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Ml 'y(j,i *< ^^i I r\r I urn »-- t^i i^-- "VQc ii. ■"O0J.\l(^J in)- 'Oc >i >- = 1 ■auiiivj-jv) ■ ^^< MEMOIR O F A MAP OF THE COUNTRIES COMPREHENDED BETWEEN THE BLACK SEA and the CASPIAN; WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE CAUCASIAN NATIONS, AND VOCABULARIES of their LANGUAGES. W LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. EDWARDS, in PALL-MALL, M.DCC.LXXX.Vin. *-DK ^1' 5-1 CiE'^ 7 PREFACE. I T is hoped, that the Map now offered to the public, will be found to be much fuller and more accurate than any which has yet been publifhed : it is ftill, however, very imperfedl ; and many errors will doubtlefs be difcovered in it, when the countries that it reprefents fhall have been completely and accurately furveyed.* To fuch a map it feemed necelTary to annex a few pages of narrative, and I flatter myfelf that I fhall not be thought to have trefpaffed too much on the reader's patience. What I have of- fered is principally drawn from the firfl volume of Mr. Gulden^ 7?W/*s Travels — from various papers inferted in the St. Peter(burgh Journal — from Dr. Re/ficggs's Defcription of Georgia, publifhed in a periodical work by Profeflor Fallas — from the materials con- tained in Miilkr's Sammlung Ruflifcher Gefchichte — and from A 2 fomc * The latitude of the fort of Mojdok has been found to be 45° 43' 46" North. Its longitude, according to the obfervations of ProfetTor Lonvitz, is 62° 42' 30"; but, according to Mr. Gul- denjiaedt (whom 1 have followed) 62° 27' 30" Eaft of Ferro. Tifflis, zccorAingto Guldeiijia/'clf, is in 41° 43' 40' North latitude, and very nearly on the fame meridian with Mofdok, although it is generally placed above a degree farther to the eaftward. Kijlar has been found to be in la- titude 43° 51' North, audits longitude, though it has not been obfened, may be very nearly determined by its diftance from Mojdok. Many other pofitions in the map have been pretty well afcertained by the marches of the Ruffian troops fince the publication of Zannom'% map, which is incomparably the bed I have yet feen. Upon the whole, 1 have reafon to hope that I have laid down, with tolerable accuracy, the defart of Aftrachan, the Ruffian line, the inter- val between that line and the high mountains, and the greater part of Georgia. The country of the Lefguis, Armenia, and the Turkifh province of Achdziche, are principally taken from , Zannoni. The peninfula of Taurica, and the ifland of Phanagoria (or Taman) are, I believe, correftly delineated, being copied from a fun'ey made by order of Prince Potemkin ; but their pofition is very likely to be erroneous, becaufe the great chart ofthefea of Azof, and the maps publiihed by the academy of St. Peterfburgh, differ by more than a degree in the latitude of Taganrok; befides which, the direftion of the fea of Azof is very differently reprcfented. Such a difference could not be reconciled ; and, by endeavouring to do fo, I have perhaps placed the ifland of Phanagoria rather too far to the northward. As to the coaft of the Black Sea to the eaftward of Sotchuk-Kale, it has never, that I know of, been furveyed by Europeans, nor do I tbink that any chart of that fca is at all to be depended on. r 2 ] port to their ftaple at Tanais the Afiatic produiflions with which they fupphed the fouthern parts of Europe, while the articles defigned for the North were conveyed to the Ruffian town of Ladoga, on the Volkhow, from whence they were tranfported to the town of Wifby, in the ifle of Gothland. The deftrudtive expeditions of Tamerlane had indeed forci- bly diverted the trade of Afia from this channel to that of Smyrna and Aleppo ; but although the new road is obvioufly rnoll convenient for the produdlions of Arabia, the fituation of Aftrachan appears to be better calculated for the trade of Perfia and Northern India. The recovery of this plafe, there- fore, gave rife to many fplendid fpeculations : the project of re-eftablifliing its commerce was formed by feveral fucceeding fovereigns, was nearly perfed:ed by Peter the Great, and is not yet entirely relinquillied. Peter, after fecuring the navigation of the Volga, ellablillied a line of forts extending from that river near the town of Zaritfm to the Don, and thus formed a barrier of fufficient ftrength to proted: the empire againfl the incuriions of the predatory nations to the fouthward ; but he was foon tempted to a farther extenfion of his territories by the revolution which took place in Perfia. Hussein, King of that country, had loft his crown by an infurre(5tion to which the opprefTions of his minifters had given rife, and which his own imbecillity had encouraged .