvement of tools, in the use of fertilizers, and in the average crop 
 
87 
 
 per acre, positive evidence having been given of the production of 
 2,500 pounds of lint or clean cotton on a single measured acre in 
 Georgia. It was not claimed that this had been or could be profitable, 
 but it is significant of the experiments that are being tried in many 
 places. The average estimates of profitable work range from 400 to 
 1,000 pounds of lint or clean cotton per acre, according to the quality 
 of the soil and the kind of work done or the fertilizers used. The last 
 ten years have also witnessed the conversion of the seed of the cotton 
 plant into many useful articles but little known before. 
 
 " In respect to the estimates of the cost of raising cotton it does not 
 yet appear that any very accurate data exist under the new system ; 
 skillful men, who, immediately after the war, feared utter ruin unless 
 the price could be maintained at 20 cents per pound, now admit having 
 made a fair profit at 10 cents. It may be doubted whether the cost 
 can ever be defined. If the farmer can raise an ample supply of grain, 
 vegetables, meat and fruit for subsistence, and can also produce more 
 or less cotton for sale, the cotton represents profit or surplus rather 
 than cost, and under such circumstances its production would not 
 cease, although it might be checked, even if it should decline to 6 or 8 
 cents per pound. 
 
 " OLD A1STD NEW METHODS. ' 
 
 " The future increased production of cotton in the United States and 
 the time within which our staple will take the place of all inferior 
 grades is, therefore, only a question of numbers and intelligence. In 
 respect to intelligence it is not to be questioned that the planter of old 
 time had far more skill than many of the farmers of the present day, 
 but the system of labor to which that skill was applied imposed bad 
 conditions that could not be surmounted, and it enforced the use of 
 tools and methods unfit for the purpose. These methods may have 
 assured prosperity to the few at the cost of the many, but it was the 
 high price and not the low price of cotton that limited the extension 
 of the crop. Twenty years since every bale that could be made by the 
 force then upon the cotton field was required for use, and under the 
 steadily advancing price the capital needed for opening new fields .as 
 steadily increased with the advancing price of slaves, until, in 1860, 
 it cost 50 per cent, more to buy and stock a cotton plantation to raise 
 the cotton for a given factory than it did to build the mill and fill it 
 with machinery. All this has changed, and in the five years last 
 past more than a million persons have migrated from other States or 
 from abroad to the fertile lands of Texas, and the independent free- 
 holder will only be prevented from making more and more cotton each 
 year by the low price and not by the high price that it may bring. 
 That no such check is very near may presently be made apparent. 
 
88 
 
 " In one respect great improvement is needed, and but little has yet 
 been made. The separation of the lint from the seed is the process 
 that should be mostly fitly accomplished, but which is now most rudely 
 done. The best saw gin of the usual construction, unless most care- 
 fully attended, tears, breaks, doubles and otherwise injures the staple, 
 and but a small proportion of the cotton now made is delivered to the 
 spinner in the best condition. Two new cotton gins were exhibited at 
 Philadelphia, which promise excellent results the roller gin made by 
 Messrs. Platt Brothers & Co., of England, and the needle-point gin made 
 by the Messrs. Remington, of Ilion, IsT. Y. If these machines can be 
 made to produce quantity in ratio to the quality of the staple which 
 they deliver, their wide introduction cannot be long delayed. 
 
 "PACKING, ETC. 
 
 " The methods of packing, covering and handling cotton in the 
 United States is now unfit in the extreme, and as the competition be- 
 comes greater with declining prices it is to be hoped and expected that 
 better methods will be adopted. At present it is alleged that it is not 
 profitable to attempt better methods, but the time can not be far 
 distant when the bale of cotton will be as carefully prepared and pro- 
 tected as the bale of cotton fabrics. Such care and attention was 
 formerly impossible. It must be remembered that the slave system 
 repelled and degraded free labor ; its malign effect was never more 
 tersely expressed than by Henry A. Wise, of Virginia, who said, " The 
 negroes skin the land and the white men skin the negroes." But all 
 this has passed by, and the professor of a South Carolina college who 
 was sent out of the State because he said, when the ordinance of seces- 
 sion was presented to him, " That is not what South Carolina wants 
 she needs manure," is now engaged in providing that valuable com- 
 modity, being at the head of one of the large works established since 
 the war for converting the phosphatic rocks that underlie her coast 
 lands into the material that her exhausted soil so much required. 
 
 " THE GOOD TIME COMING. 
 
 " With local self-government assured and the colored race fully pro- 
 tected by the urgent competition for their labor, it cannot now be 
 doubted that the fertile soil and the mild climate of the South will 
 soon attract to other portions as large an immigration as is now pour- 
 ing into Texas ; and as new branches of industry are established and 
 a more dense population grows up or comes in, even though the negro 
 should quit the fields and take to other occupations in towns and 
 villages, as it is alleged he will do, there can be no doubt of the con- 
 tinued increase of the cotton crop." 
 
89 
 
 EXHIBIT OF MACHINERY AND FABRICS AT CENTENNIAL. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER. 
 
 THE cotton manufacture of the United States, as illustrated at the 
 Centennial Exhibition, although very complete in its collection of the 
 various fabrics made in the country, was very deficient in its illustra- 
 tion of the processes by which they were produced, many of the best 
 machines being entirely unrepresented, and some of those shown not 
 being in operation, while in no case was a complete system of cotton 
 machinery shown by any exhibitor. 
 
 There were, however, machines from various sources on exhibition, 
 from which we can trace the operation of the various processes which 
 the cotton undergoes in its progress from the bale to the cloth, and we 
 will endeavor to note these in their proper order, with some comments 
 on their peculiarities. 
 
 First in order was the opening and picking machinery of the Kitson 
 Machine Co., of Lowell, consisting of two machines the first one 
 for opening the cotton, from the bale, and partially cleaning it from 
 seed and leaf, and forming it into a lap, which is taken to the second 
 machine, where it is still further cleaned, and where three of these 
 laps are united into the one which goes to the card. 
 
