TWENTIETH CENTURY TEXT-BOOKS CLASSICAL SECTION EDITED BY JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, HARVARD UNIVERSITY BERNADOTTE PERRIN, YALE UNIVERSITY ANDREW FLEMING WEST, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ffi h TWENTIETH CENTURY TEXT-BOOKS SELECTED LIVES OF NEPOS WITH NOTES AND VOCABULARY BY GEORGE* DAVIS CHASE, PH. D. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY NEW YORK D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 1902 COPYRIGHT, 1902 BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY Published October, 1902 PREFACE IT is not the intention in the present work to prepare simply a new edition of Nepos ; there are already good recent editions on the market. But there is no good edi- tion adapted to the- wants of the class of students that this book is intended to reach. We hear college men too often say that Caesar is dull and uninteresting. That is a great pity, for few writers are in reality so vigorous and enter- taining. The trouble lies in their method of studying him. They read him so slowly and painfully that all interest in the progress of his narrative is lost. We believe it would be far better for the beginner to use for his earliest drill in reading a work in which the lagging interest might be revived at frequent intervals. For this purpose Nepos is admirably adapted. Each life is a complete story in itself. After a number of these have been read it may fairly be presumed that the student will be able to read Caesar with more ease and appreciation. The language of Nepos is usually simple if studiedly so, no matter and his style is never difficult. We believe no classical author is better adapted to the needs of beginners than Nepos. In the present work the shorter lives have been arranged first. The notes to them are very full and simple, and dwell on many familiar points of grammar. It is hoped 221786 VI CORNELII NEPOTIS that the young student will be assisted and not puzzled by them. Later on, when a better knowledge of the elements may be presumed, the notes are briefer. The vocabulary is prepared especially for these selections; it has been made as brief as clearness would permit. It has been, in general, the aim of the work to provide only such material as would be of interest and use to the young student of Latin. In the planning of this book I owe much to the assist- ance of Professor A. F. West, of Princeton, to whom I desire here to express my thanks. Q -^ p HASE MlDDLETOWN, CONN., IQO2. INTRODUCTION i. LIFE OF NEPOS CORNELIUS NEPOS was born some time in the early part of the last century B. c. ; the exact date is not recorded. His birthplace was a town (of which we do not know the name) of northern Italy, in the valley of the Po. He early removed to Rome, however, where he spent most of his life. He lived to a good old age, and died some time after 27 B. c. These are brief and inexact facts, but they con- tain the most that we know of the events of Nepos's life. As to his station in life, we are told that he was an eques. Since this rank was determined upon a census of at least 400,000 sesterces (about $17,000), we know that Nepos had sufficient means to live in comfort without having recourse to business or public or professional life. He was an inti- mate friend of the greatest literary geniuses of his age, particularly Cicero, Catullus the poet, and Atticus the scholar and antiquary. This, together with what we know of his writings, and the fact that he is never men- tioned in connection with any office or public event, makes it reasonably certain that he lived the life of a cultivated man of letters, withdrawn from the active pursuits of the world, but attached to that which was highest in cultivated taste, in scholarship, and in literature. viii CORNELII NEPOTIS 2. His WRITINGS Nepos was a student of antiquities and biography. The most of his writings have been lost; those that are pre- served belong to the field of biography. They include one book of Lives of Eminent Foreign Leaders, containing twenty-two short biographies, to which is appended a brief chapter on Kings, and, in addition, two biographies taken from a book of Lives of Roman Historians. We know from various references found in Latin authors that these two books formed part of a considerable series ; that he wrote what we may call an encyclopaedia of biography in as many as sixteen books. He seems to have divided his subjects into eight classes kings, generals, statesmen, orators, poets, historians, philosophers, and grammarians and to have devoted two books to each class. Of each pair of books, the first contained the lives of foreigners, particu- larly Greeks; the second was devoted to Roman subjects. With regard to his other writings, we have little infor- mation. We learn that he wrote considerable works on Roman antiquities, a book on geography, lives of Cicero and Cato, and some love poems. Our knowledge of these works is so scanty that we can form no estimate of their quality. 3. His RANK AS AN AUTHOR Nepos is one of our purest Latin prose authors that is, his works date from the period when the Latin of the edu- cated people most nearly represented what we are pleased to call the purest and most classical Latin the period of Cicero and Caesar. For that reason, if for no other, he is INTRODUCTION ix worthy of our study. He was an essayist, and as such undertook to write Lives that were models of literary form. The result was that he paid more attention to form .than to matter. As an historian he is of little value. He drew the most of his facts from the best Greek sources, such as Thucydides, Xenophon, and Herodotus ; but he used them very carelessly, and frequently made blunders in his state- ments. It is therefore as a writer of classical Latin and an essayist of attractive style rather than as an historian that we are interested in Nepos. His Latin is, in the main, that of Cicero and Caesar. He shows, however, some peculiarities of construction, which will be pointed out in the notes, and which may be colloquial forms of speech that he learned in his native Po valley. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . ...... vii I. TEXT OF NEPOS : I. Aristides . . . . I 2. Cimon ........... 3 3. Chabrias 6 4. Iphicrates ....... 9 5. Themistocles . . . . . .11 ' 6. Miltiades 19 -7. Alcibiades 26 8. Epaminondas ......... 35 9. Agesilaus . . .'.... . . . -43 10. Timoleon . . . . . 5 11. Hamilcar 54 '12. Hannibal 57 13. Atticus 67 II. NOTES 85 III. VOCABULARY 159 LIST OF FULL-PAGE MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE The Acropolis (restored) Frontispiece Greece and the Aegean Sea (colored map) ...... I Themistocles. From the bust in the Berlin Museum . . .11 A naval battle 13 Pericles. From the bust in the Vatican at Rome . . . .26 Olympia (restored) .......... 30 Italy and Spain (colored map) . . . . . . . .50 Hannibal crossing the Rhone ........ 60 CORNELII NEPOTIS LIBER DE EXCELLENTIBUS DUCIBUS EXTERARUM GENTIUM I. ARISTIDES I. Aristides, Lysimachi filius, Atheniensis, aequalis fere fuit Themistocli atque cum eo de principatu con- tendit; namque obtrectarunt inter se. In his autem cognitum est, quanto antistaret eloquentia innocentiae. 5 Quamquam enim adeo excellebat Aristides abstinentia, ut unus post hominum memoriam, quern quidem nos audierimus, cognomine lustus sit appellatus, tamen a Themistocle collabefactus testula ilia exsilio decem an- norum multatus est. Qui quidem cum intellegeret re- 10 primi concitatam multitudinem non posse, cedensque animadvertisset quendam scribentem ut patria pellere- tur, quaesisse ab eo dicitur quare id faceret aut quid Aristides commlsisset, cur tanta poena dignus ducere- tur. Cui ille respondit se Tgnorare Aristiden, sed sibi J 5 non placere, quod tarn cupide laborasset ut praeter cete- ros lustus appellaretur. Hie decem annorum legitimam poenam non pertulit. Nam postquam Xerxes in Grae- ciam descendit, sexto fere anno quam erat expulsus, populi scito in patriam restitutus est. 2 ' : CJRNELII NEPOTIS II. Inteffujt autem : pugnae navali apud Salamina, quae facta est prius quam poena liberaretur. Idem praetor fuit Atheniensium apud Plataeas in proelio quo fusus barbarorum exercitus Mardoniusque interfectus est. Neque aliud est ullum huius in re militari illustre 5 factum quam eius imperil memoria, iustitiae vero et aequitatis et innocentiae multa, in primis quod huius aequitate factum est, cum in communi classe esset Grae- ciae simul cum Pausania quo duce Mardonius erat fugatus ut summa imperil maritimi ab Lacedaemoniis 10 transferretur ad Athenienses; namque ante id tempus et man et terra duces erant Lacedaemonii. Turn autem et intemperantia Pausaniae et iustitia factum est Aris- tidis, ut omnes fere civitates Graeciae ad Atheniensium societatem se applicarent et adversus barbaros hos duces 15 deligerent sibi. III. Quos quo facilius repellerent, si forte bellum renovare conarentur, ad classes aedificandas exercitus- que comparandos quantum pecuniae quaeque civitas daret, Aristides delectus est qui constitueret, eiusque 20 arbitrio quadringena et sexagena talenta quotannis De- lum sunt collata; id enim commune aerarium esse volu- erunt. Quae omnis pecunia postero tempore Athenas translata est. Hie qua fuerit abstinentia, nullum est certius indicium quam quod, cum tantis rebus prae- 25 fuisset, in tanta paupertate decessit, ut qui efferretur vix reliquerit. Quo factum est ut filiae eius publice alerentur et de commum aerario dotibus datis collo- carentur. Decessit autem fere post annum quartum quam Themistocles Athenis erat expulsus. 30 II. CIMON I. Cimon, Miltiadis filius, Atheniensis, duro admo- dum initio usus est adulescentiae; nam cum pater eius Htem aestimatam populo solvere non potuisset ob eamque causam in vinclis publicis decessisset, Cimon 5 eadem custodia tenebatur neque legibus Atheniensium emitti poterat, nisi pecuniam, qua pater multatus erat, solvisset. Habebat autem in matrimonio sororem ger- manam suam, nomine Elpinicen, non magis amore quam more ductus; namque Atheniensibus licet eodem 10 patre natas uxores ducere. Huius coniugii cupidus Callias quidam, non tarn generosus quam pecuniosus, qui magnas pecunias ex metallis fecerat, egit cum Cimone ut earn sibi uxorem daret: id si impetrasset, se pro illo pecuniam soluturum. Is cum talem condicio- 15 nem aspernaretur, Elpinice negavit se passuram Mil- tiadis progeniem in vinclis publicis interire, quoniam prohibere posset, seque Calliae nupturam, si ea quae polliceretur praestitisset. II. Tali modo custodia Hberatus Cimon celeriter ad 20 principatum pervenit. Habebat enim satis elequentiae, summam Hberalitatem, magnam prudentiam cum iuris civilis turn rei militaris, quod cum patre a puero in exercitibus fuerat versatus. Itaque hie et populum ur- banum in sua tenuit potestate et apud exercitum plu- 25 rimum valuit auctoritate. 3 4 CORNELII Primum imperator apud flumen Strymona magnas copias Thraecum fugavit, oppidum Amphipolim con- stituit eoque decem milia Atheniensium in coloniam misit. Idem iterum imperator apud Mycalen Cyprio- rum et Phoenician! ducentarum navium classem devi 5 tam cepit eodemque die par! fortuna in terra usus est. Namque hostium navibus captis statim ex classe copias suas eduxit barbarorumque maximam vim uno con- cursu prostravit. Qua victoria magna praeda potitus cum domum reverteretur, quod iam nonnullae insulae 10 propter acerbitatem imperil defecerant, bene animatas confirmavit, alienatas ad officium redire coegit. Scy- rum, quam eo tempore Dolopes incolebant, quod con- tumacius se gesserant, vacuefecit, possessores veteres urbe insulaque eiecit, agros civibus divisit. Thasios 15 opulentia fretos suo adventu fregit. His ex manubiis arx Athenarum, qua ad meridiem vergit, est ornata. III. Quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime flo- reret, incidit in eancfem invidiam quam pater suus ce- terique Atheniensium principes; nam testarum suffra- 20 giis decem annorum exsilio multatus est. Cuius fact! celerius Athenienses quam ipsum paenituit; nam cum ille animo forti invidiae ingratorum civium cessisset bellumque Lacedaemonii Atheniensibus indixissent, confestim notae eius virtutis desiderium consecutum 25 est. Itaque post annum qulntum quam expulsus erat, in patriam revocatus est. Ille, quod hospitio Lacedae- moniorum utebatur, satius exlstimans Graeciae civi- tates de controversiis suis inter se iure disceptare quam armis contendere, Lacedaemonem sua sponte est pro- 30 fectus pacemque inter duas potentissimas civitates con- ciliavit. Post, neque ita multo, Cyprum cum ducentis \ CIMON 5 navibus imperator missus, cum eius maiorem partem insulae devicisset, in morbum implicitus in oppugnan- do oppido Citio est mortuus. IV. Hunc Athenienses non solum in bello, sed 5-etiam in pace diu desideraverunt. Fuit enim tanta li- beralitate, cum compluribus locis praedia hortosque haberet, ut numquam in eis custodem posuerit fructus servandi gratia, ne quis impediretur quominus eis re- bus, quibus quisque vellet, frueretur. Semper eum 10 pedisequi cum nummis sunt secuti, ut, si quis opis eius indigeret, haberet quod statim daret, ne differendo videretur negare. Saepe, cum aliquem offensum for- tunae videret minus bene vestitum, suum amiculum de- dit. Cottidie sic cena ei coquebatur, ut, quos invoca- 15 tos vidisset in foro, omnes ad se vocaret, quod facere nullo die praetermittebat. Null! fides eius, null! opera, null! res familiaris defuit; multos locupletavit; com- plures pauperes mortuos, qm unde efferrentur non reli- quissent, suo sumptu extulit. Sic se gerendo minime 20 est mirandum, si et vita eius fuit secura et mors acerba. III. CHABRIAS I. Chabrias Atheniensis. Hie quoque in summis habitus est ducibus resque multas memoria dignas ges- sit. Sed ex eis elucet maxime inventum eius in proelio quod apud Thebas fecit, cum Boeotis subsidio venisset. Namque in eo victoria fidente summo duce Agesilao, 5 fugatis iam ab eo conducticiis catenas, reliquam pha- langem loco vetuit cedere obmxoque genu scuto, pro- iecta hasta impetum excipere hostium docuit. Id no- vum Agesilaus contuens progredi non est ausus suos- que iam incurrentes tuba revocavit. Hoc usque eo 10 tota Graecia fama celebratum est, ut illo statu Chabrias sibi statuam fieri voluerit, quae publice ei ab Athenien- sibus in foro constituta est. Ex quo factum est ut postea athletae ceterique artifices eis statibus in statuis ponendis uterentur, quibus victoriam essent adept!. 15 II. Chabrias autem multa in Europa bella admini- stravit, cum dux Atheniensium esset; in Aegypto sua sponte gessit. Nam Nectenebin adiutum profectus reg- num ei constituit. Fecit idem Cypri, sed publice ab Atheniensibus Euagorae adiutor datus, neque prius 20 inde discessit quam totam insulam bello devinceret; qua ex re Athenienses magnam gloriam sunt adept!. Interim bellum inter Aegyptios et Persas conflatum est. Athenienses cum Artaxerxe societatem habebant, Lacedaemonii cum Aegyptiis, a quibus magnas prae- 25 6 CHABRIAS 7 das Agesilaus, rex eorum, faciebat. Id intuens Cha- brias, cum in re nulla Agesilao cederet, sua sponte eos adiutum profectus Aegyptiae class! praefuit, pedestri- bus copiis Agesilaus. 5 III. Turn praefect! regis Persae legates miserunt Athenas questum, quod Chabrias adversum regem bel- lum gereret cum Aegyptiis. Athenienses diem certam Chabriae praestituerunt, quam ante domum nisi redis- set, capitis se ilium damnaturos denuntiarunt. Hoc 10 ille nuntio Athenas rediit, neque ibi diutius est mora- tus quam fuit necesse. Non enim libenter erat ante oculos suorum civium, quod et vivebat laute et indul- gebat sibi liberalius quam ut invidiam vulgi posset effugere. Est enim hoc commune vitium magnis li- 15 berisque civitatibus, ut invidia gloriae comes sit et liben- ter de els detrahant quos eminere videant altius, neque animo aequo pauperes alienam opulentiam intueantur. Itaque Chabrias, quoad ei licebat, plurimum aberat. Neque vero solus ille aberat Athems libenter, sed omnes 20 fere principes fecerunt idem, quod tantum se ab invidia putabant afuturos, quantum a conspectu suorum reces- serint. Itaque Conon plurimum Cypri vixit, Iphicrates in Thraecia, Timotheus Lesbi, Chares Sigei, dissimilis quidem Chares horum et factis et moribus, sed tamen 25 Athems et honoratus et potens. IV. Chabrias autem periit bello social! tal! modo. Oppugnabant Athenienses Ch!um. Erat in classe Cha- brias privatus, sed omnes qu! in magistratu erant auc- toritate ante!bat, eumque magis m!lites quam qu! 30 praeerant suspiciebant. Quae res e! maturavit mortem. Nam dum primus studet portum intrare gubernatorem- que iubet eo dirigere navem, ipse sibi pernicie! fuit: 8 CORNELII NEPOTIS cum enim eo penetrasset, ceterae non sunt secutae. Quo facto circumfusus hostium concursu cum fortis- sime pugnaret, navis rostro percussa coepit sidere. Hinc refugere cum posset, si se in mare deiecisset, quod suberat classis Atheniensium quae exciperet natantes, 5 perire maluit quam armis abiectis navem relinquere in qua fuerat vectus. Id ceteri facere noluerunt, qui nan- do in tutum pervenerunt. At ille, praestare honestam mortem existimans turpi vitae, comminus pugnans tells hostium interfectus est. 10 IV. IPHICRATES I. Iphicrates Atheniensis non tarn magnitudine re- rum gestarum quam disciplma militari nobilitatus est. Fuit enim talis dux, ut non solum aetatis suae cum primis compararetur, sed ne de maioribus natu quidem 5 quisquam anteponeretur. Multum vero in bello est ver- satus, saepe exercitibus praefuit, nusquam culpa male rem gessit, semper consilio vlcit tantumque eo valuit, ut multa in re militari partim nova attulerit, partim meliora fecerit. Namque ille pedestria arma mvitavit. 10 Cum ante ilium imperatorem maximis clipeis, brevibus hastis, minutis gladiis uterentur, ille e contrario peltam pro parma fecit a quo postea peltastae pedites appella- bantur ut ad motus concursusque essent leviores, has- tae modum duplicavit, gladios longiores fecit. Idem 15 genus loricarum novum instituit et pro sertis atque aeneis linteas dedit. Quo facto expeditions milites reddidit; nam pondere detracto, quod aeque corpus tegeret et leve esset curavit. II. Bellum cum Thraecibus gessit, Seuthem, so- 20 cium Atheniensium, in regnum restituit. Apud Corin- thum tanta severitate exercitui praefuit, ut nullae um- quam in Graecia neque exercitatiores copiae neque magis dicto audientes fuerint duel, in eamque consue- tudinem adduxit ut, cum proelii signum ab imperatore 25 esset .datum, sine ducis opera sic ordinatae consisterent, ut singuli a pentissimo imperatore dispositT viderentur. 9 10 CORNELII NEPOTIS Hoc exercitu moram Lacedaemoniorum interfecit, quod maxime tota celebratum est Graecia. Iterum eodem bello omnes copias eorum fugavit, quo facto magnam adeptus est gloriam. Cum Artaxerxes Ae- gyptio regi bellum mferre voluit, Iphicraten ab Athe- 5 niensibus ducem petivit, quern praeficeret exercitui conducticio, cuius numerus duodecim milium fuit. Quern quidem sic omni disciplma militari erudivit, ut quern ad modum quondam Fabiam milites Romae, sic Iphicratenses apud Graecos in summa laude fuerint. 10 Idem subsidio Lacedaemoniis profectus Epaminon- dae retardavit impetus; nam nisi eius adventus appro- pinquasset, non prius Thebani Sparta abscessissent, quam captam incendio delessent. III. Fuit autem et animo magno et corpore impe- 15 ratoriaque forma, ut ipso aspectu cuivis iniceret admi- rationem sui, sed in labore nimis remissus paruraque patiens, ut Theopompus memoriae prodidit, bonus vero civis fideque magna. Quod cum in aliis rebus declara- vit, turn maxime in Amyntae Macedonis liberis tuendis. 20 Namque Eurydice, mater Perdiccae et Philippi, cum his duobus pueris Amynta mortuo ad Iphicraten con- fugit eiusque opibus defensa est. Vixit ad senectutem placatis in se suorum civium animis. Causam capitis semel dixit, bello social!, simul cum Timotheo, eoque 25 iudicio est absolutus. Menesthea filium reliquit ex Thraessa natum, Coti regis filia. Is cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris, patrem matremne, faceret, " Matrem," inquit. Id cum omnibus mlrum videretur, at ille " Merito," inquit, "facio; nam 30 pater, quantum in se fuit, Thraecem me genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem." THEMISTOCLES. From the bust in the Berlin Museum? V. THEMISTOCLES I. Themistocles, Neocli films, Atheniensis. Huius vitia ineuntis adulescentiae magms sunt emendata vir- tutibus, adeo ut anteferatur huic nemo, pauci pares pu- tentur. Sed ab initio est ordiendus. Pater ems Neocles 5 generosus fuit. Is uxorem Acarnanam civem duxit, ex qua natus est Themistocles, Qui cum minus esset pro- batus parentibus, quod et liberius vivebat et rem famili- arem neglegebat, a patre exheredatus est. Quae con- tumelia non fregit eum, sed erexit; nam cum iudicasset 10 sine summa industria non posse earn exstingui, totum se dedidit rei publicae, diligentius amicis famaeque serviens. Multum in iudiciis privatis versabatur, saepe in contionem populi prodibat; nulla res maior sine eo gerebatur; celeriter quae opus erant reperiebat, facile 15 eadem oratione explicabat, neque minus in rebus geren- dis promptus quam excogitandis erat, quod et de Tn- stantibus, ut ait Thucydides, verissime iudicabat et de futuris callidissime coniciebat. Quo factum est ut brevl tempore illustraretur. 20 II. Primus autem gradus fuit capessendae rei pub- licae bello Corcyraeo; ad quod gerendum praetor a pop- ulo factus non solum praesenti bello, sed etiam reliquo tempore ferociorem reddiclit civitatem. Nam cum pe- cunia publica, quae ex metallis reclibat, largitione ma- 25 gistratuum quotanms interiret, ille persuasit populo ut ii 12 CORNELII NEPOTIS ea pecunia classis centum navium aedificaretur. Qua celeriter effecta primum Corcyraeos fregit, deinde mari- timos praedones consectando mare tutum reddidit. In quo cum divitiis ornavit, turn etiam peritissimos belli navalis fecit Athenienses. Id quantae saluti fuerit uni- 5 versae Graeciae, bello cognitum est Persico. Nam cum Xerxes et man et terra bellum universae inferret Euro- pae, cum tantis copiis earn invasit, quantas neque ante nee postea habuit quisquam: huius enim classis mille et ducentarum navium longarum fuit, quam duo milia 10 onerariarum sequebantur; terrestris autem exercitus septingenta peditum, equitum quadringenta milia fue- runt. Cuius de adventu cum fama in Graeciam esset perlata et maxime Athenienses peti dicerentur propter pugnam Marathoniam, miserunt Delphos consultum, 15 quidnam facerent de rebus suis. Deliberantibus Pythia respondit, ut moenibus Hgneis se munirent. Id respon- sum quo valeret cum intellegeret nemo, Themistocles persuasit consilium esse Apollinis, ut in naves se suaque conferrent; eum enim a deo significari murum ligneum. 20 Tali consilio probato addunt ad superiores totidem naves triremes suaque omnia quae moveri poterant partim Salamma, partim Troezena deportant; arcem sacerdotibus paucisque maioribus natu ad sacra procu- randa tradunt, reliquum oppidum relinquunt. 25 III. Huius consilium plerisque civitatibus displice- bat et in terra dimicari magis placebat. Itaque miss! sunt delect! cum Leonida, Lacedaemoniorum rege, qui Thermopylas occuparent longiusque barbaros progredi non paterentur. IT vim hostium non sustinuerunt 30 eoque loco omnes interierunt. At classis communis Graeciae trecentarum navium, in qua ducentae erant _J i THEMISTOCLES 13 Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium inter Eubo- eam continentemque terram cum classiariis regiis con- flixit. Angustias enim Themistocles quaerebat, tie mul- titudine circumiretur. Hinc etsi par! proelio discesse- 5 rant, tamen eodem loco non sunt ausi manere, quod erat periculum ne, si pars navium adversariorum Eu- boeam superasset, ancipiti premerentur periculo. Quo factum est ut ab Artemisio discederent et exadversum Athenas apud Salamma classem suam constituerent. 10 IV. At Xerxes Thermopylis expugnatis protinus ac- cessit astu idque nullis defendentibus, interfectis sacer- dotibus quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit. Cuius flamma perterriti classiarii cum manere non auderent et plurimi hortarentur ut domos suas discederent moe- 15 nibusque se defenderent, Themistocles unus restitit et universos pares esse posse aiebat, disperses testabatur perituros, idque Eurybiadi, regi Lacedaemoniorum, qui turn summae imperil praeerat, fore affirmabat. Quern cum minus quam vellet moveret, noctu de servis suis 20 quern habuit fidelissimum ad regem misit, ut el nun- tiaret suis verbis adversarios eius in fuga esse; qui si discessissent, maiore cum labore et longinquiore tern- pore bellum confecturum, cum singulos consectari co- geretur; quos si statim aggrederetur, brevi universos 25 oppressurum. Hoc eo valebat, ut ingratiis ad depug- nandum omnes cogerentur. Hac re audita barbarus, nihil doll subesse credens, postridie alienissimo sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus, adeo angusto marl conflixit, ut eius multitude navium explicari non po- 30 tuerit. Victus ergo est magis etiam consilio Themis- tocli quam armis Graeciae. V. Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat 14 CORNELII NEPOTIS reliquias copiarum, ut etiam turn els opprimere posset hostes. Iterum ab eodem gradu depulsus est. Nam Themistocles, verens ne bellare perseveraret, certiorem eum fecit id agi, ut pons, quern ille in Hellesponto fecerat, dissolveretur ac reditu in Asiam excluderetur, 5 idque el persuasit. Itaque qua sex mensibus iter fece- rat, eadem minus diebus triginta in Asiam reversus est seque a Themistocle non superatum, sed conservatum iudicavit. Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia Hberata est Europaeque succubuit Asia. Haec altera victoria, quae 10 cum Marathonio possit comparari tropaeo. Nam par! modo apud Salamina parvo numero navium maxima ^ post hominum memoriam classis est devicta. ^. VI. Magnus hoc bello Themistocles fuit neque mi- nor in pace. Cum enim Phalerico portu neque, magno 15 neque bono Athenienses uterentur, huius consilio tri- plex Piraei portus constitutus est eisque moenibus cir- cumdatus, ut ipsam urbem dignitate aecfuiperafet, utili- tate superaret. Idem muros Atheniensium restituit ;r3cipnn siip^^rj^jjln, Namque Lacedaemonii causam 20 idoneaiti nacti propter barbarorum excursiones qua negarent oportere extra Peloponnesum ullam urbem f 'w\ O^-t JJLtlA^ 1 "^ V>^ Q^^a yfi*~. *-_jU- vJL- / V' s -V^^ v ^^ w * - V ^~*~~A. ^3t^*J*~ '^- muros ,habere/ne essent loca mumta quae hostes possi- derent, Athenienses_^difii^its.prohibere sunt conati. Hoc longe alio spectabat atgiie videri volebant. Athe- 25 nienses enim cluabus vict6riis,^larath6nia et Salaminia, tantam Horiam apud omnes srentes erant coiisecuti, ut . >*-"' - . *ZL/ intellegerent Lacedaemonii de principatu sibi cum els certamen fore. Quare eos quam infirmissimos esse volebant. Postquam autem audierunt muros strui, le- 30 gatos Athenas miserunt, gui id fieri vetarenj. His praesentibus desierunt ac se de ea re legatos ad eos THEMISTOCLES 15 / missuros dixerunt. Hanc legationem suscepit Themis- tocles et solus primo profectus est^reliqui legati ut tum exirent, cum satis alti t'uendo muri exstructi viderentur, praecepit; interim omnes, servi atque lib en, ^ 5 jnt neque ulli Icrco parcerent, sive sacer sive privatus esset sive publicus, et undique quod idoneum ad mu- niendum putarent congererent. Quo factum est ut Atheniensium muri ex sacellis sepulcrisque constarent. VII. Themistocles autem, ut Lacedaemonem venit, 10 adire ad magistrates nolurt et cledit operam ut quam longissime tempus duceret, causam interponens se col- legas exspectare. Cum Lacedaemonii quererentur opus nihilo minus fieri eumque in ea re conari fallere, interim reliqui -legati sunt cpnsecuti. A quibus cum audisset 15 non multum superesse munitionis, ad ephoros Lacedae- * f-iiL -^ A "^r momorum accessit, "penes quos summum erat impe- rium, atque apud eos contepdit falsa eis esse delata; quare aeqtfom esse ill ok viros bonds nobilesque mittere^ quibus fides haberetur,, ^ui rem explorarent; interea se 20 obsidem retinerent. Gestus est ei mos, tresque legati functi summis hbnorib'us Athenas missi sunt. Cum his collegas suos Themistocles iussit proficisci eisque prae- dixit, ut ne prius Lacedaemoniorum legatos dimitte- rent quam ipse esset remissus. \/ 25 Hos postquam Athenas pervenisse ratus est, ad ma- gistratus senatumque Lacedaemoniorum adiit et apud eos liberrime professus est: Athenienses suo consilio, quod commum iure gentium facere possent, deos pub- licos suosque patrios ac Penates, quo facilius ab hoste 30 possent defendere, muris saepsisse neque in eo quod inutile esset Graeciae fecisse. Nam illorum urbem ut propugnaculum oppositum esse barbaris, apud quam 16 CORNELII NEPOTIS iam bis copias regias fecisse naufragium. Lacedaemo- nios autem male et iniuste facere, qui id potius intue- rentur, quod ipsorum domination! quam quod univer- sae Graeciae utile esset. Quare, si suos legatos recipere vellent, quos Athenas miserant, se remitterent, cum ali- 5 ter illos numquam in patriam essent recepturi. VIII. Tamen non effugit civium suorum invidiam. Namque ob eundem timorem, quo damnatus erat Mil- tiades, testularum suffragiis e civitate eiectus Argos habitatum concessit. Hie cum propter multas virtutes 10 magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii legatos Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod societatem cum rege Perse ad Graeciam opprimendam fecisset. Hoc crimine absens damnatus est. Id ut audivit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, 15 Corcyram demigravit. Ibi cum principes animadvertis- set timere ne propter se bellum eis Lacedaemonii et Athenienses indicerent, ad Admetum, Molossum re- gem, cum quo ei hospitium non erat, confugit. Hue cum venisset et in praesentia rex abesset, quo maiore 20 religione se receptum tueretur, filium eius parvulum arripuit et cum eo se in sacrarium quod summa cole- batur caerimonia coniecit. Inde non prius egressus est quam rex eum data dextra in fidem reciperet, quam praestitit. Nam cum ab Atheniensibus et Lacedaemo- 25 nils exposceretur publice, supplicem non prodidit mo- nuitque ut consuleret sibi; difificile enim esse in tarn propinquo loco tuto eum versari. Itaque Pydnam eum deduci iussit et quod satis esset praesidii dedit. Hie in navem omnibus ignotus nautis escendit. Quae cum 30 tempestate maxima Naxum ferretur, ubi turn Athe- niensium erat exercitus, sensit Themistocles, si eo per- THEMISTOCLES I/ venisset, sibi esse pereundum. Hac necessitate coac- tus domino navis quis sit aperit, multa pollicens, si se conservasset. At ille clarissimi viri captus misericordia diem noctemque procul ab insula in salo navem tenuit 5 in ancoris neque quemquam ex ea exire passus est. Inde Ephesum pervenit ibique Themistoclen exponit. Cui ille pro meritis postea gratiam rettulit. IX. Scio plerosque ita scripsisse, Themistoclen Xerxe regnante in Asiam transisse. Sed ego potissi- 10 mum Thucydidi credo, quod et aetate proximus de els, qui illorum temporum historiam reliquerunt, et eiusdem civitatis fuit. Is autem ait ad Artaxerxen eum venisse atque his verbis epistulam misisse: u Themistocles veni ad te, qui plurima mala omnium Graiorum in domum 15 tuam intuli, quam diu mihi necesse fuit adversum pa- trem tuum bellare patriamque meam defendere. Idem multo plura bona feel, postquam in tuto ipse et ille in periculo esse coepit; nam cum in Asiam reverti vellet, proelio apud Salamina facto, littens eum certiorem feel 20 id agi ut pons, quern in Hellesponto fecerat, dissolve- retur atque ab hostibus circumiretur; quo nuntio ille periculo est Hberatus. Nunc autem confugi ad te exa- gitatus a cuncta Graecia, tuam petens amicitiam; quam si ero adeptus, non minus me bonum amicum habebis, 25 quam fortem inimicum ille expertus est. Te autem rogo, ut de els rebus, quas tecum colloqui volo, an- nuum mihi tempus des eoque transacto ad te venire patiaris." X. Huius rex animi magnitudinem admirans cupi- 30 ensque talem virum sibi conciliari veniam dedit. Ille omne-illud tempus litteris sermomque Persarum dedit; quibus adeo eruditus est, ut multo comrnodius dfcatur 18 CORNELII NEPOTIS apud regem verba fecisse, quam ii poterant qui in Per- side erant nati. Hie cum multa regi esset pollicitus gratissimumque illud, si suis uti consiliis vellet, ilium Graeciam bello oppressurum, magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam rediit domiciliumque Mag- 5 nesiae sibi constituit. Namque hanc urbem el rex dona- rat, his quidem verbis, quae ei panem praeberet ex qua regione qumquagena talenta quotannis redibant Lampsacum autem, unde vinum sumeret, Myunta, ex qua obsonium haberet. 10 Huius ad nostram memoriam monumenta manse- runt duo; sepulcrum prope oppidum, in quo est sepul- tus, statua in foro Magnesiae. De cuius morte multi- modis apud plerosque scriptum est, sed nos eundem potissimum Thucydidem auctorem probamus, qui ilium 15 ait Magnesiae morbo mortuum neque negat fuisse fa- mam, venenum sua sponte sumpsisse, cum se quae regi de Graecia opprimenda pollicitus esset praestare posse desperaret. Idem ossa eius clam in Attica ab amicis sepulta, quoniam legibus non concederetur, quod pro- 20 ditionis esset damnatus, memoriae prodidit. VI. MILTIADES I. Miltiades, Cimonis filius, Atheniensis, cum et an- tiquitate generis et gloria maiorum et sua modestia unus omnium maxime floreret eaque esset aetate ut non iam solum de eo bene sperare, sed etiam confidere cives 5 possent sui talem eum futurum qualem cognitum iudi- carunt, accidit ut Athenienses Chersonesum colonos vellent mittere. Cuius generis cum magnus numerus esset et multi eius demigrationis peterent societatem, ex els delect! Delphos deliberatum missi sunt, quo po- 10 tissimum duce uterentur. Namque turn Thraeces eas regiones tenebant, cum quibus armis erat dimicandum. His consulentibus nominatim Pythia praecepit, ut Mil- tiadem imperatorem sibi sumerent; id si fecissent, in- cepta prospera futura. Hoc oraculi response Miltiades 15 cum delecta manu classe Chersonesum profectus cum accessisset Lemnum et incolas eius insulae sub potes- tatem redigere vellet Atheniensium, idque ut Lemnii sua sponte facerent postulasset, ill! irridentes responde- runt turn id se facturos, cum ille domo navibus profectus 20 vento aquilone venisset Lemnum. Hie enim ventus ab septentrionibus oriens adversum tenet Athenls proficis- centibus. Miltiades morandi tempus non habens cur- sum direxit quo tendebat, pervenitque Chersonesum. II. -Ibi brevi tempore barbarorum copiis disiectis, 25 tota regione quam petierat potitus, loca castellis idonea 19 20 CORNELII NEfOTIS communiit, multitudinem quam secum duxerat in agris collocavit crebrisque excursionibus locupletavit. Ne- que minus in*ea re prudentia quam felicitate adiutus est. * Nam cum virtute militum devicisset hostium ex- ercitus, summa aequitate res constituit atque ipse ibi- 5 dem manere decrevit. Erat enim inter eos dignitate regia, quamquam carebat nomine, neque id magis im- perio quam iustitia consecutus; neque eo setius Athe- niensibus, a quibus erat profectus, officia praestabat. Quibus rebus fiebat ut non minus eorum voluntate per- 10 petuum imperium obtineret qui miserant, quam illo- rum cum quibus erat profectus. Chersoneso tali modo constituta Lemnum revertitur et ex pacto postulat ut sibi urbem tradant ill! enim dixerant, cum vento borea domo profectus eo pervenisset, sese dedituros se enim 15 domum Chersonesi habere. Cares, qui turn Lemnum incolebant, etsi praeter opinionem res ceciderat, tamen non dicto, sed secunda fortuna adversariorum capti resistere ausi non sunt atque ex insula demigrarunt. Par! felicitate ceteras insulas, quae Cyclades nominan- 20 tur, sub Atheniensium redegit potestatem. III. Eisdem temporibus Persarum rex Dareus ex Asia in Europam exercitu traiecto Scythis bellum in- ferre decrevit. Pontem fecit in Histro flumine, qua copias traduceret. Eius pontis, dum ipse abesset, cus- 25 todes reliquit principes quos secum ex Ionia et Aeolicle duxerat; quibus singularum urbium perpetua dederat imperia. Sic enim facillime putavit se Graeca lingua loquentes qui Asiam incolerent sub sua retenturum po- testate, si amicis suis oppida tuenda tradidisset; quibus 30 se oppresso nulla spes salutis relinqueretur. In hoc fuit turn numero Miltiades. Hie cum crebri afferrent MILTIADES 21 nuntii male rem gerere Dareum premique a Scythis, hortatus est pontis custodes ne a fortuna datam occa- sionem liberandae Graeciae dimitterent.* Nam si cum els copiis, quas secum transportarat, interisset Dareus, 5 non solum Europam fore tutam, sed etiam eos qui Asiam incolerent Graecl genere Hberos a Pers^rum fu- turos dominatione et periculo. Id facile effici posse; ponte enim rescisso regem vel hostium ferro vel inopia paucis diebus interiturum. Ad hoc consilium cum ple- 10 rique accederent, Histiaeus Milesius ne res conficeretur obstitit, dicens non idem ipsis, qui summas imperil tenerent, expedire et multitudim, quod Dare! regno ip- sorum mteretur dominatio; quo exstmcto ipsos potes- tate expulsos civibus suis poenas daturos. Itaque adeo 15 se abhorrere a ceterorum consilio, ut nihil putet ipsis utilius quam confirmari regnum Persarum. Huius cum sententiam plurimi essent secuti, Miltiades, non dubi- tans tarn multis consciis ad regis aures consilia sua per- ventura, Chersonesum reliquit ac rursus Athenas demi- 20 gravit. Cuius ratio etsi non valuit, tamen magno opere est laudanda, cum amicior omnium Hbertati quam suae fuerit domination!. IV. Dareus autem, cum ex Europa in Asiam redis- set, hortantibus amicis ut Graeciam redigeret in suam 25 potestatem, classem quingentarum navium comparavit eique Datim praefecit et Artaphernem eisque ducenta peditum, decem equitum milia dedit, causam interse- rens se hostem esse Atheniensibus, quod eorum auxilio lones SardTs expugnassent suaque praesidia interfecis- 30 sent. 111! praefecti regii classe ad Euboeam appulsa celeriter Eretriam ceperunt omnesque eius gentis elves abreptos in Asiam ad regem miserunt, Inde ad Atti- 22 CORNELII NEPOTIS cam accesserunt ac suas copias in campum Marathona deduxerunt; is abest ab oppido circiter milia passuum decem. Hoc tumultu Athenienses tarn propinquo tamque magno permoti auxilium nusquam nisi a Lacedaemo- 5 nils petivertmt Phidippumque, cursorem eius generis, qui hemerodromoe vocantur, Lacedaemonem miserunt, ut nuntiaret quam celerrimo opus esse auxilio. * Domi autem creant decem praetores, qui exercitui praeessent, in els Miltiadem; inter quos magna fuit contentio, 10 utrum moenibus se defenderent an obviam Trent hosti- bus acieque decernerent. Unus Miltiades maxime nite- batur ut primo quoque tempore castra fierent; id si fac- tum esset, et civibus animum accessurum, cum viderent de eorum virtute non desperari, et hostes eadem re 15 fore tardiores, si animadverterent auderi adversus se tarn exiguis copiis dimicari. " V. Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Atheniensibus auxi- lio fuit praeter Plataeenses; ea mille misit militum. Itaque horum adventu decem milia armatorum com- 20 pleta sunt, quae manus mirabili flagrabat pugnandi cu- piditate; quo factum est ut plus quam collegae Miltiades valeret. Eius ergo auctoritate impulsi Athenienses co- pias ex urbe eduxerunt locoque idoneo castra fecerunt. Dein postero die sub montis radicibus acie regione in- 25 structa non apertissima namque arbores multis locis erant rarae proelium commiserunt hoc consilio, ut et montium altitudine tegerentur et arborum tractu equi- tatus hostium impediretur, ne multitudine clauderen- tur.* Datis, etsi non aequum locum videbat suis, tamen 30 fretus numero copiarum suarum confllgere cupiebat, eoque magis quod, priusquam Lacedaempnii sqbsiclio MILTIADES 23 venirent, dimicare utile arbitrabatur. Itaque in aciem peditum centum, equitum decem milia produxit proe- liumque commisit. In quo tanto plus virtute valuerunt Athenienses, ut decemplicem numerum hostium pro- 5 fligarint, adeoque eos perterruerunt, ut Persae non cas- tra, sed naves petierint. Qua pugna nihil adhuc exstitit nobilius; nulla enim umquam tarn exigua manus tantas opes prostravit. VI. Cuius victoriae non alienum videtur quale prae- 10 mium Miltiadi sit tributum docere, quo facilius intel- legi possit eandem omnium civitatum esse naturam. Ut enim populi Roman! honores quondam fuerunt ran et tenues ob eamque causam gloriosi, nunc autem effusi atque obsoleti, sic olim apud Athenienses fuisse 15 reperimus. Namque huic Miltiadi, qui Athenas totam- que Graeciam liberarat, talis honos tributus est, in por- ticu quae Poecile voc^tur, cum pugna depingeretur Marathonia, ut in decem praetorum numero prima eius imago poneretttr isque hortaretur milites proeliumque 20 committeret.* Idem ille populus, posteaquam maius im- perium est nactus et largitione magistratuum corruptus est, trecentas statuas Demetrio Phalereo decrevit. VII. Post hoc proelium classem septuaginta navium Athenienses eidem Miltiadi dederunt, ut insulas quae 25 barbaros adiuverant bello persequeretur. Quo in im- perio plerasque ad officium redire coegit, nonnullas vi expugnavit. Ex his Parum insulam opibus elatam cum oratione reconciliare non posset, copias e navibus edux- it, urbem operibus clausit omnique commeatu priva- 30 vit; clein vineis ac testudinibus constitutis propiu9mu- ros accessit. Cum Jam in eo esset ut oppido potiretur, procul in continent! lucus, qui ex insula conspiciebatur, 24 CORNELII NEPOTIS nescio quo casu nocturne tempore incensus est. Cuius flamma ut ab oppidanis et oppugnatoribus est visa, utrisque venit in opinionem signum a classiariis regiis datum. Quo factum est ut et Parii a deditione deter- rerentur et Miltiades, timens ne classis regia adventaret, 5 incensis operibus quae statuerat, cum totidem navibus atque erat profectus Athenas magna cum offensione civium suorum rediret. Accusatus ergo est proditionis, quod, cum Parum expugnare posset, a rege corruptus infectis rebus dis- 10 cessisset. Eo tempore aeger erat vulneribus, quae in oppugnando oppido acceperat. Itaque cum ipse pro se dicere non posset, verba fecit frater eius Stesagoras. Causa cognita capitis absolutus pecunia multatus est, eaque Us quinquaginta talentis aestimata est, quan- 15 tus in classem sumptus factus erat. Hanc pecuniam quod solvere in praesentia non poterat, in vincla pub- lica coniectus est ibique diem obiit supremum. VIII. Hie etsi crimine Pario est accusatus, tamen alia causa fuit damnationis. Namque Athenienses prop- 20 ter Pisistrati tyrannidem, quae paucis annis ante fuerat, nimiam civium suorum potentiam extimescebant. Mil- tiades, multum in imperils magistratibusque versatus, non videbatur posse esse privatus, praesertim cum con- suetudine ad imperil cupiditatem trahi videretur. Nam 25 in Chersoneso omnes illos quos habitarat annos per- petuam obtinuerat dominationem tyrannusque fuerat appellatus, sed iustus. Non erat enim vi consecutus, sed suorum voluntate, eamque potestatem bonitate retine- bat. Omnes autem et dicuntur et habentur tyrannl, 30 qui potestate sunt perpetua in ea civitate (juae libertate usa est. Sed in Miltiacle erat cum summa humanitas MILTIADES 25 turn mira communitas, ut nemo tarn humilis esset, cui non ad eum aditus pateret; magna auctoritas apud omnes civitates, nobile nomen, laus rei militaris maxi- ma. Haec populus respiciens maluit ilium innoxium 5 plecti quam se diutius esse in timore. VII. ALCIBIADES I. Alcibiades, Clmiae filius, Atheniensis. In hoc na- tura quid efficere possit videtur experta; constat enim inter omnes, qui de eo memoriae prodiderunt, nihil illo fuisse excellentius vel in vitiis vel in virtutibus. Natus in amplissima civitate summo genere, omnium aetatis 5 suae multo formosissimus, dives; ad omnes res aptus consiliique plenus namque imperator fuit summus et marl et terra disertus, ut in primis dicendo valeret, quod tanta erat commendatio oris atque orationis, ut nemo ei posset resistere; cum tempus posceret, labo- 10 riosus, patiens; Hberalis, splendidus non minus in vita quam victu; afifabilis, blandus, temporibus callidissime serviens; idem, simul ac se remiserat nequ'e causa su- berat quare animi laborem perferret, luxuriosus, disso- lutus, libidinosus, intemperans reperiebatur, ut omnes 15 admirarentur in uno homine tantam esse dissimilitudi- nem tamque diversam naturam. II. Educatus est in domo Pericli privignus enim eius fuisse dicitur eruditus a Socrate. Socerum ha- buit Hipponicum, omnium Graeca lingua loquentium 20 ditissimum; ut, si ipse fingere vellet, neque plura bona eminisci neque maiora posset consequi, quam vel na- tura vel fortuna tribuerat. III. Bello Peloponnesio huius consilio atque aucto- ritate Athenienses bellum Syracusanis indixerunt. Ad 25 26 PERICLES. From the bust in the Vatican at Rome. ALCIBIADES 2? quod gerendum ipse dux delectus est, duo praeterea collegae dati, Nicias et Lamachus. Id cum apparare- tur, prius quam classis exiret, accidit tit una nocte om- nes Hermae, qui in oppido erant Athenis, deicerentur 5 praeter unum, qui ante ianuam erat Andocidi itaque ille postea Mercurius Andocidi vocitatus est. Hoc cum appareret non sine magna multorum consensione esse factum, quae non ad privatam, sed ad publicam rem pertineret, magnus multitudini timor est iniectus ne 10 qua repentina vis in civitate exsisteret, quae Hbertatem opprimeret populi. Hoc maxime convenire in Alcibia- dem videbatur, quod et potentior et maior quam pri- vatus existimabatur; multos enim Hberalitate devinxe- rat, plures etiam opera forensi suos reddiderat. Qua 15 re fiebat tit omnium oculos, quotienscumque in publi- cum prodisset, ad se converteret neque ei par quisquam in civitate poneretur. Itaque non solum spem in eo habebant maximam, sed etiam timorem, quod et obesse plurimum et prodesse poterat. Aspergebatur etiam in- 20 famia, quod in domo sua facere mysteria dicebatur quod nefas erat more Atheniensium idque non ad re- ligionem, sed ad coniurationem pertinere existimaba- tur. IV. Hoc crimine in contione ab inimicis compella- 25 batur. Sed instabat tempus ad bellum proficiscendi. Id ille inttiens neque ignorans civium suorum constie- tudinem postulabat, si quid de se agi vellent, potitis de praesente quaestio haberetur, quam absens invidiae cri- mine accusaretur. Inimici vero eius quiescendum in 30 praesenti, quia noceri ei non posse intellegebant, et illtid tempus exspectandum decreverunt quo exisset, ut absehtem aggrederentur; itaque fecerunt. Nam post- 28 CORNELII NEPOTIS quam in Sicilian! eum pervenisse crediderunt, absen- tem, quod sacra violasset, reum fecerunt. Qua de re cum el nuntius a magistratu in Siciliam missus esset, ut domum ad causam dicendam rediret, essetque in mag- na spe provinciae bene administrandae, non parere no- 5 luit et in triremem, quae ad eum erat deportandum missa, ascendit. Hac Thurios in Italiam pervectus, multa secum reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia crudelitateque erga nobiles, utilissimum ratus impendentem evitare tempestatem, clam se ab custodi- 10 bus subduxit et inde primum Elidem, dein Thebas venit. Postquam autem se capitis damnatum boms publicatis audivit, et, id quod numquam antea usu ve- nerat, Eumolpidas sacerdotes a populo coactos ut se devoverent, eiusque devotionis quo testatior esset me- 15 moria, exemplum in pila lapidea incisum esse positum in publico, Lacedaemonem demigravit. Ibi, ut ipse praedicare consuerat, non adversus patriam, sed ini- micos suos bellum gessit, qui iidem hostes essent civi- tati; nam cum intellegerent se plurimum prodesse posse 20 rei publicae, ex ea eiecisse plusque Trae suae quam utilitati communi paruisse. Itaque huius consilio Lacedaemonii cum Perse rege amicitiam fecerunt, dein Deceleam in Attica munierunt praesidioque ibi perpe- tuo posito in obsidione Athenas tenuerunt. Eiusdem 25 opera loniam a societate averterunt Atheniensium. Quo facto multo superiores bello esse coeperunt. ^ V. Neque vero his rebus tarn amici Alcibiadi sunt fact! quam timore ab eo alienati; nam cum acerrimi viri praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus cognosce- 30 rent, pertimuerunt ne caritate patriae ductus^aliquando ab ipsis descisceret et cum suis in gratiam rediret. Ita- ALCIBIADES 29 que tempus eius interficiundi quaerere instituerunt. Id Alcibiades diutius celari non potuit; erat enim ea saga- citate, ut decipi non posset, praesertim cum animum attendisset ad cavendum. Itaque ad Tissaphernem, 5 praefectum regis Darei, se contulit. Cuius cum in in- timam amicitiam pervenisset et Atheniensium male gestis in Sicilia rebus opes senescere, contra Lacedae- moniorum crescere videret, initio cum Pisandro prae- tore, qui apud Samum exercitum habebat, per inter- 10 nuntios colloquitur et de reditu suo facit mentionem. Is erat enim eodem quo Alcibiades sensu, populi poten- tiae non amicus et optimatium fautor. Ab hoc desti- tutus primum per Thrasybulum, Lyci filium, ab exer- citu recipitur praetorque fit apud Samum; post suffra- 15 gante Theramene populi scito restituitur parique absens imperio praeficitur simul cum Thrasybulo et Theramene. Horum in imperio tanta commutatio rerum facta est, ut Lacedaemonii, qui paulo ante victores vigue- 20 rant, perterriti pacem peterent. Victi enim erant quin- que proeliis terrestribus, tribus navalibus, in quibus ducentas naves triremes amiserant, quae captae in hos- tium venerant potestatem. Alcibiades simul cum col- legis receperat loniam, Hellespontum, multas praete- 25 rea urbes Graecas, quae in ora sitae sunt Thraeciae, quarum expugnarant complures, in els Byzantium, neque minus multas consilio ad amicitiam adiunxerant, quod in captos dementia fuerant usi. Ita praeda onus- tT, locupletato exercitu, maximis rebus gestis Athenas 30 venerunt. VI. His cum obviam universa civitas in Piraeum descendisset, tanta fuit omnium exspectatio visendi 30 CORNELII NEPOTIS Alcibiadis, ut ad eius triremem vulgus conflueret, pro- inde ac si solus advenisset. Sic enim populo erat per- suasum, et adversas superiores et praesentes secundas res accidisse eius opera. Itaque et exercitum in Sicilia amissum et Lacedaemoniorum victorias culpae 5 suae tribuebant, quod talem virum e civitate expulis- sent. Neque id sine causa arbitrari videbantur; nam postquam exercitui praeesse coeperat, neque terra neque marl hostes pares esse potuerant. Hie ut e navi egressus est, quamquam Theramenes et Thrasybulus 10 eisdem rebus praefuerant simulque venerant in Pirae- um, tamen unum omnes ilium prosequebantur, et, id quod numquam antea usu venerat nisi Olympiae vic- toribus, coronis laurels taeniisque vulgo donabatur. Ille lacrimans talem benevolentiam civium suorum ac- 15 cipiebat, remimscens pristim temporis acerbitatem. Postquam in astu venit, contione advocata sic verba fecit, ut nemo tarn ferus fuerit quin eius casui illacri- marit inimicumque els se ostenderit quorum opera pa- tria pulsus fuerat, proinde ac si alius populus, non ille 20 ipse qui turn flebat, eum sacrilegii damnasset. Resti- tuta ergo huic sunt publice bona, eidemque ill! Eumol- pidae sacerdotes rursus resacrare sunt coacti, qui eum devoverant, pilaeque illae, in quibus devotio fuerat scripta, in mare praecipitatae. 25 VII. Haec Alcibiadi laetitia non nimis fuit diuturna. Nam cum ei omnes essent honores decreti totaque res publica domi bellique tradita, ut umus arbitrio gere- retur, et ipse postulasset ut duo sibi collegae darentur, Thrasybulus et Adimantus, neque id negatum esset, 30 classe in Asiam profectus, quod apud Cymen minus ex sententia rem gesserat, in invidiam reccidit; nihil enim O ALCIBIADES 3 1 eum non efficere posse ducebant. Ex quo fiebat ut omnia minus prospere gesta culpae tribuerent, cum aut eum neglegenter aut malitiose fecisse loquerentur, sicut turn accidit; nam corruptum a rege capere Cymen 5 noluisse arguebant. Itaque huic maxime putamus malo fuisse nimiam opinionem ingenii atque virtutis; timebatur enim non minus quam diligebatur, ne secun- da fortuna magmsque opibus elatus tyrannidem con- cupisceret. Quibus rebus factum est ut absent! magis- 10 tratum abrogarent et alium in eius locum substituerent. Id ille ut audivit, domum reverti noluit et se Pac- tyen contulit ibique tria castella communiit, Ornos, Bizanthen, Neontichos, manuque collecta primus Grae- cae civitatis in Thraeciam introiit, gloriosius existimans 15 barbarorum praeda locupletari quam Graiorum. Qua ex re creverat cum fama turn opibus, magnamque ami- citiam sibi cum quibusdam regibus Thraeciae pepererat. VIII. Neque tamen a caritate patriae potuit rece- dere. Nam cum apud Aegos flumen Philocles, praetor 20 Atheniensium, classem constituisset suam neque longe abesset Lysander, praetor Lacedaemoniorum, qui in eo erat occupatus ut bellum quam diutissime duceret, quod ipsis pecunia a rege suppeditabatur, contra Athe- niensibus exhaustis praeter arma et naves nihil erat 25 super, Alcibiades ad exercitum venit Atheniensium ibique praesente vulgo agere coepit: si vellent, se coac- turum Lysandrum dimicare aut pacem petere; Lace- daemonios eo nolle classe confligere, quod pedestribus copiis plus quam navibus valerent; sibi autem esse facile 3 o Seuthem, regem Thraecum, adducere ut eum terra de- pelleret; quo facto necessario aut classe conflicturum aut bellum compositurum. Id etsi vere dictum Philo- 32 . CORNELII NEPOTIS cles animadvertebat, tamen postulata facere noluit, quod sentiebat se Alcibiade recepto nullius moment! apud exercitum futurum et, si quid secundi evenisset, nullam in ea re suam partem fore, contra ea, si quid adversi accidisset, se unum eius delicti futurum reum. 5 Ab hoc discedens Alcibiades " Quoniam," inquit, " vic- toriae patriae repugnas, illud moneo, ne iuxta hostem castra habeas nautica; periculum est enim, ne immodes- tia militum vestrorum occasio detur Lysandro vestri opprimendi exercitus." Neque ea res ilium fefellit; 10 nam Lysander cum per speculatores comperisset vul- gum Atheniensium in terram praedatum exisse naves- que paene inanes relictas, tempus rei gerendae non dimisit eoque impetu bellum totum delevit. IX. At Alcibiades, victis Atheniensibus non satis 15 tuta eadem loca sibi arbitrans, penitus in Thraeciam se supra Propontidem abdidit, sperans ibi facillime suam fortunam occuli posse. Falso. Nam Thraeces, post- quam eum cum magna pecunia venisse senserunt, in- sidias fecerunt eaque quae apportarat abstulerunt, ip- 20 sum capere non potuerunt. Ille cernens nullum locum sibi tutum in Graecia propter potentiam Lacedaemo- niorum ad Pharnabazum in Asiam transiit, quern qui- dem adeo sua cepit humanitate, ut eum nemo in ami- citia antecederet. Namque ei Grynium dederat, in 25 Phrygia castrum, ex quo qumquagena talenta vectiga- lis capiebat. Qua fortuna Alcibiades non erat conten- tus neque Athenas victas Lacedaemoniis servire poterat patT. Itaque ad patriam liberandam omm ferebatur cogitatione. Sed videbat id sine rege Perse non posse 30 fieri, ideoque eum amicum sibi cupiebat adiungi neque dubitabat facile se consecuturum, si modo eius conve- ALCIBIADES 33 niundi habuisset potestatem. Nam Cyrum fratrem ei bellum clam parare Lacedaemoniis adiuvantibus scie- bat; id si aperuisset, magnam se initurum gratiam videbat. 5 X. Hoc cum moliretur peteretque a Pharnabazo, ut ad regem mitteretur, eodem tempore Critias ceterique tyranni Atheniensium certos homines ad Lysandrum in Asiam miserant, qui eum certiorem facerent, nisi Alci- biadem sustulisset, nihil earum rerum fore ratum, quas 10 ipse Athenis constituisset; quare, si suas res gestas ma- nere vellet, ilium persequeretur. His Laco rebus com- motus statuit accuratius sibi agendum cum Pharna- bazo. Huic ergo renuntiat quae regi cum Lacedaemo- niis convenissent, nisi Alcibiadem vivum aut mortuum 15 sibi tradidisset. Non tulit hoc satrapes et violare cle- mentiam quam regis opes minui maluit. Itaque misit Susamithren et Bagaeum ad Alcibia- dem interficiendum, cum ille esset in Phrygia iterque ad regem compararet. Missi clam vicmitati, in qua 20 turn Alcibiades erat, dant negotium ut eum interficiant. Illi cum ferro aggredi non auderent, noctu ligna con- tulerunt circa casam earn, in qua quiescebat, eaque succenderunt, ut incendio conficerent, quern manu superari posse diffidebant. Ille autem ut sonitu flam- 25 mae est excitatus, etsi gladius ei erat subductus, fami- liaris sui subalare telum eripuit. Namque erat cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hospes, qui numquam discedere voluerat. Hunc sequi se iubet et id quod in praesentia vestimentorum fuit arripit. His in Tgnem coniectis 3 o flammae vim transiit. Quern ut barbari incendium efTugisse viderunt, tells eminus missis interfecerunt caputque eius ad Pharnabazum rettulerunt, At mulier, 34 CORNELII NEPOTIS quae cum eo vivere consuerat, muliebri sua veste con- tectum aedificii incendio mortuum cremavit, quod ad vivum interimendum erat comparatum. Sic Alcibiades annos circiter quadraginta natus diem obiit supremum. XL Hunc infamatum a plerisque tres gravissimi 5 historic! summis laudibus extulerunt: Thucydides, qui eiusdem aetatis fuit, Theopompus, post aliquanto natus, et Timaeus; qui quidem duo maledicentissimi nescio quo modo in illo uno laudando consentiunt. Namque ea, quae supra scripsimus, de eo praedicarunt atque hoc 10 amplius: cum Athems, splendidissima civitate, natus esset, omnes splendore ac dignitate superasse vitae; postquam inde expulsus Thebas venerit, adeo studiis eorum inservisse, ut nemo eum labore corporisque viri- bus posset aequiperare omnes enim Boeoti magis 15 firmitati corporis quam ingenii acumini serviunt; eundem apud Lacedaemonios, quorum moribus summa virtus in patientia ponebatur, sic duritiae se dedisse, ut parsimonia victus atque cultus omnes Lacedaemonios vinceret; fuisse apud Thraecas, homines vinolentos re- 20 busque veneriis deditos; hos quoque in his rebus ante- cessisse; venisse ad Persas, apud quos summa laus esset fortiter venari, luxuriose vivere; horum sic imitatum consuetudinem, ut illi ipsi eum in his maxime admi- rarentur. Quibus rebus effecisse ut, apud quoscumque 25 esset, princeps poneretur habereturque carissimus. Sed satis de hoc; reliquos ordiamur. VIII. EPAMINONDAS I. Epammondas, Polymnii filius, Thebanus. De hoc priusquam scribimus, haec praecipienda videntur lectoribus, ne alienos mores ad suos referant, neve ea quae ipsis leviora sunt, pan modo apud ceteros fuisse 5 arbitrentur. Scimus enim musicen nostris moribus abesse a principis persona, saltare vero etiarn in vitiis pom; quae omnia apud Graecos et grata et laude digna ducuntur. Cum autem exprimere imaginem consue- tudinis atque vitae velimus Epaminondae, nihil vide- 10 mur debere praetermittere, quod pertineat ad earn declarandam. Quare dicemus primum de genere eius, deinde quibus disciplims et a quibus sit eruditus, turn de moribus ingeniique facultatibus et si qua alia memo- ria digna erunt, postremo de rebus gestis, quae a pluri- 15 mis animi anteponuntur virtutibus. II. Natus igitur patre quo diximus, genere honesto, pauper Jam a maioribus relictus est, eruditus autem sic ut nemo Thebanus magis. Nam et citharizare et can- tare ad chordarum sonum doctus est a Dionysio, qui 20 non minore fuit in musicis gloria quam Damon aut Lamprus, quorum pervulgata sunt nomina, cantare tibils ab Olympiodoro, saltare a Calliphrone. At philo- sophiae praeceptorem habuit Lysim Tarentinum, Py- thagoreum; cui quidem sic fuit cleditus, ut adulescens ac severuni senem omnibus aequalibus suis in 35 36 CORNELII NEPOTIS familiaritate anteposuerit; neque prius eum a se dimisit, quam in doctrinis tanto antecessit condiscipulos, ut facile intellegi posset pan modo superaturum omnes in ceteris artibus. Atque haec ad nostram consuetudinem sunt levia et potius contemnenda; at in Graecia, litique 5 olim, magnae laudi erant. Postquam ephebus est fac- tus et palaestrae dare operam coepit, non tarn magni- tudini virium servivit quam velocitati; illam enim ad athletarum usum, hanc ad belli existimabat utilitatem pertinere. Itaque exercebatur plurimum currendo et 10 luctando ad eum finem, quoad stans complect! posset atque contendere. In armis vero plurimum studii con- sumebat. III. Ad hanc corporis firmitatem plura etiarn animi bona accesserant. Erat enim modestus, prudens, gra- 15 vis, temporibus sapienter utens, peritus belli, fortis manu, animo maximo, adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne ioco quidem mentiretur. Idem continens, clemens pa- tiensque admirandum in modum, non solum populi, sed etiam amicorum ferens iniurias, in primis commissa 20 celans, quodque interdum non minus prodest quam diserte dicere, studiosus audiendi; ex hoc enim facil- lime disci arbitrabatur. Itaque cum in circulum venis- set, in quo aut de re publica disputaretur aut de philo- sophia sermo haberetur, numquam inde prius discessit 25 quam ad finem sermo esset adductus. Paupertatem adeo facile perpessus est, ut de re pub- lica nihil praeter gloriam ceperit. Amicorum in se tuendo caruit facultatibus, fide ad alios sublevandos saepe sic usus est, ut iudicari possit omnia ei cum ami- 30 cis fuisse communia. Nam cum aut clvium suorum aliquis ab hostibus esset captus aut virgo nubilis prop- EPAMINONDAS 37 ter paupertatem collocari non posset, amicorum con- cilium habebat et quantum quisque daret pro faculta- tibus imperabat. Eamque summam cum fecerat, potius quam ipse acciperet pecuniam, adducebat eum qui 5 quaerebat ad eos qui conferebant, eique ut ipsi nume- rarent faciebat, ut ille ad quern ea perveniebat sciret quantum cuique deberet. IV. Temptata autem eius est abstinentia a Diome- donte Cyziceno; namque is rogatu Artaxerxis regis 10 Epaminondam pecunia corrumpendum susceperat. Hie magno cum pondere auri Thebas venit et Micy- thum adulescentulum, quern turn Epaminondas pluri- mum diligebat, quinque talentis ad suam perduxit voluntatem. Micythus Epaminondam convenit et cau- 15 sam adventus Diomedontis ostendit. At ille Diome- donti coram " Nihil/' inquit, " opus pecunia est; nam si rex ea vult quae Thebanis sunt utilia, gratiis facere sum paratus, sin autem contraria, non habet auri atque argent! satis. Namque orbis terrarum divitias accipere 20 nolo pro patriae caritate. Tu quod me incognitum temptasti tuique similem existimasti, non miror tibique ignosco; sed egredere propere, ne alios corrumpas, cum me non potueris. Et tu, MTcythe, argentum huic redde, aut, nisi id confestim facis, ego te tradam magis- 25 tratui." Hunc Diomedon cum rogaret ut tuto exire suaque, quae attulerat, liceret efferre, " Istud quidem," inquit, " faciam, neque tua causa, sed mea, ne, si tibi sit pecunia adempta, aliquis dicat id ad me ereptum pervenisse, quod delatum accipere noluissem/' A 30 quo cum quaesisset, quo se declucT vellet, et ille Athe- nas dixisset, praesidium dedit, ut tuto pervemret. Neque vero id satis habuit, sed etiam, ut inviolatus in 4 38 CORNELII NEPOTIS navem escenderet, per Chabriam Atheniensem, de quo supra mentionem fecimus, effecit. Abstinentiae erit hoc satis testimonium. Plurima quidem proferre possu- mus, sed modus adhibendus est, quoniam uno hoc volu- mine vitam excellentium virorum complurium conclu- 5 dere constituimus, quorum res separatim multis milibus versuum complures scriptores ante nos explicarunt. V. Fuit etiam disertus, ut nemo ei Thebanus par esset eloquentia, neque minus concinnus in brevitate respondendi quam in perpetua oratione ornatus. Ha- 10 buit obtrectatorem Menecliden quendam, indidem Thebis, et adversarium in administranda re publica, satis exercitatum in dicendo, ut Thebanum scilicet; namque ill! genti plus inest virium quam ingenii. Is quod in re militari florere Epaminondam videbat, hor- 15 tari solebat Thebanos ut pacem bello anteferrent, ne illius imperatoris opera desideraretur. Huic ille " Fal- lis," inquit, " verbo elves tuos, quod eos a bello avocas; otii enim nomine servitutem concilias; nam paritur pax bello. Itaque qui ea diutina volunt frui, bello exerci- 20 tati esse debent. Quare si principes Graeciae vultis esse, castris est vobis utendum, non palaestra." VI. Idem cum in conventum venisset Arcadum, petens ut societatem cum Thebanis et Argivis facerent, contraque Callistratus, Atheniensium legatus, qui elo- 25 quentia omnes eo praestabat tempore, postularet ut potius amicitiam sequerentur Atticorum, et in oratione sua multa invectus esset in Thebanos et Argivos in eisque hoc posuisset, animum advertere debere Arcades quales utraque civitas cives procreasset, ex quibus de 30 ceteris possent iudicare, Argivos enim fuisse Orestem et Alcmaeonem matricidas, Thebis Oedipum natum, EPAMINONDAS 39 qui, cum patrem suum interfecisset, ex matre Hberos procreasset; huic in respondendo Epaminondas, cum de ceteris perorasset, postquam ad ilia duo opprobria pervenit, admirari se dixit stultitiam rhetoris Attici, qui 5 non animadverterit, innocentes illos natos domi, scelere admisso cum patria essent expulsi, receptos esse ab Atheniensibus. Sed maxime eius eloquentia eluxit Spartae legati ante pugnam Leuctricam. Quo cum omnium socio- 10 rum convenissent legati, coram frequentissimo con- ventu sic Lacedaemoniorum tyrannidem coarguit, ut non minus ilia oratione opes eorum concusserit quam Leuctrica pugna. Turn enim perfecit, quod post appa- ruit, ut auxilio Lacedaemonii sociorum privarentur. 15 VII. Fuisse patientem suorumque iniurias ferentem civium, quod se patriae irasci nefas esse duceret, haec sunt testimonia. Cum eum propter invidiam cives sui praeficere exercitui noluissent duxque esset delectus belli imperitus, cuius errore res eo esset deducta, ut 20 omnes de salute pertimescerent, quod locorum angus- tiis clausi ab hostibus obsidebantur, desiderari coepta est Epaminondae diligentia; erat enim ibi privatus nu- mero militis. A quo cum peterent opem, nullam adhi- buit memoriam contumeliae et exercitum obsidione 25 liberatum domum reduxit incolumem. Nee vero hoc semel fecit, sed saepius. Maxime autem fuit illustre, cum in Peloponnesum exercitum duxisset adversus Lacedaemonios haberetque collegas duos, quorum alter erat Pelopidas, vir fortis ac strenuus. Hi cum 30 criminibus adversariorum omnes in invidiam venissent ob eamque rem imperium els esset abrogatum atque in eorum locum alii praetores successissent, Epaminon- 40 CORNELII NEPOTIS das populi scito non paruit idemque tit facerent per- suasit collegis, et bellum quod susceperat gessit. Nam- que animadvertebat, nisi id fecisset, totum exercitum propter praetorum imprudentiam inscitiamque belli periturum. Lex erat Thebis, quae morte multabat, si 5 quis imperium diutius retinuisset quam lege praefim- tum foret. Hanc Epammondas cum rei publicae con- servandae causa latam videret, ad perniciem civitatis conferri noluit et quattuor mensibus diutius quam populus iusserat gessit imperium. 10 VIII. Postquam domum reditum est, collegae eius hoc crimine accusabantur. Quibus ille permisit, ut om- nem causam in se transferrent suaque opera factum contenderent, ut leg! non oboedirent. Qua defensione illis periculo liberatis, nemo Epaminondam responsu- 15 rum putabat, quod quid diceret non haberet. At ille in iudicium venit, nihil eorum negavit quae adversarii crimini dabant, omniaque quae collegae dixerant con- fessus est, neque recusavit quominus legis poenam subiret, sed unum ab eis petivit, ut in sepulcro suo 20 inscriberent: " Epammondas a Thebanis morte multatus est, quod eos coegit apud Leuctra superare Lacedaemonios, quos ante se imperatorem nemo Boeotorum ausus sit aspicere in acie, quodque uno proelio non solum The- 25 bas ab interitu retraxit, sed etiam universam Graeciam in libertatem vindicavit eoque res utrorumque per- duxit, ut Thebani Spartam oppugnarent, Lacedaemo- nii satis haberent, si salvi esse possent, neque prius bellare destitit quam Messene restituta urbem eorum 30 obsidione clausit." Haec cum dixisset, risus omnium cum hilaritate EPAMINONDAS 4* coortus est, neqne quisquam index atisus est de eo ferre suffragium. Sic a iudicio capitis maxima discessit gloria. IX. Hie extreme tempore imperator apud Manti- 5 neam cum acie mstructa audacius instaret hostibus, cog- nitus a Lacedaemoniis, quod in unius pernicie eius patriae sitam putabant salutem, universi in unum im- petum fecerunt neque prius abscesserunt, quam magna caede edita multisque occisis fortissime ipsum Epami- 10 nondam pugnantem, sparo eminus percussum, conci- dere viderunt. Huius casu aliquantum retardati sunt Boeoti, neque tamen prius pugna excesserunt quam repugnantes profligarunt. At Epaminondas, cum ani- madverteret mortiferum se vulnus accepisse simulque, 15 si ferrum, quod ex hastili in corpore remanserat, ex- traxisset, animam statim emissurum, usque eo retinuit, quoad renuntiatum est vicisse Boeotos. Id postquam audivit, "Satis," inquit, " vixi; invictus enim morior." Turn ferro extracto confestim exanimatus est. 20 X. Hie uxorem numquam duxit. In quo cum rep- rehenderetur a Pelopida, qui filium habebat infamem, maleque eum in eo patriae consulere diceret, quod Hberos non relinqueret, " Vide," inquit, " ne tu peius consulas, qui talem ex te natum relicturus sis. Neque 25 vero stirps potest mihi deesse; namque ex me natam relinquo pugnam Leuctricam, quae non modo mihi superstes, sed etiam immortalis sit necesse est." Quo tempore duce Pelopida exsules Thebas occuparunt et praesidium Lacedaemoniorum ex arce expulerunt, 30 Epaminondas, quam diu facta est caedes civium, domo se tenuit, quod neque defendere malos volebat neque impugnare, ne mantis suorum sanguine cruentaret; 42 CORNELII NEPOTIS namque omnem civilem victoriam funestam putabat. Idem, postquam apud Cadmeam cum Lacedaemoniis pugnari coeptum est, in primis stetit. Huius de virtutibus vitaque satis erit dictum, si hoc unum adiunxero, quod nemo ibit infitias, Thebas et 5 ante Epaminondam natum et post eiusdem interitum perpetuo alieno paruisse imperio, contra ea, quam diu ille praefuerit rei publicae, caput fuisse totius Grae- ciae. Ex quo intellegi potest unum hominem pluris quam civitatem fuisse. 10 IX. AGESILAUS I. Agesilaus Lacedaemonius cum a ceteris scripto- ribus turn eximie a Xenophonte Socratico collaudatus est; eo enim usus est familiarissime. Hie primum de regno cum Leotychide, fratris filio, habuit contentio- 5 nem. Mos erat enim Lacedaemoniis a maioribus tra- ditus, ut binds haberent semper reges, nomine magis quam imperio, ex duabus familiis Procli et Eurysthe- nis, qui principes ex progenie Herculis Spartae reges fuerunt. Horum ex altera in alterius familiae locum 10 fieri non licebat; ita suum utraque retinebat ordinem. Primum ratio habebatur, qui maximus natu esset ex Hberis eius, qui regnans decessisset; sin is virile secus non reliquisset, turn deligebatur, qui proximus esset propinquitate. Mortuus erat Agis rex, frater Agesilai; 15 filium reliquerat Leotychidem. Quern ille natum non agnorat, eundem moriens suum esse dlxerat. Is de honore regni cum Agesilao, patruo suo, contendit neque id quod petivit consecutus est; nam Lysandro suffragante, homine, ut ostendimus supra, factioso et 20 eis temporibus potente, Agesilaus antelatus est. II. Hie simulatque imperil potitus est, persuasit Lacedaemoniis ut cum exercitu se mitterent in Asiam bellumque regi facerent, docens satius esse in Asia quanl in Europa dimican. Namque fama exierat Ar- 25 taxerxen comparare classes pedestresque exercitus, 43 44 CORNELII NEPOTIS quos in Graeciam mitteret. Data potestate tanta cele- ritate usus est, ut prius in Asiam cum copiis pervenerit quam regii satrapae eum scirent profectum. Quo fac- tum est ut omnes imparatos imprudentesque offenderet. Id ut cognovit Tissaphernes, qui summum imperium 5 turn inter praefectos habebat regios, indutias a Lacone petivit, simulans se dare operam, ut Lacedaemoniis cum rege conveniret, re autem vera ad copias com- parandas, easque impetravit trimenstres. luravit autem uterque se sine dolo indutias conservaturum. In qua 10 pactione summa fide mansit Agesilaus; contra ea Tissa- phernes nihil aliud quam bellum comparavit. Id etsi sentiebat Laco, tamen iusiurandum servabat multum- que in eo se consequi dicebat, quod Tissaphernes per- iurio suo et homines suis rebus abalienaret et deos sibi 15 iratos redderet, se autem conservata religione con- firmare exercitum, cum animadverteret deum numen facere secum, hominesque sibi conciliare amiciores, quod eis studere consuessent, quos conservare fidem viderent. 20 III. Postquam indutiarum praeteriit dies, barbarus non dubitans, quod ipsius erant plurima domicilia in Caria et ea regio eis temporibus multo putabatur locu- pletissima, eo potissimum hostes impetum facturos, omnes suas copias eo contraxerat. At Agesilaus in 25 Phrygian! se convertit eamque prius depopulatus est quam Tissaphernes usquam se moveret. Magna praeda militibus locupletatls Ephesum hiematum exercitum reduxit atque ibi ofificlnis armo- rum institutis magna industria bellum apparavit. Et 30 quo studiosius armarentur Jnsigniusque -ornarentur, praemia proposuit, quibus donarentur, quorum egregia AGESILAUS 45 in ea re fuisset industria. Fecit idem in exercitationum generibtis, ut, qui ceteris praestitissent, eos magnis affi- ceret muneribus. His igitur rebus effecit ut et orna- tissimum et exercitatissimum haberet exercitum. 5 Huic cum tempus esset visum copias extrahere ex hibernaculis, vidit, si, quo esset iter facturus, palam pronuntiasset, hostes non credituros aliasque regiones praesidiis occupaturos neque dubitaturos aliud eum facturum ac pronuntiasset. Itaque cum ille Sardis itu- 10 rum se dixisset, Tissaphernes eandem Cariam defen- dendam putavit. In quo cum eum opinio fefellisset victumque se vidisset consilio, sero suis praesidio pro- fectus est; nam cum illo venisset, iam Agesilaus multis locis expugnatis magna erat praeda, potitus. Laco 15 autem cum videret hostes equitatu superare, numquam in campo sui fecit potestatem et eis locis manum con- seruit, quibus plus pedestres copiae valerent. Pepulit ergo, quotienscumque congressus est, multo maiores adversariorum copias et sic in Asia versatus est, ut om- 20 nium opinione victor duceretur. IV. Hie cum iam animo meditaretur proficisci in Persas et ipsum regem adoriri, nuntius ei domo venit ephororum missu, bellum Athenienses et Boeotos in- dixisse LacedaemoniTs; quare venire ne dubitaret. In 25 hoc non minus eius pietas suspicienda est quam virtus bellica; qui cum victor! praeesset exercitui maximam- que haberet fiduciam regni Persarum potiundi, tanta modestia dicto audiens fuit iussis absentium magistra- tuum, ut si privatus in comitio esset Spartae. Ciiius 30 exemplum utinam imperatores nostri sequi voluissent! Sed illuc redeamus. Agesilaus opulentissimo regno praeposuit bonam existimationem multoque gloriosius 46 CORNELII NEPOTIS duxit, si institutis patriae paruisset, quam si bello supe- rasset Asiam. Hac igitur mente Hellespontum copias traiecit tantaque usus est celeritate, ut, quod iter Xerxes anno vertente confecerat, hie transient triginta diebus. Cum iam haud ita longe abesset a Pelopon- 5 neso, obsistere ei conati sunt Athenienses et Boeoti ceterique eorum socii apud Coroneam; quos omnes gravi proelio vicit. Huius victoriae vel maxima fuit laus, quod, cum plerique ex fuga se in templum Mi- nervae coniecissent quaerereturque ab eo, quid els vel- 10 let fieri, etsi aliquot vulnera acceperat eo proelio et iratus videbatur omnibus qui adversus arma tulerant, tamen antetulit Trae religionem et eos vetuit violari. Neque vero hoc solum in Graecia fecit, ut templa deorum sancta haberet, sed etiam apud barbaros sum- 15 ma religione omnia simulacra arasque conservavit. Itaque praedicabat mirari se, non sacfilegorum numero haberi qui supplicibus deorum nocuissent, aut non gravioribus poems affici qui religionem minuerent, quam qui fana spoliarent. 20 V. Post hoc proelium collatum omne bellum est circa Corinthum ideoque Corinthium est appellatum. Hie cum una pugna decem milia hostium Agesilao duce cecidissent eoque facto opes adversariorum debili- tatae viderentur, tantum afuit ab insolentia gloriae, ut 25 commiseratus sit fortunam Graeciae, quod tarn multi a se victi vitio adversariorum concidissent; namque ilia multitudine, si sana mens esset, Graeciae supplicium Persas dare potuisse. Idem cum adversarios intra moenia compulisset et ut Corinthum oppugnaret multi 30 hortarentur, negavit id suae virtuti convemre; se enim eum esse qui ad officium peccantes redire cogeret, non AGESILAUS 47 qui urbes nobilissimas expugnaret Graeciae. " Nam si," inquit, " eos exstinguere voluerimus, qui nobiscum adversus barbaros steterunt, nosmet ipsi nos expug- naverimus illis quiescentibus. Quo facto sine negotio, 5 cum voluerint, nos oppriment." VI. Interim accidit ilia calamitas apud Leuctra Lacedaemoniis. Quo ne proficisceretur, cum a pleris- que ad exeundum impelleretur, ut si de exitu divinaret, exciisavit senectutem. Idem, cum Epaminondas Spar- 10 tarn oppugnaret essetque sine muris oppidum, talem se imperatorem praebuit, ut eo tempore omnibus appa- ruerit, nisi ille fuisset, Spartam futuram non fuisse. In quo quidem discrimine celeritas eius consilii saluti fuit universis. Nam cum quidam adulescentuli hostium ad- 15 ventu perterriti ad Thebanos transfugere vellent et locum extra urbem editum cepissent, Agesilaus, qui perniciosissimum fore videret, si animadversum esset quemquam ad hostes transfugere conari, cum suis eo venit atque, ut si bond animo fecissent, laudavit con- 20 silium eorum, quod eum locum occupassent; id se quoque fieri debere animadvertisse. Sic adulescentes simulata laudatione recuperavit et adiunctis de suis comitibus locum tutum reliquit. Namque illi, adiecto numero eorum qui expertes erant consilii, commovere 25 se non sunt ausi eoque libentius, quod latere arbitra- bantur quae cogitaverant. VII. Sine dubio post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedae- monii se numquam refecerunt neque pristinum impe- rium recuperarunt, cum interim numquam Agesilaus 30 destitit quibuscumque rebus posset patriam iuvare. Nam cum praecipue Lacedaemonii indigerent pecunia, ille omnibus qui a rege defecerant praesidio fuit; a 48 CORNELII NEPOTIS quibus magna donatus pecunia patriam sublevavit. Atque in hoc illud imprimis fuit admirabile, cum max- ima munera el ab regibus ac dynastis civitatibusque conferrentur, quod nihil umquam domum suam contu- lit, nihil de victu, nihil de vestitu Laconum mutavit. 5 Domo eadem fuit contentus, qua Eurysthenes, proge- nitor maiorum suorum, fuerat usus; quam qui intrarat, nullum signum libidinis, nullum luxuriae videre pote- rat; contra ea plurima patientiae atque abstinentiae. Sic enim erat instructa, ut in nulla re differret a cuius- 10 vis inopis atque privati. VIII. Atque hie tantus vir ut naturam fautricem habuerat in tribuendis animi virtutibus, sic maleficam nactus est in corpore fingendo; nam et statura fuit humili et corpore exiguo et claudus altero pede. Quae 15 res etiam nonnullam afferebat deformitatem, atque ignoti, faciem eius cum intuerentur, contemnebant; qui autem virtutes noverant, non poterant admirari satis. Quod ei usu venit, cum annorum octoginta subsidio Tacho in Aegyptum missus esset et in acta cum suis 20 accubuisset sine ullo tecto statumque haberet tale, ut terra tecta esset stramentis neque hue amplius quam pellis esset iniecta, eodem quo comites omnes vestitu humili atque obsolete, ut eorum ornatus non modo in els regem neminem significaret, sed homines esse non 25 beatissimos suspicionem praeberet. Huius de adventu fama cum ad regios esset perlata, celeriter munera eo cuiusque generis sunt allata. His quaerentibus Agesi- laum vix fides facta est, unum esse ex eis qui turn accu- babant. Qui cum regis verbis quae attulerant dedis- 30 sent, ille praeter vitulmam et eius modi genera obsonii quae praesens tempus desiderabat, nihil accepit; un- AGESILAUS 49 guenta, coronas secundamque mensam servis dispertiit, cetera referri iussit. Quo facto eum barbari magis etiam contempserunt, quod eum ignorantia bonarum rerum vilia potissimum sumpsisse arbitrabantur. 5 Hie cum ex Aegypto reverteretur, donatus a rege Nectanabide ducentis viginti talentis, quae ille muneri populo suo daret, venissetque in portum, qui Menelai vocatur, iacens inter Cyrenas et Aegyptum, in morbum implicitus decessit. Ibi eum amici, quo Spartam faci- 10 lius perferre possent, quod mel non habebant, cera cir- cumfuderunt atque ita domum rettulerunt. X. TIMOLEON I. Timoleon Corinthius. Sine dubio magnus om- nium iudicio hie vir exstitit. Namque huic uni contigit, quod nescio an nulli, ut et patriam, in qua erat natus, oppressam a tyranno liberaret, et a Syracusams, quibus auxilio erat missus, iam inveteratam servitutem depel- 5 leret totamque Siciliam, multos annos bello vexatam a barbarisque oppressam, suo adventu in pristinum resti- tueret. Sed in his rebus non simplici fortuna conflicta- tus est et, id quod difficilius putatur, multo sapientius tulit secundam quam adversam fortunam. Nam cum 10 frater eius Timophanes, dux a Corinthiis delectus, tyrannidem per milites mercennarios occupasset parti- cepsque regni ipse posset esse, tantum afuit a societate sceleris, ut antetulerit civium suorum libertatem fratris saluti et parere legibus quam imperare patriae satius 15 duxerit. Hac mente per haruspicem communemque affinem, cui soror ex eisdem parentibus nata nupta erat, fratrem tyrannum interficiendum curavit. Ipse non modo manus non attulit, sed ne aspicere quidem fra- ternum sanguinem voluit. Nam dum res conficeretur, 20 procul in praesidio fuit, ne quis satelles posset suc- currere. Hoc praeclarissimum eius factum non pan modo probatum est ab omnibus; nonnulli enim laesam ab eo pietatem putabant et invidia laudem virtutis obtere- 25 50 TIMOLEON SI bant. Mater vero post id factum neque domum ad se filium admisit neque aspexit, qum eum fratricidam im- piumque detestans compellaret. Quibus rebus ille adeo est commotus, ut nonnumquam vitae finem facere 5 voluerit atque ex ingratorum hominum conspectu morte decedere. * II. Interim Dione Syracusis interfecto Dionysius rursus Syracusarum potitus est. Cuius adversarii opem a Corinthiis petierunt ducemque, quo in bello uteren- 10 tur, postularunt. Hue Timoleon missus incredibili felicitate Dionysium tota Sicilia depulit. Cum inter- ficere posset, noluit tutoque ut Corinthum pervemret effecit, quod utrorumque Dionysiorum opibus Co- rinthii saepe adiuti fuerant, cuius bemgnitatis memo- is riam volebat exstare, eamque praeclaram victoriam ducebat in qua plus esset clementiae quam crudelitatis; postremo ut non solum auribus acciperetur, sed etiam oculis cerneretur quern ex quanto regno ad quam for- tunam detulisset. Post Dionysii decessum cum Hiceta 20 bellavit, qui adversatus erat Dionysio; quern non odio tyrannidis dissensisse, sed cupiditate indicio fuit, quod ipse expulso Dionysio imperium dimittere noluit. Hoc superato Timoleon maximas copias Carthaginiensium apud Crinissum flumen fugavit ac satis habere coegit, 25 si liceret Africam obtinere, qui iam complures annos possessionem Siciliae tenebant. Cepit etiam Mamer- cum, Italicum ducem, hominem bellicosum et poten- tem, qui tyrannos adiutum in Siciliam venerat. III. Quibus rebus confectis cum propter diuturni- 30 tatem belli non solum regiones, sed etiam urbes de- sertas videret, conquisivit quos potuit, primum Siculos, dein Corintho arcessivit colonos, quod ab eis initio 52 CORNELII NEPOTIS Syracusae erant conditae. Civibus veteribus sua resti- tuit, novis bello vacuefactas possessiones divisit, urbium moenia disiecta fanaque detecta refecit, civitatibus leges libertatemque reddidit; ex maximo bello tantum otium totae insulae conciliavit, ut hie conditor urbium 5 earum, non illi qui initio deduxerant, videretur. Arcem Syracusis, quam munierat Dionysius ad urbem obsi- dendam, a fundamentis disiecit, cetera tyannidis pro- pugnacula demolitus est deditque operam, ut quam minime multa vestigia servitutis manerent. Cum tantis 10 esset opibus, ut etiam invitis imperare posset, tantum autem amorem haberet omnium Siculorum, ut nullo recusante regnum obtinere liceret, maluit se diligi quam metui. Itaque, cum primum potuit, imperium deposuit ac privatus Syracusis, quod reliquum vitae fuit, 15 vixit. Neque vero id imperite fecit; nam quod ceteri reges imperio potuerunt, hie benevolentia tenuit. Nul- lus honos huic defuit, neque postea res ulla Syracusis gesta est publice, de qua prius sit decretum quam Ti- moleontis sententia cognita. Nullius umquam consi- 20 Hum non modo antelatum, sed ne comparatum quidem est. Neque id magis eius benevolentia factum est quam prudentia. IV. Hie cum aetate iam provectus esset, sine ullo morbo lumina oculorum amisit. Quam calamitatem 25 ita moderate tulit, ut neque eum querentem quisquam audierit neque eo minus privatis publicisque rebus in- terfuerit. Veniebat autem in theatrum, cum ibi con- cilium populi haberetur, propter valetudinem vectus iumentis iunctis, atque ita de vehiculo quae viclebantur 30 dicebat. Neque hoc ill! quisquam tribuebat superbiae; nihil enim umquam neque insolens neque gloriosum TIMOLEON 53 ex ore eius exiit. Qui quidem, cum suas laudes audiret praedicari, numquam aliud dixit quam se in ea re maxime dis agere gratias atque habere, quod, cum Siciliam recreare constituissent, turn se potissimum 5 ducem esse voluissent. Nihil enim rerum humanarum sine deorum numine geri putabat; itaque suae domi sacellum Automatias constituerat idque sanctissime colebat. V. Ad hanc hominis excellentem bonitatem mira- 10 biles accesserant casus; nam proelia maxima natali suo die fecit omnia, quo factum est ut eius diem natalem festum haberet universa Sicilia. Huic quidam La- phystius, homo petulans et ingratus, vadimonium cum vellet imponere, quod cum illo se lege agere diceret, 15 et complures concurrissent, qui procacitatem hominis manibus coercere conarentur, Timoleon oravit homi- nes ne id facerent. Namque id ut Laphystio et cuivis liceret, se maximos labores summaque adiisse pericula. Hanc enim speciem Hbertatis esse, si omnibus, quod 20 quisque vellet, legibus experin liceret. Idem, cum qui- dam Laphystii similis, nomine Demaenetus, in con- tione populi de rebus gestis eius detrahere coepisset ac nonnulla inveheretur in Timoleonta, dixit nunc demum se voti esse damnatum; namque hoc a dis immortalibus 25 semper precatum, ut talem Hbertatem restitueret Sy- racusams, in qua cuivis liceret de quo vellet quod vellet impune dicere. Hie cum diem supremum obisset, publice a Syra- cusanis in gymnasio, quod Timoleonteum appellatur, 30 tota celebrante Sicilia sepultus est. XL HAMILCAR I. Hamilcar, Hannibalis filius, cognomine Barca, Carthaginiensis, primo Poenico bello, sed temporibus extremis, admodum adulescentulus in Sicilia praeesse coepit exercitui. Cum ante eius adventum et marl et terra male res gererentur Carthaginiensium, ipse ubi 5 affuit, numquam host! cessit neque locum nocendi dedit, saepeque e contrario occasione data lacessivit semperque superior discessit. Quo facto, cum paene omnia in Sicilia Poem amisissent, ille Erycem sic de- fendit, ut bellum eo loco gestum non videretur. In- 10 terim Carthaginienses classe apud insulas Aegates a C. Lutatio, consule Romanorum, superati statuerunt belli facere finem eamque rem arbitrio permiserunt Hamil- caris. Ille etsi flagrabat bellandi cupiditate, tamen paci serviendum putavit, quod patriam exhaustam sumpti- 15 bus diutius calamitates belli ferre non posse intellege- bat, sed ita ut statim mente agitaret, si paulum modo res essent refectae, bellum renovare Romanosque armis persequi, donicum aut virtute vicissent aut victi manus dedissent. Hoc consilio pacem conciliavit, in quo 20 tanta fuit ferocia, cum Catulus negaret bellum com- positurum, nisi ille cum suis, qui Erycem tenerent, armis relictis Sicilia decederent, ut succumbente patria ipse periturum se potius dixerit, quam cum tanto fla- gitio domum rediret; non enim suae esse virtutis arma 25 54 HAMILCAR 55 a patria accepta adversus hostes adversariis tradere. Huius pertinaciae cessit Catulus. II. At ille ut Carthaginem venit, multo aliter ac sperarat rem publicam se habentem cognovit. Nam- 5 que diuturnitate extern! mall tantum exarsit intestmum bellum, ut numquam in pan periculo fuerit Carthago nisi cum deleta est. Primo mercennarii milites, quibus adversus Romanos usi erant, desciverunt, quorum nu- merus erat viginti milium. II totam abalienarunt Afri- 10 cam, ipsam Carthaginem oppugnarunt. Quibus mails adeo sunt Poem perterriti, ut etiam auxilia ab Romanis petierint; eaque impetrarunt. Sed extreme, cum prope iam ad desperationem pervenissent, Hamilcarem im- peratorem fecerunt. Is non solum hostes a muris Car- is thaginis removit, cum amplius centum milia facta essent armatorum, sed etiam eo compulit, ut locorum angustiis clausi plures fame quam ferro interirent. Om- nia oppida abalienata, in eis Uticam atque Hipponem, valentissima totius Africae, restituit patriae. Neque eo 20 fuit contentus, sed etiam fines imperil propagavit, tota Africa tantum otium reddidit, ut nullum in ea bellum videretur multis anms fuisse. III. Rebus his ex sententia peractis fidenti animo atque infesto Romanis, quo facilius causam bellandi re- 25 periret, efifecit ut imperator cum exercitu in Hispa- niam mitteretur, eoque secum duxit filium Hannibalem annorum novem. IV. At Hamilcar, posteaquam mare transiit in Hi- spaniamque venit, magnas res secunda gessit fortuna; 30 maximas bellicosissimasque gentes subegit, equis, armis, viris, pecunia totam locupletavit Africam. Hie cum in Italiam bellum Inferre meditaretur, nono anno $6 CORNELII NEPOTIS postquam in Hispaniam venerat, in proelio pugnans adversus Vettones occisus est. Huius perpetuum odi- um erga Romanes maxime concitasse videtur secun- dum bellum Poenicum; namque Hannibal, filius eius, assiduis patris obtestationibus eo est perductus, ut in- 5 terire quam Romanes non experiri mallet. XII. HANNIBAL I. Hannibal, Hamilcaris films, Carthaginiensis. Si verum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus Romanus omnes gentes virtute superarit, non est infitiandum Hannibalem tanto praestitisse ceteros imperatores 5 prudentia, quanto populus Romanus antecedat fortitu- dine cunctas nationes; nam quotienscumque cum eo congressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior. Quod nisi domi civium suorum invidia debilitatus esset, Romanos videtur superare potuisse. Sed mul- 10 torum obtrectatio devicit unius virtutem. II. Hie autem velut hereditate relictum odium pa- ternum erga Romanos sic conservavit, ut prius animam quam id deposuerit, qui quidem, cum patria pulsus esset et alienarum opum indigeret, numquam destiterit 15 animo bellare cum Romanis. Nam ut omittam Philip- pum, quern absens hostem reddidit Romanis, omnium els temporibus potentissimus rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate incendit bellandl, ut usque a rubro marl arma conatus sit inferre Italiae. Ad quern cum 20 legati venissent Roman!, qui de eius voluntate explo- rarent darentque operam consiliis clandestmis ut Han- nibalem in suspicionem regi adducerent, tamquam ab ipsis corruptus alia atque antea sentiret. neque id frustra fecissent idque Hannibal comperissetlseque ab interi- 25 oribus consiliis segregan vidisset, tempore dato adiit 57 58 CORNELII NEPOTIS ad regem, eique cum multa de fide sua et odio in R6- manos commemorasset, hoc adiunxit: 4t Pater meus," inquit, " Hamilcar, puerulo me, utpote non amplius novem annos nato, in Hispaniam imperator proficis- cens Carthagine lovi optimo" maximo hostias immo- 5 lavit. .Quae divina res dum conficiebatur, quaesivit a me vellemne secum in castra proficisci. Id cum libenter accepissem atque ab eo petere coepissem ne dubitaret ducere, turn ille, ' Faciam/ inquit, ' si mihi fidem quam postulo dederis/ Simul me ad aram adduxit, apud 10 quam sacrificare instituerat, eamque ceteris remotis tenentem iurare iussit numquam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore. Id ego iusiurandum patri datum usque ad hanc aetatem ita conservavi, ut nemini dubium esse debeat, quin reliquo tempore eadem mente sim futu- 15 rus. Quare si quid amice de Romanis cogitabis, non imprudenter feceris, si me celaris; cum quidem bellum parabis, te ipsum frustraberis, si non me in eo princi- pem posueris." III. Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cum patre in 20 Hispaniam profectus est, cuius post obitum, Hasdru- bale imperatore suffecto, equitatui omni praefuit. Hoc quoque interfecto exercitus summam imperil ad eum detulit. Id Carthaginem delatum publice comproba- tum est. Sic Hannibal minor quinque et viginti annis 25 natus imperator factus proximo triennio omnes gentes Hispaniae bello subegit, Saguntum, foederatam civita- tem, vi expugnavit, tres exercitus maximos compara- vit. Ex his unum in Africam misit, alterum cum Has- drubale fratre in Hispania reliquit, tertium in Italiam 30 secum duxit. Ut saltum Pyrenaeum transiit, quacum- que iter fecit, cum omnibus incolis conflixit; neminem HANNIBAL 59 nisi victum dimisit. Ad Alpes posteaquam venit, qua Italiam ab Gallia seiungunt, quas nemo umquam cum exercitu ante eum praeter Herculem Graium transierat quo facto is hodie saltus Graius appellatur Alpicos 5 conantes prohibere transitu concidit, loca patefecit, itinera muniit, effecit ut ea elephantus ornatus ire posset, qua antea unus homo inermis vix poterat re- pere. Hac copias traduxit in Ttaliamque pervenit. IV. Conflixerat apud Rhodanum cum P. Cornelio 10 Scipione consule eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem Clastidii apud Padum decernit' sauciumque inde ac fugatum dimittit. Tertio idem Scipio cum collega Ti. Longo apud Trebiam adversus eum venit. Cum els manum conseruit, utrosque profligavit. Inde per Li- 15 gures Appenninum transiit, petens Etruriam. Hoc in itinere adeo gravi morbo afficitur oculorum, ut postea numquam dextro aeque bene usus sit. Qua valetu- dine cum etiamnum premeretur lecticaque ferretur, C. Flaminium consulem apud Trasumenum cum exercitu 20 insidiis circumventum occidit, neque multo post C. Centenium praetorem cum delecta manu saltus occu- pantem. Hinc in Apuliam pervenit. Ibi obviam ei venerunt duo consules, C. Terentius et L. Aemilius. Utriusque exercitus uno proelio fugavit, Paulum con- 25 sulem occidit et aliquot praeterea consulares, in els Cn. Servilium Geminum, qui superiore anno fuerat consul. V. Hac pugna pugnata Romam profectus nullo re- 0** '"* ' I sistente in propinquis urbi montibus moratus est. Cum aliquot ibi dies castra habuisset et Capuam revertere- 30 tur, Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator Romanus, in agro Falerno ei se obiecit. Hie clausus locorum angustiTs noctii sine ullo detrimento exercitus se expedivit Fa- * 60 CORNELII NEPOTIS bioque, callidissimo imperatori, dedit verba; namqtie obducta nocte sarmenta in cornibus iuvencorum deli- gata incendit eiusque generis multitudinem magnam dispalatam immisit. Quo repentino visu obiecto tan- turn terrorem iniecit exercitui Ronjanorum, ut egredi 5 extra vallum nemo sit ausus. Hanc post rem gestam non ita multis diebus M. Minucium Rufum, magistrum equitum par! ac dictatorem imperio, dolo productum in, proelium fugavit. Ti. Sempronium Gracchum, ite- ^rum consulem, ia.,Lucamg absens in insidias inductum 10 sustulit. M. Claudium Marcellum, quinquiens consu- lem, apud Venusiam pan modo'Snterfecit. Longum est omnia enumerare proelia. Quare hoc unum satis erit dictum, ex quo intellegi possit quantus ille fuerit; quam diu in Italia fuit, nemo el in acie restitit, nemo 15 adversus eum post Cannensem pugnam in campo castra posuit. VI. Hinc invictus patriam defensum revocatus bel- lum gessit adversus P. Scipionem, filium eius Scipionis quern ipse primo apud Rhodanum, iterum apud Pa- 20 dum, tertio apud Trebiam fugarat. Cum hoc exhaustis iam patriae facultatibus cupivit impraesentiarum bel- lum componere, quo valentior postea congrederetur. Inde colloquium convenit, condiciones non convene- runt. Post id factum panels diebus apud Zamam cum 25 eodem conflixit; pulsus incredibile dictu biduo et> duabus noctibus Hadrumetum pervenit, quod abest ab Zama circiter milia passuum trecenta. In hac fuga Numidae, qui simul cum eo ex acie excesserant, insi- diati sunt ei, quos non solum effugit, sed etiam ipsos 30 oppressit. Hadrumeti reliquos e fuga cojlegit, novis dilectibus paucis diebus multos contraxit. m O ffi HANNIBAL 6l VII. Cum in apparando acerrime esset occupatus, Carthaginienses bellum cum Romanis composuerunt. Ille nihilo setius exercitui postea praefuit resque in Africa gessit usque ad P. Sulpicium C. Aurelium con- 5 sules. His enim magistratibus legati Carthaginienses Romam venerunt, qui senatui populoque Romano gratias agerent, quod cum eis pacem fecissent, ob eamque rem corona aurea eos donarent simulque pe- terent ut obsides eorum Fregellis essent captivique 10 redderentur. His ex senatus consulto responsum est: munus eorum gratum acceptumque esse; obsides, quo loco rogarent, futuros; captivos non remissuros, quod Hannibalem, cuius opera susceptum bellum foret, ini- micissimum nomini Romano, etiamnum cum imperio 15 apud exercitum haberent itemque fratrem eius Mago- nem. Hoc response Carthaginienses cognito Hanni- balem domum et Magonem revocarunt. Hue ut rediit, rex factus est, postquam imperator fuerat anno secundo et vicesimo ut enim Romae consules, sic Carthagine 20 quotannis annul bin! reges creabantur. In eo magivS- tratu pan diligentia se Hannibal praebuit ac fuerat in bello. Namque effecit ex novis vectigalibus non solum ut esset pecunia, quae Romams ex foedere penderetur, sed etiam superesset, quae in aerario reponeretur. 25 Deinde M. Claudio L. Furio consulibus Roma legati Carthaginem venerunt. Hos Hannibal ratus sui ex- poscendi gratia missos, priusquam eis senatus daretur, navem ascendit clam atque in Syriam ad Antiochum perfugit. Hac re palam facta Poem naves duas, quae 30 eum comprehenderent, si possent consequi, miserunt, bona eius publicarunt, domum a fundamentis disiece- runt, ipsum exsulem iudicarunt. 62 CORNELII NEPOTIS VIII. At Hannibal anno quarto postquam dcfrno profugerat, L. Cornelio Q. Minucio consulibus, cum qumque navibus Africam accessit in finibus Cyrenaeo- rum, si forte Carthaginienses ad bellum inducere posset Antiochi spe fiduciaque, cui iam persuaserat ut cum 5 exercitibus in Italiam proficisceretur. Hue Magonem fratrem excivit. Id ubi Poem resciverunt, Magonem eadem qua fratrem absentem affecerunt poena. 111! desperatis rebus cum solvissent naves ac vela ventis dedissent, Hannibal ad Antiochum per-venit. De Ma- 10 gonis interitu duplex memoria prodita est; namque alii naufragio, alii a servulis ipsius interfectum eum scriptum reliquerunt. Antiochus autem si tarn in gerendo bello consiliis eius parere voluisset, quam in suscipiendo instituerat, propius Tiber! quam Thermo- 15 pylis de summa imperil dimicasset. Quern etsi multa stulte conari videbat, tamen nulla deseruit in re. Prae- fuit paucis navibus, quas ex Syria iussus erat in Asiam ducere, eisque adversus Rhodiorum classem in Pam- phylio marl conflixit. In quo cum multitudine adver- 20 sariorum sui superarentur, ipse quo cornu rem gessit fuit superior. IX. Antiocho fugato verens ne dederetur, quod sine dubio accidisset, si sui fecisset potestatem, Crefam ad Gortynios venit, ut ibi quo se conferret conskleraret. 