- the Afghans were in pofTeirion of Ifpahan; Thamas, heir to the z throne, t 3 1 tlironc, was a fugitive in his own dominions ; the TUrks had taken up arms in order to profit of the wcaknefs of Perfia, and Peter was ahnofl: compelled to follow their exam- ple. He therefore fitted out a fleet at Aflrachan to attend the motions of his army, which, following the weftcrn coafi: of the Cafpian, took pofTefTion of the towns of Derbent and Baku, marched into Ghilan, and occupied nearly tlie whole of that fertile province, which was afterwards afTured to him by a treaty with Thamas. Thus he became for a while fole mafter of the Cafpian , but when, by a fecond revolution, the famous Nadir Shach became undifputed fovereign of Perfia, the Em- prefs Anne was glad to purcliafe fome exclufivc privileges for the trade of her fubjedls by the ceflion of a conqueft which it was no longer pra6licable to retain. On this occafion, the Ruffian fettlemcnts which had been made with a view to pre- ferve the communication between Ruffia and Ghilan, were removed to Kiflar, a town which had received the inhabitants ot the ancient Terki ; and for the protedlion of thefe fettlers it be- came neceiTary to fortify the river Terek. A new line was therefore begun, but it advanced {o {lowly, that in 1763 the redoubts extended no farther than Tfchervlenova, a Cofak vil- lage about 107 Enolifli miles to the weftward of the mouth of the river. In the courfe of the fame year the fort of Mofdok was built about 66 miles farther weft ward, and in 1770, witii a view to fecure the intermediate fpace, 850 Cofak families from the Don and Volga regiments were eflablifhcd at Naur, B 2 which t 4 3 which hes about half way between the two preceeding pofts. Since that time the Hnes have been gradually extended fo as to reach the fea of Azof, and to fecure the whole fpace included between that fea and the Cafpian. By the completion of thefe lines the enemies of Ruflla arc kept.at a great diflance from the more fertile provinces of the em- pire, and the defence of the tributary princes of Georgia and Imeretia is greatly facilitated ; but on the other hand it feems that the almofl daily lofs of men from the difference of Climate and water, from the bad qualities of their food (which is in part brought from a great diflance) and from the fatigue of conftant exertions in repelling the attacks of an enemy equally refolute and alert, cannot but be feverely felt by a country fo imperfedtly peopled as Ruffia. But whatever may be thought of this ac- quifition of territory, there can be no doubt concerning the im* portance of another province lately added to the Ruffian Empire j I mean the Crimea. This peninfula, which until thefe few years was never thoroughly explored by Europeans, was very early diftinguiflied by its extraordinary fertility, and by its commercial advantages. Long before the time of Herodotus its fouthern coafts were oc- cupied by Greek fettlers, who had founded the towns of Kherfon*, Theodofia, Panticapeum, and fome others, and carried on * It is probable that the modern towns fituated in Taurica are not built exaftly on the fite of thofe mentioned in antiquity, but perhaps Eopatoria (the Koflev of the Tartars) may an- fwer [ 5' ] on a very cxteiifive trade with the Scythians, and with the cities of Heraclea, Trebizonde, and Byzantium. Thefe Greeks were perhaps at firft independent, but about four centuries and a half before the birth of Chrift, they became tributary to the Scythians, and continued in fubje£tion until the time of Mithri- dales, whom they invited to take poiTeffion of their country. Mithridates, already mafcer of Pontus and Colchis, and in clofe alliance with the Sarmatse, eagerly embraced an offer which promifed him fuch great refources in his defigns againft the Ro- mans. He therefore difpatched a fleet to Kherfon, and another with an army to the Palus MiEOtis, difpoffelTed Pari/ades, tyrant of the Bofphorus, drove the Scythians out of Taurica, and took poffelTion of that peninfula with its dependencies, confifting of the eaflern coaft of the Palus Meeotis from Tanais to the Cuban, together with the ifland of Phanagoria. From thefe poffeflions he is faid to have drawn an annual revenue of 20,000 minae (about 720,000 bulbels) of corn, and two talents (about 200,000 ounces) of lilver. This prince was the founder of the town of Eupatorium. Being defeated by Po?npey in Afia Mi- nor, he retired to the Bofphorus, where, after fome ineffedlual ftruggles to retrieve his affairs, he killed himfelf in defpair. After fwer nearly to die ancient Eupatorium. Sebaftopol is at a very fmall diflance from the an- cient Kherfon, the ruins of which ftill remain : Baluclava is probably the Symbol of the Genoefe, and Portus Symbolon of Strabo : Theodofia (lately Caifa) the Theodofia of the ancients : Sudak, Soldaia : Kertlh the ancient Bofphorus, and Jenikale Panticapeum> Thebeft map of this country is that of Kinglbergen, publillied at Berlin in 1776, r 6 ] After his death this country became tributary to the Romans, and continued {o till the time of Valeriatt, when we find the little fovereigns, among whom it was divided, giving a palllige to the Goths into the Roman territories. By the removal of the feat of empire from Rome to Con- flantinople, the importance of the maritime coafts of the Tauric Cherfonefe was confiderably increafed : but notwithftanding the anxiety of the Greek emperors to protect this peninfula, it was fucceflively ravaged by the Sarmatae, by the Alani*, by the Goths * Under the name of Alani were comprehended a grest variety of nations. Their inha- bitants, according to Ammiamis Marcellinus, began on the eaftern fide of the Don, from \\hence they extended over the vaft defarts of Scythia as far as the Ganges. Thofe whofe perfons he has defcribed (proceri autem Alani psne omnesfunt, etpulchri, crinibus mediocri- ter fla\'is) were probably feme of the Tanaitx, and of that race which we call Fins ; be- caufe yellow hair, which is fo common in the weft, is I believe in the eaftern parts of Eu- rope peculiar to the people of Finnilh origin. The Mofchi, Aorfi, and Siraci, who are placed by Pliny between the Palus Mxotis, and the Cafpian, fcein to anfvvcr to the Mock- flianes, Erfanians, and Syrains ; and thefe, together with the Kermikliiones (fuppofed to be TlhererailTes] and fome others, now driven far to the northward, were perhaps the people here called Alani, and known at a later period under the name of Ougres, and White Huns. " Parte alia ((iysMamllims) prope AmJizonum fcdes, Alani funt Orlenti acclines, diffufi per populofas gentes et amplas, Afiaticos vergentes in traftus, quos dilatari ad ufque Gangen accepi fiuvium." Thefe therefore were a Caucafian nation, the fame with the Albani, and had migrated to the eaftward. The only people I believe uho can anfwer this defcription are the Agvhans. or Affgans, who pretend that their founder removed from the mountains of Armenia to thofe of Candahar. Colonel Gaerb.r takes it for granted that the Affghans, ^vhom he found near Derbent. were defendants of the Albani; and Dr. Pei^eggs comcni^ that the names of the two people are in fad the fame. Ti,e Armenians (fays he) cannot pronounce the letter L in the middle of a word, but call the Albans Agvhans, ?j, they call Kalaki, Kaghaki, * This fuperftition exills among the prefent Samoyedes» [ '3 ] fhefe, many other nations are enumerated by Strabo, Pliny, and others, as the Amardi*, the Cicianthi, the Agedi, the Gabri, the Tagori, the Mi, the EfTedones, and many more ; but this long catalogue of names is not accompanied by any account of their hiftory or manners. The languages of Caucafus were fup- pofed to be almoft innumerable, fmce at Diofcurias alone they reckoned feventy dialedts, and, according to fome authors, three hundred. The Romans, indeed, feem to have known very little of this country, excepting what they learnt from the officers of Pompey, who entered it from Armenia, fought the Albani and Iberi, and then advanced in purfuit of Mithridatcs as far as the mouth of the Phafis, where he found Servilius with the Roman fleet. After the eflablifhment of the eaflern empire, the countries of Lazica (Colchis) and Iberia, were fo frequently a fubjedl of difpute between the Greek Emperors and the kings of Perfia, that we might expeft from the Byzantine writers a fuller and more corred: account of the Caucafian nations . But the Greek hiftorians (if we except the Emperor Conjlantine) were fo ill informed * It has been obferved by travellers, that barbarous nations generally diftinguifh them- felves by a name expreffing mati, and denote the reft of mankind by fome degrading appella- tion. Suppofing thiscuftom to have prevailed in Mount Caucafus, the Amardi may have been a tribe of Armenians, in whofe language mard figniiies man. In that of the Offi, it is leg, and it may have been a tribe of thefe people who were called Legs. The Tagori were perhaps the Dugorcans. In the language of the Circaflians, man is called Tfoog, and in that of the Abldias, Agoo ; thsfe nations occupy the county of the tvyot and Kyjum, t H ] informed of the geography of thefe barbarous countries, arvd fo fond of comprehending all Barbarians under the collective appellations of Huns or Turks, that their relations are never fatisfadory, and fometimes quite unintelligible. Since their time we have had nothing to trufl to but the reports of a few cafual travellers, until the reign of the prefent Emprefs of Ruflia, by whom Profeffor Guldenjlaedt was fent to mount Caucafus, with orders to traverfe thefe wild regions in various diredlions, to trace their rivers to their fources, to take aftrono- mical obfervations, to examine the natural hiftory of the coun- try, and to colledt vocabularies of all the dialers he might meet with, which might be afterwards referred to their refpedtive languages, fo as to form a general claflification of all the nations comprehended between the Euxine and Cafpian. From the refearches of this traveller it appears that there are in this diftrid of country at lealt feven diftindt nations, each fpeaking a feparate language, viz. i . The Tartars. 2. The Abchas. 3. The CircafTians. 4. The OfTi, or Offeti. 5. The Kifl:i. 6. The Lefguis. y. The Georgians. Befides thefe, the people of Imeretia, Suaneti, and particularly thofe of Touchet, fpeak fuch corrupt dialects of the Georgian as to make it doubt- ful whether thev outjht to be referred to that lano;ua2:e. Some tribes of Lefguis likewife, as thofe of Andi, Akoufcha, and the Kazi Coumyks, fpeak dialeds extremely degenerated from the original language. The [ 15 ] The Tartars are of three tribes, viz. 1. Terekemens, Turcomans, or Trukhmenians. Thefe fpcak the Tiirkifh dialed: of the Tartar language, and inhabit the eaftern flope of Caucafus, the coaft of the Cafpian about Boinak, Derbent, and Utemifh, and the fouthern promontories between .. the fea and the river Alazan. Their diftridls are Cuba, Alti- para, Tokufpara, Miflcindlhal, Khinakug, Krifhbudug, Shamakhi, K ^' ^^ ''^* and the whole of Shirvan. They are fubjed: to Feth-ali, the Khan of Cuba, whofe authority extends as far as Sallian. To the weftward of thefe are the Trukmenian diftrids of Shakhi, Caballa, Agdotfli, and Arafli. Their chief is HuffeinKhan, who refides at Nukhu. Laftly, there is the diftrid of Kafak, in the dominions of the king of Georgia. This lies about the rivers Nakhatyr, Tebete, Kura, Akhiflafa, and Alghete. 2. Coumyks. Thefe live to the northward of the former, about the lower parts of the rivers Sundfha, Koifu, and Axai. They are governed by a number of fmall chiefs, conflantly at variance with each other, but all profelling allegiance to Ruffia. Bragun, Endery, and Koilek, are their chief villages. 3. Nogays. Some wandering Hordes of Nogays are difperfed among the Coumyks, but differ from them in dialed. Eight of thefe Hordes are fubjed to the prince of Axai ; twelve to that of Endery j and twenty-four to the Shamkhal, who refides a at [ i6 j at Tarku. About a thoufand families fubmitted to Ruflia in the reign of Peter the Firft, and are eflablillied along the northern fide of the Terek. A more confiderable body of Nogays is that eftabUfhed on the Cuban, in the following divifions : — KafTai Aaul, confifling of 8000 families, encamped between the rivers Infhik and Laba, which fall into the Cuban. Naurus Aaul, of 2000 families, dwelling in permanent villages about the river Laba. JedifTan, Jediflikul, DIhamboiluk, and Akermen, filling the whole plain from the Laba to the Black Sea, along the Cuban. Thefe No- gays retired hither on the conqueft of the kingdom of Aflrachan, afterwards removed to the Dnieper and Boug, and were re- admitted to their prefent habitations on their fubmiflion to Ruffia during the laft war. Befides thefe, there are feveral villages in the higher parts of Caucafus, whofe inhabitants are apparently of Nogay origin, fince they fpeak that dialedl*. Thefe diftrids are, i . Malkar, of about 1000 families, on the rivers Argudan and Tflierek. This diflridl borders to the eafl on the diflricfl of Dusfor, to the S. W. on the Imeretian diflrift of Radfha, and to the north on the Circaflian diftrid: of Kafhkatan, 2. Bifnighe, near the Tfherek, about 100 families. 3. Khulam, near the fame river, and * Guldenftacdt calls thefe diftrifts the /rw//?«^ 5^a;.v and Circaflians, Abafa; and by the Georgians, Abchafeti. It is the Abafgia of the Byzantine hiftorians, and the Abargia of the Em- peror Conjlantine. The Abkhas have at prefent very little reli- gion, although they ftill preferve fome traces of Chrifl:ianity. III. The TSHERKESS, or CIRCASSIANS. These peo^ple occupy the following difl:rid:s : — i. The Great' Cabarda. 2. The Little Cabarda. 3. Beflen, on the greater Laba, which falls into the Cuban. 4. Temirgoi, upon the Shagwafha. 5. Abafech, principally on the river Pfchaha. 6. Bfeduch, t 19 ] 6. Bfeduch, on the lower part of the Chuafli." 7. Hatukai. And 8. Blliana, on the rivers Churfa and KorkoL This nation, from the extent of their territory, which com- prehends nearly ten degrees of longitude, and from their ex- traordinary courage and military genius, might become very formidable, were they united under one chief. But a nation of mountaineers, who fubfifl by raifing cattle, and are therefore forced to eflablilli themfelves on the banks of rivers for the fike of water and paflurage, foon forget their common origin, and divide into feparate and hoftile tribes. From this principle of difunion, the Circaffians of the Cuban are fo little powerful, as to be fcarcely known even to the Ruffians, but by the general appellation of Cuban Tartars, in which they are confounded with the Abkhas and Nogays, their neighbours. The Cabardian Circaflians, however, though difunited from the reft of their countrymen, are ftill the moft powerful people of the northern fide of Caucafus, and this fuperiority has in- troduced among their neighbours fuch a general imitation of their manners, that from a defcription of thefe we (hall acquire a general idea of all the reft : befides which, the fmgularity of many of their cuftoms.and their refemblance tothofeof the moft ancient inhabitants of thefe countries, renders them an objedt of particular curiofity. D % The [ 20 ] The Circaffians are divided into three claffes. i. The Princes. 2. The Nobles (called Ufdens). And 3. The Vaflals, or People. A certain number of the people is allotted to each princely family : thus the Great Cabarda is divided in three equal portions among the three families of Giambulak, Moi- fauoft, and Atalhuk. In each of thefe the eldeft individual is confidered as chief of the family, and as judge, protedlor, and father of all the vaflals attached to it. No prince can be a land- holder : he has no other property than his arms, his horfes, his flaves, and the tribute he may be able to extort from the neigh- bouring nations. The perfon not only of the chief, but of every prince, is facred ; and this extraordinary privilege extends even to the princes of the Crimea. This is, however, the only dif- tindlion of birth when unaccompanied by perfonal merit. The greatefl honour a prince can acquire is that of being the firft of the nation to charge the enemy. The prefent poffefTor of this pri- vilege is faid to have acquired it by an a- ancient co- lony : their Rabbins pretend that their forefathers were driven frpm Jerufalem into Media by the Muful PaJiJieh, or king of Niniveh. [ 54 ] rokos, who reigned over the country of Thafiflcari, extending to the Black Sea (Imeretia and Mingrelia). 2. DJloavakhos, who poflefTed the country of Parvanidkhon, as far as the Mtkuari (Kur) river. This feems to mean the diftridl of Trianeti. 3. Uplos, king of the country from the river Aragui to the region of Thafiflcari (the prefent province of Carduel). 4. Charfarti,' who reigned over the country from Derbent to the Aragui. " Alexander Makedonaeli (the Macedonian) came from Stioletti (the north) to Kartweh. At that time iniquity was at the higheft pitch, and men committed uncleannefs with their fiflers, and even with cattle. Alexatider came firfl: before Chartis, and after- wards took fucceflively the cities of Odfrekal, Tfliarochi, Up- lifziche, a very great city, Sarkine, Samfhilde, Zcheta, Urbnifi, Zichedidi, Afpaulani, inhabited by Jews, Ruflawi, Daldoziche, Btkurefziche, and all the cities of Caket. He left garrifons in all thefe cities, and eflablifhed himfelf at Zcheta, from whence he marched to Naftakifi, on the river Kfani. In Sarkinetti all perfons above 15 years oif age were put to death. " From the building of Rome, which happened 2,1'^'}) years after Adam., to the days of Merian, there reigned in Georgia twenty-two Mepes, or fovereigns (whofe names are mentioned in the chronicle) j and in the reign of Merian, in the year 338 after Chrift, the female faint, 'Nino, together with the holy filler, Sidonia, and the holy man, ylbratu, arrived in this country, and eftabliOied r ss ] eflabliflied the Chriftian religion." — After this follows a long catalogue of the fovereigns of Georgia, brought down to the prefent time ; but the foregoing extract will probably be fuffi- cient to fatisfy the reader's curiofity. The capital of Imeretia, and place of refidence of prince David, is Cutais. The remains of its cathedral feem to prove that it was once a confiderable town, but at prefent it fcarcely deferves the name of a village. Solomon, father of the prefent prince, very wifely ordered the walls and the citadel to be de- ftroyed, obferving, that the rocks of Caucafus were the only fortifications which were capable of being defended by.an un- difciplined army of fix thoufand men, unprovided with artillery. The inhabitants of Imeretia, eflimated at about twenty thoufand families, are not colledled into towns or villaees. but fcattered over the country in fmall hamlets. They are lefs mixed with foreigners, and handfomer than the other Georgians. They arelikewife bolder, and more induftrious : they fend yearly confiderable quantities of >vine to the neighbouring parts of Georgia, in leathern bags, carried by horfes : but they are with- out manufadlures, very poor and miferable, and cruelly opprefTed by their vexatious landlords. The ordinary revenues of Imeretia, like thofe of Georgia, arife from a contribution of the peafants in wine, grain, and cat- tle. tie, and from the tribute of the neighbouring princes. Among the extraordinary fources of revenue, confifcations have a confi- derable fliare ; but as all this is by no means fufficient for the fubfiftence of the prince, he ufually travels from houfe to houfe, living on his vaffals, and never changing his quarters till he has confumed every thing eatable. It will of courfe be underftood, that the court of Imeretia is not remarkable for fplendour, nor the prince's table very fumptuoufly ferved. His ufual fare con- fifls of gom (a fpecies of millet, ground, and boiled into apafte) a piece of roafted meat, and fome preflTed caviar ; thefe he eats with his fingers ; forks and fpoons being unknown in Imeretia. At table he is frequently employed in judging caufes, which he decides at his difcretion, there being no law in his dominions but his own will.* His new ordinances are publiflied to the people on Fridays, which are the market days, by a crier, who gets up into a tree, and from thence iffues the proclamation. The Imeretians are of the Greek religion. Their Catholicos, or patriarch, is generally of the royal family, and can feldom read * Judicial combats are in ufe in Imeretia and Mingrelia as well as in the reft of Georgia; but they are confined to the nobles. The trial by water ordeal is likewife fometimes praftifed : but in civil cafes the Mingrelians have adopted a very rational kind of fubftitute for the com- mon courts of juftice. Each party chufes a judge, and the two judges chufe onefpeaker. To him the plaintiff expofes his pretenfions, and then retires. The fpeaker then calls for the de- fendant, to whom he communicates the claim of his adverfary, and receives his anfwer. When the two parties have nothing more to fay, the two judges give their decifion. [ 57 ■] read or write ; and the inferior clergy are not better intruded. Their churches are wretched buildings, fcarccly to be diftin- guifhed from common cottages, but from a paper crofs over the principal door, and fome paintings of the Virgin and the faints. The Dadian, or prince of MingreUa and Guriel, though poffeffed of a country flir more confiderable than Imeretia, is tri- butary to prince David, who is, therefore, a very formidable neighbour to the Turks of Achalziche. He is, however, very much fettered in his operations by the difobedience of his nu- merous barons, who, like thofe of Georgia and Mingrelia, have power of life and death over their vaflals. SPECIMEN [ 58 ] SPECIMEN OF THE CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES. ABKHAS LANGUAGE. AMkefek D'laka. Cuban DialeSi. God Father Mother Son Daughter Brother Sifter Huiband Wife Girl Boy Child Man People Head Face Nofe Eye Ear Forehead Hair Mouth Antfha Antlha Yaba Yan« Ippa Efa Chee KhOia Lkhadza Pkhoos Pkhoofpa Arps Tfhkoo-oon Agoo Keet Aka Etfuymuyce Pintfa Oolla Limha Oolla Ijakay Etcha ^ Teeth Oorak Anfhohk Spau Efa Afhey Ahkfhey Skodza Stevfva Hyfba Spau Sitfkhoon Goo Keet Yekka Eetfuymuyce Pintfa La Loomba Kapehk Leebray Eetcha t 59 3 ABKHAS LANGUAGE. Altikefek Diaka. Cuban Diale&. Teeth Tongue Beard Neck Shoulder Hand Fingers Nails Foot Knee Skin Flefli Bone Blood Heart Milk Sleep Love Pain Life Death Cold Sun Moon Star Rain Lightning Snow Ice Day Night Evening Peets . . Eeps Jaikay Yookda Eefhghvaka . . . . Innappay . . . . , Matllia Napkhay Jappay Jamkhadedeerka Eetiha Jee Bogo , Sha Goo ....... Khihay Chkha Bjeddelgooee , . , Eefafhkee . . . , Eehkee Deefhee . . . . , Tkhta .;.... Marah , Muys, Mazia . , Aets, Bagooa . , Okvee , Attfey , Zeh Ttfafheh Meeftcheh . . . . Bakah, Bakia . . . Koolpezy . . . . I 2 Peets lbs Ijakay Akda Eeihghva Impay Mafhkhaba Mamkhimnfa Shappay Keeka Itfliayirti Jee Chont Sha Goo Khiay Deetcha Afgheehkvee Debgaoo Deefhta Ehkta Marah Mezzeh Yafs Kooah Eematfoozvaec Zeh Ttfafli Meefli Bak ■Summer [ 6o ] ABKHAS LANGUAGE. Altikefek Diaka. ' Cuban T)! ale El. Summer Pkhneh Apkh Spring Hapneh Apna Autumn Bjayga Atineh Winter Gheen Gheen Year Sheekoo, Skoofkeek ; Skzeek Earth Atoola, Ttfoola . , Toola Water Dzeh, Seerreh . . . Agoo River Zeddoo .... Dzeddoo Sand Pfhahka .... Pfliahka Clay Khantfy .... Noofh Mountain Booko, Doo . ... Boohk Fire Mtfeh, Meetfa . . . Meetfa Heat Pkha Pkhaoo Stone Hak Haook Gold Pkheh Pkhee Silver Reefna Reefna Salt Jeeka Jeeka Grafs Ttfooa Pfha Tree Ttflah Ttflah CIRCASSIAN [ 6I ] CIRCASSIAN OF THE CABARDAS. God . ■ . . Tka, T-ha Heaven . . , Voo afay Father . , Yada Mother Yana, Sana Son Ko, Kookva Daughter Pkhoo Brother Stchay, Stchee Sifter Cheepkhoo, Choopkh Hufband Tlay, Tlyee Wife Fees, Eefyiz Girl . . Hazebs, Pkhegebs Bov . . Shaya, Chvalay Child . . Zfhadia, Goo Man . . Tfoog People Jeelay, Kookhflael, Tfoogkher Head T(h-ha Face . . Nap, Napa Nofe Pay, Pa, Ja Noftril Pahk, P-ha Eye Nay, Nejay Eye-brows Nabtfa Eye-la(lies Nekkepkh, Nejgoots Ear . . T-hakooma Forehead Nafha Hair Sh-hats, Tflikhaats Cheeks . . Takiaja, Takiaghay Mouth Jay, Dja Throat Tamak Teeth Dzay, Dza Tongue . . Bzaygoo, Bzek Beard fakay Neck "PHiay Shoulder . Damafha Elbow Zuytkha, Afarakka Hand [ 6% J CIRCASSIAN OF THE CABARDAS. Hand . Ah Fingers Abkhuombay Nails Abjana Belly . . . Nuyba, Negbay Back Cheefay, Chib Foot . . . T-h-le, Skhlako Knee T-h-lagajay, TIagoja, Tlegvadjay Skin Fa Flefli . . . Lay, L-lay Bone Koobj-ha Blood . . T-hlay, Lay Heart Goo Milk . . . Shay, Shchay Hearing Zekhekheen Sight Lagoon, Sofliaoo Tafte Afaoofa, Aiapf Smelling Immerpchanfli, Sfo-oo Feeling . Teyabomupchitch, Sloteray Voice . ,. . Mak Name Eetfa Cry Gooamak, mak Noife Pfmak, Kooa ' Clamour . Khadaga, Pahka Word Jeezo-eo, Jjeepanner Sleep Jeay, Gheay, Jeateoo Love ChafTa, Aitluiagoo Pain . i Ooz, Maooz Toil .. . Kooghyakhan, Gooch Work . Loja.Ohkwichen Force » Gocha, Gvadj__ Power Dzlek, Gooacha Authority . Plheego, Khveet Marriage . Neekahk, Gooihaa Life Pfo-oogo Stature i 63 ] CIRCASSIAN OF THE CABARDAS. Stature Spirit Death Cold Circle Globe Sun Moon Star Ray Wind . Whirlwind Storm . Rain Hail . . Lightning Snow Ice Day Night Morning Evening Summer Spring . Autumn Winter . Year . Time Earth . Water Sea River Waves Sand Khekhon, Dfhekhon Bahkkha, Poofs Khkhada, Tien Shahay, Chyah Koorahay Tope, Khorlay Digga, Dweega, Ddaga Maza, Mazay Bago, Bagwo, Yachah Nehk, Dcegapaayez Gjee Jeebzag, Wojuykooee Joobahay Ooaflikh, Ooehkfli, Bohejkh Ooafa, Bwoohof Khobfkay, Kopk Wafs, Wefs, Bwooefs Mwil, Mel, Meel Atchnoo, Mahko, Makhooa Jet, Gjegfli Nakhoolh, Pfhadeechas Pflicghafliga, Pfhabbay Gamakva, Gammakho, Ectlefskol Gatkh Zeenay Jeemakva EetHas Yoogoh, Paalley Ch, Chwee Sirray Khaoo Pfookho, Proofhkvo Pevver, Toolkoon Pfhahko, Plliahkooa Pfliahkaoo Clay [ 64 ] CIRCASSIAN OF THE CABARDAS. Clay Yalta Duft . . Sava, Sappa Dirt . . . Yatta Mountain Koolhkha, Bghee Coaft Oofa, Nuyghay Hill . • . Afhkha, Tloolghay Valley . Tchlaflika, Kooa Air . . . Obfhook Vapour Antkhoplflikaflioo, Bakha Fire . . . Maffli, Maafa Heat . . . Jegoopl, Khoolba, Khvaba Depth Koo, Eekooag Height . . Khlaghy, Aootlejag Breadth -. Boohk, Eeboogag ; Length . . Kehkag, Eekehkahk Hole . . . Gooana, Wana Pit . . .. Madia, Mafliay Ditch . . . Cheetoga, Tuycha Stone Muyvoa, Muyvwy Gold Duyfliay, Deelliah Silver . Djeen, Duyjeen Salt . Shoog, Shoogoog, Choog Miracle Chagho Forefl . . . Mez, Miez Grafs Oots, Oods Tree [eeg, Pkha Pole . . . Bjohk, Pjohg Verdure Oots, Shkhondahcha OSETIAN I 65 ] OSETIAN LANGUAGE. Diaka of Ofeti. DialeB of Dugor. God Tfa-00 .... Khoo-tfa-oo Heaven Arv ... Arv Father Feed .... Feed ay Mother Emmad, Mad Madai Son Feert, Lapoo Foort Daughter Kyfgui Kyfgui Brother Arvadey, Ervod Arvod Sifter Kho, Ekhoo Khorra Hufband Moee, Emmoee Moeenay Wife Oos OafTa Girl Kyfgay, Ekhootak Kyfgay Boy Lapoo Lokkon Child Sevellom, Lapoo Bidjiaoo Man Leg, Lahk Leg People Adamta .... Adamta Head Zer, Eflar Zer Face Etchalkom, Tfelkom Etchaikom Nofe Findj, Fens Finds Noftril Thinzakhonkhetty Efinjykhoonk Eye Tfvettay, Cheft, Chafht Tfeftay Eye-brow Tfeftaythaltay, Erfeet . Erfeet Eye.lafhes Khaltay, Erkta Ear Khoos, Oos, Koos Gos Forehead Yennihk, Nihk, Ennahk Ternihk Hair Dzeekoo.Zibkoo, Eflarkhoon Djeckko Cheeks Rooftay, Evadoohkta Rooflay Mouth 'Tfoog, Zuyhk, Tfhuyhk , Tfoog Throat Cure Ekkoor Teeth Dandak ... Dendak Tongue Afzagkay, Vzag, Abzag Afzaghay Beard Reehky, Botfoo, Bodjo Rehkay Neck Aftfeg, Efchak . . Aftfeg K Shoulder [ 66 3 OSETIAN LANGUAGE Ofeti. Dugor. Shoulder Tfong, Evchak » Elbow Rambwin, Orak Hand Kohk, Koohk Fingers Koohkalhk» Koohktay, Nahkt Nails Naehk, Nihktay, Yalg Belly Goobynn Back Feflbntay, Elkaldan Foot Kahk . ... Knee Oorag, Orak Skin Tfarn, Srak, Cardj Flefh Fid, Thid Bone Afteg, Eeftahk Blood Artendy, Toog Heart Zarda Milk Ahkfuyr, Ihkfuyr . . Hearing Koofen, Fekkoofta Sight Tfyunen, Ooney Tafte Adgheen Smelling Smag, Shmak Feeling Anbaren, Archagfta Voice Kalas, Djeerd Name Nom Cry Ekkar, Keery Noife Calebah Clamour Kaoon Word Djeerd, Zuyrd Sleep Khoozeg, Khoos Love Warayen, Barjey Pain Ruynkeen Reece Toil Keyamat, Narv Work Kioofl, Koottak Force Tuyhk, Ezeer Tfong Koohk Angoolfay Naehk Kahk Waragay Tfarn Fid Afteg Too-oog Serd, Serdey Ahkfheer Khooffek Rodh Power t 67 ] OSETIAN LANGUAGE. ■ Ofeti. Dug 4v '%aiMNil ^\\V ' v^tllBRADYO/: : - ^ ^• \WE UNIVERJ-/A. ,vi>;lOUNCElfj> '% i 4 ^, ^MEUNIVERS/^ .vvlOSANCElf.r, S> %ojnvjjo- ^.0FCAIIF0% V< .^ >&Aavaaiii^ %a]AIN(l]\V .tri!: \v.Trirr \... .i^ University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from vi/hich It was borrov»ed. fiivjjo^ i 3 \ ^•: ,g. 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