 The second machine did not differ essentially from the " Lappers " 
 in. ordinary use in the United States and England, but the first one 
 had a radical modification, in the addition of a toothed cylinder (or 
 pair of disks, both forms being employed) to tear open the hard masses 
 of cotton as they are taken from the bale, and to loosen them, before sub- 
 jecting them to the blows of the "beater," whose office it is to knock 
 out the seeds and sand, while the cotton is carried forward by a cur- 
 rent of air against a wire gauze cylinder, which forms it by its revolu- 
 tion into a sheet or lap. The processes of opening cotton have varied 
 considerably in times past, according to the character of the staple to 
 be treated ; but the mode most commonly adopted of late years, for the 
 
90 
 
 great bulk of middling and ordinary cottons, has been that of the 
 " Beater " so-called, a straight steel bar, of which two or three were 
 set on arms, parallel with and 7 to 12 inches distant from a shaft re- 
 volving from 1,200 to 1,800 times per minute, thus giving the beaters 
 a velocity of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet per minute. These bars strike 
 the cotton as it issues slowly from a pair of feed rollers, and by their 
 velocity drive the seeds and heavy substances downward through a 
 grating underneath, while the cotton is carried on with the beaters till 
 it is sucked off by an air draught on the side opposite to the feed rolls 
 as above mentioned. 
 
 With loosely packed and dry cotton this mode is not objectionable, 
 but, when it has been heavily compressed and subjected to moisture, 
 the hard " mats" thus formed are very difficult to open, causing great 
 strain and wear on the machines, and consuming an unnecessary 
 amount of power, besides causing more or less injury to the staple, and 
 it is to obviate these difficulties that Mr. Kitson's "Atmospheric 
 Opener " was constructed. These machines are now being introduced 
 to great satisfaction in many large cotton mills both in America and 
 England. 
 
 The next machine in order is the card of which there was not one 
 of the ordinary form on exhibition, the only machine shown being 
 Messrs. Foss & Percy's " underflat " card, which aims to do double the 
 work of the ordinary card, with only J more power, and only the same 
 amount of floor space in the mill. 
 
 The novelty of this machine lies in the arrangement by which the 
 " Card Flats " are held up by springs to the under side of the carding 
 cylinder, thus giving double the working surface ; and in so revolving 
 the cylinder that it strikes the cotton downward instead of upward 
 from the feed rolls, thus knocking any dirt and sand which may have 
 escaped the picker down into a space prepared to receive it, instead 
 of carrying it up and lodging it in the " Top Flats." This machine is 
 but of very recent introduction, and it is not yet possible to speak 
 authoritatively of its merits, but it was favorably esteemed by the 
 judges, and is now being thoroughly tested, with excellent results, in 
 several of the mills at Lowell and other manufacturing towns. 
 
 Of the next process, the " Drawing-Frame," there was only a single 
 specimen exhibited, and that one not in operation : from the Saco 
 Water Power Machine Shop, of Biddeford, Me, 
 
 This machine was thoroughly well built and finished, and may be 
 considered as a fair specimen of the machines at present used for that 
 purpose. 
 
 The same establishment also sent a very perfect set of Roving or 
 " Fly Frames," three in number, of excellent finish and construction, 
 
91 
 
 and a self-acting mule, of the Parr-Curtis pattern, which may all be 
 taken as good specimens of the best type of cotton machinery in use 
 at the present day. 
 
 The Providence Machine Company also exhibited an excellent set 
 of roving frames in operation, which were noticeable for the high 
 velocity and great ease of their movements, but which differ little in 
 essential points of construction from those of the Saco Water Power 
 Machine Company. 
 
 Messrs. Fales & Jenks, of Pawtucket, R. I., had on exhibition the 
 " Combined Fly Frame and Speeder " of Messrs. Mayer & Chatterton, 
 which had several excellent features, combining very ingeniously some 
 of the best points of two systems ; having the long flyer of the speeder 
 separated from the spindle, thus admitting of economy of time in 
 dressing and the more perfect " wind motions " of the fly frame. 
 
 No examples of the spinning frames which have been in ordinary 
 use for many years were on exhibition, but two varieties of the new 
 light ring spindle, which is rapidly being introduced, were shown in 
 operation, viz., one frame of the "Sawyer spindle," by Messrs. Geo. 
 Draper & Sons, of Hopedale, Mass., and one frame built by the Lowell 
 Machine Shop, and exhibited by the Willimantic Co., in which half 
 the spindles were of the Sawyer pattern, and half of a combination of 
 the " Sawyer " and " Pearl " patents. This frame was shown running 
 at a very high speed, and spinning No. 160 yarn ; but, as both these 
 spindles have been described in another place more fully, it is unneces- 
 sary to say more about them here. 
 
 Messrs. Draper & Sons also exhibited a twister with the Sawyer 
 spindle, a spooler with the " Wade " bobbin holder, a new and very 
 ingenious improvement, and a Warper, containing several new and 
 valuable inventions. 
 
 The Lewiston Machine Shop, of Lewiston, Me., also contributed a 
 Warper, of the very best plan and construction, and one which is in 
 very extensive use and highly commended in many of our best mills. 
 
 The display of looms was quite large, and contained several pat- 
 terns of the well-known Crompton loom, from Worcester, Mass. ; the 
 Knowles loom, from the same place ; the Thomas loom, from the 
 Lewiston Machine Shop ; the Lyell loom, which was shown weaving 
 jute canvas, 8 yards wide, grain-bags, sheetings, and women's corsets, 
 the latter, by an application of the Jacquard motion to the warp, being 
 produced shaped to the body, and the loom weaving 8 at once. 
 
 Other looms were exhibited by Thomas Wood, of Philadelphia, 
 Jas. Long, Bros. & Co., Philadelphia, L. E. Ross, Providence, R. I., 
 Wolfenden, Shove & Co., Cardington, Pa. All these looms were excel- 
 lent for their intended purposes, and very thoroughly illustrated that 
 
92 
 
 branch of manufacture, especially so far as related to figured or " fancy 
 woven" fabrics. 
 
 Messrs. George Draper & Sons also exhibited loom-temples such 
 as are in universal use in the United States, and double adjustable 
 spinning rings. 
 
 The Willimantic Co. of Willimantic, Conn., made a very fine 
 display of cotton in its various states of progress from the bale to the 
 yarn, and showed the two very ingenious automatic machines invented 
 for them by Hezekiah Conant, for spooling sewing cotton, and for 
 ticketing the spools. 
 
 Messrs. Butterworth & Co., of Philadelphia, exhibited drying cans, 
 for bleached or printed fabrics ; Messrs. Palmer & Kendall, of Middle- 
 town, Conn., have a very ingenious drying and tentering machine for 
 mosquito nettings, lawns, and other light cloths ; and Messrs. Hope & 
 Co., of Providence, R. I., showed two patterns of their very ingenious 
 Pantograph engraving machines. 
 
 There were some smaller exhibits, but the above list comprised all 
 the machinery of any importance in the American department, while 
 the display from other countries was so meager as to allow of no par- 
 ticular comparison. 
 
 The display of fabrics was much more extensive, consisting of 142 
 exhibits, ranging, with one or two exceptions, from No. 8 to No. 40 
 yarn, as the basis, and comprising a very great variety of styles of 
 cloth, from cotton duck to fine muslins, ginghams, and printed calicoes, 
 from different parts of the Union. 
 
 A full list would be simply a repetition of the official catalogue, 
 and it may be condensed by saying that Maine was represented by the 
 following exhibits, viz : Cotton duck from the Westbrook Manufactur- 
 ing Company of Portland ; tickings, cottonades, cheviot shirtings, 
 seamless bags, sheetings, shirtings, jeans, quilts, ginghams, and silesias 
 from the different mills at Lewiston ; cottonades, denims, tickings, dress 
 goods, skirtings, and shirtings from the York mills at Saco ; sheet- 
 ings, shirtings, drills, and jeans from Biddeford ; and sheetings and 
 shirtings from the Cabot mills at Brunswick and the Farwell mills at 
 Lisbon. New Hampshire also made an extensive display, consisting 
 of tickings, denims, awning stripes, cotton flannels, ginghams ; fancy 
 shirtings, jeans, drills, duck, seamless bags, printed calicoes, sheetings, 
 and shirtings, from the mills at Manchester ; quilts and sheetings from 
 the Monadnock mills, at Claremont ; cotton flannels, sheetings, shirtings, 
 and print cloths from Nashua, sheetings and shirtings from Great Falls, 
 and knitting cotton from Morse, Kaley & Co., of Milford. 
 
 Massachusetts was largely represented by print-cloths, printed cali- 
 coes, shirtings, and muslins, from Fall River ; sheetings, shirtings, drill- 
 
93 
 
 ings, cotton flannels, printed calicoes and furniture-coverings, and 
 bleached and dyed cambrics from Lowell ; printed calicoes and lawns, 
 cottonades, tickings, cheviots, denims, and dress goods from Lawrence ; 
 spool cotton, lawns, muslins, thread, twine, and yarns, from Holyoke ; 
 cotton flannels from Chicopee, denims and dress goods, from Palmer ; 
 sheetings and sateen jeans from Salem ; sheetings and shirtings from 
 New Bedford and Waltham ; ginghams and yarns from South Hadley ; 
 ginghams, skirtings, and dress goods from South Adams ; cottonades, 
 shirtings, tickings, denims, awning-stripes, and dress goods from 
 Whittenton ; ginghams from Lancaster ; and print cloths, cambrics, and 
 printed calicoes from Southbridge. Rhode Island, as might be 
 expected, as the birth-place of the cotton manufacture in America, 
 made a wide and varied exhibit of brown and bleached cottons and 
 dyed and printed fabrics, from a number of mills in different parts 
 of the State, all having their business headquarters at Providence. 
 Woonsocket, Pawtucket, Warren, Westerly, Lonsdale, Pontiac, and 
 other manufacturing towns were well represented ; and the lawns and 
 muslins of the Lonsdale Co., and the similar fabrics from the Berkeley 
 Co., are worthy of especial notice from the perfection of their manufac- 
 ture and the fineness of the fabrics ; the sateens of the Berkeley Co. being 
 made of No. 100 warp and No. 150 weft, and supposed to be the 
 finest goods made in the United States. Spool cotton of excellent 
 quality was also exhibited, and a great variety of bleached and colored 
 goods from different bleacheries and print-works. 
 
 Connecticut sent denims, ducks, cheviots, tickings, and fancy 
 stripes from Norwich ; shirtings and cambrics from Wauregan, Putnam, 
 and Taf tville ; mosquito nettings from Middletown ; and sewing cotton 
 from Willimantic, the latter being of especial merit for it's smooth- 
 ness, softness, and strength, and is mentioned in another place, in con- 
 nection with the machinery employed to produce it. 
 
 New York had fewer exhibitors, sheetings and shirtings from Utica 
 and the "New York Mills," silesias, cambrics, etc., from Saratoga, 
 comprising her list. 
 
 New Jersey was more fully represented, and sent spool cotton from 
 Newark and Mount Holly ; ginghams, print-cloths, and printed and 
 dyed fabrics, from Gloucester ; cotton towelings and dusters from 
 Paterson ; bleached shirtings, cambrics and silesias, printed linings, 
 umbrella cloths, window hollands, tilloting cloths, etc., from Millville, 
 and cotton yarns and wicking from Wortendyke. 
 
 Pennsylvania showed awning stripes, tickings, printed and dyed 
 calicoes, and muslins in great variety cottonades, ginghams, cotton 
 yarns, and a great variety of cotton fabrics of medium fineness, from 
 the immediate vicinity of Philadelphia ; cotton flannels, nankeen, and 
 
94 
 
 tickings from Lancaster ; counterpanes and quilts from Allentown and 
 Lancaster ; and tickings from Linwood. 
 
 Delaware sent tickings from Wilmington, and warp yarns from 
 New Castle. 
 
 Maryland took the lead in cotton duck, with three very fine exhibits 
 from Baltimore. 
 
 North Carolina sent sheetings, from Great Falls, Rockingham Co. 
 
 Georgia exhibited very good sheetings from the Alabama and 
 Georgia Manufacturing Company, of West Point. 
 
 Mississippi contributed excellent heavy cotton, and mixed cotton 
 and wool fabrics, from the Mississippi Manufacturing Company of 
 Wesson, and also excellent yarn from F. E. Whitfield, of Corinth, 
 which had been manufactured directly from seed cotton, by an appara- 
 tus attached to the card, which performed the same purpose as the 
 gin. 
 
 Indiana completed the list of the States of the Union represented, 
 with staple heavy sheetings from Evansville. 
 
 Canada exhibited staple sheetings, shirtings and yarns, tickings and 
 bags, from Hamilton, Dundas, and Toronto, and New Brunswick sent 
 yarns from St. Johns ; and these should fairly be included in the list 
 of distinctively American exhibits, as the skilled labor which they 
 have drawn from the United States has been a great element in their 
 success. 
 
 In taking a general survey of the subject, a tendency to the manu- 
 facture of finer fabrics was noticeable in Massachusetts, and especially 
 in Rhode Island, and also in the newer mills in Maine. New Hamp- 
 shire excelled in the heavier goods, such as denims, drills and tickings, 
 though the finest tickings are from Pennsylvania, and Maryland made 
 a specialty of duck ; Massachusetts and Rhode Island took the lead in 
 ginghams, print cloths, and dyeing and printing, in the quantity pro- 
 duced, although for excellence in dyeing and printing Pennsylvania 
 and New Hampshire fairly disputed the palm with them ; while for 
 great variety of minor manufactures, the region directly about Phila- 
 delphia excelled. 
 
 The Southern States made a small but creditable exhibit, and the 
 time will come when with peace, and attention to industry instead of 
 politics, they will make the greater part of their ordinary clothing 
 fabrics, while the North, as it is now doing, turns its attention to finer 
 goods. With this short comment we will close this memoir of the 
 growth of the cotton manufactures of the United States up to the 
 period of the Centennial Exhibition of 1876. 
 
95 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 PAPER BEAD BY WILLIAM A. BURKE, ESQ., OF LOWELL, BEFORE THE 
 NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF COTTON MANUFACTURERS, OCTO- 
 BER 25, 1876. STATISTICS RELATING TO THE COST OF MANUFAC- 
 TURING DRILLINGS AND STANDARD SHEETINGS IN 1838 AND 1876. 
 
 " MR. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN : I have been requested by 
 your Board of Government to present to this meeting some statistics 
 of the cost of manufacturing drillings and standard sheetings in the 
 years 1838 and 1876. 
 
 "These statistics were collected at the request of Mr. Samuel 
 Webber, to be used in his work, soon to be published, on the ' Centen- 
 nial History of the Cotton Manufacture ' in this country. 
 
 " The mills I have chosen are the No. 1 Mill of the Boott Cotton 
 Mills, in Lowell, Mass.,' and the mill of the Jackson Company, in 
 Nashua, N. H. 
 
 " The year 1838 is as far back as the records were complete enough 
 to be relied on. 
 
 " For convenience of comparison, the items are arranged in a col- 
 umn for each of the years 1838 and 1876. 
 
 " The No. 1 Boott Cotton Mill was one of four mills built and 
 equipped ready for operation by the * Proprietors of Locks and Canals 
 on Merrimack River,' and was started in 1836. It was filled with ma- 
 chinery for making drillings only. The building, water-wheels, gear- 
 ing, and machinery were of the latest and best construction at that 
 time, and fully equal to those of any mill in Lowell. 
 
 " The machinery in the mill was as follows : Two conical wil- 
 lows. Two pickers or lappers, with 2 beaters each. Twenty-eight 
 breaker-cards, with main cylinders 37 inches in diameter and 37 
 inches wide, with a leader-in 6f inches in diameter, and 12 top flats ; 
 
 15 
 
96 
 
 draught, 32. Two lap-winders for making a lap for the finisher 
 cards, from 32 breaker card slivers. Twenty-eight finisher cards, 
 with main cylinders same size as the breaker cards, and with 14 
 top-flats ; draught, 31.27. First set of drawing-frames had 16 deliv- 
 eries, and doubled 3 into 1 ; draught, 4.12. Second set of drawing- 
 frames had 24 deliveries, and doubled 4 into 1 ; draught, 3.76. 
 Third set of drawing-frames had 24 deliveries, and doubled 4 into 1 ; 
 (fraught, 3.17. Six speeders of 18 spindles each, having bobbins 
 with heads 6J inches in diameter and 8 inches long between the 
 heads ; draught, 5.7 ; twist, .71 per inch. Ten fine speeders or 
 stretchers, of 36 spindles each, having bobbins with heads 5 inches 
 in diameter and 7 inches long between the heads ; draught, 6.13 ; 
 twist, 1.2 per inch. The coarse or speeder roving was doubled on 
 the stretchers. -Twenty-eight flier and dead-spindle throstles, of 128 
 spindles each, for making warp ; 800 yards of yarn put on a bob- 
 bin. Twenty flier and dead-spindle throstles, of 128 spindles each, 
 for making filling ; 400 yards of yarn put on a quill ; draught on all 
 the throstles, 9.94. Three thousand five hundred and eighty-four 
 warp and 2,560 filling spindles, making 6,144 spindles in the mill. 
 Eight f cradle ' warpers, for putting 250 threads and 5,000 yards in 
 length on a section beam. Twelve dressing-frames, carrying 8 section 
 beams each, having 2 fans, 'and drying the sized yarn with the air 
 of the room, or that coming from the furnace which warmed the 
 mill. Ten cuts of 32 yards each, when wove, were put on a loom 
 beam. One hundred and seventy-six looms for weaving drillings 30 
 inches wide. 
 
 " The comparison is made for four weeks (24 days) in May, 1838, 
 and for the same length of time in May, 1876. 
 
 " The statistics for 1876 were very kindly given by Mr. A. G. 
 Cumnock, the present agent of the Boott Cotton Mills. 
 
 " Since 1861 all the mills owned by the Boott Cotton Mills have 
 been renovated and enlarged (one new mill added), supplied with ad- 
 ditional motive power, new shafting, and an entirely new suit of 
 machinery of the latest construction, arranged for the greatest econ- 
 omy in operating. 
 
 " The number of spindles in all the mills when they were started, 
 in 1836-'37, was about 28,000. The present number of spindles is 
 about 113,000, and of looms 2,550, while the capital stock is the same 
 as in 1836, viz.. $1,200,000. 
 
 "All these renewals and additions have been paid for from the 
 earnings, and the mills are believed to be equal to any in New Eng- 
 land for economy in working and in the quality of the cloth manufac- 
 tured. 
 
BOOTT COTTON MILL No. 1. 
 
 
 MAY, 1838. 
 
 MAT, 1876. 
 
 Organization of Cloth (Drillings), viz. : 
 Number of the yarn (average). 
 
 13 64 
 
 13 93 
 
 Threads in the warp 
 
 2,000 
 
 2196 
 
 Picks of fillin" per inch 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 Weight in yards per pound .... 
 
 2 91 
 
 2 85 
 
 Hours of labor per week .... 
 
 76| 
 
 60 
 
 Pounds of cloth made in 306 hours 
 
 71,686 
 
 
 Pounds of cloth made in 240 hours * . . 
 
 
 71 882 
 
 Number of looms used 
 
 176 
 
 194 
 
 Yards woven on a loom in 60 hours 
 
 245 
 
 264 
 
 Number of spindles run . 
 
 6 144 
 
 6 965 
 
 Pounds spun per spindle in 60 hours. . . : 
 
 2.292 
 
 2 58 
 
 Number of Operatives, viz. : 
 
 In card room (including picking) 
 Males 
 
 143 
 
 933 
 
 Females 
 
 33 
 
 11 
 
 In spinning room 
 Males 
 
 4.18 
 
 25 
 
 Females (including spoolers) 
 
 55 
 
 25 
 
 In dressing room 
 Males 
 
 2 
 
 1.5 
 
 Females (including warper tenders).. . 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 In weaving room 
 Males 
 
 3 
 
 2.5 
 
 Females 
 
 86 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 Total Males 
 
 2348 
 
 15 83 
 
 Total Females 
 
 203 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 22648 
 
 89.83 
 
 Pounds of cloth produced by each operative in one hour. . . 
 
 Cost of labor per pound 
 For picking, carding, and roving .... 
 
 1.012 
 
 Cents. 
 1 0291 
 
 3.333 
 
 Cents. 
 6674 
 
 For spinning (including spooling) 
 
 1.1168 
 
 .7446 
 
 For warping and dressing. ... 
 
 7105 
 
 1786 
 
 For weaving 
 
 1 9371 
 
 1 2627 
 
 
 
 
 Total cost of labor per pound. . .... 
 
 4 7935 
 
 2 8533 
 
 Average of Wages paid (Board included, Overseeing 
 excepted). 
 
 In printing and carding rooms 
 For males, per day . . 
 
 &076-3- 
 
 &1 22 
 
 For females, per week 
 
 3.02^ 
 
 3.98-i 1 ,,- 
 
 
 
 
 * On account of the changes made in the machinery and its position, the pounds of 
 cloth given as made in May, 1876, are 196 more than were made in May, 1838. 
 
98 
 
 Boon COTTON MILL No. 1. (Continued.) 
 
 MAY, 1838. 
 
 MAT, 1876. 
 
 Average of Wages paid {Board included. Overseeing 
 excepted). 
 
 In spinning room 
 
 For males, per day 
 
 For females, per week (including spoolers) 
 
 In dressing room 
 
 For males, per day 
 
 For females, per week (including warpers and web- 
 drawers ... 
 
 In weaving room 
 
 For males, per day 
 
 For females, per week 
 
 Price of board in corporation houses 
 
 For males 
 
 For females. . 
 
 $0.66f 
 2.93i 
 
 3.62 
 
 1.75 
 
 $1.00 
 4.27* 
 
 1.25 
 
 5.40 
 
 1.00 
 
 5.88 
 
 3.25 
 
 2.10 
 
 NOTE. In addition to' the $2.10 per week paid by females for board in 1876, the 
 company pays 30 cents per week to the boarding-house keeper, making $2.40 in all. 
 
 " The mill of the Jackson Company was put in operation in 1832, 
 but, as the accounts for the first year were not kept in detail, the six 
 months ending June 1, 1838, and the six months ending. April 30, 
 1876, are taken for comparison. 
 
 JACKSON COMPANY. 
 
 
 1838. 
 
 1876. 
 
 Number of spindles 
 
 12 000 
 
 23 888 
 
 Number of looms 
 
 400 
 
 786 
 
 Average number of yarn , 
 
 13 25 
 
 13 25 
 
 Weight of cloth in yards per pound 
 
 2 95 
 
 2 932 
 
 Cost of labor per pound 
 
 4 805 cts 
 
 3 59 cts 
 
 Geneva! expenses per pound 
 
 2 137 cts 
 
 2 605 cts 
 
 Cost of cotton per pound at the mill 
 
 1 2 73 cts 
 
 14 132 cts 
 
 Percentage of waste, net 
 
 12 91 
 
 12 11 
 
 Total cost of cloth per pound 
 
 21 99 cts 
 
 22 289 cts 
 
 Total cost of cloth per yard 
 
 6 64 cts 
 
 7 601 cts 
 
 Total cost of print cloth per yard 
 
 5 726 cts 
 
 None made 
 
 Yards of cloth made in 6 months 
 
 2,832 575 
 
 4737681 
 
 Pounds of cloth made in 6 months 
 
 960 195 
 
 1 615 791 
 
 Average price per yard received for sales .... 
 
 8 50 cts 
 
 8 549 cts 
 
 Profit per yard, net 
 
 1 86 cts 
 
 948 cts 
 
 Pounds spun per spindle in 64-J- hours 
 
 271 
 
 2 635 
 
 Pounds woven per loom in 64 hours 
 
 81.51 
 
 8009 
 
 Yards woven per loom per day of 11 hours 
 
 41 03 
 
 39 14 
 
 
 
 
99 
 
 JACKSON COMPANY. ( Continued.) 
 
 
 1838. 
 
 1876. 
 
 Six months is equal to 154 days, or 25f weeks of 6 days 
 each. Hours of labor per week, say 
 
 74 
 
 64A 
 
 Operatives employed 
 Males 
 
 ( 514 62 ) 
 
 82 64 
 
 
 ( in all f 
 
 35240 
 
 
 
 
 Hours of labor for 6 months = 164 days = 25 weeks of 
 6 days each 
 
 1 898 84 
 
 435.04 
 1 65507 
 
 Cloth in pounds produced in one hour by each operative . . . 
 
 .9852 
 
 2.275 
 
 " When the mill began work, it had 10,240 spindles and 360 looms. 
 No record of the machinery appears to have been kept until June 1, 
 1841, when the number of spindles is given as 12,500. I assume that 
 in 1838 there were 12,000 spindles and 400 looms. For a few years 
 the company made a small amount of print cloths, but they were dis- 
 continued, and the whole product of the mill has been * Indian Head ' 
 standard sheetings, so favorably known over the whole country. 
 
 " The statistics were kindly furnished by Frederic Amory, Esq., of 
 Boston, the treasurer of the Jackson Company. 
 
 " The cost of labor, the number of operatives, and the average of 
 wages paid in each department could not be ascertained for the six 
 months in 1838, and of course are omitted for the six months in 1876. 
 
 " As the reduction in the cost of labor and the number of opera- 
 tives employed does not appear to be as great at the Jackson Com- 
 pany as at the Boott Cotton Mills, it is but fair to remark that the 
 Jackson Company continue to use the flier and dead-spindle throstle 
 for spinning (most of it the same as when the mill was started), and 
 have not until recently substituted c slashers ' for the old-style * dress- 
 er ' in sizing the warp yarn. 
 
 " My purpose is to show what progress has been made as regards 
 the labor-cost of making drillings and standard sheetings from 1838 
 to the present time. Although the comparison is made on No. 14 
 yarns, yet I think an equally favorable result would be found on finer 
 numbers, say as fine as No. 30. 
 
 " As regards prices for labor, we know that is always affected by 
 the demand and supply of labor. Wages are now greater than they 
 were thirty-eight years ago, but not as large as within the past few 
 years. 
 
 " The wages as given at the Boott Cotton Mills, after deducting 
 
100 
 
 the prices paid for board by males and females, show at the present 
 time an increase in the wages of males (overseers are not included) of 
 sixteen and one half cents per day, and of females of eighty-nine cents 
 per week, more than the net wages received by them in 1838, or an 
 increase of 40 per cent, for males and 47 per cent, for females. 
 
 " At the Boott Cotton Mills the labor-cost on drillings is 1.94 cent 
 per pound less in 1876 than in 1838, and is distributed as follows : 
 
 Less in card room 3617 cent. 
 
 " in spinning room. 3722 " 
 
 " in dressing room 5319 " 
 
 " in weaving room 6744 " 
 
 1.9402 " 
 
 " But a greater difference appears in the amount of cloth produced 
 by each operative. This is shown by the fact that at the Boott Cot- 
 ton Mills one hour's work by each person gives 3.33 pounds of cloth 
 in 1876 and but 1.012 pound in 1838. 
 
 "At the Jackson Company, in 1876, one hour's work gave per 
 hand 2.275 pounds of cloth, and in 1838 but .9852 pound. I presume 
 the records of other mills would show equally well. 
 
 " How has this improvement been obtained ? I will specify a few 
 of the changes that have taken place since 1838, as they appear from 
 my observation : 
 
 " First. Larger mills, with better opportunity for arranging ma- 
 chinery to economize labor. The size of cotton mills, as established 
 at Lowell forty years ago, was 6,144 spindles for No. 14s and about 
 8,500 spindles for No. 30s, and the machinery for weaving the yarn 
 into cloth. At this time a 20,000 spindle mill is a moderate size, and 
 we have them of 50,000 spindles, or even more. 
 
 " Second. Improvements in the construction and workmanship of 
 machinery and many important inventions and attachments to save 
 labor and perfect work. I will note but some of the principal ones : 
 The Wellman Top Card Stripper, the use of lap-heads (so called) 
 where double carding is practiced, eveners on railway -heads, the stop- 
 motion on drawing-frames, great improvements on mules, the intro- 
 duction of the ring and traveler spinning-frames, also of the ' slasher ' 
 for sizing yarn, and the filling stop-motion on the loom. These are 
 but few of many improvements familiar to all of us. 
 
 " Third. The number of looms a weaver is now able to tend has 
 more than doubled. In 1838 two looms to a weaver was the rule, 
 though there were cases of three or more being tended by one person. 
 Now the practice is for four to six and even eight looms to be run by 
 
101 
 
 one weaver. At the Boott Mills 34 weavers tend 194 looms ; and, if 
 two of the 34 are "room girls," then 194 by 32 would give a trifle 
 more than six looms to a weaver. 
 
 " Fourth. The reduction of at least one half of the piecings in the 
 progress of the cotton from the bale to the cloth. We now make 
 longer laps and use larger cans for the drawing-sliver ; by improve- 
 ments on fly-frames and on speeders, we double at least the length of 
 roving laid on a bobbin, and thus enable a spinner to tend more spin- 
 dles. We double the length of yarn wound on a quill or bobbin ; we 
 wind three times as much weight of yarn on a * section ' or l slasher ' 
 beam, and we double at least the number of cuts or pieces on the warp 
 beam for the loom. 
 
 " These are the principal changes that occur to me as having op- 
 erated to increase so largely the amount of cloth made by each per- 
 son employed. They are the result of the experience and persistent 
 labor of many years, have been of slow growth, and obtained by a little 
 here and a little there. 
 
 " I might give another reason for the progress made, especially 
 within the last fifteen or twenty years. We are more sensible of thfe 
 advantage of keeping well informed and ' posted ' in whatever relates 
 to economy in cost of production, and for that object there is now a 
 greater interchange of information of what is being done in our mills 
 than was formerly the custom. 
 
 " This association is an important aid in that direction, and now, 
 in the eleventh year of a flourishing and I hope permanent existence, 
 is carrying out the purpose set forth in the preamble to its constitu- 
 tion, viz. : l Promoting a more intimate acquaintance with each other, 
 and collecting and imparting information as to the best methods of 
 manufacturing cotton.' " 
 
102 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 LETTER FROM AZA ARNOLD TO THE CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON 
 PATENTS, UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 " WASHINGTON, September 6, 1861. 
 
 " HON. ELISHA DYER, Chairman, etc.: We are informed that the 
 differential speeder is claimed by Mr. Appleton as a Waltham 
 invention. But the author of Waltham inventions made no such 
 claim. No improvement on cotton machinery appears to have been 
 made at Waltham, up to 1826, except by Paul Moody ; he was chief 
 mechanician of Waltham, and claimed to be the inventor of the 
 Waltham speeder ; he claimed eight improvements on the machine, 
 but they proved not to be new. Jonathan Fisk also built the same 
 kind (Waltham speeder) at Medway, and took five patents on the 
 machine. William Hines, of Coventry, R. I., had made improvements 
 on the speeder and patented before them. And it is remarkable that 
 the parts claimed by Moody are the identical parts which are super- 
 seded by my compound motion, and were never used in a differential 
 speeder. I shall refer to the case of Moody vs. Fisk in a future 
 page, to show that Moody's claim proves the Waltham speeder to be 
 essentially different. Paul Moody took charge of the Lowell establish- 
 ments, and Jonathan Fisk took charge of the Dover factory. And I 
 shall show that neither Moody nor Fisk knew any method of compound- 
 ing two different motions, and producing their differential, for four 
 years after I had the machine in operation. I was well acquainted 
 with Moody, saw his machines, and considered that he improved the 
 speeder by adopting the long flier ; but the long flier was invented 
 by Asa Gilson, at Dorchester. I have used both Hine's and Fisk's 
 speeders, and well remember the difference. 
 
 " If I exhibit a little egotism-in this reminiscence, you will excuse it 
 when you consider the local prejudice that was exercised against my 
 machine as a Rhode Island invention. I invented the differential 
 speeder, and put it in operation in 1822, at South Kingstown, and it 
 was soon in operation at Coventry, Scituate, Pomfret, and a dozen other 
 places, but for three or four years it was discountenanced at Waltham, 
 
103 
 
 and Lowell, the Waltham speeder being exclusively used in both 
 places until I had constructed and put in operation the Great Falls 
 factory, at Somers worth, N. H., which actually produced 30 per cent, 
 more goods per week than the Waltham or Lowell factories had pro- 
 duced, of equal quality. This brought down the directors of the 
 Lowell factories to our place at Somersworth, to inquire into the cause 
 of so great a difference. It brought also Mr. Moody, their engineer, 
 and Mr. George Brownell, the foreman of the Lowell machine shop ; 
 they also sent the celebrated mathematician, Warren Colburn, to see 
 if our calculation was correct. I had the pleasure of exhibiting and 
 explaining all the minutiae of the Rhode Island invention a third time, 
 and the result was that Mr. Colburn told Moody that it was mathe- 
 matically correct, and that it was the only plan that he had heard of by 
 which the machine could be made adjustable to all sizes of ropings. 
 We notice the case Moody vs. Fisk (2 Mason Rep., 112), tried at 
 Boston, October term, 1820. In the defense, it was proved that the 
 improvements claimed by Moody were not new, neither were they 
 invented at Waltham. William Hines, of Coventry, had made 
 improvements on the speeder, and patented in February, 1819, pre- 
 vious to Moody's date. Moody's patent was vacated for want of 
 novelty. The object of referring to it is to show that Moody's claim 
 proves the Waltham speeder to be a different machine from the dif- 
 ferential speeder. In summing up his claims, he says : "First, I 
 claim the position of the rolls. Second, the two upper cones. Third, 
 the method of moving the belt on the two lower cones, and that of 
 communicating motion from the lower cones to the spindles, and all the 
 mechanism and method of communicating motion, from the upper driven 
 cone to the arbors or axles of the endless screws, and perpendicular 
 racks or screws that raise, and the spindle rail. Fifth, I claim the 
 method and machinery by which the said motion communicated to 
 the spindle raW is changed from an ascending to a descending motion, 
 and the manner of connecting the same with the wagon carriage. 
 Sixth, the wagon and the wagon carriage, gallows frame, catch wheel, 
 the cycloid cam, slide lever and pulley shaft, which raises the belt on 
 the upper cones, and all the similar parts that raise the belt on the 
 lower cones (except the cycloid, or cycloid cam), with all the parts, 
 movements, and mechanism connected with the same. Seventh, the 
 flier tubes, and method of applying and using them. Eighth, the 
 rotary motion of the cams, and the intermediate gear work. And 
 further, I claim that these my inventions are applicable, not only to 
 this machine which is adapted to one size of roping, but may be pro- 
 portioned and applied to the making of any other kind of roping." 
 So, by his own showing, the Waltham speeder makes but one size of 
 
104 
 
 roping. It is proper to remark that my compounding wheels super- 
 sede all the second pair of cones, cycloid cams, the cycloid racks, the 
 second cone belt, and the method of moving the belt, which required 
 to be brought up by ratchets and catches, with teeth of different 
 lengths, graduated to suit one size of roping, and which could not be 
 used to make a different grade of roping, finer or coarser, but require 
 another set of parts graduated differently to suit any other size of 
 roping, and this proportioning and adjusting of the machinery was 
 required at each change from fine to coarse, or from coarse to fine. 
 The object of my inventing the differential speeder was to do away 
 with the intricate construction, and to simplify and extend the use of 
 the machine, so that one set of gears can be adjusted to each and every 
 size of roping by merely changing the pinions. When Mr. Moody 
 came to me for an explanation of my invention, we had a free and 
 full discussion of its parts and properties. I remarked to him that the 
 exact difference between the retarding motion and a certain uniform 
 motion would be always right for the accelerating motion. He seemed 
 not to recognize the fact, and spoke doubtfully of it ; I then remarked 
 that the same cause that required the graduating of one, required the 
 graduation of the other, for both depend on the diameter of the 
 roping. Therefore, I take the advantage of using this differential for 
 the accelerated motion, rather than to use another pair of cones and 
 belt fixtures ; but I have another more important advantage by so 
 doing, that is, whenever it is required to alter one graduation, the 
 other always keeps right along with it ; whatever may be the rate of 
 change required, these motions are always reciprocal to each other. 
 Therefore, I use a rack with equal teeth for moving the belt, and 
 move it by a pinion of any requisite number of teeth, so as to adapt 
 the same machine to any size of roping by merely changing the 
 pinions. 
 
 " Up to this time, the differential speeder had not been seen at 
 Waltham or Lowell, neither had the authors of Waltham inventions 
 taken the pains to investigate its merits. But after this, I had a 
 cordial- and good understanding with both Moody and Fisk. I have 
 subsequently been informed by Mr. George Brownell that, soon after 
 this interview, they commenced making my kind of gears at Lowell, and 
 not only built my kind of speeders, but also took up their Waltham 
 speeders, and geared them over, and converted them into differential 
 speeders, by putting in my compound motion. This is a historical 
 fact of some significance ; George Brownell, I think, is still living at 
 Lowell, and will confirm these remarks ; James Dennis, Gideon C. 
 Smith, and Daniel Osborn, who were with us at Somersworth, may, 
 perhaps, recollect some of the circumstances. While on the subject 
 
105 
 
 we may remark further that the speeder (fly frame) had been used 
 in England, but the compound motion or differential had never been 
 applied to an English machine, until Charles Richmond carried to 
 England a model of my wheels (unbeknown to me). He was there in 
 1824-5, when Mr. Houlds worth took up the subject of improving the 
 fly frame. Dr. Ure informs us that Houlds worth applied the differen- 
 tial system and patented it in 1826 ; that is, three years after the date 
 of my patent. It was not requisite for him to claim it as his orig- 
 inal invention. I have been informed, through a former partner of 
 Charles Richmond, that the model which he carried to England was 
 made in Taunton, and was sold in England, and had since been 
 patented there. We said that J. Fisk did not understand producing 
 and using the differential motion until three years after we had the 
 machine in operation. It happened that J. Cowing, in describing my 
 speeder, told Fisk that it had but one pair of cones, and one cone belt. 
 Fisk remarked, then it could not work. Cowing replied, "but it 
 appears to work right well, and makes more roping than the Waltham 
 speeder." Mr. Fisk then entered into argument, saying, " It is impos- 
 sible to produce both graduations by one pair of cones and one belt, 
 because, while one is a retarding motion to vibrate the spindle rail, the 
 other requires to be an accelerated motion for the winding up." So it 
 was evident that he did not understand it, or he would not have made 
 this assertion. If my differential speeder had ever been supposed to 
 have been a Waltham invention, we should have heard of it during my 
 three years' contest with six corporations of Lowell, yet not a word of 
 any such claim was offered, but, on the contrary, they tacitly acknowl- 
 edged my right to the invention ; and after having the law repealed, 
 thereby defeating my first claims up to that time, they then gave me 
 $3,500 for the right to use the same for the last year of the term of 
 my patent. And this they did after searching all the evidence that 
 could be found against my claim. Mr. Lyman, of Boston, who acted 
 as their agent, who paid me the money and received the license for 
 them, told me they found no evidence against it. Few readers will 
 take the trouble to understand the specific difference between two 
 complex machines ; but when one mode of operation enables the manu- 
 facturer to produce twenty per cent, more goods, with the same cost 
 of labor than has before been done, it becomes of national impor- 
 tance. Dr. Ure well remarks that, since the differential system has 
 been adopted, manufacturers have been able to produce a better article 
 at a less cost, and have thereby increased the trade. 
 " I am, dear Sir, most respectfully, 
 
 " Your friend and servant, 
 
 "AzA ARNOLD." 
 
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A H I STORY 
 
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