25 Vidrt autem vif omnium callidissimiis in magno se fore periculo, nisi quid providisset, propter avaritiam Cre- -"-X-^VV^^^x^V tensium; magnam enim secum pecuniam portabat, de qua sciebat exisse famam. Itaque capit tale consilium. Amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit 30 auro et argento. Has praesentibus principibus deponit in templo Dianae, simulans se suas fortunas illorum HANNIBAL 63 fidei credere. His in errorem inductis statuas aeneas, quas secum portabat, omm sua pecunia complet easque in propatulo domi abicit. Gortynii templum magna cura custodiunt, non tarn a ceteris quam ab Hannibale, 5 ne ille inscientibus els tolleret sua secumque duceret X. Sic coriservatis suis rebus omnibus Poenus illfi- sis Cretensibus ad Prusiam in Pontum pervenit. Apud quern eodem animo fuit erga Italiam neque aliud quic- quam egit quam regem armavit et exkcuit adversus 10 Romanes. Quern cum videret domesticis opibus minus esse robustum, conciliabat ceteros rqges, adiungebat bellicosas nationes. Dissidebat ab eo Pergamenus rex Eumenes, Romams amicissimus, bellumque inter eos gerebatur et marl et terra; sed utrobique Eumenes 15 plus valebat propter Romanorum societatem. Quo magis cupiebat eum Hannibal opprimi; quern si remo- visset, faciliora sibi cetera fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc interficiunclum talem iniit rationem. Classe paucis diebus erant decreturi. t Superabatur navium multitu- 20 dine; dolo eraf pugnandum, cum par non esset armis. Imperavit quam plurirnas venenatas serpentes vivas colligi easque in vasa fictilia conici. Harum cum efife- ' cisset magnam multitudinem, die ipso, quo facturus erat navale proelium, classiarios convocat eisque prae- 25 cipit, omnes ut in unam Eumenis regis concurrant.na^ vem, a ceteris tantum satis habeant se defendere. Id illos facile serpentium multitudine conse^uturos. Rex autem in qua nave veheretur, ut scire.m se facturum; quern si aut cepissent aut interfecissent, magno els pol- 30 licetur praemio fore. XL Tali cohortatione militum facta classis ab utris- que in proelium deducitur. Quarum acie constituta, 64 CORNELII NEPOTIS priusquam signum pugnae daretur, Hannibal, ut palam faceret suis quo loco Eumenes .esset, tabellarium in scapha cum caduceo mittit. Qui ubi ad naves adver- sariorum pervenit epistulamque ostendens se regem professus est quaerere, statim ad Eumenem deductus 5 est, quod nemo dubitabat quin aliquid de pace esset scriptum. Tabellarius ducis nave declarata suis eodem, unde erat egressus, se recepit. At Eumenes soluta epistula nihil in ea repperit nisi quaead irridendum eiim I pertinerent. Cuius rei etsi causam "miralpatur neque 10 reperiebat, tamen proelium statim committere non du- bitavit. Horum in concursu Bithynii Hannibalis prae- cepto universi navem Eumenis adoriuntur. Quorum . vim rex cum susjinere non posset, fuga salutem petnt, quam consecutus non esset, nisi intra sua prsresidia se 15 recepisset, quae in proximo litore erant collocata. Re- liquae Pergamenae naves cum adversarios premerent acrius, repente in eas vasa fictilia, de quibus supra men- tionem fecimus, conici coepta sunt. Quae iacta initio risum pugnantibus concitarunt, neque quare id fieret 20 poterat intellegi. Postquam autem naves suas opple- tas conspexerunt serpentibus, nova re perterriti, cum quid potissimum vitarent non viderent, puppes verte- runt seque ad sua castra nautica rettulerunt. Sic Han- nibal consilio arma Pergamenorum superavit, neque 25 turn solum, sed saepe alias pedestribus copiis pan pru- dentia pepulit adversarios. XII. Quae dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casu ut legati Prusiae Romae apud T. Quinctium Flamininum consularem cenarent, atque ibi de Hannibale mentione 30 facta ex els unus diceret eum in Prusiae fegno esse. Id postero die Flamimnus senatui detulit. Patres con- HANNIBAL 65 script!, qui Hannibale vivo numquam se sine insidiis futures existimarent, legates in Bithyniani miserunt, in eis Flamininum, qui ab rege peterent ne inimicissi- mum suum secum haberet sibique dederet. His Prusia 5 negare ausus non est; illud recusavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, quod adversus ius hospitii esset; ipsi, si possent, comprehenderent; locum, ubi esset, facile in- venturos. Hannibal enim uno loco se tenebat, in cas- tello, quod ei a rege datum erat muneri, idque sic 10 aedificarat, ut in omnibus partibus aedificii exitus habe- ret, scilicet verens ne usu vemret quod accidit. Hue cum legati Romanorum venissent ac multitu- dine domum eius circumdedissent, puer ab ianua pros- piciens Hannibal! dixit plures praeter consuetudinem 15 armatos apparere. Qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores aedificii circumiret ac propere sibi nuntiaret num eodem modo undique obsideretur. Puer cum celeriter quid vidisset renuntiasset omnesque exitus occupatos ostendisset, sensit id non fortuito factum, sed se peti 20 neque sibi diutius vitam esse retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbitrio dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtutum venenum, quod semper secum habere consuerat, sump- sit. XIII. Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisque perfunc- 25 tus laboribus, anno acquievit septuagesimo. Quibus consulibus interierit non convenit. Namque Atticus M. Claudio Marcello Q. Fabio Labeone consulibus mortuum in annali suo scriptum reliquit, at Polybius L. Aemilio Paulo Cn. Baebio Tamphilo, Sulpicius au- 30 tern Blitno P. Cornelio Cethego M. Baebio Tamphilo. \.-~> &. CLJcO^O I **\s. I -f Sl i-. '^ f ^-*X^[^ 9 fJf* Atque hie tantus vir tantisque bellis districtus non nihil temporis tribuit littens, Namque aliquo^eius_]ibn_ 66 CORNELII NEPO'TIS _^/j-a->_^ ^"/^2_ sunt, Graced sermone confecti, in eis ad Rhodios de Cn. V^k-^A-O -\_A) OL^V* ^ - C-2 -*x*v<.i - 88 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE 5. neque : at the beginning of a sentence is never to be translated nor. If it is not used correlatively with another neque it means either and . . . not, or, as here, but . . . not. 5. aliud ullum quam memoria : " there was no other noteworthy act in his military career than the memory of this campaign " ; an inaccurate statement ; he means that the campaign itself, and not the memory of it, was noteworthy. Translate : " than what is recorded of him in this campaign." 7. multa : sc. facia. 7. quod: conj. "that." 8. factum est . . . ut : "it was brought about . . . that." The ut intro- duces a clause of result. 9. quo duce : abl. absolute. 12. et marl et terra : " on sea as well as on land." The common expres- sion for on land and sea is terra marlque. Nepos means something different from this. The Spartans were always acknowledged leaders on land, but before this time they had been the leaders on the sea as well. 13. Aristldis : to be taken with iustitid. 15. hos duces : two ace. after a verb of choosing. W. 317 ; B. 177 ; A. G. 239. i. a ; H. 410. 17. III. quos quo : " that they might drive them back the more easily." 17. quo : = ut eo, introducing a clause of purpose, quos : the Persians. 18. si conarentur : a less vivid future condition. It is attracted from a pres. to an imperf. subj. because it is a subordinate verb in a sentence of which the principal verb is delectus est, a secondary tense. The apodosis is repellerent, which has been changed from the pres. subj. for the same reason. 19. pecuniae : part. gen. after quantum. W. 357 ; B. 201. 2 ; A. G. 216. 3 : H. 443. 20. daret : subj. of indirect question after the interrog. quantum. 21. quadringena et sexagena: the distributive numeral is used because of the distributive quotannls with which it stands. The English uses the simple cardinal, " 460 talents a year." This would be about equal to $500,000. 21. Delum : ace. of motion toward. W. 325. 2 ; B. 182. I ; A. G. 258. b ; H. 418. 22. id : refers to Delum, which is fern. It is attracted to the neut. by aerdrium in its own clause. 23. quae omnis pecunia : " all this money " ; namely, all the money which by yearly contribution had been collected at Delos. NOTES 89 LINE 24. hie : "but of what self-restraint he was," returning to the subject of Aristides. 24. fuerit : subj. in hid. question. 25. cum praefuisset : subj. with cum concessive. The plup. depends upon decessit. 27. ut reliquerit : perf. subj. in a result clause depending on the second- ary tense of decessit. W. 469 ; B. 268. 6 ; A. G. 287. c. note ; H. 550. 26. qui efferretur : " the wherewithal to be buried," or more simply, " the means of burial." qui is here the adverb, equivalent to an abl. of means. Aristides must have been well to do earlier in life, since in 489 B. c. he was elected to the archonship, an office which under the laws of Solon, then in force, was open only to the richest class of citizens. These were called pentacosiomedimni (Trei/To/coo-tojueS^i/ot), or those who had a yearly income equivalent to 500 medimni of corn, or about 750 bushels. After the Persian Wars, by the legislation of Aristides, the office of archon was thrown open to the whole body of citizens. 27. piiblice : at the expense of the state. 28. dotibus datis : abl. abs., translate : with dowries. 29. post annum quartum quam : = anno quarto postquam, " four years after." II. CIMON Page 3 1. I. Cimon (Kfyuoi/). The date of his birth is unknown. The period of his public activity extended from the Persian Wars, 480 B.C., to the time of his death, in 449 B. c. 2. usus est : "experienced." Observe that utor is used much more widely than Eng. use. 3. cum potuisset : a causal clause. 3. lltem aestimatam : "the fine imposed." 7. nisi solvisset : a future condition thrown back into past time. A. G. 307. /. The plup. subj. represents a fut. perf. tense. Nepos's story of the imprisonment of Cimon is not told elsewhere, and probably is not true. According to Athenian law the loss of political rights was the only punishment that could be inflicted on him. 7. germanam : usually of the same father and mother ; here of the same father only. 90 CORNELII NEPOTIS 8. Elpinicen : Gk. ace. sing, ist decl. 9. eodem patre: abl. of source. "For the Athenians are allowed to marry the daughters of their own fathers." 10. huius coniugii cupidus : lit. "desirous of this marriage" ; translate: " desiring to marry her." 11. Callias quidam : " a man by the name of Callias." 13. ut sibi daret : " that he [Cimon] should give to him [Callias]." The reflexive sibi refers back to the subject of egit in the main clause. 13. impetrasset impetrdvisset : a fut. condition in ind. disc, depending on a secondary verb of saying implied in egit. The apodosis solutu- rum decides that it is a fut. condition, impetrasset may stand for either a fut. perf. ind. or perf. subj. of the direct discourse. 14. is : an emphatic he. 15. cum aspernaretur : a concessive clause. 17. se nupturam : ind. disc, introduced by a dlxit supplied from negavit. " She said that she would not permit . . . but that she would marry." 18. si praestitisset : fut. cond. in ind. disc. 19. II. tali modo : "in this way." 19. custodia : abl. of separation. 20. satis eloquentiae : " considerable eloquence." Satis takes a part. gen. 21. cum . . . turn : "both . . . and." 22. a puero : " from boyhood." 23. fuerat versatus = versatus erat. 24. plurimum valuit auctoritate : " was highest in authority." Page 4 1. primum imperator : "at first, as general"; contrast iterum impe- rdtor, below, " the second time he was made general." 1. Strymona : Gk. ace. of 3d decl. This battle of the Strymon occurred in 476 B. c. With regard to the next two historic events referred to, Nepos is very much in error. The attempted founding of Amphipolis by 10,000 Athenians occurred in 467, but was not con- ducted by Cimon. The battle of Mycale was in 479 B.C., in which the Greeks under Leotychides and Xanthippus were victorious. Nepos means evidently not the battle of Mycale, but the battle of the Eurymedon in 469 B. c. At any rate, Nepos has not mentioned the events in their chronological order. 4. Cypriorum et Phoenicum : it was a Persian fleet composed of Cyprian and Phoenician tributaries. 5. devictam cepit : translate : " he defeated and captured." NOTES 91 LINE 6. par! fortuna : abl. after usus est, "he enjoyed." 8. maximam vim : " a very large force." 9. magna praeda : abl. after potitus. 11. propter acerbitatem imperil defecerant : " had revolted because of the harshness of their [the Athenians'] rule." 11. bene animatas : " those that were well disposed." 12. Scyrum : Cimon made his expedition to Scyros in 476 B. c. 13. Dolopes : an ancient tribe which lived in Thessaly. 13. contumacius se gesserant : they had practised piracy and refused to pay the fine imposed upon them for it. Nepos states this as a fact, and hence uses the indie, with quod causal. The subj. of gesserant is the inhabitants of Scyros, which has to be implied from the context. 15. agros civibus dlvlsit : he allotted their land to citizens of Athens. 15. Thasios : Nepos is again inaccurate in his statement. He says that Cimon subdued the Thasians merely by coming to them. As a matter of fact, they held out for two years, 467-465 B. c. 16. opulentia : abl. after fretos. W. 386-389 ; B. 218. 3 ; A. G. 254. b\ H. 476. i. 16. his ex manubiis: "with these spoils" = with the spoils from them. He refers, however, not merely to the Thasians, as we might expect, but to the various peoples whom Cimon had subdued. 17. arx Athenarum : the Acropolis. 17. qua: adv., translate: " on its southern slope." 18. III. cum unus maxime floreret : a clause of cause. "Since he was most popular of all." 19. quam : rel., translate : " as." 20. testarum suffragiis : see Arist. I. 1. 8. This happened in 463 B. c. 22. paenituit : impers., takes the ace. of the person and the gen of the cause of the feeling. W. 368 ; B. 209 ; A. G. 221. b ; H. 457. 25. notae eius virtutis : "his well-recognized bravery." 26. post annum quintum quam : see Arist., last sentence. He was recalled in 457 B. c. 27. hospitio Lacedaemoniorum : refers to a definite office which he held, that of proxenus (irpo^evos}. It was his official duty to receive and entertain and protect at Athens all Spartans who came there on public or private business. The office corresponded roughly to that of a consul to a foreign city at the present time. 31. pacemque conciliavit : the peace was not concluded till 451 B. C. 32. post neque ita multo (post) : " after that, though not long after." multo is abl. of degree of difference. W. 393 ; B. 223 ; A. G. 250 ; H. 479- 92 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE 82. Cyprum : ace. of motion. This expedition and his death occurred in 449 B. c. Page 5 3. Citio : in apposition with oppido. 5. IV. tanta Hberalitate : abl. of quality. 7. cum haberet : concessive clause. Translate ut before it. 7. in els custodem posuerit : " he never stationed a guard in them." 7. posuerit : peif. subj. in a clause of result depending on a secondary tense. W. 469 ; B. 268. 6 ; A. G. 287. c \ H. 550. 7. fructus servandi : the gerundive construction. 8. ne quis : remember that quis after si and ne is equivalent to aliquis. 8. quominus frueretur : a result clause after verbs of hindering is regularly introduced by quominus. Translate : " from enjoying." 8. els rebus : abl. after fruor. W. 387 ; B. 218. I ; A. G. 249 ; H. 477. i. 9. quibus : understand after vellet an infinitive/rwz to govern quibus. 10. opis eius : "his aid" ; gen. after indiged. W. 370 ; B. 214. I. N. 2 ; A. G. 223 ; H. 458. 2. 11. quod statim daret : " something to give on the spot"; a relative clause expressing purpose. 11. differendo : gerund. '* That he might not by putting him off seem to refuse." 12. aliquem offensum fortunae : "Any one who had offended fortune," and so was suffering punishment at the hands of fortune. 12. fortunae : dat. after ob in comp. 13. cum videret : " whenever he saw " ; equivalent to a general condition, which is usually expressed not by the subj. as here, but by the indie. W. 535 ; B. 288. 3 ; A. G. 322 ; H. 601. 4. 14. invocatos : " who had received no invitation." The in- is neg. in this form. 15. vidisset : a kind of ind. disc, representing a fut. perf. in the mind 01 Cimon. Translate : " those whom he should see." 16. nulll : dat. after de in composition. 18. unde efferrentur : lit. " the means from which to be buried." Com- pare Arist. III. 1. 26 ; qul ejferretur. which expresses the same idea. 19. sic se gerendo : "by so conducting himself." We should expect Cimon to be the subject. There is the same fault with the Latin as with the lit. Eng. translation. 20. acerba : regretted by his countrymen. NOTES 93 III. CHABRIAS Page 6 1. I. Chabrias (Xafyias). The date of his birth is unknown. He was a prominent Athenian general during the period of Spartan suprem- acy. In 378 B. c. he was sent in command of an Athenian army to aid Thebes against the Peloponnesians under Agesilaus. In 376 he defeated the Spartans in a battle off Naxos. In 361 he commanded the ships of the Egyptians in their rebellion against Persia. He was killed in 357 at the siege of Chios. 1. quoque : adv. " also." 2. habitus est : "was considered among." 3. ex els : refers to res memorid dignas. 4. Boeotis subsidio : construction of two datives. W. 345 ; B. 191. 2 ; A. G. 233. a ; H. 433. This refers to the expedition of 378 B. c. 6. fugatis catervis : abl. abs. ab eo refers to Agesilaus, and expresses the agent with the pass. part. It is quite superfluous here. 6. reliquam phalangem : not the rest of the phalanx, as usual, but the phalanx which was still remaining. The mercenaries who had fled did not form part of the phalanx, which was the closely drawn up body of heavy armed troops. 7.* loco : abl. of separation. 7. obnixo genii : abl. abs. scuto is dat. depending on obnlxo. " With the knee braced against the shield." 8. id novum : " this novelty." 10. usque eo . . . ut : "to such a degree . . . that." 11. tota Graecia : " throughout all Greece" ; a loc. abl. 11. illo statu : "in that posture." 12. statuam quae : " the statue which was erected to him in public." 14. artifices : participants in public contests other than athletes, as musi- cians, declaimers, etc. 15. uterentur : "chose." 16. II. administravit : " conducted for the government " ; distinguished from 17. sua sponte gessit : " conducted on his own account." 18. adiutum : former supine after profectus. Chabrias made two visits of this kind to Egypt. The first, to aid Nectenebis I, was in 379 - B. c. It was then that the Persians requested the Athenians to recall him, and not during his second visit as Nepos says in III, 1. 5- 19. Cyprl : loc. This occurred in 388 B. c., so that Nepos is again dis- regarding the chronological order in his narrative. 94 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE 21. bello : abl. of manner. 21. devinceret : subj. to express the purpose in the mind of Chabrias. A simple clause with prius quam would regularly be indie. 25. magnas praedas faciebat : " from whom he received great advan- tages," not booty in the literal sense, praedas is here used almost as slang, as though we should say he made a great haul. Page 7 2. cum Agesilao cederet : causal ; " since he would (= wished to) be second to Agesilaus in nothing." 3. class! . . . copiis : dat. after prae in composition. W. 332 ; B. 187. Ill ; A. G. 228 ; H. 429. This second expedition to Egypt was in 361 B. c. 6. III. Athenas : ace. of motion to. 6. questum : former supine from queror. 7. quod gereret : subj. with quod causal. The king's generals repre- sented to the Athenians that Chabrias was carrying on war against the king. 8. quam ante : = ante quam. 8. nisi redisset : a future condition put into ind. disc, and depending upon the secondary tense denuntidrunt. In the direct the form was redieris, a fut. perf. ind. 9. capitis : gen. of penalty. W. 3'Jy ; B. 208. 2. a ; A. G. 220. a ; H. 456. 9. denuntiarunt : = denuntiaverunt. 9. hoc nuntio : abl. of cause. 11. non libenter erat : "he did not like to be." 13. liberalius quam ut posset effugere : "too freely to be able to avoid." posset \s subj. of result. 15. civitatibus : dat. after commune. W. 333 ; B. 192 ; A. G. 234 ; H. 434- 16. quos videant : subj. of characteristic. W. 587 ; B. 283 ; A. G. 320 ; H. 591. i. 16. altius : " too high." 17. intueantur : governed by ut and in the same construction as sit and detrahant. 18. quoad plurimum : equivalent to quam plurimum poterat. 21. quantum recesserint : subordinate verb in ind. disc. We should expect the plup. subj., since the introductory verb putdbant is second- ary. Instead the primary tense of the direct disc, is kept to make it more vivid. W. 608 ; B. 318 ; A. G. 336. a ; H. 644. i. NOTES 95 22. Conon, Iphicrates, Timotheus, Chares : Athenian military leaders of the fourth century. Conon commanded the Athenian fleet in the last part of the Peloponnesian War. Timotheus was his son. Nepos has written monographs on all these men except Chares. 24. horum : gen. after dissimilis. W. 352 ; B. 204. 3 ; A. G. 234. d. 2 ; H. 435- 4- N. 24. et factis et moribus : abl. of characteristic. 26. IV. bello social! : 357-355 B. c., occasioned by the revolt of Rhodes, Cos, Chios, and Byzantium from Athens. The death of Chabrias occurred in the first year of the war. 28. privatus : he was serving as a private ; that is, he had no official commission. 30. qui praeerant : supply eos as the antecedent of qul. 30. quae res : " this circumstance," namely, the high esteem in which he was held. 31. dum studet : regularly with the pres. ind. W. 533 ; B. 293 ; A. G. 276. e ; H. 533. 4. 32. sibi perniciei : construction of two dat. W. 345 ; B. 191. 2 ; A. G. 233. a ; H. 433. Page 8 1. ceterae non sunt secutae : naves has to be understood as the subject. 2. quo facto : abl. abs. 3. pugnaret : a temporal clause. The subj of course is Chabrias. 4. cum posset : concessive. 4. si deiecisset : non-fulfilled condition. 5. quod suberat : indie, because it is the reason that Nepos himself gives. 5. quae exciperet : relative clause of purpose. 7. fuerat vectus : = vectus erat. 7. nando : gerund ; abl. of means. IV. IPHICRATES Page 9 1. I. Iphicrates ('I^t/cpctTrjj). We do not know the dates of his birth or death. His public activity extended from about 392 B. c. to about 350 B. c. 1. magnitudine . . . disciplina : abl. of cause. 96 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE 4. de maioribus : to be taken with quisquam^ equivalent to a part, gen., " predecessors." 4. natu : the latter supine. 5. multum : neut. ace. used adverbially. 6. culpa : abl. of cause: "through any fault of his," contrasted with consilid, management, tact. 7. tantum eo valuit : "he was so effective in it," namely, consilio. 8. ut attulerit . . . fecerit : perf. subj. in result clauses after secondary verbs. " He added many inventions (nova) and made many improve- ments (melidra}." Strictly, multa has no construction in the sentence. In apposition with it stands partim nova partim melidra. We may translate : " that he made many changes in military tactics, partly adding inventions, partly making improvements." 9. pedestria arma : " equipment of the infantry." 10. ilium imperatorem : "his command"; lit. before him general, imperdtorem in app. with ilium. 10. clipels or parma : a round shield, whereas pelta was a crescent- shaped shield, parma and pelta are both Greek words, foreign to Latin. " Although before him they used large shields, he put the pelta in place of \hz parma" 12. a quo : neut. = a qua re. 13. ut essent leviores : purpose. 13. hastae modum : " the measure, i. e. the length, of the spear." 15. pro sertis atque aeneis (loricis) : " instead of breastplates of link mail and bronze, he gave them linen ones." They were made of several thicknesses of linen stiffened with a preparation of salt and vinegar. 17. quod corpus tegeret : subj. of characteristic. " He provided some- thing which protected the body equally well (as bronze or link mail), and was light." 19. II. bellum cum Thraecibus : 389-387 B. c. 20. apud Corinthum : in the Corinthian War, 393-391 B. c. Nepos again neglects the chronological order. 21. nullae . . . neque : the double negative here equals a strong affirma- tive. W. 662 ; B. 347. 2 ; A. G. 209. a. 3 ; H. 656. 2. 23. ut fuerint : perf. subj. of result after secondary verbs. 23. dicto audientes . . . duel : dicto is dat. after audientes. W. 330 ; B. 187. II ; A. G. 227 ; H. 426. The phrase dicto audientes is equiv- alent to an adj. of obeying, and governs the dat. duel. 23. in earn consuetudinem . . . ut : "to such a state of discipline . . . that." NOTES 97 LINE 24. cum signum esset datum : subj. by attraction, depending upon the subj. ut . . . consisterent. 25. consisterent : the subj. is copiae understood, which is the implied object of adduxit. 26. singuli dispositi : " stationed individually." Page 10 1. moram : a Spartan word (p6pa) to denote a division of the infantry consisting of from 400 to goo men. 2. quod : = quae res. 2. tota : placed so far from Graecia, with which it is construed, for emphasis ; '* over the whole of Greece." 2. Graecia : loc. abl. 2. iterum eodem bello : namely, the Corinthian War. Nepos's state- ment here is wrong. 5. cum voluit : temporal clause with the indie, in secondary tense to denote definite time. W. 535 ; B. 288 ; A. G. 325. a ; H. 600. The _date of this Egyptian expedition was 377~374 B. c. 5. Iphicraten : Greek ace., 1st decl. 6. quern praeficeret : subj. of purpose. 7. mllium : gen. of measure. 8. quem quidem : refers to exercitut. 9. Fabiani milites : " the soldiers of Fabius." This evidently refers to Fabius Cunctator, the famous Roman general in the second Punic War. 9. Romae : loc. 11. subsidio Lacedaemoniis : two dat. ; 369 B. c. 12. impetus : ace. pi. 12. nisi appropinquasset (= appropinqudvissef] : condition non-fulfilled in past time. 14. captam delessent (= delevissenf) : "before they had captured and destroyed it." 15. III. animo magno, imperatoria forma: abl. quality. W. 394; B. 224 ; A. G. 251 ; H. 473. 2. 16. ipso aspectu : " by his very appearance." 16. cuivis : " in any one." 17. sui : obj. gen. of the pers. pron. 18. ut . . . prodidit : ut with the indie, means as. 18. Theopompus : a Greek historian of the fourth cent. He wrote the history of Greece from 410 to 394, and a long work on the reign of Philip of Macedon. 98 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE 19. cum . . . turn : used especially when the more particular fact, as here, follows. 20. in liberls tuendis : gerundive. 20. Amyntae : king of Macedonia. 22. Amynta mortuo : abl. abs., " after the death of Amyntas." Euryd- ice fled to him in 368 B. c., when he was conducting a campaign in Thrace. 24. placatis animis : abl. abs., " with the feelings of his fellow citizens well disposed toward him." 24. causam capitis semel dixit : "he was tried on a capital charge once only." 24. capitis : gen. of crime. W. 367 ; B. 208. 2 ; A. G. 220. a ; H. 456. 25. bello sociall : abl. of time when, 357-355 B. c. 27. Menesthea : Greek ace. of 3d decl., from Menestheus. 27. Coti : from a nom. Cotus. The more correct form is nom. Cotys, gen. Cotyis. 28. utrum : " which one " ; an interrog. word, and introduces the subj. of ind. question in facer et. 28. pluris : gen. of value. 31. Thraecem, Atheniensem : appos. with me. His father and mother had no choice of their own birth, but could affect the race of their children by the persons they chose to marry. V. THEMISTOCLES Page ii 1. I. Themistocles (0e/xt(7To/c\?}s). He was born about 514. He was the most prominent Athenian soldier and statesman during the time of the Persian Wars. He finally fled from Greece in disgrace, and in 465 reached Persia, where he settled down and lived till his death. 1. Neocll: gen. sing, of Neocles. Compare Themistocli, Arist. I. 1. 2. 1. huius : modifies strictly vitia. The Eng. would say " the vices of his early youth." 3. adeo ut anteferatur . . . putentur : two clauses of result, adeo ut, lit. " to such a degree that." 4. ordiendus : masc., lit. " he must be begun with from the beginning." Translate : " We must begin at the beginning." 5. Acarnanam civem : '* a free-born native of Acarnania." NOTES 99 LINE 6. qui cum : a causal clause in which qul is equivalent to a pers. pron. 6. minus esset probatus : " found little favor with." 7. quod vivebat : the indie, is used because it is stated as a fact, not as a pretext. 7. liberius : "too freely." 9. non fregit eum sed erexit : " did not break him down, but braced him up." 9. iudicasset = iudicdvisset. 10. exstingui : mfin. in ind. disc. The subj. is earn, referring to conta- in e Ha. 10. totum : trans, as adv. 11. amicis famaeque serviens: "devoting himself to (the acquirement of) friends and reputation." 12. in iudiciis privatls : he defended private individuals in lawsuits, and so won their gratitude and a reputation as an orator. 13. in contionem prodibat: "he made speeches in the popular assem- bly." The public assembly, or ecclesia, was the meeting of the whole body of citizens for the discussion of public business, and offered an excellent opportunity for a man to gain reputation as an orator and statesman, prodibat refers to the act of coming forward to address a meeting. 13. resmaior: " matter of importance." 14. opus: indeclin. B. 218. 2 ; A. G. 77. I ; H. 477. III. N. 16. de Instantibus : " matters at hand " ; neut. pi. 17. Thucydides : the well-known Gk historian (455-400) who wrote the history of the Peloponnesian War to 411 B. c. 20. II. capessendae rei publicae: gen. of the gerundive. 21. bello Corcyraeo : abl. of time when. Nepos is mistaken, however, in saying that Themistocles commanded in the Corcyraean War. It was on the occasion of a war between Athens and Aegina in 482, when Themistocles was archon, that he advocated the policy of increasing the fleet. 21. ad quod gerendum : the antecedent is bellum. 22. praesenti bello : abl. of time. 25. cum interiret : a causal clause. 24. largitione magistratuum : abl. of cause. The money which accrued to the state from the silver-mines was distributed among the people by popular vote. The officials distributed it. It would seem from the use of largitione that Nepos meant to say that the officials decreed the distribution, which is not correct. 100 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE 24. ex metallis : these were the silver-mines on Mount Laurium, in the southern part of Attica, and belonged to the state. Page 12 1. qua effecta : abl. abs. The antecedent is classis. 3. praedones consectando : the gerund construction. 3. in quo : neut. " in so doing." 4. cum . . . turn : the general effect was to make the Athenians wealthy ; the particular effect, to make them skilled in naval warfare. 4. belli navalis : gen. after adj. perltus. W. 352 ; B. 204. i ; A. G. 218. a ; H. 451. 5. saluti . . . Graeciae : two dat. 5. fuerit : subj. of ind. quest. A primary subj. is used depending on a secondary indie, to make it more vivid. W. 608 ; B. 318 ; A. G. 336. a ; H. 644. I. 6. bello Persico : the second Persian War of 480 B. c. Abl. of time. 7. et marl et terra : see note Arist. II. 1. 12. 8. neque . . . nee : there is absolutely no difference in meaning in these forms. Nepos seems here to preserve an old distinction that neque was used when the following word began with a vowel and nee when it began with a consonant. 9. huius : refers to Xerxes. 10. fuit : "consisted of." 10. navium : gen. of measure. The naves longae were the battle-ships. They were built long and narrow, so that they might be more quickly maneuvered in naval engagements. The men who rowed them were seated in tiers one above the other. The Athenian ships at the time of Themistocles had three tiers, and were hence called triremes. The onerariae (naves) were wider, and used for the transportation of pro- visions, cavalry, etc. 12. septingenta (milia) : observe the change in construction. Nepos says classis fuit navium (gen.), but exercitus fuerunt milia (nom.). The construction is evidently changed to avoid the gen. pi. milium, an awkward construction. 12. fuerunt : agrees with the pred. nom. milia. 13. cuius de adventu fama : "news of his approach." 14. peti : infin. in indir. disc. 15. pugnam Marathoniam : in 490 B. c.. when the first expedition of the Persians to Greece was defeated by the Athenians. 15. Delphos : ace. of motion. NOTES 101 15. consultum : former supine. 16. quidnam facerent : ind. quest. 16. deliberantibus : indir. obj., agrees with els understood. 16. Pythia : the priestess of Apollo, who presided at the temple and gave the replies. 17. ut se munirent: an obj. clause after respondit. The subjunct. ex- presses here an exhortation or command. If her reply had been a statement it would have been expressed by the infin. 18. quo valeret : indir. quest., "what it meant." Lit. u in what direc- tion it applied." 20. ut . . . conferrent : an obj. clause of purpose, construed as a pred. nom. of esse. 20. eum significari : indir. disc, with an introductory verb, dixit, under- stood ; " that was the wooden wall denoted by the god." We should expect eum to be neuter, referring to the taking to their ships ; in- stead it is attracted to the gender of murum. 21. totidem : an equal number to those they already possessed ; that is, they doubled the number. 21. superiores : "their previous ones." 23. Salamina, Troezena : Greek ace. 23. arcem : the Acropolis. 24. ad sacra procuranda : gerundive expressing purpose, sacra denotes the sanctuaries and sacred utensils, and also the sacred rites. 26. III. huius: Themistocles. 27. placebat : impers. Thedat clvitdtibus is understood with it. Notice that the Lat. uses the pass, infin. \i\\h. placebat where the Eng. would prefer the act. ; Eng., "most states decided to fight on land." 28. Leonida : abl. of Greek noun, ist decl. masc. 29. qul occuparent : purpose. 30. ii . . . interierunt : with these few words Nepos dismisses the battle of Thermopylae, the most glorious event within the whole range of Greek history. It took place in 480. All of the delectl were not killed, only the Spartans and Thespians. Leonidas dismissed the others before the engagement. 32. Graeciae . . . navium : both gen. depend on classis. Graeciae is possess., navium gen. of measure. Page 13 1. Artemisium : the naval engagement took place at the same time as the battle of Thermopylae^. c o c , ,., 8 102 CORNELII NEPOTIS 2. continentem : the Eng. continent. It is really an adj., and in Lat. is still used with its noun. In Eng. it has discarded the noun, and itself become a noun. Compare Lat. patria (terra). 4. ne circumiretur : purpose. 4. hinc par! proelio discesserant : " although they had come off even." 4. par! proelio : abl. of manner. 7. ne . . . premerentur : subj. after an expression of fearing. W. 516 ; B. 296. 2 ; A. G. 331. /; H. 567. 7. superasset = superdvisset : a fut. less vivid condition. It is changed from a perf. to a plup. subj., because it is governed by the secondary tense of erat perlculum. 7. ancipiti periculo : "danger on two sides." 8. ab Artemisio : " from the neighborhood of." 11. IV. astu : a Greek word used frequently in Greek to denote Athens, just as in Lat. urbs often means Rome. We should expect the prepos. ad after accessit. 11. nullis defendentibus : abl. abs., itself qualified by another abl. abs., inter fectls sacerdotibus. There being no defenders since the priests had been slain. 12. cuius : antecedent is incendio. 14. plurimi: " the majority." 14. domos suas discederent : " that they separate and go home." 16. pares esse posse aiebat : " said repeatedly that they were equal to the task." 17. perituros (esse) . . . fore: fut. infin. in ind. disc. The subj. is eos, understood, with which disperses agrees. 17. Eurybiadi regi : he was their commander-in-chief, but not their king. It is dat. of ind. obj. after afftrmabat \ "he assured Eurybia- des that this would happen." 19. quern cum moveret : causal, = ut cum eum moveret. 19. vellet : subj. by attraction, depending on a subj. 19. de servis suis : = part. gen. 21. suis verbis : " in his [Themistocles's] name." 21. eius : Xerxes. 21. qui si discessissent ; quos si aggrederetur : less vivid fut. cond. in ind. disc, depending on a secondary tense. 23. confecturum (esse), oppressurum (esse): the subj. is eum (Xerxes) understood. 24. brevi : sc. tempore. 25. hoc eo valebat : "his intention in so doing was* to compel"; lit. " this (act) aimed toward this (result), namely, that they be compelled." NOTES 103 25. eo : adverb. 26. barbarus : the Persian. 27. doll : part. gen. 27. subesse : " was at the bottom of it." 27. sibi . . . hostibus : dat. of advantage. W. 335 ; B. 188 ; A. G. 235 ; H. 425. 2. 28. adeo angusto marl . . . ut : " in a body of water so narrow that." The following result clause is primary, as often. 30. Themistocli : gen. sing. 32. V. hie : adv., "at Salamis." Page 14 1. els : abl. of means. 2. ab eodem gradu : not to be taken together ; ab eddem : " by the same man [Themistocles]." gradu depulsus est: "was driven from his po- sition " ; a figure from the gladiatorial contests. A man assumed a position (gradus) which he considered most advantageous to himself. His opponent tried to drive him from it. Compare the military ex- pression, to dislodge the enemy. 3. verens ne perseveraret : " fearing that he [Xerxes] might persist in continuing the war." W. 516 ; B. 296. 2 ; A. G. 331. /; H. 567. 4. id agi : ind. disc. In apposition with id stand the obj. clauses ut pons dissolveretur ac excluderetur. " An effort was being made for this, namely, that the bridge be destroyed." The subject of excluderetur is, of course, Xerxes. 6. idque el persuasit : " and he made him believe it." 6. qua . . . eadem : adv. 6. sex mensibus : abl. of time within which. As a matter of fact Xerxes had required four months. 7. diebiis triginta : "in less than thirty days " ; again abl. of time within which and not after the comp. minus. W. 407 ; B. 217. 3 ; A. G. 247. c\ H. 471.4. 8. superatum : sc. esse. 10. haec altera victoria : sc. est. 11. tropaeo : a Greek word ; strictly, an emblem of victory erected on the field of battle and dedicated to the gods ; here it means simply victory. 11. pan modo : "likewise." 14. VI. hoc bello : a definite time, and so the abl. is used without a preposition. On the other hand, in pace denotes not a definite time but rather a condition, and hence the preposition is used. 104 CORNEL1I NEPOTIS 16. cum uterentur : causal. The Eng. would change the construction and say, "for since the harbor of Phalerum, which the Athenians were using, was neither large nor good." 17. Piraei : gen. instead of appositive. W. 348 ; B. 202 ; H. 440. 4. The Piraeus was built between 482 and 477 B. c. It consisted of three parts, the Piraeus proper, Munychia, and Zea. 17. els moenibus ut : " with such walls that." 18. dignitate : abl. of specification. 20. praecipuo suo periculo : "with particular danger to himself.'' 22. qua negarent : relative clause of purpose referring to causam. " A reason for saying that no city ought to have walls." 23. ne essent munita : purpose depending on prohibere conatl sunt. 23. quae posside'rent : subj. of characteristic after a negative. W. 588. 2 ; B. 283. 2 ; A. G. 320. a ; H. 591. i. 24. aedificantes : the pres. part, denotes simultaneous action, hence in Lat. " while building " ; Eng. "from building." This attempt of the Spartans occurred in 478 B. c. 25. hoc longe alio spectabat : " this had a far different object from what they wished to appear." alio ; adv. 26. Marathonia, Salaminia: trans, as gen. nouns. 31. qui vetarent : rel. clause of purpose. " To forbid its being done." 31. his praesentibus : abl. abs. 32. se missuros : sc. esse. Page 15 3. ut exirent : obj. clause of purpose depending on praecepit, which also governs the rest of the sentence. Supply ut with facerent, parcerent, congererent. These are all commands in ind. disc. 3. turn . . . cum : restrictive ; " should not leave until'' 3. tuendo : gerund, dat. of purpose. W. 639. 2 ; B. 338. 2. a ; A. G. 299 ; H. 627. 7. quod putarent : characteristic. 10. VII. dedit operam ut tempus duceret : 4< took pains to delay/' 12. se exspectare : ind. disc. 12. opus fieri : " the work (of building the walls) was going on just the same." 14. audisset : = audivisset. 15. munitionis : part. gen. depending on multum. 15. ephoros : the Spartan title, lit. overseers. ^Aiy^V^ 17. falsa els esse delata : " that false reports had T>een brought to them." NOTES 105 LINE 18. aequum esse : ind. disc. 18. illos : the ephors. 19. qui explorarent : purpose. 20. retinerent : command in ind. disc. The direct was me obsidem reti- ncte. 21. summis honoribus : abl. after fungor. 22. praedixit : introduces an ind. command in the form of an object clause, ut ne dimitterent. 27. professus est : introduces ind. disc., which continues to the end of the chap. 27. suo consilio : " by his [Themistocles's] advice." In ind. disc, the reflexive regularly refers to the subj. of the introductory verb. 28. quod possent facere : the antecedent is the clause murls saepsisse. 29. quo facilius possent defendere purpose clause with compar. ; quo = ut eo, " that the more easily." The obj. of defendere is deos, or a pronoun eds, referring to deos. 30. in eo : "in so doing they had not done anything disadvantageous to Greece." 32. propugnaculum : pred. ace. with which the verb oppositum esse agrees, rather than with its subject urbem. 32. barbarls : dat. after a compound of ob. Page 16 1. copias regias : " the forces of the king." 2. qui id intuerentur : a rel. clause of cause. W. 586. 4 ; B. 283. 3 . A. G. 320. e ; H. 592. 4. suos legatos : "their own legates," referring to the subj. vivellent. 5. si vellent : a simple pres. condition. The conclusion is in sc re- mitterent, which represents an imperative. The direct was si vultis vestros legdtos recipere, me remittite. 5. quos miserant : an explanatory clause not strictly a part of the ind. disc., and hence indie. W. 607 ; B. 314. 3 ; A. G. 336. b ; H. 643. 3. 6. essent recepturi : used to bring out clearly the future force, which reciperent would not do. 8. VIII. ob eundem timorem quo: "from the same fear as that be- cause of which " ; quo, abl. of cause. 9. testularum suffragiis : ostracism. Themistocles was banished in 476 B. c. 9. Argos : ace. pi. of motion toward. A more correct form would be Argds, a neut. sing. T and that we might suppose we had here were it not for the loc. pi. Argts, 1. 15. 106 CORNELII NEPOTIS 10. habitatum : former supine. 10. hie : adv. 12. qui accusarent : purpose. The date of this was 473 B. c. 13. Perse : a noun, abl. sing. ; in Gk. of the ist decl. ; = the king of the Persians. 14. quod fecisset: subjunctive on quoted authority. " To accuse him of having made." 14. hoc crimine : abl. of penalty. 14. absens : "in his absence." 15. non satis tutum se videbat : supply esse. videbat, as a verb of perceiving, governs ind. disc. 16. Corcyram : ace. of motion, as with names of towns. 17. propter se : Themistocles. The reflexive in ind. disc, refers to the subj. of the introductory verb. 18. Molossum : old gen. pi. of 2d decl. for classical Molossorum. The Molossi lived on the mainland of Greece not far from Corcyra. 20. in praesentia : "for the time being." 20. quo maiore religione se receptum tueretur : purpose clause with comparative. It gives the reason for what follows. " In order that he [Admetus] might regard him [Themistccles], after he had been received, with more scruples of conscience." 22. in sacrarium quod summa colebatur caerimonia : " to a shrine which was respected with the greatest solemnity." 24. in fidem reciperet : "took him under his protection." The subj. expresses an idea of futurity, lit. before he should take him. W. 534 ; B. 292 ; A. G. 327 ; H. 605. 25. quam praestitit : " and he gave it," namely, the king gave his pro- tection. 26. publice : "in the name of the state." 26. monuitque : " but warned him," followed by an object clause. 27. difficile esse : ind. disc, depending upon an implied dixit. 28. tuto : adv. 29. praesidil : part. gen. after satis. 29. quod esset : subjunct. of characteristic. 32. si eo pervenisset : fut. cond. in ind. disc. The periphrastic esse pereundum is equivalent to a fut. infin. Page 17 2. quis sit : ind. quest. 2. multa pollicens : " making many promises." 3. conservasset = conservdvisset : again fut. cond. in ind. disc. NOTES 107 LINE 2. se : Themistocles. 3. virl : obj. gen. after misericordid. W. 351; B. 200 ; A. G. 217; H. 440. 2. 8. IX. plerosque : " most (writers)." 8. ita : " as follows," referring to the following infin. clause. 8. scripsisse, translsse : ind. disc, within ind. disc. ; scrlpsisse depends upon scio, translsse upon scrlpsisse. 9. potissimum credo : " prefer to believe." 10. aetate : abl. of specification. 10. de els : = part. gen. 11. eiusdem civitatis fuit : poss. gen. ; "belonged to the same state." 12. is : Thucydides ; eum : Themistocles. 12. Artaxerxen : Gk. ace. 1st decl. Xerxes, the King of the Persians, was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes in 465 B. c. 13. Themistocles : in apposition with ego understood. 14. omnium Graiorum : part. gen. with qul. Grdiorum was an old form in Nepos's time. The common form was Graecorum. 14. domum : family, as we speak of the ruling house, or the house of Stuarts. 16. idem multo plura bona feel : " on the other hand many more favors." 17. multo : abl. degree of difference. 17. ipse : sc. esse coepl. 20. id agi ut pons : see V, p. 14, 1. 4. 21. quo nuntio : " by means of this message." 23. quam si ero adeptus : translate by simple pres. in Eng. 24. me bonum amicum habebis : " you will find me a good friend." 26. ut annuum tempus des : object clause after rogo\ " that you grant me a year's time, and after it has elapsed (ed trdnsdcto) permit me to come to you." 26. quas colloqui : this verb regularly allows only a neut. in the ace. In- stead of els rebus we might have had the neut. pi. els with a neut. rel. qttae. Perhaps Nepos was thinking of this construction, and extended it to a different expression with the same meaning. 29. X. huius : Themistocles; it modifies magnitudinem, "his greatness of mind." 30. conciliari : pass. The Eng. prefers an active infin. 31. litteris sermonique Persarum : "he devoted himself to the litera- ture and spoken language of the Persians." 32. ut dicatur : pres. subj. in result clause after secondary indie. W. 469 ; B. 268. 7 ; A. G. 287. c\ H. 550. IOS CORNELII NEPOTIS Page 18 2. hie cum multa esset pollicitus : " after he had made many prom- ises." 3. gratissimum illud : " and most acceptable of all, this (promise), namely, that if he would follow," etc. The promise is expressed by the fut. inf. oppressurum (esse). 3. suis consiliis : in ind. disc, the reflexive regularly refers to the sub- ject of the introductory verb ; hence suls, Themistocles's. 5. Asiam : Asia Minor. He had met Artaxerxes in Persia, which the Romans did not include in Asia. 5. Magnesiae : loc. 6. donarat : = donaverat. 7. his quidem verbis : " just for this purpose." quidem emphasizes his. 7. quae praeberet : purpose. 8. quinquagena talenta : 50 talents, equivalent to $56,600. 9. Lampsacum : sc. ei rex donarat. 9. unde : means the same as ex qua which follows. 9. Myunta : Gk. ace. from Myus. 10. obsonium : everything to be supplied for his table except bread and wine. Bread was the essential article of a meal, hence obsonium often means dessert. 11. huius : take with monumenta. 16. morbo mortuum : sc. esse. 16. neque negat : " but admits." 19. cum desperaret : causal. 17. se : subj. of posse praestdre ; "since he despaired of being able." 18. quae pollicitus esset : rel. clause in ind. disc, considered as a real part of the ind. disc., and hence subj. 19. idem: Thucydides. '20. sepulta : sc. esse. 20. concederetur, esset damnatus : subj. in ind. disc. VI. MILTIADES Page 19 1. I. Miltiades (MiArtctST/s) was one of the greatest military leaders of Greece. The victory of the Athenians over the Persians at Marathon in 490 was doubly due to him, for he not only commanded on the field of battle, but used his authority to bring about the battle, which NOTES 109 but for him would have been postponed. Marathon was the first great battle in which the Greeks met and defeated vastly superior numbers of the Persians. 1. antlquitate, gloria, modestia : abl. of cause. Miltiades traced his descent from Aeacus, the son of Zeus. 3. Onus omnium maxime floreret : a strong superlative ; "he was the most eminent man of all." The subj. of floreret is Miltiades, although it stands before cum. 3. ea aetate : abl. of quality followed by the result clause ut . . . pos- sent. 4. elves sul : instead of sul we should expect eius. It is quite unusual to find the reflexive referring to some one else than the subj. sul refers to the same person as eo in the same clause, and should be the same pronoun. 5. eum futurum (esse) : ind. disc, depending on sperdre and confldere. 5. iudicarunt = iudicdverunt. 5. cognitum : pass. part, agreeing with eum understood, the object of iudicarunt. " They were confident that he would prove to be such a man as they (actually) estimated (him to be when he became) known (to them later)." The concise style of the Latin is obscure, cogni- tum is equivalent to a temporal clause, cum eum cognovissent. 6. accidit ut : " it chanced that." This is the main independent verb of the whole long sentence. N epos's style in this sentence is very poor. *He has got too far away at the end from the thought with which he started. 6. Chersonesum : ace. of motion. By the rule in Lat. the ace. without the prep, is restricted to names of towns and islands, but the con- struction is occasionally extended to other Greek place names that end in -us. The whole account given in this and the following chap- ter, with the exception of the acquisition of Lemnos, is a mistake on the part of Nepos. The Miltiades who is the subject of the present life had an uncle of the same name, and it was he who led the colony to Chersonese, and about whom the Delphian oracle was delivered. 7. cuius generis : " since there was a great number of this kind (of people) " ; namely, men ready to undertake a colonizing expedition. 9. deliberatum : former supine, " to consult the oracle." 9. quo duce uterentur : ind. quest, depending on deliberdlum. 10. duce : in appos. with quo. 11. erat dimicandum : second periphrastic, impers. ; trans, as an active. 12. his consulentibus : ind. obj. of praecepit \ "the priestess informed them when they consulted her." 110 CORNEL1I NEPOTIS LINE 12. nominatim : oracles did not as a rule speak of people by their name ; here was an exception. 13. ut sumerent : obj. clause after praecepit, expressing a command. 13. id si fecissent : fut. cond. in ind. disc. The conclusion is incepta futura (esse) ; " their undertaking would be successful." 14. hoc response : abl. of cause. 15. classe : means. 17. id ut Lemnil sua sponte facerent postulasset : " and demanded that the people of Lemnos should do this voluntarily." zWdoes not strictly refer to anything that has gone before, but to the idea which is hinted at of surrender to the Athenians. 19. turn . . . cum: "not . . . until," restrictive. 19. se facturos (esse) : ind. disc. 19. domo : abl. of motion from. 20. vento aquilone : abl. of attendant circumstance ; " with the wind to the north." 20. venisset : fut. perf. ind. in indir. disc. 21. adversum tenet proficiscentibus : "is ahead for those starting from Athens." proficiscentibus, dat. W. 338 ; B. iSS. 2. a ; A. G. 235. b ; H. 425. 4. 22. morandi : gen. of gerund. 23. quo tendebat : "whither he was bound." 24. II. brevi tempore : time within which. 25. tota regione : abl. after potitus. W. 387 ; B. 218. I ; A. G. 247 ; H. 477. i. 25. castellis : dat. with adj. W. 344 ; B. 192. 2 ; A. G. 234. a ; H. 434. 2. Page 20 1. communiit : communivit. 1. in agris collocavit : "he allotted them farming land." 2. crebrls excursionibus locupletavit : they plundered their neigh- bors, who were not friendly disposed toward them. 4. exercitus : ace. pi. 5. res constituit: "he settled matters." 6. dignitate regia : abl. of quality ; "he was in the position of king." 7. quamquam carebat nomine : " although he avoided the name [of king]." 7. imperio : the authority delegated to him. 8. neque eo setius officia praestabat : " but nonis the less he did his duty toward." eo: abl. of degree of difference with compar. NOTES 1 1 1 LINE 13. revertitur, postulat: hist. pres. followed by a primary subj., tra- dant. 14. borea : the north wind was called Boreas in Greek and Aquilo in Latin. 16. se habere : ind. disc, with dlxit understood. 16. Chersonesi : loc., as though the name of a town. 18. diet 6 : " impressed not by the command but by-the good fortune of their opponents." 20. ceteras Insulas : would properly mean all the other islands of the Aegean, but they were not by any means all called Cyclades. The statement of Nepos is therefore inaccurate. 22. III. eisdem temporibiis : the expedition of Darius against the Scythians was made in 513 B. c. 25. qua traduceret : purpose ; lit. "where he might lead over." 25. dum abesset : subj. to express the thought in Darius's mind. Not while he was absent, but while he should be absent. 25. custodes : in appos. vti\hprmcies. 27. singularum urbium : 4< to whom he had given each the rule of a city." 28. Graeca lingua loquentes : ** the Greek-speaking people." 29. se retenturum (esse) : the conclusion of a fut. cond. of which si trd- didisset is the condition. 30. oppida tuenda : gerundive expressing purpose; "the towns to be guarded." 31. se oppress : abl. absol. ; "if he [Darius] were conquered." 31. quibus relinqueretur : subj. because it is an integral part of the ind. disc. Page 21 1. male rem gerere Dareum : " that Darius was meeting with dis- aster." 3. ne dimitterent : an obj. clause expressing prohibition. W. 512 ; B. 295. I ; A. G. 331 ; H. 565. 2. a fortuna : personified, and so the abl. of agent is used. 3. Hberandae Graeciae : gen. of gerundive. W. 639 ; B. 338. I. a ; A. G. 298; H. 626. 4. si interlsset : ind. disc, continues through interiturum. interisset is a fut. cond. ; the conclusion is Europam fore tutam. 4. transportarat : a relative clause merely explanatory, and so indie. 6. incolerent : subordinate verb in the ind. disc. 6. genere : abl. of specification. 112 CORNELII NEPOTIS 8. ponte rescisso : abl. abs. 10. cum accederent : concessive. 10. ne res conficeretur : object clause of purpose ; he objected to the plan being carried out. 11. non idem expedire : " the same thing was not expedient for them and for the common people." 11. ipsis : the rulers of cities, of whom Histiaeus was one. 13. quod niteretur : causal clause in ind. disc. 12. regno : abl. of means. Translate : " depended upon the rule of Darius." 13. quo exstincto : abl. abs. quo, Darius. 14. expulsos : part. pass, in agreement with ipsos ; translate as if it were coordinate with daturos (esse) ; " they would be expelled and punished." 15. ut putet : primary subj. depending on a secondary tense for greater vividness. W. 608 ; B. 318 ; A. G. 336. a ; H. 644. I. 16. confirman regnum : infin. used as a noun, subj. of esse understood ; " he thought nothing was more advantageous than for the power of the Persians to be strengthened." 18. tarn multis consciis : abl. abs. 18. consilia sua perventura (esse) : ind. disc. 20. cuius ratio etsi non valuit : " although his advice did not prevail." 21. cum fuerit : causal ; the subj. is Miltiades understood. 24. IV. hortantibus amicis : abl. abs. ; the obj. is the clause ut redi- geret. The date of the expedition and the battle of Marathon was 490 B. c. 26. ducenta : sc. mllia. 27. causam interserens : " making a pretext," followed by ind. disc. 29. quod expugnassent : cause on the authority of Darius. 29. Sardis : ace. pi. of an /-stem. Sardis had been burned in 499 B. c. by lonians and other Asiatic Greeks who had revolted against the Persians. The rebels had received aid from Athens and Eretria. 30. classe appulsa : abl. abs. 32. abreptos : part, agreeing with cives ; trans, by a finite verb ; " they seized them and sent them to the king." Page 22 1. Marathona : Gk. ace. 4. hoc tumultu : "by this sudden danger of war." 7. hemerodromoe : a Gk. word signifying day-runner. 8. auxilio : abl. with opus esse. W. 389 ; B. 2i8.-2 j A. G. 243. e ; H. 477- HI. N. NOTES 113 LINE 9. qui praeessent : subj. of purpose ; secondary subj. depending on an historical present (creant). 11. utrum defenderent an obviam Trent : a double question in ind. disc. The second alternative has two parts, Irent and decernerent. 11. hostibus : dat. with obviam Irent. W. 332 ; B. 187. Ill ; A. G. 228. b ; H. 429. 13. ut primo quoque tempore castra fierent : "that they take the field at the first opportunity." 13. id si factum esset : fut. cond. in ind. disc. 15. desperari : impers. ; translate, " when they saw that their valor was not despaired of." 15. eadem re : "by the same token." 1C. auderi adversus se dlmicari : lit. " that it was dared to be fought against them." Translate in active construction. 18. V. hoc in tempore : "in this situation" ; not an expression of time, and hence the prep, is used. 18. Atheniensibus auxilio : two dat. 19. ea : Plataeensium civitas. 19. mille : usually an adj. and therefore we should expect milites ; here it is a noun and takes the part. gen. militum. 21. pugnandi: gerund in gen. W. 639 ; B. 338. i. a ; A. G. 298 ; H. 626. 25. acie regione Instructa non apertissima : abl. abs. ; " having drawn up their line of battle on not very open ground." 27. rarae : not in clumps, but standing separately. 27. hoc consilio ut : " with this design, namely, that they might be pro- tected." 28. arborum tractu : "by the stretch of woodland." 30. non aequum : = inlquum. 31. numero : abl. with fretus. W. 389 ; B. 218. 3 ; A. G. 254. b ; H. 476. i. Page 23 1. venirent : subj. in ind. disc. 1. utile : supply esse, of which the infin. dlmicdre is the subj. 2. centum : sc. milia. 3. tanto : abl. degree of difference. 4. profligarint : = profllgaverint ; result. 6. qua pugna : abl. with compar. 6. adhuc : " up to the present time." 9. VI. cuius victoriae: gen. depending on praemium. 114 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE 9. non alienum videtur docere : " it does not seem out of place to tell." 9. quale praemium sit tributum : indirect question depending on docere. 10. quo facilius : purpose clause with compar. 12. ut quondam fuerunt : " as they once were," correlative with sic olim. 15. huic : the subj. of our essay. 16. tails honos . . . ut eius imago poneretur : "such honor that his picture was put first" ; a very small honor in comparison to his deserts. 16. porticu quae Poecile vocatur : a porticus, or in Greek stoa, was a roofed colonnade with a wall on one side, often decorated with paint- ings. Such colonnades were often set up as ornaments of streets and public places. The stoa poecile or painted colonnade stood in the market-place at Athens. It was decorated with paintings by the fa- mous artist Polygnotus, representing the destruction of Troy, the fight between the Athenians and the Amazons, and the battles of Marathon and Oenoe. 20. maius imperium : " greater empire." 21. largitione magistratuum : an inaccurate statement ; the public money was used more and more lavishly for the benefit of the Athe- nian citizens, but it was always by popular decree and not by act of the magistrates. Nepos has rather in mind the situation at Rome, where bribery was carried on by the officials. 22. Demetrio Phalereo : Demetrius of Phaleron was in control at Ath- ens 317-307 B. c. 23. VII. post hoc proelium : Marathon. The expedition described in ch. vii was made in 489 B. c. 25. barbaros : the Persians. 25. bello : manner. The islands which had aided the Persians were the Cyclades. 27. Parum : appos. with Insulam. 27. operibus: " military works." 30. vinels ac testudinibus : movable sheds for the protection of besieg- ers and storming parties. 30. muros : ace. with propi us. B. 141. 3 ; A. G. 234. e\ H. 435. 2. 31. cum iam in eo esset ut : " when he was already on the point of." Page 24 1. nescio quo : equivalent to an indefinite pronoun. Do not translate literally. 1. cuius flamma: translate after ut ( as). NOTES IIS LINE 3. signum datum (esse) : ind. disc. 5. Miltiades : subj. of rediret, which is governed by quo factum ut. 9. proditionis : gen. of crime. W. 367; B. 208. 2. a ; A. G. 220; H. 456. 10. quod discessisset : the reason which his accusers gave. 10. cum posset : concessive. 10. Infectis rebus : abl. abs. " with his purpose unaccomplished." 14. capitis : " capital punishment." W. 367 ; B. 208. 2. a ; A. G. 220. a ; H. 456. 15. talentis : abl. of the exact amount of the penalty. W. 367 ; B. 208. 2. b ; A. G. 220. b. I ; H. 456. 3. Fifty talents amounted to about $56,600 in gold. 15. quantus sumptus factus erat : "as much outlay as had been made." 17. vincla : an older form for vincula. 19. VIII. crimine Pario : "on a charge connected with Paros." 21. Pisistrati : the tyrant had ruled at Athens from 560 to 527 B. c. His sons Hippias and Hipparchus had succeeded him, and continued the tyranny until Hippias was finally driven out in 510 B. c. 21. paucis annis : abl. of degree of difference. 23. imperils magistratibusque : an imperium was a commission to command a military expedition ; a magistratus was a .civil office at home. 26. in Chersoneso : = Chersonesl, II, p. 20, 1. 16. 26. omnes illos annos : ace. of extent of time. 26. quos habitarat : supply there in translation. 27. tyrannus : pred. nom. 27. fuerat appellatus : =erat appellatus. 28. sed iustus : "but a just one." 31. potestate perpetua : abl. of quality. Page 25 1. cui non pateret : subj. of characteristic after negatives. W. 588 ; B. 283. 2 ; A. G. 320. a ; H. 591. i. 2. auctoritas, nomen, laus : supply elque fuit. 3. rei militaris : obj. gen. ; "military achievements." 4. haec populus respiciens : " the people regarding these facts." 5. se esse : se is not regularly used as the subj. of the comp. infin. with void and cpds. Here it is used for emphasis, and to denote that the subj. of esse is not the same as the subj. i plectl. 4. innoxium: "though innocent." Il6 CORNELII NEPOTIS VII. ALCIBIADES LINE Page 26 1. I. Alcibiades ('A\ij8ta5rjs) was born about 450 B. c. His father died in 447, and he was brought up by Pericles. He was one of the most prominent figures in the Peloponnesian War from 432 to his death, in 404. He was murdered in Asia after he had deserted Greece, and was on his way to the court of Artaxerxes, the King of Persia. 1. in hoc : Alcibiades. 2. quid possit : ind. quest. ; the imperf. posset would be more regular. 2. experta (esse) : perf. pass. inf. with the same subj. as videtur. 3. memoriae prodiderunt : have written works. 3. nihil illo fuisse excellentius : " nothing was even superior to him." We should expect neminem, no one, but nihil is stronger, illo : abl. with compar. 5. summo genere : abl. of source. 5. omnium multo formosissimus : a very strong superlative; "by far the handsomest man of his time." 7. consilii plenus : " resourceful." 8. dicendo : gerund, abl. of specification. 9. quod erat : cause on the writer's authority. 9. commendatio : " the winning power." 10. cum tempus posceret : " when occasion demanded." 11. in vita quam victu : " no less in his general character than in his habits of living." 14. quare perferret : characteristic. 18. II. Pericli : gen. from Pericles. At that time Pericles was the most prominent public man at Athens ; his mother and the grandfather of Alcibiades were brother and sister, so that prlvignus, stepson, does not accurately express the relationship. 19. Socrate : the famous philosopher. 20. Graeca lingua : abl. of manner. 21. si fingere vellet : pres. cond. non-fulfilled. The obj. of finger e is understood from the following bona. Translate : " if he wished to make them up he could not devise more advantages." 22. posset : is subj. of result after ut. 24. III. bello Peloponnesio : the expedition against Syracuse took place 415-413 B.C., and formed the second period of the Pelopon- nesian War. NOTES LINE Page 27 2. datl : sc. sunt. 2. Nicias : ist decl. masc. ; the Gk. nom. 3. prius quam classis exiret : "before the departure of the fleet." The subj. expresses futurity, and is thought of not from the time of the writer, but from the time of acciditut. W. 534 ; B. 292 ; A. G. 327 ; H. 605. 4. Hermae : rough blocks of stone surmounted by the head of the god Hermes, and set up at the entrance to the houses to bring good luck and the favor of the god. Hermes, or in Latin Mercurius, was the god of commerce, trade, and public intercourse. 4. Athenis : loc. 5. Andocidi : gen. like Pericll above. Andocides was a well-known orator and statesman. He was tried as an accomplice in the destruc- tion of the Hermae, and forced to leave the city for a time. 6. ille postea Mercurius : "therefore that one (which was left stand- ing) was nicknamed Andocides s Mercury." 7. appareret : impersonal, hoc is the subj. of esse factum. 8. publicam rem : the position of the adj. emphasizes the contrast be- tween prlvdtam and publicam. 9. ne qua : " that some." After si and /, quis is an indefinite. 10. repentlna : translate as adv., " was suddenly developing." 11. quae opprimeret : purpose. 11. hoc : refers to the general preceding idea of fear of an outbreak. 14. opera forensi : particularly, by making speeches in their defense in lawsuits. 14. suos : pred. ace. ; "many he had made his own," i. e. under obliga- tions to him. 17. poneretur : " was put equal to him," that is, in the minds of the citizens." 18. et obesse et prodesse poterat : " he could be a very great aid or hindrance." 19. aspergebatur Infamia : "his reputation was stained." 20. mysteria : secret rites connected with the worship of certain divini- ties to which only the initiated were admitted. Alcibiades was accused of imitating irreverently the Eleusinian mysteries, as though men nowadays should imitate the Lord's Supper at a sporting club. 21. ad religionem pertinere : "was connected with (the mockery of) worship." 26. IV. neque ignorans: a strong affirmative; "and knowing well the character of his fellow citizens," Il8 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE 27. si quid de se agi vellent : " if they wished any action taken in his case." A pres. cond. in ind. disc. The conclusion is expressed by haberetur, accusdretur, subj. of command. 28. invidiae crimine : "on a charge (trumped up because) of private hos- tility." invidiae is subjective gen. 29. quiescendum (esse) : second periphrastic infin. in ind. disc. 30. noceri el non posse : translate as an active, " they could not harm him." 31. exspectandum : sc. esse. 31. quo : abl. of time. 32. absentem : sc. eum. 32. itaque fecerunt : "and they did so." itaque = et ita. Page 28 2. quod sacra violasset : " of sacrilege " ; subj. on authority other than that of the writer. 4. ut rediret : " a message to come back home " ; an obj. clause in ap- position with nuntius. 4. esset : concessive, governed by cum above ; cum missus esset is, how- ever, a simple temporal clause. 5. provinciae : his official charge. 7. hac (trireme) : abl. of means. 8. multa secum reputans : " brooding over." 11. Elidem : ace. of motion without a prep., although it is the name of a country. 12. se damnatum : sc. esse. 13. usu venerat : " had occurred " ; usu is an old form of the dat. 14. Eumolpidas coactos (esse) ut se devoverent : "and that the Eumolpidae had been compelled to curse him." 14. se : Alcibiades ; the reflexive in ind. disc, often refers to the subj. of the introductory verb. The Eumolpidae were a family of priests who had charge of the mysteries. 18. consuerat : = consueverat. 19. qui iidem essent : "who were also." essent is subj. because it rep- resents the thought of Alcibiades. 20. cum intellegerent : concessive. 20. se : Alcibiades, reflexive in ind. disc. 21. eiecisse : sc. se. 23. Perse rege : " King of the Persians." 35. eiusdem opera : " also by his aid." NOTES 119 27. quo facto: abl. abs., "by so doing." The revolt of Ionia occurred in 412 B. c., the seizing and fortifying of Decelea in 413. 28. V. amici Alcibiadi sunt fact! : the subj. is the Spartans. 28. Alcibiadi is dat. after the adj. amid. 30. cum cognoscerent : causal. 29. acerrimi viri : gen. depending on prudentiam ; " the good judgment of the very energetic man." 31. caritate patriae ductus : " through love of his native land " (Athens). 32. cum suls : the Athenians. Page 29 1. tempus eius interficiundi : "an opportunity to kill him" ; gen. of the gerundive ; interficiundi is older than -iendi. Nepos repeatedly prefers old forms that were out of use in his time. 1. id Alcibiades : the verb celare in the active takes two ace., one of the thing concealed, the other of the person from whom it is con- cealed. When celare becomes passive the ace. of the thing remains ace., the ace. of the person becomes the subj. Translate : " this could not be concealed from Alcibiades very long." 4. cum attendisset : causal. 6. Atheniensium : take with opes. 6. male gestis rebus: " because of disaster "; abl. abs. 7. contra : adv. ; supply opes with Lacedaemoniorum. 10. de reditu suo facit mentionem : " suggests returning." 11. eodem quo Alcibiades sensu : "of the same (political) views as Alcibiades." 12. et optimatium fautor : " but a supporter of the aristocrats." 12. ab hoc : Pisander. Alcibiades rejoined the Athenians in 411 B. c. 14. post : adv. 14. suffragante Theramene : abl. abs. Theramenes offered the motion for recall in the assembly. 15. parlque absens imperio : " and though absent was vested with equal authority to Thrasybulus." 16. imperio : is abl. of manner. A dat. denoting army or fieet is under- stood with praeficitur. Lit. "he was put in command (of the army) with equal authority." 20. victi enim erant : in the years 411-409 B. c. 22. triremes : properly an adj., as here, but commonly used as a noun, when naves is omitted. 37. neque minus multas ; " and fully as many." 120 CORNELII NEPOTIS 28. quod fuerant usl ( erant usi) : cause on the authority of the writer. They reached the city in 408 B. c. 31. VI. PIraeum : the main harbor of Athens ; see Them. VI, 1. 17. 32. visendi : gerundive, obj. gen. W. 639; B. 338. i. a\ A. G. 298; H. 626. Page 30 2. si advenisset : cond. contrary to fact in past time. 2. sic : "as follows," explained by the clause in ind. disc, res accidisse. 2. populo erat persuasum : impers., " the people were perusaded " ; persuaded is intrans. in Lat. and takes the dat. case ; when the verb becomes pass, the dat. remains unchanged. 3. adversas : sc. res. 5. amis sum : part, agreeing with exercitum. Translate: "the loss of the army." 5. culpae suae : ind. obj. 6. quod expulissent : the reason which the Athenians alleged. 12. id quod numquam antea usu venerat : " a thing which had never before happened." 13. Olympiae : loc. Athletic contests were held every four years at Olympia. They included not only running, wrestling, etc., but char- iot and horse races, and later contests in oratory, music, and poetry. The contests were open to all Greeks. The victor received an olive wreath at Olympia and was often welcomed home with great honor, for he was considered to have reflected signal credit upon his native city. Other generals had also been received home with equal honors, in spite of Nepos's statement. 14. taeniis : ribbons to decorate the wreath. 15. lacrimans : "with tears." 17. sic verba fecit ut : " he made such a speech that," followed by a result clause. 18. quin illacrimarit : characteristic ; quin : " who did not." 21. si damnasset : contrary to fact. 23. resacrare : "to remove the curse." 26. VII. non nimis fuit diuturna : " was not of very long duration." 27. tola res publica dorm bellique : " the whole management of civil and military affairs " ; domi and belli are loc. 28. ut unius arbitrio gereretur : " to be conducted by his judgment alone." 31. minus ex sententia rem gesserat : "had martaged not enough according to the desire (of the Athenians)," NOTES 121 32. in invidiam reccidit : " he relapsed into unpopularity." 32. nihil eum non efficere posse : " there was nothing he could not do." Page 31 2. minus prospere : not successfully enough to suit them. 3. cum . . . loquerentur : temporal, " when they said that he acted." 4. sicut turn accidit : "just as happened in this case." 4. corruptum : agrees with eum understood. 5. huic malo : " was his bane " ; two dat. 8. ne concupisceret : supply in translation some expression of fearing to govern this clause. " He was feared no less than loved through dread that he might." 9. absent! : dat. of separation. 13. primus Graecae civitatis in Thraeciam introiit : " he was the first man from a Greek state to penetrate into Thrace." Many Greek colonies had been established on the coast of Thrace be- fore this. 15. locupletari : has a reflexive force ; " to enrich himself." 16. creverat . . . pepererat : he had done these before what follows in the next chapter happened. 19. VIII. Aegos flumen : a translation of the Greek name Aegospotaml. The battle there took place in 405 B. c. 21. qui in eo erat occupatus ut : "who had been engaged in prolong- ing the war as much as possible." 23. ipsis : the Spartans, emphatic. 23. Atheniensibus : dat. of possession. 24. erat super : = supererat. 25. Alcibiades : here the independent clause of the sentence begins ; everything before has been subordinate, describing the situation. 26. praesente vulgo : "in the presence of the soldiers" ; abl. abs. 26. agere : make proposals to the Athenian generals. The rest of the sentence is in ind. disc. 26. si vellent : stands for the pres. indie, in the direct. The condition is a simple future. The subj. of vellent is the generals. 28. eo : abl. of cause, the antecedent of quod. 29. copiis, navibus : abl. of specification. 30. eum : Lysander, which is also the implied subj. of confllcturum (esse) and compositurum (esse). 32. dictum (esse) : ind. disc. ; the subj. is id. 122 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE Page 32 2. nulllus moment!: "that he would be of no account"; gen. of quality. 3. secundl : part. gen. after the indef. quid. So also adversl^ below. 3. evenisset : fut. cond. 5. se iinum eius delicti futurum reum : "he alone would be accused of this crime." The Athenians were ready to make a criminal offense of the misfortune or mistaken judgment of their generals. 6. ab hoc : Philocles. 8. ne habeas : a substantive clause, expressing prohibition and in appo- sition with illud. 10. neque ea res ilium fefellit : "and he was not mistaken on this point." 12. praedatum : supine. 13. relictas (esse) : subj. naves. 13. tempus rei gerendae : " an opportunity for action." 14. eoque impetu : " and by that stroke ended the whole war." 15. IX. victls Atheniensibus : " after the defeat of the Athenians." 16. penitus in Thraeciam : u into the interior of Thrace." 23. Pharnabazum : a Persian satrap or governor who commanded the northwestern provinces of Asia Minor. 24. in amicitia : "in [Pharnabazus's, subj. gen.] friendship." 26. quinquagena talenta : the distributive is used because it means each year. 26. vectigalis : part. gen. 27. qua fortuna : abl. after contentus. W. 385 ; B. 219. i ; A. G. 254. b ; H. 476. i. 28. victas : part. perf. pass. Translate by infin. : " he could not endure for Athens to be conquered and subject to the Spartans." 29. omni ferebatur cogitatione : "his whole mind was bent upon." 31. adiungi : pass. ; translate as act. 32. si habuisset : fut. cond. Page 33 1. el : the king ; dat. of possession. 2. adiuvantibus : " with the aid of." 5. X. hoc : in apposition with it stands the object clause ut mitteretur. 6. Critias : after the battle of Aegospotami Lysander had sailed to Ath- ens and established an oligarchic form of government with Critias and others at the head. NOTES 123 LINE 9. nisi sustulisset : fut. cond., "unless he should put him out of the way." 9. earum rerum : part. gen. after nihil. 9. fore ratum : " would hold." 10. ipse : Lysander. 10. constituisset : rel. clause, subj. as part of the ind. disc. 11. si vellet : pres. cond. The conclusion is persequeretur^ a command in ind. disc. 12. accuratius sibi agendum : " he [Lysander] must deal more seriously with Pharnabazus." 13. quae regi cum Lacedaemoniis convenissent : " what agreement the king had made with the Spartans " ; subj. of ind. quest. He simply offered to renounce the terms of the treaty. 15. nisi tradidisset : subj. Pharnabazus ; fut. cond. in ind. disc, de- pending on renunliat. 19. missi : used substantively. 19. vlclnitati; ind. obj. of dant. The messengers [Susamithres and Ba- gaeus] secretly employ the neighborhood ('= the people of the neigh- borhood) in which Alcibiades was to kill him. 20. dant: hist. pres. 21. cum auderent : causal. 23. quern: antecedent is eum understood, the obj. of conficerent ; quern is the subj. of posse. 26. subalare telum : a dagger carried under the arm. 26. eripuit : from its sheath. 28. in praesentia : " at hand." 29. vestimentorum : part. gen. after quod\ he cast the garments on the flame, and so checked the force of the fire while he passed through. Page 34 1. contectum : part, agrees with eum understood, the obj. of cremdvit. Translate : " she covered him and burned him after he was dead." 4. annos : ace. extent of time. W. 324 ; B. 181 ; A. G. 256 ; H. 417. 4. quadraginta : he must have been more than forty years old, for he died in 404, and Pericles had adopted him in 447 B. c. 5. XI. Infamatum a plerisque : " although branded by most writers." 6. summis laudibus extulerunt : "praised very highly." Timaeus lived about 352-256 B. c., and wrote a history of Sicily, in thirty- eight books. He is here grouped with Theopompus as distinct from Thucydides, and hence the use of et. 124 CORNELII NPOTIS 8. duo maledicentissimi : Theopompus and Timaeus. 8. nescio quo modo: "somehow or other." 10. hoc amplius : " and the following besides." The rest is ind. disc, in apposition with hoc. 11. cum natus esset : concessive. 13. venerit : prim. subj. 14. eorum : the Thebans. 19. vlctus : food, rest, etc. 19. cultus : clothing, furniture, etc. 20. Thraecas : Gk. ace. pi. 20. rebus veneriis deditos : "lascivious." 23. imitatum : sc. esse. 26. princeps poneretur : "he was put down as a leader." 27. ordiamur : hortatory subj. VIII. EPAMINONDAS Page 35 1. I. Epaminondas ('Eira/xca/wi/Sas) was identified with the rise and supremacy of the military power of Thebes. As such he is the cen- tral figure in one of the most brilliant chapters of Greek history. His career was brief as well as glorious. It extended from the res- toration of the Democracy at Thebes by Pelopidas in 379 to the battle of Mantinea in 362. 1. Polymnil : gen. of Polymnis. 3. lectoribus : dat. after prae- in composition. 3. ne referant, neve arbitrentur : object clauses of purpose in appos. with haec. "Our readers ought to be taught these points not to judge other people's customs by their own." 3. ea : subject of fuisse, after which supply leviora, as pred. adj. 4. quae ipsis leviora sunt : " what are too trivial with themselves " (ethical dat.). 5. musicen : a Gk. word and here used in its Gk. form. Nepos evi- dently means by it music in our modern sense. Among the Greeks it included much more, that is, as its name implies, the arts over which the Muses presided music, poetry, dancing, etc. 8. cum : causal. 8. imaginem consuetudinis atque vitae : "an idea of the character and life." NOTES 125 LINE 9. videmur debere : translate, " it seems that we ought." 10. quod pertineat : characteristic after the negative nihil. 10. earn : imaginem. 12. quibus disciplines et a quibus : "in what studies and by what mas- ters." 13. si qua alia : " whatever else." 16. II. igitur: " therefore," according to the plan mentioned above, to speak first of his ancestry. 16. patre : abl. of source. 16. quo : agrees in case with patre ; it modifies natum esse understood. 17. pauper iam a maioribus : " a poor man by inheritance" ; i. e. the family had for generations been poor. 17. sic ut nemo : the beginning of a result clause to which the verb in the subjunctive has to be understood. 18. nemo Thebanus : = nullus Thebanus. 19. ad chordarum sonum : "to the accompaniment of stringed instru- ments." 20. minore gloria : abl. of quality. 20. Damon, Lamprus : two teachers of Socrates. 21. cantare tibiis : supply doctus est. " To play the flute " ; abl. of instrument. The pi. is used because double pipes were played. 23. Pythagoreum : Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher of the sixth cen- tury, who founded a school in southern Italy. He established one of the most important philosophical sects before the time of Socrates. Page 36 2. doctrinls : " the philosophical sciences." 4. artibus : " branches of study." 6. magnae laudi : dat. of purpose. 6. ephebus : the Greek name technically applied to a young man for the first four years after maturity. Upon attaining the proper age, a youth was made an ephebus by certain rites and ceremonies. After that he owed various services to the state. The years during which he was an ephebus, which extended to the age of twenty, were a probationary period before he entered upon full citizenship. Among other things the ephebus devoted himself to serious training for military life, as is implied in Nepos's expression palaestrae dare operam. 9. athletarum : those who contended in the public athletic contests. 10. exercebatur : " he trained himself" ; the passive often has a reflexive force. 126 CORNELII NEPOTIS 10. currendo, luctando : abl. of specification. 11. ad eum finem quoad stans : "so long as still keeping his feet he could grapple an adversary." Wrestling consisted first in throwing an opponent off his feet, then in forcing him down while on the ground. Epaminondas cared only for the standing wrestling, as that was all that would be used in war. The wrestling on the ground was of advantage only to professional athletes. 11. quoad posset: subj. of purpose. 12. In armis vero plurimum studii consumebat : " he spent the most of his effort in (the exercise of) arms." 18. III. ioco : abl. of manner. W. 391 ; B. 220. 2 ; A. G. 248. Rem. ; H. 473- 3- 20. in primis commissa celans : "one of the best to keep a secret," lit. "concealing things entrusted." 21. quod prodest : the antecedent is the idea contained in studiosus au- diendl. 22. ex hoc facillime disci arbitrabatur : " by so doing he thought he learned most easily." 24. in quo de re publica disputaretur : "where politics was discussed"; subj. of characteristic. 28. amicorum in se tuendo caruit facultatibus: "he avoided (using) the advantages from his friends in protecting himself." 30. el : dat. of possess. 30. lit possit : pres. subj. of result after a secondary tense (usus est). W. 469 ; B. 268. 7. a A. G. 287. c ; H. 550. Page 37 1. propter paupertatem : a dowry was quite essential to a free-born Greek woman if she wished to marry respectably. 2. quantum quisque daret pro facultatibus imperabat : " he taxed each one according to his means" ; daret is subj. of ind. question. 3. cum fecerat : ind. of definite time. W. 535 ; B. 288. 3 ; A. G. 325. a; H. 539. 2. 3. potius quam acciperet : a subj. clause of purpose. 4. eum qui quaerebat : the father of the poor girl, or perhaps her suitor ; he could hardly produce the prisoner of war before his ran- som was paid. 5. eos qui conferebant: "the contributors." ^ 5. el : dat. ind. obj. ; "and had them personally pay to him" ; el and ille in the following line both refer to the same person. NOTES 127 6. ea : sc. pecunia. 8. IV. abstinentia : "unselfishness." 9. Artaxerxis : the second Persian king of that name. He reigned 405-359 B. c. He was known to the Greeks by the cognomen Mne- mon. 10. corrumpendum : gerundive with Efiamlnondam. 11. hie : Diomedon. 13. quinque talentis : abl. of price. 16. coram : adverbial, "before his face." 19. accipere pro : "take for." 24. nisi facis : in a future condition the pres. may be used to denote the immediate future. 26. istud : the demonstrative of the second person. 28. ne . . . aliquis dicat : "lest some one should say." ne aliquis is more emphatic than ne quis. A. G. 105. d y note. 28. ereptum . . . delatum : agree with id. Translate: " by theft . . . when freely offered." 29. noluissem : subj. in ind. disc. It is plup. depending on the perf. inf. pervtnisse. A. G. 336, note 2. 30. Athenas : ace. of end of motion. Page 38 3. testimonium : " as proof of his unselfishness " ; notice that the Latin does not say satis testimonil. 11. V. indidem Thebis : indidem itself means "from the same place," to which is added the explanatory Thebis, "viz., from Thebes." The abl. with names of places is rarely used in this sense. 13. ut Thebanum scilicet : " for aTheban, I mean." 17. imperatoris : in apposition with illlus ; "as general." 18. verbo : " by your use of the word pdcem " ; Epaminondas argues that the peace that he counsels is really slavery. 18. bello : abl. of source. 20. diutina : the Eng. would use an adverb here. 23. VI. idem cum : a terribly long sentence. The construction is all dependent down to admirdrl se dlxit. 23. conventum Arcadum : in 366 B. c. Epaminondas was unsuccessful, however, in persuading the Arcadians to join an alliance with the Athenians. 27. Atticorum : i. e. the Athenians ; the people of Athens and of Attica were politically identical. 128 CORNELII &EPOTIS 28. in eisque : " among them," referring to multa. 31. Orestem, Alcmaeonem, Oedipum : familiar characters from the legendary history of Greece. Greek orators were fond of citing such instances. Orestes killed his mother, Clytemnestra, because she had murdered his father, Agamemnon, on his return from the Trojan War. Alcmaeon killed his mother, Eriphyle, at the instigation of his father, Amphiaraus, to whom she had proved faithless. Oedipus was the son of the King of Thebes, but had been brought up at Argos in ignorance of his birth. While on a journey to consult the oracle at Delphi he met his father, whom he did not know, and killed him. He after- wards went to Thebes and married his own mother. He finally learned of his birth by the help of an oracle, and in his remorse put out his own eyes. These stories were famous subjects of Greek tragedy, and so familiar to all Greeks. Page 39 5. qui animadverterit : causal. 8. legati : in apposition with eius ; " when he was an ambassador." This was in the spring of 371 B. c. At this convention the Spartans signed a treaty for themselves and their allies, but insisted on the Boeotian cities signing independently. Epaminondas claimed that Thebes had as good right to be leader of the Boeotian cities as Sparta had to be leader of the states of Peloponnese. 15. VII. fuisse : ind. disc, depending on testimonia. The subj. is eum understood. 16. irasci: inf. subj. of esse. The subj. of irasci is se. 16. patriae : dat. after Irasci. W. 330; B. 187. II. a\ A. G. 227; H. 426. 19. belli: after the adj. imperltus. W. 352; B. 204. I ; A. G. 218. a\ H. 451. Epaminondas failed of reelection to the office of Boeotarch in 367-366. It was during an expedition to Thessaly against the combined forces of Thessaly and Athens that Epaminondas rescued the army as Nepos relates. 25. nee hoc semel fecit : he repeatedly endured wrongs from his fellow citizens. 27. exercitum duxisset : in 370. Page 40 1. populi scito : a legal phrase for a popular decree. 8. cum videret : causal. NOTES 129 LINE 11. VIII. reditum est : impers. ; translate personally. 13. se, sua : refer to the subj. oipermisit. 13. factum : sc. esse, impers., followed by the result clause ut . . . oboe- dlrent. 15. responsurum : " would make a defense." 16. quid diceret : ind. quest., " anything to say." 18. crimini: dat. of purpose. W. 343; B. 191. i ; A. G. 233. a\ H. 433- 3- 23. Leuctra: the battle of Leuctra had been fought in 271, hence not during the expedition when Epaminondas exceeded his term of office. Nepos makes a still greater error a few lines further on when he says that the Thebans besieged Sparta. That event did not occur till 362, and so, of course, could not have been cited by Epaminondas at this time. 24. ante se imperatorem : " before his generalship " ; se irregularly refers to the subject of multdtus est; we should expect eum in- stead. 30. Messene restituta : Messene had long been a dependency of Sparta. Epaminondas restored to it its original freedom. Page 41 4. IX. Mantineam : 362 B. c. 5. cognitus : = cumque cognosceretur. We expect cognitus to agree with the subject of the verb ; instead of that, Nepos uses a plural verb, fecerunt, with subj. Lacedaemonil understood. Hence cognitus has no construction at all. 6. in unius pernicie eius : "upon the death of him alone "; unlus is made emphatic by its position. 20. X. In quo : " on this point." 22. diceret : governed by cum, but the subject is Pelopidds. Such change of subject in parallel clauses is very poor style. 24. qui . . . relicturus sis : a relative clause expressing cause. W. 586. 4 ; B. 283. 3 ; A. G. 320. e ; H. 592. 24. ex te natum: "son." The Latin oftener uses the simple abl. of source with natus. W. 378 ; B. 215 ; A. G. 244. a ; H. 469. I. 27. quae . . . sit : a clause of result after necesse est with ut omitted. W. 523 ; B. 295. 8 ; A. G. 332. 2 ; H. 564. TI. i. 30. domo se tenuit : "stayed in his house." Much commoner than the abl. alone is the loc. doml or in domo ; domo is abl. of place where, W. 402 ; B. 228. i. b\ A. G, 258. /. i ; H. 48$. 130 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE Page 42 3. pugnari coeptum est : a complementary inf. is usually pass, if it depends on a pass, impers. verb. 3. in primis : " among the foremost." 5. Ibit Infitias : "will deny," lit. "will go to denials," the ace. of limit of motion. 6. interitum : the 4th decl. noun ; we might have had post eundem inter- itum with the p. p. like ndtum. 7. perpetuo : adv. IX. AGESILAUS Page 43 1. I. Agesilaus, King of Sparta, was born about 440 B. c. He became king in 398, and in 396-394 conducted the war in Asia Minor which Nepos speaks of. In 394 he won the decisive battle of Coronea against the allied Greek forces. He died in the winter of 361-360 in Egypt, whither he had gone with a body of Spartan mercenaries. He was one of the ablest military leaders that Sparta ever had. 2. Xenophonte Socratico : Xenophon, the disciple of Socrates. He is better known as the historian who wrote the Anabasis and the Helle- nica. He also wrote a separate work entitled Agesilaus. 6. binos reges : " two kings at a time." 6. nomine magis quam imperio : abl. of specification, modifying reges ; *' kings in name more than in power." Originally the kings were the chief rulers of the state, but their power had been gradually trans- ferred to other officers called Ephors until, at the time of Agesilaus, their chief functions were religious and military. 8. progenie Herculis : the descendants of Hercules, commonly called the Heradldae. In early times they had led the Dorians into Pelo- ponnese and founded the various states there. One of the leaders of the invasion had been Aristodemus, who was killed on the way. To his sons the Spartan state was allotted. But he had left twins, Pro- cles and Eurysthenes, and the people, being unwilling to distinguish between them, made both kings, and continued a double succession from the family of each. 8. qui principes : " who were the first of the Heraclldae to be kings at Sparta." prlnceps, from primus and capio, seems to have meant originally " the first to take, the beginner," and is used nearly in that gense here, NOTES I3 1 10. fieri : " (any one) to be made (king)." 11. qui . . . esset : ind. ques. We should expect the interrog. quis. The use of the rel. form in ind. quest, is rare. 12. virile secus : "male issue." 13. reliquisset, esset: subj. of ind. disc, depending on ratio habebdtur. deligebdtur represents the act and not the matter considered, and hence is indie. 15. ille : Agis. 15. natum, moriens : temporal ; at his (Leotychides's) birth, at his (Agis's) death. 18. Lysandro : a Spartan military leader who had gained great influence at home by his successes against the Athenians. Nepos wrote his life, to which he refers in the words ut ostendimus supra. 21. II. imperil : gen. with potior. W. 371 ; B. 212. 2 ; A. G. 223. a ; H. 458. 3- 23. bellum regi facerent : as a matter of fact war had already been going on for four years, 400-396. The king referred to is Artaxerxes, King of Persia. The expression bellum facere with the dat. of the indirect object was not used after N epos's time ; Infer re is more common. Page 44 3. profectum : sc. esse ; ind. disc. 8. ad copias comparandas : purpose after indutids petlvit. 15. suls rebus : abl. of separation. 16. se . . . conf irmare exercitum : ind. disc, depending on dlcebat. We should expect rather to have another causal clause depending on quod, because it seems to explain why he gained by keeping his oath. 17. animadverteret : the subj. is the army. 17. deum : the old form of the gen. pi. 17. numen facere secum : "the divine will sided with him." 18. conciliare : the subj. is se. 19. els studere : "to sympathize with people whom." studeo takes the dat. of the thing, and not the person ; els is equivalent to eorum rebus. 21. III. barbarus : " the Persian," a Greek use of the word. 22. domicilia : "residences." 24. hostes impetum facturos : ind. disc, governed by dubitdns above. 29. hiematum : former supine. 32. quibus 4on^renitur : subj. of purpose, 132 CORNELII NEiPOTIS Page 45 2. qui : the antecedent is the following eos. 5. cum tempus esset visum : personal construction followed by the infin. ; translate impersonally. 6. quo esset iter facturus : ind. quest, depending on prdnuntidsset. 9. Sardis : ace. pi. 10. eandem : " the same as before " ; translate as if it were an adverb. 12. suls praesidio : two dat. 16. sui fecit potestatem: "gave him a chance at him"; sul is obj. gen. after potestatem. 16. els locis . . . quibus : loc. abl. As a matter of fact they had three engagements, all on level ground, in only one of which Agesilaus was victorious. 22. IV. Persas : the name of the people used for the country, as fre- quently ; " set out for Persia." He had been conducting war in Asia Minor, which was tributary to Persia, but not a part of it. 23. ephororum : the chief civil authorities at Sparta, of whom there were five, elected annually. 23. indlxisse : ind. disc, after nuntius. 24. ne dubitaret : prohibition in ind. disc. W. 604 ; B. 316. a ; A. G. 330,. N. 2 ; H. 642. 4. 26. cum . . . praeesset : concessive; "for although he." 26. victor! : = adj. modifying exercitul. 27. regm . . . potiundi : obj. gen. of gerundive. W. 639. i; 6.338. i. a i 339- 4 I A. G. 217 ; H. 623. i. 28. iussls : dat. after the phrase die to audiens considered as a single word. W. 330, 333 ; B. 192. i ; A. G. 227 ; H. 433. 4. 29. ut si . . . esset : imperf. subj. by rule for sequence of tenses, de- pending onfuit. W. 567 ; B. 307. 2 ; A. G. 312 ; H. 584. 3. 30. utinam . . . voluissent : opt. subj. W. 484 ; B. 279. 2 ; A. G. 267. b\ H. 558. i, 2. 30. nostri: the Roman commanders of Nepos's time, Caesar, Antony, Octavian, etc. 31. illuc redeamus : hortatory subj., "let us come back from that sub- ject." Page 46 1. si ... paruisset, si ... superasset : fut. conditions in ind. disc. The apodosis is implied in multd gloridsius. 2. Hellespontum copias : two ace. W. 320 ; B. ,,.179. i ; A. G. 239. 2. b ; H. 413. NOTES 133 LINE 4. anno vertente: "in the course of a year"; abl. of time within which. We think of the sun or the moon as completing a cycle ; in Lat. the same thing is said of a year or a month. 7. Coroneam : 394 B. c. ; an important event in Gk. history. 9. Minervae : it was really the Gk. goddess, Pallas Athena. The Roman goddess Minerva was not the same, but happened to have some attri- butes in common with her, and hence is often inaccurately spoken of as identical. 10. quid vellet : ind. quest. 15. ut . . . haberet : a substantive clause in apposition with hoc. solum is an adv. not to be taken with hoc ; " and he did this viz., held the temples of the gods sacred not only in Greece, but also," etc. 23. V. hie : adv., " around Corinth." 23. Agesilao duce : Nepos makes a serious blunder here. The battle of Corinth was fought before Coronea, in July, 394. Agesilaus had not yet returned from Asia Minor, but learned the news of the battle on his way home to Greece. The real number of the enemy killed was 2,800. 27. ilia multitudine : those that were killed ; abl. of means. 28. si sana mens esset : " if they had good sense " ; supply a dat. of possession. The condition is non-fulfilled, potuisse stands for potuit of the dir. disc. B. 304. 3. a ; A. G. 308. c ; H. 583. 28. Graeciae . . . dare potuisse : in Lat. the one punished gives pun- ishment to the one who inflicts it ; hence Persas is the subj. Trans- late : " Greece could have inflicted punishment upon the Persians." 31. negavit : translate as though it were dlxit . . . non. 31. se eum esse qui : " he was the man to," followed by a clause of char- acteristic. Page 47 2. si voluerimus . . . expugnaverimus : a more vivid fut cond. Translate voluerimus by a pres. in English. Expugnd means almost always to capture a place ; here, to subdue persons. Notice the fut. perf. We might bring out the force of it in Eng. by saying "we shall have as good as conquered ourselves." 4. illis quiescentibus : abl abs. ; illls, the Persians. 7. VI. quo ne proficisceretur : clause of purpose depending on excu- sdvit. quo is the adv., meaning " to the battle." 8. cum . . . impelleretur : concessive. 12. futuram fuisse : past non-fulfilled condition. W. 617. 2 ; B. 321. 2 ; A. G. 337- b. 2 ; H. 647. 10 132 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE Page 45 2. qui : the antecedent is the following eos. 5. cum tempus esset vlsum : personal construction followed by the infin. ; translate impersonally. 6. quo esset iter facturus : ind. quest, depending on pronuntidsset. 9. Sardis : ace. pi. 10. eandem : "the same as before " ; translate as if it were an adverb. 12. suis praesidio : two dat. 16. sui fecit potestatem : "gave him a chance at him"; sul is obj. gen. after potestatem. 16. els locis . . . quibus : loc. abl. As a matter of fact they had three engagements, all on level ground, in only one of which Agesilaus was victorious. 22. IV. Persas : the name of the people used for the country, as fre- quently ; " set out for Persia." He had been conducting war in Asia Minor, which was tributary to Persia, but not a part of it. 23. ephororum : the chief civil authorities at Sparta, of whom there were five, elected annually. 23. indixisse : ind. disc, after nuntius. 24. ne dubitaret : prohibition in ind. disc. W. 604 ; B. 316. a ; A. G. 339. N. 2 ; H. 642. 4. 26. cum . . . praeesset : concessive; "for although he." 26. victor!: = adj. modifying exercitul. 27. regm . . . potiundi : obj. gen. of gerundive. W. 639. i; 6.338. i. a ' 339- 4 '> A. G. 217 ; H. 623. i. 28. iussis : dat. after the phrase dicto audiens considered as a single word. W. 330, 333 ; B. 192. i ; A. G. 227 ; H. 433. 4. 29. ut si . . . esset : imperf. subj. by rule for sequence of tenses, de- pending onfuit. W. 567 ; B. 307. 2 ; A. G. 312 ; H. 584. 3. 30. utinam . . . voluissent : opt. subj. W. 484 ; B. 279. 2 ; A. G. 267. b\ H. 558. i, 2. 30. nostri: the Roman commanders of Nepos's time, Caesar, Antony, Octavian, etc. 31. illuc redeamus : hortatory subj., "let us come back from that sub- ject." Page 46 1. si ... paruisset, si ... superasset : fut. conditions in ind. disc. The apodosis is implied in multd gloridsius. 2. Hellespontum copias : two ace. W. 320 ; B. ^179. i ; A. G. 239. 2. b ; H. 413. NOTES 133 4. anno vertente: "in the course of a year"; abl. of time within which. We think of the sun or the moon as completing a cycle ; in Lat. the same thing is said of a year or a month. 7. Coroneam : 394 B. c. ; an important event in Gk. history. 9. Minervae : it was really the Gk. goddess, Pallas Athena. The Roman goddess Minerva was not the same, but happened to have some attri- butes in common with her, and hence is often inaccurately spoken of as identical. 10. quid vellet : ind. quest. 15. ut . . . haberet : a substantive clause in apposition with hoc. sdlum is an adv. not to be taken with hoc ; " and he did this viz., held the temples of the gods sacred not only in Greece, but also," etc. 23. V. hie : adv., " around Corinth." 23. Agesilao duce : Nepos makes a serious blunder here. The battle of Corinth was fought before Coronea, in July, 394. Agesilaus had not yet returned from Asia Minor, but learned the news of the battle on his way home to Greece. The real number of the enemy killed was 2,800. 27. ilia multitudine : those that were killed ; abl. of means. 28. si sana mens esset : " if they had good sense " ; supply a dat. of possession. The condition is non-fulfilled, potuisse stands for potuit of the dir. disc. B. 304. 3. a ; A. G. 308. c\ H. 583. 28. Graeciae . . . dare potuisse : in Lat. the one punished gives pun- ishment to the one who inflicts it ; hence Persds is the subj. Trans- late : " Greece could have inflicted punishment upon the Persians." 31. negavit : translate as though it were dlxit . . . non. 31. se eum esse qui : " he was the man to," followed by a clause of char- acteristic. Page 47 2. si voluerimus . . . expugnaverimus : a more vivid fut cond. Translate voluerimus by a pres. in English. Expugno means almost always to capture a place ; here, to subdue persons. Notice the fut. perf. We might bring out the force of it in Eng. by saying "we shall have as good as conquered ourselves." 4. illis quiescentibus : abl abs. ; Hits, the Persians. 7. VI. quo ne proficisceretur : clause of purpose depending on excu- sdvit. quo is the adv., meaning " to the battle." 8. cum . . . impelleretur : concessive. 12. futuram fuisse : past non-fulfilled condition. W. 617. 2 ; B. 321. 2 ; A. G. 337- b. 2 ; H. 647. 10 134 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE 13. saluti universis : "the means of saving the whole of them" ; con- struction of two datives. . W. 342 ; B. 191. 2 ; A. G. 233. a ; H. 433. 17. qui . . . videret : causal. 20. id se quoque . . . animadvertisse : " he too had observed (he said) that this ought to be done." 22. adiunctis de suis comitibus : abl. abs. de suls comitibus is equiva- lent to a part. gen. ; "some of his followers." The word for some, which should agree with adiunctis, is to be understood. 25. latere : the subj. is quae cogitaverant , "because they thought that their design was undiscovered." 29. VII. cum interim numquam destitit : logically the temporal clause is contained in refecerunt and recuperdrunt ; hence destitit is indie. W. 537 ; B. 288. 2 ; A. G. 325. b ; H. 600. i. Nepos says, " The Spartans never recovered after the battle of Leuctra, when Agesilaus never ceased to aid his country." This is equivalent to saying, " When the Spartans did not recover, Agesilaus never ceased to aid his country." 32. rege : the King of Persia. Page 48 2. in hoc: " in doing so." illud is explained by the causal clause quod . . . contulit. 4. cum . . . conferrentur : concessive. 4. domum suam : " to his own home." 5. Laconum : modifies both vlctu and vestltu. 9. plurima : sc. slgna. 10. a ciiiusvis : " from that of any " ; sc. domo. 12. VIII. ut . . . sic : " although . . . yet." 14. statura humill: abl. of quality. W. 394 ; B. 224; A. G. 251 ; H. 473- 2. 15. altero pede : abl. of specification ; "lame in one foot." 19. quod el usu venit : refers to the idea contained in Ignotl contemne- bant. 19. annorum octoginta : gen. of quality. W. 354 ; B. 203. 2 ; A. G. 215 ; H. 440. 3 ; "at the age of eighty years." 22. hue: adv. " on it." 23. eodem quo comites vestltu : " with the same kind of clothing as his followers " ; abl. of quality. 25. in els regem neminem significaret : " distinguished no one as king among them." NOTES 135 LINE 29. vix fides facta est : ** they were scarcely made to believe." his quaerentibus is dat. after fides facta est ; translate like a temporal clause : " when they asked for Agesilaus." 30. quae attulerant dedissent : " had delivered their message." Page 49 2. barbari : here, the Egyptians. 5. rege Nectanabide : Agesilaus had gone to Egypt with a force of mercenary troops to help King Tachos throw off the Persian yoke. Nectanabis, another Egyptian, revolted against Tachos, and being aided by Agesilaus, succeeded in deposing him. 10. mel : it was customary for the Spartans to embalm their kings in honey and carry them home for burial if they died abroad. X. TIMOLEON Page 50 1. I. Although Timoleon was a native of Corinth, his name is more closely associated with Sicily. He was sent out to Syracuse in 344 B. C. to help expel the Carthaginians from the island, and remained there till his death, in 337. He was instrumental in driving out the tyrants and establishing democratic governments in most of the Greek cities of Sicily. He won a brilliant victory over the Carthaginians in 339, at the river Crinissus, and forced them formally to give up their claims to the greater part of Sicily. 3. quod nescio an null! : " what perhaps to no other." The antecedent Qiquod'vs, id, understood, the subj. of contigit. In apposition with id quod stands ut . . . liber aret, . . . depelleret, . . . restitueret. 7. a barbaris : here, the Carthaginians. 7. in prlstinum : " to its good old condition." 8. non simplici fortuna : "by fortune of various kinds." 8. conflictatus est : this verb is properly used only in a hostile sense ; here it is used in a double sense which is hard to render into English. Perhaps we might say, " he encountered fortune of various kinds." 11. cum frater : 364 B. c. 13. ipse : Timoleon, an awkward change of subject. 16. haruspicem communemque affinem : two separate people. An haruspex was a kind of priest who prophesied of the future by ob- 136 CORNELII NE^POTIS serving the appearance of the vital organs of animal victims slain at the altar. The second man was a common relative of Timoleon and Timophanes because he had married their sister. 17. soror ex eisdem parentibus : " their own sister." 20. dum conficeretur : subjunc. to denote the thought in Timoleon's mind. 21. in praesidid fuit : "was posted." Page 51 3. quin . . . compellaret : " without addressing him as." 3. detestans : " with abhorrence." 7. II. Dione, Dionysius : there were two tyrants of Syracuse, father and son, by the name of Dionysius. They are both referred to in line 13. The elder one was by far the more famous. It is he who figures in the story of Damon and Pythias. He died in 367, and was succeeded by his son Dionysius, who is here referred to. The younger Dionysius was given to excesses of all kinds and made many enemies. About 356 he was driven out by a prominent Syracusan named Dion. Afterward Dion held control until he was murdered in 353, and soon after, in 346, Dionysius was recalled. His cruelty and excesses, how- ever, were unbearable, and he was finally driven out in 344 with the aid of Timoleon. 17. postremo : adv. introducing the last reason for Timoleon's sending Dionysius to Corinth. 17. auribus acciperetur, oculis cerneretur : emphatic expressions for hearing and seeing. 18. quern ex quanto regno ad quam fortunam detulisset: a triple ind. quest, in one ; lit. " whom from how great a kingdom to what a fortune he had driven." 19. Hiceta : tyrant of the neighboring city of Leontmi. He desired to get control of Syracuse also, and with this in view was induced to make war upon Dionysius. He afterward invited the Carthaginians to help him against Timoleon, but was overcome and put to death by the latter in 339. 21. quern dissensisse : ind. disc, depending on indicia fuit 21. cupiditate : sc. tyrannidis. 24. satis habere : the subj. is eos, understood, referring to the Cartha- ginians. 28. adiutum : former supine. 30. III. desertas : to be taken as a predicate adj. with both regiones and urbes. NOTES 137 31. conqulsivit quos potuit, prlmum Siculos : a very awkward phrase to translate ; say, " he first got together what Sicilians he could.' 32. Corintho : abl. with names of towns. W. 405 ; B. 229. i ; A. G. 258. a ; H. 491. II. 2. 32. ab els : used inaccurately. It refers to colonists from Corinth, but of course not the same ones that Timoleon now invites. Page 52 1. sua : refers to clvibus. W. 423 ; B. 244. 4 ; A. G. 196. c. and g ; H. 503. 4- 2. novls : " among new ones " ; ind. obj. 6. illl : subj. of viderentur, which is easily understood from videretur. 6. deduxerant : used absolutely. A technical word, meaning to lead out colonists and make a settlement. 10. quam minime multa : " as few as possible." 10. cum esset, . . . haberet : concessive clauses. 10. tantls opibus : abl. of quality. 11. tantum amorem haberet omnium Siculorum : "he commanded so much love from all the Sicilians." Subj. gen. 12. nullo recusante : abl. abs. 15. quod reliquum vitae fuit : " for the remainder of his life." reliquum is pred. adj., and vltae is part. gen. after quod. 17. potuerunt . . . tenuit : hard to translate. "What power other men as kings held through their authority, he held by his kindness" 19. sit decretum : subj. of characteristic after neque ulla. W. 587 ; B. 283. 2 ; A. G. 320. a ; H. 591. I. 20. sententia cognita : abl. abs. A very rare construction after prius quam. H. 489. 2. 20. nullius umquam consilium non modo antelatum : " not only was no one's advice ever preferred, but not even ..." 24. IV. aetate : abl. of specification. 27. interfuerit : the subj. is Timoleon again. 30. iumentls iunctis : " a yoke of cattle." 30. quae videbantur : " his opinion. " 32. nihil . . . neque : do not use a double negative in Eng. Page 53 3. agere gratias atque habere : a common idiom ; " to feel and ex- press thanks." 7. Automatias : gen. sing, of the first decl. in Gk. The Greek goddess equivalent to the Latin Fortuna. 138 CORNELII NE^POTIS 12. V. festum : " as a holiday." 13. vadimonium imponere : " put under bail." 17. ne id facerent : prohibition in ind. disc. W. 604 ; B. 316. a ; A. G. 339. N. 2 ; H. 642. 4. 18. se adiisse : ind. disc. 21. Laphystil : the gen. is the earlier construction with similis. W. 352 ; B. 204. 3 ; A. G. 234. d. 2 ; H. 435. 4. N. 24. se voti esse damnatum : " was put under obligations to pay his vow " ; implying that he had vowed an offering to the gods if they would answer his prayer, voti is gen. of penalty. W. 367 ; B. 208. 3 ; A. G. 220. a ; H. 456. 4. 25. precatum : sc. esse. " It had always been his prayer." 25. talem libertatem ... in qua : " a liberty under which." 26. liceret : subj. of characteristic. 30. tola celebrante Sicilia : abl. abs. "(P e pl e from) all Sicily being present in crowds." XI. HAMILCAR Page 54 1. I. Carthage was situated on the northern coast of Africa, just opposite from Rome, across the Mediterranean. It was the center of one of the greatest commercial empires of antiquity. For centuries before 269 B. c. it had contended with the Greeks for the possession of Sicily. As Rome grew and extended her commercial relations her interests clashed with those of Carthage, and a long series of wars was the result, from 264-146 B. c. They ended in the entire destruc- tion of Carthage and the supremacy of Rome. The first period of the war, 264-241 B. c., was the so-called First Punic War. It was fought for the possession of Sicily. It was during the latter part of this war that Hamilcar became famous as the leader of the Cartha- ginians. He was appointed to command in 247 and continued in authority until 241, when he concluded a peace with the Romans. He was sent from Carthage to Spain in 238, where he remained until he was killed in a battle against the natives in 229. 1. cognomine Barca : " called Barca." Among the Romans cognomen was the technical term for one of a man's names. Thus Caesar, Cicero, s^ Catulus^ are cognomina. They were at first given as nick- NOTES 139 LINE names, and afterward became permanently attached to the man and his family. The term cognomen may in a general way be applied to the name Barca y since it was a kind of nickname, meaning lightning, or & flashing sword. 2. temporibus extremis : " at the very end." 3. admodum adulescentulus : " when quite a young man." 5. cum res gererentur : concessive. 6. nocendl : gerund. W. 639 ; B. 338. i ; A. G. 298 ; H. 626. 7. lacessivit ; hostem is understood as the object. 8. superior discessit : "proved himself superior" ; lit. "he came out on top." 8. quo facto : " by so doing " ; i. e. by always being victorious. 10. ut bellum gestum non videretur : an extravagant expression. 44 That there were no signs of war having been waged there " ; i. e. the enemy was completely wiped out. 11. classe : abl. of means. We should say " at sea." 11. Aegates : 241 B. c. 14. pad serviendum : sc. esse. Ind. disc, depending on putdvit. " Thought he ought to work for peace " ; pad remains dat. when the intrans. servio becomes pass. W. 331 ; B. 187. II. b ; A. G. 230 ; H. 426. 3. 17. sed ita ut : purpose, depending on pad serviendtim. 19. vicissent, dedissent : represent fut. perf. tenses in ind. disc. Trans- late by a simple past tense in Eng. 20. in quo tanta fuit ferocia : " and in so doing he acted with such defiant courage." quo is neut. ; ferocia is abl. of quality. The result is expressed by the clause below, ut . . . dlxerit. 25. suae virtutis : gen. with esse. W. 360 ; B. 203. 5 ; A. G. 214. d- H. 447- Page 55 1. accept a adversus hostes : "taken up against the enemy." 3. II. multo aliter ac : " much differently from what." 9. vigintl milium : gen. of measure modifying numerus. 15. amplius centum milia : the ace. without quam. W. 382 ; B. 217. 3 ; A. G. 247. c\ H. 471. 4. 15. cum . . . facta essent armatorum : concessive. "Although the number of armed men had become." 16. eo compulit ut : " drove them to the point that." 22. multis annis : time within which. 25. III. effecit ut imperator : 237 B. c. 140 CORNELII NEPOT1S Page 56 5. IV. interire mallet: "he preferred to die." quam is used because of the comparative idea contained in mallet. XII. HANNIBAL Page 57 1. I. Hannibal was one of the greatest military commanders in the world's history. He was born at Carthage in 247 B. c. In his early youth he conceived a relentless hatred toward Rome. The Second Punic War, 218-201 B. c., was carried on almost entirely by him on Italian soil. During that period he annihilated army after army of Romans and laid waste the length and breadth of the land. He was the most formidable enemy that Rome ever had. He was finally re- called to Africa, and there defeated by Scipio Africanus in the battle of Zama, 202 B. c. He committed suicide in 183 to avoid falling into the hands of the Romans. 2. verum est : the subj. is the substantive clause ut populus Romanus superdrit. 3. virtute : abl. of manner. 5. antecedat : subjunc of subordinate verb in ind. disc. 5. fortitudine : abl. of specification. 6. cum eo : i. e. the Roman people. 8. quod nisi : " and if ... not." 8. dorm : at Carthage. 8. debilitatus esset : condition contrary to fact. The conclusion is potuisse, which represents a perf. indie. B. 304. 3. a ; A. G. 308. c ; H. 583. 11. II. velut hereditate rellctum : "as though left to him by inherit- ance." 12. prius animam quam id : "his life sooner than it " ; i. e. the hatred. 15. animo : abl. of manner. 15. ut omittam Philippum : " not to speak of Philip." A purpose clause to which the principal clause, I say this, or something similar, is to be supplied from the context. W. 506 ; B. 282. 4 ; A. G. 317. c ; H. 568. 4. Philip V, King of Macedonia, 220-179 B. c. He carried on the so-called Second Macedonian War against Rome, in which he was decisively defeated in 197 at Cynoscephalae. At this time Macedonia was one of the three great powers of the East. NOTES I4 1 LINE , 16. absens : he did not actually meet Philip, although he spent a long time at the court of Antiochus. 17. Antiochus : ruler of Asia Minor 223-187 B. c. He was defeated by the Romans at Magnesia in 190. His was the second great empire of the East at this time. 18. incendit : the subj. is Hannibal. 18. rubro marl : not the Red Sea is meant, but the Persian Gull. 21. consilils clandestlnis : abl. of means to be taken with addu- cerent. 22. tamquam : governs sentlret, fecissent, comperisset, and vldisset. These are all secondary tenses of the subj. by the rule for sequence of tenses. Otherwise tamquam would take primary tenses of the indie. W. 567 ; B. 307. 2 ; A. G. 312 ; H. 584. 23. alia atque antea sentiret : *' he [the king] had changed his mind " ; lit. "thought other things than before." Page 58 3. puerulo me : abl. abs. 5. Carthagine : abl. with name of town. 5. Optimo maximo : the regular attributives of Jupiter used in the formula of prayer without connective as here. Of course Hamilcar did not pray to Jupiter at all, but to the corresponding god of the Phoenicians, probably Baal. 7. vellemne : '* whether I wanted to go." An indirect question. 10. dederis : fut. perf. Translate by pres. indie. 12. tenentem : " while holding on to it " ; agrees with me understood, the subj. of iurdre. 15. reliquo tempore : abl. of time ; "in the future." 15. quin : used after the negative contained in neminl. W. 576 ; B. 298 ; A. G. 319. d\ H. 594. II. 17. feceris, celaris : (= celdveris). Trans, by fut. and pres. in Eng. W. 459 J B. 264 ; A. G. 307. c, and Remark ; H. 540. 2. 21. III. Hasdrubale imperatore suffecto: Hasdrubal had command of the army from 229 to 221. Hence Hannibal, who was born in 247, took command of the cavalry when he was eighteen years old, and of the whole army when he was twenty-six. 25. annis : abl. after comparative minor. Nepos mistakes his age, 26. triennio : abl. of time within^vhich. 27. foederatam : " allied by treaty," i. e. to the Romans. 29. ex his : equivalent to a part. gen. 32. neminem nisi victum : = omnes victos. H4 CORNELII NEPOTIS 8. absentem : agrees with Magonem. He had left home to join Han- nibal. 8. illl : Hannibal and Mago. 9. cum solvissent naves ac vela ventis dedissent : "when they had weighed anchor and set sail." 12. interfectum : sc. esse. We can say in Eng. " he was killed by ship- wreck or by his slaves." The Latin, however, could not strictly say inter ficere of both ; we need to supply some verb like perlsse with naufragio. 13. script um : neut. governing the ind. disc, interfectum. 15. Tiber! : dat. after propius. This is unusual, and instead of the ordi- nary ace. W. 333 ; B. 141. 3 ; A. G. 234. e ; H. 420. 5. 15. Thermopylls : he was defeated there by the Romans in 191 B. c. 17. videbat : the subject is Hannibal. 18. Asiam : Asia Minor. 20. conflixit : 190 B. c. 20. in quo: neut., "on which occasion." 21. cum . . . superarentur : concessive. 23. IX. Antiocho fugato : Antiochus was beaten in the land engage- ment at Magnesia in 190. 24. C ret am : Nepos uses the same construction here as with names of cities and small islands. W. 325. 2 ; B. 182. I ; A. G. 258. b ; H. 419- 2. 25. quo se conferret : ind. quest, depending on considerdret, 27. nisi providisset : a fut. cond. in ind. disc. 27. propter avaritiam : to be taken with se fore inperlculo. 30. summas : "on top." Page 63 3. in propatulo domi abicit : " he threw them out on the open ground at home." 5. Inscientibus els : abl. abs., " without their knowledge." 7. X. Prusiam : King of Bithynia. 10. domesticis opibus minus robustum : " not very strong in his own resources." 13. bellumque inter eos : between Prusias and Eumenes. It took place in 184 B. r. 18. talem: " the following." 18. classe : abl. of manner. 18. paucis diebus : time within which. 25. in unam Eumenis navem: "against Eumenes's ship alone." NOTES I4S LINE 26. tantum : adv., "merely." 27. consecuturos : ind. disc. s^ 28. ut sclrent se facturum : "he would let them know." 29. magno els praemio : construction of two datives. Page 64 9. XI. quae ad irridendum eum pertinerent : " things that served to make fun of him." 20. pugnantibus : dat. of reference. Translate : " excited laughter in." 22. nova re : " novelty." 23. quid potissimum vitarent : " what to avoid most." 26. alias : adverb. 28. XII. dum geruntur : pres. ind. with dum denotes past time. W. 533 ; B. 293. i ; A. G. 276. e ; H. 533. 4. 32. patres conscript! : the senators. The phrase means the original senators (patres) and those enrolled (conscript?) to complete the full number. Page 65 1. Hannibale vivo : abl. abs. 3. qui peterent : rel. clause of purpose. 3. inimicissimum suum : " their greatest enemy." 4. sibique dederet : "but that he surrender him to them." The clause is parallel to ne haberet ; it is introduced by an ut implied from the preceding ne. 5. illud recusavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, quod : "he objected to their asking him to do what was." The clause ne postularent is in apposition with illud. 7. comprehenderent : command in ind. disc. 9. muneri : dat. of purpose. 11. quod accidit : the antecedent is id understood, the subject of venlret. 19. sensit : the subject is Hannibal. 19. se peti : "he was the object." 21. alieno arbitrio : "by the decision of others." 25. XIII. anno septuagesimo : he would have been from 63 to 65, ac- cording to the year we accept for his death. 27. M. Claudio Marcello : the three dates given are in order 183, 182^ 181 B. c. 26. Atticus : the subject of Nepos's last Life. He wrote a book of Roman history entitled Liber Annalis. I4 6 CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE 28. Polybius : a Greek who came to Rome in 167 B. c. He wrote a large historical work in Greek covering the period from the First Punic War to the destruction of Carthage. 29. Sulpicius Blitho : an otherwise unknown writer. 32. aliquot eius libri sunt : " some books of his are in existence." Page 66 1. ad Rhodios : addressed to the Rhodians. 1. Cn. Manlil Volsonis : he carried on war in Asia Minor in 189 B. c. 2. huius : Hannibal. 5. Silenus et Sosilus : otherwise unimportant. 8. huius libri facere finem : the Lives thus far are taken from a work of Nepos on foreign commanders. XIII. ATTICUS Page 67 1. I. T. Pomponius Atticus, a Roman of good family, was born in 109 B. c. He removed to Athens in 88, where he resided for twenty- three years. He then returned to Rome, and lived the life of a man of literary tastes and habits. He avoided politics and a military career. He was an intimate friend of many prominent people of his time, among whom were Cicero, Nepos, Antony, and Brutus. At- ticus stands as the best type of a Roman gentlemen of culture and refinement. He acquired the cognomen Atticus, " the Attican," from his long residence in Athens. He died in 32 B. c. 1. ab engine ultima stirpis Romanae : " of the oldest Roman stock." He traced his origin from King Numa. 2. perpetuo : to be taken with acceptam ; " uninterruptedly." 3. equestrem dignitatem : the second of the three ranks of Roman citizens. Citizens not entitled to the highest or senatorial rank, but who had property valued at 400,000 sesterces (about $17,000), were enrolled as equites. They enjoyed the right to serve on juries, wore a distinctive dress, and were assigned choice seats at the theater. 7. in puero : " in him as a boy." 8. oris atque vocis : " utterance " ; oris is pronunciation, vocis the quality of voice. NOTES 147 LINE 12. quam . . . ferre possent : the subj. with quam denotes something that did not happen. W. 586. 6 ; 525. 4 ; B. 284. 4 ; A. G. 320. c, and note ; H. 570. I. 13. incitabat omnes : " he aroused them all." 14. L. Torquatus : consul in 65 B. c. 14. C. Marius : consul in 82 B. c. ; the son of the famous statesman and general of the same name. 14. M. Cicero : the orator. 15. perpetua vita : "throughout their lives" ; abl. of time. 17. II. adulescentulus : Atticus was twenty-one years old when he left Rome in 88. This was the year of the beginning of civil war between the factions of Marius and Sulla. The wars were continued for sev- eral years, during which time first one party and then the other was in power. The period was marked by frequent proscriptions of promi- nent men and confiscation of estates. Atticus naturally belonged to Sulla's party, but was connected by marriage with Sulpicius, the leader of the Marian faction in 88. After the death of Sulpicius, Cinna came forward as leader, and it was proscription at his hands that Atticus feared. 18. tribunus plebei : an official of high authority elected by the common people. He had the power of veto over other magistrates, and could present bills before the popular assembly (comitia tributd). Page 68 1. Servio : his full name was Servius Sutyicius. 3. Cinnano tumultu : 87 B. c. 4. pro dlgnitate : "in keeping with his rank." 5. quin . . . offenderet : result clause after negative. W. 575 ; B. 284. 3 ; A. G. 319. d; H. 595. 3. Translate: "without offending." 7. obsequendl : gerund depending on tempus, and governing the dat. studils suls. 8. neque eo setius : more commonly nihilo setius. 11. eodem : to Athens. 16. eius condicionem aequam : "fair terms for it." 19. neque debere passus sit : "did not allow the debt to stand." The subj. of debere is eds, the Athenians. 21. multiplicandls usuris : "by compound interest." 23. universes : " the whole people." 24. modus mensurae : " unit of measure." 26. III. communis Infimis : " accessible to those in lowest station," 148 CORNELII NEPOTIS 30. ne qua statua poneretur restitit : " he objected to any statue being set up." qua is the indefinite pronoun used with ne. 31. aliquot : u several (statues)." 32. Phidiae : a statesman whom we do not know. 32. hunc: Phidias. Page 69 2. illud munus fortunae : " this was a gift of fortune " ; contrasted with hoc specimen prudentiae , "this was evidence of his wisdom." 7. unus carissimus : a strong superlative ; "the one of all most beloved." 9. IV. hue : to Athens. 13. ut appareret in eo nativum quemdam leporem esse : " that it was apparent that there was in him some native grace, not acquired." 18. noli . . . me velle ducere : the regular form of negative command. noil seems no longer to be connected in thought with void. 20. cum quibus ne contra te : "against those that I have left Italy to avoid fighting with against you," is the nearest we can come to a lit- eral English translation. 25. cum . . . daret . . . tribueret : concessive. 26. pater familias : the formal designation for the head of a family. familias is an old gen. sing. 26. omnia reliqua tempora : " all his spare moments." 28. urbana officia: his duties at Rome as a citizen. 28. comitia : the meetings of the Roman citizens to elect officers and pass laws. 29. res maior : "matter of more importance (than common)." 30. Ciceroni : he was banished in 58 B. c., but that was after Atticus had changed his permanent residence to Rome. Nepos can only be illus- trating in a general way how he helped his friends. 31. sestertium : an old gen. pi. of sestertius. The word means two and a half (asses), in value about four cents. Atticus gave Cicero there- fore about $10,000. Page 70 1. L. Cotta L. Torquato : 65 B. c. 3. ut lacrimis : " as to indicate by their tears their grief at their coming loss " ; deslderil is obj. gen. with dolor em. 11. V. adoptavit : by adopting him he kept his property in the family. Atticus's name after adoption became Q. Caecilius^omponius Atticus. 11. ex dodrante : " to the extent of three quarters (of his estate)." NOTES 149 LINE 12. centiens sestertium: with the multiplicative numerals sestertium means 100,000 sesterces. The full expression is centiens centena mllia sestertium^ " a hundred times a hundred thousand." Hence Atticus inherited 10,000,000 sesterces, or $400,000. 13. Q. Tullio Ciceroni : the brother of the orator. 18. Q. Hortensio : a famous orator at Rome, who for many years con- tended with Cicero for the palm. 24. VI. optimarum partium : " the aristocracy "; gen. of quality. W. 354 ; B. 203. 5 ; A. G. 215 ; H. 447. 25. existimaretur : sc. esse. 28. maritimis : sc. fluctibus. 28. honor es : the higher offices in the gift of the people, particularly those of curule aedile, praetor , and consul. 29. cum el paterent : " although they were open to him." 31. ambitus largltionibus : " electioneering bribery." 32. e re publica : " to the good of the state." 32. corruptis civitatis moribus : abl. abs. expressing cause. Page 71 1. ad hastam publicam : in early times, booty taken in war was sold by public auction. As a sign of the auction a spear was set up in the ground, just as we hang out a red flag. Hence hasta publica means public auction. At the time of Atticus, confiscated estates were often sold at auction. They usually went for a song, since the purchaser incurred the enmity of the former owner and his adherents. 2. praes neque manceps : the revenues of the state were collected by individuals, who bid off the right at public auction. The offices gave great opportunities for peculation and fraud, and were avoided by men of the best principles. The man who bid off such a right was called manceps. He was obliged by law to furnish bondsmen who possessed real estate, and who received for their risk a share of his profits. Such a bondsman was called praes. 3. neque suo nomine neque subscribers accusavit: this refers to criminal trials, in which, according to Roman law, individuals and not the state conducted the prosecution. It was customary for the man who brought criminal suit to get other citizens to support him in the charge. This was called subscriber e. Nepos says, then, that Atticus never brought criminal action himself against any one, nor supported any one else in a criminal charge. 4. in ius de sua re : "he never brought a civil suit," ISO CORNELII NEPOTIS LINE 4. indicium nullum : he avoided being chosen to sit in judgment at civil trials, an office to which his rank as eques made him eligible. 5. praefecturas : consuls and praetors, after concluding their term of office at Rome, received the government of provinces. They had the power of appointment to the subordinate offices under them, the prae- fecturae, which were particularly lucrative. Atticus never accepted any of these, although many were offered him. 7. rei familiaris fructum : " the profit to his estate," that he might de- rive from offices that brought more gain in revenue than in honor. 8. ne cum Quinto quidem : "not even with Q. Cicero," his own brother- in-law. 9. legati locum : the highest position under the provincial governor. 10. cum praeturam gerere noluisset : since he had been unwilling to discharge the office of praetor he did not wish now to accept an infe- rior office under one, although he might have made much money by so doing. 13. criminum : extortion in provincial administration, which was so com- mon that all provincial officers ran the risk of being suspected of it. 16. VII. Caesarianum civile bellum : against Pompey in 49 B. c. 16. cum haberet : causal. 17. aetatis vacatione : subjective gen. ; " exemption from public duties because of age." The limit for all Romans except senators was set at sixty. 28. ex Pompei castris : they had been on Pompey's side, and were par- doned by Caesar at Atticus's request. 30. VIII. illud: " as follows." 30. occiso Caesare : 44 B. c. 31. Brutos : the chief conspirators against Caesar were M. and D. Junius Brutus and Cassius. Page 72 1. ille adulescens : "he [M. Brutus], though a young man, was on more familiar terms (sc. usus sit] with no man of his age than with him [Atticus], although he was an old man." 3. in convlctu : sc. prmcipem. 4. privatum aerarium : " a private fund for Caesar's murderers." 6. contulissent : fut. cond. in ind. disc. 10. qul . . . existimaret : rel. clause of cause. "Because he thought that his obligations to his friends ought to be met without partisan- ship." NOTES ISI LINE 12. usurum quantum eae paterentur: "he [Brutus] would use them as far as they went." 17. dicis causa : " for the sake of form." Brutus and Cassius were prae- tors, and as such were not permitted to leave the city for more than ten days at a time. They had fled through fear of Caesar's veterans, and did not dare return. To excuse their absence M. Antonius, the consul, proposed that they be given commissions (provinciae) to pro- vide for the shipment of grain to the city. 19. florentl : " when it was prosperous." 20. sestertium centum milia : $4,000. 21. trecenta : sc. milia sestertium ; $12,000. 22. eo magis potent! : " any more when he was in power." 24. IX. bellum apud Mutinam : between Antony and Brutus in 43 B. c. 25. tantum : modifies prudentem ; "merely." 29. restituendi : "restoration." Page 73 2. omnibus rebus spoliare : abl. of separation. 5. nihil els indulsit ad : " did not allow them to." 7. quibus rebus indiguerunt : abl. of means depending on adiuvit. 8. Volumnio : an adherent of Antony's. 8. ea ut plura : " so much that more could not come from a father." 12. stiterit vadimonium : "stood her bail," literally, but not in the English sense. He means when she did not default after giving bail, but appeared in court. 14. secunda fortuna : "in times of prosperity." 14. in diem : on credit which expired on a fixed day. 15. versuram facere : raise a loan. 20. cum faciebat: "at the time that he did." The indie, with the im- perf. after cum temporal is used to define the time of the principal verb. W. 536 ; B. 288. i. A ; A. G. 325. a ; H. 601. 24. sui iudicii : " of independent judgment." Gen. of quality. 28. X. nemo non : " everybody." 30. de ford decesserat : he did not appear in public. Page 74 2. in summo aut fastigio aut periculo : " either in the highest posi- tion or in the greatest danger." 4. sui: gen. with similis, W. 352; B. 204. 3; A. G. 234. d. 2 ; H, 435- 4- 152 CORNELII NEPOTIS 7. tanto odio ferebatur : " was moved by such hatred toward." 10. Attic! memor officii : memor governs the gen. officil, which is lim- ited by Atticl. 12. ne timeret, veniret : prohibition and command in ind. disc. 15. in summo timore : " in a position to excite the greatest fear." 17. seiunctam sibi ab eo : "he wished no good fortune for himself that was unshared by him [Canus]." 25. XI. praemiis imperatorum : because of the rewards offered by the generals. 28. proelium Philippense : Philippi, 42 B. c. 31. par! fortuna : "by a like misfortune." 32. els omnia Samothraciam : " everything [they needed] to be shipped to them to Samothrace." Page 75 2. temporariam : = temporis causa, " time-serving." 6. post mortem ems : the death of Brutus. 13. lit videatur : pres. subj. after fecit , because the present time is clearly thought of. W. 469 ; B. 268. 7. a ; A. G. 287. a ; H. 550. 14. sill cuique : a verse from an unknown poet, cuique stands in appo- sition to hominibus. We may roughly translate: "men's manners make their fortune." mores, however, means more nearly " character." 15. se ipse : we should expect the intensive to agree with the reflexive ; instead it is nom. 18. XII. adulescenti Caesari: the young Augustus. 19. potentiam : observe the distinction in meaning between this word and potestdtem in the next line. 20. nullms condicionis : he had the chance to make any kind of a match he chose. 24. triumvirum : part, gen., ** [a member] of the board of three for organ- izing the government." 29. sub ipsa . . . proscriptione : " near the very time of the proscrip- tion." 30. aequalis sui : strictly the Latin should use eius here. Page 76 2. consuetudine ea : according to the practice that then obtained. 6. Lucretii Catullique : well-known poets whose works have come down to us. They both died not far from 50 B. c. 11. praefecto fabrum: chief military engineer, fdbrum is gen. pi. of the 3d decl. NOTES 153 12. absentem relatum : to be taken with in proscrlptorum numerum ; *' after he had been put on the list of proscribed while he was away." 12. expedivit : "freed him from danger." 12. quod : the relative equivalent to the demonstrative referring to the help given Saufeius. The second quod is the conjunc. "because." 19. XIII. minus fuit emax : he was not given to spending money in buying rare and costly works of art or in putting up expensive struc- tures. These were common ways in which more vulgar men of wealth squandered their property. 19. neque tamen non : " and yet.'* 22. Tamphilianam : from its former owner, Tamphilus. 23. non aedificio : " consisted in the park, not the building." domum is here equivalent to one word, place, whereas tectum is the house itself. 26. familia : the body of slaves attached to a household. 28. pueri litteratissimi : young slaves very well educated, who included both andgnostae, slaves trained to read out loud before company, and librarii, copyists, whose business it was to copy off books. 30. utrumque horum : read and copy. Page 77 1. domi factum : they were born and trained in his household ; home- made. 4. quod a plurimis videas : " which one can see that many desire." Potent, subj., sc. concuplscl. 4. continentis : gen. with the verb esse (understood). A. G. 214. d\ H. 447- 10. quamquam putem : the subj. with quamquam is rare in good Latin use. W. 570; A. G. 213. ; H. 586. 12. non parum liberaliter : " freely enough. " 13. terna milia : sc. sestertium. Three thousand sesterces each month, or about $120. 14. ex ephemeride : " according to his diary." 14. eum expensum solitum (esse) : ind. disc, depending on prae- terlbo. " That he was accustomed to enter in his account [ferre] as paid out for expenses." 15. non auditum : " not hearsay, but by actual knowledge." 18. XIV. acroama : a general word for entertainment that appealed to the ear. It would include recitation, music, song, and dramatic rep- resentation. 154 CORNELII NEPOTIS 21. animo, ventre : abl. of specification. 26. sestertio viciens : sc. centena mliia. Two million sesterces, $80,000. in, " with." centiens, 10,000,000 sesterces, $400,000. 28. par! fastigio : loc. abl. " He kept on the same level [of living] in both conditions of wealth." 30. hortos : parks were a common cause of luxurious expense, as were also summer resorts at the seashore (maritimam villain] or among the hills of Latium (suburbanam). 32. rusticum praedium : a country estate farmed as a source of revenue. Page 78 1. urbanis possessionibus : <4 real estate in the city." 2. usum pecuniae : "he was wont to measure the value of money not by its amount, but by its management." 6. XV. intellects : the latter supine. 8. religiose promittebat : " was scrupulous about making promises." 8. liberales, leves : subj. ofpolliceri. 11. mandatam : "taken in trust." 26. XVI. el rei sunt indieio : two datives. 27. qui in vulgus sunt edit! : " which have been published." The letters had not yet been published, but were known only by pri- vate circulation. The sixteen books of letters which we still have date from 68 B. c. to 44 B. c. Page 79 7. XVII. extulit : "buried." The Latin word refers to the carrying out of the dead body from the house. 7. annorum nonaginta : gen. of quality. 9. in gratiam redisse : " he never made up with his mother " ; imply- ing that he never needed to, because he never quarreled with her. 12. ea in suos indulgentia : " was of such forbearance toward his own relatives." 14. quamquam omnes el paremus : " although we all obey them " ; i. e. our natural impulses (ndturd). 19. XVIII. diligenter habuit cognitam : "possessed an accurate knowledge of." 20. in eo volumine : in his Liber Annalis, a brief outline of Roman his- tory. Cf. Hannibal, XIII. 23. suo tempore : " in its proper time." NOTES 155 LINE 28. quis a quo ortus : the man's name, his father's name, what offices he had held, and at what times. 29. Marcelli Claudil : at his request ; sc. rogatu. The same with Set- pionis and Fabii. Page 80 1. poeticen : Gk. ace. ist decl. 2. versibus exposuit : "narrated in verse." 7. credendum sit : potent, subj. 10. XIX. Attico vivo : the first edition of this Life closed with chap, xviii. After Atticus's death the following chapters were added. 12. rerum exemplis : concrete examples. 14. suds cuique mores : a repetition in prose of the verse quoted in chap. xi. 16. imperatoris, DIvI filii : " the emperor, the son of Dlvus" ; i. e. Au- gustus, who was adopted by Julius Caesar and hence called his son. Julius Caesar after his death was given the honorary title of divus, which was continued to the emperors. 18. qua ceteros : "by which he had attracted other political leaders of equal worth [to Augustus], although inferior in fortune." 24. hanc : the granddaughter of Atticus. 24. Ti. Claudio Neroni : later the emperor Tiberius. His mother, Livia Drusilla, married Augustus as her second husband. 30. XX. quin Attico scriberet : " without writing to Atticus." Page 81 2. nullus dies temere : "hardly a day." 5. eius verbosiores epistulas : " long letters from him." 6. aedis : nom. The commoner form is aedes. 12. hoc quale sit : "what that means." 13. quantae sit sapientiae : " of how great wisdom [the task] is to keep the association and good will of those who." 26. XXI. tenesmon : Gk. ace. sing. Page 82 7. quibus: vobis. 7. me nihil reliqui fecisse : " that I have left nothing undone " ; lit. " that I have made no remainder." 10. mihi stat desinere : " I have made up my mind to stop." 19. XXII. ne . . . acceleraret et . . . reservaret : "not to hasten but to keep." 156 CORNELII NDPOTIS 19. quod natura cogeret " what nature was forcing him to," i. e. death. 20. temporibus superesse : " to survive the period [of sickness]," "to weather it." 25. pridie Kalendas Apriles : the last day of March. B. 144. 2 ; A. G. 376. e\ H. 420. 5. 26. Cn. Domitio C. Sosio : 32 B. c. 26. elatus est : "was carried out for burial." The diminutive lectlcula denotes the simplicity of the ceremony. It was just his ordinary, every day litter. The pompd refers to formal preparations on the part of his family. They could not prevent the populace from fol- lowing, however. 29. viam Appiam : one of the most famous roads of Italy. It led south from Rome along the coast. 29. quintum lapidem : the fifth milestone from the city, starting from the forum. VOCABULARY VOCABULARY A., abbreviation for the Roman prae- nomen Aulus. a or ab, prep, with abl., from, of\ by. abalieno, -are, -avi, -atus [ab-alie- no, fr. alienus], i, make hostile, alienate. abdo, -dere, -did!, -ditus [ab-do], 3, put away, hide. abhorred, -horrere, -horruT [ab- horreo], 2, shrink from ; differ. abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ab- iacio], 3, throw away ; drive away. abripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [ab- rapio], 3, carry off by violence. abrogo, -are, -avi, -atus [ab-rogo], I, repeal, revoke', depose from. abscedo, -cedere, -cessT, -cessus [abs-cedo], 3, go away, depart \ desist. absens, -entis [part, of absum], adj., absent. absolve, -solvere, -solvl, -solutus [ab-solvo], 3, declare innocent, acquit. abstinentia, -ae [abs-teneo], F., self-restraint ; integrity. abstineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus [abs-teneo], 2, abstain, hold away from. absum, abesse, afui [ab-sum], irr., be absent', be distant', be far from ; be averse to ; be foreign to. ac, conj., and-, as ; see atque. Acarnanus, -a, -urn, adj., of Acar- nania, a state of central Greece. accedo, -cedere, -cessT, -cessurus [ad-cedo], 3, go to, approach ; reach, join ; come ; be added. accelero, -are, -avl, -atus [ad-cele- ro, fr. celer], i, hasten. acceptus, -a, -um [part, of accipio], adj., acceptable. accessio, -onis [accedo], F., ap- proach ; increase. accido, -cidere, -cidi [ad-cado], ^,fallto', happen, befall. accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [ad- capio], 3, take, receive ; acquire ; hear, understand', inherit. accresco, -crescere, -crevi, -cretus [ad-cresco], 3, grow, increase. accumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cubi- tus [ad-cumbo], 3, lie down ; re- cline at table. accurate, compar. accuratius [ac- curatus, fr. ad and cura], adv., carefully ; definitely. accuse, -are, -avi, -atus [ad and causa], i, accuse. acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp ; vigor- ous, spirited. acerbitas, -atis [acerbus], F., harshness, severity. acerbus, -a, -um [related to acer], adj., bitter, harsh ; premature, regretted. acies, -ei [related to acer], F., sharp point ; line of battle. acquiesco, -quiescere, -quievi [ad- quiesco], 3, come to rest', pass to rest, die. acriter, compar. acrius, superl. acerrime [acer], adv., sharply ; shrewdly, busily. acroama, -atis [Gk. a/cp^o/ia], N., entertainment for the ear, in- cluding reading, music, and jest- ing, 159 ACTA 1 60 AEDIS acta, -ae [Gk. . affinis, -e [ad-finis], adj., adjoin- ing ; related to ; as subst., relative. affinitas, -atis [affinis], F., rela- tionship. affirmo, -are, -avl, -atus [ad- flrmo], i, assert, declare. affllctus, -a, -um [part, of ad-fllgo], adj., downcast; needy. affluenter, compar. affluentius [ad- fluens], adv., lavishly. affluentia, -ae [ad-fluens], F., lav- _ ishnejss. Afer, Afri, M., an African. Africa, -ae, F., Africa. Africanus, -a, -um [Africa], adj., African. ager, agri, M., field; land. Agesilaus, -I, M., Agesilaus, king of Sparta. aggredior, -gredl, -gressus sum [ad- gradior], 3, dep., approach; at- _ tack. Agis, -idis, M., Agis, king of Sparta. agito, -are, -avl, -atus [freq. of ago], i, set in motion ; stir up, plot ; rouse, disturb. agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitus [ad-gnosco], 3, acknowledge, own. ago, agere, egi, actus, 3, lead, con- duct, transact ; take, action ; make an effort ; treat, deal, plead, make proposals ; pass., be at stake ; lege agere, beat law ; gratias agere, thank. Agrippa, -ae, M., M. Vipsdnius Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus. aid, imperf. aiebam, def., say. Alcibiades, -is, M., Alcibiades, an Athenian. Alcmaeon, -onis, M., Alcmaeon, a character in Greek fable. alias [alius], adv., at other times; otherwise. alieno, -are, -avl, -atus [alienus], i, estrange ^ make hostile \ ALIENUS 162 ANIMUS alienus, -a, -um [alius], adj., of another , another's ; of strangers ; foreign ; out of place ; unfavor- able. aliquando [alius and quando], adv., at some time ; at length. aliquanto [aliquantus.jw^], adv., somewhat, rather. aliquantum [aliquantus], adv., somewhat. aliqui, aliqua, aliquod [alius and qui], indef. pron. adj., some, any. aliquis, aliqua, aliquid [alius and quis], indef. pron., some one, somebody ; any one ; something, anything. aliquot [alius and quot], indef. num. adj. indecl., several. aliter [alius], adv., otherwise, dif- ferently. alius, -a, -ud, adj., other, another', alius . . . alius, one . . . an- other ; plur. , alii . . . alii, some . . . others. aid, alere, alui, altus or alitus, 3, nourish, support. Alpes, -ium, F. plur., the Alps. Alpicus, -a, -um [Alpes], adj., Alpine', as subst., an inhabitant of the Alps. alte, compar. altius, superl. altis- sime [altus], adv., high, highly. alter, altera, alterum [from the same root as alius], pron. adj., one of two, one, the one ; second, the second', alter . . . alter, one . . . the other. alteruter, -utra, -utrum [alter- uter], pron. adj., one or the other ; one of two. altitude, -inis [altus], F., height. altus, -a, -um [part, of aid], adj., high, tall ; deep. amator, -dris [amo], M., lover. ambitus, -us [ambio], M., going around ; canvassing ; bribery. amice [amicus], adv., friendly, in a friendly manner. amicitia, -ae [amicus], F., friend- ship. amiculum, -I [amicio], N., cloak, mantle. amicus, -a, -um, compar. amicior [amo] , adj . , loving, kind, dear ; favorable ; as subst., friend. amitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus [a-mitto], 3, let go ; lose. amo, -are, -avi, -atus, i, love. amoenitas, -atis [amoenus], F., delight fulness. amor, -oris [amo], M., love. Amphipolis, -is, ace. -im, F., Am- phipolis, a city of Macedonia. amphora, -ae [Gk. apQopevs], F., jar, wine-jar. amplitude, -inis [amplus], F., size ; greatness. amplius [neut. compar. of am- plus], adj., adv., and indecl. subst., more. amplus, -a, -um, adj., great in ex- tent ; great ; grand. Amyntas, -ae, M., Amyntas, king of Macedonia. an, conj., or, used to introduce the second half of a double question. anagnostes, -ae, ace. -en [Gk. cLvayiHaffTfis], M., reader. anceps, -cipitis [ambi-caput], adj., double ; uncertain ; perilous. ancora, -ae [Gk. &jKvpa], F., an- chor ; in ancorls, at anchor. Andocides, -is or-i, M., Andocides, a Greek orator and general. angustiae, -arum [angustus], F. plur. , narrowness ; narrows ; straits ; angustiae locorum, nar- row place, defile. angustus, -a, -um [ango, press close\, adj., narrow. Anicia, -ae, F., Anicia, a Roman woman. anima, -ae, F., breath of life, life ; soul. animadvert 6, -vertere, -verti, -ver- sus [animum ad vert 6], 3, turn the attention toward', notice, ob- serve ; punish. animatus, -a, -um [part, of ani- mo], adj., minded, disposed. animus, -I, M., mind, spirit', sen- timent ; feelings ; courage ; atten- tion ; animo ,aequo, with resig- nation ; animo bond, with good intent, ANNALIS I6 3 ARMATUS annalis, -is [annus], M., yearly record of events ; history ; an- nals. anniculus, -a, -um [annus], adj., a year old. annuo, -nuere, -nui [ad-nuo], 3, assent to. annuus, -a, -um [annus], adj., of a year j yearly, annual. ante, adv. and prep., before, of time or place ; ante quam, conj., before. antecedo, -cedere, -cessi [ante- cedo], 3, go before\ exceed \ excel. anteeo, -Ire, -il [ante-eo], irr., go before ; exceed. antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [ante- fero], irr., put before ; prefer. antepono, -ponere, -posui, -positus [ante-pono] , 3 , place before, place ahead, rank ahead ; prefer. Antiochus, -I, M., Antiochus, king of Syria. antiquitas, -atis [antiquus], F., age ; antiquity ; ancient times. antiquitus [antiquus], adv., long ago ; in former times. antisto, -stare, -steti [ante-sto], i, stand before ; surpass ; have the advantage over. Antonius, -I, M., Antony, a Roman general and statesman. aperio, -ire, -ui, -tus [ab-verio], 4, open ; show, disclose. apertus, -a, -um [part, of aperio], adj., open. Apollo, -inis, M., Apollo, the Greek god of poetry and music. appareo, -parere, -parui [ad-pa- red], 2, appear, become evident', be plain, be in sight ; be appar- ent. apparo, -are, -avT, -atus [ad-paro], I, prepare ; prepare for. appello, -are, -avi, -atus [ad-pello, from the same root as pello, pel- lere], i, call. appello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus [ad- pello], 3, drive to ; sail', bring to land. Appenmnus, -i, M., the Apennines, a range of mountains in Italy. Appius, -a, -um, adj., Appian, fr. Appius, a Roman personal name ; Appia via, the Appian Way, a road running from Rome to Capua, applied, -are, -avi/pr -ul, -atus [ad- plico], i, add, join. _ apporto, -are, -avi, -atus [ad-por- \,Q],"L,I bring. apprime [ad, primus], adv., in the highest degree, exceedingly. appropinqup, -are, -avi, -atus [ad- propinquo], I, draw near, ap- proach. Aprilis, -e [perhaps related to aperio], adj., of April. aptus, -a, -um [part, of apiscor, take~\, adj., adapted to, suited \ Jit. apud, prep, with ace., at, with, among; in the presence of, before ; near, on ; pugna apud, the battle - f- Apulia, -ae, F., Apulia, a country of southeastern Italy. aquilo, -onis, M., the north wind. ara, -ae, F., altar. arbitrium, -I [arbiter, judge\, N., judgment, decision \ will ; man- agement. arbitror, -ari, -atus sum [arbiter], i, &vp., judge, think. arbor, -oris, F., tree. Arcadia, -ae, F., Arcadia, a coun- try of southern Greece. Areas, -adis, adj., of Arcadia-, as subst., an Arcadian. arcesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus [perhaps for accesso, fr. accedo], 3, sum- mon, invite. argentum, -I, N., silver ; money. Arglvus, -a, -um [Argos], adj., of Argos, A r give ; as subst., an Ar- Argos, N., used only in nom. and ace., Argos, a city in Greece. arguo, -ere, -ul, -utus, 3, accuse. Aristides, -is, M., Aristides, an Athenian general and statesman. arma, -orum, N. plur., arms, im- plements of war. armatus, -a, -um [part, of armo], adj., armed \ as subst., armed man^ soldier. ARMO 164 : AVUNCULUS armo, -are, -avi, -atus [arma], i, furnish with arms, arm, equip. Arretinus, -a, -um [Arretium, a town of Etruria], adj., of Arre- tium ; at Arretium. arripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [ad- rapio], 3, seize. ars, artis, F., art, skill \ plur., arts, branches. Artaphernes, -is, ^l., Artaphernes, a Persian general. Artaxerxes, -is, ace. -en, M., Ar- taxerxes, king of Persia. Artemisium, -I, N., Artemisium, a promontory of Euboea. artifex, -ids [ars and facio], M., artist ; artisan ; specialist. arx, arcis, F., citadel ; acropolis. ascendo, -scendere, -scendi, -scen- sus [ad-scando], 3, ascend, mount ; embark in, board ; em- bark. ascitus, -a, -um [part, of ascisco, assume], adj., acquired, adopted. Asia, -ae, F., Asia, especially A sia Minor. aspectus, -us [aspicio], M., sight, view ; looks, appearance. aspergo, -spergere -spersi, -spersus [ad-spargo], 3, sprinkle; stain, stain one's reputation. asperitas, -atis [asper], F., harsh- ness, severity, sternness. aspernor, -ari, -atus sum [a-sper- nor], I, dep., disdain , reject. aspicio, -spicere, -spexT, -spectus [ad-specio], 3, look at, see ; re- gard, face. assecla, -ae [adsequor], M., fol- lower, attendant. assiduus, -a, -um [assideo, sit by], adj., constant, repeated. astu [Gk. &rn/|, N. indecl., city ; the city of Athens. at, conj., but, but yet; however. Athenae, -arum, F. plur., Athens, a city of Greece. Atheniensis, -is [Athenae], adj., Athenian ; as subst., an Athenian. athleta, -ae [Gk. *0\irrfc], M., athlete. atque, shorter form ac [ad-que], qonj., and, and also ; than, as. attendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentus [ad-tendo], 3, direct; animum attendere,/^/ attention. Attica, -ae, F., Attica, a state of Greece. Atticus, -a, -um, adj., of Attica, Attic ; as subst., an Athenian. Atticus, -T, M., Atticus, the cog- nomen of T. Pomponius Atticus. attingo, -tingere, -tig!, -tactus [ad- tango], 3, touch ; engage in, try one's hand at. auctor, -oris [augeo], M., author, authority ; promoter, instigator. auctoritas. -atis [auctor], F., au- thority ; influence. audeo, -ere, -ausus sum [avidus], 2, semi-dep., dare. audio, -ire, -IvT, -Itus, 4, hear ; hear of; listen ; listen to, heed ; audiens dicto, obedient; audiens dicto esse, obey. aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus [au-fero, fr. au, an old prepo- sition], irr., take away. augeo, -ere, auxi, auctus, 2, in- crease. Aulus, -T, M., Aulus, a Roman praenomen. Aurelius, -I, M., a Roman name ; C. Aurelius Cotta. aureus, -a, -um [aurum], adj., golden. auris, -is, F., ear. aurum, -T, ^.,gold. aut, conj., or ; aut . . . aut, either . . . or. aut em, conj., postpositive, but, how- ever ; now. Automatia, -ae [Gk. av-ro^aria}, F., Automatia, the goddess of Chance. auxilium, -I [augeo], N., aid; plur., auxiliary troops. avaritia, -ae [a virus, greedy], F., greed, greediness. avert 6, -vert ere, -verti, -versus [a-verto], 3, turn away, keep off. avoco, -are, -avi, -atus [a-voco], i, call away, divert. avunculus, -T [dim. of avus, grand- father], M., uncle. BAEBIUS I6 5 CANTO B B'aebius, -T, M., a Roman gentile name. Bagaeus, -I, M., Bagaeus, a Per- sian. barbarus, -a, -um [Gk. j8ap/8apos], adj . , foreign ; barbarous', as subst., foreigner ; barbarian ; Persian. Barca, -ae, M., Barca, a Cartha- ginian. beatus, -a, -um [part of bed, bless], adj., happy, fortunate ; rich. bellicosus, -a, -um [bellum], adj., warlike. bellicus, -a, -um [bellum], adj., of war, in war, warlike. bello, -are, -avi, -atus [bellum], i, wage war, war. bellum, -I [for older duellum, fr. duo],,N., war. bene, compar. melius, superl. op- time [bonus], adv., well. beneficium, -I [bene-facio], N., favor, benefit', kindness. benevolentia, -ae [bene-volens, fr. bene and void], F., kindness, good-will. benlgnitas, -atis [benignus, kind}, F., kindness, favor. biduum, -I [related to duo and dies], N., period of two days; two days. bini, -ae, -a [related to bis and duo], distributive numeral, two each ; two. bis [duo], num. adv., twice. Bithynia, -ae, F., Bithynia, a coun- try of Asia Minor. Bithynus, -a, -um, adj., Bithynian, of Bithynia ; as subst., Bithynian. Bizanthe, -es, ace. -en, F., Bizan- the, a city of Thrace, blandus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant; courteous. Boeotus, -a, -um, adj., Boeotian, of Boeotia, a country of Greece ; as subst., Boeotian. bonitas, -atis [bonus], F., good- ness ; kindness ; virtue. bonus, -a, -um, compar. melior, superl. optimus, z.&}.,good; bona, N. plur., blessings, favors, bene- 12 fits ; goods, property ; good quali- ties. boreas, -ae [Gk. Bopcos], M., the north wind. brevis, -e, adj., short, brief; brevi, in a short time. brevitas, -atis [brevis], F., short- ness, brevity. breviter [brevis], adv., shortly, in a brief space. Brutus, -I, M., Brutus, a Roman name. Byzantium, -I, N., Byzantium, a city of Thrace. C., abbreviation for Gaius, a Roman praenomen. Cadmea, -ae, F., the Cadmea, the citadel of Thebes. cado, -ere, cecidi, casus, 3, fall; happen, turn out. caduceus, -I [Gk. /crjpv/cetoj/], M., herald's staff. Caecilius, -I, M., Q. Caecilius, a Roman name. caedes, -is [caedo], F., killing, slaughter. caerimonia, -ae, F., sacred rite ; sanctity. Caesarianus, -a, -um [Caesar], adj., of Caesar, Caesar's. calamitas, -atis [perhaps from cado, fall}, F., misfortune dis- aster. Callias, -ae, M., Callias, an Athe- nian. callide [callidus], adv., shrewdly. callidus, -a, -um [calleo, be skilled}, adj., shrewd, cunning; crafty; calculating. Calliphron, -onis, M., Calliphron, a Greek teacher. Callistratus, -T, M., Callistratus, an Athenian orator. campus, -I, M., field, open field; plain. Cannensis, -e [Cannae], adj., of Cannae, a town in southern Italy, cano, -ere, cecinl, 3, sing ; prophesy. canto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of cano], i, sing. CAPESSO 1 66 CHARES capesso, -ere, -ivi, -iturus [intens. of capio], 3, take hold of; under- take. capio, capere, cepi, captus, 3, take, capture ; take, accept ; catch ; move, influence. Capitolium, -T, N., the Capitol, a temple on the Capitoline Hill a Rome. captlvus, -a, -um [capio], adj., captive ; as subst., captive, prisoner of war. Capua, -ae, F., Capua, a city of Campania. caput, -itis, N., head; life; a capi- tal charge : capitis damnare, condemn to death ; capitis abso- lutus, cleared on a capital charge. Car, Caris, M., a Carian. cared, -ere, -ul, 2, be without, lack ; deny one's self, refrain from. Caria, -ae, F., Caria, a province of Asia Minor. caritas, -atis [carus], F., love. Carthaginiensis, -e [Carthago], adj., Carthaginian ; as subst., a Carthaginian. Carthago, -inis, F., Carthage, a city of Africa. carus, -a, -um, adj., dear; beloved; esteemed. casa, -ae, F., small hottse ; cottage. Cassius, -I, M., C. Cassius Longi- nus, a Roman name. castellum, -I [castrum], N., fort, redoubt. castrum, -I, N., fort; fortress; plur., castra, camp. casus, -us [cad 6], M., happen- ing, event ; misfortune, disaster ; chance ; casu, by chance, accident- ally. caterva, -ae, F., crowd; company, troop. Cato, -onis, M., M. Porcius Cato, a Roman name. Catullus, -I, M., Q. Valerius Ca- tullus, a Roman poet. Catulus, -T, M., Q. Lutatius Catu- lus, a Roman general. causa, -ae, F., cause, reason ; pre- text ; cause, case ; sake ; causa, for the sake of. cave 6, -ere, cavl, cautus, 2, be cau- tious ; take care. cedo, cedere, cess!, cessus, 3, go, go away ; leave ; give in to, yield; happen. celebro, -are, -avl, -atus [celeber, frequent], I, throng, crowd; cele- brate ; spread abroad, praise. celer, celeris, celere, compar. cele- rior, superl. celerrimus, adj., swift, speedy. celeritas, -atis [celer], F. speed; readiness. celeriter, compar. celerius, superl. _celerrime, adv., quickly, speedily. celo, -are, -avl, -atus, I, conceal; conceal from ; hide, cover up. cena, -ae, F., dinner, the most for- mal meal of the day among the Romans, taken at the end of the day. ceno, -are, -avl, -atus [cena], i, dine ; dine upon. censeo, -ere, censul, census, 2, stip- pose, think ; decide. Centenius, -I, M., C. Centenius, a Roman general. centiens [centum], adv., a hun- dred times; centienssestertium, sc. centena milia, ten million sesterces. centum, num. adj. indecl., hundred; one hundred. cera, -ae, F., wax. cerno, cernere, crevl, cretus, 3, dis- tinguish ; see ; decide. certamen, -inis [certo, struggle], N., contest. certus, -a, -um, compar. certior, superl. certissimus [part, of cerno], adj., certain, sure ; flxed; reliable ; certiorem facere, in- form. ceterum [ceterus], adv., but. ceteri, -ae, -a, plur. adj., the other ; as subst., the others ; everybody else. Cethegus, -T, M., P. Cornelius Cethegus, a Roman consul. Chabrias, -ae, M., Chabrias, an Athenian general. Chares, -etis, M., Chares, an Athe- nian general. CHERSONESUS I6 7 COLLIS Chersonesus, -I, F., the Chersonese, a peninsula of Thrace. Chius, -I, F., Chios, an island in the Aegean Sea. chorda, -ae [Gk. xP 8 ^] F., string, of a musical instrument, cibus, -I, ^., food. Cicero, -onis, M., Cicero ; M. Tul- litts Cicero, the orator, and his brother, Q. Tullius Cicero. Cimon, -onis, M., Cimon, a Greek general. Cinnanus, -a, -um [Cinna], adj., of Cinna, a Roman politician. circa, adv. and prep, with ace., around. circiter, adv. and prep, with ace., about. circulus, -I [circus, circle], M., cir- cle ; social gathering. circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datus [cir- cum-do], IL, put around; surround. circumeo, -Ire, -ii, -itus [circum- eo], irr., go around ; surround; go the rounds. circumfundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusus [circum-fundo], 3, pour around ; surround. circumvenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- tus [circum-venio], 4, come around, surround. citharizo, -are [Gk. KiOapifa], i, play the cithara. Citium, -I, N., Citium, a city in Cyprus, clvilis, -e [civis], adj., civil; of citizens ; over citizens. Civis, -is, M. and F., citizen; fellow- citizen ; native. civitas, -atis [civis], F., citizen- ship ; state, city. clam, adv., secretly. clandestlnus, -a, -um [clam], adj., secret. clare, compar. clarius, superl. cla- rissime [clarus], adv., clearly; brilliantly. clarus, -a, -um, compar. clarior, superl. clarissimus, adj., clear; famous, celebrated. classiarius, -a, -um [classis], adj., belonging to the fleet; assubst, M. plur., naval forces ; seamen. classis, -is, F., fleet. Clastidium, -I, N., Clastidium, a town of northern Italy. Claudius, -I, M., Claudius, a Ro- man name ; M. Clauditts Mar- cellus and Ti. Claudius Nero. claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus [fr. clavis, key, and do, put\ 3, shut ; shut in ; hem in ; in- vest. claudus, -a, -um, adj., limping, lame. clemens, -entis, adj., mild, gently. dementia, -ae [clemens], F., mild- ness, clemency ; mercy. Clinias, -ae, M., Clinias, an Athe- nian. clipeus, -I, M., shield; a round metal shield. coarguo, -ere, -argui [co-arguo], 3, prove guilty ; expose. coeo, -ire, -M, -itus [co-eo], irr., come together ; unite. coepi, coeptus, 3, def., began. coerceo, -ere, -ercui, -ercitus [co- arceo], 2, check ; stop. cogitatio, -onis [cogito], F., mind, thoughts ; reflection ; plan. cogito, -are, -avi, -atus [co-agito], i, think over, consider ; plan ; in- tend. cognitus, -a, -um [part, of cog- nosco], adj., known; apparent; made apparent. cognomen, -inis [com-g-nomen], N., name ; family name ; epithet; additional name. cognosce, -ere, -gnovi, -gnitus [com-gnosco], 3; recognize ; learn ; hear ; find ; make appar- ent ; perf. , know. cogo, -ere, coegl, coactus [co-ago], 3, gather, collect ; compel, force. cohortatio, -onis [cohortor, ex- hort], F., exhortation. collabefio, -fieri, -factus sum [com- labefio], irr., fall; be overthrown. collaudo, -are, -avi, -atus [corn- laud 6], I, praise. collega, -ae, M., colleague. colligo, -ere, -leg!, -lectus [corn- lego], 3, gather, collect. collis, -is, M., hill. COLLOCO 1 68 - CONCUPISCO colloco, -are, -avi, -atus [corn- loco], i, place ; station, post \ set- tle in marriage, marry. colloquium, -I [colloquor], N., conference ; conversation. colloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum [com- loquor], 3, dep., talk ; talk over ; confer. colo, -ere, colui, cultus, 3, cultivate ; inhabit ; honor, worship ; cherish. colonia, -ae [cole], F., colony. colonus, -I [colo], M., colonist, set- tler. comes, -itis [com- and the root of eo], M. and F., follower ; com- panion. comitas, -atis [comis, kind'], F., kindness ; affability. comitium, -I [com- and the root of eo], N., place of assembly ; place of meeting', plur., assembly ; elec- tion. comitor, -an, -atus sum [comes], I, dep., accompany. commeatus, -us [cpmmeo,^ to and fro\, M., provisions', supplies. commemoro. -are, -avi, -atus [com- memoro], I, recall, mention. commendatio, -onis [commendo], F., commendation ; excellence. comminus [com-manus], adv., hand to hand ; at close quarters. commiseror, -ari, -atus sum [com- miseror], i, dep., pity; bewail. committo, -ere, -misi, -missus [com- mitto], 3, bring together ; engage in ; begin ; do ; entrust ; se com- mittere, entrust one's self; com- missum, -T, action ; crime. commode, compar. commodius, superl. commodissime [corn- modus], adv., rightly, suitably ; readily* well. commoditas, -atis [commodus, suitable], ., fitness \ advantage. commoveo, -ere, -movT, -motus [com-moveo], 2, move, stir; arouse ; affect ; se commovere, make a move, undertake. communis, -e, adj., common. communitas, -atis [communis] F., fellowship', courtesy; approach- ability. commutatio, -onis [commute], F., change. commute, -are, -avi, -atus [com- mute], I, change ; exchange. compare, -are, -avi, -atus [com- pare], I, get ready, prepare ; pre- pare for ; intend ; compare ; con- sider equal. compello, -ere, -pull, -pulsus [com- pello], 3, drive, force, compel. compello, -are, -avi, -atus [com- pello], i, address, speak to; ac- cuse. comperio, -ire, -peri, -pertus, 4, find out, learn. complector, -plecti, -plexus sum [com-plecto], 3, dep., clasp, catch hold; hold. compleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletus [com- pleo], 2, fill, complete ; furnish. complures, -a or -ia [com-plures], adj., plur., several, numerous. compono, -ere, -posui, -positus [com-pono], 3, compose, settle ; end. comprehendo, -ere, -hendi, -hen- sus [com-prehendo], 3, seize; arrest ; grasp, understand. comprobo, -are, -avi, -atus [com- probo], i, approve. concede, -ere, -cessi, -cessus [com- cedo], 3, go away, withdraw; yield ; grant. concido, -ere, -cidi [corn-cade], 3, fall ; be killed ; be overthrown. concido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus [com- caedo], 3, cut to pieces. conciliator, -oris [concilio], M., promoter. concilio, -are, -avi, -atus [con- cilium], i, ivin over ; bring about ; counsel ; make. concilium, -I, N., council, assembly. concinnus, -a, -um, adj., neat, to the point ; apt, pleasing. concito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of concieo], i, arouse, excite. conclude, -ere, -clusi, -clusus [com- claudo], 3, shut up, imprison ; include, embrace. concupisco, -ere, -cupivl, -cupitus [com and cupio], 3, become eager for, desire. CONCURRO 169 CONSERO concurro, -ere, -curri, -cursus [com- curro], 3, run together, run up, hasten up ; come together, collect ; fight ; happen. concursus, -us [concurro], M., meeting ; attack, onset ; engage- ment. concutip, -ere, -cussi, -cussus [com- quatio], 3, shatter. condicio, -onis [com and the root of dico], F., condition, terms ; match, marriage. condiscipulatus, -us [condiscipu- lus], M., companionship in school. condiscipulus, -I [com-discipu- lus], M., fellow-student, school- mate. conditor, -oris [condo], M., founder. condo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [corn- do], 3, establish, build, found. conducticius, -a, -urn [conduco, hire], adj., hired ; mercenary. confero, -ferre, contuli, collatus [com-fero], irr., bring together, collect, gather ; center ; apply, use ; contribute, bestow ; compare ; se conferre, betake one's self. confestim, adv., at once, straight- way. conficio, -ere, -feel, -fectus [com- facio], 3, do thoroughly, finish, complete ; carry out, perform ; put an end to ; compose. confido, -ere, -fisus sum [com-fldo], 3, semi-dep., trust. confirmo, -are, -avl, -atus [com- firmo], i, strengthen \ reassure. confiteor, -eii, -fessus sum [corn- fat eor], 2, dep., admit, confess. conflicto, -are, -avl, -atus [freq. of confllgo], i, come in conflict, com- bat ; in the passive, conflictor, as dep., contend, struggle. confligo, -ere, -flixi, -flictus [com- fligo]> 3 strike together, clash', give battle, fight, make an engage- ment. conflo, -are, -avl, -atus [com-flo, blow], i, kindle, cause', in pass., spring up. confluo, -ere, -fluxi [com-fluo], 3, flow together, assemble, col- lect. confugio, -ere, -fugi [com-fugio], 3, flee-, take refuge. congero, -ere, -gessi, -gestus [com- gero], 3, bring together, col- lect. congredior, -gredl, -gressus sum [com-gradior], 3, dep., meet ; con- tend, fight. conicio, -icere, -iecT, -iectus [com- iacio], 3, throw, cast, put; guess, conjecture ; se conicere, cast one's self. coniugium, -I [coniungo], N., mar- riage. coniuncte, compar. coniunctius, superl. coniunctissime [coniun- go], adv., intimately, on close terms. coniunctio, -onis [coniungo], F., connection, relationship. coniunctus, -a, -um [part, of con- iungo], adj., connected, connected by friendship, friendly. coniuratio, -onis [coniuro], F., conspiracy. Conon, -onis, M., Conon, an Athe- nian general. conor, -an, -atus sum, i, dep., try, attempt. conquiro, -ere, -quislvi, -quisltus [com-quaero], 3, seek out; bring together. conscius, -a, -um [com and scio], adj., sharing in knowledge of; conscious ; as subst., conspirator, accomplice. conscribo, -ere, -scripsl, -scriptus [com-scribo], 3, enroll; patres conscript!, senators. consector, -an, -atus sum [freq. of _consequor], i, dep., pursue. consensio, -onis [consentio], F., agreement ; plot, connivance. consentio, -Tre, -sens!, -sensus [com-sentio], 4, agree. consequor, -sequi, -secutus sum [com-sequor], 3, dep., accom- pany, attend ; follow, overtake, gain, attain ; obtain ; arrive ; re- sult. consero, -ere, -semi, -sertus [com- sero], 3, join ; manum conse- rere,/0z'# battle, engage. CONSERVO 170 ? CONTUMELIA conserve, -are, -avi, -atus [corn- servo], i, preserve , save ; observe. considero, -are, -avi, -atus, I, con- sider, think over. consilium, -I [consulo], ^.,plan, judgment ; advice ; design ; plot, stratagem ; resource, strategy ; con- silio vincere, outwit. consisto, -ere, -stitl, -stitus [com- sisto], 3, take position, take one 's place, stand ; consist of. consobrina, -ae [com-soror], F., cousin. conspectus, -us [conspicio], M., sight, view. conspicio, -ere, -spexT, -spectus [com-specio], 3, get sight of, see ; pass., be conspicuous. constantia, -ae [constans, firm\, F '., firmness ; steadfastness. constituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitutus [com-statuo], 3, establish ; deter- mine, decide ; regulate ; found, erect ; station ; restore ; res con- st it uere, set matters to rights. consto, -stare, -stiti, -staturus [com- sto], i, be fixed', consist of, con- sist ; be certain. consuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetus [com-suesco], 3, be accustomed, be wont. consuetude, -inis [consuesco], F., custom, habit, practise ; discipline ; habits, practise, character ; asso- ciation, familiarity. consul, -ulis, M., consul, the chief executive magistrate at Rome. consularis, -e [consul], adj., con- sular, of consular rank ; as subst., a man of consular rank. consulo, -ere, -ui, -tus [com and the root of salio], 3, consult, ask advice ; consult for the interests of, look out for. consultum, -I [consulo], N., de- liberation ; decree ; senatus con- sultum, a decree of the senate. consume, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptus [com-sumo], 3, use up ; waste ; spend. contego, -ere, -texT, -tectus [com- tego], 3, cover over, cover \ con- ceal. contemno, -ere, -temps!, -temptus [com-temno], 3, despise. contendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus [com-tendo], 3, contend, strug- gle ; say, aver, assert, insist, plead ; hasten. contentio, -onis [contendo], F., contest; dispute. contentus, -a, -urn [part, of con- tineo], adj., content, satisfied', contented with. contexo, -ere, -texul, -textus [com- texo], 3, interweave ; compose. contextus, -a, -um [part, of con- texo], adj., connected. continens, -entis [part, of con- tin e 6] , adj . , Km iting ; m odera te, temperate ; connected, continuous ; terra continens, or continens as subst., with terra omitted, mainland, continent. continentia, -ae [continens], F., continence, moderation. contineo, -ere, -tinuT, -tentus [com- teneo], 2, hold, contain ; restrain ; include. contingo, -ere, -tig!, -tactus [com- tangO], 3, touch ; befall, fall to, happen. contio, -onis [for co-ventio, fr. co- and venio], F., assembly, public assembly. contra, adv. and prep, with ace., against, opposite ; in reply to ; contra ea, or simply contra as adv. , on the other side, on the other hand. contraho, -ere, -traxT, -tractus [com-traho], 3, gather, collect. contrarius, -a, -um [contra], adj., opposite, contrary ; e contrario, on the contrary. controversia, -ae [controversus], F., dispute, controversy, differ- ence. contueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum [com- tueor], 2, dep., see, observe. contumaciter, compar. contuma- cius, superl. contumacissime [contumax], adv., insolently, stubbornly. . contumelia, -ae, F., insult, dis- grace. CONVENIO CURA convenio, -Ire, -vem, -ventus [com- venio], 4, assemble ; meet ; be agreed ; reconcile ; jmY, fit, apply to ; impers., convenit, itis_agreed. conventus, -us [convenio], M., gathering, assembly. converto, -ere, -verti, -versus [com- verto], 3, change, turn ; go over to ; fix, center, attract. convictus, -us [com-vivo], M., living together ; social intercourse. convlva, -ae [com-vivo], M., guest at table. convfvium, -I [com-vivo], N., so- cial entertainment, banquet. coorior, -oriri, -ortus sum [co- orior], 4, dep., arise, appear. copia, -ae [co and ops], ^ ., plenty, abundance ; plur., copiae, troops, forces. copula, -ae, F., band, bond. coquo, -ere, coxi, coctus, 3, cook. coram, adv. and prep, with abl., before, in the presence of '; in per- son. Corcyra, -ae, F., Corcyra, an island west of Greece. Corcyraeus, -a, -urn [Corcyra], adj., of Corcyra, Corcyraean ; as subst., a Corcyraean. Corinthius, -a, -urn [Corinthus], adj., of Corinth, Corinthian \ as subst., a Corinthian. Corinthus, -I, F., Corinth, a city of Greece. Cornelius, -I, M., a Roman name ; the gentile name of L. Cornelius Balbus, P. Cornelius Scipio, and P . Cornelius Cethegus. cornii, -us, N., horn ; wing of an army. corona, -ae, F., crown. Coronea, -ae, F., Coronea, a town of Boeotia, in Greece, corpus, -oris, N., body ; physical size. corrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus [com-rumpo], 3, corrupt, spoil', bribe. Cotta, -ae, M., a Roman name, L. Aurelius Cotta. cottldianus, -a, -um [cottldie], adj., daily. cottldie [qtiotus and dies], adv., daily. Cot us, -I, M., Cotus, a Thracian king. creber, -bra, -brum, adj., thick , frequent. credo, -ere, credidi, creditus, 3, believe, trust ; entrust, loan. cremo, -are, -avl, -atus, i, burn. creo, -are, -avl, -atus, i, choose, elect ; make, create. cresco, -ere, crevi, cretus [from the same root as creo], 3, grow, in- crease ; gain. Creta, -ae, F., Crete, an island southeast of Greece. Cretensis, -e [Creta], adj., of Crete, Cretan ; as subst., a Cretan. crimen, -inis [from the root of cerno], N., charge, accusation ; crime. Crinissus, -i, M., Crinissus, a river in Sicily. Critias, -ae, M., Critias, an Athe- nian. crudelitas, -atis [crudelis, cruel~\, F., cruelty, severity. cruento, -are, -avl, -atus [cruentus, bloody}, I, stain with blood, stain. cubitum, -I [cubo, recline'], N., el- bow. culpa, -ae, F. , fault. cult us, -us [colo], M., refinement ; manner of living ; dress ; cultus domesticus, housekeeping. cum, prep, with abl., with. cum, conj., when ; since ; although ; cum . . . turn, both ... and, both . . . and also, in general . . . and especially . cunctus, -a, -um, adj., all together, all. cupide [cupidus], adv., eagerly. cupiditas, -atis [cupidus], F., eagerness, desire ; greed ; ambi- tion. cupidus, -a, -um [cupio], adj., eager for, desirous of. cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itus, 3, desire, be eager for . cur, rel. and interrog. adv., why, wherefore, that. cura, -ae, F., care. CURATIO 172 DEICIO curatio, -onis [euro], F., care ; cure, doctoring. euro, -are, -avi, -atus [cura], i, care for, take measures for, provide. curro, -ere, cucurri, cursus, 3, run. cursor, -oris [curro], M., runner, messenger. cursus, -us [curro], M., course, passage. custodia, -ae [custos], F., watch- ing, imprisonment ; charge. custodio, -ire, -ivl, -itus [custos], 4, guard, watch. custos, -odis, M., keeper, guard. Cyclades, -um, F. plur., the Cy- c lades, a group of islands in the Aegean Sea. Cyme, -es, ace. -en, F., Cyme, a city of Asia Minor. Cyprius, -a, -um [Cyprus], adj., of Cyprus, Cyprian ; as subst., a Cypriote. Cyprus, -T, F., Cyprus, an island south of Asia Minor. Cyrenae, -arum, F. plur., Cyrene, a city of Africa. Cyrenaeus, -a, -um [Cyrenae], adj., of Cyrene ; as subst., inhabi- tant of Cyrene. Cyzicenus, -a, -um [Cyzicus, a town of Mysia], adj., of Cyzicus ; as subst., inhabitant of Cyzicus. D., abbreviation for the Roman praenomen Decimus. damnatio, -onis [damno], F., con- demnation. damno, -are, -avi, -atus [dam- num], i, condemn ; votl dam- nari, to have a prayer granted. Damon, -onis, M., Damon, an Athenian. Dareus, -I, M., Datius, king of Persia. Datis, -idis, ace. Datim, M., Datis, a Persian general. de, prep, with abl., from, down from, away from ; on account of , for ; about, concerning, of. debeo, -ere, -ul, -itus [de-habeo], 2, owe, be indebted ; ought. debilito, i, -are, -avi, -atus [debilis, weak], i, weaken. decedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus [de- cedo], 3, withdraw, retire, leave ; subside ; die. Decelea, -ae, F., Decelea, a town in Attica. decem, indecl. num., ten. decemplex, -plicis [decem and the root of plico, fold], adj., tenfold, ten times. decerno, -ere, -crevT, -cretus [de- cerno], 3, decide, settle ; vote, de- cree ; fight. decessus, -us [decedo], M., depar- ture, death. decet, decere, decuit, 2, impers., be proper, be fitting. decipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptus [de- capio], 3, catch ; deceive. declaro, -are, -avi, -atus [de and clarus], i, declare, show, set forth^ evince ; point out, throw light on. deditio, -onis [dedo], F., sur- render. deditus, -a, -um [part, of dedo], adj., given up, devoted. dedo, -ere, -did!, -ditus [de-do], 3, give up, deliver up ; devote ; sur- render. deduce, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [de- duce], 3, lead, bring, take ; con- duct, lead out a colony ; transport ; steer ; land. defendo, -ere, -fend!, -fensus [de- ' fendp], 3, ward off '; defend. [defendo], F., de- defensio, -onis fense. defero, -ferre, -tulT, -latus [de- fero], irr., bring, offer ; bestow, confer ; transfer ; report. deficio, -ere, -fed, -fectus [de- facio], 3, withdraw, revolt ; fail, give out. deformitas, -atis [deformis], F., deformity. dehortor, -ari, -atus sum [de-hor- tor], i, dep., advise against, dis- suade. deicio, -ere, -iecl, -iectus [de- iacio], 3, throw down, throw ; destroy. DEIN 173 DETRAHO dein, or deinde, adv., then, next, in the second place, secondly, next in order ; thereafter. delecto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of delicio, entice}, I, charm, enter- tain. delectus, -a, -um [part, of deligo], adj., chosen, select ; as subst. plur., delecti, picked men. deled, -ere, -evT, -etus, 2, blot out; destroy ; finish, end. delibero, -are, -avi, -atus [de and Hbra, balance}, i, weigh, delib- erate ; consult an oracle. delictum, -I [delinquo], N., fault, offense, crime. deligo, -ere, -leg!, -lectus [de- lego], 3, select, choose ; elect. deligo, -are, -avi, -atus [de-ligo], i, bind. Delos, -I, F., Delos, an island in the Aegean Sea. Delphi, -drum, M. plur., Delphi, a city in Central Greece. Demaenetus, -!, M., Demaenetus, a Syracusan. Demetrius, -I, M., Demetrius Pha- lereus, a Greek statesman. demigratio, -onis [demigro], F., emigration. demigro, -are, -avi, -atus [de- migro], i, move, emigrate. demolior, -iri, -itus sum [de-mo- lior], 4, dep., demolish, over- throw. demonstro, -are, -avi, -atus [de- monstro], i, show ; prove. demum, adv., at length, at last. denuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [de- nuntio], I, announce, declare. depello, -ere, -pull, -pulsus [de- pello], 3, drive, drive out. depingo, -ere, -pmxi, -pictus [de- pingo], 3, paint, depict. depono, -ere, -posui, -positus [de- pono], 3, lay down, lay aside ; de- posit. depopulor, -ari, -atus sum [de- populor], i, dep., lay waste, pil- lage. deporto, -are, -avi, -atus [de- port 6], i, carry away; ship; fetch home. deprecor, -ari, -atus sum [de- precor], I, dep., beg off; avert by intercession. deprimo, -ere, -press!, -pressus [de- _premo], 3, check, suppress. depugnp, -are, -avi, -atus [de- pugno], I, subdtie by fighting; resist an attack, drive away. descendo, -ere, -scendl, -scensus [de-scando], 3, go down, come down, descend. desclscp, -ere, -scivl, -scltus [de- scisco], 3, desert, revolt. describe, -ere, -scrips!, -scriptus [de-scribo], 3, describe, men- tion. desero, -ere, -serui, -sertus [de- sero], 3, leave, desert. desertus, -a, -um [part, of desero], adj., abandoned, deserted. desiderium, -! [desidero], N., longing for, desire ; need ; loss. desidero, -are, -av!, -atus, i, long for; ask for, require, demand; miss. desino, -ere, -si!, -situs [de-sino], 3, cease, stop. desistp, -ere, -stit!, -stitus [de- sist 6], 3, leave, stop, cease. desperatio, -onis [despero], F., despair. despero, -are, -avi, -atus [de- spero], i, despair, despair of, be hopeless. despicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [de- specio], 3, look down on, despise. desponded, -ere, -spond!, -sponsus [de-spondeo], 2, promise; engage; pledge in marriage. destituo, -ere, -stitu!, -stitutus [de- statuo], 3, leave, abandon. desum, -esse, -fu! [de-sum], irr., be lacking, be omitted ; fail. detego, -ere, -tex!, -tectus [de- tego], 3, uncover, unroof. deterred, -ere, -u!, -itus [de-ter- reo], 2, frighten away ; prevent^ hinder. detestor, -ari, -atus sum [de-testor], i, dep., curse; abhor, detest. detraho, -ere, -trax!, -tractus [de- traho], 3, draw away, remove ; disparage, detract from . DETRIMENTUM 174 DISPUTO detrimentum, -I [detero], N., loss, harm, detriment. deus, -T, M., god. devincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctus [de- vincio], 4, bind; put under obli- gations ; attach to one's self. devinco, -ere, -vici, -victus [de- vinco], 3, conquer, subdue, defeat, overcome. devotio, -onis [devoveo], F., offer- ing', curse. devoveo, -ere, -vovi, -votus [de- voveo], 2, devote\ curse. dexter, -tra, -trum, adj., right, on the right hand-, dextra, F., with manus understood, the right hand; pledge. Diana, -ae, F., Diana, goddess of the moon. dicis, gen. of a noun derived from the root of died ; it occurs only in the phrase dicis causa, for the sake of form. dico, -ere, dm, dictus, 3, say, speak', speak in public, plead a case ; call ; agree. dictator, -oris [dicto], M., dictator, a high Roman magistrate. dictum, -I [dico], N., word; com- mand', promise. dies, diei, M. or F. in sing., M. in plur., day ; time, period. differo, -ferre, distuli, dilatus [dis- fero], irr., spread', disturb', put off, postpone ; differ, disagree. difficilis, -e, compar. difficilior, superl. difficillimus [dis-facilis], adj., hard, difficult ; hard to please, disagreeable. diffido, -ere, -fisus sum [dis-fido], 3, semi-dep., distrust, be doubt- ful of . dlgnitas, -atis [dignus], F., worth, greatness, rank ; honor, dignity, nobility. dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy, deserv- ing of. dilectus, -us [diligo], M., select- ing ; draft, levy. diligens, -entis [part, of diligo], adj . , fond of ; careful, diligent. diligenter, compar. diligentius, superl. diligentissime [dlli- gens], adv., carefully, assidu- ously. diligentia, -ae [diligens], F., care, carefulness, diligence. dlligo, -ere, -lexi, -lectus [di-lego], 3, love, be fond of . dimico, -are, -avi, -atus, I, fight, contend. dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [di- mitto], 3, send away, dismiss ; let escape ; put off ; surrender. Diomedon, -ontis, M., Diomedon, an inhabitant of Cyziciis. Dion, -onis, M., Dion, a Syracu- san. Dionysius, -I, M., Dionysius, a Greek name. dirigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus [di- rego], 3, direct, steer, head. dis, dltis ; see dives. discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus [dis- cedo], 3, go away, leave, depart; get out of, come out ; come off, re- main. discepto, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- capto], i, decide; dispute. disciplma, -ae [discipulus, pupil~\, F., discipline, training; teaching, study ; culture. disco, -ere, didicT, 3, learn. discrimen, -inis [discerno], N., de- cision ; crisis. diserte [disertus], adv., learnedly, eloquently. disertus, -a, -um [part, of dissero, argue], adj., learned, eloquent. disicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [dis- iacio], 3, tear down, break up ; destroy ; scatter. dispalatus, -a, -um, adj., strag- gling. dispergo, -ere, -spersi, -spersus [dis-spargo], 3, scatter. dispertio, -Ire, -Tv! or -ii, -itus [dis-partio], 4, divide among, share. displicep, -ere, -uT, -itus [dis- placed], 2, displease. dispono, -ere, -posui, -positus [dis-pono], 3, arrange, dispose, station. dispute, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- pute], I, examine, discuss. DISSENSIO DUCENTI dissensio, -onis [dissentio], F., disagreement ; dissension. dissentio, -ire, -sensl, -sensus [dis- sentio], 4, disagree, dissent ; re- volt. dissideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [dis- sedeo], 2, differ, disagree. dissimilis, -e [dis-similis], adj., unlike, different. dissimilitude, -inis [dissimilis], F., unlikeness, difference. dissocio, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- socio], i, disunite ; estrange. dissolutus, -a, -um [part, of dis- solve], adj., careless, dissolute, dissipated. dissolve, -ere, -solvT, -solutus [dis- solve], 3, break up, destroy. distineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus [dis- teneo], 2, keep apart; engage, distract; hinder. distringo, -ere, -strinxi, -strictus [dis-stringo], 3, draw apart; en- gage, distract. diu, compar. diutius, superl. diu- tissime, adv., long, for a long time. diutinus, -a, -um [diu], adj., long, lasting. diuturnitas, -atis [diuturnus], F., length of time, continuance. diuturnus, -a, -um [diu], adj., long, of long duration. diversus, -a, -um [part, of diverto], adj., opposite, contrary, conflicting. dives, -itis or dls, dltis, compar. divitior or dltior, super!, divi- tissimus or ditissimus, adj., rich, wealthy. divide, -ere, -visi, -visus, 3, divide ; divide among, share. divinatio, -onis [divine], F., divina- tion ; divine inspiration. divino, -are, -avi, -atus [divinus], I , foresee, predict. divinus, -a, -um [divus], adj., divine, divinely inspired. divitiae, -arum [dives], F. plur., riches, wealth. divus, -a, -um, adj., divine, godlike ; deijied, sainted. do, dare, dedi, datus, \,give, grant, present ; devote ; assign ; provide ; se dare, devote one 1 s self ; manus dare, give in, surrender ; ope- ram dare, busy one's self, take pains to, attend to, endeavor ; poe- nas dare, supplicium dare, be punished; veniam dare, grant a request ; verba dafe, cheat. doceo, -ere, docuT, doctus, 2, teach, instruct ; tell, explain. docilitas, -atis [docilis, teachable], F., docility, aptitude. doctor, -oris [doceo], M., teacher, instructor. doctrma, -ae [doctor], F., teaching, learning ; plur. , studies, branches of learning. dodrans, -antis, M., three quar- ters. Dolopes, -um, M. plur., the Dolo- pians, a people of Thessaly. dolor, -oris [doled], M., pain; grief. dolus, -I, M., deceit, trickery; trick; sine dolo, in good faith. domesticus, -a, -um [domus], adj., of the house, of the home ; do- mestic. domicilium, -I [domus], N., dwell- ing-place, seat, home. dominatio, -5nis [dominus], F., mastery, supremacy, rule, sway, authority. dominus, -I [domo], M., master, ruler. Domitius, -I, M., Cn. Domitius, a Roman consul. domus, -us, F., house, home ; domi, at home ; domum, home, home- wards ; dome, from home. donee, or donicum, conj., while, until. dono, -are, -avi, -atus [donum], I, give, present. dos, dotis [do], F., dowry. Drusilla, -ae, F., Drusilla, the wife of Augustus. dubito, -are, -avi, -atus [dubius], i, doubt, hesitate. dubius, -a, -um [duo], adj., doubt- ful, uncertain ; sine dubio, with- out doubt. ducenti, -ae, -a [duo-centum], num. adj. plur., two hundred. DUCO I 7 6 EO duco, -ere, duxl, ductus, 3, lead, bring ; influence ; marry ; think, consider ; prolong ; tempus du- cere, kill time. dulcis, -e, compar. dulcior, superl. dulcissimus, adj., sweet, pleas- ing. dum, conj., while; until. duo, duae, duo, num. adj., two. duodecim [duo-decem], num. adj., twelve. duplex, -icis [duo and root of pli- co], adj., twofold, double. duplico, -are, -avi, -atus [duplex], I, double. duritia, -ae [durus], F., hardness ; austerity. durus, -a, -um, adj., hard; rough; cruel ; severe. dux, duels [root of duco], M., leader, commander. dynast es, -ae [Gk. Swao-rajs], M., ruler. e, prep. ; see ex. ea [abl. F. sing, of is, with via un- derstood], adv., there. eadem [abl. F. sing, of Idem, with via understood], adv., by the same way ; likewise. editus, -a, -um [part, of edo], adj., elevated, high. edo, -ere, -did!, -ditus [e-do], 3, give out, publish ; perform, cause. educo, -ere,-duxi, -ductus [e-duco], 3, lead out ; disembark. educo, -are, -avi, -atus [e and root of duco], i, bring up, rear, edu- cate. effero, efferre, extuli, elatus [ex- fero], irr., carry out, carry away ; spread abroad, publish, praise, laud; carry out for burial, bury. efficio, -ere, -fed, -fectus [ex-fa- cio], 3, do ; do thoroughly, accom- plish, complete ; procure ; bring about, bring to pass. effugio, -ere, -fugi [ex-fugio], 3, flee from, escape. effusus, -a, -um [part, of effundo], adj., lavish, effuse. ego, mei, pers. pron., /. egomet, emphatic form of ego. egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum [e- gradior], 3, dep., go out, depart; disembark ; come. egregius, -a, -um [e and grex, herd\, adj., extraordinary; very great, excellent. eicio, -ere, -iecl, -iectus [e-iacio], 3, cast out, drive out, expel. eius modi ; see modus, elatus, -a, -um [part, of effero], adj., exalted; elated, proud. elegans, -antis, compar. elegan- tior, superl. elegantissimus, adj., tasteful, select, finished, ele- _ gant. elegantia, -ae [elegans], F., taste, elegance, refinement. elephantus, -I, M., elephant. elicio, -ere, -lieu! [e-lacio], 3, draw out, call forth, elicit ; evoke. Elis, -idis, F., Elis, a province of Greece, eloquentia, -ae [eloquens], F., eloquence. Elpinice, -es, ace. -en, F., Elpinice^ daughter of Miltiades. eluceo, -ere, -luxi [e-luceo], 2, shine forth ; be plain, be manifest ; be prominent. emax, -acis [emo], adj., fond of buying. emendo, -are, -avi, -atus [e and mendum, fault\, I, correct, im- prove ; atone for . emergo, -ere, -mersi, -mersus [e- mergo], 3, raise up ; extricate oneself, escape. emineo, -ere, -ui, 2, be prominent, be eminent. eminiscor, -mimsci, -mentus sum [e-miniscor], 3, dep., devise, con- trive. eminus [e and manus], adv., from a distance, at long range. emitto, -ere, -mlsi, -missus [e-mit- to], 3, let out, release ; give up. emo, -ere, eml, emptus, 3, buy. enim, conj., for ; in fact. enumero, -are, -avi, -atus [e-nu- mero], I, recount, relate. eo, ire, ii, itus, irr., go, march, move ; obviam ire, go to meet. EO 1/7 EXCELLO eo [is], adv., thither, there ; to that point, so; with compar., the ; eo . . . quod, because. eodem [Idem], adv., to the same place ; besides. Epaminondas, -ae, M., Epaminon- das, a Theban general. ephebus, -I [Gk. t^fas], M., ephe- bus, a youth. ephemeris, -idis [Gk. ttypcpls], F., diary, account-book. Ephesus, -I, F., Ephesus, a city of Asia Minor, ephorus, -I [Gk. topos], M., ephor, a Spartan magistrate. _ Epiroticus, -a, -um [Epirus], adj., of Epirus, in Epirus. Epirus, -I, M., Epirus, a province of northwestern Greece, epistula, -ae [Gk. ^7rrroA.^], F., letter, epistle. eques, -itis [equus], M., horseman, cavalryman ; knight, a civil title at Rome, equester, -tris, -tre [eques], adj., of cavalry ; of knighthood. equitatus, -us [eques], M., cavalry. equus, -I, M., horse. Eretria, -ae, F., Eretria, a city of Euboea. erga, prep, with ace., toward, with respect to. ergo, adv., therefore. erigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus [e-rego], 3, erect, brace up ; arouse. eripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus [e-ra- pio], 3, snatch, steal', rescue. error, -oris [erro], M., error, mis- take. erudio, -ire, -ivi, -Itus [e and ru- dis], 4, polish ; teach, educate, in- struct. erumpo, -ere, -rupl, -ruptus [e- rumpo], 3, break out. Eryx, Erycis, F., Eryx, a moun- tain in Sicily. escendd, -ere, -scendi, -scensus [e-scando], 3, mount ; embark. et, adv. and conj., and, even, but; et . . . et, both . . . and. etiam [et-iam], adv., also, even-, non solum . . . sed etiam, not only . . . but also. etiamnum [etiam-num], adv., still, even yet. etiamtum [etiam-tum], adv., even then. Etruria, -ae, F., Etruria, a coun- try of Italy, north of Rome. etsl [et-sl], conj., although, even if. Euagoras, -ae, M., Euagoras, a king in Cyprus. Euboea, -ae, F., Euboea, an island east of Greece. Eumenes, -is, M., Eumenes, king of Pergamum. Eumolpidae, -arum, M. plur., the Eumolpidae, a family at Athens. Europa, -ae, F., Europe. Eurybiades, -is, M., Eurybiades, a Spartan admiral. Eurydice, -es, F., Eurydice, queen of Macedonia. Eurysthenes, -is, M., Eurysthenes, king of Sparta. evenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventus [e-ve- nio], 4, come out, happen. evlto, -are, -avl, -atus [e-vlto], i, avoid, shun. ex or e, prep, with abl., out of, from ; of ; according to, by, with. exacuo, -ere, -acul, -acutus [ex- acuo], 3, sharpen, excite ; incite. exadversum [ex-ad versum], prep, with ace. and adv., opposite, over against. exagito, -are, -avl, -atus [ex- agito], I, arouse, excite ; hunt. exanimo, -are, -avl, -atus [ex and anima], i, deprive of life, kill-, pass., expire. exardesco, -ere, -arsi, -arsus [ex- ardesco], 3, be excited, be stirred /, excedo, -ere, -cessl, -cessus [ex- cedo], 3, go out, depart, leave ; surpass. excellens, -entis, compar. excel- lentior, superl. excellentissi- mus [part, of excello], adj., ex- celling, preeminent; eminent; un- usual. excellenter [excellens], adv., ex- cellently. excello, -ere, -celsus, 3, be eminent, excel. EXCIEO EXSTRUO exciep, -cire, -civi, -citus [ex- cieo], 4, call, summon. excipio, -ere, -cepl, -ceptus [ex- capio], 3, take, receive, pick up ; await ; except. excito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of excieo], i, rouse, excite. exclude, -ere, -clusi, -clusus [ex- claudo], 3, shttt out, cut off] hinder. excogito, -are, -avi, -atus [ex- cogito], I, think out, think over, plan. excursio, -onis [excurro], F., raid, inroad, expedition. excuse, -are, -avl, -atus [ex and causa], i, give an excuse ; excuse. exemplum, -I [eximo], N., copy, example. exeo, exlre, exil, exitus [ex-eo], irr., go out, start out ; go away, de- part, leave ; disembark ; go abroad ; come from, escape. exerceo, -ere, -ercui, -ercitus [ex- arceo], 2, exercise, train, drill. exercitatio, -onis [exercito], F., exercise, drill. exercitatus, -a, -um, compar. ex- ercitatior, superl. exercitatis- simus [part, of exercito], adj., well drilled, trained, skilled. exercitus, -us [exerceo], TA.,army. exhaurio, -Ire, -hausl, -haustus [ex-haurio], 4, drain, exhaust, impoverish. exheredo, -are, -avl, -atus [ex and heres, heir], i, disinherit. exiguus, -a, -um, adj., small, scanty. eximie [eximius], adv., exceed- ingly, very. eximo, -ere, -emi, -emptus [ex- emo], 3, take off, remove ; free, release. existimatio, -onis [exlstimo], F., opinion ; reputation. exlstimo, -are, -avl, -atus [ex- aestimo], i, estimate, reckon ; think, suppose. exitus, -us [exeo], M., exit, outlet-, outcome, result ; death. expedio, -Tre, -Tvi, -itus [ex and pes], 4, set free, release, extricate ; be of advantage, be expedient. expedltus, -a, -um, compar. expe- ditior, superl. expedltissimus [part, of expedio], adj., unfet- tered, free of movement ; ready, free. expello, -ere, -pull, -pulsus [ex- pello], 3, drive out, expel, banish ; drive. expendo, -ere, -pendl, -pensus [ex- pendo], 3, weigh out, pay out, ex- pend. experior, -m, -pertus sum, 4, dep., try ; find ; measure strength with, test. expers, -pertis [ex-pars], adj., not sharing in, exempt; ignorant of, free from. explico, -are, -avl, -atus [ex- plico], i, explain, make plain, de- scribe ; narrate ; deploy, extend. explore, -are, -avl, -atus [ex- ploro], I, explore, investigate, test. _ expono, -ere, -posul, -positus [ex- pono], 3, set forth, explain, de- scribe ; expose, abandon. exposed, -ere, -poposci [ex-posco], 3, ask for, demand. exprimo, -ere, -press!, -pressus [ex- premo], 3, express, present, rep- resent, portray. expugno, -are, -avl, -atus [ex- pugno], i, take by siege, capture ; take, storm. exsilium, -I [exsul], N., exile, ban- ishment. exsisto, -ere, -stiti [ex-sisto], 3, come forth, arise ; occur, be ; de- velop. exspectatio, -onis [exspecto], F., expectation, desire. exspecto, -are, -avl, -atus, i, ex- pect, await, wait for. exsplendesco, -ere, -splendui [ex- splendesco], 3, shine, be distin- guished. exstinguo, -ere, -stinxT, -stmctus [ex-stinguo], 3, put out, blot otit ; destroy, kill', take away, abolish. exsto, -are [ex-sto], i, exist, live, be. exstruo, -ere, -struxi, -structus [ex- struo], 3, buildup. EXSUL 179 FERETRIUS exsul,_exsulis [ex and the root of salio], M., exile. externus, -a, -um [exter], adj., outward, external; foreign. extimesco, -ere, -timui [ex-times- co], 3, fear, dread. extra [exter], adv. and prep, with ace., outside of, beyond, except. extraho, -ere, -traxl, -tractus [ex- traho], 3, draw out ; prolong. extremus,-a, -um [superl. of exter], adj., last, final, latest, extreme ; extreme tempore, extremis temporibus, or extreme alone, at last, finally. faber, -brl, M., blacksmith, artisan ; workman in the army. Fabianus, -a, -um [Fabius], adj., of Fabius-, as subst., Fabiani, plur., the soldiers of Fabius. Fabius, -T, M., a Roman gentile name ; Q. Fabius Labeo, and Q. Fabius Maximus. fades, -el, F., form, figure, face ; appearance. facile, compar. facilius, superl. fa- cillime [facilis], adv., easily. facilis, -e [facio], adj., easy ; favor- able^ facilitas, -atis [facilis], F., easi- ness ; good-nature. facio, -ere, fed, factus, 3, make, do, act, perform ; eertiorem facere, inform ; fidem facere, make one believe ; iter facere, march ; plu- ris facere, think more of; po- testatem facere, give a chance at ; praedas facere, take booty ; verba facere, make an address, plead; mentionem facere, men- tion, suggest ; facere ut, cause ; require; pass., fio, fieri, factus sum, be made, be done, become, be- come of; occur; fit ut, it is brought about that, the result is that, hence. factio, -onis [facio], F., faction, party ; partisanship. factiosus, -a, -um [factio], adj., partisan, factious. factum, -I [facio], N., act, deed, performance. facultas, -atis [facilis], F., oppor- tunity ; skill ; plur. , means ; pow- ers, faculties ; advantages, facili- ties. faenus, -oris, N., interest, usury. Falernus, -a, -um, adj., Falernian ; Falernus Ager, a district of Campania, the Falernian terri- tory. fallo, -ere, fefelll, falsus, 3, deceive, cheat ; disappoint. falsus, -a, -um [part, of fallo], adj., false, pretended; neut. plur., falsa, falsehoods; falso, adv., in vain ; falsely. fama, -ae [for, speaK\, F., report, rumor ; reputation, fame. fames, -is, F., hunger. familia, -ae [famulus, servant\, F., household ; family servants ; fam- ily. _ familiaris, -e, compar. familiarior, superl. familiarissimus [fami- lia], adj., belonging to the house- hold or family ; familiar, inti- mate, friendly ; as subst., friend, intimate acquaintance. familiaritas, -atis [familiaris], F., friendship, intimacy. familiariter, compar. familiarius, superl. familiarissime [familia- ris], adv., intimately, on friendly terms. fanum, -I, N., shrine, temple* fastigium, -T, N., top, peak; sum- mit ; level ; dignity ; fastlgio, at the top. fautor, -oris [faveo], M., patron, supporter. fautrix, -Icis [faveo], F '., patroness, protectress. faveo, -ere, favi, fauturus, 2, favor, support, protect. febris, -is, F., fever. fellcitas, -atis [fellx, fortunate'], F., good luck, good fortune, suc- cess. fere, adv., almost, about; nearly; generally, usually. Feretrius, -I [feretrum, litter], M., Feretrius, an epithet of Jupiter, FERO 1 80 FRUMENTUM fero, ferre, tuli, latus, irr., bear, carry ; bear, endure ; move, impel ; think, consider ; cast a vote ; le- gem ferre, pass a law. ferocia, -ae [ferox, fierce], F., fierceness ; severity. ferox, -ocis, compar. ferocior, su- perl. ferocissimus [ferus], adj., fierce, wild', formidable', warlike. ferrum, -I, N., iron ; sword, weapon, spearhead. ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, savage; unfeeling. festus, -a, -um, adj., festal; festus dies, holiday. flctilis, -e [fingo], adj., of clay, earthen. fidelis, -e, compar. fidelior, superl. fidelissimus [fides], adj., faith- ful. fldens, -entis [part, of fido], adj., confident, bold. fides, -el, F., faithfulness, relia- bility, honor ; reliance, confidence, credence ; trust, keeping ; credit, pledge, word; attachment. fiducia, -ae [fidus], F., confidence, courage. filia, -ae, F., daughter. films, -I, M., son. fingo, -ere, flnxi, fictus, 3, make, form, shape, fashion ; contrive, invent. finis, -is, M., end, limit, bound', ad eum finem quoad, until; fines, plur., boundaries ; territory. fid, fieri, factus sum ; see facio. firmitas, -atis [firmus], F., firm- ness, soundness, vigor. fistula, -ae, F., ulcer, abscess. flagitium, -I, N., outrage ; disgrace. flagrd, -are, -avi, -atus, I, blaze, burn ; be excited ; be inspired. Flaminius, -I, M., C. Flaminius, a Roman consul. flamma, -ae, Y., flame, fire. Flavius, -I, M., C. Flavius, a Ro- man. fleo, flere, flevl, fletus, 2, weep ; be- wail. florens, -entis [part, of floreo], adj., blooming, flourishing ; prosperous, in good circumstances ; in power. floreo, -ere, florin [flos, fiower\, 2, bloom ; flourish ; be successful ; be prominent. fluctus, -us [fluo], M., wave, bil- low ; commotion. flumen, -inis [fluo], N., river. foederatus, -a, -um [foedus], adj., allied. foedus, -eris, N., treaty ; agreement. fore ; see sum. forensis, -e [forum], adj., of the forum, forensic. fores, -ium, F. plur., door. forma, -ae, F., figure, shape, size, appearance ; beauty. formosus, -a, -um [forma], adj., handso?ne. forte [abl. of fors, chance~\, adv., perchance, perhaps. fortis, -e, adj., strong, stout, power- ful brave. fortiter, compar. fortius, superl. fortissime [fortis], adv., bravely, stoutly. fortitudo, -inis [fortis], F., bravery, courage. fortuito [forte], adv., by chance. fortuna, -ae [fors], F., fortune, good forttine, luck ; fate, circum- stances ; fortunae, ^\\M., fortune, property. forum, -I, N., forum, market-place; at Rome the chief public square. frango, -ere, fregi, fractus, 3, break, break up ; crttsh, overwhelm. frater, -tris, M., brother. fraternus, -a, -um [frater], adj., of a brother, brother's, brotherly. fratricida, -ae [frater and caedo], ^., fratricide. Fregellae, -arum, F. plur., Fregel- lae, a city of Latium. frequens, -entis, compar. frequen- tior, superl. frequentissimus, adj., repeated, continual, constant; crowded, filled. frequentia, -ae [frequens], F., crowd, concourse. fretus, -a, -um, adj., depending on, relying on. fructus, -us [fruor], M., enjoyment; profit, produce, income ; reward. frumentum, -I [fruor], N., grain. FRUOR HABEO fruor, fruT, fructus sum, 3, dep., en- joy ; enjoy the company of. frustra [fraus], adv., in vain. frustror, -an, -atus sum [frustra], I. dep., deceive, disappoint. fuga, -ae [fugio], Y., flight. fugio, -ere, fug!, fugiturus, 3, flee ; flee from, avoid ; be an exile. fugo, -are, -a vi, -atus [fuga], i,put to flight, rout, scatter, defeat. fuit ; see sum. Fulvia, -ae, F., Fulvia, wife of Mark Antony. fundamentum, -I [fundo], N., foun- dation. fundo, -ere, fudi, fusus, 3, pour out; rout, scatter. fundus, -I, M., farm, estate. funestus, -a, -um [funus], adj., fatal, calamitous. fungor, fungi, functus sum, 3, dep., perform, do, execute ; discharge an office. funus, -eris, N., funeral; death. Furius, -I, M., L. Furius, a Roman consul. futurus, -a, -um [part, of sum], adj., about to occur, future. Gellius, -I, M., Q. Gellius Canus, a friend of Atticus. gener, -eri, M., son-in-law. generatus, -a, -um [part, of genero, begei\, adj., descended, sprttng. generosus, -a, -um [genus], adj., well-born, of good birth, of good family ; noble, generous. gens, gentis, F., gens, a subdivision of the Roman people ; nation, race, tribe. genii, -us, N., knee. genus, -eris, N., kind, class; race, nationality ; family, ancestry. germanus, -a, -um, adj. * full, own, of brothers and sisters. gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, 3, do, per- form, carry on, conduct; cherish, hold; se gerere, conduct oneself, act ; bellum gerere, wage war ; rem, or res, gerere, transact af- fairs, succeed ; rem male gerere, 13 meet with disaster, sustain a de- feat ; res male geri, go badly ; rel gerendae, action ; imperium gerere, exercise command ; morem gerere, gratify ones desire. gigno, -ere, genui, genitus, 3, be- get, produce. gladius, -I, M., sword. globus, -I, M., throng, crowd, clique. gloria, -ae, F., glory, renown ; boasting. glorior, -ari, -atus sum [gloria], I, dep., boast. gloriosus, -a, -um [gloria], adj., glorious, creditable ; boastful. Gortynius, -a, -um [Gortyna], adj., of Gortyna, Gortynian; as subst., a Gortynian. gradus, -us, M., step ; position, ground; stage, degree. Graece [Graecus], adv., in Greek, Greek. Graecia, -ae, F., Greece. Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Greek; as subst., a Greek. Graius, -a, -um, adj., Grecian; as subst., a Greek. gratia, -ae [gratus], F., favor, gratitude; gratia, abl. sing., for the sake of ; gratiae, -arum, plur., thanks; gratiis, abl. plur., gra- tis, for nothing. gratus, -a, -um, compar. gratior, superl. gratissimus, adj., pleas- ing, acceptable. gravis, -e, compar. gravior, su- perl. gravissimus, adj., heavy, weighty ; serious ; severe ; of au- thority, eminent. gravitas, -atis [gravis], F., weight, importance ; seriousness. Grynium, -I, N., Grynium, a town of Asia Minor. gubernator, -oris [guberno], M., helmsman. gymnasium, -I [Gk. 7u/munoi/], N., gymnasium, school. H habeo, -ere, habui, habitus, 2, have, hold, keep ; regard, consider, ac- count ; render, flnd ; show, be- HABITO 182 HUMILIS stow ; get, obtain ; gratias ha- bere, feel thankful', rationem habere, take account of, consider ; se habere, be situated; satis ha- bere, be content. habito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of habeo], I, live, reside. hac [abl. sing. F. of hie, with via understood], adv., by that way, here. hactenus [hac and tenus], adv., thus far. Hadrumetum, -I, N., Hadrume- tum, a town in Africa. Hamilcar, -aris, M., Plamilcar, a Carthaginian general. Hannibal, -alis, M., Hannibal, a Carthaginian general. haruspex, -icis [an old word haru, entrails, and specie], M., sooth- sayer. Hasdrubal, -alis, M., Hasdrubal, a Carthaginian. hasta, -ae, F., spear ; spear set up as a sign of an auction, auction ; hasta publica, public auction. hastile, -is [hasta], N., spear. haud, adv., not, not at all. Hellespontus, -i, M., the Helles- pont, the strait between Europe and Asia. hemerodromus, -I, nom. plur. -oe [Gk. ^upo5p., joke, jest. iocus, -I, M., joke, jest. I ones, -um, M. plur., lonians. Ionia, -ae, F., Ionia, a district of Asia Minor. Iphicratensis, -is [iphicrates], adj., of Iphicrates. iphicrates, -is, M., Iphicrates, an Athenian general. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, gen. ipsius, dat. ipsi, dem. pron., self', himself, herself, itself ; the very one ; own. Ira, -ae, F., anger, passion. Irascor, -T, Iratus sum [Ira], 3, dep., get angry, be vexed with. Iratus, -a, -um [part, of Irascor], adj., angry, provoked. irrldeo, -ere, -risi, -risus [in-rideo], 2, laugh at, jeer . is, ea, id, gen. eius, dat. el, dem. pron., that, this ; this man, this woman, this thing ; he, she, it', is qul, he who ; is ut, such that ; eo quod, because. iste, ista, istud, gen. istlus, dat. isti, dem. pron., that, this', that of yours ; he, she, it. ita, adv., thus, so, so very, as fol- lows. Italia, -ae, F., Italy. _ Italicus, -a, -um [Italia], adj., of Italy, Italian. itaque [ita-que], adv., therefore, accordingly. item, adv., likewise. iter, itineris [eo], N.,road\ march, trip. ITERUM 187 LECTICULA iterum, adv., a second time, again ; the second time. iubeo, -ere, iussT, iussus, 2, order, command. iucundus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant, delightful, congenial. iudex, -icis [ius and died], M., judge. iudicium, -I [iudex], N., judg- ment, trial ; lawsuit. iudico, -are, -avi, -atus [iudex], I, judge, form a judgment, con- sider ; pass judgment, declare, pro- nounce. lulius, -I, M., L. Julitts Calidus and L. Julius Mocilla, Roman names, iumentum, -I [iungo], N., a beast of burden, horse, mule ; iumenta, plur., cattle. iungo, -ere, iunxl, iunctus, 3, join together ; yoke. lunius, -a, -um, adj., of Junius, a Roman, luppiter, lovis, M., Jupiter, the highest Roman god. iuro, -are, -avi, -atus [ius], i, swear, take oath. ius, iuris, N., law, right, justice ; iure, justly, deservedly ; in ius ire, go to law. iusiiirandum, iurisiurandl, N., oath. iussum, -I [part, of iubeo], N., order, command. iustitia, -ae [ius], F., justice. iustus, -a, -um [ius], adj., just, upright. iuvencus, -I [iuvenis], M., a young bullock, steer. iuxta, adv. and prep, with ace., near, beside, close to. K Kal., abbreviation for Kalendae, -arum, F. plur., the first day of the month, the Calends. L., abbreviation for the Roman praenomen Lucius. labor, -oris, M., labor, toil\ endur- ance. laboriosus, -a, -um [labor], adj., hard-working, toiling ; toilsome, difficult. laboro, -are, -avi, -atus [labor], I, labor, toil, work. Lacedaemon, -onis, F., Sparta, a city of Greece. Lacedaemonius, -a, -um [Lace- daemon], adj., Spartan, Lace- daemonian ; as subst. pi., the Spartans. lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus, 3, excite , arouse, harass. Laco, -onis, M., a Spartan, a La- conian. lacrima, -ae, F., tear. lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atus [lacri- ma], I, shed tears, weep. laedo, -ere, laesi, laesus, 3, hurt, harm ; violate. laetitia, -ae [laetus], Y.,joy. Lamachus, -I, M., Lamachus, an Athenian general. Lamprus, -I, M., Lamprus, an Athenian. Lampsacus, -I, F., Lampsacus, a city in Asia Minor. Laphystius, -I, M., Laphystius, a Syracusan. lapideus, -a, -um [lapis], adj., of stone. lapis, -idis, M., stone ; mile-stone. largitio, -onis [largior], F., lavish- ness \ free distribution, dispens- ing ; bribery. lateo, -ere, -ui, 2, keep in hiding, be concealed ; escape notice. Latlne [Latinus], adv., in Latin, in the Latin language. laudatio, -onis [laudo], F '., praise, eulogy. laudo, -are, -avi, -atus [laus], I, praise. laureus, -a, -um [laurus], adj., of laurel. laus, laudis, F., praise. laute [lautus], adv., elegantly, taste- fully. lautijs, -a, -um [part, of lavo, wasti\, adj., neat, elegant, tasteful. lectica, -ae, F., litter, sedan-chair. lecticula, -ae [dim. of lectica], F., little litter, modest litter ; bier. LECTIO 1 88 LUCRETIUS lectio, -onis [lego], F., reading, re- cital. lector, -6ris [lego], M., reader, re- citer. legatio, -onis, F.. embassy, legation. legatus, -i, M., legate, ambassador. legitimus, -a, -um [lex], adj., law- ful, legal. lego, -ere, legi, lectus, 3, choose, select ; gather ; read. Lemnius, -a, -um [Lemnus], adj., of Lemnos, Lemnian ; as subst., a Lemnian. Lemnus, -I, F., Lemnos, an island in the Aegean Sea. Leonidas, -ae, M., Leonidas, king of Sparta. Leotychides, -ae, abl. -e, M., Leo- ty chides, a Spartan. lepos, -oris, M., grace, charm. Lesbos, -I, F., Lesbos, an island in the Aegean Sea. Leuctra, -orum, N. plur., Leuctra, a town in Greece. Leuctricus, -a, -um [Leuctra], adj., of Leuctra. levis, -e, compar. levior, superl. levissimus, adj., light; free; trivial, trifling. levo, -are, -avi, -atus [levis], i, lighten, relieve. lex, legis, F., law, statute. libenter, compar. libentius [li- bens], adv., willingly, readily, gladly, liked to. liber, -era, -erum, adj., free, inde- pendent ; as subst., liber, -eri, free- man ; Hberi, plur., children. liber, -bri, M., book. liberalis, -e [liber], adj., free, lib- eral, generous. liberalitas, -atis [liberalis], F., kindness, generosity ; generous act. liberaliter, compar. liberalius [li- beralis], 2i&v., freely, generously. libere, compar. Hberius, superl. Hberrime [liber], adv., freely. libero, -are, -avi, -atus [liber], i, set free, release. libertas, -atis [liber], F., liberty, freedom. libidinosus, -a, -um [libido], adj., licentious, wanton. libido, -inis [libet], F., license, wan- tonness. librarius, -I [liber], M., scribe, sec- retary ; copyist. licentia, -ae [licet], F., freedom ; arbitrariness ; license. licet, licere, licuit, 2, impers., be per- mitted, be allowed, be allowable, may. ligneus, -a, -um [lignum], adj., of wood, wooden. lignum, -I, N., wood, fire-wood ; log. Ligus, -uris, M., a Ligurian, from northwestern Italy. lingua, -ae, F., tongue; language. linteus, -a, -um [linum, linen\, adj., of linen, linen. Us, litis, F., contest, lawsuit; dam- ages. littera, -ae, F., letter, of the alpha- bet ; plur., letter, epistle ; litera- ture. litteratus, -a, -um [littera], adj., literary, learned. litus, -oris, N., shore, beach. locuples, -etis [locus and the root of pled], adj., wealthy, rich. locupleto, -are, -avi, -atus [locu- ples], i, enrich. locus, -I, M., place, locality ; station, position ; stead ; chance, opportu- nity ; loca, -orum, N. plur., coun- try, region. longe, compar. longius, superl. longissime [longus], adv., long; far ; by far. longinquus, -a, -um, compar. lon- ginquior [longus], adj., long, of long duration ; distant, remote. longus, -a, -um, adj., long, tedious ; navis longa, ship of war. Longus, -I, M., Ti. Sempronius Longus, a Roman consul. loquor, -I, -iitus sum, 3, dep., speak ; say. lorica, -ae [lorum, thong'], F., breast- plate, ctdrass, corselet. Lucanus, -a, -um, adj., Lucanian, of Lucania, a province of south- ern Italy ; as subst., a Luca- nian. Lucretius, -I, M., T. Lucretius Ca- rus, a Roman poet. LUCTOR 189 MATRIMONIUM luctor, -an, -atus sum, i, dep., wres- tle ; struggle. Lucullus, -T, M., L. Licinius Lu- culius, a Roman consul. lucus, -T, M., grove, wood. ludus, -I, M., play, sport, game. lumbus, -I, M., loin. lumen, -inis, N., light; eye ; sight. Lutatius, -I, M., C. Lutatius Catu- lus, a Roman consul. luxuria, -ae [luxus], F., luxury. luxuriose [luxuriosus], adv., luxu- riously, extravagantly. luxuriosus, -a, -um [luxuria], adj., luxurious, extravagant. Lycus, -I, M., Lycus, an Athenian. Lysimachus, -I, M., Lysimachus, an Athenian. Lysis, -idis, M., Lysis, a Greek philosopher. M M., abbreviation for the Roman praenomen Marcus. M'., abbreviation for the Roman praenomen Manius. Macedo, -onis, M., a Macedonian. magis [from the same root as mag- nus], compar. adv., more, rather. magister, -trl, M., master ; teacher-, magister equitum, master of horse. magistrates, -us [magister], M., office, magistracy ; official, magis- trate. Magnesia, -ae, F., Magnesia, a city of Asia Minor. magnificus, -a, -um [magnus and root of facio], adj., noble, splen- did, imposing. magnitude, -inis [magnus], F., greatness, size ; amount. magnus, -a, -um, compar. maior , superl. maximus, adj., great, large ; important ; maior natu, elder-, maiores, -um, M. plur., ancestors, predecessors ; maximus natu, eldest-, magno opere or magnopere, adv., greatly, very much. Mago, -onis, M., Mago, a Cartha- ginian. maior ; see magnus. male, compar. peius, superl. pes- sime [malusj, adv., badly, wick- edly ; with difficulty. maledicus, -a, -um, compar. male- dicentior, superl. maledlcen- tissimus [male and died], adj., abusive, harsh. maleficus, -a, -um [male and fa- cio], adj., harmful', unpropi- tious. malitiose [malitiosus], adv., wick- edly, maliciously. malo, malle, maluT [magis-volo], irr., prefer. malus, -a, -um, compar. peior, su- perl. pessimus, adj. ,bad, wicked, evil; unfavorable ; malum, -I, N., misfortune, evil, ill. Mamercus, -I, M., Mamercus, a Sicilian. manceps, -cipis [manus and ca- pio], M., purchaser ; contractor. mando, -are, -avi, -atus [manus and do], I, give over, deliver, en- trust ; command. maneo, -ere, mansi, mansus, 2, re- main, stay, stand ; abide by. Manlius, -I, M., Cn. Manlius Volso, a Roman consul. Mantinea, -ae, F., Mantinea, a city of Arcadia, in Greece. manubiae, -arum, F. plur., spoils, booty. manus, -us, F., hand; band, force; action. Marathon, -onis, F., Marathon, a town of Attica, in Greece. Marathonius, -a, -um [Marathon], adj., of Marathon. Mardonius, -I, M., Mardonius, a Persian general. mare, -is, N., sea ; body of water. maritimus, -a, -um [mare], adj., of the sea, at sea, marine ; ora maritima, sea-shore. Marius, -T, M., C. Marius, a Ro- man general. mater, -tris, F., mother. matricida, -ae [mater and caedo], M., matricide. matrimonium, -I [mater], N., mar- riage. MATURE IQO MISSUS mature [maturus], adv., season- ably, early. mature, -are, -avi, -atus [matu- rus], i, hasten. maxima [maximus], adv., exceed- ingly, especially, very ; most. maximus ; see magnus. me ; see ego. medicina, -ae [medicus], F., medi- cine. medicus, -I [medeor, cure], M., physician. medimnus, -I [Gk. /ueSi^j/os], M., medimmts, a Greek dry measure of about one and one-half bushels. mediocris, -e [medius], adj., me- dium, moderate ; inferior. meditor, -an, -atus sum, i, dep., consider, plan. mel, mellis, N., honey. melior ; see bonus. memini, -isse, conjugated in the perfect tenses only, remember, recall. memor, -oris, adj., mindful of . memoria, -ae [memor], F., memory, recollection ; account, narration. mendacium,-! [mendax], N., false- hood^ lie. Meneclides, -is, M., Meneclides, a Theban. Menelaus, -I, M., Menelaus, a mythical king of Sparta ; Mene- lai Portus, a harbor on the coast of Africa. Menestheus, -I, M., Menestheus, an Athenian. mens, mentis, F., mind, intellect-, judgment ; state of mind ; mens sana, good sense. mensa,-ae, F., table \ course-, mensa secunda, dessert. mensis, -is, M., month. mensura, -ae [metier], F., meas- ure. mentio, -5nis, F., mention. mentior, -m, -itus sum, 4, dep., lie, say falsely. mercennarius, -a, -um [merces], adj., hired, mercenary, as subst., hireling, mercenary. Mercurius, -I, M., Mercury, god of eloquence, music, and trade. meridies, ace. -em, abl. -e [me- dius (?) and dies], M., midday, noon ; south. merito [meritum], adv., rightly, deservedly. Messene, -es, F., Messena, a city of Sicily. metallum, -I [Gk. jueVoAAoj/], N., mine ; metal. metier, -in, mensus sum, 4, dep., measure. metuo, -ere, metui, 3, fear, dread. meus, -a, -um [mel], poss. pron. adj., my, mine. Micythus, -I, M., Micythus, a The- ban. migro, -are, -avi, -atus, I, migrate, move. miles, -itis, M., soldier. Milesius, -a, -um [Miletus], adj., of Miletus, an Ionian city, Mile- sian. militaris, -e [miles], adj., soldierly ; military. mille, in sing, an indecl. num. adj., pi. millia, as subst., thousand. Miltiades, -is, M., Miltiades, an Athenian general. Minerva, -ae, F., Minerva, god- dess of war and arts. minime [minus], superl. adv., least, very little, little ; not at all. minor ; see parvus. Minucius, -I, M., M. Minucius Rufus and Q. Minucius Thermits, men at Rome. minuo, -ere. -ui, -utus [minus], 3, lessen, diminish ; violate. minus, compar. adv., less, little ; not at all. minutus, -a, -um [part, of minuo], adj., small, minute. mirabilis, -e [miror], adj., wonder- ful. miror, -ari, -atus sum [minis], i, dep., wonder at, be surprised ; ad- mire. minis, -a, -um, adj., wonderful, strange. misericordia, -ae [misericors], F., pity, compassion. missus, -us [mitto], M., sending, despatching. MITTO MYSTERIUM mittd, -ere, mis!, missus, 3, send, despatch ; hurl, discharge. moderate [moderatus], adv., mod- erately y patiently. moderatid, -onis [moderor], F., moderation, restraint. modestia, -ae [modestus], F., mod- eration, modesty, dignity. modestus, -a, -um [modus], adj., modest, temperate. modicus, -a, -um [modus], adj., modest, moderate ; mediocre. modius, -I [modus], M., modius, measure, peck, a measure of grain containing about a peck. modo [modus], adv., only ; now, but now ; modo . . . modo, now . . . now. modus, -I, M., measure, unit, length, degree ; restriction ; manner ', quern ad modum, as. moenia, -ium, N. plur., walls of a city, walls, ramparts. molestus, -a, -um, adj., troublesome, disagreeable. mdlior, -in, -itus sum [moles], 4, dep., strive for ; build. Molossi, -orum, M. plur., the Mo- lossians, a people of northwestern Greece. momentum, -i [moved], N., mo- tion ; moment ; weight, influence. moned, -ere, -ui, -itus, 2, warn, re- mind', advise. mons, mentis, M., mountain, hill. monumentum, -I [moneo], N., me- morial, monument', tomb. mora, -ae [Gk. /xopo], F., mora, a division of the Spartan army. morbus, -I [morior], M., sickness, disease. morior, mori, mortuus sum, 3, dep., die. moror, -ari, -atus sum [mora, de- lay\, I, dep., delay, tarry. mors, mortis, F., death. mortifer, -fera, -ferum [mors and ferd], adj., mortal, fatal, deadly. mortuus, -a, -um [part, of morior], adj., dead. mos, moris, M., usage, custom, prac- tise ; mores, plur., morals, habits, manners, character, customs. mot us, -us [moved], M., movement ', impulse ; agitation, tumult. moved, -ere, movl, motus, 2, move, stir ; influence ; se movere, make a motion. muliebris, -e [mulier], adj., woman- ly ; woman's. mulier, -ieris, F., woman. multimodis [multis modis], adv., in many ways, variously. multiplied, -are, -avl, -atus [mul- tiplex, manifold'}, I, multiply, compound. multitude, -inis [multus], F., mul- titude, great number, number, numbers ; mass of the people. mult 6 [multus], adv., by much, much. multo, -are, -avi, -atus [multa,y$W], I, flne, impose a flne, sentence. multum, compar. plus, superl. plu- rimum [multus], adv., much, greatly. multus, -a, -um, compar. plus, su- perl. plurimus, adj., much ; plur., many, multa, -orum, N. plur., many things, many acts. munditia, -ae [mundus], F., neat- ness, cleanness ; elegance. munio, -ire, -ivi, -Itus [moenia], 4, fortify, protect, secure ; iter munire, build a road. munitio, -onis [munio], F., forti- fications, defense. munus, -eris, N., gift, reward', function, duty. murus, -I, M., wall. musica, ae, or -e, -es, ace. -en [Gk. fjLovffiKii}, F., music. musicus, -a, -um [Gk. povvi^s], adj., of music ; as subst., musician. mutatio, -onis [muto], F., change. Mutina, -ae, F., Mutina, a city of northern Italy, the modern Mo- dena. muto, -are, -avl, -atus [freq. of moved], I, change, move. Mycale, -es, ace., -en, F., Mycale, a promontory on the coast of Asia Minor. mysterium, -I [Gk. /uwrn^wH/], N., secret rite, mystery ; facere mys- teria, celebrate the mysteries. MY US 192 NOBILIS Myus, -untis, ace. -unta, F., Myus, a city of Asia Minor. N nam, conj., for. namque [nam-que], conj., for, in- asmuch as. nanciscor, -I, nactus sum, 3, dep., hit upon, find) get, obtain ; catch, contract. nascor, -I, natus sum, 3, dep., be born. natalis, -e [natus], adj., of birth, natal ; natalis dies, birthday. natio, -onis [natus], F., race ; na- tion. nativus, -a, -um [natus], adj., in- nate ; native. nato, -are, -avl, -atus [freq. of no], i, swim. natura, -ae [natus], F., nature ; character, disposition. naturalis, -e [natura], adj., natu- ral, innate, native. natus, -a, -um [part, of nascor], adj . , born ; aged, old. natus, -us [nascor], M., birth, age. naufragium, -I [navis andfrango], N., shipwreck. nauta, -ae [navis], M., sailor. nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], adj., naval, nautical. navalis, -e [navis], adj., naval. navis, -is, F., ship. Naxus, -T, F., Naxos, an island in the Aegean Sea. ne, adv., not; ne . . . quidem, not even. ne, conj., that not, lest; ne quis, that no one. -ne, interrog. particle, enclitic ; in a direct question untranslatable ; in an indirect question, whether. nec ; see neque. necessario [necessarius], adv.,0/ necessity. necessarius, -a, -um [necesse], adj.* necessary, unavoidable ; re- lated. necesse, adj., in neut. sing. nom. and ace. only, necessary. necessitas, -atis [necesse], F., necessity, fate ; relationship. necessitudo, -inis [necesse], F., relationship, intimacy. Nectanabis or Nectenebis, -idis, ace., -bin, M., Nectenebis, king of Egypt. nefas [ne-fas], indecl. subst., N., a wicked act, sin, crime ; wicked. neglegenter [neglegens], adv., carelessly. neglego, -ere, -lex!, -lectus [nee- lego], 3, neglect, despise. nego> -are, -avl, -atus, I, say not ; deny, refuse. negotium, -I [nec-otium], N., business, occupation ; trouble ; ne- gotium dare, engage. nemo, -inis [ne-homo], M., no one, nobody. Neocles, -is or -I, M., Neocles, an Athenian. Neontlchos, N., Neontichos, a town in Thrace. neptis, -is, F., granddaughter. neque or nec [ne-que], adv. and conj., and not, but not, nor\ neque . . . neque, neither . . . nor. nescio, -ire, -ivi or -ii [ne-scio], 4, not know ; nescio an, perhaps ; nescio quis, some one or other ; nescio qui, some or other ; ne- scio quo modo, somehow. neuter, -tra, -trum [ne-uter], adj., neither. Nicias, -ae, M., Nicias, an Athe- nian general. nihil or nil, N. indecl., nothing', not at all. nihilo [nihil], adv., not at all, by no means ; nihilo minus or nihilo setius, none the less, nevertheless. nimis, adv., too much, too-, very, exceedingly. nimius, -a, -um [nimis], adj., too great, excessive. nisi, conj., unless, except. nitor, -T, mxus or msus sum, 3, dep., strive, endeavor; lean upon, depend upon. - nobilis, -e, compar. nobilior, superl. nobilissimus [nosco], adj., well- NOBILITO 193 OBOEDIO known, famous ; prominent, pre- eminent', honored', as subst., nd- bilis, a prominent man. nobilito, -are, -avi, -atus [nobilis], I , make famous, celebrate. noceo, -ere, -ui, 2, harm, hurt, in- jure. noctu [nox], adv., by night. nocturnus, -a, -urn [nox], adj., by night, nightly, night. nolo, nolle, nolui [ne-volo], irr., be unwilling, not wish, not want ; will not', noli, nolite, imper., do not. nomen, -inis, N., name, reptita- tion. Nomentanus, -a, -um [Momen- tum], adj., of Nomentum, a town in central Italy. nominatim [nomen], adv., by name. nomino, -are, -avi, -atus [nomen], i, name, call. non, adv., not. nonaginta, num. adj. indecl., ninety. nondum [non-dum], adv., not yet. nonnihil [non-nihil], N. indecl., some, something. nonnullus, -a, -um [non-nullus], adj., some, several. nonnumquam [non-numquam], adv., sometimes. nonus, -a, -um [novem], num. adj., ninth. nos, nobiscum ; see ego. no sco, -ere, novl, notus, 3, become acquainted with, learn ; in perf. tenses, know. nosmet, pers. pron., emphatic form of nos, we. noster, -tra, -trum [nos], possess, pron., our, ours. notitia, -ae [notus], F., mention, fame ; acquaintance. noto, -are, -avi, -atus [nota, mark~\, I, mark ; note, mention. notus, -a, -um [part, of nosco], adj., well-known, familiar ; fa- mous. novem, num. indecl., nine. novus, -a, -um, adj., new, recent; novissimus, superl., last-, no- vum, N., novelty. nox, noctis, F., night. nubilis, -e [nubo], adj., marriage- able, of marriageable age. nubo, -ere, nupsi, nuptus, 3, marry, be a bride. nullus, -a, -um, gen. nullius, dat. nulll [ne-ullus], adj., no, none ; as subst., nobody, nothing. num, inter, adv., in direct questions, denotes that a negative answer is expected ; in indirect questions, whether, if. numen, -inis [nuo, nod}, N., nod, wish, will; divinity. numero, -are, -avi, -atus [nume- rus], i, number, count; count out, pay. numerus, -I, M., number ; rank. Numida, -ae, M., a Numidian. nummus, -I, com, ready money. numquam [ne-umquam], adv., never. nunc [num-ce], adv., now, at pres- ent. nuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [nuntius], i, announce, report. nuntius, -I, M., announcement, mes- sage, report; messenger. nuptiae, -arum [nubo], F. plur., marriage, wedding. nusquam [ne-usquam], adv., no- where. O ob, prep, with ace., toward; for, on account of ; because of. obductus, -a, -um [part, of ob- duco], adj., overspread, overcast, dark. obeo, -ire, -il, -itus [ob-eo], irr., meet ; perform ; die ; diem su- premum obire, die. obicio, -ere, -iecl, -iectus [ob-iacio], 3, set before, present ; set against, oppose. obitus, -us [obeo], M., death. oblivlscor, -i, oblitus sum, 3, dep., forget. obnitor, -I, -mxus sum [ob-nltor], 3, dep. , rest against, prop against ; resist. oboedio, -Ire, -ivi, -Itus [ob-audio |. 4, listen to, obey. OBSECRO 194 OPPONO obsecro, -are, -avl, -atus [ob-sacro], I, beseech, beg, implore. obsequor, -I, -secutus sum [ob-se- quor], 3, dep., comply ; gratify ; indulge in. observantia, -ae [observe], F., re- gard, respect. obses, -idis [ob and sedeo], M., hostage. obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [ob- sedeo], 2, beset, besiege, blockade. obsidio, -onis [obsideo], F., siege, blockade. obsisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitus [ob-sis- to], 3, stand in the way of, check, oppose. obsoletus, -a, -um [part, of obso- lesco], adj., out of use ', worn out; poor, ordinary. obsonium, -I [Gk. o^xaviov], N., what is eaten with bread, side- dish ; food. obstinatio, -onis [obstino], F., re- sistance, perseverance, obstinacy. obsum, -esse, offul [ob-sum], irr., resist, hinder, impede. obtero, -ere, -trivi, -tritus [ob-tero], 3, detract from, degrade. obtestatio, -onis [obtestor], F., entreaty, prayers. obtineo, -ere, -ul, -tentus [ob- teneo], 2, hold; obtain; keep. obtrectatio, -onis [obtrecto], F., disparagement. obtrectator, -oris [obtrecto], M., disparager, rival. obtrecto, -are, -avl, -atus [ob-trac- to], I, disparage, belittle ; ob- trectare inter se, to be rivals. obviam [ob-viam], adv., toward, to meet ; obviam Ire, go to meet. occasio, -onis [occido], F., happen- ing ; chance, opportunity. occido, -ere, -cidi, clsus [ob-caedo], 3, kill. occulo, -ere, -uT, -cultus [ob and the root of eel 6], 3, hide, conceal. occupatio, -onis [occupo], F.. busi- ness matter ; occupation. occupo, -are, -avl, -atus [ob and root of capio], I, seize ; hold, occupy ; engage, employ. octoginta, indecl. num., eighty. oculus, -T, M., eye. odi, odisse, defect., hate. odium, -I, N., hatred. Oedipus, -odis or -I, M., Oedipus, mythical king of Thebes. offendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensus [ob- fendo], 3, meet, find; offend. offensio, -onis [offendo J, F., of- fense ; displeasure, disfavor. officina, -ae [opifex, workman], F., workshop, manufactory. officium, -I, N., service, favor; duty, obligation ; allegiance ; serv- ice, voluntary service ; conscien- tiousness. olim, adv., formerly, anciently. Olympia, -ae, F., Olympia, a city of Elis, in Greece. Olympiodorus, -T, M., Olympiodo- rus, a Theban. omitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [ob- mitto], 3, let go, lose, omit ; not to mention ; neglect. omnis, -e, adj., all, every. onerarius, -a, -um [onus, burden], adj., of burden ; navis oneraria, transport. onustus, -a, -um [onus], adj., load- ed, laden. opera, -ae [opus], F., work, labors, doings, pains ; attention, assist- ance, services ; contrivance, in- strumentality; operam dare,^-^ attention to. operio, -ire, -ul, opertus [ob-verio], 4, cover. opinio, -onis [opinor], F., opinion, judgment; mind; expectation; reputation. opinor, -an, -atus sum, i, dep., be- lieve, think, judge. oportet, oportere, oportuit, 2, im- pers., be proper, be necessary ; ought. oppidanus, -a, -um [oppidum], adj., of a town ; as subst., oppi- danus, inhabitant of the toiun, townsman. oppidum, -I, N., town, city. oppleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [ob-pleo], 2, fill, cover. oppono, -ere, -posul, -positus [ob- pono], 3, stand against, oppose. OPPORTUNUS 195 PARENS opportunus, -a, -um, adj., fit, fa- vorable, seasonable. opprimo, -ere, -press!, -pressus [ob- premo], 3, oppress, suppress, crush, crush out, overpower, overcome. opprobrium, -I [ob-probrum], N., disgrace, insult, abuse. oppugnator, -oris [oppugno], M., besieger, assailant. oppugno, -are, -avi, -atus [ob-pug- no], i, attack, besiege. ops, opis, F., aid, help, assistance ; opes, plur., resources, power, forces. Optimas, -atis [optimus], adj., aris- tocratic ; as subst., aristocrat, oli- garch. optime ; see bene. optimus ; see bonus. opulentia, -ae [opulens], F., wealth. opulent us, -a, . -um [opes], adj., wealthy, rich. opus, -eris, N., need ; work ; opera, plur., military works. 6ra, -ae, F., shore, coast. oraculum, -I [oro], N., oracle. oratio, -dnis [oro], F., speech ; dis- course ; eloquence, persuasion ; de- livery. orbis, -is, M., circle ; orbis terra- rum, world. ordino, -are, -avi, -atus [ordo], i, arrange in order, draw up in ranks ; record, narrate. ordior, -in, orsus sum [ordo], 4, dep., begin ; describe. ordo, -inis, M., row, series', class, order, rank ; ordine, in detail. Orestes, -is, M., Orestes, son of Agamemnon, a mythical hero. origo, -inis [orior], F., origin ; race, family ; lineage. orior, -In, ortus sum, 4, dep., arise ; be born, come from, descend. ornamentum, -I [orno], N., mark of distinction, ornament, decoration. ornatus, -a, -um [part, of orno], adj., equipped; polished', distin- guished. ornatus, -us [orno], M., equip- ment, decoration. Orni, -drum, M. plur., Orni, a town in Thrace. orno, -are, -avi, -atus, i, fit out, equip, furnish ; adorn, decorate. oro, -are, -avi, -atus [6s], i, pray, beg, beseech. 6s, oris, N., mouth, face, lips ; voice, speech. os, ossis, N., bone. osculor, -aii, -atus sum [osculum], i, dep., kiss. ostendo, -ere, -tend!, -tentus [obs- tendo], 3, show, explain ; pretend to be. ostentatio, -onis [ostento], F., dis- play ; ostentation. ostracismos, -I [Gk. b(rrpa.Ki(r^6s], M., ostracism. otium, -I, N., leisure ; rest, quiet, peace. P., abbreviation for the Roman prae- nomen Publius. pactio, -onis [paciscor], F., agree- ment, contract. pactum, -I [part, of paciscor], N., agreement, contract. Pactye, -es, ace. -en, F., Pactye, a town in Thrace. Padus, -T, M., the Po, a river of northern Italy. paene, adv., almost. paeniteo, -ere, -ui, 2, make repent; paenitet, impers., be sorry for, re* pent of. palaestra, -ae [Gk. TraAakrrpa], F., gymnasium, place of exercise. palam, adv., openly, known ; palam facere, make plain. Pamphylius, -a, -um, adj., Pam- phylian, of Pamphylia, a province of Asia Minor. panis, -is, M., loaf, bread. par, paris, adj., equal, like ; a match for ; equal to their opponents ; parl modo, in the same way, equally ; par! proelio, with equal honors ; as subst., equal, companion. paratus, -a, -um [part, of paro], adj., prepared, ready. parco, -ere, pepercl, parsus, 3. spare. parens, -entis [part, of pario], M. and F., parent; father, mother; relative. PARED 196 PENES pareo, -ere, -ui, 2, obey, follow ; be subject to. pario, -ere, peperi, partus, 3, bring forth, produce ; give birth to ; ac- quire, win ; in pass., spring from. Parius, -a, -urn [Paros], adj., of Par os, connected with Paros, Pa- rian ; as subst., a Parian. parma, -ae, F., a round shield, tar- get. paro, -are, -avi, -atus, i, prepare for ; prepare, furnish. Paros, -I, F., Paros, an island in the Aegean Sea. pars, partis, F., part, share ; party ; in plur., political party. parsimonia, -ae [parco], F., econo- my; stinginess, parsimony. particeps, -cipis [pars and capio], adj., sharing', as subst., partner. partim [pars], adv., partly ; par- tim . . . partim, partly . . . part- parum, compar. minus, superl. mini me, adv., but little, too little ; as subst., too little. parvulus, -a, -um [dim. of parvus], adj., little, very small. parvus, -a, -um, compar. minor, superl. minimus, adj., small, lit- tle. passus, -us, M., pace\ mille pas- siis, mile. patefacio, -ere, -fed, -factus [pa- teo and facio], 3, open. pateo, -ere, -ui, 2, lie open, be open. pater, -tris, M., father; pater fa- milias, head of a family ; patres conscript!, senators. paternus, -a, -um [pater], adj., of one's father, paternal. patiens, -entis [part, of patior], adj . , patient, enduring. patientia, -ae [patiens], F., pa- tience ; endurance. patior, -I, passus sum, 3, dep , bear, endure, suffer ; permit, allow. patria, -ae [F. O f patrius, sc. terra], F., native land, country. patrimonium, -T [pater], N., in- heritance, patrimony. patrius, -a, -um [pater], adj., of one's father, paternal; ancestral. patruus, -I [pater], M., paternal uncle. pauci, -ae, -a, plur. adj., few ; as subst., few, paulum [paulus], dv., a little. Paulus, -I, M., L. Aemilius Paulus, a Roman consul, pauper, -eris, adj., poor, needy ; as subst., poor man. paupertas, -atis [pauper], F., pov- erty. Pausanias, -ae, M., Pausanias, King of Sparta. pax, pads, F., peace. peccans, -antis [part, of pecco], adj., sinful; as subst., offender, transgressor. pecunia, -ae [pecus], F., money, wealth. pecuniosus, -a, -um [pecunia], adj., wealthy, rich. pedes, -itis [pes], M., foot-soldier ; infantry. pedester, -tris, -tre [pedes], adj., of the infantry, infantry. pedisequus, -T [pes and sequor], M., footman, attendant. Peducaeus, -I, M., Sex. Peducaeus, a Roman, peius ; see male, pellis, -is, F., skin, hide. pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsus, 3, drive, drive away, banish ; beat, de- feat. Pelopidas, -ae, M., Pelopidas, a Theban general. Pelpponnesius, -a, -um [Pelopon- nesus], adj., Peloponnesian ; as subst., a Peloponnesian. Peloponnesus, -I, F., the Pelopon- nese, the southern part of Greece, pelta, -ae [Gk. ire ATIJ], F., a crescent- shaped shield. peltastae, -arum [Gk. TreArao-Taf], M. plur., armed with the pelta, peltasts. Penates, -ium, M. plur., Penates, Roman household gods ; family gods. pendo, -ere, pependi, pensus, 3, weigh out ; pay. penes, prep, with ace., ivith, in the hands of. PENETRO 197 PERVEHO penetro, -are, -avi, -atus, I, enter, penetrate. penitus, adv., in the interior, in- wardly ; compJ l ely. per, prep, with 1 .cc., through; by means of\ through the aid of. peraeque [per-aeque], adv., equal- ly, uniformly. perago, -ere, -egi, -actus [per-ago], 3, carry out, finish. percello, -ere, -culT, -culsus [per- cello], 3, overthrow, ruin. percipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [per- capio], 3, take, receive ; accept', understand. percutio, -ere, -cussl, -cussus [per- quatio], 3, strike, hit, shoot. Perdiccas, -ae, TA., Perdiccas, King of Macedonia. perduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [per- duco], 3, bring, lead, conduct ; persuade, win over. peregrinatio, -onis [peregrlnor], F., sojourn abroad, travel. pereo, -ire, -il, fut. part, periturus [per-eo], irr., die, perish ; be lost, be destroyed. perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [per- fero], irr., carry through, carry, bring ; complete, finish ; bear, en- dure. perficio, -ere, -fed, -fectus [per- facio], 3, finish, accomplish, effect. perfugio, -ere, -fugi [per-fugio], ?),flee, desert. perfungor, -T, -functus sum [per- fungor], 3, dep., perform ; un- dergo. Pergamenus, -a, -um [Perga- mum], adj., of Pergamum, a city in Asia Minor. Pericles, -is or -I, M., Pericles, an Athenian statesman. periculum, -I [perior], N., trial \ danger, risk. peritus, -a, -um [part, of perior, try (not in use)], adj., skillful, expert, trained, experienced. periurium, -T [periurus], N., per- jury. permitto, -ere, -mlsi, -missus [per- mit to], 3, give over, entrust ; per- mit, allow. 14 permoveo, -ere, -movi, -motus [per-moveo], 2, rouse, excite, dis- turb. pernicies, -el, F., ruin, destruc- tion, death. perniciosus, -a, -um [pernicies], adj., ruinous, destructive-, harm- ful. peroro, -are, -avi, -atus [per-oro], i, conclude, finish. perpetior, -T, perpessus sum [per- patior], 3, dep., endure. perpetuo [perpetuus], adv., con- stantly, continually, forever. perpetuus, -a, -um, adj., continual, constant, perpetual, permanent ; continuous, connected, whole. perscribo, -ere, -scrips!, -scriptus [per-scribo], 3, write out, com- pose ; describe. persequor, -I, -secutus sum [per- sequor], 3, dep., follow, pursue ; proceed against ; continue with. Perses, -ae, dat. -I, M., a Persian. In plur, the Persians, the country of the Persians. persevere, -are, -avi, -atus [per- severus], I, continue, persevere. Persicus, -a, -um, adj., Persian, of Persia. Persis, -idis, F., Per sis, a country of Asia. persona, -ae, F., person ; character. persuaded, -ere, -suasi, -suasus [per-suadeo], 2, persuade, con- vince. pertaedet, -ere, pertaesum est [pfer- taedet], 2, impers., -be sick of, be disgusted with. perterreo, -ere, -territus [per-ter- rep], 2, frighten. pertimesco, -ere, -timui [per-ti- mesco], 3, fear, be alarmed. pertinacia, -ae [pertinax], F., stubbornness, obstinacy. pertineo, -ere, -ui [per-teneo], 2, extend, reach ; belong to, pertain to ; relate, apply. perturbo, -are, -avi, -atus [per- turbo], i, disturb, confuse. perveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus [per- veho], 3, carry, convey. In pass., reach, arrive ; sail, PERVENIO 198 POPULUS pervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventus [per- venio], 4, come to, reach, arrive at. pervulgatus, -a, -um [part, of per- vulgo], ^}., spread abroad, widely known. pes, pedis, M.,/00/. peto, -ere, -w or -ii, -itus, 3, seek, ask for ; aim at ; attack. petulans, -antis [peto], adj., saucy, impudent ; irritable. phalanx, -angis [Gk. ^aAcu/l], F., phalanx, a solid battle formation. Phalereus, adj., of Phalerum ; see Demetrius. Phalericus, -a, -um [Phalerum], adj., of Phalerum, a harbor of Athens. Pharnabazus,-!, W..,Pharnabazus, a Persian governor. Phidias, -ae, M., Phidias, an Athe- nian. Phidippus, -I, M., Phidippus, an Athenian. Philippensis, -e [Philippus], adj., of Philip. Philippus, -I, M., Philip, King of Macedonia. Philocles, -is, M., Philocles, an Athenian general, philosophia, -ae [Gk. F., philosophy. philosophus, -I [Gk. M., philosopher. Phoenices, -um, M. plur., the Phoenicians. Phrygia, -ae, F., Phrygia, a prov- ince of Asia Minor, pietas, -atis [plus], F., duty, devo- tion ; obedience \ fraternal duty ; patriotism ; affection, loyalty. plla, -ae, F., pillar, column. Piraeus, -I, M., the Piraeus, a har- bor of Athens. Pisander, -dri, M., Pisander, a Spartan general. Pisistratus, -I, M., Pisistratus, a tyrant of Athens. placed, -ere, -in or placitus sum, 2, please, satisfy-, placet, impers., it is agreed. placo, -are, -avi, -atus, I, appease, pacify, reconcile. Plataeae, -arum, F. plur., Plataea, of town of Boeotia, in Greece. Plataeenses, -ium, M. plur., the Plataeans. plector, -I, 3, dep., be punished, be chastised ; be blamed. plenus, -a, -um [pled], adj., full, filled. plerique, -orumque, M. plur., most men ; the most, the majority of. plerumque, adv., for the most part, generally. plumbum, -I, N., lead. plurimum [superl. of multum], adv., most, very much. plurimus ; see multus. plus ; see multus and multum. Poecile, -es [Gk. IIoiiefAij], F., the Poecile, a picture gallery at Athens, poema, -atis [Gk. Tron^uo], N., poem. poena, -ae, F., punishment ; pen- alty ; dare poenas, be pun- ished. Poenicus, -a, -um [Poenus], adj., Punic, Carthaginian. Poenus, -T, M., a Carthaginian. poeta, -ae [Gk. TTO/^T^S], TA.,poet. poetice, -es, ace. -en [Gr. ^ ., poetry. poeticus, -a, -um [Gk. adj . , of poetry, poetic. polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum, 2, dep., promise, offer. Polybius, -I, M., Polybius, a Greek writer of Roman history. Polymnis, -idis or -I, M., Polymnis, a Theban. pompa, -ae, F., procession, parade ; pomp. Pompeius, -T, M., Cn. Pompeius Magnus, a Roman general. Pomponius, -T, M., T. Pomponius Atticus, a Roman, pondus, -eris, N., weight. pond, -ere, posuT, positus, 3, put, place, set down ; set up, erect ; reckon, regard, declare ; castra ponere, pitch a camp. pons, pontis, M., bridge. Pontus, -T, M., Pontus, a province of Asia Minor, populus, -I, M., people, populace ; populi scitum, popular vote. PORTICUS I 99 PRAEOPTO porticus, -us, Y., portico, colonnade, covered promenade. porto, -are, -avi, -atus, I, carry \ bring. portus, -us, yi.,port, harbor. posco, -ere, poposci, 3, ask, request, require. possessio, -onis [possideo], F., possession, property, estate. possessor, -oris [possideo], M., owner, possessor. possldo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus, 3, take possession of, seize. possum, posse, potu! [potis-sum], irr., be able, can. post, adv., after, afterwards, since. post, prep, with ace., after, since. postea [post-eal, adv., afterwards, then. posteaquam, conj., after. posterus, -a, -um, compar. poste- rior, superl. postremus or pos- tumus [post], adj., following, later, next', postremus, superl., last, Jinal. postquam [post-quam], conj., af- ter, when, since. postremo [postremus], adv., at last, finally, lastly. postremus ; see posterus. postridie [posterl die], adv., on the next day, the next day. postulatum, -I [part, of postulo], N., demand, request. postulo, -are, -avi, -atus, I, ask, de- mand, request. potens, -entis, compar. potentior, superl. potentissimus [part, of possum], adj., able, strong, pow- erful; influential. potentia, -ae [potens], F., pow- er. potestas, -atis [potis], F., power, authority, permission ; chance, op- portunity. potior, -iri, -Ttus sum [potis], 4, dep., get control of, get possession of\ gain, obtain. potissimum [superl. of potis], adv., preferably, in preference to all, above all. potius [compar. of potis], adv., rather, preferably. prae, prep, with abl., before ; in com- parison with. praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itus [prae-ha- beo], 2, offer, present, show ; sup- ply, furnish ; excite, cause ; se praebere, prove one's self. praeceptor, -oris [praecipio], M., instructor, teacher. praeceptum, -I [praecipio], M., instruction, order, command, di- rection ; precept; in plur., teach- ings. praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [prae- capio], 3, instmct, teach, ad- vise, explain ; direct, order, com- mand. praecipito, -are, -avi, -atus [prae- ceps], i, cast headlong, throw. praecipue [praecipuus],adv., espe- cially, chiefly. praecipuus, -a, -um [prae and ca- pio], adj., especial; eminent ', dis- tinguished. praeclarus, -a, -um [prae-clarus], adj., very bright; famous; very noble. praeda, -ae, F., booty, spoils -plun- der. praedico, -are, -avi, -atus [prae- dico], i, proclaim, declare; pro- nounce ; assent, state. praedico, -ere, -dixT, -dictus [prae- dico], 3, foretell, prophesy ; warn. praedium, -I, N.,farm. praedo, -onis [praeda], M., robber ; praedo maritimus, pirate. praedor, -ari, -atus sum [praeda], I, dep., rob, plunder, pillage. praefectura, -ae [praefectus], F., office of prefect, governorship, pre- fecture. praefectus, -i [praeficio], M., com- mander, prefect. praeficio, -ere, -feel, -fectus [prae- facio], 3, put at the head of, put in command of ; imperio praefi- cere, put in power. praefinio, -Ire, -Tvi, -Ttus [prae- finio], 4, prescribe, limit. praemium, -I [prae-emo], N., re- ward ; prize ; advantage. praeopto, -are, -avi, -atus [prae- opto], i, prefer. PRAEPONO 2OO PROCUL praepono, -ere, -posui, -positus [prae-pono], 3, put ahead, put before, prefer. praes, praedis [prae-vas], M., bondsman. praescribo, -ere, -scripsl, -scriptus [prae-scribo], 3, write before- hand ; dictate, direct. praesens, -entis [part, of prae- sum], adj., present, immediate \ in praesenti, at present. praesentia, -ae [praesens], F., presence ; the time being ; in prae- sentia, at the time ; at present. praesertim, adv., especially. praesidium, -I [praeses], N., guard, protection, garrison ; prae- sidio esse, protect ; in praesidio esse, be posted; praesidiis oc- cupare, garrison. praestans, -antis [part, of praesto], adj., excelling, excellent, preemi- nent, distinguished. praestituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitutus [prae-statuo], 3, prescribe, set, fix in advance. praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitus [prae- sto], I, stand before, excel, be preferable ; discharge, perform ; observe ; praestat, impers., it is better. praesum, -esse, -fui [prae-sum], ' irr., be at the head of, be in com- mand of, have charge of, gov- ern. praeter, adv. and prep, with ace., beyond, above ; except, besides, but ; contrary to. praeterea [praeter-ea], adv., be- sides, moreover. praetereo, -ire, -M. -itus [praeter- eo], irr. , pass by, pass, omit. praetermitto, -ere, -misi, -missus [praeter-mitto], 3, let pass, omit; \ overlook. praeterquam [praeter-quam], adv., except, beyond. praetor, -oris, M., leader, com- mander ; praetor, a Roman magis- trate. praetorius, -a, -um [praetor], adj., pretorian, of a praetor ; praeto- rius, as subst., ex-praetor. praetura, -ae, F., office of praetor, praetor ship, magistracy. precor, -an, -atus sum [prex], i, dep.,/raj/ f beg, beseech ; invoke. premo, -ere, press!, pressus, ^,press, press hard ; oppress, trouble ; be- set. pretiosus, -a, -um [pretium], adj., precious, costly, valuable. pretium, -I, N., price, value ; ex- pense ; reward. prex, precis, T., prayer, entreaty. pridie, adv., on the day before. primo [primus], adv., at first. primum [primus], adv.,/rj/, in the first place. primus, -a, -um [superl. of prior], adj., first, foremost, chief. princeps, -cipis [primus and capio], adj., chief, foremost; as subst., leaaer, leading man ; prince. principatus, -us [princeps], M., leadership, supremacy. principium, -I [princeps], N., be- ginning. prior, prius, gen. prioris, compar. adj . , former, first. pristinus, -a, -um [prius], adj., former, previous ; early, original; pristinum, N., former ccndition. prius [prior], adv., before, sooner. priusquam [prius-quam], conj., before. privatus, -a, -um [part, of privo], adj., private ; as subst., privatus, -I, a private citizen. privignus, -i, M., stepson. privo, -are, -avi, -atus, I, deprive, rob. pro, prep, with abl., for, in behalf of; instead of ; in accordance ?r ith, in keeping with ; according to. probo, -are, -avl, -atus [probus], i, approve, commend; accept. procacitas, -atis [procax], F., bold- ness, impudence. procella, -ae, F., gust, blast, squall, storm . Procles, -is or -I, M., Procles, a mythical founder of Sparta. procreo, -are, -avi K -atus [pro-creo], I, beget ; produce. procul, adv., at a distance, afar. PROCURATIO 2OI PROSPICIO procuratio, -onis [procure], F., management, charge. procure, -are, -avi, -atus [pro-euro], I, care for, have charge of, man- age ; attend to. prodeo, -ire, -il, -itus [prod-eo], irr., come forward, speak, appear. proditio, -onis [prddo], F., betrayal, treason. prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditus [pro-do], 3, give over, tiand over, deliver; betray, hand down, transmit', prodere memoriae, relate, record, write. produco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [pro- duco], 3, lead out ; lead along, en- tice ; prolong, extend. proelium, -I, N., battle. profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [pro- fero], irr., bring forward, produce, present. proficlscor, -I, profectus sum, 3, dep., set otit, start, go away ; go, come ; travel ; start for, start to join. profiteer, -eri, -fessus sum [pro- fateor], 2, dep., profess, declare, pretend. profligd, -are, -avi, -atus, I, rout, overthrow, destroy. profugio, -ere, -fugi [pro-fugio], 3, flee, escape. progenies, ace. -em, abl. -e [pro- gigno], F., offspring, posterity, de- scendants. progenitor, -oris [pro-gigno], M., ancestor, founder. progredior, -I, -gressus sum [pro- gradior], 3, dep., go forward, ad- vance. prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus [pro-ha- beo], 2, check, prevent, prohibit. prpicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [pro- iacio], 3, put forward, present ; expel. proinde [pro-inde], adv., hence, ac- cordingly ; proinde ac si, just as if. prolabor, -I, -lapsus sum [pro-la- bor], 3, dep., fall down, fall to ruin. promitto, -ere, -mis!, -missus [pro- mitt 6], 3, promise. promptus, -a, -um [part, of pro- mo], adj., ready, prompt. pronuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [pro- nuntio], I, announce, proclaim ; recite, declaim. propago, -are, -avi, -atus, I, extend, enlarge. propago, -inis [propago], F., off- spring, descendants, posterity. propatulum, -I [pro-pat ulus], N., open space, court. prope, adv. and prep, with ace., near ; nearly. propere [properus], adv., quickly, speedily. propinquitas, -atis [propinquus], F., relationship. propinquus, -a, -um [prope], adj., near, near at hand ; related, inti- mate. propius [comp. of prope], adv., nearer. propono, -ere, -posui, -positus [pro- pono], 3, set forth, offer ; set, place ; imagine. Propontis, -idis, F., the Propontis, the sea of Marmora. propositum, -i [propono], ^^prop- osition, plan, purpose, design. propter, prep, with ace., near ; on account of, because of. propugnaculum, -i [propugno], N., bulwark, barrier, fortification. prorumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus [pro- rumpo], 3, break out, attack. proscribe, -ere, -scrips!, -scriptus [pro-scribe], 3, publish, an- nounce ; proscribe, outlaw. proscriptio, -onis [proscribe], F., proscription, confiscation. proscriptus, -I [part, of proscribe], M., proscribed person, outlaw. prosequor, -I, -secutus sum [prose- quor], 3, dep., accompany, escort. prospere [prosperus], adv., suc- cessfully. prosperitas, -atis [prosperus], F., success, prosperity, blessing. prosperus, -a, -um, adj., successful, prosperous, favorable. prospicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [pro-specid], 3, look forth, look out, watch. PROSTERNO 201 QUEO prosterno, -ere, -stravi, -stratus [pro-sterno], 3, scatter, destroy, defeat. pro sum, prodesse, profui [pro- sum], irr., be of advantage, bene- fit, aid. protinus, adv., straightway ; at once. prout [pro-ut], couj.,just as, as. proveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus [pro- veho], 3, carry forward, advance. provided, -ere, -vidi, -visus [pro- video], 2, foresee, provide ; take precaution. provincia, -ae, F., official duty, charge, office ; commission ; prov- ince. proximus, -a, -um [superl. of prope], adj., nearest, next. prudens, -entis [for providens, part, of provided], adj., prudent, thoughtful, wise. prudentia, -ae [prudens], F., fore- thought, wisdom, prudence, good judgment. Prusias, -ae, M., Prusias, King of Bithynia. publice [publicus], adv., publicly, in public ; by the state, by the pub- lic. publico, -are, -avi, -atus [publicus], I, make public, publish; confiscate. publicus, -a, -um, adj., of the people, public, common. puer, pueri, M., boy, child; slave. puerllis, -e [puer], adj., of boyhood, boyish ; childish. pueritia, -ae [puer], F., boyhood, childhood. puerulus, -I [dim. of puer], M., little boy, child. pugna, -ae, ~F., fight, battle, engage- ment. pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [pugna], i, fight. pulchre [pulcher], adv., beauti- fully, very well. puppis, -is, F., stern ; ship. pus, puris, m., pus, matter. put 6, -are, -avi, -atus, I, reckon, think, suppose. Pydna, -ae, F., Pydna, a town in Macedonia. Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, adj., of the Pyrenees. Pythagoreus, -a, -um, adj., of Pythagoras, Pythagorean ; as subst., a follower of Pythagoras, a Greek philosopher. Pythia, -ae, F., the Pythia, the priestess of Apollo. Q., abbreviation for the praenomen Quintus. qua [qui], adv., where ; which way. quacumque [qua-cumque], adv., wherever. quadringeni, -ae, -a, distr. num., four hundred each. quadringenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., four hundred. quaere, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitus, 3, seek, ask ; ask for, require. quaestio, -onis [quaero], F., in- quiry, investigation ; problem. quaestus, -us [quaero], M., profit, gain. qualis, -e, inter, adj., what kind of , what a ; as rel., of such a kind, such as, as. quam [qui], adv., how, as, except; after; with comp., than; with superl., as possible. quamdiu [quam-diu], adv., as long as. quamquam [quam-quam], conj., although, and yet. quanto [quantus], adv., how much, by how much. quantum [quantus], adv., how much, as much as. quantus, -a, -um, rel. and inter. adj., how much, how great ; as much as, as great as. quare [qua re], inter, adv., why? wherefore? rel. adv., therefore. quartus, -a, -um, num. adj., fourth. quaterm, -ae, -a, distr. num., four each. quattuor, indecl. num., four. -que, conj., enclitic, and, but. queo, -ire, -ivi, -itus, irr., can, be able, succeed in. OUERIMONIA 203 RATUS querimonia, -ae [queror], F., com- plaining, disagreement. queror, -I, questus sum, 3, dep., com- plain, lament. qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, dat. cui, rel. pron., who, which, that, what ; and he, and she, and it ; he, she, it ; this* that. qui, qua, quod, indef. adj. pron., any, used after si, ne. qui [qui], inter, adv., how? why? rev. adv., how, with which. quia, conj., because. quicumque, quaecumque, quodcum- que [qui-cumque], rel. pron., who- ever, whichever, whatever. quid [quis], inter, adv., how? why? quidam, quaedam, quiddam, as adj., quoddam, indef. pron., a certain man, a certain, a ; some one, some- thing. quidem, adv., indeed, at least, it is true, in fact; ne . . . quidem, not even. quies, -etis, F., rest, repose, peace and quiet. quiesco, -ere, quievi, quietus [quies], 3, keep quiet, remain quiet, rest, repose. quln [qui-ne], conj., why not? that, but that, without ; quln etiam, nay even. Quinctius, -I, M., a Roman name ; see Flamininus. quingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., five hundred. quini, -ae, -a, distr. num.,y?^ each. quinquagenl, -ae, -a, distr. num., fifty each ; fifty. quinquaginta, indecl. num., fifty. quinque, indecl. num., five. quinquiens [quinque], num. adv., five times. quintus, -a, -um [quinque], num. *.&)., fifth. Quirmalis, -e [Quirinus], adj., of Quirinus ; as subst. with collis understood, the Quirinal hill. quis, quae, quid, inter, pron., who? which? what? quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. after si, ne, any, some, any one, some one ; anything, something ; whatever. quisnam, quaenam, quidnam [quis- nam], inter, pron., who pray? what pray ? quisquam, quaequam, quicquam [quis-quam], indef. pron., any one, anything ; any ; some one, something. quisque, quaeque, quidque, as adj., quodque [quis-que], indef. pron., each, every ; each one, every one ; everybody, everything. quisquis, quicquid, as adj., quod- quod [quis-quis], indef. pron., whoever, whatever. quivis, quaevis, quidvis or quodvls [qui- vis], indef. pron., any you please, any ; any one, anything. quo [qui], adv., inter., whither? rel., whither, where, wherefore, from which. quo [qui], conj., with comp., that, in order that, the. quoad [quo-ad], adv. and conj., so long as, until ; in as far as. quod, conj., because, that; whereas ; quodsi, but if. quominus [quo minus], conj., that . . . not, from. quondam, adv., at some time, once, formerly, hereafter. quoniam [quom-iam], conj., since, because. quoquam [quisquam], adv., whith- ersoever, anywhere. quoque, conj., also, too. quotannis [quot annis], &&v.,each year, yearly, annually. quotienscumque [quot], adv., as often as, however often. radix, -icis, F., root ; base, foot. rapid, -ere, -ui, raptus, 3, carry off, seize ; pillage ; hasten. rarus, -a, -um, adj., rare, uncom- mon ; at intervals, infrequent. ratio, -onis -[reor], F., reckoning, reasoning ; account ; plan ; man- agement. ratus, -a, -um [part, of reor], adj., fixed, established; valid, ap- proved. RECEDO 204 REPRIMO recede, -ere, -cessi, '-cessus [re- cedo], 3, go back, withdraw, re- tire ; desist, abandon. recido, -ere, -cidi [re-cado], 3, fall back, relapse. recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [re- capio], 3, take back,^ recover, get back, receive ; se recipere, retire, withdraw. reconcilio, -are, -avi, -atus [re- concilio], I, win back ; re- gain. recreo, -are, -avi, -atus [re-creo], I, renew, restore, revive, recupero, -are, -avi, -atus, I, win back, regain, recover. recuso, -are, -avi, -atus [re- and causa], i, refuse, object. reddo, -ere, -did!, -ditus [red-do], 3, give back, return, restore ; ren- der, cause, make. redeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [red-eo], irr., go back, come back, return ; come in, be received ; in gratiam re- dire, make up. redigo, -ere, -egi, -actus [red-ago], 3, bring back, bring, reduce ; sub- ject. reditus, -us [redeo], M., return ; income. reduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [re- duco], 3, lead back ; bring back, restore ; reduce. refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatus [re- fero], irr., carry back ; repay, re- quite ; refer, compare, judge ; se referre, retreat. reficio, -ere, -fed, -fectus [re-facio], 3, repair, refit ; recover, renew ; improve. refugio, -ere, -fug! [re-fugio], 3, flee back, retreat ; avoid. regio, -onis, F., region, district, lo- cality ', country district. regius, -a, -um [rex], adj., of the king, royal, kingly ; regii, M. plur., followers of the king. regno, -are, -avi, -atus [regnum], I, reign, rule. regnum, -I [rex], N., royal power, sovereignty, rule, throne. religio, -onis, F., obligation, relig- ious obligation, worship ; scruple, conscience, scrupulousness ; relig- ious offense. religiose [religiosus], adv., scru- pulously, conscientiously. relinquo, -ere, -Hqui, -lictus [re- linquo], 3, leave, abandon. reliquiae, -arum [relinquo], F. plur., remainder, rest. reliquus, -a, -um [relinquo], adj., remaining, rest, the rest of; reli- quum tempus, the future. remaneo, -ere, -mansi, -mansus [re- maned], 2, stay behind, remain ; endure. remedium, -I, N., cure, remedy. remigro, -are, -avi, -atus [re-mi- gro], i, go back, return. reminiscor, -I, 3, dep., recall, recol- lect. remissus, -a, -um [part, of remit- to], adj., careless, slack, remiss. remitto, -ere. -misi, -missus [re- mit to], 3, send back, return ; re- lax, slacken. removed, -ere, -movi, -motus [re- moved], 2, send away, remove, drive off. renovo, -are, -avi, -atus [re-no vo], I, renew. renuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [re-nun- tio], i, bring back word, an- nounce. reor, reri, ratus sum, 2, dep., think, believe. repello, -ere, -pull, -pulsus [re- pello], 3, drive back, defeat, re- pulse. repente, adv., suddenly, unexpect- edly. repentinus, -a, -um, adj., sudden, unexpected. reperio, -ere, repperi, repertus, 4, find, discover, learn. repo, -ere, repsi, reptus, 3, creep. repono, -ere, -posuT, -positus [re- pono], 3, put back, restore-, lay up, deposit. reprehendo, -ere, -prehendl, -pre- hensus [re-prehendo], 3, blame, chide, reprove. reprimo, -ere, -press!, -pressus [re- premo], 3, keep T)ack, check, re- press. REPUGNO 205 SAEPIO repugno, -are, -avi, -atus [re-pug- no J, i, resist, oppose. repute, -are, -avi, -atus [re-puto], I, think over, calculate, reflect. require, -ere, -quislvi, -quisitus [re- quaero], 3, learn by inquiry, ask, inquire ; miss. res, rel, F., thing, affair, matter, business, communication, circum- stance ; in plur. , matters, affairs, proceedings ; conditions, concerns, operations ; means ; res gestae, exploits ; constitution ; res male gestae, disaster ; res gerere, do things ; res secundae, successes ; res adversae, reverses ; res nova, novelty ; nulla res, nothing ; res divina, service ; res publica,/^^- lic affairs, public interests, poli- tics, the state ; res militaris, mili- tary affairs ; res familiaris, sub- stance, property, estate ; re vera, in reality. resacro, -are [re-sacro], i, free from a curse. rescindo, -ere, -scidT, -scissus [re- scindo], cut down, destroy ; an- nul. rescisco, -ere, -scivl, -scitus [re- scisco], 3, learn. resisto, -ere, -stitl, 3, stand against, resist, oppose. respicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [re- specio], 3, look back at, regard', consider. responded, -ere, -spondi, -sponsus [re-spondeo], 2, answer, reply. responsum, -I [responded], N., reply, response. restituo, -ere, -ui, -utus [re-statuo], 3, reestablish, restore, reinstate ; recover. retardo, -are, -avi, -atus [re-tardo], 1, restrain, retard, check. retineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus [re-teneo], 2, hold back, restrain, keep in ; hold, keep, retain. retraho, -ere, -traxT, -tractus [re- traho], 3, draw back, remove, rescue. reus, -I, M., defendant, accused. revertor, -I, reversus sum, 3, dep., come back, return. revoco, -are, -avi, -atus [re-voco], I, call back, recall. rex, regis, M., king, sovereign. rhetor, -oris [Gr. ^rwp], M., rhe- torician, orator, speaker. Rhodanus, -I, M., the Rhone. Rhodius, -a, -um, adj., of Rhodes, an island off the coast of Asia Minor ; as subst., a Rhodian. risus, -us [rideo], M., laughter. robustus, -a, -um [robur], adj., strong, robust. rogatus, -us [rogo], M., request. rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, I, ask, re- quest, beg. Roma, -ae, F., Rome. Romanus, -a, -um [Roma], adj., Roman ; as subst., a Roman. Romulus, -I, M., Romulus, mythi- cal founder of Rome. rostrum, -I, N., prow, beak of a ship. ruber, -bra, -brum, adj., red. rursus [re-vorsus], adv., back, again. rusticus, -a, -um [rus], adj., rustic, rural, country. S. or Sex., abbreviation for the praenomen Sextus. sacellum, -I [sacer], N., chapel, shrine. sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj., conse- crated, sacred,\ holy ; sacra, N. plur., sacred rites, divine wor- ship. sacerdos, -otis [sacer], M., priest. sacrarium, -I [sacer], N., sanctu- ary, shrine. sacrifice, -are, -avi, -atus [sacer and facio], i, sacrifice. sacrilegium, -I [sacrilegus], N., sacrilege, impiety. sacrilegus, -a, -um [sacer and lego], adj., sacrilegious, impious ; as subst., sacrilegus, an impious man. saepe, compar. saepius, superl. saepissime, adv., often, fre- quently. saepio, -ire, saepsT, saeptus [sae- pe s], 4, enclose ; protect. SAGACItAS 206 SENECTUS sagacitas, -atis [sagax], F., keen- ness, shrewdness. Saguntum, -I, N., Saguntum, a town in Spain. sal, salis, M. and N., salt ; wit ; elegance, good taste. Salaminius, -a, -um [Salamls], adj., of Salamis. Salamls, -mis, F., Salamis, an is- land near Athens. salto, -are, -avl, -atus [freq. of salio], I, dance. saltus, -us, M., wooded pass, moun- tain pass, pass. salum, -I, N., sea, deep water. salus, -utis, F., health, safety ; pro- tection. salutaris, -e [salus], adj , health- ful, beneficial. salvus, -a, -um, adj., safe, saved', well, sound. Samos, -I, F., Samos, an island in the Aegean Sea. Samothracia, -ae, F., Samothrace, an island in the Aegean Sea. sancio, -Ire, sanxl, sanctus, 4, make sacred ; ordain, seal. sancte, superl. sanctissime [sanc- tus], adv., reverently. sanctus, -a, -um, superl. sanctis- simus [part, of sancio], adj., sacred, holy. sanguis, -inis, M., blood. sano, -are, -avl, -atus [sanus], I, make well, heal. sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, well', sane. sapienter, comp. sapientius [sa- piens], adv., wisely. Sardis or -es, -him, F. pi., Sardis, a city in Asia Minor. sarmentum, -I, N., fagot; in plur., brushwood. satelles, -itis, M., follower, attend- ant. satis, indecl. N., enough, consider- able ; as adv. , considerable, very ; compar. satius, preferable. satisfacio, -ere, -fed, -factus [sa- tis-facio], 3, satisfy. satius ; see satis. satrapes, -is [Gk. o-aTpairTjs], M., satrap, governor. saucius, -a, -um, adj., wounded, hurt. Saufeius, -I, M., L. Saufeius, a Roman. scapha, -ae, F., boat, skiff, tender. scelus, -eris, N., crime, wicked- ness. scilicet [scire licet], adv., evi- dently, of course. scio, scire, scivl, scltus, 4, know, understand. Sclpio, -on is, M., P. Cornelius Scipio, the name of several Ro- mans. scitum, -I [scisco], N., decree, vote. scopulosus, -a, -um [scopulus], adj., rocky, rough. scrlbo, -ere, scrips!, scriptus, 3, write. scriptor, -oris [scrlbo], M., writer, clerk, scribe ; author. scutum, -I, N., shield. Scyrus, -I, F., Scyros, an island in the Aegean Sea. Scythes, -ae, M., a Scythian, in- habitant of Russia. se ; see sui. secum ; see sui. secundus, -a, -um [sequor], adj., following, second ; favorable, suc- cessful, good-, secunda fortuna, good fortune. securus, -a, -um [se-cura], adj., untroubled, safe, secure. secus, indecl. N., sex, gender. secus, conj., otherwise ; less. sed, conj., but. sedecim [sex-decem], indecl. num., sixteen. segrego, -are, -avi, -atus [se- grego], I, separate, remove, ex- clude. seiungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctus [se- iungo], 3, separate, part, make apart from. semel, adv.. once, only once. semper, adv., always. Sempronius, -I, M., Ti. Sempro- nius Longus, and Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, Roman consuls. senatus, -us [senex], M., senate. senectus, -utis [senex], F., old age. SENESCO 207 SIMULO senesco, -ere, senui [seneo], 3, grow old ; play out, grow weak. senex, senis, M., old man. seni, -ae, -a [sex], distr. num., six each, six. sensus, -us [sentio], M., feeling, opinion, sentiment, view. sententia, -ae [sentio], F., opin- ion, judgment', desire, wish ; ex- pectation ; ex sententia, satis- factorily. sentio, -ire, sens!, sensus, 4, be aware of, feel, perceive ; have an opinion, think, judge ; hear, see. separatim [separatus], adv., sepa- rately, individually. sepelio, -ire, sepelivl, sepultus, 4, bury. septem> indecl. num., seven. septemtriones, -um, M. plur., the Dipper, the constellation of the Great Bear ; the north. septingenti, -ae, -a [septem-cen- tum], num. adj., seven hundred. septuagesimus, -a, -um [septua- ginta], num. adj., seventieth. septuaginta, indecl. num., sev- enty. sepulcrum, -I [sepelio], N., tomb, grave, sepulchre. sequor, -I, secutus sum, 3, dep., accompany, attend ; follow ; pur- sue, seek to attain. Ser., abbreviation for the praeno- men Servius. sermo, -onis, M., conversation, speech, language ; discourse. sero, adv., late, too late. serpens, -ends [part, of serpo], M., serpent, snake. seftus, -a, -um [part, of sero], adj., interwoven, linked ; joined. Servilia, -ae, F., Servilia, a Ro- man woman. Servllius, -I, M., Cn. Servilius Geminus, a Roman consul. servio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itus [servus], 4, serve, be subject to ; labor for, devote one's self to ; watch ; aim at, sue for, strive for ; regard, cultivate. servitus, -utis [servus], F., slav- ery, servitude. servo, -are, -avi, -atus [servus], i, keep, watch, protect. servulus, -I [dim. of servus], M., slave, young slave. servus, -I, M., slave, servant. sestertius, -a, -um, adj., two and a half; as subst., sesterius, 2% asses, a sesterce, worth about 4 cents; sestertium, -I, N., 100,- ooo sesterces, about $4,000. setius, compar. adv., less, otherwise. Seuthes, -is, M., Seuthes, a Thra- cian king. severitas, -atis [severus], F., harshness, sternness, strictness. severus, -a, -um, adj., harsh, stern, strict, severe. sex, indecl. num., six. sexageni, -ae, -a, distr. num., sixty each. sexaginta, indecl. num., sixty. sextus, -a, -um [sex], num. adj., sixth. si, conj , if, whether. sibi ; see sui. sic, adv., thus, so. Sicilia, -ae, F., Sicily. sicut [sic ut], adv., so as, as ; for instance, thus. sido, -ere, 3, sit down ; settle, sink. Sigeum, -I, N., Sigeum, a promon- tory in Asia Minor. signified, -are, -avi, -atus [signum and facio], i, show, indicate, point out, mark ; denote, signify. signum, -I, N., sign, mark, token ; signal. Silenus, -I, M., Silenus, a Greek historian. silva, -ae, F '., forest, woods, park. similis, -e, adj., like, similar, re- sembling. similitude, -inis [similis], F., like- ness, resemblance. simplex, -icis, adj., of one kind only simple, unmixed ; frank, sincere. simul, adv., at the same time ; with ; simulatque, simulac, as soon as. simulacrum, -I [simulo], N., like- ness, image, statue, idol. simulo, -are, -avi, -atus [similis], I, imitate ; represent ; pretend. SIMULTAS 208 STUDIUM simultas, -atis, F., rivalry, hatred ; dispute. sin [si-ne], conj., but if. sine, prep, with abl., without. singularis, -e [singuli], adj., un- usual ; single, unique. singuli, -ae, -a, adj., one by one, separately ; each individual, each one, each. situs, -a, -um [part, of sino], adj., placed, situated ; dependent on. sive or seu, conj., or if, whether ; sive . . . sive, either . . . or, whether . . . or. socer, -eri, M., father-in-law. socialis, -e [socius], adj., of the allies, allied, social. societas, -atis [socius], F., alli- ance ; partnership. socius, -I, M., ally, confederate, companion. Socrates, -is, M., Socrates, a Greek philosopher. Socraticus, -a, -um [Socrates], adj., of Socrates, Socratic ; as subst., Socraticus, a follower of Socrates. t soleo, -ere, solitus sum, 2, semi- dep., be in the habit of , be accus- tomed to ; used to. solum [solus], adv., only, merely. solus, -a, -um, adj., alone, sole. solve, -ere, solvi, solutus, 3, loose * undo, open ; release ; pay ; navem solve re, set sail. sonitus, -us, M., sound, noise. sonus, -I, M., sottnd, noise. soror, -oris, F., sister. Sosilus, i, M., Sosilus, a Greek historian. Sosius, -I, M., C. Sosius, a Roman consul. Sparta, -ae, F., Sparta, a city in southern Greece, sparus, -T, M., hunting-spear. species, ace. -em, abl. -e, F., form, appearance, looks ; character. specimen, -inis, N., proof, sign, evidence. speculator, -oris [speculor], M., spy, lookout. spero, -are, -avi, -atus [spes], i, have good hopes of, hope, expect. spes, spei, F., hope* expectation. splendide [splendidus], adv., bril- liantly ; elegantly. splendidus, -a, -um, adj., brilliant ; elegant ; showy. splendor, -oris, M., brilliancy, splendor, magnificence. spolio, -are, -avi, -atus, i, deprive ; rob, plunder. spondeo, -ere, spopondi, sponsus, 2, promise, pledge. spons, spontis, F., only in abl. sing.; sua sponte, of his own accord. sponsalia, -ium, N. plur., engage- ment, betrothal. sponsor, -oris [spondeo], M., bondsman. statim [sto], adv., at once, on the spot, immediately. statua, -ae, F., statue. statuo, -ere, -ui, -utus, 3, establish, build, construct ; decide, resolve. statura, -ae [sto], F., size, stature. status, -us [sto], ^\., position, place, posture. Stesagoras, -ae, M., Stesagoras, an Athenian. stipulatio, -onis, F., terms, condi- tion, bargain. stirps, stirpis, F., stock, branch, source ; progeny, offspring. sto, stare, steti, status, i, stand', remain firm, have one's mind made up. stramentum, -I [stern 6], N., cov- ering ; straw, litter. stratum, -i [sterno], N. coverlet ; bed. strenuus, -a, -um, adj., vigorous, active. struo, -ere, striixl, structus, 3, build, construct. Strymon, -onis, M., the Strymon, a river of Thrace. studeo, -ere, -ui, 2, be eager for, desire ; sympathize with. studiose [studiosus], adv., eager- ly ^ zealously. studiosus, -a, -um [studeo], adj., eager to, fond of, zealous. studium, -I [studeo], N., zeal, de- sire, eagerness ; effort, study ; in- terest. STULTE 209 SUPPLICIUM stulte [stultus], adv., foolishly, stupidly. stultitia, -ae [stultus], F., foolish- ness, stupidity. suavitas, -atis [suavis], F., sweet- ness, pleasantness, agreeableness. sub, prep, with ace. and abl. ; with ace., under, toward, up to; un- til ; with abl., under, at the foot of ; at the time of, during. subalaris, -e [sub-ala], adj., car- ried under the arm. subdued, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [sub- duco], 3, lead away, withdraw, take secretly away, steal ; se sub- ducere, elude. subeo, -ire, -il, -itus [sub-eo], irr., go under, approach ; undergo, en- dure. subigo, -ere, -egi, -actus [sub-ago], 3, bring under, subdue ; compel. subito [subitus], adv., suddenly. sublevo, -are, -avi, -atus [sub- levo], i, lighten, relieve ; assist. subscribe, -ere, -scrips!, -scriptus [sub-scribo], 3, write under, sign one's name to an accusation, prosecute* subsidium, -T, N., reenforcement. substituo, -ere, -ui, -utus [sub- statuo], 3, substitute. subsum, -esse [sub-sum], irr., be under, be under the surface, be at the bottom ; be near at hand, be present. subtexo, -ere, -ui [sub-texo], 3, interweave ; compose ; add. suburbanus, -a, -um [sub-urba- nus], adj., near the city, near Rome, suburban. succedo, -ere, -cessT, -cessus [sub- cedo], 3, follow after, succeed; approach ; be successful. succendo, -ere, -cendi, -census, 3, set fire to, kindle. succumbo, -ere, -cubui [sub-cum- bo], 3, yield, succumb. succurro, -ere, -cum, -cursus [sub- curro], 3, run to aid, assist, suc- cor. sufficio, -ere, -feel, -fectus [sub- facio], 3, put in place of, choose as substitute ; suffice, suffragium, -I [suffragor], N., bal- lot, vote. suffragor, -an, -atus sum, i, dep., vote for, support, recommend. sui, sibi, se, reflex, pron. sing, and plur., himself, herself, itself, themselves ; secum, with himself, etc. Sullanus, -a, -um [Sulla], adj., of Sulla, a general and political lead- er at Rome. Sulpicius, -I, M., Sulpicius Blitho, Ser. Sulpicius Galba, and P. Sul- picius Rufus, names of Romans. sum, esse, fui, irr. , be, exist ; be true; consist of ; happen. summa, -ae [summus], F., top, chief place, control, command; sum ; summa imperil, chief com- mand. summus, -a, -um [superl. of su- perus], adj., highest, greatest, ex- treme, top ; great ; top of. sumo, -ere, sumps!, sumptus [sub- em 6], 3, take, get. sumptus, -us [sumo], M., expense \ outlay, living expenses ; resources. supellex, supellectilis, F., house- hold utensils, furniture. super, adv., over, remaining, left. super, prep, with ace. and abl., over, above. superbia, -ae [superbus], F., pride, haughtiness. superior, -ius [compar. of superus], adj., higher ; superior ; previous, former; as subst., superior ; con- queror. supero, -are, -avi, -atus [superus], I , go above, excel, exceed ; pass by, sail around ; be superior, conquer, overcome. superstes, -stitis [supersto], M., survivor. supersum, -esse, -fui [super-sum], irr., be over, be left over, be a sur- plus, remain. suppedito, -are, -avT, -atus [sub and pes], i, supply, furnish. supplex, -icis [sub-plico], M., suppliant, worshiper. supplicium, -T [supplex], N., en~ treaty ; punishment \ SUPPORTO 2IO TERRESTRIS supports, -are, -avi [sub-port 6], I, convey ', carry, ship. supra, adv. and prep, with ace., above, beyond. supremus, -a, -um [superl. of su- perus], adj., last, final. Susamithres, -is, M., Susamithres, a Persian man. suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [subs- capio], 3, receive', undertake. suspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus [sub- specio], 3, look up to, admire ; perceive. suspicio, -onis [suspicio], F., idea, suspicion, belief. sustineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus [subs- teneo], 2, hold up, sustain, check, withstand ; endure. suus, -a, -um [sui], poss. pron. reflex., his, her, its, their ; his own, her own, etc. ; sui, his men ; sua, N. plur., his, their property. Syracusae, -arum, F. plur., Syra- cuse, a city in Sicily. Syracusanus, -a, -um [Syra- cusae], adj., of Syracuse, Syra- cusan ; as subst., Syracusanus, a Syracusan. Syria, -ae, F., Syria, a country of Asia. T., abbreviation of the Roman prae- nomen Titus. tabellarius, -I [tabella], M., letter- carrier, courier. Tachos, -I, M , Tachos, King of Egypt. taciturnus, -a, -um [taceo], adj., silent. taenia, -ae [Gk. raivta], F., head- band, ribbon, fillet. talent um, -1 [Gk. TCI\CU/TOJ>], N., talent, a Greek sum of money equivalent to nearly $1,200. talis, -e, adj., such, such a ; of such a kind', the following ; talis . . . qualis, such . . . as. tarn, adv., so, to such a degree, so much ; tarn . . . quam, so . . . as, as much . . . as. tamen, adv., nevertheless, yet, how- ever. Tamphilianus, -a, -um [Tam- philus], adj., of Tamphilus, a Roman. tamquam [tam-quam], conj., as though, as if. tantum [tantus], adv., so much, only so much ; only, merely. tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great, such ; tantus . . . quantus, as great . . . as, as much . . . as ; tan- to, adv., so much ; tanto opere, greatly. tardus, -a, -um, compar. tardior, adj., slow, sluggish, late. Tarentinus, -a, -um [Tarentum], adj., of Tarentum, a town in southern Italy. tectum, -I [tego], N., shelter, cov- ering, roof', house, house proper. tego, -ere, texi, tectus, 3, cover, con- ceal, protect, defend. telum, -I, N., spear, javelin ; weap- on. temere, adv., by chance, rashly ; non temere, not easily, hardly. tempestas, -atis [tempus], F., sea- son ; storm, tempest. templum, -I, N., temple. temporarius, -a, -um [tempus], adj., timely, time-serving, poli- tic. tempto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of tendo], i, attempt, try, test. tempus, -oris, N., time, season ; the proper time, opportunity, chance, occasion ; in plur., the times, con- ditions. tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentus or ten- sus, 3, strive, go, be bound. teneo, -ere, -ui, 2, hold, keep ; ad- versum tenet, blows ahead. tenesmos, -T [Gk. reirco-jtufc], M., tenesmus, straining. tenuis, -e, adj., thin, slight, trifiing, intrinsically insignificant. Terentius, -I, M., C. Terentius Varro, a Roman consul. term, -ae, -a [ter], distr. num., three each. terra, -ae, F., land, earth, ground', terra, on land... terrestris, -e [terra], adj., on land, land. TERROR 211 TRANSEO terror, -oris [terreo], M., fright, terror. tertio [tertius], adv., for the third time. tertius, -a, -um [tres], num. adj., third. testa, -ae, F., tile, potsherd ; bal- lot. testamentum, -I [tester], N., tes- tament, will. testatus, -a, -um, compar. testa- tior [part, of tester], adj., mani- fest, evident. testimonium, -I [testis], N., evi- dence, proof, testimony. testis, -is, M., witness. tester, -an, -atus sum [testis], I, dep., declare : prove. testudo, -inis [testa], F., tortoise ; a movable roof for the protection of besiegers, covering. " n. of f small tile ; ballot. testula, -ae [dim. of testa], F., Thasius, -a, -um [Thasus], adj., Thasian, of Thasus, an island in the Aegean Sea ; as subst., Tha- sius, a Thasian. theatrum, -I [Gk. B4a,rpov\, N., theatre. Thebae, -arum, F. plur., Thebes, a city of Boeotia, in Greece. Thebanus, -a, -um [Thebae], adj., of Thebes, Theban ; as subst., Thebanus, a Theban. Themistocles, -is or -I, ace. -em or -en, M., Themistocles, an Athe- nian statesman. Theopompus, -I, M., Theopompus, a Greek historian. Theramenes, -is, M., Theramenes, an Athenian statesman. Thermopylae, -arum, F. plur., Thermopylae, a pass in Thessaly. Thracia, -ae, F., Thrace, a coun- try northeast of Greece. Thraessa, -ae, F., a Thracian woman. Thraex, -cis, adj., Thracian ; as subst., a Thracian. Thrasybulus, -I, M., Thrasybulus, an Athenian general. Thucydides, -is, M., Thucydides, a Qreek historian, Thuril, -orum, M. plur., Thurii, a city of southern Italy. Ti., abbreviation for the Roman praenomen Tiberius. Tiberis, -is, M., the Tiber, a river of Italy. tibia, -ae, ., flute, pipe. Timaeus, -I, M., 7imaeus, a Greek historian. timeo, -ere, -ui, 3, fear. Timoleon, -ontis, M., Timoleon, a Greek. Timoleonteus, -a, -um [Timo- leon], adj., of Timoleon ; Timo- leonteum, N., the Timoleonteum, a gymnasium at Syracuse. Timophanes, -is, M., Timophanes, a Greek. timor, -oris [timed], M.., fear. Timotheus, -I, M., Timotheus, an Athenian general. Tissaphernes, -is, M., Tissa- phernes, a Persian governor. tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatus, 3, take away, remove, kill. Torquatus, -I, M., A. Manlius Torquatus and L. Manlius Tor- quatus, Romans. tot, indecl. adj., so many. totidem, indecl. adj., the same num- ber y just as many. tot us, -a, -um, adj., all, the whole, entire. tractus, -us [traho], M., tract, stretch, extent. trado, -ere, -didi, -ditus [trans-do], 3, give over, deliver over, deliver ; entrust ; hand down ; surrender ; teach. traduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus [trans- duco], 3, lead across. traho, -ere, traxl, tractus, 3, draw ; carry, lead ; attract. traicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus [trans- iacio], 3, throw across, move over ; cross. tranquillitas, -atis [tranquillus], F., peace and quiet, calm, rest. tranquillo, -are, -atus [tranquil- lus], i, calm, quiet, soothe. transeo, -Ire, -ii, -itus [trans-eo], irr., go over, go across, cross, pass through \ cover, TRANSFERO 212 USOUAM transfero, -ferre, -turi, -latus [trans- fero], irr., carry over, transfer, give over. transfugio, -ere, -fugi [trans- fugio], 3, desert. transigo, -ere, -egT, actus [trans- ago], 3, finish, perform ; spend, pass. transitus, -us [transed], M., cross- ing, passage. transport, -are, -avi, -atus [trans- porto], I, carry across, take over, transport. Trasumenus, -I, M., Trasumenus, a lake in Etruria. Trebia, -ae, F., the Trebia, a river in northern Italy. trecenti, -ae, -a [tres and centum], num. adj., three hundred. tresviri, -orum [tres viri], M. plur., triumvirs, a commission of three. tribunus, -I [tribus], M., tribune ; tribunus plebei, tribune of the plebs, a magistrate at Rome ; tri- bunus militaris, tribune of the soldiers, the commander of the sixth of a legion. tribuo, -ere, -ui, -utus, 3, assign, allot, attribute ; devote. triennium, -I [tres and annus], N., three years. triginta, indecl. num., thirty. trimenstris, -e [tres and mensis], adj., lasting three months, for three months. triplex, -icis [tres and plico], adj., threefold, triple. triremis, -is [tres and remus, oar\, M., a trireme, a vessel with three banks of oars. tristis, -e, adj., sad, gloomy, melan- choly. triticum, -i, N., wheat. triumvir, -I [tres and vir], M., a triumvir, one of a commission of three. Troezen, -enis, ace. -ena, F., Troe- zen, a city of Greece. tropaeum, -I [Gk. Tp6iraiov] J N., trophy ; victory. tu, gen. tui, dat. tibi, ace. abl. te, plur. vos, pers. pron., you. tuba, -ae, F., trumpet. tueor, -eri, -tutus sum, 2, dep., watch over, look out for, guard, protect ; consider. Tullius, -I, M., M. Tullius Cicero, a Roman orator, turn, adv., then, at that time ; turn . . . cum, then . . . when. tumultus, -us [turned], M., tumult, sudden war, riot, rebellion. turpis, -e, adj., bast, disgrace- ful. tutus, -a, -um [part, of tueor], adj., safe, in safety, secure ; tuto, adv., safely ; tutum, N., safety. tuus, -a, -um [tu], poss. pron., your, yours. tyrannis, -idis [Gk. rvpavvis], F., tyranny, tyrannical power. tyrannus, -I [Gk. Tvpawos], M M tyrant, despot, ruler. U ubi, adv. and conj., where? where, when. ubinam [ubi-nam], adv. inter., where pray ? where ? ulciscor, -I, ultus sum, 3, dep., pun- ish ; avenge. ullus, -a, -um [for unulus, dim. of unus], adj., any. ultimus, -a, -um [superl. of ulte- rior], adj., farthest, most distant ; oldest ; last. umquam, adv., ever. unde, adv. and rel. conj., where? whence, where, from which ; with what. undique, adv., from every direction ; on all sides. unguentum, -i, N., ointment. universus, -a, -um [unus and ver- sus], adj., all together, all, whole- entire. unus, -a, -um, adj., one, a single, alone ; used to make a superl. more emphatic. urbanus, -a, -um [urbs], adj., of the city, in the city. urbs, urbis, F., city, town, esp. Rome. usquam, adv., anywhere, USQUE 213 VERBOSUS usque, adv , continuously ; even ; usque ad, up to, till, to ; usque eo, so long, so far. usura, -ae [utor], F., interest, high rate of interest, usury. usus, -us [utor], M., use, practice ; association, intercourse ; profit, ad- vantage, value ; usu venire, oc- cur, happen. ut or uti, conj., that, so that ; that, in order that ; as, when, for ; ut si, as if. uter, utra, utrum, adj., which of two, which one, which ; either of two. uterque, utraque, utrumque, adj., each, either, both. Utica, -ae, F., Utica, a city in Africa. utilis, -e, compar. utilior, superl. utilissimus [utor], adj., useful, serviceable, advantageous ; prac- ticable, advisable. utilitas, -ads [utilis], F., useful- ness ; advantage. utinam, adv., would that! utique, adv., at any rate, certainly. utor, -I, usus sum, 3, dep., use, em- ploy, have the advantage of; en- joy ; practice, frequent, associate with ; experience ; seek ; choose, keep ; follow advice. utpote [ut-pote], adv., of course, namely. utrobique [uter-ubi-que], adv., in both places, on both sides. utrum [uter], inter, adv., whether ; utrum . . . an, whether . . . or. uxor, -oris, F., wife. vacatio, -onis [vaco], F., freedom, exemption. vacuefacid, -ere, -feel, -factus [va- cuus and facio], 3, make empty, make vacant, depopulate. vadimonium, -I [vas], N., bail. valens, -entis, compar. valentior, superl. valentissimus [part, of vale 6], adj., strong, well, vigorous. valeo, -ere, -ui, 2, be well, be strong, be pozverful ; be effective, prevail, 15 have influence ; have the force of, mean ; plus valere, be stronger, avail more. valetudo, -inis [valeo], F., health, state of health, good health ; ill health, illness. vallum, -I, N., intrenchments, ram- part. varietas, -atis [varius], F., variety ; variableness, fickleness. varius, -a, -um, adj., diverse, va- ried ; various ; fickle. vas, vasis, N., vessel, utensil. vates, -is, M., prophet, seer. -ve, enclitic conj., or. vectigal, -alis, N., revenue, income, tribute. vehiculum, -I [veho], N., carriage, vehicle. veho, -ere, vexi, vectus, 3, draw, carry ; in pass., ride, sail. vel, conj., or, or even, perhaps ; vel . . . vel, either . . . or. velocitas, -atis [velox], F., swift- ness, speed. velum, -I, N., sail. velut or veluti, adv., as though, as if, just as. vendito, -are, -avi [freq. of vendo], i, sell repeatedly, sell. vendo, -ere, -didl, -ditus [venum do], 3, sell. venenatus, -a, -um [part, of vene- no], adj., poisoned, poisonous. venenum, -T, N., poison. venerius, -a, -um [Venus], adj., of love, lascivious ; res veneriae, lasciviousness. venia, -ae, F., favor, indulgence-, permission. venio, -ire, vem, ventus, 4, come, go ; usu venire, occur, happen ; obviam venire, meet. venor, -an, -atus sum, i, dep., hunt. venter, -tris, M., stomach ; appe- tite. ventito, -are, -avi [freq. of venio], I, come often, be wont to come. ventus, -I, M., wind. Venusia, -ae, F., Venusia, a town in southern Italy. verbosus, -a, -um, compar. verbo- sior [verbum], adj., long, wordy. VERBUM 2I 4 VIVUS verbum, -I, N., word, saying ; term ; verba facere, plead. vere, compar. verius, superl. veris- sime [verus], adv., truly, cor- rectly. vereor, -eri, veritus sum, 2, dep., reverence, respect, fear. vergo, -ere, 3, turn, slope, look. veritas, -atis [verus], F., truth. vero [verus], adv. and conj., truly, however, but. versor, -an, -atus sum [freq. of vertor], i, dep., be engaged, be occupied in, operate ; be situated, stay, be. versura, -ae [verto], F., borrowing, loan. versus, -us [verto], M., verse, line. verto, -ere, verti, versus, 3, turn, change ; return ; vertente anno, in the course of a year. verum [verus], adv., but. verus, -a, -um, adj., true, real, right. vester, -tra, -trum, poss. pron., your, yours. vestigium, -I, N., footprint, trace, vestige. vestimentum, -I [vestis], N., cloth- ing. vestio, -Ire, -ivi, -itus [vestis], 4, clothe, dress. vestis, -is, F., garment-, clothing, clothes. vestltus, -us [vestio], M., clothing. veto, -are, -ui, -itus, i, forbid, pro- hibit. Vettones, -um, M. plur., Vettones, a people of Portugal. vetus, -ens, adj., old, aged, original. vetustas, -atis [vetus], F., old age, age. vexo, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of veho], i, disturb ; harass, waste. via, -ae, F., way, road ; journey. vicesimus, -a, -um, num. adj., twentieth. viciens, num. adv., twenty times. vicmitas, -atis [vlcinus], F., neigh- borhood, vicinity. victor, -oris [vinco], M., victor, conqueror ; as adj., victorious. victoria, -ae [victor], F., victory. victus, -us [vivo], M., food, vic- tuals living, way of living. video, -ere, visi, vlsus, 2, see, visit ; in pass., seem, appear. vigeo, -ere, -ui, 2, flourish, be strong. vigintl, indecl. num., twenty. vilis, -e, adj., cheap ; poor. villa, -ae, F., summer-house, villa, country-seat. vinclum or vinculum, -I [vincio], N., bond, fetter, chain ; imprison- ment. vinco, -ere, vici, victus, 3, conquer, overcome ; exceed ; win. vindico, -are, -avT, -atus [vindex], i, claim punish ; in Hbertatem vindicare, set free. vinea, -ae [vinum], F., vine-shed-, shed, for the proiection of be- siegers. vinolentus, -a, -um [vinum], adj., intoxicated ; intemperate. vinum, -I, N., wine. violo, -are, -avl, -atus [vis], i, use force to, injure, harm ; violate, sacrifice. Vipsanius, -i, M., M. Vipsanius Agrippa, a Roman statesman. vir, viri, M., man, husband. virgo, -inis, F., maiden, unmarried girl, before unwedded, virgin, girl. virilis, -e [vir], adj., manly, male, masculine. virtus, -utis [vir], F., manliness, good quality, virtue, bravery, val- or ; character. vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, F., force, strength, vigor, violence ; vires, -ium, plur., strength, vigor, powers. viso, -ere, visi, visus [freq. of vi- deo], 3, see, go to see, visit. visus, -us [video], M., sight; look, vision. vita, -ae [vivo], F., life. vitium, -i, N., fatilt, failing ; vice. vlto, -are,-avi, -atus, i, avoid, shun. vitullnus, -a, -um [vitulus], adj., of a calf \ vitullna, sc. caro, F., calf's meat, veal. vivo, -ere, vixT, victus, 3, live. vivus, -a, -um, 'adj., alive, living', fresh, running ; vigorous. VIX 215 ZAMA vix, adv., with difficulty, hardly, scarcely. vocito, -are, -avi, -atus [frcq. of voco], I, call, name. voco, -are, -avi, -atus [vox], i, call, name ; summon, invite. volo, velle, volui, irr., wish, want, desire ; choose. volumen, -inis [volvo], N., fold; volume, book. Volumnius, -I, M., P. Volumnius Eutrapehis, a Roman, voluntas, -atis [volo], F., will, wish, desire, consent ; good-will, inclination ; purpose. votum, -I [voveo], N., promise, pledge, vow. vox, vocis, F., voice, word, speech. ' vulgo [vulgus], adv., in public, commonly, everywhere. vulgus, -I, N., crowd, common people, populace ; world ; army, common soldiers, rank and file. vulnus, -eris, N., wound', blow, calamity. X Xenophon, -ontis, M., Xenophon, a Greek historian. Xerxes, -is or -I, Xerxes, King of Persia. Zama, -ae, F., Zama, a town in Africa. (1) THE END UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of 50c Der volume after the third day overdue, increasing to $1.00 per volume after the sixth day. Books not in demand may be renewed if application is made before expiration of loan period. U61 T FEB 7 1918 WAY 21 1919 1S FEB 8 NOV25 1121 DEC tf JAN 31 1929 REC'D LO JAN 1 5 1957 1SSO REC'D LD FEB 1 1 2003 50w-7,'16 YB 00538 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY