IC-NRLF PRONUNCIATION OF THE iES OF ITALIAN PAINTERS By ERNEST H. WILKINS IE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAC CHICAGO, ILLINOIS THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES OF ITALIAN PAINTERS By ERNEST H. WILKINS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS COPYRIGHT 1920 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO All Rights Reserved Published March 1920 Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. PART I. RULES FOR THE PRONUNOAtl6K OF - NAMES OF ITALIAN PAINTERS 1. Stress In names which have two or more vowels, one vowel is stressed more than the other or others. In general, the next-to-last vowel is stressed (as in the first three names in the column of examples). In many names, however, the vowel before the next-to-last vowel is stressed. In this pamphlet every such name has the position of the stress indicated by a special printing of the stressed vowel. In some cases the vowel is printed in italic type; in some cases, if the vowel is e, the special type e is used; in some cases, if the vowel is o, the special type D is used. (The special types e and o not only indicate that the vowel is stressed, but show also how it is to be pronounced, as will be stated in Section 2.) In a few names the last vowel is stressed. In every such name the stressed vowel has a written accent. In this pamphlet no vowel is specially printed unless it is stressed. If then, in a name in this pamphlet, any vowel is specially printed or has an accent, that vowel is the stressed vowel. If no vowel in a name is specially printed or has an accent, the next-to- last vowel is the stressed vowel. EXERCISE. Look through the list of names in Part II, and point out in each name the stressed vowel. Bramantino Liberate Vivarini Domenico /mola Paolo Alessio Tiepolo Antonio Garofalo Forli NiccolD 420212 2. Vowels A. The letter a aivvayc has the sound of a in "father." This sound is always clear, even when unstressed. E. When e is unstressed it always has the sound of a in "fate." Stressed e has hi some words the sound of a in "fate," and in other words the sound of e in "met." In this pamphlet the special type e is used for every e which has the sound of e in "met." The letter e always has one or the other of these two sounds. Each sound is always clear. I. The letter i has in general the sound of double ee in "bee." This sound is always clear. The sound of i in "pin" does not occur hi Italian. But when * is unstressed and followed by a vowel, it has hi general the sound of y in "yes." Be careful, in pronouncing such an i, not to make a separate syllable of it. But when i is unstressed and followed by a vowel and preceded by c, g, or gl, it is silent. (The c in this case has the sound of ch in "church," the g has the sound of g hi "ginger," and the gl has the sound of tti in "million," as will be stated hi Section 3.) EXERCISE. Look through the list of names in Part II, and point out all the cases in which * has the sound of y, and all the cases in which i is silent. O. When o is unstressed it always has the sound of o in "go." Stressed o has in some words the sound of o in "go," and in other words the sound of o in Canale Salvatore Canale Federigo Domcnico Credi Piero Timoteo Filippino Lippi Bastiani Fiore Cione Froncia Bugiardini Giovanni Benaglio Conegliano Agostino Solaria Moroni Rosso "softer." In this pamphlet the special type D is used for every o which has the sound of o in "softer." U. The letter u has in general the sound of oo in "boot." Be careful never to give it, as we do in English, the sound yoo. If you have studied French, be careful never to give it the sound of the French u. But when u is unstressed and followed by a vowel, it has the sound of w hi "woe." Adjacent vowels. When two vowels stand side by side each has its own full sound; ex- cept hi the cases, already referred to, hi which * has the sound of y, or is silent, and u has the sound of w. 3. Consonants Most of the consonants have in Italian approximately the same sound as in English. Special study is necessary for c, g, h,j, s, and z, and for double consonants. C. The letter c has hi general the sound of cm "can." This is true when c comes before h. The h itself is silent (as will be stated below), so that the combination ch may be thought of as having the sound of c in "can." But when c is followed by e or i, it has in general the sound of ch in "church." But when the combination sc is followed by e or i, the combination sc has the sound of sh in "she." EXERCISE. Look through the list of names in Part II, and point out all the cases in which c has the sound of ch in "church," and all the cases in which sc has the sound of sh. Antonio Polidoro Benvenuto Tura Buonarroti Guido Andrea Paolo Catena Credi Francesco Cimabue Cione Brescia G. The letter g has in general the sound P . // .. of g in "go." This is true when g comes before h. The h itself is silent (as will be stated below), so that the combination gh may be thought of as having the sound of g in "go." But when g is followed by e or *, it has the sound of g in "ginger." If you have studied French, be careful not to give this g the sound of the French soft g. EXERCISE. Look through the list of names in Part II, and point out all the cases in which g has the sound of g in "ginger." The combination gn has the sound of ni in Orcagna Guardi AmerigW Angelico Perugino Giovanni The combination gl before * has the sound of tti in "million." H. The letter h is always silent. In proper names it occurs only in the combinations ch, which has the sound of c in "can," and gh, which has the sound of g in "go." J. Initial.; has the sound of y in "yes." S. The letter s has in general the sound of s in "sister." But a single 5 between vowels has in some words the sound of s in "sister," and in other words the sound of s in "rose." In this pamphlet every s which has the sound of s in "rose" is printed in italic type. Z. The letter z has in general the sound of ts in "gets." But in some words it has the sound of dz in "adze." In this pamphlet every z which has the sound of dz in "adze" is printed in italic type. Bonfigli Conegliano Jacopo Sebastiano Cassa Pisa Alvije CDsimo Lorenzo Tiziano Bronsino Zan^bi Notice that the letter s never has, in Italian, the sound which it has in English. Double consonants. Double consonants in general have the same sound as single conso- nants, but should be held in pronunciation twice as long as single consonants. The combination cc before e or i has the Vannucti sound of ch in "church" prolonged. The combination gg before e or i has the sound of g in "ginger" prolonged. The combination 22, however, does not differ in length from the single z. Other facts about consonants. The Italian consonants d, I, n, and / are pronounced farther forward in the mouth than the corresponding English consonants, the point of the tongue touching the upper front teeth. The Italian r is rolled, the point of the tongue vibrating just behind the teeth. The Italian 5 (of the usual type) is hissed more sharply than the English s. When /, m, n, or r stands just after a stressed vowel and just before another consonant, its sound is prolonged. Baldovinetti Filippo Raffaello Caravaggio Pa.lmessa.no Benedetto Meldola Fabriano Liberate Sassetta Ridolfo Piombo Vinci Leonardo PART II. A LIST OF NAMES OF ITALIAN PAINTERS, WITH INDICATIONS AS TO THEIR PRONUNCIATION This list contains, of the names of Italian painters which appear in the extensive index in A Short History of Italian Painting by Alice V. V. Brown and W. Rankin (London: Dent; and New York: Button; 1914, pages 337-410), all those in which the stress rests on any vowel other than the next-to- last, and all those containing any letter the pronunciation of which could, after mastery of the rules in Part I, remain in doubt that is, a stressed e, a stressed o, an 5 between vowels, or a z. For the spelling of the names (since Brown and Rankin are not authoritative in this respect) I have followed the usage of A. Venturi in his Storia dell' arte italiana, Vols. V and VII (Milan, Hoepli, 1907-15). In any name given in this list, if the vowel is specially printed or has an accent, that vowel is the stressed vowel. If no vowel in the word is specially printed or has an accent, the next-to-last vowel is the stressed vowel. If the letter e is printed in the special type e, it has the sound of e in "met"; otherwise it has the sound of a in "fate." If the letter o is printed in the special type D, it has the sound of o in "softer"; otherwise it has the sound of o in "go." If the letter s is printed in italic type it has the sound of s in "rose"; otherwise it has the sound of s in "sister." If the letter z is printed in italic type it has the sound of dz in " adze " ; otherwise it has the sound of ts in "gets." Any Italian painter's name mentioned by Brown and Rankin and not found in this list is stressed on the next-to- last vowel; any e it contains has the sound of a in "fate"; any o it contains has the sound of o in "go"; and any s it con- tarns has the sound of s in "sister." Albertinelli Alessio Allodio AUegretti Allegri Albri Altichiero Alvise Ambrogio Andrea Angelico Angiwssola Anm*bale Anselmi Antonello Antoniazzo Antonio Arcangelo Arezzo Assiri Avanzo B Baccio Baldovinetti Barbari Barbieri Barnaba Baroccio Bartolo Bartolommeo Basaiti Bazzi Beccaruzzi Belbtto Benaglio Benedetto BenDzzo Bergognone Berna Be^ozzo Betti Bissolo Boccaccio Bologna Boltraffio Bonaccorsi Bonascia Bondone Bonifazio Boninsegna Bono Bonsignori Bordone Boswccio BotticelH Brea Brescia Bronzino Bru^asorci Buonarroti Busi Butinone Cambia^o Campione Canaletto Canavesio Capponi Caravaggio Caroto Carpaccio Camera Casale Casentino Castiglione Catena Cavaliere Cawzzola Ceccarelli C&sare Ctgoli Clone Civerchio Cola Conti Coppo Comzcchio Correggio Cortona Cosimo Cossa Casta Cotignola Credi Cremona Crivelli Croce D Dalma^io Daniele Dario Defendente Dei Dolce Domenico DDSS-i,-o Dwccio E Emilia ercole erri Eu5ebio F Faenza Falconetto Fei Ferramola Fiesole Filipepi Fiore Fiorenzo Firenze Poppa ForH Francesca Franceschi Francesco Francescwccio Francia Franciabigio Fredi 10 Garofalo Gaudenzio Genga Ghirlandoio Giacomo Giacoso Giambono Gian(ni) 1 Giorgio Giorgione Giotto Gi0vane Giovan(ni) 1 Girolamo Giwlio Gozzoli Gramnorseo Grecchietto Gregorio Guariento I imola Ingegno Innocenzo J Jacobello Jacopo L Lanziani ~Lazza.ro Lecce Licmio Lodi Longhi Lorenzetti Lorenzo Lotto Lwteri M Macchiavelli Maestro Mansueti Mantegna Marcello Margaritone Marieschi Morio Mariotto Marziale Ma^accio Maso Ma^olino Matteo Mazzol-a,-i Mazzolino Mazzone Melanzio Meldola Melon-e,-i Melzi Memmi Menabuoi Meo Mezsastris 1 When the ni is dropped the stress remains upon the a. Michelangelo Michele Modena Monaco Montorfano Moretto Moron-e,-i N Negroponte Neri Neroccio NiccoB Nuzi O Oggiano Orazio Orvieto P Pacchiarotto Pfldova Palmezzano Panetti Poolo Parenzano Pecori Pelliccioio Penni Perosino Peruzzi Pesellino Pesello Piamonte Piazza Pier(o) 1 Pietro Pinturzcchio Piombo Pisa Pisanello Pisano Pistoia Pizzolo Polidoro PollaiuDlo Ponte Pontormo Pordenone Porta Predis Priamo Pccio Pwligo Q Quercia Quirizio R Raffaello Reni Riccio Ridolfo Rimini Rizzo Roberti RDCCO Rondinello Rosa 1 When the o is dropped, the stress remains upon the e. 12 Rosalba Tome Rosselli Tommaso Rosso Torbido Rujuti Trevi^o S Turone Salimbeni U SalvatorCe) 1 Uccello Santacroce Utili Sanzio Sassetta V Savoldo Vann^ccio Scaletti Vecchietta Schiavone Vecchio Sellaio VeceUio Semitecolo Veneto Sesto Veneziano Siena Veri Signorelli Verona Simone Veronese Sadoma Verrocchio Solflrio Vicenza Spanzotti Vincenzo Spinell-i,-o Viterbo Squarcione Vittore Stefano Volterra T Z Taddeo Zaganelli Tempesta Zampieri Tiberio Zanabi Tiepolo Zavattari Timoteo Zenale Tintoretto Zevio Tm Zoppo Tiziano Zwccari 1 When the e is dropped, the stress remains upon the o. 13 PAT. JAN. 2 1.1 908 YB 80058 420212 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY