* * * * *, 
 
 I* ANDREW HERON, v 
 
 * -* A I 
 
 Rockbndge County, -j 
 
 ** 
 
 ; A^O. 
 
 ^Vv. **%/%. VS I 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 JAMES J. Iv C
 

 
 THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 o F 
 
 ENGLAND, 
 
 FROM 
 
 THE REVOLUTION 
 
 T O T H E 
 
 END OF THE AMERICAN WAR, 
 
 AND 
 
 PEACE OF VERSAILLES IN 1783. 
 
 IN SIX VOLUMES. 
 DESIGNED JS A CONTINUATION OF MR. HUME s HISTORY. 
 
 BY T. SMOLLETT, M. D. AND OTHERS 
 VOL. I. 
 
 A NEW EDITION, 
 
 WITH CORRECTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. 
 I 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 PRINTED FOR ROBERT CAMPBELL &C0. 
 
 BY HENRY SWEITZER. 
 
 M.DCC.XCVI.
 
 IDA 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 NX. I 
 
 THE Hiftory of England, by D. Hume, Efq; has 
 been held in fuch general eftimation, that, to fay any 
 thing in its commendation is altogether unneceflary, and 
 might be confidered as impertinent. It is a work which 
 will continue to be read while there remain any traces of 
 literature, oftafte, or of the Englifh language. It is on 
 ly to be regretted, that this elegant writer had proceeded 
 no further than to the Revolution in 1688, fo as that the 
 Public might have had a complete Hiftory of Great Bri 
 tain upon the fame plan. 
 
 To fupply this defect, Dr. Smollett s Hiftory from that 
 period has been reprinted in four volumes, bringing down 
 the Hiftory of Britain to the death of Geo. II. in 1760. 
 Had Dr. Smollett lived, he no doubt would have continu 
 ed his work to the prefent time; but it was otherwife de 
 termined, this gentleman having died in the year 1771, in 
 the 5ift year of his age. [See the Short Account of his Life 
 hereto annexed] The Doctor, however, brought down 
 his Hiftory to the year 1765 ; and it is much to be lament 
 ed, that his country was fo early deprived of the further 
 productions of fo able a pen : for it will be readily admit 
 ted, that the* works of Dr. Smollett poflefs an uncommon 
 degree of genius and fpirit, nor perhaps was there any 
 perfon more fit to write a Continuation of Mr. Hume s 
 Hiftory. 
 
 The period fince his death has been productive of more 
 important events than perhaps any other of the fame extent 
 in the hiftory of Great Britain; and thefe being fo very 
 recent, muft proportionally the more engage the public at 
 tention. The revolt of the Thirteen Colonies of Ameri 
 ca the rife, progrefs, and conclufion of the war and the 
 fubfequent independence of the United States, are fub- 
 jedls not only highly intercfting to Britain, but to the 
 world at large. 
 
 The Public will therefore not be difpleafed to be in 
 formed, that they can now be furnifhed with a complete 
 and uniform Hiftory of Great Brjpin, from the earli- 
 accounts to the end of the American war in 1783, the 
 whole being comprifed in twelve volume?, the firft fix 
 by Mr. Hume, and the four following by Dr. Smollet. 
 
 It would ill become the writers of the two bft volumes 
 to offer any thing in favour of their own performance. 
 Suffice it to fay, they have been at the greateft pains to 
 procure information they have ftudied to relate fa&s with 
 the utrnoft brevity, freedom, and impartiality and with 
 
 947642-
 
 refpeft to the divifion of their work into chapters, &c. 
 they have endeavoured, to the beft of their abilities, to 
 follow Mr. Hume s manner, fo as the whole may be con- 
 fidered as one entire work. How far they have fucceeded 
 the Public muft determine. They hope for the greater in 
 dulgence, when it is confidered, how difficult a tafk it is, 
 if not impoflible, to write with accuracy a hiftory of re 
 cent events, the fecret caufes of which can only be deve 
 loped at an after-period. In this refpecT:, Dr. Smollett la 
 boured under fimilar difadvantages ; on which account the 
 editors have made a very few alterations in the latter part 
 of his work, which the author would have been under the 
 neceflity of doing himfelf, had he ftill furvived.
 
 SKETCH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LIFE OF 
 DR. SMOLLETT. 
 
 TOBIAS SMOLLETT was born at Dalquhurn, 
 on the banks of the Leven, in D unbar tonfhi re, in 
 
 the year 1720. His father was the youngeft fon of Sir 
 James Smollett of Bonhill. FJis mother s name was Cun 
 ningham^ the daughter of a refpeclable family in Renfrew- 
 fhire. In the flight fketch which follows a minute detail 
 is not to be expected : for, though it has been obferved of 
 our author, that his life forms an exception to that of the 
 generality of literary men, from the variety of adventures 
 he underwent, and the different fituations of life which he 
 experienced ; yet, however true the obfervation may be, 
 fb little of thefe occurrences is now accurately known, that 
 the only unerring mark of his progrefs through life is to be 
 found in his writings. 
 
 After the ordinary courfe of education, he was put appren 
 tice to a furgeon in Glafgow, and afterwards attended the 
 medical clafles in Edinburgh. He then went to London ; 
 and his firit outfet appears to have been as a furgcon s 
 mate in the navy, in which capacity he ferved at the fiege 
 of Carthagena; but he continued only a fhort time in this 
 line, being difgufted at the fervice*. It was here he ac 
 quired his knowledge of fea characters, which he has 
 drawn in a manner fo excellent, and at the fame time f> 
 technically true, as to excite general admiration; and they 
 have fince continued the model for dramatics and novel- 
 writers to copy. 
 
 About the year 1747, he prefented, for performance, nt 
 Drury-lane theatre, a tragedy (written in his eighteenth 
 year) called The Regicide, founded on the afla /filiation of 
 James I. of Scotland. On this occafion, he experienced 
 the treatment which young authors generally meet with 
 
 * In hii Roderick Random, he gives an account of the management of 
 that ill-condufted expedition, which he cenfares in the warmeft terms, and 
 from circumftznces which fell under his own particular obfervatio;:. He is 
 fuppcfed to have been the editor of " A compendium of Authentic Voyages, 
 digefted in a chronological feries," 7 vol. izmo. published in 1756 ; amongit 
 which is inferted a fhort narrative of the expedition to Cr.rtha^na, 1741, 
 written with great fnirir, but abounding with acrimony.
 
 VI SKETCH OF THE LIFE 
 
 from managers and would-be patrons after being buoyed ; 
 up and flattered for a coufiderable time, his tragedy was 
 finally rejected. The fpirit of Smollett could jll brook 
 fuch ufage, and he refented the injury by ievere retalia 
 tion in his future writings *. 
 
 * Lord Lyttle on and Mr. Gnrri;k were the principal obje&s of his re- 
 fentment ; but, on cool reflection, he feems to have r^rctte.i his warmth, and 
 retracted, in handfome terms, the haily effaiions of his d;fappoin;rncnt. De- 
 fiK-Ls, " of doing juftice i.i a w.,rk or truth to. wrongs done in a work of 
 fiction (to ufe his .<\vn exprejfion), in giv.ng a /ketch of the lioeral atu in 
 his iftory of England, he remarked, " the. ex ibitions of the ftage were im 
 proved to the molt cxquifite entertaintment oy tr.L talents and n<anagcmcnt of 
 Carrie k, who greatly furpafTed all hi* predeceffors o. this, aad perhaps every 
 ether nation, i:i his genius for ahng, Li the Iweetnefs and variety .>f his 
 tone::, tru, irroilfti.-ile magic of his eye, the fire and vivacity of nis atlion, the 
 elegance of attitude, and the whole pathos of exprcllion. 
 
 " Candidates for literary fame appeared even in the higher fph re of life, 
 embelliihed by the nervous fenfe and extenlive erudition of a Corke, oy the 
 dclirate taft , the poliihed mufe, and tender feelings of a Ly .tleto::, 
 
 Nnt fatisfied with this public declaration of his lentiments, ne wrote in ftill 
 ftrunger terms to Mr. Garrick : 
 
 " DC AX SIR, Chelfea, Jan. 27 1762. 
 
 / " I, this morning, received your Winter s fTale, and a : agreeably flatter 
 ed by this mark of your attention. What I have laid of .Mr. Garrkk, \ . the 
 Kiftory of England, was I proteft, the language of my heart. I fhall r joke 
 if he f. inkv 1 have done him barely juftice. I am fare tiie Public wil Jiink 
 I have done no .nove than juftice. in giving a ihort (ketch of t e iib- ral arts, 
 I could not, with a>iy propriety, forbear mentioning a gentleman fo emi en ly 
 diftirguifh-id by a genius that has no rival. Befides, I thought it was a duty 
 incumbent on me in particular to iaake a public atonement in a Wj.k of truth 
 for wrongs done him ia a work of ficlion. 
 
 " rnong the other inconveniences arifing from ill health, I deeply regret 
 my being difabled from A perfonal cultivation of your good wiij, and the un- 
 fpeakuble :njoyment I lliould fomt-iimes derive from your private conversation, 
 as -.v-. 1! as from the public exertion of your talents ; but, fi-queftered as I am 
 from the worLi of entertainment, the confcioufnefs of ftanding well in your 
 opinion will ever afford iingular fatisfa&ion to, 
 
 DEAR SIR, 
 
 Your very hum-ble fervant, 
 
 T. SMOLLETT," 
 
 In the year 1757, his Comedy of the Reprif.ils, an after piece of two ails, 
 was p.i formed at Drury Lane Theatre. H acknowledged himfelf " highly 
 obliged for the friendly care Mr. G. exerted in pu paring it for the ftage ; 
 and ftill more for his acting the part of Lufignan, in Zara, for his benefit, on 
 the lixth, inftcad of the ninth night, to which he was only entitled by the 
 cuftom of the Theatre." Being informed attempts had been made to em 
 broil him on this occafion with Mr. G. he wrote to that gentleman. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 " Underftancling, from Mr. Derrick, that fome officious people have 
 circulated reports in my name, with a view to prejudice me in your opinion, 
 ], in juftice to niyfelf, take the liberty to allure you, that if any perioa ac- 
 cciT-s me of havin;; fpoken difrefpt&fully of Mr. Garrick, of having hinted 
 t:at he folicued for my farce, or had interefrcd views in bringing it upon the 
 ftago, he does me wrong, upon the word of a gentleman. The imputation is 
 aitogeth-jr fulfe and rrjaiicious. Exdufive of other confideratiens, 1 could net
 
 OF DR. SMOLLETT. Vil 
 
 The adventures of Roderick Random, a work which 
 !aid the foundation of his fame, appeared in 1748 : The fuc- 
 ctfs attending this nov?l encouraged him to proceed in the 
 fame line; and, in 1751, he publiflied the Adventures of 
 Peregrine Pickle, in which the memoirs of a woman of 
 quality (Lady Vane) excited much attention. The Ad 
 ventures of Ferdinand Count Fathom and Sir Launcelot 
 Greave? followed, but with inf i ior fuccefs. In moft of 
 thefe performances but particularly the firft, our author 
 has drawn many of hi characters from real life, and the 
 originals were in his own time known and pointed out; 
 but, fhort as the time is fince their publication, his works 
 at prefent derive no advantage from that fource, and owe 
 tluir celebrity to their intrinfic merit alone *. 
 
 In 1756, he began the Critical Review, a work which 
 he conduited with much ability, but with a degree of acri 
 mony, in fome inftances, that involvrd him in a variety 
 of difputes. The moft ferious of thefe was with Admiral 
 Kr.owles, who had publiftied a pamphlet in defence of his 
 condudl on the expedition to Rochfort f. On this per- 
 
 be fuch an ideot to talk in that ftrain when my own intered fo immediately 
 required a different fort of sor.duci. Perhaps the fame infidious methods have 
 been taken to inflame former aiiiinofities, which, on my part, are forgotten 
 and felf-condemned. I mud own you have afted in this arr.iir of the fa ^i 
 with that candour, opennefs, and corrialify, which even mortify my pride, 
 while they lay me under the moft fenfible obligation ; and I (hall not relt fa- 
 tisfied until I have an opportunity to convinc Mr. Garrick, that my grati 
 tude is at leaft as warm as any other of my pafiions. Meanwhile, I prof;, is 
 myfelf, 
 
 S I R, 
 
 Your moft humble frrvant, 
 
 T. SMOLLETT. 
 
 * It would he no very difficult matter, even now, to appropriate the different 
 characters to the originals : but the ta/k would be invidious. Squire Gawky, 
 Strap, Crab, Potion, Morgan, in Roderick Random ; the Doctor, Joltcr, 
 Pallet, in Peregine Pickle, &c. were all well known at the time. He has 
 alfo introduced his own chava&er in Humphrey Ciinker as Mr. Searle, and in 
 the dedication to Count Fathom. The lateft editions of fofne of his work; 
 (which are followed in this collection) have undergone confiderable alter 
 ations. 
 
 f The Dodlor, defirousof co-rp omiilng this unlucky difpute in an amica 
 ble manner, applied to his friend Mr. Wilkes, to interpofe his good offices 
 with his opponent, in the following letter : 
 
 " DZAR SIR, CMJfj, March 24, 1759. 
 
 " Ecceiterum Criftirms. Your geaerofity with refpcft to Johnfon (a) fliall 
 oe the therre of our applaufe and thankigiving. I ihall be very proud to find 
 myf If comprehended in ;. our league offrniive and dtfer.five ; ri.y I confidsr 
 myfelf already as a contracting party, and have recourfe to the affiflance of 
 my allies. It is not I believe, unknown to you, that Admiral Knowlcs h;< 
 Uiken exception at a paragraph in the Critical Review of hft May, and com- 
 
 (,-) Mr. Wilkes, a: the interceffion of Dv. Smollett, had procured th? li 
 berty of Dr. Johnlbrj s feivant, who had beenimnrcfTct.
 
 viii SKETCH OF THE LIFE 
 
 formancc, the Doctor was fo particularly and unguarded 
 ly feverc, that the Admiral commenced a profecution 
 agair.ft the printer, and fentence was on the point of being 
 pronounced, when the Doctor came forward, avowed him 
 felf die author of the criticifm, and offered the Admiral 
 any fatisfa&ion he might require. The confequence was, 
 that a profecution was immediately commenced againft 
 him, and he was fined jool. and fentenced to three months 
 confinement in the King s Bench prifon *. 
 
 rncnced a prckcution againft tlie printer. Now, whatever teimination the 
 tiial may have, we fliall infallibly be expofed to a confidetablc expence, and 
 therefore i with to ice the profecution quafhed. Some gentlemen, who are my 
 friends, have undertaken t9 find out, and talk, with thofe who are fuppofc.l 
 to have influence with the faid Admiral. May I beg the favour of you and 
 your friends ? The trial will come on in the beginning of May ; and, if the 
 affair cannot be co-npromifjj, we intend to kick up a dull, and die hard. 
 In a word, if* that fooliih Admiral has any regard to his own character, he 
 will be quiet, rather than provoke further the refentment of, 
 
 DEAR SIR, &c. 
 
 T. SMOLLETT." 
 
 * This was not the only difpute the Doftor was involved in. On the pub 
 lication of the Rofciad, the author, confiderinp himfelf and fomc of his friends 
 very iujurioufly treated in the Review of that work, and imagining Dr. Smol 
 lett the author of the offenlive article, retorted with great fpirit in his excel 
 lent poem, entitled An Apology to the Critical Reviewers. It apppears, 
 however, he was miftaken in his fufpicion ; for Dr. Smollet, hearing that 
 Mr. Colman had alfo accufed him of having made an attack on his moral 
 character in the Review, the Dodlor exculpated himfelf from the charge, in 
 a letter to Mr. G. 
 
 " DEAR SIR, Chelfea, Apnl 5, 1761. 
 
 " I fee Mr. Colman has taken offence at the article in the Critical Review 
 which treats of the Rofciad, and I underftand he fufpected me to be the author 
 of that article. Had he afked me the qucftion, I fnould have freely told him 
 I \vas not the author of the oflenfive article, and readily contributed to any 
 decent fcheme which might have been propofed for his fatisfaftion. But as 
 he has appealed to the Public, I fhall leave him and the-real author to fet 
 tlf the matter between themfelves, and content myfelf with declaring to you, 
 and that upon my honour, that I did not wiite one word of tne article upon 
 the Rofciad ; that I have no ill-will nor envy to Mr. Colman, whom I 
 have always velpccted as a man of genius, and whofe genius 1 ihall always be 
 ready and pli.-afed to acknowledge either in private or public. I envy no man 
 of merit, and 1 can fafely fay 1 do not even repine at the fuccefs of thofe whj 
 have no merit, lain old enough to hav? feen and oMerved that we: are al 1 
 play-things of fortune : and that it depends upon foirething as infignilkant 
 and precarious as the tolling up of a half-penny, whether a "-man rifcs to af 
 fluent: and honours, or continues to his dying day ftruggling with tlie diffi 
 culties and dif^races of life. I defire to live quietly with all mankind, and, 
 if poflible, to bo upon good terms with al! thofe who have diftinguifned thcm- 
 felves by their extraordinary merit. I mud own, that, if I had ex^minej the 
 article upon the Rofciad before it was fent to the prefs, I ihould have put my 
 ne ;ativo on feme expreifions in it, though I cannot fee in it any reflection to 
 the prejudice of Mr. Cohr.an s moral character but I have been fo hurried 
 lince m, enlargement, that I had not time to write one article in the Critical 
 Review, except th.it on Bower s JHiftory, and perhaps I ihall not write another 
 thefcr fix rr en s That hurry and n bad ilate of health have prevented me 
 from r.- . Ti-in.; i : j pcrLn the viiic you favoured me with in the King s Bench.
 
 OF DR. SMOLLETT. JX 
 
 Having been unfuccefsful, or perhaps too foon difcou- 
 raged in his attempts to eftablifh himfclf as a phyfician *, 
 he relinquifhed the practice altogether, and dedicated the 
 whole of his time to literature. In this fituation, his ge 
 nius and induftry were equally confpicious. Bcfidcs his 
 Hiftory of England f, the merit of which is well known, 
 he wrote and compiled a number of works for the bookfel- 
 lers, to which his name does not appear. He alfo tranf- 
 lated Gil Bias, Don Quixote, &c. &c. 
 
 When Lord Bute, in 1762, aflumed the management 
 of public affairs, Dr. Smollet was one of the principal 
 writer s in defence of his meafures. The vehicle he chofe 
 for this purpofe was a paper called The Briton. This 
 was foon followed, on the other fide, by the famous 
 North Briton (written by Mr. Wilkes), which com 
 pletely defeated its opponent , and the acrimony of thefe 
 papers is faid to have dilTolved a friendfhip which had long 
 fubfifted between their refpective authors J. When Lord 
 Bute refigned, the writers who efpoukd his caufe are faid 
 VOL. I. B 
 
 I beg you will accept this letter in lieu of it, and believe that no man rofyects 
 Mr. Garrick more th.m he i.s refpe<i.V:d by his obliged humble fervant, 
 
 T. SMOLLETT." 
 
 Betides thefe, many other difputes arofe with different writers, who c,m,~- 
 dered themfclves injured by the feverity of the Doctor s criticifms ; indeed, it 
 may be affirmed, that feldom a month parted without a complaint on that 
 head, and thofe not often couched in th: moil decent terms. 
 
 * It has been faid, that the Doctor s not fucceeding as a phy/ician was owing 
 to his failing to rr.ake himfelf agreeable to the women ; but his fiijare ana 
 addrefs, both of which were excellent, renders this highly improbable. It is 
 more likely that this irritable and impatient temper, and want of lupplenefs, 
 were the real caufesof his failure. 
 
 J- The fale of this work was very extenfive, and the Doilor is faid to 
 have cleared 2000 1. by it and the Continuation. 
 
 J Two months before the firft number of the Briton appeared, Dr. Smollett 
 wrote the following letter to ?vir. Wilkes : 
 
 " DEAR SIR, CMfia RLirtb aS, 1762. 
 
 " My \varmell regard, affection, and attachment, you have long ago fe- 
 cured. My fecrecy you may depend upon (a]. V/ii n 1 prcfamc ta differ 
 from you in any point of opinion, I fliall always do it with diffidence and de 
 ference. I have been ill thefe three months, but hope i";;on to be in a condi 
 tion to pay my refpects to Mr. Wilkes in perfon. Mean while, I muft bej 
 leave to trouble him with another piuk; t, \\v-Lh he will be I D good as to con- 
 Kcrutcat his leifure. Tint he may continue to enjoy his happy flow of fpi- 
 rit*, and proceed through lif- with a flowing fail of prof parity and rcpnutijn, 
 is the v. iJ;, aad thihope, and the confident expectation of 
 
 Kb rr.uJi obliged. 
 
 Humbls fervan", 
 
 T. SMOLLETT." 
 
 (j)- Relative re Mr. Wilkei s obfervatijcs on the Spanilh papers.
 
 SKETCH OF THE LIFE 
 
 to have been totally negleted. Our author, though, it 
 would feem, born to meet with difappointments, poflefled 
 a temper by no means calculated to bear them. Neglect 
 and ingratitude made a deep impreffion on his mind * ; 
 and this, united to the fedentary life, and affiduous appli 
 cation to ftudy, having impaired his health, he, with a 
 view to re-eftablifh it, went abroad in thefummerof 1763, 
 and continued in France and Italy for about two years, in 
 .1766, he publifhed an account of his travels, written, as 
 he acknowledges himfelf, to beguile the prefiure of diftem- 
 per and difquiet f . Making allowance for this circum- 
 ftance, which is indeed too apparent, his letters abound 
 with much ufeful information, and bear the marks of a li 
 beral, manly and compreheniive mind. 
 
 When the Dotor returned to Britain, his health being 
 {till in a declining ftate he paid a vifit to Scotland, his na 
 tive countrv, where he relided a fhort time. Soon after, 
 he publifhed his Expedition of Humphrey Clinker; a 
 work which in the opinion of many, is fuperior to all his 
 other performances. It has all the fpirit and vigour of his 
 former works, and is evidently the production of a mind 
 enriched and mellowed by experience, and foftened, but 
 not foured, by misfortune. 
 
 With a view once more to try the effects of a milder 
 climate, he returned to Italy, where he died, O6to- 
 ber 21, 1771. 
 
 Of the domeftic life of our author, the little that is ac 
 curately known does not prefent us with a picture of hap- 
 .pinefs. He married a lady from Jamaica, by whom he had 
 a daughter thlat he tenderly loved. The death of this 
 daughter, which happened a fhort time before he went 
 
 * The Doftor has fatirized all his political enemies in the Adventure? of an 
 Atom a work, abounding with much wit ; but the fatire is now very little 
 underftood. It properly belongs to his political works. 
 
 f- To this melancholy and cynical turn of his Travels, Mr. Sterne is fup- 
 pofed to allude, in the following pufTage of his Sentimental Journey, Vol. I. 
 p. 86. " The learned Smelfungus travelled from Bologne to Paris from 
 Paris to Rome and Ib on but he fet out with fpleen and jaundice, and eve 
 ry object he parted by was difcoloured and distorted He wrote an account of 
 them, but it was nothing but the account of his miferable feelings. I me.t 
 Smelfungus in the grand portico of the Pantheon he was juft coming out of 
 it " It is nothing but a huge cock-pit," faid he. " I wi!h you ha d faid 
 nothing worfe of the Venus of Medicis," replied J for, in palling through 
 Florence, I had heard he had fallen foul upon the goddefs, and ufed her 
 worfe than a common ftrumpet, without the leaft provocation in nature. I 
 popped upon Smelfungus again at Turin, in his return home, and a fad tale 
 of forrowful adventures had he to tell, wherein he fpoke of moving accidents 
 by flood and field, and of the cannibals which each other eat: The Anthro 
 pophagi He had been flayed alive, and bedeviled, and worfe ufed than St. 
 Bartholomew, at every ftage he had come at " I ll tell it," cried Smelfun- 
 jr- .;. to the world."" You had better tell it," laid I, " to your phy- 
 fician."
 
 OF DR. SMOLLETT. XI 
 
 abroad, made an imprefiion on his mind, which he never 
 perfectly recovered. 
 
 To add to the regret which every admirer of Smollett s 
 character and genius muft feel at the untoward circum- 
 flances which attended him through life, his widow was 
 left friendlefs in a foreign country. To relieve her from 
 fome temporary diftrefs, a play was performed at Edin 
 burgh, in May 1784 *, for her benefit, and the money 
 remitted, to Italy, where, it is believed, fhe ftill refides. 
 
 * On this occafion, the following prologue was fpoken, fiid to be written 
 by PrOiVilbr RichardfonofGluigow. 
 
 THO lettered Rome, and polifh d Greece, could bocft 
 
 The iplendid table and the courteous hoft, 
 
 The rites to ftrangers due though poets ling 
 
 This mighty warrior, or that powerful king, 
 
 The wand rer s friend yet ftill, whate er is told 
 
 By modern poets, or by bards or old, 
 
 Is rivalPd here : For here, with joy, we fea 
 
 The heart-felt blifs of heavenly Charity! 
 
 See her, with rapture, fpread her willing hands, 
 
 And throw her bleffings into foreign lands ; 
 
 Dry up the tear fne never faw to flow, 
 
 And eager catch the diilant figh of woe. 
 
 In vain fc-as fwell, and mountains rife in vain 
 
 A widow s groans are heard acrofs the main ! 
 
 A widow now ! Alas ! how changed the day ! 
 
 Once the NAKCISSA (i) of your poet s lay, 
 
 Now, fatal change! (ofev ry blifs bereft, 
 
 Nor child, nor friend, n~r kind protector left), 
 
 Spreads on a divtant fliore her fcanty board, 
 
 And humbly takes what ftrangers can afford. 
 
 Yet link d to you by ev ry tender tie, 
 
 To you (lie lifts the long dejected eye, 
 
 And thus ftie fpeaks " Who dar d, with manly rage, 
 
 " To lafh the vices of an impious age ? (2) 
 
 " Who dar d to feize the bold hiftoric pen, 
 
 " Paint living kings, and minifters, as men ? (3) 
 
 " Who fung fad SCOTA S haplefs fons forlorn, 
 
 " Her broken peace, her frefiiett laurels torn? (4) 
 
 " Or who, on oaten reed, by LEVEN S fide, 
 
 " Sung the fair ftrcam, and hail d the dimpling tide ? (5) 
 
 " Or who ? fay ye, for fuch, I m fure, are here, 
 
 " Whofe honett bofoms never yet knew fear j 
 
 Sons of the North, who ftem Corruption s tide, (6) 
 
 Your country s honour, and your nations pride 
 " Lords of the lion heart and eagle eye. 
 " Who heed no ftorm that howls along the fky 
 " Say ye whofe lyre, to manly numbers ftrung r 
 " The glorious blifs of Independence iung? (7) 
 
 (1) Htr fS tiitui name in Roderick Random. 
 
 (2) " Advice and Reproof," ajatrre, by SmSJett. 
 
 ( 3 ) The Hiftory of England, brought down to hu own time. 
 
 (4) His Ode 1746, if ginning, " Mourn, bapltft Caledonia, mmrrt." 
 
 (5) His Ode to Le-ven Walter. 
 
 (6) Alluding^ to the ofpofuion given by the northern counties to tbf corrup 
 
 tion offiEiitious -volts. 
 
 (7) Smollett ! Ode to Ir.detendenee,
 
 Xll 
 
 The chara&er of Dr. Smollett cannot be more accu 
 rately delienated, nor more elegantly exprefied, than in 
 the following infcriptions : 
 
 Q tbf Monument ersfted to the memory of DR. SMOLLETT, near Leghsrn. 
 Written by Dr. jSrmftrong. 
 
 Hie of. i conduntur 
 
 TOBLSi SMOLLETT, Scoti ; 
 
 Qui, profapia generofa et antiqua natus, 
 
 Prilcse flrtutis exemplar emicuitj 
 
 Afpectu ingenue, 
 
 Corpore valido, 
 
 Pettore animofo, 
 
 Indole apprime benigna, 
 
 Et fere fupra facultates munifica, 
 
 Infignis. 
 
 Ingenio feraci, faceto, veriatili, 
 
 Omnigenae fere doclrinae mire capaci; 
 
 Varia fabularum dulcedine 
 
 Vitam morefque hominum, 
 
 Ubertate fumma ludens, depinxit. 
 
 Adverfo, interim, nefas ! tali tantoque alumno, 
 
 Nifi quo fatyrae opipare fupplebat, 
 
 Seculo impio, ignavo, fatuo, 
 
 Q^o mufas vix nifi nothas 
 
 Mecaenatulis Brittannicis 
 
 Foyebantur. 
 
 In memoriam 
 
 Optimi et amabilis omnino viri, 
 Permultis amicis defiderati, 
 
 Hocce marmor, 
 Dileftiffima fimul et amantiffima conjux, 
 
 L. M. 
 Sacravit. 
 
 TRANSLATION. 
 
 Here 
 Reft the remains 
 
 of 
 TOBIAS SMOLLETT, 
 
 A North Briton, 
 
 Who, fprung 
 
 From an ancient and rcfpedtable family, 
 
 Shone forth an example 
 Of the virtues of former times 
 Of an ingenuous countenance, 
 
 And manly make, 
 With a breaft animated by the jufteft fpiri*, 
 
 " Who felt that power, and ftill ador d his fhrine ? 
 " It was your SMOLLETT. Oh! he once was mine!" 
 Tears ftopp d her utterance, elfe fhe would have faid, 
 " Like him be bold, in virtue undifmay d j 
 " Let independence all your aftions guide, 
 " Your furuft patron, and your nebleft pride."
 
 OF DR. SMOLLETT. Xlll 
 
 He was eminently tliitinguifhed 
 
 For great benevolence of temper, 
 
 And a generosity even above his fortune. 
 
 His wit had every character 
 
 Qf fertile inventivencfs, 
 
 Of true pleafantry, 
 
 Of flexibility to every fubjeft, 
 
 From his aptnefs and wonderful capacity 
 
 For every kind of learning. 
 
 The exercife of thefe talents 
 
 Produced a variety of pleafing fitrions, 
 
 In which 
 With great exuberance of fancy 
 
 and true humour 
 
 He laughed at and dcfcribed 
 
 The lives and manners of men, 
 
 While 
 (Shameful to relate !) 
 
 This genius, 
 This honour to his country, 
 
 Met with nothing 
 
 In thefe abandoned, worthlefs, infipid times 
 But what was unfavourable to him 
 
 Except indeed 
 
 Their abundance of fupply to his pen 
 
 Of matter of fatire } 
 
 Times ! 
 
 In which 
 
 Hardly any literary merit 
 But fuch as was in the molt falfe or futile tafte 
 
 Received encouragement 
 From the paultry mock Mecaenafes of Britain 
 
 In honour to the memory 
 Of this moft worthy and amiable 
 
 Member of fociety, 
 Sincerely regretted by many friends, 
 
 This monument 
 
 Wa by his much beloved and affectionate wife 
 
 Dutifully and defervedly 
 
 Confecrated. 
 
 INSCRIPTION 
 
 On the Pillar lately treEled to the. Memory of 
 
 DR. TOBIAS SMOLLETT, 
 
 on the Banks of the Lc ven 
 
 Sifte, viator ! 
 
 Si lepores ingeniique venam benignam, 
 Si morum callidiflimum pilorem, 
 
 Unquam es miratus, 
 Immorare paululum memorise 
 TOBI^E SMOLLETT, M. D. 
 
 Viri virtutibushifce 
 
 Quas in homine et civi 
 
 Zt laudes et imiteris, 
 
 Haud mediocriter ornati : 
 
 Qui in literis variis verfatus, 
 
 Poftquam felicitate fibi propria 
 
 Sefe pofteris commendaverat, 
 
 Morte acerba raptus
 
 XIV SKETCH OF THE LIF2 
 
 Anno setiris 51, 
 Eheu ! quam pyocul a patria ! 
 Prope Liburni portum in Italia, 
 
 Jaceticpultus. 
 Tali tantoque viro, patrueli fuo, 
 
 Cui in decurfu lampada 
 Se potius rradidifie decuit, 
 
 Hanc columnam, 
 Amoris, eheu ! inane monumentum, 
 
 In ipfis Leviniae ripis, 
 
 Qiws verficulis fub exitu vitas illuftratas, 
 
 Primis infans vagitibus perfonuit, 
 
 Ponendam curavit 
 
 JACOBUS SMOLLETT de Bonhill 
 
 Abi et reminifcere, 
 
 Hoc quidem honors, 
 
 Non modo defundli memoriae, 
 
 Verum etiam exemplo, profpe&um effe ; 
 
 Aliis enim, li modo digsi fint, 
 
 Idem erit virtutis praemium ! 
 
 TRANSLATION 
 
 Of the Inscription on DR. SMOLLETT. 
 
 Stay, traveller ! 
 If elegance of tafteand wit, 
 
 If fertility of genius, 
 
 And an unrivalled talent 
 
 In delineating the characters of mankind, 
 
 Have ever attracted thy admiration, 
 
 Paufe a while 
 
 On the memory of TOBIAS SMOLLETT, M. D. 
 
 One more than commonly endued with thofe virtues 
 
 Which in a man and a citizen 
 
 You would praife, or imitate. 
 
 Who, 
 Having fecured the applaufe 
 
 Of pofterity, 
 
 By a variety of literary abilities, 
 And a peculiar felicity of compofition, 
 
 Was, 
 
 By a rapid and cruel diltemper, 
 Snatched from this world in the 51!! year of his age. 
 
 Far, alas ! from this country, 
 
 He lies interred near Leghorn, in Italy. 
 
 In teftimoney of his many and great virtues 
 
 This empty monument, 
 The only pledge, aks ! of his affeftion, 
 
 Is eretled 
 
 On the Banks of the Leven, 
 
 The fcene of his birth and of his lateft poetry, 
 
 By JAMES SMOLLETT of Bonhill, 
 
 His coufin; 
 Who fliotild rather have expend this laft tribute from him 
 
 Go, and remember 
 This honour was not given alone to the memory of the deceafed. 
 
 But for the encouragement of others : 
 Defcrve like him, and be alike rewarded.
 
 THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 ENGLAND, 
 
 FROM THE REVOLUTION 
 TO THE DEATH OF GEORGE THE SECOND. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE TREATY OF RYSWIC. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 State of the nation William favours the Diffenters 
 
 D if putts about the bill of indemnity War 
 
 declared againfi France King William s authority 
 
 recognized in Scotland Battle of Killycrankie 
 
 Ireland invaded by King James Siege of London 
 derry Proceedings of parliament King William 
 
 lands in Ireland. 
 
 THE conftitution of England had now aflumed a new CHAP. 
 afpeft. The maxim of hereditary, indefeafible right I. 
 was at length renounced by a free parliament. The 
 power of the crown was acknowledged to flow from no 
 other fountain than that of a contract with the people. 
 Allegiance and protection were declared reciprocal ties 
 depending upon each other. The reprefentatives of the
 
 1 6 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, nation made a regular claim of rights in behalf of their 
 I- conftituents ; and William III. afcended the throne in 
 l"*"y i - confequence of an exprefs capitulation with the people. 
 1689. Yet, on this occafion, the zeal of the parliament towards 
 their deliverer feems to have overfhot their attachment to 
 their own liberty and privileges: Or, at leaft, they ne- 
 mediateiy glecled the faireft opportunity that ever occurred, to rc- 
 aherthe trench thofe prerogatives of the crown to which they im- 
 lon puted all the late and former calamities of the kingdom. 
 Their new monarch retained the old regal power over par 
 liaments in its full extent. He was left at liberty to con 
 voke, adjourn, prorogue, and diflblve them at his pleafure. 
 He was enabled to influence elections, and opprefs corpo 
 rations. He pofleffed the right of choofing his own coun 
 cil ; of nominating all the great officers of the ftate, and 
 of the houfehold, of the army, the navy, and the church. 
 He referved the abfolute command of the militia : So that 
 he remained mafter of all the inftruments and engines of 
 corruption and violence, without any other reftraint than 
 his own moderation, and prudent regard to the Claim of 
 Rights, and principle of refinance, on which the Revolu 
 tion was founded. In a word, the fettlement was finimed 
 with fome precipitation, before the plan had been properly 
 digefted and matured; and this will be the cafe in every 
 eftablifhment formed upon a fudden emergency in the 
 face of oppoMtion. It was obferved, that the king, who 
 was made by the people, had it in his power to rule with 
 out them; to govern jure dlvino, though he was created 
 jure humano ; and that, though the change proceeded from 
 a Republican fpirit, the fettlement was built upon Tory 
 maxims; for the execution of his government continued 
 ftill independent of his commiffion, while his own perfon 
 remained facred and inviolable. The prince of Orange 
 had been invited to England by a coalition of parties, 
 united by a common fenfe of danger : But this tie was no 
 fooner broken than they flew afunder, and each refumed its 
 original bias. Their mutual jealoufy and rancour revived, 
 and was heated by dilpute into intemperate zeal and en- 
 thufiafm. Thofe who at ftrft ated from principles of 
 patriot ifm were infenfibly warmed into partisans ; and 
 King William foon found himfe-f at the head of a faction. 
 As he had been bred a Calvinift, and always exprcfied an 
 abhorrence of fpiritual perfecution, the Prefbyterians, and 
 other Proteftant diflenters, confidered him as their peculiar 
 protector, and entered into his interefts with the moft 
 zealous fervour and affiduity. For the fame reafons, the 
 friends of the church became jealous of his proceedings, 
 and employed all their influence, firlr in oppofin2 his dc~
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 17 
 
 Vation to the throne, and afterwards in thwarting his C H ^A P. 
 tneafures. Their party was efpoufed by all the friends ^^^..^j 
 of the lineal fuccefiion; by the Roman Catholics; by 
 thofe who were perfonally attached to the late king ; and 
 by fuch r.s were difgufted by the conduct and perfonal 
 deportment of William fince his arrival in England. 
 They obfcrved, that, contrary to his declaration, he had 
 plainly afpired to the crown; and treated his father-in-law 
 with infolence and rigour : That his army contained a 
 number of foreign Papifts, almoft equal to that of the En- 
 gliila Roman Catholics whom James had employed : That 
 the reports fo incluftrioufly circulated about the birth of 
 the prince of Wales, the treaty with France for enflaving 
 England, and the murder of the earl of Efiex, reports 
 countenanced by the prince of Orange, now appeared to 
 be without foundation : That the Dutch troops remained 
 In London, while the Engliih forces were diftributed in 
 remote quarters : That the prince declared the firft (hould 
 be kept about his perfon, and the latter fent to Ireland : 
 That the two houfes, out of complaifancs to William, 
 had denied their late fovereign the juftice of being heard 
 in his own defence ; and, That the Dutch h , d lately 
 interfered with the trade of London, which was ..Ire^.dy 
 fenfibly dimimihed. Thefe were the fouicesof difcontent, 
 f welled up by the refentment of fjrne noblemen, and 
 other individuals, clifappointed in their hopes of profit and 
 preferment. 
 
 William began his reign with a proclamation, for con- Som-ner s 
 firming all Proteftants in theotnces which they enjoyed on c.n.aioa. 
 the i ft day of December : Then he chofe the members of p 
 his council, who were generally {launch to his intereft, ex 
 cept the Archbiihop of Canterbury and the earl of Notting 
 ham *; and thefe were admitted in complaifance to the 
 church-party, which it was not thought advifable to pro 
 voke. Nottingham and Shrewfbury were appointed fecre- 
 taries of ftate : The privy-feal was beftowed upon the 
 marquis of Hallifax: The carl of Dauby was created prefi- 
 dent of the council. Thefe two noblemen enjoyed a ood 
 fhare of the king s confidence, and Nottingham was conn- 
 derable, as head of the church-party : But the chief favou 
 rite was Bentinck, firft commoner on the lift of privy- 
 co "ife!lors, as well as groom of the ftole and privy purfe 
 
 VOL. I. C 
 
 * The council confided of tiie prince of Denmark, the archbifnop of Can 
 terbury, the duke of Norfolk, the marquifles of Hallifax and Winchefter, the 
 carls of Danby, Lind%, Devonshire, Dorfet, Middlefex, Oxford, Shrewsbury, 
 Bedford, Bath, Macclcsfield, and Nottingham ; the Vifcounts Fauconberg, 
 Mordaont, Newport, Lumley 5 the Lords Wharton, Montague, Delamere, 
 Churchill ; Mr Eentin-k, Mr Sidney, Sir Robert Howard. Sir Henry Capd, 
 Mr 1 owk, Wr Ruiill, Mr I-Iamb^n, and Mr Bofcawea.
 
 18 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 i 
 
 BOOK whom the king raifcd to the dignity of earl of Portland. 
 The Englifh favourite, Sidney, was a man of wit and plea- 
 f ure 5 pofltfled of the rnoft engaging talents for coriverfation 
 D Auverquerque was made matter of the horfe, Zuyleftein 
 of the robes, and Schomberg of the ordnance : The treafury, 
 admiralty, and chancery were put in commiflion : Twelve 
 able judges were ehofenf; and the diocefe of Salisbury 
 being vacated by the death of Dr. Ward, the king, of his 
 own free motion, fillet! it with Burnet, who had been a 
 zealous (lickl.-r for his intereft j and, in a particular manner, 
 inftrumcntal i-i effedting the Revolution. Sancroft, arch- 
 bifhop of Canterbury, refufed to confeerate this ecclefiaftic, 
 though the reafons of his refufal are not fpeciiied; but, 
 being afi, id of incurring the penalties of a premunire, he 
 granted a commiflion to the biinop of London, and three 
 other fuffragans, to perform that ceremony. Burnet was 
 a prelate of fome parts and great induftry ; moderate in his 
 notions of church difciplinc, inquifitive, meddling, vain, 
 and credulous. In confequence of having incurred the dif- 
 pleafure of the .late king, he had retired to the continent, 
 and fixed his refidence in Holland, where he was natu 
 ralized, and attached himfelf to the intereft of the prince 
 of Orange, who confulted him about the affairs of England. 
 He affifted in drawing up the Prince s manifefto, and wrote 
 fome other papers and pamphlets in defence of his defign. 
 He was demanded of the ftates, by the Englifh ambaffador, 
 as a Britim fugitive, outlawed by King James, and ex- 
 cepted in the aci of indemnity : Neverthelefs, he came over 
 with William, in quality of his chaplain ; and, by his in 
 trigues, contributed in fome meafure to the fuccefs of that 
 expedition. The principal individuals that compofcd this 
 miniftry have been characlerifed in the hiftory of the pre 
 ceding reigns. We have had occafion to mention the fine 
 talents, the vivacity, the flexibility of Hallifax ; the plau- 
 fibility, the enterprizing genius, the obftinacy of Danby; 
 the pompous eloquence, the warmth, and oftentation of Not 
 tingham; the probity and- popularity of Shrewfbury. 
 Gotlolphin, now brought into the treafury, was modeir, 
 filent, fagacious, and upright. Mordaunt, appointed firft 
 commiilioner of that board, and afterwards created earl of 
 Monmouth, was open, generous, and a republican in his 
 principles. DeTamve, chancellor of the exchequer, pro 
 moted in the fequcl to the rank of earl of Warrington, was 
 clofe and mercenary. Obicquioufhefs, fidelity, and attach 
 ment to his mafter, compofed the character of Bentinck, 
 
 J- Sir John Holt was appointed Lord-Chief- Juflice of the King s Bench, and 
 Sir Henry Pollexi cn of the Common-Pleas. The earl of Dcvonfhire was 
 made lord-iteward of the houfekoH, and the earl of Dorfet lord-chamberlain. 
 Ralph.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 19 
 
 and private friend/hip, but rendered unfit for publicbufmefs C H^A P 
 by indolence and inattention. He was ennobled, and af- 
 terwards created earl of Romney ; a title which he er joyed 
 with fevera! fucceifive pofts of profit and importance. The 
 ftream of honour and preferment rm (Iron?; in favour of the 
 Whigs, and this appearance of partiality confirmed the fuf- 
 picion and refentment of the oppofite party. - 
 
 The firft refolution taken in the new council wa? to 
 
 1 1_ L C t. * " f GO!!" 
 
 convert the convention into a parliament, that the ;iew let- vcntion 
 tlement might be ft -engthened by a legal fanftion, wrtich changed m- 
 was now fupnofed to be wanting, as the affembly had not ro * P arli -- 
 been convoked by the king s writ of fummons. The ex 
 periment of a new election was deemed too hazardous ; 
 therefore, the council determined that the king (hould, by 
 virtue of his own authority, change the convention into a 
 parliament, by going to the houfe of peers with the ulual 
 ftate of a fovereien, and pronouncing a fpeech from the 
 throne to both houfrs. This expedient was accordingly 
 praclifed *. He affured them he ftiould never take any ftep 
 
 * This erpedient was attended with an infurmountable abfurdity. If the 
 majority of the convention could not grant a -gal fane-lion to the etrablilhment 
 they had made, they could never inveft the Prince of Orange with a juft right 
 toafcend the throne ; for they could not give what they ha.) no right to btiftow, 
 and if he afcended the throne without a juft title, he could have no right to 
 fanclify that affembly to which he owed his elevation. When the people are 
 obliged by tyranny, or other accidents, to hav recourfe to the firft principles 
 of fociety, namely th . ir own preLrvation, in electing a new fovereign, it will 
 deferve confidcration, whether that choice is to be effected by the majority of 
 a parliament which has been diflblved, indeed by any parliament whatfoever, 
 or by the body of the nation afieir.bled in communities, corporations, by tribes 
 or centuries, to fignify their aflentor difient with refpecl to the perfon propofed 
 as their foveieign. This kind of election might be attended with great in 
 convenience an j difficulty, but thefe cannot pofiibly be avoided when thecon- 
 ftitution is diffolved by letting afide the lineal fucceflion to the throne. The 
 constitution of England is founded on a parliament confiding of king, lord?, 
 and commons ;but when there is no longer a king, the parliament is defective, 
 and the conftitution impaired : The members of the lower houfe are the repre- 
 fentatives of the people, exprefsly chofen to maintain the conftitution in church 
 and ftate, and fworn to fupport the rights of the crown, as well as the liberties 
 of the nation; but though they are elected to maintain, they have no power 
 to alter the conftitution. When the king forfeits the allegiance of his ful jedts, 
 and it becomes neceffary to dethrone him, the power of fo doing cannot porfibly 
 refide in the reprcfentatives who are choien, under certain limitations, for the 
 purpofes of a legifUture which no longer exifts : Their power is of courfe at an 
 end, and they are reduced to at level with other individuals that ccnftitute the 
 community. The right of altering the conftitution, therefore, or of deviating 
 from the tftablilhed practice of inheritance in regard to the fucceflien to the 
 crown, is inherent in the body of the people, and every individual has an equal 
 right to his fhare in the general determination, whether his opinion be fi grafted 
 viva vote, or by a representative whom he appoints and inftrucls for the pur- 
 pofe. It may be fuggefted that the prince of Orange was raifed to the throne 
 without any convulfion, or any fuch difficulties and inconvenienc.es as we have 
 affirmed to be the neceflary confequences of a meafure of that nature. To this 
 remark we anfwer, that fince the Revolution thefe kingdoms have beendevided 
 and rnrrafied by violent and implacable factions, that eagerly feck the de- 
 ftruclion ef each other 5 that they have been expofed to plots, confpiracks, 
 infurrccliens, cjvil wars, and fuccelfive rebellions, which hare not been defeat-
 
 20 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 i 
 
 OOK, that would diminish the good opinion they had conceived of 
 /_, his integrit. He told them that Holland was in fuch a 
 
 of 
 
 ntegrity. 
 
 fituationas required their immediate attention and affiftance; 
 That the pofture of affairs at home likewife demanded their 
 ferious consideration : That a good fettlement was necef- 
 fury, not only for the eftablifh merit of domeftic peace, but 
 alfo for the fupport of the Proteitant Intereft abroad : That 
 the affairs of Ireland were too. critically fituated to admit of 
 the leaft delay in their deliberations : He, therefore, begged 
 they would be as fpeedy and effectual in concerting fuch 
 meafures as would be judged indifpenfably neceffary for the 
 welfare of the nation. The commons returning to their 
 houie, immediately paffed a vote of thanks to his mejefly, 
 and made an order that his fpecch fhould be taken into con- 
 fideration. After the throne had been declared vacant by 
 a fmall majority of the peers, thofe who oppofed that mea- 
 iure had gradually withdrawn themfelves from the houfe ; 
 fo that very few remained but fuch as were devoted to the 
 new monarch. Thefe, therefore, brought in a bill for pre 
 venting all pifputes concerning the prefent parliament. In 
 the mean time, Mr Hambden in the lower houfe put ths 
 queftion, Whether a king elected by the lords fpiritual and 
 temporal, and the commons affembled at Weftminfter, co 
 ming to and confulting with the faid lords and commons, 
 did not make as complete a parliament, and legiflativc 
 power and authority, as if the faid king ftiould caufe new 
 elections to be made by writ? Many members affirmed, 
 that the king s writ was as neceffary as his prefence to the 
 being of a legal parliament, and, as the convention was de 
 fective in this particular, it could not be vefted with a par 
 liamentary authority by any management whatfoever. The 
 Whigs replied, That the effence of a parliament confifted 
 in the meeting and co-operation of the king, lords, and 
 
 ed and quelled without vaft efFafton of blood, infinite mifchief, calamity, and 
 expencc to the nation ; that they are ftill fubjedted to all thofj alarms and 
 dangers which are engendered by adifputed title to the throne, and the efforts 
 of an artful pretender ; that they are neceflarily wedded to the affairs of the 
 continent, and their intcnft facrified to foreign connexions, of which they can 
 neve, be dii sngaged. Prhaps all thefe calamities might have been prevented 
 by the interposition of the prince of Orange. King James, without forfeiting 
 the crown might havi- been laid under fuch reftriclions that it would not have 
 been in his power to tyrannize over his fubjefts either in fpirituals or tempor 
 als. The power of the militia might havs been veiled in the two houfes of 
 parliament, as well as the nomination of perfons to fill the great offices of the 
 church and ftate, and fuperintend the economy of the adminiftration, in the 
 application of the public money ; A law might have pafl cd for annual parlia 
 ments, and the king might have been deprived of his power to convoke, adjourn, 
 prorogue, and diffolve them at his plealure. Had thefe meafures been taken, 
 the king rr.uft have been abfolutely difablcd from employing cither force or 
 corruption in the profecution of arbitary defigns, and the people mult have 
 been fairly reprefented in a rotation of parliaments, whofe power and influence 
 would have been but of one year s duration,
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 21 
 
 commons : and that it was not material whether they were CHAP. 
 convoked by writ or by letter ; they proved this aflertion 
 by examples deduced from the hiftory of England. They ^V^ 1 ^ 
 obferved, that a new election would be attended with great 9 
 
 trouble, cxpence, and lofs of time ; and that fuch delay might 
 prove fatal to the Proteftant intereft in Ireland, as well as to 
 the allies on the continent. In the midil of this debate, the 
 bill was brought down from the lords, and being read, a com 
 mittee was appointed to make fome amendments. Thefe 
 were no fooner made than the commons fent it back to the 
 upper houfe, and it immediately received the royal aflent. 
 By this att.che lords and commons aflembled at Weftmin- 
 fter w?re declared the two houfes of parliament to all intents 
 and purpofes : It likewife ordained, That the prefent act, 
 and all oirur afts to which the royal afTent fhould be given 
 before tru; next prorogation, fhould be underftood and ad 
 judged in law to begin on the 13th day of February: That 
 the members, inftead of the old oaths of allegiance and fu- 
 pr^nacy, flrmld take the new oath incorporated in this act 
 under the ancient penalty : and, That the prefent parliament 
 fhould be di delved in the ufual manner. Immediately after 
 this transaction, a warm debate arofe in the houfe of com 
 mons about the revenue, which the courtitrs alledged had 
 devolved with the crown upon William, at leaft, during the 
 life )f James ; for which term the greater part of it had 
 been granted. The merrbers in the oppofition affirmed 
 that thefe grants were vacated with the throne ; and at 
 length it was vou-d, That the revenue had expired. Then 
 a motion was made, That a revenue {hould be fettled on the 
 king and queen ; and the houfe refolved it mould be taken 
 into confideration. While they deliberated on this affair, 
 they received a mefTage from his majefty, importing, that 
 the late king had fet fail from Breft with an armament to 
 invade Ireland. They forthwith refolved to affift his ma 
 jefty with their lives and fortunes: They voted a temporary 
 aid of four hundred and twenty thoufand pounds, to be levied 
 by monthly afleflrnent , and both houfes waited on the king 
 to fignify this refolution. But this unanimity did not take 
 place till feveral lords, fpiritual as well as temporal, had, 
 rather than take the oaths, abfented themfelves from parli 
 ament. Thenonjuring prelates were Bancroft, Archbifhop 
 of Canterbury, Turner, Bifhop of Ely, Lake, of Chichefter, 
 Ken, of Bath and Wells, White, of Peterborough, Lloyd, 
 of Norwich, Thomas, of Worchefter, and Frampton, of 
 Gloucefter. The temporal peers who refufed the oath, 
 were the duke of Newcaftle, the earls of Clarendon, Litch- 
 field, Exeter, Yarmouth, and Stafford ; the lords Griffin 
 and Stawel. Five of the bifhops withdrew themfelves
 
 22 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 BOOK from the houfe at one time: But. before they retired, one of 
 
 the number moved for a bill of ole ition, and another of 
 
 ^Y*^ comprehenfion, by which moderr.le di. inters might bo re- 
 
 l689< conciled to the church, and admitted into ecclefiaftical 
 
 benefices. Such bills were actually prepared and prefented 
 
 by the earl of Nottingham, who received the thanks of the 
 
 . houfe for the pains he had taken. From this period, the 
 
 party averfe to the government of William were diftin- 
 
 guimed by the appellation of Nonjurors. They rejected 
 
 the notion of a king de fatto, as well as all other diftin&ions 
 
 and limitations ; and declared for the abfolute power, and 
 
 divine hereditary indefeafible right of fovercigns. 
 
 This faction had already begun to pra&ife againft the 
 new government. The king having received fome in 
 timation of their defigns from intercepted letters, ordered 
 the earl of Ar ran, Sir Robert Hamilton, and fome other 
 gentlemen of the Scottifh nation, to be apprehended, and 
 fent prifoners to the Tower. Then he informed the two 
 houfes of the ftep he had taken, and even craved their ad 
 vice with regard to his conduct in fuch a delicate affair, 
 which had compelled him to trefpafs upon the law of 
 England. The lords thanked him for the care he took of 
 their liberties, and defired he would fecure all difturbers of 
 the peace : But the commons empowered him by 3 bill to 
 difpenfe with the Habeas Corpus a6t till the iyth day of 
 April next enfuing. This was a ftr^ich of confidence in 
 the crown which had not been made in favour of the late 
 king, even while Argyle and Monmouth were in open re 
 bellion. A fpirit of difcontent had by this time diffufed 
 itfelf through the army, and become fo formidable to the 
 court, that the king refolved to retain the Dutch troops in 
 England, and fend over to Holland in their room fuch 
 regiments as were moft tinctured with difaffe&ion. Of 
 thefe the Scottifh regiment of Dunbarton, commanded by 
 Marefchal Schomberg, mutinied on its march to Ipfwich, 
 feized the military cheft, difarmed the officers who oppo- 
 fcd their defign, declared for King James, and with four 
 pieces of cannon began their march for Scotland. Wil 
 liam being informed of this revolt, ordered General 
 Ginckel to purfue them with three regiments of Dutch 
 Dragoons, and the mutineers furrendered at difcretion. 
 As the delinquents were natives of Scotland, -which had 
 not yet fubmitted in form to the new government, the 
 king did not think proper to punifh them as rebels, but 
 ordered them to proceed for Holland, according to his 
 firft intention. Though this attempt proved abortive, it 
 made a ftrong impreflion upon the miniftry, who were 
 divided among themfelvqs, and wavered in their princi-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 23 
 
 pies. However, they fiezed this opportunity to bring c H A p - 
 in a bill for punifhing mutiny and defertion, which in a , , 
 
 little time paffcd both houfes, and received the royal /$ 
 
 tr 1689. 
 
 a/lent. 
 
 The coronation oath * being altered and explained, that William 
 
 and Ma . r y 
 
 crowaed. 
 
 ceremony was performed on the nth day of April, the and 
 
 : r 
 
 , . n , T , ,_.. . i . - i /- i. 
 
 biinop or London officiating, at the king s deiire, in the 
 room of the metropolitan, who was a malcontent : And 
 next day the commons, in a body, waited on the king 
 and queen at Whitehall, with an addrefs, of congratu 
 lation. William with a view to conciliate the affection 
 of his new fubjefts, and check the progrefs of clamour 
 and difcoiitent, fi<;nificd, in a folemn meffage to the houfe 
 of commons, his readinefs to acquiefce in any meafure 
 they ftiould think proper to take for a new regulation or 
 total fupprciHon of the hearth-money, which he underitood 
 was a grievous impofition on the fubjecls ; and this tax 
 was afterwards abolilhed. He was gratified with an ad 
 drefs of thanks, couched in the warmeft expreffions of 
 duty, gratitude, and affection, declaring they would take 
 fuch meafures in fupport of his crown, as would con 
 vince the world that he reigned in the hearts of his peo 
 ple. 
 
 He had, in his anfwer to their former addrefs, aflured 
 them of his conftant regard to the rights and profperity 
 of the nation: He had explained the exhaufted ftate of 
 the Dutch ; expatiated upon the zeal of that republic for 
 the interefts of Britain, as well as the maintenance of the 
 Proteftant religion ; and expreffed his hope that the En- 
 glifh. parliament would not only repay the fums they had 
 expended in his expedition, but likexvife fupport them to 
 the utmoft of their ability againft the common enemies of 
 their liberties and religion. He had obferved that a con- 
 fiderable army and fleet would be neceffary for the re- 
 
 * The new form of the coronation oath confifted in the following questions 
 and anfwers. " Will you folemnly promife and Uvear to govern the people 
 " of this k-ngdom of England, and the dominions thereto b- longing, ace on! - 
 " ing to the t latutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and cuftoms of 
 " the fame ?" 
 
 " i folemnly promife fo to do." 
 
 " Will you , to your pc-.ver caufe law and ju^i.-c in nurcy to be cx^C .if. d 
 " in ill your judgments ?" " I will." << V/i ,1 yna to t -.e uirrr.o:?- cf r..ur 
 : power, maintain the lav/-; of Gocl, the true prpfeflion of the r ; .>fo.-!, .::,<! the 
 
 Proteftant reformed rcli-ion as by law cllabh^cd ? and v-lU y -.-; p 
 (< uriro the biihop; and clergy of this rejim, and to the churches o:r:rr,i:::; i 
 " to thrir charge, all fuch rights and piivilegas as, bylaw, do or ihall ^ 
 tf pertain unto them or any of them ?" 
 
 " All this I pronafe to do." 
 
 Then the King or Queen, laying his or her h-rul upon th.> Gr,fo;.l 7 fa,\\ ^ . 
 
 The things which i have herj before pramifed I will perform a.ii k- T 
 ^o r?lp me God,"
 
 24 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK duction of Ireland, and the protection of Britain; and htf 
 delired they would f.-ttle the revenue in fuch a manner, 
 that it might be collected without difficulty arid difpute, 
 9 The fum total of the money expended by the States-Ge 
 neral in William s expedition, amounted to feven millions 
 of guilders, and the commons granted fix hundred thou- 
 fand pounds for the difcharge of this debt, incurred for 
 the prefervation of their rights and religion. They voted 
 funds for raifing and maintaining an army of two and 
 twenty thoufand men, as well as for equipping a nume 
 rous fleet : But they provided for no more than half a 
 year s fubfiftence of the troops, hoping the reduction of 
 Ireland might be finifhed in that term ; and this inftance 
 of frugality the king confidered as a mark of their diffi 
 dence of his administration. The whi,;s were refolved to 
 fupply him gradually, that he might be the more dependent 
 upon their zeal and attachment : But he was not at all 
 pleafed with their precaution. 
 
 The king William was naturally biafled to Calvinifm, and averfc 
 favours dif- to perfecutioii. Whatever promifes he had made, and 
 iiiows an^- whatever fentiments of refpecl: he entertained for the 
 veriion to church of England, he feemed now in a great meafurc 
 the church alienated from it, by the oppofition he had met with from 
 ngan.j ts mem b erS) particularly from the bifhops, who had 
 thwarted his meafures. By abfrnting themfelves from 
 parliament, and refuflng the oath, they had plainly difown- 
 ed his title, and renounced his government. He there 
 fore refolved to mortify the church, and gratify his own 
 friends at the fame time, by removing the obftacles affix 
 ed to nonconformity, that all Proteftant difienters fhould 
 be rendered capable of enjoying and exercifmg civil em 
 ployments. When he gave his aflent to the bill for fuf- 
 pending the Habeas Corpus aft, he recommended the ef- 
 tablifhment of a new oath in lieu of thofe of allegiance and 
 fupremacy : He exprefTed his hope that they would leave 
 room for the admiffion of all his Proteftant fubjecls who 
 fhould be found qualified for the fervice : He faid, fuch a 
 conjunction would unite them the more firmly a.nong 
 themfelves and ftrengthen them againft their common ad- 
 verfaries. In confequence of this hint, a claufe was in- 
 ferted in the bill for abrogat : ng the old and appointing the 
 new oaths, by which the facramental teft was declared 
 unnecefTary in rendering any pcrfon capable of enjoying 
 any office or employment. It was, however, rejected by a 
 great majority in the houfe of lords. Another claufe for 
 the fame purpofe, though in different terms, was propofed 
 by the king s direction, and met with the fame fa*te, though 
 in both cafes feveral noblemen entered a proteft againft the
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 25 
 
 refolution of thehoufe. Thefe fruitlefs efforts in favour CHAP- 
 of difienters au^ment^d the prejudice of the churchmen 
 airainft king William, who would have willingly com- 
 promifed the difference, by excufmg the clergy from the 
 oaths, provided the diffenters might be exempted from 
 the facramtntal ted : But this was deemed the 
 chief bulwark of the church, and therefore the propo- 
 fal v/r.s rejected. The church party in the houfe of lords 
 moved, that inftead of inferting a claufe, obliging the clergy 
 to take the oaths, the king fhould be empowered to tender 
 them; and, iucafe of their refufal, they fhould incur the 
 penalty, becaufe deprivation, or the apprchenfions of it, 
 inight make them defperate, and excite them to form de- 
 figns againft the government. This argument had no 
 weight with the commons, who thought it was indifpen- 
 fibly ntceflary to exact the oaths of the clergy, as their 
 example influenced the kingdom in general, and the youth 
 of the nation were formed under their infhuiSHon. After 
 a long and warm debate, all the mitigation that could be 
 obtained, was a claufe empowering the king to indulge 
 any twelve clergymen, deprived by virtue of this a 61, with 
 a third part of their benefices during pleafure Thus the 
 ancient oaths of allegiance and fupremacy were abrogated: 
 The declaration of non-refiftance in the acl: of uniformity 
 was repealed : The new oath of allegiance was reduced 
 to its primitive firr.plicity, and the coronation-oath ren 
 dered more explicit. The clergy were enjoined to take 
 the new oaths before the ift day of Auguil, on pain of 
 being fufpendcd from their office for fix months, and of 
 entire deprivation, in cafe they ihould not take them before 
 the expiration of this term. They generally complied, 
 though with fuch refervations and difirin&ions as were not 
 much for the honour of their firicerity. 
 
 The king, though baifled in his dengn againft the fa- 
 cramental tcft, refolvcd to indulge the diffenters with a 
 toleration ; and a bill for this purpofe being prepared by 
 theea:! of Nottingham, was, after fome debate, paffed 
 into a law, under the title of, " An acl: for exempting 
 their majefties Proteftant fubjects difienting from the 
 church of England, from the penalties of certain laws." 
 It enacted, That none of the penal laws fhould be con- 
 flrued to extend to thofe diflenters who fhould take the 
 oaths to the prefent government, and fubfcribe the decla 
 ration of the 30th year of the reign of Charles II. pro 
 vided that they fhould hold no privated afTemblies or con 
 venticles with the doors fhut : That nothing fhould be 
 conftrued to exempt them from the payment of tythes, 
 or other parochial duties ; That in cafe of being chofen 
 
 VOL. I. D
 
 2& HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK into the offices of conflable, churchwarden, overfeer &c 
 and ofTcJUpling to take the oaths annexed to fuch offices, 
 they fhould be allowed to execute the employment by de- 
 i49- puty : That the preachers and teachers in congregations 
 ofdiflenting Proteftants, who fhould take the oaths, fub- 
 fcribe the declaration, together with all the articles of re 
 ligion, except the thirty-fourth and the two fucceeding 
 articles, and part of the twentieth, fhould be exempted from 
 the penalties decreed againft non -conform i ft s, as well as 
 from fcrving upon juries, or acting in paiifli-offices : Yet 
 alljuftices of the peace were empowered to require fuch 
 diflenters to fubfcribe the declaration, and take the oaths ; 
 and, in cafe of a refukl to commit them to prifon without 
 bailor mainprize. The fame indulgence was extended to 
 Anabaptift?, and even to Quakers, on their folemn pro- 
 mife, before God, to be faithful to the king and queen, 
 and their afienting by profjffion and afleveration to thofe 
 articles which the others ratified upon oath: They were 
 likewife required to profcfs their belief in the Trinity and 
 the Holy Scriptures. Even thePapifts felt the benign in 
 fluence of William s moderation in fpi ritual matters : He 
 rejected the proposals of fotne zealots, who exhorted him 
 to enact fevcre laws againft Popi/h recufants. Such a 
 rncafuie, he obferved, would alienate all the Papifts ot 
 Europe from the interefts of England, and might prodnce 
 a new Catholic league, which would render the war a re 
 ligious qua;-; J : Befides, he could not pretend to fereen 
 the Pro: . Germany and Hungary, while he him- 
 
 fclf fiijij. u i)c,i".-cu:e the Catliolics of England. He 
 therefore retblved to treat them with lenity ; and though 
 they were not comprehended in the acl, tney enjoyed the 
 benefit of the toleratiow. 
 
 Compre- We have obfefved, that, in confequence of the motion. 
 
 heafioD aa. nia Qp by t>,e biiliops \vhenthey withdrew from parliament, 
 i bi i was brought into the houf-i of lords for uniting their 
 maj Lilies Protefl.:r,t fubje<fts. This was extremely agree- 
 r.oie to the king, who had the fcherr.e of comprehenfion 
 very much at heart. In the proqrcfs of the bill a warm 
 i ofe about the po.lure of kneeling at thefacrament 
 which was given up in favour of the di {Tenters. Another, 
 no lefs violent, enfued upon the fubfcquent queftion, 
 u Vv r hcthtr there fhould be an addition of laity in the 
 " qpmmifllon to be given by the king to the bHhops and 
 4t others of the clergy, for preparing fuch a reformation of 
 u ecdefiaftical affairs as might be the means of healing 
 u divifions, and carrecling win tcvcr might be erroneous 
 "or defective in the conftitution ?? A great number of 
 $!ic temporal lords infilled warmly on this addition, and
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY, 27 
 
 when it was rejected, four peers entered a formal proteft. CHAP 
 Bifiiop Bunict was a warm ih cklcr for the exclufion of 
 the laity; and, in all probability, manifcfted this \varrr.th 
 in hopes of ingratiating himfelf with his brethren, arv.org 
 whom his character was very far from being popular. 
 But, the merit cf this facriftce was deftroyed by the argu 
 ments he had ufed for difpenfing with the pcfturc of 
 kneeling at the facrament ; and by his propoi:n:2; in another 
 provifo of the bill, th it the fubfcribers, inftead of expref- 
 fmg aflent and confent, fhould only fubmit with a proniifc 
 of conformity. 
 
 The bill was with difficulty patted in the houfe of lords: 
 But the commons treated it with neglect. By this time, 
 a great number of malcontent members, who had retired 
 from parliament, were returned, with a view to thwart 
 the adminiftration, though they could not prevent the fet- 
 tlement. Inftead of proceeding; with the bill, they pre- 
 fented an addrefs to the king, thanking him for his gra 
 cious declaration, and repeated aflurances, that he would 
 maintain the church of England as by lav/ eftablifhed ; a 
 church whofs doctrine and practice had evinced its loyalty 
 beyond all contradiction, They likewife humbly befought 
 his majefty to iffue writs for calling a convocation of the 
 clergy, to be confulted in ecclefiaftical matters, according 
 to the ancient ufage of parliaments ; and they declared 
 they would forthwith take into confideration proper me 
 thods for giving eafe to Proteflant diflenters. Though 
 the king was difpleafcd at this addrefs, in which th* lords 
 alfo had concurred, he returned a civil anfwer, by the 
 mouth of the earl of Nottingham, profefling his regard for 
 the church cf England, which (nould always be his pecu 
 liar care, recommending the diftcnters to their protection, 
 and promising to fummon a convocation as fcon as fuch a 
 meafurr fhould be convenient. This mefTage produced 
 noeffecl in favour of the bill, which lay negledted on the 
 table. Thofe who moved for it had no other view than 
 that of difplaying their moderation ; and now they excited 
 their friends to oppofe it with all their intereft. Others 
 were afraid of efpoufing if, left they fhould be ftigmatized 
 as enemies to the church ; and a great number ef the mod 
 eminent Preioyterians were averfe to a fcheme of compre- 
 hennon, which diminished their flrength, and weakened 
 the importance of the party. Being therefore violently 
 oppofed on one hand, and but faintly fupported on the 
 other, no wonder itmifcanied, The king, however, was 
 fo bent upon the execution of his defign, that it was next 
 feffion revived in another form, though with no better 
 fuccefs.
 
 23 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK The next obiecl that cngroffen the attention of the par 
 liament, was the fcttleinent of a revenue for the fupport 
 
 -""Y"*- of the government. Hitherto there had been no diflinclum 
 
 l6 "> of what \v?s allotted for the king s ufe, and what wis af- 
 
 figned for the fcrvice of the public ; fo that the fovercip;n 
 
 nuYf.rtled. was entirely mafter of the whole fupply. As the revenue 
 in the late reigns had been oft n u .ibr7,7,led and mifap- 
 plied, it was now refolved tb^t a CCM f.<in fum fhould be fet 
 apart for the uiaintenanc; of th; king s houfehold, and 
 the fupport of his dignity; and that tlie reft of the public 
 money (hould be employed under the infpedHon of par 
 liament. Accordingly, fince this period, the commons 
 have appropriated the yearly fuppltes to certain fpecified 
 f?r vices ; and an account of the application has been con- 
 fbntly fubmitted to both houfes, at the next fcfiion. At 
 this juncture the prevailing party, or the Whigs, de 
 termined that the revenue fliould be -granted from year to 
 year, or at lead for a frnall term of years, that the Icing 
 might find himfelf dependent upon the parliament, and 
 merit a renewal of the grant by a juft and popular ad- 
 miniftration. In purfuance of this maxim, when the re 
 venue fell under con fide ration, they, on pretence of charges 
 and rnticipationr. which they had not time to examine, 
 granted it by a provifional act for one year only. The 
 c: v il lift was fettled at fix hnadred thoufand pounds 
 chargeable with the appointments of the queen dowager, 
 the prince and princefs of Denmark, the judges, and 
 Marcfchal Schomberg, to whom the parliament had alrea 
 dy granted one hundred thoufand pounds, in con fide ration. 
 of his important fervic -;s to the nation. The commons 
 r fb voted, that a conftant revenue of twelve hundred 
 thoufand pounds fiiould be eftabliihed for the fupport of 
 the crown in time of peace. 
 
 rf ". : 1? ,: ! ~ The kitr? took umbrage at thtfe rcftraints laid upon the 
 fi n a PPl cat on f ^e public money, \vhich were the moft fa- 
 lutary fruits of the revolution. Pie confidered them as 
 marks of diir.dence, by which he was diftinguifhed from 
 his pred< ar,d thought them an ungrateful return 
 
 fjr the f..;vic.> i^ had clone the nation. 1 he Tories per 
 ceived his difguft, and did net fail to foment his jealoufy 
 .inft their adv\rf.ries, which was confirmed by a frelh 
 effort of the Whigs, in relation to a militia. A bill was 
 brought into the houfe, for regukuina, it in fuch a manner 
 as would have rendered it in a great meafure independent 
 both of the king and of the lords lieutenants of counties. 
 Thefe being generally peers, fuffered the bill to lie ne- 
 gleiled on the table : But the attempt confirmed the fuf- 
 picion pf the k.ing, who began to think hirnfclf in danger
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 29 
 
 of being enflaved by a republican party. The Tories CHAP. 
 
 had, by the channel of Nottingham, made proffers of fervice 
 
 to his majefty : But complained, at the fame time, that as V -***Y^ / 
 
 they were in danger of being profecuted for ther lives and 
 
 fortunes, they could not, without an act of indemnity, 
 
 exert themfelves in favour of the crown, left they fhould 
 
 incur a perfecution from their implacable enemies. 
 
 Thefe remonftrances made fuch impreffion on the king, Bill of in- 
 that he fent a mefTage to the houfe by Mr. Hambden, re- d.mnuy 
 commending a bill of indemnity as the mofl effectual fj^ p / n y 
 means for putting an end to all controverfies, diftindlions, bat without 
 and occafions of clifcord. Hedcfired it might be prepared ettcft. 
 with all convenient expedition, and with fuch exceptions 
 only as would feem neceflary for the vindication of public 
 juftice, the fafety of him and his confort, and the fettlement 
 and welfare of the nation. An addrefs of thanks -to his 
 majefty was unanimoufly voted. Neverthelefs, his defign 
 was fruftrated by the backwardnefs of the Whigs, who 
 proceeded fo flowly in the bill, that it could not be brought 
 to maturity before the end of the fefliori. They wanted 
 to keep the fcourge over the heads of their enemies, until 
 they fhould find a proper opportunity for revenge ; and, 
 in the mean time, reftrain them from oppofition, by the 
 terror of impending vengeance. They affected to irifi- 
 nuate that the king s deiign was to raife the prerogative 
 as high as it had been in the preceding reigns ; and that 
 he for this purpofe prefled an ait of iiulemnity, by virtue 
 of which he might legr.lly ufe the inftruments of the late 
 tyranny. The earls of Monmouth and Warrington in- 
 duftrioufly infufed thefe jealoufies into the minds of their 
 party: On the other hand, the earl of Nottingham inflam 
 ed William s diftruft of his old friends : Both fides fuc- 
 cecding in kindling an animofity, which had like to have 
 produced confufion, notwithftanding the endeavours ufed 
 by the earls of Shrewfbury and Devonshire to allay thofe 
 heats, and remove the fufpicion that mutually prevail 
 ed. 
 
 It was now jndged expedient to pafs an acl for fettling 
 the fuccefikm of the crown, according to the former refo- 
 lution of the convention. A bill for this purpofe was 
 brought into the lower houfe, with a clsufe difabling; 
 Papiils from fucceeding to the throne : To this the lords 
 added, " Or fuch as fhould marry papifts," abfolving the 
 fubjeft in that cafe from allegiance. The bifhop of Sa- 
 lifbury, by the king s diredion, propofed that the princefs 
 Sophia, duchefs of Hanover, and her pofterity, fliould be 
 nominated in the aft of fucceffion, as the next jProteftant 
 heirs, failing ifTue of the king, and Anne nrincefs cf Den-
 
 30 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK mark. Thcfe amendments gave rife to warm debates in 
 the lower houfe, where they were vi^ouroudy oppofed, not 
 
 ^^y*^ only by thofr who wiftied well in f cret to the late king 
 9 and the lineal fucceflion ; but likewife by the republican 
 party, who hoped to fee monarchy altogether extinguifhed 
 in England, by the death of the three pcrfons already na 
 med in the bill of fucceMion. The lords infifted upon 
 their amendments, and ftveral fruitlefs conferences were 
 held between the two houfes. At length the bill was 
 dropped for the prtf-nt, in confequence of an event which 
 in a great me; lure diffipatecl the fears of a Popiih fuccef- 
 for. This was the delivery cf the Princefs Anne, who, 
 
 Princefi on the 2 yth day of July, brought forth a fon, chriftened 
 
 vc""^ofa" by the name of William, and afterwards creat;d duke of 
 
 fn. Gloucefter. 
 
 In the mid ft of thefe domeftic difputes, William did 
 not negle<Sr. the afTahs of the continent. He retained all 
 his former influence in Holland, as his countrymen had 
 reafon to confide in his repeated alTurances of inviolable 
 affeclion. The great fchetne which he had projected of .1 
 confederacy againft France began at this period to take 
 effect. Thi princes of the empire alTembled in the diet 
 folemnly exhorted the emperor to declare war againft the 
 French king, who had committed numberlcfs infractions 
 of the treaties of Munfter, Ofnabruck, Nimeguen, and the 
 truce, invaded their country without provocation, and 
 evinced himfelf an inveterate enemy of the holy Roman 
 empire, They, therefore, befought his imperial majcfty 
 to conclude a treaty of peace with the Turks, who had of 
 fered advantageous terms, and proceed to an open rupture 
 with Louis ; in which cafe, they would confider it as a 
 war of the empire, and fupport their head in the moft ef 
 fectual manner. The ftetcs-general publifhed a declara 
 tion againft the common enemy, taxing him with mani 
 fold infractions of the treaty commerce; with having 
 involved the fubjcts of the republic in the perfection 
 Vvhirh he had raifcd againft the Proteftr.nts : with having 
 cajoled and infultecl them with deceitful promifes and in- 
 folent threats ; with having plundered and opprefled the 
 Dutch merchants and traders in France; and, finally, 
 with having declared war againft the ftates, without any 
 plauuble reafon affigned. The elector of Brandenbourg 
 denounced war againft Fiance, r.s a power whofe perfidy, 
 cruelty, and ambition it was the duty of every prince to 
 oppofe. The marquis cle Caftanaga governor of the 
 Spanifh Netherlands ifiued a counter declaration to that 
 of Louis, who had declared againft his maftrr. He ac- 
 eufed the French king of havin" hiu v/aftc the empire,
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 31 
 
 V/ithout any regard to the obligations of religion and hu- C H A .1 
 inanity, or even to laws or war ; of having countenanced 
 the moft barbarous acts of cruelty and opprerTion ; and of *"T* 
 having intrigued with the enemies of Chtift for the de- 
 itruction of the empire. The emperor negociated an alli 
 ance offenfive and defend ve with the ftates-general, bind 
 ing the contracting parties to co-operate with their whole 
 power againft France and her allies. It was ftipulated, 
 that neither fide fhould engage in a feparate treaty, on any 
 pretence whatfoever: That no peace fhould be admitted 
 until the treaties of Weftphalia, Ofnabruck, Munfter, and 
 the Pyrenees, fhould have been vindicated: That, in cafe 
 oi a negociation for a peace or truce, the tranfactions on 
 both fides fhould be communicated lonafide\ and that 
 Spain and England fhould be invited to accede to the trea 
 ty. In a feparate article, the contracting powers agreed, 
 that, in cafe of the Spanifh king s dying without ifTue, the 
 ilates-^encral fhould aftift the emperor with all their for 
 ces to take poflefiion of that monarchy : That they fhould 
 ufe their friendly endeavours with the princes, electors, 
 their allies, towards elevating his fon Jofeph to the digni 
 ty of king of the Romans ; and employ their utmoft force 
 againft France, fhould fhe attempt to oppofc his eleva 
 tion. 
 
 W r illiam, who was the foul of this confedaracy, found War with 
 no difficulty in perfuading the Englifh to undertake a war f r , an ^ Mre " 
 againft their old enemies and rivals. On the i6th day of 
 April Mr. Hambden made a motion for taking into confi- 
 deration the flate of tht kingdom with refpect to France, 
 and foreign alliances; and the commons unanimoufly re- 
 folved, that, in cafe his majefty fhould think fit to engage 
 in a war with France, they would, in a parliamentary way, 
 enable him to cxrry it on with vigour. An addrefs was 
 immediately drawn up, and prefented to the king, d&fir- 
 ing he would ferioufly contider the deftructivc methods 
 taken of late years by the French king, againft the trade, 
 quiet, and iniereft of the nation, particularly his prefent 
 invafion of Ireland, and fupporting the rebels in that king 
 dom. They did not doubt that the alliances already made, 
 with thofe which might hereafter be concluded by his ma 
 jefty, would be fufncient to reduce the French king t 
 luch a condition, thatfhould not be in his power to violate 
 the peace of Chriftendom ; or prejudice the trade and pro- 
 fperity of England : In the mean time they affured his ma 
 jefty he might depend upon tliGafliftance of his parliament, 
 according to the vote which had pafledin the houfe of com 
 mons. This was a welcome addrefs to king William. 
 He affured them that no part of the fnpplics which they
 
 32 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 
 BOOK, might grant for the profecution of the war fhouldbc rnii- 
 appiied ; and, on the yth of May, he declared war 
 
 -""Y""* ^ againft the French monarch. On this occafion Louis was 
 9< charged with having ambitioufly invaded the territories of 
 the emperor, and denounced war againft the allies of Eng 
 land, in violation of the treaties confirmed under the gua 
 rantee of the Englifh.crown ; with having encroached up 
 on the fiiliery of Newfoundland, invaded the Caribbee 
 illands, taken forcible pofTcffioti of New- York and Hud- 
 fbn s-bay, made depredations on the Englim at ien, pro 
 hibited the importation of Englifh manufactures, difputed 
 the right of the flag, perfecuted many Englifh fubjedts on 
 account of religion, contrary to exprefs treaties and the 
 luw of nations, and fent an armament to Ireland, in fup- 
 port of the rebels of that kingdom. 
 
 State of af- Having thus defcribed the pregrefs of the Revolution in 
 
 fUirsm England, we (hall now briefly explain the meafures that 
 were profecuted in Scotland, towards the eftablifhment of 
 William on the throne of that kingdom. The meeting of 
 the Scottifh convention was fixed for the 14-th day of 
 March ; ana both parties employed all their intereft to in 
 fluence the election of members. The dake of Hamilton, 
 and all the Prefbytemns, declared for William. The 
 duke of Gordon maintained the caftle of Edinburgh for his 
 old mafter : But, as he had neglected to lay in (lore of pro- 
 vifions, he depended entirely upon the citizens for fubfif- 
 tance. The partifans of James were headed by the earl of 
 Balcarras, and Graham, vifcount Dundee, who employed 
 their endeavours to prefcrvc union among the individuals 
 of their party ; to confirm the duke of Gordon, who began 
 to waver in his attachment to their fovereign ; and to ma 
 nage their intrigues in fuch a manner as to derive fome 
 ;uivantage to their caufe from ths tranfac~tions of the enfu- 
 ing feffion. When the lorfls and commons affembled at 
 Edinburgh, the bifhop of tint diocefe, who officiated as 
 chaplain to the convention, prayed for the reiloration of 
 King James. The firft difpute turned upon the choice o! 
 a prefidenr. The friends of the late king fet up the mar 
 quis of Athoi in oppofition to the duke of Hamilton; but 
 this Ir.ft was t-Iedtcd by a confidv-rable majority : and a 
 good number of the other party, finding their cauie the 
 weakeft, defcrted it from that moment. The earls of Lo 
 thian and Tweedale w,*re fent as deputies, to require the 
 duke of Gordon, iu the name of the eftates, to quit the 
 caftle in four and twenty hours, and leave the charge of it 
 to the Protcftant officer next in command. The duke, 
 laough in himfelf irrefokite, was animated by Dundee to 
 demand fuch conditions as the convention would not grant.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 33 
 
 The negotiation proving ineffectual, the ftates ordered the CHAP, 
 heralds, in all their formalities, to iiimmon him to fur- , , 
 
 render the caftle immediately, on pain of incurring the pe- *T^ 
 nalties of high treafon ; and he refufing to obey their man 
 date, was proclaimed a traitor. All perfons were forbid, 
 under the fame penalties, to aid, fuccour, or correfpond 
 with him ; and the caftle v/as blocked up by the troops of 
 the city. 
 
 Next day an exprefs arrived from London, with a letter Letters t 
 from Kins: William to the eftates ; and, at the fame time, theeft ^ c . es 
 
 i r T (-11 /"i T> rrom King 
 
 another from James was preiented by one Crane, an r,ng- William 
 lifh domeftic of the abdicated queen. William obferved, and kin* 
 that he had called a meeting of their eftates, at the defire J amdS> 
 of the nobility and gentry of Scotland alFembled at Lon 
 don, who requeued that he would take upon hirnfelf the 
 adminiftration of their affairs. He exhorted them to con 
 cert meafures for fettling the peace of the kingdom upon a 
 folicl foundation ; and to lay afide animofities and factions, 
 which ferved only to impede that falutary fettl nent. He 
 profeffed hirnfelf fenflble of the good effects that would 
 arife from an union of the two kingdoms ; and allured 
 them he would ufe his beft endeavours to promote fuch a 
 coalition. A committee being appointed to draw up a re- 
 fpeclful anfwer to thefe afTurances, a debate enfued about 
 the letter from the late King James. This they refolved 
 to favour with a reading, after the members fhould have 
 fubfcribed an at, declaring, that notwithstanding any 
 thing that might be contained in the letter for difiblving 
 the convention, or impeding their procedure, they were a 
 free and lawful meeting of the eftates ; and would conti 
 nue undiflolved, until they fhould have fettled and fecured 
 the Proteftant religion, the government, laws, and liber 
 ties of the kingdom. Having taken this precaution, they 
 proceeded to examine the letter of their late fovereign, 
 who conjured them to fupport bis intereft as ntithful fub- 
 je6b, and eternize their names by a loyalty fuitable to their 
 former profeffions. He faid he would not fail to give them 
 fuch fpeedy and powerful affiftance as would enable them 
 to defend themfelves from any foreign attempt ; and even 
 to afiert his right againft thofe enemies who had dcprefled 
 it by the bhckcft ufurpations and unnatural attempts, 
 v/hich the Almighty God would not allow to p?.fs unpu- 
 nifhed. He offered pardon to all thofe who ihould return 
 to their duty before the laft day of the month ; and threat 
 ened to punifh rigoroufly fuch as fhould ftand out in re 
 bellion againft him and his authority. 
 
 This addrefs produced very little erTel in favour of the William s 
 unfortunate exile, whofe friends were greatly outnumbered aut honty 
 
 VOL. L E
 
 34 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 
 BOOK. i n this aflembly. His meflengcr was ordered into cuftody 
 I. and afterwards difmifled with a pafs inftead of an anfwer. 
 
 ****{***> James, forefeeing this contempt, had, by an instrument, 
 1689. dated in Ireland, authorifed the archbifhop of Glafgow, 
 the earl of Balcarras, and the Vifcount Dundee, to call a 
 convention of the eftates at Stirling. Thefe three de 
 pended on the intereft of the marquis of Athol and the earl 
 of Mar, who profefL-d the warmeft affection for the late 
 king ; and they hop?d a fecefiion of their friends would 
 embarrafs the convention, fo as to retard the fetdement of 
 King William. Their expectations, however, were difap- 
 pointed. Athol deferted their caufe ; and Mar fufFered 
 himfelf to be intercepted in his retreat. The reft of their 
 party were, by the vigilance of the duke of Hamilton, 
 prevented from leaving the convention, except the Vif 
 count Dundee, who retreated to the mountains with about 
 fifty horfe, and was purfued by order of the eftates. This 
 dcngn being fruftrated, the convention approved and re- 
 cognifed, by a folemn act, the conduct of the nobility and 
 gentlemen who had intreated the king of England to take 
 upon him the adminiftration. They acknowledged their 
 obligation to the prince of Orange, who had prevented the 
 deftruction of their laws, religion, and fundamental confti- 
 tution: They befought his Highnefs to affume the reins 
 of government for that kingdom : They iffued a proclama 
 tion, requiring all perfons, from fixteen to fixty, to be 
 in readinefs to take arms when called upon for that pur- 
 pofs: They conferred the command of their horfe-militia 
 upon Sir Patrick Hume, who was formerly attainted for 
 having been concerned in Argyle s infurrection : They le 
 vied eight hundred men for a guard to the city of Edin 
 burgh, and conftituted the earl of Leven their command 
 er: They put the militia all over the kingdom into the 
 hands of thofe on whom they could rely : They created the 
 earl of Mar governor of Stirling caftle : They received a 
 re-enforcement of five regiments from England, under the 
 command of Mackay, whom they appointed their gener 
 al ; and they Iffued orders for fecuring all difaffected per 
 fons. Then they difpatched Lord Rofs, with an anfwer to 
 King William s letter, profefling their gratitude to their 
 deliverer, and congratulating him upon his fuccefs. They 
 thanked him for afiuming the adminiftration of their af 
 fairs, and affembling a convention of their eftates. They 
 declared they would take effectual and fpeedy meafures for 
 fecuring the Proteftant religion, as well as for eftablifhing 
 the government, laws, and liberties of the kingdom. 
 They allured him they would, as much as lay in their
 
 WILLIAM AND MAR\ . 35 
 
 power, avoid difputes and animofities ; and defired the c H A P. 
 continuance of his majcfty s care and protection. 
 
 After the departure of Lord Rok, thjy appointed a 
 committee, confirming of eight lords, eight knights, and 
 as many burgefles, to prepare the plan of a new fettle- 
 ment: But this resolution was not taken without a vigor 
 ous oppohticn from fome remaining adherents of the late 
 king, headed by the archbifhop of Glafgow, all the other 
 prelates, except he of Edinburgh, having already deferted 
 the convention. After warm debates, the committee a- 
 greed in the following vote : " The cftates of the kingdom 
 " of Scotland find and declare, That King James VIL 
 " being a profcfled Papift, did aflame the royal power, 
 " and acl as a king, without ever taking the oath requir- 
 41 edbylav/; and had, by the advice of evil and wicked 
 " councilors, invaded the fundamental constitution of this 
 " kingdom, and altered it from a legal and limited mo- 
 " narchy to an arbitrary defpotic power, and had govern- 
 " ed the fame to the fubveriion of the Proteftant religion, 
 " and violation of the laws and liberties of the nation, in- 
 u verting all the ends of government; whereby he had 
 44 forfauhed the right of the crown, and the throne was 
 " become vacant." When this vote was reported, the 
 bifhop of Edinburgh argued ftrenuoufly againft it, as con- 
 taining a charge ot which the kins; was innocent; and h? 
 ptopofod that his majcfly iliould be invited to return to his 
 Scottifh dominions. All his arguments were defeated or 
 over-ruled, and the houfe confirmed the vote, which was 
 immediate^ enacied into a lav/ by a great majority. The 
 lord president declared the throne vacant, and propofed 
 that it irightbe fill id with William and Mary, king and 
 queen of England. The cominittee was ordered to pre 
 pare an ar. for fettling the crown upon their maj Arties, to 
 gether with an inflrument of government for fecuring 
 the fubje&s from the grievances under which they la 
 boured. 
 
 On the i ith day of April, this act, with the conditions 
 of inheritance, and the inftrument, were reported, con- 
 lidered, unanimoufly approved, and folemnly proclaimed 
 at the market-crofs of Edinburgh in the prefence of the 
 lord prefident, aflifted by the lord provoft and magiftracy 
 of the city, the duke of Queenft^rry, the marquifles ot 
 Athol and Douglas, together with a great number of the 
 nobility and gentry. At the fame time they publifhed 
 another proclamation, forbidding all perfons to acknow 
 ledge, obey, aflift, or correfpond with the late King 
 James; or, by word, writing, or fermon, to xlifpute or 
 ilifown, the royal authority of King William and Queen
 
 36 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK. Mary ; or to mifconftrue the proceedings of the eftates 
 or create jealoufies or mifapprehenfions with regard to the 
 tranfa&ions of the government on pain of incurring the 
 moft fevere penalties. Then, having fettled the corona 
 tion-oath, they granted a commhTion to the earl of Argyle 
 for the lord?, to Sir James Montgomery for the knights, 
 and to Sir John Dalrymple for the boroughs, empowering 
 them to repair to London, and inveft their majefties with, 
 the government. This affair being difcufied, the conven 
 tion appointed a committee to take care of the public peace, 
 and adjourned to the 2ift day of May. On the nth day 
 of that month, the Scottifh commiffioners being introduc 
 ed to their majesties at Whitehall, prefented firft a prepa 
 ratory letter from the eftates, then the inftrument of go 
 vernment, with a paper containing a recital of the griev 
 ances of the nation; and an addrefs, defiringhis majefty to 
 convert the convention into a parliament. The king hav 
 ing gracioufly promifed to concur with them in all juft 
 meafures for the intereft of the kingdom, the coronation- 
 oath was tendered to their rj,ajefties by the earl of Argyle. 
 As it contained a claufe, importing, that they faould root 
 out herefy, the king declared, that he did not mean by 
 thefe words, that he fliould be under an obligation to a6t 
 as a perfccutor : The commiffioners replying, that fuch 
 was not the meaning or import of the oath, he deiired 
 them, and others prefent, to bear witnefs to the exception 
 he had made. 
 
 jntcreft of In the mean time, Lord Dundee exerted hiinfelf, with 
 Kmg James uricornmon activity j n behalf of his mailer. ffc had been 
 
 I ipportsd > . 
 
 by Lord lummoneu by a trumpet to return to the convention, but 
 Dundee. refufed to obey the citation, on pretence that the Whigs 
 had made an attempt upon his life ; and that the delibera 
 tions of the eftates were influenced by the neighbourhood 
 of Englifh troops under the command of Mackay. He 
 was forthwith declared a fugitive, outlaw, and rebel. He 
 was rancoroufly hated by the Prefbyterians, on whom he 
 had exercifed fome cruelties, as an officer under the form 
 er government: And for this reafon the ftates refolved to 
 inflict upon him exemplary punifhment. Parties were de 
 tached in purfu it of him and Balcarras. The latter L-ll 
 into their hands, and was committed to a common prifon ; 
 but Dundee fought his way through the troops that fur- 
 rounded him, and efcaped to the Highlands, where he de 
 termined to take arms in favour of James, though that 
 prince had forbid him to make any attempt of this nature, 
 until he fhould receive a re-enforcement from Ireland. 
 While this officer was employed in aflembling the clans of 
 bis party, king William appointed the duke of Hamilton
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 37 
 
 comniiifioner to the convention-parliament. The poft of c H A p. 
 fecretary for Scotland was beftowed upon Lord Melvil, a 
 weak and fervile nobleman, who had taken refuge in Hoi- ^- "y*- 
 land from the violences of the late reigns: But the king l6S 9- 
 depended chiefly for advice upon Dalrymple Lord Stair, 
 prefident of the college of juftice, an old crafty fanatic, 
 who for fifty years had complied in all things with all go 
 vernments. Though thefe were rigid Prefbytei ians, the 
 king, to humour the oppofite party, admitted forre indi 
 viduals of the epifcopai nobility to the council-board ; and 
 this intermixture, inftead of allaying anirroiities, ferved 
 only to fovv the feeds of difcord and confufion. The Scot- 
 tifh convention, in their detail of grievances, enumerated 
 the lords of the articles ; the act of parliament in the reign 
 of Charles II. by which the king s fupremacy was raifcd 
 fo high that he could prelcribe any mode of religion ac 
 cord: ig to his pleafure ; and the fuperiority of any office 
 in the church above that of Prefbyters. The kinc;, in his 
 inftructions to the Lord Commiffioner, confented to a re 
 gulation of the lords of the articles, though he would not 
 allow the inftitution to be abrogated ; he was contented 
 that the act relating to the king s fupremacy fhould be re- 
 fci tided, and that the church-government (hould be c?fta- 
 bliihed in fuch a manner as would be moft agreeable to the 
 inclinations of the people. 
 
 On the i yth day of June, Duke Harnilton opened the violent dif- 
 Scottifh parliament, after the convention had afiumed this corii * nts " 
 name, in confequence of an act palled by his majefty s c i- p jr ia m ent . 
 rection ; but the members in general were extremely 
 chagrined when they found the commiffioners fo much re 
 ft ricted in the affair of the lords of the articles, which they 
 considered as their chief grievance*. The king permitted 
 that the eftaf.es fhould choofe the lords by their own fuf- 
 fr; .ges; and that they fhould be at liberty to reconfider any 
 fucjcct which the faid lords might reject. He afterwards 
 indulged the three eftates v/ith the choice of eleven dele 
 gates each, for this committee, to be elected monthly, 
 or oftner, if they fhould think fit: But even thefe con- 
 ceffions proved unfatisfactory, while the inftitution itfelf 
 remained. Their difcontents were not even appeafed by 
 
 * The lord of the articles, by the gradual ufurpation of the crov/n a&ually 
 conitituted a grievance intolerable in a free nation. The fcing empowered the 
 commifiioner to choofe eight bifhop:, whom he authorifsd to nominate eight 
 noblemen : Thefe together chofe eight barons, and eight burgefles ; and this 
 whole number, in conjunction with the officers of ftate as fupernumsraries, 
 conflicted the lords of the articles. This committee pofleffcd the fole exclu- 
 five right and liberty of bringing in motions, making- overtur^ for redrefTmg 
 wronj?, aR d propofing means and expedients for the relief, fafsty, ?.nd -bene 
 fit nt the fubj;"s Frcfefdiaps of the Scttl fprHtmtgtit I inaicaied.
 
 38 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, the pailing of an aft, abolishing Prelacy. Indeed, tkcir 
 rcfentment was inflamed by anothsr confideration ; name- 
 ly, that of the king s having given feats in the council to 
 fome individuals attached to the hierarchy. They manifefled 
 their fentiments on this fubjectby bringing in a bill, ex 
 cluding from any public truft, place, or employment under 
 their majefties, all fuch as had been concerned in the en 
 croachments of the late reign, or had difcovered dif.-.ffec- 
 tion to th? late happy change, or in any way retarded or ob- 
 ftrufted the defigns of the convention. This meafure was 
 profecuted with great warmth ; and the bill paiTed through 
 all the forms of the houfe, but proved ineffectual, for want 
 of the royal affent. 
 
 Nor were they lefs obftinate in the affair of the judges, 
 whom the king had ventured to appoint by virtue of his 
 own prerogative. The malcontents brought in a bill de 
 claring the bench vacant, as it was at the reftoration ; af- 
 fcrting their own right to examine and approve thofe who 
 fhould be appointed co fill it; providing th?.t if in time to 
 come any fuch total vacancy ihould occur, the nomination 
 fhould be in the king or queen, or regent for the time be 
 ing, and the parliament retain the right of approbation ; 
 and that all the claufes in the feveral afts relating to the 
 admiflion of the ordinary lords of feffion, and th.,ir qualifi 
 cations for that office, fhould be ratified and confirmed 
 for perpetual obfcrvation. Such was the intereft of this 
 party, that the bill was carried by a great majority, not- 
 withftanding the oppofition of the minifters, who refolved 
 to maintain the king s nomination, even in defiance of a 
 parliamentary refoluUon. The majority, exafperated at 
 this open violation of their privileges, forbad the judges 
 whom the king had appointed, to open their commiffions 
 or hold a feflion, until his majefty s further pleafure fhould 
 be known: On the other hand, they werecompelled to adU 
 by the menaces of the privy-council. The difpute was 
 carried on with great acrimony on both fides, and produc 
 ed fuch a ferment, that before the feflion opened, the mini- 
 ftry thought proper to draw a great number offerees into 
 the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, to fupport the judges in 
 the exercif:* of their functions. 
 
 The lord commifHoner, alarmed at this fcene of tumult 
 and confufion, adjourned the houfe till the 8th day of Oc 
 tober ; a ftep which, added to the other unpopular mea- 
 ftircs of the court, incenfcd the oppofition to a violent de 
 gree. They drew up a remonftrance to the king, com 
 plaining of this adjournment while the nation was yet un- 
 fettled, recapitulating the feveral inftances in which they 
 had exprcffed their zeal and affe&ion. for his majeftyj ex-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 39 
 
 plaining their reafons for difTenting from the miniflry in C H A P. 
 fome articles ; befeeching him to confider what they had 
 reprefented, to give his royal afient to the acts of parlia- ^~y**~* 
 ment which they had prepared, and take meafures for re- l6S ->- 
 drefling all the other entrances of the nation. This addrefs 
 was prefented to the king at Hampton-court. William 
 was fo touched with the reproaches it implied, ?.s if he had 
 not fulfilled the conditions on which he accepted the crown 
 of Scotland, that he, in his own vindication, published his 
 inftructions to the commiiTioncr ; and by thc-fe it appeared, 
 that the duke might have proceeded to greater lengths in 
 obliging his countrymen. Before the adjournment, how 
 ever, the parliament had granted the revenue for life; and 
 raifed money for maintaining a body of forces, as v/ell as 
 for fuppor ting the incidental expence of the government 
 for fome months : Yet part of the troops in that kingdom 
 were fupplied and fubfirted by the adminiftration of Eng 
 land. In conf.quenceof thefe difputes in the Scottifh par 
 liament, their church was left without any fettled form of 
 government; for, though the hierarchy was aboli fried, the 
 Prefbyterkn difcipline was not yet eftablifhed, and eccle- 
 fiaftical affairs were occafionally regulated by the privy- 
 council, deriving its authority from that very act of fupre- 
 inacy which according to the claim of rights, ought to have 
 been repealed. 
 
 The feffion was no fooner adjourned than Sir John La- Edinburgh 
 nier converted the blockade of lidinburgh Cattle into a re- Caftle 
 gular fiege, which was profecuted with fuch vigour, that K ace 
 in a little time the fortifications were ruined, and the 
 works advanced to the foot of the walls, in which the be- 
 fiegers had made feveral large breaches. The duke of 
 Gordon, finding his amunition expended, his defences de- 
 ftroyed, his intelligence entirely cut off, and difpairing of 
 relief from the adherents of his mafter, defired to capitulate, 
 and obtained very favourable terms for his garrifon ; but he 
 would not ftipulate any conditions for himfelf, declaring, 
 that he had fo much refpec"t for all the princes defcended 
 from King James VI. that he woud not affront any of 
 them fo far as to infift upon terms for his own particular : 
 He, therefore, on the I3ch day of June, furrendered the 
 caftle and himfelf at difcretion. All the hopes of James 
 and his party were now centered in the Vifcount Dundee, 
 who had afTembied a body of Highlanders, and refolved to 
 attack Mackay on an aflurance he had received bymefiage, 
 that the regiment of Scottifti dragoons would defert that of 
 ficer, and join him in the action. Mackay, having receiv 
 ed intimation of this defign, decamped immediately, and by 
 1-ang marches retired before Dundee, until he was re-en-
 
 40 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK forced by Ramfay s dragoons, and another regiment of En- 
 glim infantry: Then he faced about, and Dundee in his turn 
 
 ^""V^ retreated into Lochabar. Lord Murray, fon of th: marquis 
 l6S 9- of Athol, aflembled his vaffils to the number of twelve 
 hundred men for the fervice of the regency; but he was be 
 trayed by one of his own dependants, who fcized the cafMa 
 of Bbir for Dundee, and prevailed upon the Athol men to 
 difperfe rather than fight againft James their lawful fove- 
 reign. 
 
 The vifcount by this time was reduced to gn*at difficulty 
 and diftrei s. His men had not for many weeks tatted 
 bread or fait, or any drink but water : Inilead of five hun 
 dred infantry, three hundred horfe, wit i a fupply of arms,. 
 ammunition, and provifion, which James had promifed to 
 fend from Ireland, he received a re-enforcement of three 
 hundred naked recruits; but the tranfporcs with the ftores 
 fell into the hands of the Enflifh. Though this was a 
 
 O 
 
 mortifying difappointment h~ bore it without repining ; and, 
 far from abandoning himfelf to difpair, began his march to 
 the caftle of Blair, which was threatened with a iiege by 
 General Mackay. When he reached this fortrefs, he re 
 ceived intelligence that the enemy had entered the pafs of 
 Battle of Killycrankie, and he refolved to give them battle without 
 Killicran- delay. He accordingly advanced againft them, and a furi 
 ous engagement enfued, though it was not of long duration. 
 The Highlanders having received and returned the fire of 
 the Englifh, fell in among them fword in hand with fuch 
 impetuoiity, that the foot were utterly routed in feven mi 
 nutes. The dragoons fled at the firft charge in the utmoft 
 confternation : Dundee s horfc, not exceeding one hundred, 
 broke through Mackay s own regiment : The Earl of 
 Dumbarton, at the head of a few volenteers made hirnfelf 
 mailer of the artillery ; twelve hundred of Mackay s forces 
 were killed on the fpot, five hundred taken prifoners;, and 
 the reft fled with great precipitation for fome hours, until 
 they were rallied by their general, who was an officer of 
 approved courage, conduct, and experience. Nothing 
 could be more complete or decifive than the victory which 
 die Highlanders obtained ; yet it was dearly purchafed" 
 Dundee with the death of their beloved chieftain the Vifcount Dun- 
 killed." dee, who fell by a random-fbot in the engagement, and his 
 fate produced fuch confufion in his army as prevented all 
 purfuit. He pofibfied an interprifing fpirit, undaunted cou- 
 rag;;, inviolable fidelity, and was peculiarly qualified to 
 command the people who fought under his banner. He 
 was the life and foul of that caufe which he cfpoufed, and 
 after his death it daily declined into ruin and difgrace. He 
 was fucceeded by Colonel Cannon, who landed the re-erw
 
 WILLIAM AND MARV. 41 
 
 forcement from Ireland; but all his defignsmifcarried: Sothat CHAP. 
 the clans, wearied with repeated misfortunes, laid down J - 
 their arms by degrees, and took the benefit of a pardon, ^-**V"*^ 
 which King William offered to thofe who (hould fubmit :68 9- 
 within the time fpecified in his proclamation. 
 
 After this (ketch of Scottifh affairs, it will be neceflary to Kir >g ^ 
 take a retrofpeclive view of Tames, and relate the particu- J 31 "! 25 s re ~ 
 
 .... r .. . TII M-i r ception and 
 
 lars or his expeditions to Ireland. 1 hat unfortunate prince behavkmr 
 and his queen were received with the moft cordial hofpita- in Francs, 
 lity by the French monarch, who afiigned the caftle of St. 
 Germain for th; pi ace of thsir refidence, fupported their 
 houfehold with great magnificence, enriched them with 
 prefents, and undertook tore-eftabliftithem on the throne of 
 England. James, however, conducted himfelf in fuch a 
 manner as conveyed no favourable idea of his fpirit and un- 
 derftanding. He feems to have been emafculated by religi 
 on: He was defcrted by that courage and magnanimity 
 for which his youth had been diftinguifhed. He did not 
 difcover great fenfibility at the lofs of his kingdom. All 
 his faculties were fvvallowed up in bigotry. Inftead of con 
 triving plans for retrieving his crown, he held conferences 
 with the Jefuits on topics of religion. The pity which 
 his misfortunes excited in Louis was mingled with con 
 tempt. The Pope fupplied hicn with indulgences, while 
 the Romans laughed at him in pafquinades ; " There is a 
 pious man (faid the archbifhop of Rheims, ironically) who 
 " has facrificed three crowns for a mafs." In a word he fub- 
 jedled himfelf to the ridicule and raillery of the French na 
 tion. 
 
 All the hopes of reafcending the Britim throne depended 
 upon his friends in Scotland and Ireland. Tyrconnel, who 
 commanded in this laft kingdom, was confirmed in his at 
 tachment to James, by the perfuafions of Hamilton, who 
 had undertaken for his fubmiflion to the prince of Orange. 
 Neverthelefs, he difguifed his fentiments, and temporifed 
 with William, until James fhould be able to fupply him 
 with re-enforcements from France, which he earnestly fo- 
 licited by private mefTages. In the mean time, with a view 
 to cajole the Proteftants of Ireland, and amufe King Wil 
 liam with hope of his fubmiffion, he perfuaded the Lord 
 Mountjoy, in whom the Proteftants chiefly confided, and 
 Baron Rice, to go in perfon with a commiflion to James, 
 reprefenting the neceffity of yielding to the times, and of 
 waiting; a fitter opportunity to make ufe of his Iriili fubje&s. 
 Mountjoy, on his arrival at Paris, inflcad of being favoured 
 with an audience by James, to explain the reafons which 
 Tyrconnel had fuggefled touching the inability of Ireland 
 to reftore hismajefty, was committed prifonerto the Baffile, 
 
 VOL. I. F
 
 42 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 P O o K on account of the 7,eal with which he had efpoufed the Fro- 
 teftant intereft. Although Louis was fincerely difpofed to 
 affift James effectually, his intentions were obftructed 
 by the difputes of hisminiftry. Louvois poiTeffed the chief 
 credit in council; but, Seignelai enjoyed a greater fhare of 
 perfonal favour, both with the king and Madame de Main- 
 tenon, the favourite concubine. To this nobleman, as fc- 
 rretary for marine affairs, James made his chief application ; 
 and he had promifed the command of the troops deftined 
 for his fervice to Laufon whom Louvois hated. For thefe 
 reafons this minifter thwarted his meafures, and retarded 
 the afliftance which Louis had promifed towards his refto- 
 ration. 
 
 Fxpedl-ion Yet, notwithftanuing all his oppofition, the fuccours 
 p* James were prepared, and the fleet readv to put to fea by the 
 
 into Ireland: , i /- T- i -T-, T- 11- < j t 
 
 latter end of r ebruary. I he r rench king is laid to have 
 .offered an army of fifteen thousand natives of France to 
 /erve in this expedition: But James replied, that he would 
 fucceed by the help of his own fubje&S, or perifn in the 
 attempt. Accordingly, he contented himleif with about 
 twelve hundred Britiffi fubjels*, and a good number of 
 French officer?, who were embarked in the fleet at Brett, 
 conf.fling of fourteen fhips of the line, feven frigates, three 
 firefnipe, with a good number of tranfports. The French 
 king alfo fupplied him with a confiderable quantity of arm? 
 for the ufe of his adherents in Ireland: accommodated him 
 with a large fum of money, fuperb equipages, ftore of 
 plate, and neceflaries of all kinds for the camp and the 
 houfehold. At parting, he prefented him with his own cui- 
 rafs, and embracing him affectionately, " The lieft thing I 
 ran wifh you (faid he) is, that I may never fee you again." 
 On the yth day of March James embarked at Breft, toge 
 ther with the Count D Avaux, who accompanied him in 
 quality of ambaffador, and his principal officers. He was 
 detained in the harbour by contrary winds till the I7th day 
 of the month, when he fet fail, and on the 22(1 landed r^c 
 Kinfale in Ireland. By this tune King William, per- 
 
 * Jincs In t!;i$ expedition was attended by t ,? cuke of Berwick, and l.y 
 M, brother, Mr. f itzjames grand prior, the duke of Powis, the earls of Dover, 
 Mclfoit, Abercorn, and Seaforth ; the Lords Henry and Thomas Howard, the 
 Lords DrummonH, Punean, Trendraught, Buckan, Hundldon, and Brittas ; 
 the hifhops of Chefter and Calway, the late Lord-Chief- Juftice Hcthert j 
 the Marquis D Eftradcs, Mr. de Roicne, marefchal de rnmp ; Mamoe, Pu- 
 f.gnan, and Lori lieutenint-generah ; Prontec engineer-general; the marquis 
 (i AlhcviJ] .-, Sir John Sparrow, Sir Roger Strickland. Sir William Jennings, 
 ^ir Kcnry 1-ond, Sir Charles Carney, Sir Edward Vuuilrey, Sir Chailcs Mur- 
 r;jy, Sir Robert Pavker, t>\r Alplionfo Maiolo, Sii Samuel Foxon, and Sir 
 "Vvjiliam Wallis; by the colonels Porter, Sarsfield, Anthony and John Ha- 
 r-il:on, Simon and Henry Luttrel, Ramfay. Dorrington, Sutherland, Cliftord, 
 Parker, Parcel, Cannon, and Fielding, with about twj-and-twenty otht t o; 
 ficers of" inferior rark.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 43 
 
 ceiving himfelf amufed by Tyrconnel, had published a de- CHAP, 
 
 claration, requiring the trifh to lay down their arms, and 
 
 (ubmit to the new government. \**~y~^J 
 
 On the 22d day of February, thirty (hips /if war had I&2 *- 
 been put in commiilion, and the command of them con 
 ferred upon Admiral Herbert; but the armament waa re 
 tarded in fuch a manner by the difputes of the council, and 
 the king s attention to the affairs of the continent, that the 
 Admiral was not in a condition to fail till the beginning 
 of April, and then with part of his fleet only. Jamc_ j s was 
 received with open arms at Kinfale, and the whole coun 
 try feemed to be at his devotion ; for, although the Proteft- 
 ants in the North had declared for the new government, 
 their ftrength and number was deemed inconnderable when, 
 compared with the power of Tyrconnel. This miaifter 
 haddifarmed all the other Proteftant fubjcfts in one day, 
 and aflernbled an army of thirty thoufand foot, and eight 
 thouiand cavalry, for the fervice of his maite.r. 
 
 In the latter end of March, James made his public entry Arrives h 
 into Dublin, avnidft the acclamations of the inhabitants. D^ii-... 
 H- was met at the caftle-gate by a proceffion of Popifii 
 bifhops and priefts in their pontificals, bearing the hoft, 
 which he publicly adored. He difmified from the council- 
 board the Lord Granard, Judge Keating, and other Pro- 
 tcftants, who had exhorted the lord-lieutenant to an ac 
 commodation with the new government. In their room 
 he admitted the French ambaflador, the bifhop of Chefter, 
 Colonel Dorrington, and, by degrees, the principal no 
 blemen who accompanied him in the expedition. On the 
 2d day after his arrival in Dublin, he iflued five proclama 
 tions : The firft recalled all the fubjects of Ireland 
 who abandoned the kingdom, by a certain time-, on pain 
 of outlawry and confifcation, and requiring all perlons to 
 join againft the Prince of Orange. The fecond contained 
 expreffions of acknowledgment to his Catholic fubje&s for 
 their vigilance and fidelity, and an injunction to fuch as 
 were not actually in his fervice, to retain and lay up their 
 arms until it fhould be found neceffary to ufe them for his 
 advantage. By the third he invited ths fubjets to fupply 
 his army with provifions ; and prohibited the foldiers to 
 take any thing without payment. By the fourth he raifed 
 the value of the current coin ; and in the fifth he fummori- 
 ed a parliament to meet on the yth day of May at Dublin. 
 Kindly, he created Tyrconnel a duke in coniideration of 
 his eminent fervices. 
 
 Th~ aiiherants of James in England prefied him to fettle 
 the affairs of Ireland immediately, and bring over his army 
 cither to the north of England or to the weft of Scotland,
 
 44 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, where it might be joined by his party, and acl: without delay 
 L againfr. the ufurper ; but his council difluaded him from 
 complying with their folicitations, until Ireland fliould be 
 totally reduced to obedience. On the firft alarm of an in 
 tended maflacre, the proteftants of Londonderry had fhut 
 their gates againft the regiment commanded by the earl of 
 Antrim, and refolved to defend themfelves againftthe lord- 
 lieutenant. They tranfmitted this refolution to the govern 
 ment of England, together with an account of the danger 
 they incurred by fuch a vigorous meafure, and implored 
 immediate affiftance. They were accordingly fupplied with 
 f.ime arms and ammunition, but did not receive any confider- 
 able re-enforcement till the middle of April, when two re- 
 girre.its arrived inLoughfoyl, under the command of Cun 
 ningham and Richards. By this time, King James had 
 taken Colerainc, invefted Killmore, and was almoft in fight 
 of Londonderry. George Walker, rector of Donagmore, 
 who had raifed a regiment for the defence of the Proteftants 
 conveyed this intelligence to Lundy the governor. This 
 officer dire&ed him to join Colonel Crafton, and take poft 
 at the L.ong-caufey, which he maintained a whole night a- 
 gainft the advanced guard of the enemy, until being over 
 powered by numbers, he retreated to Londonderry, and ex 
 horted the governor to take the field, as the army of King 
 James was not yet completely formed. Lundy afTem- 
 bling a council of war, at which Cunningham and Richards 
 affifted, they agreed, that as the place was not tenable, it 
 would be imprudent to land the two regiments; and that 
 the princij al officers fhould withdraw themfelves from Lon 
 donderry, the inhabitants of which would obtain the more fa 
 vourable capitulation in confequence of their retreat. An offi 
 cer was immediately difpatched to King James, with propo- 
 fals of a negociation ; and lieutenant-general Hamilton agreed 
 that the army fhould halt at the diftance of four miles from 
 <:he town. Notwithstanding the preliminary James advan 
 ced at the head of his troops ; but met with fuch a warm re 
 ception from the befieged, that he was fain to retire to Sr. 
 John s Town in fome diforder. The inhabitants and fol 
 ders in garrifon at Londonderry were fo incenfed at the 
 members of the council of war who had refolved to abandon 
 -the place, that they threatened immediate vengeance. Cun 
 ningham and Richards retired to their fhips, and Lundy 
 locked himfelf into his chamber. In vain did Walker and 
 Major Baker exhort him t<^ maintain his government. Such 
 was his cowardice or treachery, that he abfolutely refufed to 
 be concerned in the defence of the place, and he was fuffer- 
 ed to efcape in difguife, with a load of match upon his back; 
 but he v/as afterwards apprehended in Scotland, from
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 45 
 
 whence he was fent to London to anfwer for his perfidy or C H A P. 
 m ifcondu6t. 
 
 After his retreat, the townfmen chofe Mr. Walker and 
 Major Baker for their governors, with joint authority ; this 
 office they would not undertake, until it had been offered to 
 Colonel Cunningham, as the officer next in command to 
 Lundy. He rejected the propofal, and with Richards re 
 turned to England, where they where immediately cafhier- 
 ed. The two new governors, thus abandoned to their fate, 
 began to prepare for a vigorous defence : Indeed, their cou 
 rage feems to have tranfcended the bounds of difcretion, for 
 the place was very ill fortified : Their cannon, which did not 
 exceed twenty pieces, were wretchedly mounted : They had 
 not one engineer to direct their operations : They had a very 
 fmall number of horfe : The garrifon confirmed of people un 
 acquainted with military difcipline : They were deftitute of 
 provifions: They were befieged by a king in perfon, at the 
 head of a formidable army, directed by good officers, and 
 fupplied with all the neceffury implements for a fiege or 
 battle. This town was inverted on the 2Oth day of April : 
 The batteries were foon opened, and feveral attacks were 
 made with great impetuofity ; but the befiegers were always 
 repulfed with confiderablelofs. The townfmen gained divers 
 advantages in repeated fallies, and would have held their 
 enemies in the utmofr. contempt, had not they been afflicted 
 with a contagious diftemper, as well as reduced to extre 
 mity by want of provifion. They were even tantalized in 
 their diftrefs ; for they had the mortification to fee fome 
 fhips which had arrived with fupplies from England pre 
 vented from failing up the river by the batteries the enemy 
 had raifed on both fides, and a boom with which they had 
 blocked up the channel. At length, a re-enforcement ar 
 rived in the Lough, under the command of General Kirke, 
 who had defcrted his mailer, and been employed in the fer- 
 vice of King William. He found means to convey intelli 
 gence to Walker, that he had troops and provifion on board 
 for their relief, but found it impracticable to fail up the ri 
 ver : He promifed, however, that he would land a body of 
 forces at the Inch, and endeavour to make a diverfion in 
 their favour, when joined by the troops at Innifkillin, which 
 amounted to five thoufand men, including two thoufand ca 
 valry. He faid he expected fix thoufand men from Eng 
 land, where they were embarked before he fet fail. He ex 
 horted them to perfevere in their courage and loyalty, and 
 aftured them he would come to their relief at all hazards. 
 Thefe affurances enabled them to bear their miferies a little 
 longer, though their numbers daily diminifhed. Major 
 Baker dying, his place was filled with Colonel Michel- 
 burn, who now a^ed as colleague to Mr. Walker.
 
 46 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK King Janes having returned to Dublin, to be prefent at 
 
 the parliament, the command of his army devolved to the 
 
 """Y"* 1 French General Rofene, who was exafperated at fuch rn 
 
 *? obftinate oppolition by a handful of half-ftarved militia. He 
 
 threatened to raze the town to its foundations, and dcfrroy 
 
 the inhabitants, without diftinclion of age orfex, unlefsthey 
 
 would immediately fub r it themfelves to their lawful fovo- 
 
 reign. The governors treated his menaces with contempt, 
 
 and publiflied an order, that no perfon, on pain of death 
 
 fhould talk of furrendering. They had now confumed the 
 
 laft remains of their provillon, and fupported life by eating 
 
 the flefh of horfes, dogs, cat?, rats, mice, tallow, ftarch, and 
 
 Extrsmrdi- ialted hides and even this loathfome food began to fail. Ro- 
 
 ftrefc of f e ne, finding them baf to 2 il his propofals, threatened to 
 
 trie inha- ,,. u L r> n e i 
 
 bitants, and wrea - ms vengeance on ail the rroteitants or that country, 
 barbarity of and drive them under the walls of Londonderry, where they 
 the French f nO uld be fuftered to perilli by famine. The bifhop of 
 Meath, being informed of this defign, complained to King 
 James of the barbarous intention, entreating his majefty 
 to prevent its being put into execution. That prince allured 
 him that he had already ordered Rofene to defift from fuch 
 proceedings. Neverthelefs, the Frenchman executed his 
 threats with the utmoft rigour. Parties of dragoons were 
 detached on this cruel fervice : After having ftripped all the 
 Proteftants for thirty miles round, they drove thefe unhappy 
 people before them like cattle, without even fparing the en 
 feebled old men, nurfes with infants at their breafts, tender 
 children, woman juft delivered, and fome even in the pangs 
 of labour. Above four thoufand of thefe miferable objects 
 v/ere driven under the walls of Londonderry. This expe 
 dient, far from anfwe ring the purpofe of Rofene, produced 
 a quite contrary effect. The befieged were fo exafperated 
 at this acl: of inhumanity, that they refolved to perifh ra 
 ther than fubinit to fuch a barbarian. They creeled a gib 
 bet in fight of the enemy, and fent a meflage to the French 
 general, importing, That they would hang all the prifoners 
 they had taken during the fiege, unlefsthe Proteftants whom 
 they had driven under the walls fnould be immediately dif- 
 miflcd. This threat produced a negociation, in confe- 
 quence of which the pi oteftants were releafed, after they 
 had been detained three days without tailing food. Some 
 hundreds died of famine or fatigue j and thofe who lived to 
 return to their own habitations found them plundered 
 and facked by the Papifts, fo that the greater number pe- 
 rilhed for want, or were murdered by the ftraggling parties 
 of the enemy : Yet thefe very people had for the moft part 
 obtained protections from King James to which no refpecl 
 was paid by his general.
 
 WILLIAM AMD MARY. 47 
 
 The garrifon of Londonderry was now reduced from fc- CHAP. 
 ven to five thoufand feven hundred men, and thefe were 
 driven to fuch extremity of diftrefs, that they began to 
 talk of killing the Popifh inhabitants, and feeding on their 
 bodies. In this emergency, Kirke, who had hitherto lain 
 inactive, ordered two fhips laden with provifion to fail up 
 the river, under convoy of the Dartmouth frigate. One 
 ofthefc, called the Mount] oy, broke the enemy s boom; 
 and all the three, after having fuftained a very hot fire from 
 both fides of the river, arrived in fafetyat the town, to the 
 inexpreffible joy of the inhabitants. The army of James The f ieg r 
 were fo difpirited by the fuccefs of this enterprise, that 
 they abandoned the ege in the night, and retired with 
 precipitation, after having; loft about nine thoufand men 
 before the place. Kirke no fooner took pofleflion of the 
 town, than Walker was prevailed upon to embark for Eng 
 land, with an addrefs of thanks from the inhabitants to 
 their majefties for the fsafonable relief they had re 
 ceived. 
 
 The Innifkilliners were no lefs remarkable than the 
 people of Londonderry for the valour and perfeverance 
 with which they oppofed the Papifts. They raifed twelve 
 companies, which they regimented under the command of 
 GuftaVus Hamilton, whom they chofe for their governor. 
 They proclaimed William and Mary on the iithday of 
 March ; and refolved in a general council to maintain 
 their title againft all oppoiition. The lord Gilmoy in- 
 refted the caftle of Crom belonging to the Proteftants in 
 the neighbourhood of Innifldllin, the inhabitants of which 
 threw fuccours into the place, and compelled Gilmoy to 
 retire to Eelturbet. A detachment of the garrifon, com 
 manded by Lieutenant-Colonel Lloyd, took and demolifh- 
 ed the caftle of Aughor, and they gained the advantage in 
 feveral fkirmifhes with the enemy. On the day that pre 
 ceded the relief of Londonderry, they defeated fix thou 
 fand Irifh Papifts at a place called Newton-Butler, and 
 took their commander Maccarty, commonly called Lord 
 Moncafhel. 
 
 The Irilh parliament being nfifembled at Dublin, ac 
 cording to the proclamation of King James, he in a fpeech 
 from the throne, thanked them for the zeal, courage, and 
 loyalty they had manifdtbd; extolled the generofity of the 
 French king, who had enabled him to vifit them in per- 
 fon; infifted upon executing his defign of eftabliiliing li 
 berty of confcicnce as a flep equally agreeable to the dic 
 tates of humanity and difcretion, and promifed to concur 
 with them in enacting fuch laws as would contribute to 
 the peace, affluence-, and fecurity of his fubjec~b. Sir
 
 48 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 
 BOOK. Richard Neagle, being chofen fpeakerofthc commons, 
 I. moved for an addrefs of thanks to his majefty, and that the 
 
 t--~y-> Count D Avaux fhould be defired to make their acknow- 
 1689. ledgments to the moft Chriftian King, for the generous 
 afliftance he had given to their fovereign. Thefe addrefles 
 being drawn up, with the concurrence of both houfes, a 
 bill was brought in to recognize the king s title, to ex- 
 prefs their abhorrence of the ufurpation by the prince of 
 Orange, as well as of the defection of the Englifh. Next day 
 James publifhed a declaration, complaining of the calum 
 nies which his enemies had fpread to his prejudice; expa 
 tiating upon his own impartiality in preferring his Pro- 
 teftant fubje&s; his care in protecting them from their 
 enemies, in redreiling their grievances, and in granting 
 liberty of confcience ; promifing that he would take no 
 ftep but with the approbation of parliament; offering a 
 free pardon to all perfons who fhould defert his enemies, 
 and join him in four-and-twenty days after his landing in 
 Ireland, and charging all the blood that might be fhed up 
 on thofe who fhould continue in rebellion. 
 
 Severity of His conduct, however, very ill agreed with this decla- 
 
 James to ration ; nor can it be excufed on any other fuppofition, 
 
 Sl?!^?. but that of his being governed in fome cafes, againft his 
 Ptoteftants. ,. . . fa p , ~ i i T n 
 
 own inclination, by the Count D Avaux, and the Irifh 
 
 Catholics, on whom his whole dependence was placed. 
 As both houfes were chiefly filled with members of that 
 perfuafion, we ought not to wonder at their bringing in a 
 bill for repealing the act of fettlement, by which the Pro- 
 teftants of the kingdom had been fecured in the pofleftion 
 of their eftates. Thefe were by this law diverted of their 
 Jands, which reverted to the heirs of thofe Catholics to 
 whom they belonged before the rebellion. This iniquit 
 ous bill was framed in fuch a manner, that no regard was 
 paid to fuch Proteftant owners as had purchafed eftates for 
 valuable confiderations : No allowance was made for im 
 provements, nor any provifion for proteftant widows : 
 The pofleflbr and tendants were not even allowed to re 
 move their ftock and corn. When the bill was fent up to 
 the lords, Dr. Dopping, bifhop of Meath, oppofed it 
 with equal courage and ability : and an addrefs in behalf 
 of the purchafers under the at of fettlement was prefent- 
 ed to the king by the earl of Granard: But notwithftand- 
 ing thefe remonft ranees, it received the royal affent ; and 
 the Proteftants of Ireland were moftly ruined. 
 
 Yet, in order to complete their deftru&ion, an acl: of 
 attainder was pafled againft all Proteftants, whether male 
 or female, whether of high or low degree, who were ab- 
 fent from the kingdom, as well as againft all thofe who
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 49 
 
 retired into any part of the three kingdoms, which did not c n A P. 
 own the authority of King James, or conefpond with re 
 bels, or were anyways aiding, abetting, or afiliting to ^^"v^*^ 
 them from the ift day of Auguft in the preceding y?ar. l6j ^- 
 The number of Proteftants attainted by name in this aift 
 amounted to about three thoufand, including two archbi- 
 fhops, one duke, feventeen earls, feVen countefies, as ma 
 ny bifhops, eighteen barons, three-and-thirty baronets, 
 one-and-fifty knights, eighty-three clergymen, who were 
 declared traitors, and adjudged to fuffer the pains of death 
 and forfeiture. The individuals fubjected to this dreadful 
 profcription Were even cut oft" from all hope of pardon, and 
 all benefit of appeal: For, by a claufe in the adt, the king s 
 pardon was deemed nullj unUfs enrolled before the rfl; 
 day of December. A fubfequent law v/aS enafbed, de 
 claring Ireland independent of the Englifh parliament. 
 This afiembly pafTed another act, granting twenty thou- 
 fand pounds per annum, out of the forfeited eilates, to 
 Tyrconnel, in acknowledgment of his fignal fervices : 
 They impofed a tax of twenty thoufand pounds per month 
 for the fervice of the king : The royal ailent was given to 
 an aft for liberty of confcience: They enacted that the 
 tithes payable by Papifls fhould be delivered to priefts of 
 that communion The maintenance of the Proteftant cler 
 gy in cities and corporations was taken away; and all dif-^ 
 inters were exempted from ecclefiaftical jurifdiftions. So 
 that the eftabli{ht.d church was deprived of all power and 
 prerogative; notwithstanding the exprefs promife of 
 James, who had declared immediately after his landirig, 
 that he would maintain the clergy in their rights and pri 
 vileges. 
 
 Nor was the king lefs arbitrary in the executive part of He coins 
 his government, if we fuppofe that he countenanced the fjlfe rr OIU 7 
 
 n r rr i j M j and opprel- 
 
 gnevous acts or oppreihon that were daily committed upon ,-. s t hcpeo- 
 the Proteftantfubjocls of Ireland : But the tyranny of his pie- 
 proceedings may be juftjy imputed to the temper of his 
 miniftry, confifting of men abandoned to all fenfc of juf- 
 tice and humanity, who adicd from the dictates of rapacity 
 r.nd revenge, inflamed v/ith all the acrimony of religious 
 rancour. Soldiers were permitted to live upon free quar-* 
 ter : The people were robbed and plundered : Licenfes and 
 protections were p.bufed, in order to extort money from 
 the trading part of the nation : The king s old ftores were 
 ranfacked: The fhops of tradefmen, and the kitchens of 
 burghers, were pillaged to fupply the mint with a quantity 
 of brafs, which was converted into current coin for his 
 majefty s occafions : An arbitrary value was fet upon ir, 
 and *11 perfons were required and commanded to take it 
 VOL. I. G
 
 50 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK in payment under the fevereft penalties, though the pro 
 portion between its intrinfic worth and currency was near- 
 
 ^"Y^" ly as one to three hundred. A vaft fum of this counter- 
 1685. Jeit coin was ifiued in the courfe of one year, and force -.4 
 upon the Proteftants in payment of merchandife, provifion, 
 and necefTaries for the hint s -fervice. James, not con 
 tent with the fupply granted by parliament, impofed by his 
 own authority a tax of twenty thoufand pounds per month 
 on chattel?, as the former was laid upon lands. This feems 
 to have been a temporary expedient during the adjourn 
 ment of the two houfes, as the term of the aflefTment was 
 limited to three months: It was, however, levied by vir 
 tue of a commiffion under the feals ; and feems to have 
 been a ftretch of prerogative, the lefs excufable, as he might 
 have obtained the money in a parliamentary way. Un- 
 derftanding that the Proteftants had laid out all their braft 
 money, in purchafing great quantities of hides, tallow, wool, 
 and corn, he afTumed the defpotic power of fixing the 
 prices of thefe commodities, and then bought them for 
 his own ufe. One may fee that his minifters were bent 
 upon the utter deftruclion of thofe unhappy people. 
 
 All vacancies in public fchools were fupplied with Pa- 
 pirn teachers. The penfton allowed from the exchequer 
 to the univerfity of Dublin was cut off: The vice-provoft, 
 fellows, and fcholars were expelled : Their furniture, 
 plate, and public library, were leized without the leaft 
 fhadow of pretence, and in direct: violation of a promife 
 the king had made to preferve their privileges and immu 
 nities. His officers converted the college into a garrifon, 
 the chapel into a magazine, and the apartments into pri- 
 fons : A Popifti prieft was appointed provoft : One Mac- 
 carty of the fame perfuafion was made library-keeper ; and 
 the whole foundation was changed into a Catholic fcrni- 
 nary. When bifhoprics and benefices in the gift of the 
 crown became vacant, the kin!. 1 ; ordered the profits to be 
 lodged in the exchequer, and fuftt-red the cures to be to 
 tally neglected. The revenues were chiefly employed in 
 the maintenance of Rormlh bifhops and priefts, who 
 grew fo infolent under this indulgence, that in feveral 
 places they forcibly feized the Proteftant churches. When 
 complaint was made of this outrage, the king promifed 
 to do jitftice to the injured; and in-fome places actually or 
 dered the churches to be reilored : But the Popifn clergy 
 refuted to comply with this order, alledging, that in fpi- 
 rituals they owed obedience to no earthly power but the 
 holy fee ; and James found himfclf unable to pretext his 
 Proteftant fubjecls againft a powerful body which he durfl 
 nor difoblige. Sornt* fhips appearing in the bay of Dublin,
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 51 
 
 a proclamation was ifiuecl, forbidding the Protfeftants to c H A i>. 
 affemble in any place of worfhip, or cllewhere, on pain of 
 death. Byafecond, they were commanded to bring in 
 their arms, on pain of being treated as rebels and traitors. 
 Luttrel, governor of Dublin, publifticd an ordinance by 
 beat of drum, requiring the farmers to bring in their corn 
 for his majefty s horfes within a certain day, otherwife he 
 would order them to be hanged before their own door?. 
 Brigadier Sarsfk-ld commanded all Proteftants of a cer 
 tain diftridt to retire to the diftance often miles from their. 
 habitations, on pain of death ; and, in order to keep up 
 the credit of the brafs money, the fame penalty was de 
 nounced, in a proclamation, againft any perfon who 
 iliould give more than one pound eighteen fhillings for a 
 guinea. 
 
 All the revenues of Ireland, and all the fchcmcs con 
 trived to bolfter up the credit of this bafe coin, would 
 have proved infufficient to fupport the expences of the 
 war, had not James" received occafional fupplies from the 
 French monarch. After the return of the fleet which 
 had conveyed him to Ireland, Louis fent another ftrong 
 fquadron, commanded by Chateau Renault, as a convoy 
 to fome tranfports laden v/ith arms, ammunition, and a 
 large fum of money for the ufe of King James. Before 
 they failed from Breft, King William, being informed of 
 their deftination, detached Admiral Herbert from Spit- 
 head, with twelve {hips of the line, one firefliip, and four 
 tenders, in order to intercept the enemy. He was dri 
 ven *by ftrefs of weather into Milford-Haven, from 
 whence he ftecred his courfe to Kinfale, on the fuppofi- 
 tion that the French fleet had failed from Breft ; and thr.t 
 in all probability he fhould fall in with them on the coaft 
 of Ireland. On the ift dav of Mav, he difcovered them 
 
 i r i J i n * i 
 
 at anchor in oantrey-bay, and itoou in to engage them, :w i x : the 
 though they were greatly fuperior to him in number. French and 
 They no fooner perceived him at day-break, than they ^" - h 
 weighed, ftood out to windward, formed their line, bore 
 (flown, and began the a6l ion, which was maintained for 
 two hours with equal valour on both fides, though the 
 Englifh fleet faftained confiderable damage from the fu 
 perior fire of the enemy. Herbert tacked feveral times, 
 in hope of gaining the weather-gage : But the French 
 Admiral kept his wind with uncommon fkill and perfe- 
 verance. At length the Englifh fquadron ftood off to 
 fca, and maintained a running fight till five in the after 
 noon, when Chateau Renault tacked about, and re 
 turned into the bay, content with the honour he had 
 gained. The lo& of men was inconfidcrable on both 
 
 merit
 
 52 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK d?s ; and, where the odds was fo great, the victor could 
 ( L not leap much glory. Herbert retired to the Ifles of 
 ""V^ Sctily, where he expelled a re-enforcement : But bein;; 
 01> J clifappointed in this expectation, he returned to Portf- 
 inouth, in veiy ill humour, with which his officers and 
 men were infected. The common failors ilill retained 
 feme attachment to James, who had formerly been a fa 
 vourite among them ; and the officers complained that 
 JUreftw they had been lent upon this frrviee with a force fo much 
 K;i L ;. inferior to that of the enemy. King William, in order to 
 fc< ..k.M-ves. appcafe their difcontent, made an excurfion to Portfmouth, 
 et f e ^ where he dined with the Admiral on board the fhip Eli- 
 Voltaire, fepeth, declared his intention of creating him an earl, in 
 confederation of his good conduct and fervices, conferred 
 the honour of knighthood on the Captains Afhby and 
 Shovel, and bellowed a donation of ten (hillings on every 
 private failor. 
 
 cverui at- The parliament of England thought it incumbent upon 
 tenders rt- them, not only to raife fuppiies for the maintenance of the 
 jhc L I ritlih war ^ n which the nation was involved, but alfo to do juf- 
 aiiidii.eiu. tice with refpect to thofe who had been injured by illegal 
 . or opprcflive fentences in the late reigns. The attainders 
 of Lord Ruffe], Algernon Sidney, Alderman Cornifh, 
 and Lady L fle, were now reverfed. A committee of pri 
 vileges was appointed by the lords, to examine the cafe of 
 the Karl of Devonshire, who in the late reign had been fin 
 ed in thirty thoufand pounds, for aflaulting Colonel Cul- 
 pepper in the prcfence-chamber. They reported that the 
 Court of King s-bench, in over-ruling the earl s plea of 
 privilege of parliament, had committed a manifeil breach 
 of privilege: That the fine was exceflive and exorbitant, 
 againft/the great charter, the common right of the fubject^ 
 and the law of the realm. The fentence pronounced upon 
 Samuel Johnfon, chaplain to Lord Ruffel, in confequence 
 of which he had been degraded, fined, fcourged, and fet in 
 the pillory, was now annulled, and the commons recom 
 mended him to his majefry for fome ecclefiaftical prefer 
 ment. He received one thoufand pounds in money, with 
 a penfion of three hundred pounds for his own life and 
 that of his fon, who was moreover gratified with a place 
 of one hundred pounds a.year : But the father never ob 
 tained any ecclefiaftical benefice. Titus Oates fcized 
 this opportunity of petitioning the houfe of lords for a 
 reverfal of the judgment given againft him on his being 
 convicted of perjury. The opinions of a]l the judges and 
 counfel at the bar were heard on this fubject, and a bill of 
 reverfal paffed the commons : But the peers having in- 
 fome amendments and a provifo, a conference
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 53 
 
 
 
 demanded, and violent heats enfued. Gates, however, CHAP. 
 was releaitd from confinement ; and the lords, with the , . 
 
 content of the commons, recommended him to his majefty 
 for a pardon, which he obtained, together with a comfort 
 able penfion. The committee appointed to enquire into 
 the caks of the ftate-prifoners, found Sir Robert Wright, 
 late lord chief juftice, to have been concerned in the cru 
 elties committed in the Weft, after the infurre&ion of 
 Monmouth ; as alfo one of the ecclefiaftical commiflioners, 
 and guilty of manifold enormities. Death had by this 
 time delivered Jeffries from the refrntment of the nation. 
 Graham and Burton had afled as folicitors in the illegal 
 profecutions carried on againft thofe who oppofed the 
 court in the reign of Charles II. Thefe were now reported 
 guilty of having been inftrtrrnental in taking away the 
 lives and eftates of thofe who had fuffered the lofs of either, 
 under colour of law for eight years laft part; of having, 
 by malicious indictments, informations, and profecutions 
 of quo warrants, endeavoured the fubverfion of the Pro- 
 teft.int religion, and the government of the realm ; and 
 wafted many thoufand pounds of the public revenue in the 
 courfe of their infamous practices. 
 
 Nor did the mifcondu6l of the prefent miniftry efcape 
 the animadverfion of the parliament. The lords having 
 addreffed the king to put the Ifle of Wight, Jerfey, 
 Guernfey, Scilly, Dover-caftle, and the other fortrefles of 
 the kingdom, in a pofture of defence, and to difarm the 
 Papifts, empowered a committee to enquire into the mif- 
 carriages in Ireland, which were generally imputed to the 
 neglect of the marquiffes of Caermarthen and Hallifax. 
 They prefented an addrefs to the king, defiring the minute 
 book of the committee for Irifh affairs might be put into 
 their hands : But his majefty declined gratifying them in 
 this particular : Then the commons voted, that thofe per- 
 fons who had advifed the king to delay this fatisfah on 
 were enemies to the kingdom. William, alarmed at this 
 refolution, allowed them to infpe& the book, in which 
 they found very little for their purpofc. The houfe re- 
 folved that an addrefs fhould be prefented to his majefty, 
 declaring that the fuccour of Ireland had been retarded by 
 unneccflary delays ; that the tranfports prepared were not 
 fufficient to convey the forces to that kingdom ; and that 
 feveral fhips had been taken by the enemy, for want of 
 proper convoy. At the fame time the queftion was put, 
 whether or not they fhould addrefs the king againft the 
 marquis of Hallifax; But it was carried in the negative 
 by a fmall majority. Before this period, Howe, vice- 
 chamberlain to the queen, had moved for an addrefs againfl
 
 54- HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK fuch cour.fellors as had been impeached in parliament, and 
 betrayed the liberties of the nation. This motion was 
 
 ^"Y~ x ~^ levelled at Caermarthen and Hallifax, the firft of whom 
 5 had been formerly impeached of high treafon, under the 
 title of earl of Dauby; and the otlur was charged with 
 all the mifconducl of the prefent adminiftration. Warm 
 debates enfued, and in all probability the motion would 
 have been carried in the affirmative, had not thofe who 
 fpoke warmly in behalf of it fuddenly cooled in the courfe 
 of thr- difpute. Some letters from King James to his 
 partifans being intercepted, and containing feme hints of 
 an intended- invafion, Mr. Hambden, chairman of the com 
 mittee of the whole houfe, enlarged upon the imminent 
 danger to -which the kingdom was expofed, and moved 
 for a further fuppl/ to his majefty. In this unexpected 
 motion, he was not feconded by one member. The 
 houfe, however, having taken the letters into consideration, 
 refolvcd to draw up an addrefs to the king, dv firing him 
 to fecure and difarm all Papifts of note j and they brought 
 in a bill for attainting fever al perfons in rebellion a-. 
 ainft their majefties ; but it was not finished cluring-this 
 leffion. 
 
 , Another bill being prepared in the houfe of lords, en 
 joining che fubje<Sb to wear the woollen manufacture at 
 certain feafons of th.. ye::.r, a petition was prefciited againfr. 
 it by the filk- weavers of London and Canterbury, alTi:m- 
 bled in a tumultous manner at Weftminfter. The lords 
 refufed their petition, becaufe this was an uriufual manner 
 of application. They were perfuaded to return to their 
 refpe&ive places of abode : Precautions were taken 
 againff. a fecond riot ; and the bill was unanimoufly re 
 jected in the upper houfe. This parliament paflVd an a6t, 
 veiling in the two univcrrfities the prefentations belonging 
 to Papifts : Thofe of the fouthern counties being given to 
 Oxfoid ; and thofe of the northern to Cambridge, on cer 
 tain fpecified conditions. Courts of confcience were 
 creeled at Briftol, Gloucefter, and Ncwcaftle; and that 
 of the Marches of Wales was abolifhcd, as an intolerable 
 opprelSon. The ProttOant clergymen, who had been 
 forced to leave their benifkes in Ireland, were rendered 
 capable of holding any living in England, without for 
 feiting their title to their former preferment, with the 
 proviib that they fhould refign their Englifh benefices 
 wh n reftorcd to thofe they had been obliged to relinquish. 
 TL^e ftatute of Henry IV. againft multiplying gold and 
 filver was now repealed: The fubjecls weVe allowed to 
 melt and refine metals and ores, and extract gold and fil 
 ver from them, on condition that it fhoi.ld bs brought to
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 55 
 
 the mint, and converted into money, the owners receiving C H A ?. 
 its full value in current coin. Thefe, and fcveral other 
 bills of fmaller importance being parTed, the tv/o houfes 
 adjourned to the 20th day of September, and afterwards 
 to the iQth day of October. 
 
 Though the affairs of Ireland were extremely preifing, Duke of 
 and the Proteftants of that country had made repeated ap- Scho:-.bers 
 plication for relief, the fuccours were retarded either by ***** wi ^ 
 the difputes among the minifters, or the negledt of thoi o irchmL 
 who had the management of the expedition, in fuch a man 
 ner, that King James had been fix months in Ireland be 
 fore the army was embarked for that kingdom. At length, 
 eighteen regiments of infantry, and five of dragoons being 
 raifed for that fervice, a trnin of artillery provided, and 
 tranfports prepared, the Duke of Schomberg, on whom. 
 King William had conferred the chief command of this 
 armament, fet out for Chefter, after he had in ; erfon 
 thanked the commons for the uncommon regard th.y had 
 paid to his fervices, and received afiurances from the houfe, 
 that they would pay particular attention to him a .\1 his 
 army. On the 1 3th day of Auguft he landed in the neigh 
 bourhood of Carrickfergus with about ten thoufand foot 
 and dragoons, and took pofll-ffion of Belful, from whence 
 the enemy retired at his approach to Carrickfergus, where 
 they refolved to make a ftand. The duke having refrefli- 
 ed his men, marched thither and inverted the place: The 
 fiege was carried on till the 26th day of the month, .when 
 the breaches being practicable, the beiieged capitulated, 
 on condition of marching out with their arms, and as 
 much baggage as they could carry on their backs j and of 
 their being conducted to the next Iriih garrifon, which 
 was at Newry. During this fiege the duke was joined 
 by the reft of his army from England. But, he had left 
 orders for conveying the greater part of the artillery and 
 (tores from Chefter directly to Carlingford. He now be 
 gan his march through Lifburne and Hillfborough, and 
 encamped at Drummore, where the Proteftants of the 
 North, had been lately routed by Hamilton : Thence he 
 proceeded to Loughbrillane, where he was joined by 
 the horfe and dragoons of innifkillin. Then the enemy 
 abandoned Newry and Dundalk, in the neighbourhood of 
 which Schomberg encamped on a low, damp ground, 
 having the town and river on the fouth, and fur- 
 rounded on every other part by hillc, bogs, and moun 
 tain?. 
 
 His army, confided chiefly of new-raifed men little inur 
 ed to hardihip, began to flag under the fatigue of i-arch- 
 itfg, the inclemency of the weather, and fca-rcity of provifi-
 
 $6 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK on. Here he was re-enforced by the regiments of Kirke? 
 Hanmer, and Stuart; and would have continued his march 
 to Drogheda, where he underftood Rofene lay with about 
 twenty thoufand men, had he not been obliged to wait for 
 the artillery which was not yet arrived at Carlingford. 
 King James, having afTembled all his force?, advanced to 
 wards Schomberg, and appeared before his intrenchmerits 
 in order of battle : But the duke, knowing they were 
 greatly fuperior in number of horfe, and that his own army 
 was undifciplined, and weakened by de^.th anil ficknefs, re- 
 itrained his men within the lines, and in a little time the 
 enemy retreated. Immediately after their departure, a con- 
 fpiracy was difcovered in the Englifh camp, hatched by 
 feme French Papifts, who had infinuatedthemfelves into the 
 Proteftant regiments. One of thefe, whofe name was Du- 
 Pleflis, had written a letter to the ambaflador D Avaux, 
 promiiing to defert, with all the Papifts of the three French 
 regiments in Schombcrg s army. This letter being found, 
 Du Pleflis and rive accomplices were tried by a court mar 
 tial, and executed. About two hundred and fifty Papifts 
 being difcovered in the French regiments, they were font 
 over to England, and from thence to Holland. While 
 Schomberg remained in this fituation, the Innifkilliners 
 made excurfions in the neighbourhood, under the command 
 of Colonel Lloyd; and on the 2yth day of September they 
 obtained a complete victory over five times their number 
 of the Irifh. They killed feven hundred on the fpot, and 
 took O Kelley their commander, with about fifty officers, 
 and a confidcrable booty of cattle. The duke was fo pleafcd 
 with their behaviour on this occafion, that they received a 
 very honourable tcftimony of his approbation. 
 
 Meanwhile, the enemy took pofleffion of James -Town, 
 and reduced Sligo, one of the forts of which was gallantly 
 defended by St Sauvcr,, a French captain, and his company 
 of grenadiers, until he was obliged to capitulate, tor want of 
 water and provifion. A contageous diftc-mper ftill conti 
 nued to rage in Schomberg s camp, and fwept off a great 
 number of officers and foldiers ; fo that in the beginning of 
 next fpring, not above half the number of thofe who went 
 over with the general remained alive. Fie was cenfured 
 for his inactivity, and the king, in repeated letters, defired 
 him to hazard an engagement, provided an opportunity 
 ihould occur ; but he did not think proper to run the rifque 
 of a battle, agair.ft an enemy that was above thrice his 
 number, well-diicipliaed, healthy, and conducted by able 
 officer?. Neverthelefs^ he was c ct^inly blameable for hav 
 ing chofc-n fuch an u:ro/Jioi _lb;Tic fituation. At the ap 
 proach or winter he retire! into qiurturr., in hopes of bcir.; ; .
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 57 
 
 re-enforced with feven thoufand Danes, who had already CHAP. 
 arrived in Britain. Thefe auxiliaries were ftipulated in a 
 treaty which William had juft concluded with the king of ^y** 
 Denmark. The Englifh were not more fuccefsful at fea IoS 9 
 than they had proved in their operations by land. Admi 
 ral Herbert, now created earl of Torrington, having failed 
 to Ireland with the combined fquadrons of England and 
 Holland, made a fruitlefs attempt upon Cork, and loft a 
 great number of feamen by ficknefs, which was imputed to 
 bad provifion. The Dartmouth fliip of war fell into the 
 hands of the enemy, who infefted the Channel with fuch a 
 number of armed ihips and privateers, that the trade of 
 England fuftained incredible damage. 
 
 The affairs of France wore but a gloomy afpecl: on the 
 continent, where all the powers of Europe feemed to have 
 confpired her deftruction. King William had engaged in 
 
 a new league with the States-general, in v/hich former trea 
 ties oi peace and commerce were confirmed. It was ftipuhted, 
 that, in cafe the King of Great Britain (liould be attacked, 
 the Dutch fhould afftft him v/ith fix thoufand infantry and 
 twenty (hips of the line; and that, provided hoftilities 
 fhould be committed againft the States-general, England 
 fhoulj fupply them with ten thoufand infantry and twenty 
 (hips of war. This treaty was no fooner ratified than King 
 William difpatched the Lord Churchill, whom he had by 
 this time created Earl of Marlborough, to Holland, in order 
 to command the Britifti auxiliaries in that fervice, to the 
 number of eleven thoufand, the greater part of which had 
 been in the army of King James when the Prince of Orange 
 landedjn England. The Earl forthwith joined the Dutch 
 army under the command of Prince Waldec, who had fixed 
 his rendzevous in the county of Liege, with a view to act 
 againft the French army, commanded by the Marefchal D 
 Humieres ; while the Prince of Vaudemont headed a little ar 
 my of obfervation, confiftingof Spaniards, Dutch, anciGer- 
 mans, to watch the motions of Calvo In another part of the 
 Low-Countries. The city of Liege was compelled to re 
 nounce the neutrality, and declare for the allies. Marefchal 
 D Humieres attacked the foragers belonging to the army 
 of the ftates at Walcourt, in the month of Auguft ; an ob- French de- 
 ftinate engagement enfu-ed, and the French were obliged to fe , ated at 
 retreat in confufion, with the lofs of two thoufand men, and 
 fome pieces of artillery. The army of obfervation levelled 
 part of the French lines on the fide of Courtray, and railed 
 contributions on the territories of the enemy. 
 
 The French were almoft entire mafters of the three ec- The Turks 
 clefiaftica-1 eledorates of Germany. They poflefled Mentz, f^fen ! 
 Triers, Bonne, Keiferf\v?.ert, Philipfburgh, and Landau, gagemer.ts. 
 
 VOL. I. H
 
 5 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK They had blown up the caftle of Heidelberg in the Palatr- 
 , nate, and deftroyed Manheim. They had reduced Worms 
 
 *"y** and Spires to afhes; and dernolifhed Frankendahl, together 
 with Several other fortreffes. Thefe conquefts, the fruits 
 of fudden invafion, were covered with a numerous army, 
 commanded by the Marefchal de Duras ; and all his inferior 
 generals were officers of diftinguifhed courage and ability. 
 Nevertheless, he found it difficult to maintain his ground a- 
 gainft the different princes of the empire. The duke of 
 Lorraine, who commanded the Imperial troops, invefted 
 Mentz, and took it by capitulation : The Elector of Bran- 
 denburgh, having reduced Keiferfwaert, undertook the fiege 
 of Bonne, which the garrifon furrendered, after having 
 made a long and vigorous defence. Nothing contributed 
 more to the union of the German princes than their refent- 
 ment of the fhocking barbarity with which the French had 
 plundered, wafted, and depopulated their country. Louis 
 having, by his intrigues in Poland, and at Conftantinople, 
 prevented a pacification between the Emperor and the Ot- 
 toman-porte, the; campaign was opened in Croatia, where 
 five thoufand Turks were defeated by a body of Croats be 
 tween Vihitz and Novi. The Prince of Baden, who com 
 manded the Imperialifts on that fide, having thrown a bridge 
 over the JVlorava at PafFarowitz, crofTed that river, and 
 marched in queft of the Turkifh army, amounting to fifty 
 thoufand men, headed by a Serafkier. On the 3Oth day of 
 Auguft he attacked the enemy in their entrenchments near 
 Patochin, forced their lines, routed them with great flaugh- 
 ter, and took poflaffion of their camp, baggage, and artillery. 
 They retreated to Nifia, where the general finding them 
 ftill more numerous than the Imperial ifts, refolved to make 
 a ftand ; and encamped in a fituation that was inacceflible 
 in every part except the rear, which he left open for the 
 convenience of a retreat. Through this avenue, he was, on 
 the 24th day of September attacked by the Prince of Baden, 
 who, after a dcfperate refiftance, obtained another complete 
 vitory, enriched his troops with the fpoils of the enemy, 
 and entered Nifla without oppofition. There he found a- 
 bove three thoufand horfes, and a vaft quantity of provifion. 
 Having repofed his army for a few days in this place, he 
 rcfumed his march againft the Turks, who had chofen an 
 advantageouspoftat Widin, and feemed ambitious of retriev 
 ing the honour they had loft in the two former engagements. 
 The Germans attacked their lines without hefitation ; and 
 though the MufTulmen fought with incredible fury, they 
 were a third time defeated with great (laughter. This de 
 feat was attended with the lofs of Widin, which being fur- 
 rendered to the victor, he diftributed his troops in winter- 
 quarters, and returned to Vienna, covered with laurels.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 59 
 
 The French were likewife baffled in their attempt upon CHAP. 
 Catalonia, where the Duke de Noailles had taken Campre- 
 don, in the month of May. Leaving a garrifon in this p ace, 
 he retreated to the frontie/s of France, while the Duke cle 1<J 9 
 Villa Hermofa, at the head of a Spanifh army, blocked up 
 the place, and laid Roufillon under contribution. He af 
 terwards undertook the fiege in form, and Noailles marched 
 to its relief : But he was fo hard preffed by the Spaniards, 
 that he withdrew thegarnfon, difmantled the place, and re 
 treated with great precipitation. The French Kin:-$ hoped 
 to derive fome confiderable advantage from the death of 
 Pope Innocent XI. which happened on the 1 2th day o f eathof 
 Auguft. That Pontiff had been an inveterate enemy to ^ntXi 
 Louis ever fmce the affair of the franchifes, and the feizure 
 of Avignon.* Cabals were immediately formed at Rome by 
 the French faction againft the Spanifn and Imperial intereft. 
 The French cardinals de Bouillon and Bonzi, accompanied 
 by Furftemberg, repaired to Rome with a large fum of mo 
 ney. Peter Ottoboni, a Venetian, was elected Pope, and af- 
 fumed the name of Alexander VIII. The Duke de Chaulnes, 
 ambafiador from France, immediately fignified, in the name 
 of his mailer, that Avignonihould be reftored to the patri 
 mony of the church ; and Louis renounced the franchifes, ina 
 letter written by his own hand to the new pontiff. Alexander 
 received thefe marks of refpet with the warmeft acknowledg 
 ments; but, when the ambafladorand Furftemberg befought 
 him to re-examine the election of the Bifhop of Cologn, 
 which had been the fource of fo much calamity to the empire, 
 he lent a deaf ear to their felicitations.. He even confirmed 
 the ditpenfations granted by his predeceflbr to the Prince of 
 Bavaria, who was thus empowered. to take poneffion 
 of the electorate, though he had not yet attained the age 
 required by the canons. Furftemberg retired in difguft 
 
 *Thc franchifes were privileges of afylum, annexed not onl to the houfet 
 of ambafTadors at Rome, but even to the whole dilVricl: in which any arnbafla- 
 dorchinced to live. This privilege was become a terrible nuifance, in as much 
 as it afforded protection to the moft atrocious criminals, who rilled the city 
 with rapine and murder. Innocent XI. refolving to remove this evil, publilh- 
 ed a bull, abolilhing the franchifes ; and almoft A\ the Catholic powers of Europe 
 acquiefced in what he had done, upon being duly informed of the grievance. 
 Louis XIV. however, from a fpiritof pride and infolence, refufed to patt with 
 any thing that looked like a prerogative of his crown. He faid the king of 
 France was not the imitator, but a pattern and example for other priiKeE. 
 He rejefted with difdain the mild reprefentations of the Pope.-: he fentthe marquis 
 <ie Lavarden as his ambafiauor to Rome, with a formidable train, to infult In 
 nocent even in his own city. That nobleman fwagg red through the ftreets 
 of Rome like a bravo, taking all opportunities to affront the Pope, who excom 
 municated him in revenge. On the other hand, the parliament of Paris ap 
 pealed from the Pope s bull to a future council. Louis caufed the Pope s nun 
 cio to be put under arreft, took poffeffion of Avignon which belonged to the 
 Ite of Rom*, and fet the holy father ac defiance.
 
 60 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK to Paris, where Louis immediately gratified him with the 
 
 Abbey of St. Germain s. 
 
 / King William found it an eafier tafk to unite the coun- 
 
 5 cils of Europe againft the common enemy, than to concili 
 ate and preferve the affections of his own fubjects, among 
 whom he began vifibly to decline in point of popularity. 
 Many were diffatisfied with his meafures ; and a great num 
 ber even of thofe who exerted themfelves for his elevation, 
 had conceived a difguft from his perfonal deportment, 
 which was very unfuitable to the manners and difpofition 
 of the Eno;lifh people. Inftead of mingling with his nobi 
 lity in facial amufements and familiar converfation, he 
 maintained a difagreeable referve, which had all the air of 
 fullen pride: He feldom or never fpoke to his courtiers or 
 attendants : He fpent his time chiefly in the clofet, retired 
 from all communication; or among his troops, in a camp he 
 had formed at Hounflow; or in the exercife of hunting, to 
 which he was immoderately addicted. This had been pre- 
 fcribed to him by phyficians, as necefTary to improve his 
 constitution, which was naturally weak, and by practice had 
 become fo habitual, that he could not lay it afide. His ill 
 health, co-operating with his natural averfion to fociety, 
 produced a peevifhnefs which could not fail of being dif- 
 pleafing to thofe who were nesr his perfon : This was en- 
 creafed by the difputes in his cabinet, and the oppofition of 
 thofe who were profefled enemies to his government, as 
 well as by the alienation of his former friends. As he 
 could not breathe without difficulty in the air of London, 
 he refided chiefly at Hampton-Court, and expended confi- 
 derable fums in beautifying and enlarging that palace. He 
 likewife purchafed the houfe at Kenfington of the Earl of 
 Nottingham ; and fuch profufion, in the beginning of an 
 expenlive war, gave umbrage to the nation in general. Whe 
 ther he was advifed by his counfellors, or his own fagacity 
 pointed out the expediency of conforming with the Englirfi 
 humour, he now feemed to change his difpofition, and in fome 
 meafure adopt the manners of his predeceflbrs. In imita 
 tion of Charles II. he reforted to the races at Newmarket : 
 He accepted an invitation tovifit Cambridge, where he be 
 haved with remarkable affability to the members of the uni- 
 verfity : He afterwards dined with the Lord mayor of Lon 
 don, accepted the freedom of the city, and condefcended fo 
 far as to become fovereign-mafter of the company of gro 
 cers. 
 
 While William thus endeavoured to remove the preju 
 dices which had been conceived againft his perfon, the pe 
 riod arrived which the parliament had prefcribed for taking 
 the oaths to the new government. Some individuals of the
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 61 
 
 clergy facrificed their benefices to their fcruples of confci- CHAP, 
 ence; and abfolutely refufedto take oaths that were contra 
 ry to thofe they had already fworn in favour of their late fo- ^"V*^ 
 vereign. Thefe were diftinguiflied by the epithet of Non- j68< - ; 
 jurors : But their number bore a very fmall proportion to 
 that of others, who took them with fuch refervations and di- 
 ftinctions as redounded very little to the honour of their in 
 tegrity. Many of thofe who had been the v/armefr advo 
 cates for non-refiftance and pafiive obedience, madenofcru- 
 ple of renouncing their allegiance to King James, and 
 complying with the prefent act, after having declared that 
 they took the oaths in no other fenfe than that of a peacea 
 ble fubmiflion to the powers that were. They even af 
 firmed that the legislature itfelf !nd allowed the diftinction 
 between a king de faffo and a king de jure^ as they had 
 dropped the word " rightful" when the form was under de 
 bate. They all edged that as prudence obliged them to conform 
 to the letter of the oath, fo confcience required them to give 
 ittheir own interpretation. Nothing could be more infamous, 
 and of worfe tendency, than this practice of equivocating 
 in the moft facred of all obligations. It introduced a general 
 difregard of oaths, which hath been the fource of univerfal 
 perjury and curruption. Though this fet of temporifers 
 were bitterly upbraided both by the Nonjurors and the Pa- 
 pifts, they all concurred in reprefenting William as an ene 
 my to the church; as a prince educated in the doctrines of 
 Calvin, which he plainly efpoufed, by limiting his favour 
 and preferment to fuch as were latitudinnrians in religion, 
 and by his aboliflaing Epifcopacy in Scotland. The Prci- 
 byterians of that kingdom now tyrannifed in their turn. 
 They were headed by the Earl of Crawford, a nobleman of 
 a violent temper and ftrong prejudice?. Ke was chofen 
 prefident of the parliament by the intereft of Melvil, and 
 opprefied the Epifcopalians in fuch a manner, that the grea 
 ter part of them, from refentment, became well-wifhers to 
 King James. Every circumftance of the hardihips they 
 underwent was reported in England ; and the Earl of Cla 
 rendon, as well as the fufpended bifhops, circulated thefc 
 particulars with great afnduity. The oaths being rejected 
 by the archbifhop of Canterbury, the bifhops of Ely, Ch:~ 
 chcfter, Bath and Wells, Peterborough, and Glcucefter, 
 they were fufpended from their functions, and threatened 
 with deprivation. Lake, of Chichefter, being fuized with 
 a dangerous diftemper, figned a folemn declaration, in which 
 he profefled his adherence to the doctrine of non-rafiftance 
 and paffive obedience, which he believed to be the diftin- 
 gui/Iiing characterise of the church of England. After 
 his death this paper was publifhed, ir/Jurioufiy circulated.
 
 62 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK and extolled by the party, as an infpired oracle, pronounced 
 by a martyr to religious truth and fincerity. 
 
 ^"Y""*^ All the clamour that was raifed againft the king could 
 l68 9- not divert him from profccuting the fcheme of comprehen- 
 fioa. He granted a com million under the great feal to ten 
 bilhops, and twenty dignitaries of the church, authorifmg 
 them to meet from time to time in the Jerufalem-chamber, 
 to prepare fuch alteration of the liturgy and the canons, and 
 fuch propofals for the reformation of ecclefiaftical courts as 
 mightmoft conduce to the good order, edification, and uniting 
 of the church, and tend to reconcile all religious differences 
 among the Proteftant fubje&s of the kingdom. A cry was 
 immediately raifed againft this commiffion, as an ecclefiafti 
 cal court illegal and dangerous. At their firft meeting, the 
 authority of the commiflion was queftioned by Sprat, bifhop 
 of Rochefter, who retired in difguft, and was followed by 
 Mew, of Winchefter, and the Doctors Jane and Aldrich. 
 Thefe were averfe to any alteration of the forms and con- 
 ftitution of the church, in favour of an infolent and obfti- 
 nate party, which ought to have been fatisfied with the to 
 leration they enjoyed. They obferved, that an attempt to 
 make fuch alteration would divide the clergy, and bring the 
 liturgy into difefteem with the people, as it would be a plain 
 acknowledgement that it wanted corre&ion. They thought 
 they fhouid violate the dignity of the church, by condefcen- 
 ding to make offers which theDiflenters were at liberty to 
 refufe; and they fufpecled fome of their colleagues of a de- 
 fign to give up Epifcopal ordination a ftep inconfiftent 
 with their honour, duty, oaths, and fubfcriptions. 
 
 The commiflioners, notwithftanding this feceflion, pro 
 ceeded to debate with moderation on the abufes of which 
 the Diffenters had complained, and corrected every article 
 that feemed liable to any juft objection; but the oppofite 
 party employed all their art and induftry to inflame the 
 minds of the people. The two univerfities declared againft 
 all alterations, and thofe who promoted them. The king him- 
 felf was branded as an enemy to the hierarchy ; and they 
 bcftirred themfelves fo fucccfsfully in the election of mem 
 bers for the convocation, that they procured a very confi- 
 derable majority. At their firft meeting, the friends of the 
 comprehenfion fcheme propofed Dr. Tillotfon, clerk of the 
 clofet to his majefty, as prolocutor j but the other party car 
 ried it in favour of Dr. Jane, who was counted the moft vi 
 olent churchman in the whole aflembly. In a Latin fpeech 
 to the bifhop of London as prefident, he, in the name of the 
 lower houfe, afferted, that the liturgy of England needed no 
 amendment, and concluded with the old declaration of the 
 barons, " Nolnmus leges Anglicc mutari. We will not fat-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 63 
 
 fer the laws of England to be changed." The bifhop, in his CHAP. 
 reply, exhorted them tomoderation, charity, and indulgence 
 towards thsir brethren the Diflenters, and to make fuch a- **V~* 
 batements in things indifferent as might ferve to open a 
 door of falvation to multitudes of ftraying Chriftians. His 
 injunctions, however, produced no favourable effect. The 
 lower houfe feemed to be animated by a fpirit of oppofition. 
 Next day the prefident prorogued them, on pretence that 
 the royal commiffion, by which they were to act, was defec 
 tive for want of beina; fealed, and that a prorogation was ne- 
 ceffary until that fanction fhould be obtained. In this in 
 terval means were ufed to mollify their non-com pliant tem 
 pers, but all endeavours proved ineffectual. When they 
 met again, the earl of Nottingham delivered the king s com 
 miflion to both houies, with a fpecch of his own, and a 
 meffage from his majefty, importing, that he had fummoned 
 them out of a pious zeal to do every thing that might tend 
 to the beft eftablifhment of the church of England, which 
 fhould always enjoy his favour and protection. He exhort 
 ed them to lay afide all prejudice, and confider calmly and 
 impartially whatever fhould be propofed : He aflured them 
 he would offer nothing but what fhould be for the honour, 
 peace, and advantage of the Proteftant religion in general, 
 and particularly of the church of England. 
 
 The bifhops, adjourning to the Jerufalem-chamber, pre 
 pared a zealous addrefs of thanks to his majefty, which, be 
 ing fent to the lower houfe for their concurrence, met with 
 violent oppofition. Amendments were propofed ; a con 
 ference enfued, and, after warm debates, they agreed upon 
 a cold addrefs, which was accordingly prefented. The 
 majority of the lower houfe, far from taking any mea- 
 fures in favour of Diflenters, converted all their attention 
 to the relief of their non]uring brethren. Zealous fpeech- 
 es were made in behalf of the fufpended bifhops ; and Dr. 
 Jane propofed that fomething might be done to qualify 
 them to fit in the convocation. This, however, was 
 fuch a dangerous point as they would not venture to dii- 
 cufs ; yet, rather than proceed upon the bufinefs for which 
 they had been aflembled, they began to take cognizance 
 of fome pamphlets lately publifhed, which they conceived 
 to be of dangerous confequence to the Chriftian religion. 
 The prefident and his party, perceiving the difpofition of 
 the houfe, did not think proper to communicate any pro- 
 pofal touching the intended reformation, and the king 
 fuffered the feflion to be difcontinued by repeated pro 
 rogations. 
 
 The parliament meeting on the igth day of October, ^ rfu e - 
 the king, in a fpeech f his own cornpofing, explained the Mediae*.
 
 &4 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK neceffity of a prcfent fupply to carry on the war. He de- 
 fired that they might be fpeedy in their determinations or 
 
 <"Y^- ) this fubjeft, for thefe would in a great meafure influence 
 1689. t h e deliberations of the princes and ftates concerned in the 
 war againft France, as a general meeting of them v/as ap 
 pointed to be held next month at the Hague, to fettle the 
 operations of the enfuing campaign. He concluded with 
 recommending the difpatch of a bill of indemnity, that the 
 minds of his fubjedls might be quieted, and that they might 
 unanimoufly concur in promoting the honour and welfare 
 of the kingdom. As fcveral inflammatory bills and dif- 
 putes, which had produced heats and animofities in the 
 laft feffion, were ftill depending, the king, after having 
 confuked both houfes, refolved to put an end to thofe dif- 
 putes by a prorogation. He accordingly went to the 
 houfe of lords, and prorogued the parliament till the 2ift 
 day of October, by the mouth of the new fpeaker, Sir 
 Robert Atkins, the marquis of Hallifax having refigned 
 that office. When they re-afiembled, t!ie king referred 
 them to his former fpeech : Then the commons unani 
 moufly refolved to affift his majefty in reducing Ireland, 
 and in joining with his allies abroad for a vigorous profc- 
 cution of the war againft France : For thefe purpofes they 
 voted a fupply of two millions. 
 
 During this feffion theWhigs employed all their influ 
 ence and intrigues in obftrufHng the bill of indemnity, 
 which they knew would open a door for favour and pre 
 ferment to the oppofite party, which began to gain ground 
 in the king s good graces. With this view they revived 
 the profecution of the ftate prifoners. A committee was 
 appointed to prepare a charge againft Burton and Graham. 
 The commons refolved to impeach the L;uls of Peterbo 
 rough, Salifbury, and Caftlcmain, Sir Edward Hales, and 
 Obadiah Walker, of high treafon, for having been recon 
 ciled to the church of Rome, contrary to the laws of the 
 realm. A bill was ordered to be brought in, to declare the 
 eftate of the late Lord Chancellor Jeffries forfeited to the 
 crown, and attaint his blood ; but it met with fuch oppofi- 
 tion that the meafure was dropped : The houfe however 
 agreed, that the pecuniary penalties incurred by thofe per- 
 fbns who had exercifcd offices contrary to the laws againft 
 Pop i ill reculants fliould be fpeedily levied, and applied to 
 the public fervice. The Lord Griffin being detected in 
 maintaining a correfpondence with King James, and his 
 partifans, was commited to the Tower: But, as no other 
 evidence appeared againft him than written letters, found 
 in the fdfe bottom of a pewter bottle, they could not help 
 conferring to his being rcleafed upon bail, as they had lute!;.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 6$ 
 
 f efolved that Algernon. Sidney was unjuftly condemned in CHAP. 
 the reign of Charles II. becaufb nothing but writings had 
 been p/oduced againft him at his trial. The t \vohoufes ^""Y""* 
 concurred in appointing a cofnmittee to enquire who were 
 the advifers and profscutors in taking away the lives of 
 Lord Ruflel, Colonel Sydney, Sir Thomas Ar-nftrong, 
 Alderman Cornilh, and others ; and who were chiefly con 
 cerned in the arbitrary practices touching the writs of quo 
 ivarr.into, and the furrender of charters. This enquiry was 
 levelled at the marquis of Hallifax, who had concurred with 
 the miniitry of Charles in all thef ^verities. Though no 
 proof appeared, upon which votes or addrefles could be 
 founded, that nobleman faw it was neceffary for him to 
 withdrjw hi-nfelf from the adrninifrration ; he, therefore, 
 refigned the privy-fral, which was put in commiffion, and 
 reconciled himfelf tothe Tories, of whom he became the 
 patron and protector. 
 
 The commons likewife refumed the examination of the 
 mifc:irriages in Ireland, and defired the king would appoint 
 commidioners, to go over and enquire into the condition of 
 the army in that kingdom. Schomberg, understanding that 
 he had been blamed in the houfe of commons for his inacti 
 vity, tranfmitteJ to the king afatisfrSory vindication of his 
 own condu^:; and it appeared, that the mifcarriages in Ire 
 land were wholly owing to John Shales, purveyor-general 
 to the army. The commons immediately prefented an ad- 
 drefs to his majefty, praying that Shales might be taken 
 into cuftody; that all his papers, acc o unts y and ftores,. 
 fhould be fecu.-ed ; and that Duke Schomberg miaht be 
 empowered to fill his place with a more able purveyor. 
 The king gave them to underftand, that he had already "fent 
 orders to the general for that purpofe. Neverthelefs, they, 
 in another petition, requeued his majefty to namethofe who 
 had recommended Shales to his Grvice, as he had exercifcd 
 the fame office under King James, and was fufpedfced of 
 treafonable praftices againft the government. William de 
 clined gratifying their requeft; but he afterwards fent a 
 menage to the houfe, defiring them to recommend a certain 
 number of commiiTioners to fuperimend ftich provifions 
 and preparations as might be neceflary for that fervice, as 
 well as to nominate certain perfons to go over and examine 
 the ftate of the army in Ireland. The commons v/ere fo 
 hed by this inrtance of his c ondefcenfion, that they left 
 the whole affair to his own direction, and proceeded to ex 
 amine other branches of mifcondua. Inftances of mifina- 
 nagement appeared fo numerous and fo flagrant, that they 
 reiolved upon a fubfequent addrefs, to explain the ill con- 
 duel: and fuccefs of his army and navy j to defire h 
 VOL. I. I
 
 66 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, find out the authors of thefe mifcarriap;es, and for the future 
 entruit unfufpectsd perfpns with the management of affairs. 
 
 ^"V^ They on.!.;- I the victuallers of the .fleet to be taken into 
 I&89, cuirody, on fufpicion of their having fun. 5 lied the navy with 
 unwhol d.Jiiu provisions, and new qOmnuffiphers were ap 
 pointed. Bitter reproaches \ve:e thrown out againfl the 
 rnini lry. M . Hambdeu exprefled his furprife that the ad- 
 rniniilration fhould confift of thofe very perfons whom 
 King James had employed, when his affairs were defperate, 
 to treat v/ith the prince of Orange, and moved that the king 
 fhould be petitioned in an addrefs to remove fuch perfons 
 frora his prefence and councils. This was a ftroke aimed 
 at the earl of Nottingham, whofe office of fecretary, Hamb- 
 den defired to poiTefs; but his motion was not feconded, 
 the court members pbfervjng that James did not depute 
 thofe lords to the prince, of Orange becaufe they were at 
 tached to his own intereir., but for a very different reafon, 
 namely, that they were well known to difcpprove of his 
 nieafures, and therefore would be the more agreeable to his 
 highnefs. The houfe, however, voted an addrefs to the 
 king, de-firing that the authors of the mifcarriages might be 
 brought to condign punifhment. 
 
 In the fequel, the queftion was propofed, Whether a 
 placeman ought to have a feat in the houfe ? and a very 
 warm debate enfued ; but it was carried in the affirmative, 
 on the fuppofition that by fuch exclufion the commonwealth 
 would be deprived of fome of theableft fenators of the king 
 dom. But what chiefly irritated William againft the 
 Whigs was their backwardnefs in promoting the public 
 fcrvice, and their difregard of the carneft defire he cxprefTed 
 to fee his revenue fettled for life. He faid his title was no 
 more than a pageant, and the worft of all governments 
 was that of a king without treafure. Nevertkelefs, they 
 v/ould not grant the civil lift for a longer term than one 
 year. They began to think there was fomething arbitrary 
 in his difpolition. His fullen behaviour, in all probability, 
 firft infufed this opinion, which was {Lengthened and con 
 firmed by the infmuations of his enemies. The Scots, who 
 had come up to London to give an account of the proceed 
 ings in their parliament, were infecled with the fame notion. 
 One Simpfon, a Prefbytcrian of that country, whom the earl 
 of Portland employed as a fpy, had infmuatcd himfelf into 
 the confidence of Nevil Payne, an adlive and intelligent 
 parti fan and agent of King Jamcsj by which means he fup- 
 plied the earl with fuch intelligence as raifed him to fome 
 degree of credit with that miniftcr. This he ufed in pre- 
 poffeffing the carl agaiivft the king s heft friends, and infu- 
 fing jealoufies which were foon kindled into mutual diftruft 
 and anhjiofity*
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 67 
 
 Sir James Montgomery, Vio had been a warm advocate CHAP. 
 for the Revolution, received advice, that the court fu fpecled . 
 him and others of difaffecHon, and was employed in feekuig ^? 
 evidence by which they might be profecuted. They were 
 equally alarmed and incenfed at this intimation, and Payne p lot aga ; n fl. 
 feized the opportunity of (educing them into a correfpon- the govern- 
 dence with the exiled king. They demanded the fettlement mer ^ dlfc - 
 of Prefbytery in Scotland, and actually engaged in a treaty BiihoplLr- 
 for his reftoration. They reconciled theinfelves to the net. 
 duke of Queenfberry, and the other noblemen of the Epif- 
 copal pzrty : They wrote to James for a lupply of money, 
 arms, and ammunition, together with a re-enforcement of 
 three thoufand men from Dunkirk. Montgomery had ac 
 quired great intereft among the Whigs of England, and 
 this he employed in animating them againft the king and 
 the minidry. He reprefented them as a fet of wicked men, 
 wh ) employed infamous fpics to enfnare and ruin the fail 
 friends of the government, and found means to alienate 
 them fo much from William, that they began to think i;i 
 earoeft of recalling their banifhcd prince. The duke 
 of Rokorf, and the earl of Monmouth, were almoft per- 
 fuaded into a confpiracy for this purpofe ; they feemed to 
 think James was now fo well convinced f his former er 
 rors, that they might truft him without fcruple. Mont 
 gomery and Payne were the chief managers of the fcheme, 
 and they admitted Fenjufon into their councils, as a vete 
 ran in the arts of treafon. In order to blaft William s 
 credit in the city, the} circulated a report that James 
 would grant a full indemnity, feparate himfelf entirely from 
 the French interefr, and be contented with a fecret conni 
 vance in favour of the Roman Catholics. Montgomery s 
 brother afiured the biflicp of Salifbury, that a treaty with 
 King James was abfclutely concluded, and an invitation 
 fubfcribed by the whole cabal. He faid this paper would 
 be fent to Ireland by the way of France, as the direct 
 communication was difficult; and he propofed a method 
 for feizina; it before it fhould be conveyed out of the king 
 dom. Williamfon, the fuppofcd bearer of it, had obtained 
 a pafs for FJanders, and a meflenger being fent in purfuit 
 of him, fecured his clothes and portmanteau; but, after a 
 very ftrict examination, nothing appeared te juftify the 
 intelligence. Williamfon had previoufly delivered the 
 papers to Simpfon, who hired a boat at Deal, and arrived 
 in fatety at France. He returned with large aiTurances, 
 and twelve thoufand pounds were remitted to the Scottifh 
 undertakers. Montgomery, the informer, feeing his in 
 telligence falfified v loft his credit with the bifhop, and, 
 dreading the refentment of the other party, retired to tke
 
 68 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK continent. The confpirators loudly complained of the 
 falfe imputations they had incurred. The pretended dif- 
 
 t -"Y ^ coveries were looked upon as fictions of the miniftry, and 
 JP&9- t h e king on this occafion fuffered greatly in the opinion of 
 his fubjects. 
 
 The Tories flill continued to carry on a fecret nego- 
 elation with the court. They took advantage of the ill- 
 humour fubfifting between the king and the Whigs ; and 
 promifed large funplies of money, provided this parlia 
 ment fhould be diffolved, and another immediately con 
 voked. The oppofite party, being apprifed of their in 
 tention, brought a bill into the houfe of comivons for rc- 
 iloring corporations to their ancient rights and pri\ r ileges. 
 They knew that their own ftren^th at elections confifted 
 in thefe corporation^ ; and they inferted two additional fe- 
 vere clauf^s againft: thofe who were in any fhape concerned 
 in furrendering charters. The whole power of the Tories 
 was exerted againft this clr.ufe ; and now the Whigs vied 
 with them in making court to his majefty, promifmg to 
 manifeft the moft fubmiflive obedience fhould this bill be 
 enacted into a law. .The ftrength of the Tories was now 
 become fo formiduMe in the houfe, that they outvoted the 
 other party, and the chufes were rejected ; but the bill 
 patted in its original form. The lords debated upon the 
 point, whether a corporation could be forfeited or furren- 
 dered ? Lord Chief Juftice Holt and two oiher judges 
 declared their opinion in the affirmative : The reft thought 
 otherwife, as no precedents could be produced farther back 
 than the reign of Henry VIII. when the abbies were fur- 
 rendered ; and this inftance feemed too violent to authorife 
 fuch a meafure in a regular courfe of adminiftraticn. 
 The bill, however, patted by one voice only. Then both 
 parties quickened their applications to the king, who 
 found himfelf fo perplexed and diftracted between two 
 factions which he equally feared, that he rcfolved to leave 
 the government in the queen s hands, and retire to Hol 
 land. He communicated this defign to the marquis of 
 Caermarthen, the earl of Shrewfbury, and fome other no 
 blemen, who prefied him to lay afide his refolution, and 
 even mingled tears in their remonftrances. 
 
 He at length complied with their requeft, and determni- 
 ed to finifh the Irifli war in perfon. This defign was 
 far from being agreeable to the parliament. His friends 
 dreaded the climate of that country, which might prove 
 fatal to his weak conftitution. The well-wiih.rs of 
 James were afraid of that prince s being hard prefied, 
 fhould William take the field againft him in perfon: Both 
 houfes, therefore, began to prepare an addrefs againft this
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 69 
 
 expedition. In order to prevent this remonftrance, the c H A P- 
 .iciii 4 v nt to the parliament," and formally fignified his l 
 refolution. After his fpcech they were prorogued to the ^^Y^" 
 2,d day of April. On the 6th day of February they were l6S 9- 
 clifiolvcd by proclamation, and a new parliament was fum- 
 moncd to meet on the 20th day of March. During this 
 feiTon, the commons, in an addrefs to the king, defired 
 that ? revenue of fifty thoufand pounds might be fettled 
 upon the p;ince and princefs of Denmark, out of the civil 
 lift; and his majcf-y gratified them in this particular: 
 Yet the warmth and induft.y with which the friends of 
 the princefs exerted thtn.felves in promoting the fettle- 
 ment x produced a coldnels and mifunderftanding between 
 the two lifters ; and the fubfequ^nt difgrace of the earl of 
 Maryborough w.:s imputed to the part which his wife 
 ailed on the cccaficn. She was lady of the bed-chamber, 
 and chief confident to the princefs, whom file ftrenuoufly 
 advifec to iniift upon the ffcttlement, rather than depend 
 upon the generolity of the king and queen. 
 
 About this period, General Ludlow, who at the Refto- 
 ration had been txcepted from the al of indemnity, as 
 one of tlxjfe who fat in judgment upon Charles I. arrived 
 in England, and offered his fervice in reducing Ireland, 
 where he hud formerly commanded. Though a rigid 
 republican, he was reputed a confcientious man, and a 
 good officer. He had received fome encouragement to 
 come over, and probably would have been employed, had 
 not the commons interpofed. Sir Edward Seymour, who 
 enjoyed by grant an eftate in Wiltfhire, which had for 
 merly belonged to Ludlow, began to be in pain for his 
 poilfc.fion. He cbferved in the houfe, that the nation 
 would be difgraced, fhould one of the parricides be fuf- 
 feivd to live in the kingdom. An addrefs WES imme 
 diately prefented to the king, defiring a proclamation 
 might be iffued, prorrifmg a reward for apprehending 
 General Ludlow. This was accordingly publifhed ; but 
 not before he had landed in Holland, from whence he re 
 turned to Vevay in Swifferland, where he wrote the me 
 moirs of his life, and died after an exile of thirty years. 
 
 While King William fluctuated between two parties in 
 England, his intereft in Scotland had well nigh given way 
 to a coalition between the original Jacobites and Mont 
 gomery s party of difcontented Prefbyterians. Colonel 
 Cannon, who fucceeded the Vifcount Dundee in command, 
 after having made feveral unfuccefsful efforts in favour of 
 the late king s intereft, retired into Irela-nd ; and the 
 Highlanders chofe Sir Hugh Cameron for their leader. 
 Under him they renewed their incurfions, with the better
 
 70 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK profpecT: of fuccefs, as feveral regiments of" the regular 
 troops had been fent to re-enforce the army of Schomberg. 
 
 James afiiiled them with clothes, arms, and ammunition, 
 5 " together with fome officers, aiiiongft whom was Colonel 
 Buchan, appointed to a& as their chief commander. This 
 officer, at the head of fifteen hundred men, advanced into 
 the fnire of Murray, in hope of being joined by other mal 
 contents : But he was furprifed and routed by Sir Thomas 
 Livingflone, while Major Fergufon deftroyed the places 
 they poftefFed in the Ifle of Mull ; fo that the Highlanders 
 were obliged to retire, and conceal themfelves among their 
 hills and faftnefles. The friends of James, defpairing of 
 doing any thing effectual for his fervicc in the field, con 
 verted all their attention to the proceedings in parliament, 
 where they imagined their intereft was much ftronger than 
 it appeared to be upon trial. They took the oaths with 
 out hefitation, and hoped, by the aififtance of their new 
 allies, to embroil the government in fuch a manner that 
 the majority of the people would declare for a refloration. 
 But the views of thefe new-cemented parties were alto 
 gether incompatible ; and their principles diametrically op- 
 pofite. Notwithftanding their concurrence in parliament, 
 the earl of Melvil procured a fmall majority. The op- 
 pofition was immediately difcouraged : Some individuals 
 retracted, rather than foil with a finking caufe ; and mu 
 tual joaloufies began to prevail. The leaders of the coali 
 tion treated feparately with King Jnmcs ; made incon- 
 iiflent demands ; reciprocally concealed their negociations : 
 In a word, they difh uftcd and hated one another with the 
 molt implacable refentment. 
 
 The tails of Argyle, Anandale, and Breadalbin, with 
 drew from their councils, and repaired to England. 
 Montgomery, terrified at their defeition, went privately 
 to London, after he had hinted fomething of the plot to 
 Melvil, and folicited a pafs from the queen, which w?.s 
 refufed. Anandale, having received information that 
 Montgomery had difclofed all the particulars of the nego- 
 ciation, threw himfelf upon the queen s mercy, and dilco- 
 vcred all he knew of the confpiracy. As he had not treat 
 ed with any of the malcontents in England, they remained 
 fl-cure from his evidence; but, he informed againfl Nevil 
 Payne, who had been fent down as their agent to Scotland, 
 where he now refided. He was immediately apprehended 
 by the council of that kingdom, in confequence of a letter 
 from the carl of Nottingham ; and twice put to the torture, 
 which he relblutcly bore, without difcovcring his employ 
 ers. Montgomery ftiil abfcontied in London, lolicitir.g a 
 pardon ; but, finding he could not obtain it, except on
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 7 
 
 condition of making a full difcovery, he abandoned his c H A P. 
 country, and chafe to die in exile, rather than betray his I. 
 confederates. This difunion of the confpirators, and dif- 
 covery of the plot, kft the earl of Melvil in poileiuon of 1^9- 
 a greater majority ; though even this he was fain to ie- 
 eure by overftraining his instructions in the articles of pa 
 tronage, and the fupremacy of the crown which he yielded 
 up to the fury of the fanatic Prefbyterian?, contrary to the 
 intention of King William. In lieu of thefe, however, 
 they indulged him with the tax of chimney or hearth- 
 incney ; as well as with a teft to be impofed upon all per- 
 fons in office and parliament, declaring William and Ma 
 ry their lawful fovereigns, and renouncing the pretended 
 title of King James. All the laws in favour of Epifcopa- 
 cy were repealed. Threefcore of the Prefbyterian mini- 
 flers, who had been ejected at the Reftoration, were (till 
 alive ; and thefe the parliament declared the only found 
 part or the church. The government of it was lodged in 
 their hands ; and they were empowered to admit fuch as 
 they mould think proper to their afliftance. A few furi 
 ous fanatics being thus afFociated, proceeded with ungo 
 vernable violence to perfecute the Epifcopal party, ex- 
 ercifmg the very fame tyranny againft which they them- 
 felves had fo loudly exclaimed. 
 
 While the Prefbyterian intcreft thus triumphed in Scot- 1690. 
 land, the two parties that divided England employed their 
 whole influence and attention in managing the elections 
 for a new parliament ; and the Tories obtained the victory. 
 The kins; feemed gradually falling into the arms of this 
 party. They complained of their having been totally ex 
 cluded from the lieutenancy of London at the king s ac- 
 celTion to the crown ; and now a confiderable number of 
 the moft violent Tories in the city were admitted into the 
 commiflion by the intereft and addrefs of the bifhop of 
 London, the marquis of Caermarthen, and the earl of 
 Nottingham. To gratify that party, the earls of Mon- 
 mouth and Warrington were difimfled from their employ 
 ments : Nay, when the parliament met on the 2Oth day of 
 March, the commons chofe for their fpcaker Sir John 
 Trevor, a violent partifan of that faction, who had been 
 created matter of the rolls by th% late king. He was a 
 bold, artful man, and undertook to procure a majority to B-hran-e 
 be at the devotion of the court, provided he fhould be fup- K-nncj. 
 plied with the neceflary fums for the purpofes of corrup- Tin^i- 
 tion. William, finding there was no other way of main- a ?K 
 taining his administration in peace, thought proper to 
 countenance the practice of purchafing votes ; and appoint 
 ed Trevor firfl Gomrniffioner of the great feal. In his
 
 72 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK fpffedh to the new parliament, he gave them to underftandy 
 , that be ftill pciTifted in his refolution of goin^ in perfon to 
 
 "V* Ireland. He defircd they would make a L-:tlement of the 
 revenue, or eftubluh it for the prcfent, as a fund of credit, 
 upon which the neceifary turns for die fervice of the go- 
 vern.nent might be immediately advanced: He ilgnified 
 his intention of fending to them an act of grace, with a 
 few exceptions, that he might manifeft his rcadinefs to 
 extend his protection to all his fubj ets, and leave no co 
 lour of excufe for railing dtfturhances in his abfence, as he 
 knew hovv bufy fome ilUafFc&ed men were intn. ir endea 
 vours to alter the established govern nent: He recom 
 mended an union with Scotland, the parliament of which 
 had appointed commiflioners for that purpofe: He told 
 them he fhould leave the adminiftration in the hands of the 
 queen, and defired they would prepare an act to confirm 
 her authority : He exhorted them to difbatch the bufmefs 
 for which they were aflembled, to avoiu debates, and ex- 
 prefTed his hope that they ftiould foon meet again, to fi- 
 nifh what might be now left imperfect. 
 
 The commons, in compliance with his requeft, voted a 
 fupply of twelve hundred thoufand pounds, one million of 
 that fum to be raifed by a claufe of credit in the revenue- 
 bills ; but he could not prevail upon them to fettle the re 
 venue for life. They granted, however, the hereditary 
 excife for that term, but the cuftoms for four years only. 
 They confidered this fhort term as the beft fecurity the 
 kingdom could have for frequent parliaments ; though 
 this precaution was not at all agreeable to their fovereign. 
 A poll-bill was likewife pa/Ted; other fupplies were grant 
 ed, and both parties feemed to court his majefty, by ad 
 vancing money on thofe funds of credit. The Whigs, 
 however, had another battery in referve. They produced, 
 in the upper ho"fe, a bill for recognizing their majefties 
 as the rightful and lawful fovereigns of thefe realms, and 
 for declaring all the ats of the laft parliament to be good 
 and valid. The Tories were now reduced to a very "per 
 plexed fituation. They could not oppofe the bill without 
 hazarding the intereft they had fo lately acquired, nor af- 
 fent to it without folemnly renouncing their former argu 
 ments and diftinctions. They made no great objections to 
 the firft part, and even propofed to enat, That thofe 
 fhould be deemed good laws for the time to come : But 
 they refufed to declare them valid for that which was paft. 
 After a long debate, the bill was committed ; yet the 
 Whigs loft their majority on the report: Neverthelefs, 
 the bill was recovered, and pafled with fome alteration in 
 the words, in confequence of a nervous, fpirited protefl,
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 73 
 
 figned Bolton, Macclesfield, Stamford, Newport, Bed- CHAP. 
 ford, Herbert, Suffolk, Monmouth, Delamere, and Ox- 
 ford. The whole intereft of the court was thrown into 
 the fcale with this bill, before it would preponderate 
 againft the Tories, the chiefs of whom, with the earl of 
 Nottingham at their head, protefted in their turn. The 
 fame party in the houfe of commons were determined upon 
 a vigorous oppofition ; and in the mean time fome tri 
 fling objections were made, that it might be committed 
 for amendment ; but their defign was prematurely difco- 
 vered by one of their faction, who chanced to queftion the 
 legality of the convention, as it was not fummoned by the 
 king s writ. This infmuation was anfwered by Somers, 
 the folicitor-general, who obferved, that if it was not a le 
 gal parliament, they who were then met, and who had 
 taken the oaths enacted by that parliament, were guilty 
 of high-treafon : The laws repealed by it were ftill in 
 force: It was their duty, therefore, to return to King 
 James; and all concerned in collecting and paying the 
 money levied by the acts of that parliament were highly 
 criminal. The Tories were fo ftruck with thefe argu 
 ments, that the bill pafled without further oppofition, and 
 immediately received the royal affent. Thus the fettle- 
 ment was confirmed by thofe very people who had fo loud 
 ly exclaimed againft it as illegal : But the Whigs, with 
 all their management, would not have gained their point, 
 had not the court been interefted in the difpute. 
 
 There was another violent conteft between the two par 
 ties, on the import of a bill, requiring all fubjects in of 
 fice to abjure King James, on pain of imprifonmenr. 
 Though the clergy were at firft exempted from this teft, 
 the main body of the Tories oppofed it with great vehe 
 mence; while the Whigs, under countenance ofthemini- 
 ftry, fupported it with equal vigour. It produced long 
 and violent debates ; and the two factions feemed pretty 
 equally balanced. At length, the Tories reprefented to 
 the king, that a great deal of precious time would be loft 
 in fruitlefs altercation : That thofe who declared againft 
 the bill would grow fallen and intractable, fo as to oppofe 
 every other motion that might be made for the king s fer- 
 vice: That, in cafe of its being carried, his majefty muft - 
 fall again into the hands of the Whigs, who would renew 
 their former practices againft the prerogative ; and many 
 individuals, who were now either well affected to him, or 
 at leaft neutral, would become Jacobites from refentment. 
 Thefe fuggeftions had fuch weight with King William, 
 that he fent an intimation to the commons, defiring they 
 would drop the debate, and proceed to matters that were 
 VOL. I. K
 
 74 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK more prefan?. The Whigs in general were difgufted at 
 tbisinterpofition ; and the earl of Shrewfbury, who had 
 
 ***y~*J interefred himfelf warmly in behalf of the bill, refented it 
 1690. fo deeply, that he infiftcd on reiigning his office of fecreta- 
 ry of ilatc. The king, who revered his talents and inte 
 grity, employed Dr. Tillotfon and others, who were fup- 
 pofed to have credit with the earl, to difiuade him from 
 quitting his employment: But, he continued deaf to all 
 their remonftrance?, and would not even comply with the 
 requeft of his majefty, who prefled him to keep the feals 
 until he fhould return from Ireland. Long debates were 
 likewife managed in the houfe of lords, upon the bill of 
 abjuration, or rather an oath of fpecial fidelity to William, 
 in oppofition to James. The Tories profefled them- 
 felves willing to enter into a negative engagement againft 
 the late king and his adherents: But they oppofed the oath 
 of abjuration with all their might , and the houfe was fo 
 equally divided that neither fide was willing to hazard a 
 decifion: So that all the fruit of their debates was a pro 
 longation of the feffion. 
 
 An act was prepared for inverting the queen with the 
 adminiftration during the king s abfence; another for re- 
 verfmg the judgment on a quo ivarranto againft the city 
 of London, and reftoring it to its ancient rights and pri 
 vileges; and at length, the bill of indemnity, fo cordially 
 recommended by the king, pafled both houfes *. On the 
 2ift day of May, the king clofed the feffion with a (hort 
 fpcech, in which he thanked them for the fupplies they 
 had granted ; and recommended to them a punctual dif- 
 charge of their duties in their refpeclive counties, that the 
 peace of the nation mic;ht not be interrupted in his ab- 
 fence. The houfes were adjourned to the yth day of 
 July; when the parliament was prorogued and adjourned 
 fucceffively. As a further fecurity for the peace of the 
 kingdom, the deputy-lieutenants were authorifed to raife 
 the militia in cafe of neceffity. All Papifts were prohi 
 bited to ftir above five miles from their refpective places 
 of abode: A proclamation was publifhed for apprehending 
 certain difaftecled perfons : Sir John Cochran and Fergu- 
 
 * The following perfons were exccptcd from the benefit of this aft, Willi 
 am, Marquis of Powis ; Theophilus, ?arl of Huntingdon ; Robert, earl of 
 Sunclerland ; John, earl of Melfort ; Roger, earl of Caftlemain ; Nathaniel, 
 lord-bifhop of Durham ; Thomas, lonl-bifhop of St. David s; Henry, Lord 
 Dover ; Lord Thomas Howard, Sir Edward Hales, Sir Francis Withers, Sir 
 Edward Lutwych, Sir Thomas Jenner, Sir Nicholas Butler, Sir William 
 Herbert, Sir Richard Holloway, Sir Richard Heath, Sir Roger L Eitrange, 
 William Molineur, Thomas Tyndcfley, Colonel Townly, Colonel Lundy, 
 Robert Brent, Edward Morgan, Philip Burton, Richard Graham, Edward 
 Petre, Obadiab. Walker, Matthew Crone, and George, Lord Jeffries dfi- 
 e-eafed,
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 75 
 
 fon were a&ually arrefted, on (jffpiciou of treafonable C H A p. 
 practices. On the 4th day of June the king fit out f>r J - 
 Ireland, attended by Prince George of Denmark, the duke ^"Y"*- 1 
 ofOrmond,the earls of Oxford, Scarborough, JVIanchcfter, . l6 9: 
 and many other perfons of diftin&ion. On the I4th d.y uplands" 
 of the month he landed at Carrickfergus, from whence he i~ iix-a.;d. 
 immediately proceeded to Belfaft, where he was met by 
 the duke of Schomberg, the prince of Wirtemberg, Ma 
 jor-General Kirke, and other officers. By this time Co 
 lonel Wolfey, at the head of a thoufand men, had defeated - 
 a ftrong detachment of the enemy near Belturbat: Sir 
 John Lanier had taken Eedloe-caftle ; and that of Charle- 
 mont, a ftrong poft of great importance, together with 
 Balingargy, near Cavan, had been reduced. King Wil 
 liam having repofed himfelf for two or three days at Bcl- 
 faft, vifited the duke s head-quarters at Lifburne : Then 
 advancing to Hillfborough, publifhed an order againft 
 preffing horfes, and committing violence on the country - 
 people. When fome of his general-officers propofed cau 
 tious meafures, he declared he did not come to Ireland to 
 let the grafs grow under his feet. He ordered the army 
 to encamp and be reviewed at Loughbriilund, where he 
 found it amount to fix-and-thirty thoufand effective men 
 well appointed. Then he marched to Dundalk; and af 
 terwards advanced to Ardcc, which the enemy had jufc 
 abandoned.
 
 [ 76 I 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Battle of the Boyne Englijh and Dutch fleets defeated 
 
 at Beachy head Succefs of William in Ireland 
 
 Affairs on the Continent Meeting of Parliament 
 
 King William returns to England Conspiracy 
 
 again/I the Government Affairs of Scotland in 
 
 Flanders^ Germany, and Italy General Ginckle de. 
 
 feats and kills the French General in Ireland^ and puts 
 an end to the war. 
 
 BOOK "IT"" ING JAMES trufted fo much to the difputes in 
 I. _|S^ the Englifh parliament, that he did not believe his 
 
 L yO fon-in-law would be able to quit that kingdom ; and Wil- 
 1690. Ji arn h a d been fix days in Ireland before he received inti 
 mation of his arrival. This was no fooner known, than 
 he left Dublin under the guard of the militia commanded 
 by Luttrel, and with a re-enforcement of fix thoufand in 
 fantry, which he had lately received from France, joined 
 the reft of his forces, which now almoft equalled Willi 
 am s army in number, exclufive of about fifteen thoufand 
 
 King James men who remained in different garrifons. He occupied a 
 
 refoives to very advantagous port on the bank of the Boyne, and, con- 
 trary to the advice of his general officers, refolved to ftand 
 battle. They propofed to ftrengthen their garrifons, and 
 retire to Shannon, to wait the effet of the operations at 
 fea. Louis had promifed to equip a powerful armament 
 againft the Englifh fleet, and fend over a great number of 
 fmall frigates to deftroy William s tranfports, as foon as 
 their convoy fhould be returned to England. The execu 
 tion of this fcheme was not at all difficult, and muft have 
 proved fatal to the Englifh army; for their ftores and am 
 munition were ftill on board ; the fhips failed along the 
 coaft as the troops advanced in their march ; and there
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 77 
 
 was no one fecure harbour into which they could retire on c H A P- 
 
 any emergency. James, however, was bent upon hazard- 
 
 ing an engagement ; and exprefied uncommon confidence *"^ > 
 
 and alacrity. Befides the river, which was deep, his 
 
 front was fecu red by a morafs and a rifing-ground: So 
 
 that theEnglifh army could not attack him without mani- 
 
 feft difadvantage. 
 
 King William marched up to the oppofite bank of the 
 river, and, as he reconnoitred their fituation, wasexpofed llir nm 
 to the fire of fome field-pieces, which the enemy purpofely ^ at 
 planted againft his perfon. They killed a man and two 
 horfes clofe by him ; and the fecond bullet rebounding 
 from the earth, grazed upon his right fhoulder, fo as to 
 carry off part of his clothes and llcin, and produce a con- 
 fiderable contufion. This accident, which he bore with 
 out the leaft emotion, created fome confufion amon* his 
 
 O 
 
 attendants, which the enemy perceiving, concluded he 
 was killed, and fhouted aloud in token of their joy. Their 
 whole camp refounded with acclamation; and feveral 
 fquadrons of their horfe were drawn down towards the ri 
 ver, as if they had intended to pafs it immediately, and 
 attack the Englifh army. The report was initantly com 
 municated from place to place, until it reached Dublin ; 
 from thence it was conveyed to Paris, where, contrary to 
 the cuftom of the French court, the people were encou 
 raged to celebrate the event with bonfires and illumina 
 tions. William rode along the line to fhow himfelf to the 
 army after this narrow efcape. At night he called a coun 
 cil of war ; and declared his refolution to attack the ene 
 my in the morning. Schomberg at firft oppofed this de- 
 fign : But finding the king determined, he advifed that 
 a ftrong detachment of horfe and foot fhould that night 
 pafs the Boyne at Slane-bridge, and take poft between the 
 enemy and the pafs of Duleck, that the action might be 
 the more decifive. This counfel being rejected, the kino- 
 determined, that, early in the morning, Lieutenant- 
 General Douglas, with the right wing of infantry, and 
 young Schomberg, with the horfe, fhould pafs at Slane- 
 bridge, while the main body of foot fhould force their paf- 
 fage at Old-bridge, and the left at certain fords between 
 the enemy s camp and Droeheda. The duke, perceivirxr 
 his advice was not reliftied by the Dutch generals, retir 
 ed to his tent, where the order of battle being brought to 
 him, he received it with an air of difcontent, faying, it 
 was the firft that had ever been fent him in that manner. 
 The proper difpofitions being made, William rode quite 
 through the army by; torch-light, and then retired to his 
 tent, after having given orders for the foldiers to diftin-
 
 /3 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK gujfli themklves from the enemy by wearing green 
 
 , , boughs in their hats during the action. 
 
 V* At fix o clock in the morning, General Douglas, with 
 young Schomberg, the earl of Portland, and Auverquer- 
 
 Battleof que, marched towards Slane-bridge, and paffed the river 
 
 tnc Boyne. \vith very little oppofition. When they reached the far 
 ther bank, they perceived the enemy drawn up in two 
 lines, to a confiderable number of horfe and foot, with 
 a morafs in their front; fo that Douglas was obliged to 
 wait for a re-enforcement. This being arrived, the in 
 fantry were led on to the charge through the morafs 
 while Count Schomberg rode round it with his cavalry, 
 to attack the enemy in flank. The Irifh, inftead of wait 
 ing the afTault, faced about, and retreated towards Du- 
 leck with fome precipitation; yet not fo faft, but that 
 Schomberg fell in among their rear, and did confiderable 
 execution. King James, howdver, foon re-enforced his 
 left wing from the centre ; and the Count was in his turn 
 obliged to fend for afTiftance. At this juncture, King 
 William s main body, confifting of the Dutch guards, 
 the French regiments, and fome battalions of Englifh, 
 paffed the river, which was waift high, under a general 
 difcharge of artillery. King James had imprudently re 
 moved his cannon from the other fide ; but, he had pofted 
 a ftrong body of mufqueieers along the bank, behind 
 hedges, h6ufc?, and fome works raifed for the occafion. 
 Thefe poured in a clofe fire upon the Englifh troops be 
 fore they reached the fhore ; but it produced very little 
 eftecl: : Then the Irifh gave way ; and fome battalions 
 landed without further oppoiition. Yet, before they could 
 form, they were charged with great impetuofity by a fqua- 
 dron of the enemy s horfe; and a confiderable body of 
 their cavalry and too", commanded by General Hamilton, 
 advanced from behind fome little hillocks, to attack thofe 
 that were landed, as well as to prevent the reft from 
 reaching the fhore. His infantry turned their backs and 
 fled immediately ; but the horfe charged with incredible 
 fury, both upon the bank and in the river, fo as to put 
 the unformed regiments in confafion. Then the duke of 
 Schomberg, paffing the river in perfon, put himfelf at the 
 head of the French Proteftants, and pointing to the ene 
 my, " Gentlemen (faid he) thofe arc your perfecutors ;" 
 with thefe words he advanced to the attack, where he, 
 himfelf fuftained a violent onfet from a party of the Irifh 
 horfe, which had broke through one of the regiments 
 and were now on their return. They were miftaken for 
 Englilh, and allowed to gallop up to the duke, who re 
 ceived two feverc v/ounds in the head : But the French
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 79 
 
 regiments being now feniible of their miftake, rafhly CHAP. 
 threw in their fire upon the Irifh while they were engaged .^ ", 
 with the duke; and, inftead of faving, fhot him dead up- ""Y"* 
 on the fpot. The fate cfthis general had well nigh proved 
 fatal to the Englifh army, which was immediately in- Duke 
 volved in tumult and diforder; v/hile the infantry of King Schomberg 
 James rallied, and returned to their pofts with a face of 
 refolution. They were juft ready to fall upon the centre, 
 when King William having pafTcd with the left wing, 
 compofed of the Danifh, Dutch, and Innifkillin horfe, 
 advanced to attack them on the right. They were ftruck 
 with fuch a panic at his appearance, that they made a fud- 
 den halt, and then facing about, retreated to the village of 
 Dunore. There they made fuch a vigorous ftand, that the 
 Dutch and Danifh horfe, though headed by the king in 
 perfon, recoiled; even the Innifkilliners gave way; and the 
 whole wing would have been routed, had not a detach 
 ment of dragoons, belonging to the regiments of Cun 
 ningham and Levifon, difmounted, and lined the hedges 
 on each fide of the defile through which the fugitives v/ere 
 driven. There they did fuch execution upon the purfuers, 
 as foon checked their ardour. The horfe, which were 
 broken, had now time to rally, and, returning to the 
 charge, drove the enemy before them in their turn. In 
 this action General Hamilton, who had been the life and 
 foul of the Irifh during the whole engagement, was 
 wounded and taken; an incident which difcouraged them 
 to fuch a degree, that they made no further efforts to re 
 trieve the advantage they had loft. He was immediately 
 brought to the king, who afked him if he thought the 
 Irifh would make any further refiftarice ? and he replied, 
 " Upon my honour, I believe they will ; for they have 
 ftill a good body of horfe entire." Williarr, eying him 
 with a look ofdifdain, repeated, "Your honour! your 
 honour!" but took no other notice cf his having ailed 
 contrary to I*. is engagement, when he was permitted to go 
 to Ireland, on promife of perfuading Tyrconnel to fubmit Kln^jamii 
 to the new government. The Irifh now abandoned the defeats.!. 
 field with precipitation ; but the French and Swifs 
 troops, that acted as their auxiliaries, under Lauzun, re 
 treated in good order, after having maintained the battle 
 for fome time with intrepidity and perfeverance. 
 
 As King William did not think proper to purfus the 
 enemy the carnage was not great. The Irifh loft fifteen 
 hundred men, and the Englifh about one third of that 
 number ; though the victory was dearly purchafed, con- 
 fidering the death of the gallant duke of Schombcrg, who 
 fell in the eighty-facond year of his age, afcer having ri-
 
 80 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, vailed the beft generals of the time in military reputation, 
 He was defcended of a noble family in the Palatine, and 
 
 ^*"Y^ his mother was an Englifh woman, daughter of Lord Dud- 
 1 9 ley. Being obliged to leave his country on account of 
 the troubles by which it was agitated, he commenced a 
 foldier of fortune, and ferved fucceffively in the armies of 
 Holland, England, France, Portugal, and Brandenburgh. 
 He attained to the dignities of marefchal in France, gran 
 dee in Portugal, generaliffimo in Pruffia, and duke in 
 England. He profefled the Proteftant religion ; was 
 courteous and humble in his deportment ; cool, penetrat 
 ing, refolute, and fagacious ; nor was his probity inferior 
 to his courage. This battle likewife proved fatal to the 
 brave Caillemote, who had followed the duke s fortunes, 
 and commanded one of the Proteftant regiments. After 
 having received a mortal wound, he was carried back 
 through the river by four foldiers, and though almoft in 
 the agonies of death, he with a cheerful countenance en 
 couraged thofe who were eroding to do their duty, ex 
 claiming, "A la gloire, mes enfans^ a la.gloire ! To 
 glory, my lads; to glory !" The third remarkable perfon 
 who loft his life on this occafion, was Walker the clergy 
 man, who had fo valiantly defended Londonderry againft 
 the whole army of King James. He had been very gra- 
 cioufly received by King William, who gratified him 
 with a reward of five thoufand pounds, and a promife of 
 further favour : But, his military genius ftill predominating, 
 he attended his royal patron in this battle, and, being {hot 
 in the belly, died in a few minutes. The perfons of dif- 
 tinction who fell on the other fide were the Lords Dongan 
 and Carlingford, Sir Neale O Neile, and the marquis of 
 
 His pufila- Hocquincourt. James himfelf ftood aloof during the ac- 
 
 cimouscon- tion, on the hill of Dunmore, furrounded with fome fqua- 
 drons of horfe ; and feeing victory declare againft him, 
 retired to Dublin, without having made the leaft effort to 
 re-aflemble his broken forces. Had he pofiefTed either 
 fpirit or conduct, his army might have been rallied, and 
 re-enforced from his garrifons, fo as to be in a condition 
 to keep the field, and even act upon the offenfivc ; for his 
 iofs was inconfiderable, and the victor did not attempt to 
 moleft his troops in their retreat an omiflion which has 
 been charged upon him as a flagrant inftance of mifcon- 
 duct. Indeed, through the whole of this engagement, 
 William s perfonal courage was much more confpicuous 
 than his military fkill. 
 
 King James no fooner arrived at Dublin, than he af- 
 fembled the ma giftrates and council of the city, and in a 
 ihort fpeeeh rcfigncd them to the fortune of the vittor.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 81 
 
 He complained of the cowardice of the Irifh ; fignified his C H A P. 
 refolution of leaving the kingdom immediately ; forbad them, 
 on their allegiance, to burn or plunder the city after his de- ( ~^y~*J 
 parture; and afTured them, that, though he was obliged to l6 9- 
 yield to force, he would never ceafe to labour for their deli 
 verance. Next day he fet out for Waterford, attended by the 
 duke of Berwick, Tyrconnel,and the marquis of Powis. He 
 ordered all the bridges to be broken down behind him, and 
 embarked in a veflel which had been prepared for his re 
 ception. At fea he fell in with the French fquadron, com 
 manded by the Sieur de Foran, who perfuaded him to go 
 on board one of his frigates, which was a prime failor. In 
 this he was fafely conveyed to France, and returned to the He retl 
 place of his former refidence at St. Germain s. He had to 
 no fooner quitted Dublin, than it was alfo abandoned by 
 all the Papifts. The Proteftants immediately took pofTef- 
 COQ of the arms belonging to the militia, under the conduit 
 of the bifhops of Meath and Limerick. A committee 
 was formed to take charge of the adminiftration ; and an 
 account of thefe tranfactions was tranfmitted to King Wil 
 liam, together with a petition, that he would honour the 
 city with his prefence. 
 
 On the morning after the battle of the Boyne, William 
 fent a detachment of horfe and foot, under the command of 
 M. Mellionere, to Drogheda, the governor of which fur- 
 rendered the place without oppofition. The king, at the 
 head of the army, began his march for Dublin, and halted 
 the firft night at Bally-Breghan, where, having received 
 advice of the enemy s retreat from the capital, he fent the 
 duke of Ormond, with a body of horfe, to take pofTeffion. 
 Thefe were immediately followed by the Dutch guards, 
 who fecured the caftle. In a few days the king encamped 
 at Finglas, in the neighbourhood of Dublin, where he was 
 vifited by the bifhops of Meath and Limerick, at the head 
 of the Proteftant clergy, whom he afTured of his favour and 
 protection. Then he publifhed a declaration of pardon to 
 all the common people who had ferved againft him, provi- 
 de-d they fhould return to their dwellings, and furrender 
 their arms by the ift day of Auguft. Thofe that rented 
 lands of Popifh proprietors, who had been concerned in 
 the rebellion, were required to retain their rents in their 
 own hands, until they fhould have notice from the com- 
 miffioners of the revenue to whom they fhould be paid. 
 Tke defperate leaders of the rebellion, who had violated 
 the laws of the kingdom, called in the French, authorifed 
 the depredations which had been committed upon Pro- 
 teftants, and rejected the pardon offered to them on the 
 kings firft proclamation, were left to the event of war, un- 
 
 VOL. I. L
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 lefs by evident demonftiations of repentance they fliould de~ 
 fcrve mercy, which w( uM never be refuftd to thofe who 
 
 B o o K 
 
 crve mercy 
 
 ""Y"^ were truly penitent. The next ftep taken by King Wil- 
 1J ;0 Inrn was to iffue a proclamation, reducing the brafs mo 
 ney to nearly its intrinfic value. In the mean time, the 
 principal officers in the army of James, after having feen 
 hi. 11 embark at Watefford, returned to their troops, deter 
 mined to profecute the war as long as they could be fup- 
 plied with means to fupport their operations. 
 
 During thefe translations, the queen, as regent, fount! 
 herf.-lf furrounded with nurnberlefs cares and perplexities. 
 Her council was pretty equally divided into Whigs and 
 Tories, who did not always sft with, unanimity. She was 
 diH rafted between her apprehenilons for her father s fafety 
 and her hufband s life: She was threatened with an inva- 
 ficn by" the Fiench from abroad, ami with an infurreftion 
 by the Jacobites at home. Neverthelefs, ihe difguifed her 
 fears and behaved with equal prudence and fortitude. Ad 
 vice being received that a fket was ready to fail from 
 B.-eil, Lord Torrington hoifted his flag in the Downs, and 
 failed round to St. Helen s, in order to affemble fuch a 
 number of fhips as would enabij him to give them battle. 
 The enemy being difcovered off Plymouth, on the 20th 
 day of June, the Englifh Admiral, re-enforced with a 
 .Dutch fquadron, flood out to fea, with a view to intercept 
 them at the back of the Ifle of Wight, mould they prefumc 
 to fail up the channel : Not that he thought himfclf ftrong 
 enough to cope with them in battle. Their fleet confided 
 of feventy-eight (hips of war, and two-and-twenty fire- 
 fhips ; whereas, the combined fquadrons of England and 
 Holland did not exceed iix-and-fifty ; but he had received 
 orders to hazard an engagement, if he thought it might be 
 done with any profpeft of fuccefs. After the hoftile fleets 
 had continued five days in fight of each other, Lord Tor 
 rington bore down upon the enemy of}" Beachy-head on 
 the 3Oth day of June at day break. The Dutch fquadron, 
 which compofsd the van, began the engagement about 
 nine in the morning: In about half an hour the blue divi- 
 Co:-nbin:d iion of the Englifli were clofe engaged with the rear 
 fleet of the of the French ; but the red, which formed the centre, un- 
 .*" / nd der the command of Torrington in perfon, did not fill the 
 fca:ed by line till ten o clock, fo that the Dutch were almoft fur- 
 tht i-rtnch. rounded by the enemy, and, though they fought with great 
 valour, fuflained confiderablc damage. At length, the 
 achviral s divifion drove between them and the French, 
 and in that fituation the fleet anchored about five in the 
 afternoon, when the action was interrupted by a calm. 
 The Dutch had fuffercd fo fcverely, that Torrington
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 3 
 
 t it would be imprudent to renew the battle ; he, CHAP 
 therefore, weighed anchor in the night, and with the tide 
 of flood retired to the eaftwarcl. The next day the dif- 
 abled fliips were deftroyed, that they might not be retard- 
 ed in their retr-at. They were purfued as far as Rye: 
 An Engliih (hip of feventy guns being ftranded near 
 Winchelfea, was fet en fire, and deferted, by the captain s 
 command. A Dutch {hip of fixty-four guns met with 
 the fame accident, and fome French frigates attempted 
 to burn her ; but the captain defended her fo vigoroufly 
 that they were obliged to defift, and he afterwards found 
 means to carry her fafe to Holland. In this engagement 
 the Englifh loft two {"hips, two fea-captains, and about 
 four hundred men ; but the Dutch were more unfortunate, 
 f:x of their great fhips were destroyed. Dick and Brack.*.-!, 
 rear-admirals, wore fl.un, together with a great number 
 of in r :rior officers and fearnen. Torrington retreated 
 without further interruption into the mouth of tlve 
 Thames, and, having taken precautions again!! any at 
 tempts of the enemy in that quarter, returned to London, 
 the inhabitants of which were overwhelmed with con- 
 fternation. 
 
 The government was iftreCTSd with the fame pa:m\ 
 The miniflry pretended to believe that the French act.-j 
 in concert with the malcontents of the nation ; that in- 
 furreclions in different parts of the kingdom had been 
 projected by the Jacobites ; and that there would be a ^e- 
 tieral revolt in Scotland. Thefe insinuations were circu 
 lated- by ths court- agents, in order to juftify, in th:- opini 
 on of the public, the meafures that w^re deemed necef! a; v 
 at this jurvflure; and they produced the defircd (..{ 
 The apprehenfions thus artfully raifcd among the pec, ;,: 
 inflamed their averfion to Nonjurors and Jacobites. Ac ; - 
 dreffes wqre prcfented to the queen by the Cormfh tin 
 ners, by the lieutenancy of Middicfex, and by the mayor, 
 aldermen, and lieutenancy of London, filled with profef- 
 fions of loyalty, and promises of fupporting their mrjef- 
 ties, as their lav/ful fovertign?, a^ainft all oppofition. 
 The queen, at this crifis, exhibited remarkable proofs of 
 courage, activity, and difcretion. She iilued out proper 
 orders and directions for putting the nation in a poflure 
 of defence, as well as for rehtting and augmenting the 
 fleet: She took meafures for appealing the refentment of 
 the States-general, who exclaimed againlt the earl of Tcr- 
 rington for his behaviour in the rate action. lie was de 
 prived of his command, and (ent prifoner to the Tower ; 
 and comrnifTioners were appointed to examine the parti 
 cular circumftances of his conduit. A carnp was formed
 
 8 4 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, in the neighbourhood of Torbay, where the French feem- 
 , ed to threaten a defcent. Their fleet, which lay at anchor 
 
 ""V* 1 in the bay, cannonaded a fmall village called Tingmouth. 
 About a thoufand of their men landed without oppofition, 
 fet fire to the place, and burned a few coafting veflels : 
 Then they re-embarked, and returned to Breft, fo vain of 
 this achievement, that they printed a pompous account of 
 their invafion. Some of the Whig partifans publifhed 
 pamphlets, and diffufed reports, implying, that the fuf- 
 pended bifhops were concerned in the confpiracy againft 
 the government; and thefe arts proved fo inflammatory a- 
 mong the common people, that the prelates thought it 
 necefTary to print a paper, in which they afierted their in 
 nocence in the moft folemn proteftations. The court 
 feems to have harboured no fufpicion againft them, other- 
 wife they would not have efcaped imprifonment. The 
 queen iflued a proclamation for apprehending the earls of 
 Lichfield, Aylefbury, and Caftlemain; vifcount Prefton; 
 the lords Montgomery and Bellafis ; fir Edward Hales, 
 fir Robert Tharold, fir Robert Hamilton, fir Theophilus 
 Oglethorpe, colonel Edward Sackville, and fome other 
 officers. Thefe were accufed of having confpired with o- 
 ther difaffecled perfons to difturb and deftroy the govern 
 ment, and of a defign to concur with her majefty s ene 
 mies in the intended invafion. The earl of Torrington 
 continued a prifoner in the Tower till next fefiion, when 
 he was brought into the houfe of commons, and made 
 a fpeech in his own defence. His cafe produced long de 
 bates in the upper houfe, where the form of his commit 
 ment was judged illegal : At length he was tried by 
 a court-martial, appointed by the commiflioners of the 
 admiralty, though not before an adl had parted, declaring 
 the power of a lord high-admiral vefted in thofe commif- 
 fioners. The prefident of the court was Sir Ralph Dela- 
 val, who had ated as vice-admiral of the blue in the en 
 gagement. The earl was acquitted, but the king difmif- 
 fed him from the fervice ; and the Dutch exclaimed a- 
 gainft the partiality of his judges. 
 
 SuccefTesof William is faid to have intercepted all the papers of his 
 Ireland" 1 "* f at her-in-law and Tyrconnel, and to have learned from 
 them, not only the defign projected by the French to 
 burn the Englifh tranfports, but likewife the undertaking 
 of one Jones, who engaged to aflaffinate King William. 
 No fuch attempt, however, was made, and, in all proba 
 bility, the whole report was a fiction, calculated to throw 
 an odium on James s character. On the gth day of July 
 William detached General Douglas with a confiderable 
 body of horfe and foot towards Athlone, while he himfelf,
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 85 
 
 having left Trelawny to command at Dublin, advanced CHAP, 
 with the reft of his army to Inchiquin, in his way to Kil- , 
 kenny. Colonel Grace, the governor of Athlone for King * P V* > 
 James, being fummoned to furrender, fired a piflol at the 
 trumpeter, faying, " Thefe are my terms." Then Doug 
 las refolved to undertake the fiege of the place, which 
 was naturally very ftrong, and defended by a refolute 
 garrifon. An inconfiderable breach was made, when 
 Douglas, receiving intelligence that Sarsfield was on his 
 march to the relief of the befieged, abandoned the enter- 
 prize, after having loft above four hundred men in the at 
 tempt. The king continued his march to the weftward ; 
 and, by dint of fevere examples, eftablifhed fuch order 
 and difcipline in his army, that the peafants were fecure 
 from the leaft violence. At Carlow he detached the duke 
 of Ormond to take poffeflion of Kilkenny, where that no 
 bleman regaled him in his own caftle, which the enemy 
 had left undamaged. While the army encamped at Car 
 rie, Major-General Kirke was fent to Waterford, the 
 garrifon of which, confiftins; of two regiments, capitulat 
 ed, upon condition of marching out with their arms and 
 baggage, and being conducted to Mallow. The fort of 
 Duncannon was fur rendered on the fame terms. Here the 
 Lord Dover and the Lord George Howard were admitted 
 to the benefit of the king s mercy and protection. 
 
 On the ift day of Auguft, William being at Chapel- 
 Izard, published a fecond declaration of mercy, confirm 
 ing the former, and even extending it to perfons of fupe- 
 rior rank and ftation, whether natives or foreigners, pro 
 vided they would, by the 25th day of the month, lay 
 down their arms, and fubmit to certain conditions. This 
 offer of indemnity produced very little effect ; for the I- 
 rifli were generally governed by their priefts, and the 
 news of the victory which the French fleet had obtained 
 over the Englifti and Dutch was circulated with fuch ex 
 aggerations as elevated their fpirits, and effaced all 
 thoughts of fubmifiaon. The king had returned to Dub 
 lin, with a view to embark for England; but receiving 
 notice that the defigns of his domeftic enemies were dif- 
 covered and fruftrated ; that the fleet was repaired, and 
 the French navy retired to Breft, he poftponed his voyage, 
 and refolved to reduce Limeric, in which Monfieur Boif- 
 felau commanded as governor, and the duke of Berwic 
 and colonel Sarsfield acted as inferior ofScers. On the 
 9th day of Auguft, the king having called in his detach 
 ments, and advanced into the neighbourhood of the place, 
 fummoned the commander to deliver the town ; and Boif- 
 felau anfwered, that he imagined the beft way to gain the
 
 86 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK good opinion of the prince of Orange would be a vigor 
 ous defence of the town which his majefty had committed 
 ^"Y^*" to his charge. Before the place was fully inveftcd, Colo- 
 if.;o. ne j Sarsfield, v/ith a body of horfe and dragoons, pa fled 
 the Shannon in the night, intercepted the king s train of 
 artillery on its way to the camp, routed the troops that 
 guarded it, difabled the cannon, deftroyed the carriage?, 
 waggons, and ammunition, and returned in fafety to Li- 
 rneric. Notwithftanding this difafter, the trenches were 
 opened on the iyth day of the month, and a battery was 
 raifed with fome cannon brought from Waterford. The 
 fiege was carried on v/ith vigour, and the place defended 
 with great refolution. At length, the king ordered his 
 troops to mske a lodgment in the covered way or coun- 
 terfcarp, which was accordingly afiaulted with great fury: 
 But the a flailants met with fuch a warm reception from 
 the befieged, that they were repulfed v/ith the lofs of 
 twelve hundred men, either killed on the fpot or mortally 
 Heisobli- wounded. This difappcintment concurring with the bad- 
 ged to raife nels of the weather, which became rainy and un whole - 
 the fiege of f ome induced the kin;?; to renounce his undertakinc-. 
 
 i.imenc, r _ ^> 
 
 and returns * he heavy baggage and cannon being lent away, the ar- 
 to England, my decamped, and marched towards Clonmel. William 
 having conftituted the Lord Sidney and Thomas Co- 
 ningfby, lords juftices oflreland, and left the command cf 
 the army with Count Solmes, embarked at Duncannon. 
 v/ith Prince George of Denmark, on the 5th of Septem 
 ber, and next day arrived in King-Road, near Briftol, 
 from whence he repaired to Windfor. 
 
 About the latter end of this month, the earl of Marlbo- 
 rough arrived in Ireland, with rivcthoufand Englifh troops, 
 to attack Cork and Kinfale, in conjunction with a detach 
 ment from the great army, according to a fcheme he had 
 propofed to King William. Having landed his foldiers 
 without much oppofition in the neighbourhood of Cork, he 
 was joined by five thoufand men, under the Prince of Wir- 
 temberg, between whom and the earl a difpute arofe about 
 the command ; but this was compromifed by the interpofi- 
 tion of La Mellionere. The place being inverted, and the 
 batteries raifed, the befiegers proceeded with fuch rapidity 
 that a breach was foon effecled. Colonel Mackillicut, the 
 governor, demanded a parley, and hoftages were exchanged; 
 but he reje&ed the conditions that were offered, and hoili- 
 lities recommenced with redoubled vigour. The duke of 
 Grafton, who ferved on this occafion as a volunteer, was 
 mortally wounded in one of the attacks, and died regretted 
 as a youth ofpromifing talents. Preparations being made 
 for a general afTault, the befieged thought proper to capitu-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 87 
 
 late, and furrendered thernfelves prifoners of war. Befides CHAP. 
 the governor and Colonel Ricaut, the victor found the earls ,^. 
 of Clancarty and Tyrone among the individuals of the gar- "T^P* 
 rifon. Marlborough having taken pofleffion of Cork, 
 detached Brigadier Villiers with a body of horfe and dra 
 goons to fummon the town and forts of Kinfale, and next 
 day advanced with the reft of the forces. The old fort was 
 immediately taken by rffault ; but Sir Edward Scot, who 
 commanded the other, fuflained a regular fiege, until the 
 breach was practicable, and then obtained an honourable 
 capitulation. Thefe maritime places being reduced, all 
 communication between France and the enemy, on this fide 
 c;f (he iiland, was cut off, and the Iriih were confined to 
 Ulfter, where they could not fubfiir. without great difficulty. 
 The earl of Marlborough having finished this expedition in 
 thirty days, returned with his prifoners to England, where 
 the fame of this exploit added greatly to his reputation. 
 
 During thefe tranfa&ions, Count de Lauzun, comman 
 der of the French auxiliaries in Ireland, lay inactive in the 
 Keighbourhood of Galway, and tranfmitted fuch a lament - 
 able account of his fituation to the court of France, that 
 tranfports were fent over to bring home the French forces. 
 In thefe he embarked with his troops, and the command of 
 the Irifh forces devolved to the duke of Berwick, though it 
 was afterwards transferred to M. St. Ruth. Lauzun was 
 difgraced atVerfaiiles, for having deferted the caufe before 
 it was defperate : Tyrconnel, who accompanied him in his 
 voyage, folicited the French court for a further fupply of 
 officers, arms, clothes, and ammunition for the Irjfh army, 
 which he faid would continue firm to the intereft of King 
 James, if thus fupported. Mean while, they formed them- 
 ielves into feparate bodies of freebooters, and plundered the 
 country, under the appellation of Rapparies ; while the 
 troops of King William either enjoyed their eafe in quar 
 ters, or imitated the rapine of the enemy ; fo that, between 
 both, the poor people were miferably harraffed. 
 
 The affairs of the continent had not yet undergone any . 
 
 i r- i CL c u j t c State of af- 
 
 change of importance, except mtn? conduct of the duke of foir; , on the 
 Savoy, who renounced his neutrality, engaged in an alliance continent. 
 with the emperor and king of Spain ; and, in a word, acced 
 ed to die grand confederacy. He had no fooner declared 
 himfelf, thaaCatinat, the French general, entered his terri 
 tories, at the head of eighteen thoufand men, and defeated 
 him in a pitched battle near Saluces, which immediately 
 furrendered to the conqueror. Then he reduced Savillana, 
 V ilia Franca, with fevsral other places, purfued the duke to 
 Carigrum, furprifed Sufo, and diftributcd his forces in 
 winter- quarters, partly in Provence, and partly in the duchy
 
 88 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK of Savoy, which St. Ruth had lately reduced under the do 
 minion of France. The duke rinding himfelf difappointed 
 
 ^""V*^ in the fuccours he expected from the emperor and king of 
 1689. Spain, demanded aiTiftance of the States-general and King 
 William ; to this laft he fent an ambaflador, to congratulate 
 him upon hrs acceffion to the throne of England. The con 
 federates, in their general congrefs at the Hague, had agreed 
 that the army of the ftates under Prince Waldec fhould op- 
 pofe the forces of France, commanded by the duke of Lux 
 embourg in Flanders; while the elector of Brandenburgh 
 fhould obferve the marquis de Boufflers on the Mofelle : 
 But, before the troops of Brandenburgh could be aflembled; 
 BoufHers encamped between the Sambre and the Meufe, 
 and maintained a free communication with Luxembourg. 
 
 Prince Waldec underftanding that this general intended 
 to crofs the Sambre between Namur and Charleroy, in 
 order to lay the Spanifh territories under contribution, 
 decamped from the river Pieton, and detached the count of 
 Berlo, with a great body of horfe, to obferve the motions of 
 the enemy. He was encountered by the French army 
 near Fleurus, and flain ; and his troops, though fupported 
 by two ocher detachments, were hardly able to rejoin the 
 main body, which continued all night in order of battle. 
 N ext day they were attacked by the French, who were 
 greatly fuperior to them in number: After a very obftinate 
 engagement the allies gave way, leaving about five thou 
 fand iren dead upon the field of battle. The enemy took 
 about four thoufand prifoners, and the greateft part of their 
 artillery; but the vi<fWy was dearly bought. The Dutch 
 infantry fought with furprifing refolution and fuccefs. The 
 duke of Luxembourg owned, with furprife, that they had 
 furpafTed the Spanifh. foot at the battle of Rocroy. " Prince 
 " Waldec (faid he) ought always to remember the French 
 " horfe ; and 1 mail never forget the Dutch in- 
 fantry." The Dutch general exerted himfelf with fuch 
 activity, that the French derived very little advantage from 
 their victory. The Prince being re-enforced with the five 
 Englifh regiments, nine thoufand Hanoverians, ten thou 
 fand from the bifhopric of Liege and Holland, joined the 
 elector of Brandenburgh ; fo that the confederate army 
 amounted to five-and-fifty thoufand men, and they marched 
 by the way of Genap to Bois-Seigneur-Ifaac. They were 
 now fuperior to Luxembourg, who thoughtproper to fortify 
 his camp, that he might not be obliged to fight, except 
 with considerable advantage. Neverthelefs, Prince Waldec 
 would have attacked him in his entrenchments, had not he 
 been prohibited from hazarding another engagement, by an 
 exprefs order of the States-general ; and, when this reftric- 
 tion was removed, the elector would not venture a battle,
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 8 9 
 
 By this time the emperor s Ton Jofeph was by the elec- CHAP, 
 toral college chofen king of the Romans ; but his intereft 
 fuftained a rutle fliock in the death of the gallant duke of ^V^ 
 Lorraine, who was fuddenly fdzed with a quinfey, at 
 a fmall village near Lintz, and expired, not without fuf- 
 picion of having fallen a facrifice to the fears of the French 
 king) againft whom he had formally declared war, as 
 a fovereign prince unjuftly expelled from his territories. 
 He pofFeiTed great military talents, and had threatened to 
 enter Lorraine, at the head of forty thoufand men, in the 
 courfe of the enfuing fummer. The court of France, a- 
 larmed at this declaration, is faid to have had recourfe to 
 poifon, for preventing the execution of the duke s defign* 
 At his death the command of the imperial army was con 
 ferred upon thj elector of Bavari?.. This prince, having 
 joined the elector of Saxony, advanced againft the dau 
 phin, who had pafTed the Rhine at Fort Louis, with 
 a confiderable army, and intended to penetrale into Wir- 
 temberg ; but the duke of Bavaria checked his progrefs, 
 and he afted on the defenfive during the remaining part 
 of the campaign. The emperor was lefs fortunate in his 
 efforts againft the Turks, who rejected the conditions of 
 peace he had offered, and took the field, under a new vi- 
 fir. In the month of Auguft Count Tekeli defeated a bo 
 dy of Imperialifts near Cronftadt, in Tranfylvania; then 
 convoking the ftates of that province at Albajulia, ha 
 compelled them to elect him their fovereign ; but his 
 reign was of fhort duration. Prince Louis, of Baden, 
 having taken the command of the Auftrian army, detach 
 ed four regiments into Belgrade, and advanced againft 
 Tekeli, who retired intoValachia ata his approach. Mean 
 while, the grand vifir inverted Belgrade, and carried on 
 his attacks with furprinng refolution. At length, a bomb 
 falling upon a great tower, in which the powder-magazine 
 of the befieged was contained, the place blew up with 
 a dreadful explofion. Seventeen hundred foldiers of the 
 garrifon were deftroyed ; the walls and ramparts were o- 
 verthrown ; the ditch was filled up, and fo large a breach 
 was opened, that the .Turks entered by fquadrons and 
 battalions, cutting in pieces all that fell in their way. 
 The fire fpread from megazine to magazine until eleven 
 were deftroyed : and, in "the confufion, the remaining 
 part of the garrifon efcaped to Pcterwaradin. By this 
 time the knpeiialifts were in poileilion of Tranfylvania, 
 and cantoned at Cronftadt and Claufinburgh. Tekeli 
 undertook to attack the province on one fide, while a bo 
 dy of Turks flvould invade it on the other : Thefe laft 
 were totally difperfed by Prince Louis, of Baden y but 
 
 VOL. I. M
 
 go HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK Prince Au t ";uftus, of Hanover, whom he had detached a- 
 , , gainft the count, was flain in a narrow defile, and his 
 
 """ trbops were obliged to retreat with precipitation. Tekeli, 
 i6;o. , j- j i j i> -r 
 
 however, did not improve tbis advantage. i>eing appnl- 
 
 ed of the fate of his allies, and afraid of feeing his retreat 
 cut off by the fnow, that frequently choaks up the paffes 
 of the mountains, he retreated again to Valachia, and 
 Prince Louis returned to Vierma. 
 
 parliament King William having publifhed a proclamation, re- 
 s!eets! S quiring the attendance of the members on the 2d day ot 
 October, both houfes met accordingly, and he opened the 
 feffion with a fpeech to the ufual purport. He mentioned 
 what he had done towards the reduction of Ireland ; com 
 mended the behaviour of the trooops ; told them the fup- 
 plies were not equal to the neceffary" expence : reprefent- 
 ed the danger to which the nation would be expofed, un- 
 lefs the war fhould be profecuted with vigour; conjured 
 them to clear his revenue, which was mortgaged for the 
 payment of former debts, and enable him to p^.y off the 
 arrears of the army; affured them that the fuccefs of ths 
 confederacy abroad would depend upon the vigou; &difp?.tch 
 of their proceedings ; expreffed his refentment againft 
 thofe who had been guilty of mifcondu6l in the manage 
 ment of the fleet ; recommended unanimity and expedi 
 tion ; and declared, that whoever mould attempt to divert 
 their attention from thofe fubjedts of importance which he 
 had propofed, could neither be a friend to him nor a well 
 wiflier to his country. The late attempt of the French 
 upon the coaft of England, the rumours of a confpirac^ 
 by the Jr.cobites, the perfonal valour which William had 
 tiifplayed in Ireland, and the puiillanimous behaviour of 
 James, concurred in warming the refentment of the na 
 tion againft the adherents of the late king, and in railing 
 a tide uf loyalty in favour of the new government. Both 
 houfes prefented feparate addreffes of congratulation to 
 the king and queen, upon his courage and conduct in the 
 field, and her fortitude and fagacity at the helm, in times 
 of danger and difquiet. The commons, purfuantto an ef- 
 timate laid before them of the next year s expences, voted 
 a fupply of four millions for the maintenance of the army 
 and navy, and fettled the funds for that purpofe. 
 
 They propofed to raife one million by the fale of forfeit 
 ed eftates in Ireland : They refolved, that a bill fhould be 
 brought in for confifcatina; thofe cftatos, with a claufe, 
 empowering the king to beftow a third part of them on 
 thofe who had ferved in the war, as well as to grant fuch 
 articles and capitulations to thofe who were in arms, as 
 he fhoulti think proper .This claufe was rejected ; and
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 91 
 
 a great nnmber of petitions were offered againft the bill, c H A r * 
 by creditors and heirs, who had continued faithful to the i^^J^j 
 government. Thefe were fuppofed to have been fuggefted 
 by the court, in order to retard the progrefs of the bill; 
 for the eftates had been already promifed to the king s fa 
 vourites : TSeverthelefs, the bill palled the lower houfe 
 and was font up to the lords, among whom it was pur- 
 pofely delayed by the influence of the miniftry. It was at 
 this juncture that Lord Torrington was tried and acquit 
 ted, very much to the diffctisfacSlion of the king, who not 
 only difmifTed him from the fervice, but even forbade him 
 to appear in his prefsnce. When William came to the 
 houfe of lords, to give the royal afTent to a bill for doub 
 ling the excife, he told the parliament, tha f . the pofture of 
 affairs required his prrfence at tho Hague ; that, there 
 fore, they ought to lofe no time in perfetin/ fuch other 
 fupplies as were ftill neceflary for the maintenance of the 
 army and navy ; and he reminded them of making fome 
 provifion for the expence of the civil government. Two 
 bills were accordingly puff-d for rranting to their majef- 
 ties the duties on goods imported, fur fi /3 years ; and 
 thefe, together with the mutiny bill, received the royal 
 aflent : Upon which occafion the kin^ cbferved, that if 
 fome annual provifion could be made for augmenting the 
 navy, it would greatly conduce to the honour and ftfety 
 of the nation. In confequence of this hint, they voted 
 a confiderable fupply for building additional fliips of war*, 
 and proceeded with fuch alacrity and expedition, as even 
 feemed to anticipate the king s defires. This liberality 
 and difpatch v/ere in a great meafure owing to the man 
 agement of Lord Godolphin, who was now placed at the 
 head of the treafury, and Sir John Somers, the folicitor- 
 general. The place of fecretary of {late, which had re 
 mained vacant fmce the refignation of the earl of Shrewf- 
 bury, was now filled with Lord Sidney; and Sir Charles 
 Porter was appointed one of the juftices of Ireland, in the 
 room of this nobleman. 
 
 Notwithftanding the act for reverfing the proceedings 
 againft the city-charter, the Whigs had made fhift toakeep 
 pofleflion of the magiftracy: Pilkington continued mayor, 
 and Robinfon retained the office of chamberlain. The To- 
 
 * This fupply was raifed by the additional duties upon beer, ale, and other 
 liquors. They alfo provided in the bill, that the impofitions on wines, vine 
 gar, and tobacco, fhould be made a fund of credit : That the furplus, of the 
 g ants they had made, after the current fervice was provided for, fhould be ap 
 plicable to the payment of the debts contracted by the war: and, That it fhould 
 be lawful for their majefties to make life c.f five hundred thoufand pounds, 
 cut of the faid grants, oa conditi-an cf that fum * being repaid from the revenue
 
 9* HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK ries of the city, prefuming upon their late fervices, prefent- 
 ed a petition to the late houfe of commons, complaining, 
 
 i " *V s-> That the intent of the late act of parliament, for rever- 
 ;6 ? fing the Judgement on the quo warranty, was fruftrated 
 by fome doubtful expreflion ; fo that the old aldermen elect 
 ed by commifiions under the late king s great feal dill ailed 
 by virtue of that authority : That Sir Thomas Pilkington 
 was not duly returned as mayor by the common-hall; and, 
 That he and the aldermen had impofed Mr. Leonard Robin- 
 fon upon them as chamberlain, though another perfon was 
 duly elected into that office : That divers members of the 
 common-council were illegally excluded, and others, duly 
 elected, were refufed admittance. They fpecefied other 
 grievancies, and petitioned for relief. Pilkington and his 
 iifTociates undertook to prove, that thofe allegations were ei 
 ther falfe or frivolous; and reprefented the petetionas a con 
 trivance of the Jacobites, to difturb the peace of the city, 
 that the fupply might be retarded, and the government di- 
 ftrefled. In the late panic which overfpread the nation, the 
 the Whigs had appeared to be the monied men, and lub- 
 icribed largely for the fecurity of the fettlement they had 
 made, while the Tories kept aloof with a fufpicious cau 
 tion. For this reafon, the court now interpofcd its influence 
 in fuch a manner, that little or no regard was paid to their 
 remonftrancc. 
 
 The marquis of Caermarthen, lord-prefident, who was at 
 the head of the Tory intereft in the miniftry, and had ac 
 quired great credit with the king and queen, now fell under 
 the difpleafure of the oppofite faction ; and they refolved 
 (if poffible) to revive his old impeachment. The earl of 
 jShrewfbury, and thirteen other leading men, had engaged 
 in this defign. A committee of Lords was appointed to 
 examine precedents, and enquire whethet impeachments 
 continued injlatu quo from parliament to parliament. Se 
 veral fuch precedents were reported ; and violent debates 
 cnfued : But, the marquis eluded the vengeance of his ene 
 mies, in confluence of the following queftion, Whether 
 " the earls of Salifbury and Peterborough, who had been im- 
 * c peached in the forner parliament, for being reconciled to 
 " the church of Rome, mall be difcharged from their bail ?" 
 <l The houfe refolved in the affirmative, and feveral lords 
 entered a proteft. The commons having rimmed a bill for 
 appointing commiflioners to take and ftate the public ac 
 counts ; and having chofen the commiffioners from among 
 their own members, fent it up to the houfe of lords. There 
 the earl of Rochefter moved, that they ihould add fome of 
 their number to thofe of the commons : They accordingly 
 ehofe an equal number by ballot j but Rochefter hirnfelf
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 93 
 
 being elected, refufed to act : The others followed his ex- c H A p. 
 ampFe, and the bill paffed without alteration. On the 5th _^ 
 
 day of January, the king put an end to the fefiicn with a ( ~~Y~* J 
 Speech, in which he thanked them for the repeated inftan- 
 ces tii -y had exhibited of their affection to his perfon and 
 government. He told them it was high time for him to 
 embark for Holland; recommended unanimity; and allured 
 them of his particular favour and protection. Then Lord 
 Chief Baron Atkins fignifLd his majefty s pleafurc, that 
 the two houfes ihould adjourn themfelves to 3ift dry of 
 March*. 
 
 William, having fettled the affairs of the nation, fet out V/; I 1 ^ 
 for Margate on the 6th day of January; but, the fhip in f ets O ut for 
 which he propofed to embaik being detained by an eafterly Holland, 
 wind and hard froft, he returned to Kenfington. On the 
 1 6th, however, he embarked at Gravefend with a nume 
 rous retinue, and fet fail for Holland, under convoy of 
 twelve fl-iips of war, commanded by Admiral Rooke. 
 Next day, being informed by a fifherman, that he was 
 within a league and a half of Goree, he quitted the yacht, 
 and went into an open boat, attended by the duke of Or- 
 mond, the earls of Devonfhire, Dorfet, Portland, and 
 Monmouth, with Auverquerquq, and Zuyleftein. In- 
 flead of landing immediately, they loft fight of the fleet, 
 and night coming on, were expofed in very fevere \veather 
 to the danger of the enemy and the fea, which ran very 
 high for eighteen hours, during which, the king and all 
 his attendants were drenched with fea-water. When the 
 failors expreffed their apprehenfions of perifliing, the king 
 afkcd if they were afraid to die in his company ? At day 
 break, he landed on the Ifle of Goree, where he took 
 fome refrefhment in a fifherman s hut; then he commit 
 ted himfelf to the boat again, and was conveyed to the 
 fhore in the neighbourhood of Maeflanfluyr. A deputa 
 tion of the ftates received him at Hounflardykc : About 
 fix in the evening he arrived at the Hague, where he 
 was immediately complimented by the ftates-c;eneral, the 
 ftates of Holland, the council of Ilat.e, the other colleges, 
 and the foreign minifters. He afterwards, at the requeft 
 of the magiftrates, made his public entry with furprifintx 
 magnificence ; and the Dutch celebrated his arrival with 
 bonfires, illuminations, and other marks of tumultuous 
 joy. He aflifted at their different affemblies ; informed 
 them of his fucceffes in England and Ireland ; and af- 
 fured them of his conftant zeal and affection for his native 
 country. 
 
 * In this year the English planters repoiTeiTed thernfelves of part of the 
 Inand^ of St . Chriftophrr s from which they haft btea driven by the 
 French.
 
 $4 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK At a folemn congrefs of the confederate princes, he re- 
 prefented, in a let fpecch, the dangers to which they were 
 
 ^*y~*~ expofed from the power and ambition of France ; and the 
 a6 9 J - neceffity of acting with vigour and difpatch. He declared 
 he would fpare neither his credit, forces, nor perfon, in 
 concurring with their meafures; and that in the fpring he 
 would come at the head of his troops to fulfil his engage 
 ments. They forthwith refolved to employ two hundred 
 and twenty-two thoufand men againft France in the enfu- 
 ing campaign. The proportions of the differv-nt princes 
 and ftates were regulated ; and the king of England a- 
 greed to furnifn twenty thoufand. He fupplied the duke 
 of Savoy fo liberally, that his affairs foon afTumed a more 
 promifing afpect. The plan of operations was fettled ; and 
 they tranfa&ed their affairs with iuch harmony, that no dif- 
 pute interrupted their deliberations. In the beginning of 
 March, immediately after the congrefs broke up, the fiege 
 of Mons was undertaken by the French king in perfon, ac 
 companied by the dauphin, the dukes, of Orleans and 
 Chartres. The garrifon confifted of about fix thoufand 
 men, commanded by the prince of Bergue : But the be- 
 fiegers carried on rheir works with fuch rapidity as they 
 could not wit.hfr.and. King William no fooner under- 
 ftood that the place was inrefted, than he ordered Prince 
 Waldec to affbmble the army, determined to march againft 
 the enemy in perion. Fifty thoufand men were foon col 
 lected at Hal! , near BiulTels: But, when he went thither, 
 he found the Spaniards had neglected to provide carriages, 
 and orther nectfTan; c for the expedition. Mean while, 
 the burghers of Mons, feeing their town in danger of 
 being utterly deftroyed by the bombs and cannon of the 
 enemy, prefTed the govej n or to capitulate, and even 
 threatened to introduce the befiegers : So that he was 
 forced to ooirply, and/ obtained very honourable condi- 
 
 Returnsto tions. William, being apprifrd of this event, returned 
 
 England. to tne Han;ue, embarked for England, and arrived at 
 Whitehall on the 131!! day of April*. 
 
 A confpiracy aa^.inft the government had been lately 
 difcovered. In the latter end of December, the Mafter of 
 a veflel who lived at Bilking, in Eflex, informed the mar 
 quis of Caermarth.n, that .is wife had let out one of his 
 boats to carry over fo re perfjns to France ; and that they 
 would embark on the 30th day of the month. This intel 
 ligence being conmunicated to the king and council, an or 
 der was fent to Captain Billop, to watch the motion of the 
 vefiel, and fccure the pafTengers. He accordingly boarded 
 
 * A few days before his arrival great part of the palace of Whitehall wuu 
 eynfumed by fire, through the negligence of a fsraale fervaxt.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 95 
 
 her at Gravefend, and found in the hold Lord Prefton, Mr. C H^A P. 
 Afhton, a fervent of the late queen, and one Elliot. He 
 likewifc feized a bundle of papers, fome of which were 
 fcarce intelligible ; among the reft, two letters, fuppofed to 
 be written by Turner, bifhop of Ely, to King James and 
 his queen, under fictitious names. The whole amounted 
 to aii invitation to the French King, to affift King James 
 in reafcending the throne, upon certain conditions, while 
 William fhould be abfent from the kingdom : But, tha 
 fcheme was ill laid, and countenanced tut by a very few per- 
 fons of confideration, among whom the chiefs were the earl of 
 Clarendon, the bifhop of Ely, Lord Prefton, his brother, 
 Mr. Graham, and Penn, the famous quaker. Notwithftan- 
 ding the outcries which had been made againft the fever i- 
 ties of the late government, Prefton, and his accomplice 
 Afhton, were tried at the old bailey for comparting the 
 death of their majefties King William and queen Mary; 
 and th<_ir trials were hurried on, without any regard to their 
 petitions for delay. Lord Prefton alledged, in his defence 
 that the treafons charged upon him were not committed in 
 the county of Middlefex, as laid in the indictment ; that 
 none of the witncfles declared he had any concern in hiring 
 the veflel ; that the papers were not found upon him ; that 
 there ought to be two credible witnefles to every facl, 
 whereas, the whole proof againft him refted on fimilitude 
 of hand, and mere fuppofition. He was, neverthelefs, found 
 guilty. Aftiton behaved with great intrepidity and com- 
 pofure. He owned his purpofe of going to France, in pur- 
 iuance of a promife he had made the General Worden, who, 
 on his death-bed, conjured him to go thither, and finifli 
 fume affairs of confequence which he had left there depend 
 ing ; as well as with a view to recover a conflderable fum 
 of money due to himfelf. He denied that he was privy to 
 the contents of the papers found upon him : He complained 
 of his having been denied time to prepare for his trial j 
 and called feveral perfons to prove him a proteftant of ex 
 emplary piety and irreproachable morals. Thefe circum- 
 ftances had no weight with the court. He was brow-bea 
 ten by the bench, and found guilty by the jury, as he had 
 the papars in his cuftody : Yet, there was no privity prov 
 ed ; and the Whig party tbemfelves had often exprefsly de 
 clared, that of all forts of evidence, that of finding papers in 
 a perfon s pofleflion is the weakeft, becaufe no man can fe- 
 cure himfelf from fuch danger. Afhton fuffered with equ.il 
 courage and decorum. In a paper which he delivered to 
 the fherifF, he owned his attachment to King James : He 
 witneffed to the birth of the prince of Wales"; denied bis 
 knowledge of the contents of the papers that were comxiit-
 
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK ted to his charge; complained of the hard meafures he hac 
 met with from the Judges and the Jury, but forgr.ve them, 
 ^*V vJ in the fight of heaven. This man was celebrated by the 
 1 9 1 Nonjurors as martyr to loyalty ; and they boldly affirmed, 
 Purnet t iat k s c mc ^ crime in the eyes of the government, was his 
 StateTrails having air.ong his baggage, an accoum of fuch evidence as 
 Burchet. would have been convincing to all the world, concerning 
 Ran* ^ e birth f t^ 6 prince of Wales, which by a grefit number 
 of people was believed funoofitious *. Lord Pi efton obtain 
 ed a pardon : Elliot was not tried, becaufe no evidence ap 
 peared againft him: the earl of Clarendon was feat to the 
 Tower, where he re nai.jcd foi- e months, and he was after 
 wards confined to his own houfe in the country : An indul 
 gence which he owed to his confanguinity with the queen, 
 who was his firfr, coufm. The bi/hop of Ely, Graham, and 
 Perm abfconded; and a proclamation was iffued for appre 
 hending them as traitors. 
 
 This prelate s being concerned in a confpiracy fur- 
 nifhcd the king with a plaufible pretence for filling up the 
 vacant bifhoprics. The deprived bifhops had been giv 
 en to understand, that an act of parliament might be ob 
 tained to excufe them from talcing the oaths, provided they 
 would perform their Epifcopal functions: But, as they 
 declined this expedient, the king refolved to fill up their 
 places at his return from Holland. Acccordingly, the 
 archbiihopric of Canterbuiy was conferred upon Dr. 
 Tillotfonf, one of the moft learned, moderate, and vir 
 tuous ecclefiaftics of the age, who did not accept of this 
 promotion without great reluctance, becaufe he forefaw 
 that he fhould be expofed to the flander and malevolence 
 of that party which efpoufed the caufe of his predecefTor. 
 The other vacant fees were given to divines of unblemifh- 
 ed character ; and the public in general teemed very well 
 fatisfied with this exertion of the king s fupremacy. The 
 deprived bifhops at firft afFecled all the meeknefs of refig- 
 nation. They remembered thofe fhouts of popular ap 
 probation, by which they had been animated in the per- 
 fecution they fuffered under the late government; and they 
 hoped the fame cordial would fupport them i-n thcir pre- 
 
 *To one of the pamphlets publifhed on this occafion, is r.nne:ced a petition to 
 t ic p .x fer.t overnm>-nt, in the name of King James s adherents, importing, 
 that fome grave and learned pcrfon fhould be authorifed to compile the treadle, 
 fliowing tiie grounds of William s title; and declaring, taut in cafe the per- 
 iomumce fliould carry conTidion along with it, they would fubmit to that ti 
 tle, as they hnd hirhcrto oppofed it from a principle of conftience. Th; belt 
 anfwer that could be made to this fummons, was Locke s book of government, 
 which appeared at this period. Ralph. 
 
 f Beveridge was promoted to the fee of Bath and Wells, Fowler to that 
 of Gloucefter, Cumberland to Peterborough, Moore to Norwich, Grove t 
 Sliichefter, and Patrick to Ely.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 97 
 
 font affliction : But, finding the nation cold in their con- CHAP. 
 cern, they determined to warm it by argument and de 
 clamation. The prefs groaned with the efforts of their 
 learning and refentment ; and every eflay was anfwered 
 by their opponent*. The Nonjurors affitmed, that Chrif- 
 tianity was a doctrine of the crofs ; that no pretence 
 whatever could juftify an infunecHon againft the fove- 
 reign ; that the primitive Chriftians thought it their in- 
 difpenfable duty to be pafiive under every invafion of their 
 rights ; and, that non-refiftance was the do&rinc of the 
 Englifh church, confirmed by all the fanctions that could 
 be derived from the laws of God and man. The other 
 party, not only fupported the natural rights of mankind^ 
 and explained the ufe that might be made of the doctrine 
 of non-refiftance, in exciting frefh commotions, but they 
 alfo argued, that if paflive obedience was right in any in- 
 ftance, it was conclufively fo with regard to the prefent 
 government ; for the obedience required by fcripture was 
 indifcriminate, " the powers that be, are ordained of God 
 " let every foul be fubject to the higher powers." 
 From thefe texts they inferred, that the new oaths ought 
 to be taken without fcruple ; and that thofe who refufed 
 them, concealed party under the cloak of confcience. On 
 the other hand, the fallacy and treachery of this argument 
 were demonftrated. They faid, it levelled all diftindlions 
 of juftice and duty ; that thofe who taught fuch doctrines, 
 attached themfelves folely to pofieflion, however unjuftly 
 acquired ;" that if twenty different ufurpers (hould fucceed 
 one another, they would recognize thelaft, notwithftanding 
 the allegiance they had fo folemnly fworn to his predecef- 
 for, like the fawning fpaniel that followed the thief who 
 mounted his mafter s horfe, after having murdered the 
 right owner. They alfo denied the juftice of a lay-de 
 privation, and, with refpecl to church-government, ftarted 
 the fame diftindlions " de jure and de faflo" which they 
 had formerly made in the civil adminiftration. They had 
 even recourfe to all the bitternefs of invelive againft 
 Tillotfon and the new biftiops, whom they reviled as in 
 truders and ufurpers : Their acrimony was chiefly di 
 rected againft Dr. Sherlock, who had been one of the 
 Mtioft violent fticklers againft the Revolution, but thought 
 proper to take the oaths upon the retreat of King James 
 from Ireland. They branded him as as an apoftate, who 
 had betrayed his caufe, and publifhed a review of his 
 whole conduct, which proved a fevere fatire upon his cha 
 racter. Their attacks upon individuals were mingled 
 with their vengeance againft the government : And in 
 deed the great aim of th .ir divines, as well as of their pe- 
 VOL. f N
 
 $3 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK liticians, was to fap the foundation of the new fettlement. 
 In order to alienate the minds of the people from the in- 
 
 ^""Y"*^ 1 ^ terefts of the reigning prince, they ridiculed his character ; 
 -* 6 * 1 - inveighed againfr. his meafurcs . They acc-ifed him of fa- 
 crificing the concerns of England to the advantage of his 
 n.uive country ; and drew invidious comparifons between 
 the wealth, the trade, the taxes of the laft, and of the pre- 
 fent reign. To frufcrate thefe efforts of the malcontents, 
 the court employed their engines to anfwer and recrimi 
 nate : All forts of informers were encouraged and ca-. 
 refll d: In a proclamation irTued againft Papifts and other 
 difaffecled pcrfons, all ma^ifl-ates were enjoined to make 
 fearch, and apprehend thofe who mould, by feditious dif- 
 courfes and libels, prefume to defame the government. 
 Thus the revolutioners commenced the profefTed enemies 
 of thofe very arts and practices which had enabled them to 
 bring their fcheme to perfection. 
 
 Affairs in The Prefbyterians in Scotland acted with fuch folly, 
 
 ><.wi ind. violence, and tyranny, as rendered them equally odious and 
 contemptible. The tranfactions in their general afTembly 
 were carried on with fuch peevifhncfs, partiality, and in- 
 juilice, that the king diffblved it by an act of ftate, and 
 convoked another for the month of November, in the fol 
 lowing year. The Epifeopal party papiriifed to enter 
 heartily .into the interefts of the new government, to 
 keep the Highlanders quiet, and induce the clergy to 
 acknowledge and ferve King William, provided he would 
 balance the power of A-lelvill and his partifans in fuch a 
 manner as would fecure them from violence and oppreffion ; 
 provided the Epifcopal minifters mould be permitted to 
 perform their functions among thofe people by whom they 
 were beloved ; and that fuch of them as were willing to 
 mix with the Prefbyterians in their judicatories, mould bs 
 admitted without any fevere jmpofition in point of opi 
 nion. The kina;, who was extremely difgufted at the 
 Prefbyterians, reiimed the propofal ; and young Dalrym- 
 ple, fon of Lord Stair, was appointed joint fecretary of 
 ftare with Meivill. He undertook to bring over the ma 
 jority of the Jacobites, and a great number of them took 
 the oaths : But at the fame time they maintained a cor- 
 refpondence with the court of St. Germains, by the con 
 nivance of which they fuVmitted to William, that they 
 might be in a condition to ferve James the more effec 
 tually. The Scottifh parliament was adjourned by pro 
 clamation to the i6th day of September. Precautions were 
 taken to prevent any dangerous communication with the 
 continent : A committee was appointed to put the kingdom 
 in a pofture of defence; to exercife the powers of the regen 
 cy, ia fecuring the enemies of the government ; and the
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 9? 
 
 eari of Home, with Sir Peter F refer and Sir ./Eneas Mac- c II A ; 
 pherfon were apprehended and imprifoned, 
 
 The king having fettled the operations of the enfuing ^^f^ 
 campaign in Ireland, where General Ginckcl exerciC:d l ") l ~ 
 the lupreme cornrr.and, manned his H. j et by ciint of prefTing r _, 
 failors, to the incredible annoyance of commerce : Then, l^ ^-.,. 
 ]. .. . His, the queen as before at the helm of government in mcnts of 
 England, he returned to Holland, accompanied bv Lord ^ 
 
 o . , r r 1 1 r \ 1 1\. 1 1 a 
 
 Sidney, fccretary of State, the eails of Marlbocpugh and 01 
 
 Pcuilaiid, and began to make preparations for taking the 
 fiud in perfon. On the 1 3th ciay of May, the duke of 
 Luxembourg}) having paffed the Scheld at the head of a 
 la - any. took pofleffion of Halle, and gave U up to 
 plunder, in fight of the confederates, who were obliged to 
 throw up entrenchments for their prefervation. At the 
 fame time the marquis de BouiHers, with a confiderable 
 body of forces, entrenched himfeif before Liege, with a. 
 view to bombard that city. In the beginning of June, 
 King William took upon hirnftlf the command of the 
 allied army, by this time re-enforced in fuch a manner ; s 
 to be fuperior to the enemy. He forthwith detached the 
 Count de Tilly, with ten thoufand men, to the relief of 
 Liege, which was already reduced to ruins and defalatton 
 by the bombs, bullets, and repeated attacks of the Bcuf- 
 f.ers, who now thought proper to retreat to Dinant. 
 Tilly, having thus railed the fiege, and thrown a body 
 of troops into Huy, rejoined the confederate army, which 
 had been augmented, even fince his departure, with fix 
 thoufand men from Brandenburgh, and ten thoufand Hef- 
 fians, commanded by the landgrave in perfon. Such was 
 the vigilance of Luxembourg, that William could not 
 avail himfeif of his fuperiority. In vain he exhaufbed his 
 invention in marches, counter-marches, and firatagems, 
 to bring on a general engagement : The French marfhal 
 avoided it with fuch dexterity, as baified all his endea 
 vours. In the courfe of this campaign, the two armies 
 twice confronted each other : But they were fituated in 
 fuch a manner that neither couid begin the attack without 
 a manifeft difadvantage. While the king lay encamped 
 at Court-fur-heure, -v foldier corrupted by the enemy, let 
 fire to the fufees o f feveral bombs, the explofion of which 
 miffht have blown up the whole magazine, an<l produced 
 infinite confufion in the army, had not the mifchief been 
 prevented by the courage of the men who guarded the 
 artillery : Even while the fufees were burning they dif- 
 engaged the waggons from the line, and overturned them 
 down the fide of a hiil ; fo that the communication of the 
 fire was intercepted. The perfon who made this trea-
 
 ico HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK cherous attempt being difcovercd, owned he had been 
 employed for this purpofe by the duke of Luxembourg, 
 
 V -""Y" N "^ He was tried by a court-martial, and fuffered the death of 
 3* a traitor. Such perfidious practices not only fix an in 
 delible {hare of infamy on the French general, but prove 
 how much the capacity of William was dreaded by his 
 enemies. King William, quitting Courr-fur-heure, en 
 camped upon the plain of St. Girard, where he remained 
 till the 4th day of September, confuming the forage, and 
 exhaufting the country. Then he pafled the Sarrbre near 
 Jemeppe, while the French crofied it at La Bufiere, and 
 both armies marched towards Enghcin. The enemy, per 
 ceiving the confederates were at their heels, proceeded to 
 Gramont, paffed the Dender, and took polTeflion of a 
 ftrong camp between Aeth and Oudenarde: William fol 
 lowed the fame route, and encamped between Aeth and 
 Leufe. While he continued in this poll, the Hefiinn for 
 ces and thofe of Liege, amounting to about eighteen 
 thoufand men, feparated from the army, and pallid the 
 Meufe at Namur : Then the King returned to the Hague, 
 leaving the command to Prince Waldec, who forthwith 
 removed to Leufe, and on the 2Oth day of the month be<ran 
 his march to Cambron. Luxembourg, who watched his 
 motions with a curious eye, found means to attack him in 
 his retreat fb fuddenly, that his rear was furprifed and de 
 feated, though the French were at laft obliged to retire : 
 The prince continued his route to Cambron, and in a 
 little time both armies retired into winter-quarters. In 
 the mean time, the duke de Noailles brfieged and 
 took Urgel in Catalonia, while a French fqnadron, 
 commanded by the Count D Etrees, bombarded Barcelona 
 and Alicant, 
 
 The confederates had propofed to act vigoroufly in Italy 
 againit the French ; but the feafon was far advanced before 
 they were in a condition to take the field. The emperor 
 and Spain had undertaken to furnifh troops to join the duke 
 of Savoy; and the maritime powers contributed their pro 
 portion in money. The elector of Bavaria was nominated 
 to the fupreme command of the imperial forces in that coun 
 try : The marquis de Leganez, governor of the Milanefe, 
 ar.ed as truftee for the Spanifh monarch; DukeSchomberg, 
 fon of that great general who loft his life at the Boyne, 
 lately created duke of Leinfter, managed the intereft of 
 William, as king of England and fladtholder, and com 
 manded a body of the Vaudois paid by Great Britain. Be 
 fore the German auxiliaries arrived, the French had rmtde 
 great progrefs in their conquefts. Catinat bcfieged and 
 took Villa-Franca, Nice, and feme other fortifications ;
 
 WILLIAM AND iMARY. ici 
 
 then he reduced Villana and Carrnagnola, and detached the C H A P. 
 marquis de Feuquieres to inveft Coni, a ftrong fortrefs 
 garr.lbned by the Vaudoisand French refugees. The duke 
 of Savoy was now reduced to the brink of ruin. He ftw 
 almoft "all his places of ftrength in the polTeflion of the 
 enemy : Coni was bcfieged ; and La Hoguettc, another 
 French general, had forced the pailes of the valley of Aofte, 
 fo that he had free admjffion into the Verceillois, and the 
 frontiers of the Milaneie. Turin was threatened with a 
 bombardment ; the people were difpirited and clamorous, 
 and their fovere crn lay with his little army encamped on 
 the hill of Montcallier, from whence he beheld his towns 
 taken, and his palace of Rivoli deftroyed. Duke Schom- 
 bcrg exhorted him to at on the offensive, and give battle 
 to Catinat, while that officer s army was weakened by de 
 tachments, and prince Eugene* fupported hisremonftrance: 
 But this propofal was vehemently oppofed by the marquis 
 de Leganez, who forefaw that, if the duke (hould be defeat 
 ed, the French would penetrate into the territories of 
 Milan ; the relief of Coni, however, was undertaken by 
 Prince Eugene, who began his march for that place with 
 
 of his approach than he retired with the utmoft precipita- French, 
 tion, leaving behind feme pieces of cannon, mortars, bombs, 
 arms, ammunition, tents, provifions, utenfils, with all his 
 iick and wounded. When he joined Catinat, he was im 
 mediately put under ar rift, and afterwards cafniered with 
 difgrace. Hoguette abandoned the valley of Aofte: Feu 
 quieres was fent with a detachment to change the garrifon 
 of Cafal ; and Catinat retired with his army towards Villa 
 Is 1 ova d Afte. 
 
 The mifcarriage of the French before Coni affected 
 Louvois, the minifter of Louis, fo deeply, that he could not 
 help fhedding tears when he communicated the event to 
 his matter, who told him, with great compofure, that he was 
 fpoiled by good fortune. But the retreat of the French 
 from Piedmont had a ftill greater influence over the refo- 
 
 * Prince Eugene of Savoy, who in the feqtiel rivalled the fame of the greateft 
 warriors oi antiquity, was defcended on the father s fide from the houfe of Savoy, 
 and on the mother s from the family of SoirTons, a branch of the houfe of 
 Bourbon. His father was Eugene Maurice, of Savoy, Count of Soillbas, col >- 
 nel of the Switzers, and governor of Champagne and Brie : His mother was 
 the celebrated Olympla cL Mancini, niece of Cardinal Mazarine. Prijice Eugene, 
 finding hirnftlf n; giecled at the court of France, engage-das a foldier of for 
 tune in the fsrvice of the emperor, and foon diftwguifned himfelf by his great 
 military talents ; He was, moreover, an accompliihed gentleman, learned, 
 liberal, mild, and courteous ; an unfhaken fr;;ad , a ge::trous enemy ; AH in 
 vincible caf tain ; a confummate politician.
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK lutions of the conclave at Rome, then fitting for the ele&ioil 
 i" , of a new pope, in the room of Alexander VIII. who died 
 in the beginning of February. Notwi thftand ing the power 
 and intrigues of the French faction, headed by Cardinal 
 D Etrees, the affairs of Piedmont had no fooner taken this 
 turn, than the Italians joined the Spanifh and Imperial in- 
 tereft, and Cardinal Pignatelli, a Neapolitan, was elected 
 pontiff. He affumed the name of Innocent, in honour of 
 the laft pope known by that appellation, and adopted all 
 his maxims againfl the French monarch. When the Ger 
 man auxiliaries arrived, under the command of the elector 
 of Bavaria, the confederates refolved to give battle to Ca- 
 tinat; but he repaffed the Po, and fent couriers to Ver&ille?, 
 to folicit a re-enforcement. Then Prince Eugene inveft- 
 cd Carmagnola, and carried on the fieo;e with fuch vigour, 
 that in eleven days the garrifon capitulated. Mean while 
 the marquis de Hoquincourt undertook the conqueft of 
 Montmelian, ana reduced the town without much refinance. 
 The caftle, however, rrrade fuch a vigorous defence, that 
 Catinat marched thither in pcrfon j and, notwithstanding 
 all his efforts, the place held out till the 2d day of December, 
 when it furrendered on honourable conditions. 
 
 This fummer produced nothing of importance on the 
 Rhine. The French endeavoured to furprife Mentz, by 
 maintaining a correspondence with one of the emperor s 
 commiffioners : But this being difcovered, their defign was 
 fruftrated. The imperial army, under the elector oi Sax 
 ony, patted the Rhine in the neighbourhood of Manheim ; 
 and the French croffingthe fame river at Philipfburgh, re 
 duced the town of Portzheim in the marquilite of Baden- 
 Dourlach. The execution of the fcheme, projected by the 
 emperor for this campaign, was prevented by the death of 
 his general, the elector of Saxony, which happened on the 
 2d day of September. His affairs wore a more favourable 
 fuccef, afpe& in Hungary, where the Turks were totally defeated 
 Tulkl b 7 P^nce Louis of Baden on the banks of the Danube. 
 The imperialifts afterwards undertook the fiege of Greac 
 Waradin in Tranfylvania ; but this was turned into a 
 blockade, and the place was not furrendered till the follow 
 ing fpring. The Turks were fo difpirited by the defeat by 
 which they had loft the grand vifir, that the emperor might 
 have made peace upon very advantageous terms ; but his 
 pride and ambition overfhot his fuccefs. He was weak, 
 vain, and fuperftitious ; he imagined that now the war of 
 Ireland was almoft extinguifhed,~King William, with the 
 reft of the allies, would be able to humble the French 
 power, though he himfelf fhould not co-operate with here 
 tics, whom he abhorred; and that, in the meantime, he
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. CI 
 
 fhould not only make an entire conqueft of Tranfylvania, CHAP. 
 b t alfo carry his victorious arms to the gatis of Uonltan- IL 
 tinople, according to fome ridiculous prophecy by waich ^^y^^ 
 h is vanity had been flattered. The Spariifh government l6 9 J - 
 was become fo feeble, that the miniitry, rather than be at 
 the expence of defending the Netherlands, offered to deli 
 ver the whole country to King William, either as monarch 
 of England, or itadtholder of the United Provinces. He 
 declined this offer, becaufe he knew the people would never 
 be reconciled to a Proteftant government ; but he propofed 
 that the Spaniards fhould confer the adminiftration of Flan 
 ders upon the elector of Bavaria, who was ambitious of 
 fignalizing his courage, and able to defend the country with 
 his own troops and treafure. This propofal was relifhed 
 by the court of Spain: The emperor imparted it to the 
 elector, who accepted the office without hesitation ; and he 
 was immediately declared governor o s . the Low Countries 
 by the council of ftate at Madrid. King William, after 
 his return from the army, continued fome time at the Hague, 
 fettling the operations of the enfuing campaign. That 
 affair being difcufTed he embarked in the Maefe, and landed 
 in England on the igth day of October. 
 
 Before we explain the proceedings in parliament, it will 
 be neceflary to give a detail of the late tranfactions in Ire 
 land. In the beginning of the feafon the French king had 
 fent a large fupply of provifion, clothes, and ammunition, 
 for the uie of the Irilh at Limeric, under the conduct of 
 Monfieur St. Ruth, accompanied by a great number of 
 French officers, furnifhed v/ith comrniffions from King- 
 James, though St. Ruth iflued all his orders in the name of 
 Louis. Tyrconnel had arrived in January, with three fri 
 gates and nine veflels, laden with fuccours of the fame na 
 ture: Otherwife the Irifh could not have been fo long kept 
 together. Nor, indeed, could thefe fupplies prevent them 
 from forming feparate and independent bands of Rapparees, 
 who plundered the country, and committed the molt fhock- 
 ing barbarities. The lords juftices, in conjunction with 
 General Ginekel, had taken every ftep their prudence could 
 fuggefr., to quiet the diftur iances of the country, and pre 
 vent fu.ch violence and rapine, of which the foldiers in King 
 William s army were not entirely innocent. The juftices 
 had iflued proclamations, denouncing fevere penalties 
 againlt thofe who fhould countenance or conceal fuch acts 
 ot cruelty and oppreilion: They promifed to protect all 
 Papifls who fhould live quietly within a certain Frontier 
 line; and Ginekel gave the Catholic rebels to underitaud, 
 that ha was authorised to treat with them, if they were in 
 s-lined to r-turn to their duty. B^fsre the armies took the
 
 4 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK Held feveral fkirmim.es had been fought between pal-tics : 
 and thefe had always turned out fo unfortunate to the ene- 
 niy, that their fpirits were quite depreffed, while the confi- 
 dence of the Englifh rofe in the fume proportion. 
 
 St. Ruth and Tyrconnel were joined by the Rapparees, 
 and General Ginckel was re-enforced by Mackay, v.-it h 
 thofe troops which had reduced the Highlanders in Scotland. 
 Thus ftrengthened, he, in the beginning of June, marched 
 from Mullingar to Ballyrnore, which was garrifoned by a 
 thoufand men under Colonel Bourke, who, when fummoned 
 to furrender, returned an evafive anfwer. But, when a 
 breach was made in the place, and the befiegers began to 
 make preparations for a general afTault, his men laid down 
 their arms, and fubmitted at difcretion. The fortifications 
 of this place being repaired and augmented, the general left 
 a garrifon for its defence, and advanced to Athlone, fituated 
 on the other fide of & Shannon, and fupported by the Irifh 
 army encamped almoil under its walls. The Engliih town, 
 on the hither iide of the river, was taken fword in hand, and 
 the enemy broke down an arch of the bridge in their retreat. 
 Batteries were raifed againft the Irifn town, and feveral un- 
 fuccefsful attempts were ,ru;de to force the pafTage of the 
 bridge, which was defended with great vigour. At length, 
 it was refolved, in a council of war, that a detachment fhould 
 pafs at a ford a little to the left of the bridge, though the 
 river was deep and rapid, the bottom foul andftony, and the 
 pafs guarded by a raveline, creeled for that purpofc. The 
 forlorn hope confided of fixty grenadiers in armour, headed 
 by Captain Sandys, and two lieutenants. They were fe- 
 conded by another detachment, and this was fupported by 
 fix battalions of infantry. Never was a more defperate 
 JTervice, nor was ever exploit performed with more valour 
 and intrepidity. They palled twenty a-breaft, in the face 
 of the enemy through an inceflant fhower of balls, bullets, 
 and grenades. Thofe who followed them took poflefSon of 
 the bridge, and laid planks over the broken arch. Pontoons 
 were fixed at the fame time, that the troops might pafs in 
 different places. The Irifh were amazed, confounded, and 
 abandoned the town in the utmoft confirmation ; fo that, in 
 half an hour, it was wholly fecured by the Englifh, who did 
 not lofe above fifty men in this attack. Mackay, Tetteau, 
 and Ptolemache, exhibited proofs of the moil undaunted 
 courage in paffing the river, and General Ginckel, for his 
 conduct, intrepidity, and fuccefs, on this occafion, was cre 
 ated earl of Athlone. When St. Ruth was informed by ex- 
 prefs, that the Englifli had entered the river, he faid, it was 
 itnpoffible they flioulu pretend to take a town which he co 
 vered with his army, anl that he wouU sjive a thoufand pif-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 105 
 
 toles they would attempt to force apaffage. Sarsfield infiil- CHAP 
 
 ed upon the truth of the intelligence, and prefk-d him to 
 
 fend fuccours to the town : He ridiculed this officer s fears, ^"V*^ 
 
 and fome warm expostulation pafl ed between them. Being In 5 1- 
 
 at length convinced that the Englifti were in poffeflion of 
 
 the place, he ordered fome detachments to drive them out 
 
 again ; but, the cannon of their own works being turned 
 
 againft them, they found the tafk impracticable ; and that 
 
 very night their army decamped. St. Ruth, after a march 
 
 of ten miles, took poft at Aghrim, and having, by drafts 
 
 from garrifons, augmented his army to five-and-twenty 
 
 thoufand men, refolved to hazard a decifive engagement. 
 
 Ginckel having put Athlone inapofture of defence, paf- St - Ruth, 
 fed the Shannon, and marched up to the enemy, determined l 
 to give them battle, though his forces did not exceed eigh- Ireland kil- 
 teen thoufand, and the Irifh were ported in a very ad van- !ed > and his 
 tageous fituation. St. Ruth had made an admirable difpofi- ^l^b" 
 tion, and taken every precaution that military fkill could Genial 
 fuggeft. His centre extended along a riling ground, une- Cinckol. 
 ven in many places, interfected with banks and ditches, 
 joined by lines of communication, and fronted by a large 
 bog almolr. impaflable. His right was fortified with en 
 trenchments and his left fecured by the caftle of Aghr im. 
 He harangued his army in the moil pathetic {train, conju 
 red them to exert their courage in the defence of their holy 
 religion, in the extirpation of herefy, in recovering their 
 ancient honours and eilates, and in reftoring a pious kinj r 
 to the throne, from whence he had been expelled by an un 
 natural ufurper. He employed the priefls to enforce his 
 exhortations ; to aflure the men that they might depend up 
 on the prayers of the church ; and that, in cafe they ihould 
 fall in battle, the faints and angels would convey their fouls 
 to heaven. They are faid to have fvvorn upon the facrament, 
 that they would not dcfert their colours, and to have re 
 ceived an order that no quarter fhould be given to the 
 French heretics in the army of the prince of Orange. 
 Ginckel had encamped on th^ Rofcommon fide of the river 
 Sue, within three miles of the enemy : After having recon- 
 noitered their poiture, he refolved, with the advice of a coun 
 cil of war, to attack them on Sunday the I2th day of July. 
 The necefTary orders being given, the army^afTed the river 
 at two fords and a ftone bridge, and, advancing to the edge of 
 the great bog, began about twelve o clock to force the two 
 paiTages, in order to pofTefs the ground on the other fide. 
 The enemy fought with furprifmg.fury, and the horfe were 
 fevcral times repulfed ; but, at length, the troops upon the 
 right carried their point by means oT fome field pieces. The 
 day was now fo far advanced, that the eeneri.1 deterrrtiaed to 
 
 VOL. I. O
 
 io6 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK poftpone the battle till the next morning ; but, perceiving 
 l - fome difordsr among the enemy, and fearing they would de- 
 camp in the night, he altered his refolution, and ordered the 
 attack to be renewed. At fix o clock in the evening the 
 left wing of the Englifh advanced to the right of the Irifh, 
 from whom they met with fuch a warm andobftinate rccep~ 
 tion, that it was not without the moft furprifmg efforts of 
 courage and perfeverance that they nt length obliged them, 
 to give ground ; and even then they loft it by inches. St. 
 Ruth, feeing them i-n danger of being overpowered, imme 
 diately detached fuccours to them from his centre and left 
 wing. Mackay no fooner perceived them weakened by 
 thefe detachments, than he ordered three battalions to fkirt 
 the bog, and attack them on the left, while the centre ad 
 vanced through the middle of the morals, the men wading up 
 to the waift in mud and water. After they had reachecf the 
 ether fide, they found themfelves obliged to afcend a rug 
 ged hill, fenced with hedges and ditches; and thefe were 
 lined with mufqueteers, fupported at proper intervals with 
 fquadrons of cavalry. They made fuch a defperate refift- 
 ance, and fought with fuch impetuofity, that the afTailants 
 were repulfed into the middle of the bog with great lofs, 
 and St. Ruth exclaimed " Now will I drive the Englifh 
 to the gates of Dublin." In this critical conjuncture Pto- 
 lemache came up with a frefh body to fuftain them, rallied 
 the broken troops, and renewed the charge with fuch vi 
 gour, that the Irifh gave way in their turn, and the Englifh 
 recovered the ground they had loft, though they found it 
 impoffible to improve their advantage. Mackay brought 
 a body of horfe and dragoons to the afliftance of the left 
 wing, and firft turned the tide of battle in favour of the 
 Englifh. Major-General Rouvigny, who had behaved 
 with great gallantry during the whole action, advanced with 
 five regiments of cavalry to fupport the centre, when St. 
 Ruth perceiving his defign, refolved to fall upon him in a 
 dangerous hollow way> which he was obliged to pafs. For 
 this purpofe he began to defcend Kirkcommodon-hill with 
 his whole referve of horfe: But in his way he was killed by 
 a cannon-ball. His troops immediately halted, and his 
 guards retreated with his body. His fate difpirited the 
 troops, and produced fuch confufion as Sarsfield could net 
 remedy; for though he was next in command, he had been 
 at variance with St. Ruth fince the affair at Athlone, and 
 was ignorant of the plan he had concerted. Rouvigny, 
 having pafled the hollow way without oppofition, charged 
 the enemy in flank, and bore down all before him with 
 furprifmg impetuofity : The centre redoubled their efforts, 
 and pufhed the Irifh to the top of the hill, and then the
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 107 
 
 whole line giving way at once from right to left, threw c H A P 
 down their arms. The foot fled towards the bog in their H. 
 rear, and their horfe took their route by the highway to 
 Loughneagh: Both were purfued by the Englifh cavalry 
 who for four miles made a terrible daughter. In the battle, 
 which lafted two hours, and in the purfuit, above fou r thou- 
 fand of the enemy were flain, and fix hundred taken, toge 
 ther with all their baggage, tents, provifion,amunition, and 
 artillery, nine-and-twenty pair of colours, twelve (buidaras, 
 and almoft all the arms of the infantry. In a word, the vic 
 tory was decifive, and not above eight hundred of Englifh 
 were killed upon the field of battle. The vanquished re 
 treated in great confufion to Limeric, where they rcfolved 
 to make a final ftand, in hope of receiving fuch fuccours 
 from France as would either enable them to retrieve their 
 affairs, or obtain good terms from the court of England. 
 There Tyrconnel died of a broken heart, after having fur- 
 vived his authority and reputation. He had incurred the 
 contempt of the French, as well as the hatred of the Irifh, 
 whom he had advifed to fubmit to the new government, ra 
 ther than totally ruin themfelves and their families. 
 
 Immediately after the battle, detachments were fcnt to 
 reduce Portumny, Bonnachar, and Moorcaftle, conlider- 
 able pafles on the Shannon, which were accordingly fe- 
 cured. Then Ginckel advanced to Gal way, which he 
 fummoned to furrender ; but he received a defiance from 
 Lord Dillon and General D Uflbne, who commanded the 
 garrifon. The trenches were immediately opened ; a 
 fort which commanded the approaches to the town v/as 
 taken by aflault ; fix regiments of foot, and four fquadrons 
 of horfe, pafTed the river on pontoons ; and the place be 
 ing wholly inverted, the governor thought proper to ca 
 pitulate. The garrifon marched out with the honors of 
 war, and was allowed fafe-condu6l to Limeric. Ginckel 
 directed his march to the fame town, which was the only 
 poft of confequence that now held out for King James. 
 Within four miles of the place he halted, until the heavy 
 cannon could be brought from Athlone. Hearing that 
 Luttrel had been feized by the French general D UlTone, 
 and fentenced to be mot for having propofed to furrender 
 he fent a trumpet to tell the commander, that if any per- 
 fon (hould be put to death for fuch a propofal, he would 
 make retaliation on the Iriih prifoners. On the 25th day 
 of Auguft the enemy were driven from all their advan 
 ced pofts : Captain Cole, with a fquadron of fhips, failed 
 up the Shannon, r.nd his frigates anchored in fight of the 
 town. On the 26th day of the month the batteries were 
 opened, r.nd a line of contravallation was formed : The
 
 io8 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 O o K Irifh army lay encamped on the other fide of the river, on 
 the road to Killalow, and the fords were guarded with four 
 ^~Y~ S> > regiments of their dragoons. On the 5th day of Septem- 
 l6 9 I ; ber, after the town had been almoft laid in ruins by the 
 bombs, and large breaches made in the walls by the bat 
 tering cannon, the guns were dismounted, the out-forts 
 evacuated, and fuch other motions made as indicated a re- 
 folution to abandon the fiege. The enemy expreficcl their 
 joy by loud acclamations ; but this was of fhort continuance. 
 In the night the befiegers began to throw a bridge of pon 
 toons over the river, about a mile higher up than the 
 camp ; and this Work was fmifhed before morning. A 
 conftderable body of horfe and foot had parted when the 
 alarm was given to the enemy, v/ho were feized with fuch 
 confirmation, that they threw down their arms, and be 
 took themfelves to flight, leaving behind them their tents, 
 baggage, two pieces of cannon, and one ftandard. The 
 bridge was immediately removed nearer the town, and 
 fortified : All the fords and paffes were fecured, and th; 
 batteries continued firing inceflantly till the 22d day of 
 the month, when Ginckel parted over with a divifion of 
 the army, and fourteen pieces of cannon. About four in 
 the afternoon, the grenadiers attacked the forts that com 
 manded Thomond-bridge, and carried them fword in hand, 
 after an obfHnate refiftance. The garrifon had made a 
 fally from the town to fupport them ; and this detachment 
 was driven back with fuch precipitation, that the French 
 officer on command in that quarter, fearing the Englifh 
 would enter pell-mell with the fugitives, ordered the 
 bridge to be drawn up, leaving his own men to the fury 
 of a victorious enemy. Six hundred were killed, two 
 hundred taken prifoners, including many officers, and a 
 great number were drowned in the Shannon. 
 
 Llmeric ca- Then the Englifh, made a lodgment within ten paces 
 plt d !l l tes of the bridge-foot ; and the Irifh feeing themfelves fur- 
 Iriftwaris rounded on all fides, determined to capitulate. General 
 finifned. Sarsfield and Colonel Wahop fignified their refolution to 
 Scravenmore and Rouvigny : Hoftages were exchanged; 
 a negociation was immediately begun, and hoftilities ceafed 
 on both fides the river. The lords juftices arrived in the 
 carnp on the ift day of October, and on the 4th the capi 
 tulation was executed, extending to all the places in the 
 kingdom that were ftill in the hands of the Irifh. The 
 Roman Catholics were reftored to the enjoyment of fuch 
 liberty in the exercife of religion as wns confiftent with 
 the laws of Ireland, and conformable with th;.t which they 
 poflefled in the reign of Charles II. All perfons, whatever 
 were entitled to the protection of thefe laws, and reftored
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 109 
 
 to the poiTemon of their eftates, privileges and immuni- CHAP, 
 ties, upon their fubmitting to the prefcnt government, and 
 taking the oath of allegiance to their majefties King Wjl- v^~Y""*- 
 liam and Queen Mary, excepting however, certain perfons Ifc 9 r - 
 who were forfeited or exiled. This article even extended 
 to all merchants of Lirneric, or any other garrifon pofleffed 
 by the Iriih, who happened to be abroad, and had not borne 
 arms finre the declaration in the firft year of the prefent 
 reign, provided they fliould return within the term of eight 
 months. All the perfons comprifed in this and tK fore 
 going article were indulged with a general pardon of all 
 attainders, outlawries, treafons, mifprifions of treafon, pre- 
 munires, felonies, trefpaffes, and other crimes and mifde- 
 meanors, whatfoever, committed fince the beginning of the 
 reign of James II. and the lords julraces promifed to ufe 
 their beft endeavours towards the reverfal of fuch attaind 
 ers and outlawries as had paffed againft any of them in 
 parliament. In order to allay the violence of party, and 
 extinguifh private animofities, it was agreed, that no per- 
 fon fhould be fued or impleaded on either fide, for any 
 trefpafs, or made accountable for the rents, tenements, 
 lands, or houfes he had received or enjoyed finee the be 
 ginning of the war. Every nobleman and gentleman com 
 prifed in thefe articles was authorifed to keep a fword, a 
 cafe of piftols, and a gun for his defence or amufement. 
 The inhabitants of Limeric and other garrifons were per 
 mitted to remove their goods and chattels, without fearch, 
 vifitation, or payment of duty. The lords juftices pro 
 mifed to ufe their beft endeavours, that all perfons compre 
 hended in this capitulation ihould for eight.months be pro 
 tected from all arrefts and executions for debt or damage : 
 They undertook, that their majefties fhould ratify thefe 
 articles within the fpace of eight months, and ufe their en 
 deavours that they might be ratified and confirmed in the 
 parliament. The fubfequent article was calculated to in 
 demnify Colonel John Brown, whofe eftate and effecls had 
 been feized for the ufe of the Irifh army by Tyrconnel 
 and Sarsfield, which laft had been created Lord Lucan by 
 King James, and was now mentioned by that title. All 
 perfons were indulged with free leave to remove with 
 their families and effects to any other country except 
 England and Scotland. All officers and foldiers in the 
 iervice of King James, comprehending even the Rappa- 
 rees, willing to go beyond fea, were at liberty to march i.i 
 bodies to the places of embarkation, to be conveyed to the 
 continent with the French officers and troops. They 
 were furnifhed with pafiports, convoys, and carriages by 
 land and water ; and General Ginckel engaged to provide
 
 no HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK feventy {hips, if neceffary, for their tranfportation, with 
 two men of war for the accommodation of their officers, 
 
 ^"V^ and to ferve as a convoy to the fleet. It was ftipulated, 
 1691. T na t the provifions and forage for their fubfiftence fhould 
 be paid for on their arrival in France : That hoflages fhould 
 be given for this indemnification, as well as for the return 
 of the fhips : That all the garrifons fliould march out of 
 their rcfpective towns and fortreffes with the honours of 
 war: That the Irifh fhould have liberty to tranfport nine 
 hundred horfes : That thofe who fhould choofe to flay be 
 hind, might difpofe of themfelves according to their own 
 fancy, after having furrendered their arras to fuch com- 
 iniflioners as the general fhould appoint : That all pri- 
 foners of war fhould be fet at liberty on both fides : That 
 the general fhould provide two veffels to carry over two 
 different perfons to France, with intimation of this treaty ; 
 and that none of thofe who were willing to quit the king- 
 corn fhould be detained on account of debt, or any other 
 pretence This is the fubftance of the famous treaty of 
 Limeric, which the Irifh Roman Catholics conftder as the 
 great charter of their civil and religious liberties. The 
 town of Limeric was furrendered to Ginckel; but both 
 fides agreed, that the two armies fhould entrench them 
 felves, till the Irifli could embark, that no diforders might 
 arife from a communication. 
 
 The Proteflant fubjects of Ireland were extremely dif- 
 gufted at thefe conceflions made in favour of vanquifhed 
 rebels, who had exercifed fuch acts of cruelty and rapine. 
 They complained, that they themfelves, who had fuffered 
 for their loyalty to King William, were neglected and 
 obliged to fit down with their loffes, while their enemies, 
 who had fhed fo much blood in oppofing his government, 
 were indemnified by the articles of the capitulation, and 
 even favoured with particular indulgences. They were 
 difniifled with the honours of war: They were traniported 
 at the government s expence, to fight againft the Englilh 
 in foreign countries : An honourable provifion was made 
 for the Rapparees, who were a profeffed banditti : The 
 Roman Catholic intereft in Ireland obtained the fanction 
 of regal authority : Attainders were overlooked, forfeitures 
 annulled, pardons extended, and laws fet afide, in order to 
 effect a pacification. Ginckel had received orders t put 
 an end to the war at any rate, that William might convert 
 Vis whole influence and attention to the affairs of the con 
 tinent. When the articles of capitulation were ratified, 
 and hoftagcs exchanged for their being duly executed, 
 about two thoufand Irifh foot, and three hundred horfe, 
 began their march for Cork, where they propofcd to take
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. in 
 
 (hipping for France, under the conduct of Sarsfield : But, CHAP. 
 three regiments refufmg to quit the kingdom, delivered up II. 
 their arms and difperfed to their former habitations. L*-y^J 
 Thofe who remained at Limeric embarked on the yth day 1691- 
 of November, in French tranfports ; and failed immediate 
 ly to France, under convoy of a French fquadron which 
 had arrived in the bay of Dingle immediately after the ca 
 pitulation was figned. Twelve thoufand men chofe to 
 undergo exile from their native country, rather than fub- 
 mit to the government of King William. When they 
 arrived in France, they were welcomed by a letter from 
 James, who thanked them for their loyalty; afiured them 
 they fliould ftill ferve under his comrniflion and command ; 
 and that the king of France had already given orders for 
 their being new clothed, and put into quarters of re- 
 frefhment.
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Meeting of Parliament Affairs of Scotland 
 
 MaJJacrc of Glencoe Viftory at La Hague Na- 
 
 mur taken in fight of King William Duke of Hano~ 
 
 ver created an clcEior of the empire National dif- 
 
 contents Proceedings of Parliament Alterations 
 
 in the mlnijlry. 
 
 BOOK HT^HE redu&ion of Ireland being thus completed, Ba- 
 L JL ron Ginckel returned to England, where he was 
 
 ^"Y^ folemnly thanked by the houfe of commons for his great 
 1691. fervices, after he had been created earl of Athlone by his 
 majefty. When the parliament met on the 22d day of 
 October, the king, in his fpeech, infifted upon the ne- 
 ceffity offending a ftrong fleet to fea, early in the feafon, 
 and of maintaining a considerable army, to annoy the ene 
 my abroad, as well as to protect the kingdom from infult 
 and invafion ; for which purpofes, he faid, fixty-five thou- 
 fand men would be barely fufficient. Each houfe pre- 
 fented an addrefs of congratulation upon his majefty s fafc 
 return to England, and on the reduction of Ireland : 
 They pronaifed to affift him to the utmoft of their power, 
 in profeeuting the war with France; and, at the fame 
 time, drew up addrcffes to the queen, acknowledging her 
 prudent adminiflnuion during his majefty s abfence-. 
 Notwirhftanding this appearance of cordiality and com- 
 plaifance, a fpirit of difcontent had infmuated itfclf into 
 both houfes of parliament, and even infected great part of 
 the nation. 
 
 A great number of individuals, who wiflied well to 
 their country, could not, without anxiety and rcfentment 
 behold the intereit of the nation facrificed to foreign 
 connections, and the king s favour fo partially befrowed 
 upon Dutchmen, in prejudice to his Engliih fubjcc"ts.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 113 
 
 They obferved, that the number of forces he demanded CHAP. 
 was confiderably greater than that of any army which had HI. 
 ever been paid by the public, even when the nation was O"Y-O 
 in the moft imminent danger : That, inftead of contri- 1691. 
 buting as allies to the maintenance of the war upon the 
 continent, they had embarked as principals, and bore the 
 greateft part of the burthen, though they had the leaft 
 {hare of the profit. They even infmuated, that (uch a 
 {landing army was more calculated to make the king ab- 
 folute at home, than to render him formidable abroad; 
 and the fecret friends of the late king did not fail to en 
 force thefe infmuations. They renewed their animadver- 
 fions upon th? difagreeable part of his character : They 
 dwelt upon his proud referve, his fullen filence, his impe 
 rious difpofition, and his bafc ingratitude, particularly to 
 the earl of Marlborougb, whom he had difmifled from all 
 his employments, immediately after the fignul exploits he 
 had performed in Ireland. The difgrace of this nobleman 
 was partly afcribed to the frecdem with which he had 
 complained of the king s undervaluing his fervices, and 
 paidy to the intrigues of his wife, who had gained an af- 
 ccndancy over the Princefs Anne of Denmark, and is 
 laid to have employed her influence in fomenting a jea- 
 loufy between the two fifters. The malcontents of the 
 Whiggifli faction, enraged to find their credit declining 
 at court, joined in the cry which the Jacobites had raifed 
 againft the government. They fcrupled not to fay, that 
 the arts of corruption were {hamefully pranfed, to fecure 
 a majority in parliament: That the king was as tender 
 of the prerogative as any of his predecefiors had ever been; 
 and, that he even ventured to admit Jacobites into his 
 council, becaufe they were the known tools of arbitrary 
 power. Thefe reflections alluded to the earls of Rochef- 
 ter and Ranelagh, who, with Sir Edward Seymour, had 
 been lately created privy-counfellors. Rochefter enter 
 tained very high notions of regal authority : He propofed 
 fevcrity as one of the beft fupports of government ; was 
 clear in his underftanding, violent in his temper, and in 
 corrupt in his principles. Ranelagh was a man of parts 
 and pleafure, who poflefled the moft plaufible and winning 
 addrefs ; and was capable of tranfating the moft import 
 ant and intricate affairs in the midft of riot and debauchery. 
 He had managed the revenue of Ireland, in the reign of 
 Charles II. He enjoyed the office of pay-mafter in the 
 army of King James ; and now maintained the fame foot 
 ing under the government of William and Mary. Sir 
 Edward Seymour was the proudeft commoner in England, 
 and the boldeft orator that ever filled the fpeaker s chair. 
 VOL. I. P
 
 n 4 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK He was intimately acquainted with the bufinefs of the houfs, 
 and knew every individual member fo exactly, that Vvlth 
 
 ^V*"^ one glance of his eye he could prognofticate the fate 
 
 1691. O f ever y motion. ,He had oppofed the court with great 
 
 acrimony, queftioned the king s title, cenfured his conduct, 
 
 and reflected upon his character. Neverthelefs, he now 
 
 became a profelyte, and was brought into the treafury. 
 
 The commons voted three millions four hundred and 
 
 Parlia- eleven thoufand fix hundred and feventy-five pounds, for 
 
 n.eatary ^ u f e Q f fa enfuing year : But, the eftablifhment of funds 
 for raifmg thefe fupplies was retarded, partly by the ill- 
 humour of the oppofition, and partly by intervening af 
 fairs that diverted the attention of the commons. Several 
 eminent merchants prefented a petition to the houfe a- 
 gaiaft the Eaft India Company, charging them with ma 
 nifold abufes; at the fame time, a counter-petition was 
 delivered by the Company, and the affair referred to the 
 examination of a committee appointed for that purpofe. 
 After a minute enquiry into the nature of the complaints, 
 the commons voted certain regulations with refpecl: to the 
 ftock and the traffic ; and refolved to petition his majefty 
 that, according to the faid regulations, the Eaft India 
 Company fhould be incorporated by charter. The com 
 mittee was ordered to bring in a bill for this eftablifh 
 ment: But divers petitions being prefented againft it, and 
 the company s anfwers proving unfatisfaclory, the houfe 
 addrefled the king to diffblve it, and grant a charter to 
 a new company. He faid, it was an affair of great im 
 portance to the trade of the kingdom ; therefore, he would 
 confider the fubjecl, and in a little time return a pofitive 
 anfwer. The parliament was likewife amufed by a pre 
 tended confpiracy of the Papifts in Lancamire, to raife 
 a rebellion, and reftore James to the throne. Several per- 
 fons were feized, and forne witnefles examined: But no 
 thing appeared to juftify the information. At length, one 
 Fuller, a prifoner in the King s Bench, offered his evi 
 dence, and was brought to the bar of the houfe of com 
 mons, where he produced fome papers. He obtained 
 a blank pafs from the king for two perfons, who, he faid, 
 would come from the continent to give evidence. He 
 was afterwards examined at his own lodgings, where he 
 affirmed, that Colonel Thomas Delaval, and James Hayes, 
 were the witnefles for whom he had procured the pafs and 
 the protection. Search was made for them according to 
 his direction : But no fuch perfons were found. Then 
 the houfe declared Fuller a notorious importer, cheat, 
 and falfe accufer. He was, at the requeft of the com 
 mons, profecuted by the attorney-general, and fentenced
 
 WILLIAM AND MAR 1 /. 115 
 
 to ftand in the pillory; a difgrace which he accordingly CHAP. 
 underwent. . 
 
 A bill for regulating trials in cafes of high-treafon hav- 
 ing been laid afide by the lords in the preceding feflion, 
 was now again brought upon the carpet, and patted the 
 lower houfe. The defign of this bill was, to fecure the 
 fubjccl: from the rigours to which he had been expofed in 
 the late reigns. It provided, That the prifoner fhould be 
 furnifhed with a copy of his indictment, as alfo of the 
 pannel, ten days before his trial ; and, That his witnefles 
 fhould be examined upon oath, as well as thofe of the 
 crown. The lords, in their own behalf, added a claufe, 
 enacting, That upon the trial of any peer or peerefs, for 
 treafon or mifprifion of treafon, all the peers who have 
 a right to fit and vote in parliament fhould be duly fum- 
 moned to affift at the trial : That this notice fhould be 
 given twenty days before the trial; and, That every peer 
 fo fummoned, and appearing, fhould vote upon the occa- 
 fion. The commons rejected this amendment ; and 
 a free conference enfued. The point was argued with 
 great vivacity on both fides, which ferved only to inflame 
 the difpute, and render each party the more tenacious of 
 their own opinion. After three conferences that produced 
 nothing but animofity, the bill was dropped ; for the 
 commons rcfolvcd to bear the hardfhips of which they 
 complained, rather than be relieved at the expence of 
 purchafing a new privilege to the lords; and without this 
 advantage., the peers would not contribute to their relief. 
 
 The next object that engroffed the attention of the 
 lower houfe, was the mifcarriage of the fleet during the 
 fummer s expedition. Admiral RufTel, who commanded 
 at fea, having been joined by a Dutch fquadron, foiled in 
 queft of the enemy : But, as the French king had receiv 
 ed undoubted intelligence, that the combined fquadrons 
 were fuperior to his navy in number of ihips and weight 
 of metal, he ordered Tourville to avoid an engagement. 
 This officer ated with fuch vigilance, caution, and dex 
 terity, as baffled all the endeavours of RufTel, who was, 
 moreover, perplexed with obfcure and contradictory or 
 ders. Neverthelefs, he cruized all fummer, either in the 
 channel or in foundings, for the protection of the trade, 
 and, in particular, fecured the homeward-bound Smyrna 
 fleet, in which the Englifh and Dutch had a joint con 
 cern, amounting to four millions fterling. Having fcour- 
 ed the channel, and failed along great part of the French 
 coafr, he returned to Torbay in the beginning of Augufr, 
 and received frefh orders to put to fea again, notwith- 
 ftanding his repeated remonftrances againfl expofmg large
 
 n6 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK {hips to the ftorms that always blow about the time of the 
 . . equinox. He therefore failed back to foundings, where 
 
 "T*^ he continued cruizing till the 2d day of September, when 
 he wa? overtaken by a violent tempeft, which drove him 
 into the channel, and obliged him to make for the port of 
 Plymouth. The weather being hazy, he reached the 
 Sound with great difficulty : The Coronation, a fecond- 
 rate, foundered at anchor off the Ram-head : The Har 
 wich, a third-rate, bulged upon the rocks, and perifhed : 
 Two others ran afiiore, but were got oft with little dam 
 age : But the whole fleet was fcattered and diftrefled. 
 The nation murmured at the fuppofed mifcondut of the 
 admiral, and the commons fubjec-ted him to an enquiry : 
 But, when they examined his papers, orders, and in- 
 ftru&ions, they perceived he had adhered to them with 
 great punctuality, and thought proper to drop the profe- 
 cution, out of tendernefs to the miniftry. Then the houfe 
 took into confideration fome letters which had been inter 
 cepted in a French {hip taken by Sir Ralph Delaval. 
 Three of thefe are faid to have been written by King 
 James, and the reft fealed with his feal. They related to 
 the plan of an infurrection in Scotland, and in the nor 
 thern parts of England : Legge Lord Dartmouth, with 
 one Crew, being mentioned in them as agents and abet 
 tors in the defign, warrants were immediately ifTued a- 
 gainft them. Crew abfccnded, but Lord Dartmouth was 
 committed to the Tower. Lord Prefton was examined 
 touching fomc cyphers which they could not explain, and, 
 pretending ignorance, was imprifoned in Newgate, from 
 whence, however, he foon obtained his releafe. The funds 
 for the fupplies of the enfuing year being eftabliftied, and 
 feveral afts * paffed relating to domeftic regulations, the 
 king, on the 24th day of February, clofed the feflion with 
 a fhort fpeech, thanking the parliament for their demon- 
 ftrations of affection in the liberal fupplies they had grant 
 ed, and communicating his intention of repairing fpeedily 
 to the continent. Then the two houfes, at his defire, ad 
 journed themfelves to the I2th day of April, and the par 
 liament was afterwards prorogued to the 29th day of May 
 by proclamation f. 
 
 * The laws enafted in this feffion were thcfe : An aft for abrogating the 
 oath of fupremacy in Ireland, and appointing other oaths an aft for taking 
 away clergy from fome offenders, and bringing ethers to punifhment an aft 
 againft deer-ftealing an aft for repairing the highways, and fettling the rates 
 of carriage of goods - ;m aft for the relief of creditors againft fraudulent de- 
 vifcs an aft for explaining and fupplying the defefts of former laws for the 
 fettkment of the poor an aft for the ensouragement of the breeding and feed 
 ing of cattle and an aft for ascertaining the tithes of herr.p and flax. 
 
 j- In the courfe of tkis feffion, Dr. Welwcod, a Scottifh phyftcian, was taken
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 117 
 
 The king had fuffered fo much in his reputation by his C H A P. 
 corrplaifance to the Prefbyterians of Scotland, and was fo 
 
 difpleafed with the conduit of that ftubborn feel of religi- 
 onifts, that he thought proper to admit fome Prelatifts in 
 to the adminiftration. Johnfton, who had been fent envoy 
 to the elector of Brandenburg, was recalled, and with the 
 mafter of Stair, made joint fecretary of Scotland ; Mel- 
 vill, who had declined in his importance, was made lord 
 privy-feal of that kingdom : Tweedale was conftituted 
 lord chancellor: Crawford retained the office of prefidcnt 
 of the council ; and Lothian was appointed high commif- 
 fioner to the general aflembly. The parliament was ad 
 journed to the 1 5th day of April becaufe it was not yet 
 compliant enough to be afiembled with fafety; and the 
 Epifcopal clergy were admitted to a {hare of the church- 
 government. Thefe meafures, inftead of healing the di- 
 vifions, ferved only to enflame the animofity of the two 
 parties. The Epifcopalians triumphed in the king s fa 
 vour, and began to treat their antagonifts with infolence 
 and fcorn : The Prefbyterians were incenfed to fee their 
 friends difgraced, and their enemies djftinguifhed by the 
 royal indulgence. They infifted upon the authority of the 
 law, which happened to be upon their fide : They be 
 came more than ever four, furly, and implacable : They 
 refufed to concur with the Prelatifts, or abate in the leaft 
 circumftance of difcipline ; and the aflembly was diflblved, 
 without any time or place afligned for the next meeting. 
 The Prefbyterians pretended an independent right of af- 
 fembling annually, even without a call from his majcfty; 
 they therefore adjourned themfelves, after having protcft- 
 ed againft the diiTolution. The king refented .ins mea- 
 fure, ss an infolent invafion of the prerogative, and con 
 ceived an averfion to the whole feel, who in their turn 
 began to lofe all refpecl: for his perfon and government. 
 
 As the Highlanders were not yet totally reduced, the 
 earl of Breadalbane undertook to bring them over, bydif- 
 tributing fums of money among their chiefs; and fifteen 
 thoufand pounds were remitted from England for this pur- 
 pofe. The clans being informed of this remittance, fuf- 
 
 into cuftody, and reprimanded at the bar of the houfe of commons, for having 
 reflected upon that houfe, in a weekly paper entitled Mercurius Reformatus ; 
 
 . 
 
 talents and eloquence. The privy-feal was committed to the earl of Pembroke ; 
 Lord Vifcount Sidney was created lord lieutenant of Ireland ; Sir John Som- 
 tr.ers appointed attorney -general ; and the fee of Lincoln, vacant by the death 
 of Barlow, conferr >: upon Ur Thomas Tennifon, who haa been recommended 
 to the king, as a ilivint remarkable for his piety and moderation.
 
 iiS HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK peeled that the earl s defign was to appropriate to himfelf 
 the beft part of the money, and when he began to treat 
 
 ^""Y*^ with them made fuch extravagant demands, that he found 
 l6 9 I - his fcheme impracticable. He was, therefore, obliged to 
 refund the fum he had received; and he refolved to wreak 
 his vengeance with the firft opportunity, on thole who 
 had fruftrated his intention. He who chiefly thwarted 
 his negociation, was Macdonald of Glencoe, whofe oppo- 
 fition rofe from a private circumftance, which ought to 
 have had no effecT: upon a treaty that regarded the public 
 weal. Macdonald had plundered the lands of Breadalbane 
 during the courfe of hoftilities ; and this nobleman infifted 
 upon being indemnified for his lofles, from the other s 
 fhare of the money which he was employed to diftribute. 
 The Highlanders not only refufed to acquiefce in thefe 
 terms, but, by his influence among the clans, defeated 
 the whole fcheme, and the earl in revenge devoted him to 
 deftruction. King William had by proclamation offered 
 an indemnity to all thofe who had been in arms againft 
 him, provided they would fubmit, and take the oaths by a 
 certain day; and this was prolonged to theclofe of the pre- 
 fent year, with a denunciation of military execution againft 
 thofe who fhould hold out after the end of December. 
 Macdonald, intimidated by this declaration, repaired on 
 the very laft day of the month to Fort William, and defir- 
 ed that the oaths might be tendered to him by Colonel 
 Hill, governor of that fortrefs. As this officer was not 
 vefted with the power of a civil magiftrate, he refufed t 
 adminifter them ; and Macdonald fet out immediately for 
 Inverary the country-town of Argyle. Though the 
 ground was covered with fnow, and the weather intenfely 
 cold; he travelled with fuch diligence, that the term pre- 
 fcribed by the proclamation was but one day elapfed when 
 he reached the place, and addrefied himfelf to Sir John 
 Campbell, fherifF of the county, who, in confideration of 
 his difapnointment at Fort- William, was prevailed upon. to 
 adminifter the oaths to him and his adherents. Then they 
 returned to their own habitations in the valley of Glencoe, 
 in full confidence of being protected by the government, 
 to which they had fo folemnly fubmitted. 
 
 Breadalbane had reprefented Macdonald at court as 
 an incorrigible rebel, as a ruffian inured to bloodfhed and 
 rapine, who would never be obedient to the laws of his 
 country, nor live peaceably under any fovereign. He ob- 
 ferved that he had paid no regard to the proclamation, 
 and propofed that the government fhould focrifice him to 
 the quiet of the kingdom, in extirpating him, withhis fa 
 mily and dependents, by military execution. His adv;rr
 
 WILLIAM AMD MARY. 119 
 
 was fupported by the fugs;eftions of the other Scottifhmi- CHAP. 
 nifters; and the king, whofe chief virtue was not humanity, 
 figned a warrant for the deftruction of thofe unhappy peo- v -^y^- 
 pie, though it does not appear that he knew of Mac- * 6qu 
 donald s fubmiflion. An order for this barbarous execu- Ma(racre of 
 tion, figned and counter-figned by his majefty s own hand, 
 keing tranfmitted to the mafter of Stair, fecretary for 
 Scotland, this minifter fent particular directions to Li- 
 vingftone, who commanded the troops in that kingdom, to 
 put the inhabitants of Glencoe to the fword, charging 
 him to take no prifoners, that the fcene might be more 
 terrible. In the month of February, Captain Campbell 
 of Glenlyon, by virtue of an order from Major Duncan- 
 fon, marched into the valley of Glencoe, with a company 
 of foldiers belonging to Argyle s regiment, on pretence of 
 levying the arrears of the land-tax and hearth-money. 
 When Macdonald demanded whether they came as friends 
 or enemies, he anfwered as friends, and promifed, upon 
 his honour, that neither he nor his people fhould fuftain 
 the leaft injury. In confequence of this declaration, he 
 and his men were received with the moft cordial hofpi- 
 tality, and lived fifteen days with the men of the valley, 
 in all the appearance of the moft unreferved friendfhip. 
 At length the fatal period approached. Macdonald and 
 Campbell having patted the day together, parted about 
 feven in the evening, with mutual profeffions of the warm- 
 eft affection. The younger Macdonald, perceiving the 
 guards doubled, began to fufpedl: fome treachery, and com 
 municated his fufpicion to his brother ; but neither he nor 
 the father would harbour the leaft doubt of Campbell s 
 lincerity ; neverthelefs, the two young men went forth 
 privately, to make further obfervations. They overheard 
 the common foldiers fay they liked not the work ; that 
 though they would have willingly fought the Macdonalds 
 of the Glen fairly in the field, they held it bafe to murder 
 them in cool blood, but that their officers were anfwerable 
 for the treachery. When the youths hafted back to ap 
 prize their father of the impending danger, they faw the 
 houfc already furrounded : They heard the difcharge of 
 mufkcts, the fhrieks of women and children, and, being 
 deftitute of arms, fecured their own lives by immediate 
 flight. The fava^e minifters of vengeance had entered 
 the old man s chamber, and fhot him through the head. 
 He tell down dead in the arms of his wife, who died next 
 <lay, diftracted by the horror of her hufband s fate. The 
 laird of Auchinlrincken, Macdonald s gueft, who had 
 three months before this period fubmitted to the govern 
 ment, and at this very time- had a protection in his pocket,
 
 120 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK was put to death without queftion. A boy of eight years, 
 who fell at Campbell s feet, imploring mercy, and of- 
 
 *-""Y" s ^ fering to ferve him for life, was (tabbed to the heart by 
 !6gi. one Drummond, a fubaltern officer. Eight-and-thirty 
 perfons fufFered in this manner, the greater part of whom 
 were furprifed in their beds, and hurried into eternity be 
 fore they had time to implore the divine mercy. The 
 defign was to butcher all the males under feventy that 
 lived in the valley, the number of whom amounted to two 
 hundred ; but fome of the detachments did not arrive foon 
 enough to fecure the pafTes ; fo that one hundred and fixty 
 efcaped. Campbell, having perpetrated this brutal maf- 
 facre, ordered all the houfes to be burned, made a prey of 
 all the cattle and effects that were found in the valley, and 
 left the helplefs women and children, whofe fathers and 
 hufbands he had murdered, naked and forlorn, without 
 covering, food, or flicker, in the midft of the fnow that 
 covered the whole face of the country, at the diftance of 
 fix long miles from any inhabited place. Diftracted 
 with grief and horror, furrounded by the fliades of night, 
 fhivering with cold, and appalled with the apprehenfion of 
 immediate death, From the fvvords of thofe who had facri- 
 ficed their friends and kinfmen, they could not endure 
 fuch a complication of calamities, but generally perifhed 
 in the wafte, before they could receive the leaft comfort 
 or afliftance. This barbarous mafl acre, performed under 
 the fancYicn of King William s authority, anfwered the 
 immediate purpofe of the court, by ftriking terror into the 
 hearts of the Jacobite Highlanders; but, at the fame time, 
 excited the horror of all thofe who had not renounced eve 
 ry fentiment of humanity, and produced fuch an averfion 
 the government, as all the arts of a rniniftry could never 
 totally furmount. A detail of the particulars was pub- 
 liflied at Paris, with many exaggerations, and the Jaco 
 bites did not fail to expatiate upon every circumftance, in 
 domeftic libels and private converfation. The king, 
 alarmed at the outcry which was raifed upon this occafion, 
 ordered an enquiry to be fet on foot, and difmifled the maf- 
 ter of Stair from his employment of fecretary; he like- 
 
 Kennet. wife pretended that he had fubfcribed the order amidft a 
 
 Life of K. heap of other papers, without knowing the purport of it ; 
 
 Will ?."? - but, as he did not feverely punifh thofe who had made his 
 
 N. Hilt. ........ , J , , 
 
 Ralph. authority fubfervient to their own cruel revenge, the im- 
 
 Voluire. putation ftuck faft to his character, and the Highlanders, 
 
 though terrified into filence and fubmiflion, were infpired 
 
 with the moft implacable refentment againft his perfoa an< 
 
 adminiftration.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 121 
 
 A great number in both kingdoms waited impatiently c H A P. 
 for an opportunity to declare in behalf of their exiled mo 
 narch, who was pun&ually informed of all thcfe tranfac- 
 tions, and endeavoured to make his advautage of the grow- 
 ing difcontent. King William having fettled the don^eftic 
 affairs of the nation, and exerted uncommon care and afli- 
 duity in equipping a formidable fleet, embarked for Holland 
 on the 5th day of March, and was received by the States- 
 general with expreffions of the moft cordial regard. While 
 he was here employed in promoting the meafures of the 
 grand confederacy, the French king refolded to invade Eng 
 land in his abfence, and feemed heartily engaged in the in- 
 tereft of James, whofe emiflaries in Britain began to beflir 
 themfelves with uncommon affiduity, in preparing the nation 
 for his return. One Lant,who wasimprifonedon fufpicionof 
 diftributinghiscommiflions,hadthe good fortune to be relea- 
 fed, and the Papifts of Lancafhire difpatched him to the 
 court of St. Germain s, with an afTurance that they were 
 in a condition to receive their old fovereign. He returned 
 with advice that King James would certainly land in the 
 fpring ; and that Colonel Parker and other officers fhould 
 be fent over with full inftruclions, touching their conduct 
 at and before the king s arrival. Parker accordingly re 
 paired to England, and made the Jacobites acquainted 
 with the whole fcheme of a defcent, which Louis had actual 
 ly concerted with the late king. He aflured them, that 
 their lawful fovereign would once more vifit his Britifli do 
 minions, at the head of thirty thoufand effective men, to be 
 embarked at La Hogue: That the tranfports were already 
 prepared, and a ftrong fquadron equipped for their convoy; 
 he, therefore, exhorted them to be fpeedy and fecret in their 
 preparations, that they might be in readinefs to take arms, 
 and co-operate in effecting his reftoration. This officer, 
 and one Johnfon, a prieft, are faid to have undertaken the 
 afTaffinating of King William ; but, before they could exe 
 cute their defign, his majefty fet fail for Holland. 
 
 Mean while, James addrefled a letter to feveral lords, 
 who had been formerly members of his council, as well as 
 to divers ladies of quality and diftin&ion, intimating the 
 pregnancy of his queen, and requiring them to attend as 
 witnefles at the labour. He took notice gf the injury his 
 family and honour had fuftained, from the cruel afperfions 
 of his enemies concerning the birth of his fon, and as Pro 
 vidence had now favoured him with an opportunity of refu 
 ting the calumny of thofe who affirmed that the queen was 
 incapable of child-bearing, he aflured them in the name of 
 his brother the French king, as well as upon his own royal 
 word, that they ihould have free leave to vifit his court, 
 
 VOL. I,
 
 122 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 O O K and return after the labour*. This invitation, however no 
 I perfon would venture to accept. He afterwards employed 
 his emiffaries un circulating a printed declaration, importing-, 
 thnt the king of France had enabled him to make another 
 effort to retrieve his crown ; and that although he was fur- 
 nifhed with a number of troops fufficient to unite the hands 
 of his fubjecl:?, he did not intend to deprive them of their 
 fhareinthegloryof reftoring their lawful king,and their an - 
 tient government. He exhorted the people to join his ftandard. 
 He allured them, that the foreign auxiliaries fhould behave 
 with the moft regular difcipline, and be fent back immedi 
 ately after his re-eftablifhment. He obferved, that when 
 fuch a number of fubje&s were fo infatuated as to concur 
 with the unnatural defign of the prince of Orange, he had 
 chofen to rely upon the fidelity of his Englifh army, andre- 
 fufed confiderable fuccours that were offered to him by his 
 Moft Chriftian Majefty : That when he was ready to op- 
 pofe force with force, he neverthelefs offered to give all rea- 
 fonable fatisfa&ion to his fubje&s who had been mifled, 
 and endeavoured to open their eyes with refpecl to the vain 
 pretences of his adverfary, whofe aim was not the reforma 
 tion but the fubverfion of the government : That when he 
 faW himfdf deferted by his army, betrayed by his minifters, 
 abandoned by his favourites, and even his own children, and 
 at laft rudely driven from his own palace by a guard of in- 
 folent foreigners, he had, for his perfonal fafety, taken re 
 fuge in France : That his retreat from the malice and cru 
 el defigns of the ufurper, had been conftrued into an abdica 
 tion, and the whole conftitution of the monarchy deftroyed, 
 by a fet of men illegally affembled, who in facl, had no 
 power to alter the property of the meaneft fubjecr.. He ex- 
 preiTed his hope, that by this time the nation had fairly ex 
 amined the account, and, from the loffes and enormous ex- 
 pence of the three laft years, were convinced that the reme 
 dy was worfe than the difeafe : That the beginning, like 
 the firft years of Nero s reign, would in all probability, be 
 found the mildeft part of the ufurpation, and theinftruments 
 of the new eftabliihment live to fuffer feverely by the ty 
 ranny they had raifed : That even, though the ufurpation 
 fhould continue during his life, an indifputable title would 
 furvive in his iffue, and expofe the kingdom to all the mife- 
 
 * The letter was directed not only to privy counfellors, but alfo to the du- 
 chefies of Som-rfet and Beaufort, the marchionefs of Hallifax, the countefles 
 of Derby, Mulgrav?, Rutland, Brooks, Nottingham, Lumley, and Danby, 
 the ladies Fitzharding and Fritchville, thofe of Sir John Trevor, Speaker of 
 the Houfe of, Commons, Sir Edward Seymour, Sir Chriftopher Mufgrave, the 
 wives of Sir Thomas Stamford, Lord Mayor of London, Sir William Aflihurfl: 
 and Sir Richard Levett, the Sheriffs, aad, laflly to Dr. Chamberlain, the fa 
 mous praditioner in midwifery.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 123 
 
 ries of a civil war. He not only folicited, but commanded c H A P. 
 his good fubj eels tojoinhim, according to tharduty, andt ie 
 oaths they had taken. He forbade them to pay taxes, or a- 
 ny of the revenue, to the ufurper. He promifed pardon, 
 and even rewards, to all thofe who fhould return to their 
 duty, and to procure in his firft parliament an act ot indem 
 nity, with an exception of certain perfons * whom he now 
 enumerated. He declared, thut all foldiers who fhould quit 
 the fervice of the ufurper, and inlift under his banners, 
 might depend upon receiving their pardon and arrears; and 
 that the foreign troops, upon laying down their arms, fhould 
 be paid, and trinfported to their refpedtive countries. He 
 folemnly proteited, that he would protect and maintain the 
 church of England, as by law eftablifhed, in all her rights, 
 privileges, and poffeffions : He fignified his refolution to 
 ufc his influence with the parliament for allowing liber 
 ty of conference to all his fubjecls, as an indulgence agree 
 able to the fpirit of the chriftian religion, and conducive to 
 the wealth and prosperity of the nation. He fuid his prin 
 cipal care fhould be to heal the wounds of the late diftrac- 
 tions to reftore trade, by obferving the a& of navigation, 
 which had been lately fo much violated in favour of Gran 
 gers; to put the navy m a flourifhing condition ; and to take 
 every flep that might contribute to the greatnefs of the mo 
 narchy and the happinefs of the people. He concluded 
 with profc/Hons of resignation to the divine will, declaring, 
 that all who fhould reject his offers of mercy, and appear h\ 
 arms again!!: him, would be anfwerable to Almighty God 
 for all the blood that fhould be fpilt, and all the miferies in 
 which thefc kingdoms might be involved by their defperate 
 and unreafonable oppofition. 
 
 While this declaration operated varioufly on the minds 
 of the people, Colonel Parker, with fome other officers, 
 inlifted men privately for the fervice of James, in the 
 counties of York, Lancafler, and in the bifhopric of Dur 
 ham: At the fame time, Fountaine and Holman were 
 employed in raifing two regiments of horfe at London, 
 that they might join their matter immediately after his 
 
 * Thofe excepted were the duke of Ormoml, the marquis of Winchcfter, 
 rhe earls of Sur.dcrland, Bath, Danby and Nottingham, the loJs Newport, 
 Delamere, V/iluhiiv, Colcheiler, Cornbury, Dunoiain, and Churc.hhill j the 
 hifhops of London and St. Afaph, Sir Robert Howard, Sir John Worden, Sir 
 Samuel Grimftone, Sir Stephen Fox, Sir George Treby, Sir Bafil Dixwell, 
 Sir James Oxenden, Dr. John Tillulfon, Dr. Gilbert Burnet j Francis Ruffel, 
 liichard Levifon, joh,i TrencLard, Charles Duncomb, citizen of London j 
 Edwards, Stapleton and Hunt, fiflicrmen, and all other* who had offered per- 
 lonal indignities to him at Fevi.riham; or had been concernsd in the barbarous 
 murder of John Aflitun, Ctofs, or any others who had lurfered d.ath for their 
 loyalty ; and ail i pies, or fudi as had betrayed LL coujt.l^ Ju.;.i:j hi; lite -b-
 
 124 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B O O K landing. His partifans fent Captain Lloyd, with an ex- 
 , , piefs to Lord Melfort, containing a detail of thefe parti- 
 
 ""^ culars, with an aflurance that they had brought over 
 Rear-Admiral Carter to the intereft of his majefty. They 
 lilcewife tranfmitted a lift of the {hips that compofed the 
 Englifh fleet, and exhorted James to ufe his influence 
 with the French king, that the Count de Tourville might 
 be ordered to attack them before they fhould be ioined by 
 the Dutch fquadron. It was in confequence of this ad 
 vice, that Louis commanded Tourville to fall upon the 
 Englifh fleet, even without waiting for the Toulon fqua- 
 dron, commanded by the Marquis d Etrees. By this time 
 James had repaired to La Hogue, and was ready to em 
 bark with his army, confifting of a body of French troops, 
 together with fome Englifh and Scotch refugees, and the 
 regiments which had been tranfported from Ireland, by 
 virtue of the capitulation of Limerick. 
 
 The miniftry of England was informed of all thefe par 
 ticulars, partly by fome agents of James, who betrayed 
 his caufe, and partly by Admiral Carter, who gave the 
 queen to underftand he had been tampered with; and was 
 inftrucled to amufe the Jacobites with a negociation. 
 King William no fooner arrived in Holland, than he haf- 
 tened the naval preparations of the Dutch, fo that their 
 fleet was ready for fea fooner than was expe&ed ; and 
 when he received the firft intimation of the projected de- 
 fcent, he detached General Ptolemache, with three of the 
 Englifh regiments from Holland. Thefe, re-enforced 
 with other troops remaining in England, were ordered to 
 encamp in the neighbourhood of Portfmouth. The queen 
 iffued a proclamation, commanding all Papifts to depart 
 from London and Weftminfter : The members of both 
 houfes of parliament were required to meet on the 24th 
 day of May, that fhe might avail herfelf of their advice in 
 fuch a perilous conjuncture. Warrants were expedited 
 for apprehending divers difaffe&ed perfons ; and they 
 withdrawing themfelves from their refpe&ive places of a- 
 bode, a proclamation was publilhed for difcovering and 
 bringing them to juftice. The earls of Scarfdale, Lich- 
 field^and Newburgh; the Lords Griffin, Forbes, Sir 
 John Fenwick, Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe and others, 
 found means to elude the fearch. The earls of Hunting 
 don and Marlborough were fent to the Tower ; Edward 
 Ridely, Knevitt, Haftings and Robert Fergufon, were 
 imprifoned in Newgate. The bifhop of Rochefter was 
 confined to his own houfe ; the lords Brudenel and Fan- 
 fhaw were fecuredj the earls of Dunmore, Middleton 
 and Sir Andrew Forrefler, were difcovered in a Quaker s
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 125 
 
 houfe, and committed to prifon, with feveral other per- CHAP, 
 foos of diltinction. The train-bands of London and < 
 Weftminftcr were armed by the queen s dire&ion, and ^V 
 fhc reviewed them in perfon. Admiral RufTel was order 
 ed to put to fea with all poflible expedition ; and Carter, 
 with a fquadron of eighteen fail, continued to cruife along 
 the French coaft, to obferve the motions of the enemy. 
 
 On the I ith day of May, Ruflel failed from Rye to St. 
 Helen s, where he was joined by the fquadrons under De- 
 laval and Carter. There he received a letter from the 
 earl of Nottingham, intimating, that a report having 
 fpread of the queen s fufpecling the fidelity of the fea offi 
 cers, her niajcfty had ordered him to declare in her name, 
 that fhe repofed the moft entire confidence in their at 
 tachment ; and believed the report was raifed by the ene 
 mies of the government. The flag-officers and captains 
 forthwith drew up a very loyal and dutiful addrefs, which 
 was gracioufly received by the queen, and published for 
 the (atisfa&ktn of the nation. Ruflel, being re-enforced 
 by the Dutch fquadrons, commanded by Allemonde, Cal- 
 lembergh, and Vandergoes, fet fail for the coaft of France 
 on the 1 8th day of May, with a fleet of ninety-nine fhips 
 of the line, befides frigates and fire-fhips. Next day, a- 
 bout three o clock in the morning, he difcovered the ene 
 my, under the Count de Tourvillc, and threw out the 
 fignal for the line of battle, which by eight o clock was 
 formed in good order, the Dutch in the van, the blue di- 
 vifion in the rear, and the red in the centre. The French 
 fleet did not exceed fixty-three fhips of the line, and, as 
 they were to windward, Tourville might have avoided an 
 engagement ; but, he had received a pofitive order to 
 fight, on the fuppofition that the Dutch and Englifti fqua 
 drons had not joined. Louis, indeed, was apprized of 
 their junction before they were defcried by his admiral, 
 to whom he difpatched a countermanding order, by two 
 feveral veflels ; but, one of them was taken by the Eng- 
 liflri, and the other did not arrive till the day after the en 
 gagement. . 
 
 Tourvillc, therefore, in obedience to the firft mandate, The French 
 bore down along fide of Ruflel s own (hip, which he en- ^ et e ? tirc ~ 
 gaged at a very fmall diftance. He fought with great fury Admi- 
 till one o clock, v/hen his rigging and fails being coafi- r*l i^fleL 
 dcrably damaged, his (hip, the Rifmg-Sun, which carried 
 one hundred and four cannon, was towed out of the line 
 in great diforder. Neverthelefs, the engagement conti 
 nued till three, when the fleets were parted by a thick 
 fog. When this abated, the enemy were defcried flying 
 to the northward ; and RufTel made the fignal for cha-
 
 126 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK fmg. Part of the blue fquadron came up with the enemy, 
 , about eight in the evening, and engaged them half an 
 
 """V^* 1 hour, during which Admiral Carter was mortally wound 
 ed. Finding himfelf in extremity, he exhorted his cap 
 tain to fight as long as the {hip could fwim; and expired 
 with great compolure. At length, the French bore away 
 for Conquet-Road, having loft four fhip s in this day s 
 action. Next day, about eight in the morning, they 
 were difcovered crouding away to the weftward, and the 
 combined fleets chaced with all the fail they could carry, 
 until RufTel s foretop-maft came by the board. Though 
 he was retarded by this accident, the fleet ftill continued 
 the purfuit, and anchored near Cape La Hogue. On 
 the 22d of the month, about feven in the morning, par: 
 of the French fleet was perceived near the Race of Alder- 
 ney, fome at anchor, and fome driving to the eaftward 
 with the tide of flood. RufTel, and the fhips neareft him, 
 immediately flipped their cables and chaced. The Royal- 
 Sun, having loft her mafts, ran afhore near Cherbourg, 
 where (he was burned by Sir Ralph Delaval, together 
 with the Admirable, another firft-rate, and the Conque- 
 rant of eighty guns. Eighteen other fhips of their fleet 
 ran into La Hogue, where they were attacked by Sir 
 George Rooke, who deftroyed them, and a great number 
 of tranfports laden with ammunition, in the midft of a ter- 
 tible fire from the enemy, and in fight of the Irifh camp. 
 Sir John Afliby, with his own fquadron and fome Dutch 
 fhips, purfucd the reft of the French fleet, which efcaped 
 through the Race of Alderncy, by fuch a dangerous paf- 
 fage as the- Englifh could not attempt, without expofing 
 their fhips to the moft imminent hazard. This was a ve 
 ry mortifying defeat to the French king, who had been fo 
 long flattered with an uninterrupted feries of victories : It 
 reduced James to the loweft ebb of dcfpondence, as it fru- 
 ftrated the whole fcheme of his embarkation, and over 
 whelmed his friends in England, with grief and defpair. 
 Some hiftorians alledge, that RuflH did not improve his 
 victory with all the advantages that might have been ob 
 tained, before the enemy recovered of their confternation. 
 They fay, his affection to the fervice v/as in a good mea- 
 fure cooled by the difgrace of his friend, the earl of Marl- 
 borough : That he hated the earl of Nottingham, by 
 whofe canal he received his orders ; and, that he adhered 
 to the letter, rather than to the fpirit of his inftructions. 
 But this is a malicious imputation; and a very ungrateful 
 return for his manifold fervices to the nation. He acted 
 in this whole expedition with the genuine fpirit of a 13ri^ 
 lilh admiral. -He plyed from the Norc to ths Downs, with
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 127 
 
 a very fcanty wind, through the dangerous far.ds, contrary CHAP, 
 to the advice of all his pilots ; and by this bold pafiagc ef- 
 
 fe<fted a junction of the different fquadron?, which other- 
 wife the French would have attacked fmgly, and perhaps 
 defeated. He behaved with great gallantry during the en 
 gagement ; and deflrroyed about fifteen of the enemy s ca 
 pital fhips : In a word, he obtained fuch a decifive victory, 
 that during the remaining part of the war, the French 
 would not hazard another battle by fea with the Englifn. 
 
 RufTel having ordered Sir John Adi by, and the Dutch 
 Admiral Callembergh, to fteer towards Havre de Grace, 
 and endeavour to deflroy the remainder of the French 
 fleet, failed back to St. Helen s that the damaged fhips 
 might be refitted, and the fleet furnifhed with frefh fup- 
 plies of provifion and ammunition ; but his principal mo 
 tive was to take on board a number of troops provided for 
 a defcent upon France, which had been projected by Eng 
 land and Holland, with a view to alarm and diffract the 
 enemy in their own dominions. The queen was fo pleaf- 
 ed with the victory, that {he ordered thirty thoufand pounds 
 to be diftributed among the failors. She caufed medals to 
 be (truck in honour of the aclion ; and the bodies of Ad 
 miral Carter and Captain Haftings, who had been killed 
 in the battle, to be interred with great funeral pomp. In 
 the latter end of July, feven thoufand men, commanded by 
 Leinfter, embarked on board tranfports, to be landed at St. 
 Maloes, Brett, or Rochefort ; and the nation conceived 
 the moft fanguine hopes of this expedition. A council of 
 war, confifHng of land and fea officers, being held on 
 board the Breda, to deliberate upon the fcheme of the rr.i- 
 niftry, the members unanimously agreed, that the feafon 
 was too far advanced to put it in execution. Ncverthelefs, 
 the admiral having detached Sir John Afhby with a fqua - 
 dron to intercept the remains of the French fleer., in their 
 paflage from St. Malces to Brefr, fet fail for La Hogue 
 with the reft of the fleet and tranfports ; but, in a few 
 days, the wind fhifting, he was obliged to return to St. 
 Helen s. 
 
 The queen immediately difpatched the marquis of 
 Carmarthen, the earls of Devonfhire, Dorfet, Notting 
 ham, and Rochefter, together with the Lords Sidney and 
 Cornwallis, to confwlt with the admiral, who demonftrated 
 the impracticability of making an effectual defcent upon 
 the coaft of France at that feafon of the year. The deiign 
 was, therefore, laid afide ; and the forces were tranfported 
 to Flanders. The higher the hopes cf the nation had been 
 raifed by this armament, the deeper they felt their 
 <lifappointment. A loud clamour wss r^ifcd againft
 
 128 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK the miniftry, as the authors of this mifcarriage, 
 , The people complained, that they were plundered and 
 
 V "* 1 "Y" 1 *" abufed : That immenfe fums were extorted from them bv 
 1 9 ** the moft grievous impofitions : That, by the infamous 
 expedient of borrowing upon eftabliftied funds, their taxes 
 were perpetuated : That their burdens would daily in- 
 creafe : That their treafure was either fquandered away 
 in chimerical projects, or expended in foreign connections, 
 of which England was naturally independent. They 
 were the more excu&ble for exclaiming in this manner, 
 as their trade had fuffered grievoufly by the French pri 
 vateers, which fwarmed in the channel. In vain the mer 
 chants had recourfe to the admiralty, which could not 
 fpare particular convoys, while large fleets were required 
 for the defence of the nation. The French king, having 
 nothing further to apprehend from the Englifh armament, 
 withdrew his troops from the coaft of Normandy ; and 
 James returned in defpair to St. Germain s, where his 
 queen had been in his abfence delivered of a daughter, who 
 was born in prefence of the archbifhop of Paris, the keep 
 er of the feals, and other perfons of diilinUon. 
 
 Louis had taken the field in the latter end of May. 
 On the twentieth day of that month, he arrived at his 
 camp in Flanders, with all the effeminate pomp of an A- 
 fiatic emperor, attended by his women and parafites, his 
 band of mufic, his dancers, his opera, and, in a word, by 
 all the minifters of luxury and fenfual pleafure. Having 
 reviewed his army, which amounted to about one hun 
 dred and twenty thoufand men, he undertook the fiege of 
 Namur, which he inverted on both fides of the Sambre, 
 with about one half of his army, while the other covered 
 a r m d ur fc ^~ the fiege, under the command of Luxembourg. Namur 
 
 taken in is fituated on the conflux of the Meufe and the Sambre. 
 
 fight of The citadel was deemed one of the ftrongeft forts in Flan- 
 
 Kmg Wil- j ers ftrengthened with a new work contrived by the fa- 
 ham. ,_ i r i i r 
 
 IROUS engineer L-oehorn, who now defended it in perion, 
 The Prince de Barbafon commanded the garrifon, confifr- 
 ing of nine thoufand men. The place was well fupplied ; 
 and the governor knew that King William would make 
 ftrong efforts for its relief; fo that the befieged were ani 
 mated with many concurring confiderations. Notwith- 
 ftanding thefe advantages, the affailants carried on their 
 attacks with fuch vigour, that in feven days after the 
 trenches were opened, the town capitulated, and the gar 
 rifon retired into the citadel. King William, being 
 joined by the troops of Brandenburgh and Liege, advanced 
 to the Mehaigne, at the head of one hundred thoufand ef 
 fective men, and encamped within cannon-fliot cf Lux-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 129 
 
 embourg s army, which lay on the other fide of the river. CHAP. 
 That general, however, had taken fuch precautions, that , 
 
 the king of England could not interrupt the fiege, nor V - X ~Y" > 
 attack the French lines wichout great difadvantage. The l 3 2 
 befiegers, encouraged by the prefence of their monarch, 
 and afiifted by the fuperior abilities of Vauban their en 
 gineer, repeated their attacks with fuch impetuofity, that 
 the fort of Coehorn was furrendered, after a very obfti- 
 nate defence, in which he himfelf had been dangeroufly 
 wounded. The citadel being thus left expofed to the ap 
 proaches of the enemy, could not long withftand the vio 
 lence of their operations. The two covered ways were 
 taken by afiault. On the twentieth of May, the gover 
 nor capitulated, to the unfpeakable mortification of King 
 William, who faw himfelf obliged to lie inactive at the 
 head of a powerful army, and.be an eye-witnefs of the 
 lofs of the moft important fortrefs in the Netherlands. 
 Louis, havina; taken pofleffion of the place, returned in 
 triumph to Verfailles, where he was, flattered with all the 
 arts of adulation; while William s reputation fufFered 
 a little from his mifcarriage, and the prince of 
 Barbafon incurred the fufpicion of treachery or mif- 
 co.ndu&. 
 
 Luxembourg having placed a flrong ^arrifon in Na- 
 mur, detached Boufflers with a body of troops to La Buf- 
 fiere, and with the reft of his army encamped at Soignies. 
 The king of England font off detachments towards Liege 
 and Ghent ; and on the fixth day cf July ported himfelf at 
 Genap, refolved to fcize the firft opportunity of retrieving 
 his honour, by attacking the enemy. Having received in 
 telligence, that the French General was in motion, and 
 intended to take poft between Steenkerke and Enghein 
 he pafled the river Sennc, in order to anticipate his pur- 
 pofe; but, in fpite of all his diligence, Luxembourg 
 gained his point; ;;nd William encamped at Lembecq, 
 within fix miles of the French army. Here he refolved, 
 in a council of war, to attack the enemy; and every dif- 
 pofition was made for that purpofe. The heavy baggage 
 he ordered to be conveyed to the other fide of the Senn. ; 
 and one Millevoix, a detected fpy, was compelled by me 
 naces to miflead Luxembourg with falftv intelligence, im 
 porting, that he need not be alarmed at the motions cf the 
 allies, who intended next day to make a general forage. 
 Gn the twenty-fourth day of July, the army began re 
 move from the left, in t\vo columns, as the ground would 
 not admit of their marching in an extended front. The 
 Prince of Wirtemberg began the attack on the right of 
 the enemy, at the head of ten battalions of Englifli, Daniih, 
 VOL. I. R
 
 t$o HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, and Dutch infantry : He was fupported by a confiderabfe 
 body of Britilh horfe and foot, commanded by Lieutenant- 
 
 ^^T"^ General Mackay. Though the ground was interfered 
 3 52 by hedges, ditches, and narrow defiles, the Prince marched 
 with fuch diligence, that he was in a condition to begin 
 the battle about two in the afternoon, when he charged 
 the French with fuch impetuofity, that they were driven 
 from their pofts, and their whole camp became a fcene of 
 tumult and confufion. Luxembourg, trailing to the in 
 telligence he had received, allowed himfelf to be furprifed ; 
 and it required the full exertion of his fuperior talents, to 
 remedy the confequences of his neglect. He forthwith 
 forgot a fevere indifpofition under which he then laboured. 
 He rallied his broken battalions. He drew up his forces 
 in order of battle, and led them to the charge in perfon. 
 The Duke de Chartres, who was then in the fifteenth 
 year of his age, the Dukes of Bourbon and Vendome, 
 the Prince of Conti, and a great number of volunteers of 
 the firft quality, put thcmfelves at the head of the houfe- 
 hold troops, and fell with great fury upon the Englifh, 
 who were very ill fupported by count Solmes, the officer 
 who commanded tht: centre of the allies. The Prince of 
 Wirtemberg had taken one of the enemy s batteries, and 
 actually penetrated into their lines. But, finding himfelf 
 in danger of being overpowered by numbers, he fent an 
 aide-du-camp twice, to demand fuccours from Solmes, 
 who derided his diftre fs, faying, " Let us fee what fport 
 " thcfe Englifh bull-dogs will make." At length, when 
 the king fent an exprefs order, commanding him to fuf- 
 tain the left wing, he mace a motion with his horfe, which 
 could not act while his infantry kept their ground ; and 
 the Britifh troops, with a few Dutch and Danes, bore the 
 whole brunt of the engagement. They fought with fur- 
 prifing courage and perfeverance againft dreadful odds ; 
 and the event of the battle continued doubtful, until 
 BoufHers joined the, French army with a great body of 
 dragoons. The allies could not fuftain the additional 
 weight of this re-enforcement, before which they gave 
 way, though the retreat was made in tolerable order ; and 
 the enemy did not think proper to profecute the advantage 
 they had gained. In this action, the confederates loft the 
 Earl of Angus, General Mackay, Sir John Lanier, Sir 
 Robert Douglas, and many other gallant officers, together 
 with about three thoufand men left dead on the fpot, the 
 fame number wounded or taken, a great many colours 
 and ftandards, and feveral pieces of cannon. 
 
 The French, however, reaped no folid advantage from 
 this victory, which coft them about three thoufand men,.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 131 
 
 including the prince of Turcnne, the marquis de Belle- C H A p- 
 fond, Tilladet, and Fermacon, with many officers of di- 
 ftinciion : As for Millevoix the fpy, he was hanged on a 
 tree, on the right wing of the allied army. King William l6 9- 
 retired unmolefted to his own camp; and, notwithfiand- 
 ing all his overthrows, continued a refpectable enemy, by- 
 dint of invincible fortitude, and a genius fruitful in re- 
 refources. That he was formidable to the French na 
 tion, even in the mid ft of his ill fuccefs, appears from 
 divers undeniable testimonies, and from none more than 
 from the extravagance of joy exprciied by the peoplj of 
 France, on occafion of this unimportant victory. When 
 the princes who ferved in the battle returned to Pari?, 
 the roads through which they pafled were almoft block-.; 
 up with multitudes; and the whole air refounded with ac 
 clamation. All the ornaments of the fafhion peculiar to 
 both fexes adopted the name of Steenkerke : Every indi 
 vidual who had been perfonally engaged in the action was 
 revered as a being of a fuperior fpecies ; and the tranfports 
 of the women rofe almoft to a degree of frenzy. 
 
 The French miniftry did not entirely depend upon the 
 fortune of the war for the execution of their revenge a- 
 gainft King William. They likewife employed aflafiins 
 to deprive him of life, in the rnoft treacherous manner. 
 When Louvois died, his fon, the marquis de Barbefieux, 
 who fucceeded him in his office of fecretary, found, amon.j- 
 his papers, the draft of a fcheme for this ptirpofe, and im 
 mediately revived the defign, by means of the chevalier 
 de Grandval, a captain of dragoons in the fervice. He 
 and Colonel Parker engaged one Dumcnt, who undertook A - p !? t 
 to aflaffinate King William. Madame de Maintenon, nfT 
 and Paparel, paymaster to the French army, were privy to Ham. 
 the fcheme, which they encouraged : The confpirators 
 are faid to have obtained an audience of King James, who 
 approved of their undertaking, and affured them of his 
 protection ; but that unfortunate monarch was unjuftly 
 charged with the guilt of countenancing the intended mur 
 der, as they communicated nothing to him but an at 
 tempt to feize the perfon of the prince of Orange. Du- 
 mont actually enlifted in the confederate army, that he 
 might have the better opportunity to moot the king of 
 England when he fhould ride out to vifit the lines, while 
 Grandval and Parker repaired to the French camp, with 
 orders to Luxembourg to furnifh them with a party of 
 horfe for the refcue of Dumont, after the blow fliould be 
 ftruck. Whether this man s heart failed him, or, he could 
 not find the opportunity he defired, after having refided 
 weeks, in the camp of the allies, he retired to Hano-
 
 j 3 2 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK ver ; but {till corrcfponded with Grandval and Barbefieux. 
 This laft admitted one Leefdale, a Dutch baron, into the 
 
 ( ~ f ~Y^J fecret, and likewife imparted it to Monfieur Chanlais, 
 1693. quarter-mailer general of the French army, who animat 
 ed Grandval and Leefdale with the promife of a confi- 
 derable reward, and promifed to co-operate with Parker 
 for bringing off Dumont ; for this affamn ftill perfifted in 
 his undertaking. Leefdale had bsen fent from Holland, 
 on purpofe to dive to the bottom of this confpiracy, in 
 co-nfequence of advice given by the Britifh envoy at Hano 
 ver, where Dumont had dropped fome hints that Alarmed 
 his fufpicion. The Dutchman not only infmuated hiin- 
 felf into the confidence of the confpirators, but likewife 
 inveigled Grandval to Eyndhoven, where he was appre 
 hended. Underihmding that Dumont had already difcover- 
 ed the defign to the duke of Zell, and that he himfelf had 
 been betrayed by Leefdale, he freely confeffed all the par 
 ticular?, without enduring the torture ; and, being 
 found guilty by a court-martial, was executed as a 
 traitor. 
 
 About this period, the duke of Leinfter arrived at Of- 
 tend, with the troops which had been embarked at St. 
 Helen s. He was furnifhed with cannon fent down the 
 Meufe from Maeftricht ; and re-enforced by a large de 
 tachment from the king s camp at Gramont, under the 
 command of General Ptolemachc. He took pofTeflion of 
 Furnes, was joined by the earl of Portland and M. D Au- 
 verquerque, and a difpolition was made for inverting Dun- 
 kir- ; but, on further deliberation, the enterprize was 
 thought very dangerous, and therefore laid afide. Furnes 
 and Dixrauyde, lately reduced by Brigadier Ramfay, were 
 Strengthened with new works, and fccured by ftrong gar- 
 rifons. The cannon were fent back, and the troops re 
 turning to Oftend, re-embarked for England. This fruit- 
 lefs expediti. :, added to the inglorious iflue of the campaign, 
 increafed the ill-humour of the Britiih nation. They tax 
 ed William with having lain inactive at Gramont, with 
 an army of one hundred thoufand men, while Luxembourg 
 was ported at Bourtray with half that number. They faid, 
 if he had found the French lines too ftrong to be forced, 
 he might have palled the Scheldt higher up, and not only 
 laid the enemy s conqueils under contribution, but even 
 marched into the bowels of France ; and they complained 
 that Furnes and Dixmuyde were not worth the fums ex 
 pended in maintaining their garrifons. On the 26th day 
 of September, King William left the army under the com 
 mand of the elector of Bavaria, a-;-id repaired to his boufb 
 at Loo : In two days after his departure the camp at Gra-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 133 
 
 mont was broke up; the infantry marched to Marien- CHAP, 
 kerke, and the horfe to Gaure. On the i6th day of O C - 
 tober, the king receiving intelligence, that BoufHers had 
 inverted Charlcroy, and Luxembourg taken pofc in the 
 neighbourhood of Conde, ordered the troops to be in- 
 ftantly re-r.flbmbled between the village of Ixells r.nd Halle, 
 with dcfign to raife the fiege, and repaired to BrufTels, 
 where he held a council of war, in which the proper mea- 
 furcs Trere concerted. He then returned to Holland, 
 leaving the command with the elector of Bavaria, who 
 forthwith began his march to Charleroy. At his approach, 
 BoufBers abandoned the fiege, and moved towards Philip- 
 ville. The elector having re-enforced the place, and 
 thrown fupplies into Aeth, diftributed his forces into win 
 ter-quarters. Then Luxembourg, who had cantoned 
 his army between Conde, Leuze, and Tournay, re 
 turned t<$ Paris, leaving Boiifflers to command in his ab- 
 fence. 
 
 The allies had been unfuccefsful in Flanders, and they 
 were not fortunate in Germany. The landgrave of Hefle- 
 Caflel undertook the fiege of Eberemburgh, which, how 
 ever, he was obliged to abandon. The duke de Lorges, 
 who commanded the French forces on the Rhine, furprif- 
 ed, defeated arid took the duke of Wirtemberg, who had 
 ported himfdf with four thoufand horfe near Eidelfheim, 
 to check the progrefs of the enemy. Count Tr.Hard hav 
 ing inverted Rhinefcld, the landgrave marched to its re 
 lief with fuch expedition, that the French were obliged to 
 defirt, and retreat with confiderable damage. The elector 
 of Saxony had engaged to bring an army into the field ; 
 but he complained that the emperor left the burden of the 
 war with France upon the princes, and converted his 
 chief power and attention to the campaign in Hungary. 
 A jealoufy and mifunderrtanding enfued: Schoenina;, the 
 Saxon general, in his way to the hot-baths at DabTitz in 
 Bohemia, was feized by the emperor s order, on fufpicion 
 of having maintained a private correfpondence with the 
 enemy, and very warm expoftulations on this fubjecT: paf- 
 fed between the courts of Vienna and Drefden. Schoen- 
 ing w T as detained two years in cuftody ; and at length re- 
 leafed, on condition that he fhould never be employed 
 again in the empire. The war in Hungary produced no 
 event of importance. The minirtryof the Ottoman Porte 
 was diftra&ed by factions, and the feraglio threatened with 
 tumult?. The people were tired of maintaining an un 
 fuccefsful war: The vifir was depofed ; and, in the midft: 
 of this confufion, the garrifon of Great Waradin, which 
 had been blocked up by the Imperialirts during the whole
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK winter, furrendered on capitulation. Lord Pager., the 
 Englifh ambaffiidor at Vienna, was fent to Confluminople, 
 with powers to mediate a peace : But the terms offered by 
 the emperor were rejected at the Porte : The Turkim 
 army lay upcm the defenfive, and the (lafon was fpent in a 
 fruidefs negociation. 
 
 The profpe6i of affairs in Piedmont was favourable for 
 the allies ; but the court of France had brought the pope 
 to an accommodotion, and began to tamper with the duke 
 of Savoy. M. Chanlais was fent to Turin, with advanta 
 geous propofals, which, however, the duke would not 
 accept, becaufe bethought himfelf entitled to better terms, 
 confidering that the allied army in Piedmont amounted to 
 fifty thoufand effective men, while Catinat s forces were 
 not fuffrcient to defend his conquefts in that country. In 
 the month of July the duke marched into Dauphine, where 
 he plundered a number of villages, and reduced the for- 
 trefs of Guilleftre; then paffing the river Darance, he in- 
 vefted Ambrun, which, afcer a fiege of nine days, furren 
 dered on capitulation : He afterwards laid all the neigh 
 bouring towns under contribution. Here Duke Schom- 
 berg, who commanded the auxiliaries in the Englifh pay, 
 published a declaration, in the name of King William> 
 inviting the people to join his ftandard, affurino: them that 
 his mailer had no other defign in ordering his troops to 
 invade France, but that of reftoring the noblefie to their 
 ancient fplendour, their parliaments to their former autho 
 rity, and the people to their juft privileges. He even of 
 fered his protection to the clergy, and promifed to ufe his 
 endeavours for reviving the edicl of Nantes, which had 
 been guaranteed by the kings of England. Thefe offers, 
 however, produced little effect; and the Germans ravaged 
 the whole country, in revenge for the cruelties which the 
 French had committed in the Palatinate. The allied ar 
 my advanced from Ambrun to Gap, on the frontiers of Pro 
 vence, and this place fubmitted without oppofition. The 
 inhabitants of Grenoble, the capital of Dauphine, and even 
 of Lyons, were overwhelmed with confternation ; and a 
 fairer opportunity of humbling France could never occur, 
 as that part of the kingdom had been left almoft quite de- 
 fencelefs : But this was fatally neglecled, either from the 
 fpifit of diffenfion which began to prevail in the allied ar 
 my, or from the indifpoiition of the duke of Savoy, who 
 was feized with the fmall-pox in the midft of this expedi 
 tion ; or, laflly, to his want of fincerity, which was 
 fhrewdly fufpecled. He is faid to have maintained a con- 
 ftant correfpondence with the court of Verfailles, in com- 
 plaifance to which he retarded the operations of the confe-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 135 
 
 derates. Certain it is, he evacuated all his conquefts, and c H A p. 
 about the middle of September quitted the P rench territo- m - 
 ries, after having pillaged and laid wafte the country ^ "Y^ 
 through which he had penetrated *. In Catalonia the l6 9 2 - 
 French attempted nothing of importance during this cam 
 paign, and the Spaniards were wholly inactive in that 
 province. 
 
 The Proteftant intereft in Germany acquired an accef- Theduk-*, 
 fiori of ftrength, by the creation of a ninth electorate in fa- of Hanover 
 vourof Erneft Au^uftus, duke of Hanover. He had, by created a " 
 this time, renounced all his connexions with France, and 
 
 engaged to enter heartily into the intereft of the allies, in 
 confideration of his obtaining the electoral dignity. King 
 William exerted himfelffo vigoroufly in his behalf at the 
 court of Vienna, that the emperor agreed to the propo- 
 fal, in cafe the confent of the other electors could be 
 procured. This affent, however, was extorted by the 
 importunities of the king of England, whom he durft not 
 difoblige. Leopold was blindly bigotted to the religion of 
 Rome, and consequently aveife to a new creation, that 
 would weaken the Catholic intereft in the electoral col 
 lege. He, therefore, employed his emiffaries to thwart 
 the duke s meafures. Some Proteftant princes oppofed~him 
 from motives of jenloufy, and the French king ufcd all his 
 artifices and influence to prevent the elevation of the houfe 
 of Hanover. When the duke had furmounted all this op- 
 pofiticn, fo far as to gain over a majority of the electors, 
 new objections were ftarted. The emperor fuggefted 
 that another Popifh electorate fhould be created, to ba 
 lance the advantage which the Lutherans would reap from 
 that of Hanover ; and he propofed that Auftria fhould be 
 raifed to the fame dignity : But violent oppofition was 
 made to this expedient, which would have vefted the em 
 peror with a double vote in the ele6toral college. At 
 length, after a tedious negociation, the duke of Hanover, 
 en the iQth day of December, was honoured with the in- 
 veftiture, as elector of Brunfwick ; created great marfhal 
 of the empire, and did not homage to the emperor : Never- 
 thelefs, he was not yet admitted into the college, becaufe 
 he had not been able to procure the unanimous confent of 
 all the electors f. 
 
 * At this period Queen Mary, understanding that the ProteAant Vandois were 
 deftit . , of ministers to preach or teach the gofpel, eitablithed a fund trom her 
 own privy purfe, to maintain ten preachers, and as many fchoolmailers, in the 
 .allies of Piedmont. 
 
 -f In thy beginning of September, the fliock of an earthquake was felt i;i 
 London, and inaay other parts of England, as well as in France, Germany, 
 aad th Netherlands. Violent agitations of the fanas kind hai happ-aed
 
 136 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK While King William feemed wholly engrafted by the 
 affairs of the continent, England was diitra&ed by dome- 
 
 fti c difienfion, and overfpread with vice, corruption, and 
 mefti c profanity* Over and above the Jacobites, there was a fet 
 of malcontents, whofc number daily iacreafed. They not on 
 ly murmured at the grievances of the nation, butcompofed 
 and publifhed elaborate diflertations upon the fam^ fubjecT:. 
 Thefe made fuch impreflions upon the people, already ir 
 ritated by heavy burthens, diftrefled in their trade, and 
 difappointed in their fanguine expectations, that the queen 
 thought it neceflary to check the progrefs of thofe writers, 
 by ifiuing out a proclamation, offering a reward to fuch 
 as would difcover feditious libellers. The earl of Marl- 
 borough had been committed to the Tower, on the in 
 formation of one Robert Young, a prifoner in Newgate, 
 who had forged that nobleman s hand-writing, and con 
 trived the fcheme of an aflbciation in favqur of King 
 James, to which he affixed the names of the earls of 
 Marlborough and Salifbury, Sprat, bifhop of Rochefter, 
 the Lord Cornbury and Sir Balfil Fireb race. One of his 
 emiflaries had found means to conceal this paper in a cer 
 tain part of the biftiop s houfe, at Bromley in Kent, where 
 it was found by the king s mefiengers, who fecured the 
 prelate in confequence of Young s information. But he 
 vindicated himfelf to the fatisfa&ion of the former council, 
 and the forgery of the informer was detected by the con- 
 feffion of his accomplice. The bifhop obtained his re- 
 Icafe immediately, and the earl of Marlborough was ad 
 mitted to -bail in the court of King s-Bench. 
 
 So many perfons of character and diftinclion had been 
 imprifoned during this reign, upon the flighteft fufpicion, 
 that the difcontented part of the nation had fome reafon to 
 infinuate they had only exchanged one tyrant for another. 
 They affirmed, that the Habeas Corpus aft was either 
 inefficient to protect the fubjeft from falfe imprifonment, 
 or had been fhamefully mifufed. They expatiated upon 
 the lofs of (hips, which had lately fallen a prey to the ene 
 my; the confumption of feamen; the nc-glccl: of the fifhe- 
 ries ; the interruption of commerce, in which the nation 
 was fupplanted by her allies, as well as invaded by her 
 enemies; the low ebb of the kingdom s treafure, exhauft- 
 ed in hiring foreign bottoms, an * paying foreign troops 
 to fight foreign quarrels; and the flaughter of the beft and 
 braveft of their countrymen, whofe bloood had been la- 
 
 abcut two months before in Sicily and Malta ; and ths town of Port-Royal, 
 in Jamaica, was almoft totally ruined by an earthquake : The place was fj 
 fudJenly overflowed, thatabcut fifeen hundred perfons penfhi-j.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 137 
 
 viftily fpilt in fupport of connexions with which they ought CHAP, 
 to have had no concern. They demonftrated the mif- 1!I - 
 chiefs that neceffarily arofe from the unfettK*! ftate of the ^-""y^- 
 nation. They obferved that the government could not be I(5 9 2 - 
 dulyeftablifhed, until a folemn declaration foould confirm 
 the legality of that tenure by which their majeilics poflef- 
 fedthe throne: That the ftructure of parliaments was de 
 ficient in point of folidity, as they exifted entirely at the 
 pleafure of the crown, which would ufe them no longer 
 than they {hould be found necefTary in raifing fupplies for 
 the ufe of the government. They exclaimed againft the 
 practice of quartering foloiers in private houies, contrary 
 to the ancient laws of the land, the petition of right?, and 
 the fubfequent aft on that (ubje6l pafled in the reign of 
 the fecond Charles. They enumerated among their eriev- 
 nnces the violation of property, hy proofing tranfport fhips 
 into the fervice, without fettling any fund of payment for 
 the owners ; the condition of the militia, which was equally 
 burthenfome and ufelefs ; the flagrant partiality in favour 
 of allies, who carried on an open commerce with France, 
 and fupplied the enemy with neceflaries, while the Englifh. 
 laboured under the fevered prohibitions, and were in ef 
 fect, the dupes of thofe very powers whom they protected. 
 They dwelt upon the miniftry s want of conduct, fore- 
 fight, and intelligence, and inveighed againft their igno 
 rance, infolence, and negleci, which were as pernicious to 
 the nation as if they had formed a defign of reducing it to 
 thelovveft ebb of difgrace and deftruHon. By this time, 
 indeed, public virtue was become the object of ridicule, 
 and the whole kingdom was overfpread with immorality 
 and corruption: towards the increafe of which many con 
 curring circumftances happened to contribute. The peo 
 ple were divided into three parties, namely, the Willia- 
 i: .ites, the Jacobites, and the difcontented Kevolutioners. 
 Thefe factions took all opportunities to thwart, to expofe 
 and to ridicule the menfures and principles of each other; 
 fo that patriotifm was laughed out of doors, as an- hypocri 
 tical pretence. This contention eftabliihed a belief, that 
 every man confulted his own private intereft at the expence 
 cf the public : A belief that foon grew into a maxim al- 
 moft univerfally adopted. The practice of bribing a ma 
 jority in parliament had a pernicious influence upon t ~:e 
 morals of all ranks of people, from the candidate to the 
 loweft borough-ele&or. The expedient of eftabiiihing 
 fcmds of credit for raifing; fupplies to defray the expences 
 Ci 1 government, threw lar^e premiums and furr.s cf money 
 into the hands of low, fordid ufurers, brokers, and jobbers, 
 who diftingui&ed themiclves by the name of the Monied- 
 VL. I. S
 
 138 .HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK intereft. Intoxicated by this flow of wealth, they affect 
 ed to rival th 3 luxury and magnificence of their fuperiors ; 
 V **"Y~*~ ; but, being deftitute of fentiment and tafte, to conduct 
 3 ^9 Z - them in their new career, they ran into the moft abfurd 
 and illiberal extravagancies. They laid afide all deco 
 rum; became lewd, infolent, intemperate, and riotous. 
 Their example was caught by the vulgar. All principle, 
 and even decency, was gradually banifhed ; talent lay un 
 cultivated, and the land was deluged with a tide of igno 
 rance and profligacy. 
 
 King Wil- King William having afcertained the winter-quarters 
 iram re- of the army, and concerted the operations of the enfuing; 
 
 turns to . J . , , _ , r . . -n r i 
 
 England, campaign with the ftates-general, and the minifters of the 
 allies, fet fail for England on the 1 5th day of October j 
 on the 1 8th landed at Yarmouth, was met by the queen at 
 Newhall, and pafled through the city of London to Ken- 
 fington, amidft the acclamations of the populace. He re 
 ceived a congratulatory addrefs from the lord mayor and 
 aldermen, with whom he dined in public by invitation. 
 A day of thankfgiving was appointed for the. victory ob 
 tained at fea. The Luteftring company was eftablifhed 
 by patent, and the parliament met on the 4th day of No 
 vember. The houfe of lords was deeply infected with 
 difcontenr, which in fome meafure proceeded from the dif- 
 fenfion oetween the queen and her fifter the princefs of 
 Denmark, which laft underwent every mortification that 
 the court could inflict. Her guards were taken away; 
 all honours which had been paid to her rank by the magi- 
 ftrates of Bath, where fhe fometimes refided, and even by 
 the minifters of the church where fhc attended at divine 
 fcrvice, were difcontinued, by the exprefs order of his 
 wajefty. Her caufe was naturally efpoufed by thofe no 
 blemen who had adhered to her in her former conteft with 
 the king, about an independent fettlement; and thefe 
 were now re-enforced by all the friends of the earl of Marl- 
 borough, united by a double tie: for they refented the 
 difgrace and confinement of that lord, and thought it their 
 duty to fupport the Princefs Anne under a perfecution in 
 curred by an attachment to his countefs. The earl of 
 Shrewfbury lived in friendfliip with Marlborough, and 
 thought he had been ungratefully treated by the king : 
 The marquis of Hallifax befriended him, from oppofition 
 to the miniftry: The earl of Mulgrave, for an opportu 
 nity to difplay his talents, and acquire that confideration 
 which he thought due to his merit. Devonfhire, Mon 
 tague, and Bradford, joined in the fame caufe from prin 
 ciple : The fame pretence was ufed by the earls of Stam 
 ford, Monmouth, Warrington, and other Whigs ; though..
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 
 
 in effect they were actuated by jealoufy and refentment CHAP. 
 againft thofe by whom they had been fupplanted. As for IIJ - 
 the Jacobites, they gladly contributed their affiftance to ^"Y^^ 
 promote any fchcme that had a tendency to embroil the ad- ^9 2 - 
 miniftration. 
 
 The kine, in his fpeech to parliament, thanked them Parliament- 
 for their laft fupplies, congratulated them upon the vi6lo- ai 7 P r - 
 ry obtained at fea, condoled them on the bad fucceis of the cee lng * 
 campaign by land, magnified the power of France, repre- 
 fentxl the neceffity of maintaining a great force to oppofe 
 it, :ind demand fubfidies equal to the occafion. He ex- 
 preffed his reluctance to load them with additional burden?, 
 which, he faid, could not be avoided, without expofing his 
 kingdom to inevitable deftruclion. Fie defired their ad- 
 towards lefiening the inconvenience of exporting 
 money for the payment of the forces. He intimated a de- 
 fign of making a defcent upon France ; declared he had no 
 aim but to make his fubjecb a happy people ; and that he 
 would again chearfully expofehis life for the welfare of the 
 nation. The lords, after an adjournment of three days, 
 began, with great warmth, to aflert their privileges, which 
 they conceived had been violated in the cafes of the earl of 
 Marlborough, and the other noblemen, who had been ap 
 prehended, committed to prifon, and afterwards admitted 
 to bail by the court of king s-bench. Thefe circumftar,- 
 ces being fully difcufled in a violent debate, the houfe or 
 dered Lord Lucas, conftable of the tower, to produce the 
 warrants of commitment, and the clerk of the king s- 
 bench to deliver the affidavit of Aaron Smith, the court- 
 folicitor, upon which the lords had been remanded to pri- 
 ibn. At the fame time, the whole affair was referred to 
 a committee, empowered to fend for perfons, papers, and 
 records. The judges were ordered to attend : Aaron 
 Smith was examined, touching the evidence againft the 
 committed lords. The committee reported their general 
 refolution, which produced a vehement difpute. The 
 opinion of the judges was unfatisfaclory to both parties : 
 The debate was referred to a committee of the whole 
 houfe, in which it was refclved, and declared, as the fenfe 
 of that aflernbly, that in purfuance of the Habeas Corpus 
 acr, it was the duty of the judges and jail-delivery to dif- 
 charge the prifoner on bail, if committed for high-trcafon, 
 unlefs it be made appear, upon oath, that there are two 
 vvitnefTes againft the fcid prifoner, who cannct be produc 
 ed in that term, feffion, or general jail-delivery. They 
 like wife refolved it was the intention of the faid ftatute, 
 that in cafe there fliould be more than one prifoner to be 
 bailed or remanded, thers muft be oath trade that there
 
 14 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK are two witneflesagainft each prifoner, othervvifehe cannot 
 be remanded to prifon. Thefe refolutions were entered in 
 the books, as {landing directions to all future judges, yet 
 not without great oppofition from the court members. 
 The next debate turned upon the manner in which the im- 
 prifoned lords fhould be fet at liberty. The conteft be 
 came fo warm, that the courtiers began to be afraid, and 
 propofed an expedient, which was put in pra6tice. The 
 houfc adjourned to the I yth day of the month, and at its 
 next meeting was given to underftand, that the king had 
 difchargecl the imprifoned noblemen. After another warm 
 debate, a formal entry was made in the journals, import 
 ing, that the houfe being informed of his majefty s hav 
 ing given directions for difcharging the lords under the 
 bail in the king s bench, the debate about that matter ceaf- 
 ed. The refentment of the peers being thus allayed, they 
 proceeded to take his majefty s fpeech into confidera- 
 tion. 
 
 The commons having voted an addrefs of thanks, and 
 another, praying that his majefty s foreign alliances fhould 
 be laid before them, determined on a bill for regulating 
 trials in cafes of high treafon. They pafTed a vote of 
 thanks to admiral Ruflel, his officers and feamen, for the 
 -victory they had obtained, and then proceeded to an en 
 quiry, why that victory had not beenpurfued? Why ths 
 (defcent had not been made ? And why the trade had not 
 been better protected from the enemy s cruizers ? The 
 admiral having juftified his own conduct, they commanded 
 the lords of the admiralty to produce copies of all the let 
 ters and orders which had been fent to the admiral. They 
 ordered Ruflel to lay before them his anfwers ; and the 
 commiflioners for the tranfports, victuallers, and office of 
 ordinance, to deliver in an account of their proceedings. 
 Then they prefented addrefles to the king and queen, ac 
 knowledging the favour of God in reftoring him to his 
 people, congratulating aim upon his deliverance from 
 the fnares of his open and fecret enemies ; and af- 
 furing him they would, according to his majefty s de- 
 fire in his moft gracious fpeech, be always ready to ad- 
 vife and afiift him in the fupport of his government. 
 The queen was thanked for her gracious and prudent 
 adminiftration during his majefty s abfence. They con 
 gratulated her on their fignal deliverance from a bold and 
 cruel defign formed for their cleftru6tion; as well as on 
 the glorious victory which her fleet had gained ; and they 
 a/lured her that the grateful fenfe they had of their hzppi- 
 nefs under her government, (hould always be rr.anifefted 
 in conftant returns of duty and obedience.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 
 
 After this formal compliment, the houfe, ir.ftead of c H A P. 
 
 oceeding to the fupplies, iniifted upon perufing the 
 
 ies, public accompts, and eftimates, that they might be * " 1 
 condition to advife, as well as to aflat his majefty. 
 
 proc 
 treat i 
 in a condi 
 
 Being indulged with thofe papers, they palled a previous 
 vote, that a fupply fhould be given : Then they began to 
 concert their articles of advice. Some of the members 
 loudly complained of partiality to foreign generals, and 
 particularly reflected upon the infolence of Count Solmes, 
 and hismiiconducl at St enkerke. After fome warm al 
 tercations, the houfe refolved one article of their advice 
 fhould be, that his rrajefty would be pleafed to fill up the 
 vacancies that fhould happen among the general officers, 
 with fuch only as were natives of his dominions, and that 
 the commander in chief of the Englifh fhould be an Eng- 
 lifhman. Their next refolution implied, that many of the 
 great affairs of the government having been for fome time 
 paft unfuccefsfully managed, the houfe fhould advife his 
 majefty to prevent fuch mifchiefs for the future, by em 
 ploying men of knowledge, ability, and integrity. Indi 
 vidual members inveighed bitterly againft cabinet councils, 
 as a novelty in the Britifh fyftem of government, by 
 which the privy council was joftled out of its province. 
 They complained that all the grievances of the nation pro 
 ceeded from the vicious principles of the miniftry ; they 
 obferved, that he who oppofed the eftablifhment could not 
 be expected to fupport it with zeal. The earl of Not 
 tingham was mentioned by name ; and the houfe refolved 
 that his majefty fhould be advifed to employ in his coun 
 cils fuch perfons only whofe principles obliged them to 
 fupport his rights againft the late king, and all other pre 
 tenders. Marlborough s intereft ftill predominated among 
 the commons. His friend RufTel acquitted himfelf to the 
 fatisfa&ion of the houfe, and fhifted the blame of the 
 mifcarriage upon his enemy the earl of Nottingham, by 
 declaring that twenty days elapfed between his firft letter 
 to that nobleman and his lordfhip s anfwer. Th* earl s 
 friends, of whom there was a great number in the houfe, 
 efpoufed his caufe with great vigour, and even recriminat 
 ed upon Ruflel ; fo that a very violent debate enfued. 
 Both parties agreed that there had been mifmanagement in 
 the fcheme of a defcent. It was moved, that one caufe of 
 the mifcarriage was the want of giving timely and necef- 
 fary orders, by thofe to whom the management of the af 
 fair was committed. The houfe divided, and it was car 
 ried in the affirmative by one voice only. At the next 
 fitting of the committee, Sir Richard Temple propcfed 
 they fhould confider how to pay the forces abroad, by
 
 14* HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK means of Englifh manufactures, without exporting mo- 
 l - ney. They rcfolved that the houfe fhould be moved to 
 appoint a committee to take this expedient into confidera- 
 tion. Sir Francis Winnington was immediately called 
 upon to leave the chair, and the fpeaker refumed his place. 
 All that had been done was now void, as no report had 
 been made ; and the committee was diflblved. The houfe, 
 however, revived it, and appointed a day for its fitting; 
 but, before it could refume its deliberations, Admiral Ruf- 
 fel moved for its being adjourned, and all its purpefes 
 were defeated. 
 
 The court agents had by this time interpofed, and fe- 
 cured a majority by the infamous arts of corruption. The 
 commons no longer infifted upon their points of advice. 
 Their whole attention v/as now centered in the article of 
 affiffcince. They granted about two millions for the 
 mrmtenance of three and thirty thoufand feamen, the 
 building of fjme additional fhips of war, and the finifhing 
 of Plymouth dock : and feven hundred and fifty thoufand 
 pounds to fupply the deficiency of the quarterly poll. The 
 efti mates of the land fervice were not difcuffed without 
 tedious debates, and warm difputes. The miniftry de 
 manded fifty-four thoufand men, twenty thoufand of whom 
 fhould be kept at home for the defence of the nation, while 
 the reft fhould ferve abroad in the allied army. Many 
 members declared their averfion to a foreign war, in which 
 the nation had no immediate concern, and fo little prof- 
 peft of fuccefs. Others agreed that the allies fhould be 
 aiTifted on the continent with a proportion of Britiih forces; 
 but that the nation- fhould aft as auxiliary, not as a princi 
 pal, and pay no more than what the people would chear- 
 fully contribute to the general expence. Thefe reflections, 
 however, produced no other effect than that of prolonging 
 the debate. Minifterial influence had furmounted all op- 
 pofition. The houfe voted the number of men demanded. 
 Such was their fervile complaifance, that when they ex 
 amined the treaties by which the Englifh and Dutch 
 contracted equally wich the German princes, and found 
 that, notwithstanding thefe treaties, Britain bore two thirds 
 of expence, they overlooked this flagrant inftance of par 
 tiality, and enabled the king to pay the proportion. Nay, 
 their maxims were fo much altered, that, inftead of pro- 
 fecuting their refentment againft foreign generals, they 
 sffented to a motion, that the prince of Wirtemberg, the 
 Major-Generals Tetteau and La Foreft, who commanded 
 the Danifh troops in the pay of the ftates-general, fhould 
 be indulged with fuch an addition to their appointments as 
 would make up the difference between the pay of England
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 143 
 
 and that of Holland. Finally, they voted above two mil- C HAP 
 lions for the fubfiftence of the land forces, and for defray 
 ing extraordinary exper.ces attending the war upon the ^*y~*^ 
 continent, including fubfidies to the electors of Saxony 
 and Hanover. 
 
 The houfc of lords, mean while, was not free from ani- 
 mofity and contention. The M^rlboroucrh faction exerted 
 themfelves with great vivacity. They affirmed, it was the 
 province of the houfe to advife the Sovereign : Like the 
 Commons, they infifted upon the king s having afked their 
 advice, becaufe he had mentioned that word in his fpeech, 
 though he never dreamed they would catch at it with fuch 
 eagernefs. They moved, that the tafk of digefting the ar 
 ticles of advice fhould be undertaken by a joint committee 
 of bothhoufes; butall the dependents of the court, including 
 the whole bench of bifhops, except Watfon of St. David s, 
 were mar/hailed to oppofe this motion, which was rejected 
 by a majority of twelve; and this victory was followed 
 with a protefr. of the vanquifhed. Notwithftanding this 
 defeat, they profecuted their fcheme of giving advice ; and, 
 after much wrangling and declamation, the houfe agreed in 
 an addrefs or remonftrance, advifing and befeeching his 
 msijefty, That the commanding officer of the Britifh forces 
 fhoukl be an Englifhman : That Englifh officers might 
 take rank of thofe in the confederate armies, who did not 
 belong to crowned heads : That the twenty thoufand men to 
 be left for the defence of the kingdom fhould be all Englifh, 
 end commanded by an Englifli general: That the practice 
 of prefling men for the fle^t fhould be remedied : That fuch 
 officers as were guilty of this practice fhould be cafhicred 
 and punifhed ; and, laftly, That no foreigners fhould fit at 
 the board of ordnance. This addrefs was prefsnted to the 
 king, who received it coldly, and faid he would take it into 
 confideration. 
 
 Then the lords refolved to enquire into themifcarriage of Dl .^ kr 
 the purpofed defcent, and called for all the papers relating to io,ds and 
 that affair : But the aim ofthe majority was not ib much to commons 
 rectify the errors of the government, as to fcreen Netting- "> licerni!i s 
 ham, and cenfure RufTel. That nobleman produced his R u fl-e" 
 own book of entries, together with the whole correfpond- 
 ence between him and the admiral, whom he verbally charg 
 ed with having contributed to the mii carriage ofthe expe 
 dition. This affair was referred to a committee. Sir John 
 Afhby was examined. The houfe dire-fled the earl to draw 
 up the fobftance of his charge; and thefe papers were after 
 wards delivered to a committee of the commons, at a 
 conference, by the lord prefident, and the reft of the com 
 mittee above. They v/ .;re offered for th? infp Action ofthe
 
 144 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK commons, as they concerned fome members of that houfe y 
 J- by whom they might be informed more fully of the particu- 
 
 **~\f*+J lars they contained. At another conference, which the 
 1692. commons demanded, their committee declared, in the name 
 of the houfe, that they had read and well considered the pa 
 pers which their lordfhips had fent them, and which they 
 now returned : That finding Mr. Rufiel, one of their mem 
 bers, often mentioned in the faid papers, rhey had unanimously 
 refolved, that Admiral RufTel, in his command of the fleets, 
 during the laft fummer s expedition, had behaved with fi 
 delity, courage, and conduct. The lord?, irritated at this 
 declaration, and dif.ippointed in their refentment rgainft 
 Ruflel, defired a free conference between the committees 
 of both houfes. The earl of Roch fter told the commons, 
 he was commanded by the houfe of lords to inform them, 
 that thei:- lordfhips looked upon the late vote and proceed 
 ings of the lower houfe, in returning their papers, to be ir 
 regular and unparliamentary, as they had not communica 
 ted to their lordfhips the lights they had received, an. the 
 reafons upon which their vote was founded. A paper to 
 the fame purport was delivered to Colonel Granville, who 
 promif.-d to prefent it to the commons, and make a faith 
 ful report of what his lordfhip had faid. Thus the confer 
 ence ended, and the enquiry was difcontinued. 
 
 The lower houfe feemed to be as much exafperated a- 
 gainft the earl of Nottingham as the lords were incenfed at 
 Ruflel. A motion was made that his majeft-y fliould be 
 advifed to appoint fuch commiflioners of the board of admi 
 ralty as were of known experience in maritime affairs. Al 
 though this was overruled, they voted an addrefs to the 
 king, praying, that, for the future, all orders for the ma 
 nagement of the fleet might pafs through the hands of the 
 faid commiffioners ; a proteft, by implication, againfl the 
 conduit of the fccretary. The confideration of ways and 
 means v/as the next objecl: that engrofitd the attention of 
 the lower houfe. They refolved that a rate of four Ihillings 
 in the pound, for one year, fhould be charged upon all lands, 
 according to their yearly value; as alfo upon all peifonal 
 eftates, and upon all offices and employments of profit, 
 other than military offices in the army o.r navy. The act, 
 founded on this resolution, empowered the king to borrow 
 money on the credit of it, at feven per cent. They further 
 enabled him to raife one million on the general credit cf the 
 exchequer, by granting annuities. They laid feveral new 
 duties on a variety of imports. They renewed the lafl 
 quarterly poll, providing, that in cafe it fhould not produce 
 three hundred thoufand pounds, the deficiencies might be 
 mads up by borrowing o;i the general credit of the exchc-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 145 
 
 q uer. They continued the impofiuons on wine, vinegr.r, CHAP. 
 tobacco, and fugar, for five years ; and thofs on Eaft In- In - 
 dia goods for four years. They hid a new impofition of 
 eight per cent, on the capital flock of the Eaft India com- 
 par,) , eftimate d at feven hundred and forty-four thoufand 
 pounds; of one per cent, on the African ; of five pounds 
 on every lhare of the ftock belonging to the Hudfon s 
 Bay company ; and they empowered his majefty to bor 
 row five hundred thoufand pounds on thefe funds, which 
 were exprefsly eftabliihed for maintaining the war with 
 vigour*. 
 
 The money-bills were retarded in the upper houfe, by 
 the arts of HalliLx, MulgraVe, and other malcontents. 
 They grafted a claufe on the land-tax bill, importing, that 
 the lords fliould tax themfelves. It was adopted by the 
 majority, and the bill fent with this amendment to the 
 commons, by whom it was unanimoufly rejected, as a fla 
 grant attempt upon their privileges. They demanded a 
 conference, in which they declared, that the claufe in 
 qurftion was a notorious encroachment upon the right 
 the commons poflefTed, of regulating all matters relating 
 to fupplies granted by parliament. When this report was 
 debated in the houfe of lords, the earl of Mulgrave dif- 
 played uncommon powers of eloquence arid argument, in 
 perfuading the houfe, that, by yielding to this claim of 
 the commons, they would diveft themfelves of their true 
 greatnefs, and nothing would remain but the name and 
 fhadow of a peer, which was but a pageant. Notwithftand- 
 ing all his oratory, the lords relinquished their claufe, declar 
 ing, at the fame time, that they had agreed to pafs the bill 
 without alteration, merely in regard to the prefent urgent 
 ftate of affairs, as being otherwife of opinion, that they 
 had a right to infift upon their claufe. A formal com 
 plaint being made in the houfe of commons agzinfl the 
 pamphlet entitled " King William and Queen Mary 
 u Conquerors," as containing afTertior.s of dangerous con- 
 fequence to their maj cities, to the liberty of the fubjec^, 
 and the peace of the kingdom, the licenfer and printer were 
 taken into cuflody. The book being examined, they re- 
 folved, that it fliould be burned by the hands of the com 
 mon hangman ; and that the king fhould be moved to 
 difmifs the licenfer from his employment. The fame fen- 
 fence they pronounced upon a paftoral letter of B if hop 
 Burnet, in which this notion of conquefi had been at firi 
 
 VOL. I. T 
 
 1 The French klrg, hertvlrg ho .v librri .!!/ \Villiarn vas fupplkJ, exclaSrr- 
 eJ . with io;ne emotion, " PIy liule coufin t!w Prince of Orange is fixsJ : --> 
 " " l -\e fecic , 1 -: but, no mr.tter, the bit Lo^U d or mv.ft carry :r-."
 
 i, ; HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK afTerted. The lords, in order to manifcft their fentiments 
 on the fame fubjer, refolved, that fuch an afTertion was highly 
 injurious to their majefties, inconfiftcnt with the principles 
 on which the government was founded, and tending to 
 the fubverfion of the rights of the people. Bohun, the li- 
 cenfer, was brought to the bar of the houfe, and difchargeil 
 upon his own petition, after having been reprimanded on 
 his knees by the fpcakcr. 
 
 Several members having complained that their fervants 
 had been kidnapped, and fent to ferve as foldiers in Flan 
 ders, the houfe appointed a committee to enquire into the 
 abufes committed by prefs-maflers ; and a fuitable remon- 
 ftrance was prefented to the king, who exprefled his in-* 
 dignation at this practice, and aflured the houfe that the 
 delinquents fhould be brought to exemplary punifhment. 
 Understanding, however, in the fequel, that, the methods 
 taken by his majefty for preventing this abufe had not 
 proved effectual, they refumed their enquiry, and proceeded 
 with uncommon vigour on the information they received. 
 A great number of perfons who had been prefled were dif- 
 charged by order of the houfe ; and Captain Winter, the 
 chief undertaker for this method of recruiting the army, 
 was carried by the fergeant before the lord chief juftice, 
 that he might be profecuted according to law. 
 
 Before the heats occaiioned by this unpopular expedient 
 were allayed, the difcontent of the nation was further in- 
 flumed by complaints from Ireland, where Lord Sidney was 
 faid to rule with defpotic authority. Thefe complaints 
 were exhibited by Sir Francis Brewiler, Sir William 
 Gore, Sir John Macgill, Lieutenant Stafford, Mr. Stone, 
 and Mr. Kerne. They were examined at the bar of the 
 houfe, and delivered an account of their grievances in 
 writing. Both houfes concurred in this enquiry, which 
 being finifhed, they feverally prefented addrefles to the 
 king. The lords obferved, That there had been great 
 abufes in difpofmg of the forfeited eftates : That protec 
 tions had been granted to the Irifh not included in the ar 
 ticles of Limerick -, fo that Proteftants were deprived of 
 the benefit of the law againft them : That the quarters of 
 the army had not been paid according to the provifion made 
 by parliament: That a mayor had been impofcd upon the 
 city of Dublin for two years fucceflively, contrary to the 
 ancient privileges and charter : That feveral pe< ions ac- 
 c ufed of murder had ^cen executed without proof; and 
 one Swcetman, the moft guilty, di (charged without prcfe- 
 rution. The commons fpoke more freely in tht-ir addref- : 
 They roundly explained the abufes arid mifmanagemei.t of
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 147 
 
 that government, by expofing the Proteftant fubjecls to the c H A P. 
 free quarter and violence of a licentious .army; by re- HI. 
 cruiting the troops with Irifti Papifts, who had been in -^y^- 1 
 open rebellion againft his majefty; by granting protec- 693. 
 tions to Irifti Roman Catholics, whereby the courfe of the 
 law was flopped ; by reverfmg outlawries for high trea- 
 fon, not comprehended in the articles of Limerick; by. 
 letting the forfeited eftates at undervalue, to the prejudice 
 of his majefty s revenue ; by embezzling the (lores left in 
 the towns and garrifons by the late King James, as well 
 as the effects belonging to forfeited eftates, which might 
 have been employed for the better prefer vation of the 
 kingdom ; and finally, by making additions to the articles 
 of Limerick, after the capitulation was figned, and the 
 place furrendered. They moft humbly beTought his ma 
 jefty to redrefs thefe abufes, which had greatly encouraged 
 the Papifts, and weakened the Proteftant intereft in Ire 
 land. The king gracioufly received both addrefles, and 
 promifed to pay a particular regard to all remonftrances 
 that fhould come from either houfe of parliament : But no 
 material ftep was taken againft the Lords Sidney, Athlone, 
 and Coningfby, who appeared to have engrafted great 
 part of the forfeitures by grants from the crown; and 
 even Commifiioner Culliford, who had been guilty of 
 the moft grievous acts of oppreflion, efcaped with impu 
 nity. 
 
 The old Whig principle was not yet wholly expelled 
 from the lower houfe. The undue influence of the court 
 was exerted in fuch an open, fcandalous manner, as gave 
 offence to the majority of the commons. In the midft of 
 all their condefcention, Sir Edward Hufley, member for 
 Lincoln, brought in a bill touching free and impartial pro 
 ceedings in parliament. It was intended to difable all 
 members of parliament from enjoying places of truft and 
 profit, and particularly levelled agai nil the officers of the 
 army and navy, who had infmuated themfelves into the 
 houfe in fuch numbers, that this was commonly called the 
 officers parliament. The bill pafted the houfe of commons, 
 and was fent up to the lords, by whom it was read a fecond 
 time, and committed : But the miniftry employing their 
 whole ftrength againft it, on the report it was thrown out 
 by a majority of two voices. The earl of Mulgrave again 
 diftinguifhed himfelf by his elocution, in a fpeech that was 
 held in great veneration by the people; and, among thofe 
 who entered a proteft in the journals of the houfe, when 
 the majority rejected the bill, was Prince George of Den- 
 markj duke of Cumberland. The court had not recol-
 
 J43 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 
 BOOK lectad tbemfelves from the confternation produced by fuch 
 I- a vigorous oppofition, vyhen the earl of Shrewfbury pro- 
 duced another bill for triennial parliaments, providing 
 that there fhould be an annual feffion ; that if, at the ex 
 piration of the three years, the crown fhould not order 
 the writs to be ifTued, the lord chancellor, or keeper, or 
 commiffioner of the great feal, fhould ifTue them ex officio 
 and by authority of this aft, under fevere penalties. The 
 immediate obje-fr of this bill was the diffblution of the 
 prefent parliament, which had already fat three feffions, 
 "and began to be formidable to the people, from its con- 
 cefllons to the miniflry, The benefits that would accrue 
 to the conftitution from the eftablilhment of triennial par 
 liaments were very well underftood, as thefe points had 
 been frequently difcuffcd in former reigns. The courtiers 
 now objected, that frequent elections would render the 
 freeholders proud and infolent, encourage faction among 
 the electors, and entail a continual expence upon the 
 member, as he would find hirnfelf obliged, during the 
 whole time of his fitting, to behave like a candidate, con- 
 fcious hovv foon the time of election would revolve. In 
 fpite of the minifterial intereft in the upper hcufe, the bill 
 pafFed, and contained a provifo, that the prefent parliament 
 fhould not continue any longer than the month of Janu 
 ary next enfuing. The court renewed its efforts againfl 
 it in the houfe of commons, where, neverthelefs, it was 
 carried, with fome little alterations, which the lords ap 
 proved. But all thefe endeavours were fruitrated by the 
 prerogative of the king, who, by rcfufing his afTenf, pre 
 vented its being enafled into a law. 
 
 It was at the infb gation of the minifrry, that the com 
 mons brought in a bill for continuing and explaining cer 
 tain temporary laws then expiring or expired. Among 
 thefe was an a6l for retraining the liberty of the prefs, 
 which owned its origin to the reign of Charles II. and had 
 been revived in the firfr year of the fucceeding reign. 
 *The bill pafTed the lower-houfe without difficulty, but 
 met with warm cppofition in the houfe of lords, a good 
 number of whom protefled againfr. it, as a law that fub- 
 je&ed all learning and true information to the arbitrary 
 will of a mercenary, and perhaps ignorant licenfer, deftroy- 
 ed the properties of authors, and extended the evil of mo 
 nopolies. The biil for regulating trials was dropped, and, 
 in lieu of it, another produced for the prefervation of their 
 majefties facred perfons and government : But this, too, 
 was rejected by the majority, in confequence of the mi- 
 niftry s fecret management. The Eaft India Company
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 149 
 
 narrowly efcaped the diilblution. Petitions and counter- CHAP, 
 petitions were delivered into the houfe of commons : The 
 pretenfioris on both fides were carefully examined : A com- ""V"* 1 
 mittee of the whole houfe refolved, that there fhould be a 
 ;iew fubfcriptiori of a joint ftock, not exceeding two mil 
 lions five hundred thoufand pounds, to continue for one- 
 and-twenty years. The report was made and received, 
 y.nd the public exposed to fee the affair brought to a 
 fpeedy iffue : But the company had recourfe to the fame 
 expedients, which had lately proved fo fuccef-ful in the 
 hands of the minifrry. Thof? who had been the moft warm 
 in detecting their abufer. fuddenly cooled ; and the profs- 
 cution of the affair began to langnifh. Not but that the 
 houfe prefented an addrefs to his majefty, praying that he 
 would difTolve the company upon three years warning, 
 according to the condition of their charter. He told them 
 he would confider their addrefs; and they did not further 
 urge their remonftrance. The bill for afcertaining the 
 commifllons and falaries of the judges, to which the king 
 had refufed the royal afTent in the laft feflion, was revived, 
 twice read, and rejected ; and another, for preventing the 
 exportation and melting of the coin, they fuffered to lie 
 neglected on the table. On the Ijfth day of March, the 
 king put an end to the feffion, after having thanked the 
 parliament for fo great teftimonies of their affection, and 
 promifed the fupplies fhould not be mifapplied. Pie ob- 
 ferved, that the poliure of affairs called him abroad ; but 
 that he would leave a fufficient number of troops for the 
 fecurity of the kingdom : He affured them he would expofe 
 his perfon upon all occafions for the advantage of thefe 
 kingdoms ; and ufe his utmoft endeavours to make them a 
 flourishing nation*. 
 
 During the courfe of this feffion, Lord .Mohun was 
 
 * The other law; nude in this feffion were thefe that follow : An 
 ?.ft for preventing fuits againft fuch as had afted for their majefties fervice 
 in defence of this kingdom An aft for railing the militia in the year 
 1693. An aft authoiifjng the judges to empower fuch perfons, other 
 than common attornies and folicitors, as they fnould think fit, to take 
 fpecial bail, except in London, Weftminfter, and ten miles around 
 An aft to encourage the apprehending of highwaymen An aft to prevent 
 phndefHne marriages An aft for the regaining, encouraging, and fettling 
 the Greenland trade An aft to prevent malicious informations in 
 the court of king s bench, and for the more eafy reverfal of out 
 lawries in that court An aft for the better difcovery of judgments in 
 the courts of law An aft for delivering declarations to prifoners for debt 
 An aft for regulating proceedings in the crow>i o.Tice An aft for 
 the more eafy difcovery and conviction of fuch as fhould dcftroy the 
 game of this kingdom And an aft for continuing the afts for 
 prohibiting all trade and commerce with France, and for the encouragement 
 pf privateers.
 
 I 5 o HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK trtdifted and tried by his peers, in Weftminfter-hall, as an 
 accomplice in the murder of one Montford, a celebrated 
 ^^Y^-* comedian, the marquis of Caermarthen adling as lord- 
 f ^93- fteward upon this occafion. The judges having confulted, 
 the peers proceeded to give their judgments feriatim, and 
 Alterations j\| o j lun was acquitted by a great majority. The king, 
 foy. who, from his firft acceflion to the throne, had endeavour 
 
 ed to trim the balance between the Whigs and Tories, 
 by mingling them together in his miniftry, made fome 
 alterations at this period, that favoured of the fame policy. 
 The great-foal, with the title pf Lord Keeper, was be- 
 ftowed upon Sir John Somers, who was well fkilled in the 
 lav/, as in many other branches of polite and ufeful lite 
 rature. He poffeiTed a remarkable talent for buunefs, in 
 , which he exerted great patience and affiduity ; was gentle, 
 candid, and equitable; a Whig in principles, yet mode 
 rate, pacific, and conciliating. Of the fame temper was 
 Sir John Trenchard, now appointed fecretary of ftate. 
 H e had been concerned with the duke of Monmouth, and 
 efcaped to the continent, where he lived fome years; was 
 calm, fedate, well acquainted with foreign aftairs, and 
 confidered as a leading man in his party. Thefe two are 
 faid to have been promoted at the recommendation of 
 the earl of Sunderland, who had by this time infmuated 
 himfelf into the king s favour and confidence ; though his 
 fuccefs confirmed the opinion which many entertained, of 
 his having betrayed his old matter. The leaders of the 
 oppofition were, Sir Edward Seymour, again become a 
 malcontent, and Sir Chriftopher Mufgrave, a gentleman 
 of Cumberland, who, though an extravagant Tory from 
 Bumet. principle, had refufed to concur with all the defigns of the 
 Hi;t. of K. late king. He was a perfon of a grave and regular de- 
 Wiiiiam. portment, who had rei ecled many offers of the miniftry, 
 
 Burcnct. i , i r i , i r 
 
 Livc3of he which he oppofed with great violence; yet on lome crm- 
 Admirais. cal occafions, his patriotifm gave way to his avarice, and 
 sione sNar. j^ yigjjgj U p f O me important points, in confideration of 
 
 Feuquieres. . > c i -i i_ - i / , r 
 
 Voltaire. large lums which he received from the court in lecret. 
 Ralph. Others declared war againft the adminiftration, becaufe 
 Tmdal. ^y thought their own talents were not fu f ]iciently con- 
 TrJb. fidered. Of thefe, the chiefs were Paul Foley and Robert 
 Harley. The firft was a lawyer of good capacity, exten- 
 flve learning, and virtuous principles but peevifh, obiti- 
 nate, and morofe. He entertained a very defp icable opi 
 nion of the court; and this he propagated with equal afii- 
 cluity and fuccefs. Harley paflefTed a good fund of learn 
 ing; was capable of uncommon application, particularly 
 turned to politics. He knew the forms of parliament, had
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 15! 
 
 a peculiar dexterity at protracting and perplexing debates ; C H A P. 
 and cherifhed the moft afpiring ambition. Admiral RuiTel 
 was created treafurer of the houfehold; but the command of 
 the fleet was veiled in the hands of Killigrew, Delava], and 
 Shovel. Sir George Rooke was declared vice-admiral of 
 the red, and John Lord Berkely of the blue divifion ; 
 their rear-admirals were Matthew Aylmer and David 
 Mitchel.
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 King William returns to the Continent - Is defeated at 
 Landen - Affairs in Germany, Hungary, and Cati- 
 lor.ia - Naval tranfafiions - Return of the King? 
 and proceedings in Parliament - Bank of England 
 eJlalUJked - Campaign in Flanders - Death of 
 Tillotfon - and of Queen Mary. 
 
 K. rTpHE King having vifited the fleet and fortifications 
 J^ at Portfmouth, given inftru&ions for annoying the 
 enemy by fea, and left the adminiftration in the hands of 
 the queen, embarked on the laft day of March, near 
 King wil- Gravefend, and arrived in Holland on the third of April. 
 liam returns The troops of the confederates were forthwith ordered 
 to the con- toaffcmble: but while he was employed in making nre- 
 
 tment. ... . , ^ J . . . tP ^ 
 
 parations for the campaign, the .French king actually took 
 the field, attended by Madame de Maintenon, and 2!! the 
 court ladies. His defign was fuppofed to be upon fome 
 town in Brabant : His army amounted to ons hundred and 
 twenty thoufand men, completely armed, and abundantly 
 fupplied with all neceflaries for every fort of military ope 
 ration. King William immediately took pofTeffion of the 
 ftrong camp at Parke near Lou vain, a fituation which ena-* 
 bled him to cover the places that were moft expofed. 
 Understanding that the French emifiaries had fown the 
 feeds of diflention between the bifhop and chapterj of 
 Leige, he fent the duke of Wirtemberg thither, to recon^ 
 cile the different parties, and concert meafures for the fur* 
 ther fecurity of the place. He reinforced the garrifon 
 with nine battalions ; and the Elector Palatine lay with 
 his troops in readinefs to march to its relief. William 
 likewife threw reinforcements into Maeftricht, Huy, and 
 Charleroy; and he himfelf refolded to remain on the cie- 
 fenfive, at the head of fixty thcufi .nd men, with a nu 
 merous train of artillery.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 153 
 
 Louis having reviewed his army at Gemblours, and C H A P- 
 fec-n his clefigns upon Brabant defeated by the diligence of 
 hi? antagonift, detached Boufflers with twenty thoufand 
 men to the upper Rhine, to join the Dauphin, who com- 
 manded in that quarter ; then leaving the conduct of his 
 forces in the Netherlands to the Duke de Luxembourg, he 
 returned with his court to Verfailles. Immediately after 
 his departure, Luxembourg fixed his head-quarters at 
 Mildert ; and King William ftrengthened his camp on 
 that fide with ten battalions, and eight-and-twenty pieces 
 of cannon. The enemy s convoys were frequently fur- 
 prifed by detachments from the garrifon of Charleroy ; and 
 a large body of horfe, foot, and dragoons, being drafted 
 out of Liege and Maeftritcht, took poft at Huy, under 
 the command of the Count de Tilly, fo as to ftraiten the 
 French in their quarters. Thefe, however, were dif- 
 lodged by Luxembourg in perfon, who obliged the count 
 to pafs the Jaar with precipitation, leaving behind three 
 fquadrons and all his baggage, which fell into the hands of 
 the enemy. This check, however, was balanced by the 
 iuccefsofthe duke of Wirtemberg, who, at the head of 
 thirteen battalions of infantry, and twenty fqundrons of 
 horfe, forced the French lines between the Schelde and the 
 Lys ; and laid the whole country as far as Lifle under 
 contribution. On that very day, which was the eight 
 eenth of July, Luxembourg marched towards Huy, 
 which was next morning inverted by M. de Villeroy, 
 The other covered the liege, and fecured himfelf from the 
 allies by lines of contravallatiom Before their batteries 
 began to play, the town capitulated. On the twenty- 
 third day of the month, the garrifon mutinied ; the caftles 
 were furrendered ; the governor remained a prifoner; and 
 his men were conducted to Liege. The confederate army 
 advanced in order to relieve the town ; but the king be 
 ing apprifcd of its fate, detached ten battalions to rein 
 force the garrifon of Liege, and next day returned to 
 Neer-Hefpen. 
 
 Luxembourg made a motion towards Liege, as if he 
 had intended to befiegc the place ; and encamped at Hel- 
 lecheim, about feven leagues from the confederate?. 
 Knowing how much they were weakened by the different 
 detachments which had been made from their army, he 
 refolved to attack them in their camp, or at leaf; fall upon 
 their rear, fhould they retreat at his approach. On the 
 28th day of July, he b:-gan his rinrch in four columns 
 and palled the Jaar near its fource, v/ith an army fuperior 
 to the allies by five-and-tYirty thoufand men. The kirv> 
 of Kngbn-], ct firft, loo ced upon this motion ?.s a feint 
 I. U
 
 154 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 o O K to cover the defign upon Liege ; but receiving inteili- 
 , , gcncc that their whole army was in full march to attack 
 
 him in his camp, he refolved to keep his ground ; and 
 immediately drew up his forces in order of battle. His 
 general officers advifed him to repafs the Geete; but he 
 chofe to rifque a battle, rather than expofe the rear of his 
 army in repaffino; that river. His right wing extended as 
 far as Neer-Windcn, along the Geete, covered with 
 hedges, hollow ways, and a fmall rivulet ; the left reach 
 ed to Neer-Landen ; and thefe two villages were joined 
 by a flight intrenchment, which the king ordered to be 
 thrown up in the evening. Brigadier Ramfey, with the 
 regiments of Ofarrel, Mackay, Lauder, Leven, and 
 Monroe, were ordered to the right of the whole army, to 
 line fome hedges and hollow ways, on the farther fide of 
 the village of Lare. Six battalions of Brandenburgh were 
 ported to the left of this village ; and General Dumont, 
 with the Hanoverian infantry, poffefTed the village of 
 Neer Winden, which covered part of the camp, between 
 the main body and the right wing of the cavalry. Neeir- 
 Landen on the left was fecured by fix battalions of Eng- 
 lifh, Danes, and Dutch. The remaining infantry was 
 drawn up in one line behind the entrenchment. The dra 
 goons upon the left guarded the village of Dormal upon 
 the brook of Beck ; and from thence the left wing of 
 horfe extended to Neer-Landen, where it was covered by 
 this rivulet. 
 
 Battle of The king having vifited all the polls on horfeback, 
 Laaden. and given the necefTary orders, repofed himfelf about two 
 hours in his coach ; and early in the morning fent for his 
 chaplain, whom he joined in prayer with great devotion. 
 At fun-rifing the enemy appeared drawn up in order of 
 battle ; and the allies began to play their cannon with 
 good fuccefs. About eight in the morning they attacked 
 the villages of Lare anefNeer-Winden with great fury; 
 and twice made themfelves matters of thefe pofts, from 
 whence they were as often repulfed. The allies ft ill kept 
 their ground ; and the duke of Berwick was taken by his 
 uncle Brigadier Churchill. Then the French made an at 
 tack upon the left wing of the confederates at Neer- 
 Landen ; and, after a very obftinate difpute, were oblig 
 ed to give way, though they ftiil kept pofleflion of the a- 
 venues. The prince of Conti, however, renewed the 
 charge with the flower of the French infantry; and the 
 confederates being overpowered, retreated from the vil 
 lage, leaving the camp in that part expofed. Vilieroy 
 marching this way with a body of horfe, was encountered 
 and repulfed by the Count D Arco, general of the Bay a-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 155 
 
 rian cuirafliers ; and the duke de Chartres narrowly ef- c H^A \>- 
 caped being taken. Mean while Luxembourg, the prince (< ^^^ 
 of Conti, the count de Mariin, and the marefchd de Jo- \^\^ 
 yeufe, charged on the right, and in different parts of the 
 line, with fuch impetuofity as furmounted ail refinance. 
 The camp of the confederates was immediately filled with 
 French troops : The villages of Lare and Neer-Winden 
 were taken, after a long and defperate difpute. The Ha 
 noverian and Dutch horfc being broken the king in peifon 
 brought the Englifh cavalry to their affiftance. They 
 fought with great gallantry ; and for fome time retarded 
 the fate of the day. The infantry was rallied, and flood 
 firm until all their ammunition was expended. In a word, 
 they were fcarce able to fuftain the weight of fuch a fupe- 
 riority in poi-it of number, when the marquis d Harcouft 
 joined the enemy from Buy, v/ith t\vo-an<! :Vefh 
 
 fquadrons, which immediately turned the fcde in their fa 
 vour. The elector of Bavaria, after having made extraor 
 dinary e dents, retreated v/ith great difficulty over the 
 bridge to the other fide of the river, where he rallied the 
 troops, in order to favour the retreat of thofe who had not 
 palled. The king feeing the battle loft, and the whole ar- 
 my in confufion, retired with the infantry to Dormal on 
 the brook of Beck, where the dragoons of the left wing 
 were ported, and then ordered the regiments of Windham, 
 Lumley, and Galway, to cover his retreat over the bridge 
 at Neer-Hefpen, which he cfFecled with great difficult:-,-. 
 Now all was tumult, route, and confternation ; and 
 a great number of the fugitives threw themfelvees i,,:>> 
 the river, v. here they were drowned. This had like to 
 have been the fate of the brave earl of Athlone : The 
 duke of Ormond was wounded in feveral places, and tak 
 en prifoner by the enemy; and the count de Solmes was 
 mortally wounded. Ptolemache brought off the greater 
 part of the Englifh infantry with great gallantry and con 
 duit: As for. the baggage, it had been fcnt to Liege be 
 fore the engagement: but the confederates loft fixty piec 
 es of cannon, and nine mortars, a great number of ftan- 
 clards and colours*, with about feven tboufand men kil 
 led and wounded in the action. It rnuft be owned trmt 
 the allies fought with great valour and perfeverance ; and 
 that King William made prodigious efforts of con 
 and activity to retrieve the fortune of the day. He was 
 prcfent in all parts of the battle: Ke charged in perfon 
 both on horfe-back and on foot, where the danger was 
 
 * The duke of Luxembourg fent fuch a number of rt.indards ard t-n r K;n: to 
 . uui irig the courTe of this war, that the prince of Confi culk d him the 
 Vi.htirterer cf Nrtr? Darr.f.a church in which thole trophies were difpl
 
 156 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK mo fl- imminent. His peruke, the fleeve of his coat, and 
 i,_ _i the knot of his fcarf were penetrated by three different 
 V* muiket-bullets ; and he faw a great number of fold iers fall 
 Domcftic on eve *7 fide of him. The enemy bore witnefs to his ex- 
 s. traordinary valour. The prince ofConti, in a letter to 
 his princefs, which was intercepted, declared, that he 
 faw the prince of Orange expofing himfelf to the ^reateft 
 dangers ; and that fuch valour richly deferved the peace 
 able poiTeffion of the crown he wore. Yet here, as in 
 every other battle he fought, his conduct and difpofition 
 xvere fex r erely cenfured, Luxembourg having obferved 
 the nature of his fituation immediately before the en 
 gagement, is faid to have exclaimed, " Now, I believe 
 Waldeck is really dead ;" alluding to that general s 
 known fagacity in choofing ground for an encampment. 
 Be that as it will, he paid dear for his victory. His lofs 
 in officers and men exceeded that of the allies; and he 
 reaped no folid advantage from the battle. He remained 
 fifteen days inactive at Waren, while King William, re 
 calling the duke of Wirtemberg, and drafting troops from 
 Liege and other garrifons, was in a few days able to haz 
 ard another engagement. 
 
 Nothing remarkable happened during -the remaining 
 part of the campaign, until Luxembourg, being rejoined 
 by Boufflers with a ftrong reinforcement from the Rhine, 
 inverted Charleroy. He had taken his meafures with fuch 
 caution and dexterity, that the allies could not faiftrate 
 his operations, without attacking his lines at a great dif- 
 advantage. The king detached the elector of Bavaria and 
 the duke of Wirtemberg, with thirty battalions and forty 
 (quadrons, to make a diverfion in Flanders ; but, they re 
 turned in a few days, without having attempted any thing 
 of confequence. The garrifon of Charleroy defended the 
 place with furprifmg valour, from the loth of September 
 to the nth of October, during which period they had re- 
 pulfed the aflailants in feveral attacks ; but, at length, 
 defpairing of relief, the governor capitulated on the moft 
 honourable conditions : The reduction of the place was 
 celebrated with a Te Deum and other rejoicings at Paris. 
 Louis, however, in the midft of all his glory, was ex 
 tremely mortified when he reflected upon the little advan 
 tage he had reaped from all his late vidtories.The allies had 
 been defeated fuccefsfully at Flerus, Steenkirke, andLan- 
 den; yet in a fortnight after each of thofe battles, William 
 was always in a condition to rifque another engagement, 
 Formerly Louis had conquered half of Holland, Flanders, 
 and Franche Comte, without a battle ; whereas, now he 
 could not with his utmofl efforts, and after the moft fig-?-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 157 
 
 nal vi&ories, pafs the frontiers of the United Provinces. C H A p. 
 The conqueft of Chavleroy concluded the campaign in 
 the Netherlands, arid both armies went into winter- 
 quarters, 
 
 The Fench army on the Rhine, under DeLorges, palled 
 that river in the month of May at Philipfburgh, and inveft- 
 ed the city of Heidelberg, which they took, plundered and 
 reduced to afhes. This general committed numberlefs Monftrous 
 
 barbarities in the Palatinate, which he ravaged without . c / ue i ty 1 
 c i i c i j j ^r-u ! ^ r u- the.Frencn, 
 
 even fpanng the tombs or the dead. I he r rencn loldiers, i, y t h e 
 
 on this occafion, fcem to have been actuated by the moft exprefs 
 brutal inhumanity. They butchered the inhabitants, vio- "f^^ 
 lated the women, plundered the houfes, rifled the churches, j t j r , gt 
 and murdered priefts at the altar. They broke open the 
 electoral vault, and fcattered the afhes of that illuftrious fa 
 mily about the ftreets. They fet fire to different quarters 
 of the city: They {tripped about fifteen thoufand of the in 
 habitants, without diitinctions of age or fL-x, and drove 
 them naked into the caftle, that the garrifon might be the 
 fooner induced to capitulate. There they remained like 
 cattle in the open air, without food or covering, tortured 
 between the horrors of their fate and the terrors of a bom 
 bardment. When they were fet at liberty, in confluence 
 of the fort s being furrendered, a great number of them di 
 ed along the banks of the Neckar, from cold, hunger, an- 
 guifh, and defpair. Thefe enormous cruelties, which 
 would have difgraccd the arms of a Tartarian freebooter, 
 were afted by the exprefs command of Louis XIV. of 
 France, who has been celebrated by fo many venal pens, 
 not only as the greateit monarch, but alfo as the moft pc- 
 liihed prince of Christendom, De Lorges advanced towards 
 the Neckar againft the prince of Baden, who lay encamped 
 on the other fide of that river ; but in attempting to pafs, 
 he was twice repulfed with confiderable damage. The 
 dauphin joining the army, which now amounted to feventy 
 thoufand men, crofled without oppofition j but found the 
 Germans fo advantageoufly ported, that he would not haz 
 ard an attack: Having, therefore, repafied the river, he fe- 
 cured Stutgard with a garrifon, fent detachments into Flan 
 ders and Piedmont, and returned in Auguft to Verfaillcs. 
 In Piedmont the allies were {till more unfortunate. The featThe^ 
 duke of Savoy and confederates feemed bent upon driving duke of 
 the French from Cafal and Pignerol. The firft of thefe Savo > - 
 places was blocked up, and the other actually inverted. 
 The fort of St. Bridget, that covered the place, was taken, 
 and the town bombarded. Meanwhile, Catinat being re 
 inforced, defccnded into the plains. The duke was fo ap- 
 prehenfive of Turin, that he abandoned the fiege of Pig-
 
 i 5 3 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK n?rol after having blown up the fort, and marched in quell 
 of the enemy to the plain of Marfaglia, in the neighbour 
 hood of his capital. On the fourth day of October, the 
 - French advanced upon them from the hills between Orbaf- 
 fon and Profrfque; and a defperate engagement enfued. 
 The enemy charged the left v/in^ of the confederates fword 
 in hand with incredible fury. Though they were once re- 
 pulfed, they renewed the attack wilhfuch impetuofity, that 
 the Neapolitan and Milanefe horfe were obliged to give 
 v/ay, and diforder the German cavalry. Thefe falling up 
 on the foot, threw the whole wing into confufion. Mean- 
 xvliile, the main body and the other wing fuftainsd the 
 charge without fi inching, until they were expofed in flank 
 by the defeat of the cavalry : Then the whole front gave 
 way. In vain the fecond line was brought up to Amain 
 them : The horfe turned their backs, and the infantry was 
 totally routed. In a word, the confederates were obliged 
 to retire, with precipitation, leaving their cannon, and about 
 eight thoufand men killed or wounded on the field of bat 
 tle. The duke of Schomberg having been denied the pod 
 which was his due, infifted upon fighting at the head of the 
 troops maintained by the king of Great Britain, who were 
 potted in the centre, and behaved with great gallantry un 
 der the eye of their commander. When the left wing was 
 defeated, the Count de los Torres defired he would take 
 upon him the command, and retreat with the infantry and 
 right wing : But, he refufed to adl: without the order of 
 his highnefs, and faid things were come to fuch a pafs, that 
 they mufr. either conquer or die. He continued to animate 
 his men with his voice and example, until he received a 
 ihot in the thigh. His valet feeing him fall, ran to his af- 
 fiftanCe, and called for quarter, but was killed by the enetny 
 before he could be underftood. The duke being taken at 
 the fame inflant, was afterwards difmiflcd upon his parole, 
 and in a few days died at Turin, univerfally lamented on 
 account of his great and amiable qualities. The earl of 
 V/arwic and Holland, who accompanied him as a volunteer, 
 fhared his fate in being wounded and taken prifoner: But 
 he foon recovered his health and liberty. This victory 
 wr.s as unfubilp.ntial as that of Landen, and almoft as dear 
 in the pur chafe j for the confederates made an obftinate de 
 fence, and yielded folely to a fuperior number. The duke 
 of Savoy retreated to Moncalier, and threw a reinforcement 
 into Conti, which Catinat would not venture to beficge, fo 
 feverely had he been handled in the battle. He therefore, 
 contented himfc-lf with laying the country under contribu 
 tion, reinforcing the garrifons of Cafal, Pignerol, and Sufa, 
 and making preparations for repafHng the mountains.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 159 
 
 The news of the victory no fooner reached Par!?, than c H r A l - 
 Louis difpatched M. dc Chanlais to Turin, with propolis , 
 detaching the duke of Savoy from the intereft of the allies ; 
 and the pope, who was now become a partifan of France, 
 fupported the negociation with his whole influence: But 
 the French king had not yet touched upon the right Per ing. 
 The duke continued deaf to all his addrefTes. 
 
 France had been alike fuccefsful in her intrigues at the 
 courts of Rome and Conftantinople. The vifir at the Por 
 te had been converted into a penfionary and creature of 
 Louis; but, the war in which the Turks had been fo long 
 and unfuccefsfully engaged rendered him fo odious to the 
 people, that the grand fis;nor depofed him, in order to ap- 
 peafe their clamours. The Englifh and Dutch ambafla- 
 clors at Conftatinoplc forth with renewed their meditation for 
 a peace with the emperor ; but the terms they propofed 
 were ftill rejected with difdain. In the mean time Gene 
 ral Bender, who commanded the Imperialifts in Tranfyl- 
 vania, reduced the fortrefies of Jeno and Villagufwar. In 
 the beginning of July the duke de Croy aflumed the chief 
 command of the German army, pafled the Danube and the 
 Saave, and inverted Belgrade. The fiege was carried on for 
 fome time with great vigour : But, at length, abandoned at the 
 approach of the vifir, who obliged the Imperialifts to repafs 
 tac Saave, and fent out parties which made incurfions into 
 Upper-Hungary. The power of France had never been 
 fo confpicuous as at this juncture, when (he maintained a 
 formidable navy at fea, and four great armies in different 
 parts of Europe. Exclufive of the operations in Flanders, 
 Germany, and Piedmont, the Count de Noailles inverted 
 Rofes in Catalonia, about the latter end of May, while at 
 the fame time it was blocked up by the French fleet, under 
 the command of the Count D Entrees. In a few days the 
 place was furrendered by capitulation, and the caftle of 
 Ampurias met with the fame fate. The Spanifh power 
 was reduced to fuch a degree, thatNoailles might have pro 
 ceeded in his conquefts without interruption, had not he 
 been obliged to detach part of his army to reinforce Catiaat 
 in Piedmont* 
 
 Nothing could be ir.ors inglorious for thr Englifh than 
 their one-rations by f:r. in the courfe of this fur.r.rier. The 
 king had order t-d the xin . irals to ufc all podiu .j tufivroj la 
 equipping the Beets, that they might b ock up the enemy 
 in their ov/n ports, and prottc i the commerce, which had 
 fufferecl feverely from the French privateers. They were, 
 however, fo dilatory in their proceedings, that the fquadrons 
 of the enemy failed from their harbours before the Kngiifh 
 fleet could put to fea. About; the middle of May it was
 
 160 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK aflembled at St. Helen s, and took on board five regiment 
 r intended for a defcent on Breft ; but this enterprife was 
 never attempted. When the Englifh and Dutch fqua- 
 drons joined, To as to form a very numerous fleet, the pub 
 lic expected they would undertake fome expedition 
 of importance : But the admirals were divided in opi 
 nion, nor did their orders warrant their executing any 
 fcheme of confequence. Killigrew and Delnval did not 
 efcape the fufpicion of being diftffected to the fervice; and 
 France was fiiid to have maintained a fecret correfpondence 
 with the malcontents in England. Louis had made fur- 
 prifing efforts to repair the damage which his navy had fu- 
 ftained. He had purchafed feveral large vefTels, and con 
 verted them into (hips of war : He had laid an embargo on 
 all the /hipping of his kingdom, until his fquadrons were 
 manned : He had made a grand naval promotion, to encou 
 rage the officers and feamen ; and this expedient produced 
 a wonderful fpirit of activity and emulation. In the month 
 of May his fleet failed to the Mediterranean, in three fqua 
 drons, confifting of feventy-one capital fhips, befides bomb- 
 ketches, firefhips, and tenders. 
 
 In the beginning of June, the Englifh and Dutch fleets 
 failed down the channel. On the 6th, Sir George Rooke 
 was detached to the Straits with a fquadron of three-and- 
 twenty fhips, as convoy to the Mediterranean trade. The 
 great fleet returned to Torbay, while he purfued his voy 
 age, having under his protection about four hundred mer 
 chant fhips belonging to England, Holland, Denmark, Swe- 
 Mmbwoi den, Hamburgh, and Flanders. On the 1 6th his fcouts 
 merchant difcovered part of the French fleet under Cape St. Vincent: 
 fhips under Next day their whole navy appeared, to the amount of eigh- 
 ^"Srge f y fail - Sixteen of thefe plied up to the Englilh fquadron 
 Rooke ta- while the vice-admiral of the white flood off to fea, to in- 
 kcnorde- tercept the fhips under convoy. Sir George Rooke, by 
 *royed. t ^ e ac ] v j ce o f t h s Dutch vice-admiral Vandergoes, refolved, 
 if pofftble, to avoid an engagement, which could only tend 
 to their abfolute ruin. He forthwith lent orders to the fmall 
 lllips that were near the land, to put into the neighbouring- 
 ports of Faro, St. Lucar, and Cadiz, while he himfelf flood 
 off with aneafy fail for the protection of the reft. .About 
 fix in the evening, ten fail of the enemy came up with two 
 Dutch mips of war, commanded by the Captains Schrijver 
 and Vander-Poel, who feeing no poffibility of efcaping, 
 tacked in fhore ; and, thus drawing the French after them, 
 helped to fave the reft of the fleet. When attacked they 
 made a inoft dcfperate defence, but at laft were overpowered 
 by numbers, and taken. An Englifh. fhip of war and a 
 rich pinnace were burned ; nine and twenty merchant- vef 
 fels were taken, and about fifty deftroyed by the counts de
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 161 
 
 Tourville and D Eftrees. Seven of the largefl Smyrna CHAP, 
 {hips fell into the hands of M. de Coetlogon, and four he 
 funk in the bay of Gibraltar. The value of the lofs fuf- ""XT 
 tained on this occafion amounted to one million fterling. 
 Mean while Rooke flood off with a frefh gale, and on the 
 I9th fent home the Lark (hip of war with the news of his 
 misfortune ; then he bore away for the Madeiras, where 
 having taken in wood and water, he fet fail for Ireland, and 
 on the 3d day of Auguft arrived at Cork with fifty fail, 
 including (hips of war and trading vefTels. He detached 
 Captain Fairborne to Kinfale, with all his fquadron, except 
 fix (hips of the line, with which, in purfusnce of orders, he 
 joined the great fleet then cruifing in the chops of the chan 
 nel. On the 25th day of Auguft they returned to St. He- 
 Jens, and the four regiments were landed. On the igth 
 day of September, fifteen Dutch fhips of the line, and two 
 frigates, fet fail for Holland ; and twenty-fix fail, with feven 
 firefhips, were aflignedas guard-fhips during the \vinter. 
 
 The French admirals, inftead of purfuing Rooke to 
 Madeira, made an unfuccefsful attempt upon Cadiz, and 
 bombarded Gibraltar, where the merchants funk their 
 fhips, that they might not fall into the hands of the ene 
 my. Then they failed along the coaft of Spain, deftroyed 
 fome Englifh and Dutch vefTels at Malaga, Alicant, and 
 other places, and returned in triumph to Toulon. About 
 this period Sir Francis Wheeler returned to England 
 with his fquadron, from an unfortunate expedition in the 
 Weft Indies. In conjunction with Colonel Codrington, 
 governor of the Leeward i Hands, he made unfuccefsful at 
 tempts upon the iflands of Martinique and Dominique. 
 Then he failed to Bofton in New-England, with a view 
 to concert an expedition as;ainft Quebec, which was 
 judged impracticable. He afterwards fleered for Placen- 
 tia in Nev/foundland, which he would have attacked 
 without hefitation ; but the defign was rejected by a ma 
 jority of voices in the council of war. Thus difappointed, 
 he let fail for England, and arrived at Portfmouth in 
 a very fhattered condition, the greater part of his men 
 havi ig died in the courfe of this voyage. 
 
 In November another effort was made to annoy the e- 
 ivmy. Commodore Benbow failed with a fquadron of 
 twelve capital fhips, four bomb-ketches, and ten brigan- 
 tines, to the coaft of St. Maloes, and anchoring within 
 half a mile of the town, cannonaded and bombarded it for 
 three days fuccefHvely. Then his men landed on an ifland, 
 where they burned a convent. On the I)th, they took 
 the advantage of a dark night, a frefh gale, and a ftrong 
 tide, to fend in a fircihip of a particular contrivance, ftil- 
 
 Vot. I. X
 
 162 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK ed t^e Infernal, in order to burn the town : But, flic 
 ftruck upon a rock before fhe arrived at the place, and 
 < ~*~Y " <SW; the engineer was obliged to fet her on fire, and retreat. 
 1693. g}-, e continued burning for fome time, and at laft blew 
 up, with fuch an explofion as {hook the whole town like 
 an earthquake, unroofed three hundred houfes, and broke 
 all the glafs and earthen ware for three leagues around. 
 A capftan that weighed two hundred pounds was tranf- 
 ported into the place, and falling upon a houfe, levelled 
 it to the ground: The greateft part of the wall towards 
 the fea tumbled down ; and the inhabitants were over 
 whelmed with confternation ; fo that a fmall number of 
 troops might have taken pofieflion without refiftance; 
 but there was not a foldier on board. Neverthelefs, the 
 failors took and demolifhed Quince-fort, and did confi 
 dent ble damage to the town of St. Maloes, which had 
 been a neft of privateers that infefled the Englifh com 
 merce. Though this attempt was executed with great 
 fpirit, and fome fuccefs, the clamours of the people be 
 came louder and louder. They fcrupled not to fay, that 
 the councils of the nation were betrayed; and their fufpi- 
 cior.s rofe even to the fecretary s office. They obferved, 
 that the French were previoufly acquainted with all the 
 motions of the Englifh, and took their meafures accord 
 ingly for their deftrulion. They collected and compared 
 a good number of particulars, that feemed to juftify their 
 fufpicion of treachery. But the misfortunes of the nation, 
 in all probability, arofe from a motly miniftry, divided 
 among themfelves, who, inftead of acting in concert for 
 the public good, employed all their influence to thwart 
 the views, and blacken the reputation of each other. 
 The people in general exclaimed againft the marquis of 
 Caermarthen, the carls of Nottingham and Rochefter, 
 who had acquired great credit with the queen, and, from 
 their hatred to the Whigs, betrayed the interefts of the 
 nation. 
 
 Miferabic But if the Englifh were difcontented, the French were 
 miftrable, in fpite of all their victories. That kingdom 
 laboured under a dreadful famine, occafioned partly from 
 unfavourable feafons, and partly from the war, which 
 had not left hands fufficient to cultivate the ground. 
 Nofwithftanding all the diligence and providence of their 
 miniftry, in bringing fupplies of corn from Sweden and 
 Denmark, their care in regulating the price, and furnifh- 
 jng the markets, their liberal contributions for the relief 
 of the indigent, multitudes perifhed of want, and the 
 whole kingdom was reduced to poverty and diftrefs. 
 Louis pined in the midft of his fuccefs. He faw his fub-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 163 
 
 jects exhaufted by a ruinous war, in which they had been c H A P. 
 involved by his ambition. He tampered with the allies a- lv ~- 
 part, in hopes of dividing and detaching them from the ^""y^ 
 grand confederacy: He folicited the northern crowns to >f> )2- 
 engage as mediators for a general peace. A memorial 
 was actually prefented by the Danifh minifter to king 
 William, by which it appears, that the French king 
 would have been contented to purchafe a peace with forne 
 considerable conceflions : But the terms were rejected by 
 the king of England, whofe ambition and revenge were 
 not yet gratified; and whofe fubjects, though heavy la 
 den, could ftill bear additional burthens. 
 
 The Jacobites had been very attentive to the progrefs 
 of diffatisfaction in England, which they fomented with 
 their ufual afiiduity. The late declaration of King James 
 had been couched in fuch imperious terms as gave offence 
 even to fome of thofe who favoured his intereft. The earl 
 of Middleton, therefore, in the beginning of the year re 
 paired to St. Germain s, and obtained another, which 
 contained the promife of a general pardon without excep 
 tions, and every other conceilion that a Britim fubje6t 
 could demand of his fovereign. About the latter end of 
 May, two men, named Canning and Dormer, were ap 
 prehended for difperfmg copies of this paper, tried at the 
 Old Bailey, found guilty of not only difperfing but alfo of 
 compofing a falfe and feditious libel, fentenced to pay five 
 hundred marks a-piece, to ftand three times in the pillo 
 ry, and find fureties for their good behaviour. But no Cm-.-l f-n 
 circumftance reflected more difgrace on this reign, than tence of 
 the fate of Anderton, the fuppofed printer of fome tracts a f u p!^gd 
 againft the government. He was brought to trial for Jacobite 
 high-treafon : He made a vigorous defence, in fpite of the ! )nn;:t:r - 
 infults and difcouragements he fuitained from a partial 
 bench. As nothing; but preemptions appeared againft 
 him, the jury fcrupled to bring in a verdict that would 
 affect his life, until they were reviled and reprimanded 
 by Judge Treby: then they found him guilty. In vain 
 recourfe was had to the queen s mercy : fie fuffered 
 death at Tyburn ; and left a paper, protefting folemnly 
 againft the proceedings of the court, which he affirmed 
 was appointed, not to try, but to convict him ; and peti 
 tioning heaven to forgive his penitent jury. The fcveri- 
 ty of the government was likewife exemplified in the cafe 
 of fome adventurers, who having equipped privateers to 
 cruize upon the Englifh, under Joint commiflions from 
 the late King James and Louis XIV. happened to be ta 
 ken by the Englifh fhips of war. Dr. Oldys, the king s 
 advocate, being commanded to proceed againft them as
 
 1 64 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK guilty of treafon and piracy, refufed to commence the 
 profecution ; and gave his opinion in writing, that they 
 were neither traitors nor pirates. He fupported this opi- 
 nion by arguments before the council : Thefe were an- 
 fwsred by Dr. Littleton, who fucceeded him in the office 
 from which he was difmiffed ; and the prifoners were exe 
 cuted as traitors. The Jacobites did not fail to retort 
 thofe arts upon the government, which their adverfarics 
 had fo fuccefsfully practifed in the late reign. They in 
 veighed againft the vindictive fpirit of the adminiftration, 
 and taxed it with encouraging informers and falfe witnef- 
 fes ; a charge for which there was too much foundation. 
 
 The friends of James in Scotland ftill continued to con 
 cert defigns in his favour j but their correfpondence was 
 deteiled, and their aims defeated, by the vigilance of the 
 miniitry in that kingdom. Secretary Johnfton not only 
 kept a watchful eye over all their tranfactions, but, by a 
 dexterous management of court liberality and favour, ap- 
 peafed the difcontents of the Prefbyterians fo effectually, 
 that the king ran no rifque in affembling the parliament. 
 Some offices were beftowed upon the leaders of the kirk- 
 party j and the duke of Hamilton being reconciled to the 
 government, was appointed commiflioner. On the iBth 
 day of April, the feflion was opened, and the king s letter, 
 replete with the moft cajoling expreffions, being read, the 
 parliament proceeded to exhibit undeniable fpecimens of 
 their good-humour. They drew up a very affectionate 
 anfwer to his majefty s letter : They voted an addition of 
 ilx new regiments to the (landing forces of the kingdom : 
 They granted a fupply of above one hundred and fifty 
 thoufand pounds fterling to his majefty : They enacted a 
 law for levying men to fervc on board the royal navy : 
 They fined all abfentees, whether lords or commons; and 
 vacated tho feats of all thofe commilfioners who refufed to 
 take the oath of affurance, which was equivalent to an ab 
 juration of King James: They fet on foot an enquiry 
 about an intended invafion : They publifhed fome inter 
 cepted letters, fuppofed to be written to King James by 
 Nevil Payne, whom they committed to prifon, and threat 
 ened with a trial for high treafon ; but he eluded the 
 danger by threatening in his turn to impeach thofe wh had 
 made their peace with the government : They pafFed an 
 act for the comprehenfion of fuch of the Epifcopal clergy 
 as fhould condefcend to the oaihs by the 10th day of July. 
 All that the general affembly required of them, was, an 
 offer to fubfcribe the Confeflion of Faith, and to acknow 
 ledge Prefbytery as the only government of the Scottifh 
 church j but they neither fubmitted to thefe terms, nor
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 165 
 
 took the oaths within the limited time ; fo that they for- CHAP, 
 felted all legal right to their benefices. Nevertheless, IV - 
 they continued in pofleffion, and even received private af- V ^"V*^ 
 furances of the king s protection. It was one of Willi- IJ V3- 
 am s political maxims, to court his domefric enemies; but 
 it was never attended with any good effect. This indul 
 gence gave offence to the Prefbyterians, and former i3if- 
 tructions began to revive. 
 
 The king having prevailed upon the ftates-general to 
 augment their land forces and navy for the fervice of the 
 enfuing campaign, embarked for England, and arrived at 
 Kenfington on the 30th day of October. Finding the 
 people clamorous and difconter.ted, the trade of the nation 
 decayed, the affairs of ftate mifmanaged, and the minifters 
 recriminating upon one another, he perceived the neceffi- 
 1 ty of changing hands, and refolved to take his meafures 
 accordingly. Sunderland, his chief counfellor, reprefent- 
 ed, that the Tories were aVerfe to the continuance of a 
 war, which had been productive of nothing but damage 
 and difgrace ; whereas, the Whigs were much mere 
 tractable, and would bleed freely, partly from the terrors 
 of invafion and popery, partly from the ambition of being 
 courted by the crown, and partly from the profpect of ad 
 vantage, in advancing money to the government on the 
 funds eftablifhed by parliament ; for that fort of traffic 
 which obtained the appellation of the monied-intereft was 
 altogether a Whiggilh inftitution. The king revolved 
 thefe obfervations in his own mind ; and, in the mean 
 time, the parliament met on the yth day of November, 
 purfuant to the laft prorogation. In his fpeech, he ex- 
 prefTed his refentment againft thofe who were the authors 
 of the mifcarriaa;es at fea; reprefented the neceffity of in- 
 creafing the land forces and the navy; and demanded a 
 fuitable fupply for thefe purpcfes. In order to pave the 
 way to their condefcenfion, he had already difmifbd from 
 his council the earl of Nottingham, who, of all his mi 
 nifters, was the moft odious to the people. His place 
 would have been immediately filled with the earl of 
 Shrewfbury ; but that nobleman, fufpedting this was a 
 change of men rather than of meafures, flood aloof for 
 fbme time, until he received fuch affurances from the king 
 as quieted his fcruples, and then he accepted the ofUce of 
 fecretary. The lieutenancy for the city of London, and 
 all other commiffions over England, were altered with a 
 view to favour the Whig intercft ; and the individuals cf 
 that party were indulged with many places of truft anJ 
 profit ; but the Tories were too powerful in the houfe or
 
 i66 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK commons to be exafperated, and therefore a good number 
 of them were retained in office. 
 
 On the 6th day of the feflion, the commons unanimoufly 
 refolved to fupport their majefties and their government ; 
 to enquire into mifcarriages ; and to confider means for 
 preferving the trade of the nation. The Turkey compa 
 ny were fummoned to produce the petitions they had de 
 livered to the commifnoners of the admiralty for convoy : 
 Lord Falkland, who fat at the head of that board, gave in 
 copies of all the orders and directions fent to Sir George 
 Rooke concerning the ftraits fleet, together with a lift of 
 all the fhips at that time in commiffion. It appeared, in 
 the courfe of this enquiry, that the mifcarriage of Rooke s 
 fleet was in a great meafure owing to the mifconducSr. of 
 the admirals, and neglect of the viclualling-office ; but 
 they v/ere fcreened by a majority. Mr. Harley, one of 
 the commiffioners for taking and dating the public ac 
 counts, delivered a report, which contained a charge of 
 peculation againft Lord Falkland. Rainsford, receiver of 
 the rights and perquifites of the navy, confeflfed that he 
 had received and paid more money than that which was 
 charged in the accourtts ; and, in particular, that he had 
 paid four thoufand pounds to Lord Falkland, by his ma- 
 jefty s order. This Lord had acknowledged before the 
 com mi in oners, that he had paid one half of the fum, by 
 the king s order, to a perfon who was not a member of 
 either houfe ; and that the remainder was ftill in his hand?. 
 Rainsford owned that he had the original letter which he 
 received from Falkland, demanding the money; and this 
 nobleman defiring to fee it, detained the voucher; a cir- 
 cumftance that incenfed the commons to fuch a degree, 
 that a motion was made for committing him to the Tower, 
 and debated with great warmth, but at laft over-ruled by 
 the majority. Neverthelefs, they agreed to make him 
 fenfible of their difpleafure, and he was reprimanded in 
 his place. The houfe of lords having alfo enquired into 
 the caufes of the mifcarriage at fea, very violent debates 
 arofe, and at length the majority refolved, that the admi 
 rals had done well in the execution of the orders they 
 had received. This was a triumph over the Whig lords, 
 who had fo eagerly profecuted the affair, and now pro- 
 tefted againft the refolution, not without great appear 
 ance of reafon. The next ftep of the lords was to excul 
 pate the earl of Nottingham, as the blame feemed to lie 
 with him, on the fuppoiition that the admirals were in 
 nocent. With a view, therefore, to transfer this blame 
 to Trenchard, the Whiggifh fecretary, the earl gave the 
 houfe to underftand, that he had received intelligence from
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 167 
 
 P^aris in the beginning of June, containing a lift of the CHAP. 
 enemy s fleet and the time of their failing ; that this was IV. 
 communicated to a committee of the council, and particu- ^^-y-O 
 larly imparted to Secretary Trenchard, whofe province it 1693 
 was to tranfmit inftru&ions to the admirals. Two con 
 ferences parted on this fubjecl between the lords and com 
 mons. Trenchard delivered in his defence in writing; 
 and was in his turn fkreencd by the whole efforts of the 
 ininiftry, in which the Whig influence now predominat 
 ed. Thus, an enquiry of fuch national confequence, 
 which took its rife from the king s own expreffion of re- 
 fentment againft the delinquents, was ftifled by the arts 
 of the court, becaufe it was likely to affe<5t one of its 
 creatures ; for, though there was no premeditated treachery 
 in the cafe, the intereft of the public was certainly facri- 
 ilced to the mutual animofity of the minister s. The 
 charge of Lord Falkland being refumed in the houfe of 
 commons, he appeared to have begged and received of 
 the king, the remaining two thoufand pounds of the money 
 which had been paid by Rainsford ; he was, therefore, 
 declared guilty of a high mifdemeanor and breach of 
 truft, and committed to the Tower ; from whence, 
 however, he was in two days difcharged upon his pe 
 tition. 
 
 Harley, Foley, and Harcourt, prefented to the houfe a 
 ftateofths receipts and iflues of the revenue, together 
 with two reports from the commiflioners of accounts, con 
 cerning fums ifiusd for fecret-fei vices, and to members of 
 parliament. This was a difcovery of the moft fcandalous 
 practices in the myftery of corruption, equally exercifed 
 on the individuals of both parties, in occaiional bounties, 
 grants places, penfions, equivalents, and additional fala- 
 ries. The malcontents, therefore jultlyobferved the houfe 
 of commons was fo managed that the king could baffle any 
 bill, quafh all grievances, ftifle accounts, and rectify the 
 articles of Limerick. When the commons took into con- 
 fideradon the eftimates and fupplies of the enfuing year, 
 the king demanded forty thoufr.nd men for the navy, and 
 above one hundred thoufand for the purpofes of the land- 
 fervice. Before the houfe conf.dered thefc enorsnous de 
 mands, they granted four hundred thoufand pounds byway 
 of advance, to quiet the clamours of the feamen, who 
 were become mutinous and defperate for want of pay, up 
 wards of one million being clue to them for wa;e?. Then 
 the commons voted the number of men required for the 
 navy ; but they were fo aihamed of that for the army, that 
 they thought it neceflary to ?.k in fuch a manner as fhould 
 imply that they {till retained feme regard for their country.
 
 1 68 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 K o o K They called for all the treaties fubfifting between the kir^; 
 and his allies; they examined the different proportions of 
 
 ^-"y^- 1 the troops furnifhed by the refpective powers ; they confi- 
 l6 93- clered the intended augmentations, and fixed the eftablifh- 
 ment of the year at fourfcore and three thoufand one hun 
 dred and twenty-one men, including officers. For the 
 maintenance of thefe they allotted the fum of two millions 
 five hundred and thirty thoufand five hundred and ninety 
 pound". They granted two millions for the navy, and 
 about five hundred thoufand pounds to make good the de 
 ficiencies of the annuity and poll-bills; fo that the fupplies 
 for the year amounted to about five millions and a half, 
 raifed by a land-tax of four {hillings in the pound, by two 
 more lives in the annuities, a further excife on beer, a 
 new duty on fait, and a lottery. 
 
 Though the malcontents in parliament could not with- 
 fland this torrent of profufion, they endeavoured to diftrefs 
 the court-intereft, by reviving the popular bills of the 
 preceding feffion; fuch as that for regulating trials in cafes 
 of high-treafon, the other for the more frequent calling 
 and meeting of parliaments, and that concerning free and 
 impartial proceedings in parliament. The firft was neg- 
 ledtecl in the houfe of lords; the fecond was rejected ; the 
 third was patted by the commons, on the fuppofition that it 
 would be defeated in the other houfe. The lords returned 
 it with certain amendments, to which the commons would 
 not agree ; a conference cnfued ; the peers receded from 
 their corrections, and patted the bill, to which the king, 
 however, refufed his afient. Nothing could be more un 
 popular and dangerous than fuch a ftep at this juncture. 
 The commons, in order to recover fome credit with the 
 people, determined to difapprove of his majefty s conduct. 
 The houfe formed itfclf into a committee, to take the ftate 
 of the kingdom into confideration. They refolved, that 
 whoever aovifed the king to refufe the royal attent to that 
 bill, was an enemy to their majeflies and the kingdom. 
 They likewife presented an addrefs, exprefling their con 
 cern that he had not given his confent to the bill, and be- 
 feeching his niajefty to hearken for the future to the ad 
 vice of his parliament, rather than to the councils of par 
 ticular perfons, who might have private interefts of their 
 own, fepamte from thofe of his majefty and his people. 
 The king thanked them for their zeal, profetted a warm 
 regard for their conftitution, and affured them he would 
 look upon all parties as enemies, who fhould endeavour 
 to leflcn the confidence fubuiting between the fovereign 
 and people. The members in the oppofition wrre not at 
 all fatisfied with this general reply. A day being appoint-
 
 WILLIAM AND MART. 169 
 
 cd to take into confutation, a warm debate was main- CHAP 
 tained with equal eloquence and acrimony. . At length IV - 
 the queftion being put, that an addrefs Ihould be made for ^*^**** 
 a more explicit anfwer, it pa/Ted in the negative by a great l6 93- 
 majority. 
 
 The city of London petitioned that a parliamentary 
 provifion might be made for the orphans, whofe fortunes 
 they had fc; ndaloufly fquandered away. Such an applica 
 tion had been made in the preceding feffion, and rejected 
 with difJain, as an impofition on the public; but now 
 thofe fcruplcs were removed, and the houfe paficda bill for 
 this purpofe, confifting of manyclaufes, extending to dif 
 ferent charges on the city lands, aqueducts, and perfonal 
 ellatesj impofing duties on binding apprentices, conftitut- 
 ing freemen, as alfo upon wines and coals imported into 
 London. On the 231! clay of March, thefe bills received 
 the royal affent ; and the king took that opportunity of re 
 commending difpatch, as the feafon of the year was far 
 advanced, and the enemy diligently employed in making 
 preparations for an early campaign. The fcheme of a na- Bank of 
 tional bank, like thofe of Amfterdam and Genoa, had 
 been recommended to the miniftry, as an excellent infti- 
 tution, as well for the credit and fecurity of the govern 
 ment, as for the increafe of trade and circulation. One 
 project was invented by Dr. Hugh Chamberlain, propof- 
 ing the circulation of tickets on land-fecurity ; but Willi 
 am Paterfoa was author of that which was carried into ex 
 ecution by the intereft of Michael Godfrey, and other ac 
 tive projectors. The fcheme was founded on the notion 
 of a transferable fund, and a circulation by bill on the 
 credit of a large capital. Forty merchants fubfcribed t^ 
 the amount of five hundred thoufand pounds, as a fund of 
 ready money, to circulate one million at eight per cent, to 
 be lent to the government; and even this fund of ready 
 money bore the fame intereft. When it was properly ci- 
 gefted in the cabinet, and a majority in parliament fecured 
 for its reception, the undertakers for the court introduced 
 it into the houfe of commons, and expatiated upon the na 
 tional advantages that would accrue from fuch a meafure. 
 They faid it would refcue the nation out of the hands of 
 extortioners and ufurers, lower intereft, raife the value of 
 land, revive and eftablifh public credit, extend circulr.- 
 tion, confequently improve commerce, facilitate the an 
 nual fupplies, and connect the people the more clcfelv 
 v/ith the government. The project was violently oppofed 
 by a ftrong party, who affirmed that it would become a 
 monopoly, and engrofs the whole money of the kingdom : 
 Truir, ?s it muft infallibly be fubfervifnt to government 
 
 VOL. T. Y
 
 i 7 o HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 r, o O K views, it might be employed to the worft purpofes of ar~ 
 bitraiy power : That, inftead of affifting, it would weak 
 en commerce, by tempting people to withdraw their money 
 from trade, and employ it in frock-jobbing: That it would 
 produce a fwarm of brokers and jobbers to prey upon their 
 fellew-creatures, encourage fraud and earning, and fur 
 ther to corrupt the morals of the nation. Notwithftanding 
 thefe objections, the bill made its way through the two 
 houfes, eftablifhing the funds for the fecurity and advan 
 tage of the fubfcribers ; impowering their majefties to in 
 corporate them by the name of the Governor and Compa 
 ny of the Bank of England, under a provifo, that at any 
 time after the ift day of Auguft, in the year one thoufand 
 feven hundred and five, upon a year s notice, and the re 
 payment of the twelve hundred thoufand pounds, the faid 
 corporation fhould ceafe and determine. The bill like- 
 wife contained claufes of appropriation for the fervices of 
 the public. The whole fubfcription was filled in ten days 
 after its being opened; and the court of directors com 
 pleted the payment before the expiration of the time pre- 
 fcribed by the acl:, although they did not call in more than 
 feven hundred and twenty thoufand pounds of the money 
 fubfcribcd. All thefe funds proving inadequate to the 
 eftimates, the commons brought in a bill to impofe ftamp- 
 ckities upon all vellum, parchment, and paper, ufed in ai 
 med: every kind of intercourfe between man and man; 
 and they crowned the oppreflions of the year wiih another 
 grievous tax upon carriages, under the name of a bill for 
 licenfing and regulating hackney and ftage coaches. 
 
 The commons, in a claufe of the bill for taxing feveral 
 joint-ftocks, provided, that in cafe of a default in the pay 
 ment of that tax, within the time limited by the at, the 
 charter of the company fo failing fhould be deemed void 
 and forfeited. The Eaft-India company actually neglected 
 their payment, and the public imagined the miniftry would 
 leize this opportunity of diflblving a monopoly againft 
 which fo many complaints had been made: But the direc 
 tors underftood their own ftrength ; and, inftead of be 
 ing broke, obtained the promife of a new charter. This 
 was no fooner known, than the controverfy between them 
 and their adverfaries was revived with fuch animofity, 
 that the council thought proper to indulge both parties 
 with a hearing. As this produced no refoltition, the mer 
 chants who oppofed the company petitioned, that, in the 
 mean while, the new charter mi^ht be fufpended. Ad- 
 drefTes of the fame kind were prefented by a great number 
 of clothiers, linen-drapers, and other dealers. To thefe 
 a written anfwer was publifhed by the company : The
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 17 
 
 merchants printed a reply, in which they undertook to c MAP. 
 prove, that the company had been guilty of unjuft and 
 unwarrantable actions, tending to the Icandal of religion, 
 the difhonour of the nation, the reproach of our laws, the 
 oppreiiion of the people, and the ruin of the trade. They 
 oblerved, that two private fiiips had exported in one ye^r 
 three limes as many cloths as the company had exported in 
 three years. They offered to fend more cloth and Englifh 
 mtvchandife to the Indies in one year, than the company 
 had exported in five ; to furnifh the government with five 
 hundred tons ot fakpetre for Ids than one half of the ufual 
 price ; and they rcprefentcd, that the company could nei 
 ther load the fhips they petitioned for in England, nor re 
 load them in the Eaft-Indies. In fpite of all thefe remon- 
 ftrances, the new charter puffed the great feal ; though 
 the grants contained in it were limited in fuch a manner, 
 that they did not amount to an exclufivc privilege, and 
 fttbje&ed the company to fuch alterations, reflections, and 
 qualifications as the king fhould direct before the twenty- 
 ninth day of September. This indulgence, and other fa 
 vours granted to the company, were privately purchafed 
 of the miniftry, and became productive of a loud outcry 
 againft the government. The merchants published a 
 journal of the whole tranfaction, and petitioned the houfe 
 of commons that their liberty of trading to the Eaft Indies 
 might be confirmed by parliament. Another petition was 
 prefented by the company, praying that their charter might 
 receive a parliamentary fanction. Both parties employed 
 all their addrefs in making private application to the mem 
 bers. The houfe having examined the different charters, 
 the book of their new fubfcriptions, and every particular 
 relating to the company, refolved that all the fubjects of 
 England had an equal right to trade to the Eaft Indies, 
 unlefs prohibited by aft of parliament. 
 
 But nothing engroffed the attention of the public more 
 than a bill which was bVought into the houfe for a general 
 naturalization of all foreign Proteftants. The advocates 
 for this meafure alledged, That great part of the lands of 
 England lay uncultivated : That the ftrength of a nation 
 confifted in the number of inhabitants : That the people 
 were thinned by the war and foreign voyages, and required 
 an extraordinary fupply: That a grest number of proteft- 
 ants, perfecuted in France and other countries, would glad 
 ly remove to aland of freedom, and bring along with them 
 their wealth and manufactures : That the community had 
 been largely repaid for the protection granted thofe refu 
 gees who had already fettled in the kingdom. They had 
 introduced feveral new branches of manufacture, promoted.
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK indu-ftry, and lowered the price of labour ; a circumftance 
 , . of the utmoft importance to trade, opprefTed as it was with 
 
 taxes, and expofed to uncommon hazard from the enemy, 
 The opponents of the bill urged with great vehemence, 
 that it would cheapen tie birth-light of Englishmen: That 
 the want of culture was owino; to the opprcffion of the 
 times: That foreigners being admitted into the privileges 
 of the Britiili trade, would grow wealthy at the expence 
 of their benefactors, and transfer the fortunes they had gain 
 ed into their native country: That the rcdu&ion in the 
 price of labour would be a national grievance, while many 
 thoufands of English manufacturers were (tarring tor want 
 of employment, and the price of provifions continued fo 
 high, that even thofe who were employed could fcarce fun- 
 ply their families with bread : That the real defign of the 
 bill was to make fuch an acceiTion to the diiTenters as 
 would render them an equal match in the body politic for 
 thofe of the church of England; to create a greater depend 
 ence on the crown ; and, in a word, to fupply a foreign 
 head with foreign members. Sir John Knight, a member 
 of the houfe, in a fpeech upon this fubjec~r., exaggerated the 
 bad confequences that would attend fuch a bill, with all the 
 wit and virulence of fatire. It was printed and difperftd 
 through the kingdom, and raifed fuch a flame among the 
 psople as had not apeared lince the Revolution. They ex 
 claimed, that all offices would be conferred upon Dutchmen, 
 who would become Lord-danes, and prefcribe the modes of 
 religion and government; and they extolled Sir John 
 Knight as afaviour of the nation. The courtiers, incenfed at 
 the progrefs of this clamour, complained in the houfe of the 
 fpeech which had been printed ; and Sir John was threa- 
 Burnet. tcned with expulfion and imprifonment. He, therefore, 
 leuquieres. C h OU p-h t proper to difown the paper, which was burned by 
 
 Lire ot K. , , ,* i , . J , T ,, . .- . c .- r , 
 
 Wiiihm. tne nan as r the common hangman. 1 his lacnnce ierved 
 Tindai. only to increafe the popular disturbance, which rofe to fuch 
 State Tra<fb a height ofvoilence, that the court-party began to tremble; 
 Voitlire. an( ^ l ^ e kill was dropped for the preicnt. 
 
 Lord Coningfby and Mr. Porter had committed the moft 
 flagrant acts of oppreiTion in Ireland. Thefe had been ex 
 plained during the lad feilion, by the gentlemen who ap 
 pealed againfl the adoimi ft ration of Li>rd Sidney : but they 
 were fcreened by the miniftry; and therefore, the earl of 
 Bellamont now impeached them in the houfe of commons, 
 of which he and they were members. After an examina 
 tion of the articles exhibited againft them, the corrmons, 
 who were by this time at the devotion of the court, declar 
 ed, that, confidering the ft. re of affairs in Ireland, they did 
 not think them fit grounds for an impeachment. In th?
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 173 
 
 c ourfe of this feflion, the nation (attained another misfor- C HA F, 
 
 tune in the fate of Sir Francis Wheeler, who had been ap- 
 
 pointed commander in chief of the Mediterranean fqaatliori. \^ 
 
 He received inftradions to take ander his convoy the rner- c- r V^V.s 
 
 chant fhips boand to Turkey, Spain, and Italy; to craize Wheelerpe. 
 
 thirty days ia a certain latitude, for the protection of the ^ - -< * 
 
 Spaniih plate-fleet homeward-bound to leave pa--t of his 
 
 fquadrn;i at C^diz, as convoy to the trade for England ; to 
 
 proceed with the reft to the Mediterranean; to join the 
 
 Spaniih fleet in his return, and to at in concert with them, 
 
 until he fhoald be joined by the fleet from Tarkey and 
 
 the Straits, and accompany them back to England. Aboat 
 
 the latter end of Odober, he ft- 1 fail from St. Helen s, and 
 
 in January arrived at Cadiz with the fhips ander his con 
 
 voy. There leaving Rear-Admiral Hopfon, he proceeded 
 
 for the Mediterranean. In the bay of Gibraltar, he was 
 
 overtaken by a dreadful tempeft, ander a lee-fnore, which 
 
 he coald not pofHbly weather, and where the ground was 
 
 fo foal that no anchor would hold. This expedient, how- 
 
 ev-T, was tried. A 2;reat number of fhips were driven a- 
 
 fhore, and many perifhed. The Admiral s flaip foundered 
 
 at lea, and he and all his crew were baried in the deep, ex 
 
 cept two Moors, who were miracaloafly preferved. Two 
 
 other fhips of the line, three ketches, and fix merchant 
 
 fhips, were loft. The remains of the fleet were fo much 
 
 f nattered, that, inftead of profecuting their voyage, they re- 
 
 tarned to Cadiz, in order to be refitted, and fhsitered from 
 
 the attempts of the French fqaadrons which were ftill at 
 
 fea, ander the command of Chateaa Renaad and Gabaret. 
 
 On the 25th day of April the king clofcd the feffion with 
 
 a fpeech in the afual ftile, and the parliament wasprorogaed 
 
 to the 1 8th day of September*. 
 
 duke of Norfolk brought an adtion into the court of king s bench againft Mr. 
 Germaine, for criminal converfation with his duchefs. The caull- was t: ird 
 and the jury brought in their verdict for one hundred marks, and coils of 
 fuit, in favour of the plaintiff. 
 
 Before the king embarked, he gratified a good number of his friends with 
 promotions. Lord Charles Butler, brother to the duke of Ormond, was cre 
 ated Lord Butler, of Wefton in England, and earl of Arran in Ireland. Tin 
 earl of ihrewibury was honoured with the title of duke. The earl of Mul, 
 grave, being reconciled to the court-meafurej, was gratified with a j 
 of three thoufand pounds, and the title of marquis of Normandy. Henry Her 
 bert was ennobled by the title of Faron Herbert, of Chevbury. The earls of 
 
 :dford, Devon/hire, and Clare \v ere promoted to the rank of dukes. Thi- 
 marquis of Caermarthen was macic duke of Leeds, Lord Vifcount Sidney, cre 
 ated eai-1 of Romney, ajd Vifcount Newport, earl of lleaford Huff ; w.c
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK. Louis of France being tired of the war, which had im- 
 poverilhed his country, continued to tamper with the 
 
 ^-^Y""^ duke of Savoy, and, by the canal of the pope, made fome 
 93> offers to the king of Spain, which were rejected. Mean 
 while he refolvtd to ftand upon the defenfive during the 
 enfuing campaign, in every part but Catalonia, where 
 his whole naval force might co-operate with the count de 
 Noailles, who commanded the land-army. King Willi 
 am having received intelligence of the defign upon Bar 
 celona, endeavoured to prevent the junction of the Breft 
 and Toulon fquadrons, by fending Ruflel to fea as early 
 as the fleet could be in a condition to fail : But, before 
 lie arrived at Portfmouth, the Breft fquadron had quitted 
 that harbour. On the 3d day of May the admiral failed 
 from St. Helen s, with the combined fquadrons of Eng 
 land and Holland, amounting to ninety fhips of the line, 
 befides frigates, fire-fhips, and tenders. He detached 
 Captain Pritchard of the Monmouth with two fire-fhips, 
 to deftroy a fleet of French merchant-fhips near Conquet- 
 bay ; and this fervice being performed, he returned to 
 St. Helen s, where he had left Sir Cloudefley Shovel 
 with a fquadron, to take on board a body of land-forces, 
 intended for a defcent upon the coaft of France. Thefc 
 being embarked, under the command of General Ptob- 
 mache, the whole fleet failed again on the 29th of May. 
 The land and fea -officers, in a council of war, agreed 
 that part of the fleet defigned for this expedition, fhould 
 ieparate from the reft, and proceed to Camaret-bay, 
 where the forces fhould be landed. On the 5th day of 
 June, Lord Berkeley, who commanded this fquadron, 
 parted with the grand fleet, and on the yth anchored be 
 tween the bays of Camaret and Bertaume. Next day the 
 marquis of Caermarthen, afterwards duke of Leeds, who 
 ferved under Berkeley, as rear-admiral of the blue, en 
 tered Camaret-bay with two large {hips and fix frigates, 
 to cover the troops in landing. The French had received 
 intelligence of the defign, and taken fuch precautions, 
 under the conduct of the celebrated engineer, Vauban, 
 that the Englifn were expofed to a terrible fire from new- 
 erected batteries, as well as from a ftrong body of troops; 
 and though the fhips cannonaded them with great vigour, 
 the foldiers could noi maintain any regularity in landing. 
 A good number were killed in the open boats before they 
 
 advanced to the head of the admiralty-board. Sir George Rooke and Sir John 
 Houblon%vere appointed joint-commiflioners, in the loom of Killegrew and 
 Ddaval. Charles Montagu was made chancellor of the exchequer j and Sir 
 William Tnimbal and John Smith commiiTioners of the treafury, ki the room 
 
 ef Sir Edward Seymour and^Mr. Hambden.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 175 
 
 reached the fhore ; and thofe who landed were foon re- c H~A p. 
 pulfed, in fpite of all the endeavours of General Ptolema- 
 che, who received a wound in the thigh, which proved 
 mortal. Seven hundred foldiers a; j faid to have been loft 
 on this occafion, befides thofe who were killed on board 
 of the fhips. The Monk fhip of war was towed off with 
 great difficulty: But a Dutch frigate of thirty guns fell 
 into the hands of the enemy. 
 
 After this unfortunate attempt, Lord Berkely, with 
 the advice of a council of war, failed back for England, 
 and at St. Helen s received orders from the queen to call 
 a council, and deliberate in what manner the fhips and 
 forces might be beft employed. They agreed to make 
 fome attempt upon the coaft of Normandy. With this 
 view they fet fail on the 5th day of July. They bombard 
 ed Dieppe, and reduced the greateft part of the town to 
 ames. Thence they fleered to Havre-de-Grace, which 
 met with the fame fate. They harrafted the French 
 troops, who marched after them along-fhore. They a- 
 larmed the whole coaft, and filled every town with fuch 
 confternation, that they would have been abandoned by 
 th? inhabitants, had not they been detained by military 
 force. On the 26th day of July, Lord Berkely returned 
 to St. Helen s, where he quitted the fleet, and the com 
 mand devolved upon Sir Cloudeiley Shovel. This officer 
 having received inftru6r.ions to make an attempt upon 
 Dunkirk, failed round the Downs, where he was joined 
 by M. Meefters, with fix-and-twenty Dutch pilots. On 
 the I2th of September he appeared before Dunkirk , and 
 next day fent in the Charles galley, with two bomb- 
 ketches, and as many of the machines called the Infernal?. 
 Thefe were fet on fire without effecT: ; and the defign mif- 
 carried ; Then Shovel fteered for Calais, which having 
 bombarded with little fuccefs, he returcd to the coaft of 
 England ; and the bomb-ketches and machines were fent 
 into the river Thames. 
 
 During thefe tranfaclions, Admiral Ruffel, with the 
 grand fleet, failed for the Mediterranean ; and being join 
 ed by Rear-Admiral Neville from Cadiz, together with 
 Callembergh, and Evertzen, he fleered towards Barce 
 lona, which was befieged by the French fleet and army. At 
 his approach Tourville retired with precipitation into the 
 harbour of Toulon ; and Noailles abandoned his enter- 
 prize. The Spanifh affairs were in fuch a deplorable 
 condition, that without this timely affidanca the kingdom 
 muft have been undone. While he continued in the Me 
 diterranean, the French admiral durft not venture to ap 
 pear at fea i aad all his projects were difconceited. After
 
 176 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 ROOK having afferted the honour of the Britifh flag in thofe Teas 
 
 during the whole fummer, he failed in the beginning of 
 
 ^""Y"^ November to Cadiz, where, by an exprefs order of the 
 
 l6 93- king, he paffed the winter, during which, he took fuch 
 
 precautions for preventing Tourville from pniiing the 
 
 Straits, that he did not think proper to rifque the paf- 
 
 fage. 
 
 Military ^ w ^ now ^ e necefTary to defcribe the operations on the 
 
 operations continent. In the middle of May King William arrived 
 on t lie on- i n Holland, where he confultcd with the ftates-general . 
 On the 3d day of June he repaired to Bethlem-abbey 
 near Louvain, the place appointed for the rendezvous of 
 the army; and there he was met by the eic&ors of Bavaria 
 and Cologn. In a few days, a numerous army was afTem- 
 bled ; and every thing fecmcd topromifean active campaign. 
 On the 3d day of June the dauphin afiumedthe command of 
 the French forces, with which Luxembourg had taken 
 poft bet ween Mons and Maubeuge ; and paffing the Sambre, 
 encamped at Fleurus ; But, on the 1 8th, he removed from 
 thence, and took up his quarters between St. Trcn and 
 Wr.nheim ; while the confederates lay at Roofbeck. On 
 the nth of July, the dauphin marched in four columns to 
 Oerle upon the Jaar, where he pitched his camp. On 
 the 22d, the confederates marched to Bomale : Then 
 the dauphin took the route to Vignamont, where he fecured 
 his army by entrenchments., as his forces were inferior in 
 number to thofe of the allies ; and he had been directed by 
 his father to* avoid an engagement. In this fituation both 
 armies remained till the I5th day of Auguft, when King 
 William fent the heavy baggage to Louvain; and on the 
 1 8th made a motion to Sombref. This was no fooner 
 known to the enemy, then they decamped; and having 
 marched all night, poftecl themfelves between Temploux: 
 and Mafy, within a league and a half of the confederates. 
 The king of England refolved to pafs the Scheld; and with 
 this view marched, by the- way of Nivelle and Soignies, 
 to Chievres: From thence he detached the duke of Wir- 
 temberg, with a ftrong body of horfe and foot, to pafs the 
 river at Oudenarde, while the ele&or of Bavaria advanced 
 with another detachment, to pafs it at Pont d Efpieres. 
 Notwithfranding all the expedition they could make, their 
 purpofe was anticipated by Luxembourg, who being ap- 
 prifedoftheir route, had detached four thoufand horfe, with 
 each a foot foldiers behand the trooper to reinforce M. de 
 Valletta, who commanded that part of the French line. 
 Thcfe were fuftained by ?. choice body of men, who tra 
 velled with great expedition,- without obfcrving the for-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 177 
 
 maiities of a march. Marefchal de Villeroy followed the CHAP, 
 flame route, with all the cavalry of the right wing, the houfe- 
 hold troops and twenty field-pieces ; and the reft of the V "O/^*^ 
 army was brought up by the dauphin in perfon. They J ^ 
 marched with fuch incredible diligence, that the elector of 
 Bavaria could fcarce believe his own eyes, when he arrived 
 in fight of the Scheld, ahd faw them entrenching themfelves 
 on the other fide of the river. King William having 
 reconnoitred their difpofition, thought it impra&icable to 
 pafs at that place, and therefore marched down the river to 
 Oudennrde, where a pafTage had been afteady effected by 
 the duke of Wirtemberg. Here the confederates puffed 
 the Scheld on the 2yth day of the month ; and the king fix 
 ed his head quarters at Wanneghem. His intention was 
 to have taken poflefHon of Courtray, and eftablifhed winter- 
 quarters for a confiderable part of his army in that diftricl; 
 But Luxembourgh having pofted hirnfelf between that place 
 and Menin, extended his lines in fuch a manner, that the 
 confederates could not attempt to force them, nor even 
 hinder him from fubfifting his army at the expence of the 
 Caftellany of Courtray, during the remainder of the cam 
 paign. This furprifing march was of fuch importance to 
 ths French King, that he wrote with his own hand a letter 
 of thanks to his army ; and ordered that it fhould be read 
 to every particular fquadron and battalion. 
 
 The King of England, though difapnointed in his fcheme 
 upon Courtray, found means to make fo-ne advantage of 
 his fuperiority in number. He drafted troops from the 
 garrifons of Liege and Maeftricht ; and on the 3d day of 
 September reinforced this body with a large detachment of 
 his own camp, conferring the command upon the duke of 
 Holftein-Ploen, with orders to undertake the fiege of Huy. 
 Next day, the whole confederate forces pafted the Lys, and 
 encamped at Wouterghem. From thence the king, with 
 part of the army, marched to Rofelaer : This divifion obli 
 ged the dauphin to make confiderable detachments, for the 
 fecurity of Ypres and Menin on one fide, and to cover Fur- 
 nes and Dunkirk on the other. At this juncture, a French 
 man being fcized in the very at of fetting fire to one of 
 the ammunition-waggons in the allied army, confefTed he 
 had been employed for this purpofeby fome of the French 
 generals, and fuffered death as a traitor. On the 1 6th day 
 of th3 month, the duke of Holilein-Ploen inveftedHuy, and 
 carried on the fiege with fuch vigour, that in ten days the 
 garrifon capitulated. The king ordered Dixmuyde,Denyfe, 
 N inove, and Tirlernont, to be fecured for winter-quarters 
 to part of the army : The dauphin returned to Verfailies ; 
 
 VOL. I. Z
 
 178 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 William quitted the camp on the laft day of September ; and 
 b-)t i armies broke up about the middle of October. 
 
 T ne operations on the Rhine were pre-concerted be 
 tween King William and the prince of Baden, who had 
 vifitcd London in the winter. The difpute between the 
 emperor and the elector of Saxony was compromifed ; and 
 this young prince dying during the negociation, the treaty 
 was perfected by his brother and fucceflbr, who engaged 
 to furr.ifh twelve thoufand men yearly, in confideration 
 of a fubfidy from the court of Vienna. In the beginning 
 of June, Mareichiil de Lorg< s pafied the Rhine at Phi- 
 lipfourgh, in order to give battle to the Imperialifts, en 
 camped at Hailbron. The prince of Baden, who was not 
 yet joined by the Saxons, Hefiians, nor by the troops of 
 Munfter and Paderborn, difpatched couriers to quicken 
 the march of thcfe auxiliaries, and advanced to Eppingen, 
 where he propofed to wait till they fhould come up : But 
 on the i Sth, receiving undoubted intelligence, that the 
 enemy were in motion towards him, he advanced to meet 
 them in order of battle. De Lorges concluded that this 
 was a defperate effort, and immediately halted, to make 
 the necefiary preparations for an engagement. This 
 paufe enabled Prince Louis to take pofieffion of a ftrong 
 pafs near Sintzheim, from which he could not eafily be 
 diflodged. Then the marefchal proceeded to Vifeloch. 
 and ravaged the adjacent country, in hopes of drawing the 
 Ifnperialifts from their entrenchments. The prince being 
 joined by the Heflians, refolved to beat up the quarters of 
 the enemy, and the French general being apprifed of his 
 defign, retreated at midnight with the utmoft precipitation. 
 Having polled himfelf at Ruth, he fent his heavy baggage 
 to Philipfburgh: Then he moved "to Gonfbergh, in the 
 neighbourhood of Manheim, repafied the Rhine, and en 
 camped between Spires and Worms. The prince of Ba 
 den being joined by the allies, paficd the river by a bridge 
 of boats near Hagenbach, in the middle of September; 
 and laid the country of Alface under contribution. Con- 
 fidering the advanced feafon of the year, this was a rsfh 
 undertaking ; and the French general refolved to profit 
 by his enemy s temerity. He forthwith advanced againft 
 the Imperialifts, forefeeing that fhould they be worfted in 
 battle, their whole army would be ruined. Prince Louis, 
 informed of his intention, immediately repafled the Rhine ; 
 and this retreat was no fconer efrected, than the river 
 fwelled to fuch a degree, that the ifland in the middle, 
 and great part of the camp he had occupied, was over 
 flowed. Soon after this incident, both armies retired 
 into winter-quarters. The campaign in Hungary pro-
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. . 179 
 
 duced no event of importance. It was opened by the CHAP- 
 new vifir, who arrived at Belgrade in the middle of 
 Auguft: And about the fame time Caprara afiemblcd ^-"Y" - 
 the Imperial army in the neighbourhood of Peterwaradin. 
 The Turks pafled the Saave, in order to attack, their 
 camp, and carried on their approaches with five hundred 
 pieces of cannon ; but made very little progrcfs. The 
 Imperialifts received reinforcements-, the feafon wafted 
 away ; a feud arofe between the vifir and the cham of the 
 Tartars ; and the Danube being fwelled by heavy rains, 
 fo as to interrupt the operations of the Turks, their ge 
 neral decamped in the night of the id of October. t 
 They afterwards made an unfuccefsful attempt upn Ti- 
 tul, while the Imperial general made himfelf mailer of 
 Giula. In the courfe of this fummeiythe Venetians, who 
 were alfo at war with the Turks, reduced Cyclut, a 
 place of importance on the river Neranta, and made a 
 conqueft of the iiland of Scio in the Archipelago. 
 
 We have already obferved, that the French king had 
 determined to al vigorously in Catalonia. In the be 
 ginning of May, the duke de Noailles advanced at the 
 head of eight-and-twenty thoufand men to the river Tei, 
 on the oppofite bank of which the viceroy of Catalonia 
 was encamped with fixteen thoufand Spaniards. The 
 French general paffed the river in the face of this army, 
 and attacked their entrenchments with fuch iaipatupiity, 
 that in lefs than an hour they were totally defeated. 
 Then he marched to Palamos, and undertook the fiege of 
 that place, while at the fame time it was blocked up by 
 the combined fquadrons of Brcft and Toulon.. Though 
 the befieged made an obftinate defence, the town w,,s 
 taken by ftorm, the houfes were pillaged, and the people 
 put to the fword, without diftinclion of age, fex, or con 
 dition. Then he inverted Gironne, which in a few days 
 capitulated. Oftalric met with the fame fate, and 
 Noailles was created viceroy of Citalonia by the French 
 king. In the. beginning of Auguft he diftributed his 
 forces into quarters of refreihment, along the river Ter- 
 dore, refolving to undertake the ue^e of Barcelona, which 
 xvas favcd by the arrival of admiral Ruff.l. The war lan- 
 guifhed in Piedmont, on account of a fccret negociation 
 between the king of France and the duke of Savoy ; not- 
 withftanding the rerr, onftranees of Rouvigny, earl of Gal- 
 way, who had fuccerdcd the duke of Schomberg in the 
 command of the Britiih forces in that country. Cafkl 
 was clofely blocked up by; the reduction of fort St. George, 
 and the Vaudois gained the advantage in fome ilciiT^iriies
 
 i8e HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK in the valley of Ragelas : But no defign of Importance 
 
 was executed*. 
 
 Vc ""Y" v " England had continued very quiet under the queen s 
 J 94- administration, if we except fome little commotions occa- 
 fioned by the practices, or pretended practices, of the Ja 
 cobites. Profecutions were revived againft certain gen 
 tlemen of Lancamire and Chemire, for having been con 
 cerned in the confpiracy formed in favour of the late 
 king s projected invafion for Normandy. Thefe fteps 
 were owing to the fuggeftions of infamous informers, 
 whom the rniniftry countenanced. Colonel Parker and 
 one Crofby were imprifoncd, and bills of treafon found 
 againft them : But Parker made his efcape from the Tow 
 er, and was never retaken, though a reward of four hun 
 dred pounds was fet upon his head. The king, having 
 fettled the affairs of the confederacy at the Hague, em- 
 The king barked for England on the 8th of November, and the 
 returns to next day landed ac Margate. On the 1 2th he opened the 
 Kaplan . f e ff lon O f parliament with a fpeech, in which he obferved, 
 that the pofture of affairs was improved both by fea and 
 land fince they Lift parted ; in particular, that a flop was 
 put to the progrefs of the French arms. He defircd they 
 would continue the at of tonnage and poundage, which 
 would expire at Chriftmas : He reminded them of the 
 debt for the tranfport mips employed in the reduction of 
 Ireland ; and exhorted them to prepare fome jjood bill for 
 the encouragement of feamen. A majority in both hou- 
 fes was already fecured ; and, in all probability, he bar 
 gained for their condefcenlion, by agreeing to the bill for 
 triennial parliaments. This Mr. Harley brought in, by 
 order of the lower houfe, immediately after their firft ad 
 journment ; and it kept pace with the confideration of the 
 fupplies. The commons having examined the eftimates 
 and accounts, voted four millions feven hundred fixty- 
 four thoufand feven hundred and twelve pounds for the 
 fervice of the army and navy. In order to raife this fum, 
 they continued the land-tax ; they renewed the fubfidy of 
 tonnage and poundage for five years, and impofed new du 
 ties on different commodities-}-. The triennial bill enac"r.- 
 
 *uL;, bachelors and widows. They paffed an at fjr laving additional d 
 upon coffi e, tea, and chocolate, towards paying the debt due for the t; 
 port fhips ; and another, impofing duties on glais-wareSj ftone, and eat 
 hottks, coal, and culm.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 181 
 
 ed, That a parliament fhould be held once in three years c H A p- 
 at leaft : That within three years at fartheft after the dif- IV. 
 folution of the parliament then fubfifting, and fo from time ( -^\^- > 
 to time, for ever after, legal writs under the great feal l6 94- 
 fhould be ifTued, by the direction of the crown, for calling, 
 aflembling, and holding another new parliament : That 
 no parliament fhould continue longer than three years at 
 fartheft, to be accounted from the fnft day of the fnft 
 feflion: And, That the parliament then fubfifting fhould 
 ceafe and determine on the firft day of November m-xt 
 following, unlefs their majefties fhould think fit to dif- 
 lolve it fooner. The duke of Devonshire, the marquis of 
 Hallifax, the earls of Weymouth and Aylefbury, proteft- 
 ed againft this bill, becaufe it tended to the continu 
 ance of the prefent parliament longer than, as they 
 apprehended, was agreeable to the conflitution of Eng 
 land. 
 
 While this bill was depending, Dr. John Tiilotfon, Deat> of 
 Archbifhop of Canterbury, was fiezed with a fit of the Archbhh^p 
 dead palfy, in the chapel of Whitehall, and died on the T 
 twenty-fecond day of November, deeply regretted by the 
 king and queen, who fhed tears of forrow at his deceafe ; 
 and fmcerely lamented by the public, as a pattern of ele 
 gance, ingenuity, meeknefs, charity, and moderation. 
 Thefe qualities he muft be allowed to have pofTefTed, 
 notwithstanding the inveclives of his enemies, who accufed 
 him of puntanifm, flattery, and ambition ; and charged him 
 with having conduced to a dangerous fchifm in the church, 
 by accepting the archbifhopric during the life of the de 
 prived Sancroft. He was iucceeded in the metropolitan 
 fee by Dr. Tennifon, bifhop of Lincoln, recommended by 
 the Whig-party, which now predominated in the cabinet. 
 The queen did not long furvive her favourite prelate. 
 In about a month after his deceafe, fhe was taken ill of 
 the fmall pox, and the fymptoms proving dangerous, file 
 prepared herfelf for death with great compofure. She 
 fpent fome time in exercifes of devotion, and private eon- 
 verfation with the new archbiihop. She received the fa- And of 
 crament with all the bifhops who were in attendance; and Qi 6 ?" Ma 
 expired on the twenty-eighth day of December, in the ry 
 thirty-third year of her age, and in the iixth year of her 
 reign, to the inexpreffiblc grief of the king, who, for fome 
 weeks after her death, could neither fee company, nor 
 attend to the bufincfs of the ftate. Mary was in her per- 
 fon tall and well proportioned, with an oval vifage, lively 
 eyes, agreeable features, a mild afpecl:, and an air of dig 
 nity.. Her Jtpprehenfion was clear, her memory tenacious,
 
 182 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK and her judgment folid. She was a zealous Protcftant, 
 fcrupuloufly exa& in all the duties of devotion, of an 
 
 ^~Y~**J even temper, and of a calm and mild converfation. She 
 l6 94- W as ruffled by no paffion, and feems to have been a ft ran 
 ger to the emotions of natural affeitions ; for ihe afcend- 
 ed, without compiin&ion, the throne from which her fa 
 ther had been depofed, and treated her fifter as an alien to 
 her blood. In a word, Mary feems to have imbibed the 
 cold difpofition and apathy of her hufband ; and to have 
 centered all her ambition in deferving the epithet of an 
 humble and obedient wife*. 
 
 The Princefs Anne, being informed of the queen s dan 
 gerous indifpofition, fent a lady of her bed-chamber, to 
 denre flie might be admitted to her majefty; but this 
 requeft was not granted. She was thanked for her ex- 
 preilion of concern ; and given to underftand, that the 
 phyficiaris had directed that the queen fhould be kept as 
 quiet as poffiblc. Before her death, however, fhe fent a 
 forgiving ineffage to her fifter ; and, after her deceafe, the 
 carl of Sunderland effected a reconciliation between the 
 king and the princefs, who vifited him at Kenfmgton, 
 where fhe was received with uncommon civility. He 
 appointed the palace of St. James s for her refidence, and 
 prefented her with the greater part of the queen s jewels. 
 But a mutual jealoufy and difguft fubfifted under thefe 
 exteriors of friendmip and efteem. The two houfes 
 of parliament waited on the king at Kenfmgton, with 
 confolatory addreiTes on the death of his confort : Their 
 example was followed by the regency of Scotland, the 
 city and clergy of London, and the diflenting minifters, 
 and almoit all the great corporations in Englandf. 
 
 * Her obfequics were performed with great magnificence. The body 
 \va attended from Whitehall to Weftminftcr-abbey by all the Judges, Ser 
 jeants at law, the Lord Mayor and aldermen of the city of London, and 
 both Houfes of Parliament ; and the funeral fermon was preached by Dr. 
 Tenifon, Archbiihop of Canterbury. Dr. Kenn, the deprived bifhop of Bath 
 and Wells, reproached him in a letter, for not having called on her majefty 
 on her death-bed to repent of the {hare fhe had in the Revolution. This was 
 anfwered by another pamphlet. One of the Jacobite clergy infulted the 
 Queen s memory, by preaching on the following text : " Go, now, fee this 
 " curfcd woman, and bury her, for {he is a king s daughter." On the 
 other hand, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and Common Council of London 
 came to a refolution to erecl: her ftatue, with that of the king, in the 
 Royal Exchange. 
 
 f The Earls of Rochefter and Nottingham are faid to have ftarted a doubt, 
 Whether the Parliament was not diffolved by the Queen s death ? but this 
 dangerous motion mtt with no countenance.
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Account of the Lancashire plot Some members of the 
 
 Houfe of Commons expelled for bribery Scotch 
 
 Parliament erett a Trading Company to Africa and 
 
 the Indies Namur retaken by King William 
 
 Naval Tranfaftions Proceedings of Parliament 
 
 Confpiracy againjt the King s life Treaty of 
 
 France with the Duke of Savoy Trial and exe 
 cution of Sir John Fenivick^ for high treafon 
 
 Eleffor of Saxony obtains the croivn of Poland > 
 
 Peter the Great of Mufcovy travels in difguife 
 
 General Treaty concluded at Ryfwic. 
 
 THE kingdom now refounded with the complaints of c H A P. 
 the Papifts and malcontents, who taxed the mi- v - 
 niltry with fubordination of perjury, in the cafe of the ^-^y^^ 
 Lancashire gentlemen who had been profecuted for the l6 94 
 confpiracy. One Lunt, an Irimman, had informed Sir 
 John Trenchard, fecretary of ftate, that he had been fent ^? c n ~ 
 from Ireland, with commifiions from King James to divers gjjnft tt* 
 gentlemen in Lancafhire and Chefhire : That he had af- Govem- 
 fifted in buying arms, and inlifting men to ferve that ment * 
 king in his projected invafion of England : That he had 
 been twice difpatched by thofe gentlemen to the court of 
 St. Germains ; afiifted many Jacobites in repairing to 
 France , helped to conceal others that came from that 
 kingdom ; and, that all thofe perfons told him they were 
 furnifhed with money by Sir John Friend to defray the 
 expence of their expeditions. His teftimony was confirm 
 ed by other infamous emiflaries, who received but too 
 much countenance from the government. Blank war 
 rants were iffued, and filled up occafionally with fuch 
 names as the informers fuggeited. Thefe were delivered 
 to Aaron Smith, folicitor to the treafury, who, with mef-
 
 *$4 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK fengers, accompanied Lunt and his afTociates to Lancafhire, 
 under the protection of a party of Dutch horfe-guards, 
 
 V- ""Y" S commanded by one Captain Baker. They were empow- 
 1 94- ered to break open houies, feize papers, and apprehend per 
 fons, according to their pleafure ; and they committed 
 many acts of violence and oppreffion. The perfons againft 
 whom thefe meafures were taken, being apprifed of the 
 impending danger, generally retired from their own ha 
 bitations. Some, however, were taken and impriioned : 
 A few arms were fecured ; and, in the houfe of Mr. 
 Standifh, at Standifh-hall, they found a draft of a decla 
 ration to be publiflied by King James at his landing. 
 As this profecution feemed calculated to revive the honour 
 of a ftale confpiracy, and the evidences were perfons of 
 abandoned characters, the friends of thofe who were per- 
 fecuted, found no great difficulty in rendering the fcheme 
 odious to the nation. They even employed the pen of 
 Fergufon, who had been concerned in every plot that was 
 hatched fince the Rye- houfe confpiracy. This veteran, 
 though appointed houfe-keeper to the excife-office ; thought 
 himfelf poorly recompensed for the part he had acted in the 
 Revolution, became diffatisfied, and, upon this occafion, 
 publimed a letter to Sir John Trenchard, on the abufe of 
 power. It was replete with the moft bitter invectives 
 againft the miniftry, and contained a great number of 
 flagrant inftances, in which the court had countenanced 
 the vileft corruption, perfidy, and oppreffion. This pro- 
 duilion Was in every body s hand, and had fuch an effect 
 upon the people, that when the prifoners were brought to 
 trial at Manchefter, the populace would have put the wit- 
 nefles to death, had they not been prevented by the inter- 
 pofition of thofe who were friends to the acculed perfons, 
 and had already taken effectual meafures for their fafety. 
 Lunt s chief affociate in the myftcry of information was 
 one Taaffe, a wretch of the moft profligate principles, 
 who, finding himfelf difappointed in his hope of reward 
 from the miniftry, was privately gained over by the, agents 
 for the prifoners. Lunt, when defired in court to point 
 out the perfons whom he had accufed, committed fuch a 
 miftake as greatly invalidated his teftimony; and Taaffe 
 declared before the bench, that the pretended plot was 
 no other than a contrivance between hiiiifelf and Lunt, in 
 order to procure money from the government. The pri 
 foners were immediately acquitted, and the miniftry in 
 curred a heavy load of popular odium, as the authors or 
 abettors of knavilh contrivances to enfnare the innocent. 
 The government, with a view to evince their abhorrence 
 f fuch practices, ordered the witneffcs to be profecutcd
 
 WILLIAM. 185 
 
 for a confpiracy againft the lives and eftates of the gen- CHAP. 
 tlemen who had been accufed ; and at laft the affair was v - 
 brought into the houfe of commons. The Jacobites 
 triumphed in their vi&ory. They even turned the bat- 
 tery of corruption upon the evidence for the crown, not 
 without making a confiderable impreffion. But the caufe 
 was now debated before judges who were not all propi 
 tious to their views. The commons having fet on foot 
 an enquiry, and examined all the papers and circumftances 
 relating to the pretended plot, refolved, That there was 
 fufficient ground for the profecution and trials of the gen 
 tlemen at Manchefter ; and that there was a dangerous 
 confpiracy againft the king and government. They iffued 
 an order for taking Mr. Standifh into cuftody ; and the 
 meffenger reporting that he was not to be found, they 
 prefented an addrefs to the king, defiring a proclamation 
 might be publiftied, offering a reward for apprehending 
 his perfon. The peers concurred with the commons in 
 their fentiments of this affair; for complaints having been 
 laid before their houf alfo, by the perfons who thought 
 tliemfelves aggrieved, the queftion was put, Whether the 
 government had caufe to profecute them ? and carried 
 in the affirmative ; though a proten^was entered againft 
 this vote by the earls of Rochefter and Nottingham. 
 Notwithftanding thefe decifions, the accufed gentlemen 
 profecuted Lunt and two of his accomplices for perjury, 
 at the Lancafter affixes ; and all three were found guilty. 
 They were immediately indicted by the crown, for a con 
 fpiracy againft the lives and liberties of the perfons they 
 had accufed. The intention of the miniftry, in laying 
 this indictment, was to feize the opportunity of punifhing 
 fome of the witnefles for the gentlemen, who had preva 
 ricated in giving their teftimony ; but the defign being 
 difcovered, the Lancafhire men refufed to produce their 
 evidence againft the informers : The profecution drop 
 ped of confequence ; and the prifoners were difchar- 
 ged. 
 
 When the commons were employed in examining the 
 ftate of the revenue, and taking meafures for raiftng the 
 neceffary fupplies, the inhabitants of Royfton prefented a 
 petition, complaining, that the officers and foldiers of the 
 regiment belonging to Colonel Haftings, which was quar 
 tered upon them, exacted fubflftence money, even on pain 
 of military execution. The houfe was immediately kin 
 dled into a flame by this information. The officers, and 
 Pauncefort, agent for the regiment, were examined: 
 Then it was unanimoufly refolved, That fuch a practice 
 was arbitrary, illegal, r.nd a violation of the rights and li- 
 
 VOL. I. 2 A
 
 i86 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 1654. 
 
 Burnet. 
 Boyer. 
 
 Oldmixon. 
 State Traits 
 Tinti a]. 
 Ralph. 
 Lives of tae 
 Admirals. 
 Daniel. 
 Voltaire. 
 
 Some mem 
 Lcrs of the 
 H. of Com 
 mons ex 
 pelled. 
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 bertie? of the fubjecl. Upon further enquiry, Paunceforr, 
 and fome other agents were committed to the cuftody of 
 the ferjeant, for having negleled to pay the fubfiftencc- 
 money they had received for the officers and foldiers. He 
 was afterwards fent to the Tower, together with Henry 
 Guy, a member of the houfe, and fecretary to the treafu- 
 ry, the one for giving, and the other for receiving a 
 bribe to obtain the king s bounty. Pauncefort s brother 
 was like wife committed, for being concerned in the fame 
 commerce. Guy had been employed, together with Tre 
 vor the fpeaker ; as the court-agent forfecuring a majority 
 in the houfe of commons: For that reafon, he was ob 
 noxious to the members in the oppofition, who took this 
 opportunity to brand him ; and the courtiers could not 
 v/ith any decency fkreen him from their vengeance. The 
 houfe having proceeded in this enquiry, drew up an addrefs 
 to the king enumerating the abufes which had crept into 
 the army, and demanding immediate redrefs. He pro- 
 miftd to confiderthe remonftrance, and redrefs the griev 
 ances of which they complained. Accordingly, hecafhier- 
 ed Colonel Haftings; appointed a council of officers to fit 
 weekly and examine all complaints againft any officer and 
 foldier ; and publifhed a declaration for the maintenance 
 of ftricT; difcipline, and the due payment of quarters. 
 Notwithftand ing thefe conceffions, the commons profe- 
 cuted their examinations ; they committed Mr. James 
 Craggs, one of the contractors for clothing the army, bc- 
 caufe he refufed to anfwer upon oath to fuch queftions as 
 might be put to him by the commiflioners of accounts. 
 They brought in a bill for obliging him and Mr. Richard 
 Harnage the other contractor, together with the two 
 Paunceforts, to difcover how they had difpofed of the fums 
 paid into their hands on account of the army; and for pu- 
 nifhing them, in cafe they fhould perfift in their refufal. 
 At this period, they received a petition againft the com- 
 miilioners forlicenfing hackney-coaches. Three of them, 
 by means of an addrefs to the kin&r, were removed with 
 difgrace, for having acled arbitrarily, corruptly, and 
 contrary to the truft repofed in them by aft of parlia 
 ment. 
 
 Thofe who encouraged this fpirit of reformation intro 
 duced another enquiry about the orphan s bill, which was 
 faid to have pafTed into an a&, by virtue of uadue influ 
 ence. A committee being appointed to infpedt the Cham 
 berlain s books, difcovered that bribes had been given to 
 Sir John Trevor, fpeaker of the houfe, and Mr. Hun-r 
 gerford, chairman of the grand committee. The firft 
 being voted guilty of a high crime and mifdemeanor,
 
 W I L L I A M. 187 
 
 abdicated the chair, and Paul Foley was appointed fpeaker CHAP. 
 in his room. Then Sir John and Hungerford were ex- / - 
 pelled the houfe : One Nois, a folicitor for the bill, was ( ~~Y**~* 
 taken intocuftody, becaufe he had fcandalifed the commons l6 95- 
 in pretending he was engaged to give great fums to feve- 
 ral members, and denying this circumftance on his exa 
 mination. The reformers in the houfe naturally conclud 
 ed that the fame arts had been pradtifed in obtaining the 
 new charter of the Eaft-India company, which had been 
 granted fo much againft the fenfe of the nation. Their 
 hooks were fubjccledto the fame committee that carried on 
 the former enquiry, and a furprifing fcene of venality anxl 
 corruption was foon difclofed. Tt appeared that the com 
 pany, in the courfc of the preceding year, had paid near 
 ninety thoufand pounds in fecret-fervices; and that Sir 
 Thomas Cooke, one of the directors, and a member of 
 the houfe, had been the chief manager of this infamous 
 commerce. Cooke refufmg to anfwer, was committed to 
 the Tower, and a bill of pains and penalties brought in, 
 obliging him to difcover how the fum mentioned in the 
 report of the committee had been diftributed. The bill 
 was violently oppofed in the upper houfe by the duke of 
 Leeds, as being contrary to law and equity, and furnifh- 
 ing a precedent of a dangerous nature. Cooke being, 
 agreeably to his own petition, brought to the bar of the 
 houfe of lords, declared that he was ready aiad willing to 
 make a full difcovery, in cafe he might be favoured with 
 s ^n indemnifying vote, to fecure him againft all actions and 
 fuits, except thofe of the Eaft-India company, which he 
 had never injured. The lords complied with his rcqueft, 
 and patted a bill for this purpofe, to which the commons 
 added a penal claufe ; and the former was laid afide. 
 
 When the king went to the houfe, to give the royal af- 
 fent to the money-bills, he endeavoured to difcourage this 
 enquiry, by telling the parliament that the feafon of the 
 year was far advanced, and the circumftanccs of affairs ex 
 tremely prefling ; he, therefore, defired they would dif- 
 patch fuch bufmefs as they fhould think of rr.oft importance 
 to the public, as he fhould put an end to the feifion in a 
 few days. Notwithftanding this fhameful interpolation, 
 both houfes appointed a joint committee to lay open the 
 complicated fcheme of fraud and iniquity. Cooke, on his 
 firft examination, confefied, that he had delivered tallies 
 for ten thoufand pounds to Francis Tyflen, deputy-go 
 vernor, for the fpecial fervice of the company ; an equal 
 fum to Richard Acton, for employing his interest in p"c- 
 venting a new fettlement, and endeavouring to eftablifh 
 the old company ; befides two thoufand pounds by way o
 
 i85 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK interefl, and as a further gratuity ; a thoufand guineas to 
 . Colonel Fitzpatrick, five hundred to Charles Bates, and 
 
 ""Y^ three hundred and ten to Mr, Molineux, a merchant, 
 95 ~ for the fame purpofes; and he owned that Sir Bafil Fire- 
 brace, had received forty thoufand pounds on various pre 
 tences. He faid, he helieved the ten thoufand pounds 
 paid to TyiTcn had been delivered to the king by Sir Jofi- 
 ah Child, as a cuftomary prefent which former kings had 
 received ; and that the fums paid to A&on were diftributcd 
 among fome members of parliament. Firebrace being 
 examined, affirmed that he had received the whole forty 
 thoufand pounds for his own ufe and benefit ; but that 
 Bates had received fums of money, which he underftood 
 were offered to fome perfons of the firft quality. A<Ston 
 declared, that ten thoufand pounds of the fum which he 
 had received was diftributed among perfons who had in- 
 tereft with members of parliament ; and that great part of 
 the money pafied through the hands of Craggs, who was 
 acquainted with fome colonels in thehoufe, and northern 
 members. Bates owned he had received the money, in 
 confideration of ufing his intereft with the duke of Leeds, 
 in favour of the company : That this nobleman knew of 
 the gratuity ; and that the fum was reckoned by his 
 grace s domeftic, one Robart, a foreigner, who kept it in 
 bis pofleflion until this enquiry was talked of, and then it 
 was returned. In a word, it appeared by this man s tcf- 
 timony, as well as by that of Firebrace on his fecond ex 
 amination, that the duke of Leeds was not free from cor 
 ruption, and that Sir John Trevor, was a hireling prof- 
 : titute. 
 
 The report of the committee produced violent alterca 
 tion, and the moft fevere ftricturcs upon the conduct of 
 the lord president. At length the houfe refolved, that 
 there was fufficient matter to impeach Thomas duke of 
 Leeds of high crimes and mifdemeanors ; and that he 
 fhould be impeached thereupon. Then it was ordered, 
 that Mr. Comptroller Wharton fhould impeach him be 
 fore the lords, in the name of the houfe, and of all the 
 commons in England. The duke was actually in the 
 middle of a fpeech for his own juftification, in which he 
 allured the houfe, upon his honour, that he was not guilty 
 of the corruptions laid to his charge, when one of his 
 friends gave him intimation of the votes which had pafied 
 in the commons. He concluded his fpeech abruptly, and 
 repairing to the lower houfe, defired he might be indulged 
 with a hearing. He was accordingly admitted, with the 
 compliment of a chair, and leave to be covered. After 
 having fat a few minutes, he took off his hat, and addrefT-
 
 WILLIAM. 
 
 cd himfelf to the commons in very extraordinary term?. c H A P. 
 Having thanked them for the favour of indulging . . 
 
 him with a hearing, he faid that houfe would not have "/^ 
 been then fitting but for him. He protefted his own in 
 nocence with refpedt to the crime laid to his charge. He 
 complained that this was the effect of a defign which had 
 been long formed againft him. He expreffcd a deep fenfe 
 of his being under the difpleafure of the parliament and 
 nation, and demanded fpeedy juftice. They forthwith 
 drew up the articles of impeachment, which being exhi 
 bited at the bar of the upper houfe, he pleaded not guilty, 
 and the commons promifed to make good their charge; 
 but, by this time, fuch arts had been ufed, as all at once 
 checked the violence of the profecution. Such a number 
 of confiderable perfons were involved in this myftery of 
 corruption, that a full difcovcry was dreaded by both par 
 ties. The duke fent his domeftic, Robart, out of the 
 kingdom, and his abfence furniflied a pretence for poft- 
 poning the trial. In a word, the enquiry was dropped ; 
 but the fcandal ftuck faft to the duke s character. 
 
 In the midft of thefe deliberations, the king went to the 
 houfe on the 3d day of May, when he thanked the parlia 
 ment for the fupplies they had granted; fignifying his in 
 tention of going abroad ; affured them he would place the 
 adminiftration of affairs in perfons of known care and fide 
 lity ; and defired that the members of both houfes would 
 be more than ordinarily vigilant in preferring the public 
 peace. The parliament was then prorogued to the iSth 
 of June *. The king immediately appointed a regency 
 to govern the kingdom in his abfence: But neither the 
 princefs of Denmark nor her hufband were entrufted with 
 -any fhare in the adminiftration ; a circumftar.ee that evin- 
 
 * In the courfe of this fefiion, the lords had enquired into ihs particulars, 
 f the Mediterranean expedition, and presented an addrefs to the ki.ig, de 
 claring, that the fleet in thofe fsas hid conduced to the honour and advantage 
 of the nition. On the other hand, the commons, in an uddiefs, b-lbught his 
 majefty to tnke care that the kingdom might be put on equal footing and pro 
 portion with the allies, in defraying the expcnce of the war 
 
 The coin of the kingdom being greatly diminifhed and adulterated, tiie eark 
 f Rocheft*r, and Nottingham, expatiated upon this national evil in he houfe 
 at" lords; and an adl was padcd, contjining fLverer penalties againft clippers ; 
 but this produced no good effect. Thr value of money funk in the exchange 
 ro fuch a degree, that a guinea w3 reckoned adequate to thirty Shillings ; and 
 this public difgrace lowered the credit of the funds and of the government. 
 The nation was alarmed by the circulation of fictitious wealth, inftead of 
 gold and filver, fach as bank-bills, exchequer tallies, and government-fecu- 
 rities. The malcontents took this opportunity to exclaim againft the bank, 
 and ?ven attempted to fhake the credit of it in parliament; but thrir endea 
 vours proved abortive ; the monied intercft preponderated in both h.-..ks.
 
 1 9 o HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK ced the king s jealoufy, and gave offence to a great part 
 
 L of the nation f. 
 
 ^*~Y**J A feffion of parliament was deemed necefTary in Scot- 
 
 95- land, to provide new fublidies for the maintenance of the 
 
 Parhment r i , i i i i i r r 11- 
 
 of Scotland troops or that kingdom, which had been fo fervtceabie in 
 meets. the profecution of the war. But as a great outcry had 
 been raifed againft the government, on account of the maf- 
 facre of Glencoe, and the Scots were tired of contributing 
 towards the expence of a war from which they could de 
 rive no advantage, the miniftry thought proper to cajole 
 them with the promife of fome national indulgence. In 
 the mean time, a commiflion pafled the great feal, for 
 taking a precognition of the maflacre, as a previous ftep 
 to the trial of the perfons concerned in that perfidious tranf- 
 ation. On the 9th of May, the fefiion was opened by 
 the marquis of Tweedale, appointed commiflioner, who, 
 after the king s letter had been read, expatiated on his 
 majcfty s care and concern for their fafety and welfare ; 
 and his firm purpofe to maintain the Prefbyterian difci- 
 pline in the church of Scotland. Then he promifed, in 
 the king s name, that if they would pafs an acl for efta- 
 blifhing a colony in Africa, America, or any other part 
 of the world where a colony might be lawfully planted, 
 his majefty would indulge them with fuch rights and pri 
 vileges as he had granted in like cafes to thefubjetsof his 
 other dominions. Finally, he exhorted them to confider 
 ways and means to raife the neceflary fupplies for main 
 taining their land forces, and for providing a competent: 
 number of fhips of war to protect their commerce. The 
 parliament immediately voted an addrefs of condolence to 
 his majefty on the death of the queen ; and they granted 
 one hundred and twenty thoufand pounds fterling for the 
 iervices of the enfuing year, to be raifed by a general poll- 
 tax, a land-tax, and an additional excife. 
 
 Their next ftep was to defire the commiflioner would 
 tranfmit their humble thanks to the king, for his care to 
 vindicate the honour of the government and the juftice of 
 
 -J- The regency was compofed of the archbilhop of Canterbury ; Somers, 
 lord-keeper of the great feal ; the earl of Pembroke, lord privy feal ; the 
 <<uke of Devonihire, lord fteward of the houfehold ; the duke of Shrewsbury, 
 fccrstary of ftate ; the earl of Dorfet, lord chamberlain ; and the lord Go- 
 dolphin, firft commiflioner of the treafury. Sir John Trenchard dying, hi? 
 place of fecretary was filled with Sir William Trumbal, an eminent civilian, 
 learned, diligent, and virtuous, who had been envoy at Paris and Conftanti- 
 nople. William NalTau de Zuyldkin, foil of the king s natural uncle, was 
 ci tared biroi of Enneio, vifcount Xnmbridge, and earl of Rochford. 
 Ford, Lord Grey of Werk?, \v.is made vifcount Glendaic and earl of Tan-icer- 
 \ille. The month of Apvil of this \ear was diftinguifhed by the death of the 
 famous George Saville nv.rc\iis of*Hallifax, who had furvived hi a good me?.- 
 fare his talents
 
 WILLIAM. 191 
 
 the nation, in ordering a precognition to be taken with C H A P. 
 refpect to the {laughter of Glencoe. A motion was after 
 wards made, that the commiflioners fhould exhihit an ao ( 
 count of their proceedings in this affair: Accordingly a 
 report, confiding of the king s inftrudtions, Dalrymple s 
 letters, the depofitions of witnefles, and the opinion of 
 the committee, was laid before the parliament. The mo 
 tion is faid to have been privately influenced by Secretary 
 Johnfton, for the difgrace of Dalrymple, who was his ri 
 val in power and intereft. The written opinion of the 
 commiflioners, who were creatures of the court, imported, 
 that Macdonald of Glencoe had been perfidioufly murder 
 ed : That the king s intentions contained nothing to war 
 rant the maflacre , and that Secretary Dalrymple had ex 
 ceeded his orders. They refolved, that Livingfton was 
 not to blame, for having given the orders contained in his 
 letters to Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton : That this laft 
 was liable to profecution : That the king fhould be ad- 
 drefled to give orders, either for examining Major Dun- 
 canfon in Flanders, touching his concern in this affair or 
 for fending him home to be tried in Scotland ; as alfo, that 
 Campbell of Glenlyon, Captain Drummond, Lieutenant 
 Lindfay, Enfign Lundy, and Serjeant Barber, fhould be 
 fent to Scotland, and profecuted according to law, for the 
 parts they had acted in that execution. In confequence of 
 thefe refolutions, the parliament drew up an addrefs to the 
 king, in which they laid the whole blame of the maflacre 
 upon the excefs in the rafter of Stair s letters concerning 
 that tranfaclion. They begged that his majefty would 
 give fuch orders about him, as he fhould think fit for the 
 vindication of his government: That the actors in that- 
 barbarous (laughter might be profecuted by the king s ad-, 
 vocate, according to law; and that fome reparation might 
 be made to the men of Glencoe, who efcaped the mafla 
 cre, for the lofles they had fuftained in their effects upon 
 that occafion, as their habitations had been plundered and 
 burned, their lands wafted, and their cattle driven away; 
 fo that they were reduced to extreme poverty. Notwith- 
 ftanding this addrefs of the Scottifb. parliament, by which 
 the king wasfo folemnly exculpated, his memory is ftill 
 loaded with the fufpicion of having concerted, countenan 
 ced, and enforced this barbarous execution, efpecially as 
 the mafter of Stair efcaped with impunity, and the other 
 actors of the tragedy, far from being punifhed, were pre 
 ferred in the fervice. \Vhile the commiflioners were em 
 ployed in the enquiry, they made fuch difcoveries concern 
 ing the conduct of the earl of Breaualbane, as amounted 
 to a char.o;e of high- treafon, and he \va^ committed pri- 
 
 O IS - * I
 
 192 
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 1695. f 
 
 Eftablifhes 
 an African 
 and Indian 
 company. 
 
 BOOK foner to the caftle of Edinburgh ; but it feems he had dif- 
 fembled with the Highlanders, by the king s permiflion, 
 and now {heltered himfelf under the fhadow of a royal 
 pardon. 
 
 The committee of trade, in purfuance of the powers 
 granted by the king to his commifiioner, prepared an adt 
 for cftablifhing a company trading to Africa and the In 
 dies, empowering them to plant colonies, hold cities, 
 towns, or forts, in places uninhabited, or in others, with 
 the confent of the natives ; vefting them with an cxclufivc 
 right, and an exemption for one-and-twenty years from 
 all duties or impofitions. This aft was likewife confirm 
 ed by letters patent under the great feal direfted by the 
 ?arliament, without any further warrant from the crown, 
 aterfon, the projeftor, had contrived the fcheme of 
 a fettlement upon the ifthmus of Darien, in fuch 
 a manner as to carry on a trade in the South Sea, as well 
 as in the Atlantic ; nay, even to extend it as far as the 
 Eaft-Indies. A great number of London merchants, al 
 lured by the profpeft ofjjain, were eager to engage in 
 fuch a company, exempted from all manner of impofition 
 and reftriftion. The Scottifh parliament likewife patted an 
 aft in favour of the Epifcopal clergy, decreeing, that thofe 
 who fhould enter into fuch engagements to the king as 
 were by law required, might continue in their benefice^ 
 under his majefty s protection, without being fubjeft to 
 the power of Prefbytery. Seventy of the moft noted mi- 
 nifters of that perfuafion took the benefit of this indul 
 gence. Another law was enafted, for raifing nine thou- 
 fand men yearly, to recruit the Scottifh regiments abroad, 
 and an aft for erefting a public bank: Then the parlia 
 ment was adjourned to the yth day of November. 
 
 Ireland began to be infefted with the fame fafticns 
 which had broke out in England fince the Revolution. 
 Lord Capel, the lord-deputy, governed in a very par 
 tial manner, oppreffing the Irifh Papifts, without any re 
 gard to equity or decorum. He undertook to model a 
 parliament in fuch a manner, that they fheuld comply with 
 all the demands of the miniftry ; and he fucceeded in his 
 endeavours, by making fuch arbitrary changes in offices 
 as beft fuited his purpofe. Thefe precautions being taken,, 
 he convoked a parliament for the 2yth day of A.uguft, 
 when he open;*! the feflion with a fpeech, expatiating upon 
 their obligations to King William, and exhorting them to 
 make fuitable returns to fuch a gracious fovereign. He 
 obferved, that the revenue had fallen fhort of the eftablifh- 
 ment : fo that both the civil and military lifts were great 
 ly in debt : That his majefty had fer.t over a bill for a;; 
 additional excife, and expeft?d they would find ways an<i
 
 WILLIAM. 193 
 
 means to anfwsr the demands of the fervice. They forth- CHAP. 
 with voted an addrefs of thanks, and refolded to aififl his V. 
 iwjefty to the utmoft of their power, againrf all his ene- 
 mies foreign rmd domeilic. They pafted the bill for an ad- l 
 ditional excif:, together with an act for taking away the 
 writs. " de hcretico c omburendo ;" another annulling all 
 attainders and acts paflVd in the late pretended parliament 
 of King James ; a third to prevent foreign education ; the 
 fourth for difirming Papifts; and a fifth for fettling the 
 cftates of inteftates. Then they refolved, th.it a fum not 
 exceeding one hundred and fixtv-three thoufand three hun 
 dred and twenty-five pounds fhould be granted to his ma- 
 jefty, to be raif.-d by a poll-b ll, additional cuftoms, and 
 a continuation of the additional excife. Sir CharLs Por 
 ter, the chancellor, finding his importance diminiihed if 
 not entirely deftroyd, by the afTuming difpoiition and pow 
 er of the lord deputy, began to court popularity, by efpouf- 
 ing the caufeofthe Irifh againft the f verity of th .-admini- 
 ftratijn ; and actually formed a kind of Tory intereft, 
 which thwarted lord C ipel in all his meafures. A motion 
 was made in parliament to impeach the chancellor, for 
 fowing difcord and divifion among his maj efty s fubjeits ; 
 but being indulged with a hearing by the houfe of com 
 mons, he j uftified himfelffo much to their fatisfaclion, that 
 h- was voted clear of all imputation, by a gre.it majority. 
 Neverthelefs they, at the end of the fcffion, fent over an 
 addrefs, in which they bore teftimony to the mild and juft 
 ad:niniftration of the r lord-deputy. 
 
 King William having taken fuch fteps as were deemed Kin 
 necefTary for preferving the per.ce of England in his ab- ^ t m fo f f t h e 
 fence, croffed the fea to Holland in the middle of M,.y, ful- Couknent, 
 ly determined to make fome great effort in the Netherlands, 
 that might aggrandife his military character, and humble 
 the power of France, which was already in the decline. 
 That kingdom was actually exhaufted in fuch a manner, 
 that the haughty Louis found himfelf obliged to ftand upon 
 the defensive againft enemies over whom he had i- >een ufed 
 to triumph with uninteriupted fuccefs. He heard the cla 
 mours of his people, which he could not quiet; he faw his 
 advances to peace rejected ; and, to crown his misfortunes^ 
 he fuftained an irreparable lofs in the dearh of Francis de 
 Montmorency, duke of Luxembourg, to whofe military ta 
 lents he owed the greateft part of his glory and fuccefs. 
 That great ofEcer died in January at Verdilles, in the fi,%v 
 ty-feventh year of his age ; and Louis lamented his death 
 the more deeply, as he had not another general left, in whofe 
 underftanding he could confide. The condudl of the army 
 in Flanders was entrufted to Marefchal Villcroy; 
 
 VoL. I 2 B
 
 194 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK Jers commanded a feparate army, though fubjedl to the o- 
 , . ther s orders. As the French king took it for granted, 
 
 ^Jf that the confederates would have a fuperiority of numbers 
 in the field, and was well acquainted v/ith the enterprifmg 
 genius of their chief, he ordered a new line to be drawn 
 betv/een the Lys and the Scheldt: Hs caufed a difpofition to 
 be made for covering Dunkirk, Ypres, Tournay, and Na 
 mur; and laid injunctions on his general to act folely on 
 the defenfive. Mean while, the confederates formed two 
 armies in the Netherlands. The firft confifting of feventy 
 battalions of infantry, and eighty-two fquadrons of horfe 
 and dragoons, chiefly Er.glifh and Scots, encamped at 
 Aerfeele, Caneghem, and Wouterhem, between ThielJ 
 and Deynfe, to be commanded by the king in perfon, afift- 
 cd by the old Prince of Vaudemont. The other army, 
 compofed of fixteen battalions of foot, and one hundred and 
 thirty iquadrons of horfe, encamped at Zellich and Hamme, 
 on the road from BrufTels to Dendermonde, under the com 
 mand of the Elector of Bavaria, feconded by the duke of 
 Holftein-Ploen. Major-General Ellemberg was ported 
 .near Dixmuyde with twenty battalions and ten fquadrons ; 
 and another body of Brandenburgh and Dutch troops with 
 a reinforcement from Liege, lay encamped on the Mehaignc, 
 under the conduct of the Baron de Heyden, lieutenant-ge 
 neral of Brandenburgh, and the Count de Barlo, general 
 of the Liege cavalry. King William arrived in the camp 
 on the fifth day of July, and remained eight days at Aer 
 feele. Then he marched to Bekelar, while Villeroy retired 
 behind his lines between Menin, and Ypres, after having 
 detached ten tdoufand men to reinforce BoufHers, who had 
 advanced to Pont d Efpieres : But he too retreating with 
 in his lines, the elector of Bavaria paffed the Scheldt, and 
 took port at Kirkhoven : At the fame time the body under 
 Heyden advanced towards Namur. 
 
 laveft Xhe king of England, having by his motion drawn the 
 
 forces of the enemy on the fide of Flanders, directed the 
 Baron de Heyden and the earl of Athlone, who commanded 
 forty fquadrons from the camp of the ekctor of Bavaria, to 
 invert Namur; and this fervice was performed on the third 
 day of July: But, as the place was not entirely furrounded, 
 Marefchal BoufHers threw himfelf into it, with fuch a re 
 inforcement of dragoons as augmented the garrifon to the 
 number of fifteen thoufand chofen men. Kins; William 
 and the elector brought up the reft of the forces, which en 
 camped on both fides of the Sambre and the Maefe ; and the 
 lines of circumv?.llation were begun on the fixth day July, 
 under the direction of the celebrated engineer, General 
 Coehorn. The place .\v-n.s formerly veryftrong, both by
 
 WILLIAM i 
 
 fitmtion and art ; but the French, fince its Lift rcdu&ion ; c H \ 
 had made fuch additional works, that both the town and ci- v. 
 tadel feemed impregnable. Confidering the number of the ^--y- 
 garrifon, and the quality of the troops, commanded by a 1695. 
 marefchal of France, diftinguifhed by his valour and con 
 duct, the enterprife was deemed an undeniable proof of 
 William s temerity. On the eleventh, the trenches were 
 opened, and next day, the batteries beo-an to play with in 
 credible fury. The king received intilligence of the mo 
 tion made by a body of French troops, with a view to in 
 tercept the convoys, detached twenty fquadrons of hoj-f e 
 and dragoons to obferve the enemy. 
 
 Prince Vaudemont, who was left at Rofelaer with fifty 
 battalions, and the like number of fquadrons, underftand- 
 ing that Villeroy had paffecl the Lys, in order to attack 
 him, took poft with his left near Grammen, his right by 
 Aerfeele and Caneghem, and began to fortify his camp, 
 with a view to expe6l the enemy. T heir vanguard appear 
 ing on the evening of the thirteenth at Dentreghem, he 
 changed the difpofition of his camp, and entrenched himdrlf 
 on both fides. Next day, however, perceiving Viileroy s 
 defign w.is to furrouad him, by means of another body of 
 troops commanded by M. Montal, who had already pa/Ted 
 the Thieldt for that purpofe, he refolved to avoid an en 
 gagement, and effected a retreat to Ghent, which is cele 
 brated as one of the moft capital efforts of military conduit. 
 He forthwith detached twelve battalions and twelve pieces 
 of cannon, to fecure Newport, which Villeroy had intended 
 to inveft: But that general now changed his refolution, and 
 undertook the fiege of Dixmuyde, garrifoned by eight bat 
 talions of foot, and a regiment of dragoons, commanded 
 by A/[ajor-general Ellembei^, who, in lix-and-thirty hours 
 after the trenches were opened, furrendered himfelf and his 
 foldiers prifoners of war. This fcandalous example was 
 followed by Colonel Ofarrel, who yielded up Deynfe on 
 the fame fhameful conditions even before a battery was 
 opened by the befiegers. In the fequel, ihev were both tri 
 ed for their mi (behaviour : Ellemberg differed death, and 
 Ofarrel was broke with infamy. The Prince of Vaude 
 mont fcnt a meflage to the French general, demanding the 
 garrifons oft hofe two places, according to a cartel which had 
 been fettled between the powers at war; but no regard was 
 paid to this remonflrance. Villeroy, after feveral marches 
 and countermarches, appeared before BruiTels, on the thir 
 teenth day Auguft, and fent a letter to the Prince of Berg- 
 hem, governor of that city, importing that the king his ma- 
 ftcr had ordered him to bombard the town, by way of mak 
 ing reprifals for the damage done by the Engliih fleet to the
 
 196 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK maritime towns of France : He likewife defired to know in 
 what part the elect; .fs of Bavaria rcfided, that he might 
 not fire into the quarter. After this declaration, which was 
 - m more than an unmeaning compliment, he began to bom 
 bard and cannonade the pLce with red hot bullets, which 
 produced conflagrations in many different parts of the 
 city, and frightened the ele&refs into a mifcarriags. On the 
 fifteenth, the French difcontinued their firing, and retired 
 to Enghein. 
 of During thefe tranfacT:ions, the fiejje of Namur was 
 
 the uegc. prof-cuted with great ardour, under the eye of the king 
 of England ; while the garrifon defended the place with 
 equal fpirit and perfev?rance. On the eighteenth day of 
 July, M. jor-general Ran, fay and Lord Cutts, at the 
 head of five battalions, Englifh, Scots, and Dutch, at 
 tacked the enemy s advanced work?, on the right of the 
 counterfcarp. They were fuftained by fix Engliih batta 
 lions, commanded by Brigadier-general t itzpatrick j 
 while eight foreign regiments, with nine thoufand pio 
 neers, advanced on the left, under Major-general Salifh. 
 The aflault was defperate and bloody, the emMV.y main 
 taining their ground for two hours with undaunted cour 
 age; but at laft, they were obliged to give way, and 
 were purfued to the very gates of the town, though not 
 before they had killed or wounded twelve hundred men of 
 the confederate army. The king was fc well pleafed with 
 the behaviour of the Britifh troops, that during the ac 
 tion he laid his hand upon the (houlder of the elector of 
 Bavaria, .and exclaimed with emotion, u See my brave 
 Engliih ! J> On the twenty-f;venth, the Emtlifli and 
 Scots, under Ramfay and Hamilton, aflaulted the coun 
 terfcarp, where they met with prodigious oppofition from 
 the fir-; of the befiegcd. Neverthclei?, being fuftained by 
 the Dutch, they n^ck a lodgment on the foremoft co 
 vered way before the gate of St. Nicholas, ?s alfo upon 
 part ef the counterwuaid. The vaJour of the afiailants on 
 this occalion was altogether unprecedented, and almoft 
 inci;d^ble; \vfiilj, on the other hand, the courage of the 
 befieged was * worthy pfpraife and admiration. Several 
 perfons wjtfc. killed in the trench, s at the fide of the king, 
 and t an ong t thefe Mr. Godfrey, deputy-governor of the 
 Bank of Eriglahd, who had come to the carrp, to coiifer 
 with his majefty about remitting n : onry for the payment 
 of the army. On the thirtieth day of July, the elector of 
 Bavaria attacked Vauban s line that furrounded the works 
 of the -cattle. General Coehorn was prefent in this ac 
 tion, whi-ch was performed with equal valour and fucctfs. 
 1 hey not only broke through the line, but even took
 
 WILLIAM. 197 
 
 poflelTion of Coehorn s fort, in which, however they, CHAP. 
 found it impoffible to efFeft a lodgment. On the fecond ,^ 
 day of Auguft, Lord Cutts, with four hundred Engiifh V -"Y* 
 and Dutch grenadier?, attacked the failiant-angle of 
 a demi-baftion, and lodged himiUf on the fjcond counter- 
 icarp. The breaches being now practicable, and prepa 
 rations made for a general aflauli, Count Guifcard, the 
 governor, capitulated for the town on the fourth of An- 
 
 gull; and the French retired into the citadel, againft reti 
 which twelve batteries pi lyed, upon the thirteenth. The t he citadel. 
 trenches, mean while, were carried on with great expedi 
 tion, notwithftanding all the efforts of the befieged, who 
 fired without ceafms;, and exerted amazing diligence and 
 intrepidity in defending and repairing the damage thry 
 fuftained. At length, the annoyance bjcame fo dreadful 
 ffo n ihe uatntermitting ftiowers of bombs and red hot 
 bullets, that Bourllers, after having made divers furious 
 fallies, formed a fcheme for breaking through the confe 
 derate camp with his cavalry. This, however, was pre 
 vented by the extreme vigilance of King William. 
 
 After the bombardment of Bruffels, Villeroy being Vi leroy at - 
 reinforced with all the troops that could be drafted from te.r.p.s i 
 garrifons, advanced towards Namur, with an army of j^ e i;> 
 ninety thoufind men ; and Prince Vaudemont being join 
 ed by the prince of HefTe, with a lirong body of forces 
 from the Rhine, took polTefllon of the ftrong camp at 
 Mafy, v/ithin five English miles of the befjeging army. 
 The kin?, undei Handing that the enemy had reached 
 Fleurus, where th y difcharged ninety pieces of qannon, 
 as a fignal to inform the garrifon of their approach, left 
 the conduct of the fiege to the elector of Bavaria, and 
 took upon himfelf the command of the covering army, in 
 order to oppofe Villeroy, who being further reinforced by 
 a detachment from Germany, declared, that he would 
 hazard a battle for the relief of Namur. But,* when he 
 viewed the pofture of the allies near Mafy, he changed 
 his refolution, and retired in the night without noife. On 
 the 3_>th day of Auguft, the befieged were fummonsd to 
 furrender, by Count Horn, who, in a parley with the 
 count de Larnont, general of the French infuntr.y, gave 
 him to underftand, that Marefchal Villeroy had retired 
 towards the Mehaigne ; fo that the ga-rifon could not ex- 
 peel to be relieved. No immediate anfwer being returned 
 to this meflage, the parley was broke off, and the king 
 refolved to proceed without delay to a general aiTault, 
 which he had already planned with the elector and his o- 
 ther generals. Between one and two in the afternoon, 
 Lord Cults, who deiired the command, though it was
 
 198 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 K O O K p.ot his turn of duty, ruflied out of the trenches of the fe- 
 cond line, at the head of three hundred grenadiers, to 
 
 V -* P V V - make a lodgment in the breach of Terra-nova, fuoport- 
 55- cd by the regiments of Coulthorp, Buchan, Hamilton, 
 and M.Tckay; while Colonel Marfelly, with a body of 
 Dutch, the Bavarian?, and Brandenburghers, attacked at 
 two other places. The aiTail-ints met with fuch a warm 
 reception, that the Englifh grenadiers were repulfed, e- 
 ven after they had mounted the breach, Lord Cutts being 
 for Tome time difabled by a {hot in the head. Marfclly 
 was defeated, taken, and afterward? killed by a cannon 
 l>all from the batteries of the befieger?. The Bavarians, 
 by miftaking their way, were expofcd to a terrible fire, 
 by which their general, Count Rivera, and a great num-, 
 lu-r of their officers were {lain : Nevertheless, they fixed 
 themfelves on the outward entrenchment, on the point of 
 the Coehorn next to the Sambrc, and maintained their 
 ground with amazing fortitude. Lord Cutts, when his 
 wound was drefled, returned to the fcene of action, and 
 ordered two hundred chofen men of Mackay s regiment, 
 commanded by Lieutenant Cockle, to attack the face of 
 the faillar.t-angb next to the breach, fword in hand, 
 while the enfigns of the fame regiment fhould advance:, 
 and plant their colours on the pallifadocf. Cockle and 
 his detachment executed the command he had received 
 with admirable intrepidity. They broke through the pal- 
 lifadoes, drove the French from the covered-way, made 
 a lodgment in one of the batteries, and turned the can- 
 ron naainft the enemy. The Bavarians being thus fuf- 
 tained, made their poft good. The Major-generals La 
 Cave and Schwerin lodged themfelves at the fame*tffne 
 on the covered-way ; and though the general aflault did 
 not fucceed in its full extent, the confederates remained 
 rcafters of a very considerable lodgment, nearly an Eng- 
 lifii mile* in length. Yet this was dearly purchafcd with 
 the lives of two thoufand men, including many officers of 
 great rank and reputation. During the action, the elec 
 tor of Bavaria fignalized his courage in a very remarka 
 ble manner, ridiria; from place to place through the hot- 
 ttft of the fire, giving his directions with notable pre- 
 fence of mind, according to the emergency c. circum- 
 iiances, animating the officers with praifc and promife of 
 preferment, and clifliibuting hancfuls of gold among the 
 private foldiers. 
 
 On the firtt day of September, the befieged having ob 
 tained a cerTationof arms, that their dead might be buried, 
 the Count de Guifcard appearing on the breach, defired to 
 {peak .with the elector of Bavaria. Kis highnefs immcdi-
 
 W I L L I A M. J99 
 
 ately mounting the breach, the French governor offered to C H A P. 
 furrender the fort of Coehorn ; but was given to understand, v - 
 that if he intended to capitulate, he muft treat for the whole. 
 This reply being communicated to BoufHers, he agreed to 
 the propofal ; The cefTation was prolonged, and that very 
 evening the capitulation was finifhed. Villeroy, who lay 
 encameped at Gemblouis, was no fooner apprifed of this 
 event, by a triple difcharge of all the artillery, and a run* 
 ning fire along the lines of the confederate army, than he 
 pafied the Sambre near Charleroy, with great precipitation; 
 and having reinforced the garrifon of Dinant, retreated to 
 wards the lines in the neighbourhood of Mons. On the 5th The French 
 day of September, the French garrifon, which was now pi:uiai,e, 
 reduced from fifteen to five thoufand five hundred men, 
 evacuated the citadel of Namur. BoufHers, in marching 
 out, was arrefted in the name of his Britannic majefty, by 
 way of reprifal for thegarrifons of Dixmuyde and Deynfe, 
 which the French king had detained, contrary to the cartel 
 fubfifting between the two nations. The marefchal was 
 not a little difcompofed at this unexpected incident, and ex- 
 poftulated warmly with Mr. Dyckvelt, who allured him the 
 king of Great Britain entertained a profound refpec~t for 
 his perfonand character. William even offered to fet liinv 
 at liberty, provided he would pafs his word, that the gar- 
 rifons of Dixmuyde and Deynfe fhould be fent back, or that 
 hehimfelf would return in a fortnight. He laid, that he 
 could not enter into any fuch engagement, as he did not 
 know his mailer s reafons for detaining the garrifons in 
 queftion. He was, therefore, reconveyed to Namur; from 
 thence removed to Maefti icht, and treated with great rever 
 ence and refpect, till the return of an officer whom he had 
 difpatched to Verfailles with an account of his captivity. 
 Then he engaged his word, that the garrifons of Dixmuyde 
 and Deynfe ihould be fent back to the allied army. He was 
 immediately releafed, and conducted in fafety to Dinant. 
 When he repaired to Verfailles, Louis received him with 
 very extraordinary marks of eiteem and affecV.on. H? 
 embraced him in public with the warmeft expreffions of 
 regard ; declared himfelf perfectly well fatisfted with his con- 
 duel; created him a duke and peer of France; and prefented 
 him with a very large furn, in acknowledgment of his fig;- 
 rial fcrvice?. 
 
 After the reduction of "Namur, which greatly enhanced 
 the military character of King William, he retired to his 
 houle at Loo, which was his favourite ph>ce of refidence, 
 leaving the command to th.; elector of Bavaria; and about 
 the latter end of September both armies began to frparate. 
 Th? French forces retried within th^tr linss. A o:;i
 
 200 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, number of the allied troops were diftributed in different 
 gar.ifon?; and aftrong detachment marched towards New- 
 V -*"Y" port, undjr th-i command of the prince of Wi.tembeig, for 
 IV in a* o ^ e f- cur i t } r fthat place. Thus ended the campaign in 
 pciaaoaoiu the Netherlands. On the Rhine nothing of moment was 
 c^rma/iy, attempted by either am y. The Marefchal dc Lorges, 
 in the beginning of June, p^ff-d the Rhine at Philipfburgh; 
 and polling hi.nfjf at B ruckfJ, fent out parties to ravage 
 the country, On the Iith of the f me mon:h, the Prince 
 of Baden joined the German army at Steppach, and on the 
 8th of July w.cS reinforced by the troops of the other Ger~ 
 man confederate?, in the neighbourhood of Wifelock. On 
 the IQ .h, the French retired without noife, rn the night, 
 towards Manheim, where they repafled the river, without 
 any interruption from the Imperial general: Then he fent 
 off a large detachment to Flanders. The fame ftep was 
 taken by the prince of Baden ; and each army l*y inactive 
 in their quarters for the remaining part of the campaign. 
 The command of the Germans in Hungary was conferred 
 upon the elector of Saxony : But the court of Vienna was 
 fo dilatory in their preparations, that he was not in a condi 
 tion to act till the middle of Auguft. Lord Paget had been 
 fent ambaffador from England to the Ottoman Porte, with 
 inftruction? relating to a pacification : But, before he could 
 obtain an audience, the fultan died, and was fucceeded by 
 his nephew, Muftapha, who refolved to profecute the war 
 in perfon. The warlike genius of this new emperor afford 
 ed but an uncomfortable profpect to his people, confidering 
 that Peter, the czar of Mufcovy, had taken the opportunity 
 of the war in Hungary, to invade the Crimea, and behege 
 Azoph: So that the Tartars were too much employed at 
 home to fpare the fuccours which the fultan demanded. Ne- 
 verthel: ft, Muftapha and his vifir took the field before the 
 Imperialifts could commence the operations of the campaign, 
 paffed the Danube, took Lippa and Titul by affault, flormed 
 the camp of General Veterani, who was ported at Lugos 
 with feven thoufand men, and who loft his life in the action. 
 The infantry were cut to pieces, after having made a dcf- 
 perate defence : But the horfe retreated to Ca o"uf;bcs, under 
 the conduct of General Trufchc?. The Turks, after this 
 exploit, retired to Orfovva. Their navy, mean while, fur- 
 prifed the Venetian fleet at Scio, where feveral fhips of the 
 republic were deftroyed, and they recovered that ifhnd, 
 which the Venetians thought proper to abandon: But, in 
 order to balance this misfortune, thefe laft obtained a com 
 plete victory over the bafhaw of Ncgupon. in the Morea. 
 The French king ftil! maintained a fecret negociation 
 with the duke of Savoy, whofe .conduct had been for
 
 W I L L I A M. 201 
 
 > 
 
 fome time mytlerious and equivocal. Contrary to the CHAP 
 opinion of his allies, he undertook: the fi^ge of Cafal, v - 
 which was counted one of the ftrono^fl: fortifications in 
 Europe, defended by a numerous garrilon, abundantly fup- 
 plied with ammunition and provision. The fiege was be 
 gun about the middle of May ; and, the place was furren- 
 dered by capitulation in about fourteen dav?, to the afto- 
 nifhment of the confederates, who did not know that this 
 was a facrifice by which the French court obtained the 
 duke s forbearance during the remaining part of the cam 
 paign. The capitulation imported, That the place fhould 
 be reflored to the duke of M intua, who was the rightful 
 proprietor : That the fortifications flioulJ be dcmolifhed 
 at the expence of the allies: That the garrifon ihould re 
 main in the fort till that work (hould be completed : And 
 hoftages were exchanged for the performance of thefe 
 conditions. The duke underftood the art of procraftina- 
 tion fo well, that September was far advanced before the 
 place was wholly dismantled; and then he was feized with 
 an ague, which obliged him to quit the army. 
 
 In Catalonia the French could hardly maintain the 
 footing they had gained. Admiral Ruflel, who wintered 
 at Cadiz, was created admiral, chief commander, and cap 
 tain-general of all his majefry s fhips employed, or to be 
 employed in the Narrow-Seas, and in the Mediterranean. 
 He was reinforced by four thoufand five hundred foldiers, 
 under the command of Brigadier-general Stewart; and 
 fever, thoufand men, Imperialifts as well as Spaniardsj 
 were drafted from Italy, for the defence of Catalonia. 
 Thefs forces were tranfported to Barcelona, under the 
 convoy of Admiral Nevil, detached by Ru/Tel for that 
 purpofe. The affairs of Catalonia had already changed 
 their afpecl. Several French parties had been defeated. 
 The Spaniards had blocked up Oftalric and Cafbl-Follit : 
 Noailles had been recalled, and the command devolved to 
 the duke da Nendome, who no fjoner underilood that the 
 forces from Italy were landed, than he dif-mntled Oftal- 
 ric and Caftel-Follit, and retired to P-damos. The vi 
 ceroy of Catalonia, and the Englifh admiral having re- 
 falved to give battle to the enemy, and reduce Palamos, 
 the Engiifli troops were landed on the gth dav of Auguil, 
 a::d the allied army advanced to Palamos. The French 
 appeared in order of battle: But the viceroy declined an 
 engagement. Far from attacking the enemy, he withdrew 
 his forces, and the town was bombarcfed by the admiral. 
 The mifcarriage of thir, expedition was in a great mea- 
 furc owing to a mifunderftanding between RuflTel and the 
 court ci : Spain. The admiral complained that his Ca- 
 
 VQL. I. 2 C
 
 202 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 BOOK thoiic majefty had made no preparations for the campaign: 
 That he had neglected to fulfil his engagements with re- 
 V "*"Y" V ^ fpe6r. to the Spanifh fquadron, which ought to have joined 
 J6 ?5- the fleets of England and Holland: That he had taken no 
 care to provide tents and proviiion for the Britifh forces. 
 On the ayth day of Auguft he failed for the coaft of Pro 
 vence, where his fleet was endangered by a terrible tem- 
 peft : Then he fleered down the Straits, and towards the 
 latter end of September arrived in the bay of Cadiz. 
 There he left a number of {hips under the command of 
 Sir David Mitchel, until he fhould be joined by Sir 
 George Rooke, who was expected from England, 
 and returned home with the reft of the combined 
 fquadrons. 
 
 A Britifh While Admiral RufTcl afierted the Britifti dominion in 
 
 thecMfa t ^ le Mediterranean, the French coafts were again infulted 
 of France. m tne channel by a feparate fleet, under the command of 
 Lord Berkley of Straton, affifted by the Dutch Admiral 
 Allemonde. On the 4th day of July they anchored before 
 St. Maloes, which they bombarded from nine ketches co 
 vered by fome frigates, which fuftained more damage than 
 was done to the enemy. On the 6th, Granville under 
 went the fame fate ; and then the fleet returned to Portf- 
 mouth. The bomb-veflels being refitted the fleet failed 
 round to the Downs, where four hundred foldiers were 
 embarked for an attempt upon Dunkirk, under the di 
 rection of Meefters, the famous Dutch engineer, who had 
 prepared his Internals, and other machines for the fervice. 
 On the ift day of Auguft the experiment was tried with 
 out fuccefs. The bombs did fome execution : But tw@ 
 frEoak fhips mifcarried. The French had fecured the 
 Riflvink and wooden forts, with piles, bombs, chains, and 
 floating batteries, in fuch a manner, that the machine- 
 vefTels could not approach near enough to produce any 
 efFecl. Befidcs, the councils of the afl ailants were dif- 
 tracled by violent animofities. The Englifh officers hated 
 Mcefters, becaufe he was a Dutchman, and had acquired 
 fome credit with the king : He, on the other hand, treated 
 them with difrefpect. He retired with his machines in the 
 night, and refufed to co-operate with Lord Berkley in his 
 deiign upon Calais, which was now put in execution. 
 On the 1 6th he brought his batteries to bear upon this 
 place, and fet fire to it in different quarters : But the ene 
 my had taken fuch precautions as rendered his fcheme 
 abortive. 
 
 wilmot s A fquadron had been fent to the Weft-Indies under 
 JjSSJ? th ; e J oint command of Captain Robert Wilmot and 
 to the Weft- Colonel Lilingfton, with twelve hundred land-force?. 
 
 Indies.
 
 WILLIAM. 20 
 
 They had instructions to co-operate with the Spaniards in C H A i\ 
 Hifpaniola, againft the French fettlements on that ifland, v - 
 and to deftroy their fisheries on the banks of Newfound- ^"Y^ 
 Jand, in their return. They were accordingly joined by l6 95- 
 feventeen hundred Spaniards raifed by the president of St. 
 Domingo: But, inftead of proceeding againft Petit-Gua- 
 vas, according to the directions they had received, Wilmot 
 took pofTeffion of Fort Francois, and plundered the coun 
 try for his own private advantage, notwithftanding the 
 remonftrances of Lilingfton, who protefted againft his 
 conduit. In a word, the fea and land-officers lived in a 
 ftate of perpetual difTenfion ; and both became extremely 
 difagreeable to the Spaniards, who foon renounced all con 
 nexion with them and their defigns. In the beginning of 
 September the commodore fet fail for England, and loft 
 one of his fhip5 in the gulf of Florida. He himfelf died 
 in the paffage; and the greater part of the men being 
 fwept off by an epidemical diftemper, the fquadron re . 
 turned to Britain in a moft miferable condition. Not 
 withstanding the great efforts the nation had made to 
 maintain fuch a number of different fquadrons for the pro 
 tection of commerce, as well as to annoy the enemy, the 
 trade fufFered feverely from the French privateers, which 
 Avarmed in both channels, and made prize of many rich 
 veflels. The marquis of Caermarthen, being ftationed 
 with a fquadron off the Scilly Iflands, miftook a fleet of 
 merchant fhips for the Breft fleet, and retired with pre 
 cipitation to Milford-Haven. In confequence of this re 
 treat, the privateers took a good number of {hips from 
 Barbadoes, and five from the Eaft Indies, valued at a mil 
 lion fterling. The merchants renewed their clamour 
 againft the commiffioners of the admiralty, who produced 
 their orders and inftructions in their own defence. The 
 marquis of Caermarthen had been guilty of flagrant mif- 
 conduct on this occafion : But, the chief fource of thofe 
 national calamities was the circumftnntial intelligence tranf- 
 mitted to France from time to time, by the malcontents of 
 England; for they were actuated by a fpahdalous prin 
 ciple, which they ftill retain, namely, that of rejoicing in 
 the diftrefs of their country. 
 
 King William, after having conferred with the ftates of The king 
 Holland, and the elector of Brandenburgh, who met hi:;i r ^uiMto 
 at the Hague, embarked for England on the igth day of En s land - 
 October, and arrived in fafety at Margate, from whence 
 he proceeded to London, where he was received ?.s a con 
 queror, amidft the rejoicings and acclamations of the 
 people. On the fame day he lummoned a council at Iven- 
 lington, in which it was determined to convoke a new
 
 204 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK parliament. While the nation was in good humour, it 
 was fuppofed that they would return fuch members only as 
 
 """"Y"**^ were w^ll affected to the government ; whereas, the pre- 
 * 55- fent parliament might proceed in its enquiries into cor 
 ruption and other grievances, and be the k fs influenced 
 by the crown, as their dependence ^as of fuch fhort du 
 ration. The parliament was, therefore, difJolved by pro 
 clamation, and a new one fummoned to meet at Weft- 
 minfter on the 22d day of November. While the whole 
 nation was occupied in the elections, William, by the ad 
 vice of his chief confidents, laid his own difpofition under 
 reftraint, in another effort to acquire popularity. He ho 
 noured the divcrilons of Newmarket with his prefence, 
 and there received a compliment of congratulation from 
 the univerfity of Cambridge. Then he vifited the earls 
 of Sunderland, Northampton, and Montague, at their 
 different houfes in the couatry; and proceeded with a 
 iplendid retinue to Lincoln, from whence he repaired to 
 Welbeck, a feat belonging to the duke of Newcoflle in 
 Nottinghamfhi e, where he was attended by Dr. Sharp, 
 archbifhop of York, and his clergy. He lodged one night 
 with Lord Brooke, at Warwick-caftle, dined with the 
 duke of Shrewfbury at Eyefort, and, by the way of Wood- 
 itock, made a folemu entry into Oxford, having been 
 met at fome diltance from the city by the duke of Ormond, 
 as chancellor of the univerfity, the vice-chancellor, the 
 doctors in their habits, and the magiftrates in their for 
 malities. He proceeded directly to the theatre, where he 
 was welcomed in an elegant Latin fpeech: He received 
 from the chancellor on his knees, the ufual prefents of a 
 large Engliih bible, and book of common prayer, the cuts 
 of the univerfity, and a pair of gold fringe gloves. The 
 conduits ran with wine, and a magnificent banquet was 
 prepared; Bu^, an anonymous letter being found in the 
 itreet, importing, thr.t there was a defign to poifon his ma- 
 jeity, William refund to eat or drink in Oxford, and re 
 tired immediately to Windfor. Notwithstanding this 
 abrupt departure, which did not favour much of magna 
 nimity, the univerfity chole Sir William Trumbal, fe- 
 cretary of ft ate, as one Oi* their representatives in par 
 liament. 
 
 The Whig intereR generally prevailed in the elections, 
 though many even of that party were malcontents ; and 
 when the parliament met, Foley was again cholen fpeaker 
 of the commons. The king, in his firil fpeech, extolled 
 the valour of tiu Englifh forces ; exprefTed his concern at 
 being obliged to demand fuch large fupplies from his peo 
 ple ; obfervcd, that the funds had proved very deficient.
 
 W I L L I A M. 205 
 
 and the civil lift was in a precarious condition ; recom- CHAP, 
 mended to their companion the mifcrable fituation of the ,T_, 
 French 1 rotefhnts : Took notice of the bad ftate of the ^"Y^ 
 coin ; defired they would form a good bill for the encou 
 ragement and increafe of feamen ; and contrive laws for 
 the advancement of commerce. He mentioned the great 
 preparations which the French were making for taking 
 the field early ; intreated them to ufe difpatch ; sxprefTed 
 his fatisfaction at the choice which his people had made 
 of their representatives in the houfe of commons; and ex 
 horted them to proceed with temper and unanimity. 
 Though the two houfcs prefented addreffes of congratula 
 tion to the king, upon his late fuccefs, and promifed to af- 
 fift him in profc-cuting the war with vigour, the nation 
 loudly exclaimed againft the intolerable burthens and lof- 
 fes to which they were fubj cted, by a foreign fchems of 
 politics, which, like an unfathomable abyfs, (wallowed up 
 the wealth and blood of the kingdom. All the king s en 
 deavours to cover the difgufting fide of his character had 
 proved ineffectual : He was ftill dry, referved, and forbid 
 ding; and the malcontents inveighed bitterly againft his 
 behaviour to the Princefs Anne of Denmark. When the 
 news of Namur s being reduced arrived in England, this 
 lady congratulated him upon his fuccefs in a dutiful letter, 
 to which he would not deign to fend a reply, either by 
 writing or mtflage ; nor had fhe or her hufband been fa 
 voured with the flightefr. mark of regard fmce his return 
 to England. The members in the lower houfe, who had 
 adopted oppofing maxims, either from principle or refent- 
 ment, refolved, That the crown fhould purchafe the fup- 
 plies with ibme conceflion in favour of the people. They 
 therefore, brought in the fo long contefted bill for reo- u - 
 lating trials in cafes of high treafon, and mifprifion of trea 
 fon; and, conlidering the critical juncture of affairs, the 
 courtiers were afraid of obfr.ruCr.ing fuch a popular mea- 
 iiire. The lords inferted a cLuie, enacting, That a peer 
 fhould be tried by the whole peerage ; and the commons 
 at once afll-nted to this amendment. The bill provided, 
 That perfons indicted for high treafon, or mifprifion of 
 treafon, fhould be furnilhed with a copy of the indictment 
 five days before the trial ; and indulged with counfel to 
 plead in their defence: That no perfon fhould be indicted 
 but upon the oaths of two lawful witneflbs f wearing to 
 overt-acts : That in two or more diftinct treafons of divers 
 kinds, Pledged in one bill of indi^ment, one witn c fs to 
 one, and another witnefs to another, ihould not be deemed 
 two witnefTes : That no perfon ihould be profecuted for 
 any fuch crime, \uikfs the indic>inent be f^und wi-h n
 
 2o6 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK three years after the offence committed, except in cafe of 
 a deftp-n or attempt to affaffinate or poifon the king, where 
 V -*"Y^* thii limitation fhould not take place: That perfons in- 
 1 95- dieted for treafon or mifprifion of treafon, fhould be fup- 
 plied with copies of the pannel of the jurors, two days at 
 leaft b .-fore the trial, and have proccjs to compel their 
 witnefles to appear: That no evidence fhould be admitted 
 of any ovwr-acl: not exprefsly laid in the indictment : 
 That this aci: fliould not extend to any ircpeachment, or 
 other proceedings in parliament; nor to any indictment 
 for counterfeiting his Majcfty s coin, his great-leal, pri- 
 vy-fcal, fign-manual, or fignet. 
 
 This important affair being difcuffed, the commons pro 
 ceeded to examine the accompts and efHmates, and voted, 
 above five millions for the fervice of the enfuing year. 
 State of the The ftate of the coin was by this time become fuch a na- 
 Coia taken tional grievance as could not efcape the attention of par- 
 deratiaa b liament. The lords prepared an addrefs to the throne, for 
 parliament. a proclamation to put a flop to the currency of diminifhed 
 coin ; and to this theydefired the concurrence of the com 
 mons. The lower houfe, however, determined to take this 
 affair under their own infpe&ion. They appointed a com 
 mittee of the whole houfe, to deliberate on the ftate of the 
 nation with refpect to the currency. Great oppofition was 
 jr.ade to recoinage, which was a meafure ftrenuoufly re 
 commended and fupported by Mr. Montague, who a&ed 
 on this occafion by the advice of the great mathematician, 
 Sir Ifaac Newton. The enemies of this expedient argued, 
 that, fhould the filver coin be called in, it would be im- 
 pofilble to maintain the war abroad, or profecute foreign 
 trade, inafmuch as the merchant could not pay his bills of 
 exchange, nor the foldier receive his fubfiftence : That a 
 ftop would be rut to all mutual payment; and this would 
 produce univerful confufion and defpair. Such a refor 
 mation could not be effected without fome danger and 
 difficulty; but it was become abfolutely neceflary, as the 
 evil daily increafcd, and in a little time muft have termi 
 nated in national anarchy. After long and vehement de 
 bate?, the rnr.prity ivfolved to proceed with all pofTible ex 
 pedition to a nev. coinage. Another queftion arofe, \V hc- 
 ther the new coir,, ia different denomination?, fhould re 
 tain the original weight and purity of the old; or the efra- 
 bliihed jiand.ird be raifcd in vAite ? The famous Locke 
 cnga^:d in this difpute againfr Pvlr. Lovvnues, who pro - 
 pof xl that the ftandard fhould b* raifcd ; The arguments 
 of Mr. Locke wcr fo convincing, that the committee re- 
 folved the cfhblilhea ftar.dr.rd fhould b:: prckrved with re- 
 fpecl to v/eight and fincnefs. They likewife refolvcd, that
 
 WILLIAM. 207 
 
 the lofs accruing to the revenue from clipped money fhould CHAP. 
 be borne by the public. In order to prevent a total flag- V 
 nation, they further refolved, That, after an appointed day, 
 no clipped money fhould pafs in payment, except to the 
 collectors of the revenue and taxes, or upon loans or pay 
 ments into the exchequer : That, after another day to be 
 appointed, no clipped money of any fort fhould pafs in any 
 payment whatfoever; and that a third day fhould be fixed 
 for all perfons to bring in their clipped money to be recoin- 
 ed ; after which they fhould have no allowance upon what 
 they might offer. They addrefled the king to iffue a pro 
 clamation agreeably to thefe refolutions ; and, on the nine 
 teenth day of December, it was publifhed accordingly. 
 Such were the fears of the people, augmented and inflamed 
 by the enemies of the government, that all payment imme 
 diately ceafed, and a face of ciftraclion appeared through 
 the whole community. The adverfaries of the bill feized 
 this opportunity to aggravate the npprehenfions of the pub 
 lic. They inveighed againft the miniftry, as the authors 
 of this national grievance : They levelled their fatire par 
 ticularly at Montague ; and it required uncommon for 
 titude and addrefs to avert the moftdangerouscorifequer.ee 
 of popular difcontent. T he houfe of commons i greed to 
 the following refolutions ; That twelve hundred thoufand 
 pounds fhould be raifed by a duty on gl,afs windows, to 
 make up the lofs on the clipped money: That the recom- 
 pence for fupplying the deficiency of clipped money fhould 
 extend to all filver coin, though of a coarfer alloy than the 
 ftandard: That the collectors and receivers of his maje- 
 fiy s aids and revenues {hould be enjoined to receive all 
 inch monies ; That a reward of five per cent, fliould 
 be given to all fuch perfons as fhould bring in either mil 
 led or broad undipped, money, to be applied in exchange 
 of the clipped money throughout the kingdom : That a 
 reward of three pence per ounce fhould be given to all 
 perfons who fliould bring in wrought plate to the mint to 
 be coined: That perfons might pay in their whole next 
 year s land-tax in clipped money, at one convenient time 
 to be appointed for that purpofe : That commifiioners 
 fhould be appointed in every county, to pay and diilribute 
 the milled and board undipped money, and the new coin 
 ed money in lieu of that which was diminifhed. A bill 
 being prepared agreeably to thefe determinations, was fent 
 up to the houfe of lords, who made fome amendments, 
 which the commons rejected; but, in order to avoid ca 
 vils and conferences, they dropped the bill, and brought 
 in another, without the claufes which the lords had in- 
 fertcd. They were again propofed in the upper houfe,
 
 208 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK and over-ruled by the majority; and on the 2ift day of 
 January, the bill received the royal afTenr, as did another 
 
 """Y" ^ bill, enlarging the time for purchafing annuities, and con- 
 l6 95- tinning the duties on low wines. At the fame time, the 
 king paffed the bill of trials for high treafon, and aii act to 
 prevent mercenary elections. Divers merchants and tra 
 ders petitioned the houfe of commons, that the lofies in 
 their trade and payments, occafioned by the rife of guineas, 
 might be taken into confideration. A bill was immedi 
 ately brought in for taking off the obligation and encou 
 ragement for coining guinea?, for a certain time ; and 
 then the commons proceeded to lower the value of this 
 coin ; a tafk in which they met great oppofition from 
 fome members, who alledged that it would foment the po 
 pular difturbances. At length, however, the majority 
 agreed, that a guinea fhould be lowered from thirty to 
 eight-and twenty {hillings, and afterwards to fix-and- 
 twenty. At length a claufe was inferted in the bill for 
 encouraging people to bring plate to the mint, fettling 
 the price of a guinea at two and twenty (hillings, and it 
 naturally funk to its original value of twenty millings and 
 fix pence. Many perfons, however, fuppofing that the 
 price of gold would be raifed in the next feflion, hoarded 
 up their guineas ; and, upon the fame fuppofition, encou 
 raged by the malcontents, the new coined filver money 
 was referved, to the great detriment of commerce. The 
 king ordered mints to be erected in York, Briftol, Exe 
 ter, and Chefter, for the purpofe of the recoinage, which 
 was executed with unexpected fuccefs ; fo that, in lefs 
 than a year, the currency of England, which had been the 
 worft, became the beft coin in Europe. 
 
 At this period, the attention of the commons was di 
 verted to an object of a more private nature. The earl of 
 Portland, who enjoyed the greateft fhare of the king s fa 
 vour, had obtained a grant of fome lord-fhips in Derby- 
 fhire. While the \varrant was depending, the gentlemen 
 of that county refolved to oppofe it with all their power. 
 In confequence of a petition, they were indulged with a 
 hearing by the lords of the treafury. Sir William Willi 
 ams, in the name of the reft, alledged, that the lordfhips 
 in queftion were the ancient demefnes of the prince of 
 Wales, abfolutely unalienable : That the revenues of 
 thofe lordfhips fupported the government of Wales, in 
 paying the judges and other falaries: That the grant was 
 of too large an extent for any foreign fubject ; and that the 
 people of the county were too great to be fubject to any 
 foreigner. Sundry other fubitantial reafons were ufed a- 
 .gainft the grant, which, notv. ithftanding all their remon-
 
 WILLIAM, 209 
 
 fharsces, Would have parted through the offices, had not CHAP, 
 the Welch gentlemen addrefTed thernfelves by petition to , _. 
 the houfe of commons. Upon this cccafion, Mr. Price, >" 
 a member of the houfe, harangued with great feverity 
 againft the Dutch in general, and did not even abftain 
 from farcafms upon the kind s perfon, title and govern 
 ment. The objections ftarted by the petitioners being du 
 ly confidered, were foui;d fo reasonable, that the commons 
 prefented an addrefs to the king, reprefenting, that thofe 
 manors had been ufually annexed to the principality of 
 Wales, and fettled on the princes of Wales for their fup- 
 port: That many perfons in thofe parts held their eftates 
 by royal tenure, under great and valuable compofitions, 
 rents royal payments, and fervices to the crown and prin 
 ces of Wales ; and enjoyed great privileges and advanta 
 ges under fuch tenure. They, therefore, pefougfft his 
 majefty to recal the grant, which was in diminution of the 
 honour and intereft of the crown ; and prayed, that the 
 faid manors 2nd lands might not be alienated without the 
 confent of parliament. This addrefs met with a cold recep 
 tion from the king, who promifed to recal the grant which 
 had given fuch offence to the commons ; and faid he 
 would find fome other way of fhewing his favour to the 
 earl of Portland. 
 
 The people in general entertained a national averuon to 
 this nobleman : The malcontents inculcated a notion that 
 he made ufe of his intereft and intelligence to injure the 
 trade of England, that the commerce of his own country 
 might flourish without competition. To his fuggeftions 
 they imputed the act and patent in favour of the Scottifh 
 company, which was fuppofed to have been thrown in as 
 a bone cf contention between the two kingdoms. The 
 fubjeit was firft ftarted in the houfe of lords, who invited 
 the commons to a conference; A committee was appoint 
 ed to examine into the particulars of the act for erecting 
 the Scottifh company; and the two houfes prefented a 
 joint addrefs againft it, as a fcheme that would prejudice 
 all the fubjects concerned in the wealth and trade of the 
 Engliih nation. They reprefented, thst, in confcquence 
 of the exemption from taxes, and other advantages grant 
 ed to th? Scottifh company, that kingdom would become 
 a free port for ail Eaft and Weft India commodities : That 
 the Scots would be enabled to fupply all Europe at a 
 cheaper .rate than the Englifh could afford to fell their 
 merchandife for ; therefore, England would \ofs the bene 
 fit cf its foreign trade ; bv/ides, they obferved, that the 
 Scots would fmug^le their commodities into England, to 
 the srrcat detriment of his rnriieftv and his cuftoms. To 
 
 VOL. T. 2 >
 
 2io HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK this remonftrance the king replied, that he had been ill 
 ferved in Scotland; but that he hoped fome remedies 
 would be found to prevent the inconveniences of which 
 they were apprehenfive. In all probability he had been 
 impofed upon by the miniftry of that kingdom ; for, in a 
 little time, he difcarded the marquis of Tweedale, and 
 difmifTed both the Scottifh fecretaries of ftate, in lieu of 
 whom he appointed Lord Murray, fon to the marquis of 
 Athol. Notwithflanding the king s anfwer, the commit 
 tee proceeded on the enquiry, and, in confequence of their 
 report, confirming a petition from the Eaft India company, 
 the houfe refolved, that the directors of the Scottifh com 
 pany were guilty of a high crime and mifdemeanor, in 
 adminiftering and taking an oath defideli\n this kingdom ; 
 and that they {hould be impeached for the fame. Meanwhile, 
 Roderick Mackenzie, from whom they had received their 
 chief information, began to retract his evidence, and was 
 ordered into cuftody ; but he made his efcape, and could 
 not be retaken, although the king, at their requeft, iflued 
 a proclamation for that purpofe. The Scots were ex 
 tremely incenfed againft the king, when they underftood 
 he had difowned their company, from which they had pro- 
 mifed themfelves fuch wealth and advantage. The fettle- 
 ment of Darien was already planned, and afterwards put 
 in execution, though it mifcarried in the fequel, and had 
 like to have produced abundance of mifchief. 
 
 The complaints of the Englifh merchants who had fuf- 
 fered by the war were fo loud at this juncture, that the 
 commons refolved to take their cafe into confideration. 
 The houfe refolved itfelf into a committee to confider the 
 fia te of th.j nation with regard to commerce, and having 
 duly weighed all circumftances, agreed to the following 
 refolutions : That a council of.trade fhould be eftablifhed 
 by act of parliament, with powers to take meafure-sfor the 
 more effectual prefervation of commerce : That the com- 
 miffioners (hould be nominated by parliament, but none of 
 them have feats in the houfe : That they {hould take an 
 oath, acknowledging the title of King William as rightful 
 and lawful ; and abjuring the pretenfions of James, or any 
 t?ther perfon. The king confidered thefe refolutions as an 
 open attack upon his prerogative, and fignified his dif- 
 pleafure to the earl of Sunderland, who patronifed this 
 mcafure: But it was fo popular in the houfe, that in all 
 probability it would have been put in execution, had not 
 the attention of the commons been diverted from it at this 
 period by the detection of a new confpiracy. The friends 
 of King James had, upon the death of Queen Mary, re 
 newed their practices fur effecting a reiteration of that
 
 W fl, L I A M. 211 
 
 monarch, on the fuppofition that the intereft of William c H A i>, 
 was considerably weakened by the deceafe of his confer t. v - 
 Certain individuals, whofe zeal for James overfnot their ^*~y**J 
 difcretion, formed a defign to feize the perfon of King l6 95- 
 XVilliam, and convey him to France, or put him to death, 
 in cafe of refiftance. They had fent emiflaries to the 
 court of St. Germain s, to demand a commiffion for this 
 purpofe, which was refufed. The earl of Aylefbury, Lord 
 Montgomery, fon to the marquis of Povvis, Sir John Fen- 
 wick, Sir John Friend, Captain Charnock, Captain Porter, 
 and one Mr.Goodman, were the firft contrivers of this pro 
 ject. Charnock, was detached with a propofal to James, that 
 he mould procure a body of horfe and foot from France, 
 to make a defcent in England, and they would engage not 
 only to join him at his landing, but even to replace him 
 on the throne of England. Thefe offers being declined 
 by James, on pretence that the French king could not 
 fpare fuch a number of troops at that juncture, the earl of 
 Aylefbury, went over in perfon, and was admitted to a 
 conference with Louis, in which the fcheme of an inva- 
 fion was actually concerted. In the beginning of Febru 
 ary, the Duke of Berwick repaired privately to England, 
 where he conferred with the confpirators, aflured them 
 that King James was ready to make a defcent with a con- 
 fiderable number of French forces, diftributed com mi f- 
 fions, and gave directions for providing men, arms, and 
 horfes, to join him at his arrival. When he returned to 
 France, he found every thing prepared for the expedition. 
 The troops were drawn down to the lea -fide : A g;reat 
 number of tranfports were affembled at Dunkirk: Mon- 
 fieur Gabaret, had advanced as far as Calais with a fqus- 
 dron of fhips, which, when joined by that of Du Eart at 
 Dunkirk, was judged a fufficient convoy ; and James had 
 come as far as Calais, in his way to embark. Meanwhile, 
 the Jacobites in England were afliduoufly employed in ma 
 king preparations for a revolt. Sir John Friend had very 
 near completed a regiment of hoife. Confiderabie pro- 
 grefs was made in levying another by Sir William Per 
 kins. Sir John Fenwick, had enlifted four troops. Co 
 lonel Tempeft, had undertaken for one regiment of dra 
 goons: Colonel Parker was preferred to the command of 
 another: Mr. Curzon was commifiioned for a third; and 
 the malcontents intended to raife a fourth in Suffolk, where 
 their intereft chiefly prevailed. 
 
 While one part of tha Jacobites proceeded againfc Wil- A plo^a- 
 iiarr, in the ufual way of exciting an infurreclion, another, s^ -ft tbe 
 confining of the molt defperate confpirators, had formed a klli s s hre - 
 fcheme of affirmation. Sir George Barclay, a native of
 
 212 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK Scotland, who had ferved as ari officer in tlis army of 
 Jamts, a man of undaunted courage, a furious bigot in the 
 
 ^""Y"* - religion of Rome, yet clofe, circurr.fpecl, and determined, 
 1 55- vvas landed, with other officers, in Romney-rriarih, by one 
 Captain Gill, about the beginning of January, and is faid 
 to have undertaken the tafk of fuzing or aflaffinating Kin* 
 William. He imparted his defign to Harrifon, alias John- 
 fton, a prieft, Charnock, Porter, and Sir William Perkins, 
 by whom it was approved; and he pretended to have a 
 particular commiffion for the fcrvice. After various con- 
 fultations, they refolved to attack the king on his return 
 fro .* Richmorid, where he commonly hunted on Saturdays; 
 and the fcenc of their intended ambufcade was a lane be 
 tween Brentford and Turnham- green. As it would be 
 necefTary to charge and difperfe the guards that attended 
 the coach, they agreed that their number fhould be increaf- 
 ed to forty horfemcn, and each confpirator began to encage 
 proper perfons for the enterprifo. When their complement 
 Was full, they determined to execute their purpoieonthe 
 1 5th day or February. They concerted the manner in 
 which they fhould meet in fmall pirties without fufpicicn, 
 and waited with impatience for the hour of action. In this 
 interval, fame ofthe underling a6kvs,fj;Z : a With horror at 
 the refk&ion cf what they had undertaken, or captivated 
 with the profpedl of reward, refolved to prevent the execu 
 tion of the delign by a timely difcovcry. On the i ith day of 
 February, one Filher informed the earl of Portland of the 
 fcheme, and named fome of the confpirators ; but his ac 
 count was imperfect. On the 1 3th, however, he returned 
 with a circumstantial detail of all the particulars. Next day, 
 the earl was accoftexl by one Pendergrafs, an Iriih officer, 
 who told his lordfhip he had juft come from Hampihire, 
 at the requeft of a particular friend, and undentood that he 
 had been called up to town with a view of engaging him in. 
 a defign to affaffinate King William. He faid, he had pro- 
 mifcd to embark in the undertaking, though he detefled it 
 in his own mind, and took this firfl opportunity of revealing 
 the fccret, which was of fuch confequence to his majelly s 
 life. He owned himfelf a Roman Catholic, but declared, 
 that he did not think that any religion could juftify fuch a 
 treacherous purpofr. At the fame time he obfcrved, that 
 as he lay under obligations to fome of the confpirators, his 
 honour and gratitude would not permit him to accufe them 
 by name ; and that he would upon no confidcration appear 
 as an evidence. The king had been fo much ufed to fic 
 tions plots, and folk difcoveries, that he paid little regard to 
 thefe informations, until they were confirmed by the tefd- 
 iuony of another confpirator, called La Rue, a Frenchman,
 
 I A iVT. 213 
 
 who communicated the ftme particulars to Brigadier Levi- C H A P- 
 fon, without knowing the kaft circu-ndance of the other v - 
 difcoverics. Then the king believed there w;is fomerhing 
 real in the confpiracy; and Pendergrafs and La Ri:e were 
 ijverally examined in his prefence. Ha thanked r endergrafs 
 in partcular for this infiance of his probity; but obferved 
 that it mall p;ove inefFecta.J, unlefs he would difover the 
 names of the confpirators ; for, without knowing who they 
 were, he ill >ulu not be able to fecure his lif? againfl their 
 attempts. At length Pendergrafs was prevailed upon to 
 give a lift of thofj h.: knew, yet not before the king had 
 Ibbnnly promifed that he {houldnot be u fed as an evidence 
 ag.uuit the;n, except with his own confent. As the king 
 tiid not go to Richmond on the day appointed, the canfpira- 
 tors poftponed the execution of their den^n till the Satur- 
 
 * rr* 
 
 Jay following. They accordingly met at uiiferent houfts 
 on the Friday, when every man received his ihftru&iotts. 
 There they agreed, that after the perpetration of the parri 
 cide, they fnould ride in a body as far as Hammerfmith, 
 and then difperfing, enter London by different avenues. 
 But, on the morning, when they undeiicoou that the guards 
 were returned to their quarters, and the king s cv.c n:s 
 fent back to the Mews, they were feized with a fuddea 
 clamp, on the fuppofition that their plot was difcovered. Sir 
 George Barclay withdrew himfelf, and every one began to 
 think of providing for his own fafety. -Next night, how 
 ever, a great number of them were apprehended, and then 
 the whole difcovery was communicated to the privy coun 
 cil. A proclamation was Hfued aginft thofe that abfcohd- 
 ed ; and great diligence was ufed to find Sir George Bar 
 clay, who was fuppofed to have a particular commiffion 
 trom James for affaflLlating the prince of Orange : But he 
 made good his retreat, and it was never proved that any 
 fuch commiffion had been granted. 
 
 This dehgn and the projected invuflon proved equally 
 abortive. James had fcarce reached Calais, when the va o 
 duke of Wirtemberg difpatched his aid-de-camp from prevented 
 Flanders to King William, with an account of the purpo- by Admiral 
 fed defcent. ExprefLs with t .ie fame tidings arrived from Rttffel< 
 the elector of Bavaria and the prince de Vaudemont Tw3 
 confiderabh fquadrons being ready far fea, Admiral Ruiiel 
 embarked at Spithead, and ftood over to the French coail 
 with above fifty lail of the line. The enemy were con- 
 fouoded at his appearance, and hauled in their veiiels under 
 the more, in fuch Ih illow \vater that he could not follow 
 and deftroy them : But he abfolutely ruined their deugn, by 
 cooping them up in their harbours. King James, after 
 havin tarried forn? weeks at C J;.is retarned to St. G. j r-
 
 2H HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK main s. The forces were fent back to the garrifons from 
 . . which they were drafted: The people of France exclaimed, 
 
 ""V s that the malignant ftar which ruled the deftiny of James 
 had blafted this, and every other project formed for his re- 
 ftoration. By means of the reward offered in the procla 
 mation, the greater part of the confpirators were betrayed 
 or taken. George Harris, who had been fent from Francs, 
 with orJcrs to obey Sir George Barclay, furrendered him- 
 felf to Sir William Trumball, and confefled the fcheme of 
 afTalB nation in which he had been engaged. Porter and 
 Pendergrafs were apprehended together. This laft infiftcd 
 upon the king s promife, that he fhould not be compelled 
 to give evidence: But, when Porter owned himfelf guilty, 
 the other obfcrved, he was no longer bound to be filent, as 
 his friend had made a confefEon; and they were both admit 
 ted as evidences f >r the crown. 
 
 After their examination, the king, in a fpeech to both 
 houfc?, communicated the nature of the confpiracy againft 
 his life, as well as the advices he had received touching 
 the invafion : He explained the fteps he had taken to de 
 feat the double defign, and profefTed his confidence in 
 their readinefs and zeal to concur with him in every thing 
 that fhould appear neceffary for their common fafety. 
 That fame evening the two houfes waited upon him at 
 Kenfington, in a body, with an affectionate addrefs, by 
 which they exprefled their abhorrence of the villainous 
 and barbarous defign which had been formed againft his 
 facred perfon, of which they befought him to take more 
 than ordinary care. They afTured him they would, to 
 their utmoft, defend his life and fupport his government 
 r.orainft the late King James, and all other enemies ; and 
 declared, that, in cafe his majefty fhould come to a vio- 
 .lent death, they would revenge it upon his adverfaries 
 and their adherents. He was extremely well pleafed with 
 this warm addrefs, and allured them, in his turn, he 
 would take all opportunities of recommending himfelf to 
 the continuance of their loyalty and affedlion. The com 
 mons forthwith empowered him, by bill, to fecure all 
 perfons fufpected of confpiring againft his perfon and go 
 vernment. They brought in another, providing, That in 
 cafe of his majcfty s death, the parliament then in being 
 fhould continue until diflblved by the next heir in fuccef- 
 fion to the crown, eftablilhed by at of parliament: That 
 if his majefty fhould chance to die between two parlia 
 ments, that which had been taft diflblved fhould imme 
 diately re-afiemble, and fit for the difpatch of national af 
 fairs. They voted an addrefs, to defire, That his majefty 
 vcuM banifh by proclamation} all Papifls to the
 
 WILLIAM. 215 
 
 of ten miles from the cities of London and Weftminfter ; c wA p 
 and give inftru&ions to the judges going on the circuits, 
 to put the laws in execution againft Roman Catholics 
 and Nonjurors. They drew up an affociation, binding 
 themfelves to affift each other in fupport of the king and 
 his government ; and to revenge any violence that fhould 
 be committed on his perfon. This was figned by all the 
 members then prefent : But, as fome had abfentcd thern- 
 ielves on frivolous pretences, the houfc ordered, That hi 
 fixteen days the abfentees fhould either fubfcribe, or de 
 clare their refufal. Several members neglecting to com 
 ply with this injunction within the limited time, the 
 fpeaker was ordered to write to thofe who were in the 
 country, and demand a peremptory anfwer ; and the 
 clerk of the houfe to attend fuch as pretended to be ill in 
 town. The abfentees, finding themfelves preffed in this 
 manner, thought proper to fail with the ftream, and ftgn 
 the affociation, which was prefented to the king by the 
 commons in a body, with a requeft, that it might be 
 lodged among the records in the Tower, as a perpetual 
 memorial of their loyalty and affe&iofl. The king receiv 
 ed them with uncommon complacency ; declared, that he 
 heartily entered into the fame affociation ; that he fhould 
 be always ready to venture his life with his good fubjects, 
 againft all who fhould endeavour to fubvert the religion, 
 1 iws, and liberties of England ; and he promifcd that 
 ibis, and all other affociations, fhould be lodged among 
 the records in the Tower of London. Next clay the com- 
 . nions refolved, That whoever fhould affirm an affociatiou 
 was illegal, fhould be deemed a promoter of the deiigns 
 of the late King James, and an enemy to the laws and li 
 berties of the kingdom. The lords followed the example 
 of the lower houfe in drawing up an affociation ; but the 
 earl of Nottingham, Sir Edward Seymour, and Mr. 
 Finch, objected to the words Rightful and Lawful, as 
 applied to his majefty. They faid, as the crown and its 
 prerogatives were vefted in him, they would yield obedi 
 ence, though they could not acknowledge him as their 
 rightful and lawful king. Nothing could be more abfurd 
 than this diftinclion, ftarted by men who had actually con- 
 fticuted part of the adminiftration ; uniefs they fuppofed 
 that the right of King William expired with Queen Ma 
 ry. The earl of Rochefter propofed an expedient in fa 
 vour of fuch tender confidences, by altering the words 
 that gave offence ; and this was adopted accordingly. 
 Fifteen of the peers, anu ninety-two commoners figned 
 the afibciation with reluctance. It was, however, fub- 
 fcribsd by all forts of people in different parts of the
 
 2r6 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK kingdom ; and the bifnops drew up a form for the clergy, 
 
 which was figned by a great majority. The commons 
 
 "V*^ brought in a bill, declaring; all men incapable of public 
 
 IJr> 5 truft, or of fitting in parliament, who would not engage 
 
 p,nr,Tt. in this uflbchtion. At the fame time, the council ifTuecl 
 
 Old .lixon. an order for renewing all the commiflions in England, 
 
 Tindai t iat ^ lo ^ e W AO k av not u g nc ^ ^ voluntarily fhould be dif- 
 R.i!ph. mifTxl from the fervice as difaffecled perfons. 
 Lives of the After thefe warm demonftrations of loyalty, the com- 
 a s< mons proceeded upon ways and means for railing the fup- 
 A new bank P^ les * ^ new t* 30 ^- was conftituted as a fund, upon which 
 eftablKhed. the fum of two millions five hundred and fixty-four thou- 
 fand pounds fhould be raifcd ; and it was called the Land 
 Bank, becaufe eftablifhed on land fecurities. This fchemc, 
 faid to have been projected by the famous Doctor Cham 
 berlain, was patronifed by the earl of Sunderland, and 
 managed by Foley and Harley : So that it feemed to be 
 a Tory plan, which Sunderland fupported, in order to re 
 concile bimfdf to that party. * The Bank of England 
 petitioned againft this bill, and were heard by their coun- 
 
 * The commons refolv; d, That a fund redeemable by parliament be fet 
 tled in a national land-bank, to be-raifcd by new fubf;riptions : That no 
 perfon be concerned in both b:nks at the fanv> time : That the duties upon 
 coals, culm , and tounjge of fliios be taken off, from the ijth day of March : 
 That the turn of two millions five hundred and fixty-four thoufand pounds 
 be raifcd on this perpetual fund, redeemable by parliament : That the new 
 bank fhould be reftrainsd from lending money but upon land fjcurities, or 
 to the government in the Exchequer : That for making up the fund of in- 
 tcreft for the carital (lock, certain duties upon glafs-wares, ftone, and ear 
 then bottles, granted before to the king for a term of yeais, he continued to 
 r his rr.ajsfty, his heirs, and fucceflbrs : That a further duty be laid upon ftonc 
 
 and earthen ware, and another upon tobacco pipes. This "bank was to lerrl 
 out five h .ndred thoufand pounds a year upon land fecutities, at ti ree pounds 
 ten fhiilings per cent, per annum, and to ceafi and determine, unlefc the fub- 
 fcrrptien fliould be full by the jft day of Auguft next enfuing. 
 
 The mot remarkable laws enacted in this feffion were thefe : An act for 
 voiding all the elections of parliament men, at which the elected had been at 
 any cxpsnce in meat, drink or money, to procure votes. Another againft 
 unlawful and double returns, A third, for the mere eafy recovery of fmall 
 tythes. A fourth, to prevent marriages, without Ikenf.; or bans. A fifth, 
 for enabling the inhabitants of Wales to difpofe of all their perfonal cftates as 
 they fho..ld think fit. This law was in bar of a cufrom that had pr vailed in 
 that country. The widows and young r children claimed a (hare of the effects, 
 called their reafonablc part, although the effects had been otScrwife difpofrd 
 of by will o; deed. The parliament likewife p*.Ted an act, for p eventing 
 the exportation of wool, ar.J encouraging the importation thereot fro Ti Ireland. 
 An act for enccuragirg the linen manufactures of Ireland. An act for regu 
 lating injuries. An act for encouraging the Greenland tiade. An act of in 
 dulgence to the Quakers, that their folcmn affirmation fhould be accepted 
 inlteaJ of an oath. And an aft for continuing cvrtain other acts that were 
 near exphing. Another bill had paffcd, for the better regulating eleflions 
 for members of parliament, but the royal afl ent was denied. Ths queftion 
 was put in the houfe of com-nons, That whofoever advif.d his mcjelty not to 
 give his afi ent to thf.t bill was an. enemy to his country ; but it was rejected 
 by a gr. ac majority.
 
 WILLIAM, 217 
 
 fel : But their rcprefentations produced no effect, and the CHAP- 
 bill having; paffed through both houfe?, received the royal v - 
 afienr. On the 2jth day of April the king clofed the ^^"^ 
 feflion with a fliort but gracious fpeech ; and the parlia 
 ment was prorogued to the i6th day of June. 
 
 Before this period fome of the confpir?tors had been Trial and 
 brought to trial. The firft who fuffered was Robert e * c c lts n 
 Charnock, one of the two fellows of Magdalen-college, f p i rat:ors a . 
 who in the reign of James, had renounced the Proteftant gainit King 
 religion : The next were Lieutenant King, and Thomas Wllllam - 
 Keys, which laft had been formerly a trumpeter, but of 
 late fervant to Captain Porter. They were found guilty 
 of high treafon, and executed at Tyburn. They delivered 
 papers to the fheriff, in which they folemnly declared, 
 that they had never feen or heard of any commiflion from 
 King James for a/Iaffinating the prince of Orange : 
 Charnock, in particular, obferved, that he had received 
 frequent affurances of the king s having rejected fuch 
 propofals when they had been offered ; and that there was 
 no other commiilion but that of levying war in the ufual 
 form. Sir John Friend and Sir William Perkins were 
 tried in April. The firft from mean beginnings had ac 
 quired great wealth and credit, and always firmly adhered 
 to the interefls of King James. The other was likewife a 
 man of fortune, violently attached to the fame principles 
 though he had taken the oaths to the prefent government, 
 as one of the fix clerks in chancery. Porter and Blair, 
 another evidence, depofed, that Sir John Friend had been 
 concerned in levying men under a commiflion from King 
 James ; and that he knew of the affaflination plot, though 
 not engaged in it as a perfonal actor. He endeavoured 
 to invalidate the teftimony of Blair, by proving him guilty 
 of the mod ftiocking ingratitude. He obferved, that both 
 the evidences were reputed Papifts. The curate of Hack 
 ney, who officiated as chaplain in the prifoner s houfe, 
 declared upon oath, that after the Revolution he ufed to 
 pray for King William ; and that he had often heard Sir 
 John Friend fay, that though he could not comply with 
 the prefent government, he would live peaeably under it, 
 and never engage in any confpiracy. Mr. Hoadly, father 
 of the prefent bifhop of Winchefter, added, that the pri- 
 foner was a good Proteftant, and frequently exprefied his 
 deteftation of king-killing principles. Friend himfelf 
 owned he had been with fome of the confpirators at a 
 meeting in Leadenhall-ilreet, but heard nothing of raif- 
 ing men, or any defign againft the government. He like 
 wife affirmed that a confutation to levy war was not 
 treafon ; and that his being at a treafonable confult could 
 VOL.. I. 2 E
 
 218 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK amount to no more than a mifprifion of treafon. Lord- 
 Chief- Juftice Holt declared, that although a bare confpi- 
 
 < *" "V"sJ racy, or defign to levy war, was not treafon within the 
 1696. ftatute of Edward III. yet, if the defign or confpiracy be 
 to kill, or depofe, or imprifon the king, by the means of 
 levying war, then the confultation and confpiracy to levy 
 war becomes high treafon, though no war be actually le 
 vied. The fame inference might have been drawn againft 
 the authors and inftruments of the Revolution. The 
 judge s explanation influenced the jury, who after fome 
 deliberation found the prifoner guilty. Next day Sir 
 William Perkins was brought to the bar, and upon the 
 teftimony of Porter, Ewebank his own groom, and Hay- 
 wood, a notorious informer, was convicted of having been 
 concerned, not only in the invafion, but alfo in the defign 
 againft the king s life. The evidence was fcanty, and 
 the prifoner having been bred to law, made an artful and 
 vigorous defence : But the judge acted as counfel for the 
 crown; and the jury decided by the hints they received 
 from the bench. He and Sir John Friend underwent the 
 fentence of death, and fuffered at Tyburn on the 3d day 
 of April. Friend protefted before God, that he knew of 
 no immediate defcent purpofed by King James, and there 
 fore had made no preparations : That he was utterly ig 
 norant of the afTaffinatron fcheme : That he died in the com 
 munion of the church of England, and laid down his life 
 ehearfully in the caufe for which he fuffered. Perkins de 
 clared, upon the word of a dying man, that the tenor of 
 the king s commiflion which he faw, was general, directed 
 to all his loving fubjects, to raife and levy war againft the 
 prince of Orange and his adherents, and to feize all forts, 
 caftles, &c. but that he neither faw nor heard of any com- 
 miflion particularly levelled againft the perfon of the 
 prince of Orange. He owned, however, that he was 
 privy to the defign : But believed it was known to 
 few or none but the immediate undertakers. Thefe two 
 criminals were in their laft moments attended by Collier, 
 Snatt, and Cook, three Nonjuring clergymen, who ab- 
 folved them in the view of the populace, with an impofi- 
 tion of hands : A public infult on the government, which 
 didnotpafs unnoticed. Thofe three clergymen were pre- 
 fented by the- grand-jury, for having countenanced the 
 treafon by abfolving the traitors, and thereby encouraged 
 other perfons to difturb the peace of the kingdom. An 
 indictment being preferred againft them, Cook and Snatt 
 were committed to Newgate : But Collier abfconded, 
 and published a vindication of their conduct, in which he 
 affirmed, that the impofition of hands was the general 
 practice of the primitive church. On the other hand, the
 
 W I L L I A M. 219 
 
 two metropolitants, and twelve other bifliops fubfcribed CHAP. 
 a declaration, condemning the adrniniftration of abfolution v - 
 without a previous coafcilion made, and abhorrence ex- ^^y^ 
 prefled by the prifoners of the heinous crimes for which l6 9 6 - 
 they fuffered. In the courfe of the fame month, Rook- 
 wojj, Cranborne, and Lowick, wers tried as confpirators, 
 by a fpecial commiffion, in the king s bench ; and con 
 victed on the joint teftimony of Porter, Harris, La Rue, 
 Bertram, Fifher, and Pendergrafs. Some favourable cir- 
 cumftances appeared in the cafe of Lowick. The proof 
 of his having been concerned in the defign againft 
 the king s life was very defective: Many perfons of re 
 putation declared he was an honeft, good-natured, inof- 
 fenfiye man : And he himfelf concluded his defence with 
 the moft folemn proteftation of his own innocence. 
 Great uitsrceflion was made for his pardon by fome no 
 blemen : But all their intereft proved ineffeclu?!. Cran 
 borne died in a tranfport of indignation, leaving a paper, 
 which the government thought proper to fupprcfs. Lo 
 wick and Rowkwood likcwife delivered declarations to the 
 iherifF, the contents of which, as being Icfs inflammatory, 
 were allowed to be publifhed. Both folemnly denied any 
 knowledge of a commiffion from King James toaflaflinate 
 the prince of Orange : The one affirming, that he was 
 incapable of granting fuch an order ; and the other afTert- 
 ing that lie, the beft of kings, had often rejeled propo- 
 fals of that nature. Lowick owned that he would have 
 joined the king at his landing : But declared, he had ne 
 ver been concerned in any bloody affair during the whole 
 courfe of his life. On the contrary, he faid, he had en 
 deavoured to prevent bloodihed as much as lay in his pow 
 er ; and that he would not kill the moft miferable crea 
 ture in the world, even though fuch an a& would fave his 
 l.fe, reftore his fovereign, and make him one of the great- 
 eft men in England. Rookwood alledged, he was enga 
 ged by his immediate commander, whom he thought it 
 was his duty to obey, though the fervice was much againft 
 his judgment and inclination. He profefled his abhor 
 rence of treachery even to an enemy. He forgave all man 
 kind, even the prince of Orange, who, as a foldier, he 
 faid, ought to have confidered his cafe before he figned 
 his death warrant: He prayed God would open his eyes, 
 and render him fenfible of the blood that was from all 
 parts crying againft him, fo as he might avert a heavier 
 execution than that which he now ordered to be inflicted. 
 The next perfon brought to trial, was Mr. Cooke, fon of 
 Sir Miles Cooke, one of the fix clerks in chancery. 
 Porter and Goodman uepofed, That he had been prefcnt
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B o O K at two mectings-at the king s head tavern in Leadenhall-- 
 ftreet, with the Lords Aylefbury and Montgomery, Sir 
 
 ^"V^ William Perkins, Sir John Fenwick, Sir John Friend, 
 1696, Charnock, and Porter. The evidence of Goodman was 
 invalidated by the teftimony of the landlord and two 
 drawers belonging to the tavern, who fwore that Good 
 man was not there while the noblemen were prefent. 
 The prifoner himfelf folemnly protefted that he was ever 
 averfe to the introduction of foreign forces : That he did 
 not fo much as hear of the intended invafion, until it be 
 came the common topic of converfation ; and that he had 
 never feen Goodman at the king s-head. He declared 
 his intention of receiving the bleffed facrament, and wifhed 
 he might perifh in the inftant, if he now f poke untruth. 
 No refpect was paid to thefe afleverations. The Solicjtor- 
 General Hawles, and Lord-Chief- Juftice Treby, treated 
 him with great feverity in the profecution and charge to 
 the jury, by whom he was capitally convicted. After 
 his condemnation the court-agents tampered with him 
 to make further difcoveries ; and after his fate had been 
 protracted by divers fhort reprieves, he was fent into ba- 
 nifhment, From the whole tenor of thefe difcoveries and 
 proceedings, it appears, that James had actually meditated 
 an invafion : That his partifans in England had made pre 
 parations for joining him on his arrival : That a few 
 defperadoes of that faction had concerted a fcheme againft 
 the life of King William : That in profecuting the con- 
 fpirators the court had countenanced informers : That the 
 judges had drained the law, wrefted circumftances, and 
 deviated from the function of their office, to convict the 
 prifoners : In a word, that the adminiftration had ufed the 
 fame arbitrary and unfair practices againft thofe unhap 
 py people, which they themfelves had in the late 
 reigns numbered among the grievances of the king 
 dom. 
 
 The warmth, however, manifefted-on this occafion, may 
 have been owing to national refentment of the purpofed in 
 vafion. Certain it is, the two houfes of parliament, and 
 the people in general, were animated witn extraordinary 
 indignation againft France at this juncture. The lords be- 
 fought his rnajefty, in a folemn addrefs, to appoint a day of 
 thank fgiv ing to Almighty God, for having defeated the 
 barbarous purpofe of his enemies: and this was obferved 
 with uncommon zeal and devotion. Admiral RufTel, leav 
 ing a fquadron for obfervation on the French coaft, re 
 turned to the Downs : But Sir Cloudefiy Shovel being pro 
 perly prepared for the expedition, fubj :"fbd Cr.Liis to another 
 nt, by which the to\vn v/ns fet on re in differ-
 
 W I L L I A M. 221 
 
 rent parts, and the inhabitants were overwhelmed with con- CHAP. 
 flernation. The generals of the allied army in Flanders v - 
 refolved to make Tome immediate retaliation upon the ( - rf *Y**- 
 French for their unmanly defign upon the life of King- i 6 9 6 - 
 . William, as they took it for granted that Louis was accef- 
 fr.ry to the fcheme of aflaflination. That monarch, on the 
 iuppofmon that a powerful diverfion would be made by the 
 defcent on England, had eftablifhed a vaft magazine at Gi- 
 vet, defigning, when the allies would be enfeebled by the 
 ab fence of the Britifh troops, to ftrike fome ftroke of im 
 portance early in the campaign. On this the confederates 
 now determined to wreak their vengeance. In the begin 
 ning of March, the earl of Athlone and Monfieur de Coe- 
 horn, with the concurrence of the duke of Holitein-Ploen, 
 who commanded thr allies, fenta itrong detachment of horfe, 
 drafted from Bruflels and the neighbouring garrifons, to 
 amufe the enemy on the fide of Charleroy; while theyaf- 
 fembled forty fquadrons, thirty battalions, with fifteen 
 pieces of cannon, and fix mortars, in the territory of Namur. 
 AthLne with part of this body inverted Dinant, while Coe- 
 horn, with the remainder, advanced to Givet. He forth 
 with began to batter and bombard the place, which in three 
 hours was on fire, and by four in the afternoon wholly de- 
 ftroyed, with the great magazine it contained. Then the 
 two generals, joining their forces, returned to Namur 
 without interruption. Hitherto the republic of Venice 
 had deferred acknowledgement King William; but now 
 they fent an extraordinary embafly for that purpofe, con- 
 fifting of Signiors Soranzo and Venier, who arrived in 
 London, and on the firftday of May had a public audience, 
 The king, on this occafion, knighted Soranzo as the fenior 
 ambaflador, and prefented him with the fword, according to 
 cuftom. On that day, too, William declared in council, 
 that he had appointed the fame regency which had governed William 
 the kingdom during his laft abfence ; and embarking on fcts out 
 the feventh at Margate arrived at Orange-Polder in the r ^ e . 
 
 T i- IT- 1-1 A i r-,^i. Lontment. 
 
 evening, under convoy of Vice-admiral Aylmer. 1 his of 
 ficer had been ordered to attend with a fquadron, as the fa m 
 ousDuBartftill continued at Dunkirk, and fome attempt of 
 importance was apprehended from his enterpriiing genius *. 
 The French had taken the field before the allied army 
 could be aflembled ; but no tranfa&ion of confequcMcj dif- 
 
 * Some promotions were male before the king left England. Grcr-g? Ha 
 milton, third fon of the duke of thr.t n%me, was, for his military fcrvices in 
 irclanJ and FLinders, creaccj Earl of Orkney. Sir John Low her vv.is enncL>kii 
 by the title of Baro.i Lowth^r, and Viicount LrjnfJale ; Sir Jjhn Tiij;!^,:,, i 
 made Baron of Hav^rfhara, and the celebrated John Locke app ;i it J, oacof ;hg 
 :ojTnriiifi-3r.ers of Tudc a .id i la;it.uic;is.
 
 222 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK tinguifhed this campaign, either upon the Rhine or in Flan- 
 ders. The fcbeme of Louis was ftill defenfive on the fide 
 of the Netherlands, while the aHve plans of King William 
 were defeated by want of money. All the funds for this 
 year proved defective : The land-bank failed ; and the na 
 tional bank fuftained a rude fhock in its credit. The lofs 
 of the nation upon the recoinage amounted to two millions 
 two hundred thoufand pounds ; arid though the different 
 mints weie employed without interruption, they could not 
 for fome months fupply the circulation, efpecially as great 
 part of the new money was kept up by thofe who received 
 it in payment, or difpofed of it at an unreafonable advantage. 
 The French king having exhaufted the wealth and patience 
 of his fubjecls, and greatly diminifhed their number in the 
 courfe of this war, began to be diffident of his arms, and 
 employed all the arts of private negotiation. While his mi- 
 nifter D Avaux preffed the king of Sweden to offer his 
 mediation,, he fcnt Callieres to Holland, with propofals for 
 fettling the preliminaries of a treaty. He took it for grant 
 ed, that as the Dutch were a trading people, whofe com 
 merce had greatly fuffered in the war, they could not be 
 averfe to a pacification ; and he inftru&ed his emifTaries 
 to tamper with the malcontents cf the republic, efpecially 
 with the remains of the Louveftein faction, which had al 
 ways oppofed the fchemcs of the Stadtholder. Callieres 
 rnet with a favourable reception from the States, which 
 began to treat with him about the prelimSnaries,though not 
 without the confent and concurrence of King William 
 and the reft of the allies. Louis, with a view to quicken 
 the effect of this negotiation, purfued offenfive meafures 
 in Catalonia, where his general, the duke de Vendovne 
 attacked and worded the Spaniards in their camp near 
 Oftalrick, though the action was not dccifivej for that 
 general was obliged to retreat, after having made vigor 
 ous efforts againft their intrenchments. On the twentieth 
 day of June, Marefchal de Lorges paffed the Rhine at 
 Philipsburgh, and encamped within a league of Eppingen, 
 where the Imperial troops were obliged to entrench them- 
 felves, under the command of the prince of Baden, as they 
 were not yet joined by the auxiliary forces. The French 
 genera], after having faced him about a month, thought 
 proper to repafs the river. Then he detached a body of 
 liorfe to Flanders, and cantoned the reft of his troops at 
 Spires, Frankendahl, Worms, and Oftofen. On the laft 
 day cf Auguft, the prince of Baden retaliated the infult, 
 by paffing the Rhine at Mentz and Cocfheim. On the 
 t:nth he was joined by General Thungen, who comman 
 ded a fcparata bo-JVj together with the militia of Suabia
 
 WILLIAM. 223 
 
 and Franconia, and advanced to the camp of the enemy, CHAP, 
 who had re-affembled ; but they were ported in fuch , 
 a manner, that he would not hazard an attack. Having, "/?*** 
 therefore, cannonaded them for fome days, fcoured the ad 
 jacent country by detached parties, and taken the little 
 ca(He of Wiezengen, he repaffed the river at Worms, on 
 the feventh day of October : The French likewife crofled 
 at Philipsburgh, in hopes of furprifing General Thungen, 
 who had taken poft in the neighbourhood of Strasbourg}} ; 
 but he retired to Eppingen before their arrival, and in 
 a little time both armies were diftributed in winter- 
 quarters. Peter, the Czar of Mufcovy, carried on the 
 fiege of Azoph with fuch vigour, that the garrifon was 
 obliged to capitulate, after the Ruffians had defeated 
 a great convoy fent to its relief. The court of Vienna 
 forthwith engaged in an alliance with the Mufcovite em 
 peror j but, they did not exert themfelves in taking ad 
 vantage of the difarter which the Turks had undergone. 
 The Imperial army, commanded by the elector of Saxony, 
 continued inaftive on the river Marfoch till the nineteenth 
 day of July ; then they made a feint of attacking Temif- 
 waer ; but they marched towards Betzkerch, in their 
 route to Belgrade, on receiving advice that the Grand 
 Signor intended to befiege Titul. On the twenty-firft day 
 of Auguft, the two armies were in light of each other. 
 The Turkifh horfe attacked the Imperialifts in a plain 
 near the river Begue; but were repulfed. The Germans 
 next day made a fhovv of retreating, in hopes of drawing 
 the enemy from their intrenchments. The ftratagem fuc- 
 ceeded. On the twenty-fixth, the Turkifh army was in 
 motion. A detachment of the Imperialifts attacked them 
 in flank, as they inarched through a wood. A very def- 
 perate action enfued, in wh ch the Generals Heufler and 
 Poland, with many other gallant officeis, loft their lives. 
 At length the Ottoman horfe were routed ; but the Ger 
 mans were fo roughly handled, that on the fecond day af 
 ter the engagement they retreated at midnight, arid ths 
 Turks remained quiet in their intrenchments. 
 
 In Piedmont, the face of affairs underwent a flrange al 
 teration. The Duke of Savoy, who had for fome time Duke ef 
 been engaged in a fecret negociation with France, at Savo - Y ilSIX5 
 length embraced the offers of that crown, and privately treaty"*** 
 figneda feparate treaty of peace at Loretto, to which place F-.aner. 
 he repaired on a pretended pilgrimage. The French king 
 engaged to prefent him with four millions of livres, by way 
 of reparation for damage he had fuftained ; to afiift him 
 with a certain number of auxiliaries againft all his ene 
 mies ; and to effect a marriage between the duke of Burgundy
 
 224 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK and the princefs of Piedmont, asfoon as the parties flioulcl be 
 , . marriageable. The treaty was guarantied by the Pope and 
 
 if the Venetians, who were extremely defirous of feeing the 
 Germans driven out of Italy. King William being ap 
 prized of this negotiation, communicatedthe intelligence to 
 the earl of Galway, his ambaffador at Turin, who expoftu- 
 lated with the duke upon his defection ; but he perfifted in 
 denying any fuch correfpondence, until the advance of the 
 French army enabled him to avow it, without fearing; the re- 
 fentment of the allies whom he had abandoned. Catinat 
 marched into the plains of Turin, at the head of fifty thou- 
 fand men ; an army greatly fuperior to the confederates. 
 Then the duke imparted to the minifters of the allies the 
 propofals which France had made ; reprefented the fuperior 
 ftrengthof her army; the danger to which he was expofed j 
 and finally his inclination to embrace her offers. On the twelfth 
 of July, a truce was concluded for a month, and afterwards 
 prolonged till the fifteenth of September. He wrote to all 
 the powers engaged in the confederacy, except King Wil 
 liam, expatiating on the fame topics, and foliciting their 
 confenf. Though each in particular refufed to concur, he, on 
 the twenty third day of Auguft, figned the treaty in public, 
 which he had before concluded in private. The emperor 
 was no fooner informed of his defign, than he took every 
 ftep which he thought could divert him from his purpofe. 
 He fent the count Mansfieldt to Turin, with propofals for 
 a match between the king of the Romans and the princefs 
 of Savoy, as well as with offers to augment his forces and 
 his fubfidy; but the duke had already fettled his terms with 
 France, from which he would not recede. Prince Eugene, 
 though his ,kinfman, expreffed great indignation at his 
 conduct. The young prince de Commercy was fo pro 
 voked at his defection, that he challenged him to fingle 
 combat, and the duke excepted of his challenge ; but the 
 quarrel was compromifed by the intervention of friends 
 and they parted in an amicable manner. He had conceal 
 ed the treaty until he fhould receive the remaining part of 
 the fubfidies due to him from the confederates. A confi- 
 derable fum had been remitted from England to Genoa for 
 his ufe ; but lord Galway no fooner received intimation 
 of his new engagement, than he put a ftop t the payment 
 of this money, which he employed in the Milanefe, for the 
 fubfiiknce of thofe troops that were in the Britiih fervicc. 
 King William was encamped atGemblours when the duke s 
 envoy notified thefeparate peace which his matter had con 
 cluded with the king of France. Though he was extremely 
 chagrined at the information, he dilfembled his anger, and 
 liftened to the minifter without the leaft emotion. One of
 
 W I L L I A M. 225 
 
 the conditions of this treaty was, that within a limited time CHAP. 
 the allies fhould evacuate the duke s dominions, othcrwife v - 
 they fhould be expelled by the joint forces of France and ( **~Y** J 
 Savoy. A neutrality was offered to the confederates ; and l6 9$- 
 this being rejected, the contracting powers refolved to at 
 tack the Milanefc. Accordingly when the truce expired, 
 the duke, as generaliffimo of the French king, entered that 
 duchy, and undertook the fiege of Valentia; fo that in one 
 campaign, he commanded two contending armies. The 
 garrifon of Valentia, confifting of feven thoufand men, 
 Germans, Spaniards, and French Proteftants, made an ob- 
 ftinate defence; and the duke of Savoy profecuted the fiege 
 with uncommon impetuofity. But, after the trenches had 
 been open for thirteen days, a courier arrived from Madrid, 
 with an account of his Catholic majefty s having agreed 
 to the neutrality for Italy. This agreement imported, that 
 there fhould be a fufpenfion of arms until a general peace 
 could be effected ; and, that the Imperial and French troops 
 fhould return to their refpeftive countries. Chriftendom 
 had well nigh been embroiled anew by the death of John 
 Sobiefki, king of Poland, who died at the age of feventy, in 
 the courfe of this fummcr, after having furvived his facul 
 ties and reputation. As the crown was elective, a compe 
 tition arofe for the fucceffion. The kingdom was divided 
 by factions; and the different powers of Europe interefted 
 themfelves warmly in the contention. 
 
 Nothing of confequence had been lately achieved by the Naval 
 naval force of England. When the confpiracy was fjjft tr :^ f ~ 
 difcovered, Sir George Rooke had received orders to re 
 turn from Cadiz ; and he arrived in the latter end of April. 
 While he took his place at the board of admiralty, Lord 
 Berkeley fucceeded to the command of the fleet; and in the 
 month of June fet fail towards Ufhant, in order toirifult the 
 coaft of France. He pillaged and burned the villages on 
 the Iflands Grouais, Houat, and Heydic ; made prize of a- 
 bout twenty veflels ; bombarded St. Martin s on the Ifle of 
 Rhe, and the town of Olonne, which was fet on fire in fif 
 teen different places with the {hells and carcafles. Though 
 thefe appear to have been enterprizes of fmall import, they 
 certainly kept the whole coaft of France in perpetual alarm. 
 The miniftry of that kingdom were fo much afraid of in- 
 vafion, that between Breft and Goulet they ordered above 
 one hundred batteries to be erected, and above fixty thou 
 fand men were continually in arms, for the defence of the 
 maritime places. In the month of May, Rear-Admiral 
 Benbow failed with a fmall fquadron, in order to block up 
 Du Bart in the harbour cf Dunkirk ; but that famous ad- 
 venturer found means to efcape in a fog, and fleering to the 
 VOL. I. 2 F
 
 226 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK eastward, attacked the Dutch fleet in the BrJtic, under a 
 convoy of five frigates. Thefe laft he took, together with 
 
 ^"Y"**- half the number f the trading (hips; but, falling in with 
 the outward-bound fleet, convoyed by thirteen (hips of the 
 line, he was obliged to burn four of the frigates, turn the 
 fifth adrift, and part with all his prizes except fifteen, 
 which he carried into Dunkirk. 
 
 The parliament of Scotland met on the 8th day of Sep 
 tember ; and Lord Murray, fecretary of ftate, now earl 
 of Tullibardine, prefided as king s commiflioner. Though 
 that kingdom was cxhaufted by the war, and two fuccef- 
 five bad harvefts, which had driven a great number of the 
 inhabitants into Ireland, there was no oppofition to the 
 cpurt-meafures. The members of parliament figned an 
 aflbciaticn like that of England. They granted a fupply 
 of one hundred and twenty thoufand pounds for maintain 
 ing their forces by fea and land. They pafled an at for 
 fecuring their religion, lives, and properties, in cafe his 
 majefty fhould come to an untimely death. By another, 
 they obliged all perfons in public truft to fign the aflocia- 
 tion ; and then the parliament was adjourned to the 8th 
 day of December. The disturbances of Ireland feemcd 
 now to be entirely appeafed. Lord Capel dying in May, 
 the council, by virtue of an al pafled in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. eledted the chancellor, Sir Charles porter, 
 to be lord juftice and chief governor of that kingdom 
 until his majefty s pleafure fhould be known. The par 
 liament met in June; the commons expelled Mr. San- 
 derfon, the only member of that houfe who had refufed to 
 fign the aflbciation ; and adjourned to the 4th day of Au- 
 guft. By that time Sir Charles Porter, and the earls of 
 Montrath and Drogheda, were appointed lords juftices, 
 and fignified the king s pleafure that they fliould adjourn. 
 In the beginning of December the chancellor died of an 
 apoplexy. 
 
 King William being tired of an inactive campaign, 
 left the army under the command of the elector of Bava 
 ria, and, about the latter end of Auguft repaired to his 
 palace at Loo, where he enjoyed his favourite exercife of 
 ftag-hunting. He vifited the court of Brandenburgh at 
 
 The king Cleves ; conferred with the States of Holland at the 
 
 returns to Hague ; and, embarking for England, landed at Margate 
 on the 6th day of October. The domeftic oeconomy of 
 the nation was extremely perplexed at this junfture, 
 from the finking of public credit, and the ftagnation that 
 neccffarily attended a recoinage. Thefe grievances were 
 with difficulty removed by the clear apprehenfion, the en- 
 terpriiing genius, the unfhak.cn fortitude of Mr. Monta-
 
 W I L L I A M. 227 
 
 gue, chancellor, of the exchequer, operating upon a na- CHAP, 
 tional fpirit of adventure, which the monied inter eft had v - 
 produced. v-*-y-O 
 
 , *j 
 
 The king opened the feffion of parliament on the 2Oth 
 day of October, with a fpeech, importing;, That over- p arl - iarnon 
 tures had been made for a negociation ; but that the bed ta ,y p ro . 
 way of treating with France would be (word in hand, tradings 
 He, therefore, defired they would be expeditious in rail 
 ing the fupplies for the fervice of the enfuing year, as 
 well as for making good the funds already granted, tie 
 declared, that the civil lift could not be fupported without 
 their affiftance. He recommended the miferable condition 
 of the French Proteftants to their companion. He defired 
 they would contrive the bell expedients for the recovery 
 of the national credit. He obferved, that unanimity and 
 difpatch were now more than ever necefTary for the ho 
 nour, fafety, and advantage of England. The commons 
 having taken this fpeech into confidcration, refolved, that 
 they would fupport his majefty and his government, and 
 aflifV him in the profecution of the war : That the flandard 
 of gold and filver fhould not be altered ; and, that they 
 v/ould make good all parliamentary funds. Then they 
 prefented an addrefs, in a very fpirited {train, declaring 
 that, notwithfranding the blood and treafu re of which the 
 nation had been drained, the commons of England would 
 not be diverted from their firm refolutions of obtaining by 
 war a fafe and honourable peace. They therefore, renew 
 ed their affurances, that they would fupport his maje ly 
 againft all his enemies at home and abroad. The houfe 
 of lords delivered another to the fame purpofe, declaring, 
 that they would never be wanting or backward, on their 
 parts, in what mrght be neceflary to his majefty s honour, 
 the good of his kingdoms, and the quiet of Chriftendorh. 
 The commons, in the firft tranfports of their zeal, or 
 dered two fbditious pamphlets to be burned by the hands 
 of the common hangman. They deliberated upon the 
 eftimates, and granted above fix millions for the fervice 
 of the enfuing year. They refolved, that a fupply fhoukl 
 be granted for making good the deficiency of parliamenta 
 ry funds ; and appropriated feveral duties for this pur 
 pofe. 
 
 With refpedt to the coin, they brought in a bill, re- I arliamen 
 pealing an act for taking off the obligation and encourage- t "" v l " 
 mentofcoining guineas for a certain time, and for 
 portingand coining guineas and half-guineas, as the extra 
 vagant price of thofe coins, which occafioned this act, was 
 now fallen. They paffed a fecond bill for remedying; the 
 ill ftate of the coin; and a third, explaining an act in the
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK preceding feffion, for laying duties on low wines and fpi- 
 rits of the firft extraction, in order to raife the fupplies 
 
 ^"Y^ of the year, they refolved to tax all perfons according to 
 1696. tne true valu^ of their real and perfonal eftates, their ftock 
 upon land and in trade, their income by offices, penfions, 
 and profeflions. A duty of one penny per week, for one 
 year, was laid upon all perfons not receiving alms. A. 
 further impoii tion of one farthing in the pound per week 
 was fixed upon all fervants receiving four pounds per an 
 num, as wages, and upwards, to eight pounds a-year in- 
 clufive. Thofe who received from eight to fixteen 
 pounds were taxed at one halfpenny per pound. An aid 
 of three (hillings in the pound for one year was laid upon 
 all lands, tenements, and hereditaments, according to 
 their true value. Without fpecifying the particulars of 
 thofe impofitions, we fhall only obferve, that in the gene 
 ral charge, the commons did not exempt one member of 
 the commonwealth that could be fuppofed able to bear any 
 part of the burden. Provifion was made, that hammered 
 money fhould be received in payment of duties, at the rate 
 of five {hillings and eight pence per ounce. All the defici 
 encies on annuities and monies borrowed on the credit of 
 the exchequer were transferred to this aid. The treafury 
 was enabled to borrow a million and a half at eight per 
 cent, and to circulate exchequer bills to the amount of as 
 much more. To cancel thefe debts, the furplus of all the 
 fupplies, except the three fhillings aid, was appropriated. 
 The commons voted one hundred and twenty-five thou- 
 fand pounds for making good the deficiency in recoining 
 the hammered money, and the recompence for bringing 
 in plate to the mint. This fum was raifed by tax or duty 
 upon wrought-plate, paper, p?.fte-board, vellum, and 
 parchment, made or imported. Taking into confidera- 
 tion the fervices, and the prefent languifhing ftate of the 
 bank, whofe notes were at twenty per cent, difcount, 
 they refolved, That it mould be enlarged by new fub- 
 fcriptions, made by four-fifths in tallies (truck on parlia 
 mentary funds, and one-fifth in bank-bills or notes : That 
 effectual provifion (hould be made by parliament, for pay 
 ing the principal of all fuch tallies as (hould be fubfcribed 
 into the bank, out of the funds agreed to be continued : 
 That an intereft of eight per cent, mould be allowed on 
 sll 1 ich tallies: And, that the continuance of the bank 
 fhould be prolonged to the firft day of Auguft, in the year 
 one thoufand feven hundred and ten : That all alignments 
 of orders on tallies fubfcribed into the bank mould be re- 
 gift. red in th~ exchequer : That, before the day mould be 
 fixtd for the beginning of the new fubfcriptions, the old
 
 WILLIAM. 
 
 Ihould be made one hundred per cent, and what might CHAP. 
 eX ~ ^ed that value fhould be divided among the old mem- v - 
 bers : That ill the intereft due on tliofc tallies which 
 n ; ^hr b fubfcribed into the bank-flock, at the time ap- 
 po ;ted K : fubfc, ipiion?, to the end of the laft preceding 
 Q-J ter o;. e. ch tally, ihould be allowed as principal: 
 That liberty .] uld be t.iven by p-irli.r-, .nt to enlarge the 
 number of bank-biljs, ta the value of the f.im that ihould 
 b-j fo iublc; ibed, over ,;nd above the tv/elv - hurJ: . .! thou- 
 land pounds j provided they fhould be obliged to ahfvver 
 fiich bills and de-rands, and to default thereof, be anf\\\v .1 
 by the exchequer, out of the firft money due to th^-m : 
 That no other bank fhouldbe erected or allowed by a of 
 parliament, during the continuance of the bank of Eng 
 land: That this fhould be exempted from all tax or tmpo- 
 iltion : That no at of the corporation fhould forfeit the 
 particular intereft of any perfon concerned therein: That 
 provilion fhould be made to prevent the officers of the ex 
 chequer, and all other officers and receivers of the re 
 venue, from diverting, delaying, or obftrucling the courfe 
 of payments to the bank: That care fhould be taken to 
 prevent the altering, counterfeiting, or forging any bank- 
 bills or notes : That the eftate and intereft of each mem 
 ber in the ilock of the corporation fhould be made a pcr- 
 fonal cftate : That no contract made for any bank-flock, 
 to be bought or fold, fhould be valued in lav/ or equity, 
 unlefs actually regiftered in the bank-books within feven 
 days, and actually transferred within fourteen dr.ys after 
 the contract fhould be made. A bill upon thefe refolutions 
 was brought in, under the direction of the chancellor of 
 the exchequer. It related to the continuation of tonnage 
 and poundag* upon wine, vinegar, and tobacco ; and 
 comprehended a claufe for laying an additional duty upon 
 fair, for two years and three quarters. All the feveral 
 branches conftituted a general fund, fince known by the 
 name of the General Mortgage, without prejudice to their 
 former appropriations. The bill alfo provided, That the 
 tallies fhould bear eight per cent, intereft : That from the 
 loth of June, for five years, they ihould bear no more 
 than fix per cent, intereft ; and, that no premium or o if- 
 count upon them fhould be taken. In cafe of the genera! 
 fund s proving infufficient to pay the whole intereft, it 
 was provided, That every proprietor fnould receive hi> 
 proportion of the produdc, and the dificienC] 
 good from the next aid : But, fhould th ^ fund prociuc 
 more than the intereft, the furplus was deftlncd tooper 
 as a Hnking fund for the difchsrgc: of the principal. . ,\ 
 rder to make up a deficiency of above eidit Iv.nurjJ
 
 230 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK thoufand pounds, occafioned by the failure of the land- 
 bank, additional duties were laid upon leather: The time 
 "7* 1 was enlarged for perfons to come in and purchafe the an 
 nuities payable byfeveral former afts, and to obtain more 
 certain intereft in fuch annuities. 
 
 Never were more vigorous meafures taken to fupport 
 the credit of the government ; and never was the govern 
 ment ferved by fuch a fet of enterprifmg undertakers. 
 The commons having received a meffage from the king, 
 touching the condition of the civil lift refolved, That a 
 fum not exceeding five hundred and fifteen tlioufand 
 pounds fhould be granted for the fupport of the civil lift 
 for the enfuing year, to be raifed by a malt-tax, and addi 
 tional duties upon mum, fweets, cyder, and perry. They 
 likewife refolved, That an additional aid of one fhilling 
 in the pound fhould be laid upon land, as an equivalent 
 for the duty of ten per cent, upon mixed goods. Provi- 
 lion was made for raifing one million four hundred thou 
 fand pounds by a lottery. The treafury was empowered 
 to iffue an additional number of exchequer bills, to the 
 amount of twelve hundred thoufand pounds, every hundred 
 pounds bearing intereft at the rate of five-pence a day, and 
 ten per cent, for circulation : Finally, in order to liqui 
 date the tranfport-debt, which the funds eftablifhed for 
 that purpofe had not been fufficient to defray, a money-bill 
 was brought in, to oblige pedlars and hawkers to take out 
 licenfes, and pay for them at certain ftated prices. One 
 cannot without aftonifhment reflect upon the prodigious 
 efforts that were made upon this occafion, or confider 
 without indignation the enormous fortunes that v/ere raifed 
 up by ufurers and extortioners from the diftrcfies of their 
 country. The nation did not feem to know its own 
 ftrength, until it was put to this extraordinary trial ; and 
 the experiment of mortgaging funds fucceeded fo well, 
 that later minifters have proceeded in the fame fyftem, im- 
 pofmg burden upon burden, as if they thought the finews 
 Sir John f tne nation could never be overftrained. 
 Fenwkk The public credit being thus bolftered up by the fmgu- 
 Toff Jn 3ar ad(irefs of Mr - Montague, and the bills parted for the 
 cbn"of U be-~ fupplies of the enfuing year, the attention of the commons 
 ing con- was transferred to the cafe of Sir John Fenwick, who had 
 the^fotl k een apprehended in the month of June at New Rcmney, 
 gamftThe" in n s wa y to France. He had, when taken written a 
 king. letter to his lady by one Webber, who accompanied him ; 
 
 but this man being feized, the letter was found, contain 
 ing fuch a confeffion as plainly evinced him guilty. Ke 
 then entered into a treaty with the court for turning evi 
 dence, and delivered a long information in writing, which
 
 WILLIAM. 231 
 
 was fent abroad to his majefty. He made no difcoveries CHAP. 
 that could injure any of the Jacobites, who, by his account v - 
 and other concurring teftimonies, appeared to be divided ^V^^ 
 into two parties, known by the names of Compounders l6 9 s - 
 and Noncompounders. The firft, headed by the earl of 
 Middleton, infifted upon receiving fecurity from King 
 James, that the religion and liberties of England fhould 
 be preferved : Whereas, the other party, at the head of 
 which was the earl of Melfort, refolved to bring him in 
 without conditions, relying upon his own honour and 
 generofity. King William having fent over an order for 
 bringing Fcnwick to trial, unlefs he fliould make more 
 material difcoveries, the prifoner, with a view to amufe 
 the miniftry, until he could take other meafures for his 
 own fafety, accufed the earls of Shrewfbury, Marlborough, 
 and Bath, the lord Godolphin, and Admiral Ruflel, of 
 having made their peace with King James, and engaged 
 to at for his intereft. Mean while his lady and relations 
 tampered with the two witnefles, Porter and Goodman. 
 The firft of thefe difcovered thofe practices to the govern 
 ment : and one Glancey, who acled as agent for lady 
 Fenwick, was tried, convicted of fubornation, fined, and 
 fet in the pillory : But they had fucceeded better in their 
 attempts upon Goodman, who difappeared ; fo that one 
 witnefs only remained, and Fenwick began to think his 
 life was out of danger. Admiral Ruffel acquainted the 
 houfe of commons, that he and feveral perfons of quality 
 had been reflected upon in fome informations of Sir John 
 Fenwick : He, therefore, defired that he might have an 
 opportunity to juftify his own character. Mr. Secretary 
 Trumball, produced the papers, which having been read, 
 the commons ordered, That Sir John Fenwick fhould be 
 brought to the bar of the houfe. There he was exhorted 
 by the fpeaker to make an ample difcovery; which, how 
 ever, he declined, except with the provifo, that he fhould 
 firft receive fome fecurity, that what he might fay fhould 
 not prejudice himfelf. He was ordered to withdraw, until 
 they fhould have deliberated on his requeft. Then he 
 was called in again, and the fpeaker told him, he might de- 
 ferve the favour of the houfe, by making a full difcovery. 
 He defired he might be indulged with a little time to re 
 collect himfelf, and promifed to obey the command of the 
 houfe. This favour being; denied, he again infifted upon 
 having fecurity; which they refufing to grant, he chofe to 
 be filent, and was difmified from the bar. The houfe 
 voted, That his informations, reflecting upon the fidelity 
 of feveral noblemen, members of the houfe, 2nd others 
 upon hearfay, were falfe and fcandalous, contrived to un- ,
 
 232. HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK derrninc the government, and create jealoufies between 
 the king and his fubjecls, in order to llifle the co::fpiracy. 
 A motion being made for lc.;vc to brine in a bill to 
 
 B . o o 
 
 attaint him of high treaton, a warm debate eufued, and the 
 queftion being put., was carried in the affirmative by a 
 great majority. He was furnifhed wiih a copy of the 
 bill, and allowed the ufc of pen, ink, paper, and counfel. 
 When he prefented a petition, praying that his counfel 
 might be heard againft pafling the bill, they made an order, 
 that his counfel might be allowed to make his defence at 
 the bar of thehoufe: So that he was furprifed into an 
 irregular trial, inftead of being indulged with an opportu 
 nity of offering objections to their patting the bill of at 
 tainder. He was accordingly brought to the bar of the 
 houfe ; and the bill being read in his hearing, the fpeaker 
 called upon the king s counfel to open the evidence. The 
 prifoner s counfel objected to their proceeding to tril> 
 alledging, that their client had not received the leaft no 
 tice of their purpofe, and therefore could not be prepared 
 for his defence ; but that they came to offer their reafons 
 againft the bill. The houfe, after a long debate, refolved, 
 That he fhculd be allowed further time to produce wit- 
 nefies in his defence : That the counfel for the king ihould 
 like wife be allowed to produce evidence to prove the 
 the t reafons of which he flood indicted ; and rn order 
 was made for his being brought to the bar ac;-.in in three 
 days. In purfuance of this order he appeared, when the 
 indictment which had been found agamir, him by the 
 grand jury was produced ; and Porter was examined r.s 
 evidence. Then the record of Clunccy s conviction was 
 read; and one Roe teftified, that Digh ton, the prifoner s 
 folicitor, hud offered him an annuity of one hundred pounds, 
 to clifcredit the teftimony of Goodman. The king s 
 counfel moved, that Goodman s examination, as taken by 
 Mr. Vernon, clerk of the council, might be read. Sir 
 J. Powis and Sir Bartholomew Shower, the prifoner s 
 counfel, warmly oppofed this propofal : They affirmed, 
 that a depofition taken when the party affected by h was 
 not prcfent to crofs-examine the depcfer, could not be ad 
 mitted in a cafe of five (hillings value : That though the 
 houfe was not bound by the rules of inferior courts, it was 
 neverthelefs bound by the eternal and unalterable rules of 
 juftiee : That no evidence, according to the rules of law, 
 could be admitted in fuch a cafe, but that of living wit- 
 nefles; and that the examination of a perfon xvho is ab- 
 fent was never read to fupply his teftirriony. The dif- 
 pute between the lawyers on this fubjeft gave rife to a 
 very violent debate among the members of the houfc.
 
 W I L L I A M. 233 
 
 Sir EdvvaiJ Seymour, Sir Richard Temple, Mr. Harlty, CHAP. 
 Mr. Harcourt, Mr. Manly, Sir Chriitopher Mufgrave, 
 and all the leaders of the Tory party, argued againfl the ^T^T 
 hardmip and injufticc of admitting this information as an 
 evidence. They dernonftrated, that it would be a ftep 
 contrary to the practice of all courts of judicature, repug- 
 nint to the common notions of juftice and humanity, dia 
 metrically oppofite to the laft a<5t for regulating trials in 
 cafes of high trcafon, and cf dangerous confequences to 
 the lives and liberties of the people. On the other hand, 
 Lord Cults, Sir Thomas Lyttleton, Mr. Montagu, Mr. 
 Smith or the treafury, and Trevor, the attorney-general, 
 affirmed, that the houfe was not bound by any form of law 
 whatfoever : That this was an extraordinary cafe, in which 
 the fafety of the government was deeply concerned : That 
 though the common law might require two evidences in 
 cafes of treafon, the houfe had a power of deviating from 
 thofe rules in extraordinary cafes : Thst there was no 
 doubt of Sir John Fenwick s being concerned in the 
 conspiracy : That he or his friends had tampered with 
 Potter; and that there were ft r on g preemptions to be 
 lieve the fame practices had induced Goodman to abfcond. 
 In a word, the Tories, either from party or patriotiim, 
 ftrenuoufly afierted the caufe of liberty and humanity, by 
 thofe very arguments which had been ufed againft them in 
 the former reigns ; while the Whigs, with equal violence 
 and more fucccfs, efpoufed the dictates of arbitrary power 
 and oppreffion, in the face of their former principles, 
 with which they were now upbraided. At length the 
 queftion was put, Whether or not the information of 
 Goodman fhould be read ? and was carried in the affir 
 mative by a majority of feventy-three voices. Then two 
 of the grand jury who had found the indictment, recited 
 the evidence which had been given to them by Porter and 
 Goodman. Laftly, The kind s counfel infifted upon pro 
 ducing the record of Cooke s conviction, as he had been 
 tried for the fame xronfpiracy. The prifoner s counfel ob 
 jected, That if fuch evidence was admitted, the trial of 
 one perfon in the fame company would be the trial of all; 
 and it could not be expected that they who came to defend 
 Sir John Fenwick only, fhould be prepared to anfwer the 
 charge againft Cooke. This article produced another 
 vch. .-nent debate among the members; and the Whigs 
 obtained a fecond victory. The record was read, and the 
 king s counfel proceeded to call on fome of the jury who 
 ferved on Cooke s trial, to aflirm that he had been con 
 victed on Goodman s evidence. Sir Bartholomew Show 
 er faid, he would fubmit it to the confederation of the 
 VOL. I. 2 G
 
 
 2 3 4 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK hoiif?, Whether it was juft that the evidence againft one 
 perfon fhould conclude againft another ftanding at a dif- 
 
 ^-" > "Y" > *- fcrent bar, in defence of his life ? The parties were again 
 16564 ordered to withdraw ; and from this point arofe a third 
 debate, which ended, as the two former, to the di fad van 
 tage of the prifoner. The jury being examined, Mr. 
 Sergeant Gould moved, That Mr. Vernon might be de- 
 fired to produce the intercepted letter from Sir John 
 Fenwick to his lady. The prifoner s counfcl warmly op- 
 pofed this motion, infifting upon their proving- it to be 
 his hard writing before it could be ufed againft him ; and 
 no further ftrefs was laid on this evidence. When they 
 were called upon to enter on his defence, they plead 
 ed incapacity to deliver matters of fuch importance 
 after they had been fatigued with twelve hours at 
 tendance. 
 
 The houfe refolved to hear fuch evidence as the prifoner 
 had to produce that night. His counfel declared, that they 
 had nothing then to produce but the copy of a record ; 
 and the fecond refolution was, that he fhould be brought 
 up again next day at noon. He accordingly appeared at 
 the bar, and Sir J. Powis proceeded on his defence. Ke 
 obferved, that the bill under ccnfideration afFe&ed the lives 
 of the fubjecls : and fuch precedents were dangerous: 
 That Sir John Fenwick was forthcoming, in order to be 
 tried by the ordinary methods of juftice : That he was ac 
 tually under proccfs, had pleaded, and was ready to ftand 
 trial : That if there was fufficient clear evidence againft 
 him, as the king s fergeant had declared, there was no 
 reafon for his being deprived of the benefit of fuch a trial 
 as was the birth-right of every Britifh fubjecl: ; and if 
 there was a deficiency of legal evidence, he thought this 
 was a very odd reafon for the bill. He took notice that 
 even the regicides had the benefit of fuch a trial : That 
 the laft acT: for regulating trials in cafes of treafon proved 
 the great teriderncfs of the laws which affected the life of 
 the fubject ; and he exprefled his furprife that the very 
 parliament which had parted the law, fhould enacSt another 
 for putting a perfon to death without any trial at all. He 
 admitted that there had been many bills of attainder, but 
 they were generally levelled at outlaws and fugitives ; and 
 fome of them had been reverfed in the fequel, as arbitrary 
 and unjuft. He urged, that this bill of attainder did not 
 alledge or lay, that Sir John Fenwick was guilty of the 
 treafon for which he had been indicted; a circumftance 
 which prevented him from producing witnefies to that and 
 feveral matters upon which the king s counfel had expa 
 tiated. He &id, they had introduced evidence to prove
 
 W I L L I A M. 235 
 
 <;Jrcumflances not ailedged in the bill, and defective evi- CHAP. 
 dence of thofe that were : That Porter was not examined v - 
 upon oath : That nothing could be more fevere than to 
 pifs fentence of death upon a man, corrupt his blood, and 
 confifcate his eftate, upon parole evidence ; cfpecially of 
 fuch a wretch, who by his own confeflion, had been enga 
 ged in a crime of the blackelt nature, not a convert to the 
 dictates of confcience, but a coward, fhrinking to the dan 
 ger by which he had been environed, and even now drudg 
 ing for a pardon. He invalidated the evidence of Good 
 man s examination. He obferved, that the indictment 
 mentioned a confpiracy to call in a foreign power ; but, as 
 this confpiracy had not been put in practice, fuch an a- 
 greement was not a fufficient overt-act of treafon, accord 
 ing to the opinion of Hawles, the folicitor-general, con 
 cerned a book of remarks, which that lawyer had publifh - 
 ed on the cafes of Lord Ruflel, Colonel Sidney, and others 
 who had fuffered death in the reign of Charles II. This 
 author (faid he) takes notice, that a confpiracy or agree 
 ment to levy war, is not treafon without actually levying 
 v/ar ; a fcntiment in which he concurred with Lord Coke, 
 and Lord Chief Juftice Hales. He concluded with fay 
 ing, " We know at prefent on what ground we ftand ; 
 " by the ftatute of Edward III. we know what treafon is ; 
 " by the two ftatutes of Edward VI. and the late act, we 
 " know what is proof by the magna charta we know we 
 u are to be tried per legem terrce & per judicium 
 " partum, by the lav/ of the land and the judgment of our 
 " peers; but, if bills of attainder come into fifhion, we 
 u ihall neither know what is treafon, what is evidence, nor 
 " how, nor where we are to be tried." He was feconded 
 by Sir Bartholomew Shower, who fpoke with equal energy 
 and elocution ; and their arguments were anfwered by the 
 king s counfel. The arguments in favour of the bill, im 
 ported, that the parliament would not interpofa except in 
 extraordinary cafes : That here the evidence neceff,;ry in 
 inferior courts being defective, the parliament, which was 
 not tied down by legal evidence, had a right to exert their 
 extraordinary power in punifhing an offender, who would 
 othervvife efcape with impunity : That as the law flood, 
 he was but a forry politician that could not ruin the go 
 vernment, and yet elude the ftatute of treafon : That if a 
 plot, after being difcovered, fhould not be thoroughly pro- 
 lecuted, it would frrengthen and grow upon the adminif- 
 tration, and probably at length fubvert the government: 
 That it was notorious that parties were forming for King 
 James ; perfons were plotting in every part of the king 
 dom, and an open invafion was threatened; therefore, this
 
 236 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK was a proper time for the parliament to exert their extra 
 ordinary power: That the Englifh differed from all other 
 ^"V^ nations, in bringing the witneffes and the prifoner face to 
 1696. f ace ^ anc j requiring two witnefies in cafes of treafon ; nor 
 did the Englifh law itfelf require the fame proof in fome 
 cafes, -as in others ; for one witnefs was fufHcient in felony, 
 as well as for the treafon of coining : That Fenwick was 
 notorioufly guilty, and deferved to feel the refentment of 
 the nation : That he would have been brought to exem 
 plary punifhment in the ordinary courfe of jufHce, had he 
 not eluded it, by corrupting evidence, and withdrawing a 
 witnefs. If this reafoning be juft, the houie of commons 
 has a right to aft in diametrical oppofition to the laws in 
 being ; and is verted with a defpotic power over the lives 
 and fortunes of their conftituents, for whofe protection they 
 are conftituted. Let us, therefore, reflect upon the pof- 
 fibility of a parliament dabauched by the arts of corruption, 
 into fervile compliance with the defigns of an arbitrary 
 prince, and tremble for the confequence. The debate 
 being fmifhed, the prifoner wa?, at the defire of AdmiraT 
 RufTe3, queftioned with regard to the imputations he had 
 fixed upon that gentleman and others, from hearfay; 
 but he defired to be excufed on account of the rifque 
 he ran while under a double profecution, if any th.ng 
 which fhould efcape him might be turned to his pre - 
 juuice. 
 
 Bill of at- After he was removed from the bar, Mr. Vernon, at 
 fes^-inft 1 " ^ e defire of the houfe, re-capitulated the arts and prac- 
 him. " tices of Sir John Fenwick and his friends, to procraftinate 
 the trial. The bill was read a fecond time ; and the 
 fpeaker afking, if the queftion fhould be put for its being 
 committed ? The houfe was immediately kindled into a 
 new flame of contention. Hawles, the folicitor-general, 
 affirmed, that the houfe in the prefent cafe, fhould acl: both 
 as judge and jury. Mr. Harcourt faid, he knew of no 
 {rial for treafon, but what was confirmed by magna charta, 
 by >i jury, the birth-right and darling privilege of an En- 
 gliiliman, or per legem terrte^ which includes impeach 
 ments in parliament : That it was a ftrange trial where 
 the perfon accufed had a chance to be hanged, but none 
 to be faved : That he never he;ird of a juryman who was 
 not on his oath, nor of a judge who had not power to ex 
 amine witneffos upon oath, and who was not empowered 
 to five the innocent as well as to condemn the guilty. 
 Sir Thomas Lyttlcton w.;S of opinion, that the parliament 
 ought not to (land upon little niceties and forms of other 
 courts, when the government was at flake. Mr. Howe 
 afTcrtedj that to do a thing of this nature, becaufe the
 
 WILLIAM. 237 
 
 nt had power to clo it, was a frrangc way of rea- C H A P- 
 That what was juftice and equity at Weitminfter- v - 
 hall, was juilice and equity, every where: That one lx\.j ^^V-* 
 prec dent in parliament w.is of worfe confeqnence than an lG 9 6 - 
 Jiu.iurcd in Weftminfter hall, becaufj perfomil or private 
 injuries did noi: fbreclofe the claims of original right; 
 whereas the parliament could ruin the nation beyond re 
 demption, becaufe it could eftablifh tyranny by law. Sir 
 Richard Temple, in arguing againft the bill, obferved, 
 that the power of parliament is to make any law, but the 
 ju.-ifui fUon of parliament is to govern itfelf by the law: 
 To mike a hw, therefore, againft all the laws of England, 
 was the ultimum remedium ct pejjimuin, never to b; ufed 
 but in cafe of abfolute neceffity. He affirmed, that, by this 
 precedent, the houfe overthrew all the laws of England; 
 firft, in condemning a man upon one witnefc ; f condly, 
 in palung an ai: without any trial. The commons never 
 did nor can alTume a jurisdiction of trying any perfm : 
 They may, for their own information, hear what can be 
 offered; but it is not a trial where witncffes are not upon 
 oath. All bills of attainder have patted againft petfons 
 that were dead or fled, or without the compafs of t u: law : 
 Some have bvien brought in after trials in Weftminftdr 
 hall ; but none of thofe have been called trials, and they 
 were generally reverfed. He denied that the parliament 
 had power to declare any thing treafon which was not 
 treafon before. When inferior courts were dubious, the 
 cafe might be brought before the parliament, to judge 
 whether it was treafon or felony : But then they muft 
 judge by the laws in being ; and this judgment was not in 
 the parliament by bill, but only in the houfe of lords. 
 Lord Digby, Mr. Harley, and Colonel Granville, (poke 
 to the fame purpofe. But their arguments and remon- 
 ilrances had no effect upon the majority, by whom the 
 prifoner y. as devoted to deftruclion. The bill was com 
 mitted, palfed, and fent up to the houfe of lords, where it 
 produced the longed and warmeft debates which had been 
 known iince the Reftoration. Biftiop Buruet fignalized 
 his zeal for the government, by a long fpeech in favour 
 of the bill, contnulicling fome of the fundamental max 
 ims which he had formerly avowed in behalf of the liber 
 ties of the people. At length it was carried by a majority 
 of feven voices ; and one and forty lords, including eight 
 prelates, entered a protefr, couched in the firongv. !! 
 terms, againft the decifion. 
 
 When the bill received the royal afTent, another act of 
 the like nature pafled againft Barclay, Holme--, "! nine 
 other confpirators who had (kd tVom juftice, in cafe they
 
 238 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 COOK fhould not furrender themfelves on or before the 2$th day 
 * A of March next enfuing. Sir John Fenwick folicited the 
 ""V^ mediation of the lords in his behalf, while his friends im- 
 l5 9 6 - _:. plored the royal mercy. The peers gave him to under- 
 ftand, that the fuccefs of his fuit would depend upon the 
 fulnefs of his difcoveries. He would have previoufly fti- 
 pulated for a pardon ; and they infilled upon his depend 
 ing on their favour. He hefitated forne time between the 
 fears of infamy and the terrors of death, which laft lie at 
 length chofe to undergo, rather than incur the difgraceful 
 Sir John character of an informer. He was complimented with the 
 Fenwick ax, in confideration of his rank and alliance with the 
 behcaJcd. houfe of Howard, and fuffered on Tower-hill with great 
 compofure. In the paper which he delivered to the fherifF, 
 he took God to witnefs, that he knew not of the intended 
 invaflon, until it was the commqn fubjecl ofdifcourfe; 
 nor was he engaged in any fhape for the fervice of King 
 James. He thanked thofe noble and worthy perfons wh:) 
 had oppofed his attainder in parliament ; protcftcd before 
 God, that the information he gave to the miniftry he had 
 received in letters and meflages from France ; and ohferv- 
 ed, that he might have expected mercy from the prince of 
 Orange, as he had been inftrumental in faving his life, by 
 preventing the execution of a defign which had been form 
 ed againft it; a circumftance which in all probability in 
 duced the late confpirators to conceal their purpofe of af-- 
 failination from his knowledge. He profeffed his loyalty 
 to King James, and prayed heaven for his fpeedy reltora- 
 tion. 
 
 While Fenwick s affair was in agitation, the earl of 
 Monmouth had fet on foot fome practices againft the duke 
 of Shrewibury. One Matthew Smith, nephew to Sir 
 William Perkins, had been entertained as a fpy by this 
 nobleman, who finding his intelligence of very little ufe 
 or importance, difmified him as a troublefome dependent. 
 Then he had recoutfe to the earl of Monmouth, into 
 whom he infufed unfavourable fentiments of the duke ; 
 infmuating, that he had made great difcoveries, which, 
 from finiftor motives, were fuppreffed. Monmouth com 
 municated thofe impreffions to the earl of Portland, who 
 enlifted Smith as one of his intelligencers. Copies of the 
 letters he had fent to the duke of Shrewfbury were deliv 
 ered to Secretary Trumball, fealed up for the perufal of 
 his mr.jefty at his return from Flanders. When Fenwick 
 mentioned the duke of Shrewfbury in his difcoveries, the 
 carl of Monmouth refolvcd to feize the opportunity of 
 ruining that nobleman. Pie, by the canal of the duchefs 
 of Norfolk, exhorted Lady Fenwick to prevail upon her
 
 W I L L I A M. 239 
 
 hufband toperfift in his accufation,and even dictated a pa- CHAP, 
 per of directions. Fenwick rejected the propofal with dif- v - 
 dain, as a fcandalous contrivance; and Monmouth was ib **^Y*^ 
 incenfed at his refufol, that when the bill of attainder ap- l6 ?"- 
 peared in the houfe of lords, he fpoke in favour of it with 
 peculiar vehemence. Lady Fenwick, provoked at this 
 cruel outrage, prevailed upon her nephew, the earl of 
 Carlifie, to move the houfe that Sir John might be exa 
 mined touching any advices that hr.d been lent to him 
 with relation to his difcoveries. Fenwick being interro 
 gated accordingly, gave an account of all the particulars 
 of Monmouth s fcheme, which was calculated to ruin the 
 duke of Shrewfbury, by bringing Smith s letters on the 
 carpet. The duchefs of Norfolk, and a confidant, were 
 examined, and confirmed the detection. The houfe called 
 for Smith s letters, which were produced by Sir William 
 Trumball. The earl of Monmouth was committed to the 
 Tower, and difmifled from all his employments. He was 
 releafed, however, at the end of the feffion ; and the court 
 made up all his lofles in private, left he fhould be tempt 
 ed to join the oppofition. 
 
 The Whigs, before they were glutted with the facrifice 
 of Fenwick, had determined to let loofe their vengeance 
 upon Sir George Rooke, who was a leader in the oppofite 
 intereft. Sir Cloudcfley Shovel had been fent with a fqua- 
 clron to look into Breft, where according to the intelligence 
 which the government had received, the French were em 
 ployed in preparing for a defcent upon England ; but this 
 information was falfe. They were bufy in equipping an ar 
 mament for the Weft Indies, under the command of M. 
 Pointis, who actually failed to the coaft of New Spain, and 
 took the city of Carthagena. Rooke had been ordered to in 
 tercept the Toulon fquadron in its way to Breft; but his en 
 deavours mifcarried. The commons, in a committee of the 
 whole houfe, refolved to enquire why this fleet was not in 
 tercepted ? Rooke underwent a long examination, and v/as 
 obliged to produce his journal, orders, and letters. Shovel 
 and Mitchell where likewife examined ; but, nothing ap 
 peared to the prejudice of the admiral, the houfe thought 
 proper to defift from their profecution. After they had 
 determined on the fate of Fenwick, they proceeded to en 
 act feveral laws for regulating the domeftic ceconomy of B(irBC< 
 the nation : Among others, they pafied an act for the more Kennet. 
 effectual relief of creditors, in cafes of efcape, and for pre- oidmkon. 
 venting abufes in prifons and pretended privileged places, ^j^"* 
 Ever fince the reformation, certain places in and about the city Ralph. 
 of London, which had been fanctuaries during the prevalence Lives of the 
 of the Popifh religion, afforded afylum to debtors, and were Admirals -
 
 240 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOO li become receptacles of defperate perfon?, who prefumed to 
 fet the law ar defiance. One of thefe places, called White- 
 
 Friars w.is filled \vith a crev/ of ruffian?,, who every day 
 1 ^7" committed ails of violence and outrage: But this law v/.-.s 
 lo vigouroufly put into execution, that they were obliged to 
 abandon the diftrict, which was loon filled with more cre 
 ditable inhabitants. On the i6th day of April, the kino- 
 clofed the feflion with a fhort fpeech, thanking the parlia 
 ment for the great fupplics they had f.> cheerfully granted, 
 and exprefTing his fatisfaclion at the meafuresrhey had tak 
 en for retrieving the public credit. Before he quitted the 
 kingdom, he ventured to produce upon the fcene the carl of 
 Sunderland, who had hitherto prompted his council behind 
 the curtain. That politician was now fwo r n of the privy- 
 council, and gratified with the office of lord chamberlain, 
 which had been rcfigned by the earl of Doi fet, a nobleman 
 of elegant tr.ler.ts, ai.d invir.ciHe irciol r.ce 5 ftvcre end 
 poignant in his writings and remarks upon mankind in ge- 
 nerJ, but humane, good-natured, and generous to exccfs, 
 in his commerce with individuals. 
 
 William having made fome promotions *, and appointed 
 a regency, embarked on the twenty-fixth day of April for 
 Holland, that he might be at hand to manage the negocia- 
 tion for the general pe?ce. By this time the preliminaries 
 were fettled between Callieres the French minifter, and 
 Air. Dykveldt in behalf of the States General who refolvcd 
 in confequence of the conceffion made by France,- that, in 
 concert with their allies, the meditation of Sweden might 
 be excepted. The emperor and the court of Spain, how 
 ever, were not fctisfied with thofe conceificns ; yet, his Im 
 perial majefty declared he would errbrace the proffered 
 mediation, provided the treaty of Weflphalia fhould be re- 
 eflablifhed; and provided the king of Sweden would en 
 gage to join his troops with thofe of the allies, in cafe 
 France fhould break through this ftipulation. This pro- 
 pofal being delivered, the minirters of England and Hol 
 land at Vienna, prefented a joint memoiial, preffing his 
 Imperial majtfty to accept the mediation without referve, 
 and name a place at which the congrefs might be op: ned. 
 The emperor (.cmplied wi^h reluctance. On the four 
 teenth day of February, all the minifters of the allies, ex 
 cept the arrbaflador of Spain, agreed to the propofal ; and 
 next day fignificd their afient in form toM. Lillitnroot, the
 
 \V I L L I A M. 241 
 
 Sweuiih plenipotentiary. Spain demanded, as a prelirr.i- CHAP 
 nary, that France would agree to reftore all the places men- .T". 
 tioned in a Ions; lift, which the minifrer of that crown pre- V -*"Y^ 
 Tented to the aflembly. The emperor propofed, that the con- 
 grefs fhould he held at Aix-la-Chapelle, o* Franckfort, or 
 fome other town in Germany. The other allies were 
 more difpofed to nrgociate in Holland. At length, the 
 French king fuggefted, that no place would be more pro 
 per than a palace belonging to King William, called New- 
 nourghoufe, fituated between the Hague and Delft, clofe by 
 the village of Ryfwick ; snd to this proportion the mini- 
 Irers agreed. Thofe of England were the earl of Pembroke, a 
 virtuous, learned, ?nd popular nobleman; the Lord ViHiers> 
 and Sir Jofeph Williamfon : France fent Harlay and C ra 
 cy to the affifcance of Callieres. Louis was not only tired 
 of the war, on account of the mifery in which it had in 
 volved his kingdom; but in deftring a peace hs was actua 
 ted by another motive. The king of Spain had been for 
 fome time in a very ill ftate of health, and the French mo 
 narch had an eye to the fuccefllon. This aim could not 
 be accompliflied while the confederacy fubfifted; therefore, 
 he eagerly fought a peace, that he might at once turn his 
 whole power a^ainfl Spain, as foon as Charles fhould expire. 
 The emperor harboured the fame defign upon the Spanifh 
 crown, and for thatreafon interefted himfelf in the continu 
 ance of the grand alliance. Befidcs he forefawthat he fhould in 
 a little time be able to act againft France with an augmented 
 force. The c?,ar of Mufcovy had engaged to find employ 
 ment for the Turks and Tartars. He intended to raife 
 the elector of Saxony to the throne of Poland; and he had 
 made fome progrefs in the negociation with the circles of 
 the Rhine, for a considerable body of auxiliary troops. 
 The Dutch had no other view but that of fecuring a bar 
 rier in the Netherlands. King William infilled upon the 
 French king s acknowledging his title ; and the Englifh na 
 tion wifhed for nothing fo much as the end of a ruinous war. 
 On the i oth day of February, Callieres, in the name of 
 his m after, agreed to the following preliminaries : That the 
 treaties of Weftphalia and Nimeguen fhould be the bans 
 of this negociation : That Strafburg fhould be reftored to 
 the empire, and Luxembourg to the Spaniards, together 
 xvith Mons, Chatleroy, and all places taken by the French 
 iii Catalonia fince the treaty of Nimeguen: That Dinant 
 fhould be ceded to the biihop of Liege, and all re-unions 
 Imce the treaty of Nimeguen be made void : That the French 
 king fhould make reftitution of Lorraine; and upon con- 
 cluiion of the peace, acknowledge the prince of Orange as 
 king of Great Britain, without condition and referve. The 
 VOL. I. 2 H
 
 242 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK conferences were interrupted by the death of Charles XL 
 king of Sweden, who was fucceeded by his fon Charles T 
 
 **~Y*J then a minor ; but the queen and five fenators, whom the 
 l6 97- late king had by will appointed adminiftrators of the go 
 vernment, refolved to purfue the mediation, and fent a 
 new commiffion to Lillienroot for that purpofe. The 
 ceremonials being regulated with the confent of all parties, 
 the plenipotentiaries of the emperor delivered their mafter s 
 demands to the mediator, on the 22d day of May, and fe- 
 veral German minifters gave in the pretenfions of the 
 refpeftive princes whom they reprefented. 
 
 Mean while, the French king, in the hope of procuring 
 more favourable terms, refolved to make his laft effort 
 againft the Spaniards in Catalonia, and in the Nether 
 lands, and to elevate the Prince of Conti to the throne of 
 Poland ; an event which would have greatly improved the 
 intereft of France in Europe. Louis had got the ftart of 
 the confederates in Flanders, and fent thither a very nu 
 merous army, commanded by Catinat, Villeioy, and 
 BoufHers. The campaign was opened with the liege of 
 Aeth, which was no fooner inverted, than King William, 
 having recovered of an indifpofition, took the field, and 
 had an interview with the duke of Bavaria, who com 
 manded a feparate body. He did not think proper to in 
 terrupt the enemy in their operations before Aeth, which 
 furrendered in a few days after the trenches were opened : 
 but contented himfclf with taking poffeflion of an advan 
 tageous camp, where he covered Bruflels, which Villeroy 
 and Boufflers had determined to befiege. In Catalonia, 
 the duke of Vendome, inverted Barcelona, in which there 
 was a garrifon of ten thoufand regular foldiers, befides 
 five thoufand burghers, who had voluntarily taken arms 
 on this occafion. The governor of the place was the 
 prince of Hefle d Armftadt, who had ferved in Ireland, 
 and been verted with the command of the Imperial troops 
 which were fent into Spain. The French general being 
 reinforced from Provence and Languedoc, carried on his 
 approaches with furprifing impetuofcty; and was rcpulfed 
 ia feveral attacks by the valour of the defendants. At 
 length, the enemy furprifed and routed the viceroy of Ca 
 talonia; and flufhed with this victory, ftormed the out 
 works, which had been long battered with their cannon. 
 The difpute was very bloody and obftinate ; but the French, 
 by dint of numbers, made themfelves mafters of the co 
 vered way and two baftions. There they erected batte 
 ries of cannon and mortars, and fired furioufly on the town, 
 which, however, the. prince of Kefle refolved to defend to 
 the lail extremity. The court of Madrid, however, un-
 
 WILLIAM. 243 
 
 walling to fee the place entirely ruined, as in all probabi- CHAP. 
 lity it would be reftored at the peace, difpatched an order ^J- 
 to the prince to capitulate ; and he obtained very honour- Vrf *V^ > 
 able terms, after having made a glorious defence for nine 
 weeks ; in consideration of which he was appointed viceroy 
 of the province. France was no fooner in pofieilion of 
 this important place, than the Spaniards became as ea 
 ger for peace as they had been before averfe to a nego- 
 ciation. 
 
 Their impatience was not a little inflamed by the fuc- 
 cefs of Pointis in America, where he took Carthagena, 
 in which he found a ooty amounting to eight millions of 
 crowns. Having ruined the fortifications of the place, 
 and received advice, that an Engliih fquadron under Ad 
 miral Nevil had arrived in the YVeft-Indies, with a defign 
 to attack him in his return, he bore away for the ftraits of 
 Bahama. On the 22d day of May he fell in with the 
 Englifh fleet, and one of his fly-boats was taken ; but 
 fuch was his dexterity, or good fortune, that he efcaped, 
 after having been purfued five days, during which the 
 Englifh and Dutch rear-admirals fprang their fore-top- 
 mafts, and received other damage, fo as that they could 
 not proceed. Then Nevil fteered to Carthagena, which 
 he found quite abandoned by the inhabitants, who, after 
 the departure of Pointis, had been rifled a fecond time by 
 the buccaneers, on pretence that they had been defrauded 
 of their fliare of the plunder. This was really the eafe; 
 they had in a great meafure contributed to the fuccefs of 
 Pointis, and were very ill rewarded. In a few days the 
 Engliih admiral difcovered eight fail of their fhips, two 
 of which were forced on fhore and deftroyed, two taken, 
 and the reft efcaped. Then he directed his courfe to Ja 
 maica, and, by the advice of the governor, Sir William 
 Beefton, detached Rear-Admiral Meeze with fome fhips 
 and forces to attack Petit-Guavas, which he accordingly 
 furprifed, burned, and reduced to afhes. After this fmall 
 expedition, Nevil proceeded to the Havannah, on pur- 
 pofe to take the galleons under his convoy for Europe, 
 according to the inflru6lions he had received from the 
 king; but the governor of the place, and the general of 
 the plate-fleet, fufpecSting fuch an offer, would neither 
 fuffer him to enter the harbour, nor put the galleons under 
 his protection. He now failed through the gulph of Flo 
 rida to Virginia, where he died of chagrin, and the com 
 mand of the fleet devolved en Captain Dilkes, who ar 
 rived in England on the 24th day of October, with a fhat- 
 tered fquadron, half manned, to the unfpeakable mortifi-- 
 cition of the people, who flattered themfelves with th
 
 244 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK hopes of wealth and glory from this expedition. Pointis 
 I. fleering to the banks of Newfoundland, entered the bay 
 Lx-yO of Conceptione, at a time when a ftout Englifh fquadron, 
 1697. commanded by Commodore Norris, lay at anchor in tlis 
 bay of St John s. This officer being informed of the ar 
 rival of a French fleet, at rirfl concluded, that it was the 
 fquadron of M. Nefmond come to attack him, and exert 
 ed his utmoft endeavours to put the place in a pofture of 
 defence , but afterwards, understanding that it was Pointis 
 returning with the fpoil of Carthagena, he called a council 
 of war, and propofed to go immediately in queft of the 
 enemy. He was, however, over-ruled by a majority, who 
 gave it as their opinion, that they fhould remain where 
 they were, without running unneceffary hazards. By 
 virtue of this fcandalous determination, Pointis was per 
 mitted to proceed on his voyage to Europe ; but he had 
 not yet efcaped every danger. On the 1 4th day of Au- 
 guft he fell in with a fquadron, under the command of 
 Captain Harlow, by whom he was bolcily engaged till 
 night parted the combatants. He was purfued next day ; 
 but his (hips failing better than thofe of Harlow, he ac- 
 complifhed his efcape, and on the morrow entered the 
 harbour of Breft. That his {hips, which were foul, fhould 
 out-fail the Englifh fquadron, which had juft put to 
 fea, was a myftery which the people of England could not 
 explain. They complained of having been betrayed 
 through the whole courfe of the Weft-Indian expedi 
 tion. The king owned he did not underfland marine af 
 fairs, the "entire conduct of which he abandoned to Ruflel, 
 who became proud, arbitrary, and unpopular, and was fup- 
 pofed to be betrayed by his dependents. Certain it is, 
 the fervice wa.s greatly obftrudled by faction among the 
 officers, which with refpecl: to the nation had all the ef- 
 fec"ts of treachery and mifconducl. 
 
 The fuccels of the French in Catalonia, Flanders, arid 
 the Weft-Indies, was balanced by their difappointment in 
 Poland. Louis, encouraged by the remonftrances of the 
 Abbe de Polignac, who managed the affairs of France in 
 that kingdom, rcfolved to fupport the prince of Conti as 
 a candidate for the crown, and remitted great fums of 
 money, which were distributed among the Polifh nobility. 
 The emperor had at firft declared for the fon of the late 
 king ; but finding the French party too ftrong for this 
 competitor, he entered into a negociation with the elec 
 tor of Saxony, who agreed to change his religion, to dif- 
 tribute eight millions of florins among the Poles, to con 
 firm their privileges, and advance with his troops to the 
 frontiers, of that kingdom. Having performed thefc ar-
 
 W I L L I A M. 
 
 tides, he declared himfelf a candidate, and was publicly c H^A P 
 efpoufcd by the Imperialifts. The duke of Lorraine, the 
 prince of Baden, and Den Livio Odefchalchi, nephew to ( -*"Y <> * > 
 Pope Innocent, were likewife competitors ; but finding 
 their intereft inefficient, they united their influence with Eleaorof 
 that of the elector, who was proclaimed king of Poland, saxony de- 
 He forthwith took the oaths required, procured an attef- cU-ed king 
 tation from the Imperial court of his having changed his 
 religion, and marched with his army to Cracow, where 
 he was crowned with the ufual folemnity. Louis perfifted 
 in maintaining the pretenfions of the prince of Conti, and 
 equipped a fleet at Dunkirk for his convoy to Dantzick 
 in his way to Poland. But the magiftrates of that city, 
 who had declared for the new king, would not furler his 
 men to land, though they offered to admit himfelf with a 
 fmall retinue. He therefore, went on fhore at Majien- 
 burgh, where he was met by fome chiefs of his own 
 party ; but the new King Auguftus aled with fuch vi 
 gilance, that he found it impracticable to form an army ; 
 befiues, he fufpe&ed the fidelity of his own Polilli Parti- 
 fans; he, therefore, refufed to part with the treafure he 
 had brought, and in the beginning of winter returned to 
 Dunkirk. 
 
 The eftabliftiment of Auguftus on the throne of Poland 
 was in fome meafure owing to the conduct of Peter the 
 czar of Mufcovy, who having formed great defigns againft 
 the Ottoman-Porte, was very unwilling to fee the crown 
 of Poland poffefled by a partifan of France, which was in 
 alliance with the grand fignor. He, therefore, interefted 
 himfelf warmly in the difputc, and ordered his general to 
 affemble an army on the frontiers of Lithuania, which, by 
 over-awing the Poles that were in the intereft of the 
 prince of Conti, confidently influenced the election. 
 This extraordinary legiflator, who was a ftrangc compound 
 of heroifm and barbarity, confcious of the defects in his 
 education, and of the grofs ignorance that overfpread 
 his dominions, refolved to extend his ideas, and improve P 5 ter > ar 
 his judgment by travelling ; and that he might be the lefs ^.^ ^ vy 
 reftricled by forms, or interrupted by officious curiofity, difguife 
 he determined to travel in difguifc. He was extremely 
 ambitious of becoming a maritime power, and in particu 
 lar of maintaining a. fleet"n the Black Sea ; and his im 
 mediate aim was to learn the principles of fhip-buildin:r. 
 He appointed an embaffy for Holland, to regulate fome 
 points of commerce with the dates-general. Having en- 
 trufted the care of his dominions to perfons in whom he 
 could confide, he now difrjuiied hiir.felf, and travelled as
 
 246 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, one of their retinue. He firft difclofed himfelf to the 
 . elector of Brandenburgh in Prufiia, and afterwards to 
 
 ""Y""* King William, with whom he conferred in private at 
 Utrecht. He engaged himfelf as a common labourer 
 with a {hip-carpenter in Holland, whom he ferved for 
 fome months with wonderful patience and afiiciuity. 
 Ha afterwards vifited England, where he amufed him 
 felf chiefly with the fame kind of occupation. From 
 thence he fet out for Vienna, where receiving advices 
 from his dominions, that his fifter was concerned in 
 managing intrigues againft his government, he returned 
 fuddenly to Mofcow, and found, the machinations of the 
 confpirators were already baffled by the vigilance and fi 
 delity of the foreigners to whom he had left the care of 
 the adminiftration. His favage nature, however, broke 
 out upon this occafion ; he ordered fome hundreds to be 
 hanged all round his capital; and a good number were be 
 headed, he himfelf with his own. hand performing the of 
 fice of executioner. 
 
 The ncgociations at Ryfwic proceeded very flov/ly 
 for fome time. The Imperial minifters demanded, that 
 France fhould make reftitution of all the places and do 
 minions fhe had wrefted from the empire fmce the peace 
 of Munfter, whether by force of arms or pretence of right. 
 The Spaniards claimed all they could demand by virtue 
 of the peace of Nimeguen aad the treaty of the Pyran- 
 nees. The French affirmed, that if the preliminaries 
 offered by Callieres were accepted, thefe proportions 
 could not be taken into confideration. The Imperialifts 
 perfifted in demanding a circumftantial anfvver, article by 
 article. The Spaniards infifted upon the fame manner of 
 proceeding, and called upon the mediator and Dutch mi- 
 nifters to fupport their pretenfions. The plenipotentia 
 ries of France declared, they would not admit any de 
 mand or propofition, contrary to the preliminary articles: 
 But were willing to deliver in a project of peace, in or 
 der to (horten the negociation ; and the Spaniih ambafla- 
 dors confented to this expedient. During thefe tranf- 
 actions, the earl of Portland held a conference with Mare- 
 fchal Boufflers, near Halle, in fight of the two oppofite 
 armies, which was continued in five fucceffive meeting?. 
 On the 2d day of Auguft tiK-yfctircd together to a houfe 
 in the fuburbs of Hulle, and mutually figned a paper, 
 in which the principal articles of the peace between 
 France and England were adjufted. Next day King 
 William quitted the camp, and retired to his houfe at 
 Loo, confident of having taken fuch meafures for a pa-
 
 WILLIAM. 247 
 
 cification as could not be difappointed. The fubjeft of C H A i>. 
 this field negociation is faid to have turned upon the 
 interefts of King James, which the French monarch pro- ^~Y^- J 
 mifed to abandon : Others, however, fuppcfe, that the l6 S7- 
 h rft, foundation of the partition treaty was laid in this 
 conference. But, in all probability, William s fole aim 
 was to put an end to an expenfive and unfuccefsful war, 
 which had rendered him very unpopular in his own domi 
 nions, and to obtain from the court of France an ac 
 knowledgment of his title, which had fince the queen s 
 death become the fubject of difpute. He perceived the 
 emperor s backwardnefs towards a pacification, and fore- 
 favv numberlefs difficulties in difcuiTing fuch a compli 
 cation of interefts by the common method of treating : 
 He, therefore, chofe fuch a ftep as he thought would 
 alarm the jcaloufy of the allies, and quicken the negocia 
 tion at Ryiwick. Before the congrefs was opened, King 
 James had publifhed two manifeftoes, addrefied to the 
 Catholic and Proteftant princes of the confederacy, re- 
 prefenting his wrongs, and craving redrefs ; but his re- 
 moaftrances being altogether difregarded, he afterwards 
 iffued a third declaration, folemnly protefting againft all 
 that mi^ht or fhould be negociated, regulated, or ftipu- 
 lated with the ufurper of his realms, as being void 
 of all rightful and lawful authority. On the 2Oth day of 
 July the French ambafTadors produced their project 
 of a general peace, declaring at the fame time, that fhould 
 it not be accepted before the laft day of Auguft, France 
 would not hold herfelf bound for the conditions (he now 
 offered : But Caunitz, the emperor s plenipotentiary, 
 protefted he would pay no regard to this limitation. On 
 the 3<Dth of Auguft, however, he delivered to the media 
 tor an ultimatum, importing, That he adhered to the 
 treaties of Weftphalia and Nimeguen, and accepted of 
 Strafbourg with its appurtenances : That he infifted upon 
 the reftitution of Lorraine to the prince of that name ; 
 and demanded, That the church and chapter of Liege 
 fhould be re-eftablifhed in the polleflion of their incon- 
 teftible rights. Next day the French plenipotentiaries 
 declared, That the month of Auguft being now expired, 
 all their offers were vacated : That, therefore, the King 
 of France would referve Strafbourg, and unite it, with 
 its dependencies, to his crown for ever : That in other 
 rcfpech he would adhere to the project, and reftore Bar 
 celona to the crown of Spain ; but that thefe terms muft 
 be accepted in twenty days, otherwife he fhould think 
 himfelf at liberty to recede. The minifters of the elec 
 tors and princes of the empire joined in a written le-
 
 248 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK monftrance to the Spanifla plenipotentiaries, representing 
 J - the inconveniencies and dangers that would accrue to 
 
 ^~y~*J the Germanic body, from France s being in pofleflion of 
 l6 97- Luxembourg, and exhorting them in the ftrongeft terms 
 to reject all offers of an equivalent for that province, 
 t They likewife prefented another to the ftates-eeneral, 
 requiring them to continue the war, according to their 
 engagements, until France fliould have complied with 
 the preliminaries. No regard, however, was paid to 
 either of thefe adelrefies. Then the Imperial ambafTadors 
 demanded the good offices of the mediator, on certain 
 articles : But all that he could obtain of France was, that 
 the term for adj lifting the peace between her and the em 
 peror fhould be prolonged till the ift day of November, 
 and in the mean time an armiftice be punctually obferved. 
 Yet even thefe conceflions were made, on condition that 
 the treaty with England, Spain, and Holland fhould be 
 figncd on that day, even though the emperor and empire 
 fhould not concur. 
 
 Accordingly, on the 2oth day of September, the articles 
 were fubfcribed by the Dutch, Englifh, Spanifli, and 
 French arnbafiadors, v/hile the Imperial ministers pro- 
 teftedagainft the tranfaiStion, obferving, this was the fecond 
 time that a feparate peace had been concluded with France ; 
 and that the fr.at.es of the empire, who had been impofed 
 upon through their own credulity, would not for the fu 
 ture be fo eafily perfuaded to engage in confederacies. In 
 certain preparatory articles fettled between England and 
 France, King William promifed to pay a yearly penfion to 
 Queen Mary D Efte, of fifty thoufand pounds, or fuch 
 Cum as fhould be eftablifhed for that purpofe by at of 
 parliament. The treaty itfclf confifted of feventeen ar- 
 ticbs. The French king engaged, That he would not 
 difturb or difquiet the king of Great Britain in the pof- 
 feffion of his realms or government ; nor aflift his enemies, 
 nor favour confpiracies againtt his nerfon. This obliga 
 tion was reciprocal. A free commerce was reftored. 
 CommifTaries were appointed to meet at London, and fet 
 tle the pretenfions of each crown to Hudfon s-bay, taken 
 by the French during the late peace, and retaken by the 
 Englifh in the courle of the war; and to regulate the li 
 mits of the places to be refcored, as well as the exchanges 
 to be made. It was likewife ftipulated, That, in cafe of 
 a rupture, fix months fliould be allowed to the fubjects oi 
 each power for removing their effects : That the feparate- 
 article of the treaty of IN imeguen, relating to the princi 
 pality of Oran-ge, ihould be entirely executed; and, That 
 -the ratifications fnould be exchanged in three weeks from
 
 W I L L I A M. 24,? 
 
 ths day of fi.o-nin?-. The treaty between France and Hoi- c H A P. 
 
 IT 
 
 land imported a general armiftice, a perpetual amity, a mu 
 tual restitution, a reciprocal renunciation of all pretenfions *~*"Y" * > 
 upon each other, a confirmation of the peace with Savoy, l( >97- 
 a re-ei-b.blifhment of the treaty concluded between France 
 and Brandenburgh, in the year one thoufand fix hundred 
 and feventy-nine, a comprehenfion of Sweden, and all 
 thofe powers that fhould be named before the ratification, 
 or in fix months after the conclufion of the treaty. Be- 
 fides, the Dutch minifiers concluded a treaty of commerce 
 with France, which was immediately put in execution. 
 Spain had great reafon to be fatisfied with the pacification, 
 by which fhe recovered Gironne, Rofes, Barcelona, Lux 
 embourg, Charleroy, Mons, Courtray, and all the towns, 
 fortrefTes, and territories taken by the French in the pro 
 vince of Luxembourg, Namur, Brabant, Flanders, and 
 Hainault, except eighty-two towns and villages claimed 
 by the French : This difpute was left to the decifion of 
 commiiTaries; or, in cafe they fhould not agree, to the de 
 termination of the ftates-gencval. A remonftrance in fa 
 vour of the French Proteilant refugees in England, Hol 
 land, and Germany, was delivered by the earl of Pem 
 broke to the mediator, in the name of the Proteftant 
 allies, on the day that preceded the conclufion of the treaty; 
 but the French plenipotentiaries declared, in the name of 
 their mafter, that as he did not pretend to prefcribe rules 
 to King William about the Englifh fubjects he expected 
 the fame liberty with refpecl: to his own. No other effort 
 was made in behalf of thofe Confcientious exiles : 1 he 
 treaties were ratified, and the peace proclaimed at Paris 
 and London. 
 
 The emperor ftill held out, and perhaps was encouraged A general 
 to perfevere in his obftinacy by the fuccefs of his arms P acifi tion 
 
 IT i_ i i T- r o concluded 
 
 in Hungary, where his general, prince Eugene of ba- at 
 voy, obtained a complete victory at Zenta over the 
 forces of the grand fignor, who commanded his army in 
 perfon. In this battle, which was fought on the nth day 
 of September, the grand vifir, the aga of the JaniiFarie.^ 
 feven-and-twenty bafhaws, and about thirty thoufand 
 men, were killed or drowned in the river They/Ft : Six 
 thoufand were wounded or taken, together with all their 
 artillery, tents, baggage, provision, and ammunition, the 
 grand iignor himlelf efcaping with difficulty: A victory 
 the more glorious and acceptable, as the Turks had a 
 great iuperiority in point of number, and as the Imperial- 
 ifts did not lofe a thoufand men during the whole action. 
 The emperor, perceiving that the event of this battle had 
 no effect in retarding the treaty, thought proper to make 
 VOL. I. 2 I
 
 250 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK ufe of the armiftice, and continue the negotiation after the 
 ! forementioned treaties had been figned. This was like- 
 
 < ^"Y"" V * ) wife the cafe with the princes of the empire ; though thofe 
 l6 97- of the Proteftant perfuafion complained, that their intereft 
 was neglected. In one of the articles of the treaty, it was 
 ftipulated,.That in the places to be reftored by France, 
 the Roman Catholic religion fhould continue as it had been 
 re-eftablifhed. The ambafladors of the Proteftant princes 
 joined in a remonftrance, demanding, That the Lutheran 
 religion fhould be reftored in thofe places where it had 
 formerly prevailed ; but this demand was rejf-xfted, as being 
 equally difagreeable to France and the emperor. Then 
 they refufed to fign the treaty, which was now concluded 
 between France, the emperor, and the Catholic princes 
 of the empire. By this pacification, Triers, the Pala 
 tinate, and Lorraine, were reftored to their refpe6rjve 
 owners. The countries of Spanheim and Veldentz, to 
 gether with the duchy of Deux Ponts, were ceded to the 
 king of Sweden. Francis Louis_alatine was confirmed 
 in the electorate. of Cologn ; and Cardinal Furftemberg 
 reftored to all his rights and benefices. The claims of 
 the duchefs of Orleans upon the Palatinate were referred 
 to the arbitration of France and the emperor ; and in the 
 meantime the Elector Palatine agreed to fupply her high- 
 nefs with an annuity of one hundred thoufand florins. 
 The minifters of the "Proteftant princes published a formal 
 declaration againft the claufe relating to religion, and af 
 terwards folemnly protefted againft the manner in which 
 the negociation had been conducted. Such was the ifj ue 
 of a long and bloody war, which had drained England of 
 her wealth and people, almoft entirely ruined her com 
 merce, debauched her morals, by encouraging venality and 
 corruption, and entailed upon her the curfe of foreign con 
 nexions, as well as a national debt, which was gradually 
 increafed to an intolerable burthen. x After all the blood 
 and treafure which had been expended, William s ambi 
 tion and revenge remained unfatisfied. Neverthelefs, he 
 r^pcd die folid advantage of feeing himfelf firmly efta- 
 blifhed on the Englifli throne j and the confederacy, though 
 not fuccefsful in every inftance, accomplished their great 
 aim of putting a ftop to the encroachments of the French 
 monarch. They mortified his vanity, they humbled his 
 pride and arrogance, ,and compelled him to difgorge the ac- 
 quifitions which, like a robber, he had made in violation of 
 public faith, juftice, and humanity. Had the allies been 
 true to one another ; had they acted from genuine zeal 
 for the common intcrcfts of mankind; and profecuted with 
 vigour the. plan which was originally concerted, Louis
 
 WILLIAM. 251 
 
 would in a few campaigns have b?en reduced to the moft CHAP. 
 abjeil irate of difgrace, defpondence, and fubmiflion ; for v - 
 he was deftitute of true courage and magnanimity. King 
 William having fmiihed this important tranfadlion, re- 
 turned to England about the middle of November, and 
 was received in London, amidft the acclamations of the 
 people, who now again hailed him as their deliverer from a 
 war, by the continuance of which they muft have been 
 infallibly beggared.
 
 C 252 ] 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 FROM THE TREATY OF RYSWIC TO THE ACCESSION OF 
 GEORGE I. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Proceedings of Parliament Standing Army reduced 
 
 The Ring dlfowns^ and refo/ves to rum the 
 
 Scotch, African and Indian Company Is obliged 
 
 to fend away his Dutch Guards The Scots fettle 
 
 at Daricn, but are obliged to abandon it A lev ere 
 
 o 
 
 bill againft Paplfts Violent ferment in Scotland 
 
 Death of the Duke of Gloucefter Of the King 
 
 of Spain -SucceJJion to the Britijh Crown fettled 
 
 Several memhers -of the old mini/try Impeached Af 
 fairs on the Continent Death of King James . 
 
 Bill of abjuration pajfed- Death and character of 
 
 Kin William, 
 
 BOOK ^^T^^N the king opened the feffion of parliament 
 
 \ \ on the 3d day of December, he told them the war 
 
 *^~\f~*J- was brought to the end they all propofed, namely, an 
 
 97- honourable peace. He gave them to underftand there 
 
 was a confiderable debt on account of the fleet and army : 
 
 Pan:amen- rr , 1 ,. , 111 i 
 
 taiypro- * nat the revenues or the crown had been anticipated: 
 
 ee-^i-ngs. He exprefTed his hope, that they would provide for him 
 
 during his life, in fuch a manner as would conduce to Hf-
 
 W I L L 1 A M. 253 
 
 own honour, and that of the government. He recom- C H A P. 
 mended the maintenance of a confiderable navy; and L 
 gave it as his opinion, that, for the prefent, England could ^^V^**^ 
 not be frfe without a {landing army. Fie promifed to l6 97- 
 rectify fuch corruptions and abufes as might have crept 
 into any part of the administration during the war ; and 
 effectually to difcourage prophanenefs and immorality. 
 Finally, he aiTured them, that as he had refcued their re 
 ligion, laws, and liberties, when they were in the extrenuft 
 danger, fo he Ihould place the glory of his reign in pre- 
 ferving and leaving them entire to lateft pofterity. To 
 this jpeech the commons replied in an addrefs, by a 
 compliment of congratulation upon the peace, and an af- 
 ^urance, that they would be ever ready to a/lift and fup- 
 port his majefty, who had confirmed them in the quiet pof- 
 feilion of their rights and liberties, and by putting an end 
 to the war fully completed the work of their deliverance. 
 Notwithftanding; thtfe appearances of good humour, the 
 majority of the houfe, and indeed of the whole nation, 
 were equally alarmed and exafperated at a project for 
 maintaining a {landing army, which was countenanced at 
 court, and even recommended by the king, in his fpecch 
 to the parliament. William s genius was altogether mi^ 
 litary. He could not bear the thoughts of being a king 
 without power. He could not without reluctance difmifs 
 thofe officers who had given fo many proofs of their 
 courage and fidelity. He did not think himfelf fafe upon 
 the naked throne, in a kingdom that fwarmed with mal 
 contents, who had fo often confpired againft his perfon and 
 government. He dreaded the ambition and known per 
 fidy of the French king, who ftill retained a powerful ar 
 my. He forefaw, that a reduction of the forces would 
 lefTen his importance b*th at home and abroad; diminiflj 
 the dependence upon his government j and difperfe thofe 
 foreigners in whofc attachment he chiefly confided. He 
 communicated his fentimcnts on this fubjecl: to his confi 
 dent, the earl of Sumlerland, who knew by experience the 
 averfion of the people to a {landing army ; ncvcrthelefr, 
 encouraged him with hope of fuccefs, on the fuppofition 
 that the commons would fee the difference between an 
 army raifed by the king s private authority, and a body 
 of veteran troops maintained by confent of parliament for 
 the fecurity of the kingdom. This was a diflinction to 
 which the people paid no regard. All the jealoufy of for 
 mer parliaments fcenied to be roufed by the bare prcpo- 
 fal ; and this was inflamed by a national prejudice againft 
 the refugees, in whofe favour the king had betrayed re 
 peated mnvks of partial in^u! T encc. They were fubmif-
 
 254 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK five, tractable, and wholly dependent upon his will and 
 generality. The Jacobites failed not to cherifn the feeds 
 
 ( ~~y~*-> of dlflatisfa&iorij and reproach the Whigs who counte- 
 Jt5 97- ranced this meafure. They branded that party with 
 spoflacy from their former principles. They observed, 
 that the very perfons who in the late reigns endeavoured 
 to abridge the prerogative, and deprive the king of that 
 ihare of power which was abfolutely neceffary to actuate 
 the machine of government, were now become advocates 
 for maintaining a (landing army in time of peace; nay, 
 raid impudently avowed, that their complaifance to the 
 court in this particular was owing to their defire of ex 
 cluding from all {hare in the adminiftration a faction dif- 
 affected to his majefty, which might miflead him into 
 more pernicious meafures. The majority of thofe who 
 really entertained Revolution principles oppofed the 
 court, from apprchenfions that a {landing army, once 
 eflablifhed, would take root, and grow into an habitual 
 maxim of government : That, fhou ld the people be dif- 
 armed, and the fword left in the hands of mercenaries, 
 the liberties of the nation muft be entirely at the mercy 
 of him by whom thofe mercenaries fliould be command- 
 , ed. They might over-awe elections, dictate to parlia 
 ments, and eftablifh a tyranny, before the people could 
 take any meafures for their own protection. They could 
 not help thinking it was poflible to form a militia, that, 
 with the concurrence of a fleet, might effectually protect 
 the kingdom from the dangers of an invaiion. They 
 firmly believed, that a militia might be regularly trained 
 to arms, fo as to acquire the dexterity of profeffed fol- 
 diers ; and they did not doubt they would furpafs thofe 
 hirelings in courage, confidering that they wouid be ani 
 mated by every concurring motive of intereft, fentiment 
 and affection. Nay, they argued, that Britain, furround- 
 ed as it was by a boifterous fea, fecured by floating bul 
 warks, abounding with (rout and hardy inhabitants, did 
 not deferve to be free, if her fons could not prote6t their 
 liberties without the aiTiftance of mercenaries, who were 
 indeed the only flaves of the kingdom. Yet, among the 
 genuine friends of their country, tome individuals cfpouf- 
 cd the oppofite maxims. Theyobferved, that the military 
 fyftem of every government in Europe was now altered : 
 That war was become a trade, and difcipline a fcience not 
 to be learned but by thofe who made it their fole pro- 
 fefTion : That, therefore, while France kept up a large 
 (landing army of veterans, ready to embark on the oppo 
 fite coail, it would be abfolutely neceffary, for the fafety 
 of the nation, to maintain a fmall (landing force, which
 
 W I L L I A M. 255. 
 
 would be voted in parliament from year to year. They c u A P. 
 might have fuggefted another expedient, which in a few 
 years would have produced a militia of difciplined men. ( *" 
 Had the foldiers of this fmall {landing army been inlitled 
 for a term of years, at the expiration of which they might 
 have claimed their difcharge, volunteers would have of 
 fered themfelves from all parts of the kingdom, even 
 from the deiire of learning the ufe and excrcife of arms, 
 the ambition of being; concerned in fcenes of actual fer- 
 vice, and the chagrin of little ^/appointments or tempo 
 rary difgufts, which yet would not have impelled them to 
 inlift as foldiers on the common terms of perpetual fla- 
 very. In coiifequence of fuch a fucceffion, the whole 
 kingdom would foon have been flocked with members of 
 a dilciplined militia, equal, if not fuperior to any army of 
 profefied foldiers. But this fcheme would have defeated 
 the purpofe of the government, which was more afraid 
 of domeftic foes than of foreign enemies ; and indufiri- 
 oufly avoided every plan of this nature, which could 
 contribute to render the malcontents of the nation more 
 formidable. 
 
 Before we proceed to the tranfaclions of parliament in 
 this feffion, it may not be amifs to fketch the outlines of 
 the miniftry, as it flood at this juncture. The kind s af- 
 fe&ion for the earl of Portland had begun to abate, in 
 proportion as his eftcem for Sunderland increafed, toge 
 ther wich his consideration for Mrs. Villiers, who had 
 been ciiftinguiJhed by fome particular marks of his majef- 
 ty s favour. Thefe two favourites are faid to have fu im 
 planted Portland, whofe place in the king s bofom was 
 now filled by VanKeppel, a gentleman of Guclderland, 
 who had firft ferved his majefty as a pa^e, and afterwards 
 acted as a private fccretary. The earl of Portland growing 
 troublcfome, from his jealoufy of his rival, the king re - 
 folved to fend him into honourable exile, in quality of an 
 ambaHauor extraordinary to the court of France; and 
 Trumball, his friend and creature, was diGriiied from the 
 office of fccretary, v/hich the king conferred upon Ver- 
 rion, a plodding man of bufineft, who had aled as under 
 Secretary to the duke of Shrewfbury. This nobleman ri 
 valled the tarl of Sunderland in his credit at the council 
 board; and was fuppprted by Somers, lord-chancellor of 
 England, by Ruflel, now earl of Oi ford, hrfl lord of the 
 admiralty, and Montagu, chancellor of the exd:-_qiurr. 
 Somers was an upright judge, a plauuble itateih;?.n, 
 a conilsTniT.ate courtier, arrablc, mild, and iiifinuatin:^. 
 Orford appears to have been rough, turbulent, factious, 
 and (hallow. Montagu ha.d diitinguiihed hirrfclf t-ariy by
 
 256 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK his poetical genius ; but he foon converted his attention 
 to the cultivation of more folid talents. He rendered hi m- 
 felf remarkable for his eloquence, difcernment, and 
 knowledge of the EnglifH conftitution. To a delicate 
 tafte, he united an eager appetite for political fludies. 
 The firft catered for the enjoyments of fancy; the other 
 was fubfervient to his ambition. He, at the fame time, 
 was the difUn2;ui{hed encouragcr of the liberal arts, and 
 the profefled patron of projectors. In his private deport 
 ment he was liberal, eafy, and entertaining; as a ftatcf- 
 man, bold, dogmatical, and afpiring. 
 
 Number of The terrors ofaftanding army had produced fuch an 
 
 ftanding univerfal ferment in the nation, that the dependents of 
 the court in the houfe of commons durft not openly op - 
 
 thoufand. pofe the reduction of the forces ; but they fhifted the bat 
 tery, and employed all their addrefs in perfuading the 
 houfe to agree, that a very fnrall number fhould be re 
 tained. When the commons voted, that all the forces 
 raifed fmce the year one thoufand fix hundred and eighty 
 fhould be difbanded, the courtiers defired the vote might 
 be recommitted, on pretence that it reftrained the king to 
 the eld Tory regiments, on whofe fidelity he could not 
 rely. This motion, however, was over-ruled by a confi- 
 tlerable majority. Then they propofed an amendment, 
 which was rejected, and afterwards moved, that the fum 
 of five hundred thoufand pounds per annum fhould be 
 granted for the maintenance of guards and garrifoHS. 
 This provifion would have maintained a very considerable 
 number; but they were again clifappointed, and fain to 
 embrace a competition with the other party, by which 
 three hundred and fifty thoufand pounds were allotted for 
 the maintenance of ten thoufand men ; and they after 
 wards obtained an addition of three thoufand marines. 
 The king was extremely mortified at thefe refolutions of 
 the commons ; and even declared to his particular friends, 
 that he would never have intermeddled with the affairs of 
 the nation, had he forefeen they would make fuch returns 
 of ingratitude and diftruft. His difpleafure was aggravat 
 ed by the refentment exprefled againft Sunderland, who 
 was fuppofed to have advifed the unpopular meafure of 
 retaining a fhnding army. This nobleman, dreading the 
 vengeance of the commons, refolved to avert the fury of 
 the impending ftorm, by refigning his office, and retiring 
 from court, contrary to the intreaties of his friends, and 
 the earneft defire of his majefty. 
 
 The houfe of commons, in order to fweeten the unpa 
 latable cup they had prefented to the king, voted the fum 
 of feven hundred thoufand pound* per annum for the tup-
 
 WILLIAM. 257 
 
 port of the civil lift-, diftindt from all other fervices. CHAP. 
 Then they pafTed an act prohibiting the currency of fil- 
 vered hamrnered coin, including a claiife for making out ^"Y"^ 
 new exchequer bills, in lieu of thofe which were or 
 mi^ht be filled up with indorfements ; they framed ano 
 ther to open the correfpondence with France, under vari 
 ety of ^rovifos ; a third for continuing the imprifonrnent 
 of certain perfons who had been concerned in the late 
 confpiracy ; a fourth granting further time for adminif- 
 terino; oaths with refpect to tallies and orders in the ex 
 chequer and bank of England. Thefe bills having receiv 
 ed the royal affent, they refolved to grant a fupply, 
 which, together with the funds already fettled for that 
 purpofe, fhould be fufficient to anfwer and cancel all ex 
 chequer bills, to the amount of two millions fcven hun 
 dred thoufand pounds. Another fupply was voted for the 
 payment and reduction of the army, including half-pay to 
 fuch cornmiffion officers as were natural -born fubjects of 
 England. They granted one million four hundred thou 
 fand pounds, to make good deficiencies. They refolved, 
 that the fum of two millions three hundred and forty- 
 eight thoufand one hundred and two pounds, was necefiary 
 to pay off arrears, fubiiftence, contingencies, general of 
 ficers, guards, and garrifons, of which fum eight hun 
 dred and fifty-five thoufand five hundred and two pounds, 
 remained in the hands ef the paymafter. Then they took 
 into confideration the fubficlies due to foreign powers, and 
 the fums owing to contractors for bread and forage. 
 Examining further the debts of the nation, they found the 
 general debt of the navy amounted to one million three 
 hundred and ninety-two thoufand feven hundred and 
 forty-two pounds. That of the ordnance was equal to 
 two hundred and four thoufand one hundred* and fifty- 
 feven pounds. The tranfport debt contracted for the re 
 duction of Ireland, and other fervices, did not fall fhort 
 of four hundred and fixty-fix thoufand four hundred and 
 ninety-three pounds ; and they owed nine-arid- forty 
 thoufand nine hundred and twenty-nine pounds, for quar 
 tering and clothing the army, which had been raifed by 
 one at of parliament in the year 1677, and difbanded by 
 another in the year 1679. As this enormous load of debt 
 could not be discharged at once, the commons pafTed 
 a number of votes for raifing fums of money, by which it 
 was confiderably lightened; and fettled the funds for thcib 
 purpof.-s by the continuation of the land-tax and other 
 impoutions. With refpect to the civil lift, it was raifed 
 by a new iubfidy of tonnage and poundage, the heredita 
 ry and temporarv excife, a weekly portion frem the reve- 
 I. 2 K
 
 758 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Ii o C K nu - c f t h c poft-office, the firft-fruits and tenths of the 
 clergy, the fines in the alienation office, and port-fines, 
 ""y""* the revenue of the wine licenfe, money arifing by fherifFs, 
 ^ proffer?, and compofitions in the exchequer, and fei- 
 zurc?, the income of the duchy of Cornwall, the rents of 
 r.ll other crown-lands in England or Wales, and the duty 
 of four and a half per cent, upon fpecie from Barbadoes 
 2nd the Leeward Iflands. The bill imported, That the 
 overplus arifing from thefe funds fhould be accounted for 
 to parliament. Six hundred thoufand pound? of this mo 
 ney was allotted for the purpofes of the civil lift : The 
 reft was granted for the jointure of fifty thoufand pounds 
 per annum, to be paid to Queen Mary of Efte, according 
 to the ftipulation at Ryfwick ; and to maintain a court 
 for the duke of Gloucefter, fon of the princefs Anne of 
 Denmark, now in the ninth year of his a^e ; But the 
 jointure was never paid ; nor would the king allow above 
 fifteen thoufand pounds per annum for the ufe of the duke 
 of Gloucefter, to whom Burnet bifhop of Salifbury was 
 appointed preceptor. 
 
 The commons having difcufTed the ways and means for 
 raifing the fupplies of the enfuing year, which rofe almoft to 
 five millions, took cognizance of fome fraudulent indorfe- 
 ments of exchequer bills, a fpecies of forgery which had 
 been practifedby a confederacy, confifting of Charles Dun- 
 comb, receiver-general of excife ; Bartholomew Burton, 
 xvho poflefled a place in that branch of the revenue ; John 
 Knight, treafurer of the cuftoms ; and Reginald Marriot, 
 a deputy-teller of the exchequer. This laft became evi 
 dence > and the proof turning out very ftrong and full, the 
 houfe refolved to make examples of the delinquents. 
 Burnet. Duncomb and Knight, both members of parliament, were 
 Ke " n 5* a. expelled, and committed to the Tower : Burton was fent 
 Burchet. S to Newgate ; and bills of pains and penalties were ordered 
 Lives of the to be brought againft them. The firft, levelled at Dun- 
 Admirals, cojut^ paffed the lower houfe, though not without great 
 Ra"ph. oppofition ; but was rejected in the houfe of lords by the 
 Voltaire. majority of one voice. Duncomb who was extremely rich, is 
 faid to have paid dear for his efcape. The other two bills 
 met with the fame fate. The peers difcharged Duncomb 
 from his confinement ; but he was recommitted by the 
 commons, and remained in cuftody till the end of the fef- 
 fion. While the commons were employed on ways and 
 means, fome of the members in the oppofiticn propcfed, 
 that one-fourth part of the money arifing from improper 
 grants of the crown fhould be aprcpriated to the fervice of 
 the public : But this was a very unpalatable expedient, as 
 it affeded not only the Whigs of King William s reign,
 
 W I L L I A M. 259 
 
 but alfo the Tories who had been gratified by Charles II. C H A P. 
 and his brother. A great number of petitions were pre- 
 
 fenced aaviinfl: this meafure, and fo many difficulties raifcd, ^^7" 
 that botT parties agreed to hy it afide. In the couife of 
 this enquiry, they difcovered that one Railton held a grant 
 in truir for Mr. Montagu, chancellor of the exchequer. 
 A motion was immediately made, that he fhould withdraw; 
 but pafl^d in the negative by a great majority. Far from 
 prof .cuting this minifter, the houfe voted it was their opi 
 nion, that Mr. Montagu, for his good fer vices to the go 
 vernment, did defrrve his majefty s favour. 
 
 This extraordinary vote was afure prefage of fuccefs in A new Eail 
 the execution of the fcheme which Montague had concert- lndia Com - 
 ed againft the Eaft-India company. They had been ^"uJiT 
 founded about advancing a fum of money for the public fer- 
 vice, by way of loan, in consideration of a parliamentary 
 fettlement ; and they ofFered to raife feven hundred thou- 
 fand pounds on that condition : But, before they formed 
 this relolucion, another body of merchants, under the au- 
 fpic:;s of Montague, ofFered to lend two millions at eight 
 per cent, provided they might be gratified with an exclu- 
 five privilege of trading to the Eait -Indies. This propo- 
 fal was very well received by the majority in the houfe of 
 commons. A bill for this purpofe was brought in, with 
 additional claufes of regulation. A petition was prefented 
 by the old compan/, reprefenting their rights and claims 
 under fo many royal charters; the regard due to the pro 
 perty of above a thoufuid families interefted in the flock; 
 us alfo to the company s property in India, amounting to 
 forty-four thoufand pounds of yearly revenue. They al- 
 ledged they had expended a million in fortifications: That 
 during the war, they had loft twelve great fliips, worth fif 
 teen hundred thoufand pounds: That, fince the laft fub- 
 fcription, they had contributed two hundred and ninety-five 
 thoufand pounds to the cufroms, with above eighty-five 
 thoufand pounds in taxes : That they had furnifhed fix 
 thoufand barrels of gunpowder on a very preffing occa- 
 fion ; and eighty thoufand pounds for the circulation of 
 exchequer bills, at a very critical juncture, by dcfire of the 
 lords of the treafury, who owned that their compliance was 
 a very important fervice to the government. No regard 
 being paid to their remonftrance, they undertook to raife 
 the loan of two millions, and immediately fubfcrihed two 
 hundred thoufand pounds as the firfl paynun :. The two 
 propofals being compared and confidered by the houfe, th.2 
 majority declared for the bill, which was paffed, and fcnt 
 up to the houfe of lords. There the eld company deliver 
 ed another petition, r.iid was heard by counfcl ; neverthe-
 
 26o HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK I e fs 5 f ne km ma( ] e its way, though, not without oppofition, 
 * and a formal proteftation by onc-and-tvventy lords, who 
 thought it was a hardfliip upon the prefent company, and 
 doubted whether the feparate trade allowed in the bill, 
 concurrent with a joint ftock, might not prove fuch an in- 
 confiftency as would difcourage the fubfcription. This 
 act, by which the old company was diflblved, in a great 
 meafure blalted the reputation of the Whigs, which had 
 for fome time been on the decline with the people. They 
 had ftood up as advocates for a {landing army : They now 
 unjuftly fuperfeded the Eaft-India company : They were 
 accufed of having robbed the public by embezzling the 
 national treafure, and amaffing wealth by ufurious con 
 tracts, at the expence of their fellow-fubjects, groaning 
 under themoft oppreffive burdens. Certain it is, they were 
 at this period, the moft mercenary and corrupt undertakers, 
 that ever had been employed by any king or administra 
 tion fmce the firft efti.blifhment of the Englifh monarchy. 
 The commons now transferred their attention to certain 
 objects in which the people of Ireland were interefled. Co 
 lonel Mitchelborne, who had been joint governor of Lon 
 donderry with Dr. Walker, during the fiege of that place, 
 petitioned the houfe in behalf of himfelf, his officers, and 
 foldiers, to whom a confiderabie ium of money was due for 
 iubfiftence ; and the city itfelf implored the mediation of 
 the commons with his majeity, that its fervice and fuffer- 
 ings might be taken into confideration. The houfe having 
 examined the allegations contained in both petitions, pre- 
 fented an addrefs to the king, recommending the citizens 
 of Londonderry to his majefty s favour, that they might no 
 longer remain a ruinous fpectacle to all, a fcorn to their 
 enemies, and a difcouragement to well -affected fubjects ; 
 They likewife declared, that the governor and garrifon did 
 deferve fome fpecial marks of royal favour, for a lafting 
 monument to pofterity. To this addrefs the king replied, 
 That he would confider them, according to the defire of 
 the commons. William Molineux, a gentleman of Dub 
 lin, having publifhed a book to prove that the kingdom .of 
 Ireland was independent of the parliament of England, 
 the houfe appointed a committee to enquire into the caufe 
 and nature of this performance. An addrefs was voted to 
 the king, defiririg he would give directions for the difcove- 
 ry and punifhment of the author. Upon the report of the 
 committee, the commons in a body prelentcd an addrefs to 
 his majefty, reprefenting the dangerous attempts which had 
 been lately made by fome of his fu jeils in Ireland, to 
 fhake oft their fubjeclion and dependence upon ^England ; 
 attempts which appear jd not only from the bold and per-
 
 W I L L I A M. 261 
 
 ni clous alTertions contained in a book lately publimed, but c H A P. 
 more fully and authentically by fome votes and proceedings 
 of the commons in Ireland. Thefe had, during their laft ^--y-O 
 feffion, tranfmitted an act for the better fecurity of his ma- 1698. 
 jefty s perfoa and government, whereby an Engltfti act of 
 parliament was pretended to be re-enacted, with altera 
 tions obligatory on the courts of juftice and the great feal 
 of England. The Englifh commons, therefore, befought 
 his majefty to give effectual orders for preventing any 
 fuch encroachments for the future, and the pernicious con- 
 fcquences of what was paft, by punifhing thofe who had 
 been guilty thereof : That he would take care to fee the 
 laws which direct and retrain the parliament of Ireland 
 punctually obferved, and difcourage every thing which 
 might have a tendency to leflen the dependence of Ireland 
 upon England. This remonftrance was gracioufly receiv 
 ed, and the kingpromifed to comply with their requeft. 
 
 The jealoufy which the commons entertained of the go 
 vernment in Ireland animated them to take other meafures 
 that ascertained the fubjection of that kingdom. Under- 
 ftanding that the Irifh had eftabliihed divers woollen ma 
 nufactures, they, in another addrefs, intreated his majefty 
 to take meafures for difcouraging the woollen manufac 
 tures in Ireland, as they interfered with thofe of England, 
 and promote the linen manufacture, which would be pro 
 fitable to both nation?. At the fame time, receiving in 
 formation that the French had feduced fome En^lifh ma 
 nufacturers, and fet up a great work for cloth-making in 
 Piccardy, they brought in a bill for explaining and better 
 executing former acts for preventing the exportation of 
 wool, fullers earth, and fcouring clay ; and this was im 
 mediately pafled into a law. A petition being prefentcd 
 to the houfe, by the Luftring Company, againft certain 
 merchants, who had fmuggled alamodes and luftrings 
 from France, even during the war, the committee of 
 trade was directed to enquire into allegations; and all the 
 fecrets of this traffic were detected. Upon the report, the 
 houfe refolved, that the manufacture of alantod^s and 
 luftrings, fet up in England, had been beneficial to the 
 kingdom : That there had been a deftrulive M.V! illegal 
 trade carried on during; the war for importing thefe com 
 modities, by which the king had bee n defrauded of his 
 cuftoms, and the Englifh m arm failures ^reatly difcoura^- 
 ed : That, by thefmuggling veflels ei in this trade, 
 
 intelligence had been carried into France uurtne; the war, 
 and the enemies of the government conveyed from jaftic . 
 Stephen Seignoret, Rhene Baudoin, T^hn Goudet, Ni 
 cholas Santini, Peter de Flearfe, John : . -hn Da-
 
 262 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK maitre, and David Barreau, were impeached at the bar 
 of the houfe of lords; and pleading guilty, the lords irr.- 
 
 ^~Y~*~ pofed fines upon them, according to their refpective ci,- 
 cumftances. They were in the mean time committed to 
 Newgate, until thofe fines fhould be paid : and the com 
 mons acldrenVd the king, that the money might be appro 
 priated to the maintenance of Greenwich hofpital. The 
 houfe having taken cognizince of this affair, and made 
 fome new regulations in the profccution of the African 
 trade, prefented a folemn addrefs to the king, reprefent- 
 ing the general degeneracy and corruption of the age, and 
 befeeching his majefty to command all his judges, juilices, 
 and magiftrates, to put the laws in execution againft pro- 
 fanenefs and immorality. The king profefled himfelf ex 
 tremely well pleafed with this remonftrance, prom i fed to 
 give immediate directions for a reformation, and expreiTed 
 his defire that fome more effectual proviiion might be 
 made for fupprefling impious books, containing doctrines 
 againft the Trinity : doctrines which abounded at this 
 period, and took their origin from the licenfe and profli 
 gacy of the times. 
 
 In the midft of fuch immorality, Dr. Thomas Bray, 
 an active divine, formed a plan for propagating the gof- 
 pel in foreign countries. Miffionaries, catechifms, litur 
 gies, and other books for the instruction of ignorant 
 people, were fent to the Englifh colonies in America. 
 This laudable defia;n was fupported by voluntary contri 
 bution ; and the bill having been brought into the houfe of 
 commons, for the better difcovery of eftates given to fu- 
 perftitious ufes, Dr. Bray, prefented a petition, praying, 
 that fome part of thefe eftates might be fat apart for the 
 propagation of the reformed religion in Maryland, Virgi 
 nia, and the Leeward iilands. About this period, a fod- 
 ety for the reformation of manners was formed under the 
 kind s countenance and encouragement. Confiderable 
 collections were made for maintaining clergymen to read 
 prayers at certain hours in places of public worihip, and 
 adminifcer the facrament every Sunday. The members of 
 tliis fociety rtfolved to inform the magiftrates of all vice 
 and immorality that fhould fall under their cognizance ; 
 and with what part of the fines allowed by lav/ to the in 
 former, conftitute a fund of charity. The bufinefs of the 
 fefTion being terminated, the king, on the third day of 
 July, prorogued the parliament, after having thanked 
 them, in a fliort fpeech, for the many teiKmoniss of their
 
 W I L L I A M. 263 
 
 affection he had received ; and in two days after the pro- CHAP, 
 rogation it was diffolved *. 
 
 In the month of January, the earl of Portland had fet { *~y~* J 
 out on his embafly to France, where he was received with l6: ^ 
 very particular marks of diftin6r.ion. He made a public 
 entry into Paris with fuch magnificence as is faid to have 
 aftoniflied the French nation. He interceded for the Pro- 
 teftants in that kingdom, againft whom the perfecution 
 had been renewed with redoubled violence : He propofed 
 that King James fhould be removed to Avignon, in which 
 cafe his mafler would fupply him with an honourable pen- 
 fion ; but, his r em onft ranees on both fubjects proved in- 
 effeclual. Louis, however, in a private conference with 
 him at Marli, is fuppofcd to have communicated his pro 
 ject of the partition-treaty. The earl of Portland, at his 
 return to England, finding himfelf totally eclipfed in the 
 king s favour, by Keppell, now created earl of Albe- 
 marle, refigned his employments in difguft ; nor could 
 the king s felicitations prevail upon him to refume any 
 office in the houfehold ; though he promifed to ferve his 
 majcity in any other fliape, and was Icon employed to ne- 
 gociate the treaty of partition. If this nobleman mifcarri- 
 cd in the purpofes of his laft embafiy at the court of Ver- 
 faiiles, the agents of France were equally unfuccefsful in 
 their endeavours to retrieve their commerce with Eng 
 land, which the war had interrupted. Their commiffary, 
 tent over to London with powers to regulate the trade be 
 tween the two nations, met with infuperable difficulties. 
 The parliament had burdened the French commodities 
 with heavy duties, which v/ere already appropriated to 
 different ufes; and the channel of trade was in many re- 
 fpels entirely altered. The Enjjlifli merchants fupplied 
 the nation with wines from Italy, Spain, and Portugal ; 
 with linen from Holland and Silefia ; and manufactures of 
 paper, hats, Huffs, and filks, had been let up and fuccelT- 
 fully carried on in England, by the French refugees. 
 
 By this time a ferment had been raifed in Scotland, by The king 
 the oppofition and difcouragements their new company dlf owns ci^ 
 had fuftained. They had employed agents in England, ^Jfj^ 
 Holland, and Hamburgh, to receive fubfcriptions. The pany. 
 adventurers in England, were intimidated by the meafures 
 which had been taken in parliament againft the Scottifh 
 company. The Dutch Eait-India company took the 
 alarm, and exerted all their intereft to prevent their coun- 
 
 * On the 5th day of January, a fire breaking out at Whitehall, thrcnga 
 the carelefinefs ot a laundrefs, the whole body of thjplacu, together wich tht 
 new gallery, council-chamber, and feveral adjoining apartments, was entire- 
 coiifan-.edj but the banqusting-houfs was not .affeiled.
 
 264 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK trymen from fubfcribing ; and the king permitted his rcfi- 
 dent at Harr.burgh to prefent a memorial againft the Scot- 
 .tifh com par.y to the fenate of that city. The parliament 
 of Scotland being aflembled by the earl of Marchmont as 
 king s commiffioner, the company prefented it with a re- 
 monftrance, containing a detail of" their grievances, arifing 
 from the conduct of the Englifh houfe of commons, as 
 well as from the memorial prefented by the king s minifter 
 at Hamburgh, in which he actually difowned the a6l of 
 parliament and letters patent which had pafied in their fa 
 vour, and threatened the inhabitants of that city with his 
 majefty s refentment, in cafe they ihould join the Scots 
 in their undertaking. They reprefented, that fuch inftan- 
 ces of interposition had put a flop to the fubfcriptions in 
 England and Hamburgh, hurt the credit of the company, 
 difcouraged the adventurers, and threatened the entire 
 ruin of a defign in which all the moft confiderable families 
 of the nation were deeply engaged. The parliament hav 
 ing taken their cafe into confederation, fent an addrefs to 
 his majefty, reprefenting the hardfhips to which the com 
 pany had been expofed, explaining how far the nation in 
 general was concerned in the defign, and in treating that he 
 would take fuch meafures as might effectually vindicate 
 the undoubted rights and privileges of the company. This 
 addrefs was feconded by a petition from the company itfelf, 
 praying that his majefty would give fome intimation to 
 the fenate of Hamburgh, permitting the inhabitants of 
 that city to renew the fubfcriptions they had withdrawn : 
 That, as a gracious mark of his royal favour to the com 
 pany, he would heftow upon them two fmall frigates, then 
 lying ufelefs in the harbour of Burnt-Ifland ; and that, in 
 confideration of the obftru&ions they had encountered, he 
 would continue their privileges and i mmunities for fuch 
 longer time as fhould feem reafonable to his majefty. 
 Though the commiffioner was wholly devoted to the king, 
 who had actually refolved to ruin his company, he could 
 not appeafe the refentment of the nation ; and the heats in 
 parliament became fo violent, that he was obliged to ad 
 journ it to the fifth day of November. In this interval, 
 the directors of the company, underftanding from their 
 agent at Hamburgh, that the addrefs of the parliament 
 and their own petition, had produced no effecr. in their fa 
 vour; they wrote a letter of complaint to the Lord Sea- 
 field, fecretary offtate, obferving, that they had received 
 repeated affurances of the king s having given orders to 
 his refident at Hamburgh touching their memorial -, and 
 intreating the interpofition of his lordfhip, that juftice 
 might be done to the company. The fecretary, in his
 
 WILLIAM. 265 
 
 anf\ver$ promlfed to take the firft convenient opportunity CHAP. 
 
 of reprefenting the affair to his majefty; but he faid this 
 
 could not be immediately expected, as the king was much ^-^Y"^ 
 
 engaged in the affairs of the Englifh parliament- This 
 
 declaration the directors conftdered, as it really was, a 
 
 mere eva fion, which helped to alienate the minds of that 
 
 people from the king s perfon and government. 
 
 King William, at this time, refblved in his own mind 
 a project of far greater confequence to the intereft of Eu 
 rope ; namely, that of fettling the fucceflion to the throne 
 of Spain, which in a little time would be vacated by the 
 death of Charles II. whofe conftitution was already ex- 
 handed. He had been lately reduced to extremity, and 
 his fituation was no fooner known in France, than Louis 
 detached a fquadron towards Cadiz, with orders to inter 
 cept the plate-fleet, in cafe the king of Spain fhould die 
 before its arrival. William fent another fleet to protect 
 the galleons; but it arrived too late for that fervice, and 
 the nation loudly exclaimed againft the tardinefs of the 
 equipment. His Catholic majefty recovered from his dif- 
 order, contrary to the expectation of his people, but con 
 tinued in fuch an enfeebled and precarious ftate of health, 
 that a relapfe was every moment apprehended. In the Sets out for 
 latter end of July, King William embarked for Holland, Holland< 
 on pretence of enjoying the recefs from bufmefs, which 
 was neceiTary to his conftitution. He was glad of an 
 opportunity to withdraw himfclf for fome time, from a 
 kingdom in which he had been expofed to fuch oppofition 
 and chagrin. But the real motive of his voyage, was a 
 defign of treating with the French king, remote from the 
 obfervation of thofe who might have penetrated into the 
 nature of his negociation. He had appointed a regency to 
 govern the kingdom in his abfence, and as one of the 
 number nominated the earl of Marlborough, who had re 
 gained his favour, and been conftituted governor to the 
 duke of Gloucefter. At his majefty s departure, fealed 
 orders were left with the miniftry, directing, that fixteen 
 thoufand men fhould be retained in the fervice, notwitb- 
 ftanding the vote of the commons, by which the ftanding 
 army was limited to ten thoufand. He alled^ed, that the 
 apprehenfion of troubles which might arife at the death of 
 Iving Charles induced him to tranfo;refs his limitation; 
 and he hoped that the new parliament would be more fa 
 vourable. His enemies, however, made a frcfh handle of 
 this ilep, to depreciate his charadter in the eyes of the 
 people. 
 
 Having affifted at the afTembly cf the dates-general, Confers 
 and given audience to divers ambafladors at the Ha<me, with th 
 
 VOL. I. a L
 
 266 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOO K he repaired to his houfe at Loo, attended by the earls of 
 Effcx, Portland, and Selkirk. There he was vifitcd by 
 " Count Tallard, the French minifter, who had inftruc- 
 tlons to negociate the treaty concerning the Spanifh fuc- 
 ceffion. The earl of Portland, by his majefty s order, 
 had communicated to Secretary Vernon, the principal 
 conditions which the French king propofed : He hirr.fllf 
 wrote a letter to Lord Chancellor Somers, defiring his 
 advice with regard to the propofition?, and full powers 
 under the great feal, with blanks to be filled up occafion- 
 ally, that he might immediately bcein the treaty with 
 Count Tallard. At the fame time, he fh icily enjoined 
 iecrecy. The purport of Portland s letter was imparted 
 to the duke of Shrewfbury and Mr. Montague, who con- 
 fulted with the chancellor and Vernon upon the fubje# ; 
 and the chancellor wrote an anfwer to the kino: as the iffue 
 of their joint deliberation ; but, befoie it reached his ma- 
 jefty, the firft treaty of partition was figned by the earl of 
 Portland and Sir Jofeph Williamfon. The contracting 
 powers agreed, That, in cafe the king of Spain fhculd 
 die without iffue, the kingdom of Naples and Sicily, with 
 the places depending on the Spanifh. monarchy, and fitu- 
 ated on the coaft of Tufcany, or the adjacent iflands, the 
 marquifate of Final, the province of Guipufco?.; all places 
 on the French fide of the Pyrennees, or the other moun 
 tains of Navarre, Alva, or Bifcay, on the other fide of 
 the province of Guipufcoa, with all the fhips, vefiels, and 
 -ftores, fhould devolve upon the dauphin, in confideration 
 of his right to the crown of Spain, which, with all its 
 other dependencies, fhould defcend to the electoral prince 
 of Bavaria, under the guardianfhip of his father: That 
 the duchy of Milan fhould be fettled on the emperor s 
 fecond fon, the Archduke Charles : That this treaty fhould 
 be communicated to the emperor and the elector of Bava 
 ria, by the king of England and the ftates-general : That 
 if either fhould refufe to agree to this partition, his pro 
 portion fhould remain in fequeftration, until the difpute 
 could be accommodated: That in cafe the electoral prince 
 of Bavaria, fhould die before his father, then the elector 
 and his other heirs fhould fueceed him in thofe domi 
 nions; and, fhould the archduke reject the duchy of Mi 
 lan, they agreed that it fhould be fequeftered, and govern 
 ed by the prince of Vaudemont. It may be neceffary to 
 obferve, that Philip IV. father to the prefent king of 
 Spain, had fettled his crown by will on the emperor s 
 children: That the dauphin was fon to Maria Therefa, 
 daughter of the fame monarch, whofe right to the fuccef- 
 fion Louis had renounced in the moll folemn manner : A&
 
 W I L L I A M. 267 
 
 for the electoral prince of Bavaria, he was grandfon to a C H A P. 
 daughter of Spain. This treaty of partition was one of the 
 moft i opudent fchemes of encroachment that tyranny and 
 injustice ever planned. Louis, who had made a practice 
 of facrificing all ties of honour and good faith to the inte- 
 reft of his pride, vanity, and ambicion, forefaw that he 
 fliould never be able to accomplish his defigns upon the 
 crown of Spain, while William was left at liberty to form 
 another confederacy againft them. H?, therefore, refolved 
 to amufe him w::h a treaty, in which he fhould feem to 
 aft as umpire in the concerns of Europe. He knew that 
 William was too .vuch of a politician to be redacted by 
 notions of private juttice ; and that he would make no 
 fcruple to infri::;jje the laws of particular countries, or 
 even the rights of a fingle nation, when the balance of 
 power was ai .la <e. He judged right in this particular. 
 The king of Eug!a,:J lent a willing ear to his propofals, 
 and engaged in a pi :.i for difmemberinti; a kingdom, in 
 dcipite of ii\-: native-, and in violation of every law hu- 
 mar or d ; . 
 
 While the French king cajoled William with this ne- 
 gociation, the Marquis d Harcourt, his ambaflador to 
 Spain, was engaged in a game of a different nature at 
 Madrid; The queen of Spain, fufpecling the defigns of 
 France, exerted ail her intereft in behalf of the king of the 
 Romans, to whom (he was nearly related. She new 
 modelled the council, beftowed the government of Milan, 
 on Prince Vaudemont, and eftabliihed the prince of He fie 
 d Armftadt, as viceroy of Catalonia. Notwithftandingall 
 her efforts, (he could not prevent the French minifter 
 from acquiring fome influence in the Spanifh councils. 
 He was inftrufted to procure the fucceffion of the crown 
 for one of the dauphin s fon?, or at leaft to hinder it from 
 devolving upon the emperor s children. With a view 
 to give weight to his negociations, the French king or 
 dered an army of fixty thoufand men to advance towards 
 the frontiers of Catalonia and Navarre, while a great num 
 ber of ihips and gallies cruifed along the coaft, and enter 
 ed the harbours of Spain. Harcourt immediately began 
 to form his party: He reprefented, that Philip IV. had 
 no power to difpofe of his crown, againft the laws of na 
 ture and the conilitution of the realm: That, by the or 
 der of fucceffion, the crown ought to defcend to the chil 
 dren of his daughter, in preference to more diftant rela 
 tions: That, if the Spaniards would declare in favour of 
 the dauphin s fecond fon, the duke of Aniou, they might 
 train him up in the manners and cuftoms of their countrv. 
 When he found them averfe to this propofal, he aflured
 
 268 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK them his mafter would approve of the electoral prince of 
 Bavaria, rather than confent to the fucceflion s devolving 
 upon a fon of the emperor. Nay, he hinted, that if 
 they would choofe a fovereign among themfelves, they 
 might depend upon the protection of his moft Chriftian 
 majefty, who had no other view than that of preventing 
 the houfe of Auftria from becoming: too formidable to the 
 liberties of Europe. The queen of Spain having difcover- 
 ed the intrigues of this minifter, conveyed the king to To 
 ledo, on pretence that the air of Madrid was prejudicial 
 to his health. Harcourt immediately took the alarm. He 
 fuppofed her intention was to prevail upon her huf- 
 band, in his folitude, to confirm the laft will of his father ; 
 and his doubts were all removed, when he underftood that 
 the Count de Harrach, the Imperial ambaflador, .had pri 
 vately repaired to Toledo. He forthwith took the fame 
 road, pretending to have received a memorial from his 
 mafter, with a pofitive order to deliver it into the king s 
 own hand. He was given to underftand, that the ma 
 nagement of foreign affairs had been left to the care of 
 Cardinal Corduba at Madrid, and that the king s health 
 would not permit him to attend to bufmefs. The pur 
 port of the memorial was, an offer of French forces to 
 aflift in raifing the fiege of Ceuta in Barbs ry, which the 
 Moors had lately undertaken ; but this offer was civilly 
 declined. Harcourt, not yet difJcou raged, redoubled his 
 efforts at Madrid, and found means to engage Cardinal 
 Portocarrero in the interefts of his mafter. In the mean 
 time Louis concluded an alliance with Sweden, under the 
 pretext of preferving and fecuring the common peace, by 
 fuch means as ftiould be judged moft proper and conveni 
 ent. During thefe tranfaclions, King William was not 
 wanting in his endeavours to terminate the war of Hun 
 gary, which had raged fifteen years without intermiffion. 
 About the middle of Auguft, Lord Paget, and Mr. Col 
 liers, ambafTadors from England and Holland, arrived in 
 the Turkilh camp ne^.r Belgrade ; and a congrefs being 
 opened under their mediation, the peace of Carlowitz, was 
 figned on the 26th day of January. By this treaty, the 
 emperor remained in pofTeiTion of all his conquefts ; Ca- 
 minieck was reftored to the Poles ; all the Morea, with 
 feveral fortreffes in Dalmatia, were ceded to the Vene 
 tians; and the czar of Mufcovy retained Azoph during a 
 truce of two years ; fo that the Turks, by this pacifica 
 tion, loft great part of their European dominions. The 
 cardinal primate of Poland, who had ftrcnuoufly adhered 
 to the prince of Conti, was prevailed upon to acknow 
 ledge Auguflus; and the commotions in Lithuania be-
 
 WILLIAM. 269 
 
 ing appeafed, peace was eftabliflied through all Chrif- CHAP. 
 ten don i. . . 
 
 In the beginning of December the king arrived in 
 England, where a new parliament had been chofen, and 
 prorogued on account of his maicfty s abfence, which was R ct " rns ^ 
 
 i i i -ii n. u England. 
 
 prolonged by contrary winds and tempeituous weather. 
 His miriiflry had been at very little pains to influence the 
 elections, which generally fell upon men of revolution 
 principles, thougli they do not feern to have been much 
 devoted to the perfon of their foverekni ; yeC their choice 
 of Sir Thomas Lictleton for fpeaker, teemed to prefage 
 a feflion favourable to the miniftry. The two houfes 
 being convened on the 6ch day of December, the king, 
 in his fpeech, obferved, that the fafety, honour, and hap- 
 pinefs of the kingdom, would in a great meafure depend 
 upon the ftrength which they fliould think proper to 
 maintain by fea and land. Ke defired they would rr.a!ce 
 fome further progrefs in difcharging the national debt ; 
 contrive effectual expedients for employing the poor ; 
 pafs good bills for the advancement of trade, and the dif- 
 couragement of profanity ; and acl: with unanimity and 
 difpatch. The commons of this new parliament, were ib 
 irritated at the king s prefuming to maintain a greater 
 number of troops than their predeceflbrs had voted, that 
 they refolved he (hould feel the weight of their difplea- 
 fure. They omitted the common compliment of an ad- 
 drefs ; they refolved that all the forces of England., in 
 Englifh pay, exceeding feven thov fand men, fhould be 
 forthwith difbanded ; as alfo thofe in Ireland, exceeding 
 twelve thoufand ; and that thofe retained fhould be his 
 majefty s natural-born fubje&s. A bill was brought in is obliged 
 on thefe refolutions, and profecuted with peculiar eager- to ^ nd a - 
 nefs, to the unfpeakable mortification of King William, j^ch"* 
 who was not only extremely fenfible of the affront, but guards. 
 alfo particularly chagrined to fee himfelf difabled from 
 maintaining his Dutch guards, and the regiments of 
 French refugees, to which he was uncommonly attached. 
 Before the meeting of the parliament, the miniftry gave 
 him to underftand, that they fhould be able to procure 
 u vote for ten or twelve thoufand ; but they would not 
 undertake for a greater number. He profefled himfelf 
 diffatisfied with the propofal, obferving^ that they might 
 as well difband the whole, as leave fo few. The minifies 
 would not run the rifque of lofing all their credit, by pro- 
 pofmg a greater number ; and, having received no direc 
 tions on this fubjecT:, fat filent when it wr.s debated in the 
 houfe of commons.
 
 270 HISTORY O? ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK S uc v, was t h e indignation of William, kindled by this 
 , . conduct of his miniitry and his parliament, that he threat- 
 
 "\"Y/^ ened to abandon the government ; and had actually pen- 
 Threatens n " a fp eec h to be pronounced to both houfes on that oc- 
 tu abandon cafion ; but he was diverted from this purpofe by his mi- 
 the govern- n [{\ r y an d confidents, and refolved to pafs the bill by 
 which he had been fo much offjiuk-d. Accordingly, when 
 it was ready for the royal aflent, he went to thr houfe of 
 peers, where having fent for the commons, he told them, 
 that, although he might think himfelf unkindly ufed, in 
 being deprived of his guards, which had conftantly attend 
 ed him in all his actions ; yet, as he believed nothing 
 could be more fatal to the nation than any diftruft or jea- 
 loufy between him and his parliament, he was come to 
 pafs the bill, according to their defire. At the fame time, 
 for his own juftification, and in dilcharge of the truit re- 
 pcfed in him, he declared, that in his own judgment the 
 nation was left too much expofed ; and that it was in 
 cumbent upon them to provide fuch a ftrength as mi^ht 
 be neceffary for the fafety of the kingdom. They thanked 
 him, in an addrefs, for this undeniable proof of his readi- 
 m-fs to comply with the defires of his parliament. They 
 afFured him, he fhould never have reafon to think the 
 commons were undutiful or unkind ; for they would, on 
 all occafions, ftand by, and aflift him in the prefervation 
 of his facred perfon, and in the fupport of his govern 
 ment, againft all his enemies v/hatfoever. The lords pre- 
 fented an addrefs to the fame effect ; and the king afTured 
 both houfes, he entertained no doubts of their loyalty and 
 affection. He forthwith ifl ued orders for reducing the ar 
 my to the number of feven thoufand men, to be maintain 
 ed in England under the name of guards and garrifons ; 
 and, hoping the hearts of the commons were now mollifi 
 ed, he made another effort in favour of his Dutch guards, 
 whom he could not difmifs without the moft fenfible re 
 gret. Lord Ranelagh was fent with a written meffage to 
 the commons, giving them to underftand, that the necef 
 fary preparations were made for tranfporting the guards 
 who came with him into England, and that they Ihould 
 embark immediately, unlefs, out of confideration to him, 
 tHe houfe fhould be difpoled to find a way for continuing 
 them longer in the fervice ; a favour which his majefty 
 would take very kindly. The commons, inftead of com 
 plying with his inclination, prefented an addrefs, in 
 which they profeffed unfpeakable grief, that he fhould 
 propofe any thing to which they could not confent with 
 due regard to the conflitution, which he had come over to 
 rcftore, and fo often hazarded his royal perfon to preferve.
 
 WILLIAM. 271 
 
 They reminded him of the declaration, in which he had CHAP- 
 promifed that all the foreign forces fhould be fent out of 
 the kingdom. They obferved, that nothing conduced 
 more to the happinefs and welfare of the nation, than an 
 entire confidence between the kins: and people, which 
 could no way be fo firmly efbblifhed as by entrufting his 
 facred perfon with his own fubjecls, who had fo eminent 
 ly iignalized themfelves during the late long and expen- 
 live war. They received a foothing anfwer to this ad- 
 drefs, but remained firm to their purpofe, in which the 
 king was fain to acquiefce ; and the Dutch guards were 
 tranfported to Holland. At a time when they declared 
 themfelves fo well pleafecl with their deliverer, fuch an 
 oppofition, in an affair of very little confequence, favour 
 ed more of clownifli obftinacy than of patriotifm. In the 
 midft of all their profeffions of regard, they entertained 
 a national prejudice againft himfclf, and all the foreigners 
 in his fervice. Even in the houfe of commons his perfon 
 was treated with great difrefpecl in virulent infmuations. 
 They fuo;gefted, that he neither loved nor trufted the 
 Engliih nation; that he treated the natives with the moft 
 difagreeable referve ; and chofe his confidents from the 
 number of ftrangers that furrounded him ; that, after 
 every feffion of parliament, he retired from the kingdom, 
 to enjoy an indolent and inglorious privacy with a few fa 
 vourites. Thefe fuggeftious were certainly true. He 
 was extremely difgufted with the Englifn, whom he con- 
 fidered as malicious, ignorant, and ungrateful, and he 
 took no pains to difguife his fentiments. 
 
 The commons having effected a diflblution of the army, 
 voted fifteen thoufand feamen, and a proportionable fleet 
 for the fecurity of the kingdom ; they granted one million 
 four hundred and eighty- four thoufand fifteen pounds, for 
 the fervices of the year, to be raifed by a tax of three ihil- 
 lings in the pound upon lands, perfonal eftates, pen/ions, 
 and offices. A great number of priefts and Roman Ca 
 tholics, who had been frightened away by the revolution, 
 were now encouraged by the treaty of Ryfwick to return, 
 and appeared in all public places of London and Weft- 
 minfter, with remarkable effrontery. The enemies of the 
 government whiipered about, that the treaty contained a 
 fecret article in favour of thofe who profefTed that religion ; 
 and fome did not even fcruple to infmuate, that William 
 was a Papift in his heart. The commons, alarmed at the 
 number and infolence of thofe re]igionifts,defired the kin^-, 
 
 f "*-* 
 
 in an addrefs, to remove by proclamation all Papifis and 
 Nonjurors, from the city London and parts adjacent, and 
 put the laws in execution againft them, that the wicked de-
 
 272 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK figns they were always hatching might be effectually dif- 
 appointed. The king gratified them in their requeft of a 
 ^""V"*^ proclamation, which was not much regarded : But a re- 
 l6 93- markable law was enacted againft Papitts in the courfe of 
 the enfuing feffion. The old Eaft India company, about 
 this period, petitioned the lower beufe, to make iorne pro- 
 vifion that their corporation might fubfift for the refidue of 
 the term of twenty-one years granted by his majefty s 
 charter : That the payment of the five pounds per cent. 
 by the late act for fettling the trade to the Eaft Indies, 
 might be fettled and adjufted in fuch a manner, as not to 
 remain a burthen on the petitioners ; and that fuch further 
 confiderations might be had for their relief, and for the 
 prefervation of the Eaft India trade, as fhould be thought 
 reafonable, A bill was brought in upon the fubjecT: of 
 this petition ; but rejected at the fccond reading. Dif- 
 contents had rifen to fuch a height, that fome members be 
 gan to aflbrt, they were not bound to maintain the votes 
 Burner. a nd credit of the former parliament; and upon this maxim, 
 Kennei. would have contributed their intereft towards a repeal of 
 Lamberty. ^ ^ mac [ e j n f aV our of the new company : But fuch a 
 
 Statecrafts r . r . r J ... 
 
 Tindal. Icheme was or too dangerous conlequ^nce to the public 
 
 Ralph. credit, to be carried into execution. 
 
 That fpirit of peeviihnefs which could not be gratified 
 with this facrifice, produced an enquiry into the manage 
 ment of naval affairs, which was aimed at the earl of Or- 
 ford, a nobleman whofe power gave umbrage, and whofe 
 wealth excited envy. He officiated both as treafurer of 
 the navy, and lord-commiffioner of the admiralty, and 
 feemed to have forgot the fphere from which he had rifen 
 1699. to title and office. The commons drew up an addrefs, 
 complaining of fome unimportant articles of mifmanage- 
 ment in the conduct of the navy ; and the earl was wife e- 
 nough to avoid further profecution, by refigning his em 
 ployments. On the 4th day of May the king clofed the 
 feffion, with a fhort fpeech hinting diflatisfa&ion at their 
 having neglected to confider fome points which he had re 
 commended to their attention ; and the parliament was pro 
 rogued to the lit of June *. In a little time after this 
 
 * About the latter end of March the earl of Warwick and Lord Mohun 
 were tried by their peers in Wt-ftminfter-hall, for the murder or captain Rich 
 ard Coote, wlio hud been killed in a mid-night combat, of three on each 
 lide War.\ic was found guilty of manfiaugiHer, a;;d Mohun acquitted. 
 
 Vilhrscarl of Jerfy, who ha.i been frnt ambarta ior to France, was appoint 
 ed fccretary of flats, in the room of the duke ci Shrewfbury. This nobleman, 
 was created lord-churnbeilain : T he earl of Manchefter was fcnt aflobaiiador 
 extraordinary to franct; : The earl of Pembroke was declared lord-prehu itir. 
 of the cju:!_il j aui Lord Vilcuunt Lonidale keeper ot i).t privy-fsal.
 
 W I L L I A M. 273 
 
 prorogation, his majefly appointed a regency*; and on the CHAP, 
 ad day of June embarked for Holland. 
 
 In Ireland nothing of moment was tranfacted. The **"V*^ 
 parliament of that kingdom paff- d an act for railing one l6 99- 
 hundred and twenty thoufand pounds on lands, tenements, 
 and hereditaments, to defray the expence of maintaining 
 twelve thoufand men who had been voted by the commons 
 of England: Then the aflembly was prorogued. A new 
 comir.iilioa afterwards arrived at Dublin, conftituting the 
 duke of Bolton, the earl of Berkley and Galway, lords-juf- 
 ticcs of Ireland. The clamour in Scotland increafed a- 
 gainft the minifrry, who haddifowned their company, and in 
 a great meafure defeated the defign from which they had pro- 
 mifod themfelves fuch heaps of treafure. Notwithstanding 
 the difcouragements to which their company had been ex- 
 poled, they fitted out two of four large {hips which had 
 been built at Hamburg for their fervice. Thefe were la 
 den with a cargo for traffic, with fome artillery and military 
 ftores ; and the adventurers embarking, to the number of 
 twelve hundred, they failed from the frith of Edinburgh, 
 with fome tenders, on the iyth day of July in the preceding 
 year. At Madeira they took in a fupply of wine, and then 
 fleered to Crab-ifland in the neighbourhood of St. Tho 
 mas, lying between Santa Cruz and Porto Rico. Their 
 defign was to take pofeffion of this litile ifland ; but, when 
 they entered the road, they faw a large tent pitched upon 
 the flrand, and the Danifh colours flying. Finding them- Scottidi 
 felves anticipated in this quarter, they directed their courfe company 
 to the coaft of Darien, where they treated with the natives make a let " 
 for the efiabiifnment of their colony, and taking pofeffion Darien! 
 of the ground, to which they jjave the name of Caledonia, 
 began to execute their plan of erecting a town under the 
 appellation of new Edinburgh, by the direction of their 
 Council, confifting of paterfon the projedtor, and fix other 
 directors. They had no fooner completed their fettlement, 
 than they wrote a letter to the kin?, containing a detail of 
 their proceedings. They pretended they had received un 
 doubted intelligence, that the French intended to make a 
 fettlement on thatcoalt; and that their colony would be 
 the means of preventing the evil confequences which might 
 arife to his majefty s kingdom and dominions from the ex 
 ecution of fuch a fcheme. They acknowledged his good- 
 riefs in granting thofe privileges by which their company 
 w;:s cftubliihsd : They implored the continuance of his 
 
 VOL. I. 2 IVI 
 
 * Confifting of the lord -chancellor, the lord-prefiient, the Iprd-privyfeal, 
 the lovd-lteward of the houfchoid, the tail of Bridge-water, firlt comrr.iilion- 
 tr of the admiralty, the earl of Mat^borough, thc i :rl of Jerfsy, and Mt. 
 
 Montagur.
 
 274 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK royal favour and protection, as they had pu n&ual I y adhered" 
 to the conditions of the act of parliament and the patent 
 
 ( ^C* J they had obtained. 
 
 By this time, however, the king was refolved to crufh 
 them effectually. He underftood that the greater part of 
 their provifions had been confumed before they fet fail 
 from Scotland, and forefaw that they muft be reduced to a 
 ftarving condition, if not fupplied from the Englifh colo 
 nies. That they might be debarred of all fuch afliftance, 
 he fent orders to the governors of Jamaica, and the other 
 Englifh fettlements in America, to iflue proclamations, 
 prohibiting, under the fevereft penalties, all his majefty s 
 fubjecls from holding any correfpondence with the Scottifh 
 colony, oraffifting it, in any faape, with arms, ammunition, 
 or provifion, on pretence that they had not communicated 
 their defign to his majefty, but had peopled Darien, in vio 
 lation of the peace fubfiiling between him and his allies. 
 Their colony was, doubtlefs, a very dangerous encroach 
 ment upon the Spaniards, as it would have commanded the 
 paflage between Porto Bello and Panama, and divided the 
 Spanifh empire in America. The French king complain 
 ed of the invafion, and offered to fupply the court of Ma 
 drid with a fleet to diilodge, the interlopers. Colonna 
 Marquis de Can ales, the Spanifh ambaffador at the court 
 of London, prefented a memorial to King William, re- 
 monftrating againft the fettlement of this colony, as a mark 
 ofdifregard, and a breach of the alliance between the two 
 crowns ; and declaring, that his mafter would take proper 
 meafures againft fuch hostilities. The Scots affirmed, that 
 the natives of Darien, were a free people, whom the Spani 
 ards had in vain attempted to fubdue : That, therefore, they 
 had an original and incontrovertible right to difpofe of 
 their own lands, part of which the company had purchafed 
 for a valuable confederation. But there was another caufe 
 more powerful than the remonftrances of the Spanifli court, 
 to which this colony fell afacrifice; and that was, the jea- 
 loufy of the Englifh traders and planters. Darien was laid 
 to be a country abounding with gold, which would in a lit 
 tle time enrich the adventurers. The Scots were known 
 to be an enterprifmg and pertinacious people ; and their 
 harbour near golden-ifland was already declared a free 
 port. The Englifh apprehended that their planters would 
 be allured into this new colony, by the double profpecl: of 
 finding gold, and plundering the Spaniards : That the buc 
 caneers, in particular, would choofe it as their chief refi- 
 dence : That the plantations of England would be defert - 
 cd : That Darien would become another Algiers; and that 
 the fettlement would produce a rupture with Spain, in con-
 
 W I L L I A M. 275 
 
 fequence of which the Englifh effects in that kingdom CHAP, 
 would be confifcated. The Dutch, too, are faid to have 
 been jealous of a company, which in time might have 
 proved their competitors in the illicit commerce to the 
 Spanifh main; and to have hardened the king s heart a- 
 gainft the new fetders, whom he abandoned to their fate, 
 notwithstanding the repeated petitions and remonftrances 
 of their conftituents. Famine compelled the firft adventu 
 rers to quit the caaft : A fecond recrutcof men and provi- 
 fions was fent thither from Scotland : But one of their (hips, 
 laden with provifion, being burned by accident, they like- 
 wife deferted the place : Another reinforcement arrived, 
 and being better provided than the two former, might hare 
 maintained their footing; but they were foon divided into 
 factions that rendered all their fchemes abortive. The 
 Spaniards advanced againft them ; when, finding them- 
 felves incnpable of withftanding the enemy, they folicited 
 a capitulation, by virtue of which they were permitted to Eut are t>- 
 rctire. Thus vanished all the golden dreams of the Scot- llcA to a - 
 tifh nation, which had engaged in this defign with incredi 
 ble eagernefs, and even embarked a greater fum of money 
 than ever they had advanced upon any other occaflon. 
 They were now not only difappointed in their expectations 
 of wealth and affluence; but a great number of families 
 was abfolutely ruined by the mifcarriage of the defign, 
 which they imputed folely to the conduct of king William. 
 The whole kingdom of Scotland feemed tojoin in the cla 
 mour that was railed againft their fovereign. They taxed 
 him with double-dealing, inhumanity, and bafe ingratitude, 
 to a people who had lavifhed their treafure and beft blood 
 in fupport of his government, and in the gratification of 
 his ambition ; and had their power been equal to their ani- 
 mofity, in all probability a rebellion would have enfued. 
 
 William, mean while, enjoyed himfelf at Loo, where he 
 was vifited by the duke of Zell, with whom he had long 
 cultivated an intimacy of friend hi p. During his refi- 
 dence in this place, the earl of Portland and the grand pcn- 
 fionary of Holland frequently conferred with the French 
 ambaflador, Count Tallard, upon the fubjec~t of the Span 
 ifh fuccefnon. Thefirfc plan of the partition being defeat 
 ed by the death of the young prince of Bavaria, they 
 found it necefiary to concert another, and began a private 
 negociaticn for that purpofe. The court of Spain, spprif- 
 cd of their intention, fent a written reinonfrrance to Mr. 
 Stanhope, the Englifh rrinifler at Madrid, exprefling their 
 refentment at this unprecedented method of proceeding, 
 and defiring that a ftop might be put to thofe. intrigues, 
 feeing tne Ling of Spain would of himfelf take the necef-
 
 276 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK fary fteps for preferring the public tranquillity, in cafe he 
 IL fhould die without heirs of his body. A reprefentation of 
 
 ^^V**^ the fame kind was made to the minifters of France and 
 l6 99- Holland: The marquis de Canales, the Spanifri ambaffador 
 at London, delivered a memorial to the lords-juftice?, 
 couched in the moft virulent terms, againft this Iran fac 
 tion, and even appealing from the king to the parliament. 
 This Spaniard was pleafed with an opportunity to intuit 
 King William, who hated his perfon, and had forbid him 
 the court, on account of his appearing covered in his ma- 
 jefty s prefence. The regency had no fooner communicat 
 ed this paper to the king, than he ordered the arnbaflador to 
 quit the kingdom in eighteen days, and to remain within 
 his owniioufe till the time of his departure. He was like- 
 wife given to underftand, that no writing would be receiv 
 ed from him or any of his domeftics. M. Stanhope was 
 directed to complain at Madrid of the affront offered to 
 his mafter, which he ftiled an infolent and faucy attempt to 
 ftir up fedition in the kingdom, by appealing to the people 
 and parliament of England agninft hismajefty. The court 
 of Spain juftified what their minifter had done, and in their 
 turn ordered Mr. Stanhope to leave their dominions. Don 
 Bernardo de Quiros, the Spanifh ambaffador in Holland, 
 prepared a memorial on the fame fubjecl:, to the States-ge 
 neral ; which, however, they refufed to accept. Thefe re- 
 monftrances did not interrupt, the negociation, in which 
 Louis was fo eager, that he complained of William, as if 
 he had not employed his whole influence in prevailing up 
 on the Dutch to fignify their acceffion to the articles a- 
 greed upon by France and England ; but his Britannic 
 inajeily found means to remove this jealoufy. 
 
 About the middle of October, William returned to 
 England, and conferred upon the duke of Shrewfbury the 
 office of chamberlain, vacant fince the resignation of Sun- 
 derland. Mr. Montague, at the fame period, refigned 
 his feat at the treafury board, together with the chanccl- 
 Jorfhip of the exchequer, either forefeeing uncommon 
 difficulty in managing the houfe of commons, after they had 
 been difmifTcd in ill humour, or dreading the trttereft of 
 his enemies, who might procure a vote that his two pla 
 ces were inconfiftent. The king opened the feffion ot 
 parliament, on the i6th day of November, with a long 
 fpeech, advifing a further provifton for the fafety of the 
 kingdom by fca and land, as well as the repairs of (hips 
 and fortifications ; exhorting the commons to make good 
 the deficiencies of the funds, difcharge the debts ot the 
 nation, and provide the ncceffary fupplies. He recom- 
 force ood bill for the more efFcfhjul prevejuing
 
 W I L L I A M. 277 
 
 and puniftiing unlawful and clandeftine trading; r.nd ex- c H A l - 
 prefied a deft re, that fome method mould be taken for ^^^j 
 employing the poor, which were become a burden to the 
 kingdom. I~b afiured them, his refolutions were to coun 
 tenance virtue, and difcourage vice ; and that he would 
 decline no difficulties and dangers, where the welfare and 
 profperity of the nation might be concerned. He conclud 
 ed with thefe words : " Since, then, our aims are only 
 " for the general good, let us at with confidence in one 
 * another ; which will not fail, with God s bleffing, to 
 u make me a happy king, and you a great and flourishing 
 u people." The commons were now become wanton in 
 their difguit. Though they had received no real provo 
 cation, they rcfolved to mortify him with their proceed 
 ings. They affcted to put odious interpretations on the 
 very harmlefs expreffion of, " Let us aft with confidence 
 in one another." Inftead of an addrefs of thanks, accor 
 ding to the ufual cuftom, they prefented a fallen remon- 
 ftrance, complaining, that a jealoufy and difguit had been 
 raifed of their duty and affection; and defining he would 
 fhov/ marks of his high difpleafure towards all perfons 
 who had prefumed to mifreprefent their proceedings to his 
 majefty. He declared, in his anfwer, that no perfon had 
 ever dated to mifreprefent their proceedings ; and, that if 
 any fhould prefume to impofe upon him by fuch calum 
 nies, he would treat them as his worft enemies. 
 
 The houfe was not in a humour to be appeafed with 
 Toothing promifes and proteftations : They determined to 
 diitrefs him, by profecuting his minifters. During the 
 war, the colonies of North-America had grown rich by 
 piracy. One Kidd, the mafter of a (loop, undertook to 
 fupprefs the pirates, provided the government would fur- 
 nifh him with a fhip of thirty guns, well manned. The 
 board of admiralty declaring that fuch a number of Teamen 
 could not be fpared from the public fervice, Kid was 
 equipped by the private Tubfcription of the lord chancel 
 lor, the duke of Shrewfbury, the earls of Romney, Or- 
 ford, and Bellamont, Sir Edward Harrifon, and Colonel 
 Livingftone of New-York. The king promiTed to con 
 tribute one half of the expence, and referved to himfelf 
 one tenth of the profits; but he never advanced the mo 
 ney. Kidd being thus equipped, and provided with 
 a commifTion to at againft the French, as well as to 
 make war on certain pirates therein mentioned by narne, 
 fjt fail from Plymouth; but, inftead of cruifing on ,h 
 coaft of America, he directed his coarfc o the E. .illn- 
 dies, where he himfelf turned pirate, and took a rich fhip 
 belonging to the Moors. Having divided his booty with
 
 278 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 HOOK his crew, ninety of whom left him, in order to join other 
 i^\j adventurers, he burned his own fhip, and failed with bis 
 *"/"* prize to the Weft Indies. There he purchafed a floop, in 
 which he ftcered for North America, leaving part of his 
 men in the prize, to remain in one of the Leeward 
 Iflands, until they fhould receive further inftruclions. 
 Arriving on the coaft of New-York, he fent one Emmet 
 to make peace with the earl of Bellamont, the governor 
 of that province, who inveigled him into a negociation, 
 in the ccurfe of which he was apprehended. Then his 
 lordihip fent an account of his proceedings to the fecreta- 
 ry cf ftate, defiring that he would fend for the prifoncrs 
 to England, as there was no law in that colony for pun- 
 ifhing piiiicy with death, and the majority of the people 
 favoured that practice. The admiralty, by order of the 
 lords -juftices, difpatched the fhip Rochefter to bring 
 home the prifoners and their effcxSls : but, after having 
 been tolled for fome time with tempeftuous weather, this 
 veflel was obliged to return to Plymouth in a {battered 
 condition. This incident furnifhed the malcontents with 
 a colour to paint the miniftry as the authors and abettors 
 of a piratical expedition, which they wanted to fcreen 
 from the cognizance of the public. The old Eaft India 
 company had complained to the regency, of the capture 
 made by Kidd in the Eaft Indies, apprehending, as the 
 veflel belonged to the Moors, they fhould be expofcd to 
 the refentment of the Mogul. In the beginning of De 
 cember, this fubjecl: being brought abruptly into the 
 houfe of commons, a motion was made, That the letters 
 patent granted to the earl of Bellamont and others, of pi 
 rates goods, were difhonourable to tbe king, againft the 
 laws of nations, contrary to the laws and ftatutes of the 
 land, invafive of property, and deftruHve cf trade and 
 commerce. A warm debate enfued, in the courfe of 
 which, feme members declaimed with great bitterncfs 
 againft the chancellor and the duke of Shrewfbury, as 
 partners in a piratical icheme; but thefe imputations 
 were refuted, and the motion was rejected by a great rra- 
 jority. Nut but they might have juftly ftigmatized the 
 expedition as a hide mean adventure, in.which thpfe no 
 blemen had embarked with a view to their own private 
 advantage. 
 
 While this affair was in agitation among the common?, 
 the attention of the upper houfe w;:s employed upon the 
 cafe of Dr. Watfon, bifhop of St. David s. This prelate 
 was fuppofed to have paid a valuable confideration for his 
 hilhoprick ; and after his elevation, had fold the prefer 
 ments in his gift, with a view cf being reimburkd. He
 
 WILLIAM. 279 
 
 v/as accufed of fimony ; and, after a folemn hearing before CHAP. 
 the Archbifhop of Canterbury and fix fuffragans, convict - 
 ed and deprived. Then he pleaded his privilege ; fo 
 that the affair was brought into the houfe of lords, who 
 refufed to own him as a peer after he had ceafcd to be a 
 bifhop. Thus di {appointed, he had recourfe to the court 
 of delegates, by whom the archbimop s fentence wis con 
 firmed. The next effort that the commons made, with a 
 view of mortifying King William, was to raife a clamour 
 againft Dr. Burnet, bifhop of Sarum. He was reprefent- 
 ed in the houfe as a very unfit preceptor for the duke of 
 Glouceftcr, both as a Scottifh man, and author of that 
 paftoral letter which had been burned by order of the par 
 liament, for afferting that William had a right to the 
 crown from conqueft. A motion was made for addreffing 
 his majefty, that this prelate might be difmifled from his 
 employment, but reje&ed by a great majority. Burnet had 
 acted with uncommon integrity in accepting the truft. 
 He had declined the office, which he v/as in a manner 
 forced to accept. He had offered to refign his bifhoprick, 
 thinking the employment of a tutor would interfere with 
 the duty of a paftor. He infifted upon the duke s refidence 
 all the fummer at Wlndfor, which is in the diocefe of Sa 
 rum ; and added to his private charities the whole income 
 of his new office. 
 
 The circumftance on which the anti-courtiers built 
 their chief hope of diftrefling or difgracing the government, 
 was the enquiry into the Iri/h forfeiture?, which the king 
 had diftributed among his own dependents. The commif- 
 fioners appointed by parliament to examine thefe particu 
 lars, were Annefley, Trenchard, Hamilton, Langford, the 
 earl of Drogheda, Sir Francis Brewfter, and Sir Richard 
 Leving. The firft four were actuated by all the virulence 
 of faction : The other three were fecretly guided by mi- 
 nifterial influence. They began their enquiry in Ireland, 
 and proceeded with fuch feverity as feemed to flow rather 
 from refentment to the court, than from a love of jufuce 
 and abhorrence of corruption. They in particular foruti- 
 nized a grant of an eftate which the king had made to 
 Mrs. Villiers, now countefs of Orkney, fo as to expofe his 
 majefty s partiality for that favourite, and fubject him to 
 an additional load of popular odium. In the courfc of 
 their examination, the earl of Drogheda, Leving, arid 
 Brewfter, oppofed the reft of the cornmiflioners in divers 
 articles of the report, which they refufed to fign, and fent 
 over a memorial to the houfe Of commons, explaining their 
 r^afons for diflenting from their colleagues. By this time,
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK however, they were confidered as hirelings of the court, 
 ^ and no regard was paid to their representations. The 
 *~*f** others delivered their report, declaring that a million and 
 " a half of money might be raifed from the fale of confifcated 
 cfrates ; and a bill was brought in for applying them to the 
 ufe of the public. A motion being made to referve a 
 third part for the king s difpofal, it was over-ruled ; then 
 the commons paffed an extraordinary vote, importing, 
 that they would not receive any petition from any perfon 
 whatfoever concerning the grants ; and that they would 
 confider the great fervices performed by the commifJionerff 
 appointed to enquire into the forfeited eftates. 7 hey re 
 folved, that the four commhlioners who had figned the 
 report had acquitted themfelves with underftanding, cou 
 rage, and integrity; and that Sir Richard Leving, as au 
 thor of grountllefs and fcandalous afoerfions caft upon his 
 four colleagues, (hould be committed prifcncr to the Tow 
 er, They afterwards came to the following refolution, 
 which was prefented to the king in form of an addrefs : 
 That the procuring and pafling thofe grants had occa- 
 fioned great debts upon the nation, and heavy taxes on 
 the people, and highly reflected upon the king s honour; 
 and that the officers and inftruments concerned in the 
 fame had highly failed in the performance of their truft and 
 duty. The king nnfwered, That he was not only led by 
 inclination, but thought himfelf obliged in juflice to re 
 ward thofe who had fcrved well in the reduction of Ire 
 land out of the eftates forfeited to him by the rebellion in 
 that kingdom. He obferved, that as the long war had left 
 the nation much in debt, their taking jufl and effectual 
 ways for leflening that debt, and fupporting public credit, 
 was what, in his opinion, would beft contribute to the ho 
 nour, intereft, and fafety of the kingdom. This anfwer 
 kindled a flame of indignation in the houfe. They forth 
 with refolved, that the advifer of it had ufed his utmoft en 
 deavours to create a mifunderftanding and jealoufy between 
 the king and his people. 
 
 They prepared, finimcd, and paffed a bill of refumption. 
 They ordered the report of the commiilioiicr?, together 
 with the king s promife and fpceches, and the former re- 
 folutions of the houfe touching the forfeited ellates in 
 Ireland, to be printed and publifhed for their juftification \ 
 and they refolved, that the procuring or paffing exorbitant 
 grants by any member, now of the privy-council, or by 
 any other that had been a privy-courfcllor, in this or any 
 former reign, to his ufe or benefit, was a high crime and 
 mifJemeanoui. That juflice might be done to purchafers 
 and avoitors in the acl of refurhption, thirteen truftees
 
 W I L L I A M. 281 
 
 were authorifed and empowered to hear and dercrrvne all C H A P 
 claims relating tothofe eflates, to fell them to the belt pur- 
 c ^fers ; and the money arifing from the fale was appro- 
 priated to pay the arrears of the army. It parted under 
 the title of a bill for granting ati aid to his msjefry, by the 
 fj.le of forfeited and other eftates and interefts in Ireland ; 
 and that it might undergo no alteration in the houfe of 
 lords, it was consolidated with the money bill for the fer- 
 vices of the year. In the houfe of lords it produced warm 
 debates ; and fome alterations were made, which the com 
 mons unanimoufly rejected. They itemed to be now 
 more than ever exafperated againft the minidry, and or 
 dered a lift of the privy-council to be laid before the houfe. 
 The lords demanded conferences, which ferved only to 
 exafperate the t*vo houfes againft each other ; for the peers 
 infilled upon their amendments, and the commons were . 
 fo provoked at their interfering in a money-bill, that they 
 determined to give a loofe to their refentment. They or 
 dered all the doors of their houfe to be fhut, that no mem 
 bers {hould go forth. Then they took into consideration 
 the report of the Irifti forfeitures, with the lift of the 
 privy-counfellors ; and a que.vr.ion was moved, that an ad- 
 drefs fhould be made to his majefty, to remove John 
 Lord Somers, chancellor of England, from his prefence 
 and councils for even Thi^, however, was carried i;i 
 the negative by a great majority. The king was extreme 
 ly chagrined at the bill, which he confidered as an invauon 
 of his prerogative, an infult on his perfon, and an injury 
 to his friends and fervants ; and he at firft refolved to 
 hazard all the confequences of refufing to pafs it into a Ei ) irne *- 
 law : But he was diverted from. his p urpofe by the remon- colewSn 
 ftrances of thofe in whom he chiefly confided. He could State Tracts 
 not, however, dificmble his refentment. He became ful- Camber; T. 
 len, peevifh, ind morale; and his enemies did net fall to Raich 
 make ufe of this additional ill-humour, as a proof of his 
 averflon to the Englim peopb. Though the motion 
 , againil the chancellor had miscarried, the commons re 
 folved to addrefs his rnajefty, that no perfon who was not 
 a native of his dominions, except his Royal Highnefs, 
 Prince George of Denmark, Ihould be admitted into hio 
 majefty s councils in England or Ireland. This refolu- 
 tion was levelled againft the ear. .i of Portland, Albemarle, 
 and Galway : But, before the addrefs could be prefentadj 
 the king went to the houfa of Peer?, and having patted the 
 bill which had produced fuch a ferment, with fome others, 
 commanded the earl of Bridge-water, fpeaker of the 
 houfe, in the r.bfence of the chancellor, who was indlf- 
 VOL. I. 2 N
 
 282 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B o o K. pofed, .> prorogue the parliament to the twenty-third day 
 of May. 
 
 In the courfe of this feffion, the commons having pro- 
 fccuted their enquiry into the conduct of KidJ, brought 
 in a bill for the more effectual f uppreffing of piracy, which 
 patted into a law: Underftanding afterwards, that Kidtl 
 was brought over to England, they prefented an addrefs 
 to the king, deSiring that he might not be tried, difchargcd, 
 or pardoned, till the next faSKon of parliament; and his 
 majefty complied with their rcqueft. Boiling ftill with 
 indignation againft the lord chancellor, who had turned 
 many difafFccted perfons out of the comminion of t!i2 
 peace, the houfe ordered a bill to be prepared for qualify 
 ing juftices of the peace ; and appointed a committee to 
 i lipect the commiflions. This reporting, that many dif- 
 f enters and men of fmall fortunes, depending on the court, 
 were put into thofe places, the commons declared, in an 
 addrefs, That it would much conduce to the fervice of 
 his majefty, and the good of this kingdom, that gentlemen 
 of quality and good c-ftates Should be reftored, and put in 
 to the commiflions of the peace and lieutenancy ; and that 
 men of fmall eft-ates be neither continued, nor put into the 
 faid commiflions. The king aSTured them he was of the 
 fame opinion: And that he would give directions accord 
 ingly. They were fo mollified by this inftance of his con- 
 defcenfion, that they thanked him in a body for his gra 
 cious anfwer. They pafTed a bill to exculpate fuch as had 
 neglected to fign the aSfociation, either through miftake, or 
 want of opportunity. Having received a petition from the 
 Lancashire clergy, complaining of the infolence and at 
 tempts of Popifh priefts, they appointed a committee to 
 Severe bill en q u i re how far the laws againft Popifh refugees had been 
 ainft Pa- P ut m execution ; and upon the report a bill was brought 
 pifts. in, complying with the prayer of the petition. It decreed 
 
 a further reward to fuch perfons as Should difcover and 
 convict Popifli priefts and Jefuits ; and perpetual impri- 
 fonment for thofe convicted on the oath of one or more 
 witneSTes. It enacted, That no perfon born af^er the 
 twenty-fifth day of March next enfuing, being a Papift, 
 Should be capable of inheriting any title of honour cr 
 eftate within the kingdom of England, dominion of Wales, 
 or town of Berwick upon Tweed ; and that no PapiSt 
 Should be capable of purchafing any lands, tenements, or 
 heriditaments, either in his own name, or in the name of 
 any other perfon in truft for him. Several alterations were 
 made in this firft draft, before it was finiflu-d and fent up 
 to the lords, fome of whom propofed amendments : Thefe 
 however, were not adopted ; and the bill obtained the
 
 V/ I L L I A M. 
 
 royal afTent, contrary to the expectation of thofe who pro- C H A 1 . 
 fecuted the meafure, on the fuppofition that the king was 
 a favourer of Paphls. After all, the bill was deficient in 
 nece/Tary claufes to enforce execution ; fo that the law was 
 very little regarded in the fequel. 
 
 The court fuftained another infult from the old Eaft 
 India Company, who petitioned the houfe that they might 
 be continued by parliamentary authority during the re- 
 maining part of the time prefcribed in their charter. They, e ^- 
 at the fame time, published a ftate of their qafe, in which 
 they expatiated upon the equity of their claims, and mag 
 nified the injuries they had undergone. The new com 
 pany drew up an anfwer to this remonftrance, expofmg 
 the corrupt practices of their adverfaries. But the influ 
 ence of their great patron, Mr. Montague, was now va- 
 nifhed: The Tuppiy was not yet difcuffed, and the minif- 
 try would not venture to provoke the commons, who 
 feemed propitious to the old company, and actually pa fled 
 a bill in their favour. This, meeting with no oppofition 
 in the upper houfe, was enacted into a law, renewing their 
 eilablifhment: So thr.t now there were two rival compa 
 nies of merchants trading to the Eaft Indies. The com 
 mons, not yet fatisfted with the vexations to which they 
 had expofed their fovereign, paflcd a bill to appoint com- 
 miffioners for taking and examining the public accounts. 
 Another law was made, to prohibit the ufe of India filks 
 and fluffs, which interfered with the Englifh manufactures: 
 A third, to take oil" the duties on the exportation of wool 
 len manufactures, corn, grain, meal, bread, and bifcuit : 
 And a fourth, in which provifion was made for punifh- 
 ing governors, or commanders in chief, of plantations 
 and colonies, in cafe they mould commit any crimes or 
 acts of injuftice and oppreffion in the exercifj of their 
 adminiftration. 
 
 The people of Scotland ftill continued in violent agi- Violent fer- 
 tation. They publifhed a pamphlet, containing a detail "" en s " 
 
 r , . . } , . . . r . L /- / -i i Scotland. 
 
 or their grievances, which they in a great meaiure aicnbcd 
 to his rnajefty. A complaint being preferred to the houfe 
 of commons againfc this performance, it was voted a falfe, 
 fcandalous, and traiterous libel, and ordered to be burned 
 by the hands of the common hangman. The commons ad- 
 (Ireffed his majefty, to illue his royal proclamation for ap 
 prehending the author, printer, and publifner of the faid 
 libel ; and he complied with their requeft. The Scottifh 
 company had fent up an addrefs to the king, in behalf of 
 fame adventurers who were wrongfully detained prifoners 
 in Carthagena : But Lord Bafil Hamilton, who undertook 
 the charge of this petition, was refufed admittance to his
 
 286 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK perfon againft whom their anger was chiefly directed, was 
 the Lord Chancellor Somcrs, the mcft a&ive leader of the 
 
 Whig-party. They demanded his difmiffion, and the 
 king exhorted him to refign his office: But he refufing 
 to take any ftep that might indicate a fear of his enemies, 
 or a confcioufncfs of guilt, the king fent a peremptory or 
 der for the feals by the Lord Jerfey, to whom Somers de 
 livered them without hefitation. They were fucceflivcly 
 offered to Lord-Chief- Juftice Holt, and Trevor, the at 
 torney-general, who declined accepting fuch a precarious 
 office. Meanwhile, the king granted a temporary com- 
 miiTion to three judges to fit in the court of chancery; and 
 at length bcftowed the feals with the title of lord-keeper, 
 on Nathan Wright, one of the ferjeants at law, a man but 
 indifferently qualified for the office to which he was now 
 preferred. Though William feemed altogether attached 
 to the Tories, and inclined to a new parliament, no per- 
 fon appeared to take the lead in the affairs cf government \ 
 and, indeed, for fome time the adminiflration feemed to 
 be under no particular direction. 
 
 During; the tranfactions of the laft feffion, the ne<rocia- 
 
 . 
 
 tion for a fecond partition-treaty tad been carried on in 
 London by the French minifter, Tallard, in conjunction 
 with the carls of Portland and Jerfey, and was foon brought 
 to perfection. On the 2ift day of February the treaty 
 was figned in London; and on the 25th of the next month 
 it was fubfcribed at the Hague by Briord, the French en 
 voy, and the plenipotentiaries cf the ftates-gcneral. By 
 this convention the treaty of Lyfwic was confirmed. The 
 contracting parties agreed, that, in cafe of his Catholic 
 majcfty s dying without iffue, the dauphin fhould poffefs, 
 for bimfelf and his heirs, the kingdoms cf Naples and Si 
 cily, the i Hands of St. Stephano, Porto, Hercole, Orbi- 
 tello, Ttlamonc, Porto Longone, Piombino, the city and 
 marquifate of Final, the province of Guipufcoa, the 
 duchies of Lorraine and Bar, in exchange for which laft, 
 the duke cf Lorraine, fhould enjoy the duchy of Milan : 
 but that the county of Biche fhould remain in fovereignty 
 to the Prince of Vaudemont : That the Archduke Charles 
 fhould inherit the kingdom of Spain and all its dependen 
 cies in and out of Europe ; but, in cafe of his dying with 
 out iifue, it fhould devolve to fome other child of the em 
 peror, excepting him who might fucceed as emperor or 
 kino; of the Eumans: That this monarchy fhould never 
 defccnd to a kin^ of France or dauphin; and that three 
 rr.cn ths fhould be allowed to the emperor, to confider whe 
 ther or not he would accede to this treaty. Whether the 
 French kin? was really {ir.c^re in his profeffiofls ;-.t this
 
 W I L L I A M. 287 
 
 juncture, or propofed this treaty with a view to make a c H A P. 
 clandeftine ufe of it at the court of Spain for more in- 
 tcrefted purpofes, it is not eafy to determine: At full, ^-y^ 
 however, it was concealed from the notice of the public, X 7 00 - 
 as if the parties had refolved to take no ftep in confe- 
 quence of it, during the life of his Catholic majefty. 
 
 In the beginning of July the king embarked for Hol 
 land, after having appointed a regency to govern the 
 kingdom in his abfence. On the 2()th day of the fame Death of 
 month, the young duke of Gloucefter, the only remain- Jjjj^f* 
 ing child offeventeen which the Princefs Anne had born, ct .ft er . 
 died of a malignant, fever, in the nth year of his age. 
 His death was much lamented by the greater part of the 
 Engllfh nation, not only on account of his prorr.ifing ta 
 lents and gentle behaviour, but alfo, as it left the fuccef- 
 iion undetermined, and might create difputes of fatal con- 
 fequence to the nation. The Jacobites openly exulted in 
 an event which they imagined would remove the chief bat- 
 to the intereft of the prince of Wales : But the Protef- 
 tants generally turned their eyes upon the Princefs Sophia, 
 eleiStrels dowager, cf Hanover, and grand-daughter of 
 James I. It was with a view to concert th^ erhiblifh- 
 ment of her fucceffion, that the court of Brunfwic, now 
 returned the vifit of King William. The prefent ftate 
 of affairs in England, however, afforded a very uncom 
 fortable profpect. The people were generally alienated 
 from the perfon and government of the reigning king, 
 upon whom they feem to have forfeited. The vigour of 
 their minds was deftroyed by luxury and {loth: The fc- 
 verity of their morals was relaxed by a long habit of ve 
 nality and corruption. The king s health began to de 
 cline, and even his faculties decayed apace. No perfon 
 was appointed to afccnd the throne when it (hould become 
 vacant. The Jacobite faction alone was eager, vigilant, 
 enterprizing, and elate. They difpatched Mr. Graham, 
 brother of Lord Prefton, to the court of St. Germain s 
 immediately after the death of the duke of Gloucefter : 
 They began to beftir themfelves all over the kingdom. 
 A report was fpreud that the Princefs Anne had private 
 ly fent a meflage to her father-, and Britain was once 
 more threatened with civil war, confu/ion, anarchy, and 
 rain. 
 
 In the mean time, Kin^ William, w?.s not inactive. 
 The king s of Denmark, and Poland, with the elector of 
 Brandenburgh, had formed a league to crufu the young 
 king of Sweden, by invading his dominions on dirFerent 
 fides. The Poles actually entered Livonia, and under 
 took the fiee of Rio a : The kifi of Denmark havin
 
 283 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK demolished fome forts in Holftein, t!ie duke of which wa^ 
 I- connected with Sweden, inverted Tonninghen. The 
 ^**y~*J Swedifli minifter in England demanded that affiftance of 
 1790. William which had been ftipulated in a late renewal of the 
 ancient treaty between England and Sweden. The ftates 
 f ft"em to f Holland were foliated to the fame purpofe. Accord- 
 thc affift- ingly, a fleet of thirty fail, Englifh and Dutch, was fent 
 ance of to the Baltic, under the command of Sir George Rooke, 
 XII of who joined the Swedifli fquadrcft^ and bombarded Copen- 
 Sweden. hagen, to which the Daniili fleet had retired. At the 
 fame time, the duke of Lunenbourg, with the Swedifli 
 - forces which happened to be at Bremen, patted the Elbe, 
 and marched to the aflivrance of the duke of Holitein. 
 The Danes immediately abandoned the fiege of Ton 
 ninghen ; and a body of Saxons, who had made an irrup 
 tion into the territories of the duke of Brunfwick, were 
 obliged to retreat in disorder. By the mediation of Wil 
 liam, a neoociation was begun fora treaty between Swe 
 den and Denmark, which, in order to quicken, Charles 
 the youus; king of Sweden made a defcent upon the ifle of 
 Zealand: This was executed with great fucccfs. Charles 
 was the fit ft man who landed ; and here he exhibited fuch 
 marks of courage and conduct, far above his years, 
 as equally aftonilhed and intimidated his adverfa- 
 ries. Then he determined to befiesre Cop ^ hagen ; a re- 
 folution that flruck fuch terror into the Danes, that they 
 proceeded with redoubled diligence in the treaty, which 
 was brought to a conclufion, between Denmark, Sweden, 
 and Holftein, about the middle of Auguft. Then the 
 Swedes retired to Schonen, and the fquadrons of the ma 
 ritime powers returned from the Baltic. 
 
 When the new partition treaty was communicated by 
 the miniflers of the contracting parties to the other powers 
 of Europe, it generally met with a very unfavourable 
 conftruciioi:. Saxony and the northern crowns were flill 
 embroiled with their own quarrel?, confequently coukl 
 not give much attention to fuch a remote tranfaclion. 
 The princes of Germany appeared cautious and dilatory 
 in their anfwers, unwilling to be concerned in any plan 
 that might excite the refentment of the houfe of Aurtria. 
 The elector of Brandenburgh, in particular, had fet his 
 heart upon the rcgu! dignity, which he hoped to obtain 
 from the favour and authority of the emperor. The Ita 
 lian ftates were averfe to the partition treaty, from their 
 apprehenfion of feeing France in poiFeffion of Naples, and 
 other diitricls of their country. The duke of Savoy af 
 fected a myuerious neutrality, in hopes of being able to 
 barter his confent for fome confiderable advantage. The 
 Swifs cantons declined acceding as guarantee?. The em-
 
 W I L L I A M. 289 
 
 peror exprefTed his aftonifhment that any difpofition CHAP, 
 fhould be made of the Spanilh monarchy without the con- 
 fent of the prefent pofTelTbr, and the ftates of the kingdom. 
 He obferved, that neitherjuftiee nor decorum could war- 
 rant the contrasting powers to compel him, who was the 
 rightful heir, to accept a part of his inheritance within 
 three months, under penalty of forfeiting even that fhare 
 to a third perfon not yet named ; and he declared, that he 
 could take no final refolution, until he fhould know the 
 fcntiments of his Catholic majefry, on an affair in which 
 their mutual intereft w?.s fo nearly concerned. Leopold 
 was actually engaged in a negociation with the king of 
 Spain, who figned a will in favour of his fecond fon 
 Charles; yet he took no meafures to fupport the difpofi 
 tion, either by fending the archduke with a fufficient force 
 into Spain, or by detaching troops into Italy. 
 
 The people of Spain were exafperated at the infolence 
 of the three foreign powers who pretended to parcel out 
 their dominions. Their pride took the alarm, at the pro- 
 fpecr. of their monarchy s being difmembered ; and the 
 grandees repined at the thought of lofmg fo many lucra 
 tive governments, which they now enjoyed. The king s 
 life became every day more and more precarious, from 
 frequent returns of his diforder. The miniftry was 
 weak and divided, the nobility factious, and the people 
 difcontented. The hearts of the nation had been alienat 
 ed from the houfe of Aullria, by the infolent carriage and 
 rapacious difpofition of the Queen Mariana. The French 
 had gained over to their interefts the Cardinal Portocarre- 
 ro, the Marquis de Monterey, with many other noble 
 men and perfons of diftinftion. Thefe, perceiving the 
 fentiments of the people, employed their emiflaries to 
 raife a general cry, that France alone could maintain the 
 fuccefTion entire: That tie houfe of Auftria was feeble 
 and exhaufted, and any prince of that line miHt owe his 
 chief fupport to deteftable heretics. Portocarrero tamper 
 ed with the weaknefs of his fovereign. He repeated and 
 exaggerated all thefe fuggeftions : He advifed him to con- 
 fult Pope Innocent Xtl. on this momentous point of re 
 gulating the fucceffion. That Pontiff, who was a crea 
 ture of France, having taken the advice of a college of 
 cardinals, determined, that the renunciation of Maria 
 Therefa was invalid and null, as being founded upon 
 compulfion, and contrary to the fundamental laws of the 
 Spanifli monarchy. He, therefore, exhorted King Charles 
 to contribute to the propagation of the faith, and the re- 
 pofe of Chriftendom, by making a new will in favour of 
 a <j;randfon of the French monarch. This admonition was. 
 "Vox.. I. 2O
 
 2 S3 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK demolished fome forts in Holftein, t .ie duke of which was 
 i- connected with Sweden, inverted Tonninghen. The 
 <W **Y^ W| Swedifh minifter in England demanded that afliftance of 
 1790. William which had been {Vipulated in a late renewal of tho 
 ancient treaty between England and Sweden. The ftates 
 fl4"fem to of Holland were foliated to the fame purpofe. Accord- 
 the affift- ingly, a fleet of thirty fail, Engliih and Dutch, was fent 
 ance of to the Baltic, under the command of Sir George Rooke, 
 xn^of who joined the Swedifli fquadro^ and bombarded Copen- 
 Swe den. hagen, to which the Daniih fleet had retired. At the 
 fame time, the duke of Lunenbourg, with the Swedifli 
 - forces which happened to be at Bremen, pa (Ted the Elbe, 
 and marched to the affiftance of the duke of Holftein. 
 The Danes immediately abandoned the fiege of Ton 
 ninghen ; and a body of Saxons, who had made an irrup 
 tion into the territories of the duke of Brunfwick, were 
 obliged to retreat in diforder. By the mediation of Wil 
 liam, a ne;ociation wzs begun fora treaty between Swe 
 den and Denmark, which, in order to quicken, Charles 
 the youug king of Sweden made a defcent upon the ifle of 
 Zealand . This was executed with great fuccefs. Charles 
 was the fir ft man who landed ; and here he exhibited fuch 
 marks of courage and conduct, far above his years, 
 as equally aft on i (bed and intimidated his adverfa- 
 ries. Then he determined to befiese Cop hagen ; a rc- 
 folution that (truck fuch terror into the Danes, that they 
 proceeded with redoubled diligence in the treaty, which 
 was brought to a conclufion, between Denmark, Sweden, 
 and Holftein, about the middle of Auguft. Then the 
 Swedes retired to Schonen, and the fquadrons of the ma 
 ritime powers returned from the Baltic. 
 
 When the new partition treaty was communicated by 
 the minifters of the contracting parties to the other powers 
 of Europe, it generally met with a very unfavourable 
 conftruclioi:. Saxony and the northern crowns were ftill 
 embroiled with their own quarrel?, confequently could 
 not give much attention to fuch a remote tranfaclion. 
 The princes of Germany appeared cautious and dilatory 
 in their anfwers, unwilling to be concerned in any plan 
 that might excite the refentment of the houfe of Auftria. 
 The elector of Brandenburgh, in particular, had let his 
 heart upon the regal dignity, which he hoped to obtain 
 from the favour and authority of the emperor. The Ita 
 lian ftates were averfe to the partition treaty, from their 
 jipprehcnfion of feeing France in pofLlIion of Naples, and 
 other diitricls of their country. The duke of Savoy af- 
 fe6ted a myflerious neutrality, in hopes of being able to 
 barter his confent for fome confiderable advantage. The 
 Swifs cantons declined acceding as guarantee?. The em-
 
 W I L L I A M. 289 
 
 peror exprefTed his aftonifhment that any difpofition CHAP, 
 fhould be made of the Spanilh monarchy without the con- 
 fent of the prefent pofTelTor, and the ftates of the kingdom. 
 He obferved, that neither juftiee nor decorum could war- 
 rant the contracting powers to compel him, who was the 
 rightful heir, to accept a part of his inheritance within 
 three months, under penalty of forfeiting even that fhare 
 to a third perfon not yet named ; and he declared, that he 
 could take no final refolution, until he fhould know the 
 fentiments of his Catholic majefty, on an affair in which 
 their mutual intereft was fo nearly concerned. Leopold 
 was actually engaged in a negociation with the king of 
 Spain, who figned a will in favour of his fecond fon 
 Charles; yet he took no meafures to fupport the difpofi 
 tion, either by fending the archduke with a fufficient force 
 into Spain, or by detaching troops into Italy. 
 
 The people of Spain were exafperated at the infolence 
 of the three foreign powers who pretended to parcel out 
 their dominions. Their pride took the alarm, at the pro- 
 fpecl of their monarchy s being difmembcred ; and the 
 grandees repined at the thought oflofmg fo many lucra 
 tive governments, which they now enjoyed. The king s 
 life became every day more and more precarious, from 
 frequent returns of his diforder. The miniftry was 
 weak and divided, the nobility factious, and the people 
 difcontented. The hearts of the nation had been alienat 
 ed from the houfe of Auftria, by the infolent carriage and 
 rapacious difpofition of the Queen Mariana. The French 
 had gained over to their interefts the Cardinal Portocarre- 
 ro, the Marquis de Monterey, with many other noble 
 men and perfons of diftin&ion. Thefe, perceiving the 
 fentiments of the people, employed their emiflaries to 
 raife a general cry, that France alone could maintain the 
 fucceffion entire : That ti;e houfe of Auftria was feeble 
 and exhaufted, and any prince of that line mvflt owe his 
 chief fupport to deteftable heretics. Portocarrero tamper 
 ed with the weaknefs of his fovereign. He repeated and 
 exaggerated all thefe fuggeftions : He advifed him to con- 
 fult Pope Innocent XII. on this momentous point of re 
 gulating the fucceffion. That Pontiff, who was a crea 
 ture of France, having taken the advice of a college of 
 cardinals, determined, that the renunciation of Maria 
 Therefa was invalid and null, as being founded upon 
 compulfion, and contrary to the fundamental laws of the 
 Spanifli monarchy. He, therefore, exhorted King Charles 
 to contribute to the propagation of the faith, and the re- 
 pofe of Chriftendom, by making a new will in favour of 
 a irrandfon of the French monarch. This admonition was. 
 
 "VOL. I. 2 O
 
 290 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, fecondcd by the remonftrances of Portocarrero ; and the 
 weak prince complied with the propofal. In the mean 
 time, the king of France feemed to at heartily, as 
 1700. a principal in the treaty of partition. His minifters at 
 
 minifter. foreign courts co-operated with thofe of the maritime 
 powers, in foliating the acceffion of the different poten 
 tates in Europe. When Count Zinzendorf, the Imperial 
 ambaffador at Paris, prefented a memorial, defiring to 
 know what part France would ar., fhould the king of 
 Spain voluntarily place a granclfon of Louis upon the 
 throne, the Marquis de Torcy anfwered in writing, that 
 his mod Chrifiian majefty would by no means liften to 
 iuch a propofal ; nay, when the emperor s minifter gave 
 them to underftand, that his mafter was ready to begin 
 a feparatc negociation with the court of Verfailles, touch 
 ing the Spanifh fucceffion, Louis declared he could not 
 treat on that fubje6l without the concurrence of his allies. 
 The nature of the partition treaty was no fooner 
 known in England, than condemned by the moft intelli 
 gent part of the nation. They firft of all complained, 
 that fuch an important affair fhould be concluded without 
 the advice of parliament. They obferved, that the fchemc 
 was unjuft, and the execution of it hazardous : That, in 
 concerting the terms, the maritime powers feemed to 
 have a6led as partisans of France ; for the poffeffion of 
 Naples and the Tufcan ports would fubjeft Italy to her 
 dominion, and interfere with the Engliih trade to the 
 Levant and Mediterranean ; while Guipufcoa, on any 
 future rupture, would afford another inlet into the heart 
 of the Spanifh dominions: They, for thefe reafons pro- 
 nounced the treaty deilruclive of the balance of power, 
 and prejudicial to the intereft of England. All thefe ar 
 guments were trumpeted by the malcontent?, fo that the 
 whole kingdom echoed with the clamour of difaffelion. 
 Sir Chrillopher Mufgrave, and others of the Tory fac 
 tion, began to think in earneft of eftablifhing the fuccef- 
 f Ion of the Englifh crown upon the perfon of the prince of 
 Wales. They are faid to have fent over Mr. Graham to 
 St. Germain s with overtures to this purpofe, and an af- 
 furance that a motion would be made in the houfe of 
 commons, to pafs a vote that the crown fhould not be 
 Supported in the execution of the partition treaty. King 
 William was not ignorant of the cenfu re he had under 
 gone, and not a little alarmed to find himfelf fo unpopular 
 among his own fubje&s. That he might be the more 
 able to beftow his attention effectually upon the affairs of 
 England, he refolved to take fome meafures for the fatis- 
 fa&ion of the Scottifh nation. He permitted the parlia-
 
 W I L L I A M. 291 
 
 ment of that kingdom to meet on the 28th day of O6to- CHAP 
 her, and wrote a letter to them from his houfe at Loo, 
 containing an aflurance, that he would concur in every *^7 
 thing that could be reafonably propofed for maintaining 
 and advancing the peace and welfare of their kingdom. 
 He promHed to give his royal affcnt to iuch afts as ilicy 
 fhould frame for the better eftablilhment of the Prefbyte- 
 rian difcipline; for preventing the growth of Popery, 
 fuppreffing vice and immorality, encouraging piety and 
 virtue, preserving and fecuring perfonal liberty, regulat 
 ing and advancing trade, retrieving the loffes, and pro 
 moting the interafl of their African and Indian companies. 
 He expreffed his concern that he conld not al lert the com 
 pany s right of eftabliihing a colony at Darien, without 
 difturbing the peace of Chriftendom, and entailing a rui 
 nous war on that his ancient kingdom. He recommended 
 unanimity and difpatch in railing competent taxes for 
 their own defence; and told them he had thought fit to 
 continue the duke of Qeeenfberry in the office of hic,h 
 commiffioner. Notwithftahding this foothing addrefs, the 
 national refentment continued to rage, and the parliament 
 feemed altogether intraclable. By this time the company 
 had received certain tidings of the entire furrender of 
 their fettlemcnt ; and, on the firfl day of the fefiion, they 
 reprefented to parliament, that, for want of due protection 
 abroad, fome perfons had been encouraged to break in 
 upon their privileges even at home. This remonftrance 
 was fucceeded by another national addrefs to the kin^, 
 who told them he could not take any further notice of that 
 affair, fmce the parliament was now affembled ; and he 
 had already made a declaration, wi:h which he hoped all 
 his faithful fubjects would be fatisfied. Nevertheless, he 
 found it abfolutely neceffary to pradlife other expedients 
 for allaying the ferment of that nation. His miniilxTS and 
 their agents beftirred themfelves Co fuccefsfully, that the- 
 heats in parliament v/ere entirely cooled, and the outcry 
 of the people fubfided into unavailing murmurs. The 
 parliament refolved,. That, in consideration of their great 
 deliverance by his majefty, and, as next under God, their 
 fafety and happinefs wholly depended on his prefcrvntion 
 and that of his government, they would fupport both to the 
 utmoft of their power, and maintain fuch forces as diould" 
 be requifite for thofe ends. They paffecl an act for keeping 
 on foot three thoufand men for t\vo ye.irs, to be maintained 
 by aland-tax. Then the commiffioner produced th; kiiio- s 
 letter, deliring to have eleven hundred men on his own 
 account to the rft day of June following : They forth 
 with complied with his requeftj < nd were prorogued tvd
 
 292 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK the 6th of May. The fupernumerary troops were fent 
 over to the ftates-general; and the earl of A i gyle was 
 
 honoured with the title of duke, as a recompence for hav 
 ing concurred with the commiffioner in managing this 
 feflion of parliament. 
 
 Death of King William had returned to England on the i8th 
 the king of fay o f October, not a little chagrined at the perplexities 
 tatconfe- * n wmcn ne found himfelf involved ; and, in the begin- 
 cuences. ning of the next month, he received advice that the king 
 of Spain was actually dead. He could not be furprifed at 
 this event, which had been fo long expected ; but it was 
 attended with a circumftance which he had not forefeen. 
 Charles, by his laft will, had declared the duke of Anjou, 
 fecond fon of the Dauphin, the fole heir of the Spanifb 
 monarchy. In cafe this prince fnould die without iffue, 
 or inherit the crown of France, he willed that Spain 
 fhould devolve to the duke of Berry ; in default of him 
 and children, to the archduke Charles and his heirs; fail 
 ing of whom, to the duke of Savoy and his pofterity. He 
 likewife recommended a match between the duke of An 
 jou, and one of the arch duchefles. When this teftament 
 was firft notified to the French court, Louis feemed to 
 hefitate between his inclination and engagements to Wil 
 liam and the ftates-general. Madame de Maintenon is 
 faid to have joined her influence to that of the dauphin, in 
 perfuading the king to accept of the will ; and Pontchar- 
 train was engaged to fupport the fame meafure. 
 A cabinet-council was called in her apartment. The reft 
 of the miniftry declared for the treaty of partition : The 
 king affected a kind of neutrality. The dauphin fpoke for 
 his fon with an air of refolution he had never afTinned be 
 fore : Pontchartrain feconded his arguments ; Madame de 
 Maintenon afked what the duke of Anjou had done to 
 provoke the king, that he fhould be barred of his right to 
 that fucceflion ? Then the reft of the members efpoufed 
 the dauphin s opinion; and the king owned himfelf con 
 vinced by their reafons. In all probability, the decifion 
 of this council was previoufty fettled in private. After 
 the will was accepted, Louis clofeted the duke of Anjou, 
 to whom he faid, in prefence of the marquis des Rio?, 
 " Sir, the king of Spain has made you a king. The 
 Cl grandees demand you ; the people wifh for you ; :md 
 u I give my confcnt. Remember only, you are a prince 
 " of France. I recommend to you to love your people, 
 "to gain their affection by the lenity of your govern- 
 u ment, and to render yourfelf worthy of the throne you 
 " are going to afcend." The new monarch was congra 
 tulated on his elevation by all the princes of the blood :
 
 WILLIAM. 293- 
 
 Neverthelefs, the duke of Orleans and hi; Ton protefted CHAP 
 as;ainft the will, becaufe the archduke was placed next in 
 ficceflion to the duke of Berry, in bar of their right as de- 
 fcondants of Anne of Auftria, whofe renunciation could be 
 of no more force than that of Maria Therefa. On the 4th 
 day of December, the new king fet out for Spain, to the 
 frontiers of which he was accompanied by his two brothers. 
 When the will was accepted, the French minifter De 
 Torcy endeavoured to juftifyhis matter s conduct to the earl 
 of Manchefter, who had refided at Paris in the character of 
 of ambaflador from the court of London. He obferved, 
 That the treaty of partition was not likely to anfwer the 
 ends for which it had been concerted : That the emperor 
 had refufed to accede : That it was relifhed by none of the 
 princes to whom it had been communicated : That the 
 people of England and Holland had exprefTed their difcon- 
 tent at the profpect of France s being in pofTefliion of Na 
 ples and Sicily: That if Louis had rejected the will, the 
 archduke would have had a double title derived from the 
 former will, and that of the late king : That the Spaniards 
 were fo averfe to the divifion of their monarchy, there 
 would be a necefiity for conquering the whole kingdom 
 before the treaty could be executed : That the fhips to 
 be furnifhed by great Britain and Holland, would not be 
 fufficient for the purpofes of fuch a war ; and it was doubt 
 ful whether England and the States-general would engage 
 themfelves in a greater expence. He concluded with fay 
 ing, that the treaty would have been more advantageous to 
 France than the will, which the king accepted purely from 
 a dsfire of preferring the peace of Europe. His mafter 
 hoped, therefore, the good underftanding would fubfift be 
 tween him and the king of great Britain. The fame rea- 
 fons were communicated by Briod, the French ambaflador 
 at the Hague, to the States-general. Notwithflanding this 
 addrefs, they ordered their envoy at Paris to deliver a me 
 morial to the French king, exprefiing their furprife at his 
 having accepted the will ; and their hope, that as the time 
 fpecified for the emperor s acceding to the treaty was not 
 expired, his moft Chriftian majefry would take the aft air 
 again into his confideration, and adhere to his engagements 
 in every article. Louis, in his anfwer to this memorial, 
 which he di (patched to all the courts of Europe, declared, 
 That what he chiefly confidered was the principal dengn 
 of the contracting parties, namely, the maintenance of 
 peace in Europe ; and that, true to this principle, he only 
 departed from the words, that he might the better adhere to 
 fpirit of the treaty.
 
 294 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK With this anfwer he fent a letter to the ftates, giving 
 them to underftand, that the peace of Europe was fo nrrnly 
 eftabltfhed by the will of the king of Spain, in favour of 
 his gra-ndfon, that he did riot doubt their approbation of 
 bis fucceffion to the Spanifh crown. The ftates obfervcd, 
 That they could not declare themfelves upon an affair of 
 fuch confequence, without confulting their reflective pro 
 vinces. Louis admitted the excufc, and affured them of 
 his readinefs to concur with whatever they fhoulu ciefire 
 for the fecurity of the Spanifh Netherlands. The Spanifh, 
 ambafTador at the Hague prefented them with a letter from 
 his new mafter, who likewife notified his acceffion to all 
 the powers of Europe, except the king: of England. The 
 emperor loudly exclaimed againft the will, as being more 
 iniquitous than the treaty of partition ; and threatened to 
 do himfelf juftice by the force of arms. The Spaniards 
 apprehending that a league would be formed be : veert 
 his Imperial majefty and the maritime powers, for fetting 
 afide the fucceffion of the duke of Anjou ; and confcious 
 of their own inability to defend their dominions, refigned 
 themfelves entirely to the protection of the French mo 
 narch. The towns in the Spanifh Netherlands and the 
 duchy of Milan admitted French garrifons ; a French fqua- 
 dron anchored in the port of Cadiz ; and another was de 
 tached to the Spanifh fettlements in the Weft Indies. Part 
 of the Dutch army that was quartered in Luxembourg, 
 Mons and Namur, were made prifoners of war, becaufe 
 they would not own the king of Spain, whom their mafters 
 had not yet acknowledged. The ftates were overwhelmed 
 with confternation by this event, efpecially when they co;i- 
 fidered their own naked fituation, and reflected that the 
 Spanifh garrifons might fall upon them before they could 
 aflemble a body of troops for their defence. The danger 
 was fo imminent, that they refolved to acknowledge the. 
 king of Spain without further hefitation, and wrote a letter 
 to the French king for that purpofe ; This was no fooner 
 received, than orders were ifTued for fending back their 
 battalions. 
 
 How warmly foever King William refented the conduct 
 of the French king, in accepting the will fo diametrically 
 oppofite to his engagements, he diflembled his chagrin, and 
 behaved with fuch referve and apparent indifference, that 
 fome people naturally believed he had been privy to the, 
 tranfaition. Others immagined that he was difcouraged 
 from engaging in a new war by his bodily infirmities 
 which daily increafed, as well as by the oppofition in parlia 
 ment, to which hcfhould be inevitably expofed. But his real 
 aim was to conceal his femiments, until he fhould have
 
 WILLIAM. 
 
 founded the opinions of other powers in Europe, and feen CHAP, 
 how far he could depend upon his new miniftry. He now 
 Itemed to repofe his chief confidence in the earl of Rochef- 
 ter, who had undertaken for the Tories, and was declared 
 lord- lieutenant of Ireland. Lord Godolphin was appoint 
 ed ftrfr. commiffioner of the Treafury : Lord Tankerville 
 fucceeded Lord Lonfdale, lately deceafed, as keeper of the 
 privy feal, and Sir Charles Hedges was declared fecretary 
 of irate, in the room of the earl of Jerfey: But the manage 
 ment of the commons was entrufted to Mr. Robert Har- 
 ley, who had hitherto oppofed the meafiires of the court 
 with equal virulence and ability. Thefe new undertakers, 
 well known they fhoud find it very difficult, if not impoffi- 
 ble, to fecure a majority in the prefent parliament, prevail 
 ed on the king to defolve it by proclamation : Then the 
 fherifFs were changed according to their nomination, and 
 writs ifTued for a new parliament to meet on the fixth day 
 of February. During this interval, Count Wratiflaw ar 
 rived in England, as ambafiador from the emperor, to ex 
 plain Leopold s title to the Spanifli monarchy, fupported 
 by repeated entails and renunciations, confirmed in the 
 moft folemn treaties. This minifter met with a very cold 
 reception from thofe who ftood at the helm of affairs. They 
 fought to avoid all connections that might engage their 
 country as a principal in another war upon the continent, 
 fmarting as they were from the lofles and incumbrances 
 wbich the laft had entailed upon them and their poflerity. 
 They feemed to think that Louis, rather than involve him- 
 felf in frefh troubles, would give all the fecurity that could 
 be deiired for maintaining the peace of Europe ; or even, 
 fhould this be refufed, they faw no reafon for Britain s ex- 
 haufting her wealth andnrength to fupporta chimerical ba 
 lance, in which her intereft was but remotely concerned. 
 It was their opinion, that, by keeping aloof, file might ren 
 der herfelf more refpectable. Pier referve would overawe 
 contending powers : They would, in their turn, fue for 
 her affiftance, and implore her good offices ; and, inftead of 
 declaring herfelf a party, me would have the honour to de 
 cide as arbitrefs of their difputes. Perhaps they extended 
 this idea too far; and in all probability, their notions were 
 inflamed by a fpirit of faction. They hated the Whigs as 
 their political adverfaries, and detefted the war, becaufs it 
 had been countenanced and fupported by the intereft of that 
 party. The king believed, that a conjunction of the two 
 monarchies of France and Spain would prove fatal to the 
 liberties of Europe ; and that this could not be prevented 
 by any other method than a general union of the other Eu 
 ropean powers. He certainly was an e/ithufiafl in his fen-
 
 296 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B ii K timents of this equilibrium; and fully convinced, that he 
 i_ _^i himfelf, of all the potentates in Chriftendom, was the 
 ii only prince capable of adjufting the balance. The Impe 
 rial ambaflador could not, therefore, be long ignorant of 
 his real purpofe, as he converfed with the Dutch favour 
 ites, who knew and approved of their matter s defign, 
 though he avoided a declaration, until he fhould have 
 rendered his minifters more propitious to his aim. The 
 true fecret, however, of that referve with which Count 
 Wratiflaw was treated at his firft arrival, was a private 
 negociation which the king had fct on foot with the re 
 gency of Spain, touching a barrier in the Netherlands. 
 He propofed, that certain towns fhould be garrifoned 
 with Englifh and Dutch troops, by way of fccurity 
 againft the ambitious defigns of France; but the regency 
 were fo devoted to the French intereft, that they refufed 
 to liften to any propoLl of this nature. While this affair 
 was in agitation, William refolved to maintain a wary 
 diilance from the emperor ; but, when his effort mifcar- 
 ried, the ambaflador found him much more open and ac- 
 eeffible*. 
 
 The parliament meeting on the fixth, was prorogued 
 to the tenth day of February, when Mr. Harley was 
 chofen fpeaker by a great majority, in oppofition to Sir 
 Richard Onflow. The king had previoufly told Sir 
 Thomas Lyttelton, it would be for his fervice that he 
 fhould yield his pretenfions to Harley at this juncture ; 
 and that gentleman agreed to abfent himfelf from the 
 houfe on the day of election. The king obferved, in his 
 fpeech, that the nation s lofs in the death of the duke of 
 Gloucefter had rendered it abfolutely neceffary for them 
 to make further provifion/or the fucceffion of the crown 
 in the Proteftant line : That the death of the king of 
 Spain had made fuch an alteration in the affairs of the 
 continent, as required their mature deliberation. The 
 reft of his harangue turned upon the ufual topics of dc- 
 
 * This year was difiinjuifhed by a glorious victory which the young king of 
 Swedui obtained in the 19th yiar of his age. Riga continued inverted by the 
 king of Poland, while Peter the czar of Mufcovy made his approaches to Nar 
 va, at the head of a prodigious army, purposing, in violation of all taith and 
 juftice, to (hare the fjroils of the you rhful monarch. Charles landed utRevel, 
 compelled the Saxons to abandon the fiege of Riga, and having fupplied the 
 place, marched with a handful of troops againft the Mufcovites, who had un 
 dertaken the fiege of Narva. The czar quitted his army with for.ie precipita 
 tion, as if he had been afraid of hazarding his perfon, while Charles advanced 
 thro ways that were thought impracticable, and furprifed the enemy. H 
 broke into their camp before they had the leaft intimations of his approaeh, 
 and totally routed them after a fliort refinance. He took a great number of 
 prifoncrs, with all tlieir bajgage, tents, and artillery, and entered Narva in. 
 triumph.
 
 W I L L I A U. 297 
 
 manding fupplies for the enfuing year, reminding them of CHAP 
 the deficiencies and public debts, recommending to then 
 enquiry the ftate of the navy and fortifications; exhorting (to *^Y^*- ^ 
 them to encourage commerce, employ the poor, and p; ^- 
 ceed with vigour and unanimity in all their deliberations. 
 Though the elections had been generally carried in fa 
 vour of the Tory intereft, the miniftry had fecured but 
 one part of that faction. Some of the moft popular lea 
 ders, fuch as the duke of Leeds, the marquis of Nor 
 mandy, the earl of Nottingham, Seymour, Mufgravei 
 How, Finch, and Showers, had been cither neglected or 
 found refractory, and relblved to oppofe the court- 
 meafures with all their influence. Befides, the French 
 king, knowing that the peace of Europe would in a great 
 meafure depend on the refolutions of the Englifh parlia 
 ment, is faid to have diftributed great fums of money in 
 England, by means of his minifter, Tallard, in order to 
 ftrengthen the oppofition in the houfe of commons. Cer 
 tain it is, the nation abounded, at this period, with the 
 French coins called Louis d or and piftoles ; but whether 
 this redundancy was owing to a balance of trade in favour 
 of England, or to the largefles of Louis, we {hall not 
 pretend to determine. We may likewife obferve, that the 
 infamous practice of bribing electors had never been fo 
 flagrant as in the choice of representatives for this parlia 
 ment. This fcandalous traffic had been chiefly carried on 
 by the Whig party, and therefore, their antagonifts re- 
 folved to fpare no pains in detecting their corruption. Sir 
 Edward Seymour diftinguifhetl himfelf by his zeal and 
 activity ; he brought fome of thefe practices to light, 
 and, in particular, ftigmatized the new Eaft India com 
 pany, for having been deeply concerned in this fpecies of 
 venality. An enquiry being fetonfoot in the houfe of com 
 mons, feveral elections were declared void ; and, divers 
 perfons who had been illegally returned, were firft expelled 
 the houfe, and afterwards detained in prifon. Yet thefe 
 profecutions were carried on with fuch partiality, as plainly 
 indicated that they flowed rather from party zeal than from 
 patriotifm. 
 
 A great body of the commons had refolved to prefent an 
 addrefs to hismajcfty, defiring lie would acknowledge the 
 king of Spain; and the motion, in all probability, would 
 have been carried by a confiderable majority, had not one 
 bold and lucky expreiTion given fuch a turn to the debate, 
 as induced the anticourtiersto defift. One Mr. Moncton, 
 in the heat of his declamation a^ainil this meafure, faid, he 
 expected the next vote would- be for owning the pretended 
 prince of Wales. Though there was little or HO connec- 
 
 VOL. I. 2 P
 
 298 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK tion between thefe two fubje&s, a great many members 
 il. were ftartled at the infmuation, and deferted the meafure, 
 
 O-y-sJ which was dropped accordingly. The king s fpeech being 
 1700. taken into consideration, the houfe refolved to fupport his 
 majefty and his government; to take fuch effectual mea- 
 fures as might beft conduce to the intereft and fafety of 
 England, and the prefervation of the Proteftant reliqion. 
 This refolution was prefented in an addrefs to the king, 
 who received it favourably. At the fame time, he laid be 
 fore them a memorial he had received from the ftates-gene- 
 ral, and defired their advice and afliftance in the points that 
 conftituted the fubftance of this remonftrance. The ftates 
 gave him to underftand, that they had acknowledged the 
 duke of Anjou as king of Spain; that France had 
 agreed to a negotiation, in which they might ftipulate the 
 neceflary conditions for fecuring the peace of Europe ; and 
 that they were firmly refolved to do nothing without the 
 concurrence of his majefty and their other allies. They, 
 therefore, begged he would fend a minifter to the Hague, 
 with neceflary powers and inftru&ions to cooperate with 
 them in this negociation. He told them, that in cafe it 
 fhould prove ineffectual, or Holland be fuddenly invaded 
 by the troops which Louis had ordered to advan4fc towards 
 their frontiers, they relied on the afiiftance of England, and 
 hoped his majefty would prepare the fuccours ftipulated by 
 treaty, to be ufed, fhould occafion require. The memorial 
 was lilcewife communicated to the houfe of lords. Mean 
 while, the commons defired that the treaties between Eng 
 land and the ftates-general fhould be laid before their houfe. 
 Thefe being perufed, they refolved upon an addrefs, to de- 
 fire his majefty would enter into fuchnegociations with the 
 ftates-general, and other potentates, as might moft effec 
 tually conduce to the mutual fafety of Great Britain and 
 the United Provinces, as well as to the prefervation of the 
 peace of Europe, and to affure him of their fupport and 
 afiiftance, in performance of the treaty fubfifting between 
 England and the ftates-general. This refolution, how 
 ever, was not carrird without great oppofition from thofe 
 who were averfe to the nation s involving itfelf in another 
 war upon the continent. The king profeffed himfelf ex 
 tremely will pleafed with this addrefs, and told them he 
 would immediately order his minifters abroad to a6t in 
 concert with the ftates-general and other powers, for the 
 attainment of thofe ends they propofed. 
 
 He communicated to the commons a letter written by 
 the earl of Melfort to his brother the earl of Perth, go 
 vernor to the pretended prince of Wales. It had been 
 mjflaid by accident, and came to London in the French
 
 WILLIAM. 299 
 
 mail. It contained a fcheme for another invafion of Eng- c H A i 
 land, together with fome reflections on the character of the I - 
 earl of Middleton, who had fupplanted him at the court of 
 St. Germain s. Melfort was a mere projector, and feems 
 to have had no other view than that of recommending 
 himfelfto King James, and bringing his rival into difgrace. 
 The houfc of lords, to whom the letter was alfo imparted, 
 ordered it to be printed. Next day they prefented an ad- 
 drefs, thanking his majefty for his care of the Proteftant 
 religion; defiring all the treaties made fince the laft war 
 might be laid before them ; requefting him to engage in 
 fuch alliances as he fhould think proper for preferving the 
 balance of power in Europe ; alluring him of their concur 
 rence; exprefiing their acknowledgment for his having 
 communicated Melfort s letter ; defiring he would give 
 orders for feizing the horfes and arms of difaffecled per- 
 fons; for removing Papifts from London ; and for fearching 
 after thofe arms and provifions of war mentioned in the 
 letter: Finally, they requefted him to equip fpeedily a 
 fufficient fleet for the defence of himfelf and his kingdom. 
 They received a gracious anfwer to this addrefs, which 
 was a further encouragement to the king to put his own 
 private defigns in execution ; towards the fame end the 
 letter contributed not a little, by inflaming the fears and 
 refentment of the nation againft France, which in vain 
 difclaimed the earl of Melfort as a fantaftical fchemer, to 
 whom no regard was paid at the court of Verfailles. The 
 French miniftry complained of the publication of this let 
 ter, as an attempt to fow jealoufy between the twocrowns; 
 and, as a convincing proof of their fmcerity, baniflied the 
 earl of Melfort to Angers. 
 
 The credit of exchequer bills was fo lowered by the 
 change of the miniftry, and the lapfe of the time allotted 
 for their circulation, that they fell near twenty per cent. 
 to the prejudice of the revenue, and the difcredit of the 
 government in foreign countries. The commons having 
 taken this affair into confideration, voted, that provifion 
 (hould be made, from time to time, for making good the 
 principal and intereft due on all parliamentary funds ; and 
 afterwards patted a bill for renewing the bills of credit, 
 commonly called exchequer bills. This was fent up to 
 the lords on the 6th day of March, and on the ijth re 
 ceived the royal aflent. The next object that engrofled Succe/fion 
 the attention of the commons, was the fettlement of the to the throne 
 fucceffion to the throne, which the king had recommend- s et hj a TL c _ 
 ed to their confideration in the beginning of the feflion. tre f g O f 
 Having deliberated on this fubje<5t, they refolved, that for Hanover, 
 the prefervation of the peace and happinefs o the king-
 
 300 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK dom, and the fecurity of the Proteftant religion, it was 
 II- abfolutely neceffary that a further declaration fliould be 
 
 ^^-y^ made of the limitation and {uccefllon of the crown in the 
 1700. Proteftant line, after his majefty and the princefs, and the 
 heirs of their bodies refpedtively ; and, that further provi- 
 fion fliould he firft made for the fecurity of the rights and li 
 berties of the people. Mr. Harley moved, that fome con 
 ditions of government might be fettled as preliminaries, 
 before they fliould proceed to the nomination of the perfon, 
 that their fecurity might be complete. Accordingly, they 
 deliberated on this fubjedt, and agreed to the following re- 
 folutions: That whoever (hall hereafter come to the poflef- 
 fion of this crown, {hall join in communion with the church 
 of England as by law eftabliflied : That, in cafe the crown 
 and imperial dignity of this real mfhall hereafter come to any 
 perfon, not being a native of this kingdom of England, this 
 nation be not obliged to engage in any war for the defence 
 of any dominions or territories which do not belong to the 
 crown of England, without the confent of parliament : 
 That no perfon who fliall hereafter come to the poffeffion of 
 the crown fhall go out of the dominions of England, Scot 
 land, or Ireland, without confent of parliament : That, 
 from and after the time the further limitation by this act 
 fhall take effect, all matters and things relating to the well 
 governing of this kingdom, which are properly cognizable 
 in the privy-council, bythe laws and cuftomsofthe realm, 
 fhall be tranfacted there, and all rofolutions taken there 
 upon fhall be figned by fuch of the privy- council as fhall 
 advife and confent to the fame : That after the limitation 
 fhall take effect, no perfon born out of the kingdom of Eng 
 land, Scotland, or Ireland, or the dominions thereunto be 
 longing, although he be naturalized, and made a denizen 
 (except fuch as are born of Englifh parents ^ fhall be ca 
 pable to be of the privy-council, or a member of either 
 houfe of parliament, or to enjoy any office or place of 
 truft, either civil or military, or to have any grant of 
 lands, tenements, or hereditaments from the crown to 
 himfelf, or to any others in truft for him : That no per 
 fon who has an office or place of profit under the king, or 
 receives a penfion from the crown, fhall be capable of 
 ferving as member of the houfe of commons : That after 
 the limitation fhall take effect, judges commiiTions be 
 made quandlu fe bcne gefferint^ and their falaries afcer- 
 tained and eftabliflied ; but, upon the addrefs of both 
 houfes of parliament, it may be lawful to remove them : 
 That no pardon under the great feal of England be plead- 
 fible to an impeachment by the commons in parliament. 
 Having fettled thefe preliminaries -, they refolved, That
 
 WILLIAM. 301 
 
 the Princefs Sophia, duchefs dowager of Hanover, be declar- CHAP. 
 ed the next in fucceflion to the crown of England in the 
 Proteftant line, after his majefty, a^d the princefs, and the V ^V^ 
 heirs of their bodies refpe&ively: And, That the further I 7 OC 
 limitation of the crown be to the faid Princefs Sophia and 
 the heirs of her body, being Proteftants. A bill being for 
 med on thefe refolutions, was fent up to the houfe of Lords, 
 where it met with fome oppofition from the marquis of 
 Normandy : A proteft was likewife entered againft it by 
 the earls of Huntingdon and Plymouth, and the lords Guil- 
 ford and Jeffreis. Neverthelefc, it palled without amend 
 ments, and on the I2th day of June received the royal af- 
 fent : The king was extremely mortified at the prelimina 
 ry limitations, which he confidered as an open infult of his 
 own conduct and adminiftration : Not but that they were 
 neceffary precautions, naturally fuggefted by the experience 
 of thofe evils to which the nation had been already expofed, 
 in confcquence of raifmg a foreign prince to the throne of 
 England. As the Tories lay under the imputation of fa 
 vouring the late king s intereft, they exerted themfelves 
 zealoufry on this occalion, to wipe off the afperfion, and in- 
 finuate themfelves into the confidence of the people ; hop 
 ing, that in the fequel -they fhould be able to reftrain the 
 nation from engaging too deep in the affairs of the conti 
 nent, without incurring the charge of difuffeclion to the 
 prefent king and government. The adl: of fettlement be 
 ing paffed, the earl of of Macclesfield was fent to notify the 
 tranfaction to the Eleclrefs of Sophia, who likewife receiv 
 ed from his hands the order of the garter. 
 
 The act of fucceffion gave umbrage to all the Po- Duchefs of 
 pifh princes who were more nearly related to the crown Savoy pro- 
 than this lady, whom the parliament had preferred to all o- ^ fts a | ain * 
 thers. The Duchefs of Savoy, grand-daughter to King f uc cefikm. 
 Charles I. by her mother, ordered her ambaffador, Count 
 Maffei, to make a proteftation to the parliament of Eng 
 land in her name, againft all refolutions and decifions con 
 trary to her title, as fole daughter to the Princefs Henrietta, 
 next in fucceffion to the crown of England, after King 
 William and the Princefs Anne of Denmark. Two co 
 pies of this proteft Maffei fent in letters to the lord-keeper 
 and the fpeaker of the lower houfe, by two of his gentle 
 men, and a public notary to atteft the delivery : But no no 
 tice was taken of the declaration. The duke of Savoy, 
 while his minifter was thus employed in England, engaged 
 in an alliance with the crowns of France and Spain, on 
 condition, That his Catholic majefty iliould efpoufe his 
 youngeft daughter without a dowry : That he himfelf 
 (hould command the allied army in Italy, and furnifh eight
 
 302 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK thoufand infantry, with five and twenty hundred horfe, in 
 1I- confideration of a monthly fubfidy of fifty thoufand crowns. 
 
 ***~Y~*~^ During thefe tranfadtions, Mr. Stanhope, envoy extra- 
 I 7 CO - ordinary to the ftates-general, was empowered to treat 
 with the minifters of France and Spain, according to the 
 addrefs of both houfes of parliament. He reprefer.ted, that 
 though his moft Chriftian majefty had thought fit to devi 
 ate from the partition-treaty, it was not reafonablc that the 
 king of England fhould lofs the effect of that convention : 
 He, therefore, expected fome fecurity for the peace of Eu 
 rope ; and for that purpofe infilled upon certain articles 
 importing, That the French king fnould immediately with, 
 draw his troops from the Spanifh Netherlands : That, for 
 the fecurity of England, the cities of Oftend and Nieuport 
 fhould be dilivered into the hands of his Britannic majefty : 
 That no kingdom, provinces, cities, lands, or places, be 
 longing to the crown of Spain, fhould ever be yielded or 
 transferred to the crown of France, on any pretence whate 
 ver: That the fubjects of his Britannic majefty fliould re 
 tain all the privileges, rights, and immunities, with regard 
 to their navigation and commerce in the dominions of Spain, 
 which they enjoyed at the death of his late Catholic maje 
 fty ; and alfo all fuch immunities, rights and franchifes, as 
 the fubjects of France, or any other power, either poflefs 
 for the prefent, or may enjoy for the future: That all trea 
 ties of peace and conventions between England and Spain 
 fhoud be renewed : And, That a treaty formed on thefe 
 demands fhould be guaranteed by fuch powers as one or 
 other of the contractors fhould folicit and prevail upon to 
 accede. Such likewife were the propofals made by the 
 ftates-general, with this difference, that they demanded, as 
 cautionary towns, all the ftrongeft places in the Nether 
 lands. Count D Avaux, the French minifter, was fo 
 furprifed at the exorbitant demands, that he could not help 
 faying, They could not have been higher, if his mafter had 
 loft four fucceffive battles. He aflured them, that his moft 
 Chriftian majefty would withdraw his troops from the 
 Spanifh Netherlands as foon as the king of Spain fhould 
 have forces of his own fufficient to guard the country : With 
 refpedt to the other articles, he could give no other anfwer, 
 but that he would immediately tranfmit them to Verfailles 
 Louis was filled with indignation at the infolent ftrain of. 
 thofe propofals, which he had confidered as a fure mark of 
 William s hoftile intentions. He refufed to give any other 
 fecurity for the peace of Europe, than a renewal of the 
 treaty of Ryfwic ; and he is faid to have tampered, by 
 means of his agents and emiflaries, with the members of the
 
 WILLIAM. 33 
 
 Englifh parliament, that they might oppofe all fteps tend- c H A p - 
 ing to a new war on the continent. 
 
 King William certainly hadno expectation that France 
 would clofe with fuch propofals; but he was not without 
 hope, that her refufal would warm the Englifh nation into 
 a concurrence with his defigns. He communicated to the 
 houfe of commons the demands which had been made by 
 him and the ftates-general ; and gave them to underftand, 
 that he would from time to time make them acquainted 
 with the progrefs of the negociation. The commons, f uf- 
 pecking that his intention was to make them parties in a 
 congrefs which he might conducl to a different end from 
 that which they propofed, refolved to fignify their fenti- 
 ments in the anfwer to this meflage. They called for the 
 treaty of partition, which being read, they voted an addrefs 
 of thanks to his majefty, for his moll gracious declaration, 
 that he would make them acquainted with the progrefs of 
 the negociation : But they fignified their difapprobation of 
 the partition-treaty, figned with the great feal of England, 
 without the advice of the parliament which was then fet- 
 ting, and productive of ill confequences to the kingdom, as 
 well as to the peace of Europe, as it affigned over to the 
 French king fuch a large portion of the Spanifh domi 
 nions. Nothing could be more mortifying to the king 
 than this open attack upon his own conducl: : Yet he fup- 
 preffed his refentment, and without taking the leaft notice 
 of their fentiments with refpet to their partition-treaty, af- 
 fured them, that he fhould be always ready to receive their 
 advice on the negociation which he had fet on foot, accord 
 ing to their defire. The debates in the houfe of com 
 mons upon the fubjecl: of the partition-treaty rofe to fuch 
 violence, that divers members in declaiming againft it, 
 tranfgrefled the bounds of decency. Sir Edward Seymour 
 compaired the divifion which had been made of the Spanifh 
 territories to a robbery on the highway ; and Mr. Howe 
 did not fcruple to fay it was a felonious treaty : An expref- 
 fion which the king refented to fuch a degree, that he de 
 clared he would have demanded perfonal fat is fact ion with 
 his fword, had not he been reftrained by the difparity of 
 condition between himfelf and the perfon who had offered 
 fuch an outrageous infult to his honour. Whether the 
 Tories intended to alienate the minds of the nation from all 
 foreign connexions, or to wreak their vengeance on the late 
 minifters, whom they hated as the chiefs of the Whig par 
 ty, certain it is, they now raifed an univerfal outcry againft 
 the partition-treaty, which was not only condemned in 
 public pamphlets and private conversation, but even 
 brought into the houfe of lords as an object of parliaments-
 
 304 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B O^o K r y cenfure. In the month of March, a warm debate orr 
 ^... j tn s fubject was begun by Sheffield marquis of Normandy, 
 and carried on with great vehemence by other noblemen 
 of the Him e faction. " They exclaimed againft the article 
 by which fo many territories were added to the crown of 
 France : They complained, that the emperor had been for- 
 faken : That the treaty was not communicated to the pri 
 vy-council or miniitry, but clandeftinely tranfafted by the 
 earls of Portland and Jerfey : That the fanclion of the 
 great feal had .been unjuftly and irregularly applied, firft to 
 blank powers, and afterwards to the treaty itfelf. The 
 courtiers replied, That the king had engaged in a treaty of 
 partition at the defire of the emperor^ who had agreed to 
 every article, except that relating to the duchy of Milan, 
 and afterwards defired, that his majefty would procure for 
 him the bed terms he could obtain ; above all things recom 
 mending fecrecy, that he might not forfeit his intereft in 
 Spain, by feeming to confent to the treaty : That foreign 
 negociations being entrufted to the care of the crown, the 
 king lay under no legal obligation to communicate fuch 
 fecrets of ftate to his council ; far lefs was he obliged to fol 
 low their advice: And that the keeper of the great feal had 
 no authority forrefufing to apply it to any powers or treaty 
 which the king mould grant or conclude, unlefs they were 
 contrary to law, which had made no provision for fuch an 
 emergency*. The earl of Portland, apprehending that this 
 tempeft would burft upon his head, declared, on the 2d day 
 of the debate, that he had, by the king s order communi 
 cated the treaty, before it was concluded, to the earls of 
 . Pembroke and Marlborough, the Lords Lonfdale, Somers, 
 Halifax, and Secretary Vernon. Thefe noblemen owned, 
 that they had been made acquainted with the fubftance of 
 it: That when they excepted to fome particulars, they 
 were told, his majefty had carried the matter as far as it 
 could be advanced, and that he would obtain no better 
 terms : Thus aflured that every article was already fettled, 
 they faid they no longer infifted upon particulars, but gave 
 their advice that his majefty fhould not engage himfelf in 
 any meafure that would produce a new war, feeing the na 
 tion had been fo uneafy under the laft. After long debates, 
 
 * In the courfe of this debate, the earl of Rochefter reprehended fome lords 
 for fpeakingdiftefpeilfully of the French king, obferving, that it was peculiar 
 ly incumbent on peers to treat monarchs with decorum and refpeft, as they 
 derived their dignity from the crown. Another affirming, that the French 
 king was njt only to berefpscled, but likev.-ifc to be feared ; a certain lord re 
 plied, " He hoped no man in England needed to be afraid of the French king, 
 much lefs the peer who fpoke laft, who was too much a friend to that munarck 
 to fear any thing from his vefc-ntment."
 
 WILLIAM. 305 
 
 and great variety as well as virulence of altercation, the CHAP 
 houfe agreed to an adcrefs, in which they disapproved of the ! 
 partition-treaty, as a fchemeinconfiftent with the peace and ^-^y*^ 
 fafety of Europe, as well as prejudicial to the intereft of 7- 
 Great Britain. They complained, that neither the in- 
 ftrucYions given to his plenipotentiaries, nor the draft of the 
 treaty itfelf, had been kid before his majefty s council. They 
 huraby befought him, that for the future, he would in all 
 matters of importance, require and admit the advice of his 
 natural-born fubjecSts of known probity and fortune ; and 
 that he would constitute a council of fuch perfons, to whom 
 he might impart all affairs which fnould any way concern 
 him and his dominions. They obferved, that the interest 
 and natural affection to their country would incline them 
 to every meafure that might tend to its welfare and profpe- 
 rity; whereas urangers could not be fo much influenced by 
 thefe conilderations : That their knowledge of the country 
 would render them more capable than foreigners could be Burner, 
 ofadvifing his majefty touching the true interefis of his Oldmixon. 
 kingdom : That they had exhibited fuch repeated demon- , ole ; 
 
 o r i i rr r, /i i Lambarty. 
 
 itrations or their duty ana affection, as mult convince his state 
 majefty of their zeal in his fervice ; nor could he want the T rafts, 
 knowledge of perfons fit to be employed in all his fecretand ^"^f 1 " 
 arduous affairs : Finally, as the French king appeared to Voltaire, 
 have violated the treaty of partition, they advifed his majef- 
 ty, in future negociations with that prince, to proceed with 
 fuch caution as might imply a real fecurity. 
 
 The King received this fevere remonftrance with his 
 ufual phlegm, faying, it contained matter of very great 
 moment ; and, he would take care that all treaties he made 
 fliould be for the honour and fafety of England. Though 
 he deeply felt this affront, he would not alter his conduct 
 towards the new minifters ; but he plainly perceived their 
 intention was to thwart him in his favourite meafure, and 
 humble him into a dependence upon their intereft in par 
 liament. On the laft day of March, he imparted to ths 
 commons the French king s declaration, that he would 
 grant no other fecurity than a renewal of the treaty of Ryf- 
 wick ; fo that the negociation feemed to be at an end. He 
 likewife communicated two refolutions of the Hates-gene 
 ral, with a memorial from their envoy in England, relating 
 to the mips they had equipped with a view to join the Eng- 
 lifli fleet, and the fuccours Stipulated in the treaty con 
 cluded in the year 1677, which they defired might be fent 
 over with all convenient expedition. The houfe having 
 confidered this mftflage, unanimo\!fly refolved to defire his 
 majefty would carry on the negociation in concert with 
 the ilates-general, and take fnch meafures therein as ir.iaht 
 
 VOL. I. 2 Q
 
 cc6 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, moft conduce to their fafety : They affured him, they would 
 IL effectually enable him to fupport the treaty of 1677, by 
 which England was bound to aflift them with ten thoufand 
 men, and twenty (hips of war in cafe they fhould be at 
 tacked. Though the king was nettled at that part of this 
 addrefs, which, by confining him to one treaty, implied 
 their difapprobation of a new confederacy, he difcovered 
 no figns of emotion; but thanked them for the aflurance 
 they had given, and told them he had fent orders to his en 
 voy at the Hague, to continue the conferences with the 
 courts of France and Spain. On the igth day of April, 
 the A4arquis de Torcy delivered to the earl of Manchefter, 
 at Paris, a letter from the new king of Spain to his Bri 
 tannic majcfty, notifying his acceflion to that throne, and 
 exprefling a defire of cultivating a mutual friendfhip with 
 the king and crown of England. How averfe foever Wil 
 liam might have been to any correfpondence of this fort, 
 the earl of Rochefter and the new minifters importuned 
 him in fuch a manner to acknowledge Philip, that he at 
 length complied with their entreaties; and wrote a civil 
 anfwer to his moft Catholic majefty. This was a very 
 alarming incident to the emperor, who was bent upon a 
 war with the two crowns, and had determined to fend 
 Prince Eugene with an army into Italy, to take poffeflion 
 of the duchy of Milan, as a fief of the empire. The new 
 Pope Clement XL who had fucceeded to the papacy in the 
 preceding year, was attached to the French intereft : The 
 Venetians favoured the emperor ; but they refufed to de 
 clare themfclves at this juncture. 
 
 The French king confented to a renewal of the negoci- 
 ations at the Hague; but, in the meantime, tampered with 
 the Dutch deputies, to engage them in a feparate treaty. 
 Finding them determined to act in concert with the king 
 of England, he protracted the conferences, in order to 
 gain time, while he erected fortifications, and drew lines 
 on the frontiers of Holland, devided the princes of the em 
 pire by his intrigues, and endeavoured to gain over the 
 ftates of Italy. The Dutch, mean while, exerted them 
 fclves in providing; for their own fecurity. They rein 
 forced their garrifons, purchafed fupplies, and folicited fuc- 
 cours from foreign potentates. The ftates wrote a letter 
 to King William, explaining the danger of their fituation, 
 profeiling the moft inviolable attachment to the intereft 
 of England, and defiring that the ftipulated number of 
 troops mould be fent immediately to their affiftance. The 
 three Scotti{h regiments which he had retained in his own 
 pay were immediately tranfported from Scotland. The 
 letter of the ftates -general he communicated to the houfe
 
 W I L L I A M. 
 
 of commons, who having taken it into confideration, re- C H A P 
 iblved to aflift his rnajefty to fupport his allies in maintain 
 ing he liberty of Europe ; and to provide immediate fuc- ^"V^ 
 cours for the ftates-general, according to the treaty of I 7- 
 1677. The houfe of peers, to whom the letter was alfo 
 communicated, carried their zeal {till farther. They pre- 
 fcnted an addrefs, in which they defired his rnajefty would 
 not only perform the articles of any former treaty with the 
 flates-general, but alfo engage with them in a ftricl: league 
 offenfive and defenfive, for their common prefervation; 
 and invite into it all the princes and ftates that were con 
 cerned in the prefent vifible danger arifing from the union 
 of France and Spain. They exhorted him to enter into 
 fiich alliances with the emparor, as his rnajefty fhould 
 think neceflary, purfuant to the ends of the treaty conclud 
 ed in the year 1689. They aflured him of their hearty 
 and fincere affiftance, not doubting that Almighty God 
 would protect his facred perfon in fo righteous a caufe ; 
 and that the unanimity, wealth, and courage of his fub- 
 jeils, would carry him with honour and fuccefs through 
 all the difficulties of a juft war. Laftly, they took leave 
 humbly to reprefent, that the dangers to which his king 
 dom and allies had been expofed, were chiefly owing to the 
 fatal counfels that prevented his majefty s fooner meeting 
 his people in parliament. 
 
 Thefe proceedings of both houfes could not but be ve 
 ry agreeable to the king, who expreffed his fatisfaclion in 
 his anfwer to each apart. They were the more remark- Proceedings 
 able, as at this very time confiderable progrefs was made of the com - 
 in a dcfign to impeach the old miniftry. This deviation, nft t ^" e 
 therefore, from the tenor of their former conduct could be old mini- 
 owing to no other motive than a fenfe of their own -danger, ft T- 
 and refentment againft France, which, even during the 
 negociation, had been fecretly employed in making prepa 
 rations to furprife and diftrefs the ftates-general. The 
 commons having exprefled their fentiments on this fab] eel, 
 refumed the confideration of the partion treaty. They 
 had appointed a committee to examine the journals of the 
 houfe of lords, and to report their proceedings in relation 
 to the treaty of partition. When the report was made by 
 Sir Edward Seymour, the houfe refolved itfelf into a com 
 mittee, to confider the ftateof the nation : After warm de 
 bates, they refolved, That William earl of Portland, by 
 negociating and concluding the treaty of partition, was 
 guilty of a high crime and inifdemeanour. They ordered 
 Sir John Levefon Gower to impeach him at the bar of the 
 houfe of lords ; and named a committee to prepare the ar 
 ticles of his impeachment. Then, in a conference with
 
 308 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK the lords, they defireu to know the particulars of what ha 1 
 JI - pafled between the earl of Portland and Secretary Vernon, 
 
 *-*~Y"" s * 1 in relation to the partition-treaty, as alfo what other infor- 
 J 7- matiori they had obtained concerning negociations or trea 
 ties of partition of the Spanifh monarchy. The lords de 
 murring to this demand, the lower houfe refolved to addrefs 
 the king, That copies of both treaties of partition, together 
 with all the powers and inftruclions for negotiating thofe 
 treaties, fhould be laid before them. The copies were ac 
 cordingly produced, and the lords fent down to the com 
 mons two papers, containing the powers granted to the 
 earls of Portland and Jerfey, for iigning both treaties of par 
 tition. The houfe afterwards ordered, That Mr. Secre 
 tary Vernon fhould lay before them all the letters which 
 liadpaffed between the earl of Portland and him, in rela 
 tion to thofe treaties ; and he thought proper to obey their 
 command. Nothing could be more fcandaloully partial 
 than the conduct of the commons on this occafion. They 
 refolved tofkreen the earl ofjerfey, Sir Jofeph Williamfon, 
 and Mr. Vernon, who had been as deeply concerned as 
 any others in that tranfaction ; and pointed all their ven 
 geance againft the earls of Portland and Orford, and the 
 Lords Somers and Hallifax. Some of the members even 
 tampered with Kidd, who was now a prifoner in Newgate, 
 to accufe Lord Somers as having encouraged him in his 
 piracy. He was brought to the bar of the houfe, and ex 
 amined: But he declared that he had never fpoke to Lord 
 Somers ; and that he had no order from thofe concerned 
 in the fhip, but that of purfuing his voyage againft the 
 pirates in Madagafcar. Finding him unfit for their pur- 
 pofe, they left him to the courfe of law ; and he was hang 
 ed, with fome of his accomplices. 
 
 Lord Somers understanding that he was accufed in the 
 houfe of commons of having confcnted to the partition- 
 treaty, defired that he might be admitted and heard in his 
 own defence. H is requeft being granted, he told the 
 houfe, That when he received the king s letter concern 
 ing the partition-treaty, with an order to fend over the 
 neccffary powers in the moft fecret manner, he thought it 
 would have been taking too much upon him to put a ftop 
 to a treaty of fuch confequence, when the life of the king 
 of Spain was fo precarious ; for, had the king died before 
 the treaty was finh hed, and he been blamed for delaying 
 the neceffary powers, he could not have juftified his own 
 conduct, fmce the king s letter was really a warrant : 
 That, neverthelefs, he had written a letter to his majefty, 
 objecting to feveral particulars in the treaty, and propof- 
 ng other articles which he thought were for the intereft
 
 W I L L I A M. 309 
 
 of his country : That he thought himfclf bound to put the C H A i>. 
 threat fenl to the treaty when it was concluded : 1 hat, as , 
 a privy-cour.fsllor, he had offered his belt advice, and, as *~Y** 
 a chancellor, executed his office according to his duty. Af- I 7 
 tor he had withdrawn, his j unification gave rife to a long 
 debate, which ended in a refolution, carried by a majori 
 ty cf fcven voices, That John Lord Sorners, by advifing 
 his mnjefty to conclude the treaty of partition, whereby 
 large territories of the Spanish monarchy were to be de 
 livered up to Y ranee, was guilty of a high crime and mif- 
 demeanour. Votes to the dime effect \vere pafied againft 
 Edward earl ofOrford, and Charles Lord Hallifax ; and 
 all three were impeached at the bar of the upper houfe. 
 But the commons knowing that thofe impeachments 
 would produce nothing in the houfe of lords, where the 
 oppofite intereft predominated, they refolved to proceed 
 againft the accufed noblemen in a more expeditious and 
 effectual way of branding their reputation. They voted 
 and prefentcd an addrefs to the king, defiring he would 
 remove them from his councils and prefcnce forever, as 
 advifers of a treaty fo pernicious to the trade and welfare 
 of England. They concluded, by repeating their aflur- 
 ances, that they would always ftan.d by and fupport his 
 majefty to the utmoft of their power, againft all his ene 
 mies both at home and abroad. The king, in his anfwer, 
 artfully overlooked the firft part of the remonfi ranee. He 
 thanked them for their repeated affii ranees ; and told them 
 he would employ none in his fervice but fuch as fhould be 
 thought moil likely to improve that mutual truft and con 
 fidence between him and his people, which was fo necef- 
 fary at that conjuncture, both for their own fecurity, and 
 the prefervation of their allies. 
 
 The lords, incenfed at this ftep of the commons, which 
 they confidered as an infult upon their tribunal, and a vio 
 lation of common juftice, drew up and delivered a counter- 
 addrefs, humbly befeeching his majefty, that he would not 
 pafs any cenfure upon the accufed lords, until they fhould 
 be tried on the impeachments, and judgment be given ac 
 cording to the ufage of parliament. The kins; was fo per 
 plexed by thefe oppofite representations, that he knew not 
 well what courfe to follow. He made no reply to the 
 counter-addrefs ; but allowed the names of the impeached 
 lords to remain in the council-books. The commons hav 
 ing carried their point, which was to ftigmatize thofe no 
 blemen, and prevent their being employed for the future, 
 fuffered the impeachments to be neglected, until they 
 themfelves moved for trial. On the 5th day of May, the 
 houfe of lords fent a mefTage to the commons, importing,
 
 3io HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK that no articles had as yet been exhibited againft the no 
 blemen whom they had impeached. The charge was im- 
 
 V -""Y" S ^ mediately drawn up againft the earl of Orford ; him they 
 J 7 00 - accufed of having received exorbitant grants from the 
 crown ; of having been concerned with Kidd the pirate ; 
 of having committed abufes in managing and vitualling 
 the fleet, when it lay on the coaft of Spain; and laftly, 
 of having advifed the partition-treaty. The earl in his 
 own defence declared, That he had received no grant 
 from the king, except a very diftant reverfion, and a pre- 
 fent of ten thoufand pounds, after he had defeated the 
 French at La Hogue : That in Kidd s affair he had acted 
 legally, and with a good intention towards the public, 
 though to his own lofs : That his accounts with regard to 
 the fleet which he commanded had been examined and 
 paflet! ; yet be was ready to wave the advantage, and juf- 
 tify himfelf in every particular ; and he abfolutely denied 
 that he had given any advice concerning the treaty of par 
 tition. Lord Someis was accufed of having fet the feals 
 to the powers, and afterwards to the treaties ; of having 
 accepted fome grants; of having been an accomplice with 
 Kidd ; and of having been guilty of partial and dilatory 
 proceedings in chancery. He anfwered every article of 
 the charge ; but no replication was made by the com 
 mons, either to him or to the earl of Orford. When the 
 commons were ftimulated by another mefTage from the 
 peers, relating to the impeachments of the earl of Port 
 land and Lord Hallifax, they declined exhibiting articles 
 againft the former, on pretence of refpect for his majefty; 
 but on the 1 4th of June the charge againft Hallifax was 
 fent up to the lords. He was taxed with pofleflino; 
 a grant in Ireland, without paying the produce of it, ac 
 cording to the law lately enacted concerning thofe grants; 
 with enjoyino; another grant out of the foreft of Dean 
 to the wafte of the timber, and the prejudice of the navy ; 
 with having held places that were incompatible, by being 
 at the fame time commiffioner of the treafury, and chan 
 cellor of the exchequer; and with having advifed the two 
 treaties of partition. He anfwered, That his grant in Ire 
 land was of debts and fums of money, not within the act 
 concerning confifcated eftates : That all he had ever re 
 ceived from it did not exceed four hundred pounds, 
 which, if he was bound to repay, a common action 
 would lie againft him ; but every man was not to be im 
 peached who did not difcharge his debts at the very day of 
 payment. He obferved, That as his grant in the foreft of 
 Deane extended to weedings only, it could occafion no 
 wafte of timber, nor prejudice to the navy : That the au-
 
 WILLIAM. 311 
 
 ditor s place was held by another perfon, until he obtain- CHAP. 
 ed the king s leave to withdraw from the treafury : That 
 he never faw the firft treaty of partition, nor was his ad- ^V* 
 vice afked upon the fubje6t : That he had never heard of 
 the fecond but once before it was concluded ; and then he 
 fpoke his fentiments freely on the fubject. This anfwer, 
 like the others, would have been neglected by the com 
 mons, whofe aim was now to evade the trials, had not 
 the lords preffed them by mefTages to expedite the arti 
 cles. They even appointed a day for Orford s trial, and 
 fignified their relblution to the commons. Thefe defired 
 that a committee of both houfes fhould be named for fet 
 tling preliminaries, one of which was, that the lord to 
 be tried fhould not fit as a peer ; and the other imported, 
 that thofe lords impeached for the fame matter fhould not 
 vote in the trial of each other. They likewife defired, 
 that Lord Somers fhould be firft tried. The lords made 
 no objection to this laft demand; but they rejected the 
 propofal of a committee confiding of both houfes, alledg- 
 ing, that the commons were parties, and had no title to 
 fit in equality with the judges, or to fettle matters relat 
 ing to the trial ; that this was a demand contrary to the 
 principles of law and rules of juftice, and never practifed 
 in any court or nation. The lords, indeed, had yielded to 
 this expedient in the Popifh plot, becaufe it was a cafe of 
 treafon, in which the king s life and the fafety of the 
 kingdom were concerned, while the people were jealous 
 of the court, and the whole nation was in a ferment ; but 
 at prefent the times were quiet, and the charge amounted 
 to nothing more than mifdemeanours ; therefore, the 
 lords could not afTent to fuch a propofal as was derogato 
 ry from their jurifdiction. Neither would they agree to 
 the preliminaries; but, on the 1 2th day of June, refolv- 
 ed, that no peer impeached for high crimes and mifde 
 meanours fhould, upon his trial, be without the bar : 
 and, that no peer impeached could be precluded from vo 
 ting on any occafion, except in his own trial. Divers 
 meHages pafled between the two houfes ; the commons 
 ftill infifting upon a committee to fettle preliminaries ; at 
 length the difpute was brought to a free conference. 
 
 Mean while, the king, going to the houfe of peers, gave 
 the royal afient to the bill of fuccellion. In his fpeech he 
 exprehed his warm acknowledgments for their repeated af- 
 furanccs of fupporting him in fuch alliances as fhould be 
 moft proper for the prefervation of the liberty of Europe, 
 and for the fecuritv of England and the ftates-eneral. 
 
 J O JO 
 
 He obferved, that the feafon of the year was advanced : 
 That the polrure of afrau S abfolutely required his prefence
 
 312 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK broad; and he recommended difpatch of the public buii- 
 , . nefs, efpecially of thofe matters which were of the greateft 
 
 f importance. The commons thanked him in an addrefs for 
 having approved of their proceedings ; they declared they 
 would fupport him in fuch alliances as he fhould think fit 
 to make in conjunction with the emperor and the ftates- 
 general, for the peace of Europe, and reducing the exor 
 bitant power of France. Then they refumed their difpute 
 with the upper houfe. In the free conference, Lord Hav- 
 erfham happened to tax the commons with partiality, in 
 impeaching fome lords and fcreening others, who were e- 
 cjually guilty of the fame mifdemeanours. Sir Chriftopher 
 Mufgrave, and the managers for the commons, immediate 
 ly withdrew : This unguarded fally being reported to the 
 houfe, they immediately rcfolved, That John Lord Haverf- 
 ham had uttered moft fcandalous reproaches and falfe cx- 
 preffions, highly reflecting upon the honour and juftice of 
 the houfe of commons, tending to a breach in the good cor- 
 refpondence between the two houfes, and to the interrup 
 tion of the public juftice of the nation : That the faid Lord 
 Haveriham fhould be charged before the lords for the faid 
 words: That the lords fhould be defired to proceed in ju 
 ftice againft him, and to inflict upon him fuch punimment 
 as fo high an offence againft the commons did deferve. 
 The commons had now found a pretence to juftify their 
 delay ; and declared they would not renew the conference 
 until they fhoud have received fatis friction. Lord Hav erf- 
 ham offered to fubmit to a trial ; but infifted on their firft 
 proving the words which he was faid to have fpoken. 
 When this declaration was imparted to the commons, they 
 faid, the lords ought have cenfured him in a fummary way, 
 and ftill refufed to renew the conference. The lords, on 
 the other hand, came to a refolution, that there fhould not 
 be a committee of both houfes concerning the trial of the 
 impeached lords. Then they refolved, That Lord So- 
 mers fhould be tried in Weftminfter-hall on Tuefday the 
 I7thday of June, and fignified this refolution to the lower 
 houfe; reminding them, at the fame time, of the arti 
 cles againft the earl of Portland. The commons refufed 
 to appear, alledging they were the only judges, and that 
 the evidence was not yet prepared. They fent up the rea- 
 fons of their non-appearance to the houfe of lords, where 
 they were fupported by the new miniftry and all the mal 
 contents ; and produced very warm debates. The majo 
 rity carried their point piecemeal, by dint of different 
 votes, againft which very fevere protefts were entered. On 
 the day appointed for the trial, they fent a meifage to the 
 commons, that they were going to \V eftminftei hall. 1 he
 
 WILLIAM. 313 
 
 other impeached lords afked leave, and were permitted to c H A ! 
 v/ithdraw. The articles of impeachment againft lord 
 Somers, and his anfwers, being read in Weftminfter-halJ, ^"Y" 1 * 1 
 and the commons not appearing to profecute, the lords ad- 
 iourned to their own houfe, where they debated concerning 
 the queftion that was to be put. This being fettled, they 
 returned to Weftminfter-hall ; and the queftion being put, 
 " That John, Lord Somers fhould be aquitted ofthe arti- 
 u cles of impeachment againft him, exhibited by the houfe 
 " of commons, and all things therein contained ; and that 
 " the impeachment be difmiifed, " it was carried by a ma 
 jority of thirty-five. The commons, exafperated at thefe 
 proceedings, refolved, That the lords had refufed juftice 
 to the commons : That they had endeavoured to overturn 
 the right of impeachments lodged in the commons by the 
 ancient constitution ofthe kingdom : That all the ill con- 
 fequences which might attend the delay of the fupplies giv 
 en for the prefervation of the public peace, and the main 
 tenance ofthe balance of Europe, v/ou Id be owing to thofa 
 who, to procure an indemnity for their own crimes, had 
 ufed their utmoft endeavours to make a breach between the 
 two houfcs. The lords fent a mefTage to the commons, 
 giving them to understand, that they had acquitted Lord 
 Somers, and difmifled the impeachment, as nobody had ap 
 peared to fupport the articles ; and that they had appointed 
 next Monday for the trial ofthe earl of Orford. They re 
 folved, That unlefs the charge againft lord Haverfham 
 fhould be profecuted by the commons before the end of the 
 ieffion, the lords would adjudge him innocent : That the 
 refolution of the commons in their late votes, contained 
 moft unjuft reflections on the honour and juftice of the 
 Peers : That they were contrived to cover their affecSted 
 and unreafonabJe delays in profecuting the impeached 
 lords : That they manifeftly tended to the destruction of 
 the judicature ofthe lords ; to the rendering trials on im 
 peachments impracticable for the future ; and to the fub- 
 verting the comlitution of the Englifh government : That, 
 therefore, whatever ill confequences might arife from the fo 
 long deferring the fupplies of this year s fervice, were to 
 be attributed to the fatal council of the putting oft the 
 meeting of a parliament fo long, and to the unneceffary de 
 lays ofthe houft of commons. On the 23d day of June, 
 the articles of impeachment againft Edward, earl of Orford 
 were read in Weftrr.infter-hall ; but the houfe of commons 
 having previoufly ordered, that none of their members 
 fhculd appear at this pretended trial, thofe articles were 
 not fupported ; fo that his lordfhip was acquitted, and the 
 impeachment difrr.ifTed. Next day, the imoer-chment *- 
 VOL. I. 2 R
 
 3H HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK gainft the duke of Leeds, which had lain feven years ne 
 glected, together with thofe againft the earl of Portland 
 
 * j O * i~ * 
 
 ^"V*** 1 and lord Hallifax, as well as the charge againft lord Ha- 
 17:1. verm.im, were difmifled for want of profecution. Each 
 houfe ordered a narrative of thefe proceedings to be pub- 
 liflied ; and their mutual animofity had proceeded to fuch 
 a degree of rancour, as feemed to preclude all poffibility of 
 reconciliation. The commons, in the whole courfe of this 
 tranfaction, had certainly acted from motives of faction and 
 revenge ; for nothing could be more unjuft, frivolous, and 
 partial, than the charge exhibited in the articles of im 
 peachment, their anticipating addrefs to the king, and their 
 affected delay in the profecutions. Their conduit on this 
 occaiion was fo flagrant, as to attract the notice of the 
 common people, and infpire the generality of the nation 
 with difguft. This the Whigs did not fail to augment by the 
 arts of calumny, and, in particular, by insinuating that the 
 court of Verfailles had found means to engage the majority 
 of the commons in its intereft. 
 
 This faction had, fince the beginning of this feffion, em 
 ployed their emiflaries in exciting a popular averfion to the 
 Tory miniders and members, and fucceeded fo well in 
 their endeavours, that they formed a fcheme of obtaining 
 petitions from different counties and corporations, that 
 ihoald induce the commons to alter their conduct, on the 
 fiippoiition that it was contrary to the fenfe of the nation. 
 In execution of this fcheme, a petition, finned by the deputy- 
 lieutenants, above twenty juftices of the peace, the grand 
 jury and freeholders of the county of Kent, had been pre- 
 fented to the houfe of commons on the i8th day of May, by 
 five gentlemen of fortune and diftindtion. The purport of 
 this remonstrance was, to recommend union among them- 
 felves, and confidence in his majefty, whofe great actions 
 for the nation could never be forgot without the blacken 1 
 ingratitude : To beg they would have regard to the voice 
 of the people ; that their religion and fafety might be effec 
 tually provided for ; that theirloyal addrefles might be turn 
 ed into bills of fupply ; and that his moft facred majefty 
 might be enabled powerfully to aflift his allies before it 
 fhould be too late. The houfe was fo incenfed at the petu 
 lance of the petition, that they voted it fcandalous, infolcnt, 
 and feditious ; and ordered the gentlemen who had prefent- 
 ed it to be taken into cuftody, They were afterwards 
 committed to the Gate-houfe, where they remained till the 
 prorogation of parliament : But they had no reafon to re 
 pine at their imprifonment, which recommended them to 
 the notice and efteem of the public. They were vifited 
 and careffed by the chiefs of the Whig-intercft, and con-
 
 WILLIAM. 315 
 
 fidered as martyrs to the liberties of the people. Their C H A P- 
 
 confinement gave rife to a very extraordinary paper, imi- 
 
 tled, " A Memorial from the gentlemen, freeholders, and ^^y^^ 
 
 " inhabitants, of the counties of , in behalf of them- 
 
 " felves, and many thoufands of the good people of Eng- 
 " land." It was figned Legion, and fent to the fpeaker 
 in a letter, commanding him, in the name of two hundred 
 thoufand Engliihmen, to deliver it to the houfe of com 
 mons. In this ftrange expostulation, the houfe was charg 
 ed with illegal and unwarrantable practices, in fifteen par 
 ticulars : A new claim of right was ranged under feven 
 heads ; and the commons were admoniihed to adt according 
 to their duty, as fpecified in this memorial, on pain of in 
 curring the relentment of an injured nation. It was con 
 cluded in thefe words ; " For Englifhmen are no more to 
 " be flaves to parliaments than to kings our name is Le 
 gion, and we are many." The commons were equally 
 provoked and intimidated by this libel, which was the pro- 
 duftion of one Daniel de Foe, a fcurrilous party-writer, 
 in very little eftimation. They would not, however, deign 
 to take notice of it in the houfe : But a complaint beino- 
 made of endeavours toraife tumults andfcditions, a commit 
 tee was appointed to draw up an addrefs to his majcfty, in 
 forming him of thofe feditious endeavours, and befecching 
 him to provide for the public peace and fecurity. 
 
 The houfe, however, perceiving plainly that they had 
 incurred the odium of the nation, which began to clamour 
 for a war with France, and dreading the popular refent- 
 ment, thought fit to change their meafures with refpecl to 
 this obje&j and prefent the addrefs we have already men 
 tioned, in which they promised to fupport him in the alli 
 ances he fhould contract with the emperor and other Hates, 
 in order to bridle the exorbitant power of France. They 
 likewife proceeded in earneft upon the fupply, and voted 
 funds for railing about two millions feven hundred thou 
 fand pounds, to defray the expence of the enfuing year. 
 They voted thirty thoufand feamen, and refolved that ten 
 thoufand troops fhould be tranfported from Ireland to Hol 
 land, as the auxiliaries Stipulated, in the treaty of 1677 with 
 the flates-general. The funds were confr.itut.ed of a land- 
 tax, certain duties on merchandife, and a weekly deduction 
 from the excife, fo as to bring down the civil lift to fix 
 hundred thoufand pounds ; as the duke of Gloucester was 
 dead, and James s queen refufed her allowance. They 
 parTed a bill for taking away all privilege of parliament 
 in legal profecutions, during the intermediate proroga 
 tions: Their laft Struggle with the lords was concernmo- 
 a bill for appointing commiflioners to examine and ftate
 
 316 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK the public accounts. The perfons nominated for this pur- 
 pofc were extremely obnoxious to the majority of the peers, 
 ""Y"** as violent parti fans of the Tory faction: When the bill, 
 I/oi therefore, was fent up to the lords, they made fome amend 
 ments, which the commons rejected. The former animofi- 
 ty between the two houfes began to revive, when the king 
 interrupted their difputes, by putting an end to the feflion, 
 on the 24th day of June, after having thanked the parliament 
 for their zeal in the publicfervice, and exhorted them to a 
 difcharge of their duties in their feveral counties. He was, 
 no doubt, extremely pleated with fuch an iiTue of a feffion 
 that had begun with a very unaufpicious afpecl:. His 
 health daily declined : But he concealed the decay of his 
 conftitution, that his allies might not be difcouraged from 
 engaging in a confederacy of which he was deemed the 
 head and chief fupport. He conferred the command or" 
 the ten thoufond troops deftined for Holland upon the earl 
 of Marlborough, and appointed him, at the fame time, his 
 plenipotentiary to the ftates-general : A choice that evinc 
 ed his difcernment and difcretion; for that nobleman fur- 
 pafTed all his cotemporaries, both as a general and a politi 
 cian. He was cool, penetrating, intrepid, and perfever- 
 ing ; plaufible, infinur.ting, artful, and difTembling. 
 
 A regency being eftabliihed, the king embarked for 
 Holland in the beginning of July. On his arrival at the 
 Hague he afiifted at an aflembly of the ftates-general, whom 
 he harangued in very affectionate terms, and was anfwered 
 with great cordiality : Then he made a progrefs round 
 the frontiers, to examine the ftate of the garrifons; and gave 
 fuch orders and directions as he judged neceflary for the 
 defence of the country. Meanwhile,, the French minifter 
 D Avaux being recalled from the Hague, delivered a letter 
 to the ftates from the French king, who complained that 
 they had often interrupted the conferences, from which no 
 good fruits were to be expected: But he afTured them it 
 wholly depended upon themfelves, whether they fhould 
 continue to receive marks of his ancient friendfliip for their 
 republic. This letter was accompanied by an infolent 
 memorial, to which the ftates-general returned a very fpi- 
 rited anfwer. As they expected nothing now but hoftili- 
 ties from France, they redoubled their diligence in making 
 preparations for their own defence. They repaired their 
 fortifications, augmented their army, and hired auxiliaries. 
 King William and they had already engaged in an alliance 
 with the king of Denmark, who undertook tofurnifh a cer 
 tain number of troops, in confideration of a fubfidy ; and 
 they endeavoured to mediate a peace between Sweden and 
 Poland : But this they could not effect. France had like-
 
 W I L L I A M. 317 
 
 wife offered her mediation between thofe powers, in C H A P. 
 hopes of bringing over Sweden to her intereft; and the 
 court of Vienna had tampered with the king of Poland ; 
 but he perfifted in his refolution to prolecute the war.- I 7 I - 
 The Spaniards began to be very urieafy under the domi 
 nion of their new mafter. They were fhocked at the in- 
 folence of his French minifters and attendants, and much 
 more at the manners and fafhions which they introduced. 
 The grandees found themfelves very little confidered by 
 their fovereign, and refentcd his ceconomy ; for he had 
 endeavoured to retrench the expence of the court, which 
 had ufed to fupport their magnificence. Prince Eugene, X pi - rs O f 
 at the head of the Imperial army, had entered Italy by Prince 
 Vicenza, and pafTed the Adige near Carpi, where he de- E u s e > 
 feated a body of five thoufand French forces. The enemy 
 were commanded by the duke of Savoy, afiifted by ma- 
 refchal Catinat and the prince of Vaudemont, who did 
 not think proper to hazard an engagement : But ma- 
 refchal Villeroy arriving in the latter end of Au^uft, with 
 orders to attack the Imperialifts, Catinat retired in dif- 
 gufr. The new general marched immediately to Chiari, 
 where prince Eugene was entrenched, and attacked his 
 camp ; but met with fuch a reception, that he was oblig 
 ed to retire with the lofs of five thoufand men. Towards 
 the end of the campaign the prince took pofTefiion of all 
 the Mantuan territories, except Mantua itfelf, and Goi- 
 to, the blockade of which he formed. He rcxk .ccd ail the 
 places on the Oglio, and continued in the field durins; the 
 whole winter, exhibiting repeated marks of the niolr in 
 vincible courage, indefatigable vigilance, and extend ve 
 capacity in the art of war. In January he had well nigh 
 furprized Cremona, by introducing a body of men through 
 an old aqueducl. They forced one of the gates, by which 
 the prince and his followers entered : Villeroy being 
 wakened by the noife, ran out into the ftreet, where he 
 was taken ; and the town rnuft have been infallibly re 
 duced, had prince Eugene been joined by another body 
 of troops, which he had ordered to march from the ?ar- 
 mefan, and fecure the bridge. Thcfe not arriving at the 
 time appointed, an Irim regiment in the French fcrvice, 
 took pofTeflion of the bridge, and the prince was obliged 
 to retire with his prifoner. 
 
 The French king, alarmed at the activity and milrtaVy 
 genius of the Imperial general, fent a reinforcement to 
 his army in Italy, and the duke of Venoorne to command 
 his forces in that country: He likewife hnp^rt- m-u 
 duke of Savoy to aflift him effe&ifally : H-.: 
 having obtained all he could e;:net from France, bee;
 
 3i8 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK cold and backward. His fecond daughter was by this 
 time married to the new king of Spain, who met her at 
 
 ^"V"^ Barcelona, where he found himfelf involved in difputes 
 J 7 01 - with the ftates of Catalonia, who refufed to pay a tax he 
 had impofed, until their privileges fhould be confirmed ; 
 and he was obliged to gratify them in this particular. 
 The war continued to rage in the north. The young king of 
 Sweden routed theSaxons upon the river Danube : Thence 
 he marched to Courland, and took pofteffion of Mittau 
 without oppofition ; while the king of Poland return 
 ed into Lithuania. In Hungary the French emifTaries en 
 deavoured to fow the feeds of a new revolt. They exert 
 ed themfelves with indefatigable induftry in aimed every 
 court of Chriftendom. They had already gained over the 
 elector of Bavaria, and his brother, the elector of Co- 
 logn, together with the dukes of Wolfenbuttle and Saxa- 
 Gotha, who profeffed neutrality, while they levied troops, 
 and made fuch preparations for war, as plainly indicated 
 that they had received fubfidies from France. Louis had 
 alfo extorted a treaty of alliance from the king of Portu 
 gal, who was perfonally attached to the Auftrian intereft: 
 But this weak prince was a flave to his minifters, whom 
 the French king had corrupted. During this fummer, 
 the French coafts were over-awed by the combined fleets 
 of England and Holland, under the command of fir 
 George Rooke, who failed down the channel in the latter 
 end of Augurt, and detached vice-admiral Benbow with 
 a ftrong fquadron to the Weft-Indies. In order to de 
 ceive the French king, with regard to the deftination of 
 this fleet, King William demanded the free ufe of the 
 Spanifh harbours, as if his defign had been to fend 
 a fquadron to the Mediterranean : But he met with a re- 
 pulfe, while the French fhips were freely admitted. 
 About this period the king revoked his letters-patent to 
 the commiflioners of the admiralty, and conftituted the 
 earl of Pembroke lord high admiral of England, in order 
 to avoid the factions, the difputes, and divided counfels 
 of a board. The earl was no fooner promoted to this of 
 fice, than he fent captain Loades with three frigates to 
 Cadiz, to bring home the fea-ftores and effects belonging 
 to the Englifh in that place, before the war fhould com 
 mence; and this piece of fervice was fuccefsfully perform 
 ed. The French king, in order to enjoy all the advan 
 tages that could be derived from his union with Spain, 
 eftabliflied a company to open a trade with Mexico and 
 Peru ; and concluded a new afiiento treaty for fupplying 
 the Spanifti plantations with negroes. At the fame time 
 he fent a ftrong fquadron to the port of Cadiz. The
 
 W 1 L L I A M. 319 
 
 French drefs was introduced into the court of Spain; and CHAP. 
 by a formal edift, the grandees of that kingdom and the L 
 peers of France were put on a level in each nation. ^-^Y***) 
 There was no vigour left in the councils of Spain : Her I 7 I - 
 finances were exhaufted ; and her former fpirit feemed to 
 be quite extinguifhed : The nobility were beggars, and 
 the common people overwhelmed with indigence and 
 diftrefs. The condition of France was not much more 
 profperous. She had been harrafled by a long war, and 
 now faw herfelf on the eve of another, which in all pro 
 bability would render her completely miferable. 
 
 Thefe circumftances were well known to the emperor 
 and the maritime powers, and ferved to animate their ne- 
 gociations for another grand alliance. Conferences were 
 opened at the Hague; and, on the yth day of September, 
 a treaty was concluded between his Imperial Majefty, 
 England, and the States-general. The objects propofed, 
 were to procure fatisfa<5tion to the emperor in the Spanifh 
 fucceffion, and fufficient fecurity for the dominions and 
 commerce of the allies. They engaged to ufe their en 
 deavours for recovering the Spanifh Netherlands, as a 
 barrier between Holland and France; and for putting the 
 emperor in pofleflion of the duchy of Milan, Naples, and 
 Sicily, with the lands and iflands upon the coaft of Tuf- 
 cany belonging to the Spanifh dominions. They agreed, 
 that the king of England, and the States-general, mould 
 keep and poilefs whatever lands and cities they could con 
 quer from the Spaniards in the Indies : That the confe 
 derates fhould faithfully communicate their defigns to one 
 another: That no party fhould treat of peace or truce, 
 but jointly with the reft: That they fhould concur in pre 
 venting the union of France and Spain under the fame 
 government; and hinder the French from pofleffing the 
 Spanifh Indies: That, in concluding a peace, the confe 
 derates fhould provide for the maintenance of the com 
 merce carried on by the maritime powers, to the dominions 
 taken from the Spaniards, and fecure the ftates by a bar 
 rier : That they fhould, at the fame time, fettle the exer- 
 cife of religion in the new conquefts: That they fhould 
 aflift one another with all their forces, in cafe of being 
 invaded by the French king, or any other potentate on 
 account of this alliance : That a defensive alliance fhould 
 remain between them, even after the peace: That all 
 kings, princes and ftates, ihould be at liberty to engage 
 in this alliance. They determined to employ two months 
 to obtain, bv amicable means, the fatisfaclion and fecurity 
 which they demanded ; ana flipulated, that within fix weeks 
 the treaty fhould be ratified.
 
 320 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK On the i6th day of September, King James expired 
 H- at St. Germain s, after having laboured under a tedious 
 ^**V S * indifpofition. This unfortunate monarch, fmce the mii- 
 j" 01 ;: carriage of his laft attempt for recovering his throne, had 
 KJrr r ames< laid afide all thoughts of worldly grandeur, and devoted 
 his whole attention to the concerns of his foul. Though 
 he could not prevent the bufy genius of his queen from 
 planning new fchemes of reftoration, he was always bed 
 pleafed when wholly detached from fuch chimerical projects. 
 Hunting was his chief diverfton; but religion was his con- 
 ftant ca-re. Nothing could be more harmlefs than the life 
 he led; and, in the courfe of it, he fubjected hin;fclf to un 
 common penance and mortification. He frequently vifited 
 the poor monks of La Trappe, who were much edified by 
 his humble and pious deportment. His pride and arbitrary 
 temper feem to have vanifhed with his greatnefs. He be 
 came affable, kind and eafy to all his dependents ; and his 
 religion certainly opened and improved the virtues of his 
 heart, though it feemed to impair the faculties of his foul. 
 In his laft illnefs he conjured his fon to prefer his religion to 
 every wordly advantage, and even to renounce all thoughts 
 of a crown, if he could not enjoy it without offering vio 
 lence to his faith. He recommended to him the practice 
 of juftice and Chriftian forgivcnefs; he himfelf declaring, 
 that he heartily forgave the prince of Orange, the empe 
 ror, and all his enemies. He died with great marks of 
 devotion, and was interred at his own requeft, in the 
 church of the Englifh Benedictines in Paris, without any 
 funeral folemnities. 
 
 Louis pro- Before his death he was vifited by the French king, 
 niifcstoown wno feemed touched with his condition, and declared, that, 
 kin>of aS m ca *~ e f ^8 death, he would own his fon as king of 
 England. England. This promife James s queen had already ex 
 torted from him, by the intereft of Madam dc Maintenon 
 and the dauphin. Accordingly, when James died, the 
 pretended prince of Wales was proclaimed king of Eng 
 land at St. Germain s, and treated as fuch at the court of 
 Verfailles. His title was likewife recognized by the king 
 of Spain, the duke of Savoy, and the pope. William was 
 no fooner informed of this tranfaction, than he difpatched 
 a courier to the king of Sweden, as guarantee of the trea 
 ty of Ryfwick, to complain of this manifeft violation. 
 At the fame time, he recalled the earl of Manchefter from 
 Paris, and ordered him to return without taking an audi 
 ence of leave. That nobleman immediately withdrew, 
 after having intimated to the marquis de Torcy the order 
 he had received. Louis, in vindication of his own con 
 duct, difperfed through all the courts of Europe a inani-
 
 W I L L I A M. 321 
 
 fefto, in which he affirmed, that in owning the prince of C H A i 
 Wales as king of Engbnd, he had not infringed any ar 
 ticle of the treaty of Ryfwick. He confefled, that, in the 
 fourth article, he had promifed that he would not difturb 
 the king of Great-Britain in the peaceable pofiefiion cf 
 his dominions; and he declared his intention was to obferve 
 that promife punctually. He obferved, that his generofity 
 would not allow him to abandon the prince of Wales or 
 his family : That he could not refufe him a title which 
 was due to him by birth: That he had more reafon to 
 complain of the king of Great-Britain, and the States-ge 
 neral, whcfe declarations and preparations in favour of the 
 emperor, might be regarded as real contraventions to trea 
 ties. Finally, he quoted fome inftances from hiftory, in 
 which the children enjoyed the. titles of kingdoms which 
 their fathers had loft. Thefe reufons, however, would 
 hardly have induced the French king to take fuch a ftep, 
 had he not perceived that a war w T ith England was inevi 
 table ; and that he fhould be able to reap fome advantages 
 in the courfe of it, from cfpoufmg the caufe of the pre 
 tender. 
 
 The fubftance of the French manifeflo was published 
 in London, by Poulnn, the fecretary of Tallard, who 
 had been ly-fc in England as agent for the court of Ver- 
 failles. He was now ordered to leave the kingdom, which 
 was filled with indignation at Louis, for having pretended 
 to declare jvho cuc;ht to be their fovereign. The city cf 
 London prefented an addrefs to the lords-juftices, expref- 
 Img the deepeft refentment of the French king s prefump- 
 tion ; affuring his majefty, that they would, at all timec, 
 exert the utrnoft of their abilities for the prefcrvation cf 
 his perfon, and the defence of his juft rights, in opposition 
 to all invaders of his crown and dignity. Addrelies of tha 
 fame nature were fent up from all parts of the kingdom, 
 and could not but be agreeable to William. He had now 
 concerted meafures for acting with vigour agaipft France; 
 and he refolved to revifit his kingdom, after having made 
 a confiderable progrefs in a treaty of perpetual alliance be 
 tween England and the States-general, which was after 
 wards brought to perfection by his plenipotentiary, the 
 earl of Marlborough. The king s return, however, was 
 delayed a whole month by a fevere indifpofition, during 
 which the Spanifti minifter De Quiros, ,hired certain phy- 
 ficians to confult together upon the ftate and nature of his 
 ddlemper. They declared, that he could not outlive many 
 weeks; and this opinion was tranfmitted to Madrid. Wil 
 liam, however, baffled the prognoftic, though his confti- 
 tution hid fuib.ined fuch a rude (hock, that he himfelf 
 
 VOL. I, 2 S
 
 322 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK perceived his end was near. He told the earl of Portland, 
 he found himfelf fo weak, that he could not expecl to live 
 
 ^**V~^: another fummer; but charged him to conceal this circum- 
 I7 r * ftance until he fhould be dead. Notwithstanding this near 
 approach to diflblution, he exerted himfelf with furprifing 
 diligence and fpirit in eftablifhing the confederacy, and 
 fettling the plan of operations. A fubfidiary treaty was 
 concluded with the kino; of Pruffia, who engaged to fur- 
 nilh a certain number of troops. The emperor agreed to 
 maintain ninety thoufand men in the field againft France; 
 the proportion of the ftates was limited to one hundred 
 and two thoufand ; and that of England did not exceed 
 forty thoufand, to aft in conjunction with the allies. 
 
 violent fer- Q n the 4th day of November, the king arrived in Eng- 
 
 En"laad land, which he found in a ftrange ferment produced from 
 the mutual animoiity of the two factions. They reviled 
 each other in words and writing, with all the falfehood of 
 calumny, and all the bitternefs of rancour; fo that truth, 
 candour and temperance feemed to be banifhed by confent 
 of both parties. The king had found himfelf deceived in 
 his new minifters, who had oppofed his meafures with all 
 their influence. He was particularly difgufted with the de 
 portment of the earl of Rochcfter, who proved altogether 
 imperious and untraclable; and, inftead of moderating, in 
 flamed the violence of his party. The king declared the 
 year in which that nobleman directed his councils, was the 
 uneafieft of his whole life. He could not help expreiling 
 his difpleafure in fuch a coldnefs of referve, that Rochefter 
 told him, he would ferve his majefty no longer, fmce he 
 did not enjoy his confidence. William made no anfwer to 
 this expoftulation, but refolved he fhould fee him no more. 
 The earl, however, at the defire of Mr. Harley, became 
 more pliant and fubmiflive ; and, after the king s departure 
 for Holland, repaired to his government of Ireland, in 
 which he now remained, exerting all his endeavours to 
 acquire popularity. William forefeeing nothing but op- 
 pofition from the prefent fpirit of the houfe of commons, 
 clofetted fome of their leaders, with a view to befpeak 
 their compliance; but finding them determined to purfue 
 their former principles, and to infift upon their impeach 
 ments, he refolved, with the advice of his friends to dif- 
 folve the parliament. This ftcp he was the more eafily 
 induced to take, as the commons were become extremely 
 odious to the nation in general, which breathed nothing 
 but war and defiance againft the French monarch. The 
 parliament was accordingly difiblved by proclamation, and 
 another fummoned to meet on the 30th day of December.
 
 W I L L I A M. 323 
 
 Never did the two parties proceed with fuch heat and c H A P- 
 violence againfteach other, as in their endeavours to in 
 fluence the new election. The Whigs, however, obtain- <fc - x "V > -< 
 ed the victory, as they included the monied intereft, which J 7 01 
 will always prevail among the borough electors. Corrup 
 tion was now reduced into an open and avowed commerce; 
 and, had not the people been fo univcrfally venal and pro 
 fligate, that no fenfe of (hame remained, the victors mufl 
 have blufhed for their fuccefs. Though the majority thus 
 obtained was ftaunch to the meafures of the court the 
 choice of fpeaker fell upon Mr. Harley, contrary to the 
 inclination of the king, who favoured Sir Thomas Lyttel- 
 ton; but his majefty s fpeech was received with univerfal 
 applaufe. It was fo much admired by the well-wifliers 
 to the Revolution, that they printed it with decorations in 
 the Engliih, Dutch, and French languages. It appeared 
 as a piece of furniture in all their houfes. and as the king s 
 laft legacy to his own and all Proteftant people. In this 
 celebrated harangue, he expatiated upon the indignity of 
 fered to the nation by the French king s acknowledging 
 the pretended prince of Wales : He explained the dan 
 gers to which it was expofcd, by his placing his grandfon 
 on the throne of Spain : He gave them to undeiftand he 
 had concluded feveral alliances, according to the encou 
 ragement given him by both houfes of parliament, which 
 alliances fhould be laid before them, together with other 
 treaties ftill depending. He obferved, that the eyes of all 
 Europe were upon this parliament ; and all matters at a 
 ftand, until their refolution fnould be known; therefore, 
 no time ought to be loft. He told them they had yet an 
 opportunity to fecure for themfelves and their pofbriry the 
 quiet enjoyment of their religion and liberties, if they 
 were not wanting to themfelves, but would exert the anci 
 ent vigour of the Englifh nation ; but he declared his opi 
 nion was, that fhould they neglect this occafion, they had 
 no reafon to hope for another. He faid it would be necef- 
 fary to maintain a great ftrength at fea, and a force on land 
 proportionable to that of their allies. He prefTed the com 
 mons to fupport the public credit, which could not be pre- 
 ferved without keeping facred that maxim. That they fhall 
 never be lofers who truft to a parliamentary fecurity. He 
 declared, that he never afked aids from his people without 
 regret: That what he deiired was for their own fafety and 
 honour, at fuch a critical time ; and that the whole fnould 
 be appropriated to the purpofes for which it was intended. 
 He exprefled his willingnefs that the accounts fhould be 
 yearly fubmitted to the infpeclion of parliament. He again 
 recommended difpatch, together with good bills for em-
 
 324 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK ploying the poor, encouraging trade, and fuppreffing vice. 
 He expreffed his hope that they \vere come together, de- 
 termined to avoid difputes and differences, and to at with 
 a hearty concurrence for promoting the common caufe. 
 He faid he fhould think it as great a blefling as could be- 
 fal England, if they were as much inclined to lay afidc 
 thofe unhappy fatal animofities which divided and weaken 
 ed them, as he was difpofed to make all his fubjc&s fafe 
 and eafy, as to any, even the higheft oftences committed 
 againft his perfon. He conjured them to difappoiat the 
 hopes of their enemies by their unanimity. As he had al 
 ways ftiown, and always would Ihow, how defirous he was 
 to be the common father of all his people, he defired they 
 would lay afide parties and divifions, fo as that no diftinc- 
 tion fliould be heard of amongft them, but of thofe who 
 were friends to the proteftant religion and prcfent eftablifh- 
 ment, and of thofe who wifhed for a Pop ifh prince and a 
 French government. He concluded by affirming, that if 
 they, in good earneft, defired to fee England hold the ba 
 lance of Europe, and be indeed at the head of the Proteft 
 ant intereft, it would appear by their improving the prefcnt 
 opportunity, The lords immediately drew up a warm and 
 affectionate addrefs, in which they expreffed their refent- 
 rnent of the proceedings of the French king, in owning the 
 pretended prince of Wales for king of England. They af- 
 fured his majefty they would affift him to the utmoft of their 
 power againft all his enemies ; and when it fliould pleafe 
 God to deprive them of hismajefty s protection, they would 
 vigoroufly affift and defend againft the pretended prince of 
 Wales, and all other pretenders whatfoever, every perfon 
 and perfbns who had right to fucceed to the crown of 
 England, by virtue of the acts of parliament for eftablifliing 
 and limiting the fucceflion. On the 5th day of January, 
 an addrefs to the fame effect was prefented by the commons, 
 and both met with a very gracious reception from bis ma 
 jefty. The lords, as a further proof of their zeal, having 
 taken into confi deration the dangers that threatened Europe, 
 from the acceflion of the duke of Anjou to the crown of 
 Spain, drew up another addref?, explaining their fenfe of 
 that danger; ft igmatizing the French king as a violator 
 of treaties; declaring their opinion, that his majefty, his 
 fubjecT:s, and allies, could never be fafe and fecure, until the 
 houfe of Auftria fhould be reftored to their rights, and the 
 invader cfthe Spar.ifh monarchy brought to reafon; and 
 affuring his majefty, that no time fliould be loft, nor any 
 thing wanting on their parts, which might anfwer the rea- 
 ibnable expectations of their friends abroad; not doubting 
 but to fupport the reputation of the Englifh name, when en-
 
 W I L L I A M. 325 
 
 gaged under fo great a prince, in the glorious caufe of c H A p. 
 maintaining the liberty of Europe. 
 
 The king, in order to acquire the confidence of the ^* "Y^" 
 commons, ordered Mr. Secretary Vernon to lay before I 7 I 
 rhem copies of treaties and conventions he had lately con 
 cluded, which were fo well approved, that the houfe 
 unanimoufly voted the fupply. By another vote, they au- 
 thorifed the exchequer to borrow fix hundred thoufand 
 pounds at fix per cent, for the fervice of the fleet, and 
 fifty thoufand pounds for the fubfiftence of guards and 
 garrifons. They deliberated upon the ftate of the navy, 
 with the debt due upon it, and examined an eftimate of 
 what would be neceffary for extraordinary repairs. They 
 called for an account of that part of the national debt for 
 which no provifion had been made. They ordered the 
 fpeaker to write to the trustees for the forfeited eflates in 
 Ireland, to attend the houfe with a full detail of their pro 
 ceedings in the execution of that acl of parliament. On* 
 the gth day of January, they unanimoufly refolved, that 
 leave be given to bring in a bill for fecurino; his majefty s 
 perfon, and the fucceiTion of the crown in the Proteirant 
 line, for extinguiihing the hopes of the preloaded prince 
 of Wales, and all other pretenders, and their open and 
 fecret abettors. They refolved to addrefs his majeftv, 
 that he would infert an article in all his treaties of alli 
 ance, importing, That no peace fhould be made with 
 France, until his majefty and the nation have reparation 
 for the great indignity offered by the French kins;, in 
 owning and declaring the pretended prince of Wales kins; 
 of England, Scotland, and Ireland. They agreed to 
 maintain 40,000 men for the fea fervice, and a like num 
 ber by land, to at in conjunction with the forces of the 
 allies, according to the proportions fettled by the contract 
 ing powers. The fupplies were raifed by an impofition 
 of four (hillings in the pound upon lands, annuities, pen- 
 iions, and (Upends, and on the profits arifmg from the 
 different profeffions ; by a tax of two and one-half per 
 cent, on all ftock in trade, and money at intereft; of five 
 fhillings in the pound on all falaries, -fees, and perquifites, 
 a capitation tax of four {hillings ; an impofition of one per 
 cent, on all {hares in the capital ftock of any corporation 
 or company which fliould be bought, fold, or bargained 
 for; a duty of fix pence per bufliel on malt, and a further 
 duty on mum, cyder, and perry. 
 
 Die commons feemed to vie with the lords in their Bill of Ab^ 
 zeal for the government. They brought in a bill for at- ju:jtion 
 tainting the pretended prince of Wales, which being fent pa tu 
 up to the other hcufe, pafTcd with an ndditicnal claufe of
 
 326 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK attainder againft the queen, who adled 23 recent for the 
 IL pretender. This, however, was not carried without 
 ^"Y"**^ great oppofition in the houfe of lords. When the bill was 
 J 7 01 - fent back to the commons, they excepted to the amend 
 ment as irregular. They obferved, that attainders by bill 
 conftituted the moft rigorous part of the law ; and that 
 the ftretching of it ought to be avoided. They propofed, 
 that the queen fhould be attainted by a feparate bill. The 
 lords affented to the propofal ; and the bill againft the 
 pretended prince of Wales pafled. The lords paffed ano 
 ther for attainting the queen ; however, it was neiilefled 
 in the houfe of commons. But, the long -ft and warm eft 
 debates of this feffion were produced by a bill which the 
 lords brought in, for abjuring the pretended prince of 
 Wales, and fwearing to the king, by title of rightful and 
 lawful king, and his heirs, according to the ac"i of fettle- 
 ment. It was propofed, that this oath fhould be volunta- 
 * ry, tendered to all perfons, and their fubfcription or refu- 
 fol recorded without any other penalty. This article was 
 violently oppofed by the earl of Nottingham, and other 
 lords of the Tory intereft. They obferved, that the go 
 vernment was firft fettled with another oath, which was 
 like an original contrail ; fo that there was no occafion 
 for a new irnpofition; that oaths relating to men s opinions 
 had been always confidered as fevere impofitions ; and 
 that a voluntary oath was in its own nature unlawful. 
 During thefe difputes, another bill of abjuration was 
 brought into the houfe of commons by Sir Charles Hed 
 ges, that fhould be obligatory on all perfons who enjoyed 
 employments in church or ftate ; it likewife included an 
 obligation to maintain the government in king, lords, 
 and commons, and to maintain the church of England, 
 together with the toleration for difTenters. Warm debates 
 arofe upon the queftion, Whether the oath fhould be im- 
 pofed or voluntary ? and at length it was carried for im- 
 pofition by the majority of one voice. They agreed to in- 
 fert an additional claufe, declaring it equally penal to 
 compafs or imagine the death of her Royal Highnefs the 
 Princefs Anne of Denmark, as it was to compafs or ima 
 gine the death of the king s eldeft fen and heir. In the 
 houfe of peers this bill was ftrenuoufly oppofed by the 
 Tories j and, when after long debates it pafled on the 
 24th day of February, ten lords entered a proteft againft 
 it, as an unneceflary and fevere wnpofttion. 
 
 Gen e Hde- ^ e w ^ c nation now feemed to join in the cry for 
 lire for a a war with France. Party heats began to abate; the fac- 
 wa r with tions in the city of London were in a great meafure mo 
 derated by the union of the two companies trading to the
 
 WILLIAM 327 
 
 Eaft Indies, which found their mutual intereft required CHAP, 
 a coalition. The Tories in the houfe of commons having 
 concurred fo heartily with the inclinations of the people, ^"V*^ 
 refolved, as far as it lay in their power, to juftify the 
 conduct of their party in the preceding parliament. They 
 complained of fome petitions and addreiTes which had re 
 flected upon the proceedings of the laft houfe of com 
 mons, and particularly of the Kentifh petition. The ma 
 jority, however, determined, that it was the undoubted 
 right of the people of England to petition or addrefs the 
 king for the calling, fitting, or diffolving of parliament, 
 and for the redrefling of grievances ; and that every fub- 
 ject under any accufation, either by impeachment or 
 otherwife, had a right to be brought to a fpeedy trial. 
 A complaint being likewife made, that the lords had de 
 nied the commons juftice in the matter of the late im 
 peachments, a furious debate enfued ; and it was carried 
 by a very fmall majority, that juftice had not been de 
 nied. In fome points, however, they fucceeded. In the 
 cafe of a controverted election at Maidftone, between 
 Thomas Bliffe and Thomas Culpepper, the houfe refolv 
 ed, That the latter had been not only guilty of corrupt, 
 fcandalous, and indirect practices, in endeavouring to 
 procure himfelf to be elected a burgefs, but likewife, 
 being one of the inftruments in promoting and prefenting 
 the fcandalous, infolent, and feditious petition, commonly 
 called the Kentifh petition, to the laft houfe of commons, 
 was guilty of promoting a fcandalous, villanous, and 
 groundless reflection upon that houfe, by afperfing the 
 members with receiving French money, or being in the 
 intereft of France; for which offence he was ordered to 
 be committed to Newgate, and to be profecuted by his 
 majefty s attorney-general. They alfo refolved, that to 
 affert, that the houfe of commons is not the only repre- 
 fentative of the commons of England, tends to the fub- 
 verfion of the rights and privileges of the houfe of com 
 mons, and the fundamental conftitution of the govern 
 ment of this kingdom : That to afTert, that the houfe of 
 commons have no power of commitment, but of their 
 own members, tends to the fubverfion of the conftitution 
 of the houfe of commons: That to print or publifh any 
 books, or libels, reflecting upon the proceedings of the 
 houfe of commons, or any member thereof, for or relat 
 ing to his fervice therein, is a high violation of the rights 
 and privileges of the houfe of commons. Notwithstanding 
 thcfe tranfactions, they did not neglect the vigorous pro- 
 fecution of the war. They aadreiTed his majefty to inter- 
 pofe with his allies, that they might increase their quotas
 
 528 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B O O K. f l an d forces, to be put on board the fleet in proportion 
 ; to the numbers his majefty fhould embark. When they 
 had fettbcl the fums appropriated to the feveral ufes of the 
 war, they prefented a fecond addrefs, defiring he would 
 provide for the half-pay officers in the firft place, in the 
 recruits and levies to be made. The king affured them it 
 was always his intention to provide for thofe officers. He 
 went to the houie of peers, and gave the royal aflent to an 
 ac~r, appointing commifli oners to take, examine, and deter 
 mine the debts due to the army, navy, and the tranfport fer- 
 vice ; and alfj to take an account of prizes taken during 
 the war. 
 
 The affairs of Ireland were not a little embarrafled by 
 the coadul of the trustees appointed to take cognizance of 
 the forfeited eftatcs. Their ofnce was extremely odious 
 to the people, as well as to the court, and their deportment 
 was arbitrary and imperious. Several individuals of that 
 kingdom, provoked by the infolence of the truftees on one 
 hand, and encouraged by the countenance of the courtiers 
 on the other, endeavoured, by a circular letter, to fpirit up 
 the grand-jury of Ireland againft the aft of refumption : 
 Petitions were prefented to the king, couched in very ftrong 
 terms, affirming, that it was injurious to the Proteftant in- 
 tereft, and bad been obtained by grofs mifinformations. 
 The king having communicated thefe addrefles to the 
 houfe, they were immediately voted fcandalous, falfe, and 
 groundlefs ; and the commons refolved, that, nocwithftand- 
 ing the complaints and clamours againft the truftees, it did 
 not appear to the houfc but thofe complaints were ground- 
 lefs : Neverthelefs, they afterwards received feveral peti 
 tions, imploring relief againft the faid acl ; and they order 
 ed that the petitioners fhould be relieved accordingly. Pro- 
 pofals were delivered in for incorporating fuch as fhould 
 purchafe the faid forfeitures, on certain terms therein fpe - 
 Gifted, according to the rent-roll, when verified and made 
 good to the purchafers : But, whereas in this rent-roll the 
 value of the eftates had been eftimated at fomething more 
 than feven hundred and fixteen thoufand pounds, thofe v/ho 
 undertook to make the purchafe affirmed they were not 
 worth five hundred thoufand pounds ; and thus the affair 
 remained in fufpence. 
 
 With refpecl to Scotland, the clamours of that kingdom 
 had not yet fubfided. When the bill of abjuration paflld 
 in the houfe of peers, the earl of Nottingham"had declared, 
 that although he differed in opinion from the majority in 
 many particulars relating to that bill, yet he was a friend 
 to the defign of it ; and, in order to fecure a Proteftant fuc- 
 ceflion, he thought an union of the whole ifland was abfo-
 
 W I L L 1 A M. 329 
 
 lutely neceff-ry. He, therefore, moved for an addrefs to C H A P- 
 the kina:, that he would diffolve the parliament of Scotland 
 now fitting, as the legality of it might be called inqueftion, **^Y*** 
 on account of its havino- been originally a convention ; and . I " or ; 
 
 . ,. - . t mon of 
 
 tnat a new parliament mould be lummoned, that they t hs two 
 might treat about ?^n union of the two kingdoms. The kingdoms 
 king had this affair fo much at heart, that even when he recu ? db 
 was disabled from going to the parliament in perfon, he fent t v je y,^; 
 a letter to the commons, expreffing an eager defire that a 
 treaty for this purpofe mi?hf be fet on foot, and earneftly 
 recommending this affair to the confideration of the houie j 
 bu<:, as a new parliament in Scotland could not be called 
 without a great rifque, while the nation was in fuch a fer 
 ment, the project was poftponed to a more favourable op 
 portunity. 
 
 Before the king s return from Holland, he had concerted 
 with his allies the operations of the enfuing campaign. 
 He had engaged in a negociation with the prince of Heffe 
 d Armftadt, who affured him, that if he would befiege and 
 t:-ke Cadiz, the admiral of Caftile, and divers other gran 
 dees of Spain, would declare for the houfe of Auftria. The 
 allies had alfo determined upon the fiege of Keyferfwaert, 
 which the elector of Cologn had delivered into the hands 
 of the French; the elector of Hanover had refolved to dif- 
 arm the princes of Wolfenbuttle ; the king of the Romans, 
 and prince Louis of Baden, undertook to invert Landau ; 
 and the emperor promifed to fend a powerful reinforce 
 ment to prince Eugene in Italy ; but William did not live 
 to fee thefe fchemes put in execution. His conftitution 
 was by this time almoff, exhaufted, though he endeavoured 
 to conceal the effects of his malady, and to repair his health 
 by exercife. On the 2ift day of February, in riding to The King 
 Hampton-court from Kenfmgton, his horfe fell under him, k u t by a 
 and he himfelf was thrown upon the ground with fuch vio- L* !1 j| r T 
 lence, as produced a fracture in his collar-bone. His at 
 tendants conveyed him to the palace of Hampton-court, 
 where the fracture was reduced by Ronjat, his ferjeant-fur- 
 geon. In the evening he returned to Kenfmgton in his 
 coach, and the two ends of the fractured bone having been 
 difunited by the jolting of the carriage, were replaced un 
 der the inflection of Bidloo, his phyhcian. He feemed to 
 be in a fair way of recovering till the ift day of March, 
 when his knee appeared to be inrlamed, with great pain 
 and weaknefs. Next day he granted a commiffion under 
 the great feal to feveral peers, for paiiing the bills to which 
 both houfes of parliament had agreed, namely, the act of 
 attainder againft the pretended prince of Wales ; and ano 
 ther in favour of the Quakers, enacting, That their folerrm 
 
 VOL. I. 2 T.
 
 330 HISTORY GIF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK affirmation and declaration {hould be excepted inflead of 
 
 IL an oath in the ufual form. 
 
 ^V**^ On the 4th day of March, the king was fo well recover- 
 I;OI- ed of his lamenels, that he took feveral turns in the gallery 
 Is feized at Kenfmgton ; but, fitting down on a couch were he fell 
 with a ft- afleep, he was feized with a (hivering, which terminated in 
 vtr. a fever and diarrhoea. He was attended by Sir Thomas 
 
 Millington, Sir Richard Blackmore, Sir Theodore Colle- 
 don, Dr. Btdloo, and other eminent phyficians ; but their 
 prescriptions proved ineffectual. On the 6th he granted 
 another commiffionfor puffing the bill for the malt-tax, and 
 the a& of abjuration ; and, being fo weak that he could not 
 write his name, he, in prefence of the lord-keeper and the 
 clerks of parliament, applied a fcamp prepared for the pur- 
 pofe. The earl of Albemarle arriving from Holland, con 
 ferred with him in private on the pofture of affairs abroad; 
 but he received his informations with great coldnefs, and 
 faid, " Je tire vers ma fin. I approach the end of my 
 " life. In the evening he thanked Dr. Bidloo for his care 
 and tendernefs, faying, " I know that you and the other 
 " learned phyficians have done all that your art can do for 
 " my relief; but, finding all means ineffectual, I fubmit." 
 He received fpiritual confolation from Archbifhop Te- 
 nifon, and Burnet bifliop of Salisbury : On Sunday morn 
 ing the facrament was adminift ered to him. The lords 
 of the privy-council, and divers noblemen attended in the 
 adjoining apartments, and to fome of them who were ad 
 mitted he fpoke a little. He thanked Lord Auverquerque 
 for his long and faithful fervices : He delivered to Lord 
 Albemarle the keys of his clofet and fcrutore, telling him 
 he knew what to do with them. He enquired for the earl 
 of Portland ; but, being fpeechlefs before that nobleman ar 
 rived, he grafped his hand, and laid it to his heart, with 
 Afi ddies. marks of the mod: tender affection. On the 8th day of 
 March he expired, in the fifty-fecond year of his age, after 
 having reigned thirteen years. The lords Lexington and 
 - Scarborough, who were in waiting, no fooner perceived 
 the king was dead, than they ordered Ronjat to untie from 
 his left arm, a black ribbon, to which was affixed a ring;, 
 containing fome hair of the late Queen Mary. The body, 
 being opened and embalmed, lay in ftate for fome time at 
 Keniington; and on the 1 2th day of April was depofited 
 in a vault of Henry s chapel in Weftminfter-abbey. In the 
 beginning of May, a will which he had entrufted with 
 Moniieur Schuylemberg was opened at the Hague. In 
 this he had declared his coufin Prince Frifon of Naffau 
 ftadtholder of Friefland, his fole and univerfal heir, and ap- 
 poinied the ftates -general his executors. By a codicil an-
 
 WILLIAM. 331 
 
 nexed, he had bequeathed the lord/hip of Ereevert, and a C H A p 
 legacy of two hundred thoufand guilders to the earl of Al- 
 bemarie. <-^yO 
 
 William III. was in his perfon of the middle ftature, a jr- ^V^. 
 thin body, and delicate constitution, fubjedt to an aflhma ter> 
 and continual cough from his infancy. He had an aqui 
 line nofe, fparkling eyes, a large forehead, and a grave 
 folemn afpect. He was very fparing of fpeech : His con- 
 verfation was dry, and his manner difgufting, except in bat 
 tle, when his deportment was free, fpirited, and animating. 
 In courage, fortitude, and equanimity, he rivalled the moft 
 eminent warriors of antiquity ; and his natural fagacity 
 made amends for the defedts in his education, which had 
 not been properly fuperintended. He was religious, tem 
 perate, generally juft and fmcere, a ftranger to violent tranf- 
 ports of paffion, and might have pafTcd for one of the belt 
 princes of the age in which he lived, had he never af- 
 cended the throne of Great Britain. But the diflinguifhing 
 criterion of his character was ambition. To this hefacri- 
 ficed the punctilios of honour and decorum, in depofmghis 
 own father-in-law and uncle; and this he gratified at the 
 expence of the nation that raifed him to fovereign authority, 
 He afpired to the honour of acting as umpire in all the con- 
 tefts of Europe ; and the fecond object of his intention was 
 the profperity of that country to which he owed his birth 
 and extraction. Whether he really thought the interests 
 of the continent and Great Britain were infeparable, or 
 fought only to drag England into the confederacy as a con 
 venient ally ; certain it is, he involved thefe kingdoms in 
 foreign connexions, which, in all probability, will be pro 
 ductive of their ruin. In order to eftablifh this favourite 
 point, he fcrupled not to employ all the engines of corrup 
 tion, by which the morals of the nation were totally de 
 bauched. He procured a parliamentary fandtion for a 
 (landing army which now feems to be interwoven in the 
 conftitution. He introduced the pernicious practice of 
 borrowing upon remote funds ; an expedient that necefla- 
 rily hatched a brood of ufurers, brokers, contractors and 
 ilock-jobbers, to prey upon the vitals of their country. He But-net, 
 entailed upon the nation a growing debt, and a fyftem of Bo g r " x< 
 politics big with mifery, defpair, and destruction. To fum LamLerty. 
 up his character in a few words .William was a fataliit in State 
 religion, indefatigable in war, enterprifmg in politics, dead 4-"? V 
 to all the warm and generous emotions of the human heart, Ralph, 
 a cold relation, an indifferent hufband, a difagreeable man, Vciu.ire. 
 an ungracious prince, and an imperious fovereign.
 
 C 332 ] 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Ace efjien of ^uecn Anne IV ar with France Ex 
 ploits of the earl of Marlborough Naval transactions 
 
 Title of duke conferred on Marlborongh : Vio 
 lent ferment in Ireland Severe law againft the Pa- 
 pi ft s in Ireland Treaty between the emperor and 
 
 duke of Savoy King of Spain arrives in England. 
 
 BOOK T7[7 ILL IAM was fucceededas fovereign of England 
 I. VV by Anne princefs of Denmark:, who afcended the 
 
 U-yxJ throne in the thirty-eighth year of her age, to the general 
 i,oi. fatisfaclion of all parties^ Even the Jacobites feemed pleuf- 
 Anne P,in- e d with her elevation, on the fuppofuion, that as in all pro- 
 nrk f ft* lt babilit V fh e would leave no heirs of her own body, the dic- 
 ceedsto " tates of natural affeclion would induce her to alter the fuc- 
 the throne, cefiion in favour of her own brother. She had been taught 
 to cherifh warm fentiments of the Tories, whom fhe confi- 
 dered as the friends of monarchy, and the true fons of the 
 church ; and they had always profeffed an inviolable attach 
 ment; to her perfon and intereft : But her conduct was wholly 
 influenced by the countefs of Maryborough ; a woman of 
 an imperious temper and intriguing genius, who had been 
 intimate with the princefs from her tender years, and 
 gained a furpriiino; afcendency over her, Anne had un 
 dergone fome ftrange viciilitudes of fortune in coniequence 
 of her father s cxpulfion, and fuirained a variety of mor 
 tifications in the late reign, during which fhe conduced 
 herfjlf with fuch difcretion, as left little or no pretence for 
 cenfure or refentment. Such conduct, indeed, was in a 
 great meafure owing to a natural temperance of difpofition, 
 not eafily ruffied or inflamed. She was zealoufly devoted 
 to the church of England, from which her father had ufed 
 fome endeavours to detach her before the Revolution ; and 
 (he lived in great harmony with her hufband, to whom the 
 bore fix children, all of whom ihe had already furvivcd. 
 William had no {boner yielded up his breath, than ihe pri 
 vy council in a body v/aited on the new queen, who, in a 
 fhort but fenfible fwccch, affured them, that no pains nor
 
 A N N E. 333 
 
 diligence fhould be .wanting on her part, to preferve and CHAP, 
 fupnort the religion, laws, and liberties of her country, to 
 maintain the fucceffion in the Proteftant line, and the go- V -* V^ S - 
 vernrnent in church and {late, as bylaw eftahlifhed. She I/CI- 
 declared her refolution to car y on the preparations for op- 
 pofing the exorbitant power of France, and to affire the al 
 lies, that (he would purfue the true intereft of England, toge 
 ther with theirs, for the fupport r.f the common caufe. The 
 members of the privy council having taken the oaths, fhe 
 ordered a proclamation to be publifhed, fignifying her plea- 
 fure, that all perfor.s in ofHce of authority or government, 
 at the deceafe of the late kin?, fhould fo continue till fur 
 ther directions. By virtue of an a6t parted in the late reia;n, 
 the parliament continued fitting even after the king s death. 
 Both houfbs met immediately, and unanimoufly voted an 
 addrcfs of condolence and congratulation; and, in the af 
 ternoon, the queen was proclaimed. Next day the lords 
 and commons feverally attended her with an addrefs, con 
 gratulating her majefty s acceffion to the throne; and, af- 
 fu ling her of their firm refolution to fuppprt hen ngainft 
 all her enemies whatfoever. The lords acknowledged, 
 that their great lei s was no otherwife to be repaired but by 
 a vigorous adherence to her majefty and her allies, in the 
 profecution of thofe meafures already concerted to r- d jce 
 the exorbitant power of France. The commons declared, 
 they would maintain the fucccfiion of the crown in the Pro 
 teftant line, and effectually provide for the public credit of 
 the nation. Thefe addreffes were gracioufiy received by 
 the queen, who, on the uth day of March, went to the 
 houfe of peers with the ufual folemnity, where, in a fpeech 
 to both houfes, fhe expreiled her fatisfa<5tion at their una 
 nimous concurrence with her opinion, that too much could 
 not be done for the encouragement of their allies in humb 
 ling the power of France : and, defired they would conii- 
 der of proper methods towards obtaining an union between 
 England and Scotland. She obferved to the commons, 
 that the revenue for defraying the expences of the civil go 
 vernment was expired ; and that fhe relied entirely on their 
 affection for its being fupplied in fuch a manner as fhould 
 be moft fuitable to the honour and dignity of the crown. 
 She declared it Should be her conftant endeavour to make 
 them the belt return for their duty and affection, by a care 
 ful anddiligentadminiftration for the good of all her furjects. 
 "And as i know my own heart to be entirely Englifh 
 " (continued fhe) I can very fincerely allure you, there is 
 " not any thing you can expect or defire froti me, which I 
 - fhall not be ready to do for the happinefs and profpority of 
 " England ; and you fhr.ll always find me a itrift and reli-
 
 334 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 CHAP, " gious obferver of my word." Thefe afTurances were ex 
 tremely agreeable to the parliament ; and fhe received the 
 "Y"** thanks of both houfes. Addreffes of congratulation were 
 1701. prefented by the bifhop and clergy of London; by the dif- 
 fenters in and about that city; and, by all the counties, ci 
 ties, towns, and corporations of England. She declared 
 her attachment to the church ; fhe promifed her protection 
 to the difienters ; and received the compliments of all her 
 fubjects withfuch affability as infured their affection. 
 Confterna- William s death was no fooner known at the Hague, 
 tum of the than all Holland was filled with confirmation. The ftates 
 thenewfof immediately affembled, and, for fome time, gazed at each 
 K.Williams other in Blent fear and aftonifhment. They fighed, wept, 
 and interchanged embraces and vows, that they would act 
 with unanimity, and expend their deareft blood in defence 
 of their country. Then they difpatched letters to the cities 
 and provinces, informing them of this unfortunate event, 
 and exhorting them to union and pei feverance. Theex- 
 prefs from England having brought the queen s fpeech to 
 her privy-council, it was tranflated and published, to revive 
 the drooping fpirits of the people. Next day Penfionary 
 Fagel imparted to the ftates f Holland a letter which he 
 had received from the earl of Marlborough, containing af- 
 furances, in the queen s name, of union and affiftance. In 
 a few days, the queen wrote a letter in the French language 
 to the dates, confirming thefe afTurances : it was delivered 
 by Mr. Stanhope, whom flie had furnifhed with frefh cre 
 dentials as envoy from England. Thus animated, the ftates 
 e d refolved to profecute vigorous measures ; their refolutions 
 y ale t er were ftill more infpirited by the arrival of the earl of Marl- 
 from Queen borough, whom the queen honoured with the order of the 
 garter, and inverted with the character of ambafiador ex 
 traordinary and plenipotentiary to the ftates-general ; he 
 was likewife declared captain-general of her forces both at 
 home and abroad. He affured the ftates, that her Britan 
 nic majefty would maintain the alliances which had been 
 concluded by the late king, and do every thing that the 
 common concerns of Europe required. The fpeech was 
 anfwered by Dickvelt, prefident of the week, who, in the 
 name of the ftates, exprefTed their hearty thanks to her ma 
 jefty, and their refolution of concurring with her in a vi 
 gorous profecution of the common intereft. 
 
 The importance of William s life was evinced by the 
 jcy that diffufed itfelf through the kingdom of France at 
 the news of his deceafe. The perfon who firft brought 
 the tidings to Calais was imprifoned by the governor, until 
 his information was confirmed. The court of Verfailks 
 could hardly reftraki their tranfports fo ns to preferv? com-
 
 ANNE. 
 
 mon decorum : The people of Paris openly rejoiced nt ic 
 event : All decency was laid afide at Rome, where this i i- 
 cident produced fuch indecent raptures, that Cardir :;1 
 Grimani, the Imperial minifter, complained of them to the 
 Pope, as an infult on his mafter the emperor, who was 
 William s friend, confederate, and ally. The French 
 king difpatched credentials to Barre, whom the Count 
 D Avaux had left at the Hague to manage the affairs of 
 France, together with inftructions to renew the nego- 
 ciation with the ftates, in hope of detaching them from the 
 alliance. This minifter prefented a memorial, implying 
 fevere reflections on King William, and the paft conduct 
 of the Dutch; and insinuating, that now they had reco 
 vered their liberty, the court of France hoped they would 
 confult their true intereft. The Count de Goes, envoy 
 from the emperor, animadverted on thefe expreflions in 
 another memorial, which was likewife publilhed : The ftates 
 produced in public an anfwer to the fame remonftran.ee, 
 exprefling their refentment at the infolence of fuch infmu- 
 ations, and their veneration for the memory of their late 
 Stadtholder. The earl of Marlborough fucceeded in every 
 part of his negociation. He animated the Dutch to a full 
 exertion of their vigour: He concerted the operations of 
 the campaign: He agreed with the ftates-general and the 
 Imperial minifter, that war fhould be declared againft 
 France on the fame day at Vienna, London, and the 
 Hague; and on the third day of April embarked for Eng 
 land, after having acquired the entire confidence of thofcr 
 who governed the United Provinces. 
 
 By this time, the houfe of commons in England had fet- j- 32 
 tied the civil lift upon the queen for her life. When the 
 bill received the royal aflent, fne allured them, that 
 100,000 pounds of this revenue (hould be applied to the 
 public fervice of the current year ; at the fame time, fhe 
 palled another bill, for receiving and examining the public 
 accounts. A commiffion for this purpofe was granted in 
 the preceding reign, but had been for fome years difcontinu- 
 ed; and indeed, always proved ineffectual to detect and 
 punifh thole individuals who fhamefully pillaged their 
 country. The villany was fo complicated, the vicefo ge 
 neral, and the delinquent fo powerfully fcreened by arti 
 fice and intereft, as to elude all enquiry. On the 24th 
 day of March, the oath of abjuration was taken by the 
 fpeaker and members, according to an act for the further 
 fecurity of her majefty s perfon, and the fuccelfion of the 
 crown in the Proteftant line, and for extinguifhing the 
 hopes of the pretended prince of Wales. The queen s 
 inclination to the Tories plainly appeared in her choice of
 
 336 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK ministers. Doctor John Sharp, archbifhop of York, be- 
 cnrr^ h?.r ghoftly director and counfellor in all ecclefrafti- 
 c.<I -flairs. Trie earl of Rochefbr was continued lord 
 lieutenant of Ireland, and enjoyed a great fhare of her 
 maj fty s confidence : The privy feal was entrufted to the 
 marquis of Normandy: The earl of Nottingham and Sir 
 Charles H .-dges, were appointed fecretaries of ftate : 
 TH earl of Aoingdon, Vifcount Weymouth, Lord Dart 
 mouth, Sir Chriftophcr Mufgrave, Grenville, Howe, 
 Gower, and Harcourt, were admitted as members of the 
 privy council, together with Sir Edward Seymour, now 
 declared comptroller of the houfehold. The lord Godol- 
 phin, declined accepting the office of lord high treafurer, 
 until he was over-ruled by the perfuafions of Marlbo- 
 rough, to whofe Ideft daughter his fon was married. 
 This nobleman rehif-d to command the forces abroad, un- 
 l..fs the treafury fhould be put into the hands of Godol- 
 phin, on whofe punctuality, in point of remittances, he 
 knjw he could depend. Georg? prince; of Denmark was 
 inverted with the title of generalifiimo of all the queen s 
 forces by fea and land; and afterwards created lord high 
 admiral, the earl of Pembroke, having been difmifled 
 from this office, with the offer of a large penfion, which 
 he generoufly refufed. Prince George, as admiral, was 
 affiAed by a council, confifting of Sir George Rookc, Sir 
 David Mitchel, George Churchill, and Richard Hill. 
 Though the legality of this board was doubted, the parlia 
 ment had fuch refpeft and veneration for the queen, that 
 it was fuffered to aft without queftion. 
 
 A rivalfhip for the queen s favour already appeared be 
 tween the earls of Rochefter and Marlborough. The 
 former, as firft coufm to the queen, and chief of the Tory 
 faftion, maintained confiderable influence in the council ; 
 but even there the intereft of his rival predominated. 
 tVIarlborough, was not only the better courtier, but, by 
 the canal of his countefs, aftually directed the queen in all 
 h?r refolutions. Rochefter propofed in council, that the 
 Englifh fhould avoid a declaration of war with France, 
 and ?.ft as auxiliaries only. He was feconded by fome 
 o:her members : But the opinion of Marlborough prepon 
 derated. He obferved, that the honour of the nation \vas 
 concerned to fulfil the late king s engagements ; and af 
 firmed that France coulJ never be reduced within due 
 bounds, unlefc the Englifh would enter as principals in 
 the quarrel. This allegation was fupported by the dukes 
 of Somerfet and Devonfhire; the earl of Pembroke, and 
 the majority of the council. The queen being refolved to 
 declare war, communicated her intention to the houfe of
 
 ANNE. 337 
 
 Commons, by whom it was approved ; and on the 4th day of CHAP. 
 May the declaration was folemt.ly proclaimed. The kins: II- 
 of France wa c , in this proclamation, taxed with having ^"""Y"^* 
 taken pofleffion of great part of the Spanifn dominions;,,.. 17 , 02 ; 
 
 Wiir dcclsir- 
 
 with defignini>; to invade the liberties of Europe; and ob- e d a^ainft 
 ftruft the freedom of navigation and commerce ; with hav- France. 
 ing offered an unpardonable infult to the queen 2nd her 
 throne, by taking upon him to declare the pretended 
 prince of Wales king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 The three declarations of the emperor, England, and the 
 jftates-g-eneral, which were publiflied in one day, did not 
 fail to difconcert, as well as to provoke, the French mo 
 narch. When his minifter De Torcy, recited them in 
 his hearing, he fpoke of the queen with fome acrimony ; 
 but with refpecl to the Rates-general, he declared with 
 great emotion, that " MelTieurs the Dutch merchant s 
 " {hould one day repent .of their infolence and prefump- 
 " tion, in declaring war againft fo powerful a monarch." 
 He did not) however, produce his declaration till the 3J 
 day of July. 
 
 The houfe of commons, in compliance with the queen s 
 defire, brought in a bill, empowering her majefty to name 
 commifiioners to treat with the Scots for an union of the 
 two kingdoms. It met with warm oppofition from Sir 
 Ldward Seymour, and other Tory members, who dif- 
 chargecl abundance of fatire and ridicule upon the Scotti/h 
 nation : But the meafure feemed fo neccffary at that junc 
 ture, to frcure the Proteftant fucceffion againft the prac 
 tices of France, and the claims of the pretender, that the 
 majority efpoufed the bill which paifcd through both 
 houfes, and on the 6th day of May received the royal af- 
 fent, together with fome bills of lefs importance. The 
 enemies of the late king continued to revile his memo 
 ry*. They even charged him with having formed a de- 
 ugn of excluding the Princefs Anne from the throne, an-i 
 of introducing the elector of Hanover as his own immedi 
 ate fucdeflbr, This report had been fo induitrioufiy cir 
 culated, that it began to gain credit all over the kingdom. 
 Several peers interfiled themfelves in William s character 5 
 and a motion was made in the upp, j r houib, that the 
 truth of this report fhould be enquired into. The houfe 
 i immediately deiired that thofe lo^ds who had vifitcd the 
 
 VOL. I. 2 U 
 
 * In their bourj o<"cW.a.idi, they dmnk to the heukhs of Sorrel, meaning 
 the horle t sat fell W;th the. k.ag -, a.iu, uu,l-:r tht .-ipptibiion of the little 
 cii".ntk ina:i in vt.!vi;t, toallcd t .ic rnok- that railed trie hill over which the horfs 
 had (tumbled. As the b -a? h?.d foriacTly belonged to Sir John Fenwkk, 
 thi y inltnuatedthat Wiilum s f-to wus a j^dgmtnt upon him, for Lis cracky 
 to l.ia: jj ..itlCiTian ; and a Laria tpi^ram WAS \vri-ten on the occafien.
 
 33 * HISTORY OF LXGLAND. 
 
 B o o K Jr.r? kir.c s paper* would intimate whether or not they had 
 found any arr.cng them relating to the queen s fuccefTicn, 
 or to the fuccelTion of the houfe of Hanover. They forth 
 with declared, that nothing of that fort appeared. Then 
 the houfe refolved, that the report was groum lef-, falfe, 
 villanous, and fcand.il ous, to the cifhonour cf the late 
 king s memory, and highly tending to the difTervice of 
 her prefent maiefty, whom they befought to give order, 
 : the authors or publifhers of fuch fcandalous reports 
 fhculd he profecuted by the attorney-general. The fame 
 cenfure \vas pafled upon feme libels, and pamphlets, tend 
 ing to inflame the factions of the kingdom, and to propa 
 gate a fpirit of irreligion *. On the lift day of A^ay, 
 the commons, in an addrefs, adviied her majefty to en 
 gage the emperor, the ftates-general, and her other allies, 
 to join with her in prohibiting all intercourfe with France 
 Spain; and to concert fuch methods with the Hates- 
 general as mi^ht moft effectually fecure the trade of her 
 fubjecis and allies. The lords prefented another addrefs, 
 defnir.g the queen would encourage her fubjects ro equip 
 privateers, as the preparations of the enemy feemed to be 
 made for a piratical war, to the interruption of com 
 merce: They likewife exhorted her majefty to grant corr- 
 7:ons or charters to all perfons who fhould make fuch 
 acquifitions in the Indies, as fhe in her great wifdom 
 fhculd iudge moft expedient for the good of her kinr- 
 Corr.E. On the 25th day of May, the queen having pafled 
 :;! public and | private bills, difmiffed the parlia 
 ment by prorogation, after having, in a fhort fpeech, 
 thanked them for their zeal, recommended unanimity, 
 and declared fhe would carefully prefcrve and maintain the 
 ar. of toleration. 
 
 In Scotland, a warm conteft arofe between the Revolu- 
 tioners and thofe in the oppofition, concerning the exift- 
 ence of the prefent parliament. The queen had fignified 
 her acceflion to the throne, in a letter to her privy-council 
 for Scotland, defiring they would continue to act in that 
 
 * D . Bir.k., in a fermon preached before the convocation, or. the 3^1 
 . :rew a parallel ce .v. een the {offering* of Cb.ri.ft, and thofe of 
 Charles, to which lalt he gave the preference, in point of right, cha- 
 radrr, and ft?. : . 
 
 + Du lug this fhort fefT;cn, the queen gave her aflent to an aft for laying 
 ; to another . for encouraging the Greenland trade : To a 
 king good the deficiencies, and the public credit : To a fourth 
 for comicuiiig ti:e irriprifomr - - .er, and other confpirators againft 
 
 Kinj To a fifth for a- rtrlisf of Proteftant purchafers of the fcr- 
 
 I . To anxth enlarging the time for taking the oath of 
 abjuration : To a fe^renzh obliging th; J;ws to maintain sr.d pro-vi le ibr their 
 Pr.: -:ea.
 
 A N N t. 339 
 
 e, until {he fn^nlJ lend a new corr.mi.iion. Mean- c H A p 
 |e, (he authorifed them to publiili a proclarr.. : -\ or- H. 
 ci lining all officers of flare, councellors, and magiftrates, to v^^^^O 
 i v_i: in all things conformably to the commiifions and i - ; "- 
 KruJions of his late maja^ty, ur.t: . new c win - 
 be prepared. Sh- likewiiV, a ; ll;red then of h. -.fo 
 
 liation to protect them in their religion, 1: - ries, 
 
 and in the eftablifhed joVerntnent< ~ : ~. She 
 
 already in rrefence of twelve Scottish c , 1 
 
 the coronation-oath for that kingdom: But / t 
 wanted to embroil the affairs of their country affirmed, : 
 this was an irregular \vay of proceed in 2:, and that the oath 
 oti^ht to have been tendered by perfons deputed for that 
 purpoL, eirhjr by the parliament, or the privy-council of 
 the kingdom. The prefrnt miniftry, conhiling of the duke 
 of Queenfberty, the earl of Marchmont, -Mei\-;!, S.atield, 
 HyndforJ, and Selkirk, were devoted to Revolution princi 
 ples, and defirous that the parliament fhould continue, in 
 purfuance of the late act for continuing the parliament 
 that ihould be then in being, fix months after the death of 
 the king : and that it fhould aflemble in twenty davs after 
 that event. The queen had, by feveral adjournment:, de 
 ferred the meeting al;noft three months after the king s Je- 
 ceaie ; and therefore, the anti-revolucioners affirmed that it 
 was defolved. The duke of Harr.iltc n \vas at the head of 
 this p.irtr, which clamoured loudly for a new parliament. 
 This nobleman, together with the marquis of T\vccd.;L\ 
 the Earls Marftial and Rothes, and many other noblemen 
 repaired to London, in order to make the queen acquaint 
 ed with their objections to the continuance of the preier.t 
 parliament. Shr admitted them to her prefence, and calm 
 ly heard their allegations : uut (he was determined, by the 
 advice of her privy-council for that kingdom, who were of 
 opinion, that the nation was in too great a ferment to haz 
 ard the convocation of a new parliament. According to 
 th; queen s laft adjournment, the parliament met at Eui..- 
 burgh on the gth day of June, the duke of Queenfberry 
 having been appointed highcommiflioner. Before the queen s 
 commiiujn was read, the duke of Hamilton, fir hianl 
 and his aJhire:::, declared their fatisfo6tion at her majef- 
 tv s acceffion to the tlirone, riot only on account of her un 
 doubted right bv dv icent, but hkewifa becaule of her many 
 pcrf.-nal virtues arid royal qualities. Hs faid they were 
 relblved to facrifice their lives and fortunes in defence of 
 her majefty s ri-^ht againfl all her enemies whatever ; : 
 at the fame time, thev tliought themfclves lv duty 
 
 to give their opi it in, that : :..- wrere n : warrentt . by law 
 to fet and ac^ as a parliament. He then read a paper c
 
 340 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK. t h e following efreft : That fjrafmuch as, by the funda- 
 . mental laws and conftitircion of this kingdom, all parlia- 
 ments do defolve 0:1 the death of the fovereign, except in 
 fo far as innovated by an ail in the preceding reign, that 
 the parliament in being at his majefly s deceafe mould 
 meet, and aft what might be needful for the defence of 
 the true Proteftant religion, as by Jaw eftabliihed ; and 
 for the maintenance of the fucce.fiion to the crown, as fet 
 tled by the claim of right; and for the prefervation and fe- 
 curity of the public peace : And feeing thefe ends are ful 
 ly anfwercd by her majefty s fucceiTion to the throne, we 
 conceive ourfelves not now warrented by law to meet, fit, 
 or aft ; and therefore, do diffent from any thing that mall be 
 done or afted. The duke having recited this paper, and 
 formally protefted againft the proceedings of the parliament, 
 withdrew with feventy-nine members, amidft the acclama 
 tions of the people. 
 
 Notwithftanding their feceilion, the commiilioners, who 
 retained a much greater number, produced the queen s 
 letter, fignifying her refolution to maintain and proteft her 
 fubjefts in the full poffefiion of their religion, laws, liber 
 ties, and the preibyterian difcipKne, She informed them of 
 her having declared war againft France: She exhorted 
 them to provide competent (applies for maintaining fuch a 
 number offerees as might be neceflary for difappointingthe 
 enemy s defigns, and preferving the prefent happy fettle- 
 ment ; and file earneftly recommended to their confidera- 
 tion an union of the two kingdoms. The duke of Queenf- 
 berry and the earl of Marchmont having enforced the dif 
 ferent articles of this letter, committees were appointed for 
 the fecurity of the kingdom, for controverting elections, 
 for drawing up an anfwer to her majefty s letter, and for 
 revifmg the minutes. Mean while, the duke of Hamilton 
 and his adherents fcnt the Lord Bhntyre to London, with 
 an addrefs to the queen, who refufed to receive it, but 
 wrote another letter to the parliament, expreliing her refo 
 lution to maintain their dignity and authority againft all 
 oppofers. They in anfwer to the former, had allured her, 
 that the groundlefs feceffion of fame members fhould in- 
 creafe and Strengthen their care and zeal for her majefty s 
 fervice. They expelled Sir Alexander Bruce, for having 
 given vent to fome refleftions againft Preibytery. The 
 Lord advocate profecuted the faculty of advocates before 
 the parliament, for having puffed a vote among therr.felves 
 in favour of rhe proteftation and addrefs of the difienting 
 members. The faculty was fevercly reprimanded; but 
 the whole mtion feeuied to refent the profecution. The 
 parliament pafied an aft lor recognizing her majefly s roy-
 
 ANNE. 341 
 
 al authority : Another for adjourning the court of judicature C M A P. 
 called the feflion : A third declaring this meeting of parli 
 ament legal ; and forbidding any perfon to difown, quarrel, 
 or impugn the dignity and authority thereof, under the 
 penalty of high treafon : A fourth for fecuring the true 
 Froteftant religion and prefbyterian church government: 
 A fith fora land-tax; and a fixth enabling hs.r moj.-fly to 
 appoint commilfioners for an union between the two king 
 doms. 
 
 The earl of A larchmont, of his own accord, and even con- Commiifi- 
 trary to the advice of the high com miffi oner, brought in a n f s a ?- 
 bill for abjuring the pretended prince of Wales : But this f^To/ 
 was not fupported by the court party, as the cominiiliorier the U.iion. 
 had no inftructions hov/ to acl on the occafion. Perhaps 
 the queen and her Englifli miniftry refolved to keep the 
 fucccffion open in Scotland, as a check upon the Whigs and 
 houfe of Hanover. On the ^oth day of June, the COTI- 
 miffioner adjourned the parliament, after having thanked 
 them for their chearfulncfs and unanimity in their proceed 
 ings ; and the chiefs of the oppofite parties haftened to 
 London to make their different reprefjntations to the 
 queen, and her miniilry. In the mean time, (he appointed 
 commifHoners for treating about the union ; atid they met 
 at the Cockpit on the 22d day of October. On the 20 th 
 day of the next month, they adjufted preliminaries, im 
 porting, That nothing agreed on among themfelvcs fhould 
 be bidding, except ratified by her mujc-fty and the refpec- 
 tive parliaments of both nations ; and that, unlefs all the 
 heads propofed for the treaty were agreed to, no particular 
 thing agreed on fliould be binding. The queen vi filed 
 them in December, in order to quicken their mutual en 
 deavours. They agreed, that the two kingdoms fhould be 
 infeparably united into one monarchy, under her majefly, 
 her heirs and fucceflbr?, and under the ilime limitation?, 
 according to the act of fettlement : But, when the Scottish 
 commiflioners propofed that the rights and privileges of 
 their company trading to Africa and the Indies (liould he 
 preferved and maintained, fuch a difficulty arofe as could 
 not be furmounted, and no further progrefs was made in 
 this commiffion. The tranquillity of Ireland was not in 
 terrupted by any new commotion. That kingdom was 
 ruled byjuftices whom the earl of Rocheder had appoint 
 ed; and the trufbes for the forfeited eirates maintained 
 their authority. 
 
 While Britain was engaged in thefe civil tranfacfrons, 
 her allies were not idle on the continent. The old duke 
 of Zell, and his nephew, the eleilor of BrunAvick, furprif- 
 ed the dukes of Woifenbuttle and Saxe-Gotha, whom they
 
 342 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK compelled to renounce their attachments to France, and 
 concur in the common councils of the empire. Thus the 
 north of Germany w?.s reunited in the interefr of the con- 
 federates; and the princes would have been in a condition 
 to aflift them effectually, had not the neighbourhood of the 
 war in Poland deterred them from parting with their for 
 ces. England and the dates-general endeavoured in vain to 
 mediate a peace between the kings of Sweden and Poland. 
 Charles was become enamoured of war, and ambitious of 
 ponquefl. He threatened to invade Saxony through the 
 dominions of Pruflia. Au^uftus retired to Cracow, while 
 Charles penetrated to War fa w, and even ordered the cardi 
 nal-primate to fiimmon a diet for choofing a new king. 
 The fituation of affairs, at this juncture, was far from be 
 ing Favourable to the allies. The court of Vienna had 
 tampered i.n vain vyith the elector of Bavaria, who made ufe 
 of this negociation to raife his terms with Louis. His 
 brother, the elector of Cologn, admitted French garrifons 
 into Liege, and all his places on the Rhine. The cleclor 
 of S; xony was too hard prefied by the king of Sweden, to 
 fpare his full proportion of troops to the allies: The king 
 of Pruffia was overawed by the vicinity of the Swedifh con 
 queror : The duke of Savoy had joined his forces to thofe 
 of France, and over-run the whole ftate of Milan ; and the 
 pope, though he profefled a neutrality, evinced himfelf 
 flrongly bialled to the French interefts. 
 
 The war was begun in the name of the elector palatine 
 with the fiege of Keiferfwaert, which was inverted in the 
 month of April by the prince of Naffau-Saarbrugh, mare- 
 fchal-du-camp to the emperor : Under this officer the 
 Dutch troops ferved as auxiliaries, becaufe war had not 
 yet been declared by the ftates-general. The French gar- 
 rifon made a dcfperate defence. They worded the befieg- 
 ers in divers failies, and maintained the place until it v/as re 
 duced to aheap of afhes. At length the allies made a general 
 attack upon the countsrfcarp and ravelin, which they carri 
 ed after a very obftinate engagement, v/ith the lofs of two 
 thoufand men. Then the garrifon capitulated on honourable 
 terms, and the fortifications were razed. During this 
 fiege, which lafted from the I Oth day of April to the middle 
 of June, Count Tallard pofted himfelf on the oppofite Tide 
 of the Rhine, from whence he fupplied the town with freih 
 troops and ammunition, and annoyed the befiegers with his 
 artillery : But finding it impoffible to fave the place, he 
 joined the grand army, commanded by the duke of Bui- 
 gundy in the Netherlands. The fiege of Keiierfwaert was 
 covered by a body of Dutch troops under the earl of Ath- 
 lone, who lay encamped in the duchy of Cleve. IVIein-
 
 ANNE. 343 
 
 while, general Coehorn, at the head of another detachment CHAP, 
 entered Flanders, deinolifhed the French lines between the 
 forts of Donat and I fab ell a, and laid the chatellanie of B urges -y 
 under contribution : But a confiderable body of French 17 2 
 troops advancing under the marquis de Bedmar, and the 
 count de la Motte, he overflowed the country, and retired 
 under the walls of Sluys. The duke of Burgundy, who 
 had taken the command of the French army under BoufF- 
 lers, encamped at Zanten, near Cleve, and laid a fcheme 
 for furprizing Nimeguen ; in which, however, he was baf 
 fled by the vigilance and activity of Athlone, who, guefling 
 his defign, marched thither and encamped under the cannon 
 of the town. In the beginning of June, Landau was in 
 verted by Prince Louis of Baden : In July, the king of the 
 Romans arrived in the camp of the befiegers, with fuch 
 pomp and magnificence as exhaufted his father s treafury. 
 On the Qth day of September, the citadel was taken by af- 
 fault ; and then the town furrendered. 
 
 When the earl of Marlborough arrived in Holland, the Exploits of 
 earl of Athlone, in quality of veldt-marefchal, infifted upon tlle e * r! * 
 an equal command with the Englifh general: But the t(y ^^ 
 ftates obliged him to yield this point in favour of Marlbo- theCon- 
 rough, whom they declared generaliffimo of all their forces, tinent. 
 L\ the beginning of July he repaired to the camp at Ni- 
 meguen, where he foon afTembled an army of fixty thoufand 
 men, well provided with all necefTaries ; then he convoked 
 a council of the general officers, to concert the operations 
 of the campaign. On the 1 6th day of the month he paffed 
 the Maefe, and encamped at Over-aiTelt, within two leagues 
 and a half of the enemy, who had entrenched thcmfelves 
 between Goch and Genap. He afterwards repriffed the 
 river below the Grave, and removed to Gravenbroeck, 
 where he was joined by the Britifh train of artillery from 
 Holland. On the 2d day of Auguft, he advanced to Petit 
 Brugel, and the French retired before him, leaving Spaniih 
 Guel dei land to his difcretion. He had refolved to hazard 
 an engagement, and i/Tued orders accordingly : But he was 
 restrained by the Dutch deputies, who were afraid of- their 
 own intereft, in cafe the battle ihould have proved unfortu 
 nate. The duke of Burgundy, finding himfeif obliged to 
 retreat before the allied army, rather than expofe himfeif 
 longer to fuch a mortifying indignity, returned to Verfaii- 
 les, leaving the command to Boufflers, who loft the confi 
 dence of Louis by ill-fuccefs of this campaign. The de 
 puties of the ftates-general having represented to the enrl 
 of Marlborough the advantages that would accrue to Hol 
 land, from his difpofleffing the enemy of the places they 
 maintained in the Spanifh Guelclerlarid, by which the na-
 
 344 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK vigationofthe Maefe was obftrucled, and the important 
 town of Maeftricht in a manner blocked up, he refoived to 
 
 ^*"y > - ; deliver them from fuch a troublefome neighbourhood. He 
 1702. detached General Schultz with a body of troops to reduce 
 the town and ciftle of W-jrk, which were furrendered 
 afcer a flight refiftance. In the beginning of September, 
 lie undertook the fiege of Verilo, which capitulated on the 
 25th day of the month, after fort St. Michael had been 
 itormed and taken by lord Cutts and the Englifh volun 
 teers, among whom the young earl of Huntingdon diflin- 
 guifhed himfclf by very extraordinary ats of valour. Then 
 the general inverted Ruremonde, which he reduced after a 
 very obftinate defence, together with the fort of Stevenfu- 
 aert, fituated on the lame river. Bouffit-rs, confounded at 
 the rapidity of Maryborough s fuccefs, retired towards 
 Liege, in order to cover that city : But, at the approach of 
 the confederates, he retired with precipitation to Tonge- 
 ren, from whence he directed his route towards Brabant, 
 with a view to defend fuch places as the allies had no de- 
 fign to attack. When the earl of Marlborough arrived at 
 Liege, he found the fuburbs of St. Walburgh had been 
 fjt oa fire by the French garrifon, who had retired into the 
 citadel and Chartreux. The allies took immediate poflef- 
 fion of the city ; and in a few days opened the trenches 
 againfl the citadel, which was taken by aiTault. On this 
 occafion, the hereditary prince of HefTe CafTel charged the 
 head of the grenadiers, and was the firit perfon who mount 
 ed the breach. Violani the governor, and the duke of 
 Charoft were made prifoners. Three hundred thoufand 
 florins in gold and hlver were found in the citadel, befides 
 notes for above one million, drawn upon fubftantial mer 
 chants in Liege, who paid the money. Immediately after 
 this exploit, the garrifon of the Chartreux capitulated on 
 honourable terms, and were conducted to Antwerp. By 
 the fuccefs of this campaign, the earl of Marlborough raif- 
 ed his military charactor above all cenfure, and confirmed 
 himfelf in the entire confidence of the ftates-general, who, 
 in the beginning of the feafon, had trembled for Nirneguen, 
 and now faw the enemy driven back into their own do 
 mains. 
 
 When the army broke up in November, the general 
 repaired to Maeftritch, from whence he propofed to re 
 turn to the Hague by water. Accordingly, he embarked 
 in a large boat, with five and twenty foldiers, under the 
 command of a lieutenant. Next morning he was joined at 
 Ruremonde by Coehorn, in a larger vefTel, with fixty 
 men; and they were moreover efcorted by fifty troopers 
 who rode along the bank of the river. The large boat
 
 ANNE. 345 
 
 out-failed the other, and the horfemen miftook their way CHAP- 
 in the dark. A French partizan, with five-and-thirty 
 men from Gueldres, who lurked among the rufhes in 
 wait for prey, feizcd the rope by which the boat was 
 drawn, hauled it afhore, difcharged their fmall arms and 
 hand-grenades, then ruffling into it, fecured the foldiers 
 before they could put themfelves in a pofture of defence. 
 The earl of Marlborough was accompanied by General 
 Opdau), and Mynheer Gueldermalfen, one of the depu 
 ties, who were provided with paffports. The earl had 
 neglected this precaution ; but recollecting he had an old 
 paftport for his brother, General Churchill, he produced 
 it without any emotion ; and the partizan was in fuch 
 confufion, that he never examined the date. Neverthe- 
 lefs, he rifled their baggage, carried off the guard as pri- 
 foners, and allowed the boat to proceed. The governor 
 of Venlo receiving information that the earl was furprif- 
 ed by a party, and conveyed to Gueldres, immediately 
 marched out with his whole garrifon to inveft that place. 
 The fame imperfect account being tranfmitted to Holland, 
 filled the whole province with confternation. The ftates 
 forthwith afTembling, refolved, that all their forces fhould 
 march immediately to Gueldres, and threaten the garri 
 fon of the place with the utmoft extremities, unlefs they 
 would immediately deliver the general. But before thefe 
 orders could be difpatched, the earl arrived at the Hague, 
 to the inexpreflible joy of the people, who already looked 
 upon him as their faviour and protestor. 
 
 The French arms were not quite fo unfortunate on the 
 Rhine as in Flanders. The elector of Bavaria furprifed 
 the city of Ulrn in Saubia, by a ftratagem, and then de 
 clared for France, which had by this time complied with 
 all his demands. The diet of the empire, affembled at 
 R.atifbon, were foincenfed at his conduct in feizing the 
 city of Ulm by perfidy, that they prefented a memorial to 
 his Imperial majeftv, requefting he would proceed againft 
 the elector, according to the conftitutions of the empire. 
 They refolved by a plurality of voices to declare war, in 
 the name of the empire, againft the French king and the 
 duke of Anjou, for having invaded feveral fiefs of the em 
 pire in Italy, the archbifhop of Colonn, and the diocefe of 
 Liege; and they forbade the rr.inifters of Bavaria and 
 Cologn to appear in the general diet. In vain did thefe 
 powers proteft againft their proceedings. The empiie s 
 declaration of war was miblifhed and notified, in the name 
 of the diet, to the cardinal of LimSerg, the emperor s 
 com miff! oner. Meanwhile, the French made themfelves 
 -. afters of Neiusu.rgh in the circle of Saubia, while Louis 
 
 VOL. I. 2 X
 
 346 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK prince of Baden, being weakened by fending off detach 
 ments, was obliged to lie inactive in his camp near.Frid- 
 ^"V"""*^ linguen. The French army was divided into two bodies, 
 17 2 commanded by the Marquis de Villars and the Count de 
 Guif:ard; and the prince, thinking himfelf in danger of 
 beiny enclofed by the enemy, refolved to decamp, Vil 
 lars immediately pafled the Rhine, to fall upon him in his 
 retreat j and an obftinate engagement enfuing, the Impe- 
 rialifts were overpowered by numbers. The princi hav 
 ing loft two thoufand men, abandoned the field of bat 
 tle to the enemy together with his baggage, artillery, 
 and ammunition, and retired towards StaufFen, without 
 being purfued. The French army, even -after they had 
 gained the battle, were unaccountably feized with fuch a 
 panic, that if the Imperial general had faced them with 
 two regiments, he would have fnatched the victory from 
 Villars, who was upon this occafion faluted marefchal of 
 France by the foldiers ; and next day the town of Frid- 
 linguen furrendered. The prince being joined by fomc 
 troops under General Thungen, and other reinforcements, 
 refolved to give battle to the enemy ; but Villars declined 
 an engagement, and repafled the Rhine. Towards the 
 latter end of October, Count Tallard, and the Marquis 
 de Lomarie, with a body of eighteen thoufand men, re 
 duced Triers and Traerbach: On the other hand, the 
 prince of Hefle Caflcl, with a detachment from the allied 
 army at Liege, retook from the French the towns of 
 Zinch, Lintz, Brifac, and Andernach. 
 
 In Italy, p-ince Eugene laboured under a total neglect 
 of the Imperial court, where his enemies, on pretence of 
 fupporting the king of the Romans in his firft campaign, 
 weaned the emperor s attention entirely from his affairs 
 on the other fide of the Alps ; fo that he left his beft army 
 to moulder away for want of recruits and reinforcements. 
 The prince, thus abandoned, could not prevent the duke 
 de Vendome from relieving Mantua, and was obliged to 
 relinquifh fome other places he had taken. Philip king of 
 Spai/i, being infpired with the ambition of putting an end 
 to the war in this country, failed in perfon for Naples, 
 where he was vifited by the cardinal-legate, with a com 
 pliment from the pope ; yet he could not obtain the in- 
 veftiture of the kingdom from his holinefs. The empe 
 ror, however, was fo difgufted at the embafTy which the 
 pope had fent to Philip, that he ordered his ambaflador at 
 Rome to withdraw. Philip proceeded from Naples to Fi 
 nal, under convoy of the French fleet which had brought 
 him to Italy : Here he had an interview with the duke of 
 Savoy, who began to be alarmed at the profpecl of the 
 French king s being mafter of the Milanefej and, in
 
 ANNE. 347 
 
 a letter to the duke de Vendome, he forbade him to en- C 
 gage prince Eugene until he himfelf ihould arrive in the , 
 camp. Prince Eugene, und-ritanding that the French 
 army intended to attack Luzzara and Guaftalla, p.uled 
 the Po, with an army of about half the number of the 
 enemy, and ported himfelf behind the dyke of Zero, in 
 fuch a manner that the French were ignorant of his fit na 
 tion. He concluded, that on their arrival at the ground 
 they had chofcn, the horfe would march out to forage, 
 while the reft of the army would be employed in pitching 
 tents, and providing for their refrefhment. His defign 
 was to feize that opportunity of attacking them, not 
 doubting that he fhould obtain a complete victory: But 
 he wa:> difappointed by mere accident. An adjutant, with 
 an advanced guard, had the curiofity to afctnd the dyke, 
 in order to view the country, when he c ifcovered the Im 
 perial infantry lying on their faces, and their horfe in the 
 rear, ranged in order of battle. The French camp was 
 immediately alarmed : and as the intermediate ground 
 \vas covered with hedges, which obliged the aflailants to 
 defile, the enemy were in a pofture of defence before the 
 Imperialifts could advance to action : Neverthelefs, the 
 prince attacked th em with great vivacity, in hope? of dif- 
 ordering their line, which gave way in feveral places ; 
 but night interpofing, he was obliged to defift ; and, in 
 a few days, the French reduced Luz-zara and Guaftalla. 
 The prince, however, maintained his pofts, and Philip 
 returned to Spain, without having obtained any confider- 
 able advantage. 
 
 The French king employed all his artifice and intrigues 
 in raifing up new enemies againft the confederates. He is 
 faid to have bribed count Mansfield, prefident of the 
 council of war at Vienna, to withhold the fupplies from 
 prince Eugene in Italy. At the Ottoman Porte he had 
 actually gained over the vifir, who engaged to renew the 
 war with the emperor. But the mufti, and all the other 
 great officers, were averfe to this defign, and the vifir 
 fell a facrifice to their refentment. Louis continued to 
 embroil the kingdom of Poland by means of the cardinal- 
 primate. The young king of Sweden advanced to LilTau, 
 where he defeated Auguftus. Then he took poffeffion of 
 Cracow, and raifed contributions ; nor could he be per- 
 fuaded to retreat, although the Mufcovites and Lithuani 
 ans had ravaged Livonia, and even made an irruption in 
 to Sweden. 
 
 The operations of the combined fquadrons at fea did Naval 
 not fully anfwer the expedations of the public. On the tran 
 1 2th day of May, fir John Munden failed with twelve
 
 348 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 BOOK fhips, to intercept a French fquadron appointed &s a con- 
 :I - voy to a new viceroy of Mexico, from Corunna to the 
 
 -""Y** 1 " Weft Indies. On the 28th day of the month, he chafed 
 I 7 2 - fourteen fail of French (hips into Corunna. Then he call 
 ed a council of war, in which it was agreed, that as the 
 place was ftrongly fortified, and by the intelligence they 
 had received, it appeared that feventeen of the enemy s 
 fhips of war rode at anchor in the harbour, it would be 
 expedient for them to follow the latter part of their in- 
 ftru&ions, by which they were directed to cruize in 
 foundings for the protection of the trade. They returned 
 accordingly, and being diftrefied by want of provifions, 
 came into port, to the general difcontcnt of the nation. 
 For the fatisfaclion of the people, fir John Munden was 
 tried by a court-martial, and acquitted ; but as this mif- 
 carriage had rendered him very unpopular, prince George 
 difmifled him from the fervice. We have already hinted, 
 that king William had projected a fcheme to reduce Ca 
 diz, with intention to ac~l afterwards againft the Spaniih 
 fettlements in the Weft Indies. This defign Queen An 
 ne refolved to put in execution. Sir George Rooke com 
 manded the fleet, and the duke of Ormond was appointed 
 general of the land forces deftined for this expedition. 
 The combined fquadror.s amounted to fifty fhips of the 
 line, exclufive of frigates, fire-fhips, and ("mailer veiTels ; 
 and the number of foldiers embarked was not far ftiort of 
 fourteen thoufand. In the latter end of June, the fleet 
 failed from St. Helen s; on the I2th of Auguft, they 
 anchored at the diftance of two leagues from Cadiz. 
 Next day the duke of Ormond fummoned the duke de 
 Brancaccio, who w^s governor, to fubmit to the houfe of 
 Auftria ; but that officer anfwered, he would acquit him- 
 felf honourably of the truft repofed in him by the king. 
 On the 1 5th, the duke of Ormond landed with his forces 
 in the Bay of Bulls, under cover of a fmart fire from 
 fome frigates, and repulfed a body of Spanifh cavalry : 
 Then be fummoned the governor of Fort St. Catharine s 
 to furrender ; and received an anfwer, importing, that 
 the garrifon was prepared for his reception. A declaration 
 was publifhed in the Spanifh language, intimating, that 
 the allies did not come as enemies to Spain ; but only to 
 free them from the yoke of France, and affift them in 
 cftablifhing themfelves under the government of the houfe 
 of Auftria. Thefe profeflions produced very little efFer 
 among the Spaniards, who were either cooled in their at 
 tachment to that family, or provoked by the exceJles of 
 the Englifh troops : Thefe having taken poffeflion of 
 Fort St. Catharine, and Port St. Mary s, inftead of pro-
 
 ANNE. 349 
 
 te&ing, plundered the natives, notwithstanding the {tricl CHAP 
 orders iffued by the duke of Ormond, to prevent this 
 fcandalous pralice : Even fome general officers were ^^Y^*- 
 concerned in the pillage. A battery was raifed againft 
 Montagarda fort, oppofite to the Puntal : But the at 
 tempt mifcarried, and the troops were re-embarked. 
 
 Captain Hardy having been fent to water in Lagos 
 bay, received intelligence tha t the galleons from the 
 Weft Indies had put into Vigo, under convoy of a French 
 fquadron. He failed immediately in queft of fir George 
 Rooke, who was now on his voyage back to England, 
 and falling in with him on the 6th day of O6tober, com 
 municated the fubftance of what he had learned. Rooke 
 immediately called a council of war, in which it was de 
 termined to alter their courfe, and attack the enemy at 
 Vigo. He forthwith detached fome fmall veflels for in 
 telligence, and received a confirmation, that the galleons, 
 and the fquadron commanded by Chateau Renault, were 
 actually in the harbour. They failed thither, and appear 
 ed before the place on the I ith day of October. The 
 paffage into the harbour was narrow, fccurcd by batte 
 ries, forts, and breaft-works on each fide ; by a Irrong 
 boom, confifting of iron chains, topmafts, and cables, 
 moored at each end to a feventy-gun fhip ; and fortified 
 within by five {hips of the fame ftrength, lying athwart 
 the channel, with their broad fides to the offing. As the 
 firft and fecond rates of the combined fleets were too 
 large to enter, the admirals fhifted their flags into fmaller 
 fhips ; and a divifion of five-and-twcnty Englii h and 
 Dutch {hips of the line, with their frigates, firefhips, and 
 ketches, was deftined for the fervice. In order to facili 
 tate the attack, the duke of Ormond landed with 2500 
 men, at the diftance of fix miles from Vigo, and took by 
 aflault a fort and platform of forty pieces of cannon, at 
 the entrance of the harbour. The Britifh enfign was no 
 fooner feen flying at the top of this fort, than the fhips 
 advanced to the attack. Vice-admiral Hopfon, in the 
 Torbay, crowding all his fail, ran diredtly againft the 
 boom, which was broken by the firft fhuck : Then the 
 whole fquadron entered the harbour, through a prodi 
 gious fire from the enemy s {hips and batteries. Thefe 
 laft, however, were foon ftormed and taken by the gre 
 nadiers who had been landed. The great {hips lay againft 
 the forts at each fide of the harbour, which in a little 
 time they filenced ; though vice-admiral Hopfon narrow 
 ly efcaped from a fire-lfoip, by which he was boarded. 
 After a very vigorous engagement, the French, finding 
 themfelves unable to cope with fuch an adverfary, refolv-
 
 350 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B 
 
 o O K ed to deftroy their fhips and galleons, that they might 
 . not fall into the hands of the vigors. They accordingly 
 
 *"Y** burned and ran afhore eight fhips and as many advice- 
 boats; but ten fhips of war were taken, together with ele 
 ven galleons. Though they had fecured the beft part of 
 their plate and merchandife before the Englifli fleet arrived, 
 the value of fourteen millions of pieces of eight, in plate 
 and rich commodities, was deftroyed in fix galleons that 
 perifhed, and about half that value was brought off by the 
 conquerors ; fo that this was a dreadful blow to the enemy, 
 and a noble acquisition to the allies. Immediately after 
 this exploit, Sir George Rooke was joined by Sir Clou- 
 defley Shovel, who had been fent out with a fquadron to 
 intercept the galleons. This officer was left to bring 
 home the prizes, and difmantle the fortifications, while 
 Rooke returned in triumph to England. 
 
 The glory which the English acquired in this expedition 
 was in feme meafure tarnifhed by the conducl of f >me offi 
 cers in the Weft Indies. Thither Admiral Benbow had 
 been detached with a fquadron of ten fail, in the courfe of 
 of the preceding year. At Jamaica, he received iru 
 gence, that Monfieur Du CafTe was in the neighbourhood 
 of Hifpaniola, and refolved to beat up to that Ifland; At 
 Leogane he fell in with a French fhip of fifty guns, which 
 her captain ran a ihore and blew up. He took feveral o- 
 ther vefTels, and having alarmed Pettit-Guavas, bo r e -way 
 for Donna Maria Bay, where he underftood that Du C~fle 
 had failed for the coaft of Carthagena. Benbow refolved to 
 follow the fame courfe; and on the igth of Auguft, difco- 
 vered the enemies fquadron near St. Martha, confifiing of 
 ten fail, fteering along fhore. He formed the line, and an 
 engagement enfued, in which he was very ill feconded by 
 fome of his captains. Neverthelefs, the battle continued 
 till night, and he determined to renew it next morning, 
 when ne perceived all his fhips at the diftance of three or 
 four miles aflern, except the Ruby, commanded by Captain 
 George Walton, who joined him m plying the enemy 
 with chafe-guns. On the 21 ft, thefe two fhips engaged 
 the French fquadron; and the Ruby was fo difabled, that 
 the admiral was obliged to fend her back to Jamaica. Next 
 day, the Green.wich, commanded by Wade, was five 
 leagues aftern ; and the wind changing, the enemy had the 
 advantage of the weather-gage. On the 23d, the Admiral 
 renewed the battle with his Jingle fhip, unluftained by the 
 reft of the fquadron. On the 24th his leg was Shattered 
 by a chain -fliot; notwithftanding which accident, he re 
 mained on the quarter-Jeck in a cradle, and continued the 
 engagement. One of the largeft fhips of the enemy lying
 
 ANNE. 351 
 
 like a wreck upon the water, four fail of the Englifti fqua- CHAP. 
 dron poured their broadfides into her, and then ran to Ice- 
 ward, without paying any regard to the fignal for battle. 
 Then the French bearing down upon the Admiral with 
 their whole force, fhot away his main-top-fail-yard, and 
 damaged his rigging in fuch a manner, that he was obliged 
 to lie by and refit, while they took their difabled (hip in 
 tow. During this interval, he called a council of his cap 
 tains, and expoftulated with them on their behaviour. 
 They obferved, that the French were very ftrong, and ad- 
 vifed him to defift. He plainly perceived that he was be 
 trayed, aud with the utmoft reluctance returned to Jamaica, 
 having not onjy loft a leg, but alfo received a large wound 
 in his face, and another in his arm, while he in perfon 
 attempted to board the French Admiral. Exafperated at 
 the treachery of his captains, he granted a commiffion to 
 Rear-admiral Whetftone, and other officers, to hold a 
 court-martial, and try them for cowardice. Hudfon, of 
 the Pendenuis died hefore his trial: Kirby and Wade were 
 convicted, and fentenc^d to be fhot: Conftable of the 
 Windfor was cafhiered and imprifoned : Vincent of the 
 Falmuth, and Fogg, the admiral s own captain of the Bre 
 da, were convicted of having figned a paper, that they 
 would not fight under Benbow s command ; but, as they 
 behaved gallently in the action, the court inflicted upon 
 them no other punifhment, than that of a provifional fuf- 
 penfion. Captain Walton had likewife joined in the con- 
 piracy while he was heated with the fumes of intoxication; 
 but he afterwards renounced the engagement, and fought 
 with admirable courage until his {hip was difabled. The 
 boifterous manners of Benbow had produced this bafe con 
 federacy. He was a rough feaman ; but remarkably brave, 
 honeft, and experienced *. He took this mifcarriage fo 
 much to heart, that he became melancholy, and his grief 
 co-operated with the fever occafioned by his wounds, put 
 a period to his life. Wade and Kirby were fent home in 
 the Briitol ; and, on their arrival at Plymouth, fhot on 
 board of the fhip, by virtue of a dead warrant for their im- 
 
 * When one of his lieutenants exprefTed his forrow for the lofs of the Ad 
 mirals leg, " I am forry for it toe (replied the gallant Benbow) but I had ra- 
 " iht;r have loft them both than h ave feen this dilhenour brought upon the 
 " Engliih nation. But, do you hear ? If another fhot ihould take me oft", bc- 
 * have like brave men, and fight it out." When Du. Cail e arrived at Car- 
 thagena, he wrote a letter to Benbow to this eifeft : 
 " SIR, 
 
 " I Had little hope o n Monday !aft but to have Tupped in your cabin ; but 
 * itpleaied God to order it otherwise. I am thankful for it. As for thofe covv- 
 " ardly captains who deferted you, hang them up ; for, by God, they de- 
 " ferve it. Yuur s, 
 
 DU CASSE."
 
 352 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK mediate execution, which had lain their for fome time. 
 The fame precaution had been taken in all the weitern 
 ports, in order to prevent applications in their favour. 
 
 During thefe tranfactions, the queen feemed to be happy 
 in the affection of her fubjects. Though the continuance 
 of rtie parliament was limited to fix months after the king s 
 deceafe, fhe diflblved it by proclamation before the term 
 was expired ; and iffued writs by electing another, in 
 which the Tory intereft predominated. In the fummer the 
 cjueen gave audience to the count de Platens, envoy extra 
 ordinary from the elector of Hanover ; then fhe made a 
 piregrefs with her hufbaad to Oxford, Bath, and Briflol, 
 where fhe was received with all the marks of the moft ge 
 nuine affection. The new parliament meeting on the 
 2Oth day of October, Mr. Harley was chofen fpcaker. The 
 queen in fpeech declared, fhe had furnmoned them to a/lift 
 her in carrying on the juft and neceffary war in which the 
 nation was engaged. She defired the commons would in- 
 fpect the accounts of the public receipts and payments, that 
 if any abufes had crept into the management of the finances, 
 they might be detected, and the offenders punifhed. She 
 told them, that the funds affigned in the laft parliament had 
 not produced the fums granted ; and that the deficiency 
 wasnotfupplied even by the hundred thoufand pounds which 
 file had paid from her own revenue for the public fervice. 
 She expiefied her concern for the difappointment at Cadiz, 
 as well as for the abufes committed at port St. Mary s, 
 which had obliged her to give directions for the ftrictefl 
 examination of the particulars. She hoped they would find 
 time to confider of fome better and n-ore effectual me 
 thod to prevent the exportation of wocl, and improve that 
 manu fadture, which fhe was determined to encourage. 
 She profeffed a firm perfuation, that the affection of her 
 fubjects was the fureft pledge of their duty and obedience. 
 She promifed to defend and maintain the church as by law 
 eftablifhed; and to prote A her fubjects in the full enjoy 
 ments of all their rights and liberties. She protefted, that 
 fhe relied on their care of her ; fhe faid her intereft and 
 their s were infeparable; and that her endeavours fhould 
 never be wanting to make them all fafe and happy. She 
 was prcfented with a very affectionate addrefs from either 
 houfe, congratulating her upon the glorious fuccefs of her 
 arms, and thofe of her allies, under the command of the 
 earl of Marlborough ; but that of the commons was diftin- 
 guifhed by an implicated reproach on the late reign, im 
 porting, that the wonderful progrefs of her majefty s arms 
 under the earl of Marlborough had fignally "retrieved" the 
 ancient honour and glory of the -nglifh nation. This ex-
 
 ANNE. 353 
 
 prefHon had excited a warm debate in the houfe, in the courfe C H A p. 
 of which many fevere reflections were made on thememory n - 
 of King William.. At Ic-ngth, the queftion was put, Whe- ^V*^ 
 ther the word " retrieved" fhould remain? and carried in 7 z - 
 the affirmative, by a majority of one hundred. 
 
 The Ifcrength of ihe Tories appeared in nothing more 
 confpicuous than in their enquiry concerning controverted 
 elections. The borough of Hindon, near Salifbury, was 
 convicted of bribery, and a bill brought in for disfranchi- 
 fing the town; yet, no vote parted againft the perlbn who 
 exercifed this corruption, becaufe he happened to be a 
 Tory. Mr. Howe was declared duly elected for Glou- 
 cefterfh ire, though the majority of the electors had voted 
 for the other candidotte. Sir John Packirigton exhibited a 
 complaint againft the bifhop of Worcefter and his fon, for 
 having endeavoured to prevent his election ; the commons 
 having taken it into confederation, refolved, that the pro 
 ceedings of William lord bifhop of Worcefter, and his fon, 
 had been malicious, unchriftian, and arbitrary, in high vio 
 lation of the liberties and privileges of the commons of 
 England. They voted an addrefs to the queen, defiring 
 her to remove the father from the office of lord almoner ; 
 and they ordered the attorney-general to profccute the fon, 
 after his privilege as a member of the convocation fhould 
 be expired. A counter-addrefs was immediately voted, 
 and prefented by the lords, befeeching her majefty would not 
 remove the bifhop of Worcefter from the place of lord al 
 moner, until he fhould be found guilty of fome crime by 
 due courfe of law ; as it was the undoubted right of every 
 lord of parliament, and of every fubjeclof England, to have 
 an opportunity to trake his defence before he fuffers any 
 fort of punifhment. The queen faidfne had not as yet re 
 ceived any complaint againft the bifhop of Worcester ; but 
 (lie looked upon it as her undoubted right to continue or 
 difplace any fervant attending upon her own perfon, when 
 file fhould think proper. The peers having received this 
 anfxver, unanimously refolved that no lord of their houfe 
 ought to fuiTer any fort of puniiliment by any proceedings 
 of the houfe of commons, otherwife than according to the 
 known and ancient rules and methods of parliament. Vv hen 
 the comvr.oriS attended the queen with their addrefs a;r:uaft 
 tae biiiiop, fhe faid file was forry there was occafion for 
 fuch a remonflrap.ee, and that the biihop of Worcefter 
 ihould no longer continue to fupply the place of her almo 
 ner. This regard to their addrefs was a flagrant proof or" 
 her partiality tj the Tories, who feemed to juftify her at 
 tachment by their compliance and liberality. 
 
 VOL. I. 2 Y
 
 354 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK In deliberating on the fupplies, they agreed to all the 1 
 demands of the minHtry. They voted forty thoufand fea- 
 
 ^""Y"^ men, and the like number of land forces, to ai in conjunc- 
 J 7 2 - tioti with thofe of the allies. For the maintenance of thefe 
 Lift, they granted eight hundred and thirty-three thoufand 
 eight hundred and twenty-fix pounds ; b-.fides three hundred 
 and fifty thoufand pounds for guards and garrifons ; f.-venty 
 thoufand nine hundred and fevehty-three pounds for ord 
 nance ; and fifty-one thoufand eight hundred and forty- 
 three pounds for fubfidies to the allies. Lord Shannon ar 
 riving with the news of the fuccefs at Vigo, the queen ap 
 pointed a day of thankfgiving for the fignal fuccefs of her 
 arms under the earl of Marlborough, the duke of Ormond, 
 and Sir George Rooke; and, on that day, which was the 
 I2th of November, fhe went in (late to St. Paul s Church, 
 attended by both houfcs of parliament, Next day, the 
 peers voted the thanks of their houfe to the duk>^ of Or 
 mond for his fervices at Vigo; and, at the fame time, drew 
 up an add refs to the queen, defiring fhe would order the 
 duke of Ormond and Sir George Rooke to lay before them 
 an account of their proceedings : A requeft with which her 
 majefty complied. Thefe two officers were likewife thank 
 ed by the houfe of commons: Vice- Admiral Hopfon was 
 knighted, and gratified with a confiderable penfion. The 
 duke of Ormond, at his return from the expedition, com 
 plained openly of Rook s conduct, and feemed determined 
 to fubject him to a public accufation: But that officer wr.s 
 fuch a favourite among the commons, that the court was 
 afraid to difoblige them by an impeachment, and took great 
 pains to mitigate the duke s refentment. This nobleman 
 was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and Rooke was 
 admitted into the privy-council. A motion, however, be 
 ing made in the houfe of lords, that the admiral s inftructions 
 and journals, relating to the laft expedition, might be ex 
 amined, a committee was appointed for that purpofe, and 
 prepared an unfavourable report : But it was rejected by a 
 majority of the houfe; and they voted, That Sir George 
 Rooke had done his duty, purfuant to the councils of war, 
 like a brave officer, to the honour of the Britifh nation. 
 
 On the 2ift day of November, the queen fent a meflage 
 to the houfe of commons by Mr. Secretary Hedges, recom 
 mending further provision for the prince her hufband, in 
 cafe he mould furvive her. This meflage being confider- 
 ed, Mr. Howe moved, That the yearly furn of one hun 
 dred thoufand pounds fhould be fettled on the prince, in 
 cafe he fhould furvive her majefty. No oppofition was 
 made to the propofal : But warm debates were excited by 
 a elaufc in the bill, exempting the prince from that part of
 
 ANNE. 355 
 
 the a<Si of fuccefiion by which ftrangers, though natura- C H A P. 
 lized, were rendered incapable of holding employments. 
 This claufe related only to thofe who fhould be naturaliz- *- "Y " x - 
 cd in a future reign ; and indeed was calculated as a re- I 7 02> 
 ftriction upon the houfe of Hanover. Many members ar 
 gued againft the claufe of exemption, bccaufe it feemcd to 
 imply, that perfons already naturalized would be excluded 
 from employments in the next reign, though already pof- 
 fefL d of the right of natural-born fubjecls, a confequence 
 plainly contradictory to the meaning of the ah Others 
 oppofed it, becaufe the lords had already rcfolved by a 
 vote, That they would never pafs any bill fent up from 
 the commons, to which a claufe foreign to the bill fhould 
 be tacked ; and this claufe they affirmed to be a tack, as 
 an incapacity to hold employments was a circumftance al 
 together diftincl from a fettlement in money. The queen 
 expreffed uncommon eagernefs in behalf of this bill ; and 
 the court influence was managed fo fuccefsfully, that it 
 patted through both houfes, though not without an obfti- 
 nn^e oppofition, and a formal proteft by feven-and twenty 
 peers. 
 
 The earl of Marlborough arriving in England about Earl of 
 the latter end of November, received the thanks of the M;irlb( >- 
 commons for his great and fignal fervices, which were fo Created 
 acceptable to the queen, that file created him a duke, gra- duke. 
 tified him with a penfion of five thoufand pounds upon the 
 revenue of the poft- office during his natural life; and, in a 
 meffage to the commons, expreffed a defire, that they 
 would find fome method to fettle it on the heir-male of his 
 body. This intimation was productive of warm debates, 
 during which Sir Christopher Mufgrave obferved, that he 
 would not derogate from the duke s eminent fervices: 
 But he affirmed his grace had been very well paid for 
 them, by the profitable employments which he and his 
 duchefs enjoyed. The duke, underftanding that the com- - 
 mons were heated by the fubjecl:, begged her majefty 
 would rather forego her gracious mefTage in his behalf, 
 than create any uneafmefs on his account, which might 
 embarrafs her affairs, and be of ill confequence to the pub 
 lic. Then fhe fent another meffage to the houfe, fignify- 
 ing, that the duke of Marlborough had declined her in- 
 terpofition. Notwithstanding this declaration, the com 
 mons in a body prefented an addrefs, acknowledging the 
 eminent fervices of the duke of Marlborough, yet expreff- 
 ing their apprehenfion of making a precedent to alienate 
 the revenue of the crown, which hud been fo much re 
 duced by the exorbitant grants of the late reign, and fo 
 "/fettled and fecured by her majefty s unparalleled
 
 356 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK aracc and goodnefs. The queen was f^tisfled with their 
 apology ; but their refufal in all probability helped to ali- 
 enatethe duke from the Tories, with whom he had been 
 hitherto connected. 
 
 Tn the beginning of January, the queen gave the houfe 
 of commons to underftand, that the ftates-general had 
 prefled her to augment her forces, as the only means to 
 render ineffectual the great and early preparations of the 
 enemy. The commons immediately refolved, that ten 
 thouiand men fhould be hired, as an augmentation of the 
 forces to acl in conjunction with the allies ; but, on con 
 dition that an immediate ftop fhould be put to all com 
 merce and correfpondence with France and Spain on the 
 part of the ftates-general . The lords prefented an addrefs 
 to the queen on the fame fubjeft, and to the fame effect ; 
 and flie owned that th condition was abfolutely necefiary 
 for the good of the whole alliance. The Dutch, even al 
 ter the declaration of war, had canted on a traffic with the 
 French; and, at this very juncture, Louts found it im- 
 pollible to make remittances of money to the elector of 
 Bavaria in Germany, and to his forces in Italy, except 
 through the canal of Englifh, Dutch, and Geneva mer 
 chants. The ftates-general, though fhocked at the impe 
 rious manner in which the parliament of England prefcrib- 
 ed their conduct, complied with the demand without be- 
 fitation, and publifhed a prohibition of all commerce, with 
 thefubje<5r.s of France and Spain. 
 
 The commons cf this parliament had nothing more at 
 heart than a bill agp.inft occafional conformity. The To 
 ries affecSied to diftinguifh themfelves as the only true 
 friends to the church and monarchy; and they hated the 
 diflenters with a mixture of fpiritual and political difguft. 
 They looked upon thefc laic as an intruding fe<5r, which 
 conftituted great part of the Whig faction that extorted 
 fuch immenfe fums of money from the nation in the late 
 reign, and involved it in pernicious engagements, from 
 whence it had no piofpect of deliverance. They confi- 
 dered them as encroaching fchifmatics that difgraccd and 
 endangered the hierarchy ; and thwfe of their own commu 
 nion who recommended moderation, they branded with 
 the epithets of lukewarm Chiifuans, betrayers, and apo- 
 fratcs. 7"hey now refolved to approve themfelves zealous 
 fons of the church, by feizing the firft opportunity that 
 was in their power to diflrefs the dill-enters. In order to 
 pave the way to this perfecution, fermcns were preached, 
 and pamphlets were printed to blacken the character of 
 the fe<5l, and inflame the popular refcntment againft their. 
 On the 4th day of November, Mr. Cromely, Mr. St,
 
 ANNE. 357 
 
 John and Mr. Ann?fley, were ordered by the houfe of C H A P. 
 commons to bring in a bill for preventing occafional con 
 formity. In the preamble all perfecution for confcience V- *V**^ 
 fake was condemned : Neverthelefs, it enacted, that all 
 thofs who had taken the facrament and teft for offices of 
 truft, or the magiftracy of corporations, and afterwards 
 frequented any meeting of diffenters, fhould be diiabled 
 from holding their employments, pay a fine of one hun 
 dred pounds, and five pounds for every day in which they 
 continued to at in their employments after having been 
 at any fuch meeting: They were alfo rendered incapable 
 of holding any other employment, till after one whole 
 year s conformity ; and, upon a relapfe, the penalties and 
 time of incapacity were doubled. The promoters of the 
 bill alledged, that an eftablifhed religion and national 
 church were abfolutely necefiary, when fo many impi 
 ous men pretended to infpiration, and deluded fuch num 
 bers of the people : That the moft effectual way to pre- 
 ferve this national church, would be the maintenance of 
 the civil power in the hands of thofe who exprefied their 
 regard to the church in their principles and pra6bice : That 
 the parliament, by the corporation and teft acl:s, thought 
 they had raifed a fufficient barrier to the hierarchy, never 
 imagining that a fet of men would rife up, whole confci- 
 ences would be too tender to obey the laws, but hardened 
 enough to break them : That, as the laft reign began with 
 an acl: in favour ofdilTenters, fo the commons were defir- 
 ous that in the beginning of her majefty s aufjncious go 
 vernment, an acl: fhould pafs in favour of the church of 
 England : That this bill did not entrench on the acl of 
 toleration, or deprive the diffenters of any privileges they 
 enjoyed by law, or add any thing to the legal rights of the 
 church of England: That occafional conformity was an 
 evafion of the law, by which the diflenters might infinu- 
 ate themfelves into the management of all corporations : 
 That a feparation from the church, to which a man s con 
 fcience will allow him occafionally to conform, is a mere 
 fchifm, which in itfelf was finful, without the fuperaddi- 
 tionofa temporal law to m- .ke it an offence: That the 
 toleration was intended only for the eafe of tender confci- 
 ences, ard not to give a licenfe for occafional conformity: 
 T hat conforming and nonconforming were contradictions ; 
 for, nothing but a firm perfuafion that the terms of com 
 munion required are finful and unlawful, could juftify the 
 one ; and ihis plainly condemns the other. The mem 
 bers who oppofed the bill argued, that the diiTenters were 
 generally well afFecled TO the prefent conftitution: That 
 to bring any real hardfhip upon them, or give rife to jea-
 
 358 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 E O OK loufies and fears at fuch a jun&ure, might be attended 
 with dangerous confequences : That the toleration had 
 greatly contributed to the fecurity and reputation of the 
 church, and plainly proved, that liberty of conscience, and 
 gentle meafures, were the moft effectual means for cn- 
 creafing the votaries of the church, and diminiihino; the 
 number of dilTenters : TJiat the diflenters could not be 
 termed fchifmatics without bringing an heavy charge upon 
 the church of England, which had not only tolerated fuch 
 fchifm, but even allowed communion with the reformed 
 churches abroad : That the penalties of this bill were 
 more fevere than thofe which the law irnpofed on Papifts, 
 for ailiftine: at the moft folemn acl: of their religion: In a 
 word, that toleration and tenclernefs had been always pro 
 ductive of peace and union, whereas perfecution had never 
 failed to excite difcord, and extend fuperftition. Many 
 alterations and mitigations were propofed, without effect. 
 In the courfe of the debates the difTenters were mentioned 
 and reviled with great acrimony; and the bill palled the 
 lower houfe by virtue of a confiderable majority. 
 
 The lords, apprehenfive that the commons would tack 
 it to fome money-bill, voted, That the annexing any 
 claufe to a money-bill was contrary to the conftitution of 
 the Englifti government, and the ufage of parliament. 
 The bill met with a very warm oppofition in the upper 
 houfe, where a confiderable portion of the Whig intereft 
 ilill remained. Thefe members believed, that the inten 
 tion of the bill was to model corporations, fo as to ejecl all 
 thofe who would not vote in elections for the Tories. 
 Some imagined this was a preparatory ftep towards a re 
 peal of the toleration; and others concluded, that the pro 
 moters of the bill defigned to raife fuch difturbances at 
 home, as would difcourage the allies abroad, and render 
 the profecutian of the war impracticable. The majority 
 of the bifhops, and among thefe Burnet of Sarum, objected 
 againft it on the principles of moderation, and from mo 
 tives of confcience. Neverthelefs, as the court fupported 
 this meafure with its whole power and influence, the bill 
 made its way through the houfe, though not without al 
 terations and amendments, which were rejected by the 
 commons. The lower houfe pretended, that the lords had 
 no right to alter any fines and penalties that the commons 
 fhould fix in bills fent up for their concurrence, on the 
 fuppofition that thofe were matters concerning money, the 
 peculiar province of the lower houfe : The lords ordered 
 a minute enquiry to be made into all the rolls of parlia 
 ment fmce the reign of Henry VII. and a great number 
 c.i ir.Runcef. were found, in which the lords had begun the
 
 A N N E, 
 
 claufes impofmg fines and penalties, altered the penalties CHAP. 
 v/hich had been fixed by the commons, and even changed _ 
 
 the ufes to which they were applied. Thefe precedents V -*"Y" S 
 were entered in the books ; but the commons refolved to I 7 02 " 
 maintain their point without engaging in any difpute upon 
 the fubjecl:. After warm debates, and a free conference 
 between the two houfes, the lords adhered to their amend 
 ments, though this refolution was carried by a majority 
 of one vote only : The commons perfifted in rejecting them ; 
 the bill mifcarried ; and both houfes publifheJ their pro 
 ceedings, by way of appeal to the nation*. A bill was 
 now brought into the lower houfe, granting another year s 
 confideration to thofe who had not taken the oath, abjuring 
 the pretended prince of Wales. The lords added three 
 claufes, importing, That thofe perfons who fhould take the 
 oath within the limited time might return to their bene 
 fices and employments, unlefs they fhould be already le 
 gally filled : That any perfon endeavouring to defeat the 
 fucceffion to the crown, as now limited by law, fhould be 
 deemed guilty of high treafon ; and that the oath of ab- 
 juiation fhould be impofed upon the fubjects in Ireland. 
 The commons made ibme oppofition to the firft claufe ; 
 but, at length, the queftion being put, Whether they 
 fhould agree to the amendments ? it was carried in the af 
 firmative by one voice. 
 
 No object engrafted more time, or produced more vlo- Violent dif- 
 lent debates, than did the enquiry into the public accounts. fentlon be - 
 
 ^ . ** twixt the 
 
 i he commiflioners appointed for this purpofe pretended two houfes 
 to have made great difcoveries. They charged the earl of of parlia- 
 Ranelagh, paymafter-general of the army, with flagrant ment< 
 mifmanagement. He acquitted himfelf in fuch a manner 
 as fcreened him from all feverity of punifhment : Never- 
 thelefs, they expelled him from the houfe for a high crime 
 and mifdcmeanor, in rnifapplying feveral Aims of the pub 
 lic money; and he thought proper to refign his employ 
 ment. A long ad<lrefs was prepared and prefented to the 
 queen, attributing the national debt to mifmanagement of 
 the funds ; complaining that the old methods of the ex 
 chequer had been neglected ; and the iniquitous frauds had 
 been committed by the commilTioners of the prizes. Pre 
 vious to this remonftrance, the houfe, in confequence of 
 the report of the comrnitter, had paffed feveral fevere re- 
 
 * Wliile this bill was depending, Daniel de Foe published a pamphlet, 
 entitled, " Tlie fhoiteft way with the diffcnters 5 or, propofals for the efta- 
 Miihrnujt of the church." The piece was a fevers fatire on the violence of 
 the church-party. The commons ordered it to be burned by the hands of the 
 common hangman, and the author to be profecute.l. He was accordingly com 
 mitted to Newgate, trkd, condcsin;:d to py a fine of t\va hundred pounds, aai 
 i"s-.;id in the pillory.
 
 360 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B OO K folutions, particularly againft Charles Lord Hallifax, au- 
 H- clitor of the receipt of the exchequer, as having ne- 
 
 ***~Y*^ glecled his duty, and been guilty of a breach of trufL For 
 I 7 02 - thefe reafons, they actually befought the queen, in an ad- 
 drefs, that {lie would give directions to the attorney-gene 
 ral, to profecute him for the faid offences ; and fhe pro- 
 mifed to comply with their requell. On the other hand, 
 the lords appointed a committee to examine all the obfer- 
 vations which the commiffioners of accounts had offered 
 to both houfes. They afcribed the national debt to defi 
 ciencies in the funds: They acquitted Lord Hallifax, the 
 lords of the treafury, arid their officers, whom the com 
 mons had accufed ; and reprefented thefe circumftances in 
 an addrefs to the queen, which was afterwards printed, 
 with the vouchers to every particular. This difference 
 blew up a fierce flame of difcord between the two houfcs, 
 which manifefted their mutual animofity in fpeeches, votes, 
 refolutions, and conferences. The commons affirmed, 
 that no cognizance the lords could take of the public ac 
 counts would enable them to fupply any deficiency, or 
 appropriate any furplufage of the public money : That 
 they could neither acquit nor condemn any perfon what- 
 foever, upon any enquiry arifmg originally in their own 
 houfe ; and that their attempt to acquit Charles Lord 
 Hallifax was unparliamentary. The lords infifted upon 
 their right to take cognizance originally of all public ac 
 counts ; they affirmed, that in tn:ir refolutions with ref- 
 pecl: to Lord Hallifax, they had proceeded according to 
 the rules of juftice. They owned, however, that their 
 refolutions did not amount to any judgment or acquittal ; 
 but that finding a vote of the commons reflected upon a 
 member of their houfe, they thought fit to give their opi 
 nion in their L-giflative authority. The queen interpofed 
 by a meffage to the lords, defiring they would difpatch the 
 bufmefs in which they were engaged. The difpute con 
 tinued even after this intimation: One conferrence was 
 held after another, till at length both fides defpaired of an 
 accommodation. The lords ordered their proceedings to 
 be punted, and the commons followed their example. 
 On the 27th day of February the queen having palled all 
 the bills that were ready for the royal affent, ordered the 
 lord keeper to prorogue the parliament, after having pro 
 nounced a fpeech, in the ufual tlile. She thanked them 
 for their zeal, affection and difpatch ; declared, fne would 
 encourage and maintain the church as by law eftablifbed ; 
 defired they would coniider fome further laws for reftrain- 
 ing the great licenfc z.iTumed of publifhing fcandalous 
 pamphlets and libels ; and allured them, that all her {hare
 
 ANNE. 361 
 
 Hzes \vhirh might be taken in the war fhouKl be C H A p. 
 to the pul^ic fjrvice. By this time the earl of 
 : ;entir Iv removed from the queen s councils. 
 
 ufelf outweighed by the intereft of the duke of J 7 oa - 
 
 \1 Lord Godolphin, he had become fallen 
 : ; and rather than re-pair to his government 
 of Ireland, chofe to refign the office, which, as ye have 
 already obf-.n Vv.d, was conferred upon the duke of Or- 
 irjorid, an accomplished nobleman, who had acquired great 
 popularity by the fuccefs of the expedition to V r igo. The 
 parties in the hodffe of lords were fo nearly matched, that 
 the queen, in order to afcertain an undoubted majority in 
 the next fefiion, created four new peers*, who had fignd- 
 izcd themfelyes by the violence of their fpeeches in the 
 ho ufe of commons. 
 
 The two houfes of convocation, which were fuminoned An d t>e- 
 with the parliament, bore a rtron? affinity with this alTem- tween . th ;: 
 
 111 i-rt- n i "" M i i wo houleg 
 
 oly, by the diiterent intereits that prevailed in trie upper O f convocu- 
 and lower. Tbe laft, in imitation of the commons, was tion. 
 defirous of branding the preceding rei^n ; and it was 
 with great difficulty that they concurred with the pre 
 lates in an addrcfs of congratulation to her ma jefi:y. Then 
 their former conteft was revived. The lower houfe de- 
 fired, in r.n application to the archbifliop of Canterbury 
 and his fufnv.^.ir;. 5 :, that tlie matters in difpute concerning 
 the manner of fynodical proceedings, and the rio;ht of the 
 lower houfe to hold intermediate afiemblies, misht be ta 
 ken into conhderation, and fpeedily determined. The 
 bilhcps propofed, that in the interval of feiTions, the lower 
 houfe niii^hi appoint committees to prepare matters ; and 
 when bufinefs ihould be brought regularly before them, 
 the archbifhop would regulate the prorogations in fuch u 
 manner, that they fhould have fufRcient time to fit and de 
 liberate on the fubjec~t. This offer did not fatisfy the low 
 er houfe, which was emboldened to perftft in its demand 
 by a vote of the commons. Thefe, in confequence of ai 
 addrefs of thanks from the cbrgy, touching Mr. Lloyd, 
 fou to the bifhop of Worcefter, whom they ordered to be 
 profecuted after his privilege as member of the convocation 
 fhould be expired, had refclvcd, that they would on all oc- 
 VOL. I. 2 Z
 
 362 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK cafions affert the juft rights and privileges of the lower 
 houfe of convocation. The prelates refufed to depart 
 from the archbifhop s right of proroguing the whole con- 
 vocation with confent of his fuffragans. The lower houfe 
 propofed to refer the controverfy to the queen s dccifion. 
 The biftiops declined this expedient, as inconfitlent with 
 the epifcopal authority, and the prcfidency of the arch- 
 bifhop. The lower houfe having incurred the imputation 
 of favouring prefbytery, by this oppofition to the biftiops, 
 entered in their books a declaration, acknowledging the 
 order of bifhops as fuperior to prcfbyters, and to be a di 
 vine apoftolical inftitution. Then they defired the bi 
 fliops, in an addrefs, to concur in fettling the doctrine of 
 the divine apoftolical right of epifcopacy, that it might be 
 a {landing rule of th? church. They iikewife p^efented 
 a petition to the queen, complaining, that in the convo 
 cation called in the year 1700, after an interruption of 
 ten years, fcveral queftions having arifen concerning the 
 rights and liberties of the lower houfe, the bifhops had 
 refufed a verbal conference ; and afterwards declined 
 a propofal to fubmit the difpute to her majefty s determi 
 nation : They, therefore, fled for protection toher majefly, 
 begging fhe would call the queftion into her own royal au 
 dience. The queen promifed to confider their petition, 
 which was fupported by the earl of Nottingham ; and or 
 dered their council to examine the affair, how it confifled 
 with law and cuftom. Whether their report was un 
 favourable to the lower houfe, or the queen was unwil 
 ling to encourage the divifion, no other anfwer was made 
 to their addrefs. The archbifhop replied to their requefl 
 preferred to the upper houfe, concerning the divine right 
 of prefbytery, that the preface to the form of ordination 
 contained a declaration of three orders of minifters from 
 the times of the apoflles ; namely, bifhops, priefts, and 
 deacons, to which they had ftibfcribed ; but he and his 
 brethren conceived, that, without a royal licenfe, they 
 had not authority to attempt, enacl, promul^e, or exe 
 cute any canon, which fhould concern either doiSlrine or 
 difcipline. The lower houfe anfwered this declaration in 
 very petulant terms ; and the difpute fubfifted when the 
 parliament was prorogued. But thcfe contefts produced 
 divifions through the whole body of the clergy, who rang 
 ed themfelves in different fa6lion^, diftmguifhed by the 
 names of High-church and Low-church. The firft con 
 fifled of ecclefiaflical Tories; the other included thofe 
 who profcffed Revolution principles, and recommended 
 moderation towards the difTenters. The High-church 
 party reproached the other as time-fervsrs, and Prefbyte-
 
 ANNE. 363 
 
 rians in difguife; and were in their turn ftigmatifed as CHAP, 
 the friends and abettors of tyranny and pcrfccution. At 1J< 
 prefent, however, the Tories both in church and ftate tri- ^-""V""^ 
 umphed in the favour of their fovereign. Ths right of 
 parliaments, the memory of the late king, and even the 
 a<ft limiting the fucceflton of the houfe of Hanover, be 
 came the ftibjects of ridicule. The queen was flattered as 
 pofleiibr of th; prerogatives of the ancient monarchy : 
 Th^ hiftory written by her grandfather, the earl of Cla 
 rendon, was now for the firft time published, to inculcate 
 the- principles of obedience, and infpire the people with an 
 abhorrence of oppofition to an annointed fovereign. Her 
 majefty s hereditary right was deduced from Edward the 
 Corifeflbr, and, as heir of his pretended fandlity and vir 
 tue, fhe was perfuaded to touch perfons afrli&ed with the 
 king s evil, according to the office inferted in the liturgy 
 for this occafion. 
 
 The change of the miniftry in Scotland feemed favour- Affairs in 
 able to the Epifcopalians and Anti-revolutioners of that Scotland, 
 khgdom. The earls of Marchmont, Melvil, Selkirk, 
 Leven, and Hind ford were laid afide. The earl of Sea- 
 field was appointed chancellor; the duke of Quecnfberry, 
 and the lord vifcount Tarbat, were declared fecretaries of 
 ftatc, the marquis of Annandale was made prefident of 
 the council, and the earl of Tullibardin, lord privy-feal. 
 A new parliament having been fummoned, the earl of 
 Seafield employed his influence fo fuccefsfully, that 
 a great number of Anti-revolutioners was returned as 
 members. The duke of Hamilton had obtained from the 
 queen, a letter to the privy-council in Scotland, in 
 which fhe exprefled her defire, that the Prefbyterian cler 
 gy fhould live in brotherly love and communion with 
 fuch diflenting minifters of the reformed religion as were 
 in pofleflion of benefices, and lived with decency and fub- 
 miflion to the law. The Epifcopal clergy, encouraged by 
 thefe expreflions in their favour, drew up an addrefs to 
 the queen, imploring her protection ; and humbly be- 
 feeching her to allow thofe pariihes, in which there was 
 a majority of Epifcopal freeholders, to beftow the bene 
 fice on minifters of their principles. This petition was 
 prefented by Dr. Skeen and Dr. Scot, who were intro 
 duced by the duke of Queenfberry to her majefty. She 
 allured them of her protection and endeavours to fupply 
 their neceffities ; and exhorted them to live in peace and 
 Chriftian love with the clergy, who were by law in veiled 
 with the church government in her ancient kingdom of 
 Scotland. A proclamation of indemnity having been pu- 
 blifned in March, a great number of Jacobites returned
 
 364 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 
 O O K from France and other countries, pretended to i. . 
 n - changed their fentiments, and took the oaths, that they * 
 
 mighr be qualified to fit in parliament:, They formed an 
 J 73- accellion to the ftrength of the Aati-revolutioners nud 
 Barnet. pifcopalians, who now hoped to out-number the Prefby- 
 To-c" * 011 t - r an? 5 an d outweigh their intereft. But this confederacy 
 Mem. was eOmpofed of difTonant parts, from which no harmony 
 Lamberty s could be expected. The Prefbyterians and Revolutioners 
 were headed by the duke of Argyle. The country party 
 
 Feun meres. J . &- . . J l . J 
 
 Burchet. malcontents, which took its nie rrom the uuappoint- 
 Thd.il. ments of the Dauen fettlement, ailed under the aufpices 
 Loekhart s o f t k e ^uke o f Hamilton and marquis of Tweedalt :; and 
 Lives of the tne ear ^ f Hume appeared as chief of the Anti-revolu- 
 Admirais. tioners. The different parties who now united, purfued 
 Hilt of the t ] lc mol ^ oppose enns. The majority of the country oar- 
 
 D. ot Marl- ,. i-ni- ; iri 
 
 borough. l y were friends to the Revolution, and fought onty n> 
 Duchefs of drefs of the grievances which the nation had fiiftained in 
 Manbo- j-^g i atc r eign. The Anti-revolutioners conftdered the 
 polo V J " ac c^^*ion and government of King William as an ex 
 traordinary event, which they were willing to forget, be 
 lieving that all parties were fafe under the flicker of her 
 majefty s general indemnity. The Jacobites fubmitted to 
 the queen, as tutrix or regent for the prince of Wales, 
 whom they firmly believed (he intended to eftablifh on 
 the throne. The Whigs under Argyle, alarmed at the 
 coalition of all their enemies, refclved to procure a par 
 liamentary fanclion for the Re-/olution. 
 
 The parliament being opened on the 6th day of May at 
 Edinburgh, by the duke of Queenfberry as commiffionfer, 
 the queens letter was read, in which (he demanded a fupply 
 for the maintenance of the forces, advifed them to encou 
 rage trade, and exhorted them to proceed with wifdon:, 
 prudence, and unanimity. The duke of Hamilton imme 
 diately offered the draft of a bill for recognizing her ma- 
 jefiy s undoubted right and title to the Imperial crown of. 
 Scotland, according to the declaration of the eftates of the 
 kingdom, containing; the claim of ri^ht. It was immcdi- 
 
 O O O 
 
 ately received; and at the fecond reading, the queen s ad 
 vocate offered an additional claufe, denouncing the penal 
 ties of treafon againft any perfon who fhould quarrel her 
 in; ! .je(l y right and title to the crown, or her exercife of the 
 government, from her aclual entry to the fame. This, after 
 a long; and warm debate, was carried by the concurrence of 
 the Anti-revolutioners. Then the earl of Hume produced 
 the draft of a. bill for the fupply. Immediately after it was 
 re.;d the marquis of Tweedale made an overture, that be 
 fore all the other bufmefs, the parliament v/ould proceed to 
 i::.;ks i uch conditions of government, and r^uhuonsiu the
 
 A N N E. 
 
 r-nfhuiion of the kingdom, to take phce after the c eceafe C II A P. 
 of her majefty and the heirs of her body, as fhould be ne- 
 ceiTary for the prefervr.t ; on of their religion and liberty. ^V** 
 This overture and the bin were ordered to lie upon the table ; 7 3 
 and, in the mean time, the commiflioner found himfelf in 
 volved in great perplexity. The cluke of Argyle, the mar 
 quis of Annanch-Je, and the carl of Marchmont, gave him 
 to undedlund in private, that they were revived to move, 
 for an r.<5S:, ratifying the Revolution; and for another, con 
 firming the Prefbyterir.n government : That they would 
 innft upon their bein:^ difcufTed before the bill of fupply; 
 and that they we 1 e certain of carrying the points at which 
 they aimed. The coinmifuoncr now found himfelf re 
 duced to a very difagreeable alternative. There was ane- 
 ceflity for relinquishing all hope of a fupply, or abandon 
 ing the Anti-revoltttioners, to whom he was connected by 
 prom ifes of concurrence. The Whigs were determined 
 to oppofe all fchemes of fupply that fhould come from the 
 cavaliers: And thefe lafr. refolved to exert their whole pcn- 
 r - in preventing the confirmation of the Revolution and 
 the Prefbytcrian dicipline. Heforcfiw that on this occafi- 
 on the Whigs would be joined by the duke of Hamilton 
 ar.d his party, fo as to preponderate againft the cavaliers. 
 He endeavoured to cajole both parties, but found the tafk 
 impracticable. He deiired in parliament, that the act for 
 the fupply might be read, promifing that they ihould have 
 full time afterwards to deliberate on other fubje&s. The 
 marquis ofTweedale infifted upon his overture; and, after 
 warm debater, the houfe refolved to proceed with fuch acts 
 as might be neceflary for fecuring the religion, liberty, and 
 trade of the nation, before any bill for fupply or other bufi- 
 nefs fhould be difcufled. The marquis of A thole offered 
 rn act for the fecurity of the kingdom, in caf^ of her maje- 
 fiy s deceafe : But before it was read, the duke of of Argyle 
 prefented his draft of a bill for ratifying the Revolution 
 and all the a6h following thereupon. An act for limiting, 
 the fucceffion after the death of her msjefty, and the heirs 
 of her body, was produced by Mr. Fletcher of Saltoun. 
 The earl of Rothes recommended another, importing, that 
 after her majefty s death, and failing heirs of her body, no 
 perfon coming to the crown of Scotland, being at the ; 
 time king or queen of England, ihould, as king or queen 
 of Scotland, have power to make peace or war v/i>;h;,iK the 
 confent of parliament. The earl of Marchmont recited she 
 draft of an at for fecuring the true Pro : 
 Preibytcrian government : One was alf > tl by Sir 
 
 Patrick Johniton, allowing the i r-port:. . , aad 
 
 other foreign liquors. All thefe bills were <
 
 366 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK upon the table. Then the earl of Strathmore produced an 
 act for toleration to all Proteitants in the exercife of religi- 
 
 V -*Y"" * ous worfhip. But againft this the general afTembly pre- 
 I/ " 3 fented a mod violent remonflrance ; and the promoters of 
 the bill, forefeeing that it would meet with great oppofi- 
 tion, allowed it to drop for the prefcnt. On the 3d day cf 
 June, the parliament pafTed the act for preferving the true 
 reformed Proteftant religion, and confirming Prefbyterian 
 church-government, as agreeable to the word of God, and 
 the only government of Chrift s church within the king 
 dom. The fame party enjoyed a further triumph in the 
 fuccefs of argyle s a6t, for ratifying and perpetuating the 
 firft act of King William s parliament; for declaring it 
 high treafon to difown the authority of (.hat parliament; 
 or to alter or innovate the claim of right, or any article 
 thereof. This laft claufe was ftrenuoufly oppofed ; but at 
 laft the bill pafTed, with the concurrence of all the miniftry, 
 except the marquis of Athole and the Vifcount Tarbat, 
 who began at this period to correfpond with the oppoiite 
 party. 
 
 The cavaliers thinking themfelves betrayed by the duke 
 of Queenfberry, who had aflented to thefe acts, firft expof- 
 tulated with him on his breach of promife, and then re 
 nounced his intereft, refolving to feparate themfelves from 
 the court, and jointly purfue fuch meafures as might be for 
 the intereft of thdir party. But of all the bills that where 
 produced in the courfe of this remarkable fellion, that 
 which produced the moft violent altercation was the a6t of 
 fecurity, calculated to abridge the prerogative of the crown, 
 limit the fuccefTor, and throw a vaft additional power into 
 the hands of the parliament. It was confidered paragraph 
 by paragraph : Many additions and alterations were pro- 
 poled, and fome adopted : Inflammatory fpeeches were utter 
 ed ; bitter farcafms retorted from party to party ; and differ 
 ent votes pafTed on different claufes. At length, in fpite of 
 the molt obftinate oppofition from the miniftry and the ca 
 valiers, it was palled by a majority of fifty-nine voices. 
 The commiflioner was importuned to give it the royal af- 
 fent; but declined anfwering their entreaties till the tenth 
 day of September. Then he made a fpeech in parliament, 
 giving them to underfland that he had received the queen s 
 pleafure, and was empowered to give the royal affent to all 
 the nets voted in this feflion, except to the act for the fecu- . 
 rity of the kingdom. A motion was made, to folicit the 
 royal alien t in an addrefs to her Majefty; but the queilion 
 being put, it was carried in the negative by a fmall nrajori - 
 ty. On the lixth day of the fame month, the carl bfMarch- 
 mor.t had nroduced a bill to fettle the fuccciiion on th?
 
 A N N E. 367 
 
 houfe of Kanover. At firft the import of it was not CHAP. 
 known ; but when the clerk in reading it mentioned the 
 Princefs Sophia, the whole houfe was kindled into aflame. 
 So:ne propofed that the overture fhould be burned; others 
 moved, that the earl might be fent prifoner to the caftle ; 
 and a general difTatisfaction appeared in the whole afiembly. 
 Not that the majority in parliament were averfe to the fuc- 
 ceffion in the houfe of Hanover; but they rcfoived to avoid 
 a nomination without ftipulating conditions ; and they had 
 already provided, in the act of fecurity, that it fhould be 
 high treafon to own any perfon as king or queen after her 
 majefty s deceafe, until he or fhe fhould take the coronation 
 oath and accept the terms of the claim of right, and fucli 
 conditions as ibould be fettled in this or any enfuing parli 
 ament. 
 
 Andrew Fletcher of Saulton, a man of undaunted cou 
 rage and inflexible integrity, who profeficd republican 
 principles, and feemed defiened by nature as a member of 
 fome Grecian commonwealth, after having obferved, that 
 the nation would be enflavcd, lliould it fubmit, cither wil 
 lingly or by commiflion, to the fucceflbr of England, 
 without fuch conditions of government as fhould fecure 
 them againft the influence of an Englifh miniftry, of 
 fered the draft of an at, importing, That after the de 
 ceafe of her majefty, without heirs of her body, no pcr- 
 fon being fucceilbr to the Englifh throne fhould fucceed to 
 the crown of Scotland, but under the following limita 
 tions, which, together with the coronation-oath and claim 
 of right, they fhould fwear to obferve; namely, That all 
 offices and places, civil and military, as well as penfions, 
 fhould for the future be conferred by a parliament to be 
 ohofen at every Michaelmas head-court to fit on the firfl 
 lay of November, and adjourn themfelves from time to 
 time, till the enfuing Michaelmas: That they fhould 
 chufe theii own prefident: That a committee of fix-and- 
 thirty members, chofen out of the whole parliament,, with 
 out diftin&ion of eflates, fhould, during the intervals of 
 parliament, be veiled, under the kins:, with the admini- 
 ff ration of the government, a<5l as his council, be account 
 able to parliament, and call it together on extraordinarv 
 occafions. He propofed, that the fucceflbr fhould be no 
 minated by the majority; declaring for himfeJf, that he 
 would rather Concur in nominating the moic rigid Papift 
 with thofe conditions, than the trueft Proteftant without 
 therr. The motion was feconded by many members ; 
 and though poftponed for the prefent, "in favour of an act 
 of trade under the confideration of the houfe, it was after 
 wards relumed with great warmth. In vain the lord trea-
 
 368 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK Aircr reprefented, that no funds were as yet provided for 
 the army, r.nd moved for a reading of the act prcfcntcd for 
 "" that purpofo: A certain member obferved, that: t!i> was a 
 very unfeaf;nable jun6hire to propofc a fuppl/, v/hen the 
 houfe hd fo much to do for the fecurity of the nation: 
 He faid they had very little encouragement to cr;;uit fup- 
 plics, wh-.-n they found themfelves friiftrated of all their la 
 bour arid c::prnce for thefe feveral months ; and when the 
 whole kingdom faw that fupplies fcrvcd for no other ufes 
 but to gratify the avarice cf fome iivfatiablc nTinifrcrs. 
 Mr. Fletcher expatiated upon the good confluences that 
 would arife from the act which he had propofed. The 
 chancellor anfwered, That fuch an act was laying a fchems 
 fora commonwealth, and tending to innovate the confti- 
 tution of the monarchy. The miniitry propofed the ilate 
 of a vote, whether they fhould firft give a reading to 
 Fletcher s act, or to the act of fubfidy. The country- 
 party moved that the queftion might be, " Overtures for 
 <c fubfidies, or overtures for liberty." Fletcher with 
 drew his act, rather than people fhould pervert the mean 
 ing of laudable dcfigns. The houfe rcfounded with the 
 cry of " Liberty or fubfldy." Bitter invectives were 
 Uttered againfl the miniilry. One member faid, it was 
 now plain the nation was to expect no other return for 
 their expencc and toil, than that of being loaded with a 
 fubiidy, and being obliged to behd their necks under the 
 yoke of ilaverr, which was prepared for them from that 
 throne: Another obfervcd, that as their liberties were 
 fupprefifed, fo the privileges of parliament were like to be 
 torn from them ; but that he would venture his life in de 
 fence of his birthright, and rather die a free man than 
 live a flave. When the vote was demanded, and declined 
 by the commifTioner, the earl of P,oxburgh declared, that 
 if there was no other way of obtaining fo natural and un 
 deniable a privilege of parliament, they would demand it 
 with their iWords in their hands. The commiiTioner fore- 
 feeing this fpirit of freedom and contradiction, had or 
 dered the foot-guards to be in readme is, and placed a 
 ilrong guard upon the caftern gate of the city. Not- 
 Wkhftanding th.fj precautions, he ran the rifle of being 
 torn in pieces : and, in this apprehenfion, ordered the 
 chancellor to inform the houfr, that the parliament fhould 
 proceed upon overtures for liberty at their next .fitting. 
 This promife allayed the ferment which had begun to rife. 
 Next day the irrj.~-.bcrs prepared an overture, implying, 
 that the elective members fhould be chofen for every fear 
 at the Michae rr.r-, hcr.ci-ccurts: That a parliament mould 
 be held once in t rs at lead: That the (hort ad-
 
 ANNE. 369 
 
 journments c!c die tlioi:ld be made by the parlia- CHAP. 
 
 ments thexnfelves, as i;i England ; andfthat no officer in 
 the army, cuuoivis, or "xoife, nor any gratuitous pensioner, 
 iiiould fir as an eleclive member. Tiie coichim iffi oner be 
 ing apprifed of their proceedings, called for fuch a6ts as 
 
 ...s empowered to pafs, and having given the royal af- 
 fent tothcui prorogued the parliament to the 12th day oi 
 October *. Such was the iiiue of this remarkable feffion 
 of the Scottifn parliament, in which the duke of Queenf- 
 berry v/as abandoned : :atelT: part of the n iniitiy; 
 
 i : .nd fuch a fpirit of ferocity and oppofition prevailed, as 
 trfreattrv./d the whole kingdom \viih civil war and confu- 
 fion. The queen conferred titles upon thofe f who ap 
 peared to have influence in the r.a.ion, ana attachment to 
 her government, and revived the order of the Thiftle, 
 which the Lite king had dropped. 
 
 Ireland was filled with difcontent, by the behaviour Affairs of 
 and conduct of the tfuftees for the forfeited eftates. The Ireland, 
 earl of Rochester had contributed to foment the troubles 
 of the kingdom, by encouraging the factions which had 
 Iv-en imported from England. The duke of Ormond \ 
 
 veJ with open arms, as heir to the virtues of his .an- 
 ceflors, who had been the bulwarks of the Proteftant in- 
 terefr. in Ireland. He opened the parliament on the 2 lit 
 day of September, with a fpeech to both honks, in which 
 he told, them, that his inclination his intercft, and the ex 
 amples of his progenitors, were indifpenilblc obligations 
 upon him, to improve every opportunity to the aclvar.;. 
 
 yr of his native country. The commons hav- 
 
 .hofen Alien Broderick to be their fpeaker, proceeded 
 to draw up very affectionate addrefTes to the queen and the 
 lord-lieutenant. In that to the queen they complained, 
 VOL. I. 3 A 
 
 * Though the qv.oer. rcft-f/-! to pafs the aft of fecuiity, tlie royal a (Tent 
 
 V.MS granted to an at of limitation on the fuccflior, in -.vhich it was declared, 
 
 thjt no king or queen of Scotland ihoull have power to make war or peace 
 
 C>ut confent of parliament. Another law was enaftad, allowing French 
 
 wines and other liquors to be imported in neutral hnttoms : Without this ex- 
 
 pn^i -rt, it V.MS aileaged, tr>a. : would Lave bt:t:ii insufficient to 
 
 gove: .;ment. An a^ t pr.fi:-d in favour of the co-npany trading 
 
 Indi.-, ; a.icrhjr far a co n ncerning the public ac- 
 
 : . .. < ivuiii n nr; flanderp is f] i A \v .iings. The com- 
 
 ; for tr:.ii.iiig of an union with I p^l- ii -i -vis v.r.at .d, with a prohibi- 
 
 ilou to g -ant any other co:p.miffion for that puvpofs without confent of p:trli.i- 
 
 m\ n 1 : iply having been provided Uef ,re the adjournment, the anj.y 
 
 sin! ; .:ri--;nt were mainfained upon en it. 
 
 f- The : jfAthjlc; anl tivs marquis of !">(> . i this laft 
 
 was a minor, w^-ve created uukes j Lo was isv.fted with the title of 
 
 ( -n- r : v; The Vifcounts Stair. and Rofcbc-rry were promoted to the 
 
 ;, .inn-le was created tavl of Gl\ if. r.\ ; k;:n .s Stuart of 
 
 : Chr.vles Hop; of I-L>^. t.-.) r, ea, 1 of Hopetoun ; J-vin 
 
 i. u\v;\.ra ,. die, ifci .in-.ock. ; sad Sir jarr.r-s Primrcie ct" Car- 
 
 rington, Vi!ci.i;n ; : Primrofe.
 
 3 7 o HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK that their enemies had mifreprefented them, as defirous of 
 II- being independent of the crown of England ; they, there- 
 
 < ~*"Y" V - fore, to vindicate themfelves from fuch falfe afperiions, de- 
 I 73- clared and acknowledged, that the kingdom of Ireland was 
 annexed and united to the Imperial crown of England. 
 In order to exprefs their hatred of the truftees, they re- 
 folvcd, That all the Proteftant freeholders of that kingdom 
 had been falfely and rnaliciouily mifreprefented, traduced, 
 and abufed, in a book entitled. " The Report of the 
 " cornmiiiioners appointed to enquire into the Irifh for- 
 " fdtures;" and it appearing that Francis Anneiley, 
 member of the houfe, John Trenchard, Henry Lang- 
 ford, and James Hamilton, were authors of that book, 
 ih^y further refolved, That thefe perfons had fcandalouf- 
 ]y and malicioufly mifreprefented and traduced the Pro 
 teftant freeholders of that kingdom, and endeavoured to 
 create a mifunderftanding and jealoufy between the people 
 of England and the Proteftants of Ireland. Annefley was 
 expelled the houfe, Hamilton was dead, and Trenchard 
 had returned to England. They had finiftied the enquiry 
 before the meeting of this parliament; and fold, at an un 
 der value, the beft of the forfeited eftates to the Sword- 
 blade Company of England. This, in a petition to the 
 Irifh parliament, prayed, that heads of a bill be brought in 
 for enabling them to take conveyances of lands in Ireland; 
 but the parliament was very little difpofcd to confirm the 
 bargains of the truftees, and the petition lay neglected on 
 the table. The houfe expelled John Afgill, who, as a- 
 gent to the Swordblade Company, had offered to lend 
 money to the public in Ireland, on condition that the pat,- 
 liament would pals an act to confirm the company s pur- 
 chafe of the forfeited eftates. His conftituents difovvned 
 his propofal ; and when he was fummoned to appear be 
 fore the houfe, and anfwer for his prevarication, he plead 
 ed his privilege, as member of the Englifh parliament. 
 The common?, in a reprefentation of the ftate and griev 
 ances of the nation, gave her majefty to underftand, that 
 the conftitution of Ireland had been of late greatly lhaken ; 
 and their lives, liberties, and eftates called in queftion, 
 and tried in a manner unknown to their anceftors : That 
 the expence to which they had been unneceflarily expofed 
 by the late truftees for the forfeited eftates, in defending 
 their juft rights and titles, hr-d exceeded in value the cur 
 rent cafh of the kingdom: That their trade was decayed, 
 their money exhaufted, and that they were hindered from 
 maintaining their own manufactures : That many Protef 
 tant families had been conftrained to quit the kingdom, in 
 order to earn a livelihood in foreign countries : That the
 
 ANNE. 371 
 
 want of frequent parliaments in Ireland had encouraged C H A I*, 
 evil-mhidcd iren to opprefs the fubject: That many ci- IL 
 vil oinc-r? had acquired great f... -tunes in that impoverished 
 country, by the excrciie of curruption and oppi^Tion : 
 That others, in confiderable employments, refided in an 
 other kingdom, neglecting pcrfonal attendance on their du 
 ty", while their offices were ill executed, to the detriment 
 of the public, and the failure of juftice. They declared, 
 that it was from her majefty s gracious interpoution alone 
 they propofed to themfelves relief from thofe manifold 
 groans and misfortunes. The commons afterwards voted 
 the necefTary fupplies, and granted one hundred and fifty 
 thoufand pounds to make good the deficiencies of the no- 
 ceffary branches of the efrablifhment. 
 
 They appointed a committee to infpect the public ac 
 counts, by which they difcovered, that above one hundred 
 thoufand pounds had been faliely charged as a debt upon 
 the nation. The committee was thanked by the houfe for 
 having favedthis fum, and ordered to examine vvhatperfons 
 were concerned in fucha mifreprefentation, which was ge 
 nerally imputed to thofe who acted under the duke of Or- 
 mond. He himfelf was a nobleivan of honour and gene- 
 rofity, addicted to pleafure, and fond of popular applaufej 
 but he was furrounded by people of more fordid principle?, 
 who had ingratiated themfelves into his confidence by the 
 arts of adulation. The commons voted a provision for the 
 half-pay officers, and abolifhed penfions to the amount of 
 feventeen thoufand pounds a-year, as unneceflary branches 
 of the eftablifhment. They pafled an aft fettling the 
 fUcceffion of the crown, after the pattern fet them by 
 England ; but the moft important tranfaction of this feffion 
 was a fevere bill to prevent the growth of Popery. It 
 bore a ftrong nffinity to that which had pafled three years 
 before in England, but contained more effectual claufes. 
 Among others, it enacted, That all eftates of Papiils 
 fhould be equally divided among the children, notwith- 
 ftancling any fettlement to the contrary, unlefs the perfons 
 to whom they might be fettled mould qualify themfelves 
 by taking the oaths, and communicating with the church 
 of England. The bill was not at all agreeble to the mi- 
 niftry in England, who expected large prefents from the 
 Papiils, by whom a confiderable fum had been actually 
 railed for this purpofe. But, as they did not think pro 
 per to reject fuch a bill while the Englidi parliament was 
 fitting, they added a claufb which they hoped the parlia 
 ment of Ireland would refufe; namely, that no perfons 
 in that kingdom fliould be capable of any employment, or 
 of being in the magiftracy of any city, who did not qua-
 
 372 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK "fy themfelves by receiving the facrament, according to 
 n. the teft-acb p afi t-J in Ei^S-id. Though this was ceN 
 
 v-*"Y " s ^ t.iinly a great hardship on the cli (Tenters, the parliament of 
 1703- Irela.kl H-icrificed thisconfiJenition to their common fecu- 
 nty agaii-.i1 the Ron- at; Catholics, and accepted the amend 
 ment without hefitation. This affairs being difcufled, the 
 commons of Ireland palled a vote againft a book intituled, 
 " Memoirs of the late King James II." as a fetlitious 
 libel. The/ ordered it to be burned by the hands of the 
 corrttnbn hangman j and the bookfeller and printer to be 
 profccuted. When this motion was made a member in- 
 fortred the houfe, that in the county of Limerick, thelrifh 
 Fapifts had begun to form themfdves into bodies; to 
 plunder the Proteftants of their arms and money ; and to 
 maintain a correspondence with the difafvedlcd in England. 
 The houfe immediately refolved, that the Papjfts of the 
 kingdom ftill retained hopes of the acceffion of the perfon 
 known by the name of the Prince of Wales in the life 
 time of the late King James, and now by the name of 
 James III. In the midil: of this zeal againft Popery and 
 the Pretender, they were fuddenly adjourned by the com 
 mand of the lord-lieutenant, and broke up in great ani- 
 mofity againft that nobleman *. 
 
 The attention of the Englifn miniftry had been for 
 fome time chiefly ensrofitd by the affairs of the conti 
 nent. The emperor agreed with the allies, that his fon 
 the Archduke Charles mould aflame the title of King of 
 Spain, demand the infanta jgf Portugal in marriage, and 
 undertake fomething of importance, with the alfiftance of 
 the maritime powers. Mr. Methuen, the Englifh rninif- 
 ter at Lifbon, had already made fome progrefs in a treaty 
 with his Portuguese rnajcfty ; and the court of Vienna 
 promifed to fend fuch an army into the field as would in 
 a little time drive the elector of Eavaria from his domi 
 nions. But they were fo dilatory in their preparations, 
 that the French king broke ail their meafure?, by fending 
 powerful reinforcements to the elector, in whofe ability 
 iind attachment Louis repofed great confidence. Aiare- 
 fchal Villars, who commanded an army of thirty thoufand 
 men at Strafburg, pafled the Rhine, and reduced fort 
 Kehl, the garrifon cf which was conduced to Philipf- 
 burgh. The emperor, alarmed at this event, ordered
 
 A N N ::. . 373 
 
 count SoMiek to enter Bavaria on the fide of Saitz- CH A P, 
 \vhn a considerable body offerees; and fent an- , 
 
 oihcr under count Stirum, to invade the fame elector- ^y 
 at- by the way of Newmfcrk, which was furrendered to 
 h: -,-:, ;:f;ur he h:v.i routed a party of Bavarians. The city 
 of Amberg met with th_ fams late. Mean while, count 
 Schlick defeated a body of militia that defended the lines 
 of Saltzburg, and made himfelf mafter of Riedt, and fe- 
 veral other places. The elector affembling his forces near 
 E<rsna i, cliiTufl-d r report that he intended to : 
 
 to c-.v/cr v/hich place Schlick advanced vk! the 
 of his i .; his cavalry 
 
 J;-.;K);I. The el . v his feint divided the Im P criali{h 
 
 Imperials, pafTed the bridge of Scardingen with twelve 
 thoufancl men, and, after an obfvinate engagement, com 
 pelled the Imperialifts to abandon the field of battle : 
 Then he marched agair.ft the Saxon troops which guarded 
 the artillerv, and attacked them with fuch impetuofity, 
 that they were entirely defeated. In a few days after thefe 
 actions, he took Newburg on the Inn by capitulation. 
 Ke obtained another advantage over an advanced poft of 
 the Irr.perialifts near Burgenfeldt, commanded by the 
 young prince of Brandenburg Anfpach, who was mor 
 tally wounded in the engagement. Fie advanced to Ra- 
 tifbon, where the diet of the empire was affembled, and 
 demanded that he fhould be immediately put in peffefiion 
 of the bridge and gate of the city. The burghers imme 
 diately took to their arms, and planted cannon on the 
 ramparts ; but when they faw a battery creeled againft 
 them, and the eleclor determined to bombard the place, 
 they thought proper to capitulate, and comply with his 
 demand?. Ke took poueillon of the town on the 8th day 
 of April, and figned an instrument obliging himfelf to 
 withdraw his troops, as foon as the emperor fhould ratify 
 the diet s refolution for the neutrality of Ratiibon. Mare- 
 fchal Villars having received orders to join the eleclor at 
 all events, and being reinforced by a body of troops un- 
 cler count Tallard, refolved to break through the lines 
 which the prince of Baden had made at Stolhoffcn. This 
 general had been luckily joined by eight Dutch battalions, 
 and received the French army, though double his num 
 ber, with fuch obflinate refolution, that Villars was 
 obliged to retreat with great lofs, and directed his route 
 towards Offin^en. Neverthelefs, he penetrated through 
 the Black Foreft, and effected a junction with the eleclor. 
 Count Stirum endeavoured to join prince Louis of Ba 
 den ; but being attacked near Schwemmiwgen, retired 
 under the cannon of Nortlingen.
 
 3/4 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 BOOK The confederates were more fuccefsful on the Lower 
 ,J L Rhine and in the Netherlands. The duke of Marlbo- 
 ^"V**^ rough crciTed the fea in the beginning of April, and af- 
 I7 3 fembling the allied army, refolvcd that the campaign 
 | of ihould be begun with the liege of Bonne, which was ac- 
 Maribo- 00 cordingly inverted on the 24th day of April. Three dif- 
 rough. ferent attacks were carried on againft this place ; one by 
 the hereditary prince of Hcfle-Caflel ; another by the ce 
 lebrated Coehorn; and a third by Lieutenant-General 
 Fagel. The garrifon defended themfelves vigorously till 
 the 14th day of May, when the fort having been taken by 
 aflault, and the breaches rendered practicable, the mar 
 quis d Alegre, the governor, ordered a parley to be beat : 
 Hoftages were immediately exchanged : On the i6th the 
 capitulation was figned ; and in three days the garrifon 
 evacuated the place, in order to be conducted to Luxem 
 burg. During the fiege of Bonne, the Marefchals Bouff- 
 lers and Villeroy advanced with an army of forty thoufand 
 ir.en towards Tongeren, and the confederate, army, com 
 manded by M. d Auvcrquerque was obliged, at their ap 
 proach, to retreat under the cannon of Maeftrich. The 
 enemy having taken pofiefiion of Tongeren, made a mo 
 tion againft the confederate army, which they found alrea 
 dy drawn up in order of battle, and fo advantageoufly 
 poff.ec!, that, notwithstanding their great fuperiority in 
 point of number, they would not hazard an attack ; but 
 retired to the ground from whence they had advanced. 
 Immediately after the reduction of Bonne, the duke of 
 Marlberough, who had been prcfcnt at the fieee, return 
 ed to the confederate army in the Netherlands, now 
 amounting to one hundred and thirty fquadrons, and 
 fifty-nine battalions. On the 25th day of May, the duke 
 having pafied the river Jecker, in order to give battle to 
 the enemy, they marched with precipitation to Bockwcrn, 
 and abandoned Tcngeren, after having blown up the 
 walls of the place with gunpowder. The duke continued 
 to follow them to Thys, where he encamped, while they 
 retreated to Hannye, retiring as he advanced. Then he 
 refolved to force their lines : This fervice was effectually 
 performed by Coehorn, at the point of Callo, atid by ba 
 ron Spaar, in the county of Waes, near Stokcn. The 
 duke had formed the defign of reducing Antwerp, which 
 was garrifoned by Spanifh troop?, under the command of 
 the marquis cle Bedmar. He intended with the grand ar 
 my to attack the enemy s lines on the fide of Louvaine 
 ancj Mechlin : He detached Coehorn with his flying camp 
 on the right of the Scheldt, towards Dutch Flanders, to 
 : .snufe the marquis the .Bedmar on that fide , and he or-
 
 ANNE. 375 
 
 dered the baron Opdam, with twelve thoufand men, to c H A P- 
 take poft between Eckeren and Capelle, near Anhtwerp, n - 
 that he might act againft that part of the lines which was ( ^y^ J 
 guarded by the Spanifh forces. 7*3 
 
 The French generals, in order to fruftrate the fcheme of 
 Marlborough, reiblved to cut off the retreat of Opdam. 
 Boufflers, with a detachment of twenty thoufand men from 
 Villeroy s army furprifed him at Eckeren, where the Dutch 
 were put into diforder; and Opdam, believing all was loft, 
 fled to Breda. Neverthelefs, the troops rallying under 
 General Schlangenburg, maintained their ground with the 
 moft obftinate valour, till night, when the enemy was oblig 
 ed to retire, and left the communication free with Fort 
 Lillo, to which place the confederates marched without 
 further moleftation, having loft about fifteen hundred men . 
 in the engagement. The damage fuftained by the French 
 was more confiderable. They were fruftrated in their de- 
 fign, and had actually abandoned the ficW of battle ; yet 
 Louis ordered Te Deurn to be fung for the victory : Ne 
 verthelefs, Boufflers was cenfured for his conduct on this 
 occafion, and in a little time totally difgraced. Opdam 
 preferred a j unification of his conduct to the ftates-gene- 
 ral ; but, by this overfight, he forfeited the fruits of a lon^ 
 fbrvice, during which he had exhibited repeated proofs or 
 courage, zeal, aud capacity. The ftates honoured Schlang 
 enburg with a letter of thanks for the valour and fkill he 
 had rnanifefted in this engagement; but, in a little time, 
 they difmifled him from his employment, on account ofhis 
 having given umbrage to the duke of Marlborough, by 
 cenfuring his Grace for expofing fuch a fmall number of 
 men to this difafter. After this action, Villeroy who lay 
 encamped near St. Job, declared he would v/ait for the duke 
 of Marlborough, who forthwith advanced to Hoo^ftraat, 
 with a view to give him battle ; but, at his approach, the 
 French general, fetting fire to his camp, retired within his 
 lines with great precipitation. Then the duke inverted 
 Huy, the garrifon of which, after a vigourous defence, fur- 
 rendered themfelves prifoners of war on the 27th day of 
 Auguft. At a council of war, held in the camp of the 
 confederates, the duke propofed to attack the enemy s lines 
 between the Mehaigne and Leuwe, and was feconded by 
 the Danifh, Hanoverian, and Heilian generals; but the 
 fcheme was oppofed by the Dutch officers, and the deputies 
 of the ftates, who alledged that the fuccefs was dubious, 
 and the coufequences of forcing the lines would be inconfi- 
 derable : They, therefore, recommended the flege of Lini- 
 burg, by the reduction of which they would acquire a 
 whole province, and cover their own country, as well as
 
 376 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK Juliers and Guilders, from the defigns of thc-ir en;my. 
 " The fiege of Limburg was accordingly undertaken. The 
 trenches were opened on the 25th duy of Sc^ 
 in two days the place was furn-ndered ; die <cairif>:i re 
 maining prifoners of war. By this conque.fr, the allies i j- 
 cured the country of Liege, and the electorate of Cologn, 
 from the incurfions of the enemy : Before the end of the 
 year, they remained mafters of the whole Spanifh Gu -lder- 
 land, by the reduflion of Gueldres which furrendered on 
 the lyth day of September, after having been long blockaded, 
 bombarded, and reduced to a heap oi uflies, by the Pru ;:;:i 
 general, Lottuih. Such was the campaign of the Nether 
 lands, which in all probability would have produced events 
 of greater importance, had not the duke of Marlborough 
 been reftricted by the deputies of the ftatcs-general, who 
 began to be influenced by the intrigues of the Louveftein 
 faction, ever averfe to a fingle dictator. 
 
 The French king redoubled his efforts in Germany. 
 The duke de Vendome was ordered to march from the 
 Milanefe to Tyrol, and there join the elector of Bavaria, 
 who h"d already made himfelf mafter of Infpruck. But the 
 boors rifmg in arms, drove him out of the country before 
 he could be joined by the French general, who was, there 
 fore, obliged to return to the Milanefe. The Imperialifts 
 in Italy were fo ill fupplied by the court of Vienna, that 
 they could not pretend to act offensively. The French in 
 verted Dftiglia, which, however, they could not reduce : 
 But the fort re fs of Barfillo, in the duchy of Reggio, capitu 
 lating after a long blokade, they took pofleffion of the duke 
 of Modena s country. The elector of Bavaria rejoining 
 Villers, refolved to attack Count Stirum, whom Princ.? 
 Louis of Baden had detached from his army. With this 
 view, they pafled the Danube at Donawert, and difcharged fix 
 guns as a ftgnal for the marquis d UiTon, whom they had left 
 in the camp at Lavingen,to fall upon the rear of the Imperi 
 alifts, while they (hould charge them in front. Stirum no 
 fooner perceived the fignal, than he gueffed the intention of 
 the enemy, and inftantly refolved to attack d Uflon before the 
 elector and marefhal fliould advance. He, accordingly, 
 charged him at the head of fome felect fquadronr 7 , with fucli 
 iinpetuofity, that the French cavalry v/ere totally defeated ; 
 and all his infantry would have been killed and taken, had 
 not the elector and Villers come up in time to turn the 
 fate of the day. The action continued from fix in the 
 morning till four in the afternoon, when Stirum being over 
 powered by numbers, was obliged to retreat to NorFingen, 
 with the lofs of twelve thoufand men, and all his baggage 
 .Mid artillery. In the rheati time, the au. : ;e cf Burgundy, a f-
 
 i 
 
 ANNE. 377 
 
 fifted by Tallard, undertook the fiege of Old Brifac, with CHAP. 
 a prodigious train of artillery. The place was very II- 
 flrongly fortified, though the garrifon was fmall, and ill ^~Y* * J 
 provided with necefTaries. In fourteen days, the governor I/0 3- 
 furrcndered the place, and was condemned to lofe his head 
 for having made fuch flender defence. The duke of Bur 
 gundy returned in triumph to Verfailles, and Tallard was 
 ordered to invert Landau. The Prince of HefTe CafTel be 
 ing detached from the Netherlands, for the relief of the 
 place, joined the Count of NafTau-Weilbourg, general of 
 the Palatine forces, near Spires, where they refolved to at 
 tack the French in their lines. But, by this time, Monf. 
 Pracontal, with ten thoufand men, had joined Tallard, and 
 enabled him to flrike a flroke which proved decifive. He 
 fuddenly quitted his lines and furprifed the prince at Spire- 
 bach where the French obtained a complete victory, after 
 a very obftinate and bloody engagement, in which the 
 Prince of HefTe diflinguiihed himfelf by uncommon marks 
 of courage and prefence of mind. Three horfes were fuc- 
 ceffively killed under him, and he flew a French officer 
 with his own hand. After incredible efforts, he was fain 
 to retreat with the lofs of fome thoufands. The French 
 paid dear for their victory, Pracontal having been flain in 
 the action. Neverthelefs, they refumed the fiege, and the 
 place was furrendered by capitulation. The campaign in 
 Germany was finifhed with the reduction of Augfbur^ by 
 the elector of Bavaria, who took it in the month of Decem 
 ber, and agreed to its being fecured by a French garrifon. 
 The emperor s affairs at this juncture wore a very un- 
 promifmg afpedt. The Hungarians were fleeced, andbar- 
 baroufly opprefTcd, by thofe to whom he entrufled the go 
 vernment of their country. They derived courage from 
 defpair. They feized this opportunity, when the emperor s 
 forces were divided, and his councils diflracted, to exert 
 themfelves in defence of their liberties. They ran to arms 
 under the aufpices of Prince Ragotzki. They demanded 
 that their grievances fhould be redrefled, and their privile 
 ges reflored. Their refentment was kept up by the emif- 
 faries of France and Bavaria, who likewife encouraged 
 them to perfevere in their revolt, by repeated promifes of 
 protection and afliftance. The emperor s profpect, however, 
 was foon mended, by two incidents of very great confc- 
 quence to his interefr. The duke of Savoy, forefjeing Treaty be- 
 how much he fhould lie expofed to the mercy of the French tween the 
 kin?, fhould that monarch become maflcr of the Milanefe, eni P erer 
 
 , . ,- . . i , , i and the 
 
 engaged in a fecret negotiation with the emperor, which, ^uke of 
 notwithftanding ail his caution, was difcovered by the court Savoy. 
 cf Verfailies. Louis immediately ordered the duke de 
 VOL. I. 3 B J
 
 378 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK Vendome to difarm the troops of Savoy that were in his ar 
 my, to the number of two-and-twenty thoufand men : To 
 
 V- *"Y ^ infift upon the duke s putting him in pofleffion of four ccn- 
 7 3 fiderable fortrefles ; and demand that the number of his 
 troops fhould be reduced to the eflablifhment ftipulated in 
 the treaty of 1696. The duke, exafperated at thefe infult?, 
 ordered the French ambaflador, and feveral officers of the 
 fame nation, tobearrefted. Louis endeavoured to intimidate 
 him by a menacing; letter, in which he gave him to under- 
 ftand, that fmce neither religion, honour, intereft, nor alli 
 ances, had been able to influence his conduct, the duke de 
 Vendome fhould make known the intentions of the French 
 monarch, and allow him four-and -twenty hours to delibe 
 rate on the meafures he fhould purfue. This letter was 
 anfwered by a manifesto : In the mean time, the duke con 
 cluded a treaty with the court of Vienna; acknowledged the 
 Archduke Charles as king of Spain; and fent envoys to 
 England and Holland. Queen Anne, knowing his impor 
 tance, as well as his felfifh difpofition, aflured him of her 
 friendfhip and affiftance ; and both fhe and the ftates fent 
 ambafladors to Turin. He was immediately joined by a 
 body of Imperial horfe under Vifconti, and afterwards by 
 count Staremberg, at the head of fifteen thoufand men, 
 with whom that general marched from the Modenefe, in 
 the worft feafon of the year, through an enemy s country, 
 and roads that were deemed impaffable. In vain the French 
 forces harrafled him in his march, and even furrounded him 
 in many different places on the route : He furmounted all 
 thcfe difficulties with incredible courage and perfeverance, 
 and joined the duke of Savoy at Canelfi, fo as to fecure the 
 country of Piedmont. The other incident which proved 
 fo favourable to the Imperial intereft, was a treaty by which 
 the king of Portugal acceded to the grand alliance. His 
 miniftry perceived, that fhould Spain be once united to the 
 crown of France, their mafter would fit very infecure up 
 on his throne. They were intimidated by the united fleets 
 of the maritime powers, which maintained the empire of 
 the fea ; and they were allured by the fplendour of a match 
 between their Infanta and the Archduke Charles, to whom 
 the emperor and the king of the Romans promifed to tranf- 
 fcr all their pretenfions to the Spanifh crown. By this 
 treaty, concluded at Lifbon, between the emperor, the 
 queen of Great Britain, the king of Portugal, and the ftates- 
 general, it was ftipulated, That king Charles fhould be con 
 veyed to Portugal by a powerful fleet, having on board 
 twelve thoufand foldiers, with a great fupply of money, 
 arms, and ammunition ; and that he ftiould be joined, im-
 
 ANNE. 379 
 
 mediately upon his landing, by an army of eight- and-twen- CHAP. 
 ty thoufand Portuguefe. 
 
 The confederates reaped very little advantage from the ^~Y~*~^ 
 naval operations of this fummer. Sir George Rooke 
 cruized in the channel, in order to alarm the coaft of Naval ta- 
 France, and protect the trade of England. On the I ft day 
 of July, fir Cloudefley Shovel failed from St. Helen s, 
 with the combined fquadrons of England and Holland : 
 He directed his courfe to the Mediterranean, and being 
 reduced to great difficulty by want of water, fleered to 
 Altea, on the coaft of Valentia, where brigadier Seymour 
 landed, and encamped with five-and-tvventy hundred ma 
 rines. The admiral published a fhort manifefto, figni- 
 fying that he was not come to difturb, but to protect, the 
 good fubjects of Spain, who mould fwear allegiance to 
 their lawful monarch, the Archduke Charles, and endea-- 
 vour to (hake off the yoke of France. This declaration 
 produced little or no effect ; and the fleet being watered, 
 fir Cloudefley failed to Leghorn. One defign of this ar 
 mament was to aflift the Cevennois, who had in the courfe 
 of the preceding year been perfecuted into a revolt on ac 
 count of religion, and implored the affiftance of England 
 and the ftates-general. The admiral detached two fhips 
 into the gulf of Narbonne, with fome refugees and French 
 pilots, who had concerted fignals with the Cevennois ; but 
 the marefchal de Montrevil having received intimation of 
 their deilgn, took fuch meafures as prevented all commu 
 nication ; and the Englifli captains having repeated their 
 fignals to no purpofe, rejoined fir Cloudefley at Leghorn. 
 This admiral, having renewed the peace with the piratical 
 ftates of Barbary, returned to England, without having ta 
 ken one effectual ftep for annoying the enemy, or attempt 
 ed any thing that looked like the refult of a concerted 
 fcheme for that purpofe. The nation naturally murmured 
 at the fruitlefs expedition, by which it had incurred fuch a 
 confiderable expence. The merchants complained that 
 they were ill fupplied with convoys. The fhipsofwar 
 were victualled with damaged provifion ; and every 
 article of the marine being mifmanaged, the blame fell 
 
 upon thofe who acted as council to the lord hioh ad- 
 
 i 
 
 aural. 
 
 Nor were the arms of England by fea much more fuc- 
 cefsful in the Weft-Indies. Sir George Rooke, in the 
 preceding year, had detached from the Mediterranean cap 
 tain Hovenden Walker, with fix fhips of the line and 
 tranfports, having on board four regiments of foldiers, for 
 the Leeward Iflands. Being joined at Antigua by fome 
 troops under colonel Codrington, they made a defcent
 
 380 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK upon the Ifland of Guadaloupe, where they raifcd the fort, 
 burned the town, ravaged the country, and re-embarked 
 
 **~y~** with precipitation, in confequence of a report that the 
 X 73- French had landed nine hundred men on the back of the 
 iiland. They retired to Nevis, where they ir.uil have 
 perifhed by famine, had not they been providentially re 
 lieved by vice admiral Graydon, in his way to Jamaica. 
 This officer had been fent out with three fhips to fucceed 
 Benbovv, and was convoyed about one hundred and fifty 
 leagues by two other {hips of the line. He had not failed 
 many days, when he fell in with part of the French fqua- 
 dron, commanded by Du Gaffe, on their return from the 
 Weft-Indies, very foul and richly laden. Captain Cle- 
 land, of the Tvlontagu, engaged the fternmoft; but he was 
 called off by a fignal from the admiral, who proceeded on 
 his voyage, without taking further notice of the enemy. 
 When he arrived at Jamaica, he quarrelled with the prin 
 cipal planters of the ifland ; and his fhips beginning to be 
 crazy, he refolved to return to England. He, accordingly > 
 failed through the gulf of Florida, with a view to attack 
 the French at Placentia, in Newfoundland; but his mips 
 were difperfe d in a fog that lafted thirty days ; and after 
 wards the council of war which he convoked were of opi 
 nion that he could not attack the fettlement with any 
 profpefl of fuccefs. At his return to England, the houfe 
 of lards, then fitting, fet on foot an enquiry into his con- 
 duel. They prefcnted an addrefs to the queen, defiring 
 fhe would remove him from his employments ; and he 
 was accordingly difmified. The only exploit that tended 
 to diftrefs the enemy was performed by rear-adrciral 
 Dilkes, who, in the month of July, failed to the coaft of 
 France with a fmall fquadron ; and in the neighbourhood 
 of Granville, took or deftroyed about forty fhips and their 
 convoy. Yet this damage was inconfiderable, when com 
 pared to that which the Engliih. navy fuftained from the 
 dreadful tempeft that began to blow on the 2yth day of 
 November, accompanied with fuch flafhes of lightning, 
 and peals of thunder, as overwhelmed the whole kingdom 
 with confternation. The houfes in London fliook from 
 their foundations, and fome of them falling, buried the in 
 habitants in their ruins. The water overflowed feveral 
 ilreets, and rofe to a confiderable tide in Weftminfter-hall. 
 London-bridge was almoft choaked up with the wrecks of 
 vefiels that periihed in the river. The lofs fuftained by 
 the capital was computed at a million ftcrling ; and the 
 city of Briftol fuffered to a prodigious amount: But the 
 chief national damage fell upon the navy. Thirteen fhips 
 of war were loft, together with fifteen hundred fcamen 3
 
 33 1 
 
 including rear-admiral Beaumont, who had bcjcn employ- CHAP, 
 ed in observing the Dunkirk fquadron, and was then at n - 
 anchor in the Downs, v.v,c;2 his {hip foundered. This ^"Y"^ 
 2;reatlofs, however, was repaired with incredible diligence, I ?3- 
 to the aftonifhmcnt of all Europe. The queen immediately 
 iflued orders for building a greater number of fhips than 
 that which had been dc.ftfoy.ed ; and the exercifed her 
 bounty for the relief of the ihip-wrecked featnen, and the 
 widows of thofe who were drowned, in fuch a manner as 
 endeared her to all her fubjects. 
 
 The emperor hiving declared his fecond fon Charles The duke 
 king of Spain, that young prince fet out from Vienna to of Madbo- 
 Holland, and r.t DdTeldocp was vifited by the duke of g jj fits 
 Marlborough, who, in the name of his miftrefs, congratu- O f Spain, 
 latcd him upon his acceffion to the crown of Spain. 
 Charles received him with the moft obliging courtefy. 
 In the courfe of their converfation, taking ofFhis fwprd, 
 he prefented it to the Englifh general, with a very gra 
 cious afpect, faying in the French language, " I am not 
 " anumed to own myfelf a poor prince. I poflefs nothing 
 " but my cloak and fvvord ; the latter may be of ufe to 
 " your grace; and I hope you will not thinx it the worfe 
 " for my wearing it one day." " On the contrary, (re- 
 " plied the duke), it will always put me in mind of your 
 " raajefty s juft right and tide, and of the obligations I lie 
 " under to hazard my life in making you the greatefr. 
 " prince in Christendom." -This nobleman returned to 
 England in October; and king Charles embarking for 
 the fame kingdom, under convoy of an Engliih and Dutch 
 fquadron, arrived at S pithead, on the 26th day of Sep- who arrive* 
 tember. .There he was received by the dukes of Somerfet n E "s lanci - 
 and Marlborough, who conducted him to Wincifor ; and, 
 on the road, he was met by prince George of Denmark. 
 The queen s deportment towards him was equally noble 
 and obliging ; and he exprefTed the moft profound refpe-ft: 
 and veneration for this illuftrious princefo. Me fpoke but 
 littb ; yet what he faid w: iS judicious; and he behaved 
 with fuch politenefs and affability as conciliated the affec 
 tion of the Engliih nobility. After having been magni 
 ficently entertained for three days, he returned to Portf- 
 inouth, from whence, on the 4th of January, he failed for 
 Portugal, with a great fleet, commanded by fir George 
 Rool-ce, having on board a body of land forces, under the 
 duke of Schomberg. When the admiral had aimoft reach 
 ed Cape Finifterre, he was driven back by a florm to 
 Spithead, where he was obliged to remain till the middle 
 of February. Then being favoured with a fair wind, he 
 happily performed the voyage to Lifbon, whsre kin?
 
 382 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK Charles was received with great fplendour, though the 
 court of Portugal was overfpread with forrow, excited by 
 
 ^ - "V"*^ the death of the infanta, whom the king of Spain intended 
 17 3- to efpoufe. In Poland, all hope of peace feemed to vanifh. 
 The cardinal primate, by the inftigation of the Swedifh 
 king, whofe army lay encamped in the neighbourhood of 
 Dantzick, affembled a diet at Warfaw, which folemnly 
 depofed Auguftus, and declared the throne vacant. Their 
 intention was to elet young Sobiefki, fon of their late 
 monarch, who refided at Breflau in Silefia : But their 
 fcheme was anticipated by Auguftus, who retired haftfly 
 into his Saxon dominions, and feizing Sobiefld, with his 
 brother, fecured them as prifoners at Drefden.
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Lovat s pretended confpiracy - Proceedings in Parlia 
 ment - Violent oppofition to the mini/fry in the Parlia 
 ment of Scotland - Duke of Marlborough defeats the 
 Bavarians at Scheltenberg - Gains a complete viflory 
 over the French at Blenheim - Gibraltar taken - 
 Proceedings in relation to the Union - State of 
 the war in Spain - Conferences opened for a treaty 
 of Union - Subftance of it - Battle of Ramillies 
 - French defeated at Turin - Union confirmed 
 by Parliament, though contrary to the fentiments of 
 the majority of the nation. 
 
 WHEN the parliament met in Obober, the queen CHAP. 
 in her fpeech took notice of the declaration by in. 
 the duke of Savoy, and the treaty with Portugal, as cir- ""V^ 
 cumftances advantageous to the alliance. She told them, r 73- 
 that although no provilion was made for the expedition to 
 Lifbon, and the augmentation of the land-forces, the funds 
 had anfwered fo well, and the produce of prizes been fo 
 confiderable, that the public had not run in debt by thofe 
 additional fervices : That fhc had contributed out of her 
 own revenue to the fupport of the circle of Suabia, whofe 
 firm adherence to the intereft of the allies deferved her 
 feafonable afliftance. She faid, fiie would not engage in 
 any unneeoTary expence of her own, that fhe might have 
 the more to fpare towards the eafe of her fubje&s. She 
 recommended difpatch and union, and earneftly exhorted 
 them to avoid any heats or divifions that might give en 
 couragement to the common enemies of the church aoid 
 ftate. Notwithftanding this admonition, and the addrefles 
 of both houfes, in which they promifed to avoid all divi 
 fions, a motion was made in the houfe of commons for re 
 newing the bill againft occafional conformity, and carried 
 by a great majority. In the new draft, however, the pe-
 
 384 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK nalties were lowered, and the fevereft claufes mitigated. 
 As the court no longer interefted itfelf in the fuccefs of 
 % ^^y^^ > this meafure, the houfe was pretty equally divided with 
 J 73- refpe<5l to the fpeakers, and the debates on each fide were 
 maintained with equnl fpirit and ability. At length it 
 pafied, and was fent up to the lords, who handled it ftill 
 more feverely. It was oppofed by a fmall majority of the 
 bifhcps, and particularly by Burnet of Sarum, who de 
 claimed againft it, as a fcheme of the Papifts to fet the 
 church and Proteftants at variance. It was fuccefiively 
 attacked by the duke of Devon/hire, the earl of Pembroke, 
 the lords Haverfharn, Mohun, Ferrars, and Wharton. 
 Prince George of Denmark abfented himfelf from the 
 houfe; and the queftion being put for a fecond reading, 
 it was carried in the negative : Yet the duke of Marlbo- 
 rough and lord Godolphin entered their diflent againft 
 its being rejected, though the former had pofitively declar 
 ed, that he thought the bill unfeafonable. The commons 
 having per u fed a copy of the treaty with Portugal, voted 
 40,000 men, including 5000 marines, for the fea ferviceof 
 the enfuing year; and a like number of land-forces, to acl: 
 in conjunction with the allies, bciides the additional 10,000 . 
 They likewife refblved, That the proportion to be em 
 ployed in Portugal mould amount to 8000. Sums were 
 granted for the maintenance cf thtfe great armaments, as 
 well as for the fubfidies payable to fier majefty s allies ; 
 and funds appointed equal to the occasion. Then they 
 afiured the queen, in an addrefr, that they would provide 
 for the fupport of fuch alliances as file had made, or mould 
 make, with the duke of Savoy. 
 
 Pretended At this period the nation was alarmed by the detection 
 confpuacy. o f a confpiracy faid to be hatched by the Jacobites of 
 Scotland. Simon Frafer Lord Lovat, a man of defperate 
 cnterprife, profound difiimulation, abandoned morals, and 
 ruined fortune, who had been outlawed for having ravifhcd 
 a fifter of the marquis of Athole, was the perfon to whom 
 the plot feems to have owed its origin. He repaired t> 
 the court of St.Germain s, where he undertook to aflemble 
 a body of 12,000 Highlanders to acl in favour of the pre 
 tender, if the court of France would affift them with a 
 fmall reinforcement of troops, together with officers, arms, 
 ammunition and money. The French king feemed to 
 liilen to the propofal ; but, as Frafer s character was infa 
 mous, he doubted his veracity. He was, therefore, fent 
 back to Scotland with two other perfons who were in- 
 ftriufted to learn the ftrcngth and fentirnents of the clans, 
 and endeavour to engage forne of the nobility in the defign 
 of an infurretion. Frafer no iooner returned, than he
 
 ANNE. 385 
 
 privately difcovered the whole tranfaclion to the duke of C H A P. 
 Queenfberry, and undertook to make him acquainted with 
 the whole correfpondence between the pretender and the l *-**"Y^ 
 Jacobites. In confequence of this fervice he was provided 1 71- 
 with a pafs, to fecure him from all profecution; and made 
 a progrefs through the Highlands, to found the inclination 
 of the chieftains. Bofore he fct out on this circuit, he de 
 livered to the duke a letter from the queen Dowager at 
 St. Germains, directed to the marquis of Athole : It was 
 couched in general terms, and fuperfcribed in a different 
 character; fo that, in all probability, Frafer had forged the 
 direction, with a view to ruin the marquis, who had pro- 
 fbcuted him for the injury done to his filler. He propofed 
 a fecond journey to France, where he fliould be able to 
 difcover other more material circumftances; and the duke 
 of Queenfberry procured a pafs for him to go to Holland 
 from the earl of Nottingham, though it was expedited un 
 der a borrowed name. The duke had communicated his 
 difcovery to the queen, without difclofing his name, which 
 he defired might be concealed : Her majefty believed the 
 particulars, which were confirmed by her fpies at Paris, as 
 well as by the evidence of Sir John Maclean, who had 
 lately been conveyed from France to England in an open 
 boat, and apprehended at Folkftone. This gentleman pre 
 tended at firft, that his intention was to go through Eng 
 land to his own country, in order to take the benefit of 
 the queen s pardon ; and this, in all probability, was his 
 realdefign: But, being given to under/land that he would 
 be treated in England as a traitor, unlefs he ihould merit 
 forgivenefs, by making important difcoveries, he related all 
 he knew of the purpofed infurrection. From his informa 
 tion, the miniftry gave directions for apprehending one 
 Keith, whofe uncle had accompanied Frafer from France, 
 and knew all the intrigues of the court of St. Germains. 
 He declared that there was no other defign on foot, ex 
 cept that of paving the way for the pretender s afccmiing 
 the throne after the queen s dcceafe. Fergufon, that ve 
 teran confpirator, affirmed that Frafer had been employed 
 by the duke of Queenfberry to decoy fome perfons whom 
 he hated into a confpiracy, that he might have an opportu 
 nity to effect their ruin ; and by the difcovery eftablilh his 
 own credit, which began to totter. Perhaps there was too 
 much reafon for this imputation. Among thofe who were 
 feized at this time, was a gentleman of the name of Lind- 
 iay, who had been under-fecretary to the earl of Middleton. 
 He had returned from France to Scotland, in order to ta!:e 
 the benefit of the queen s pardon, under the flicker of 
 which he came to EnH.-.nd, thinking himfelf fecure from 
 VOL. I. 3 C
 
 386 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, profeculion. He protefted he knew of no defign 
 , the queen or her government; and that he did not believe 
 
 if fhe would ever receive the leaft injury or moleflation from 
 the court of St. Germains. The houfe of lords having 
 received intimation of this confpiracy, refolved, That a 
 co; imittee fhould be appointed to examine into the par 
 ticulars ; and ordered, That Sir John Maclean fliould be 
 next d;iy brought to their houfe. The queen, who was far 
 from being pleafcd with this inftance of their officious in- 
 terpofition, give them to underftand by mefTage, that fhe 
 thought it would be inconvenient to change the method of 
 
 O O 
 
 examination already begun ; and that fhe would in a (hort 
 time- inform the houfe of the whole affair. On the iyth 
 day of December, the queen went to the houfe of peers, 
 and having pafied the bill for the land-tax, made a fpeech 
 to both houfes, in which fhe declared, that fhe had unquef- 
 tionable information of ill practices and defigns carried on 
 by the emiflaries of France in Scotland. The loids per- 
 iiiting in their refolution to bring the enquiry into their 
 own houfe, chofe their fele6l committee by ballot ; and, in 
 an addrefs, thanked her majefty for the information fhe had 
 been pleafed to communicate. 
 
 The commons, taking it for granted that the queen was 
 difobliged at thefe proceedings of the upper houfe, which, 
 indeed, implied an infult upon her miniftry, if not upon 
 her herfelf, prefented an addrefs, declaring themfelves fur- 
 prifed to find, that when perfons fufpe6ted of treafonable 
 practices were taken into cuilody by her majefty s mef- 
 fengefSj in order to be examined, the lords, in violation to 
 the known laws of the land, had wrefted them out of her 
 hands, and arrogated the examination folely to themfelves-, 
 fo that a due enquiry into the evil practices and defigns 
 againft her rmjefty s perfon and government might in a 
 great meafure, be oburuclied. They earneftly defired, that 
 ihe would fufter no -diminution of the prerogative; and 
 they afllired her they would, to the utmoft of their power, 
 fupport her in the exercife of it at home, as well as in af- 
 ferting it againft all invafions whatfoever. The queen 
 thanked them for their concern and affurances ; and was 
 not ill pleafed at the nature of the addrefs, though the charge 
 againit the peers was not ftriclly true ; for there were 
 many inita.ices of their having afTamed fuch a right of 
 enquiry. The upper houfe deeply refented the accufation. 
 They declared, that by the known laws and cuftoms of 
 parliament, they had an undoubted right to take examina 
 tions of perfons charged with criminal matters, whether 
 thofe perfons were, or were not in cuftody. They re- 
 folved. That the adurcii of the commons was unparlia-
 
 A N N . 387 
 
 vnentary, groundlefs, without, precedent, highly injurious c H HP. 
 to the houfc of peers, tending to interrupt the good cor- 1!L 
 refpondence between the two houfes,to creare an ill ooi- 
 nion in her majefty of the houfe of peers, of dangerous 
 confequence to the liberties of the people, the conftitution 
 of the kingdom, and privileges of parliament. They 
 prefented a long remonftrance to the queen, juftifying 
 their own conduct, explaining the fteps they had taken, 
 recriminating upon the commons, and cxpre/iin;:; the 
 moil fervent zeal, duty, and affection to her m? jetty. In 
 her anfwer to this representation, which was drawn up 
 with elegance, propriety, and preciiion, (lie profefTed 
 her farrow for the mifunderftanding which had happened 
 between the two houfes of parliament, and thanked them 
 for the concern they had expreffed for the rights of the 
 crown and the prerogative, which fhe fhould never ex 
 ert fo willingly as for the good of her fubjecl;s, and the 
 protection of their liberties. 
 
 Among other pcrfons feized on the craft of Sufiex, on 
 their landing from France, was one Boucher, who had 
 been aid-du-camp to the duke of Berwick. This man, 
 when examined, denied all knowledge of any confpiracy: 
 He faid, that being weary of living fo long abroad, and 
 having made fome unfuccefsful attempts to obtain a pafs, 
 he had chofen rather to caft himfelf on the queen s mercy, 
 than to remain longer in exile from his native country. 
 He was tried and condemned for high treafon, yet conti 
 nued to declare himlelf ignorant of the plot. He proved, 
 that in the war of Ireland, as well as in Flanders, he had 
 treated the Englifh prifoners with great humanity. The 
 lords deiifted from the profecution ; he obtained a re 
 prieve, and died in Newgate. On the 29th day of Janu 
 ary, the earl of Nottingham told the hcufe, that the 
 queen had commanded him to lay before them the papers 
 containing all the particulars hitherto difcovered of the 
 confpiracy In Scotland ; but that there was one circum- 
 ftance which could not yet be properly communicated, 
 without running the rifque of preventing a difcovery of 
 greater importance. They forthwith drew up and p re 
 lented an addrefs, defiring, that all the papers might be 
 immediately fubmitted to their infpcclion. The qucca 
 faid, fhe did not expect to be prciTed in this manner im 
 mediately after the declaration fhe had made; but ia 
 a few days the earl of Nottingham delivered the pa h _rs 
 fealed to the houfe, and all the lords were fummoned to 
 attend en the 8th day of February, that they might be 
 opened and perufed. Nottingham was fufpecled of a de- 
 to;n to ilifle the ccnfbiracv- Complain! ,
 
 3 88 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK houfe of commons, that he had difchargcd an officer be 
 longing to the lute King James, who had been feized by 
 ^"Y"* 1 *^ the governor of Berwick. A warm debate enfued, and at 
 73- length ended in a refolve, That the earl of Nottingham, 
 one of her majeity s principal fccretaries of (late, for his 
 great ability and diligence in the execution of his office, 
 for his unqueftionablc fidelity to the queen and her go 
 vernment, and for his ftcady adhering to the church of 
 England as by law eftablifhed, highly merited the truft 
 her majefty had repofed in him. They ordered the fpeaker 
 to pretent this refclution to the queen, who faid fhe \vas 
 glad to find them fo well fatisfied with the earl of Not 
 tingham, who was trufted by her in fo confiderablc an of 
 fice. They perufed the examinations of the witnefTes 
 which were laid before them, without pafling judgment, 
 or offering advice on the fubject ; but they thanked her 
 majefty for having communicated thofe particulars, as 
 well as for her wifdom and care of the nation. When the 
 lords proceeded with uncommon eagernefs in their enqui 
 ry, the lower houfe, in another addrefs, renewed their 
 complaints againft the conduct of the peers, which they 
 ftill affirmed was without a precedent. But this was the 
 language of irritated faction, by which indeed boih fides 
 were equally actuated. 
 
 The felect committee of the lords profecuted the en 
 quiry, and founded their report chiefly on the confefilon 
 of fir John Maclean, who owned, that the court of St. 
 Ger mains had Hftened to Lovat s propofa! : That fevcral 
 councils had been held at the pretender s court on the 
 fubjet of an invafion ; and that perfons were fent over to 
 found fome of the nobility in Scotland. But the nature of 
 their private corrcfpondence and negotiation could not be 
 difcovered. Keith had tampered with his uncle to difclofe 
 the whole fecret ; and this was the circumftance which 
 the queen declined imparting to the lords, until fhe 
 fhould know the fuccefs of his endeavour?, which proved 
 ineffectual. The uncle ftood aloof; and the miniftry did 
 not heartily engage in the enquiry. The houfe of lords 
 having finished thefe examinations, and being warmed 
 with violent debates, voted, That there had been danger 
 ous plots between fome perfons in Scotland and the courts 
 of France and St. Germain?; and, that the encourage 
 ment for this plotting arofe from the not fettling the fuc- 
 ceffion to the crown of Scotland in the houfe of Hanover. 
 Thefe votes were f:gnified to the queen in an addrefs ; 
 and they promifed, that when the fucceffion fhould be 
 thus let-led, thry would endeavour to promote the union 
 of the two kingdoms upon juft and reaibnable terms.
 
 ANNE. 389 
 
 Then they compofed another reprcfentation, in anfwer to C H A P. 
 the fecond addrefs of the commons, touching their pro 
 ceedings. They charged the lower houfe with want of ^Y"*" 1 ^ 
 zeal in the whole progrefs of this enquiry. They produc- 17 3- 
 ed a great number of precedents, to prove that their con 
 duce had been regular and parliamentary ; and they, in 
 their turn, accufed the commons of partiality and injuftice 
 in vacating legal elections. The queen, in anfwer to this 
 remonftrance, faid, (lie looked upon any mifunderftanding 
 between the two houfes as a very great misfortune to the 
 kingdom ; and that fhe fhould never omit any thing in 
 her power to prevent all occafions of them for the future. 
 
 The lords and commons, animated by fuch oppofite Difputcs 
 principles, feized every opportunity of thwarting each bctw -- ei1 ^ c 
 
 I A o 1 1 11 liif 1 tWO " uleS 
 
 other. An action having been brought by one Matthew 
 Afhby againft William White, and the other conftables 
 of Aylefbury, for having denied him the privilege of vot 
 ing in the laft election, the caufe was tried at the aflizes, 
 and the coi, (tables were call with damages. But an order 
 v/a c given in the queen s bench to quafh all the proceed 
 ings, fince no action had ever been brought on that ac 
 count. The caufc being moved by writ of error into the 
 houfe of lords, was argued with great warmth ; at length 
 it was carried by a great majority, that the order of the 
 queen s bench fhould be fet afide, and judgment pro 
 nounced according to the verdict given at the aflizes. 
 The commons considered thefe proceedings as encroach 
 ments on their privileges. They pafled five different re- 
 fbhitions, importing, That the commons of England, in 
 parliament aiTembled, had the fole right to examine and 
 determine all matters relating; to the right of election of 
 their own members: That the practice of determining 
 the qualifications of electors in any court of law would 
 :ie all mayors, bailiff?, and returning-officers, to 
 a multiplicity of vexatious fuits, and infupportahle expcn- 
 ces, i-::d f abject them to different and independent jurif- 
 dictions, as well as to inconfiftcnt determinations in the 
 fame cafe, without relief: That Matthew Afhby was 
 gu lty of a breach of privilege, as were all attornies, foli- 
 citors, ccur.f.llors, and ferjeants at lav/, foliciting, profe- 
 cviting, or pleading, in any cafe of the fame nature. 
 Thefe resolutions, figned by the clerk, were fixed u ( on 
 the gate of Weiiminiler-hall. On the ether hand, the 
 lords appointed a committee to draw up a ftate of the 
 cafe ; and, upon their report, refolved, That every per- 
 ic n being wilfully hindered to exercife his right of voting, 
 might iv;aiatvin an action in the queen s courts againft the 
 officer by whom his vots fnould be refufed, to affert his
 
 390 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK rightj and recover damage for the injury : That an a/Ter- 
 li. tion to the contrary was deftructive of the property of the 
 fubjecls, ac;ainft the freedom of elections, and manifefily 
 tended to the encouragement of partiality and corruption : 
 That the declaring Matthew Afhby guilty of a breach of 
 privilege of the houfe of commons was an unprecedented 
 attempt upon the judicature of parliament, and an at 
 tempt to iubje& the law of England to the votes of the 
 houfe of commons. Copies of the cafe, and thcfe rtfolu- 
 tions, were fent by the lord keeper to all the fherifFs of 
 England, to be circulated through all the boroughs of 
 their refpedb ve counties. 
 
 On the 7th day of February, the queen ordered Secre 
 tary Hedges to tell the houfe of commons, that fhe had 
 remitted the arrears of the tenths to the poor clergy : 
 Tnat ftie would grant her whole revenue arifing out of 
 the firft-fruits and tenths, as far as it ihould become free 
 from incumbrance, as an augmentation of their main 
 tenance : That if the houfe of commons could find any 
 method by which her intentions to the poor clergy might 
 be made more effectual, it would be an advantage to the 
 public, and acceptable to her majefly. The commons im 
 mediately brought in a bill, enabling her to alienate this 
 branch of the revenue, and create a corporation by char 
 ter, to direct the application of it to the ufes propofed ; 
 they likewife repealed the ftatute of mortmain, fo far as to 
 allow all men to bequeath by will, or grant by deed, any 
 um they fhould think fit to give towards the augmenta 
 tion of benefices. Addrefles of thanks and acknowledg 
 ment from all the clergy of England were prefented to the 
 queen for her gracious bounty; but very little regard was 
 paid to Burner, bi/hop of Sarum, although the queen de 
 clared that prelate author of the project. He was general 
 ly hated either as a Scot, a low-church man, or a med 
 dling partifan. 
 
 In March, an enquiry into the condition of the navy 
 was begun in the houfe of lords. They defired the queen, 
 in an addrefs, to give fpeedy and effectual orders, that 
 a number of fhips fufficient for the home-fervice fhould 
 b: equipped and manned with all pofTible expedition. 
 They refolved, That Admiral Graydon s not attacking 
 the four French fuips in the channel had been a prejudice 
 to the queen s fervice, and a difgrace to the nation : That 
 his prefHng men in Jauuiica, and his feverity towards 
 matters of merchant vefiels and tranfports, had been 
 a gvcat difcouragement to the inhabitants of that ifland, as 
 \vell as riTuidicbl to her majefty s fervice ; and they pre- 
 a^ainft him, in coni quence of \v >ch he
 
 ANNE. 391 
 
 was difrnifled. They examined the accounts of the earl of C n A P. 
 Orford, againft which great clamour had been raifed; m 
 and, taking cognizance of the remarks made by the com- 
 miffioners of the public accounts, found them falfe in fact, 
 ill-grounded, or of no importance. The commons he- 
 fought the queen to order a profecution on account of ill 
 practices in the earl of Ranelagh s office ; and they fent 
 up to fhe lords a bill for continuing the commiflton on the 
 public accounts. Some alterations were made in the up 
 per houfe, efpecially in the nomination of commiflioncrs ; 
 but thefe were rejected by the commons. The peers ad 
 hering to their amendments, the bill dropped, and the 
 commiffion expired. No other bill of any confequence 
 pafled in this fefiion, except an adr. for railing recruits, 
 which empowered juftices of the peace to imprefs idle 
 perfons for foldiers and mariners. On the 3d day of April, 
 the queen went to the houfe of peers, and having made 
 a fhort fpeech on the ufual topics of Acknowledgment, 
 unity, and moderation, prorogued the parliament to the 
 4th day of July. The divifion ftill continued between the 
 two houfes of convocation; fo that nothing of moment 
 was tranfadted in that aflembly, except their addrefs to 
 the queen upon her granting the firft-fruits and tenths for 
 the augmentation of fmall benefices. At the fame time, 
 the lower houfe fent their prolocutor with a deputation to 
 wait upon the fpeaker of the houfe of commons, to return 
 their thanks to that honourable houfe for having efpoufed 
 the intereft of the clergy ; and to allure them that the 
 convocation would purfue fuch methods as mi^ht heft 
 conduce to the fupport, honour, intereft, and fecurity of 
 the church as now by law eftablifhed. They fent up to 
 the archbifhop and prelates divers reprefentadons, con 
 taining complaints, and proposing canons and articles of 
 reformation ; but very little regard was paid to their re- 
 inonftrancetr. 
 
 About this period, the earl of Nottingham, after hav 
 ing ineffectually p re fled the queen to difcard the dukes of 
 Somerfet and Devonfhire, refigned the feals. The earl of 
 Jerfey and fir Edward Seymour were difrnifled ; the earl 
 of Kent was appointed chamberlain, Harley fecretary of 
 fb.te, and Henry St. John fecretary of war. The dif- 
 covery of the Scottifh confpiracy was no fooner known in 
 France, than Louis ordered Frafer to be imprifoned in 
 the Eaftile. In England, Lindfay being fentericed to die 
 for having correfponded with France, was given to un- 
 derftand that he had no mercy to expect, unlefs he would 
 difcover the confpiracy. He periifted in denying all 
 knowledge of any fuch confpiracy, and fcorned to fave his
 
 39* 
 
 BOOK 
 
 1704. 
 
 Parliament 
 of Scotland 
 
 Bumet. 
 Hiih of 
 
 Lockhart. 
 Burchet. 
 
 Lives ofthe 
 
 Admirals, 
 
 Vpltair:. 
 
 Europe 
 Hiit. of the 
 D. of Marl- 
 
 rous 
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 life by giving falfe information. In order to intimidate 
 him into a confevHon, the miniftry ordered him to be con- 
 vcyed to Tyburn, where he .ftill rejected life upon tne 
 terms prppofed : Then he was carried Dack to N ewgate, 
 where he remained fome years : At length he was banilh- 
 ed, and div=:d of hunger in Holland. The minifters had 
 been fo lukewarm and languid in the inveftigation of the 
 Scottifh confpiracy, that the Whigs loudly exclaimed a- 
 gainft them as difguifed Jacobites, and even whifpered in- 
 finuations, implying, that the queen herfelf had a fecret 
 bias of lifterly affection for th.2 court of St. Geamains. 
 What feerned to confirm this allegation, was the difgrace 
 of the duke of Quecniberry, who had exerted himfelf with 
 remarkable zeal in the detection : But the decline of his 
 intereft in Scotland was the real caufe of his being laid 
 afide at this juncture. 
 
 The defign of the court was to procure in the Scottifli 
 parliament the nomination of a fuccelTor to the crown, and 
 a fupply for the forces, which could not be obtained in the 
 preceding feilion. Secretary Johnfton, in concert with 
 the marquis of Tweedale, undertook to carry thefe points, 
 j n re turn f or certain limitations on the fucceffor, to which 
 her majefty agreed. The marquis was appointed commif- 
 fioner. The office of lord regiiler was beftowed upon 
 Johnflon, and the parliament met en the 6th day of July. 
 ^ ne queen, in her letter, exprefied her concern that thefe 
 divifions fhould have rifen to fuch a height, as to encou- 
 rage the enemies of the nation to employ their emiflaries for 
 debauching her good fubje&s from their allegiance. She 
 declared her refolution to grant whatever could in reafon 
 b e demanded for quieting the minds of the people. She 
 told them, fhe had empowered the marquis of Tweedale to 
 give unquestionable proofs of her determination to main 
 tain the government in church and ftate, as by law efta- 
 blifhed in that kingdom ; to confent to fuch laws as fhould 
 be found wanting for the further fccurity of both, and for 
 preventing ^11 encroachments for the future. She earneflly 
 exhorted them to fettle the fucccffion in the Proteftant line, 
 as a fitp abfolutely neceflary for their own peace and hap- 
 pinefs, the quiet and fecurity of all her dominions, ti-e re 
 putation of her affairs abroad, and the improvement of the 
 Proteftant inter eft through all Europe. She declared, that 
 fhe had autho.ifcd the commiffioner to give the royal af- 
 frnt to whatever could be rer.fonably dern tided, and \vas 
 in her power to grant, for fecuriag the fovereignty and 
 liberties of that her ancient kingdom. The retraining 
 part ofthe letter turned upon the neceff ry of their granting 
 a fupply, the difcouragement of vice, the encouragement
 
 ANNE. 393 
 
 of commerce, and the ufual recommendation of moderation CHAP- 
 and unanimity. Iir - 
 
 The duke of Hamilton prefented a refolve, That the ^~Y~*"^ 
 parliament would not name a fucceflbr to the crown, until J 7 C 4- 
 the Scots fhould have concluded a previous treaty with 
 England, in relation to commerce and other concerns. 
 This motion produced a warm debate, in the courfe of 
 which Fletcher of Salton expatiated upon the hardfhips and 
 miferies which the Scots had fuflained fince the union of the 
 two crowns under one fovereign, and the impoflibility of 
 bettering their condition, unlefs they fhould take care to 
 anticipate any defign that tended to a continuation of the 
 lame calamaties. Another refolve was produced by the 
 earl of Rothes, importing, That the parliament fhould 
 proceed to make fuch limitations and conditions of govern 
 ment as might be judged proper for rectifying the conftitu- 
 tion; for vindicating and fecuring the fovereignty and in- 
 depency of the nation; and that then the parliament would 
 take into con fi deration the other refolve offered by the duke 
 of Hamilton, for a treaty previous to the nomination of a 
 fucceflbr. This propofal was feconded by the courty-party, 
 at length fir James Falconer of Phefdo, offered an expedi 
 ent which neither party could refufe with any fhow of mode 
 ration. He fuggeiled a refolve, That the parliament would 
 not proceed to the nomination of a fucceflbr, until the pre 
 vious treaty with England fhould be difcuffed ; and that it 
 would make the neceffary limitations and conditions of go 
 vernment, before the fucceflbr fhould be nominated. This 
 joint refolve being put to the vote, was carried by a great 
 majority. The treaty with England was neglected, and 
 the affair of the fucceffton coufequentiy poftponed. The 
 duke of Athole moved, That her majefly fhould be 
 defired to fend down the witneffes, and all the papers relat 
 ing to the confpiracy, that, after due examination, thofe 
 who were unjuftly accufed might be vindicated, and the 
 guilty punifhed according to their demerits. The commif- 
 ^ioner declared, that he had already written, and wouldwrite 
 again to the queen on that fubje<5t. The intention of the ca 
 valiers was to convict the duke ofQueenfberry of malice and 
 calumny in the profecution of that affair, that they might 
 wreak their vengeance upon him for that inftance of his 
 animofity, as well as for his having deferted them in the 
 former feffion. He found means, however, to perfuade 
 the queen, that fuch an enquiry would not only protracl 
 the feiHon, but alfo divert them from the fetdement of the 
 fucceflion, and raife fuch a ferment as might be productive 
 of tragical confequences. Alarmed at thefe fuggeftions, 
 Jhe relolved to prevent the examination ; and gave no an- 
 
 VOL. I. 3D
 
 394 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK Ivvcr to the repeated applications made by her parliament 
 and miniirers. Mean while the duke of Queen (berry apr 
 ^Y"^ pe:fed his enemies in Scotland, Hy directing all his friends 
 J 74- to join in the opposition. 
 
 The duke of Hamilton again moved, That the parlia 
 ment (hould proceed to the limitations, and name cornmif- 
 fi oners to treat with England, previous to all other bufi- 
 nefs, except an act for a land-tax of two months, necefTary 
 for the immediate fubftrtence of the forces. The earl of 
 Marchmont propofed an act to exclude all Popifh fuccef- 
 fors; but this was warmly oppofed as unfeafonable, by 
 Hamilton and his party. A bill of fupply being offered by 
 the lord ju (lice-clerk, the cavaliers tacked to it great part 
 of the acl: of fecurity, to which the royal aflent had been 
 refufed in the former feilion. Violent debates arofe ; fo 
 that the houfe was filled with rage and tumult. The na 
 tional fpirit of independence had been wrought up to a dan 
 gerous pitch of enthufiafm. The ftreets were crowded 
 with people of all ranks, exclaiming againft Englifh influ 
 ence > and threatening to iacrifice as traitors to their coun 
 try, all who fhould embrace meafures that feemed to fa 
 vour a foreign mtereft. The commiflioner and his friends 
 were confounded and appalled. Finding it impoflible to 
 item the torrent, he, wuh the concurrence of the other 
 minifters, wrote a letter to the queen, reprefenting the un 
 comfortable iituation of affairs, and advifmg her majefty 
 to pafs the bill, incumbered as it was with the act of fecu 
 rity. Lord Godolphin, on whofe council fhe chiefly reli 
 ed, found himfelf involved in great perplexity. The To 
 ries had devoted him to deftru<5r.ion. He forefaw that the 
 queen s conceffion to the. Scots, in an affair of fuch confe- 
 quence, would furnifh his enemies with a plauiible pre 
 tence to arraign the conduct of her minifler : But he chofe 
 to run that rifque, rather than fee the army difbanded for 
 v/ant of a iupply and the kingdom left expofcd to an inva- 
 fion. He, therefore, feconded the advice of the Scottifh 
 minifiers; and the queen authorifed the commiffioner to 
 Aft of S:- pafs the bill that was depending. This act provided, that 
 curity paf- in cafe of the queen s dying without iffue, a parliament 
 {hould immediately meet, and declare the fucceilor to the 
 crown, different from the perfon pofleffing the throne of 
 England, unlefs before that period a fettlement fhould be 
 made in parliament of the rights and .liberties of the nation, 
 independent of Englifh councils : By another claufe, they 
 were empowered to arm and train the fuhjects, Jb as to 
 put them in a poilure of defence. The Scotdih parlia 
 ment having, by a laudable exertion of fpirit, obtained 
 tj)is act of fecurity, granted the fupply without further he-
 
 ANNE. 395 
 
 fitation : But, not yet fatisfied with this facrifice, they C H A P. 
 engaged in debates about the coiifpiracy, and the proceed 
 ings of the houfe of lords in England, which they termed 
 an officious intermeddling in their concern?, and en 
 croachment upon the fovereignty and independency of the 
 nation. They drew up an addrefs to the queen, defiring 
 that the evidence and papers relating to the plot might be 
 fubjeiited to their examination in the next fcffion. Mean 
 while, the ccmmiliioner, dreading the further progrefs of 
 fuch an ungovernable ferocity, prorogued the parliament 
 to the jth day of October. The act of fecurity being 
 tranfmitted to England, copies of it were circulated by the 
 enemies of Godolphin, who reprefented it as a meafure of 
 that minifter; and the kingdom was filled with murmurs 
 and difcontent. People openly declared, that the two 
 kingdoms were now feparated by law, fo as never to be 
 rejoined. Reports were fpread, that, great quantities of 
 arms had been conveyed to Scotland, and that the natives 
 were employed in preparations to invade England. All 
 the blame of thefe tranfactions was imputed to lord Go- 
 dolphin, whom the Tories determined to attack, while the 
 oth^r party refolved to exert their whole influence for his 
 prefervation : Yet, in all probability, he owed his imme 
 diate fupport to the fuccefsof his friend the duke of Marl- 
 borough. 
 
 Nothing could be more deplorable than the fituation to situation of 
 which the emperor was reduced in the beginning of the the Emfie- 
 fcafen. The malcontents in Hungary had rendered them- ror> 
 felves formidable by their fuccefs : The elector of Bavaria 
 poflefled all the places on the Danube, as far as Paflau, 
 and even threatened the city of Vienna, which muft have 
 been infallibly loft, had the Hungarians and Bavarians, 
 acted in a concert. By the advice of Prince Eugene, the 
 emperor implored the aiTiftance of her Britannic majefty ; 
 and the duke of Marlborougb. explained to her the necei- 
 fity of undertaking his relief. This nobleman, in the 
 month of January, had croffed the lea to Holland, and 
 concerted a fcherne with. the deputies of the Hates-general, 
 for the operations of the enfuing campaign. They agreed 
 that General Auverquerque, fhould lie upon the defen- 
 five with a fmall body of troops in the Netherlands, while 
 the main army of the allies fhould act upon the Rhine, un 
 der the command of the duke of Marlborough. Such was 
 the pretext under which thiscorifummate general concealed 
 .er plan, which was communicated to a few or.lv, in 
 whofedifcretionhe could coniide. It was approved by the 
 petitionary and fome leading men, who fecured its favour 
 able reception with the ftate^-gefleral, when it became
 
 396 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK neceflary to impart the fecret to that numerous affembly, 
 In the mean time, the preparations were made, on pre- 
 tence of carrying the war to the banks of the Mo- 
 
 In the month of April the duke, accompanied by his 
 brother General Churchill, Lieutenant-General Lumley, 
 the earl of Orkney, and other officers of diftin&ion, em 
 barked for Holland, where he had a long conference with 
 a deputation of the ftates,- concerning a propofal of fending 
 a iarge army towards the Mofdle. The deputies of Zea 
 land oppofed this meafure offending their troops to fuch a 
 diftance fo ftrenuoufly, that the duke was obliged to tell 
 them, in plain terms, he had received orders to march 
 thither with the Britifh forces. He accordingly afiem- 
 bled his army at Maeftricht; and, on the 8th day of May, 
 began his march into Germany. The French imagined his 
 intention was to begin the campaign with the fie^e of 
 Tracrbach, and penetrate into France along the Mofelle. 
 In this perfuafion they fent a detachment to that river ; 
 and gave out that they intended to inveft Huy, a pretence 
 to which the duke paid no regard. He continued his 
 route by Bedburgh, Kerpenord, Kalfecken : He vifited 
 the fortifications of Bonne, where he received certain ad 
 vice, that the recruits aud reinforcements for the French 
 army in Bavaria had joined the elector at Villengen. He 
 redoubled his diligence, parted the Neckar on the 3d of 
 June, and halted at Ladenburgh : From thence he wrote 
 a letter to the ftates-general, giving them to underftand, 
 that he had the queen s orders to march to the relief of the 
 empire; and expreffing his hope that they would approve 
 thedefign, and allow their troops to fharc the honour of the 
 expedition. By the return of a courier he received their 
 approbation, and full power to command their forces. He 
 then proceeded to Mildenhcim, where he was vifited by 
 Prince Eugene ; and thefe two great men, whofe talents 
 were congenial immediately contracted in an intimacy of 
 friendfhip. Next day Prince Louis of Baden arrived in 
 the camp at Great Hippach. He told the duke, his grace 
 was come to fave the empire, and to give him an opportuni 
 ty of vindicating; his honour, which he knew was at the laft 
 (take in the opinion of fome people. The duke replied, he 
 was come to learn of him how to ferve the empire : That 
 they muft be ignorant indeed, who did not know that the 
 prince of Baden, when his health permitted him, had pre- 
 fcrved the empire, and extended its conquefts. 
 
 Thofe three celebrated generals agreed that the two ar 
 mies ftiouldjoin: That the command ihould be alternately 
 vefttd in the duke and Prince Louis, from day to day ; and
 
 ANNE. 397 
 
 that Prince Eugene fhould command a feparate army on c H A P- 
 the Rhine. Prince Louis returned to his army on the IL 
 Danube : Prince Eugene fet out for Philipfburgh ; the <*-~Y**"> 
 duke of Marlboreugh being joined by the Imperial army "Th 
 under Prince Louis of Baden, at Wadertellen, profecuted 
 IMS march by Elchingen, Gingcn, and Lanftthauffen. 
 On the ift day of July he was in fight of the enemy s en 
 trenchments at Dillingen, and encamped with his right at 
 Amerdighem, and his left at Onderingen. Undemand 
 ing that the elector of Bavaria had detached the beft part 
 of his infantry to reinforce the Count D Arco, who was 
 pofted behind ftrong lines at Schellenberg near Donawert, 
 he refolved to attack their entrenchments without delay. 
 On the 2d day of July he advanced towards the enemy, Bavarians 
 and parTed the river Wermitz: About five o clock in the ( K e ? t ? db ? 
 afternoon the attack was begun by the Englifh and Dutch M ar itK_ 
 infantry, fupported by the horfe and dragoons They rou^h. 
 were very feverely handled, and even obliged to give way, 
 v/hen Prince Louis of Baden marching up at the head of 
 the Imperial ills, to another part of the line, made a di- 
 veriion in their favour. After an obftinate refiftance they 
 forced the entrenchments, and the horfe entering with the 
 infantry, fell fo furiouily upon the enemy, already difor- 
 dered, that they were routed with great flaughter. They 
 fled with the utmoft trepidation to Donawert, and the 
 Danube, leaving fix thoufand men dead on the field of 
 battle. The confederates took fixteen pieces of cannon, 
 thirteen pair of colours, with all the tents and baggage, 
 Yet the victory was dearly purchafed : Some thoufands of 
 the allies were flain in the attack, including many gallant 
 officers, among whom were the Generals Goor and Rein- 
 heim, and Count Slirum, was mortally wounded. Next 
 day the Bavarian garrifon abandoned Donawert, of which 
 the confederates took immediate pcfTefTicn, while the elec 
 tor pafled the Danube, in his march to the river Leche, 
 left the victors fhould cut off his retreat to his own coun 
 try. The confederates having crofied the Danube on fe- 
 veral bridges of pontoons, a detachment was ftrnt to pafs 
 the Leche, and take poft in the country of the elector, 
 who had retired under the canon of Augiburg. The gar 
 rifon of Neuberg, retiring to Ingolftadt, the place was 
 fccured by the confederates; and the count de Frize was 
 detached with nine battalions and fifteen fquadrons to in- 
 veft the town of Rain. Advice arriving from Prince Eu 
 gene, that the MarcTchals, Villeroy, and Tallard, h;\d 
 pafi~d the Rhine at Fort Kehl, with an arrny of five-and- 
 forty thoufand men, to fuccour the elector of Bavaria, the 
 generals of the allies irumeuiaiely detached Prir.ce Maxi-
 
 39 s HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK milian of Hanover, with thirty fquadrons of horfe, as a 
 reinforcement to the prince. In a few days Rain furren- 
 "^Y^^ dercd, and Aicha was taken by afiiiult. The emperor no 
 (boner received a confirmation of the victory of Schellen- 
 berg, than he wrote a letter of acknowledgment to the 
 duke ofMailborough, and ordered Count Wraitflau to in 
 timate his intention of inverting him with the titleof prince 
 of the empire, which the duke declined accepting, until 
 the queen interpofed her authority, at the defire of Leo 
 pold. 
 
 The allies advanced within a league of Augfburg, and 
 though they found the elector of Bavaria too fecurely ported 
 under the cannon of that city, to be diflodged or attacked 
 with any prcfpect of fuccefs, they encamped with Friend- 
 burg in their centre, fo as to cut off all communication be 
 tween him and his dominions. The duke of Marl borough 
 having reduced him to this fituation, propofed very advan 
 tageous terms of peace, provided he would abandon the 
 French intereft, and join the Imperialists in Italy. His 
 fubje&s feeing themfelves at the mercy of the allies, prefTed 
 him to comply with thefe offers, rather than expcfe his 
 country to ruin and defolution. A negociation was begun 
 and he feemed ready tofign the articles, when hearing that 
 Marefchal Tallard had paffed the Black Foreft, to join him 
 with a great body of forces, he declared, that fince the king 
 of France had made fuch powerful efforts to fupport him, 
 he thought himfelf obliged in honour to continue firm in 
 Who rava- his alliance. The generals of the allies were fo exafperat- 
 gestheeiec- e( j at ^jg difappoiwtrnent, that they fent out detachments 
 to ravage the country of Bavaria as for as Munich : Up 
 wards of three hundred towns, villages, and caftles were 
 inhumanly deftroyed, to the indelible difgrace of thofe who 
 countenanced and conducted fuch barbarous practices. The 
 elector, Shocked at thefe brutal proceedings, defired, in a 
 letter to the duke of Marlborough, that a flop might be 
 put to acts of violence fo oppofite to true glory. The an- 
 iwer he received implied, that it was in his own power to 
 put an end to them by a fpeedy accommodation. Incenfed 
 at this reply, he declared, that fince they had obliged him 
 to draw the fv/ord, he would throw away the fcabbard. 
 The duke and Prince Louis, finding k impracticable to 
 attack the elector in his ftrong camp, refoived to undertake 
 the jiege of Ingolft-adt, and for that purpote paffed the Pacr 
 near the town of Schrobbenhoufen, where they encamped, 
 with their left at CJouftciberg. On the 5ch day Auguit, 
 the elector of Bavaria. K.a.-cl-.ed to Biberach, where he was 
 joined by Talkrd. He refoived to pafs the Danube at 
 Lawingen, to attack Priucc Eugene, who had followed the
 
 ANNE. 399 
 
 French army from the lines of Biehl, and lay encamped at C H A p. 
 Hochftadt. Next day, however, he made a motion that 
 difappointed the enemy. Neverthelefs, they perfifted in ^"Y"**^ 
 their defign of pafiing the Danube, and encamping at Blen- J 7 C 4" 
 heiin. The Allies refolved that Prince Louis fhould un 
 dertake the fiege of Ingoldftadr, whilft Prince Eugene and 
 the duke fliould obferve the elector of Bavaria. Advice 
 being received that he had actually crofled the Danube at 
 Lawingen, the duke of Marlborough joined the forces of 
 Prince Eugene at the camp of Munuer on the nth day of 
 Au2;uit, Prince Louis having by this time marched off to 
 wards the place he intended to befiege. Next day, the 
 duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene obferved the po- 
 fture of the enemy, who were advantagecufly pofted on a 
 hill near Hochftadt, their right being covered by the Da 
 nube and the village of Blenheim, their left by the village 
 of Lutzengen, and their front by the rivulet, the banks of 
 which were fteep, and the bottom marfliy. 
 
 Notwithstanding thefe difficulties, the generals refolved 
 to attack them immediately, rather than lie inactive until 
 their forage and provifion fliould be confumed. They 
 were moreover Simulated to this hazardous enterprif?, by an 
 intercepted letter to the elector of Bavaria from Marefchal 
 Villeroy, giving him to underftand, that he had received or 
 ders to ravage the county of Wirtemberg, and intercept all 
 the communication between the Rhine and the allied army. 
 The difpofitions being made for the attack, and the orders 
 communicated to the general officers, the forces advanced 
 into the plain on the I3th day of Auguft, and were ranged 
 in order of battle. The cannonading began about nine in Battle ot 
 the morning, and continued on both fides till one in the af- Blenheim. 
 
 O 
 
 ternoon. The French and Bavarians amounted to about 
 60,000 men. Aiarefchal Tallard commanded on the right, 
 and polled feven-and-twenty battalions, with twelve 
 fquadrons, in the village of Blenheim, fuppofing that there 
 the allies would make their chief effort : Their left v/as 
 conducted by the elector of Bavaria, affifted by Marfm, 
 a French general of experience and capacity. The num 
 ber of the confederates did not exceed five-and-nfty thou- 
 fand : Their right v/as under the direction of the Prince of 
 Eugene and their left commanded by the duke of Marlbo- 
 rou^h. At noon, the action was begun by a body of En- 
 gli:h and Hefiians, under Major-general V/iiks, who hav 
 ing paflld the rivulet with difficulty, and filed of to the left 
 in the nice of the enemy, attaked the village of Blenheim 
 with great vigour; but were repulfed after three fucceffive 
 attempts. Mean while, the troops in the centre, and part 
 of the right wing, psfTed the rivulet on planks in different
 
 4^3 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK places, arid formed on the other fide without any molefta- 
 . . f ion from the enemy. At length, however, they were 
 
 "V"* charged by the French horfe with fuch impetuofity, and fo 
 terribly galled in flank by the troops potted at Blenheim, 
 that they fell into diforder, and part of them repaffed the 
 rivulet: But a reinforcement of dragoons coming up, the 
 French cavalry were broke in their turn, and driven to the 
 very hedges of the village of Blenheim. The left wing of 
 the confederates being now completely formed, afcended 
 the hill in a firm and compacted body, charging the ene 
 my s horfe, which could no longer {land the ground, but 
 rallied feveral times as they gave way. Tallard, in order 
 to make a vigourous effort, ordered ten battalions to fill 
 up the intervals of his cavalry. The duke, perceiving his 
 tiefign, fent three battalions of the troops of Zell to fuftain 
 his horfe. Neverthelefs, the line was a little difordered by 
 the prodigious fire from the French infantry, and even o- 
 bliged to recoil about fixty paces: But the confederates 
 advancing to the charge with redoubled ardour, routed the 
 French horfe ; and their battalions being thus abandoned, 
 were cut in pieces. Tallard having rallied his broken ca 
 valry behind fome tents that were ftill ftanding, refolved to 
 draw off the troops he had pofted in the village of Blen 
 heim, and fent an aic!-du-camp to Marfin, who was with 
 the elector of Bavaria on the left, to defire he would face 
 the confederates with fome troops to the right of the village 
 of Oberklau, fo as to keep them in play, and favour the 
 retreat of the forces from Blenheim. That officer affured 
 him, he was fo far from being in a condition to fpare troops, 
 that he could hardly maintain his ground. The fate of 
 the day was now more than half decided. The French 
 cavalry being vigouroufly attacked in flank were totally de 
 feated. Part of them endeavoured to gain the bridge which 
 they had thrown over the Danube between Hochitadt and 
 Blenheim ; but they were fo clofely purfued, that thofc who 
 tfcaped the (laughter threw themfclves into the river, 
 where they perifhed. Tallard being furrounded, was tak 
 en near a mill behind the village of Sunderen, together with 
 the marquis de Montperouz, general of horfe, the major- 
 generals de Seppeville, de Silly, de la Valiere, and many 
 other officers of diftinclion. Whilft thefe occurrences 
 pafled on the left wing, Marfin s quarters at the village 
 of Oberklau, in the centre, were attacked by ten battalion?, 
 under the prince of Holfteinbeck, who pafied the rivulet 
 v. ith undaunted refclution : But, before he could form his 
 men on the other fide, he was overpowered by number?, 
 mortally wounded, and taken prifoner, His battalions be 
 ing fupported by fome Danifh and Hanoverian cavalry, re-
 
 ANNE. 401 
 
 newed the charge, raid were again repulfed : At length, CHAP. 
 the duke of Marlborough in perfon brought up feme frefh ni> 
 fquadrons from the body of referve, and compelled the ene- 
 my to retire. By this time, Prince Eugene had obliged 
 the left wing of the enemy to give ground, after having 
 furmounted a great number of difficulties, fuitained a very 
 obftinate oppofition, and feen his cavalry, in which his chief 
 ftrength feeined to lie, three times repulfed. The duke of 
 Marlborough had no fooner defeated the right wing, than 
 he made a difpofition to reinforce the prince, when he un- 
 derftood from an aid-du-camp, that his highncfs had no oc- 
 cafion for affiftance ; and that the elector, with Monficur,- 
 de Marfin had abandoned Oberklau and Lutzingen. They 
 were purfued as far as the villages of Morfelingen Teiflen- 
 hoven, from whence they retreated to Dillingen and Law- 
 ingen. Th e confederates being now mafters of the 
 field of battle, furrounded the village of Blenheim, in which, 
 as we have already obferved, feven-and-twenty battalions 
 and twelve fquadrons were pofccd. Thefe troops, feeing 
 th^mfelves cut of? from all communication with the reft of 
 their army, and difpairing of being able to force their way 
 through the allies, capitulated about eight in the evening, 
 laid down their arms, delivered their colours and ftandards, 
 and furrendered themfelves prifoners of war, on condition The French 
 that the officers fhould not be rifled. This was one of the entirely de- 
 moft glorious and complete victories that ever was obtain- ^ att j- 
 ed. Ten thoufand French and Bavarians were left dead 
 on the field of battle: The greater part of thirty fquadrons 
 of horfe and dragoons perifhed in the river Danube : Thir 
 teen thoufand were made prifoners: One hundred pieces of 
 cannon were taken, with twenty-four mortars, one hundred 
 and twenty-nine colours, one hundred and feventy-one 
 Standards feventeen pair of kettle-drums, three thoufand fix 
 hundred tents, four-and-thirty coaches, three hundred laden 
 mules, two bridges of boats, fifteen pontoons, fifteen barrels 
 and eight calks filled with filver. Of the allies, about four 
 thoufand five hundred men were killed, and about eight 
 thoufand wounded or taken. The lofs of the battle was im 
 puted to two capital errors committed by Marefchal Tal- 
 lard ; namely, his weakening the centre, by detaching fuch 
 a number of troops to the village of Blenheim, and his fuf- 
 fering the confederates to pafs the rivulet, and form unrno- 
 lefted. Certain it is, thefe circumftances contributed to 
 the fuccefs of the duke of Maryborough* who rode 
 through the hotteft of the fire with the calmeft intrepidity, 
 giving his orders with that prefence of mind and delibera 
 tion which were fo peculiar to his character. When he 
 next day vifited Tallard, he told that general, he was forry 
 VOL. I. 3 E
 
 402 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK fuch a misfortune fhould happen perfonally to one for whom 
 IJ - he had a profound efteem. The marefchal congratulated 
 ^"Y^**"^ him on having vanquifhed the belt troops in the world; a 
 I7 *" compliment to which the duke replied, That he thought his 
 own the bell troops in the world, feeing they had conquer 
 ed thofe upon whom tlie marefchal had bellowed fuch an 
 encomium. 
 
 The victorious generals having by this deciuve ftroke 
 faved the houfe of Auftria from entire ruin, and entirely 
 changed the face of affairs in the empire, fignified their 
 opinion to Prince Louis of Baden, that it would be for the 
 advantage of the common caufe to join all their force?, and 
 drive the French out of Germany, rather than lofe time at 
 the fiege of Ingoldftadt, which would furrender of courfe. 
 This opinion was confirmed by the conduct of the French 
 garrifon at Augfburg, who quitted that place on the 1 6th 
 day of AugufK The magistrates fent a deputation, crav 
 ing the protection of the duke of Marlborough, who forth 
 with ordered a detachment to take pofleffioh of that impor 
 tant city. The duke having fent Marefchal de Tallard 
 under a guard of dragoons to Frankfort, and difpofed of 
 the other prifoners of diffcinctkm in the adjacent places, en 
 camped at Sefil!inp;en, within half a leage of Ulm. Kere 
 he held a conference with the Princes Eugene and Louis of 
 Baden, in which they agreed that, as the enemy retreated 
 towards the Rhine, the confederate army fhould take the 
 fame route, excepting three-and-twenty battalions and forne 
 fquadrons, to be left for the fiege of Ulm, under General 
 Thungen. They began their march on the 26th day of 
 Auguir, by different routes, to the general rendezvous at 
 - Brufcha!, near Philipfburg. Then they refolved, that 
 Prince Louis of Baden mould undertake the fiege of Lan 
 dau, in order to fecure the circle of Suabia from the incur- 
 fions of that garrifon. Confidcring the confirmation that 
 prevailed all over France, nothing could be more impolitic 
 than this meafure, which gave the enemy time for the re 
 collection, and recruiting their forces. It was a propofal on 
 which the Prince of Baden infilled with uncommon obici- 
 nacy. He was even fufpected of corruption. He was 
 jealous of the glory which the duke of Marlborough had 
 acquired, and fuch a bigoted Papift, that he repined at the 
 Landau he- fuccefsofan heretical general. On the twelfth day of 
 lieged and September, he marched towards Landau with the troops 
 taken. deftined for the fiege, and the duke of Marlborough, with 
 Prince Eugene, encamped at Croon Weiffenburg, to cover 
 the enterprise. By this time Ulm had furrendered to 
 Thungen, even before the trenches were opened. Ville- 
 roy advanced with his army towards Land;";, as if he had
 
 ANNE. 4.03 
 
 intended to attack the confederates ; but he retired with- CHAP, 
 out having made any attempt for the relief of the place, 
 which was defended with the moft obftinate valour till the ^^V*-* 
 23d day of November, when the befiegers having lodged 1 4 
 themfelves on the counterfcarps, the breaches being prac 
 ticable, and the difpofitions made for a general aftault, the 
 ganilon capitulated upon honourable conditions. The 
 kins; of the Romans had arrived in the camp, that he 
 might have the credit of taking the place, the command of 
 v.hlch he beftowed on the Count de Frize, who had be 
 fore defended it with equal courage and ability. 
 
 The next enterprise which the confederates undertook, nd Traer- 
 was the fiege of Traerbach. The hereditary prince of atl1 
 Heffe-Caflel being entrufted with the direction of the at 
 tacks, inverted the caiTle in the beginning of November. 
 Though it was ftrongly fortified, and well defended, he 
 cariied on his operations with fuch fpiritand afliduity, that 
 in about fix weeks the garriibn furrendered the place on 
 honourable terms, In the meantime, the duke of Marl- 
 borough repaired to Berlin, where he negociated for a rein- 
 f> rcement of ti^ht thoufand Pruffians, to f^rve under 
 Prince Eugene in Italy during -the next campaign. 
 Thence he proceeded to the court of Hanover, where, as 
 in all other places, he was received with particular marks 
 of cliftinclion. When he arrived at the Hague, be was 
 congratulated by the {rates-general on his victories ?.t 
 Schellenberg, and Blenheim, and as much confidered in 
 Holland as if he had been actually ftadtholder. He had 
 received a fecond letter from the emperor, couched in the 
 warmeft terms of acknowledgment, and was declared 
 prince of the empire. In December he embarked for 
 England, where he found the people in a tranfport of joy, 
 and was welcomed as a hero who had retrieved the glo- 
 of the nation. 
 
 In Flanders, nothing of moment was executed, ex 
 cept the bombardment of Bruges and Namur by Baron 
 Spaar, with nine thoufand Dutch troops ; and two at 
 tempts upon the French lines, which were alually pene 
 trated by Auverquerque, though he was notable to main 
 tain the footing he had gained. The elector of Bavaria, 
 who had retired to BrufTels after his defeat, formed a 
 fcheme for furpriilng the Dutch general at the of the cam 
 paign, and aflembled all his troops at Tirlemont ; but the 
 French court, apprehenfive of his temerity, fent Villeroy 
 to watch his conduct, and prevent his hazarding an en 
 gagement, except with a fair profpel of advantage. ^ The 
 marcfchal, finding him determined to give battle at all 
 events, reprefented the improbability of Succeeding againll
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK an enemy fo adyantageoufly pofted, and the ill conicquen- 
 ces of a repulfe j but, finding the elector deaf to all his re- 
 monftrances, he flatly refufcd to march, and produced the 
 king s order to avoid an engagement. In Italy the French 
 met with no opposition. The duke of Savoy, bcina; un 
 able to face the enemy in the field, was obliged to lie in 
 active. He faw the duke de Verdome reduce Vercelli, 
 and Ivrea, and undertake the fiege of Verac ; while he 
 polled his little armyonthe other fide of the Po, at Crefcen- 
 tino, where had a bridge of communication, by which he 
 fupplied the place occafionally with frefh. troops and pro- 
 vifion. The place held out five months, againft all the 
 efforts of the French general : At length, the communi 
 cation being cut off, the duke of Savoy retired to Chi- 
 vas. He bore his msifortunes with great equanimity; 
 and told the Englifli minifter, that though he was aban 
 doned by the allies, he would never abandon himfelf, 
 The emperor had neglected Italy, that he might act with 
 more vigour againft Ragotfki, and the Hungarian mal 
 contents, over whom he obtained feveral advantages; 
 notwithstanding which they continued formidable, from 
 their number, bravery, and refolution. The minifters ef 
 the allies prefled Leopold to enter into a negociation for a 
 peace with thofe rebels ; and conferences were opened ; 
 but he was not fincerely difpofed to an accommodation, 
 and Ragotfki, aimed at the principality of Tranfylvania, 
 which the court of Vienna would not eafily relinquifh. 
 The emperor was not a little alarmed by a revolution at 
 the Ottoman Porte, until the new fultan difpatched a 
 chiaus to Vienna, with an affurance that he fhould give 
 no aiHftance to the malcontents of Hungary. In Poland, 
 the diet being affembkd by the cardinal primate, Sta- 
 niflaus Lezinfki, palatine of Pofnania, was elected and 
 proclaimed king, and recognized by Charles of Sweden, 
 who ftill maintained his army by contributions in that 
 country, more intent upon the ruin of Augaftus than up 
 on the prefervation of his own dominions ; for he paid no 
 regard to the progrefs of the Mufcovites, who had ravag 
 ed Livonia, reduced Narva, and made incurfions into 
 Sweden. Auguftus retreated into his Saxon dominions, 
 which he impoverished, in order to raife a great army, 
 with which he might return to Poland: The pope efpouf- 
 ed the intereft of this new convert, fo far as to cite the 
 cardinal primate to appear at Rome, and give an account 
 of the fliare he had in the Polifti troubles. The protef- 
 tants of the Cevennois, deriving courage from defpair, 
 became fo troublefome to the government of France, that 
 Louis was obliged to treat them with lenity : He fent
 
 A N N E. 405 
 
 Marefchal Villars againft them with a frefli reinforce- CHAP. 
 
 ment ; but at the fame time furniihed him with inftruc- 
 
 tio ns to treat for an accommodation. This officer imme- ^- -y 
 
 diately commenced a negociation with Cavalier, the chief J 74- 
 
 of the revolters ; and a formal treaty was concluded, 
 
 by which they were indulged with liberty of confcience ; 
 
 but thefe articles were very ill obferved by the French 
 
 miniftry. 
 
 In Portugal, the intereft of King Charles wore a very Campaiga 
 melancholy afpe6L When he arrived at Lifbon, he found in Portugal. 
 no preparations made for opening the campaign. The 
 Portuguefe miniftry favoured the French in fecret : The 
 people were averfe to heretics : The duke of Schomherg, 
 was on ill terms witfe Fagel, the Dutch general: The 
 Portuguefe forces confifted of raw undifciplined peafants ; 
 and the French ambaflador had bought up the beft horfcs 
 in the kingdom ; fo that the troopers could not be proper 
 ly mounted. The king of Portugal had .promifed to en 
 ter Spain with Charles, by the middle of May; but he 
 was not ready till the beginning of June, when they 
 reacaed Santaren. By this time they had publifhed their 
 refpe&ive manifeftos ; Charles difplaying his title to the 
 crown of Spain, and promifing pardon to all his fubjecls 
 who fhould in three monuiG join his army; and the king 
 of Portugal declaring, that his fole aim in taking up arms, 
 was to reftore the liberty of the Spanifh nation, oppreffed by 
 the power of France, as well as to affert the right of Charles 
 to that monarchy. The prefent pofleflbr, whom they men 
 tioned by the name of the duke of Anjou, had already antici 
 pated their invafion. His general, the duke of Berwick, en 
 tering Portugal, took the town of Segura by ftratagem. 
 The governor of Salva-terra furrendered at difcretion : 
 Cebrercs was reduced without much oppofition : Zebredo 
 was abandoned by the inhabitants ; and the town of Lhana 
 la Viella was taken by afTault. Portugal was at the fame 
 time invaded in different parts by the Marquis de JeorTre- 
 ville, Prince Tferclaes de Tilly, and the Marquis de 
 Villadarias. Two Dutch battalions were attacked and 
 taken by the duke of Berwick at Sodreira Fonnofa. Then 
 he paffed the Tagus, and joined Prince Tferclaes. King 
 Philip arriving in the army, inverted Portalegre ; and the 
 garrifon, including an Englifh regiment of foot command 
 ed by colonel Stanhope, were made prifoners of war. The 
 next place he befieged was caftle Davide, which met with 
 the fame fate. On the other hand, the Marquis Das Mi- 
 nas, in order to make a diveriion, entered Spain with fif 
 teen thoufand men, took Fuente Grimuldo, in Caftile
 
 4o6 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 BOOK by a/fault, defeated a body of French and Spaniards com 
 manded by Don Ronquillo, and made himfelf matter of 
 
 ^~Y*^J Mnnfeinto. The weather growing excefftvely hot, Phi-^ 
 74- lip fent his troops into quarters of refrefhment; and the 
 allies followed his example. Duke Schomberg rinding 
 his advice very little regarded by the Portuguefe miniflry, 
 and feeing very little profpedfc of fuccefs, defiled leave to 
 refign his command, which the queen beftowcd upon the 
 earl of Galway, who, with a reinforcement of Englifh and 
 Dutch troops, arrived at Liibon on the 3Oth day of July. 
 About the latter end of September, the two kings repair 
 ed to the camp near Almeda, refolving to invade Caftile; 
 but they found the river Agueda fo well guarded by the 
 duke of Berwick, that they would not attempt a pafFage. 
 They therefore, retired into the territories of Portugal, 
 and the army was put into winter- quarters. The Spani 
 ards were now fo weakened, by detachments fent with the 
 marquis de Vilbclarias towards Gibraltar, that the duke of 
 Berwick could not execute any fcheme of importance dur 
 ing the remaining part of the campaign. 
 
 The arms of England were notlefs fortunate by fea than 
 they had been upon the Danube. Sir George Rooke, 
 having landed King Charles at Liibon, fent a fquadron to 
 cruize off Cape S part ell, under the command of Rear- 
 Admiral Dilkes, who, on the I2th of March engaged and 
 look three Spanifh fhips of war, bound from St. Sebaf- 
 tian s to Cadiz. Rooke received orders from the queen to 
 la il to the relief of Nice and Villa Franca, which were 
 threatened with a fiege by the duke de Vendome ; at the 
 fame time he was prefTed by King Charles to execute a 
 fcheme upon Barcelona, projected by the prince of Hefft 
 d Armfhdr, who declared his opinion, that the Catalo- 
 nians would declare for the houfe ofAuftria, as foon as 
 they fhould be allured of proper fupport and protection. 
 The miniftry of England underftanding that the French 
 were employed in equipping a ftrong fquadron at Breft, 
 <-nd judging it was deftined to al in the Mediterranean, 
 fent out fir Cloudefley Shovel, with a confiderable fleet, 
 to watch the motions of the Breft fquadron ; and he was 
 provided with inftructions how to acl, in cafe it fhould be 
 failed to the Mediterranean. Mean while, fir George 
 Rooke, in compliance with the entreaties of King Charles, 
 failed with the tranfports under his convoy to Barcelona, 
 and on the i8th of May appeared before the city. Next 
 day, the troops were landed by the prince of Hefle, to 
 the number of two thoufand, and the Dutch ketches bom 
 barded the place ; but by this time the governor had f:- 
 cured the chiefs of the Auflrisn party; and the people ex-
 
 A N N E. 407 
 
 hibiting no marks of attachment to King Charles, the c H A P- 
 prince re-embarked his foldiers, from an apprehenfion cf 
 their being attacked and overpowered by fuperior num- <-*"Y"- (> 
 bers. On the i6th day of June, fir George Rooke, be- 74- 
 ing joined by fir Clcudefley Shovel, refolved to proceed 
 up the Mediterranean in queft of the French fleet, which 
 had failed thither from Breft, and which Rooke had actu 
 ally difcovered, in the preceding month, on their voyage 
 to Toulon. On the jyth day of July, the admiral called 
 a council of war in the road of Tetuan, when they re- Gibraltar 
 folved to make an attempt upon Gibraltar, which was a " ackej > 
 but flenderly provided with a. garrifon. Thither they fail 
 ed on the 2 1 ft day of the month, the prince of Hefie landed 
 on the ifthmus with eighteen hundred marines ; then he 
 fummoned the governor to furrender, and was anfwered, 
 that the place would be defended to the laft extremity. 
 Next day the admiral gave orders for cannonading the 
 town. Perceiving that the enemy v/erc driven from their 
 fortifications at the fouth mole-head, he commanded cap 
 tain Whitaker to arm all the boats, and afTault that quai- 
 ter. The captains Hicks, and Jumper, who happened to 
 be neareft the mole, immediately manned their pinaces, 
 and entered the fortifications fword in hand. The Spani 
 ards fprung a mine, by which two lieutenants, and about 
 a hundred men, were killed or wounded. Neverthelefs, 
 the two captains took poflefiion of a platform, and kept 
 their ground uncil they were fuflained by captain Whita 
 ker, and the relt of the feamen, who took by ftorm a re 
 doubt between the mole and the town. Then the go 
 vernor capitulated ; and the prince of HefTe entered the an.l taken. 
 place, amazed at the fuccefs of this attempt, confiderins; 
 the ftrength of the fortifications, which might have been 
 defended by fifty men againft a numerous army. 
 
 A fufncient garrifon being left with his highnefs, the 
 admiral returned to Tetuan, to take in wood and water; 
 and when he failed, on the gth day of Au;uft, he defcried 
 the French fleet, to which he gave chace with ail the fail 
 he could fpread. On the I3 h he came up with it, as it 
 lay in a line oft Malaga ready to receive him, to the 
 number of two-and-fifty great (hips, and four-and-twenty 
 galleys, under the command of the count de Thouloufe, 
 high- admiral- of France, with the inferior flans of the 
 white and blue divifions. The Englifli fleet confifted of 
 three-ar.d-fifty (hips of the line, exclufive of frigates; but 
 they were inferior to the French in number of guns and 
 men, as well ?.s in weight of metal, ar.d altogether un 
 provided of gallics, from which the enerry reaped great
 
 4 oS HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK advantage during the engagement. A little after ten in 
 ** the morning the battle began, with equal fury on both 
 ^*~Y^~^ fHes, and continued to rage with doubtful fuccefs till 
 I 7 (J 4- t wo j n t j-, c afternoon, when the van of the French gave 
 French fljet wa y . neverthelefs, the fight was maintained till night, 
 neaT Mala- wnen tne enemy bore away to leeward. The wind fhift- 
 ga. ing before morning, the French gained the weather-gage; 
 
 but they made no ufe of this advantage. For two fuccef- 
 five days the Englifh admiral endeavoured to renew the 
 engagement, which the count cie Tholoufe declined, and 
 at laft he difappeared. The lofs was pretty equal on both 
 fides, though not a fingle (hip was taken or deftroyed by 
 either ; but the honour of the day certainly remained with 
 the Englifli. Over and above the difadvantages we have 
 enumerated, the bottoms of the Britifli fleet were foul, 
 and feveral large {hips had expended all their {hot long 
 before the battle ceafed ; yet the enemy were fo roughly 
 handled, that they did not venture another engagement 
 during the whole war. The French king, in order to 
 raife the drooping fpirits of the people, claimed the victo 
 ry, and published an account of the action, which, at this 
 diftance of time, plainly proves that he was reduced to 
 the mean ftiift of impofing upon his fubjects, by falfe and 
 partial reprefentations. Among other exaggerations in 
 this detail, we find mention made of rnifchief done to 
 French mips by Englifti bombs; though nothing is more 
 certain than that there was not one bomb-veflel in the 
 combined fleet. The French academy, actuated by 
 a fervile fpirit of adulation, caufed a medal to be ftruck 
 on the occafion, which, inftead of perpetuating the glory 
 of their prince, ferves only to tranfmit their own {hame 
 to pofterity. After the battle, fir George Rooke failed 
 to Gibraltar to refit, and leaving a fquadron v/ith fir 
 John Leake, fet fail for England on the 24th day of Au- 
 guft. He arrived in September, and was received by the 
 miniftry, and the people in general, v/ith thofc marks of 
 efteem and veneration which were due to his long fcrvices 
 and fignal fuccefs; but he was ftill perfecuted with a fpi 
 rit of envy and detraction. Philip king of Spain, alarmed 
 at the reduction of Gibraltar, fent the marquis de Villa- 
 darias with an army to retake it. The fiege hfted four 
 months, during which the prince of Heffe exhibited many 
 fhining proofs of courage and ability. , The place was 
 fuppHed with men and provifions by convoys from Lif- 
 bon, until monfieur dc Pontis put a ftop to that commu 
 nication by entering; the bay with a ftrong fquadron ; but 
 he was obliged to retire at the approach of fir John Lcakc 
 and admiral" Vanderduffen; and the marquis de Villadari-
 
 ANNE. 409 
 
 as having made little or no progrefs on land, thought pro- CHAP 
 per to abandon the enterprile. 
 
 *The parliament of England meeting on the 29.11 day of "V s - 
 October, the queen, in her fpeech, obferved, that the 
 great and remarkable fuccefs with which God had blerlcd 
 her arms produced unanimous joy and fatisfaclion through 
 all parts of the kingdom; and that a timely improvement 
 of the prefent advantages would enable her to procure 
 a lafting foundation of fecurity for England, as well as 
 a firm fupport for the liberty of Europe. She declared her 
 intention was to be kind and indulgent to all her fubje&s. 
 She exprefled her hope that they would do nothing to en 
 danger the lofs of this opportunity j and that there would 
 be no contention among them, but nn emulation to pro 
 mote the public welfare. Congratulatory addrefles were 
 voted and prefented by both houfe?. They were equal in 
 their profciuons of duty and affection to the queen ; but 
 the addrefles imbibed a very different colour from the dif 
 ferent factions by which the two houfes were influenced 
 The lords congratulated her on the great and glorious 
 fuccefs of her arms under the command of the duke of 
 Marlborough, without deigning to mention fir George 
 Rooke, who had defeated the French navy at fea, and add 
 ed the important fortrefs of Gibraltar to the Britifh con- 
 quefts. On the other hand, the commons affected to 
 mention the battle of Blenheim, and Rooke s naval victo 
 ry, as events of equal glory and importance. However 
 they might be warped by prejudice againft individuals, 
 they did not fufTer the war to languifh for want offuppues. 
 Having taken into confideration the fervices of the army 
 and navy, they voted that the queen (hould be desired to 
 beftow her bounty on the feamen and land-forces who had 
 behaved themfelves fo gallantly. Then they deliberated 
 upon the different articles of national expence, and granted 
 four millions fix hundred and feventy thoufand nine hun 
 dred and thirty-one pounds, for the occafions of the enfu- 
 ing year, to be raifed by a land-tax, by the fale of annui 
 ties, and other expedients. Thefe meafures were taken 
 with fuch expedition, that the land-tax received the royal 
 afTent on the 9th day of December ; when the queen, in 
 a fhort fpeech, thanked the commons for their difpatch, 
 which lhe confidered as a fure pledge of their affection. 
 
 The high-church party took this occafion to promote 
 the bill againft occafional conformity, which was revived 
 arid brought into the houfe on a new model, by Mr. Wil 
 liam Bromley, who moved that it might be tacked to the 
 land-tax bill, and fent up to the lords for their concur 
 rence. Tiie court no lonp-er efooufed thismeafure; arid, 
 
 VOL." I. 3 F
 
 410 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK the violent party was weakened by defection. After a*, 
 , . warm and tedious debate, the tack was rejected by a great 
 
 *"V S majority. The bill, however, paiTed the houfe of com 
 mons, -and was fent up to the lords on the I4th day of De 
 cember, when it would hardly have excited a debate, had 
 not the queen been prelent, and deilrous of hearing what 
 could be faid on both fides of the queftion. For the in 
 formation and futisfaftion of her majefty the fubjel was 
 Egain difcuffed, and all the arguments being repeated, the 
 bill was rejected by a majority of one-and-twenty voices. 
 The next fubjecl: on which the houfe of lords employed 
 their attention, was the late conduct of the Scottish parlia 
 ment. The lord Haverfham, in a fet fpeech, obferved, that 
 the fettlement of the fucceffion in Scotland had been poft- 
 poned, partly becaufe that miniftry for that kingdom were 
 weak and divided; partly from a received opinion, that the 
 fucceflion wasinever fmcerely and cordially intended, by thofe 
 who managed the affairs of Scotland in the cabinet-council 
 He expatiated on the bad confequenccs that might attend the 
 act of fecurity, which he (tiled a bill of exclufion ; and 
 particularly mentioned that claufe by which the heritors 
 and boroughs were ordained to exercife their fenfible men 
 every month. He faid the nobility and gentry of Scotland, 
 were as learned and brave as any nation in Europe, and 
 generally difcontentecl ; that the common people were ve 
 ry numerous, very ftout, and very poor ; and he alked who 
 was the man that could tell whatfuch a multitude, fo armed 
 and difciplined, might do under fuch leaders, could oppor 
 tunities fu it their intention ? He recommended thefe cir- 
 cumftances to the confideration of the houfe, and conclud 
 ed with thefe words of lord Bacon, " Let men beware 
 " how they neglect or fuffer matter of troubles to be pre- 
 " pared ; for no man can forbid the fparks that may fet 
 " all on fire." The lords refolved to confider thefe fub- 
 jeds en the 29th day of November, when the queen re 
 paired to the houfe of peers to hear the debates, and by her 
 prcfence moderate the heat of both parties. The earl of 
 Nottingham reflected fo feverely on the memory of King 
 William, that he would have been fent to the Tower, had 
 not the lords declined any fuch motion out of refpect to her 
 majefty. After much declamation on the Scottifh act of 
 fecurity, the grand committee of the peers, by the advice 
 Aft of ali*. of lord W barton, refolved, That the queen fhpuld be en- 
 nation p. f- a bled, by act of parliament on the part of England, to 
 fed a.amit nan , e cornmiflioners to treat about an union with Scotland, 
 provided that the parliament of Scotland, fhould firft ap 
 point commiflioneis on thc r part for the fame purpofe: 
 That no Scotfmen (hould enjoy the privileges of EngHfh-
 
 ANN E. 411 
 
 men, except fuch a? were fettled in England) Ireland, and C FI A p 
 the plantations, -and fuch as were or might be in the ft- a or in> 
 land fervice, until an union could be effected, or the fuc- V -*~Y"* > - 
 ceflion fettled as in England : That the traffic by cattle ^ 4 
 from Scotland to England fnould be prevented: That the 
 lord admiral fhould iffue orders for taking fuch vefiels as 
 fhould be found trading from Scotland to France, or to 
 the ports of any of her majefty s enemies ; and that care 
 fhould be taken to prevent the exportation of Englifh wool 
 into Scotland. On thefe refolutions a bill was formed for 
 an entire union, and paffed the houfe on the 2Oth clay of De 
 cember. The lords prefented on addrefs to the queen, re- 
 prefenting, That they had duly weighed the dangerous 
 and pernicious effects that were likely to be produced by 
 divers acts of parliament lately paffed in Scotland: That 
 they were of opinion the fafety of the kingdom required 
 that fpeedy and effectual orders fhould be given to put 
 Newcaftle in a poflure of defence, to fecure the port of 
 Tinmonth, and repair the fortifications of Hull, and Car- 
 lifle. They likewife advifed her majefty to give direc 
 tions for disciplining the militia of the four northern coun 
 ties ; for providing them with arms and ammunition ; for 
 maintaining a competent number of regular troops on the 
 northern borders of England, as well as in the north of 
 Ireland; and for putting the laws in execution againft Pa- 
 pills. The queen pfomifed that a ftirvcy fhould be made 
 of the places they had mentioned, and laid before the par 
 liament; and that (he would give the heeefiary directions 
 upon the other articles of the addrefs. The commons 
 feemed to concur with the lords in their fentiments of the 
 Scottifh aft of fecurity. They refolved, That a bill 
 fhould be brought in for the effectual fecuringthc kingdom 
 of England from the apparent dangers that might arife 
 from feveral acts lately paffed in the parliament of Scot 
 land ; and this was formed on nearly the fame refolutions 
 which had been taken in the upper houfe. The bill fent 
 clown by the lords was thrice read, and ordered to lie up 
 on the table ; but they paffed their own, to take effect at 
 Ghriftmas, provided, before that time, the Sects fhould 
 not fettle the fucceffion. When it was offered to the 
 lords, they paffed it without any amendment, contrary to 
 the expectation, and even to the hop?, of fome members 
 who were no friends to the houfe of Hanover, and firmly 
 believed the lords would have treated this bill with the 
 fame contempt which had been manifefted for that which 
 they had fent down to the commons, 
 
 The duke of Marlborough, at his firft appearance in 
 the houfe after his return to England, was honoured with
 
 4io HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK the violent party was weakened by defeftion. After a 
 , , warm and tedious debate, the tack was rejected by a great 
 
 *"**/"** majority. The bill, however, paiFed the houfe of com 
 mons, -and was fent up to the lords on the I4th day of De 
 cember, when it would hardly have excited a debate, had 
 not the queen been prefent, and deilrous of hearing what 
 could be faid on both fides of the queftion. For the in 
 formation and fatisfaftion of her majefty the fubject was - 
 Egain difcuffed, and all the arguments being repeated, the 
 bill was rej; j led by a majority of one-ana-twenty voices. 
 The next fubjecl on which the houfe of lords employed 
 their attention, was the late conduct of the Scottim parlia 
 ment. The lord Haverfham, in a fet fpeech, obferved, that 
 the fettlement of the fucceflion in Scotland had been poft- 
 poned, partly becaufe that miniftry for that kingdom were 
 weak and divided J partly from a received opinion, that the 
 fucceffion wasinever fincerely and cordially intended, by thofe 
 who managed the affairs of Scotland in the cabinet-council 
 He expatiated on the bad confequenccs that might attend the 
 act of fecuritv, which he ftiled a bill of exclufion ; and 
 particularly mentioned that claufe by which the heritors 
 and boroughs were ordained to exercife their fenfible men 
 every month. He faid the nobility and gentry of Scotland, 
 were as learned and brave as any nation in Europe, and 
 generally difcontented ; that the common people were ve 
 ry numerous, very ftout, and very poor ; and he alked who 
 was the man that could tell what fuch a multitude, fo armed 
 and difciplined, might do under fuch leaders, could oppor 
 tunities fuit their intention ? He recommended thefe cir- 
 cumftances to the confideration of the houfe, and conclud 
 ed with thefe words of lord Bacon, " Let men beware 
 * how they negleft or fuffer matter of troubles to be pre- 
 " pared ; for no man can forbid the fparks that may fet 
 " all on nre." The lords refolved to confider thefe fub- 
 jeiSls on the 2gth day of November, when the queen re 
 paired to the houfe of peers to hear the debates, and by her 
 pro-fence moderate the heat of both parties. The earl of 
 Nottingham reflected fo feve ely on the memory of King 
 William, that he would have been fent to the Tower, had 
 not the lords declined any fuch motion out of refpeft to her 
 mrijefty. After much declamation on the Scottifti at of 
 fecurity, the gnrnd committee of the peers, by the advice 
 Aft of all*, of lord Wharton, refolved, That the queen fhould be en- 
 nation p. f- -..bled, by aft of parliament on the part of England, to 
 n " me cornmiflioners to treat about an union with Scotland, 
 provided that the parliament of Scotland, fhould firft ap 
 point commiffioneis on thc r part for the fame purpofe: 
 That no Scotfmen fhould enjoy the privileges of Englifh-
 
 ANNE. 411 
 
 men, except fuch as were fettled in Englztvl, Ireland, and c i-i A p 
 the plantations, -and fuch as were or might be in th.e ila or 
 land fervice, until an union could he effected, or the fuc- 
 ceflion fettled as in England: That the traffic by cattle 
 from Scotland to England fnoiild be prevented: That the 
 lord admiral fhould iffue orders for taking fuch vsflels as 
 fhould be found trading from Scotland to France, or to 
 the ports of any of her majefty s enemies ; and that care 
 fhould be taken to prevent the exportation of Englifh wool 
 into Scotland. On thefe refolutions a bill was formed for 
 an entire union, and paffed the houfe on the 2Oth day of De 
 cember. The lords prefented on aderefs to the queen, re- 
 prefenting, That they had duly weighed the dangerous 
 and pernicious effects that were likely to be produced by 
 divers acts of parliament lately paffcd in Scotland : That 
 they were of opinion the fafety of the kingdom required 
 that fpeedy and effectual orders fhould be given to put 
 Newcaflle in a poflure of defence, to fecure the port of 
 Tinmonth, and repair the fortifications of Hull, and Car- 
 lifle. They likewife advifed her msjefty to give direc 
 tions for disciplining the militiaof the four northern coun 
 ties ; for providing them with arms and ammunition ; for 
 maintaining a competent number of regular troops on the 
 northern borders of England, as well as in the north of 
 Ireland; and for putting the laws in execution againft Pa- 
 pills. The queen promifed that a furvcy fhould be made 
 of the places they had mentioned, and laid before the par 
 liament; and that (he would give the neceffa r y directions 
 upon the other articles of the addrefs. The commons 
 feemed to concur with the lords in their fentiments of the 
 Scottifh act of fecurity. They refolved, That a bill 
 fhould be brought in for the effectual fecuringthe kingdom 
 of England from the apparent dangers that might arife 
 from feveral acts lately paffed in the parliament of Scot 
 land ; and this was formed on nearly the fame refolutions 
 which had been taken in the upper houfe. The bill fent 
 down by the lords was thrice read, and ordered to lie up 
 on the table ; but they paffed their own, to take effect at 
 Ghriftmas, provided, before that time, the Scots fhould 
 not fettle the fucceffion. When it was. offered to the 
 lords, they pafled it without any amendment, contrary to 
 the expectation, and even to the hope, of fome members 
 who were no friends to the houfe of Hanover, and firmly 
 believed the lords would have treated this bill with the 
 fame contempt which had been manifefled for that which 
 they had fent down to the commons, 
 
 The duke of Marl borough, at his firft appearance in 
 the houfe after his return to England, \v;is hoi-.ourcd with
 
 412 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 
 B o O K a very extraordinary eulogium, pronounced by the lord- 
 keeper, in the name of the peers of Enojand; and a com- 
 
 V-< *"Y*"*^ plinient of the fame nature was prefented to him by a com- 
 17 4 mittee of the houfe of commons. Docker Delcune, vice- 
 chancellor of Oxford, accompanied by the principal mem 
 bers of the univerfity, attended the queen with an ad 
 drefs of congratulation upon the fucccfs of her arms in 
 Germany under the admirable conduct and invincible 
 courage of the duke of Marlboroush ; and at fea, under 
 the moil brave and faithful Admiral Sir George Rooke. 
 He received a civil anfwer from her majefty, though now 
 fhe took umbrage at Rooke s being railed upon a level 
 with the duke of Mai iborouo;h, whole great victories had 
 captivated her admiration, and whofe wife had alienated 
 her affection from the Tories. The commons perceiv 
 ing how high he {rood in her majcfty s efteem, and having 
 been properly tutored for the purpofe, took into confidcr- 
 ation the great fervices of the duke} and, in an addrefs, be- 
 fought her majefty to confider fome proper means to per 
 petuate the memory of fuch noble actions. In a few days 
 file gave them to underftand by a mefTage, that fhe was 
 inclined to grant the intereft of the crown in the honour 
 and manor of Woooftock and hundred of Wooton to the 
 duke of Marlborough and his heirs ; and that as the lieu 
 tenancy and rangerfhip of the parks, with the rents and 
 profits of the manors and hundreds, were granted for two 
 lives, fhe wifhed that incumbrance could be removed. 
 A bill was immediately brought in, enabling the queen to 
 bcftow thefe honours and manors on the duke of Marlbo 
 rough and his hcjrs ; and the queen was deiired to advance 
 the money for clearing the incumbrances. She not only 
 complied with this addrefs, but likewife ordered the comp 
 troller of her works to build, in Woodftock-park, a mag 
 nificent palace for the duke, upon a plan much more fo- 
 lid than beautiful. By this time Sir George Rooke was 
 laid allde, and the command of the fleet beftowed upon Sir 
 Cloudcfley Shovel, now declared rear-?.dmiral of Eng 
 land. Marcfchal de Taiiard, with the other French gene 
 rals, taken at Hcchfladt, arrived on the i6th of December 
 in the river of Thames, and were immediately conveyed 
 to Nottingham and Litchficld, attended by a detachment of 
 the royal regiment of horfc guards. They were treated 
 with great refpect, and allowed the privilege of riding ten 
 miles around the places of their confinement. 
 
 While the houfe of commons, in two fucceflive acldref- 
 fes, thanked the queen for the treaty which the duke of 
 Marlborough had concluded with PruflF.a, concerning the 
 troops to be fent to the duke of Savoy; and defired fhe
 
 ANNE. 413 
 
 would ufe her intereft with the allies, that they might C HA P. 
 next year furnifh their complete proportions of men by 
 fea and land ; the lor .ls examined into all the proceedings ~ 
 at fea, and all the inft ructions of the admiralty; and pre- 
 fentecl an addrefs to the queen, explaining all the di.tcr- 
 ent articles of mifmanagemcnt. She promifed to confider 
 them particularly, and give fuch directions upon them as 
 might be moil for the advantage of the public frrvice. 
 The remaining part of the fefiion was corfir.r.cd in dif- 
 putes and altercations between the two houfes on the fub- 
 ject of the Aylefoury conftables, who were fucd by live 
 other inhabitants for having denied them the right of vot 
 ing at the election. Thefe five perfons were committed 
 to Newgate by order of the houfe of commons. They 
 moved for a habeas corpus in the king s bench ; but the 
 court would take no cognizance of the affair. Two of 
 the prifoners petitioned the queen that their cafe might be 
 brought before her majefty in parliament. The commons, 
 in an addrefs, befought the queen to refufe granting a 
 writ of error in this cafe, which would tend to the over- 
 throv, ing the undoubted rights and privileges of the com 
 mons of England. She affured them fhe would not do 
 any thing to give them juft caufe of complaint ; but this 
 matter relating to the courfe of judicial proceedings, be 
 ing of the higheft importance, fne thought it necefTary to 
 weigh and confider very carefully what might be proper 
 for her to do in a thing of o great concern. They voted all 
 the lawyers who had pleaded on the return of the habeas 
 corpus, in behalf of the prifoners, guilty of a breach of 
 privilege, and ordered them to be taken into cuftody. 
 They likewife ordered the prifoners to be removed from 
 Newgate into the cuftody of their ft rj cant at arms, left 
 they fhould have been difcharged by the queen s granting 
 writs of error. The prifoners, finding themfelves at the 
 mercy of the exafperated commons, petitioned the lords 
 for relief. The upper houfe paffed fix different refolutions 
 againft the conduct of the commons, as being an obftruc- 
 tion to juftice, and contrary to Magna Charta. The 
 lower houfe demanded a conference, in which they infifted 
 upon the fole right of determining elections : They af 
 firmed, that they could judge who had a right of voting ; 
 and that they were judges of their own privileges, ia 
 which the lords could not intermeddle. 
 
 The upper houfe demanded a free conference, which 
 proved ineffectual. New refolutions were taken by the 
 commons, diametrically oppofite to thole of the peers, who, 
 on the other hand, attended the queen with a long repre- 
 fentation of all the particulars relating to this affair. They 
 affirmed, that the proceedings of the houfe of commons a-
 
 4M. HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, gaimt the Aylefbury men w.~re wholly new and unprece- 
 dented: That it was the birthright of every Englifliman, 
 who apprehended himfelf injured, to feck for redrcfs in her 
 majefty s courts of juflice : That if any power could control 
 this right, and prefcribe when he fhouldand when he fhould 
 not be all jwed the benefit of the laws, he ceafed to be a 
 freeman, and his liberty and property were precarious. 
 They requefted, therefore that no consideration whatever 
 fhould prevail with her majefty to fuffer an obftrution to 
 the known courfe of juftice; but that {he would be pleafsd 
 to give effectual orders for the immediate ifluing of the 
 writs of error. The queen affured them, that fhe (hould 
 have complied with their requcft ; but, finding an abfolute 
 neceflity for putting an immediate end to this fefiion, {he 
 knew there could be no further proceedings on that mat- 
 tsr. On that very day, which was the I4th day of March, 
 {he went to the houfe of lords, and p.tfTed the bills that were 
 Burnet- ready for the royal aflent. Then {he thanked the parlia- 
 Hift. of ment for hav-ng difpatched the public bufmefs : She warn- 
 Europe. ec j t nem to avoid the fatal effects of animofity and diffen- 
 Kift. of the fi n > ordered the lord-keeper to prorogue them to Thurfday 
 D. of Marl- the ift of May; but, on the 5th of April, they were diftblv- 
 borough. e( j by proclamation, and another was published for cailino- 
 
 Lockhart. ,. V^, j u i. 
 
 Eurchet. a nevv parliament. 1 he queen, accompanied by the prince 
 Lives of the of Denmark, made an excurfion to Newmarket, and after- 
 Admirals. W ards dined by invitation with the univerfity of Carn- 
 Feuqulere- briJg e > where {he conferred the honour of knighthood upon 
 Voltaire. Dr. Ellis the vice-chancellor, upon James Montague coun- 
 fcl for the univerfity, and upon the celebrated Ifaac New- 
 ten mathematical profeflbr. The two houfes of convoca 
 tion ftill continued at variance. The lower houfe penned 
 petulant reprefentations ; and thearchbiftiop anfwered them 
 by verbal reprehenfion and admonition. The Tory inte- 
 reft was now in th? wane. The duke of Buckinghamfhire 
 was deprived of the privy- feal, and that office conferred up 
 on the duke of Newcaftle, a nobleman of powerful influ 
 ence with the Whig party. The earl of Montague was 
 created marquis of Mounthermer and duke of Montague; 
 the earl of Peterborough and lord Cholmondley were cho- 
 fen of the privy council; and lord Cutts was lent to com 
 mand the troops of Ireland, under the duke of Ortnond. 
 
 The miniftry of Scotland was now entirely changed. 
 The marquis of Tweedale and Johnfton, having been 
 found unequal to the undertaking, were difmiiied. The 
 ciuke of cf Qneenfberry lefumed the management of affairs 
 in that kingdom, under the title of lord privy-feal; and the 
 ofEce of commiffioner was conferred upon the young duke 
 oi" Ar2;y! o who iiicceedcd to his father s influence among
 
 ANNE. 415 
 
 the Prefbyterians. He was a nobleman poflefied of good c H A l*. 
 natural talents, which had not been neglected ; candid, o- Hi- 
 pen, and fmcere, brave, paffionate, and afpiring : Had he ^~\~*~* 
 been endued with a greater (hare of liberty, his character i/ c 5- 
 would have been truly heroic. At this juncture he was 
 inftructed to procure an act of the Scottifh parliament fett 
 ling the proteftant iucceflion; or to fet on foot a treaty for 
 the union of the two kingdoms. At the opening of the 
 feffion in June, the members were divided into three par 
 ties, namely, the cavaliers or Jacobites, the Revolutioners, 
 the Squadron Volante, or flying Squadron, headed by the 
 marquis of Tweedale, who difclaimed the other two fac 
 tions, and pretended to ait from the dictates of confcience 
 alone. The parliamsnt was adjourned to the 3d day of July, 
 when her majefty s letter was read, earneftly recommend- . 
 ing the fettlement of the fucceffion in the proteftant line, 
 and an act for a commifiion to treat of an union between 
 the two kingdoms. The marquis of Annandale propofed 
 that the parliament fhould proceed on the limitations and 
 the conditions of government : That a committee fhould 
 be appointed to confider the condition of the coin and the 
 commerce of the nation. The earl of Mar moved, that the 
 houfe would, preferably to all other bufmefs, confider 
 the means for engaging in a treaty with England. After 
 a long debate, they refolved to proceed on the coin and the 
 commerce. Schemes for fupplying the nation with mo 
 ney, by a paper-credit, were prefented by Dr. Hugh Cham- 
 berlayne and John Law, but rejected. The houfe re 
 folved, That any kind of paper-credit, by the circulation of 
 bills, was an improper expedient ; and appointed a council 
 to put the laws relating to trade in execution. The duke 
 of Hamilton propofed that the parliament fhould not pro 
 ceed to the nomination of a fucceflbr, until the treaty with 
 England fhould be difcufled, and the limitations fettled. 
 This propofal being approved, a draft of an anfwer to her 
 majefty s letter was prefented by the marquis of Tweedale. 
 Two different forms of an act for a treaty with England 
 were offered by the earl of Mar and the marquis of Lothi 
 an ; others were produced concerning the election of offi 
 cers of ftate, and the regulation of commerce. 
 
 The chief aim of tru cavaliers was to obftruct the fet- Aftpaflcd 
 tlement of the fucceflion ; and with that view they prefied the 
 the project of limitations, to which they knew the court Ua^er/for 
 would never aflent. A motion being made, to grant the a treaty of 
 firft reading to an act of commiffion for a treaty with union witil 
 England, the duke of Hamilton infifted on the fimita- En s land - 
 tions, and a vote being frated in thefe terms, " Proceed to 
 " confider the act for a treaty, or limitation," the latter
 
 416 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK was carried in favour of the cavaliers. On the 22cl day of 
 IL Augufr, jm act for this purpofe was approved ; and next 
 
 t**~y**J day an aft for a triennial parliament, which the courtiers 
 1 75- were enabled to defeat. They likewifc pafled an act, or 
 daining, That the Scottiih ambaffadors, representing 
 Scotland, (hould be prefent when the fovereign might 
 have occafion to treat Avith foreign princes and flates, and 
 be accountable to the parliament of Scotland. , Fletcher of 
 Saltoun prefented a fcheme of limitations that favoured 
 ftrong of republican principles. He afterwards enlarged 
 upon every article, endeavouring to prove that they were 
 abfolutcly nccefiary to prevent the confequences of Eng- 
 lifh influence] to enable the nation to de-fend its rights 
 and liberties ; to deter minifters of ilate from giving bad 
 advice to their fovereign ; to preferve the courts of judi- 
 * cature from corruption, and fcreen the people from tyran 
 ny and opprcilion. The earl of Stair having argued 
 againft thefe limitations, Fletcher replied, " It was no 
 " wonder he oppofed the fcheme; for, had fuch an a6t 
 11 fubfifted, his lordihip would have been hanged for the 
 " bad counfel he had given to king James ; for the con- 
 " cern he had in the mafiacre ofGlencoe; and for his 
 " conduct fmce the revolution." The next fubject on 
 which the parliament deliberated was the confpiracy. 
 A motion being made that the houfe might know what 
 anfwer the queen had returned to their addrefs in the laft 
 feflion, the chancellor delivered to the clerk-regifter the 
 papers relating to the plot, that they might be perufed by 
 the members : But thefe being copies, and the evidences 
 remaining at London, no further progrels was made in 
 the affair. Yet the duke of Athole, in a diftincT: narrative 
 of the pretended confpiracy, boldly accufed the duke of 
 Queenfberry of having endeavoured to miflcad the queen 
 by falie infmuations againft her good fubjecls. When the 
 acl: for a treaty of union fell under conlideration, a draft 
 for that purpofe, prefented by the earl of Mar, was com 
 pared with the Englifh a6l, importing, That the queen 
 liiould name and appoint not only the commiiTioners for 
 England, but likewife thofe for Scotland. Fletcher did 
 not fail to inveigh againft the imperious conduct of the 
 En^lifh parliament in this affair. He exhorted the houfe 
 to refent fuch treatment, and offered the draft of an ad 
 drefs to her majefly on the fubjecl j but this the 1 houfe re 
 jected. Duke Hamilton propofed that a claufe might be 
 added to the ac~r, importing, That the union fhould no- 
 wife derogate from any fundamental laws, ancient privi 
 leges, offices, rights, liberties, and dignities of the Scot- 
 tiih Kation. This occaGoned a long debate ; and the
 
 ANNE. 417 
 
 queftion bring put, was carried in the negative. Another C H A P- 
 daufe was propofbd, that the Scottuh commiffioners 
 fhould not begin to treat until the Englifh parliament 
 fhould hnve rcicindcd their claufc, enacting, That the 
 fubjecls of Scotland fhould be adjudged and taken as aliens 
 after the 2 5th day of December. The courtiers, con- 
 fiderin g the temper of the hcuib, would not venture to 
 oppof.- this motion direclly, but nropofed that the chiufe 
 fhculd be formed into a feparate a6t ; and the expedient 
 was approved. Though the duke of Athole entered a vi 
 gorous proteft, to which the greater part of the cavaliers, 
 and all the fquadron adhered, comprehending four-anJ- 
 twenty peers., feven-and-thirty barons, and eighteen bo 
 roughs, the act for the treaty of union was, after much al 
 tercation, finifhed, empowering commiffioners to meet 
 and treat of an union ; but reftraining them from treating 
 of any alterations of the church government as by law 
 eftablifhed. While this important fubject was under con- 
 fideration, the duke of Hamilton, to the amrzement of 
 his whole party, moved that the nomination of the com- 
 miilioners fhould be left to the queen. Fourteen or fifteen 
 of the cavaliers ran out of the houfe in a tranfport of in 
 dignation, exclaiming, that they were deferted and bafely 
 betrayed by the duke of Hamilton. A very hot debate 
 enfued, in the courfe of which the duke was feverely han 
 dled by thofe whom he had hitherto conducted : But, at 
 length, the queftion being put, Whether the nomination 
 fhould be left to the queen or to the parliament ? the 
 duke s motion was approved by a very fmall majority. 
 He afterwards excufed himfelf for his defection, by fay 
 ing, he faw it was in vain to contend ; and that fince the 
 court had acquired a great majority, he thought he might 
 be allowed to pay that compliment to his fovereign. He 
 was defirous of being in the commiffion, and the duke of 
 Argyle promifed he fhould be nominated. The queen re- 
 fuilng to honour him with that mark of diftir.clion, Ar 
 gyle would not fufFer himfelf to be named, and threatened 
 to oppofe the union : But means were found to appeafe 
 his refentment. Two drafts of an addrels being p relented 
 by the earl of Sutherland and Fletcher of Saltoun, be- 
 feechinjT her majefty to ufe her endeavours with the parli 
 ament of England, to refcinc 1 that part of their a6l which 
 declared the fu bj eels of Scotland aliens ; and an overture 
 of a bill bc-ing offered, ordaining that the Scottilh corn- 
 mifFioricrs fhould not enter upon the treaty of union until 
 th.it claufe fhould be repealed; the courtiers moved, that 
 the parliament fhould proceed by way of order to their 
 commifiioners, ani by a-.kh\fs to her rmjef.ty. After f.-me 
 VOL. I. 3 G
 
 418 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK debate, the houfe affenting to this propcfal, the order and 
 JI - addrefs were drawn up and approved. The great and 
 
 ^^y*^ weighty affair of the treaty being at length happily tran- 
 17 5- facted, though not without a prottft by Alhole and his 
 adherents, tnc parliament granted a fupply of fifty thou- 
 fand pounds, and the houfe was adjourned to the 2Olh day 
 of December: Then the queen declared the earl of Mar 
 fecretary of flate, in the room of the marquis of Annan- 
 dale, who was appointed lord-prefident of the council. 
 
 In Ireland, the parliament met at Dublin on the 5th 
 day of March, and voted one hundred and fifty thoufcnd 
 pounds for the fupport of the ncccflary branches of the 
 eftablifliment. A difpute arofe between the commons and 
 the lower houfe of convocation, relating to the tithes of 
 hemp and flax, afcertained in a claufc of a bill for the bet 
 ter improvement of the hempen and flaxen manufactures 
 of the kingdom. The lower houfe of convocation pre- 
 fented a memorial againft this claufe, as prejudicial to the 
 rights and properties of the clergy. The commons voted 
 the perj on who brought it guilty of a breach of privilege; 
 and ordered him to be taken into cuftody. Then they re- 
 folved, That the convocation were guilty of a contempt 
 and breach of the privilege of that houfe. The convoca 
 tion prefaming to juftify their memorial, the commons 
 voted, That ail matters relating to it mould be razed out 
 of the journals and bocks of convocation. The duke of 
 Ormond, dreading the confequence of fuch heats, ad 
 journed the parliament to the lft day of May, when the 
 houfes meetina- again, came to fome refolutions that re 
 flected obliquely on the convocation, as enemies to her 
 majefty s government and the Proteftant fuccefilon. The 
 clergy, in order to acquit themfelves of all fufpicion, re- 
 folved in their turn, That the church and nation had been 
 happily delivered from popery and tyranny by king William 
 atthe Revolution : That the continuance of thel c Mailings 
 were due (underGod) to the aufpicious reign and happy go 
 vernment of her majefty queen Anne: That the future fecu- 
 rity and prcfervation of the church and nation depended 
 wholly (under God) on the fucceffipn of the crown as 
 fettled by law in the Proteftant line : That if any clergy 
 man mould, by word or writing, declare any thing in op- 
 pofition to thele refolutions, they {hould look upon him as 
 a fower of divifions among the Proteftants, and an enemy 
 to the conftitution. They levelled another refolutioa 
 againft the Prefbyterians, importing, That to te-ach or 
 preach againft the doctrine, government, rites, or cere 
 monies, of the church, or to maintain fchools or femina- 
 ries for the education of youth, in principles contrary to
 
 A N N E. 419 
 
 thofe of the eilabliflied church, was a contempt of th? ec- C n A I , 
 clcfiaftical laws of the kingdom ; of pernicious confe- 
 quence ; and fervcd only to continue and widtnihe unhap- ^*~y~*- 
 py fchi fins and divifions in the nation. In June, the par- I7 S- 
 li-arnent was prorogued to the fame month of the following 
 year: Then the duke of Ormond embarked for England, 
 leaving the adminiftration in the hands of Sir Richard Cox, 
 Ford-chancellor, and the Lord Cutts, commander in chief 
 of the queen s forces, who were appointed loids-juftices 
 during the duke s abfence. 
 
 Durirro; thefe transactions in Great Britain and Ireland, 
 the allies had net been remifs in their preparations for t!> .; 
 enfuing campaign. The duke of Marlborough had fixed 
 upon the MofJle for the fcene oi action ; and magazines 
 of all forts were formed at Triers. On the 13111 day cf 
 March, the duke embarked for Holland, where he prevailed 
 upon the ftates-general to contribute their troops for the 
 execution of his proj eel. Having concerted with the de 
 puties of the dates and the Dutch general;, the neccflary 
 meafures for opening the campaign) he fet cut for Aiaeft- 
 richt, in order to afiemb e his army. On the 5th day of 
 i\ly the emperor Leopold died at Vienna, r.ru! was fuc- 
 ceeded on the Imperial throne by his ekleft for> Joseph king 
 of the Romans; a prince who ixic^iblcd his Lthu.-r L*i meck- 
 nefs of difpofition, narrownefs of intellect, and bigotry to 
 the Romifli religion. On the I5th of June, the tnglifh 
 troops pafied the Maefe, and continued their march toward 
 the Mofelle, under the command of General Churchill; 
 and the duke fet out for Creutznach, to confer with prince 
 Louis of Baden, who excufed huri on pretence of being 
 much indifpofed. Marlborough vifited him ::t R.aftadt, 
 wherein a conference they refolved, that a fr.^icient num 
 ber of German troops fhould be left for "the fecurity of the 
 lines of Lauterburgh and Stelhpffen, under the command of 
 General Thungen ; and that Prince Louis of Baden iliould 
 march with a large detachment towards the Saar, to a6r. ia 
 concert with duke of Marlborough. The confederate army 
 pafled the Mofelle and the Saar i?i the beginning of June, 
 and encamped at Elft in lightof the enemy, who retired with 
 great precipitation, and entrenched themfeives in the nei^h- 
 bourhood of Coningfmacheren. The duke s defign w;.r. 
 to befiege Snar-Louis; but Prince Louis ". : .<! in the per 
 formance of his engagement : K ick, ard 
 repaired to the bath at Schlang^ibade, le; the final! 
 number of Imperial troops he had ; far as 
 Creutznach, under the comma::; : ize. He
 
 420 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, was fufpe&ed of treachery; but probably acled from envy 
 ," f ^e duke s military reputation *. 
 
 V "**"V^ S - While this nobleman fuftained fuch a mortifying dif::p- 
 J 7 C 5- pointment on the Mofelle, the French c id not fail to make 
 advantage of their fuperiority in the Netherlands, where 
 General D Auverqucrque was obliged to ftand on the de~ 
 fenfive. They inverted Huy, ana carried on their ope 
 rations fo vigourotifly, that in a few days the garrifon were 
 obliged ro furrender their.felves prifoncrs of war: Then 
 Villeroy undertook the reduction of I /icge, and actually 
 began his works before the citadd. Marlborough was no 
 fooner informed of the enemy s progn fs than he marched 
 to Triers, where in a council, it was revived that the army 
 fliould return to the Netherlands. .The troops were in 
 motion on the igth of June, and marched with fuch expe 
 dition, that they patted the Macfe on the ill day of July. 
 Villeroy having received advice of the duke s approach, 
 ndoned his enterprize, and retired to Tongeren, from 
 whence he returned within his lines, that reached from 
 Marche aux Dames on the Meufe, along the Mehaigne, as 
 far as Lenitive. Maryborough having joiaecl D Auver- 
 querque, fent General Schoiten v/ith a detachment to in- 
 yeft Huy ; and in a few days the garrifon furrendered at 
 difcretiorj. The Englifh general rcfolving to ftrike fome 
 flroke of importance that ihould atone for his difappoint- 
 ment on the Mofelle, fent General Hornpefch to the ilatcs, 
 v/ith apropofai for attacking the French lines; and obtain 
 ing their permilTion to do whatever he flioukl think proper 
 for the good of the common caufe. Then he explained 
 the fchcine in two fucceuivc councils of war, by which, at 
 length, it was approved and refolved upon, though fome 
 Dutch generals declared thcmfelves againft the undertak- 
 Duke of i^g- The* enemy were pofted along the lines, amounting 
 Marl- to one hundred battalions and one hundred and forty-fix 
 borough fquadrons. The allied army did not much exceed that 
 
 force:, the 1 T , ,.,. , I-., A i 
 
 Fren-h number. In order to divide them, D Auverquerque made 
 
 lines at a falfe motion and pa fled the Mehaigne, ?s if he had intend- 
 Brabant. e( j to nttac j. c tne jj ncs ^bout Mefielin. The ftratagem fuc- 
 ceeded. The French we^.lccnc.ci the other parts by ilrength- 
 ening tJ;at which was on the fide of the Gerbife towards 
 Namur. The duke of Marlborough iii.ving made the dif- 
 pofition, the army began to march in the night between 
 the I /th and iSth of July, in order to foice a paffage of 
 
 * The Juke or .V . ing l.!.vfi!f oblig , fent a 
 
 note with atnimpti:rto Vill:irs, com lining an ajxio." i >g. " Do 
 
 " nie the jmlicc ^i";iiJ he) t;> is entirely owing to ti 
 
 4< t;-.iiv:;-c of t hi -prir.ee of Uadcn ; bi-i ; h.tniy eiii ctvi for you is ftill greater 
 i thanmy relentfnent of his coniudh"
 
 ANNE. 421 
 
 the French lines at Haylefem, the caftle of Wauge, and CHAP. 
 the villages of Wauge, Neerhefpen, and Oollmalen. Th.-.fe 
 poils were taken with very little difficulty : But, before 
 the infantry could come up, the c a with fifty I 7S- 
 fquadrcns and twenty battalions, and to ii re from 
 eight pieces of cannon with triple barrel;-, which did conil- 
 deiable execution. The duke perc t th- y were 
 continually re-inforced from th of the lines, 
 he horf.2 to charge theircavalry, w .ich were ibon 
 xl routed : But ra ivi " beh ; ir inf , 
 
 Hies, who were now fuftained 
 , s to renew I- 
 
 ^ 
 ferted with great flai.; ht r. The inf; .try, i .e- 
 
 felves aba- iujiied in th... plain, retreated in great 
 between the villages of peylefem and Golfteven, 
 where they were joinsd by the reft of their army, and fann 
 ed again in order of batue. Meanwhile the duke of Marl- 
 borough ordered all his troops to enter the lines ; and ex 
 tended his right towards the Great Geete before Tirle- 
 mont, where the enemy had left the battalion ofMontluc, 
 which furrendered at difcretion. In this action the corf-Jj- 
 rates todik tne Marquis D Aleg . , mt de Home, 
 
 lieutenant-generals, one major-general, two brisLulier- 
 generals, with many other officers, and a great number of 
 common foldiers; a large heap cf {landards, four colours, 
 one pair of kettle-drums, and ten pieces of cannon. In the 
 action, as the duke of Marlborouqh advanced to the charge 
 
 T~l ^"* 
 
 at the head of feveral fquadrons, a Bavarian officer rode up 
 to attack him fword in hand; but in raifing himfelf on his 
 ffirrups to flrike with the greater advantage, he fell from 
 his horfe, and was immediately fLin. 
 
 The body of troops commanded by monfieur D AIeore 
 being thus defeated with little or no lofs to the confede 
 rates, the elector of Bavaria, and the marefchal de Villeroy 
 pafTed the Great Geete and th" Deule, with great expedi 
 tion, and took poffeilion of the ftrong camp at Parck, their 
 left extending to Roofdaer, and their right to Winefelen a- 
 gainft the height cf Louvain. Next day thedukeof Marlfao 
 rough marching through the plain of Park, took twelve 
 hundred prifoners, who could not keep pace with the red 
 of the enemy s forces; and in the evening he encamped 
 with the right at the abby of Vlierfbeck,and the left before 
 Bierbeck, under the cannon of Louvaiii. He detached 
 Lieutenant-General Henkelum, the duke of Wirtemberg, 
 and Count Oxienftiern, with a confulerable body of forces, 
 to attack fome polls on the Deule, which vvere flenderly
 
 422 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK guarded. Their advanced guard accordingly palled the 
 river, and rep ul fed the enemy : But, for want of timely 
 
 fupport, they were obliged to pafs it and retire. On the 
 3d of Auguft, Baron Spaar, with a body of Dutch 
 troops, marched to Raboth on the canal of Bruges, forced 
 the French lines at Lovendegen, and took four forts by 
 \vhich they were defended ; but receiving advice that the 
 enemy were on ther march towards him, he retired to Mil- 
 degem and carried with him fevcral hoftages, as fecurity 
 for the payment of the contributions he had raifed. On 
 the 1 5th, the duke moved from Mildert to Coibais: Next 
 day continued his march to Genap, from whence he ad 
 vanced to Fifchcrrnont. On the I yth, General D Au- 
 verquerque took the poft of Waterle ; and next day the 
 confederate army was drawn up in order of battle before 
 the enemy, who extended from Overyfche, near the wood of 
 Soignies, to Neeryfche, with the little river Yfch in their 
 front, fo as to cover BruiTels and Louvain. The duke of 
 A larlborough, propofed to attack them immediately before 
 they fhould recollect themfelves from their confter nation ; 
 and D Auverquerque approved of the defign: But it was 
 oppofed by General Schlangenburg, and other Dutch of 
 ficers, who prefcnted it in fuch a light to the deputies of 
 the (rates, that they refufed to concur in the execution. 
 The duke being obliged to relinquiih the fcheme, wrote 
 an expoftulatory letter to the ftates-general, complaining 
 of their having withdrawn that confidence which they had 
 repofed in him while he acted in Germany. This letter 
 being publifhed at the Hague, excited murmurs among 
 the people ; and the Engliih nation were incenfed at the 
 prefumption of the deputies, who wrote feveral letters in 
 their own j unification to the ftates-general : But thefe had 
 no effect upon the populace, by whom the duke was re- 
 fpedled to a degree of adoration. The Rates being apprif- 
 ed of the refentment that prevailed overall England, and 
 that the earl of Pembroke, lord-preficlent of the council, 
 was appointed as envoy extraordinary to Holland, with 
 inftructions to demand fat is fact ion, thought proper to anti 
 cipate his journey, by making fubmiiTions to the duke, and 
 removing Schlangenburg, from his command. The con 
 federate army returned to Corbais, from whence it march 
 ed to Perwitz, where it encamped. The little town of 
 Sout-Leeuwe, fituated in the middle of a morafs, and con- 
 jftituting the chief defence of the enemy s lines, being taken 
 by a detachment under the command of Lieutenant-Gene 
 ral Declcm, the duke ordered the lines from this place to 
 WafTcigne, to be levelled, and the town of Tirlcrnonr, to 
 be difm^ni! .; : Then paffing the 03mcr, be encamped en
 
 ANNE. 4*3 
 
 the 1 9th day of September at Aerfchat. About the latter end CHAP. 
 of the month he marched to Heventhal? : From hence the in - 
 duke repaired to the Plague, where he had feveral confer- t- V - 
 ences with the penfionary. In a few days he returned to I 7S- 
 the army, which decamping from Heventhals, marched to 
 Clampthout. On the 24th day of October, the count de 
 Noyelles, invefled Stantvliet, which furrendered before 
 the end of the month. 
 
 At this period the duke, in confequence of preffing let- He vifcs 
 ters from the emperor, fet out for Vienna, in order to t>] 
 concert the operations of the enfuing campaign, and other 
 meafures of importance, in which the concerns of the al 
 lies were interefted. In his way he was magnificently 
 entertained by the elector palatine, and him of Triers, 
 and complimented by the magiftracy of Fnmcfort, where 
 he conferred with prince Louis of Baden. On the I2th 
 of November, he arrived at Vienna, where he was treated 
 with the higheft marks of diftin6tion and cordial friendship 
 by their Imperial majefties. His fon-in-law, the earl of 
 Sunderland, had been fent thither as envoy extraordinary; 
 and now they conferred together with the emperor and his 
 minifters. They refolved to maintain the war with re 
 doubled vigour. The treaties were renewed, and provi- 
 fion made for the Security of the duke of Savoy. The em 
 peror, in consideration of the duke s Signal Service to the 
 houfe of Auftria, prefented him with a grant of the lord- 
 Ship of Mindelheim, in Suabia, which was now erected 
 into a principality of the Roman empire. In his return 
 with the earl of Sunderland, he viSited the courts of Berlin 
 and Hanover, where he was received with that extraordi 
 nary refpecl which was due to hi-s character ; and arrived 
 at the Hague on the 14th day of December. There he 
 Settled the operations of the next campaign with the ftatcs- 
 general, who confented to join England in maintaining 
 an additional body of ten thoufand men, as a reinforce 
 ment to the army of prince Eugene in Italy. While the al 
 lies were engaged in the of ficge Santvliet, the elector of 
 Bavaria lent a detachment, under the command of Don Mar- 
 cello de Grimaldi, to inveft Dieft, the garrifon of which 
 were made prifoners of war. 
 
 On the Upper Rhine Marefchal Villars beSieged and 
 took Homburg, and paSSed the Rhine at StraSburg on the 
 6th day of Auguft. Prince Louis of Baden arriving in 
 the camp of the Imperialists at StolhofFen, not only oblig 
 ed him to retire, but having paSTed the river, forced the 
 French lines at Hagenau Theft he reduced Drufonheim. 
 and Hagenau, but attempted no enterprise equal to 
 the number of his army, although the empero rhad 
 expcftulatcd with him Severely on his conduct ; and
 
 424. HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B o O K he had now a fair opportunity of emulating the glory of 
 Marlborough, upon whom he looked with the eyes of an 
 envious rival. In Italy a battle was fought at Cafano be- 
 tween prince Eugene and the duke de Vendomc, with 
 dull lows fucccf:;. The duke de Fcuillade reduced Chivas, 
 and inverted Nice, which, after an obftinate defence, 
 furrendcred in December. All the considerable places 
 belonging to the duke of Savoy were now taken, except 
 Ccni rncl Turin ; and his little army was reduced to 
 I2,ooo men, whom he could hardly fupport. His duchefs, 
 his clergy, and his fubjecls in general, prefied him to 
 fubmit to the neceffity of his affairs : But he adhered to 
 the alliance with furnriilng fortitude. He withftood the 
 importunities c* his duchefs, excluded all the biihops and 
 clergy from his councils ; and, when he had occafion for a 
 confeflbr, chofe a pried occafionaliy, either from the Do 
 minicans, or Francifcans. The campaign in Portugal 
 began with a very promising afpecr. The allies invaded 
 Spain by the different frontiers of Beyra, and Alentejo. 
 Their army, under the command of the Conde das Gal- 
 veas, undertook the fiege of Valencia D Alcantara in 
 May, and took it by aflault : Albuquerque furrendered 
 upon articles ; and then the troops were fent into quarters 
 of refrcfhment. The marquis de las Minas, who com 
 manded the Portuguefb in the province of Beyra, reduced 
 the town of Salva-terra, plundered and burned Sarca; but 
 was obliged to retire to Penamacos at the approach of the 
 enemy. Towards the end of September, the confederates 
 being re-affemblcd, inverted Badajox, by the advice of 
 the earl of Galway, who loft his right hand by a cannon- 
 ball, and was obliged to be carried off; fo that the con- 
 du6t of the fiege was left to general Fas;el. He had made 
 confulerable progrefs towards the redudlion of the place, 
 when the Marquis de ThefTe found means to throw in a 
 powerful reinforcement ; and then the confederates aban 
 doned the enterprise. The war continued to rage in 
 Hungary with various fuccefs. Rngotfki, though fre 
 quently vvorfred appeared ftill in arms, and ravaged the 
 country, which became a fcene of mifery and defolation. 
 In Poland, the old cardinal primate owned Staniflaus, but 
 di-d before the coronation, which was performed by the 
 bifhcp of Cujavh. In the beginning of winter, King 
 Auguilus had pafTed through Poland in difguife to the 
 covue army, which was put under his command in 
 Lithuania ; and the campaign was protra&cd through the 
 v. i- i" :.lbr., notwitbftanding the foverity of the 
 
 weather hat northern climate. In the fpring, the 
 
 Sv,*cdifli general j IleinchiU, obtained a complete victory
 
 ANNE. 415 
 
 over the Saxon army, which was either cut in pieces or c H A P- 
 taken with their camp, baggage, and artillery ; yet the 
 war was i\ot extinguished. 1 he king cf Sweden con- 
 tinued obftinately deaf to all propolals cf peace, and X 75- 
 was become as favage in his manners, as brutal in his re 
 venge. 
 
 At fea, the arms of the allies were generally profper- 
 ous. Philip of Spain being abflinately bent upon re-tak 
 ing Gibraltar, fent Marefchal de Thefle to renew the 
 { icge while de Pointis was ordered to block up the phce 
 by fea with his fquadion. Thefe French officers carried 
 on the fiege with fueh activity, that the prince of Hcfie 
 difpatched an exprefs to Lifbon, with a letter, defiring fir 
 John Lealce, to fail immediately to his afftftance. This 
 admiral haying been reinforced from England by fir Tho 
 mas Dilkes, with five fliips of the line and a body of 
 troops, fct fail immediately ; and, on the loth of March, 
 defcried five {hips of war hauling out of the bay of Gibral 
 tar. Thefe were commanded by de Pointis in perfon, to 
 whom the Englifh admiral gave chace. One of them 
 ftruck, after having made a flight refiftance ; and the reft 
 ran afliore to the weftward of Marbelle, where they were 
 deftroyed. The remaining part of the French fquadron 
 had been blown from their anchors, and taken fhelter in 
 the bay of Malaga ; but now they flipped their cables, and 
 made the beft of their way to Toulon. The marefchal dc 
 ThefTe, in confequence of this difafler, turned the fiege of 
 Gibraltar, into a blockade, and withdrew the greater part 
 of his forces. While fir John Leake. was employed in 
 this expedition, fir George Byng, who had been ordered 
 to cruize in foundings for the protection of trade, took 
 a fhip of forty guns from the enemy, together with 
 twelve privateers, and feven veflels richly laden from the 
 Weft-Indies. 
 
 But the rnoft eminent achievement of this fummer, was Barcelona 
 the reduction of Barcelona, by the celebrated carl of Pe- taken. 
 terborough and fir Cloudelley Shovel, who failed from St. 
 Helens, in the latter end of May with the Englifh fleet, 
 having on board a body of 5.000 land-forces ; and on 
 the 2Oi!i of June arrived at Lifbon, where they were join 
 ed by fa- John Leake, and the dutch admiral, Alle- 
 rnondtr. In a council oi war. they determined to put to fea 
 with ti;cht--,ind-forty ihips of" the line, which fliould be 
 ftationed between Cape Spartel and the bay of Cadis, in 
 order to prevent the junction of the Touio-i and Breft 
 fquadrons. The prince of HefTe-Darmftadt, arriving- 
 from Gibraltar, allured King Charles, that the province 
 of Catalonia, and the kingdom of Valencia, were attached 
 
 VOL. I. 3 H
 
 426 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK to his intsrefl; and his majefty being weary of Portugal, 
 refolved to accompany the earl of Peterborough to Barce- 
 
 V -**V" S * lona. He accordingly embarked \vith him on board of the 
 75- Ranelagh ; and the fleet failed on the a8th day of July, 
 the earl of Gal-way, having reinforced them with two re 
 giments of Engiiih dragoons. At Gibraltar, they took 
 on board the Er.glifh guards, and there old regiments, in 
 lieu of which they left two new-raifed battalions. On 
 the nth day of Auguft, they anchored in the bay of Al- 
 tea, where the earl of Peterborough publifhed a manifcfto 
 in the Sp?.niili language, which had inch an efFe6r, that 
 all the inhabitants of the place, the neighbouring villages, 
 and adjacent mountains, acknowledged King Charles as 
 their lawful Jbyerejgn. They feized the town of Denia, 
 for his fervice; and he fent thither a garrifon of 400 men 
 under the command of Major-General Ramos. On the 
 22d, they arrived in the bay of Barcelona ; the troops were 
 difembarked to the eaftward of the city, where they en 
 camped in a ftrong fituation, and were well received by 
 the country people. King Charles landed amidft the ac- 
 cbrnations of an infinite multitude from the neighbour 
 ing towns and villages, who threw themfelves at his feet, 
 exclaiming, " Long live the king!" and exhibited all 
 the marks of the moft extravagant joy. The inhabitants 
 of Barcelona, were well affected to the houfe of Auftria, 
 but over-awed by a garrifon of 5,000 men under the duke 
 de Popoli, Velafco, and other officers devoted to the inte- 
 reft of King Philip. Confidering the ftrength of fuch a 
 garrifon, and the fmall number of Dutch and Englifh 
 troops, nothing could appear more defperate and danger 
 ous than the defign of befieging, the place ; yet this was 
 propofed by the prince of Hefie-Darmftadt, who ferved in 
 the expedition as a volunteer, ftrongly urged by King 
 Charles, and approved by the earl of Peterborough and fir 
 Cloudcfley Shovel. The city was accordingly inverted 
 on one fide; but, as a previous ftep to the reduction of it, 
 they refolved to attack the fort of Montjuic, ftrongly fi- 
 tuated on a hill that commanded the city. The outworks 
 were taken byftorrn, with the lofs of the gallant prince of 
 Hefle, who was fhot through the body, and expired in % 
 few hours : Then the earl of Peterborough began to bom 
 bard the body of the fort ; and a (hell chancing to fall into 
 the magazine, of powder, blew it up, together with the 
 governor and fome of the belt officers ; an accident which 
 ftruck fuch a terror into the garrifon, that they furrendered 
 without further refiftance. 
 
 This great point being gained the Englifh general c- 
 re6ted his batteries agcujjft the town, with the help of the.
 
 ANNE, 427 
 
 Miquelets and fearnen. The bomb-ketches began to fire C H A P. 
 with fuch execution, that in a few d.iys the governor ca 
 pitulated, and, on the 4th day of Oclober King Charles 
 entered in triumph*. All the other places iu Catalonia 
 declared for him, except Rofes ; fo that the largeft and 
 richeil province of Spain was conquered with an anr.y 
 fcarce double the number of the garrifon of Barcelona. 
 King Charles wrote a letter with his own hand to the 
 queen of England, containing a circumftantial detail of hi; 
 affairs, the warmed expreffions of acknowledgment, and 
 the higheft encomiums on her fubjedts, particularly the 
 earl of Peterborough. In a council of war it was deter 
 mined, that the king and the earl fhould continue in Cata 
 lonia, with the land-forces ; that fir Cloudefley Shovel, 
 fhould return to England ; that five-and-twenty Englifh 
 and fifteen Dutch fhips of war fhould winter at Lifbon, 
 under the command of fir John Leake, and the Dutch 
 rear-admiral Waflenaer ; and that four Englifu and two 
 Dutch frigates fhould remain at Barcelona. Don Fran- 
 cifco dz Velafco, was tranfported to Malaga, with about 
 a thoufand men of his garrifon: The reft voluntarily en 
 gaged in the fervice of King Charles, and fix other regi 
 ments were raifed by the dates of Catalonia. The count 
 de Cifuentes, at the head of the Miquelets and Catalans, 
 attached to the houfe of Auftria, fecured Tarragona, Tor- 
 tofa, Lerida, San-Mattheo, Gironnc, and other places. 
 Don Raphael Nevat, revolving from Philip, with his 
 whole regiment of horfe, joined General Ramos, at De- 
 nia, and made themfelves mafters of feversl places of im 
 portance in the kingdom of Valencia. Flufhed with fuch 
 unexpected fucceft, they penetrated to the capital of t-u- 
 fame name, which they furprized, together with the mar 
 quis de Villa-Garcia, the viceroy, and the .archbifliop. 
 Thefe advantages, however, were not properly improved. 
 
 * Voltaire, upon what authority we know not, tell us, that, during the 
 capitulation, the German and Catalonun troops found I/K. ins to climb 
 the ramparts into the city, and began to commit th^ moil barbarous excdT s : 
 The viceroy complained to Peterborough, that his folli r> Kaj t >!:..:-. an un 
 fair advantage of the treaty, and were aftuilly env.iloye.i i.i buriii : pluin 
 ing, mui Jering, and violating the inhabitants. The earl replied, " They 
 " muft then be the t-oopsof the prince of Hefle : AUb.v oe to enrer the city 
 " with iny Engliih forces 5 ! will fave it from ruin, oblige the Germans ta 
 " retire, and mrrch back, again to our p efent fit.iatio:). 1 The viceroy ;r i- - 
 ed his honour, aud forth-.vith admitted the t.r.i v/L:h hi; trospi. lii i ^.;\ 
 croveout the Germans and Cataloni ins, after having obliged th/oi to qv.it the 
 plunder they had taken; and, by acdidsnt, he r-jfrueii the du:Ji:-lV of Po^oii fioni 
 ihe hands of two brutal foldkrs, and delivcvcJ her to her ha!:-, .n 1. ]- ; \i _; 
 thus appealed the tumult, and difpelled the horrors of the ci.i/, m, !u- re 
 turned to his former ftation, lenving the inhabitants of Barcelona ama/ 
 fuch, an indance of magnanimiiy and moderation in a jseo-.l; \vhom they lui 
 b- cntai:clu to confider as the n:oit fav a t barbarians.
 
 428 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK The court of Charles was divided into factions, and fo 
 much time loft in difputes, that the enemy fent a body of 
 
 ^-^Y"^ iix thoufand men into the kingdom of Valencia, under 
 J 7 C S- the command of the Conde dc las Torres, who forthwith 
 inverted San-JVL ttheo, guarded by colonel Jones at the 
 head of five hundred Miquilets. This being a place of 
 great confequcnce, on account, of its fituation, the earl of 
 Peterborough marched thither with one thoufarid infantry, 
 and twohun dred dragoons ; and, by means of feigned intelli 
 gence, artfully conveyed to the Conde, induced that general 
 to abandon the fiege with precipitation, in the apprehenfiou 
 of being fuddenly attacked by a csmfidc-rable army. Pe- 
 borough afterwards took poffefiion of Nules, and purchaf- 
 ing horfes at Caftillon de la Plana, began to form a body 
 of cavalry, which did good fervice in the fcquel. Having 
 aiTembled a little army, confiding of ten fquadrons of 
 horfe and dragoons, and four battalions of regular troop?, 
 with about three thoufand militia, he marched to Molvie- 
 dro, which was furreridered to him by the governor, Bri 
 gadier Mahoni. Between this officer and the duke d Ar- 
 co?, the Spanifh general, he excited fuch jealoufies by 
 dint of artifices not altogether jufiifiable even in war, that 
 the duke was more intent upon avoiding the fuppofed trea 
 chery of Mahoni than upon interrupting the earl s march 
 to Valencia, where the inhabitants exprefied uncommon 
 marks of joy at his arrival. About this period, a very 
 obftinate action happened at St. Iftevan de Litera, where 
 the chevalier d Asfeldt, with nine fquadrons of horfe and 
 dragoons, and as many battalions of French infantry, at 
 tacked colonel Wills, at .the head of a fmall detachment : 
 But this laft being fupportcd by lieutenant-general Cun 
 ningham, who was mortally wounded in the engagement, 
 repulfed the enemy, though three times his number, with 
 the lofs of four hundred men killed upon the fpot. The 
 troops on both fides fought with the rnoft dcfperate valour, 
 keeping up their fire until the muzzles of their pieces 
 met, and charging each other at the point of the bayonet. 
 The only misfortune that attended the Englifh arms in 
 the courfe of this year was the rapture of the Baltic fleet 
 homeward-bound, with their convoy of three iliips of war, 
 which were taken by the Dunkirk fquadron under the 
 command of the Count de St. P.- ; til, though he himlelf 
 was killed in the engai-cMU:!;;. \Vhen a;i account of this 
 advantage was conrttHinicatexl to tV French king, he re 
 plied with a figh, " Very well, I vvifn the ihips were fife 
 u again in any Englifh port, provided the Count de St. 
 " Paul, could he ^cllorcd to ];,";. After the death of
 
 A N N E. 429 
 
 the famous Du Bart, this officer was counted the bed fea- CHAP- 
 man in France. 
 
 The kingdom of England was now wholly engroffed by **^Y~** 
 the election of members for the new parliament. The 1 75- 
 Tories exerted their, felves with great induftry, and pro 
 pagated the cry of the church s being in danger; a cry in 
 which the Jucobit.es joined with great fervour ; but, not- 
 Wtbftanding all their efforts, in word and writing a majo 
 rity of Whigs, was return -d j and now th? lord Godoi- 
 phin, who had hitherto maintained a neutrality, thought 
 proper openly to countenance that faction. By his intc-reft 
 co-operating with the influence of the duchels ef Marl bo 
 rough, fir Nathan Wright, was deprived of the g;eat;bai, 
 which was committed to Mr. Williatti Cowper, with the 
 title of lord-keeper. This was a lawyer of good extraction, 
 fuperior talents, engaging manners, rnd eminence in his 
 profeflion. Pie was daunch to Whig principles, and for 
 many years had been confulered as one of their bed fpeak- 
 ers in the houfe of commons. 
 
 The new parliament meeting on the 25th d.iy of Octo- Westing of 
 ber, a violent conted urofe about the choice of a fpeaker. P r - ia ^ e nt. 
 Mr. Bromley, was fupported by the Tories, and the 
 Whigs propofed Mr. John Smith, who was elected by a 
 majority of forty -three voices. The queen, in her fpeech, 
 represented the neceffity of acting vigoroufly againd France 
 as a common enemy to the liberties of Europe: She com 
 mended the fortitude of the duke of Savoy, which fhe f,iid 
 WAS without example : She tolu them her intention was to 
 expedite commiffions for treating of an union with Scot- 
 lanjf: She earnedly recommended an union of minds and 
 affections among her people : She obferved, that fomc 
 perfons endeavoured to foment animofities, and even fug- 
 gefted in print, that the adablifhed church was in danger: 
 She affirmed that fuch people were enemies to her and to 
 the kingdom, and meant only to cover dei igns which they 
 durd not publicly own, by endeavouring to diftract the 
 nation v. ith unreafonable and groundlels difrruds a:id jea- 
 louiies: She declared flie would always affectipnntely fup- 
 p.ort and countenance the church of England, as by law 
 cdabli/hed : That fhe Would inviolably maintain the tole 
 ration : That fhe would promote religion and virtue, en 
 courage trade, and every thing elfe that might make them 
 a happy and flourifhirig people. 
 
 The majority in both houf_s now pifofefied the fame 
 principles, and were well difpofed to fupport the queen in 
 all her defigns. They fird prefented the ufual addrefles, 
 in the xvarrned terms of duty and affection. Then the 
 commons drew up a fecond, alluring her th,=y \vnuld, to
 
 430 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK the utmost of their power, afiift her in bringing the treaty 
 of union a happy conclufion. They defircd that the pro- 
 ceedings of the laft feffion of parliament, relating to the 
 union and fucceiEon, might be laid before the houfe. The 
 lords had foliated the fame fatisfaction ; and her majefly 
 promifed to comply with their requeft. The lower houfe 
 having heard and decided in force cafes of controverted e- 
 le&ions, proceeded to take into consideration the eftimatcs 
 for the fervice of the enfuing year, and granted the fup- 
 plies without hefitation. In the houfe of lords, while the 
 queen was prefent, lord Haverfham, at the end of a long 
 fpeech, in which he reflected upon the conduft of the duke 
 of Marlborough, both on the Mofelle, and in Brabant, 
 moved for an addrefs to defire her majefty would invite the 
 preiumptive heir to the crown of England to come and 
 refide in the kingdom. This motion wa? earneftly fup- 
 ported by the duke of Buckingham, the earls of Rochefter, 
 Nottingham, and Anglefey. They faid there was no 
 method fo effectual to fccure the fuccefllon, as that of the 
 fuccefTor s being upon the fpot, ready to aflume and main 
 tain his or her right againft any pretender ; and they ob- 
 ferved, that, in former times, when the throne of England 
 was vacant, the firft comer had always fucceeded in his 
 pretenfions. Thepropofal was vehemently oppofed by the 
 Whigs, who knew it was difagreeable to the queen, whom 
 they would not venture to difoblige. They argued, that 
 a rivalry between the two courts might produce diftrac- 
 tions, and be attended with very ill confequences ; and ob- 
 lerved, that the Princefs Sophia, had exprefled a full fa- 
 tisfa&ion in theafTurances of the queen, who had promifed to 
 maintain her title. The queftion being put, was carried in 
 the negative by a great majority. The defign of the To 
 ries in making this motion was to bring the other party 
 into difgrace, either with the queen or with the people. 
 Their joining in the meafure would have given umbrage 
 to their fovereisn; and, by oppofmg it, they ran the 
 rifque of incurring the public odium, as enemies to the 
 Proteftant fuccelTion ; but the pretence of the Tories was 
 fothiri, the nation faw through it; and the fole effecl: the 
 motion produced, was the queen s refentment againft the 
 whole party. Burnet, bifhop of Sarum, propofed, that 
 prcvifion might be made for maintaining the public quiet, 
 in the interval between the queen s deceafe, and the arri 
 val of her fucceffor : The motion was feconded by the 
 lord-treafurer ; and a bill brought in for the better fecuri- 
 ty of her ma j city s per fon and government, and of the fuc- 
 ceffion to the crown of England. By this a6r, a regency 
 inted of the fcven perfens that Ihould poffeTs the
 
 ANNE. 43< 
 
 offices of archbifhop of Canterbury, lord chancellor or C H A P. 
 lord-keeper, lord-treafurer, lord-prefident, lord privy feal, 
 lord high-admiral and the lord-chief-juftice of the queen s- 
 bench. Their bufinefs was to proclaim the next fuccefibr 
 through the kingdom of England, and join with a certain 
 number of perfons named as regents by the fuccefibr, in 
 three lifts, to be fealed up and depofited with the archbi 
 fhop of Canterbury, the lord-keeper, and the minifler re- 
 fidantiary of Hanover. It was enacted, That thefe joint 
 regencies fhould conduct the adminiftration: That the laft 
 parliament, even though diiTolved, fhould re-afiemble, and 
 continue fitting for fix months after the deceafe of her ma- 
 jefty. The bill met with a warm oppofition from the To 
 ries, and did not pafs the upper houfe without a proteft. 
 It was ftill further obftructed in the houfe of commons, even 
 by fome of the Whig party, who were given to underftand 
 that the Princefs Sophia, had exprefTed an inclination to 
 refide in England. Exceptions were likewife taken to that 
 claufe in the bill enacting, that the laft parliament fhould 
 fhould be re-aflembled. They affirmed, that this was in- 
 confiftent with part of the act by which the fucceffton was 
 at firft fettled; for, among other limitations, the parlia 
 ment had provided, that when the crown fhould devolve 
 to the houfe of Hanover, no man, who had either place or 
 penfion, fhould be capable of fitting in the houfe of com 
 mons. After tedious difputes and zealous altercation, 
 they agreed that a certain number of offices fhould be fpe- 
 cified as disqualifying places. This felf-denying claufe, 
 and fome other amendments, produced conferences between 
 the two houfes, and at length the bill pafTed by their mutu 
 al afTent. Lord Haverfham, moved for an enqniry into 
 the mifcarriages of the laft campaign, hoping to find fome 
 foundation forcenfure in the conduS of the duke of Marl- 
 borough; but the propofal was rejected as invidious; and 
 the two houfes prefented an addrefs to the queen, defiring 
 fhe would preferve a good correfpondence among all the 
 confederates. They likewife concurred in repealing the 
 act by which the Scots had been alienated, and all the nor 
 thern counties alarmed with the apprehenfion of a rupture 
 between the two nations. The lord Shannon, Brigadier, 
 Stanhope, arriving with an account of the expedition to 
 Catalonia, the queen communicated the good news in a 
 fpeech to both houfes, expreffing her hope, that they would 
 enable her to profecute the advantages which her arms had 
 acquired. The commons were fo well pleafed \vith the 
 tidings, that they forthwith granted two hundred and fifty 
 thoufand pounds for her rmjet ty s proportion in the expenc? 
 ofprofecutingthe fuccefles already gained by King Charie?
 
 432 HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 
 BOOK III. for the recovery of the monarchy of Spain to the 
 
 i* 1 houfe of Aiiflria. On the icih day of November, the 
 
 ^*V^ queen p.ve the royal allent to an act for exhibiting a bill 
 
 i75- to naturalize the Princtfs Sophia, and the ifiue of her bo- 
 
 dy. 
 
 Fhefe rocafures being taken, the 6th day of December 
 was appointed for enquiring into thofe dangers to which 
 the Tories affirmed the church was expofed ; and the 
 queen attended in perfon, to hear the debates on this in- 
 terefting fubjcdt. The earl of Rochefter compared the 
 expreiTions in the queen s fpeech at the beginning of the 
 feiiion to the law enacled in the reign of Charles II. de 
 nouncing die penalties of treafon againft thofe who (hould 
 call the king a Papift ; for which reafon, he faid, he al 
 ways thought him of that perfuafion. He affirmed that the 
 church s danger arofe from the a6t of fecurity in Scotland, 
 the abfence of the fucceflbr to the crown, and the pra6Hce 
 of occafional conformity. He was anfwered by Lord Ha 
 lifax, who, by way of recrimination, obferved, that Kin?- 
 Charles II. was a Roman Catholic, at leaft his brother 
 declared him a Papift after his death : That his brother 
 und fucceffor was a known Roman Catholic, yet th;j 
 church thought herfelf fecure ; and thofe patriots who 
 flood up in its defence^were difcountenanced and punifh- 
 ed ; nay, when that fuccefibr afcendcd the throne, and the 
 church was apparently in the moil imminent danger, by 
 the high commiffion court and otherwife, the nation was 
 then indeed generally alarmed ; and every body knew who 
 fat in that court, and entered deeply into the meafures 
 which were then purfued. Compton, bifhop of London, 
 declared that the church was in danger, from profanenefs, 
 irreligion, and the licentioufnefs of the prefs. He com 
 plained, that fermons were preached wherein rebellion 
 was countenanced, and refiftance to the higher powers 
 encouraged. He alluded to a fermon preached before the 
 lord mayor, by Mr. Hoadley, now bifhop of Wincheiler. 
 Burnet of Sarum faid, the biihop of London was the laft 
 man who ought to complain of that fermon; for if the 
 doctrine it contained was not good, he did not know what 
 defence his lordihip could make for his appearing in arms 
 at Nottingham. He affirmed the church would be always 
 fubjecl: to profanenefs and irreligion, but that they were 
 not now fo flagrant as they ufually had been ; he faid the 
 fociety fet up for reformation in London and other cities, 
 had contributed confiderably to the fuppreffion of vice : 
 he was fure the corporation for propagating the gofpel had 
 done a great deal towards inftrucTmg men in religion, by 
 giving great numbers of books in practical divinity ; by
 
 A M N E. 433 
 
 erecting libraries in country parifhes ; by fending many CHAP. 
 able divines to the foreign plantations, and founding 111. 
 fchools to breed up children in the Chriftian knowledge ; L*yO 
 though to this expence very little had been contributed by 1705. 
 thofe who appeared fo wonderfully zealous for the church. 
 The archbilhop of York exprefTed his apprehenficn of 
 clanger from the increafe of difienters ; particularly from 
 the many academies they had inftituted ; he moved that 
 the judges might be confulted with refpecl to the laws 
 that were in force againft fuch feminaries, and by what 
 means they might be fupprefled. Lord Wharton moved, 
 that the judges might alfo be confulted about means of 
 fuppreffing fchools and fcrninaries held by nonjurors ; in 
 one of which the fons of a noble lord in that houfc had 
 been educated. To this farcafoi the archbifhop replied 
 that his fons were indeed taught by Mr. Ellis, a fober, 
 virtuous man ; but that when he rtfufed the oath of abju 
 ration, they were immediately withdrawn from his in- 
 ftru&ions. Lord Wharton proceeded to declare, that he 
 had carefully perufed a pamphlet entitled " The Memori 
 al," which was faid to contain a demonflration that the 
 church was in danger ; but all he could learn was, thr.t 
 the duke of Buckingham, the earls of Rochefter and Not 
 tingham, were out of place ; that he remembered fome of 
 thefe noblemen fat in the high-cornmiffion court, and then 
 made no complaint of the church s beins: in danger. Pa 
 trick bi(hop of Ely coaj plained of the heat and paffion 
 manifefted by the gentlemen belonging to the univerfities; 
 and of the undutiful behaviour of the clergy towards their 
 bifhops. He was feconded by Hough of Lichfield and 
 Coventry, who added, that the inferior clergy calumniat 
 ed their bifhops, as if they were in a plot to deftroy the 
 church, and had compounded to be the laft of their order. 
 Hooper of Bath and Wells expatiated on the invidious 
 diftinction implied in the terms " High Church," and 
 " Low Church." The duke of Leeds afierted, that the 
 church could not be fafe, without an act againft occafion- 
 al conformity. Lord Somers recapitulated all the argu 
 ments which had been ufed on both fides of the queftion : 
 He declared his own opinion was, that the nation was 
 happy under a wife and juft adiuinirtration : That for men 
 to raife groundlefs jealoufies at that juncture, could mean 
 no lefs than an intention to embroil the people at home, 
 and defeat the glorious defigns of the allies abroad. The 
 debate being finiihed, the cmeftion was put, Whether the 
 church of England was in danger ? and carried in the ne 
 gative by a great majority : Then the houfe rcfolved, 
 fhat the church of England as by law eftablilhed, which 
 VOL. I. - I
 
 434 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK was refcued from the extremefl danger by King William 
 J1 - III. of glorious memory, is now, by God s bleffing, under 
 ^*~y~*J the happy reign of her majefry, in a mod f fe and flouriih- 
 1 75 ing condition} and that whoever goes about to fuggeft or 
 infinuate that the church is in danger, under her majefty s 
 adrriniflration, is an enemy to the queen, the church, and 
 the kingdom. Next day the commons concurred in this 
 determination, and joined the lords in an addrefs to the 
 queen, communicating this refolution, bcfeeching her to 
 take effe&ual meafures for making it public ; and alfo for 
 punifhing the authors and fpreaders of the feditious and fcan- 
 dalous reports of the church s being in danger. She ac 
 cordingly iffued a proclamation, containing the refolution 
 of the two houfe^, and offering a reward for difcovering the 
 author of the Memorial of the Church of England, and for 
 apprehending David Edward?, a profefied Papift, charged 
 upon oath to be the printer and publiflier of that libel. 
 
 After a fhort adjournment, a committee of the lower 
 houfe prcfented the thanks of the commons to the duke of 
 Maryborough, for his great fervices performed to her ma- 
 jefty and the nation in the Lift campaign, and for his prudent 
 negotiations with her allies. This nobleman was in fuch 
 credit with the people, that when he propofbd a loan of five 
 hundred thoufand pounds to the emperor, upon a branch of 
 his revenue in Siklia, the money was advanced immediately 
 by the merchants of London. The kingdom was blcfTcd 
 with plenty: The queen was flniverfally beloved: The 
 people in general were zealots- -for the profecution of the 
 v/ar : The forces were well paid: The treafurywas punc 
 tual ; and, though a great quantity of coin was exported 
 for the maintenance of the war, the paper-currency fupplied 
 the deficiency fo well, that no murmurs were heard, and 
 the public credit flouriflied both at home and abroad. All 
 the funds being efr.abliih.ed, one in particular for two milli 
 ons and a half by way of annuities for ninety-nine years, at 
 fix and a half percent. ; and all the bills having received 
 the royal alFent, the queen went to the houfe of peers on 
 the 1 9th day of March, where having thanked both houfes 
 for the repeated inftances of their affection which fhe had 
 received, fhe prorogued the parliament to the 2ifl day of 
 May following*. The new convocation, inftead of imi 
 tating the union and harmony of the parliament, revived the 
 Bame* diviiions by which the former had been diftracted, and the 
 Boyer. two houfes fremed to adl with more determined rancour 
 Lockhart. ngainft each other. The upper houfe having drawn up a. 
 
 Quincy. 
 
 Europe * Anon S tuer bills pafied during this fcfiion, was an act for al:iuing and 
 
 Feuquieies. 
 
 Tinual,
 
 ANNE, 435 
 
 addrefs of thanks to the queen, for her affectionate c H A i\ 
 care of the church, the lower houfe refufcd to concur j nor IIJ - 
 would they give any reafon for their diiTent. They prepa- ^--y*- 
 red another in a different {train, which was rejected by the p -^^ 
 archbifbop. Then they agreed to divers refolutions, affert- the duke of 
 ing their right of having what they offered to the upper Marlbo- 
 houfe received by his grace and their lordfhips. In confe- u s^ ^ 
 quenceofthis dilTention the addrtfs was dropped, and a Li u v r esof 
 flop put to all further communication between the two the aJml- 
 
 houG.-s. The dean of Peterborough protefted againft the rals - . 
 
 i r i i i c T*t i ^, Voltaire. 
 
 irregularities of the lower houie. I he queen, in a letter 
 
 to the archbifrop, fignified her refolution to maintain her 
 ftipreotacy, . r;d the due fubordination of prefbyters to bifh- 
 o ; :5. 8 ie cxprefTed her hope that he and his fuffragaiis 
 would act conformably to her refolution, in which cafe they 
 mur nt he ai Ilnei] <-f the continuance of her favour and pro- 
 tecti >n : She required him to impart this declaration to the 
 bi; hops and der^y, and to prorogue the convocation to fuch 
 d r ,ic us thould appear molt convenient. When he commu- 
 ivci.t^d this htter to the lower houfe, the members were not 
 a little confounded : Neverthelefs, they would not comply 
 with, the prorogation, but continued to lit in defiance of her 
 m.ijefty s pleafure. 
 
 The eyes of Great Britain were now turned upon a T7 r -6. 
 tranfuction of the utmoft confjquence to the whole ifland; 
 namely, the treaty for an union of the two kingdoms of 
 England and Scotland. The queen having appointed the 
 coinmiiiioners * on both fides, they met on the i6ih day of 
 
 hold ; Charles duke of S>fnerfct, mailer of the horfs ; CharL.j dake of B ,lton, 
 Chiirles earl of Sunderlantk Evelyn earl of Kingfton, Charles earl of Ca lifle, 
 Edward earl of Orfo.d, Charles Vifcount Townihead, Thomas Lord Whanon, 
 Ralph Lord Grey, Joh-i Lord P owlet, John Lcr d So.viers, Charles Lord Hali 
 fax, William Cavendivh marquis of Harrington, John Manners mr.rqi.iis of Gran- 
 by ; Sir Charles Hedges and Robert Harlty, p;incipal fecretariesof ftatc ; John 
 Smith; Henry Boyle, chancellor of the Exchequer; Sir John Kolt, chief 
 Jufticc of the qjeen s bench ; Sir Thomas Trevor, chief juiiice of the common 
 pleas; Sir Edward Northcy, ,. - tval ; Sir bimon Karcoait, folicitor- 
 general ; Sir John Cool: , .-oftcr or i.i .vs. The Scottiih 
 
 commiiTioners were, ja/r;, s ea/lof Sean 1,1, lord chancellor of^ Scotland ; "James 
 duke of QueeBfberry, lord privy-fcal ; Jo snearl of Mar, a:id Hugh eail of 
 Loudon, principal f crerari s of ft;>.:e ; j h:i e..vl of Sutherland, John earl of 
 iVIorton, David earl of Wemys, David ca 1 of Ltven, John earl of Stair, Archi 
 bald earl of Rofeberry, Davi.i earl of Gb./go .v, Lord Archibald Ca:i;pxl!, 
 Thamas Vifcount D-.iplin, Lord Wil Sir Hv.-h Dulrymple, pre fi.ient 
 
 of the leflion ; Adam C , iftoun, lord juftictTclerk J i)ir Robert 
 
 CunJas, of A niltoun, Pxobe.i .. iliicultrie, lords oi the i"oT;on ; Mr. 
 
 Francis Montgomery, CM of the eomnufiioners of the treafu.v , Sir David 
 Dalrymplc, one of h;r majeSy s folicicora ; Sir Alexander Ogilvie, receiver
 
 436 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK April, in the council-chamber of the Cockpit near White 
 hall, which was the place appointed for the conferences. 
 W *"Y Their comrniffions being opened and read by the refpecliive 
 Confi frcrctaries, and introductory fpeeches being pronounced by 
 cesfcra the lord-keeper of England, and the lord-chancellor of 
 treaty of ^ Scotland, they agreed to certain preliminary articles, im- 
 P ortm S> f nat a ^ t 16 propofals Should be made in writing, 
 and every point, when agreed, reduced to writing : That 
 no points fhould be obligatory, till all matters mould be 
 ndjufted in fuch a manner as would be proper to be laid be 
 fore the queen, and the two parliaments, for their appro 
 bation : That a committee fhould be appointed from each 
 commiffton, to revife the minutes of what might pafs, be 
 fore they mould be inferted in the books by the refpe&ivs 
 fecretaries ; and that all the proceedings during the treaty 
 fhould be kept fecret. The Scots were inclined to a fe 
 deral union, like that of the United Provinces: But the 
 Englifh were bent upon an incorporation, fo as that no 
 Scottifli parliament fhould ever have power to repeal the 
 articles of the treaty. The lord-keeper propofed that the 
 two kingdoms of England and Scotland fhould be for ever 
 united into one realm, by the name of Great Britain : That 
 it fhould be reprefented by one and the fame parliament ; 
 and that the fucceflion of this monarchy, failing heirs of her 
 mnjefty s body, fhould be according to the limitations 
 mentioned in the acl: of parliament paffed in the reign of 
 King William, intituled, An a6l for the further limitation 
 of the crown, and the better fecuring the rights and liber 
 ties of thefubjet. The Scottifh commiffioners, in order to 
 comply in fome meafure with the popular clamour of their 
 nation, prefented a propofal, implying, that the fuccefnon. 
 to the crown of Scotland fhould be eftablifhed upon the 
 fame perfons mentioned in the at of King William s 
 reign : That the fubjecls of Scotland fhould for ever enjoy 
 all the rights and privileges of the natives in England, and 
 the dominions thereunto belonging ; and, that the fubje<fts 
 of England mould enjoy the like rights and privileges in 
 Scotland : That there fhould be a free communication and 
 intercourfe of trade and navigation between the two king 
 doms, and plantations thereunto belonging ; and that all 
 laws and flatutes in either kingdom, contrary to the terms 
 of this union, fhould be repealed. The Englifh commiffi 
 oners declined entering into any confiderations upon thefe 
 
 gcner?.!; Sir Patrick Johnllon, provoft of Edinburgh ; Sir James Srnoilct, of 
 Bonhill ; George Lockhart, of Carmvath ; William Morrilbn, of Preftongrange ; 
 Alexander Grant ; William Seton, of Pitmidden ; John Clark, of Pennycukk j 
 Hugh Montgomery, Daniel Stuart, and Daniel Campbell.
 
 ANNE. 437 
 
 propofals, declaring themfelvcs fully convinced, that nothing c II A P. 
 but an entire union could fettle a perfect ar.dlafting fricnd- 
 fhip between the two kingdoms. The Scots acquiefced 
 in this reply, and both fides proceeded in the treaty, with- 
 O jt any other intervening difputc. They were twice vi- 
 fited by the queen, who exhorted them to accelerate the? ar 
 ticles of a treaty that would prove fo advantageous to both 
 kingdoms. At length they were finifhed, arranged, and 
 mutually figned, on the 22d of July, and next day preiented 
 to her msjefty, at the palace of St. James s, by the lord- 
 keeper, in the name of the En^lifh commiffioners : At the 
 fcrne time, a fealed copy of the infti ument was likewife de 
 livered by the lord-chancellor of Scotland ; and each made 
 a fhort oration on the fubjedl, to which the queen returned 
 a very gracious reply. 1 hat fame d?yfne dictated an or 
 der of council, that whoever would be concerned in any 
 difcourfe or libel, or in laying wagers relating to the union, 
 (hould He profecuted with the utrnoft rigour of the law. 
 
 In this famous treaty it wns ftipulated,that the fucceiTion 
 to the united kingdom of Great Britain mould be vetted 
 in the Princefs Sophia, and her heirs, according to the acls 
 already pafled in the parliament of England : That the 
 united kingdom fhould be reprefented by one and the fame 
 parliament : That all the fubjec"ls of Great Britain fhoulcl 
 enjoy a communication of privileges and advantages: That 
 they fnould have the fame allowances, encouragements, 
 and drawbacks ; and be under the fame prohibitions, re- 
 ftTic"ticns and regulations, with refpecl to commerce and 
 cuftoms : That Scotland fhould not be charged with the 
 temporary duties on fome certain commodities : That the 
 lism of three hundred ninety-eight thoufand and eighty- 
 five pounds ten {hillings, fhould be granted to the Scots, as 
 an equivalent for fuch parts of the cuftoms of excife charg 
 ed upon that kingdom, in confequence of the union, as 
 would be applicable to the payment of the debts of Eng 
 land, according to the proportion which the cuftoms and 
 excife of Scotland bore to thefe of England : That, as the 
 revenues of Scotland might increafe, a further equivalent 
 fhould be allowed for fuch proportion of the faid increafe 
 as fnould be applicable to the payment of the debts of Eng 
 land : That the fum to be paid at prefent, as well ns the 
 monies arifing from the future equivalents, ihould be em 
 ployed in reducing the coin of Scotland to the fbmdard 
 and value of the Engli{h coin ; in paying of? the capital 
 ilock and intcreft due to the proprietors of the African 
 nt:;:y, which fnould be immediately difiblved; in dif- 
 c^arging all the public debts of the kingdom of Scotland ; 
 in prornoung and encouraging manufactures and fiflierie?,
 
 43$ HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK under the direclion of commiffioners to be appointed b/ 
 L-*. J ^ sr m fy^y* an< ^ accountable to the parliament of Great 
 ""V""* Britain : That the laws concerning public right, policy, 
 and civil government, fhould be the fame throughout the 
 whole united kingdom ; but that no alteration fhould be 
 made in laws which concerned private right, except for 
 evident utility of the fubjecls within Scotland : That the 
 court of feffion, and all other courts ef judicature in Scot 
 land, fhcuid remain as then coftituted by the laws of that 
 kingdom, with the fame authority and privileges as before 
 the union; fubjecl:, neverthel-fs, to fuch regulations as 
 ihould be made by the parliament of Great Britain : That 
 all heritable offices, fuperioritier, heritable jurifdictions, of 
 fices for life, and jiyifdicYions for life, fhould be refervcd 
 to the owners, as rights of property, in the fame manner as 
 then enjoyed by the laws of Scotland : That the rights and 
 privileges of the royal boroughs in Scotland fhould remain 
 entire after the union : That Scotland fhould be reprefent- 
 ed in the parliament of Great Britain by fixteen peers and 
 forty-five commoners, to be elected in fuch a manner as 
 ihould be fettled by the prefent panliament of Scotland : 
 That all the peers of Scotland, and the fuccefibrs to their 
 honours and dignities, fhould, from and after the union, be 
 peers of Great Britain and fhould have rank and preceden 
 cy next and immediately after the Engifh peers of the like 
 orders and degrees, at the time of the union ; and before all 
 peers of Gteat Britain of the like orders and degrees, who 
 might be created after the union : That they Ihould be 
 tried as peers of Great Britain, and enjoy all privileges of 
 peers, as fully as enjoyed by the peers of England, except 
 the right and privileges of fitting in the houfe of lords, and 
 the privileges depending thereon, and particularly the 
 right of fitting upon the trials of the peers : That the 
 crown, fceptre, and fword of ftate, the records of parlia 
 ment, and all other records, rolls, and regifters whatsoever, 
 ihould ftill remain as they were, within that part of the 
 united kingdom called Scotland : That all laws andftatutes 
 in either kingdom, fo far as they might be inconfiftent with 
 the terms of thcfe articles fhould ceafe and be declared 
 void by the refpeclive parliaments of the two kingdoms. 
 Such is the fubttance of that treaty of union which was fo 
 eagerly courted by the Englifh miniftry, and proved fo 
 unpalatable to the generality of the Scottifh nation. 
 
 While this treaty was on the carpet at home, the allied 
 arms profpered furprifmgly in the Netherlands, in Spain, 
 and in Piedmont. The French king had refolved to make 
 very confiderable efforts in thefe countries; and, indeed, at 
 the beginning of the campaign, his armies were very for-
 
 A N N E. 439 
 
 midable. He hoped that, by the redu&ion of Turin and CHAP. 
 Barcelona, the war would be extinguilhed in Italy and 
 Catalonia. He knew he could out-number any body of -""Y^"" 
 forces that prince Louis of Baden fhould aflemble on the ] 7 c6 - 
 Rhine; and he refolved to reinforce his army in Flanders, 
 fo as to be in a condition to acl: offenfively againft the 
 duke of Marlborough. This nobleman repaired to Hol 
 land in the latter end of April ; and conferred with the 
 Hates-general. Then he affembled the army between 
 Borfchloen and Groef-Waren, and found it amounted to 
 feventy-four battalions of foot, and one hundred and twen 
 ty-three fquadrons of horfe and dragoons, well furnifhed 
 with artillery and pontoons. The court of France having 
 received intelligence, that the Danifh and Pruffian troops 
 had not yet joined the confederates, ordered the eleclor of 
 Bavaria and the marefchal de Villeroy to attack them be 
 fore the junction could be effected. In purfuance of this or 
 der they parted the Deule on the Igth day of May, and 
 polled themfelves at Tirlemont, being fuperior in number 
 to the allied army. There they were joined by the horfe 
 of the army, commanded by marefchal Marfin, and encamp 
 ed between Tirlemont ar.d Judoigne. On Whitfunday, 
 early in the morning, the duke of Marlborough advanced 
 with his army in ei^ht columns towards the village of 
 Ramillies, being by this time joined by the Danes ; and he 
 learned that the enemy was in march to give him battle. 
 Next day the French generals perceiving the confederates 
 fo near them, took poflelllon of a ftrong camp, their right 
 extending to the Tomb Hautemont, on the fide of the 
 Mehaigne; their left to Anderkirk; and the village of Ra- Battle of 
 millies being near their centre. The confederate army Ramillies.. 
 was drawn up in order of battle, with the right wing near 
 Foltz on the brook Yaufe, and the left by the village of 
 Franquenics, which the enemy had occupied. The duke 
 ordered Lieutenant-General Schukz, with twelve battali 
 ons and twenty pieces of cannon, to begin the action, by 
 attacking Ramillies, which was ftrongly fortified with ar 
 tillery. At the fame time Vehmarefchal d Averquerque, 
 on the left, commanded Colonel Wertmuller, with four 
 battalions and two pieces of cannon, to diflodge the ene 
 my s infantry ported among the hedges of Franquemies. 
 Both thefe orders were fuccefsfully executed. The Dutch 
 and Danilh horfe of the left wing charged with great vi 
 gour and intrepidity, but were fo roughly handled by the 
 troops of the French king s houfehold, that they began to 
 give way, when the duke of Marlborough fufrained them 
 with the body of refer ve, and twenty fquadron drawn from 
 the right, where a morafs prevented them from acting. In
 
 440 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 the mean time, he in perfon rallied fome of the broken 
 fquadrons, in order to renew the charge, when his own 
 horle fulling, he was furrounded by the enemy, and mu(r 
 have been either killed or taken prifoner, had not a body of 
 infantry come feafonably to his relief. When he remounted 
 his horie, the head of Colonel Brienfield, his gentleman of the 
 horfe was carried off by a cannon-ball while he held the 
 duke s ftirrup. Before the reinforcement arrived, the beft 
 part of the French moufquetaires were cut in pieces. All. 
 the troops ported in Ramillies were either killed or taken. 
 The roil of the enemy s infantry began to retreat in toler 
 able order, under cover of the cavalry on their left wing, 
 which formed themfelves in three lines between Offuz and 
 Anderkirk ; but the Englifh horfe having found means to 
 pafs the rivulet which divided them from the enemy, fell 
 upon them with fuch impetuofity, that they abandoned their 
 foot, and were terribly flaughtered in the village of Ander- 
 Frenchxie- j^rk. They now gave way on all fides. The horfe fled 
 
 fcated. i-rr I r I r i rii 
 
 three different ways; but were fo clolely purlued, that very 
 few efcaped. The elector of Bavaria and the marefchal de 
 Viileroy favecl themfelves with the utmoft difficulty. Se 
 veral waggons of the enemy s van-guard breaking down in 
 a narrow pafs, obstructed the way in fuch a manner, that 
 the baggage and artillery could not proceed; nor could their 
 troops defile in order. The victorious horfe being inform 
 ed of this accident, prcfTcd on them fo vigouroufly, that 
 great numbers threw down their arms and fubmit- 
 ted. The purfuit was followed through Judoigne till 
 two o clock in the morning five Leagues from the field of 
 battle, and within two of Louvaine. In a word, the con 
 federates obtained a complete victory. They took the 
 enemy s baggage and artillery, about one hundred and 
 twenty colours, or ftandards, fix hundred officers, fix thou- 
 fand private foldiers; and about eight thoufand were killed or 
 wounded*. Prince Maximilian and Prince Monbafon loft 
 their lives; the Major-Generals Palavicini and Mezieres 
 were taken, together with the irarquifTes de Bar, de No- 
 nant, and de la Baume, this laft the fon of marefchal de 
 Tallard, monfieur de Montmorency, nephew to the duke 
 of Luxembourg, and many other perfons of diflinition. 
 The lofs of the allies did not exceed three thoufand men, 
 including Prince Louis of Heffe, aud Mr. Bentick, who 
 were flain in the engagement. The French generals reti- 
 
 * The French impute the lofs of this battle to the mifconduft of ViUcrcy, 
 who it rr.uft be ov.-nsd, made a moft wretched difpofition. When he re:jr.:c ; 
 to Verfailles, where he expected to meet with nothing but reproaches, Lou;i 
 recuived him without the leaft mark of difpltttfure, laying " Mr. Marcfchalj 
 " you and I arc too old to be fortunate."
 
 ANNE. 441 
 
 red with precipitation to Bruflels, while the allies took CHAP, 
 poffeffi-on ofLouvaine, and next day encamped at Beth- i.^ 
 1cm. The battle of Ramiilies, was attended with the im- * 
 mediate conqueft of all Brabant. The cities of Louvaine, 
 Mechlin, Bruflels, Antwerp, Ghent, and Bruges fub- 
 m it ted without refiftance, and acknowledged King Charles. 
 Oftend, though fecured by a ftrong garrifon, was furren- 
 dered after a fiege of ten days. Menin, cfteemed the 
 moft finished fortification in the Netherlands, and guarded 
 by fix thoufand men, met with the fame fate. The gar 
 rifon of Dendermonde furrendered thernfelves prifoners of 
 war ; and Aeth fubmitted on the fame conditions. The 
 French troops were difpirited. The city of Paris was 
 overwhelmed with confternation. Louis affected to bear 
 his misfortunes with calmncfs and compofure; but the 
 conftraint had fuch an effect upon his conftitution, that 
 his phyficians thought it neceiiary to prcfcribe frequent 
 bleeding, which he accordingly underwent. At his court, 
 no mention was made of military tranfailions : All was 
 folemn, filent, and referved. 
 
 Had the iflue of the campaign in Catalonia, been fuch 
 as the beginning feemed to prognofticate, the French king 
 might have in fome meafureconfoled himfclf for his difgra- 
 ces iff the Netherlands. On the fixth day of April, fCing 
 Philip, at the head of a numerous army, undertook the fiege 
 of Barcelona, while the Count de Tholoufe blocked it up 
 with a powerful fquadron. The inhabitants, animated by 
 the prefence of King Charles, made a vigorous defence; 
 and the garrifon was reinforced with fome t oops from Gi- 
 ronne and other places. But, after the fort ofMontjuic 
 was taken, the place was fo hard preffed, that Charles ran 
 the utmoft rifk of falling into the hands of the enemy ; for 
 the e.trl of Peterborough, who had marched from Valencia 
 with 2000 men, found it impracticable to enter the city. 
 Neverthelefs, he maintained his poft upon the hills ; and, 
 with furprifing courage and ailivity, kept the beficgers in 
 continual alarm. At length, fir John Leake, failed from 
 Li/bon with 30 fliips of the line ; and on the 8th day of 
 May, arrived in fight of Barcelona. The French admiral 
 no fDoner received intelligence of his approach, than ha fet 
 f .il for Toulon. In three days after his departure King 
 Philip abandoned the fiege, and r: tired in great diforder, 
 leaving behind his tents, with the fick and wounded. On 
 the fide of Portugal, the duke of Berwick, was left with 
 fuch an inconfiderable fore.: as proved infufHcicnt to defend 
 the frontiers. The earl of Gal way, with an army of 
 20,000 men, undertook the fiege of Alcantara; and in 
 three d^.ys, the garrifon. confiftiric; of 4000 men, wen* 
 
 \TT rr 
 
 VOL. I. 3 K
 
 442 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK mr.vb prifbners of war. Then he marched to Placentiz, 
 and advanced as far as the bridge of Almaras: But the 
 Portugutfe would penetrate no farther until they ihould 
 Jcnow the fate of Barcelona. When they undertlood the 
 fiege was rnifecl, they confented to proceed to A ladrid. 
 Philip, gucfling their intention, pofted to that capital, and 
 fjr.t his queen, with all his valuable effects to Burgos, 
 whither he followed her in perfon, after having destroyed 
 every thing that he could not carry away. About the lat 
 ter end of June, the earl of Gal way entered the cily 
 without refiftance: But the Spaniards were extremely 
 mortified to fee an army of Portuguefe, headed by an he 
 retic, in pofTeflion of their capital. King Charles loiter 
 ed away his time in Barcelona, until his competitor re 
 covered his fpirits, and received fuch reinforcements as 
 enabled him to return to Madrid, with an army equal to 
 that commanded by the earl of Galway. This general 
 made a motion towards Arragon, in order to facilitate his 
 conjunction, with Charles, who had fet out by the way of 
 SaragofTa, where he was acknowledged as fovereign of 
 Arragon, and Valencia. In the beginning of AujuPf, 
 this prince arrived at the Portuguefe camp, with a fmall 
 reinforcement; and in a few days was followed by the earl 
 of Peterborough, at the head of 500 dragoons. The two 
 armies were now pretty equal in point of number ; but as 
 each expected farther reinforcements, neither cnofe to ha 
 zard an engagement. The earl of Peterborough, who 
 afpired to the chief command, and hated the prince of 
 Litditenftein, who enjoyed the confidence of King Charles, 
 retired in ctffguft j and, embarking on board an Englifh 
 fhip ofwar,fet fail for Genoa. The Englifh fleet continued 
 all the fummer in the Mediterranean: They fecured Car- 
 thagena, which had declared for Charles ; They took the 
 town of Alicant, by affault, and the caftle by capitula 
 tion. Then failing out of the Strait?, one fquadron wa 
 detached to the Weft Indies, another ordered to lie at 
 Lifbon, and the reft were fent home to England. 
 
 Fortune was not more propitious to the French in Italy 
 than in Flanders. The duke de Vendome having been 
 recalled to afTumc the command in Flanders, after the bat 
 tle of Rainillies, the duke of Orleans was placed at the 
 head of the army in Piedmont, under the tutorage and di 
 rection of the marefchal de Marfm. They were ordered 
 to befiege Turin, which was accordingly inverted in the 
 month of May ; and the operations carried on till the be 
 ginning of September. Great preparations had been 
 made for this fiege. It was not undertaken until the duke 
 of Savoy had rejected all the offers of the French me-
 
 A N N E. 443 
 
 r.arch, which were fufficient to have fhi .ken a prince of C PI A P 
 Jefs courage and fortitude. The duke de la Feuilb.de hav 
 ing hnilhed the lines of circumvallation and contravalla- V -*""Y" V- ^ 
 tion, fent his quarter-matter general with a trumpet, to * 7 
 offer paflports and a guard for the removal of the duchefs 
 and her children. The duke of Savoy replied, That he 
 did not intend to remove his family ; and that the mare- 
 fchal might begin to execute his mailer s orders whenever 
 he fliould think fit: But, when the fiege began with un 
 common fury, a;ici the French fired red hot bails into dis 
 place, the two duchefies, with the young prince and prin- 
 cofies; quitted Turin, and retired to Quiraico, horn 
 whence they were conduced through many dangers into 
 the territories of Genoa. The duke himfelf foffook his 
 capital, in order to put himfelf at the head of his cavalry ; 
 and was purfuecl from place to place by five-and-fortv 
 fquadrons, under the command of the Count D Aubetcrre. 
 Notwithstanding the very noble defence which was made 
 by the earrifon of Turin, which deflroyed 14,000 of the 
 enemy during the courfe cf the fiege, the defences were 
 almoft ruined, their ammunition began to fail, and they 
 had no profpecr. of relief but from Prince Eugene, who 
 had numberkfs difficulties to encounter before he could 
 march to their affiftance. The duke de Vendorne, before 
 he left Italy, had fecured all the fords oftheAdlge, the 
 Minchio, and the Oglio, and formed fuch lines and en 
 trenchments as he imagined would effectually hinder the 
 Imperial general from arriving in time to relieve the city 
 of Turin. But the prince furmounted all oppofition; 
 parted four great rivers in defpitc of the enemy; and The French 
 reached the neighbourhood of Turin, on the i^th cay cf" ^utedby 
 Auguft. Ther-j being joined by the duke of S:ivoy," he ^" cc E "- 
 pafled the Po between Montcalier, and Cavignan. On " 
 the fifth day of September, they took a convoy of 800 
 loaded mules: Next day they pafljd the Doria, and en 
 camped whh the right on the bank of that river before 
 PianneiTe, and the left on the Stura, before the Veneri;;. 
 The enemy were entrenched, having the Stura on the . 
 right, the Doria on their left, and the convent of capu 
 chins, called Notre Darne de la Carnnagne, in their cen 
 tre. When PrinCe Eugene approached Turin, the duke 
 of Orleans propofed to march out of the entrenchments, 
 and give him battle; and this propof-.l was feconded by 
 all the general officers, except Ivlarfm, who finding the 
 duke determined, produced an ordtr from the French 
 king, commanding the duke to follow the marefchiu s ad 
 vice. The court of Vei failles was now become afraid of 
 iuz::rc T ir ;i an enoa^ernent atr-unir th^ic v, ho ii.id fo of!
 
 44-6 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 COOK the 28th, arrived at Alicant, from whence the earl of Ri- 
 11 vers proceeded by land to Valencia, in order to affifr at a 
 general council of war. The operations of the enfuing 
 campaign being concerted, and the army joined by the 
 reinforcement from England, earl Rivers, difliking the 
 country,^ returned with the admiral to Lifbon. 
 
 Poland was at length delivered from the prefence of the 
 king of Sweden, who, in the beginning of September, fud- 
 denly marched through Lufatia into Saxony ; and, in a lit 
 tle time, laid that whole electorate under contribution. Au- 
 guftus being thus cut off from all refource, retclved to ob 
 tain peace on the Swede,s cwa terms, and engaged in a 
 fecret treaty for this purpofe. In the mean time, the 
 Poles and Mufcovites attacked the Swedifh forces at Ka- 
 li/h in Great Poland ; and by dint of numbers routed them 
 with great llaughter. Notwithstanding this event, Auguf- 
 tus ratified the treaty, by which he acknowledged Sta- 
 niilaus as true and rightful king of Poland, referring to 
 himfcif no more than the empty title of fovereign. The 
 confederates were not a little alarmed to find Charles in 
 the heart of Germany; and the French court did not fail 
 to court his alliance ; but he continued on the referve 
 agair.il all their felicitations, Then they implored his me 
 diation for a peace ; and he anfwered, that he would in- 
 terpofe his good offices, as foon as he fhould know they 
 would be agreeable to the powers engaged in the grand 
 alliance. 
 . The pride of Louis was now humbled to fuch a degree 
 
 for peace, as might have excited the compaffion of his enemies. He 
 employed the elector of Bavaria to write letters in his name 
 to the duke of Mailborough and the deputies of the itates- 
 general, containing propofals for opening a congrefs. He 
 had already tampered with the Dutch, in a memorial pre- 
 fentedbythe Marquis d Alegre. He likewife befought 
 the pope to interpofe in his behalf. He offered to cede ei 
 ther Spain and the Weft Indians, or Milan, Naples, and 
 Sicily to King Charles; to give up a barrier for the Dutch 
 in the Netherlands: and to indemnify the Duke of Savoy 
 for the ravages that had been committed in his dominions. 
 Though his real aim was peace, yet he did not defpair of 
 being able to excite fuch jealoulies among the confederates 
 as might fliake the bails of their union. His hope was not 
 altogether difappointed. The court of Vienna was fo much 
 :.hrmed at the offers he had made, and the reports circulated 
 by his cmifiaries, that the emperor refolved to make himfelf 
 mailer of Naples before the allies fhould have it in their 
 power to clofe with the propofals of France. 1 his was 
 .>} " his coricludiii!/; <.-. in.--.: ~y with Lou;s in
 
 ANNE. 447 
 
 the fucceeding winter, by which the Milanefe was entirely CHAP- 
 evacuated, and the French king at liberty to employ thofe . 
 troops in making ftrong efforts againft the confederates in ^V" 6 
 Spain and the Netherlands. The Dutch were intoxicated 
 with fuccefs, and their Penfionary, Heinlius, entirely influ 
 enced by the duke of Marlborough, who found his account 
 in the continuance of the war, which at once gratified his 
 avarice and ambition; for all his great qualities were ob- 
 fcured by the fordid paflion of accumulating wealth. Du 
 ring the whole war the allies never had fuch an opportunity 
 as they now enjoyed to bridle the power of France effectu 
 ally, and fecure the liberties of the empire; and indeed, if 
 tneir real defign was to eftablifh an equal balance between 
 the houfes of Auftria and Bourbon, it could not have been 
 better effected than by dividing the Spanilh monarchy be 
 tween thefe tv/o potentates. The acceffion of Spain, with 
 all its appendages, to either, would have deftroyed the equi 
 librium which the allies propofed to eftabiifh. But other 
 motives contributed to a continuation of the war. The 
 powers of the confederacy were fired with the ambition of 
 making conquefts; and England in particular thought her- 
 felf entitled to an indemnification for the immeiife fums fhc 
 had expended. Animated by thefe concurring confiderati- 
 ons, Queen Anne and theftates general rejected the offers 
 of France ; and declared, that they would not enter into 
 any negociation for peace, except in concert with their al 
 lies. 
 
 The Tories of England began to mediate fchemes of 
 oppofition againft the duke of Marlborough. They looked 
 upon him as a felfim nobleman, who facrificcd the intereft 
 of the nation, in protracting a ruinous war for his own 
 private advantage. They favv their country opprelFed with 
 an increafing load of taxes, which they apprehended would 
 in a little time become an intolerable burthen; and they 
 did not doubt but at this period fuch terms might be ob 
 tained as would fully anfwer the great purpofe of the con 
 federacy. This, indeed, was the prevailing opinion among 
 all the fenfible people of the nation, who were not particu 
 larly interefted in the profecution of the war, either by be 
 ing connected with the general, or in fome iliape employed 
 i:i the management of the finances. The Tories were 
 likewife infti gated by a party-fpirit againft Marlborough, 
 who, by means of his wife, was in full poffefllon of the 
 queen s confidence, and openly patronifed the Whig faction. 
 But the attention of people in general was now turned up 
 on the Scottilh parliament, which took into confideration Violent 
 the treaty of Union lately concluded between the commif- %thc * 
 fioncrs of both kingdoms. On the 3d day of October the ijamsmrf
 
 44.8 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B O O K duke of Qusehfberry, as higlicoriirmffioner, produced the 
 queen s letter, in which me exprefled her hope, that the 
 """V*^ terms of the treaty ihould be acceptable to hr parliament 
 7 6 of Scotland. She faid, an entire and penvit Union would 
 the Union be the folid foundation of a hiring peace : It would fecure 
 with Eng- their religion, liberty, and property, remove the animofttiea 
 land. that prevailed among themfelves, and thejealouues th.it fub- 
 
 fiited between the two nations : It would increafe their 
 ftrength, riches, and commerce : The whole ifland would be 
 joined in affection, and free from all apprehenfion of differ 
 ent intercRs: It would be enabled to refill all its enemies, 
 fupport the Proteibnt intereft every where, and maintain 
 the liberties of Europe. She renewed her affurance of main 
 taining the government of their church ; and told them, 
 that now they had an opportunity of taking fuch fteps as 
 might be neceflary for its fecurity after the Union. She de 
 manded the neceilary fupplies. She obferved, that the great 
 fucctfs with which God Almighty had blefied her arms, af 
 forded the nearer profpect of a happy peace, with which 
 they would enjoy the full advantages of this Union : That 
 they hid no reafon to doubt but the parliament of England 
 would do all that iliould be neceffary on their part to con 
 firm the Union : Finally, me recommended calmnefs and 
 unanimity in deliberating on this great and weighty affair, 
 of fuch confequence to the whole ifland of Great Britain. 
 
 Hitherto the articles of the Union had been induftriouf- 
 ly concealed from thj knowledge of the people: But the 
 treaty being recited in parliament, and the particulars di 
 vulged, fuch a flame was kindled through the whole na 
 tion, as had not appeared fince the Reiteration. The Ca 
 valiers or Jacobites had always forefeen that this Union 
 would extinguifh all their hopes of a revolution in favour 
 of a pretender. The nobility found themfelves degraded 
 in point of dignity and influence, by being excluded from 
 their feats in parliament. The trading part of the nation 
 beheld their commerce faddled with heavy duties and re- 
 ftrictions, and conudered the privilege of trading to the 
 Englim plantations as a precarious and uncertain profpect 
 of advantage. The barons or gentlemen were exaiperated 
 at a coalition, by which their parliament was annihilated, 
 and their credit defcroyed. The people in general ex 
 claimed, that the dignity of their crown was betrayed : 
 That the independency of their nation had fallen a facri- 
 fice to t-eachery and corruption: That whatever condi 
 tions might be fpecioufly offered, they could not expect 
 they would be obil:rved by a parliament in which the 
 Englifh had fuch a majority. They exaggerated the dan 
 gers to which the conftitution of their church would be
 
 ANNE. 
 
 449 
 
 expofed from a bench of bifliops, and a parliament of C H A 1 J - 
 epifcopalians. This confideration alarmed the Prefbyteri- 
 an minifters to fuch a degree, that they employed all their 
 power and credit in waking the refentment of their hear- 
 ers againft the treaty, which produced an univerfal fer 
 ment among all ranks of people. Even the moft rigid pu- 
 ritans joined the Cavaliers in expreffing their deteftation 
 of the Union ; and, laying afide their mutual animofitiesj 
 promifed to co-operate in oppoiing a meafure fo ignomi 
 nious and prejudicial to their country. In parliament, the 
 oppoiltion was headed by the dukes of Hamilton and 
 Athole, and the marquis of Annandale. The firft of thefe 
 noblemen had wavered fo much in his conduct, that it is 
 difficult to afcertain his real political principles. He wi.s 
 generally fuppofed to favour the claim of the pretender ; 
 but he was afraid of embarking too far in his caufe, and 
 avoided violent meafures in the diicuiTion of this treaty, 
 left he (hould incur the refentment of the Englifh parlia 
 ment, and forfeit the eftate he pofTefled in that kingdom. 
 Athole was more forward in his profeffions of attachment 
 to the ^court of St. Germain s; but he had lefs ability, 
 and his zeal was fuppofed to have been inflamed by re 
 fentment againft the miniftry. The debates upon the dif- 
 frent articles of the treaty were carried on with great 
 heat and vivacity ; and many fhrewd arguments were ufed 
 againft this fcheme of an incorporating union. One mem 
 ber affirmed, that it would furnifh a handle to any afpir- 
 ing prince to overthrow the liberties of all Britain , for if 
 the parliament of Scotland could alter, or rather fubvert 
 its conftitution, this circumftance might be a precedent 
 for the parliament of Great Britain to aflume the fame 
 power : That the reprefentatives for Scotland, would 
 from their poverty, djpend upon thofe who pofiefTcd the 
 means of corruption ; and having expreffed fo little con 
 cern for the fupport of their own conftitution, would pay 
 very little regard to that of any other. " What ! (faid the 
 "duke of Hamilton) ihall we in half an hour give up 
 " what our forefathers maintained with their lives and for- 
 " tunes for many ages ? Are here none of the defcendents 
 " of thofe worthy patriots, who defended the liberty of 
 " their country againft all invaders; whoaflifted the great 
 " King Robert Bruce to reftore the conftitution, and re- 
 u venge the falfehood of England, and the ufurpation of 
 " Baliol ? Where are th? Douglass and Campbells ? 
 " Where are the peers, where are the barons, once the 
 " bulwark of the nation ? Shall we yield up the fover- 
 u eignty and independency of our country, when we are 
 " commanded by thofe v, r e reprefent to preserve the fame, 
 VCL. I. 3 L
 
 450 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK" and allured of their affiflanee to fupport us ?" The duke 
 IJ - of A thole protefted aguinft an incorporating Union, as 
 
 ^**V S ^ contrary to the honour, intereft, fundamental laws, and 
 I 7- conftitution of the kingdom of Scotland, the birthright of 
 the peers, the rights and privileges of the barons and bo- 
 rcughs, rnd to the claim of right, property, and liberty of 
 the fubjecls. To this proteft nineteen peers and forty-fix 
 commoners adhered. The earl marefchal entered a pro 
 teft, importing, that no perfon being fuccefibr to the 
 crown of England fhould inherit that of Scotland, without 
 fuch previous limitations as might fccure the honour and 
 fovereigr.ty of the Scottish crown and kingdom, the fre 
 quency and power of parliament, the religion, liberty, 
 and trade of the nation, from Englifh or any foreign in 
 fluence. He was feconded by fix-and-forty rr.en-bers. 
 With regard to the third article of the Union, ftipulating, 
 that both kingdoms fhould be reprefented by one and the 
 fame parliament, the country-party obferved, that, by af- 
 fenting to this expedient, they did in effect fink their 
 own conftitution, while that of England underwent no al 
 teration : That in all nations there are fundamentals, 
 which no power whatever can alter: That the rights and 
 privileges of parliament being one of thefe fundamentals 
 among the Scots, no parliament, >or any other power, 
 could ever legally prohibit the meeting of parliaments, or 
 deprive any of the three eftates of its right of fitting or 
 voting in parliament, or give up the rights and privileges 
 of parliament : But that by this treaty the parliament of 
 Scotland was entirely abrogated, its rights and privileges 
 facrificed, and thofe of the Englifli parliament fubftituted 
 in their place. They argued, that though the legislative 
 power in parliament was regulated and determined by 
 a majority of voices ; yet the giving up t ae conftituticn, 
 with the rights and privileges of the nation, was not fub- 
 ject to fuffrage, being founded on dominion and property; 
 and therefore could not be legally furrendered without the 
 confent of every perfon who had a right to elet and be 
 reprefented in parliament. They affirmed, that the obli 
 gation laid on the Scottifh members to refide fo long in 
 London, in attendance on the Britifh parliament, would 
 drain Scotland of all its money, impoverish the members, 
 and fubjc<5t them to the temptation of being corrupted. 
 Another proteft was entered by the marquis of Annandale 
 againft an incorporating Union, as being odious to the 
 people, fubverfive of the conftitution, fovereignty, and 
 claim of right, and threatening ruin to the church as by 
 law eftablifhed. Fifty-two members joined in this pro- 
 .teftation. Almoft every article produced the moft in-
 
 A N ( N E. 451 
 
 flammatory difputes. The Lord Belhaven enumerated CHAP, 
 the mifchiefs which would attend the Union, in a pathjtic IiL 
 ipeech, that drew tears from the audience, and is at this ^V^ 
 day looked upon as a prophecy by great part of the Scot- I 76 
 tiih nation. AddrerTes againlt the treaty, were prefentrd 
 to parliament by the convention of boroughs, the com- 
 miifioners of the general-aflembly, the company trading 
 to Africa and the Indies, as well as from fcverai (hires, 
 ftewartie?, b trough?, tov/ns, and p::rifhes in all the dif 
 ferent parts of the kingdom, without diflinclion of Whig 
 or Tory, Epifcopalian or Prefbyterian. The earl ofBu- 
 chan for the peers, Lockhart of Carnwath for the barons, 
 fir Walter Stuart in. behalf of the peers, barons, and bo 
 roughs; the earls of Errol and Mr.rifchal for themfelves, 
 as bigh-conilable and earl-marfchal of the kingdom, pro- 
 tefted f verally againft the treaty of union. 
 
 While this oppofltion raged within doors, the refent- 
 m!v; of the people rcfe to tranfports of fury and revenge. 
 The more rigid Prefbytcrians, known by the name of 
 O-irneronians, chofe officers, formed themfelves into regi 
 ment?, provided horfes, arms, and ammunition, and 
 marching to Dumfries, burned the articles of the Union 
 at the market-crofs, juilifying their conduct in a public 
 declaration. They made a tender of their attachment to 
 Duke Hamilton, from whom they received encourage 
 ment in fecret. They reconciled themfelves to the Epif- 
 copalians and the Cavaliers : They refolved to take the 
 route to Edinburgh, and diflblve the parliament; while 
 the duke of Athole undertook to fecure the pafs of Stirling 
 with his Highlanders, fo as to open the communication 
 between the weftern and northern parts of the kingdom. 
 Ssjvcn or eight thoufand men were actually ready to ap- 
 pe.--r in arms at the town of Hamilton, and march diredlly 
 to Edinburgh, under the duke s command, when that no 
 bleman altered his opinion, and difpatched private cou 
 riers through the whole country, requiring the people to 
 defer their meeting till further directions. The more 
 fanguine Cavaliers accufed his grace of treachery : But in 
 all likelihood he was actuated by prudential motives. He 
 alledged, in his own excufe, that the nation was not in 
 a condition to carry on fuch an enterprize, efpecially as 
 the Englifli had already detached troops to the border, and 
 might in a few days have wafted over a confidcrable re 
 inforcement from Holland. During this commotion 
 a~ong the Cameronians, the cities of Edinburgh and 
 Glafgow were filLd with tu-rults. Sir Patrick Johnfton, 
 provoft of Edinburgh, who had been one of the com mi f- 
 !on:iS for the Union, was believed in his own huufi bv
 
 452 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 BOOK the populace, and would have been torn in pieces, had 
 ** not the guards difperfed the multitude, The privy-coun- 
 
 *^V** cil iflued a proclamation againft riot?, commanding all 
 1706. perfons to retire from the ftreets whenever the drum 
 fhould beat; ordering the guards to fire upon thofe who 
 ^ fhould difobey this command, and indemnifying them 
 from all profecution for maiming or flaying the lieges. 
 Thefe guards were placed all round the houfe in which the 
 peers and commons were aflembled, and the council re 
 ceived the thanks of the parliament, for having thus pro 
 vided for their fafety. Notwithftanding thefe precautions 
 of the government, the commiflioner wasconftantly fa! u ted 
 with the curfes and imprecations of the people as he paflcd 
 along : His guards were pelted ; and fome of his atten 
 dants wounded with rtones as they fat by him in the coach, 
 fo that he was obliged to pals through the ftreets on full 
 gallop. _ 
 
 Againft all this national fury, the duke? of Queenfberry 
 and Argyle, the earls of Montrofe, Scafield, and Stair, 
 and the other noblemen attached to the union, acted with 
 equal prudence and refolution. They argued ftrenuoufly 
 againft the objections that were ftarted in the houfe. 
 They magnified the advantages that would accrue to the 
 kingdom from the privilege of trading to the Englifh 
 plantations, and being protected in iheir commerce by a 
 powerful navy: as well as from the exclufion of a Popifh 
 Pretender, who they knew was odious to the nation in 
 general. They found means, partly by their prcmifes, 
 and partly by corruption, to bring over the earls of Rox 
 burgh, and Marchmont, with the whole fquadron who 
 had hitherto been unpropitious to the court. They dif- 
 arn>ed the refentment of the clergy, by promoting an act 
 to be inferted in the Union, declaring the Prefbyterian 
 difcipline to be the only government of the church of Scot 
 land, unalterable in all fucceeding times, and a funda 
 mental article of the treaty. They foothed the African 
 company with the profptct of being indemnified for the 
 lofies they had fuftained. They amufed individuals with 
 the hope of fharing the reft of the equivalent. They em 
 ployed emiflaries to allay the ferment among the Camero- 
 nians, and difunite them from the Cavaliers, by canting, 
 praying, and demonflrating the abfui jity, flnfulnefs, and 
 dunger cf fuch a coalition. Thefe rcmonftrances were 
 reinforced by the fum of twenty thoufand pounds, which 
 the queen privately lent to the Scoitifh treafury, and 
 which was nc\v diftributed by the tniniftry in fuch a -man 
 ner as might bcft conduce to the fuccefs of the treaty. By 
 thefe practices they tiiniinifhed, though they could not
 
 A N N E. 453 
 
 filence the clamour of the people, and obtained a confider- C H A p. 
 able majority in parliament, which out-voted all opoofi- 
 tion. Not but that the duke of Queenfberry at one i!> *.e 
 deipaired of fucceeding, and being in continual apprc ; .;:ii~ 
 fion for his life, expreiiecl a defire of adjourning the parlia 
 ment, until by time and good management he fhould be 
 able to remove thofe difficulties that then fcemed to be in- 
 furmountable. But the lotd-trer.furer Godolohin, who 
 forefaw that the meafure would be entirely loft by dday, 
 and was no judge of the difficulties, infiftefl upon his pro 
 ceeding. It was at this period that he remitted the money 
 and gave directions for having forces ready at a call, both 
 in England and Ireland. At length the Scottifh parliament 
 approved and ratified all the articles of the Union, with 
 fo:ne frnall variation. Then they prepared an act for re 
 gulating the election of the fixteen peers and forty-five 
 commoners to reprefent Scotland in the Britifh parlia 
 ment. This being touched with the fccptre, the three 
 eftates proceeded to cleft their reprefentatives. The re 
 maining part of the feflion was employed in making re 
 gulations concerning the coin, in examining the accounts 
 of their African company, and providing for the due a, - 
 plication of the equivalent, which was fcandaloufly mifap- 
 plied. On the 25th day of March, the comrmifioiier ad 
 journed the parliament, after having in a fhort fpeech 
 taken notice of the honour they had acquired in conclud 
 ing an affair of fuch importance to their country. Having 
 thus accomplilhed the great purpofe of the court, he fet 
 out for London, in the neighbourhood of which he was 
 met by above forty noblemen in their coaches, and about 
 four hundred gentlemen on horfeback. Next day he wait 
 ed upon the queen at Kenfington, from whom he met 
 with a very gracious reception. Perhaps there is not an 
 other initance upon record of a miniftry s having carried ,-. 
 point of this importance againft fuch a violent torrent cf 
 oppofition, and contrary to the general fenfe and inclina 
 tion of a whole exafperated people. The Scots were per- 
 fuaded that their trade would be deftroyed, their nation 
 opprefled, and their country ruined, in confequence of the 
 Union with England : and indeed their opinion was fup- 
 ported by very plaufible arguments. The majority of 
 both nations believed, that the treaty would produce vio 
 lent convulfions, or at beft prove ineffectual. But we 
 now fee it has been attended with none of the calamities 
 that were prognofticated ; that it quietly took effect, and 
 fully anfwered all the purpofcs for which it was intended. 
 Hence we may learn, that many great difficulties are fur- 
 mounted, becaufe they are not fcen by thcfe who direct
 
 454 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK the execution of any great project ; and that many fchemes 
 which theory deems impracticable, will yet fucceed in the 
 
 expern - 
 
 The Englifh parliament aflembling on the 3d day of 
 December, the queen in her fpeech to both houils, con 
 gratulated them on the glorious fucceffes of h;,-r arms. 
 She defired the commons would grant fuch fupplies as 
 mii^ht enable her to improve the advantages of this fuc- 
 cefsful campaign. She told them that the treaty of Union, 
 as concluded by the commiffioners of both kingdoms, was 
 at that time under the confederation of the Scottifh. parlia 
 ment; and (he recommended difpatch in the public affairs,, 
 that both friends and enemies might he convinced of the 
 firmnefs and vigour of their proceedings. The parliament 
 V was perfectly well difpofed to comply with all her majefty s 
 requefts. Warm addrefies were prefented by both 
 houfes. Then they proceeded to the confideration of the 
 fupply, and having examined the eftimates in lei s than a 
 v/eek, voted near fix millions for the ft rvice of the enfu- 
 ing year. Neverthelefs, in examining the .".ccounts, fbme 
 objections arofc. They found that the extraordinary fup 
 plies for the fupport of King Charles of Spain amounted to 
 eight hundred thoufand pounds more than the fums pro 
 vided by parliament. Some members argued, that very 
 ill confequences might enfue, if a miniftry could thus run 
 the nation in debt, and expect the parliament feould pay 
 the money. The courtiers anfwered, that if any thing 
 had been raifed without necefiity, or ill-applied, it was 
 rcafonable that thofe who were in fault fhould bepunifhedj 
 but, as this expence was incurred to improve advantages, 
 at a time when the occalion could not be communicated to 
 parliament, the miniftry was rather to be rpplauded for 
 their zeal, than condemned for their liberality. The 
 cjueflion being put, the majority voted, that thofe fums 
 had been expended for the prefervation of the duke of Sa 
 voy, for the intereft of King Charles, atrainft the common 
 enemy, and for the fafety and honour of the nation. When 
 the fpeaker prefented the money-bills, he told her, that as 
 the glorious viclory obtained by the duke of Marlborough 
 at Ramillies was fought before it could be fuppofcdthe ar 
 mies were in the field, fo it was no lefs furprifmg that the 
 c >mmons had granted fupplies to her majofty, before the 
 enemy could well know that the parliament was fitting. 
 The general was again honoured with the thanks of both 
 houfes. The lords in an acldrefs, befought the queen to 
 iVttlc his honours on his pofterity. An act was pr-iled for 
 this purpofe ; and, in purfurincs of another ad drefs from 
 t!:c cc;:M;.ci-., a nenfioa of five thoufand pounds out of
 
 ANN E. 455 
 
 the poft-office was fettled upon him and his oefcendents. CHAP. 
 The lords and commons having adjourned themfelves to 1H - 
 the laft day of December, the queen clofed the year with ( * f ~Y** J 
 triumphal proceffions. As the ftandards and colours taken 
 at Blenheim had been placed in Weftminfter-hall, fo now 
 thofe that had been brought from the field of Ramillies 
 were put up in Guildhall, as trophies of that victory. 
 About this time, the earls of Kent, Lindfey, and King- 
 fton, were raifcd to the rank of marquifies. The lords 
 Wharton, Poulef, Godolphin, and Cholmondeley, were 
 created earls. Lord Waluen, fon and hc-ir apparent to the 
 earl of Suffolk, obtained the title of earl of Bindon: The 
 lord-keeper Cowper and fir Thomas Pelliam were enno 
 bled as barons. 
 
 The parliament being aflVmbled afcer their fhort recefs, 
 the carl of Nottingham, moved for an addrefs to the queen 
 defiring her mr .jeity \vould order the proceedings of the 
 commifn oners for the Union , as well as thofe of the Scot- 
 tifh parliament on the faid fubjefr, to be laid before them. 
 He was feconded by the duke of Buckingham, and the earl 
 of Rochefter; and anfwered by the earl of Godolphin, who 
 told them they needed not doubt but that her majefty would 
 communicate thofe proceedings, as foon as the Scottifli 
 parliament fhould have difcuffed the fubjeft of the Union. 
 The lords Wharton, Somers, and KLllifax, obferved, that 
 it was for the honour of the nation that tha treaty of Union 
 Should firft come ratified from the parliament of Scotland ; 
 and that then, and not before, it would be a proper time for 
 the lords to -take it into confideration. On the 28th day 
 day of January, the queen in perfon told both houfes, 
 that the treaty cf Union, with fame additions and altera 
 tions, was ratified by an adt of the Scottiih parliament: 
 That/he had ordered it to be laid before them ; and hoped 
 it would meet with their concurrence arid approbation. 
 She defired the commons would provide for the payment 
 of the equivalent, in cafe the treaty fhould be approved. 
 She obferved to both houfes, that now they had an oppor 
 tunity of putting the laft hand to u happy union of the two 
 kingdoms ; and that fhe fhould look upon it as a particular 
 happinefs, if this great work, which had been fo often at 
 tempted without frrcefs, could be brought to perfection 
 in her reign. When the commons formed themfelves 
 into a committee of the whole houfe, to deliberate on the 
 articles of the Union, and the Scottifh at of ratifi 
 cation the Tory party, which was very weak in that af- 
 fembly, began to ftart fome objections. Sir John Pack- 
 ington difapprovcd of this incorporating Union, which 
 he likened to a marriage with a woman a spind 
 lier confent. He faid it was an union carried on
 
 456 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK by corruption and bribery within doors, by force and vio- 
 lence without: That the promoters of it had bafely betray- 
 ed their trull, in giving up their independent constitution 
 and he would leave it to the judgment of the houfe, to 
 confide? whether or no men of fuch principles were fit to 
 be admitted into their houfe of reprefcntatives. He ob- 
 ferved, that her majefty, by the coronation-oath, \vas 
 obliged to maintain the church of England as by law efta- 
 blifhed ; and likewifc bound by the fame oath to defend 
 the Prefbyterian kirk of Scotland, in one and the fame 
 kingdom. Now (faid he) after this Union is in force, 
 who fhall adminifter this oath to her majefty? It is not 
 the bufmefs of the Scots, who are incapable of it, and no 
 well wifhers to the church of England. It is then only 
 the part of the bifhops to do it; and, can it be fuppofed 
 that thole reverend perfons will, or can, act a thing fo 
 contrary to their own order and inftitution, as thus to pro 
 mote the eftablifhment of the Prefbyterian church- govern 
 ment in the united kingdom? He added, that the church 
 of England being eftablifhed jure divino, and the Scots 
 pretending that the kirk was alfojure divirtOj he could not 
 tell how two nations that clafhed in fo eflential an article 
 could unite. Fie therefore, thought it proper to confult 
 the convocation about this critical point. A motion was 
 made, that the firft article of the treaty which implies a 
 peremptory agreement to an incorporating Union fhould 
 be poftponed; and that the houfe fhould proceed to the con- 
 fideration of the terms of the intended Union, contained 
 in the other articles. This propofal being rejected, fome 
 Tory members quitted the houfe ; and all the articles 
 were examined and approved without farther oppofition. 
 The Whigs were fo eager in the profecution of this point 
 that they proceeded in a very fur/erficial manner, and with 
 fuch precipitation as furnifhed their enemies with a plaufi- 
 ble pretence to affirm, that they had not confidered the 
 treaty with the coolnefs and deliberation which an affair of 
 this importance required. 
 
 Before the lords began to inveftigate the articles of the 
 Union, they, at the inftance of the archbifhop of Canter 
 bury, brought in a bill for the fecurity of the church of 
 England, to be inf,-rted as a fundamental and eflential part 
 of that treaty. It palled through both houfes without op 
 pofition, and received the royal alien t. On the 1 5th. day 
 of February, the debates concerning the Union began in 
 the houfe of lords, the queen being prefent, and the bifhop 
 of S arum chairman of the committee. The earls of Ro- 
 chefter, Anglefey, ;md Nottingham, argued againft the 
 Union 3 as did the bifhop of Bath and Wells. Lord Ha-
 
 ANNE. 457 
 
 verfliam, in a premediated harangue, find the queftion CHAP. 
 was, Whether two nations, independent in their fove- 
 reignties, that had their diftincl: laws and interefts, their 
 different forms of worfhip, church-government, and or- 
 der, fhould be united into one kingdom? He fuppofcd it 
 an union made up of fo many mifinatched pieces, of fuch 
 jarring, incongruous ingredients, . that fhould it ever take 
 effect, it would carry the necefTary confequences of a {land 
 ing power and force, to keep them from falling afunder 
 and breaking; in pieces every moment. He reaped what 
 had been faid by lord Bacon, that an unity pieced up by 
 direct admiflion of contrarieties in the fundamental points 
 of it, is like the toes of Nebuchadnezzar s image, which 
 were made of iron and clay : They may cleave together but 
 would never incorporate. He diflented from the Union, 
 for the fake of the good old Englifh conftitution, in which 
 he dreaded fome alteration from the additional weight of 
 fixty-one Scottifh members, and thefe too returned by a 
 Scottifh privy-council. He took notice, that above one 
 hundred Scottifh peers, and us many commons, were ex 
 cluded from fitting and voting in parliament, though they 
 had as much right of inheritance to lit there, as any Eng 
 lifh peer had of fitting in the parliament of Eng 
 land. He exprefTed his apprehenfion of this precedent :j 
 and aflced what fecurity any peer of England had for his 
 right and privilege of peerage, which thofe lords had not ? 
 He faid, if the bifhops would weaken their own caufe, fo 
 far as to give up the two great points of Epifcopal ordina 
 tion and confirmation ; if they would approve and ratify 
 the act for fecuring the Prefbyterian church-government 
 in Scotland, as the true Proteftant religion and purity of 
 worship j they muft give up that which had been contend 
 ed for between them and the Prefbyterians for thirty years, 
 and been defended by the greateft and mod-learned men 
 in the church of England. He objected to the exempting 
 articles; by which heritable offices and fuperiorities were 
 referred. He affirmed that the Union was contrary to the 
 fenfe of the Scottifh nation: That the murmurs of the 
 people had been fo loud as to fill the whole kingdom, and 
 fo bold as to reach even to the doors of the parliament: 
 That the parliament itfclf had fufpended their beloved 
 claufe in the act of fecurity for arming the people: That 
 the government had iflued a proclamation, pardoning all 
 (laughter, bloodfhed, and maiming, committed upon thofe 
 who Hiould be found in tumults. From thefe circumftan- 
 ces he concluded, that the Scottifh nation was averfe to an 
 incorporating union, which he looked upon as one of the 
 moft dangerous experiments to both nations. Lord North, 
 VOL. I. 3 M
 
 458 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, and Grey complained of the fmall and unequal proportion of 
 the land-tax impofed upon Scotland. The earl of Not- 
 ^"""Y"^ tingham faid it was highly unreafonable that the Scots, who 
 J 76- were by the treaty let into all the branches of the Enslifh. 
 trade, and paid fo little towards the expence of the go 
 vernment, fliould moreover have fuch a round fum by 
 way of equivalent. The fame topics were infifted upon 
 by the lords North, and Grey, Guernfey, Granville, 
 Stawell, and Abingdon. The earl of Nottingham, after 
 having oppofed every article feparately, concluded with 
 words to this effect: " As fir John Maynard, faid to the 
 " late king at the Revolution, that having buried all his 
 " cotemporaries in Weftminfter-hall, he was afraid, if his 
 " majefty had not come in that very juncture of time, he 
 " might have likewile outlived the very laws ; fo, if this 
 " Union do paf-, as I have no reafon to dcubt but, it will I 
 <c mayjuftly affirm I have outlived all the Lws, and the very 
 " conflitution of England: I, therefore, pray to God to 
 " avert the dire effects which may probably enfue from 
 " fuch an incorporating Union." 
 
 Treaty of Thefe arguments and objections were anfwered by the. 
 fim dT" Ioi "d-treafurer Godolphin, the earls of Sunderl^nd and 
 aft of par- Wharton, the loids Townfhend, Hallifax, and Somers, 
 liament. the bifhops of Oxford, Norwich, and Sarum. They ob- 
 ferved, that fuch an important meafure could not be effected 
 without fome inconveniences ; but that thefe ou^ht to be 
 borne, in confideration of the greatnefs of the advantage: 
 That the chief dangers to which the church was expofed 
 arofe from France and Popery ; and this Union would ef 
 fectually fecu re it againft thefe evils: That Scotland lay 
 on the weakeft fide of England, which could not be de 
 fended but by an expenfive army. Should a war break 
 put between the two nations, and Scotland be conquered, 
 yet, even in .that cafe, it would be neccflary to keep it 
 under with a (landing army, which any enterprifmg prince 
 might model for his ambitious purpofes, and, joining with 
 the Scots, enflave his Englifh dominions : That any union 
 after a conqutft would be compulfive, confequently of 
 fhort duration ; whereas, now it was voluntary, it would 
 be lafting : That with regard to ecclefiaftical affairs, all 
 heats and animofities might be allayed by foft and gentle 
 management. The cantons of Switzerland, though they 
 profelTed different religions, were yet united in one gene 
 ral body, and the diet of Germany was compofed of prin 
 ces and ftate?, among whom three different perfuafions 
 prevailed; fo that two forts of difcipline might very well 
 fubfift under one legiflature. If there was any danger on 
 either fide, it threatened the Scots much more than the 
 Englifh, as five hundred and thirteen members would
 
 ANNE. 
 
 459 
 
 certainly be too hard for forty-five ; and, in the houfe of C H A P. 
 
 lord 8 , fix-arid-twenty bifhops would always preponderate 
 
 as iaft fixteen peers from Scotland. Notwithflanding all ^"V^ 
 
 t 1 oppofition made by the lords of the Tory intereft, eve- 17 6 " 
 
 ry irticle was approved by a great majority, though not 
 
 v i> )ut a good number of proteftations ; and a bill of ra- 
 
 t tion was prepared in the lower houfe by fir Simon 
 
 I ; court, the folici tor-general, in fuch an artful manner 
 
 as to prevent all debates. All the articles, as they paffed 
 
 i;i Scotland, were recited by way of preamble, together 
 
 wiih the acts made in both parliaments for the fccurity of 
 
 thi.ir feveral churches; and, in conclufion, there was one 
 
 claufe, by which the whole was ratified and enacted into a 
 
 law. By this contrivance, thofe who were defirous of Bu-net. 
 
 ftartino- new difficulties found themfelves difabled from r>^ er 
 
 o \Juincv* 
 
 purfuing their defign. They could not objedt to the re- Torcy. 
 cital, which was barely matter of fact ; and they had not Tindal. 
 ftrength fufficient to oppofe the o-eneral enadYms; claufe. ^ T e " qul ~ rcS 
 
 f^ i 1111 ATI i i r i t Win. or 
 
 (Jn the other hand, the Whigs promoted it with (uch z^al, Europ-. 
 that it pafled by a majority of one hundred and fourteen, Hift of the 
 before the others had recollected themfilves from the fur- ^ of ^[ avl " 
 prife which the ftructure of the bill had occafioned. It Condudi of 
 made its way through the houfe of lords with equal dif- theDuchefs 
 patch ; and, when it received the royal fanclion, the queen of Marlfco- 
 exprefTed the utmoft fatisfation. She faid (he did not LrxkKart. 
 doubt but it would be remembered and fpoke of hereafter, Ker. 
 to the honour of thofe who had been instrumental in bring- rl nc j- 
 ing it to fuch a happy conclufion. She defired that her 
 fubjecls of both kingdoms fliould from hence forward be 
 have with all poflible refpel and kindnefs towards one an 
 other, that fo it might appear to all* the world they had 
 hearts difpofed to become one people.
 
 460 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Flrft Britifi parliament Allies defeated at Alma- 
 
 za Sir Cloudejley Shovel perijhes at fea Charles 
 
 XL of Sweden has an interview with the duke of Marl- 
 borough A party in parliament formed again/I the 
 
 duke Unfuccefsful attempt of the Pretender to in 
 vade England ^-French defeated at Oudenarde 
 
 Great fucccejjes of the allies Death of Prince George 
 
 cf Denmark. 
 
 OOK, A S the a of Union did not take place till the ift of 
 ./jL May, a great number of traders in both kingdoms 
 1 1 folved to make advantage of this interval. The Englifh 
 propofed to export into Scotland fuch conrnodities as en 
 titled them to drawback, with a view to bring them back 
 after the ift of May. The Scots, on the other hand, as 
 their duties were much lower than thofe in England, in 
 tended to import great quantities of wine, brandy, and 
 other merchandize, which they could fell at a greater ad 
 vantage in England after the Union, when there would 
 be a free intercourfe between the two nations. Some of 
 the minifters had embarked in this fraudulent defign, which 
 alarmed the merchants of England to fuch a degree, that 
 they preferred a remonftrance to the commons. Refolu- 
 tions were immediately taken in the houfe againft thefe 
 practices, and a bill was prepared ; but the lords appre 
 hending that it in fome meafure infringed the articles of 
 the Union, and that it might give umbrage to the Scottish 
 nation, it was dropped. The frauds had been in a good 
 meafure prevented by the previous refolutions of the 
 houfe; and the ift day of May was now at hand ; fo that 
 the bill was thought unneceffary. On the 24th day of 
 April, the queen prorogued the parliament, after having 
 given them to underftand, that fhe would continue by 
 proclamation the lords and commons already aflembled, as 
 members in the firft Britifli parliament on the part of Eng-
 
 ANNE. 461 
 
 land, purfuant to the to the power veftecl in her by the als C H A r. 
 of parliament of both kingdoms, ratifying the treaty of _^ 
 
 Union. The parliament was accordingly revived byprocla- """V 
 mation, and another iilued to convoke the firft parliament of The 7 firrt 
 Great Britain for the 23d day of October. The Scots re- priiawnt 
 paired to London, where they were well received by the cf Great 
 queen, who beftowed the title of duke on the earls of Rox 
 burgh and Montrofe. She likewife granted a commilHon 
 for a new privy council in that kingdom, to be in force till 
 the next feflion of parliament, that the nation might not be 
 difgufted by too fudden an alteration of outward appearan 
 ces. The i ft of May was appointed as a day of public 
 thankfgiving, and congratulatory a-ddreiTes werefent up from 
 all parts of England ; but the univerfity of Oxford prepared 
 no compliment; and the Sc s were wholly filent on this 
 occafion. 
 
 In the courfc of this feUlon, the common?, in an addrcA 
 to the queen, deftred fhe would refettle the iflands of St. 
 Chriftoper s and Nevis in the Weft Indies, which had 
 been ravaged by the enemy. They likewife refolved, 
 That an humble addrefs fhould be presented to her majefty, 
 praying (he would concert meafures for fuppreffing a body 
 of pirates who had made a fettlemcnt on the iftand of Ma- 
 dagafcar, as alfo for recovering and preferving the ancient 
 poiTeillon?, trade, and fifhery in Newfoundland. The 
 French refugees likewife delivered a remonftrance to the 
 queen, recapitulating the benefits which the perfecuted 
 ProtePcants in France had reaped from the afiiftance of her 
 royal progenitors, acknowledging their own happinefs in 
 living under her gentle government, among a people by 
 whom they had been fo kindly entertained when driven 
 from their native country ; and imploring her majefty s in- 
 terpofition and good offices in favour of their difLrefTed and 
 perfecuted brethren abroad. She gracioufly received this 
 addrefs, declaring fhe had always great co.npaffioa for the 
 unhappy circumftances of the Proteftants in France: That 
 fhe would communicate her thoughts on this fubject to her 
 allies ; and fhe exprefled her hope, that fuch meafures 
 might be taken as fhould effectually anfvver the intent of 
 of their petition. In the month of May, fhe granted an 
 audience to an ambaffador extraordinary from the czar of 
 Mufcovy, who delivered a letter from his mafter, contain 
 ing complaints of King Auguftus, who had maltreated the 
 Ruffian troops fent to his afliftance, concluded adifhonour- 
 able peace with Charles king of Sweden, without the know 
 ledge cf his allies, and furrendered count Patkul, the Muf- 
 covite minifrer, as a defcrter, to the Swedifh monarch, cor.- 
 contrary to the lav/ of nations, and even to the practice of
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 COOK barbarians. He, therefore, defired her Britannic majefry- 
 would ufe her good offices for the enlargement of the count, 
 
 ^ "Y^ and the other Ruffian prifoners detained at Stockholm; 
 l "7- and that fhe would take into her protection the remains of 
 the Ruffian auxilliaries upon the Rhine, that they might 
 cither enter into the fervice of the allies, or be at liberty to 
 return in fafety to their own country. The queen actual 
 ly interpofed in beh.-lf of Patkul ; but Ir-r interceffion prov 
 ed ineffectual, and that unhappy miniiter was put to death 
 with all the circumftances of wanton barbarity. As many 
 fevere and farcaltic writings had lately appeared, in which 
 the Whigs and miniftry were reviled, and reflections hint 
 ed to the prejudice of the queen s perfon, the government 
 refolved to make examples of the authors and publishers of 
 thefe licentious productions. Dr. Jofeph Browne was 
 twice pilloried for a copy of verfes, intituled, " The coun- 
 " try parfons advice to the lord -keeper," and a letter which 
 he afterwards wrote to Mr. Secretary Harley. William 
 Stephens, redtor of Sutton in Surrey, underwent the fame 
 Sentence, as author of a Pamphlet, called, a A letter to the 
 44 author of the Memorial of the Church of England." Ed 
 ward Ward, was fined and fet in the pillory, for having 
 written a bmlefque poem on the times, under the title of 
 " Hudibras redivivus ;" and the fame punifhment was in 
 flicted upon William Pittes, author of a performance, inti 
 tuled, " The cafc of the church of England s Memorial 
 " fairly ftated." 
 
 The lower houfe of convocation ftill continued to wran 
 gle with their fupperiors; and though they joined the up 
 per houfe in a congratulating addrcfs to the queen on the 
 faccefs of her arm?, they refolved to make application to 
 the commons againft the Union. The queen being apprifed 
 of their defign, defired the archbifhop to prorogue them 
 for three weeks, before the expiration of which the a6t of 
 Union had pafTtd in parliament. The lower houfe deli 
 vered a reprefcntation to the bifhops, in which they affirm 
 ed no fuch prorogation had ever been ordered during the 
 feffion of parliament. The bifhops found in their records 
 Seven or eight precedents of fuch prorogations, and above 
 thirty instances of the convocation s having fat fomedmes be 
 fore, and fometimes after a feffion of parliament, nay, fome- 
 times even when the parliament was diSTolved. The 
 queen, informed of thefe proceedings, wrote a letter to the 
 archbishop, intimating, that fhe looked upon the lower 
 houfe as guilty of an invafion of her royal fupremacy ; and 
 that, if any thing of the fame nature Should be attempted for 
 the future., fhe would ufe fuch means for puniShing offend 
 ers as the law warranted. The prolocutor abfenting him-
 
 ANNE. 463 
 
 felf from the convocation, the archbifliop pronounced fen- C H A P." 
 tence of contumacy againft him. The lower houfc in pro- IV - 
 teftation declared this fentence unlawful and altogether ^"""Y^*" 
 null. Neverthelefs, the prolocutor mado a full fubmifiion, l ?7- 
 with which the archbifhop was fatisfied, and the fentence 
 was repealed. About this period the earl of Sunderland 
 was appointed one of the fecretaries of ftate, in the room 
 of Sir Charles Hedges. This change was not effected 
 without great oppofition from Harky, who was in his heart 
 an enemy to the duke of Marlborough, and all his adhe 
 rents; and had already, by his fecret intrigues, made con- 
 fiderable progrefs in a fcheme for fuperfeding the influence 
 of the duchefs. 
 
 The French king at this juncture feemed to be entirely 
 abandoned by his former good fortune. He had fuftained 
 fuch a number of fucceffive defeats as had drained his king 
 dom of people; and his treafury was almoft exhuufted. He 
 endeavoured to fupportthe credit of his government by iflu- 
 ing mint-bills, in imitation of the bank-notes of England; 
 but, notwithftanding all his precautions, they pafied at a 
 difcount of three-and-fifty per cent. The lands lay uncul 
 tivated; the manufactures could be no longer carried on; 
 and the fubjects perifhsd with famine. The allies, on the 
 other hand, feemed to profper in every quarter. They had 
 become mafters of the greateft part of the Netherlands, 
 in confequence of the victory at Ramillies ; the army of 
 King Charles was confiderably reinforced ; a fcheme was 
 formed for the conqueft of Toulon, by the troops of the 
 emperor and the duke of Savoy, fuppiied with a large fum 
 of money by Queen Anne, and aflifted by the combined 
 fleets of England and Holland, under the command of Sir 
 Cloudefley Shovel. In a word, France feemed to be redu 
 ced to the verge of diftruction, from which nothing, in all 
 probability, could have faved her but the jealoufy and mif- 
 condudt of the confederates. Louis, by virtue of his capi 
 tulation with the emperor in Italy, was enabled to fend fuch 
 reinforcements in Spain, as turned the fortune of the war 
 in that country; while the diftractions in the council of 
 King Charles prevented that unanimity and concurrence, 
 without which no fuccefs can be expected. The earl of 
 Peterborough declared againft an offenfive war, on account 
 of the difficulty of finding fubfiftence in Caftile; and advi- 
 fed Charles to truft to the expedition againft Toulon. This 
 opinion he fent from Italy, to which he had withdrawn. 
 
 Charles, however, was perfuaded to penetrate once 
 more to Madrid, and give battle to the enemy Wherever f ea ^ at 
 they fhould appear. On the 1 3th day of March, the army Aimanza. 
 was affembled at Caudela, to the number of fixteen tbou-
 
 464 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, fand men, under the aufpices of the marquis das Minas, 
 ,|*- to whom the earl of G.ilvvay was fecond in command. 
 ^*"Y"**^ They marched towards Yccla, and undertook the fiege of 
 Vilena ; but, having received intelligence that the ciulce 
 of Berwick was in the neighbourhood, they advanced on 
 the . T 4tla day of April in four columns towards the town 
 of Almanza, where the enemy were drawn up in order of 
 battle, th<;ir number being confiderably fuperior to that of 
 the confederates. The battle began about two in the af 
 ternoon, -and the whole front of each army was fully en 
 gaged. The Englifh and Dutch fquadrons on the" left, 
 iultained by the Portuguefe horfe of the fecond line, were 
 overpowered after a gallant rcfiftance. The centre, con- 
 fifting chiefly of battalions from Great Britain and Hol 
 land, obliged the enemy to give way, and drove their firft 
 upon their fecond line ; but the Portuguefe cavalry on the 
 right being broken at the firft charge, their foot betook 
 themfelves to flight; fo that the Englifh and Dutch troops 
 being left naked on the flanks, were furrounded and at 
 tacked on every fide. In this dreadful emergency they 
 formed themfeives into a fquare, and retired from the field 
 of battle. By this time the men were quite fpent with 
 fatigue, and all their ammunition exhaufted ; they were 
 ignorant of the country, abandoned by their horfe, defti- 
 tute of provifions, and cut oft from all hope of fupplv. 
 Moved by thefe difmal confederations, they capitulated, 
 and furrendered themfelves prifoners of war, to the amount 
 of thirteen battalions. The Portugue-fe, and part of the 
 Englifh horfe, with the infantry that guarded the baggage, 
 retreated to Alcira, where they were joined by the earl of 
 Galway, with about five-and-twenty hundred dragoons 
 which he had brought from the field of battle. About 
 three thoufand men of the allied army were killed upon 
 the fpot, and among that number Brigadier Killigrew, 
 with many officers of diftindlion. The earl of Galway, 
 who charged in perfon at the head of Guifcard s dragoons, 
 received two deep cuts in the face. The marquis das 
 Minas was run through the arm, and faw his concubine, 
 who fought in the habit of an Amazon, killed by his fide : 
 The lords Tyrawley, Mark Ker, and Colonel Clayton^, 
 were wounded: All their artillery, together with an hun 
 dred and twenty colours and ftandards, and about ten 
 thoufand men were taken ; fo that no victory could be 
 more complete : Yet it was not purchafed without the 
 lofs of two thoufand men flain in the adlion, including 
 fome officers of eminence. The duke of Berwick, who 
 commanded the troops of King Philip, acquired a great 
 sedition cf fame by his conduct and behaviour before and
 
 ANNE. 465 
 
 during the engagement : But his authority was fuperflded C H A ? 
 by the duke of Orleans, who arrived in the army imme- IV - 
 diately after the battle. This prince feemed to entertain 
 Ibme private views of his own; for he took no effectual 1 7 
 ftep to improve the victory. He began a private nego- 
 ciation with the earl of Galway, during which the two 
 armies lay inactive on the banks of the Cinca ; and he 
 concluded the campaign with the fiege of Lerida, which 
 was furrendered by capitulation on the 2d day of Novem 
 ber : Then the troops on both fides went into winter 
 quarters. The earl of Galway and the marquis das 
 Ivlinas embarked at Barcelona for Lifbon, and General 
 Carpenter remained commander of the Englifh forces 
 quartered in Catalonia, which was now the only part of 
 Spain that remained to King Charles. 
 
 The attempt upon Toulon by the duke of Savoy and 
 prince Eagerie might have fucceeded, if the emperor not- 
 withftanding the repeated remonftrances of the maritime 
 powers, had not divided his army in Italy, by detaching a 
 cohaderable body through the ecclefiaftical Hate towards 
 Naples, of which he took poffeffion without any difficulty. 
 Befides, ten thoufand recruits deftined for the Imperial 
 forces in Italy were detained in Germany, from an appre- 
 henfioa of the king of Sweden, who remained in Saxony, 
 and feemed to be upon very indifferent terms with the 
 emperor. With the affiftanee of the Englifh and Dutch 
 fleets, the duke of Savoy and prince Eugene paffed the 
 Var* on the Iith day of July, at the head of an army of 
 thirty thoufand men, and marched directly towards Toulon, 
 whither the artillery and ammunition were conveyed on 
 board of the combined iquadrons. The French king was 
 extremely alarmed at this attempt, as five thoufand pieces 
 of camion, vaft magazines, and the bell part of his fleet, 
 were in the harbour of Toulon, and ran the greateft rifque 
 of being entirely taken or deilroyed. The whole kingdom 
 of France was filled with confirmation, when they found 
 
 VOL. I. 3 N 
 
 * This p?.fl .:2- v. as t.T,l;d, to the aftonWliment of the French, \vho 
 thought th> v.\nks they h;id r?i ed on that river were impregnable. The 
 honour of the enterprife was in a f;r.at meafure owing to the gallantry of 
 Sir John Norris and the Engli/h fUinen. That brave officer, embarking in 
 boats with fix hundred lailors and marines, entered the river, and were 
 rowed within mufket iliot of the enemy s works, where they rvadc fuch a 
 vigorous and unexpecle;! attai-!v, that the French were immediately driven 
 from purr of their entr. n. li;/,i: >t.-- : Then Sir John hnde.l with his men, 
 clambered ova t u^ v. oiks that were drerr: . ... ... nj atta^ cini the 
 
 defendants fwor.l in ia ;u, norip. ! d L : ;C.TI to fly \vi:!i to? ntmi^ft p-ecipitai 
 This ttetachnieat was fuftairjed by Sir CloudelLy Shovel in pcrfon. Tlic 
 duk of Savoy f.king advanrag: of thj enemy i Cjnnjrrutioil, pafiV-.l diL- 
 river airrscft without onpofiLo: .
 
 466 HISTORY OFENGLAND 
 
 BOOK their enemies were in the bofom of their country. The 
 IJ - monarch rtfolved to leave no (tone unturned for the relief 
 
 ^^V^ -> of the place, and his fubjc&s exerted themfelves in a very 
 1707- extraordinary manner for its prefervation. The nobility 
 of the adjacent provinces armed their Servants and ten- 
 rants, at the head of whom they marched into the city: 
 They coined their plate, and pawned their jewels for 
 money to pay the workmen employed upon the fortifica 
 tions ; and fuch induftry was ufed, that in a few days the 
 town and harbour, which had been greatly neglected, were 
 put in a good pofture of defence. The allies took pof- 
 feiTion of the eminences that commanded the city, and the 
 ordnance being landed, creeled batteries. From thefe 
 they began to cannonade and bombard the city, while the 
 fleet attacked and reduced two forts at the entrance of the 
 mole ; and co-operated in the fiege with their great guns 
 and bomb-ketches. The garrifon was numerous, and 
 defended the place with great vigour. They funk fhips 
 in the entrance to the mole : They kept up a prodigious 
 fire from the ramparts : They made defperate iallies, and 
 even drove the befiegers from one of their pofls with 
 great (laughter. The French king, alarmed at this defign 
 of his enemies, ordered troops to march towards Toulon 
 from all parts of his dominions. He countermanded the 
 forces that were on their route to improve the victory of 
 Almanza : A great part of the army under Villars on the 
 Rhine was detached to Provence, and the court of Ver- 
 failles declared, that the duke of Burgundy fhould march 
 at the head of a ftrong army to the relief of Toulon. 
 The duke of Savoy being apprifed of thefe preparations, 
 feeing no hope of reducing the place, and being apprehen- 
 five that his pafTage would be intercepted, relblved to 
 abandon his enterprife. The artillery being re-embarked, 
 with the fick and wounded, he decamped in the night, 
 under favour of a terrible bombardment and canonadmg 
 from the Englifh fleet, and retreated to his own country 
 without mok-ftation*. Then he undertook the reduction 
 of Suza, the garrifon of winch furrendered at difcretion. 
 By this conqueft he not only fecured the key to his own 
 dominions, but alfo opened to himfelfa free paiTage into 
 Dauphine. 
 
 fe rC! ove e i f Sir Cloudefley Shovel having left a fquadren with Sir 
 
 penihes at Thomas Dilkes for the Mediterranean fervice, fet fail for 
 
 fa. 
 
 * Had the dulce of Savoy marched with expedition from the Var, he 
 woulo have found Toulon kfenc;>lefs ; but he lingered in f.,ch a manner, as 
 gives reafon to b !.c e > w-< not hearty in the enterprize ; and his 
 operations were retarded by a diff.reiKC between him and his kinfman prince 
 Eugene.
 
 ANNE. 467 
 
 England with the reft of the fleet, and was ifi foundings CHAP. 
 on the 22d day of October. About eight o clock at night 
 his own fhip, the affociatiori, {track upon the rocks of 
 Scilly, and periflied with every perfon on board. This i77- 
 was likewife the fate of the Eagle and the Romney : The 
 Firebrand was daflied in pieces on the rocks; but the 
 captain and four-and-twenty men faved themfelves in the 
 boat : The Phoenix was driven on fhore : The Royal 
 Anne was faved by the prefence of mind and uncommon 
 dexterity of fir George Byng and his officers : The St. 
 George, commanded by Lord Durfiey, ftruck upon the 
 rocks, but a wave fet her a-float again. The admiral s 
 body being caft afhore was dripped and buried in the 
 fand ; but afterwards difcovered and brought into Ply 
 mouth, from whence it was conveyed to London ; and in 
 terred in Weftminfter-abbey. Sir Cloudeiley Shovel was 
 born of mean parentage in the county of Suffolk; but 
 railed himfelf to the chief command at fea, by his iriduftry, 
 valour, fkill, and integrity. On the Upper Rhine the al 
 lies were unprofperous*. The prince of Baden was dead, 
 
 * In the month of May three fhips of the line, namely the Royal Oak, 
 of feventy-fix guns, commanded by Commodore Baron WylJe; the Grafton, 
 of feventy guns, Captain Edward Acton ; and the Hampton-court, of fe- 
 venty guns, Captain Jcorge Clemen s, failed as convoy to the Weft-India 
 and Por,ugal fi ct of merchant fhips, amounting to five-and-fifty fail. 
 They fell in with the Dunkirk fqua.tron, con ifting of ten ihips of war, 
 one frigate, and four privateers, unier the command of M. de Forbin. A 
 furious action imm-diately enfued, and notwithstanding the vaft diipropor- 
 tion in point of number, was maintained by the Engliih Commodore with 
 great gallantry, until Captain Adlon was killed, Captain Clements mortally 
 wounded, and the Grafton and Hampton-court were taken, after hav. ng 
 funk the Salifb^ry, at that time in the hands of the Trench : Then tne 
 comiinodore, having eleven feet water in his hold, difengaged himfelf from 
 the enemy, by whom he had been lurrounded, and ran his fcip aground 
 near Daugeueffe ; but fhe afterwards floated, and he brought her fare 
 into the Downs. In the mean time the French frigate and privateers 
 made prize of twenty-one Engliih merchant {hips of great value, which, with 
 the Grarton and Hampton-court, Forbin conveyed in triumph to Dunkirk. 
 In July the fime adrive o.ficer took fifteen ihips belonging to the Ruffia 
 company, off the coaft of Lapland. In September he joined another fquadroa 
 fitted out at Breil, under the command of t:ie cclebratsd M. du Guai 
 Trouin, and thefe attacked oft" the Lizard, the convoy of the Portugal fleet, 
 confiding of the Cumberland, Captain Richard Edwavds of eighty guns j 
 the Devonfhire of eighty ; the Royal Oak or" feventy-fix ; the Chcfter and 
 Ruby of fifty guns each. Though the French fquairon did not fall ihort 
 of twelve fail of the line, the Engliih captains maintained the aclion for 
 many hours with furprlfing valour. At Isn^ h the Devonshire was obliged 
 to yield to fuperior nu.r.bers : The C imherland blew up : The Cheiter and 
 Ruby were taken : The Royal Oak fought her way through the midtl of her 
 enemies, and arrived fafe in the harbour of Kinials ; and the Lifoon fleet 
 faved themfelves, by making the bcft of their way during the engagement. 
 Since the battle off Malaga the French king haj nev^r dared to keep the 
 fea with a large fleet, but carried on a kind of piratical war of this fort, in 
 order to dift.efs the trade of England. He was the mor.- encouraged to pu;fue 
 rhtfe meafureS) by the correfp indence whi -h his miiiiiLers carried on with
 
 4 68 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK and the German army fo inconficierable, that it could not 
 11 defend the lines of Buhl againft the marcfchal do Viilarf, 
 ^""Y"**- who broke through this work, efleemed the rampart of 
 J 77- Germany, reduced Raftadt, defeated a body of horfe, laid 
 the duchy of Wirtemberg; under contribution, took Stut- 
 gard ar.d Schorndorf ; and routed three thoufcnd Ger 
 mans entrenched at Lorch, under the command of Ge 
 neral Janus, who was made prifoncr. In all probability, 
 this active officer would have made great progreis towards 
 the reltorntion of the elector of Bavaria, had not lie been 
 obliged to {lop in the middle of his career, in confluence 
 of his army s being; diminifhed by fending off detachments 
 to Provence-. The Imperial army retired towards Hail- 
 bron, and the command of it was, at the requeft of the 
 emperor and allies, afiumed by the elector of Hanover, 
 who reftored military difciplin?, and adted with uncom 
 mon prudence and circurnfpcclion ; but he had not force 
 fufficient to undertake any enterprifc of importance. 
 Interview In the month of April, the duke of Mai Iborough fet out 
 betwixt from the Hague for Leipfick with a letter from the queen 
 glf", to Charles XII. of Sweden, whofc defigns were ftill fo 
 r-weden and myftcrious, that the confederates could not helj.) being a- 
 the duke of larmed at his being in the heart of Germany. The duke 
 
 Marlbo- vvas pitched upon as the moft proper ambafiador, to foothe 
 rough. , . . K , . r r , . ? .,, rT 
 
 his vanity and penetiate into his real intention*, lie 
 
 found this original character, not fimple, but fordid in his 
 appearance and economy, favage in his deportment, fero 
 cious, illiterate, flubborn, implacable, and referved. The 
 Englii h general adailed him on the fide of his vanity, the 
 only part by which he was acceffible. " Sire, (faid he) 
 " I prefent to your majefty a letter, not from the chancery, 
 " but from the heart cf the queen my miftrefs, and written 
 " with her own hand. Had not her fex prevented her 
 " from taking fo long a journey, (he would have croffed 
 " the f.a to fee a prince admired by the whole univerfe. 
 " I citeem myfelf happy in having the honour of alluring 
 
 force wretches belonging to the admiralty, and other offices, who b.-.fely 
 betrayed their country in transmitting to Fiance fuch intelligence concerning 
 
 by Captain John Urj-ierdown, of the Falkland. 
 
 * \Vlier. t!;e duke rrived in his coach a the quarters of Count Piper, 
 of whom he had demanded an audience, lie was giveii to undenland that the 
 count was bufy, r,nd obliged to wait hair" an ho. if bef.r: the Swsdiftl min.iftiT 
 ca:ne dov. r. to rec;iv:j hi<r.. When he appeared at lail, tlic Jui, :; alighted 
 from his coach, put on his hat, pafied the count without fainting him, and 
 \vc;it afide to the wall where ha\i;i^ ftaitl fo;r,e time, he retuiTieJ, and acco.lLd 
 him with the moil polite add, J.t.
 
 ANNE. 469 
 
 tc your majefly of rr,y regard ; and I fhould think it a great c n A p. 
 " happinefs, if rny -affairs would allow me to 1-oarn under J ^. 
 " fo great a general as your majcily, what I want to know 
 " in the art of war." Charles was pleafed with this over- 
 {trained compliment, which feems to have been calculated 
 for a raw, unintelligent barbarian, unacquainted with the 
 characters of mankind. He profeffed particular veneration 
 for Queen Anne, as well as for the perfon of her ambafTador, 
 and declared he would take no fteps to the prejudice of 
 the grand alliance. Neverthelefs, the fincerity of this de 
 claration has been queftioned. The French court is (aid 
 to have gained over his minifter, Count Piper, to th::;- 
 intereft. Certain it is, he induftrioufly fought occafion to 
 quarrel with the emperor, and treated him with great in- 
 folence, until he fubmittecl to all his demands. The treaty 
 being concluded upon the terms he thought proper to ini- 
 pofe, he had no longer the leaft fhadow of pretence to con 
 tinue his difputcs with the court of Vienna; and there 
 fore began his march for Poland, which was by this time 
 over-mi by the czar of Mufcovy. 
 
 The duke of Marlborough returning from S ixony, af- 
 fernbled the allied army at Anderlach near Bruflels, about 
 the middle of May; and, underitamling that the elector of 
 Bavaria and the duke de Vendome, who commanded 
 the French forces, had quitted their line?, he advanced 
 to Soigniss, with a defign to engage them in the plain 
 of Fleurus. But receiving certain intelligence, that th.- 
 enemy were greatly fuperior to the allies in number, 
 by the help of draft from all their garriions, he retreated 
 towards Bruflels, and took poft at Mildert; while the 
 French advanced to Gemblours. Both armies lay in 
 active until the enemy fsnt off a large detachment towards 
 Provence. Then the duke of Marlborough and General 
 D Auverquerque refolved to attack them in their fortifi 
 ed camp at Gemblours. But they retreated with fuch ce 
 lerity from one pofl to another, that the confederates could 
 not come up with them until they were faf-ly encamped 
 with their right at Pont-a-Trefm, and left under the can 
 non of Liile, covered with the river Schelde, and fecured 
 by entrenchments. The allies chofe their camp at He!- 
 chin, and foraged under the cannon of Tournay, within a 
 league of the enemy ; but nothing could induce them to 
 hazard an engagement ; and both armies went into win 
 ter-quarters in the litter end of October. The cuke of 
 Marlborough fet out for Frankfort, where he conft rred 
 with the electors of Mentz, Hanover, and Palatine, about 
 the operations of the next campaign : Then he returned 
 to the Hague, and having concerted the neceflary mai-
 
 4/o HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK fures with the deputies of the fbtes-general, embarked 
 
 il - for England in the beginning of November. 
 ^"V*^ Tlv queen s private favour was now ihifted to a new ob- 
 17 7 jecT:. The duchefs of Marlborough was fupplanted by Mrs. 
 fbrms^a Mafham, her own Icinfwoman, whom fhe had refcued from 
 party a- indigence and obfcurity. This favourite fucceeded to that 
 b the a f c n dency over the mind of her fovereign, which the du- 
 Maribo- chefs had formerly poflefled. She was more humble, pli- 
 lough. abli, and obliging than her firft pstronefs, who had played 
 the tyrant, and thwarted the queen in fome of her mofl re- 
 fpecl: i ma v ms. Her majefty s prepoffeffion in favour of 
 the Tori and hisli-churchmen was no longer mfolently 
 condemned, and violently oppofed. The new confidante 
 conformed to all her prejudices, and encouraged all her de- 
 iigns with aflent and approbation. In political intrigues 
 fh; ifted as aflbciate, or rather auxiliary, to Mr. Secretary 
 Harley, who had infinuated himfelf into the queen s good 
 graces ; and determined to fap the credit of the duke of 
 Marlborough, and the earl of Godolphin. His aim was to 
 unite the Tory intereft under his own aufpices, and expel 
 the Whigs from the advantages they poflefled under the 
 government. His chief coadjutor in this fcheme was Hen 
 ry St. John, afterwards Lord Bolingbroke, a man of warm 
 imagination and elegant tafte, penetrating, eloquent, am 
 bitious, and enterprifmg, whofe talents were rather fpe- 
 cious than folid, and whofe principles were loofe and fluc 
 tuating. He was at firft contented to act in an inferior 
 capacity, fubfervient to the defigns of the fecretary ; but, 
 when he underilood the full extent of his own parts and 
 influence, he was fired with the ambition of eclipfing his 
 principal, and from the fph re of his minifter, raifed himfelf 
 to the character of his rival. Thefe politicians, with the 
 affiilance of fir Simon Harcourt, a colleague of uncommon 
 ability and credit, exerted their endeavours to rally and 
 reconcile the difunited Tories, who were given to under- 
 ftand, that the queen could no longer bear the tyranny of 
 the Whigs : That fhe had been always a friend in her 
 heart to the Tory and high-church party ; and that fhe 
 would now exhibit manifefr proofs of her inclination. 
 She accordingly beftowed the bifhopricks of Chefter and 
 Exeter upon Sir William Dawes and Dr. Blackall, who 
 though other wife of unblemifhed characters, had openly 
 condemned the Revolution. 
 
 The p. ople in general began to be fick of the Whig 
 miniitry, whom they had formerly carefied. To them 
 they imputed the burdens under which they groaned; bur 
 dens which they had hitherto been animated to bear 
 by the pomp of triumph and uninterrupted fuccefs. At
 
 ANNE. 471 
 
 prefent they were difcouraged by the battle of Almanza, CHAP. 
 the mifcarriage of the expedition againft Toulon, the lofs , 
 of Sir Cloudeiley Shovel, and the fate of four {hips of the " ^V* 1 
 line, deftroyed or taken by a fquadron under the command l ~ J 
 of Meff. Forbin and Du Guai Trouin, two of the moft en- 
 terprifing fea-officers in the French fervice. No new ad 
 vantage had been obtained in the Netherlands : France, in- 
 ftead of finking under the weight of the confederacy, feem- 
 ed to rife with freih. vigour from every overthrow: The 
 Englifh traders had lately fuftained repeated loffes for want 
 of proper convoys : The coin of the nation was vihbly di- 
 minimed ; and the public credit began to decline. The 
 Tories did not fail to inculcate and exaggerate thefe caufes 
 of difcontent, and the miniftry were too remifs in taking 
 proper fteps for the fatisfaclion of the nation. Inftead of 
 foothing by gentle meafures, and equal adminiftiation, 
 the Scots, who had expreffed fuch averfion to the Union, 
 they treated them in fuch a manner as ferved to exafperate 
 the fpirits of that people. A (top was put to their whole 
 commerce for two months before it was diverted to the new 
 channel. Three months elapfed before the equivalent was 
 remitted to that kingdom, and it was afterwards applied 
 with the moft fliameful partiality. Seizures of wines and 
 other merchandife imported from thence into England were 
 made in all the nothern parts, with an affection of fe verity and 
 difdain : So that the generality of the Scottifli nation loud 
 ly exclaimed againft the union and the government. The 
 Jacobites were again in commotion. They held conferences. 
 They maintained a correfpondence with the court of St. 
 Germains. A great number of the moft rigid Whigs en 
 tered fofar into their meafures, as to think a revolution was 
 abfolutely neceflary to retrieve the liberties, independence, 
 and commerce of their country: The pretender s birth-day 
 was publicly celebrated in many different parts of the 
 kingdom ; and every thing feemed to portend an univerfal 
 revolt. Ireland continued quiet under the adminiftration 
 of the earl Pembroke, whom the queen had appointed lord 
 lieutenant of that kingdom. A parliament having met at 
 Dublin in the month of July, prefenting addreflts of con 
 gratulation to her majefty, on the late union of the two 
 kingdoms. The commons having infpeded the public ac 
 counts, refolved, that the kingdom had been put to exceffive 
 charge, by means of great arrears of rent returned by the 
 late truftees, as due out of the forfeited eftates, which re 
 turns were falfe and unjuft; and that an humble reprefenta- 
 tion mould be laid before her majefty on this fubject. They 
 pajled another laudable refolution in favour of their own 
 manufactures. They granted the necefiary fupplies, and
 
 tain 
 
 47 2 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, having fmifhed feveral bills for the royal aflent, were pro- 
 
 11- roguecl on the 2Qth day of October. 
 
 * - *"V"^ It was on the 23d of the fame month, that the firft par- 
 ., 1 7 7 c liament of Great Britain affembled at Weftminfter. when 
 
 Meeting or ., .. , , , r n- i . . /. 
 
 thefirftpar- the queen, in her fpeech to both houfes, palliated the mif- 
 Uaiient of carriages in Province and in Spain ; reprefentedtbeneceflitv 
 t En- O f (Baling further efforts againft the common enemy; and 
 exhorted them to be upon their j^uard againft thofe who 
 endeavoured to low jealoufies in the ccmmonwealth. The 
 commons, in their addrefs, exprefled the continuance of 
 their former zeal and devotion to her mzjefty s govern 
 ment; but, in the houfe of lords, the earl of Wharton expa 
 tiated upon the fcarcity of money, the decay of trade, the 
 mifmanagement of the navy. He was feconded by Lord 
 Somers, and the leaders of the Tory party, v/ho propofed, 
 that previous to every meafure, they fhould confidcr the ftate 
 of the nation. The defign of Wharton and Somers was 
 to raife the earl of Orford once more to the head of the 
 Admiralty; and the Tories, who did not perceive their 
 drift, hoped, in the courfe of the enquiry, to fix the blame 
 of all the mifmanagement upon the Whig minifters. A 
 day being fixed for this examination, the houfe received a 
 petition from the fheriffs and merchants of London, com 
 plaining of great lofTes by fea, for want ofcruizers and con 
 voys ; and thefe complaints were proved by witnefles. The 
 report was fent to the lord-admiral, who anfwered all the 
 articles feparately : Then the Tories moved for an addrefs, 
 in which the blame of the mifcarriages might be laid upon 
 the miniftry and cabinet-council; but the motion was over 
 ruled. The queen was prefented with a bare reprefenta- 
 tion of the facts, and defired that fhe would take the pro 
 per meafurcs for preventing fuch evils for the future. The 
 commons made fome progrefs in an enquiry of the fame na 
 ture; and brought in a bill for the better fecuring the trade 
 of the kingdom. They cheerfully granted the fupplies for 
 the fervice of the enfuing year. They prepared another 
 bill for repealing the Scottifh act of fecurity, and that 
 about peace and war, which had excited fuch jealoufy in 
 the Engliih 1 nation. They refolved, That there fhouid be 
 but one privy-council in the kingdom ot Great Britain: 
 That the militia, of Scotland fhould be put on the fame 
 footing with that of England : That the powers of the juf- 
 i:c-_s of the peace fhould be the fame through the whole 
 ifland : That the lords of jufticiary in Scotland mould go 
 circuits twice in th<? year: That the writs for electing Scot 
 tifh tncnbcrs to ferve in the houfe of commons fhould be 
 directed, and returns made, in the fame manner as practife- 
 ed in England. An net being formed on thcfe rcOlutions,
 
 ANNE. 473 
 
 they brought in a bill for prefervinjr the trade with Portu- CHAP, 
 gal : Then they confidered the ftate of the war in Spain. IV> 
 
 When the queen pafTt-d the bills, file recommended an ^"Y**^ 
 augmentation in the aids and auxiliaries granted to the 1? 
 king of Spain and the duke of Savoy. This intimation 
 produced a debate in the houfe of lords, on the affairs of 
 Spain. The fervice of the earl of Peterborough were ex 
 tolled by the earl of Rochefter and Lord Haverfham, who 
 levelled fome oblique reflections at the earl of Gal way. Se 
 veral Lords enlarged upon the neceflity of carrying on the 
 war until King Charles {hould be fully eftablifhed on the 
 throne of Spain. The earl of Peterborough faid they ought 
 to contribute nine {hillings in the pound rather than make 
 peace on any other tern.s : He declared himfclf ready to 
 return to Spain, and ferve even under the earl of Galway. 
 The earl of Rochefter repeated a maxim of the old duke 
 of Schombcrg, That attacking France in the Netherlands 
 was like taking a bull by the horns. He, therefore pro- 
 pofed, that the allies fhould (land on the defenfive in Flan 
 ders, and detach from thence fifteen or twenty thoufand 
 men into Catalonia. He was feconded by the earl of 
 Nottingham ; but warmly oppofed by the duke of Marl- 
 borough, who urged, that the great towns in Brabant 
 which he had conquered could not be preferved without a 
 considerable number of men ; and that if the French fhould 
 gain any advantage in Flanders from their fuperiority in 
 point of number, the difcontented party in Holland, which 
 was very numerous, and bore with impatience the burden 
 of the war, would not fail crying aloud for peace. Being 
 challenged by Rochefter to fliow how troops could be pro 
 cured for the fervice of Italy and Spain, he allured the 
 houfe, that meafures had been already concerted with the 
 emperor, for forming an army of forty thoufand men un 
 der the duke of Savoy, and for fending powerful fuccours 
 to King Charles. This declaration finiflied the debate, 
 which iffued in an affectionate addrefs to her majdfty. 
 The lords refolved, That no peace could be fafe and ho 
 nourable for her majefty and her allies, if Spain and the 
 Spaniih Well Indies were fuffered to continue in the pow 
 er of the houfe of Bourbon. They prefented an addrefs, 
 in which they deured flic would prefs the emperor to fend 
 powerful fuccours to Spain, under the command of Prince 
 Eugene, with all poffible expedition, to make good his 
 contract with the duke of Savoy, and ftrengthen the army 
 on the Rhine, which was now happily put under the con 
 duce of that wife and valiant prince, the elector of Han 
 over. The commons concurred in this remonftrance, in 
 confequence of which the queen defired the emperor to be- 
 
 VOL. I. 3O
 
 474 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK ftow the command in Spain upon Prince Eugene. The 
 court of Vienna, however, did not comply with this rc- 
 
 ^"V*^ queft; but fent thither Count Staremberg, who, of all 
 17 7 the German generals, was next to the prince in military 
 reputation. The commons now proceeded to confidcr of 
 ways and means, and actually eftabliihed funds for raifing 
 the fupply, which amounted to the enormous fum of fix 
 millions. 
 
 At this period, Mr. Harley s character incurred fu- 
 fpiciou from the treachery of William Gregg, an inferior 
 clerk in his office, who was detected in a correfpondence 
 with Monfieur Chamillard, the French king s minifter. 
 When his practices were detected, he made an ample con- 
 fe/fion, and pleading guilty to his indictment at the Old 
 Bailey, was condemned to death for high-treafon. At the 
 fame time, John Bara and Alexander Valiere were com 
 mitted to Newgate, for correfponding with the enemy; 
 and Claude Baud, fecretary to the duke of Savoy s mini 
 fter, was, at the requeft of his mafter, apprehended for 
 traiterous practices againft her majefty and her govern 
 ment. A committe of feven lords being appointed to ex 
 amine thefe delinquents, made a report to the houfe, 
 which was communicated to the queen, in an addrefs, 
 importing, That Gregas had difcovered fecrets of ftate to 
 the French minifter: That Alexander Valiere and John 
 Bara, had managed a correfpondence with the governors 
 and commiflaries of Calais and Boulogn; and, in all pro 
 bability, difcovered to the enemy the ftations of the Britifh 
 cruizers, the ftrength of their convoys, and the times at 
 which the merchant-fhips proceeded on their voyages : 
 That all the papers in the office of Mr. Secretary Harley,, 
 had been for a confiderable time expofedto the view of the 
 meaneft clerks ; and that the perufal of all the letters to 
 and from the French prifoners had been chiefly trufted to 
 Gregg, a perfon of a very fufpicious character, and known 
 to be extremely indigent. The queen granted a reprieve 
 to this man, in hope of his making fome important difco- 
 very ; but he really knew nothing of confequence to the 
 nation. He was an indigent Scot, who had been em 
 ployed as a fpy in his own country, and now offered his 
 Services to Chamillard, with a view of being rewarded for 
 his treachery; but he was difcovered before he had reaped 
 any fruits from his correfpondence. As he had no fecrets 
 of importance to impart, he was executed at Tyburn, 
 where he delivered a paper to the fheriff, in which he 
 declared Mr. Harley entirely ignorant of all his trea- 
 fonable connections, notwithftanding fome endeavours
 
 ANNE. 475 
 
 that were made to engage him in an accufation of that mi- CHAP. 
 nifter. IV - 
 
 The queen had refufed to admit the earl of Peterbo- < *-*~Y" s - r> 
 rough into her prefence, until he mould have vindicated I7 7 * 
 his conduct, of which King Charles had complained in 
 divers letters. He was eagerly djftrous of a parliamenta 
 ry enquiry. His military proceedings, his negociations, 
 his difpofal of the remittances were taken into confidera- 
 tion by both houfes ; but he produced fuch a number of 
 witnefles and original papers to juftify every tranfaclion, 
 that his character triumphed in the enquiry, which was 
 dropped before it produced any refolution in parliament. 
 Then they took cognizance of the ftate of affairs in Spain, 
 and found there had been a great deficiency in the Englifh 
 troops at the battle of Almanza. This, however, was 
 explained fo much to their fatisfa&ion, that they voted an 
 addrefs to the queen, thanking her for having taken mea- 
 fures to reftore the affairs in Spain, and provide foreign 
 troops for that fervice. The bill for rendering the Union 
 more complete met with a vigorous oppoiition in the 
 houfe of lords from the court-party, on account of the 
 claufe enacting, that, after the ift of May, there fhould 
 be but one privy-council in the kingdom of Great Britain. 
 The rniniftry finding; it was ftrenuoufly fupport..-d by all 
 the Tories, and a confiderable number of the other fac 
 tion, would have compromifed the difference, by propof- 
 ing that the privy-council of Scotland mould continue to 
 the ift day ofOclober. They hinted this expedient, in 
 hope of being able to influence the enfuing elections; but 
 their defign being palpable, the motion was over-ruled, 
 and the bill received the royal affent ; a court of exche 
 quer, however, was ereclxd in Scotland upon the model 
 of that in England.. The execution of Gregg, and the 
 examination of Valiere and Bara, who had acted as 
 fmuggiers to the coaft of France, under the protection of 
 Harley, to whom they engaged for intelligence, affe6led 
 the credit of that minifter, who was reviled and traduced 
 by the emiil aries of the Whig party. The duke of Marl- 
 borough and the earl of Godolphin, being apprifed of his 
 fecret practices with Mrs. Mafham, wrote to the queen, 
 that they could ferve her no longer, fhould Mr. Harley 
 continue in the port of fecretary. Being fummoned to the 
 cabinet-council, they waited on her in perfon, and expof- 
 tulated on the fame fubjecl:. She endeavoured to appeafe 
 their refentrnent with foft perfuafion, which had no effect; 
 and when they retired from court, to the aftonifhment of 
 all the fpeclators, ihe repaired in perfon to the council. 
 There Mr. Secretary Harley began to explain the caufe
 
 476 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B O O K of their meeting, which was fome circumftance relating 
 1J - to foreign affairs. The duke of Somerfet faid he did not 
 ^-^Y^ fee how they could deliberate on fuch matters while the 
 1707- general and treafurer were abfent ; the other members 
 obferved a fullen filence ; fo that the council broke up, 
 and the queen found herfelf in danger of being abandoned 
 by her minifters. Next day her majefty fent for the duke 
 of Marlborough, and told him that Harky fhould imme 
 diately refign his office, which was conferred upon Mr. 
 Henry Boyle, chancellor of the exchequer ; but fhe deep 
 ly refented the deportment of the duke and the earl of Go- 
 dolphin, from whom fhe entirely withdrew her confi 
 dence. Sir Simon Harcourt, attorney-general, fir Tho 
 mas Manfel, comptroller of the household, and Mr. St. 
 John, relinquifhed their fevcral pofts upon the difgrace of 
 Harley. 
 
 Thepre- The kingdom was at this period alarmed with a threat- 
 tender em- ened invalion from France. The court of St. Germains 
 n^^k^L ^ a *^ ^" ent over one Colonel Hook with credentials to Scct- 
 fbrScotLncL am o to karri the fituation, number, and ability of the 
 pretender s friends in that country. This minifter, by 
 his mifcondu6t, produced a divifion among: the Scottifli 
 Jacobites. Being a creature of the duke of Perth, he at 
 tached himfelf wholly to the duke of Athol, and thofe 
 other zealous partifans who were bent upon receiving the 
 pretender without conditions ; and he neglected the duke 
 of [Tamil ton, the earl Marefchal, and other adherents of 
 that houfe, who adopted the more moderate principles 
 avowed by the carl of Middleton. At his return to 
 France, he made fuch a favourable report of the difpofi- 
 tion and power of the Scottifh nation, that Louis refolved 
 to equip an armament, and fend over the pretender to that 
 kingdom. His pretence was to eftablifh that prince on 
 the throne of his anceftors ; but his real aim was to make 
 a divifion from the Netherlands, and excite a revolt in 
 Great Britain, which fhould hinder Queen Anne from 
 exerting herfelf againft France on the continent. He be 
 gan to make preparation for this expedition at Dunkirk, 
 where a fquadron was afTembled under the command of 
 the chevalier de Fourbin ; and a body of land-forces were 
 embarked with monfieur de Gaee, afterwards known by 
 the appellation of the marefchal de Matignon. The pre 
 tender, who had afTumed the name of the chevalier de St. 
 George, was furnhlicd with fervices of gold and iilvcr 
 plate, fumptuous tents, rich clothes for his lifs-guards, 
 Iplenuid liveries, and all forts of nccefiaries even to profu- 
 iion. Louis, at parting, prefented him with a fword flud- 
 ded with valuable diamonds, and repeated what he had
 
 ANNE. 477 
 
 formerly faid to this adventurer s father: " He hoped he C H A P. 
 fhould never fee him again." The pope contributed to IV - 
 the expence of this expedition, and accommodated him ^"Y** 
 with divers religious infcriptions, which were wrought I7 7 
 upon his colours and ftandards. Qjcen Anrre being in 
 formed of thefe preparations, and the defign of the French 
 monarch, communicated to the commons the advices 
 which fhe had received from Holland and the Netherlands, 
 touching the declination of the Dunkirk armament : Both 
 houfes concurred man addrefs, affuring her they would af- 
 ftft her majelly with their lives and fortunes againft the pre 
 fer. Jed prince of Wales, and all her other enemies. Then 
 they paficd a bill, crr,6iing, That the Oath of abjuration 
 fhould be tendered to all perfons, and fuch as refufcd to take 
 it fhould be in the condition of Convicted recufants. E y 
 another, they fufpended the Habeas Corpus aft till Octo 
 ber, with relation to perfons apprehended by the govern 
 ment on fufpicion of trc-afonable practices. The preten 
 der and his adherents were proclaimed traitors and rebels ; 
 and a bill w^s pafled, difchargir.g the clans of Scotland 
 from all vadalage to thofe chiefs who ihoulJ t;ske up amis 
 againft her majeily. Tranfports were hired to brinz over 
 ten British battalions from Oftend : A large flc-t being 
 equipped with incredible diligence, failed from Deal to 
 wards Dunkirk, under the conduct of Sir John Lcake, Sir 
 George Byng and Lord Duriley. The French imagined 
 that Leake had failed to Lifbon, and that Britain was un 
 provided of (hips of war ; fo that they were amazed and 
 confounded when this fleet appeared off Mardyke : A ftop 
 was immediately put to the embarkation of their troops : 
 Frequent exprefles were difpatched to Paris : The count 
 de Fourbin represented to the French Icing the little pro 
 bability of fucceeding in this enterprife, and the danger 
 that would attend the attempt: But he received pofitive 
 orders to embark the forces, and let fail with the firft fa 
 vourable wind. 
 
 The Britifh fleet being forced from their flation by fe- His deflgm 
 vere weather on the I4th day of March, the French fqua- fruftrated - 
 dron filled on the iyth from the road of Dunkirk: But the 
 wind fhifting, it anchored in Newport-pits, till the igth 
 in the evening, when they fet fail again with a fair breeze, 
 fleering their courfe for Scotland, fir George Byng hav 
 ing received advice of their departure, from an Ollemi 
 velTel fent out for that purpofe by Mvjor-general Cadogan, 
 gave chace to the enemy, after having detached a fqujidron 
 under Admiral Baker, to convey the troops that were em 
 barked at Oftend for England. On the icth day of March, 
 the queen went to the houfe of peers, \yheie, in a fpecch
 
 47 s HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK to both houfes, fhe told them that the French fleet failed ; 
 that fir George Byng was in purfuit of them ; and that 
 
 ^~Y~^ ten battalions of her troops were expe&ed every day in 
 I7 7 England. This intimation was followed by two very warm 
 addrefTes from the lords and common*;, in which they re 
 peated their affurances of ftanding by her againft all her 
 enemies. They exhorted her to perfevere in fupporting 
 the common caufe, notwithflanding this pretty attempt to 
 difturb her dominions ; and levelled fome fevere infmua- 
 tions againft thofe who endeavoured to foment jealoufies 
 between her maj-fty and her mo ft faithful fervants. Ad- 
 drefles on the fame occafion were fent up from different 
 parts of the kingdom ; fo that the queen feemed to look 
 with contempt upon the defigns of the enemy. Several 
 regiments of foot, with fome fquadrons of cavalry, be<ian 
 their march for Scotland : 1 he earl of Leven commander 
 in chief of the forces in that country and governor of the 
 caftla of Edinburgh, haflened thither to put that fortrefs in 
 apollurc of defence, and to make the proper difpofitions to 
 oppofe the pretender at his landing. But the vigilance of 
 fir George Byng rendered all thefe precautions unnecefTa- 
 ry. He failed directly to the frith of Edinburgh, where he 
 arrived almoft as foon as the enemy, who immediately 
 took the advantage of a land breeze, and bore away with 
 all the full they could carry. The Englifh Admiral gave 
 chace; and the Salifbury, one of their {hips, was boarded 
 and taken. At night Monfieur de Fourbin altered his 
 courfe; fo that next day they wore out of reach of the Eng 
 lifh fqtiadron. The pretender defired they would proceed to 
 the northward, and land him at Invernefs, and Fourbin 
 feemed willing to gratify his requeft; But the wind chang 
 ing, and blowing in their teeth with great violence, he 
 reprefented the danger of attempting to profecute the voy 
 age; and with the confent of the chevalier de St. George 
 and his general, returned to Dunkirk, after having been 
 toffed about a whole month in very tempeftuous weather. 
 In the mean time, fir George Byng failed up the Leith 
 road, where he received the freedom of the city of Edin 
 burgh in a golden box, as a teftimony of gratitude for his 
 having delivered them from the dreadful apprehenfions un 
 der which they laboured. 
 
 Certain it is, the pretender could not have chofen a 
 more favourable opportunity for making a defcent upon 
 Scotland. The people in general were difaffecled to the 
 government on account of the Union : The regular troops 
 under Leven did not exceed five-and-twenty hundred men, 
 ancl even great part of thefe would in all probability have 
 joined the invarier: The caftle oi Edinburgh was dcilivute
 
 ANNE. 479 
 
 f ammunition, and would in all appearance have fun-en- C H A P - 
 dered at the firft fummons ; in which cafe the Jacobites IV - 
 mud have been matters of the equivalent money lodged ***~Y**~^ 
 in that fortrefs; A good number of Dutch Ihips, loaded I / 7 
 with cannon, fmall arms, ammunition, and a large mm of 
 money, had been driven on fhore in the {hire of Angus, 
 where they would have been feized by the friends of the 
 Pretender, had the French troops been landed ; and all the 
 adherents of that houfc- were ready to appear in arms. In 
 England, fuch a demand was made upon the bank, by 
 thole who favoured th ; invafion, and thofe who dreaded a 
 Revolution, that the public credit feemed to be in danger. 
 The commons refolved, That whoever deflgnedly endea 
 voured to deftroy or leflen the public credit, efpecially at a 
 time when the kingdom was threatened with an invafion, 
 was guilty of a high crime and mifdemeanour, and an e- 
 nemy to her majefty and the kingdom. The lord-trea- Burnet. 
 furer fignified to the directors of the bank, that her ma- Hare - 
 jefty would allow, for fix months, an intereft of fix per Lo^ art 
 cent, upon their bills, which was double the ufualrate; Feuquieres. 
 and confiderable fums of money were offered to them by Daniel, 
 this nobleman, as well as by the dukes of Marlborough, t ;-,l dll ^. e O f 
 Newcaftlc, and Somerfet. The French, Dutch, and Maribo- 
 Jewim merchants, whofe intereft was in a peculiar man- r ugh. 
 ner connected with the fafcty of the bank, exerted them- Ji^ a ^ff 
 
 r i r r i i i- r> 11 i the duchefs 
 
 lelves ror its lupport; and the directors having called in ofMarlbo- 
 twenty per cent, upon their capital ftock, were enabled to rough, 
 anfwer all the demands of the timorous and difaffeted. g"" ^ 1 
 All the noblemen and perfons of diftin&ion in Scotland, Tindai. 
 fufpe&ed of an attachment to the court of St. Germain s, Lives of th; 
 were apprehended, and either imprifcned in the cattle of Adnniau. 
 
 t? J L .1 i T i i r- i Voltaire, 
 
 xLdinburgh, or brought up to London, to be confined in 
 the Tower or in Newgate. Among thefe was the duke 
 ef Hamilton, who found means to make his peace with 
 the Whig minifters ; and in a little time, the other pri- 
 foners were admitted to bail *. 
 
 * Three Camifurs, or Proteftants, from the Cevennois, having made 
 their efcape, and repaired to London, acquired about this tirr.e the appellation 
 of French Prophets, from their enthufiafti; gefticulations, effufions, and con - 
 vuliions ; and even formed a fe& of their countrymen. The French refugees, 
 fcandalized at their behaviour, and authorifed by the bilhop of London, as 
 fjperiorofth- French congregation:, rcfolved to enquire into the miflion of 
 thefe pretended prophets, whofe names were Ellas Marlon, John Cavalier, 
 and Durand Fage. They wen; declared importers and counterfeits. Not- 
 withftanding this decilion, which was confirmed by the bifliops, they continu 
 ed their aflemblies in Soho, under the countenance of Sir Richard Bullteley 
 and John Lacy. They reviled the minifters of the eftabliihed church: They 
 denounced judgments againft the city of London, and the whole British na 
 tion j and published their prediilions, compofed of unintelligible jargon. 
 Then they wore profecuted at the expencc ef the French church , as diftur-
 
 480 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK On the firft day of April, the parliament was prorogued, 
 , and afterwards difloived by proclamation. Writs were 
 
 """V"* 1 iilued out for new elections, together with a proclamation, 
 commanding all the peers of North Britain to aff-nible at 
 HoPyroodhoufe in Edinburgh, on the 17^)1 day of June, to 
 elecSt fixtecn peers to reprefent them in the enfuing Briti/h 
 parliament, purfuant to the 22d article of the treaty of 
 Union. After the diflolution of the parliament, the lords 
 Griffin, Clermonf, two fons of the earl of Middleton, and 
 feveral Scottiih and Irilh officers, who had been taken on 
 board the Salifbury, were brought to London, and impri- 
 foned in the Tower, or in Newgate. Lord Griffin being 
 attainted by for outlawry, high-treafon committed in the 
 reign of King William, was brought to the bar in the 
 court of king s bench, and a rule made for his execution ; 
 but he W2S reprieved from month to month, until he died 
 of a natural death in prifon. The privy council of Scot 
 land was diffolved. The duke of Qucenfberry was created 
 a Britifh peer, by the title of Baron of Rippon, Marquis 
 of Beverly, and duke of Dover; and the office of fecretary 
 at war, vacant by the refignation of Henry St. John, was 
 beftowed upon Robert Wai pole, a gentleman who had 
 rendered himfelf confiderable in the houie of commons, 
 and whofe concaufl we fhall have occafion to mention more 
 at large in the frquel. About the fame time, a proclama 
 tion was iffucd for diftributing prizes, in certain propor 
 tions, to the different officers and feamen of the royal na 
 vy ; a regulation that ftill prevails. 
 
 The French king, not at all difcouraged by the mifcar- 
 riage of his projected invasion, refolved to improve the ad 
 vantages he had gained on the continent during the laft cam 
 bers of the public peace, and falfe prophets. They were fentenced to pay a 
 fine of twenty marks each, and (land twice on a fcarfold, with papers on their 
 breafts denoting their offtnce : A fentence which was executed accordingly at 
 Cha: ing-Grafs, and tho Royal -Exchange. 
 
 In the courie of this year, Mr. Stanhope, who was refident from the queen 
 at the court ofCi .irles, concluded a treaty of commerce with this monarch, 
 v.hich would havf proved extr- mely advantageous to Great Britain, haj he- 
 been firmly ertablilied on the throne of Sp. .in. It was (Vipulated that the 
 Engliih merchants fliould enjoy the privik-ge of importing all kinds of mer- 
 chaudife from t!;s conft of B.irbavy into the maritime places of Spain, without 
 paying Any higher duty than if that merchandise had been the produce of 
 Great Britain ; and th<t tvm thefe dutii s fiiould not be paid till fix months 
 after the merchaudifi flijuld be landed and fald, the merchants giving fecurity 
 tor the cuftoms. It was agiee<i, that the whole commerce of the Spanish 
 Weft-Indies fhould be carried on by a joint company of Spaniih and Briti.h 
 merchants ; and in the interim, as the greater jart of that cojntry was in the 
 hands of Philip, his competitor confented that the Briri h fubjecls ihojld trade 
 freely in all the ports of the Well-Indies with ten ir.ips of rive hundred 
 tan, ea;h, under fuch convoy us her Britannic majetty ihould th\nk fit to ap 
 point.
 
 A N N I-. 4.8 r 
 
 f/aign; and indeed he made efforts that were altogether in- CHAP. 
 credible, confidering the confumptive frate of his finances*. lv 
 He aflembled a prodigious army in the Netherlands, under 
 the command of the duke of Burgundy, affifted by Vendorr.e, 
 and accompanied by the duke of Berry and the Chevalier 
 de St. George. The clevflor of Bavaria was deftincd to the 
 command of the troops upon the Rhine, where he was fe- 
 condcd by the duke of Berwick ; and the marefchal de Vil- 
 leroy was fent to conduit the forces in Dauphine. About 
 the latter end of March, the duke of Marlborough repaired 
 to the Hague, where he was met by Prince Eugene: Thefe 
 two celebrated generals conferred with thePenfionary Hen- 
 fius, and the deputies of the ftates-gencral. Then they 
 made an excurfion to Hanover, where they prevailed up 
 on the elector to be fatisfied with acting upon the defenfive 
 in his command on the Rhine, and fpare part of his forces, 
 that the confederates might be enabled to make vigorous ef 
 forts in the Netherlands. The prince proceeded to Vienna, 
 and the duke immediately returned to Flanders, where he 
 afTembled the army towards the latter end of May. On the 
 twenty-fifth day of that month, the duke de Vendo.-ne march 
 ed to Soignies, and pofted himfelf within three leagues of 
 the confederates, who were encamped at Billinghen and 
 Halle. The duke of Marlborough having received intel 
 ligence that the enemy were on their march by Bois-Seig- 
 nsur-Ifaac to Braine-la-Leuwe, concluded their intention 
 was to take poil on the banks of the Deule, to hinder the 
 allies from paffing that river, and to occupy Louvaine. He, 
 therefore, commanded the army to march all night, and on 
 VOL. I. 3? 
 
 * Before the opening of the campaign, a very daring enterprift: was formed 
 y one Colonel QJjntetr:, a partifan in the imperial army. This man laid a 
 fcheme for carrying oft the Dauphin of France from the court of VerfaiHrs. 
 He fdefted thirty men of approved valour for this undertaking. He procured 
 
 an <, wt te ngs ver s, an arree te peron wo was n r, on te 
 fuppofitionof his being a prince of the blood. It wa<=, however, M. de Berrin- 
 ghen, the king s firft equerry. This officer they mounted on a fpare horfe, 
 and fet out for the Low Countries ; but, being lit le acquainted with the roads, 
 they did not reach Chantilly till next morning, when they heard the Toxen, or 
 alarm bell, and thence concluded that detachments were fent out in purfuit of 
 
 e, o copane o s eng n.-poe. e cwe procure a cae 
 and ordered the back of it to be lowered for his convenience. Thefe a&s of 
 humanity retarded him fo much, that he was overtaken by a detachment of 
 horfe at Hum, within three hours ride of a place cf fatVry. Finding hi mil- If 
 firrounjcd, he thought proper to fuirender, and M. de Berringhen treated him 
 with great generofity, for the civilities he had experienced at his hands. He car 
 ried him back to Verfculles, and lodged hwn in his own apartments. Madame 
 dc Ecrrmghenmade him a confidcrable prtfent : and the king ordered him arvd 
 liis companions to be difcharged, on acco.mt of the courage and humanity they
 
 482 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK the third day of June encamped at Terhank, General d Au- 
 . , verquerque fixing his quarters in the fuburbs of Louvaine, 
 
 T* wn le the French advanced no farther than Genap and 
 Braine-la-Leuwe. As they were more numerous than the 
 confederates, and headed by a prince of the blood, the ge- 
 nenils of the allies at firft expe6ted that they would hazard 
 a battle ; but their fcheme was to retrieve by ftratagem the 
 places they had loft in Flanders. The elector of Bavaria 
 had rendered himfclf extremely popular in the great towns : 
 The Count de Bergeyck, who had confiderable intereft a- 
 mong them, was devoted to the houfc of Bourbon : The in 
 habitants of the great cities were naturally inconftant and 
 mutinous, and particularly diflatisfied with the Dutch go 
 vernment. The French generals re folved to profit by 
 thefe circumftances. A detachment of their troops, under 
 the Brigadiers la Faille and Pafteur, furprifed the city of 
 Ghent, in which there was no garrifon : At the fame 
 time, the Count de la Motte, with a ftrong body of forces 
 appeared before Bruges, which was furrendercd to him 
 without oppofition : Then he made afruitlefs attempt up 
 on Damme, and marched to the little fort of Pla-fiendhaJ, 
 which he took by aflault. The duke of Marlborough was 
 no fooner appriicd of the enemy s having ient a ftrong de 
 tachment towards Tubize, than he marched from Teibank, 
 pafled the canal, and encamped at Anderlech. The French 
 crofled the Senne at Halle and Tubize, and the allies re- 
 folved to attack them next morning ; but the enemy pafTed 
 the Dender in the night with great expedition ; and the 
 duke of Marlborough next day encamped at Afche, where 
 he was joined by Prince Eugene, who had marched with a 
 confiderable reinforcement of Germans from the Mofelle. 
 The enemy, underftanding that this general was on his 
 march, determined to reduce Oudenarde, the only pafs on 
 the Schelde pofTefTed by the confederates ; and invefted in 
 on the gth day of July, hoping to fubdue it before the allies 
 could be reinforced. The duke of Marlborough was im 
 mediately in motion, and made a furprifing march from 
 Afche, as far as Herfelingen, where he was joined by the 
 reinforcement. Then ht took poffcffion of the ftrong camp 
 at Lefllnes, which the French had intended to occupy, in 
 order to cover the fiege of Oudenarde. 
 
 Thus difappointed, the French generals altered their re- 
 
 IS.reTat folution ) abandoned Oudenarde, and began to pafs the 
 
 Cudtinarde. Schelde at Gavre. The two generals of the confederates 
 
 were bent tipon bringing them to an engagement. Cado- 
 
 gan was fent with fixteen battalions and eight fquadrons to 
 
 repair the roads, and throw bridges over the Schelde below 
 
 Oudenarde. The army was in motion at eight o clock,
 
 ANNE. 483 
 
 and marched with fuch expedition, that, by two in the af- c H A l> - 
 ternoon, the horfe had reached the bridges over which Cado- 
 
 gan and his detachment were paffing. The enemy had ^~Y^ 
 ported feven battalions in the village of Heynem, fituated 
 on the banks of the Schelde, and the French houfehold-troops 
 were drawn up in order of battle on the adjacent plain, op- 
 pofite to a body of troops under Major-General Rantzaw, 
 who were pofted behind a rivulet that ran into the river. 
 The duke de Vendome intended to attack the confederates 
 when one half of their army fhouldhave pafT.-d the Schelde; 
 but he was thwarted by the duke of Burgundy, who feem- 
 ed to be perplexed and irrefolute. This prince had ordered 
 the troops to halt in their march to Gavre, as if he had not 
 yet formed any refolution ; and now he recalled the fquadrons 
 from the plain, determined to avoid a battle. Vendome 
 remonftrated againft this conduct, and the difpute continued 
 till three in the afternoon, when the greater part of the alli 
 ed army had pafled the Schelde without oppofition. Then 
 the duke of Burgundy declared for an engagement, and 
 V r endome fubmitted to his opinion with great reluctance, as 
 the opportunity was now lofr, and the army unformed. Ma- 
 jor-General Grimaldi was ordered to attack Rantzaw with 
 the horfe of the king s houfehold, who, finding the rivulet 
 marfhy, rfufcd to charge, and retired to the right. Mean 
 while, Cadogan attacked the village of Heynem, which he 
 took, with three of the feven battalions by which it was 
 guarded. Rantzaw, palling the rivulet, advanced into the 
 plain, and drove before him fcveral fquadrons of the enemy. 
 In this attack the electoral prince of Hanover, his late ma- 
 jefty, George II. charged at the he?d of Bulau s dragoons 
 with great intrepidity. His horfe was (hot under him and 
 Colonel Lafchky killed by his fide. Divers French regi 
 ments were entirely broken, and a good number of officers 
 and ftandards fell into the hands of the Hanoverians. The 
 confederates continued ftill paffing the river; but few or 
 none of the infantry were come up till five in the afternoon, 
 when the duke of Argyle arrived with twenty battalions, 
 which immediately fuftained a vigorous afiault from the 
 enemy. By this time the French were drawn up in order 
 of battle; and the allies being formed as they pafTed the 
 river, both armies were engaged through the whole extent of 
 their lines about feven in the evening. Europe had not 
 for many years produced two fuch noble armies ; above one 
 hundred jreneral officers appeared in the field, and two hun 
 dred and fifty colonels fought at the head of their refpeftive 
 regiments. The number of the French exceeded that of 
 the allies by twelve thoufind ; but their generals were di 
 vided ; their forces ill-difpofjd ; and the men difpirited by
 
 484 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK the uninterrupted fuccefs of their advei furies. They feem- 
 IL ed from the beginning aveife to an engagement, and acted 
 ^Y"^ in hurry and trepidation. Neverthelefs, the aclion w:.s 
 17 8 maintained until General d Auvetquerque and Count 1 il 
 ly, who cammanded on the left of the allies, obliged the 
 right of the enemy to give ground; and the prince of 
 Orange, with Count Oxicnftern, attacked them in flank 
 with the Dutch infantry. Then they began to give way, 
 and retired in great confufion. The duke de Vendomc 
 alighting from his horfe, rallied the broken battalions, call 
 ed the officers by name, conjured them to maintain the ho 
 nour of their country, and animated the men with his voice 
 and example. But, notwithftandmg all his endeavours, 
 they were forced back among the inclofurcs in great con- 
 fulion. Some regiments were cut in pieces ; others defired 
 to capitulate ; and, if the darknefs had not interpofed, their 
 whole army would have been ruined. The night coming 
 on, fo that it became impolTible to diftinguifh friends from 
 enemies, the two generals ordered the troops toceafe firing, 
 and the enemy took this opportunity of efcaping, by the 
 road which leads from Owdenarde to Ghent. The duke de 
 Vendome feeing the French forces flying in theutmoft ter 
 ror and precipitation, formed a rear-guard of about five-and- 
 twenty Iquadrons, and as many battalions, with which he 
 iscured the retreat. To this precaution the fafety of their 
 army was entirely owing; for at day-break the duke of 
 Marlborough fent a large detachment of horfe and foot, un 
 der the Lieutenant-Generals Bulau and Lumley, to purfue 
 the fugitives ; but the hedges and ditches thatfkirted the 
 road were lined with the French grenadiers in fuch a man 
 ner, that the cavalry could not form, and they were obliged 
 to defifl. The French reached Ghent about eight in the 
 morning, and marching through the city, encamped at 
 Lovendegen on the canal. There they thought proper to 
 caft up entrenchments, upon which they planted their artil 
 lery, which they had left at Gavre with their heavy bag 
 gage. About three thoufand were {lain on the field of bat 
 tle : Two thoufand deferted ; and about feven thoufand 
 were taken, including a great number of officers, together 
 with ten pieces of cannon, above an hundred ftandards and 
 colours, and four thoufand horfes. The lofs of the allies 
 did not amount to two thoufand men ; nor was one officer 
 of diftin&icn killed on their fide during the whole engage 
 ment*. After the confederates had refted two days on the 
 field of battle, a detachment was ordered to level the French 
 
 * Among the officers who were engaged in this battle, old General D Au- 
 vcrquerque, and the duke of Argyle, dutipguiiTied thtmfclvcs by the ircft ex 
 traordinary valour and adivity.
 
 A N N E. 485 
 
 lines between Ypres and the Lys ; another was fent to C H A P. 
 raife contributions as far as Arras : They ravaged the 
 country, and (truck terror even into the city of Paris. V - X ~Y"^ 
 While the allies plundered the province of Picardy, a de- I7C 
 tachment from the French army, under the Chevalier de 
 Rozen, made an irruption into Dutch Flanders -, broke; 
 through the lines of Bervliet, which had been left un 
 guarded, and made a ddcent upon the ifland of Cadfandt, 
 which they laid under contribution. 
 
 The generals of the allies now undertook an enterprise, 
 which, in the opinion cf the French generals, favoured of 
 raihnefs and inconfidcrate frlf-fufEciency. This was the 
 fiege of Lifle, the ftrongeft town in Flanders, provided Li(le b;; - 
 \vith all necefiaries, ftore of ammunition, and a garrifon ( 
 reinforced with one-and-twenty battalions of the beft 
 troops in France, commanded by Marefchal de Boufflers 
 in perfon. But thefe were not the principal difficulties 
 which the allies encountered. The enemy had cut oft the 
 communication between them and their magazines at 
 Antwerp and Sas-Van-Ghent ; fo that they were obliged 
 to bring their convoys from Oflend along a narrow caufe- 
 way, cxpofed to the attack of an army more numerous 
 than that with which they fat down before Lifle. On the 
 I3th of Aiigufl it was inverted on one fide by Prince Eu 
 gene, and on the other by the Prince of Orange-Nafiau, 
 ftadtholder cf Frieiland ; while the duke of Maryborough 
 encamped at Helchin, to cover the fiege. The trenches 
 v/erc opened on the 22d day of Auguft, and carried on 
 with that vigour and alacrity which is always infpired by 
 viflorv and fuccefs. The dukes of Burgundy and Vendome 
 being now joined bv the duke of Berwick, refolved, if 
 poffible, to relieve the place ; arid made feveral marches 
 and counter-marches for this purpofe. Marlborough being 
 apprifed of their intention, marched cut of his lines to give 
 them battle, being reinforced by a confiderable body of 
 troops from the fiege, including Auguftus king of Poland 
 and the landgrave of He fie, as volur. jeers ; but the ene 
 my declined an engagement, and the allies returned to 
 their camp, which they fortified v/ith an entrenchment. 
 On the yth day of September, the befiegers took by af- 
 fault the counterfcarp ofLiile, after an obftinate action, 
 in which they loft a th on fond men. The French generals 
 continued to hover about the camp of the confederate?, 
 which they actually cannonaded; and the duke of Marl- 
 borough again formed his army in order of battle ; but 
 their deugn was only to harrafs the allies with co:::;:u;:.l 
 alarm?, and interrupt the operations of the fiege. They 
 endeavoured to furprifc the tov/n of Aeth, by means of
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B O O K a fecret correfpondence with the inhabitants ; but the 
 , confpiracy was difcovered before it took effect. Then 
 
 *"Y""* they cut off all communication between the befiegcrs and 
 the Schelde, the banks of which they fortified with ftrong 
 entrenchments, and a prodigious number of cannon ; fo 
 that now all the ftores and neceffaries were fent to the 
 camp of the confederates from Oftend. On the 2ift day 
 of September, Prince Eugene, who was in the trenches, 
 feeing the troops driven by the enemy from a lodgement 
 they had made on the counterfcarp of the Tenaille, rallied 
 and led them back to the charge ; but being wounded over 
 the left eye with a mufket fhot, he was obliged to retire, and 
 for fome days the duke of Marlborough fuftainedthe whole 
 command both in the fiege, and of the covering army. On 
 the 23d the Tenaille was ftormed, and a lodgement made 
 along the covered way. Marefchal Boufflers having found 
 means to inform the duke de Vendome that his ammuni 
 tion was almoft expended, this general detached the Che 
 valier de Luxemburg with a body of horfe and dragoons, 
 to fupply the place with gunpowder, every man carrying a 
 bag of forty pounds upon the crupper. They were difco 
 vered in paffing through the camp of the allies, and purfu- 
 cu to the barrier of the town, into which about three hun 
 dred were admitted ; but a great number were killed by the 
 confederates, or miferably deftroyed by the explofion of the 
 powder which they carried. 
 
 The next attempt of the French generals was to inter 
 cept a convoy from Oftend. The count de la Motte 
 marched from Ghent, with about two-and-twenty thoufand 
 men, to attack this convoy, which was guarded by fixthou- 
 The French fand of the allies, commanded by Major-general Webb, 
 t This officer made fuch an admirable difpofition by the 
 wood of Wynendale, and received the enemy with fuch a 
 clofe fire, that, after a very warm aflion, that lafted two 
 hours, they retired in the utmoft confufion, notwithftand- 
 ing their great fuperiority in number, leaving fix thoufand 
 men killed upon tlae field of battle ; the lofs of the allies 
 not exceeding nine hundred and twelve, officers and fol- 
 diers. This was the moft honourable exploit performed 
 during the whole war, and of fuch confequence to the con 
 federates, that if the convoy had been taken, the fiege muft 
 have been raifed. The duke de Vendome ordered the 
 dykes between Bruges and Newport to be cut, fo as to lay 
 the whole country under water, in hopes of deftroying the 
 communication between Oitend and the camp of the con 
 federates ; and, after a regular fiege he took Colonel Caul- 
 field and a body of Britifh troops pofted in the village of 
 Leffinghen, by whofe means the convoys had been forward-
 
 ANNE. 487 
 
 ed to the duke of Marlborough. On the 22d of Oclober, CHAP. 
 Marefchal Boufflers defired to capitulate for the town of 1V - 
 Lifle : Next day the articles were figned : On the 25th, the 
 allies took pofleffion of the place, and the marcfchal retired 
 into the citadel with the remains of his garrifon, which, 
 from twelve thoufand, was reduced to lefs than the half of 
 that number. A negociation was begun for the furrender 
 of the citadel ; but Bouffiers made fuch extravagant de 
 mands as were rejected with difdain. Hoftilities were re 
 newed on the 29th day of the month ; and the carl of Stair 
 was detached to provide corn for the army in the diftricls of 
 Furnes and Dixmuyde. During thefe tranfadtions, Velt- 
 Marefchal d Auverquerque died at Ruffelaer, in the lixty- 
 feventh year of his age, after having, in above thirty cam 
 paigns, exhibited innumerable proofs of uncommon cou 
 rage, ability, and moderation. The duke de Vendome did 
 not yet defpair of obliging the confederates to abandon their 
 enterprife : The French minifters at Rome and Venice 
 publicly declared the allied army was cooped up in fuch a 
 manner, that it muft either raife the fiege ov be famimed. 
 The elector of Bavaria, with a detachment of ten thoufand 
 men, marched to Bruflels, and attacked the counterfcarp 
 with incredible fury ; but was repulfed by the garrifon, un 
 der the command of General Pafchal, and retired with pre 
 cipitation, when he underftood that the duke of Marlbo 
 rough was in motion to relieve the place. This nobleman 
 and Prince Eugene no fooner underftood the danger to 
 which Bruflels was expofed, than they marched with the 
 covering-army to the Schelde, which they patted on pon 
 toons without oppofition, notwithstanding the formidable 
 works which the French had raifed. They now abandon 
 ed them with precipitation, to the furprife of the confede 
 rates, who had laid their account with the lofs of a thou 
 fand men in the attack. Having paffed the river between 
 EfkenafFe and Hauterive, as well as at other places, they 
 marched to Oudenarde, where they received intelligence 
 that the elector had retreated. Then Prince Eugene 
 returned to Lifle, and the duke of Marlborough proceeded 
 to BrufTels, where he was received with joy and acclama 
 tion. He afterwards took poft at Oudenards, fo as to 
 maintain a communication with Prince Eugene. 
 
 The beftegers having made lodgements, and raifed bat 
 teries on the fecond counterfcarp of the citadel, fent a mef- 
 uge to Boufflers, intimating, that if he would furrender be 
 fore the opening of the batteries, he ftiould have an honour 
 able capitulation; otherwise he and his garrifon muft be 
 made prifoners of war. He chofe to avofd the laft part of L-fie fur- 
 the alternative ; Hoftages were exchanged on the 8th day rerders*
 
 4-oS HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B O^o K of December, and the articles figned on the 10th; \vhen the 
 Il- marefchal and his garrifon marched out with the honours 
 **"Y7* of war, and were conducted to Douay. In this great en- 
 Oi terprife, fpirit and perfjverance made amends f >r want of 
 forefight and (kill, which was flagrant on the fide of the 
 confederates; yei" their fuccefs was owing in a great mea- 
 fure to the improvidence and mifconducl: of the befieged. 
 The French generals never dreamed that the allies 
 would attempt anything of confequence after the reduction 
 of Lifle, confidering the advanced fcafon of the year, and 
 therefore they returned to Paris, after having diftributed 
 their army into winter-quarters. Bat their indefatigable 
 antagonrfts were determined to ftrike another ftroke of im 
 portance before their forces fhould feparate. On the 20th 
 day of December, they invefted the city of Ghent on all 
 fides ; and on the 3Oth, when the batteries were ready to 
 open, the count de la Motte, who commanded the garrifon, 
 defired to capitulate. On the 3d clay of the next month, 
 he marched out with thirty battalions and fixteen fqua- 
 drons, which were conducted to Tournay; while the duke 
 ofArgyle, with fix Britifh battalion?, took polFeilion of 
 the town and citadel. Then the enemy abandoned Bruges, 
 Plaffendahl, and Leffengen ; and the generals of the allies 
 having fettled the plan of winter-quarters, repaired to Hol 
 land, leaving the farces under the command of Count Til 
 ly. The French king was confounded and difmayed at 
 thefe conquefts in the Netherlands. Nor was he eafy on 
 the fide of Dauphine : In fpite of all the vigilance and acli- 
 vity of Villers, the duke of Savoy made himfelf mafler of 
 the important fortreflesof Exilles, La Peroufe, the valley of 
 St. Martin, and Feneflralles ; fo that, by the end of the 
 campaign, he had fecured a barrier to his own frontiers, 
 and opened a way into the French provinces, after having 
 made a diverfion in favour of king Charles, by obliging the 
 enemy to fend a ftrong detachment from RouflUlon to the 
 ailiflance of Villars. 
 
 The campaign in Catalonia v/as productive of a great 
 event. Count Guido de Staremberg arrived at Barcelona 
 on the laft day of April : But the Imperial troops brought 
 from Italy by Admiral Leake did not land in time to re 
 lieve Tortofa, which the duke of Orleans befieged and 
 took, together with Denia, the garrifon of which were 
 made prifoners of war, contrary to the articles of capitu 
 lation. Thefe lofies, however, were abundantly made 
 up to the allies by the conqueft of Sardinia, and Minorca. 
 Sir John Leake, having taken on board a handful of 
 troops, under the conduct of the marquis d Alconzcl, lot 
 fail for Cagliari, and fummcned the viceroy to fubmit to
 
 ANNE. 489 
 
 King Charles. As he did not fend an immediate anfwer, C H A P. 
 the admiral began to bombard the city, and the inhabi 
 tants compelled him to furrerider at difcretion. The ^*V^ N ^ 
 greater part of the garrifon enlifted themfelves in the ler- 1 ? - 8 - 
 vice of Charles. The deputies of the dates being affembled 
 by the marquis d Alconzel, acknowledged that prince as 
 their fovereign, agreed to furni/h his army with thirty 
 thoufand facks of corn, which were accordingly tranfported 
 to Catalonia, where their was a great fcarcity of proviuon. 
 Majoi -general Stanhope having planned the conqueft of Mi 
 norca, and concerted with the admiral the meafures neccffc- 
 ry to put it in execution, obtained from Count Staremberg 
 a few battalions of Spaniards, Italians, and Portuguefe : At 
 the head of thefe he embarked at Barcelona with a fine 
 train of the Britifli artillery, accompanied by Brigadier 
 Wade and Colonel Petit, an engineer of great reputation. 
 They landed on the ifland, about tvvo miles from St. Phi 
 lip s fort, on the 26th of Auguf-, with about eight hundred 
 marines, which augmented their number to about three 
 thoufand. Next day they erected batteries ; and General Ml - norca 
 Stanhope ordered a number of arrows to be Ihot into the reduced hy 
 place, to which papers were affixed, written in the Spaniih 
 and French languages, containing threats, th it all the gar- 
 rifon fhould be Tent to the mines, if they would not furren- 
 der before the batteries were finiihed. The garrifon con 
 fided of a thoufand Spaniards and fix hundred French ma 
 rines, commanded by Colonel la Jonquiere, who imagined 
 that the number of the befiegers amounted to at leaft ten 
 thoufand ; fo artfully had they been drawn up in light of the 
 enemy. The batteries began to play, and in a little time 
 demoiiihed four towers that ferved as outworks to the fort: 
 Then they made a breach in the outward wall, through 
 which Brigadier Wade, at the head of the grenadiers, 
 ftormed a redoubt, with fuch extraordinary valour as ftruck 
 the befieged with confternation. On the fecond or third 
 day they thought proper to beat a parley, and capitulate, on 
 condition, That they fhould march out with the honours of 
 war : That the Spaniards fhould he tranfported to Alurcia, 
 and the French to Toulon. Thefe laft, however, were de 
 tained, byway of a reptifal for the garrifon ofDenia. The 
 Spaniih governor was fo mortified when he learned the 
 real number of the befiegers, that on his arrival at Murcia 
 he threw himfelf out of the window in difpair, and was 
 killed upon the fpot. La Jonquiere was confined for life, 
 and all the French officers incurred their mailers difplea- 
 fure. Fort St. Philip being thus reduced, to the amaze 
 ment of all Europe, and the garrifon of Port Fornelles hav 
 ing furrendered themfelves prifoners to the Admirals 
 VOL. I. 3 Q_
 
 490 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 BOOK Leake and Whi taker, the inhabitants gladly fubrnitted to 
 1J - the Enojifh government, for King Philip had opprefled 
 
 \*~Y**"* and deprived them of their privileges ; General Stanhope 
 1708. appointed Colonel Petit governor of Fort St. Philip, and 
 deputy-governor of the whole iiland. After this important 
 Conqueft he returned to the army in Spain, where an un- 
 ficcefsful attempt to furprize Toitofa finifhed the opera 
 tions of the campaign. 
 
 Quarrel be- The Britifh fleet not only contributed to the reduction 
 of Minorca, but likewife over-awed the pope, who had 
 
 pope and r i T i 
 
 t-nperorof endeavoured to form a league or the princes in Italy 
 Germany, againft the emperor. This pontiff had manifefted his par 
 tiality to the houfe of Bourbon in fuch a palpable manner, 
 that his Imperial majefty ordered Monfieur de Bonneval 
 to march with the troops that were in Italy, re-inforced by 
 thofe belonging to the duke of Modena, and invade the 
 duchy of Ferrara. He accordingly took pofTeflion of 
 Cornachio and fome other places, pretending they were 
 allodial eftates belonging to the duke of Modena, 
 and fiefs of the emperor, to which the holy fee had 
 no lawful claim. The viceroy of Naples was forbid to 
 remit any money to Rome ; and the council of the 
 kingdom drew up a long memorial, containing the pre- 
 tennons of his Catholic majefty, which ftiuck at the very 
 foundation of the pope s temporal power. His holinefs 
 wrote a long remonftrancc to the emperor, on the injuflice 
 of thofe proceedings, and declared that he would aflert this 
 caufe though he ihould lofe his life in the conteft. He 
 forthwith began to raife an army, and revived a plan of 
 forming a league among the princes and ftates of Italy 
 for their mutual defence. Sir John Leake had received 
 orders to bombard Civita-Vecchia, in refentment for the 
 pope s having countenanced the pretender s expedition 
 to Great Britain, but as the emperor and duke of Savoy 
 hoped to effect an accommodation with the court of 
 Rome, they prevailed upon the Englifh admiral to fuf- 
 pend hoft ill ties until they fhould have tried the method 
 of r.egociation. The marquis de Prie, a Piedmontefe 
 nobleman, was fent as ambaiTador to Rome ; but the pope 
 Avould not receive him in that quality. Elated with the 
 promifes of France, he fet the emperor at defiance ; and 
 his troops having furprifed a body of Itnperialifts, were fo 
 barbarous as to cut them all in pieces. The duke of 
 Savoy having ended the campaign, the troops of the em- 
 p ror, which h.id ferved under that prince, were ordered 
 to march into the papal territories, and drove the forces of 
 his holinefs before them, without any regard to number. 
 Bologna capitulated j and Rome began to tremble with
 
 ANNE. 491 
 
 the apprehenfion of being once more fackecl by a German C H A F- 
 army. Then the pope s courage failed ; he was glad to ( 
 admit the marquis de Prie-as envoy from the emperor. ^V 
 He confented to difband his new levies ; to accommodate 
 the Imperial troops with winter-quarters in the papal ter 
 ritories ; to grant the inveftiture of Naples to King 
 Charles ; and to allow at all times a paflage to the Impe 
 rial troops through his dominions. On the upper Rhine 
 the electors of Bavaria and Hanover were fo weak, that 
 they could not undertake any thing of confequence againft 
 each other. In Hungary the clifpur.es ftill continued be 
 tween the ^rnperer and the malcontents. Poland was at 
 length delivered from the oppreflion exercifed by the king 
 of Sweden, who marched into the Ukraine againft the rzar 
 ofMufcovy, notwithftanding the fubmiffions with which 
 that monarch endeavoured to appeafe his indignation. 
 During the courfe of this year the Englifli merchants fuf- 
 tained no confiderable lofles by fea: The cruizers wereju- 
 diciouOy ftationed, and the trade was regularly fupplied 
 v/ith convoys. In the Weil Indies Commodore Wager 
 deftroyed the admiral of the galleons, and took the rear- 
 admiral on the coaft of Carthagena. Had the officers of 
 his fqu?.dron done their duty, the greateft part of the fleet 
 would have fallen into his hands. At his return to Ja 
 maica, two of his captains were tried by a court-martial, 
 and difmifled from the fervice. 
 
 The court of England was about this time not a little Mufrovite 
 difquieted, by the confequences of an outrage committed * mblj ^ador 
 on the perfon of the Count de Mztueof, the Mufcovite Condon "~ 
 ambaffador. He was publicly arrefted at the fuit of a 
 laceman, and maltreated by the bailiffs, who dragged him 
 to prifon, where he continued until he was bailed by the 
 earl of Feverfham. Incenfed at this infult, he demanded 
 redrefs of the government, and was feccnded in his re- 
 monftrances by the minifters of the emperor, the king of 
 Pruflia, and feveral other foreign potentates. The queen 
 exprefled uncommon indignation againft the authors of this 
 violence, who were immediately apprehended, and orders 
 were given to profecute them with the ut noft fjverity of 
 the law. Matueof repeated his complaints with great 
 acrimony; and Mr. Secretary Boyle affurerl him, in the 
 queen s name, that he fhould have air.ple fntisfaction. 
 JNotu ithftanding this afTurance, he demanded a pafs for 
 himfelf and fitinily ; refufed the ordinary prefents at his 
 departure; and retired to Holland. P rom thence he tranf- 
 mitied a memorial, \vi,h a letter from the czar to the queen, 
 infifting upon her punifning with death 1 11 the pe; f^ns 
 concerned in violating the law of nations upon th^ perfon
 
 492 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B O O K. of his ambaffador. Such punifhment being altogether in- 
 
 JI - confident with the laws of England, the queen and her 
 
 ^"Y*^ minifcry were extremely perplexed, and held feveral coun- 
 
 1 " c8 - cils, to deliberate upon the meafures proper to be taken 
 
 on fuch an occafion. 
 
 Death of Q n t ]-, e twenty-eighth day of Oclober, Prince George 
 George of of Denmark died of an afthma and dropfy, with which 
 Denmark, he had been long afllidled. He was a prince of an amiable 
 rather than a {hining charter, brave, good-natured, mo- 
 deft, and humane, but devoid of (jre.it talents and ambition. 
 He had always lived in lnrr, >ny with the queen, who, dur 
 ing the whole term of -their union, and especially in his 
 Lift illnefs, approved hcrfelf a pattern of conjugal truth 
 and tendernefs. At his death the earl of Pembroke was 
 created lord high-admiral, the earl of Wharton promoted 
 to the government of Ireland, and Lord Somers ap 
 pointed prefidont of the council. Notwithstanding thefe 
 promotions of the Whig noblemen, the duke of Marlbo- 
 rough declined apace in his credit with the queen, who 
 privately confulted and repofed her chief confidence in 
 Mr. Harley, though he had no vifible concern in the 
 adminiftratioh. 
 
 Padiamen- The new parliament, in which the Whig intercft flill 
 tarytianf- preponderated, was aflemblcd on the i6th day of Novem 
 ber, when they were given to underftand, by a commif- 
 fion under the great feal, that the archbifhop of Canter 
 bury, the chancellor, the lord-treafurer, the lord-fteward, 
 and the mafter of the hoi fc, were appointed to rcprefent 
 the perfon of her majt fty, whom decency would not per 
 mit to appear in the houfe fo foon after the death 01 her 
 confort. Sir Richard Onflow being chofen fpeakcr of the 
 lower houfc with the queen s approbation, the chancellor, 
 in a fpeech to both houfes, recommended the vigorous 
 profecution of rhe war, telling them her majtfty hoped 
 they wouIJ, enable her to make a confidenible augmenta 
 tion for preferving and improving the advantages which 
 the allies had gained in the Netherlands: That {he deiir- 
 cd they would prepare fuch bills as might confirm and 
 render the union efFe&ual ; and that if they would propofe 
 means for the advancement of trade and manufacture, (he 
 would take pleafurc in enacting fuch proviiions. Both 
 houfes having prcfented addrefles of condolance and con 
 gratulation, on the death of Prince George, and the fuc- 
 cefs of her rnajefty s arms during the laft cair.paign, the 
 commons took cognizance of controverted elcclions, 
 which were decided with fhameful partiality for the Vv hig 
 fy6lion. Then they proceeded to conhder the difterent 
 branches of the fupply : They approved of an augmenta-
 
 ANNE. 493 
 
 tion often thoufand men, which was judged necefTary for CHAP. 
 the more vigorous profecution of the war; and they voted 
 above feven millions for the fervice of the enfuing year. 
 The bank agreed to circulate two millions five hundred 
 thoufand pounds in exchequer bills for the government, 
 on condition that the term of their continuance fhould be 
 prolonged for one-and-twenty years ; and that their ftock 
 of two millions two hundred and one thoufand one hun 
 dred and feventy-one pounds, fhould be doubled by a new 
 fubfcription. The two-thirds fublidy was appropriated 
 for the intereft of the money raifcd by this expedient. 
 
 Great debates having avifen about Scottifh elections, 
 the houfe considered the petitions and representations that 
 were delivered, touching the incapacity of the eldeft fons 
 of Scottish peers, excluded from fitting in the parliament 
 of Great Britain. Counfel being heard upon the fubjecl, 
 that incapacity was confirmed ; and new writs were iflu- 
 ed, that new members might be elected for the fhires of 
 Aberdeen and Linlithgqw, in the room of William Lord 
 Haddo, and James Lord Johnftown. Petitions were like- 
 wife prcfented to the houfe of Lords by fome Scottifli 
 peer?, concerning their right of voting, and finning 
 proxies. After warm debates, the houfe, upon a divifion, 
 determined that a Scottifh lord created a peer of Great 
 Britain faould no longer retain his vote in Scotland ; and 
 that the noblemen who were in the caftle of Edinburgh 
 had a right to iign proxies, after having taken the oaths 
 to the government. The Scottifli peers and commoners 
 that fat in the Britifh parliament were divided into two 
 factions. The duke of Queenfberry was in great credit 
 with the queen and the lord-treafurer, by whofe intereft 
 he was appointed fecretary of ftate for Scotland. His in 
 fluence in elections was fo great, that all offices in that 
 kingdom were beftowed according to his recommendation. 
 He w^s oppofed by the dukes of Hamilton, Montrofe, 
 and Roxburgh, who were fupported by the earl of Sun- 
 derland and lord Somers ; fo that the whole intereft in 
 that country was engrafted by one or other member of the 
 miniftry. A bill for a general naturalization of all Pro- 
 teftants was brought into the houfe, and notwithftanding 
 violent oppofition from the Tories, both among the lords 
 and commons, was enacted into a law. The Whigs ar 
 gued for this bill, as a meafure that would encourage in- 
 duftry, improve trade and manufacture, and repair the 
 watte of men which the war had occasioned : But one of 
 their chief motives was to throw an addition of foreigners 
 into the balance againft the landed intereft. The Tories 
 pleaded, that a conflux of aliens rright prove dangerous
 
 494 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B o o K to the conflitution : That they would retain a fondnefs for 
 th -ir native countries, and, in times of war, a6t as fpies 
 
 ^ < ^V > ~ and enemies : That they v/ould infmuate themfelves into 
 J 7 8 * places of truft and profit ; become members of parliament; 
 and, by frequent intermarriages, contribute to the extinc 
 tion of the Englifh racv: That they would add to the 
 number cf the poor, already fo ex pen five ; and (hare the 
 bread of the labourers and tradefrhen of England. 
 
 An enquiry b: :"!g v fet on foot in both houfes, concerning 
 the late intended invasion of Scotland, Lord Haverfham, 
 and the other Tory members, endeavoured to demonftrate, 
 that proper precautions had not been taken for th_- fecurity 
 of that kingdom, even after the miniftry had received un 
 doubted intelligence of the pretenders defign : That, flnce 
 the attempt had mifcan ied, many perfons of quality had 
 been apprehended, and fevercly uf. d by the govcrnm-.-nt, 
 on pretended fufpicion of high treafon ; though, in all pro 
 bability, the aim of the mmiftry, in confining thofe per 
 fons, \\\ :.s to remove all poflibility of their oppofing the 
 court at the enfuing tl pi flions for members of parliament. 
 Thefe afiertions were Supported by many inconteftcd fails 
 and fhrewd arguments, notwithstanding which, the ma 
 jority were fo little difpofed to find fault, that the enquiry 
 ifiued in a joint addrcfs to the queen, containing rtfolutions, 
 That timely and effectual care had been taken to difap- 
 point the defigns of her n^.::jefty s ener-.ies, both at home 
 and abroad. A bill, however, was brought into the houfe 
 cf lords, under the title of "An acl: for improving the 
 " Union of the two kingdoms." It related to trials for 
 treafun in Scotland, which, by this law, were reguhted ac 
 cording to the manner of proceeding in England, with 
 fome frnall variation. The Scottifh members opp(.fj i it 
 as an incroachincnt upon the form of their laws ; and they 
 were joined by thofo \vho had laid it down as a maxim to 
 oppole all the court-meafures : Neverthelefs, the bill pa (led 
 through both houfes, and received the royal afT iit. Yet, 
 in order to fweeten this unpalatable medicine, the qu ,.n 
 contented to an at of grace, by which ail trcafons were 
 pardoned, except thofo committed on the high f as ; an 
 exception levelled at thofe who had embarked with the 
 pretender. Major-general Webb, who had been defraud 
 ed of his due honour, in a partial reprefentadon of the bat 
 tle of Wynendaic, tranfmitted by Caidonnel, fecretary to 
 the duke of iVlarlborough, was now thanked by the houfe 
 of commons for the great and eminent fervices which he 
 had performed in that engagement. This motion was 
 made by the Tories ; and the Whigs did not fail to pro 
 cure a compliment of the iVane njture to the duke of
 
 ANNE. 495 
 
 Marlborough, even before he returned to England. When C H A l 1 - 
 the news of Ghent s being taken arrived, the lords and Iv - 
 commons congratulated the queen on this L i effort of a ^""Y^ 
 glorious campaign ; and the duke, at his arrival, was %,*l^ 
 thanked, in the name of the peers, by the lord chancellor. Daniel. 
 As he was fuppofed to have brought- over propofJs ofHift.ofthe 
 peace, the two houfes, in an addrefs, defired the queen ^rou^h** 
 would infifl on the demolition of Dunkirk, which was a MH. Hjft. 
 neft of pirates that infefted the ocean, and did infinite pre- Conduct of 
 judice to the commerce of England. The queen promifed t r e ? J ^ efs 
 
 ... . n r n i- i * MuTUMm 
 
 to comply with their rcquelr. But me was not a little rough, 
 furprifcd at the next addrefs they prefrnted, humbly in- f euquieres 
 treating:, that fhe would have fuch indulgence to the ^i" ic y- 
 
 1. j r r i r i r, i r LlVCS fifth* 
 
 hearty deiires of her lubjects, as to entertain thoughts ot Admirals. 
 a fecond marriage. She told them, that the provifion ftie Hare, 
 had made for the Proteftant fucceffion would always be a Voltaire - 
 proof how much fhe had at heart the future happinefs of 
 the kingdom ; but the fubjeft of this addrefs was of fuch a 
 nature, that {he was perfuaded they did not expedl a parti 
 cular anfwer. 
 
 The laws having been found inefficient to punifti ca- Bill forpre- 
 pitaiiy the authors of the infult offered to the Mufcovite ferving the 
 ambaffador, a bill was brought into the houfe of commons ^^ f 
 for prefervins; the privileges of ambaffadors and other fo- dors, 
 reign miniflers ; and puffed through both houfes ; as did 
 another, to prevent the laying of wagers relating to the 
 public, a practice which had been carried to a degree of 
 infatuation, and by which many unwary perfons fell a 
 facrifice to crafty adventurers. On the 14-th day of March, 
 the commons voted the fum of one hundred and three 
 thouiand two hundred and three pounds, for the relief of 
 the inhabitants of Nevis and St. Chriftopher s, who had 
 differed by the late invafion ; and, on the 2ift day of 
 April, the parliament was prorogued. The Mufcovite 
 rtmbaffador continued to write expoftulatory letters to 
 Mr. Secretary Boyle, who at laft owned, that the laws of 
 the kingdom did not admit of fuch punifhment as he de 
 manded. An information was tried in the court of queen s 
 bench for her majefty againft Thomas Morcon, laceman, 
 and thirteen other perfons concerned in the infuh, of 
 which they were found guilty ; and the fpecial matter 
 of the privileges of ambaffadors was to be argued next 
 term before the judges. Meanwhile, the queen, by way 
 of fatisfia&ion to the czar, condefcended to make folemn 
 excufcs by her ambaffador ; to repair MatueoPs honour 
 by a letter, and indemnify him for all his cofts and dama 
 ges : Conceflions with which the czar and his ambaffador
 
 496 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 BOOK declared themfelves well fatisfied. The convocation had 
 been fummoned, chofen, and returned with the new par- 
 liament; but as the old fpirit was fuppofed to prevail 
 in the lower houfe, the queen, by writ to the archbifhop, 
 ordered him to prorogue it from time to time, until the fcf- 
 fion of Parliament was finifhcd.
 
 [ 497 J 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Ineffectual negotiations for peace- -French defeated at 
 Malplaquct Farther fuccejjes of the allies Ac 
 count of Dr. Sacheverel Transactions in Spain 
 
 Change of minljlry- Violent apportion to the 
 
 duke of Marlborough His lajl campaign Is 
 
 difmijjed from all his employments Prince Eugene 
 
 arrives in England ^-Conference opened at Utrecht 
 
 Britijh troops withdrawn from the allies 
 
 Peace figned Princeipal articles of the treaty. 
 
 THE French king was by this time reduced to fuch CHAP, 
 a ftate of humiliation by the lofles of the laft cam- ,T_, 
 paign and a fevere winter, which completed the mifery of ^**y~*~ 
 his fubjec"ts, that he refolvcd to facrifice all the confidera- I?0 ^ 
 tions of pride and and ambition, as well as the intereft of 
 his grandfon, to his defire of peace, which was now be 
 come fo neceflary and indifpenfible. He difpatched the Louls fues 
 prefident Rouille privately to Holland, with general pro- again for 
 pofals of peace, and the offer of a good barrier to the ftates- psace. 
 general, ftill entertaining hopes of being able to detach 
 them from the confederacy. This minifter conferred in 
 fecret with Buys and Vanderduflen, the penfionawes of 
 Amfterdam and Gouda, at Moerdyke, from whence he, 
 \vas permitted to proceed to Woerden, between Leyden 
 and Utrecht. The rrates immediately communicated his 
 propofals to the courts of Vienna and Great Britain, 
 Prince Eugene and the duke of Marl borough arrived at 
 the Hague in April, and conferred with the grand pen- 
 fionary Heinfius, Buys, and Vanderduflen, on the fubjeil 
 of the French propofals, which were deemed unfatisfacflory. 
 P-ouille immediately difpatched a courier to Paris, for fur 
 ther inftruclions ; and the duke of Marlborough returned 
 to England, to make the queen acquainted with the pro- 
 VOL. I. 3 R
 
 49 8 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, grefs of the negociation. Louis, in order to convince the 
 H- ftates of his fincerity, fent the marquis de Torcy, his fe- 
 
 ( **~Y**~ > cretary for foreign affairs, to the Hague, with frefh offers, 
 I 79- to which the deputies would make no anfwer, until 
 they knew the fentiments of the queen of Great Britain. 
 The eluke of Marlborough crofled the feas a fecond time, 
 accompanied by the lord Vifcount Townfhend, as ambaf- 
 fador extraordinary, and joint-plenipotentiary ; Prince 
 Eugene being like wife at the Hague, the conferences 
 were begun. The French minifter declared, that his 
 mafter would confent to the demolition of Dunkirk; 
 That he would abandon the Pretender, and difmifs him 
 rom his dominions: That he would acknowledge the 
 queen s title and the proteftant fucceffion : That he would 
 renounce all pretenfions to the Spanifh monarchy, and 
 cede the places in the Netherlands, which the ftates-gene- 
 ral demanded for their barrier: That he would treat with 
 the emperor on the footing of the treaty concluded at 
 Ryfwick, and even demolifh the fortifications of Straf- 
 burs;. The minifters of the allies, rendered proud and 
 wanton by fuccefs, and feeing their own private intereft 
 n the continuation of the war, infifted upon the reftitu- 
 tion of the Upper and Lower Alface to the empire; upon 
 the French monarch s reftoring Strafburgh in its prefent 
 condition; upon his ceding the town and caftellany of 
 Lifle, demolishing Dunkirk, New-Brifac, Fort-Louis, 
 and Hunningen. In a word, their demands were fo info- 
 lent, that Louis would not have fuffered them to be men 
 tioned in his hearing, had not he been reduced to the laft 
 degree of diftrefs. One can hardly read them without feel 
 ing a fentiment of companion for that monarch, who had 
 once given law to Europe, and been fo long accuftomed 
 to victory and conqueft. Notwithftanding the difcourag- 
 ing difpatches he had received from the prefident Rouille, 
 after his firft conferences with the deputies, he could not 
 believe that the Dutch would he fo blind to their own in 
 tereft, as to reject the advantages in commerce, and the 
 barrier which he had offered. He could not conceive 
 that they would choofe to bear the burden of exceflive 
 taxes in profccuting a war, the events of which would al 
 ways be uncertain, rather than enjoy the bleflings of 
 peace, fecurity, and advantages commerce; he flattered 
 himfelf, that the allies would not fo far deviate from their 
 purpofed aim of eftablifhing a balance of power, as to 
 throw fuch an enormous weight into the fcale of thehoufe 
 of Auftria, which cherifhed all the dangerous ambition 
 and arbitrary principles, without the liberality and fenti 
 ment peculiar to the houfe of Bourbon. In proportion as 
 they rofe in their demands Louis fell in his condefcenfion.
 
 ANNE. 
 
 499 
 
 His fecretary of {late, the marquis de Torcy, polled in C H A P 
 difguife to Holland, on the faith of a common blank paff- 
 port. He folicited, he foothed, he fupplicated, and made ****y~*~ 
 concefiions in the name of his fovereign. He found the J7 9 
 ftates were wholly guided by the influence of Prince Eu 
 gene and the duke of Marlboroutih. He found thefe ge 
 nerals elated, haughty, overbearing, and implacable. He 
 in private attacked the duke of Marlborough on his weak- 
 eft fide; he offered to that nobleman a large fum of money, 
 provided he \vould effect a peace on certain conditions. 
 The propofal was rejected. The duke found his enemies 
 in England increafing, and his credit at court in the wane; 
 and he knew that nothing but a continuation of the war, 
 and new vi6tories, could fupporthis influence in England. 
 Torcy was fenfible that his country was utterly exhaufted; 
 that Louis dreaded nothing fo much as the opening of the 
 campaign; and he agreed to thofe articles upon which they 
 infifted as preliminaries. The French kin^ was con 
 founded at thefe propofals ; he felt the complicated pangs 
 of grief, fname, and indignation. He rejected the preli 
 minaries with difdain. He even defigned to fubmit his 
 conduct to the judgment of his fubjects. His offers were 
 publifhed, together with the demands of the allies. His 
 people interefted themfelves in the glory of their mo 
 narch. They exclaimed againft the cruelty and arro 
 gance of his enemies. Though impoverifhed and half- 
 itarved by the war, they refolved to expend their whole fub- 
 ftance in his fupport; and rather to fight his battles with 
 out pay, than leave him in the dire neceflity of complying 
 with fuch difhonourable terms. Animated by thefe fenti- 
 ments, they made fuch efforts as amazed the whole world. 
 The preliminaries being rejected by the French king, 
 Rouille was ordered to quit Holland in four-and-twenty 
 hours, and the generals of the confederates refolved to 
 open the campaign without further hefitation. 
 
 Prince Eugene and the duke of Marlborough proceeded Tournay 
 to Flanders, and towards the end of June the allied army be| ">eged 
 encamped in the plain of Lifle, to the number of one 
 hundred and ten thoufand fighting men. At the fame 
 time, the Marefchal Villars, accounted the moft fortunate 
 general in France, affembled the French forces in the 
 plain of Lens, where he began to throw up entrenchments. 
 The confederate generals having obferved his fituation, 
 and perceiving he could not be attacked with any probabi 
 lity of fuccefs, refolved to undertake the fiege of Tour- 
 nay, the garrifon of which Villars had imprudently weak 
 ened. Accordingly, they made a feint upon Yprefs, in 
 order to deceive the enemy, and convert all their atten-
 
 5oo HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK tion to that fide, while they fuddenly invefted Tournay 
 on the 2710 day of June. Though the garrifon did not 
 exceed twelve weakened battalions, and four fquadrons of 
 dragoons, the place was fo ftrong, both by art and nature, 
 and Lieutenant de Surville, the governor, poffefied fueh 
 admirable talents, that the fiege was protracted, contrary 
 to the expectation of the allies, and coft them a great 
 number of men, notwithftanding all the precautions that 
 could be taken for the fafety of the troops. As the be- 
 fiegcrs proceeded by the method of fap, their miners fre 
 quently met with thofe of the enemy under ground, and 
 fought with bayonet and piftol. The volunteers on both 
 fides prefenied themfdves to thefc fubterraneous combats, 
 in the midft of mines and countermines ready primed for 
 explonon. Sometimes they were kindled by accident 
 and fometimes fprung by defign; fo that great num 
 bers of thofe brave men were ftifled below; and 
 whole battalions blown into the air, or buried in the rub- 
 bifh. On the 28th day of July, the befiegers having ef 
 fected a practicable breach, and made the neceffary difpo- 
 fitions for a general aflault, the enemy offered to capitu 
 late ; the town was furrendered upon conditions ; and the 
 garrifon retired to the citadel. Surville likewife entered 
 into a treaty about giving up the citadel ; the articles be 
 ing fent to the court of V erfailles, Louis would not ratify 
 them, except upon condition that there fliould be a general 
 cefiation in the Netherlands till the 5th day of Septem 
 ber. Hoftilities were renewed on the 8th day of Auguflr, 
 and profecuted with uncommon ardour and animofity. 
 On the 30th, Surville defired to capitulate on certain ar 
 ticles, which were rejected by the duke of Marlborough, 
 who gave him to underftand that he had no terms to ex 
 pect, but muft furrender at difcretion. At length, his 
 provifion being quite exhaufted, he was obliged to fur- 
 render himfelf and his garrifon prifoners of war, though 
 they were permitted to return to France, on giving their 
 parole that they would not act in the field until a like num 
 ber of the allies fhould be releafed. 
 
 The next object that attracted the eyes of the confede 
 rates was the city of Mons, which they refolved to be- 
 fiege with all pofTible expedition. They pafied the Schelde 
 on the 3d day of September, and detached the prince of 
 Hefle to attack the French lines, from the Haifne, to the 
 Sombre, which were abandoned at his approach. On 
 the yth day of September, marefchal de BoufHers arrived 
 in the French camp at Quievrain, content to act in an 
 inferior capacity to Villars, although his fuperior in point 
 of feniorily. The duke of Marlborough having received
 
 A N N E. 501 
 
 advice, that the French were on the march to attack the C H A P- 
 advanced body under the prince of Hefle, decamped from 
 Havre, in order to fupport that detachment. On the gth, 
 the allies made a motion to the left, by which the two ar- 
 rhies were brought fo near each other, that a mutual can 
 nonading enfued. The French army, amounting to 
 J20,coo men were pofted behind the woods of La Merte 
 and Tanieres, in the neighbourhood of Malplaquet. 
 The confederates, nearly of the fame number, encamped 
 with the right near Sart and Bleron, and the left on the 
 edge of the wood of Lagniere ; the head-quarters being at 
 Blaregnies. The enemy, inftead of attacking the allies, 
 began to fortify their camp, which was naturally ftrong, 
 with triple entrenchments. In a word, they were fo co 
 vered with lines, hedges, entrenchments, cannon, and 
 trees laid acrofs, that they feemed to be quite inacceflible. 
 Had the confederates attacked them on the qth, the bat 
 tle would not have been fo bloody, and the victory would 
 have proved more decifive ; for they had not then begun 
 to fecure the camp : But Maryborough poftponed the en 
 gagement until they fliould be reinforced by eighteen batta- 
 lion c which had been employed in the fiege of Tournay ; 
 and, in the mean time, the French fortified themfelves 
 with incredible diligence and difpatch. On the nth day 
 cf September, early in the morning, the confederates, fa 
 voured by a thick fog, erected batteries on each wing, and 
 in the centre ; and, about eight o clock, the weather 
 clearing up, the attack began. Eighty-fix battalions on 
 the right, commanded by General Schulcmburg, the duke 
 of Argyle, and other generals, and fupported by two-and- 
 twenty battalions under Count Lottum, attacked the left 
 of the enemy with fuch vigour, that, noiwithilanding their 
 lines and barricadocs, they were in kfs than an hour dri 
 ven from their entrenchments into the woods of Sart and 
 Tanieres. The prince of Orange and Baron Fagel, with 
 fix--and-thirty Dutch battalions, advanced againft the 
 right of the enemy, pofted in the wood of La Merte, and 
 covered with three entrenchments. Here the battle was 
 maintained with the moft dcfperate courage on both fides. 
 The Dutch obliged the French to quit the firft entrench 
 ment; but were repulfed from the fccond with grat flaugh- 
 ter. The prince of Orange perfiited in his efforts with 
 incredible perfeverance and intrepidity, even after two 
 horfes had been killed under him, and the greater part of 
 his officers either fiain or difabled. The French fought 
 with an obftinacy of courage that bordered on dcfpair, till, 
 feeing their lines forced, their left wing and centre giving 
 way, and their general, Villars, dangeroufly woundei ,
 
 502 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK they made an excellent retreat towards Bavay, under the 
 
 conduct of BooHkrs, and took poft between Qnefnoy, and 
 
 ^"Y^ Valenciennes. The field of battle they abandoned to the 
 
 1709. confederates, with about forty colours and ftandards. fix- 
 French de- . . f -it j } j , ., 
 fated- tcen pi ec e s of artillery, and a good number of pnfontrs : 
 
 But this was the deareft victory the allies had ever pur- 
 chafed. About 20,000 of their beft troops were killed in 
 the engagement; whereas the enemy did not lofe half the 
 number, and retired at leifure, perfectly recovered of that 
 apprehenfion with which they had been for fome years in- 
 fpired and overawed by the fucceffes of their adverfaries. 
 On the fide of the allies, Count Lottum, General Tettau, 
 Count Oxienftern, and the marquis of Tullibardine were 
 killed, with many officers of diftinction. Prince Eugene 
 was (lightly wounded on the head: Lieutenant-General 
 Webb received a (hot in the groin. The duke of Argyle, 
 who diftinguifhed himfelf by extraordinary feats of valour, 
 efcaped unhurt; but fever al mufket-balls penetrated 
 through his clothes, hat, and periwig. In the French ar 
 my, the Chevalier de St. George charged twelve times 
 with the hofehold troops, and in the laft was wounded 
 with a fword in the arm. The marefchal de Villars con 
 fidently afTerted, that if he himfelf had not been difa- 
 bled, the confederates would certainly have been de 
 feated. 
 
 Confidering the fituation of the French, the number 
 of their troops, and the manner in which they were forti 
 fied, nothing could be more rafh and imprudent than the 
 att ack, which coft the lives of fo many gallant men, 
 and was attended with fo little advantage to the con 
 querors. Perhaps the duke of Marlborough thought a 
 victory was abfolutely neceflary to fupport his finking in- 
 tereft at the court of Great Britain. His intention was 
 to have given battle before the enemy had intrenched 
 themfelves ; but Prince Eugene infifted upon delaying the 
 action until the reinforcement fhould arrive from Tour- 
 nay. The extraordinary carnage is imputed to the impe- 
 tuofity of the prince of Orange, whofe aim, through this 
 whole war, was to raife himfelf into confideration with the 
 flates-general, by fignal acts of military prowefs. The 
 French having retired to Valenciennes, the allies were 
 left at liberty to befiege Mons, which capitulated about 
 the end of October ; and both armies were diftributed in 
 winter-quarters. The campaign on the Rhine produced 
 nothing but one {harp action, between a detachment of 
 ihe French army commanded by the couut de Borgh, and 
 a body of troops under count Merci, who pafied the Rhine 
 in order to penetrate into Franche-comte. The Imperial
 
 ANNE. 503 
 
 officer was worfted in this encounter, with the lofs of C H A P. 
 2OOO men ; obliged to repafs the river, and retired to v - 
 Fribourg. In Piedmont, Velt-Marsfchitl Thaun, com- 
 manded the confederates, in the room of the duke of Savoy 
 who had refufed to take the field until fome differences 
 which had arifen between the emperor and him fhould be 
 adjuftcd. Thaun s defign was to befiege Brian9on; but 
 the duke of Berwick had taken fuch precautions as fru- 
 ftrated his intention, though part of the troops under the 
 French general were employed in fuppreffing an infur- 
 reclion of the Camifars, and other malcontents in the Vi- 
 varez. Thefe were entirely defeated in a pitched battle ; 
 and Abraham, one of their leaders, being taken, was 
 broke alive upon the wheel ; three-and-twenty were hang 
 ed, and the other prifoners fent to the gallies. The pope 
 delayed acknowledging King Charles, under various pre 
 tences, in hope that the campaign would prove favourable 
 to the houfe of Bourbon ; till at length the emperor giving 
 him to underftand, that his army fhould take up their 
 winter-quarters in the ecclefiaftical ftate, his holinefs fo- 
 lemnly owned Charles as king of Spain, Naples, and Si 
 cily. 
 
 The military operations in Spain and Portugal were un- Operations 
 favourable to the allies. On the feventh of May, the For- pj*^* 
 tuguefe and Englifh were defeated at Caya, by the Spa 
 niards under the command of the marefchal de Bay. The 
 caftleof Alicant, guarded by two Englifh regiments, had 
 been befieged, and held out during the whole winter. At 
 length, the Chevalier d Asfeldt ordered the rock to be 
 undermined, and having lodged 200 barrels of gunpowder, 
 gave Syburg, the governor, to underftand, that two of 
 his officers might come out and fee the condition of the 
 works. This offer being accepted. Asfeldt in perfon ac 
 companied them to the mine : He told them, he could not 
 bear the thoughts of feeing fo many brave men perifh in 
 the ruins of a place they had fo gallantly defended ; and 
 allowed them four-and-twenty hours to confider on the 
 refolution they fhould take. Syburg continued deaf to his 
 remonftrances; and, with an obftinacy that favoured more 
 of ftupidity than of valour, determined to (land the explo- 
 fion. When the centinels that were ported on the fide of 
 the hill gave notice, by a preconcerted fignal, that fire 
 was fet to the mine, the governor ordered the guard to 
 retire, and walked out to the parade, accompanied by fe- 
 veral officers. The mine being fprung, the rock opened 
 under their feet, and they falling into the chafm, it inftant- 
 ly clofed, and crufhed them to death. Notwithflanding 
 this dreadful incident, Colonel d Albon, who fucceeded
 
 54 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK to the command, refolved to defend the place to the lafl 
 extremity. Sir Edward Whitaker, failed from Barcelona 
 to the relief of the place ; but the enemy had creeled fuch 
 works as efreclually hindered the troops from landing. 
 Then General Stanhope, who commanded them, capitu 
 lated with the Spanifh general for the garrifon, which 
 marched out with all the honours of war, and was tranf- 
 ported to Minorca, where the men were put into quarters 
 of refrefhment. On the frontiers of Catalonia, General 
 Staremberg, maintained his ground, and even annoyed the 
 enemy. He paffed the Segra, and reduced Balaguer. 
 Having left a ftrong garrifon in the place, he repafled the 
 river, i;nd fent his forces into winter-quarters. The moft 
 remarkable event of this fummer, was the battle of Pul- 
 towa, in which the king of Sweden was entirely defeated 
 by the czar of Mufcovy, and obliged to take refuge at 
 Bender, a town of Aloldavia, in the Turkifh dominions. 
 Auguftus immediately marched into Poland againft Stanif- 
 laus, and renounced his own refignation, as if it had been 
 the effect of com pulfion. He formed a proj eel: with the 
 kings of Denmark and Pruffia, to attack the Swedifh ter 
 ritories in three different places; but the emperor and ma 
 ritime powers prevented the execution of this fcheme by 
 entering into guaranty for prefer ving the peace of the em 
 pire. Neverihelefs, the king of Denmark declared war 
 againft Sweden and transported an army over the Sound 
 to Schonen ; but they were attacked and defeated by the 
 Swedes, and oblige to re-embark with the utmoft precipi 
 tation. The war ftill continued to rage in Hungary, 
 where, however, the revolters were routed in many petty 
 engagements. 
 
 Though the events of the fummer had been lefs unfa 
 vourable to France than Louis had reafon to expecl, he 
 faw that peace was as necefTary as ever to his kingdom ; 
 but he thought he might now treat with fome freedom and 
 dignity. His miniftcr, Torcy, maintained a correfpon- 
 dcnce with Mr. Petkum, refident of the duke of Holftein 
 at the Hague : He propofed to this minlfter, that the ne- 
 gociation ihould be renewed ; and demanded pafles, by 
 virtue of which the French plenipotentiaries might repair 
 in fafjty to Holland. In the mean time, the French king 
 withdrew his troops from Spain, on pretence of demon- 
 ftrating his readinefs to oblige the allies in that par ucu ar ; 
 though this meafure was the effeft of neceifity, which 
 obliged him to recal thofe troops for the defence of his 
 own dominions. The dates general refufcd to grant paf- 
 fes to the French minifters ; but they allowed Petkum to 
 make a journey to Verfoilles. In the interim King Phi-
 
 ANNE. 505 
 
 A P. 
 
 lip publiftied a manifefto, protefting agairifl all that ihould C H 
 be tranfadted at the Hague to his prejudice. Far from v - 
 
 yielding Spain and the Indies to his competitor, he de- 
 clared his intention of driving Charles from thofe places 17 9- 
 that were now in his pofTeffion. lie named the duke of 
 Alba, and Count Bergheyck for his plenipotentiaries, ;v.J 
 ordered them to notify their credentials to the maritime 
 powers ; but no regard was paid to their intimation. 
 Philip tampered likcwifc with the duke of Marlborough ; 
 and the marquis do Torcy renewed his attempts upqri 
 that general ; but all his application and addrefs proved in 
 effectual. Pctkurn brought back from Verfailles a kind 
 of memorial, importing, That thofe motives which influ- 
 cnced the French, before the campaign was opened, no 
 longer fubfifted : That the winter feafon naturally pro 
 duced a ceffation of arms, during which he would treat of 
 a general and reafonable peace, without reftnciing himftlf 
 to the form of ch . preliminaries which the allies had pre 
 tended to irnpofe : That, neverthelefs, he would ftill treat 
 on the foundation of thofe conditions to which he had con- 
 fented, and fend plenipotentiaries to begin the conferences 
 with thofe of the allies, on the firft day of January. The 
 irates- general inveighed againft this memorial, as a proof 
 of the French king s infmcerity; though he certainly had 
 a right to retracl thofe offers they had formerly rejected. 
 They came to a refolution, that it was abfolutely neccfi ary 
 to profecutc the war with vigour ; and they wrote pref- 
 fing letters on this fubject to all their allies. 
 
 The parliament of Great Britain being afiembled on Proceedi 
 the 1 5th day of November, the queen, in her fpeech, told OI P a < rhu 
 both houfes, That the enemy had endeavoured, by falfe 
 appearances, and deceitful inftnuations of a defire after 
 peace, to create jealoufies among the allies: That God 
 Almighty had been pleafed toblefs the arms of the confe 
 derates with a moft remarkable victory, and other fuccef- 
 fe, which had laid, France open to the irnpreilion of the 
 allied arms, and confequently rendered peace more necef- 
 fary to that kingdom than it was at the beginning of the 
 campaign. She infifted upon the expediency of prof-jcut- 
 ing the advantages {he had gained; by r.ducing that 
 exorbitant and oppreflive power which had fo long threat 
 ened the liberties of Europe. The parliament were as 
 eager and compliant as ever. They prefented congratu 
 latory addrefies: They thanked the duke of Marlborough 
 for his fignal fervices ; while great part of the nation re 
 proached him with having wantonly facrificed fo many 
 thoufand lives to his own private intereft and rtputatiori. 
 In lefs than a month, the commons granted upwards ct" 
 
 VOL. I. 7 S
 
 
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK fix millions for the fervice of the enfuing year; and efta 
 blifhed a lottery, with other funds, to anfwer this enor-. 
 t "*"Y" tnous fupply. On the I3th day of December, Mr. Dol- 
 EKt 7 ii?4ii ^ en *" 0i1 to t " c ^ ;te arcn biihop f York, complained to the 
 ccs Mlied houfe of two fermons preached and publifhedby Dr. Hen- 
 by Dr. ry Sacheven .1, reel or of St. Saviour s in Southwark, as 
 ; ! " " verel< , containing pofitions contrary to Revolution principles, to 
 the pni fent government, and the Proteftant fucceflion. 
 Sachevcrel was a clergyman of narrow intellects, and an 
 over-heated imagination. He had acquired fome popula 
 rity among thofe who diftinguifhed themfelves by the name 
 of High-churchmen ; and took all occafions to vent his 
 animofity againft the Difienters. At the fummer affizes 
 at Derby, he had held forth in thatftrain before the judges. 
 On the 5th day of November, in St. Paul s church, he, 
 in a violent declamation, defended the doctrine of non-re- 
 fiftance ; inveighed againft the toleration and Difienters; 
 declared the church was dangeroufiy attacked by her ene 
 mies, and {lightly defended by her falfe friends: He found 
 ed the trumpet for the church, and exhorted the people to 
 put on the whole armour of God. Sir Samuel Garrard, 
 the lord-Mayor, countenanced his harangue, which was 
 publifhed under his protection, extolled by the Tories, 
 and circulated all over the nation. The complaint of Mr. 
 Dolben againft Sacheverel was feconded in the houfe of 
 commons by fir Peter King, and other members. The 
 moft violent paragraphs were read: The fermons were 
 voted fcandalous and fedetious libels. Sacheverel being 
 brought to the bar of the houfe, acknowledged himfelf the 
 author of both, and mentioned the encouragement he had 
 received from the lord-mayor to print that which was en 
 titled, " The perils of falfe brethren." Sir Samuel who 
 was a member, denied he had ever given him fuch encou 
 ragement. The dodlor being ordered to withdraw, the 
 houfe refolved- he fhould be impeached of high crimes and 
 mifdemeanors ; and Mr. Dolben was ordered to impeach 
 him at the bar of the houfe of lords, in the name of all the 
 commons of England. A committee was appointed to 
 draw up articles, anc! Sacheverei was taken into cuftody. 
 At the fame time, in order to demonftrate their own prin 
 ciples, they refolved, That the Rev. Mr. Benjamin 
 Hoadly, reclor of St. Peter s-poor, for having often juf- 
 tified the principles on which her majefty and the nation 
 proceeded in the late happy Revolution, had juftly merited 
 the favour and recommendation of the houfe; and they 
 prefented an addrefs to the queen, befeeching her to be- 
 ftow fome dignity in the church on Mr. Hoadley, for his 
 eminent fervices both to the church and ftate. The queen
 
 ANNE. 507 
 
 returned a civil anfwer, though file paid no regard to their c H A p - 
 recommendation. Hoadlcy was a clergyman of found un- 
 derftanding, unblemifhed characterj and uncommon mo- 
 deration, who, in a lermon preached before the lord- 
 mayor of London, had demonftrated the lawfulnefs of re- 
 fiftin^ wicked and cruel governors; and vindicated the 
 late Revolution. Ey avowing fuch doctrines, he incurred 
 the refentment of the High-churchman, who accufed him 
 of having preached up rebellion. Many books were writ 
 ten againft the maxims he profefled. Thefe he anfwered ;, 
 and, in the courfe of the controverfy, acquitted himfclf 
 with fuperior temper, judgment, and folidity of arjru- 
 ment. He, as well as Bifhop Burnet, and feveral otb ;r 
 prelates, had been treated with great virulence in Sache- 
 verel s ferrnon ; and the lord-treafurer was fcurriloufly 
 abufed under the name of Volpone. 
 
 The doctor being impeached at the bar of the upper- 
 houfe, petitioned that he might be admitted to bail ; but 
 this indulgence was refufed, and the commons feemed bent 
 upon profecutin T him w th fuch feverity as gave difijuft to 
 men of moderate principles. Meanwhile the Tories were 
 not die. They boldly affirmed that the Whigs had formed 
 a defign to pull down the church ; and that this profecution 
 was intended to try their ftrength, before they would pro 
 ceed openly to the execution of their project. Thefe af- 
 fertions were fupported, and even credited by great part of 
 the clergy who did not fail to alarm and inflame their hear 
 ers; while emiflaries were employed to raife a ferment 
 among the populace, already prepared with difcontent, arif- 
 ing from a fcarcity which prevailed in almoft every country 
 of Europe. . The minifters magnified the dangers to which 
 the church was expofed, from Diffenters, Whigs, and luke 
 warm Prelates. Thefe they reprefented as the authors of a 
 ruinous war, which in a little time would produce univer- 
 fal famine; and as the immediate encouragers of thofepalan- 
 tine refugees who had been brought over to the number of 
 fix thoufand, and maintained by voluntary contributions, 
 until they could be conveniently tranfported into Ireland, 
 and the plantations in America. The charity beftowed 
 upon thefe unhappy flrangers exafperated the poor of Eng 
 land, who feltfeverely the effects of the dearth, and helped to 
 fill up the meafure of popular difcontent. The articles 
 againft Dr. Sacheverel being exhibited, his perfon was 
 committed to the deputy-ufher of the blackrod: But, after 
 wards, the lords admitted him to bail. Then he drew up an 
 anfwer to the charge, in which he denied fome articles, and 
 others he endeavoured to juftify -or extenuate. The com 
 mons having fcnt up a replication, declaring they were rea-
 
 5c8 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK dy to prove the charge, the lords appointed the 2yth day of 
 t* ! _j February for the trial, in Weftminftcr-hall. 
 
 ^T"* I he eyes of the whole kingdom were turned upon this 
 His trial, extraordinary trial. It lafted three weeks, during which 
 all other bufinefs was fufpended; and the queen herfelf 
 was every day prefent, though in quality of a private fpec- 
 tator. The managers for the commons were Sir Jofeph 
 Jekyl, Mr. Eyre, folicitor-gcneral, Sir Peter King, recor 
 der of the city of London, Lieutenant-General Stanhope, 
 Sir Thomas Parker, and Mr. Robert Walpole, treafurer of 
 the navy. The doftor was defended by Sir Simon Har- 
 courtand Mr. Phipps, and aflifted by Dr. Atterbury, Dr. 
 Smallridge, and Dr. Friend. A vaft multitude attended 
 him every day to and from Weftminfter-hall, ftriving to 
 kifshis hand, and praying for his deliverance, as if he had 
 been a martyr and confeffor. The queen s fedan was be- 
 fct by the populace, exclaiming," God blefs your majefty 
 " and the church. We hope your mrtjedy is for Dr. Sache- 
 verel." They compelled all perfons to lift their hats to 
 the doctor, as hs paflfed in his coach to the Temple, where 
 he lodged ; and among thefe fome members of parliament, 
 who were abufed and infulted. They deftroyed fc /eral 
 meeting-houfes ; plundered the dwelling-houfes of eminent 
 Di/Tenters ; and threatened to pull down thofe .of the lord- 
 chancellor, the earl of Wharton, and the bifhop of Sarum. 
 They even propofed to attack the bank ; fo that the direc 
 tors were obliged to fend to Whitehall for affiftance. The 
 horfe and foot guards were immediately fent to difperfj the 
 rioters, who fled at their approach. Next day the guards 
 were doubled at Whitehall, and the trained-bands of Well- 
 minder continued in arms during the whole trial. The 
 commons entreated the queen, in an addrefs, to take effec 
 tual meafures for fupprcffing the prefent tumults, fet on 
 foot and fomented by Papifts, Nonjurors,and other enemies 
 to her title and government. She cxpreffed a deep fenfe 
 of their care and concern, as well as a juft refentment at 
 thefe tumultuous and violent proceedings. She published 
 a proclamation for fuppreffing the tumults ; and feveral 
 perfons being apprehended, were afterwards tried for high- 
 treafon. Two of them were conviclcd, and fentenced to 
 die ; but neither fuffered. The commons prefented another 
 addrefs of thanks to her majefty, for her gracious anfwer to 
 their firft remonftrance. They took this occahon to de 
 clare, that the profecution of the commons againftDr. Hen 
 ry Sacheverel proceeded only from the indifpenfable obliga 
 tion they lay under to vindicate the late happy Revolution, 
 the glory of their royal deliverer, her own title and admi- 
 niftration, the prefent eftablimment and Protelhnt fuccef-
 
 A N N E. 509 
 
 fion, together with the toleration and the quiet of the go- C H A ?. 
 vernment. When the doctor s council had finifhed his de 
 fence, he himfelf recited a fpecch, wherein he folemnly juf- 
 tified his intentions towards the queen and her government; 
 and fpoke in the mod refpectful terms of the Revolution, 
 and the Proteftant fucceflion. He maintained the doctrine 
 of non-refiftance in all cafes whatfoever, as a maxim of the 
 church in which he was educated ; and by many pathetical 
 exprefnons endeavoured to excite the companion of the au 
 dience. He was furrounded by the queen s chaplains, who 
 encouraged and extolled him as the champion of the church ; 
 and he was privately favoured by the queen herfelf, who, 
 could not but relifh a doctrine fo well calculated for the 
 fupport of regal authority. 
 
 On the loth day of march, the lords being adjourned to 
 their own houfe, the earl of Nottingham propofed the fol 
 lowing queftion, " Whether, in proftcutions by impeach- 
 " ments for high crimes and mifdemeanors, by writing or 
 a fpealcing, the particular words fuppofed to be criminal are 
 " neceflury to be exprefsly fpeciHed in fuch impeachments ?" 
 The judges being confulted, were unanimoufly of opinion, 
 that, recording to law, the grounds of an indictmentor im 
 peachment ought to be exprcfsly mentioned in both. One 
 of the lords having fuggefbed, that the judges had delivered 
 their opinions according to the rules of Wefrminfter-halj, 
 and not according to the ufage of parliament, the houfe rc- 
 folved, that in impeachments they fhoul.l proceed accordinr 
 to toe laws of the land, and the law and ufage of parliaments. 
 On i he l6th day of the month, the queen being in the houfe 
 incognito, they proceeded to conftder whether or not the 
 commons had made good the articles exhibited againft Dr. 
 Sacheverel, The earl of Wharton obferved, That the doc 
 tor s fpeech was a full confutation and condemnation of his 
 ferrnon : That all he had advanced about non-refiflance and 
 unlimited obedience was falle and ridiculous: That the 
 doctrine of paffive obedience, as urged by the dcccor, was 
 not reconcileable to the practice of churchmen : That if the 
 Revolution was not lawful, many in that houfe, and vaft 
 numbers without, were guilty of blood, marcher, rapine, 
 and injuftice ; and that the queen herfelf was no lawful fo- 
 vereign, fince the beft title fhe had to the crown was her 
 parliamentary title, founded upon the Revolution. He was 
 anfwered by the Lord Haver/ham in a long fpeech, Lord 
 Ferrers faid,if the doctor was guilty of fome fool ifh unguard 
 ed exprcffions, he ought to have been tried at common law. 
 The earl of Scarborough obferved, the Revolution was a 
 nice point, and above the law : He moved that they fhculd 
 adjourn the debate, and talcs time to ccr,f:der before they
 
 5io HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK gave judgment. Doclor Hooper, bifhopof Bath andWeHS 
 IL allowed the neceffity and legality of refinance in fonie ex- 
 traordinary cnfes; but was of opinion, that this maxim 
 ought to be concealed from the knowledge of the people, 
 who are naturally too apt to refill: : That the Revolution, 
 was not to be boafted of, nor made a precedent : But that 
 a mantle ought to be thrown over it, and it fhould be call 
 ed a vacancy or abdication. He faid the original compact 
 were dangerous words, not to be mentioned without great 
 caution: Thnt thofe who examined the Revolution too 
 nicely were no friends to it; and that there feemed to be a 
 neceffity fo: preaching up non-refiftance and paffive obedi 
 ence at that time, when refinance was juftified. The duke 
 of Argyle affirmed, that the clergy in all ages had delivered 
 up the rights and privileges of the people, preaching up the 
 king s power, in order to govern him the more eafily ; and, 
 therefore, they ought not to be fuffered to meddle with poli 
 tics. The earl of Anglcfey owned the dotor had preached 
 nonfenfe ; but faid that was no crime. The duke of Leeds 
 diftinguiihed between refiftance and revolution ; for, had 
 not the laft fucceeded, it would have certainly been rebelli 
 on, fince he knew of no other but hereditary right. The 
 bifhop of Salifbury juftified refiftance from the book of 
 Maccabees : He mentioned the conduct of Queen Elizabeth, 
 who affifted the Scots, the French, and the dates-general, in 
 refifting their different fovereigns, and was fupported in this 
 practice both by her parliaments and her convocations. He 
 obferved, that King Charles L had affifted the citizens of 
 Rochelle in their rebellion : That Manwaring incurred a 
 fevere cenfure from the parliament, for having broached the 
 doctrine of the divine right of kings ; and that though this 
 became a favourite maxim after the Reftoration, yet its 
 warmeft aflerters were the firft who pleaded for refiftance 
 when they thought themfelves oppreff-d. The archbifhop 
 of York, the due of Buckingham, and other leaders of the 
 Tory iirtereft, declared that they never read fuch a peace of 
 madnefs and nonfenfe as Sacheverel s fermon ; but they did 
 not think him guilty of a mifdemeanour. Next day, Dr. 
 Wake, bi/hop of Lincoln, accufed Sacheverel of having 
 made a ftrange and falfe reprefentation of the defign for a 
 comprehenfion, which had been fat on foot by Archbifhop 
 Bancroft, and promoted by the moft eminent divines of the 
 church of England. He was of opinion that fame ften 
 fhould be taken for puting a ftop to fuch preaching, as, if 
 not timely corrected, might kindle heats and animefities 
 that would endanger both church and ft?.te. Dr. Trimnel, 
 bifhop of Norwich, expatiated upon theinfolcnce of Sache 
 verel, who had arraigned Archbiihop Grindal, one of the
 
 ANNE. 5ir 
 
 eminent Reformers, as a perfidious prelate, for having fa- C H A P. 
 vourcd and tolerated the difcipline of Geneva. He enlarged v - 
 upon the good effe&s of the toleration. He took notice of ( ~^y~*~ 
 Sacheverel s preemption in publiming inflammatory pray- I7 0< 
 ers, declaring himfelf under perfecution, while he was pro- 
 fecuted for offending againft the law, by thofe who in com 
 mon juflice ought to bethought the faireft accufers, and 
 before tlieir lordfhips, who were juftly acknowledged to be 
 the moft impartial judges. In difcufling the fourth article, 
 the biiliop of Salifbury fpoke with great vehemence againft 
 Sacheverel, who, by inveighing againft the Revolution, 
 Toleration, and Union, fccmed to arraign and attack the 
 queen herfclf; fmce her majefty had fo great a fhare in the 
 firft ; had often declared fhe would maintain the fecond; 
 and that fhs looked upon the third as the moft glorious e- 
 vent of her reign. He affirmed that nothing could be more 
 nlain than the doctor s reflecting upon her majefty s mini- 
 iter ; and that he had fo well marked out a noble peer there 
 prefent, by an ugly and fcurrilous epithet which he would 
 uot repeat, that it was not poilible to miftake his mean 
 ing. Some of the younger peers could not help laughing at 
 this undefigned farcafm upon the lord-treafurer, whom Sache- 
 verel had reviled under the name of Volpone : They ex- 
 " claimed, " Name him, name him ;" and, in all proba 
 bility, the zealous bifhop, who was remarkable for abfence 
 of mind and unguarded expreilions, would have gratified 
 their requeft, had not the chancellor, interpofmg, declared 
 that no peer was obliged to fay more than he fhould think 
 proper. 
 
 After obftinate difputes, and much virulent altercation, 
 Sacheverel was found guilty by a majority of feventeea 
 voices; and four-and- thirty peers entered a proteft againft 
 this decifion. He was prohibited from preaching for the 
 term of three years : His two fermons were ordered to be 
 b ^rnt by the hands of the common hangman, in prefence 
 of the lord-mayor and the two fherifFs of London and 
 Middlefex. The lords likewife voted, that the execu 
 tioner fhould commit to the fame fire, the famous decree 
 pafled in the convocation of the univerfity of Oxford, af- 
 ierting the abfolute authority and indefeafible right of 
 princes. A like fentence was denounced by the commons 
 upon a book intituled, " Collections of paffages referred 
 " to by Dr. Sacheverel, in his anfwer to the articles of 
 " impeachment." Thefe he had felecled from impious 
 . books lately publifhed, and they were read by his counfei, 
 as proofs that the church was in danger. The lenity of 
 the fentence parted upon Sacheverel, which was in a ^reat 
 meafure owing to the dread of popular refentment, his 
 friends confidered as a victory obtained over a Whig fac-
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 O i> K ti on, and they celebrated their triumph with bonfires "and 
 illuminations. On the fth day of April, the queen or- 
 dered the parliament to be prorogued, after having, in 
 Bamct ^er ^P cec ^ to both houfcs, cxprefled her concern for the 
 Hare. ncceflkry occafion which had taken up great part of their 
 
 lorcy. time towards the latter end of the feflion. She declared 
 Hiftfof 1 **" ^ at no P rnicc COIJ ld have a more true and tender concern 
 the (iukecf for the welfare and profperity of the church than {he had, 
 Rfarlbo- and fhould always have; and fhe faid it was very inju 
 rious to take a pretence from wicked and malicious libels. 
 
 1 jnCuli. . 
 
 Vokaii-e. to infuiuate that the church was in danger by her adminif- 
 tration. 
 
 Joeffedhial The French king, feeing the mifery of his people daily 
 increafe, and all his refcurces fail, humbled himfelf again 
 before the allies, and by means of Petkum, who ftill cor- 
 refponded with his minifters, implored the ftates-general, 
 that the negociation might be rcfumed. In order to faci 
 litate their con fen t, he difpatched a new proje6l of pacifi 
 cation, in which he promifed to renounce his grandfon, 
 and to Comply with all their other demands, provided the 
 electors of Cologn and Bavaria fhould be re-eftablifhed in 
 their eflates and dignities. Thefe overtures being rejected, 
 another plan was offered, and communicated to the ple 
 nipotentiaries of the emperor and queen ef Great Britain. 
 Then Petkurn wrote a letter to the marquis de Torcy, 
 intimating, that the allies required his moft Chriftian ma- 
 jefly fhould declare, in plain and exprelTive terms, that 
 he cor.fented to all the preliminaries, except the thirty- 
 ieventh article, which flipulated a ceflation of arms, in 
 cafe the Snanifh monarchy fhould be delivered to King 
 Charles in the fpace of two months. He faid, the allies 
 would fend pafTports to the French minifters, to treat of an 
 equivalent for that article. Louis was even forced to fwal- 
 low this bitter draught. He fignified his confent, and ap 
 pointed the Marefchal D Uxellcs and the Abbe Polig>iac 
 his plenipotentiaries. They were not differed, however, 
 to enter Holland, but were met by the Deputies Buys 
 and VanderdufTen at Gertruydenberg. Meanvvhile, the 
 ftates defired the queen of England to fend over the duke 
 of Marlborough, to aflift them with his advice in thefe 
 conferences. The two houfes of parliament fcconded their 
 requeft in a joint addrefs to her majefly, who told them 
 fhe had already given directions for his departure ; and 
 faid fhe was glad to find they concurred with her in a juft 
 fenfe of the duke s eminent fervices. Both the letter and 
 the addrefs were procured by the intereft of Marlborough, 
 to let the queen fee how much that nobleman was confi- 
 dered both at home and abroad. But fhe was already
 
 ANNE. 513 
 
 wholly alienated from him in her heart, and thefe expedi- C H A r- 
 ents ferved only to increafe her diAjuft. v - 
 
 The French miniHers were fubje&ed to every fpecies of >-*"y* - 
 mortification. They were in a manner confined to a finall I 7 IO> 
 fortified town, and ail their con duel: narrowly watched. 
 Their accomodation was mean : Their letters were open 
 ed; and they were daily infulted by injurious libels. The 
 Dutch deputies would hear of no relaxation, and no expe 
 dient for removing the difficulties that retarded the negoci- 
 ation. In vain the plenipotentiaries declared, that the 
 French king would not with decency, or the leaft regard 
 to his honour, wage war againft his own grandfon : The 
 deputies infiftedupon his effecting the L-iTion of Spain and 
 and th:; Indies to the houfe of Auftria ; and fubmitting to 
 to every other crticl; fpecified in the preliminaries. Nay, 
 they even referved to thcmfelves a power of making ulterior 
 demands after the preliminaries {hould beadjufted. Louis 
 propcfcd thatfome fmall provifion (liould be made for the 
 duke of Anjou, which might induce him to relinquish 
 Spain the more eafily. He mentioned the kingdom of 
 Arreagon ; and this hint being difigreeable to the allies, he 
 demanded Naples and Sicily. When they urged that Na 
 ples was was already in pofleffion of the houfe of Au i:rk, 
 he rcftn&ed the provifion to Sicily and Sardinia. He of 
 fered to deliver up four cautionary towns in Flanders, as a 
 fecuiity for Philip s evacuating Spain ; and even promifjd 
 to fupply the confederates with a monthly Aim of money, 
 to defray the expence of expelling thatprince from his do 
 minions, fhould he refufe to refign them with a good grace. 
 The fubftance of all the conferences was communicated to 
 Lord Townfhend, and Count Zinzendorf, the Imperial 
 plenipotentiary; but the conducl of the deputies was regu 
 lated by the penfionary Heinfius, who was firmly attached 
 to Prince Eugene and the duke of Marlborough, more a- 
 verfe than ever to a pacification. The negociation lafted 
 from the igth of March to the 25th of July, during whic i 
 term the conferences were feveral times interrupted, and 
 a great many difpatches and new propoials arrived from 
 Verfailles. At length, tie plenipotentiaries returned to 
 France, after having f-nt a letter to the penfionary, in 
 which they declared, that the propofals made by the depu 
 ties were unjufr. and impracticable ; and complained cf the 
 unworthy treatinent to which they had been expofed. Louis 
 refolved to hazard another campaign, not without hope, 
 that there might be forne lucky incident in the events of 
 war, and that the approaching revolution in the Englifh 
 miniflry, of which he v/as well apprifed, would be productive 
 of amore reafonable pacification. The ftatcs-geiicrul re- 
 VOL. I. 3 T
 
 $14 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Book folved, That the enemy had departed from the foundation 
 on which the negociation had begun, and fludicd pretences 
 to evade the execution of the capital points, the rcflitution 
 of Spain and the Indies ; and, in fhort, that France had no 
 other view than to fow and create jealoufy and difunion 
 among the allies. Lord Townfhend, in a memorial, afiur- 
 ed them, that the queen entirely approved their rcfolution, 
 rjid all the fteps they had tak.cn in the cmrfe of the nego 
 ciation ; and that fhe was firmly refolved to profecute the 
 war with r.ll poflible vigour, until the enemy fhould accept 
 fuch terms of peace as might fecure the tranquillity of the 
 Chriftian world. 
 
 ies ^ nc conferences did not retard the operations of the 
 campaign. Prince Eugene and the duke of Msrlborough 
 fet out from the Hague on the 1 5th day of March for 
 Tourney, in order to afTemble the forces which were 
 quartered on the Maefe, in Flanders, and Brabant. On 
 the 2Oth of April, they fuddenly advanced to Pont-a-Ven- 
 din, in order to attack the lines upon which the French had 
 been at work all the winter, hoping by thefe to cover Doiiay 
 and other frontier towns, which were threatened by the 
 confederates. The troops left for the defence of the lines 
 retired without oppofition. The allies having laid bridges 
 over the Scarpe, the duke of Marl borough with his divifi- 
 on puffed that river, and encamped at Vitri. Prince Eu 
 gene remained on the other fide, and inverted Doiiay, the 
 enemy retiring towards Cambiay. Marfchal Villars ftill 
 commanded the French army, which was extremely numer 
 ous and well appointed, confidering the diftrefs of that 
 kingdom. Indeed, the number was augmented by this dif- 
 trefs ; for many thoufands faved themfelves frera dying of 
 hunger, by carrying arms in the fervice. The marefchal 
 having auembled all his forces, pafied the Schelde, and en 
 camped at Boucham, declaring that he would give battle 
 to the confederates : An alteration was immediately made 
 in the difpofition of the allies, and proper precautions taken 
 for his reception. He advanced in order of battle; but 
 having viewed the fituation of the confederates, he march 
 ed back to the heights of St. Laurence, where he fixed his 
 camp. His aim was by continual alarms to interrupt the 
 fiege of Doiiay, which was vigoroufly defended by a nu 
 merous garrifon, under the command of Monfieur Albcr- 
 gotti, who made a number of fuccefsful fJlies, in which 
 the befigers loft a great number of nu-n. They were like- 
 wife repulfed in feveral allaults ; but {lill proceeded with 
 unrcmitted vigour, until the bcfieged being reduced to the 
 laft extremity, were obliged to capitulate on the 26th of 
 June, fifty days after the trenches had been opened. The
 
 ANNE. 513 
 
 generals finding it impracticable to attack the enemy, who CHAP. 
 were potted within ftrong lines from Arras towards Mira- 
 rnont, refolved to befie^e Bethune, which was inverted on ^"Y"**^ 
 the I5th day July, and furrendered on the 2gth of Auguft. 1 10 
 Villars marched out of his entrenchments with a view to 
 raile the fiege ; but he did not think proper to hazard an 
 engagement : Some warm fkinniihes, however, happened 
 between the foragers of the two armies. After the reduc 
 tion of Bethune, the allies befieged at one time the towns 
 of Aire and St. Venant, which were taken without much 
 difficulty. Then the armies broke up, and inarched into 
 winter quarters. 
 
 The campaign on the Rhine was productive of no mili 
 tary event; nor was any thing of eonfequence tranfa&ed 
 in Piedmont. The duke of Savoy being indifpofed and 
 out of humour, the command of the forces ftill continued 
 vefted in Count Thaun, who endeavoured to pafs the 
 Alps, and penetrate into Dauphine ; but the duke of Ber 
 wick had caft up entrenchments in the mountains, and tak 
 en fuch precautions to guard them, as baffled all the at 
 tempts of the Imperial general. Spain was much more 
 fruitfil of military incidents. The horfe and dragoons in King 
 the army cf King Charles, headed by General Stanhope, c !? arle < ** 
 attacked the whole cavalry of the enemy at Alrnenan:. tor b . a 
 Stanhope charged in perfon, and with his own hand flew 
 General Ameflaga, who commanded the guards of Philip. 
 The Sp-miih horfe were entirely routed, together with nine 
 battalions that efcaped by fivour of the darkncfs ; ".nd the 
 main body of the army retired with precipitation to Lerida. 
 General St.iremberg purfued them to Saragoila, where he 
 found them drawn up in order of battle ; and an engage 
 ment enfuing on the gth day of Auguft, the enemy were 
 totally defeated; 5000 of their men were killed, 7000 tak 
 en, together with all their artillery, and a great number of 
 colours and i tand trds. King Charles entered Saragofla in 
 triumph, while Philip, with the wreck of his army, retreat 
 ed to Madrid. Having fent his queen and fon to Victoria, he 
 retired to Valladolid, in order to collect his fcattered troops 
 fo as to form another army. The good fortune of Charles 
 was of (hort duration. Stanhope propofed that he ihould 
 immediately fecure Pampeluna, the only pafs by which the 
 French King could fend troops to Spain ; but this falutary 
 fcheme was rejected. King Charles proceeded to Madrid, 
 which was deferted by all the grandees; and he had the mor 
 tification to fee that the Caftiiians were univerfally attached 
 to his competitor. 
 
 While his farces continued cantoned in the neighbour 
 hood of Toledo, the king of France, at the requcft of P.ii
 
 r:S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK lip, fent the duke de Vendome to take the command of 
 the Spaniih army, which was at the lame time reinforced 
 by detachments of French troops. Vendome s reputation 
 was fo high, and his perfon ib beloved by the foldisry, that 
 his pi tfence WHS alrnofl equivalent to an army. A great 
 number of volunteers immediately aflembled to fignalize 
 themfelves under the eye of this renowned general. The 
 Caftilisuas were infpired with frefh courage, and made fur- 
 prifmg efforts in favour of their fovereign ; fo that in lefs 
 than three months after his defeat at Saragofla, he was 
 in a condition to go in queft of his rival. Charles, on 
 the other hand, was totally neglected by the court 1 ., of 
 Vienna and Great Britain, which took no fteps to fup- 
 ply his wants, or enable him to profecute the advantages 
 Allies de- he had gained. In the beginning of November, his army 
 featedat marched back to Saragoiia, and was cantoned in the 
 ciofa*" neighbourhood of Cifuentes, where Staremberg eftablifhed 
 his head-quarters. General Stanhope, with the Britiih 
 forces, was quartered in the little town of Brihuega, where, 
 on the twenty-feventh day of the month, he found himfelf 
 fuddenl.y furrounded by the whole Spanifh army. As the 
 place was net tenable, and he had very little ammunition, 
 he was obliged, after a fhort but vigorous refiftance, to 
 capitulate, and furrendcr himfelf and all his forces pri- 
 foners of war, to the amount of 20OO men, including 
 three lieutenant-generals, one major-general, one briga 
 dier, with all the colonels and officers cf the refpeclive 
 regiments. He was greatly cenfured for having allowed 
 himfelf to be furprifed ; for, if he had placed a guard 
 upon the neighbouring hills, according to the advice of 
 General Carpenter, he might have received notice of the 
 enemy s approach time enough to retire to Cifuentes. 
 Thither he had detached his aid-du-camp, with an ac 
 count of his fituation, on the appearance of the Spanifh 
 army ; and Str.remberg immediately aflembled his forces. 
 About eleven in the forenoon they began to march tow 
 ards Brihuega j but the roads were fo bad, that night 
 overtook them before they reached the heights in the 
 neighbourhood of that place. Starembero; is laid to have 
 loitered away his time unnecefTarily, from motives of envy 
 to the Englifti general, who had furrendered before his 
 arrival. 1 he troops lay ?.Jl night on their arms near 
 Villa-viciofa, and on the 2Qth were attacked by the e,i-- 
 mv, who d.H .hkd their number. Starcmberg s left v 
 was utterly defeated, all the infantry that compofed it hav 
 ing been either cut in pieces or taken ; hut the victors, 
 inftead ci fv^lo .vi;:^; the blow, began to plunder the bag 
 gage; ar.d Staremberg, with his right \vi;-:r, iV^ht their
 
 ANN E. 75i 
 
 left with furprifu-.s: valour and pcrfcverence till night, c H A P. 
 Then they reared in diforder, leaving him matter of the v - 
 field of battle, and of all their artillery. Six thoufand of 
 the enemy were killed on the fpot ; but the allies had 
 fufFered fo feverely that the general could not maintain 
 his ground. He ordered the cannon to he nailed up, and 
 marched to Saragoila, from whence he retired to Cata 
 lonia. Thither he was purfued by the duke de Vendome, 
 who reduced Balaguer, in which he had left a garrifon, 
 and compelled him to take flicker under the walls of Bar- 
 celsna. At this period, the duke de Noailles inverted 
 Gironne, which he reduced, notwithstanding the feverity 
 of the weather; fo that Philip, from a fugitive, became 
 in three months abfolute rr,a{tcr of the whole Spanifh 
 monarchy, except the province of Catalonia, and even 
 that lay open to his incurfions. Nothing of confequencc 
 was achieved on the fide of Portugal, from whence the earl 
 of Galway returned to England by the queen s perrniffion. 
 The operations of the Britim fleet, during this fummer, 
 were fo inconfiderable ?.s fcarce to deferve notice. Sir 
 John N orris commanded in the Mediterranean, and with 
 a vie 1 ,/ to fupport the Carniferc, who were in arms in the 
 Cevennes, failed to port Cette, within a league of Mar- 
 feiiles, and at the diftance of 15 from the infurgents. 
 The place furrendered, without oppofition, to about 700 
 men, that landed under the command of Major-General 
 Saifian, a native of Languedoc. He likewife made him- 
 fdf n-.after of the town and caftle of Ayde ; but the duke 
 de Noailks advancing with a body cf forces to join the 
 t!u!:e de Roquelaire, who commanded in thofe parts, the 
 Englifh abandoned their conqueils, and re-embarked with 
 precipitation. After the battle of Pultowa, the czar of 
 Mufcovy reduced all Livonia ; but he and king Auguftus 
 agreed to a neutrality for Pomerania. The king of 
 Sweden continued at Bender, and the grand fignor in- 
 terefted hirr.felf fo much in behalf of that prince, as to de 
 clare war againit the emperor of Ruflia. Hoftilities were 
 carried on between the? Swediih and Danifh fleets with 
 various fuccefs. The malcontents in Hungary fuftained 
 repeated lofies during the fummer; but they were encou 
 raged to nr. .intain the v/ar by the rupture between the 
 Ottoman Force and Ruffia. They were flattered with 
 hopes of auxiliaries from the Turks, and expected engi 
 neers and money from the French monarch. 
 
 In England, the effects of thofe intrigues which had 
 been formed againfr the Whig miniftcrs began to appear. 
 The trial of Sacheverel had excited a popular fr.irit ot 
 averfion to thofe who favoured the DifTenters. From all
 
 5i HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 TOOK parts of the kingdom addrefies were preferred to the 
 11 queen, cenfuring all refiftance as a rebellious doctrine, 
 
 """V" 1 *^ founded upon anti-monarchical and rebublican principles. 
 J 7 10 - At the fame time, countcr-addreffes were procured by the 
 Whigs, extolling the Revolution, and magnifying the con- 
 duel of the prefent parliament. The queen began to ex- 
 prci s her attachment to the Tories, by mortifying the 
 duke of Marlborough. Upon the death of the earl of 
 EiTcx, fhe wrete to the general, defiring that the regiment 
 which had been commanded by that nobleiran fhould be 
 given to Mr. Hill, brother to Mrs. Malham, who had 
 lupplanted the duchefs of Marlborough in the queen s 
 friendfnip, and was in effect the fource of this political 
 revolution. The duke reprefended to her majefty, in per- 
 ibn, the prejudice that would redound to the fervice from 
 the promotion of fuch a young officer over the heads of a 
 great many brave men, who had exhibited repeated proofs 
 of valour and capacity. He expoftulated with his fove- 
 reign on this extraordinary mark of partial regard to the 
 brother of Mrs. Maftiam, which he could not help confi- 
 dering as a declaration againit himfelf and his family, who 
 had fo much caufe to complain of that lady s malice and 
 ingratitude. To this remonftrance the queen made no 
 other reply, but that he would do well to confult his 
 friends. The earl of Godolphin enforced his friend s ar 
 guments, though without effect; and the duke retired in 
 difguft to Windfor. The queen appeared at council, 
 without taking the leaft notice of his abfence, which did 
 not fail to alarm the whole Whig faction. Several no 
 blemen ventured to fpeak to her majefty on the fubject, 
 and explain the bad Confequences of difobliging a man 
 who had done fuch eminent fervices to the nation. She 
 told them his fervices were ftill frefh in her memory ; 
 and that file retained all her former kindnefs for his per- 
 fon. Hearing, however, that a popular clamour was raif- 
 ed, and that the houfe of commons intended to pafs fome 
 votes that would be difagreeable to her and her new coun- 
 fellors, fhe ordered the earl of Godolphin to write to the 
 duke, to difpofe of the regiment as he fhould think proper, 
 and return to town immediately. Before he received this 
 intimation, he had fent a letter to the queen, defiring fhe 
 would permit him to retire from bufmefs. In anfwerto 
 this petition, fhe allured him his fufpicions were ground- 
 Kt ; , and infilled upon his coming to council. The du 
 chefs demanded an audience of her majefty, on pretence of 
 vindicating her own character from fome afperfions. She 
 hoped to work upon the queen s tendernefs, and retrieve 
 the influence fhe had loft. She protefteJ, argued, wc-p",
 
 ANNE. 519 
 
 and fupplicated ; but the queen was too well pleafed with CHAP, 
 her own deliverance from the tyranny of the othei s friend- ( V- 
 {hip, to incur fuch flavery for the future. All the hu- * X ~Y" X ~ ; 
 miliation of the duchefs ferved only to render hcrfelf the 
 more contemptible. The queen heard her, without ex 
 hibiting the leaft fign of emotion ; and all (he would 
 vouchfafe v/as a repetition of thefe words, " You defired 
 " no anfvver, and you (hall have none:" Alluding to an 
 expreffion in a letter fhe had received from the duchefs. 
 As an additional mortification to the miniftry, the office 
 of lord-chamberlain was transferred from the duke of 
 Kent to the duke of Shrewfbury, who had lately voted 
 with the Tories, and maintained an intimacy of corref- 
 pondence with Mr. Harley. The intereft of the duke of 
 Marlborough was not even fufficient to prevent the dif- 
 miffion of his own fon-in-law, the earl of Sunderland, from 
 the poft of fecretary of ftate, in which he was fucceeded by 
 Lord Dartmouth. 
 
 The queen was generally npplauded for thus afTerting 
 her juft prerogative, and fetting herfdf free from an ar 
 bitrary cabal, by which fhe had been fo long kept in de 
 pendence. The duke of Beaufort went to court on this 
 occafion, and told her majefty, he was extremely glad that 
 he could now falute her queen in reality- The whole 
 Whig party were juftly alarmed at thefe alterations. The 
 directors of the bank reprefented to her majefty the pre 
 judice that would undoubtedly accrue to public credit from 
 a change of the miniftry. The emperor and the ftates- 
 general interpofed in this domeftic revolution. Their mi- 
 nifters at London prefanted memorials, explaining in what 
 manner foreign affairs would be influenced by an alteratioa 
 in the Britifh miniftry. The queen allured them, that, 
 whatever changes might be made, the duke of Marlborough 
 fhould be continued in his employments. In the munth 
 of Auguft, the earl of Godolphin was divefted of his of 
 fice, and the treafury put in cornmifTion, fubjedted to the 
 direction of liarley, appointed chancellor of the exchequer 
 and under-treafurer. The enrl of Rochefter was declared 
 prefidsnt of the council, in the room of Lord Somers : The 
 flaff of lord-fteward being taken from the duke of Devon- 
 fhire, was given to the duke of Buckingham ; and Mr. Boyle 
 was removed from the lecrctary s office, to make way for Mr. 
 Henry St. John. The lord-chancellor having refigned the 
 great feal, it was firft put in commiiTion, and afterwards giv 
 en to Sir Simon Fiarcourt. The earl of W&a rton furreader- 
 ed his commiflion of lord-lieutenant of Ireland, which the 
 queen conferred on the duke of Orrr.ond. The earl of Or- 
 ford withdrew fcimfelf from the board of admiralty; and Mr.
 
 520 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 BOOK George Grenville was appointed fecretary of war, in the 
 IJ - room of Mr. Robert Walpole. The command of rh.j forces 
 
 ^"V^ in Portugal was beftowed upon the earl of Portmo-e ; the 
 I7IO- duke of Hamiiton was appointed lord-lieutenant of the coun 
 ty palatine of Lancafler. In a word, there was not one Whig 
 left in any office of fcate, except the duke of Marlborough, 
 who would have renounced his command, had not he been 
 earneftly diffuaded by his particular friends from taking 
 fuch a ftep as might have been prejudical to the intereft of 
 the nation. That the triumph of the Tories might be 
 complete, the queen diffolved the Whig pr.rliament, after 
 fuch precautions were taken as could not fail to influence 
 the new election in favour of the other party. 
 
 To this end nothing fo effectually contributed as did the 
 trial of Sacheverel, who was ufed as an inllrument and 
 tool to wind and turn the paffions of the vulgar. Having 
 been prefcnted to a benefice in North Wales, he went in 
 proceilion to that country, with all the pomp and magni 
 ficence of a fovereign prince. He was fumptuoufly en 
 tertained by the univerfity of Oxford, and different noble 
 men, who, while they worshipped him as the idol of their 
 faction, could not help defpiiing the object of their adora 
 tion. He was received in fcveral towns by the magistrates 
 of the corporation in their formalities, and often attended 
 by a body of a thoufand horfe. At Bridgenorth he was 
 met by Mr. Crefwell, at the head of four thoufand horfe, 
 and the like number of perfons on foot, wearing white 
 knots edged with gold, and three leaves of gilt laurel in 
 their hats. The hedges were for two miles drefled with 
 garlands of flowers, and lined with people ; and the ftee- 
 ples covered with ilreamers, flags, and colours. Nothing 
 was heard but the cry of " The church and Dr. Sache- 
 " verel." The clergy were adluated by a fpirit of enthu- 
 fiafm, which feemed to fpiead like a contagion through all 
 ranks and degrees of people, and had fuch an effect upon 
 the elections for the new parliament, that very few were 
 returned as members but fuch as had diftinguifhe d them- 
 felves by their zeal againfr. the Whig administration. 
 Now the queen had the ple;.fure to fee all the offices of 
 ftate, the lieutenancy of London, the management cf 
 corporations, and the direction of both houfes of parliament 
 in the hands of the Tories. When thefe met on the 25th 
 day of November, Mr. Bromley was chof-m fpeakcr with 
 out oppofition. The queen, in her fpeech, recommended 
 the profecution of- the war with vigour, efpecially in 
 Spain. She declared herfelf refolved to fupport the church 
 of England ; to preferve the Britifh confti cation according 
 to the Union > to maintain the indulgence by law allowed
 
 ANNE. -521 
 
 to fcrupulous conferences ; and to employ none but fuch CHAP. 
 as were heartily attached to the Proteftant fucceflion in the v - 
 houfe of Hanover. The lords, in their addrefs, promifed ^*y*** 
 to concur in all reafonable me;.fures towards procuring an I7IC - 
 honourable peace. The commons were more warm and 
 hearty in their aiTurances, exhorting her majefty to dif- 
 countenance all fuch principles and meafures as had lately 
 threatened her royal crown and dignity ; meafures, which, 
 whenever they might prevail, would prove fatal to the 
 whole conftitution, both in church and ftate. After this 
 declaration they proceeded to coniider the eftimates, and 
 chearfully granted the fupplies for the enfuing year, part 
 of which was raifed by two lotteries. In the houfe of 
 peers, the earl of Scarborough moved, that the thanks of 
 the houfe mould be returned to the dulce of Marlborough ; 
 but the duke of Argyie made fome objections to the mo 
 tion, and the general s friends, dreading the confluence 
 of putting the queftion, poftponed the confidcration of this 
 propofal until the duke mould return from the cont.tK nt. 
 The earl of Peterborough was appointed amb-lTador ex 
 traordinary to the Imperial court ; the earl of Rivers was 
 fent in the fame quality to Hanover ; Mr. Richard Hill 
 was nominated envoy extraordinary to the United Pro 
 vinces, as well as to the council of ftate appointed for the 
 government of the Spanifh Netherlands, in the room of 
 Lieutenant-General Cadogan. Meredith, Macartney, and 
 Honeywood were deprived of their regiments, becaufe 
 in their cups they had drunk confufion to the enemies of 
 the duke of Marlborough. 
 
 This nobleman arrived in England towards the latter 
 end of December. He conferred about half an hour in 
 private with the queen, and next morning afiifted at a 
 committee of the privy-council. Her majefty gave him 
 to underftand, that he needed not to expect the thanks of 
 the parliament as formerly ; and told him me hoped he 
 would live well with her rrinifters. He exprelTed no re- 
 fentment at the alterations which had been made ; but re- 
 folved to acquiefce in the queen s pleafure, and retain the 
 command of the army on her own terms. On the 2d day 
 of January, the queen fent amelTage to both houfes, inti 
 mating that there had been an action in Spain to thedifad- 
 vantage of King Charles : That the damage having fallen, 
 particularly on the Engliih forces, (he had given direc 
 tions for fending and procuring troops to repair the lofs, 
 and hoped the parliament would approve her conduct. 
 Both houfes feized this opportunity of venting their fpleen 
 againft the old miniftry. The hiftory of England is dif- 
 graced by the violent conduct: of two turbulent factions, 
 
 VOL. "I. 3 U
 
 522 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 BOOK which, in their turn engrofled the adminiftration and le- 
 H- giflative power. The parliamentary (train was quite al- 
 *-*"y < - > tered. One can hardly conceive how refolutions fo widely 
 J 7 10 - difFcrent could be taken on the fame fubject, with any 
 fhadow of reafon and decorum. Marlborough. who but 
 a few months before had been fo highly extolled and ca- 
 refled by the reprefentatives of the people, was now be 
 come the object of parliamentary hatred and cenfure, 
 though no fenfible alteration had happened in his conduct 
 M u, f or uacce ^ s - That hero, who had retrieved the glory of the 
 rou"h Britifh arms, won fo many battles, fubdued fuch a num- 
 ftamef ally ber of towns and diftricts, humbled the pride and checked 
 infulted. tne ambition of France fecured the liberty of Europe; and, 
 as it were, chained victory to his chariot wheels ; was in 
 a few weeks dwindled into an object of contempt and de- 
 rifion. He was ridiculed in public libels, and reviled 
 in private converfation. Inftances were every where re 
 peated of his fraud, avarice, and extortion; his infolence, 
 cruelty, ambition, and mifconduct: Even his courage was 
 called in queftion ; and this confummate general was re- 
 prefented as the loweft of mankind. So unftable is the 
 popularity of every character that fluctuates between two 
 oppofite tides of faction. 
 
 The lords, in their anfwer to the queen s meflage, de 
 clared, that as the misfortune in Spain might have been 
 occafjoned by fome preceding mifmanagement, they would 
 ufe their utmoft endeavours to difcover it, fo as to prevent 
 the like for the future. They fet on foot an enquiry con 
 cerning the affairs of Spain ; and the earl of Peterborough 
 being examined before the committee, imputed all the 
 mifcarriages in the courfe of that war, to the earl of Gal- 
 way and General Stanhope. Notwithstanding the de 
 fence of Galway, which was clear and convincing, the 
 houfe refolved, That the earl of Peterborough had given a 
 faithful and honourable account of the councils of war in 
 Valencia : That the earl of Galway, lord Tyrawley, and 
 General Stanhope, in advifing an offenfive war, had been 
 the unhappy occafion of the battle at Almanza, the fource 
 of our misfortunes in Spain, and one great caule of thedif- 
 appointment from the expedition to Toulon, concerted 
 with her majefty. They voted, That the profecution of 
 an offenfive war in Spain was approved and directed by 
 the minifters, who were, therefore, juftly blamable, as 
 having contributed to all our misfortunes in Spain, and to 
 the difappointment of the expedition againft Toulon: 
 That the earl of Peterborough, during his command in 
 Spain, had performed many great and eminent fervices ; 
 and, if his opinion had been followed, it might have pre-
 
 ANNE. 523 
 
 vented the misfortunes that enfued. Then the dukeofCHAP- 
 
 Buckingham moved. That the thanks of the houfe {hould v - 
 
 be given to the earl, for his remarkable and eminent fer- 
 
 vices : And thefe he actually received from the mouth of 
 
 the Lord-keeper Harcourt, who took this opportunity to 
 
 drop fome oblique reflections upon the mercenary difpofi- 
 
 tion of the duke of Marlborough. The houfe proceeding 
 
 in the enquiry, paffed another vote, importing, That the 
 
 late miniftry had been negligent in managing the Spanifh 
 
 war, to the great prejudice of the nation. Finding that 
 
 the Portuguefe troops were pofted on the right of the 
 
 Englilh at the battle of Almanza, they refolved, that the 
 
 earl of Galvvay, in yielding this point, had acted contrary 
 
 to the honour of Great Britain. Thefe refolutions they 
 
 included in addrefs to the queen, who had been prefent 
 
 during the debates, which were extremely violent ; and 
 
 to every feparate vote was attached a fevere proteft. 
 
 Thefe were not the proceedings of candour and national 
 
 juftice, but the ebullitions of party zeal and rancorous ani- 
 
 mofitv. 
 
 While the lords were employed in this enquiry, the 
 commons examined certain abufes which had crept into 
 the management of the navy ; and fome cenftires were 
 patted upon certain perfons concerned in contracts for 
 victualling the feamen. The inhabitants of St. Olave s 
 and other parifhes prefented a petition, complaining that a 
 great number of Palatines inhabiting one houfe mi^ht pro 
 duce among them a contagious diftemper ; and in time 
 become a charge to the public, as they v/ere deflitute of 
 all vifible means of fubfiftence. This petition had been 
 procured by the Tories, that the houfe of commons might 
 have another handle for attacking the late miniftry. A 
 committee was appointed to enquire upon what invitation 
 or encouragement thofe Palatines had come to England. 
 The papers relating to this affair being laid before them 
 by the queen s order, and perufed, the houfe refolved, 
 That the inviting and bringing over the poor Palatines of 
 all religions, at the public expence, was an extravasant 
 and unreafonable charge to the kingdom, and a fcandalous 
 mifapplication of the public money, tending to the increafe 
 and oppreiTion of the poor, and of dangerous confequence 
 to the conftitution in church and ftate; and, That whoever 
 advifed their being brought over was an enemy to the queen 
 and kingdom. Animated by the heat of this enquiry, they 
 palled the bill to repeal the act for a general naturalization 
 of all Proteftants; but this was rejected in the houfe of 
 lords. Another bill was enacted into a law, importing, 
 That no perfon {hould be deemed qualified for reprefent-
 
 5 2 4 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK ing a county in parliament, unlcfs he pofiefledan eibte of 
 
 ii\ hundred pounds a-year ; and reftricling the qualifi 
 
 ^*~Y~*J cation of burgefs to half that fum. The dengnof this bill 
 
 I7JC \va< to exclude trading people from the houfe of commons, 
 
 and to lodge the 1 giil.itive power with the land-holders. 
 
 A thiid adt pafled, permitting the importation of French 
 
 wine in IK utral bottoms: A bill againft which the Whigs 
 
 loudly exclaimed, as a national evil, and a fcr.ndalous 
 
 coiiiplim vnt to the enemy. 
 
 Harlcy A v i^ cllt P-H ty in the houfe of commons began to look 
 
 wounded upon Hailey as a lukewarm Tory, bccaufc he would not 
 byauafLf- enter precipitately into all their factious meafures : They 
 even b^ean to fufpect hi!; principles. But this credit was 
 re-eftablifhed by a very fingular accident. Guifcard, the 
 French partitan, of whom mention hath already been 
 made, thought himfelf very ill rewarded for his fcrviccs, 
 with a precarious penfion of four hundred pounds, which 
 he enjoyed from the queen s bounty. He had been re 
 nounce ly St. John, the former companion of his plea 
 fures: He had in vain endeavoured to obtain audience cf 
 the queen, with a view to demand more confiderable ap 
 pointments. Harley was his enemy, and all accefs to her 
 majtfty \vas denied. Enraged at thefe difappointments, 
 j:U-d to make hi^ peace with the court of France, 
 and offered his f.ivui-, in a letter to one Moreau, a 
 banker, in P.iris. This packet, which he endeavourt-d to 
 tranfmit by the way of Portugal, was intercepted, and a 
 warrant iilued out to apprehend him for high-treafon. 
 When the menfnger difarmed him in St. James s park, 
 he exhibited marks of f uilty confufion and dcfpair, and 
 cd that he would kill him dire&ly. Being conveyed 
 to the cockpir, in :i fort of frenzy, he perceived a pen-knife 
 lying upon a t;:blc, arid took it up without bein perceiv 
 ed by the attcmunts. A con n ittee of council was im 
 mediately fummoned, :;nd Guifcard brought before them 
 to be examined. Finding that his correspondence with 
 Moteau was difcovcred, he defired to fpenk in private 
 with fecretary St. John, whom, in all probability, he had 
 refolved to afiaflin^e. His reque-ft being refufed, he faid, 
 u That s hard \ not one word !" St. John being out of 
 his reach, he (K pped up to Mr. Harley, and exclaiming 
 u Have at thee, then !" (tabbed him in the bread with 
 the pen-knife which ht- h^d concealed. The inflrument 
 broke upon tlv bone, without penetratina: into the cavity: 
 Neverthdeis, he repeated the blow with fuch force, that 
 the- char.C -llor of the exchcquc/ fell to the ground. Se- 
 C;Cta;y S:. John, f r ing him fall, cried out, " The 
 41 villain has killed Mr. Harley!" and drew his fword,
 
 ANNE. 525 
 
 Several other members followed his example, and wounded CHAP, 
 (ruifeard in 1 vcr. .l j-hcos. Yet he made a defperate de- v 
 , til he Was overpowered by the meflengers and V - X ~Y" S - 
 \ts, and conv.-y.-d from the council-chamber, which 
 he had filled with terror, tumult, and confufion. His 
 wounds, though iian :erou, were not mortal : But he died 
 of a gangrene, occafioned by the hruifes he had fuftained. 
 This attempt upon the life of Harley, byapcifm who 
 J to eltablilh A traiterous correfponderice with France 
 : : .: : ms of thofe who began to doubt 
 th.-.t miner s, integrity. The two houfes of parliament, 
 in adJrck tothe queen declared thjir belief, t!r.t Mr. Har- 
 ley s fidelity to h;r m-j fry, and zeal for her fcrvice, had 
 drawn upon him the hatred of all the abettors of popery 
 an-J faction. ^ They befou^ht her majefty to take all pofli- Burner, 
 hi- cr.ro t.f her facivd r :hat purpofe to give O^iney. 
 
 :ig Fapifh to be removed from the cities fr*" 1 *"" 
 pf London and Wethninfter. A proclamation was pub- B 
 limed, ordering the laws to be ftricily put in ex-.cution Hiu. 
 
 .pii^. When Harley appeared in the houle of P ofM u ari - 
 
 - i I 11 . boro 
 
 commons after his recovery, he was congratulated upon it Mi:. 
 
 by the fpealcer, in a florid and fulfjme pr sch. ConduJt >f 
 
 An act was parted, decreeing, That an attempt ut>on the tht> 9 u f nefi 
 ... .. . ,- ,, 1^11, f i -i^i f ot inarlbo- 
 
 life ot a pnvy-counlcUor mould be ntomy without benefit rt> . 
 of clergy, ( he earl of Rachrfter dying, Harley became I 
 
 niinift-rr, was created baron of Wi^ir.ore, and railed es 
 to thi rank of earl, by the noMe and ancient titles of Ox- 
 tord and Mortimer : To crown his profpcrity, he w.^ 
 
 i d-treafurcr, and veftcd with the fupreme admi- 
 niftrationof aft ui, . 
 
 commons empowered certain pcrfons to examine 
 all the- grants made by King William^ and report the va- 
 
 . them, as well as the confederations upon which 
 were made. Upon their report a bill was formed, 
 
 . that houfe; but the lords rejected i at t : ie firft 
 . Their next ftcp was to examine the public ac- 
 
 :, with a view to fix an imputation on the earl of 
 Godoiphin. They voted, That above five-and-thirty 
 millions of the money granted by parliament unaccounted 
 for. This fum, h . . included fome accounts ii 
 reigns of King Charles and King William. OIK- half of 
 whole was charged to Mr. Bridges, the paymafter, 
 who had actually accounted for all the money he had ; 
 ceived, except about three million?, tl- fe accounts 
 
 had not pailVd through the auditor s office. Th. com 
 mons afterwards proceeded to enquire into the debts of 
 the r.vy, that exceeded five millions, which, with rrany 
 other debts, were thrown into one ftock, amounting ti>
 
 526 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK nine millions four hundred and feventy-one thoufand three 
 J hundred and twenty-five pounds. A fund was formed for 
 
 ^""Y"^ paying an intcreft or annuity of fix per cent, until the 
 171. principal fhould be difcharged; and with this was granted 
 a monopoly of a projected trade to the South-fea, veftecl 
 in the proprietors of navy-bills, debentures, and other 
 public fecurities, which were incorporated for this pur- 
 pofe. Such was the origin of the South-fea company, 
 founded upon a chimerical fuppofition, that the Engliih. 
 would be permitted to trade upon the coaft of Peru in the 
 Weft-Indies. Perhaps, the new miniftry hoped to obtain 
 this permiffion, as an equivalent for their abandoning the 
 intereft of King Charles, with refpect to his pretenfions 
 upon Spain. By this time the emperor Jofeph had died 
 of the fmall pox without male ifliie; fo that his brother s 
 immediate aim was to fucceed him on the Imperial throne. 
 This event was on the 20th day of April, communicated 
 by a mefiage from the queen to both houfes. She told 
 them, that the ftates-general had concurred with her in a 
 refolution to fupport the houfe of Auftria ; that they had 
 already taken fuch meafures as would fecurc the election 
 of Charles as head of the empire. 
 
 The houfe of commons, in order to dcmonftrate their 
 attachment to the church, in confequence of an addrefs 
 from the lower houfe of convocation, and a quickening 
 mefiage from the queen, pafied a bill for building fifty 
 new churches in the fuburbs of London and Weftminfter, 
 and appropriated for this purpofe the duty upon coals, 
 which had been granted for the building of St. Paul s now 
 finifhed. This impofition was continued until it fhould 
 raife the fum of three hundred and fifty thoufand pounds. 
 At the clofe of the feflion, the commons prefented a re- 
 monftrance or reprcfentation to the queen, in which they 
 told her, that they had not only raifed the neceflary fup- 
 plies, but alfo difcharged the heavy debts of which the na 
 tion had fo long and juftly complained. They faid, that 
 in tracing the caufes of this debt, they had difcovered 
 fraud embezzlement, and mifapplication or of the public 
 money : That they who of late years had the management 
 of the treafury were guilty of notorious breach of truft and 
 injuftice to the nation, in allowing above thirty millions 
 to retain unaccounted for ; a purpofed omiflion that look 
 ed like a defign to conceal embezzlements. They begged 
 her majefty vrould give, immediate directions for compel 
 ling the feveral impreft accountants fpeedily to pafs their 
 accounts. They exprefled their hope, that fuch of the 
 accountants as had neglected their duty in profecuting 
 their accounts ouht no loner to be entrufted with the
 
 ANNE. 527 
 
 public money. They affirmed, that from all thefe evil C H A P. 
 practices and worfe defigns of fome perfons, who had, by v< 
 falfe profeilions of love to their country, insinuated them- V- ^V** 
 felves into her royal favour, irreparable mifchief would 
 have accrued to the public, had not her majeily, in her 
 great wifdom, feafonably difcovered the fatal tendency of 
 fuch meafures, and removed from the adminiftration thofe 
 who had fo ill anfwered her majefty s favourable opinfon, 
 and in fo many inftances grofsly abufed the truft repofed in 
 them. They obferved, that her people could with greater 
 patience have fuffered the manifold injuries done to them- 
 ielves, by the frauds and depredations of fuch evil mini- 
 fters, had not the fame men proceeded to treat her facred 
 perfon with undutifulnefs and difregard. This reprefent- 
 ation being circulated through the kingdom, produced the 
 defired effect of inflaming the minds of the people againft 
 the late miniftry. Such expedients were become necefla- 
 ry for the execution of Oxford s project, which was to put 
 a fpeedy end to a war that had already fubjedled the peo 
 ple to grievous oppreffion, and even accumulated heavy 
 burthens to be tranfmitted to their pofterity. The nation 
 was infpired by extravagant ideas of glory and conqueft, 
 even to a rage of war-making ; fo that the new minifters, 
 in order to difpel thofe dangerous chimeras, were obliged 
 to take meafures for exciting their indignation and con 
 tempt againft thofe perfons whom they had formerly ido 
 lized as their heroes and patriots. On the 1 2th day of 
 June, the queen having given the royal aflent to feveral 
 public and private bills, made an affectionate fpeech to 
 both houfes. She thanked the commons, in the warmeft 
 expreffions, for having complied with all her defires; for 
 having baffled the expectations of her enemies in finding 
 fupplies for the fervice of the enfuing year; in having 
 granted greater fums than were ever given to any prince in 
 one feffion ; and in having fettled funds for the payment of 
 the public debts, fo that the credit of the nation was reftor- 
 ed. She exprefTed her earned concern for the fucceffion, 
 of the houfe of Hanover ; and her fixed refolution to fup- 
 port and encourage the church of England as by law efta- 
 blifhed. Then the parliament was prorogued. 
 
 Of the convocation which was aflembled with the new 
 parliament, the lower houfe chofe Dr. Atterbury their 
 prolocutor. He was an enterprifing ecclefiaftic, of exten- 
 five learning, acute talents, violently attached to Tory 
 principles, and intimately connected with the prime mi- 
 nifter, Oxford ; fo that he directed all the proceedings in 
 the lower houfe of convocation, in concert with that mi- 
 nifter. The queen, in a letter to the archbifliop, figni-
 
 528 . HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 
 D o o K fied her hope, that the confultations of the clergy might 
 be of ufe to reprcfs the attempts of loofe and profane per- 
 - "V^ fons. She fent a licenfe under the broad feal, empowering 
 17I * them to fit and do bufinefs in as ample a manner as ever 
 had been granted fmce the Reformation. They were or 
 dered to lay before the queen an account of the exceffive 
 growth of infidelity and herefy, as well as of other abufes, 
 that necefTary meafures might be taken for a reformation. 
 The bifhops were purpofely flighted and overlooked, be- 
 caufe they had lived in harmony with the late minifters. 
 A committee being appointed to draw up a reprefentation 
 of the prefent ftate of the church and religion. Atterbury 
 undertook the talk, and compofed a remonftrance that 
 contained the nioft keen and fevere ftri&ures upon the ad- 
 miniftration, as it had been cxercifed fince the time of the 
 Revolution. Another was penned by the bifhops in more 
 moderate terms ; and feveral regulations were made, but 
 in none of thefe did the two houfbs agree. They concur 
 red, however, in cenfurint; fome tenets favouring Aria- 
 nifm, broached and fuppoited by Mr. Whifton, mathe 
 matical profefibr in Cambridge. He had been expelled 
 the univerfity, and wrote a vindication of himfelf, dedi 
 cated to the convocation. The archbifhop doubted whe 
 ther this affembly could proceed againft a man for hertfy : 
 The judges were confulted, and. the majority of them 
 gave in their opinion, that the convocation had a jurifdic- 
 tion. Four of them profefFed the contrary fentimeilt, 
 which they maintained from the ftatutes made at the Re 
 formation. The queen, in a letter to the bifhops, faid, 
 that as there was now no doubt of their jurifdi&ion, fhc 
 expected they would proceed in the matter before them. 
 Frefh fcruples arifing, they determined to examine the 
 book, without proceeding againft the author, and this was 
 cenfured accordingly. An extract of the fentence was 
 fent to the queen ; but (he did not lignify her pleafure on 
 this fubjecl:, and the affair remained in fufpenfe. Whifton 
 publifhed a wot-k in four volumes, juftifying his do&rine, 
 and maintaining that the apoftolical constitutions were not 
 only canonical, but alfo preferable in point of authority to 
 the epiftles and the gofpel 
 
 The new miniftry had not yet determined to fuperftde 
 the duke of Marlborough in the command of the army, 
 This was a ftep which could not be taken without giving 
 umbrage to the Dutch and other allies. He, therefore, fet 
 out for Holland in the month of February, after the queen 
 had afTured him, that he might depend upon the punctual 
 payment of the forces. Having conferred with the depu 
 ties of the ftates about the operations of the campaign, he y
 
 ANNE. 529 
 
 about the middle of April, afiembled the army at Orchies, CHAP. 
 between Lifle and Douay ; while marefchal de Villars IV - 
 drew together the Fver.ch troops in the neighbourhood of ^^ a \^^ f 
 Cambray and Arras. Louis had by this time depopulated J711t 
 as well as impoveriihed his kingdom ; yet his fubjecls flill 
 Hocked to his ftandard with lurprifing fpirit and attach 
 ment. Under the prefiure of extreme mifery they uttered 
 not one complaint of their fovereign ; but imputed all 
 their calamities to the pride and obftinacy of the allies. 
 Exclusive of all the other impofitions that were laid upon 
 that people, they contented to pay the tenth penny of their 
 whole fubftance ; but all their efforts of loyalty and affec 
 tion to their prince would have bern ineffectual, had not 
 the merchants of the kingdom, by the permiflion of Phi 
 lip, undertaken repeated voyages to the South-fea, from 
 whence they brought home immenfe treafures ; while the 
 allies took no fteps for intercepting thefe fupplies, though 
 nothing could have been more eafy for the Englifh than 
 to deprive the enemy of this great refource, and convert it 
 to their own advantage. Had a fquadron of (hips been 
 annually employed for this purpofe, the fubje<5r.s of France 
 and Spain muft have been literally ftarved, and Louis 
 obliged to fubmit to fuch terms as the confederates might 
 have thought proper to impofe. Villars had found means 
 to affemble a very numerous army, with which he en 
 camped behind the river Sanfet, in fuch an advantageous 
 poft as could not be attacked with any profpe6l of fuc- 
 cefs. Alean while, the duke of Marlborough parted the 
 Scarpe, and formed his camp between Douay and Bou- 
 chain, where he was joined by Prince Eugene on the 
 23d day of May. This general, however, did not lono- 
 remain in the Netherlands. Understanding that detach 
 ments had been made from the army of Villars to the 
 Rhine, and that the elector of Bavaria intended to p.cT: in 
 the empire, the prince, by order from the court of Vien* 
 na, marched towards the Upper Rhine with the Imperial 
 and Palatine troops, to fee-are Germany. The duke .of 
 Marlborough repaying the Scarpe, encamped in the plains 
 of Lens, from whence he advanced towards Aire, as if he 
 had intended to attack the French lines in that quarter. 
 Thefe lines, beginning at Bouchain on the Schelde, were 
 continued along the Sanfet and the Scarpe to Arras, and 
 thence along the Upper Scarpe to Canche. They were 
 defended by redoubts and other works, in fuch a manner, 
 that Villars judged they were impregnable, and called 
 them the Ne phis ultra of Marlborough. 
 
 This Nobleman advancing within two las>ues of the i^ e duke 
 French lines, ordered a irreat number of fafcines to be of Maribe- 
 
 VOL. I. 3 X
 
 530 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, made, declaino; he would attack the next morning; fo that 
 Villars drew all his forces on that fide, in full expectation 
 of an engagement. The duke on the fuppofition that the 
 1 , * paflage of the Sanfet by Arleux would be left unguarded, 
 priiesthe nac "dered the Generals Cadotran and Hompefch to af- 
 Frendi femble twenty battalions and fevcnteen fquadrons from 
 JMUS. Doiiay and the neighbouring garrifons to march to Arleux, 
 
 where they fhoukl endeavour to pafs the Sanfet. Briga 
 dier Suttnn was detached with the artillery and pontoons, 
 t o lay bridges over the canal near Goulezen, and over the 
 Scarp at Vitry, while the duke, with the whole confederate 
 army, began his inarch for the fame place about nine in the 
 evening. He proceeded with fuch expedition, that by five 
 in the morning he pafTcd the river at Vitry. There he 
 received intelligence, that Horrpefch had taken pofleffion 
 of the pafTes on the Sanfet and Schelde without oppofition, 
 the enemy having withdrawn their dttachmemts from that 
 fide, juft as he had ioHmgined. He himfdf, with his van 
 guard of fifty fquadrons, haftened his inarch towards Ar- 
 Jeux, and before eiht of the clock arrived at Baca-Bachuel, 
 where in two hours he was joined by the heads of the co 
 lumns into which he had divided his infantry. Villars be 
 ing certified of his intention, about two in the morning, 
 decamped with his whole army, and putting himfelf at the 
 head of the king s houfhold troops, marched all night with 
 fuch expedition, that about eleven in the forenoon he was 
 in fight of the duke of Marlborough, who had by this time 
 joined Count Hompefch. The P rench general immediately 
 retreated to the main body of his army, which had advanc 
 ed to the high-road between Arras and Cambray, while the 
 allies encamped upon the Schelde, between Oify and Eft- 
 run, after a march of ten Leagues without halting, fcarce 
 to be parraUcled in hiflory. By this plan, fo happily exe 
 cuted, the duke of Marlborough fairly outwitted Villars, 
 and, without the lofs of one man, entered the lines which 
 he had pronounced impregnable. This flroke of the En- 
 glim general was extolled as a mafterpiece of military fkill, 
 while Villars was expofcd to the ridicule even of his own 
 officer?. The field deputies of the ftates-general propofed 
 that he fhould give battle to the enemy, who paiTed the 
 Schelde at Crevecceur, in order to cover Bouchain ; but 
 the duke would not hazard an engagement, confidering 
 how much the army was fatigued by the long march ; and 
 that any misfortune, while they continued in the French 
 lines, might be fatal. His intention was to befiege Bou 
 chain; an enterprife that was deemed impracticable, inaf- 
 much as the place was fituated in a morafs, lirongly forti 
 fied, and defended by a numerous garrifon, in the neigh-
 
 ANNE. 531 
 
 brourhoocl of an army fuperior in number to that of the al- C H A P. 
 lies. Notwithflanding thefe advantages, and the diliua- 
 fions of his own friends, he refolved to undertake the ftege; ^"^T*^ 
 and, in the mean time, difpatched Brigadier Sutton to Eng- 1 7 11 - 
 land, with an account of his having patted the French lines, 
 which was not at all agreeable to his enemies. They had 
 prognofticated that nothing would be done during this 
 campaign, ;incl began to infmuate that the duke cou]j ftrikc 
 no ftroke of importance without the afliftance of the Prince 
 Eugene. They now endeavoured to leflen the glory of 
 his luccefs ; and even taxed him with having removed his 
 camp from a convenient fituation to a place where the 
 troops were in danger of ftarving. Nothing could be 
 more provoking than this fcandalous malevolence to a 
 great man who had done fo much honour to his country, 
 and was then actu-iliy cxpofing his life in her fervice. 
 
 On the loth d-r,y of Auguft, Bnuchain was inverted, and Bouchain 
 the duke of Marlborou sh exert- d himfelf to the utmoft ex- befieged 
 
 f , . . ., . >i . i_ i rr an! > taken. 
 
 tent ot RIS visiiier.ce and capacity, well knowing the ctilii- 
 culries of the undertaking, and how much his reputation 
 would depend upon hi<; fuccefs. Vilhrs had taken every 
 precaution that his {kill and experience could fugged, to 
 bafHe the endeavours of the Englifh general. He had re- 
 inforct-d the garrfon to the number of fix thoufand chofen 
 men, commanded by the officers of known courage and 
 ability. He made fome efforts to raife the fiege ; but they 
 were rendered ineffectual by the confummate prudence and 
 activity of the duke of Marlborough. Then he laid a 
 fcheme for furprifmg Doiiay, which likewife mifcarried. 
 If we confider that the Englifh general, in the execution 
 of his plan, was obliged to form lines, erect regular forts, 
 raife batteries, throw bridges over the river, make a caufe- 
 way through a deep morafs, provide for the fecurity of con 
 voys againft a numerous army on one fid^, and the garri- 
 fons of Conde and Valenciennes on_the other, we muft al 
 low this was the boldeft enterprife of the whole war ; that 
 it required all the fortitude, fkill, and refolution of a great 
 general, and all the valour and intrepedity of the confede 
 rate troops, who had fcarce ever exhibited fuch amazing 
 proofs of courage upon any other occafion, as they now 
 difplayed at the fiege of Bouchain. In twenty days after 
 the trenches were opened, the garrifon were obliged to 
 furrender themfelves prifoners of war; and this conqueft 
 was the laft military exploit performed by the duke of 
 Marlborough. The breaches of Bouchain were no fooner 
 repaired than the oppofite armies began tofeparate, and the 
 allied forces were quartered in the frontier towns, that they 
 might be at hand to take the field early in the fpring.
 
 532 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK. They were now in pofleiTion of the Maefe, alrnofl as far as 
 the Sambre; of the Schrlclefrom Tourney ; and of the Lys 
 as far as it is navigable. They had reduced Spanifii Gucl- 
 derland, Limburg, Brabrnt, Flanders, and the greateft part 
 of Hainault : They were imfters of the Scarpe, and, by 
 t\ip conqueft of Bouchain, they had opened to themfelves 
 a way into the very bowels of France. All thefe acquifi- 
 tions v/ere owing to the valour and conduct of the duke 
 of Maryborough, who now returned to the Plague, and ar- 
 riveciin England about the middle of November. 
 
 The queen had conferred the the command of her forces 
 in Spain upon the duke of Argyle, who was recalled from 
 the lervice in Flanders for that purpofe. He had long 
 been at variance with the duke of Marlborough; a circum- 
 ftance which recommended him the more ftrongly to the 
 miniftry. He landed at Barcelona on the 2gth of May, 
 and found the Britifh troops in the utmoft diftrefs for want 
 of fubfiflence. The treafurer had promifed to fupply him 
 liberally: The commons had granted one million five hun 
 dred thoufand pounds for that fervice. All their hopes of 
 fuccefs were fixed on the campaign in that kingdom; and 
 indeed the army commanded by the duke de Vendome was 
 in fuch a wretched condition, that if Staremberg had been 
 properly fupported by the allies, he might have obtained 
 fignal advantages. The duke of Argyle, having waited in 
 vain for the promifed remittances, was obliged to borrow 
 money on his own credit, before the Britifh troops could 
 take the field. At length Staremberg advanced towards 
 the enemy, who attacked him at the pafs of Prato del Rey, 
 where they were repulfed with considerable damage. Af 
 ter this action, the duke of Argyle was feized with a vio 
 lent fever, and conveyed back to Barcelona. Vendome 
 inverted the caftle of Cardona, which was vigouroufly de 
 fended till the end of December, when a detachment being 
 fent to the relief of the place, defeated the befiegers, killed 
 two thoufand on the fpot, and took all their artillery, am 
 munition, and baggage. Staremberg was unable to follow 
 the blow : The duke of Argyle wrote preffing letters to 
 the minifty, and loudly complained that he was altogether 
 unfupported ; but all his remonftrances were ineffectual : 
 No remittances arrived; and he returned to England, with 
 out having been able to attempt any thing of importance. 
 In September King Charles, leaving his queen at Barcelo 
 na, fet foil for Italy, and at Milan had an interview with 
 the duke of Savoy where all difputes were com promifed. 
 That Prince had forced his way into Savoy, and penetrat 
 ed as far as the Rhine : But he fuddenly halted in the mid 
 dle cf his career ; and after a fhort campaign, repaflcd
 
 ANNE. 533 
 
 the mountain*;. Prince Eugene, at the head of t ie Ger- CHAP. 
 man forces, protected the ele<ftors at Frankfort from the v - 
 defigns of the enemy, and Charles was unanimoufly chofen < "V^ 
 emperor; the electors of Coiogn and Bavaria having been 1 ? u - 
 excluded from voting, becaufe they lay under the ban of 
 the empire. The war between the Ottoman Porte and 
 the Mufcovites was of fhort duration. The czar advan 
 ced fo far into Moldavia, that he was cut off from all fup- 
 plies, and altogether in the power of his enemy. In this 
 emergency, he found means to corrupt the grand vizir in 
 private, while he in public propofed articles of peace that 
 were accepted. The king of Sweden, who was in the 
 Turkifh army, charged the vizir with treachery, and that 
 minifter was actually dif ; ;n>ced. The grand fignor threat 
 ened to renew the war ; but he was appeafed by the czar s 
 furrendering Afoph. 
 
 The Engiifh miniftry had conceived great expectations Expedition 
 from an expedition againft Quebec and Placentia, in North a 2inft Ca 
 America, planned by Colonel Nicholfon, who had taken 
 poiTefiion of Nova Scotia, and garrifoned Port Royal, to 
 which he gave the name Annapolis. He had brought four 
 Indian chiefs to England, and reprefented the advantages 
 that wolud redound to the nation, in point of commerce, 
 fhould the French be expelled from North America. The 
 minifters relifhed the propofal. A body of five thoufand 
 men was embarked in tranfports, under the command of 
 Brigadier Hill, brother to Mrs. Mafham ; and they failed 
 from Plymouth in in the beginning of Aiay, with a ftrono- 
 fquadron of fhips commanded by Sir Hovenden Walker. 
 At Boilon in new England, they were joined by two re<*i_ 
 ments of provincials ; and about four thoufand men, con- 
 fifting of American planters, Palatines, and Indians, ren- 
 dezvoufed at Albany, in order to march by land into Ca 
 nada, while the fleet failed up the river of that name. On 
 the 2ift day of Augufr, they were expofed to a voilent 
 ftorm, and driven among rocks, where eight tranfports pe- 
 rifhed, with about eight hundred men. The admiral im 
 mediately failed back to Spanifh Pviver-bay, where it was 
 determined, in a council of war, that as the fleet and forces 
 were victualled for ten weeks only, and they could not de 
 pend upon a iupply of provifions from New-England, they 
 fhould return home, without making any further attempt. 
 Such was the iflue of this p:iltry expedition, entrufted to 
 the direction of an oflicer without talents and experience. 
 
 In the Irifn parliament held duriij<>; the Summer, the 
 duke of Ormond and the majority of tbe peers fupported 
 the Tory intereft, while the commons exprefled the warm- 
 eft attachment to revolution principles. Thz two houfes
 
 534 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK made ftrenuous reprefentations, aud pafled fevere refolu- 
 tions againft each other. After the feffion, Sir Conftan- 
 ""Y"*^ tine Phipps, the chancellor, and General Ingoldfby, were 
 MI " appointed juftices in the ab fence of the duke of Ormond, 
 who returned to England in the month of November. In 
 Scotland, the Jacobites made no fcruple of profefling their 
 principles and attachments to the Pretender. The duchd~s 
 of Gordon prefented the faculty of advocates with a filver 
 medal, representing the Chevalier de St. George ; and, on 
 the reverfe,the Bntim iflands, with the motto^" Redditte." 
 After fome debate, it was voted, by a majority of fixty- 
 three voices againft twelve, that the duchefs fnould be 
 thanked for this token of her regard. This talk was per 
 formed by Dundas of Arnift mn, who thanked her grace for 
 having prtfented them with a medal of their fovereign lord 
 the king; hoping, and being confident, that her grace 
 xvould very foon have an opportunity to compliment the fa 
 culty with a fecond medal, ftruck upon the reftoration of 
 the king and royal family, upon the finifning rebellion, 
 ufu ping tyranny, and whiggery. An account of this tranf- 
 action being laid before the queen, the lord advocate was 
 ordered to enquire into the particulars. Then the faculty 
 were fo intimidated, that they difowned Dundas, and Ho ne 
 his accomplice. They pretended that the affair of the me 
 dal had been tranfubd by a party at an occafioual meeting, 
 and not by general confent ; and, by a folemn ac~l, they de 
 clared their attachment to the queen and the Proteftant 
 iuccelTion. The court was fatisfied with this atonement: 
 But the refident from Hanover having prefented a memo 
 rial to the queen, defiring that Dundas and his affociates 
 might be profecuted, the government removed Sir David 
 Dalrymple from his office of lord advocate, on pretence of 
 his having been remifs in profecuting thofe delinquents ; 
 and MO further enquiry was made into the affair. 
 Negotiation For fome time, a negociation for peace had been carried 
 wuh France on between the court of France and the new minifters, 
 who had a double aim in this meafure ; namely to mortify 
 the Whi"-s and the Dutch, whom they detefted, and to free 
 their country from a ruinous war, which had all the ap 
 pearance of becoming habitual to the confutation. They 
 forefaw the rifle they would run by entering into fuch mea- 
 fures, mould ever the oppofite faction regain the afcenden- 
 cv : They knew the Whigs would employ all their art and 
 influence, which was very powerful, in obftru&ing the 
 peace, and in raifing a popular clamour againft the treaty. 
 But their motives for treating were fuch as prompted them 
 to undervalue all thofe difficulties and dangers. They 
 hup;:,! to obt.iin fuch advantages in point of commercs fo f
 
 ANNE. 535 
 
 the fubje&s of Great Britain, as would filence all detraction. CHAP. 
 They did not doubt of being able to maintain the fuperio- v - 
 rity which they had acquired in Parliament; and perhaps 
 fome of them cheriflxed views in favour of thr Pretender, 
 wbofe fuccefiion to the crown would have effectually efta- 
 bliihed thoir dominion over the oppoiite party. The earl 
 of Jerfey,who acted in concert with Oxford, fent a piivate 
 menage to the court of Francs, importing the queen s ear 
 ned defire of peace, reprefenting the impoflibilitv of a pri 
 vate negociation, as the miniftry was obliged to act with 
 the utTioft circumfpection, and defiring that Louis would 
 propofe to the Dutch a renewal of the conferences, in 
 which cafe the Englifh plenipotentiaries fhould have fuch 
 inflrUvTtions, that it would be impoilible for the flates-ge- 
 neral to prevent the conclufion of the treaty. This inti 
 mation was delivered by one Gualtier, an obfcure pricft, 
 who acted as chaplain to Count Gallas, the Imperial am- 
 bafTador, and been employed as a fpy by the French mi- 
 niftry, fince the commencement of hoftilities. His con 
 nexion with Lord Jcrfey was by means of that nobleman s 
 lady, who profefled the Roman Catholic religion. His 
 mefTage was extremely agreeable to the court of Verfailles. 
 He returned to London, with a letter of compliment from 
 the marquis de Dorcy to the earl of Jerfey, in which that 
 minifter allured him of his mafter s fincere inclination for 
 peace, though he was averfe to a renewal of the conferen 
 ces with the ftates-general. Gualtier wrote a letter ta 
 Verfailles, defiring, in the name of the Englifh. miniftry, 
 that his moft Chriftian majefty would communicate to 
 them his propofals for a general peace, which they would 
 communicate to the ftates-general, that they might negoci- 
 ate in concert with their allies. A general anfwer being 
 made to this intimation, Gualtier made a fecond journey 
 to Verfailles, and brought over a memorial, which was 
 immediately tranfmitted to Holland. In the mean time, 
 the Penfionary endeavoured to renew the conferences in 
 Holland. Petkum wrote to the French rniniitry, that if 
 his majefty would refume the negociation, in concert with 
 the queen of Great Britain, he fhould certainly have reafon 
 tobefatisfied with the conduit of the Dutch deputies. This 
 propofal Louis declined, at length at the defire of the Eng- 
 lifn minifters. 
 
 The ftates-general having perufed the memorial, afTureJ 
 Queen Anne that they were ready to join with her in contri 
 buting to the conclufion of a durable peace; but they exprc-f- 
 fed a defirethat the French king would communicate a more 
 particular plan for fecuring the intereft of the allied powers, 
 and for fsttling the repofe Europe. Gualtier was once more
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, fent to Verfailles, accompanied by Mr. Prior, who had re- 
 Tided in France, as fecretary to the embaflies of the earls 
 of Portland and Jerfey. This gentleman acquired form: 
 reputaion by his poetical talents ; was a man of uncommon 
 ability, infinuating addrcfs, and perfe6tly devoted to the 
 Tory intereft. He was empowered to communicate the 
 preliminary demands of the Englifh ; to receive the anfwcr 
 of the French king ; and demand whether or not King 
 Philip had tranfmitted a power of treating to his grand 
 father. He arrived incognito at Fontainebleau, and 
 prefented the queen s memorial, in which {he demanded 
 a barrier for the Dutch in the Netherlands, and another 
 on the Rhine for the empire ; a fecurity for the Dutch 
 commerce, and a general fatisfaclion for all her allies. 
 She required that the flrong places taken from the duke 
 of Savoy fhould be reftored ; and that he fhould poffefs 
 fucli towns and diftricts in Italy as had been ceded to him 
 in treaties between him and his allies : That Louis fhould 
 acknowledge Queen Anne and the Proteftant fucceffion; 
 demolifh the fortifications of Dunkirk ; and agree to a 
 new treaty of commerce : That Gibraltar and Port-Ma- 
 hon fhould be yielded to the crown of England : That 
 the negro trade in America, at that time carried on by the 
 French, fnould be ceded to the Englifh, together with 
 fome towns on that continent, where the flaves, might be 
 refreshed. She expected fecurity that her fubjects trading 
 to Spain fhould enjoy all advantages granted by that 
 crown to the moft favoured nation : That fhe fhould be 
 put in poflcffion of Newfoundland and Hudfon s Bay, ei 
 ther by way of refutution or feffion ; and that both nations 
 fhould continue to enjoy whatever territories they might be 
 pofTefledof in North America at the ratification of the trea 
 ties. She likewife infifted upon a fecurity, that the crowns 
 of France and Spain fhould never be united on the fame 
 head. Her majefty no longer infilled upon Philip s being 
 expelled from the throne of Spain by the anr.s of his own. 
 grandfather. She now perceived, that the exorbitant 
 power of the houfe of Auftria would be as dangerous to 
 the liberty of Europe, as ever that of the family of Bourbon 
 had been in the zenith of its glory. She might have re 
 membered the excefHve power, the infolence, the ambition 
 of Charles V. and Philip II. who had enflaved fo many 
 countries, and embroiled all Europe. She was fmcerely 
 defirous of peace, from motives of humanity and compaf- 
 fion to her fubjec~ls and fellew creatures : She was eagerly 
 bent upon procuring fuch advantages to her people, as 
 would enable them to difcharge the heavy load of debt un 
 der which they laboured, and recompence them in fome
 
 A N .N E. 537 
 
 meafure for the blood and treafure they had fo lavifnly ex- C H A p. 
 pended in the profecution of the war. Thefe were the 
 fentijnents of a Chriftian Princefs ; of an amiable and pi- 
 ous fovereign, who bore a iliare in the grievances of her 
 fubjectS, and looked upon them with maternal affetion. 
 She thought flie had the better title to infift upon thofe 
 advantages, as they had been already granted to her fub- 
 je6ts in a private treaty with King Charles. 
 
 As Prior s powers were limited in fuch a manner that 
 he could not negociate. Mr. Menager, deputy from the 
 city of Rouen to the Board of Trade, accompanied the 
 Englim minifter to London, with full powers to fettle the 
 preliminaries of the treaty. On his arrival in London the 
 queen immediately commiffioned the duke of Shrewfbury, 
 the carls of Jerfey, Dartmouth, Oxford, and Mr. St. John, 
 to treat with him ; and the conferences were immediately 
 begun. After long and various difputes, they agreed up 
 on certain preliminary articles, which, on the 8th day of 
 October were figned by the French minifter, and by the 
 two fecretaries of ftates, in confequence of a written or 
 der from her majefty. Then Menager was privately in 
 troduced to the queen at Windfor. She told him file was 
 averfe to war : That fhe would exert all her power to 
 conclude a fpeedy peace : That flie fhould be 2;lad to live 
 upon good terms with the king of France, to whom (lie 
 was fo nearly allied in blood : She exprefled her hope 
 that there would be a clofer union after the peace between 
 them and between their fubje<5ts, cemented by a perfect 
 correfpondence and friendship. The earl of StrafFord, who 
 had been lately recalled from the Hague, where he refided 
 as ambaflador, was now fent back to Holland, with orders 
 to communicate to the Penfionary the propofals of peace 
 which France had made; to fignify the queen s approba 
 tion of them, and propofe a place where the plenipoten 
 tiaries fhould aflemble. The Englifh minifters now en 
 gaged in an intimate correfpondence with the court of Ver- 
 failies; and Marefchal Tallard being releafed from his 
 confinement at Nottingham, was allowed to return to his 
 own country on his parole. After th? departure of Mena 
 ger the preliminaries were communicated to Count Gallas, 
 the emperor s minifter, who, in order to inflame the minds 
 of the people, caufed them to be tranflated, and inferted 
 in one of the.daily papers. This flep was fo much refent- 
 ed by the queen, that fhe fent a meffage, defmng he would 
 come no more to court; but that he might leave the king 
 dom as foon as he fhould think proper. He took the hint, 
 and retired accordingly; but the queen gave the emperor 
 
 VOL. I. 3 Y
 
 5^8 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK to understand, that any other minifter he fliould appoint 
 woujd be admitted by her without hesitation. 
 
 The ftates of Holland, alarmed at the preliminaries, 
 fent over Buys, as envoy extraordinary, to intercede with 
 the queen, that fhe would alter her refolutions ; but {he 
 continued fteady to her purpofe; and the earl of Strafford 
 demanded the immediate concurrence of the ftates, declar 
 ing, in the queen s name, that flie would look upon any de 
 lay on their part, as a refufal to comply with her propofiti- 
 ons. Intimidated by this declaration, they agreed to open 
 the general conferences at Utrecht on the firft day of Ja 
 nuary. They granted pafiports to the French minifters ; 
 while the queen appointed Robinfon bifhop of Briftol, and 
 the earl of Sraftord, her plenipotentiaries at the congrefs. 
 Chailcs, the new emperor, being at Milan when he receiv 
 ed a copy of the preliminaries, wrote circular letters to the 
 Lors and the princes of the empire, exhorting them to 
 perfift in their engagements to the grand alliance. He 
 likcwife defired the {rates-general to join councils with him 
 in pcrfuauing the queen of England to reject the propofals 
 of France, and profccute the w^r; or at leaft to negcciate 
 on the foundation of the firft preliminaries, which had been 
 figned by the Marquis de Torcy. He wrote a letter to the 
 fame purpofe to the queen of Great Britain, who received 
 it with the moft mortifying indifference. No wonder that 
 he fhould zealoufly contend for the continuance of a war, 
 the expcnce of which {he and the Dutch had hitherto al- 
 moft wholly defrayed. The new preliminaries were fevere- 
 Jy attacked by the Whigs, who ridiculed and reviled the 
 miniftry in word and writing. Pamphlets, libels, and lam 
 poons were to-day publi{hed by one faction, and to-morrow 
 unfwered by the other. They contained all the infmuations 
 cf malice and contempt, all the bitternefs of reproach, and 
 r.ll the rancour of recrimination. In the midfc of this con 
 vention, the queen difpatched the earl of Rivers to Hano 
 ver, with an affurance to the ele&cr, that his fucceffion to 
 the crown {hould be effectually afcertained in the treaty. 
 The earl brought back an anlvver in writing; but, at the 
 fame time, his electoral highnefs ordered the Baron de Both- 
 mar, his envoy in England, to prefent a memorial to the 
 queen, representing the pernicious confequences of Philip s 
 remaining in poffeffion of Spain and the Weft Indies. This 
 remomtrance the baron publifhed, by way of appeal to the 
 people, and the Whigs extolled it with the higheft enco 
 miums ; but the queen and her minifters refented this ftep, 
 as an officious and inflammatory interposition. 
 
 The propofals of peace made by the French king were 
 difagreeable even tofome individuals of the Tory party, and
 
 A N N E. 539 
 
 certain peer?, who had hitherto adhered to that intercfl, a- c H A l\ 
 greed with the Whigs to make a rerr.onftrance againft the 
 preliminary articles. The court being apprifed of their in- 
 tention, prorogued the parliament till the 7th day of De- 
 cember, in expectation of the Scottifh peers, who would 
 cart the balance in favour of the minifhy. In her fpeech, 
 at the opening of the feliion, (he told them, thr.t notwith- 
 iranding the arts ofthofe v/ho delighted in war, the place 
 and time were appointed for a congrefs ; and that the ftates- 
 general hud exprefTed their entire confidence in her conduct. 
 She declared her chief concern fhould be to fjcure the fuc- 
 ceffion of the crown in the houfe of Hanover ; to procure 
 all the advantages to the nation which a tender and afFecH- 
 onate fovereign could procure for a dutiful and loyal peo 
 ple ; and to obtain fitisfaclion for all her allies. She obf^rv- 
 ec 1 , that the moft effectual way to procure an advantageous 
 peace, would be to malce preparations for carrying en the 
 war with vigour. She recommended unanimity, and pray 
 ed God would direct their confutations. In the houfe of 
 lords, the earl of Nottingham, who h:;d nowailociated him- 
 felf with the Whigs, inveighed againft the preliminaries as 
 c:iptious and infuificient, and offered a claufe to be infert- 
 ed in the addrcfs of thanks, reprefcnting to her mr.jefiy, 
 that, in the opinion of the houfe, no peace could be fafe or 
 honourable to Great Britain or Europe, if Spain and the 
 Weft Indies fhould be allotted to any branch of the houfe 
 of Bourbon. A violent debate enfued, in the courfe of 
 which, the earl of Anglefey re-pa fen ted the necefiity of CE- 
 fing the nation of the burthens incurred by an expenfive 
 war. He aiHrmed that a good peace might have been pro 
 cured immediately after the battle of Ramillies, ii it had 
 not been prevented by foms perfons who prolonged the war 
 for their own private intereih This insinuation was level 
 led at the duke of Marlborough, who made a long fpeech 
 in his own vindication, He bowed to the place where the 
 queen fat incognito; and appealed toher, whether, while he 
 had the honour to ferve her majefty as general and plenipo 
 tentiary, he had not conftantly informed her and her coun 
 cil of ail the propofals of peace which had been made ; and 
 had not defired inftruclions for his conduit on that fubjec t ? 
 He declared, upon his confcience, and in prefence of the 
 Supreme Being, before whom he expected foon to appear, 
 that he was ever deiirous of a fafe, honourable, and Jailing 
 pece ; and that he was always very far from entertaining 
 any def,gn of prolonging the war for his own private advan 
 tage, as his enemies had moil faifely indnuated. At lair the 
 Queftion being put, Whether the earl of Nottingham s ad 
 vice fhould be part of the addrefs ? It was carried in the
 
 549 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B oo K affirmative by a (mail majority. The addrcfs was accord- 
 </, ingly prefented; and the queen, in her anfwer, (aid, me 
 ^Yp fhould be very forry anyone could think (he would not do 
 her utmoft to recover Spain and the Weft Indies from the 
 , hbufe of Bourbon. Againft this advice, however, feveral 
 peers protefted, becaufe there was no precedent for infert- 
 ing a claufe of advice in an addrefs of thanks ; and becaufe 
 they looked upon it as ?.i uivafion of the royal prerogative. 
 In the addrefs of the commons there was no fuch article ; 
 and, therefore, the anfwer they received was warm and cor 
 dial. 
 
 I he cuke of Hamilton claiming a feat in the houfe of 
 peers, as duke of Brandon, a title he had lately received, 
 was oppofed by the anti-courtiers, who pretended to fore- 
 fee great danger to the conPiitution from admitting into the 
 houfe a greater number of Scottifh peers than the aft of 
 Union allowed. Counfel was heard upon the validity of 
 his patent. They obferved that no objection could be made 
 to the queen s prerogative in conferring honours ; and that 
 all the lubjects of the united kingdom were equally capable 
 of receiving honour. The houfe of lords had already decid 
 ed the matter, in admitting the duke of Queenfberry upon 
 his being created duke of Dover. The debate was mana 
 ged with great ability on both fides: The Scottifh peers 
 united in defence of the duke s claim ; and the court exerted 
 its whole ftrength to fupport the patent. Neverthelefs, the 
 dueftien being put, Whether Scottifh peers, created peers 
 of Great Britain fince the Union, had a right to fit in that 
 houfe? It was carried in the negative by a majority of five 
 voices ; though not without a proteft figned by the lords in 
 the oppofition. The Sccttifh peers were fo incenfed at 
 this decifion, that they drew up a reprefentation to the queen, 
 complaining of it as an infringement of the Union, and a 
 mark of difgrace put upon the whole peerage of Scotland. 
 
 The bill againft occafional conformity was revived by the 
 earl of Nottingham, in more moderate terms than thofe that 
 had been formerly rejected ; and it pafTcd both houfes by the 
 connivance of the Whigs, upon the earl s promife, that if 
 they would confent to this meafure, he would bring over 
 many friends to join them in matters of greater confequence. 
 On the 22d day of December, the queen being indifpofed, 
 granted a commifTion to the lord-keeper, and feme ether 
 peers, to give the royal afient to this bill, and another for 
 the land tax. The duke of Devonfhire obtained leave to 
 bring in a bill for giving precedence of all peers to the elec 
 toral prince of Har.cvcr, as duke of Cambridge. Anr.c- 
 drcfs was prefented to the queer;, dchring flic woi^d r;ive 
 inllruciicns to her plenipotentiaries, to confult with the; n;i-
 
 ANNE. 54I 
 
 nifters of the allies in Holland before the opening of the c H A P. 
 congrefs; that they might concert the neceflary rneafures v 
 for proceeding with unanimity, the better to obtain the great ^"~Y"**- 
 ends propofed by her majefty. 37IK 
 
 The commiffioners for examining the public accounts Du!re of 
 having discovered, that the duke of Marlborough had re- Maribo- 
 ceived air annual prefent of five or fix thoufand pounds from ro . u s h d f- 
 
 thc contractors for bread to the army, the queen declared in n ?! < l;. d troin 
 i n t , r i-r < r , /- all his em- 
 
 COUnCli, tiMt Ihe thought fit to difinns him from all his em- pbymeats. 
 
 ployments, that the matter might be impartially examined. 
 This declaration was imparted to him in a letter under her 
 own hand, in which (he took occafion to complain of the 
 treatment (he had received. She probably alluded to the 
 infolence of his duchefs; the fubjeition in which fhe had 
 been kept by the late miniftry ; and the pains, lately taken 
 by Whi^s to depricate her conduct, arid thwart her meafures 
 v/ith refpecl to the peace. The duke wrote an aafwer to 
 her majefty, vindicating himfelf from the charge which had 
 been brought againft his character ; and his two daughters, 
 the countefs of Sunderland and the Lady Railton, refigned 
 their places of ladies of the bed-chamber. The miniftry, 
 ,n order to afcertain a majority in the houfe of lords, per- 
 fuaded the cjueen to take a meafure which nothing but ne- 
 ceffity could juflify. She created twelve peers at once * ; 
 and on the 2.d of January, they were introduced into the up- 
 per-houfe without oppofitiorr The lord-keeper delivered 
 to the houfe a mefilige from the queen, defiring they would 
 adjourn to the 14111 d.jy of the month, The anti-courtiers 
 alledged, th .: the queen could not fend a meflage to any one 
 houfe to adjourn, but ought to have directed it to both houfes. 
 This objection produced a debate, which was terminated 
 in favour of the court by the weight of the twelve new 
 peers. 
 
 At this period Prince Eugene arrived in England, with Prince 
 a letter to the queen from the emperor, and inftrucdons to u g en ear- 
 
 rives in 
 England. 
 
 * Lor,; CompfDn and Lord Bruce, fons of tlie earls of Northampton and Aylcf- 
 bury, were railed up by writ to the 1; ie :. tc-a w^re tiicf-j ; 
 
 Lord Duplin, of tlic kingdom of "Scot! , .d Baron Hay of Beawardin, 
 in. the county of Hereford ; Lurd Vifcount V/indfor, of Ireland, made Baron 
 joy, in the lile of Wight ; Henry I -get, ioi of Lor 1 IV.gtt, created Ba- 
 r.in Burton in the county of Stafford ; S;r i hoirui ?v anill, Bar^o Manfd, of 
 Iviargairi, in the county of Glamorgan ; Sir Tli jrna i Willougljby, Baron Mid- 
 cilitoii, or Mij.iieton, in the county of Warwick ; Sir Thomas Trevor, Baron 
 Trevor, of B ii the county of B;it3r.i ; G . ..lie, Baron 
 
 Luni.iovvn, of Biddetbrd, i.-i the county cf Dsvon j ;.- iinael Mu^liam, B:iron 
 :;, of Gats, id the county ofEffex : rc!-;y, co 
 
 unty of Worccit:- ; a: ,. , llaiv.n ".t- 
 
 tburit, of Bathsli dea, in the county of Bedford. ~ ; 
 
 .;-.:lioa was put about adjoarntng -f Wartou 
 
 * a !c;J o.i-- of tliy::!, Wii j;he;-thsy vj::i by thu:r
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK propofe a new fcheme for profecuting the war. His errand 
 was far from being agreeable to the miniftry ; and they fuf- 
 pecked that his real ami was to manage intrigues among the 
 difcontented party, who oppofed the peace. Nevcrthelefs, 
 he was treated with that refpecl which was due to his 
 quality and eminent talents, The minifters, the nobility, 
 and officers of diftin6tion vinted him at his arrival. He 
 was admitted to an audience of the queen, who received 
 him with great complacency. Having perufed the letter 
 \vhich he delivered, fne exprefied her concern that her 
 health did not permit her to fpeak with his highnefs as of 
 ten as fha could wifli ; but that fne had ordered the trea- 
 furer and Secretary St. John, to receive his propofals, 
 and confer with him as frequently as he fhould think pro 
 per. He exprefTed extraordinary refpecl: for the duke of 
 Marlborough, notwithftanding his difgrace. The lord- 
 treafurer, while he entertained him at dinner, declared 
 that he looked upon that day as the happieft in the whole 
 courfeofhis life, fince he had the honour to fee in his 
 houfe the greateft captain of the age. The prince is fa id 
 to have replied, u If I am, it is owing to your lordfhip." 
 Alluding to the difgrace of Vlarlborough, whom the earl s 
 intrigues had deprived of all military command. When 
 Bifhop Eurnet converfed with him about the fcandalous 
 libels that were every day publifhed againft the duke, and 
 in particular mentioned one paragraph, in which the au 
 thor allowed he had been once fortunate, the prince obfervcd 
 it v/as the greateft commendation that could be beftowed 
 upon him, as it implied that all other fuccefics were ow 
 ing to his courage and conduct:. While the nobility of 
 both parties vied with each other in demonftrations of re 
 fpecl: for this noble ftran^er; while he was adored by the 
 Whigs, and admired by the people, who gazed at him 
 in crowds when he appeared in public; even in the midft 
 of all thefe carefies, party riots were excited to infult his 
 perfon, and fome fcandalous reflexions upon his mother 
 were inferted in one of the public papers. The queen 
 treated him with diftinguifhed marks of regard ; and, on 
 her birth day prefented him with a fword worth five thou- 
 fand pounds. Neverthelefs, (he looked upon him as a pa 
 tron and friend of that turbulent faction to which fhe ow 
 ed fo much difquiet. She knew he had been prefled to 
 come over by the Whig-noblerner., who hoped his prefence 
 would inflame the people to fome defpcrate attempt upon 
 the new miniftry: She was not ignorant that he held pri 
 vate conferences with the duke of Marlborough, the earl 
 of Suntbrmnd, the Lords Somers, Hall: fax, and all the 
 chiefs of that partv : and that he entered into a clefs ccn-
 
 ANNE. 
 
 543 
 
 ne<ftion with the Baron de Bothmar, the Hanoverian en- CHAP. 
 voy who had been very active in fomenting the difturban- V. 
 ces of the people. 
 
 Pier majefty, who had been for fome time afflicted with 
 the gout, fent a mefTage to both houfes, on the lyth day 
 of January, ftgnifying that the plenipotentiaries were ar 
 rived at Utrecht; and that fhe was employed in making 
 preparations for an early campaign : She hoped, therefore, 
 that die commons would proceed in giving the neceflary 
 difpatch to the fupplies. 
 
 The lord-treafurer, in order to demonftrate his attach 
 ment to the Proteftant fucceiiion, brought in a bill which 
 had been propofed by the duke of Devonfhire, giving pre 
 cedence to the whole electoral family, as children and ne 
 phews of the crown ; and when it was pa/Ted into an acl, 
 he fent it over to Hanover by Mr. Thomas Harley. The 
 fixteen peers for Scotland were prevailed upon, by pro- 
 mife of fatisfaftion, to refume their feats in the upper 
 houfe, from which they abfented themfelves fmce the deci- 
 fion againit the patent of the duke of Hamilton: But 
 whatever pecuniary recompenfe they might have obtained 
 from the court, on which they were meanly dependent, 
 they received no fatisfaction from the parliament. The 
 commons finding Mr. Walpole, very troublefome in their 
 houfe, by his talents, activity, and zealous attachment to 
 the Whig intereft, found means to difcover fome clandef- 
 tine practices in which he was concerned as fecretary at 
 war, with regard to the forage-contrat in Scotland. The 
 contractors, rather than admit into their partnerfhip a per- 
 fon whom he had recommended for that purpofe, chofe to 
 prefent his friend with five hundred pounds. Their bill 
 was addrefied to Mr. Walpole, who endorfed it, and his 
 friend touched the money *. This tranfaftion was inter- 
 
 * The crramiffioners appointed for taking, fitting, and examining thi 
 
 f five hundred guineas^ and in taking a note for five hundred more, on ac 
 count of two contracts for forage of her majeily s troops, quartered in North 
 Britain, made by him when fecretar y at war, purfuant to a power granted to 
 him by the late lord-treafurer, is guilty of a high breach of truft and notorious 
 corruption. 2 That the faid Robert Walpole, Efq. be, for the faid o. Fjnce, 
 committed prifoner to the Tower of London, during the pleafuve of this houfc, 
 and that Mr. Speaker do iffus his warrant accordingly. 3 That the faid Ro 
 bert Walpole, ifq. be, for the laid offence, alfo expelled the houf.-, and 
 that the report of the commiffioners of public accounts be taken into further 
 confederation that day fe nnight. It appeared from the depofit:or.s of witnefies 
 that the public had been defrauded tonfiderably by thefe contrails a very lc- 
 vere fpeech was made in the houfe, and next day published, refletling upon 
 Mr. Walpole, as guilty of the word kind of corruption ; and Sir Petcr King 
 declared in the houfe, that b defer viJiangiD| as v.eU a hs defaced ini- 
 ^ii(nrncnt aad exuljiun.
 
 544 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK pretcd into a bribe. Mr. Walpole was voted guilty of 
 corruption, imprifoned in the Tower, and expelled the 
 V -"V S - houfe. Being afterwards re-chofrn by the fame borough 
 a 7 IT of Lynn-Regis, which he had before renrefented, a peti 
 tion was lodged againft him, and the commons voted him 
 incapable of being elected a member to ferve in the prefent 
 parliament. 
 
 Trial and Their next attack was upon the duke of Marlborough, 
 thTduke of w ^ was ^ 0un ^ to have received a yearly fum from fir 
 Mar] bo- Solomon Medina, a Jew, concerned in the contrail: for 
 rough. furnifhing the army with bread ; to have been gratified by 
 the queen with ten thoufand pounds a-year to defray the 
 expence of intelligence; and to have pocketed a deduction 
 of two and a half per cent, from the pay of the foreign 
 troops maintained by England. It was alledgcd, in his 
 j unification, that the prefent from the Jew was a cuftom- 
 ary perquifite, which had always been enjoyed by the ge 
 neral of the Dutch army: That the deduction of two and 
 a half per cent, was granted to him by an exprefs war 
 rant from her majefty: Thi.t all the articles of the charge 
 joined together did not exceed thirty thoufand pounds, a 
 fum much inferior to that which had been allowed to King 
 William for contingencies : That the money was expend 
 ed in procuring intelligence, which was fo exact that the 
 duke was never furpriied : That none of his parties were 
 ever intercepted or cut off; and all his defigns were by 
 thefe means io well concerted, that he never once mifcar- 
 ried. Notwithstanding thefe reprefentations the majority 
 voted that his practices had been unwarrantable and ille 
 gal ; and that the deduction was to be accounted for as 
 public money. Thefe refolutions were communicated to 
 the queen, who ordered the attorney-general to profecute 
 the duke for the money he had deducted by virtue of her 
 own warrant. Such practices were certainly mean and 
 mercenary, and greatly tarniflied the glory which the 
 duke had acquired by his military talents, and other film 
 ing qualities. 
 
 Difputes The commons now directed the ftream of their refent- 
 
 wjt .i the ment againft the Dutch, who had certainly exerted all 
 
 Dutch. i. . i .111 -n i 
 
 their endeavours to overwhelm the new mimltry, and re 
 tard the negotiations for peace. They maintained an in 
 timate correfpondcnce with the Whigs of England. They 
 .clifFufed the moft invidious reports againft Oxford and Se 
 cretary St. John. Buys, their envoy at London, acted 
 the part of an incendiary, in iuggefting violent meafu res 
 to the malcontents, nnd caballing againft the govern 
 ment. The minifters, by way of repriful, influenced the 
 houfe of commons to pafs fome acrimonious refolutions
 
 A N N E. 545 
 
 the ftates-general. They alled;ed that the ftates C H A *. 
 
 O J O 
 
 had been deficient in their proportion of troops, both in v - 
 Spain and in the Netherlands, during the whole courfe of ^**y~** 
 the war; and that the queen had paid above three millions J 7 Ii- 
 of crowns in fubfidies, above what ihe was obliged to ad 
 vance by her engagements. They attacked the barrier 
 treaty, which had been concluded with the ftates by lord 
 Townfhend, after the conferences at Gertruydenberg. 
 By this agreement, England guaranteed a barrier in the 
 Netherlands to the Dutch ; and the flates bound them- 
 felves to maintain, with their whol? force, the queen s 
 title, and the Proteftant fucceffion. The Tories affirmed, 
 that England was difgraced by engaging any other ftate to 
 defend a fucceffion which the nation might fee caufe to al 
 ter : That, by this treaty, the ftates were authorifed to 
 i nterpofe in Britifli councils : That being poffefled of all 
 thofe ftrong towns, they might exclude the Englifh from 
 trading to them, and interfere with the manufactures of 
 Great Britain. The houfa of commons voted, That in 
 the barrier treaty, there were fcveral articles deftructive 
 to the trade and intereft of Great Britain ; and therefore 
 highly difhonourable to her majefty: That the lord Vif- 
 count Townfliend was not authorifed to conclude fcveral 
 articles in that treaty : That he and all thofe who had ad- 
 vifed its being ratified were enemies to the queen and 
 kingdom. All their votes were digefted into a long re- 
 prefentation prefented to the queen, in which they aver 
 red, that England, during the war, had been overcharged 
 nineteen millions ; a circumftance that implied mifman- 
 agement or fraud in the old miniftry. The ftates, alarmed 
 at thefe refolutions, wrote a refpeclful letter to the queen, 
 reprefenting the necefiity of a barrier, for the mutual fe- 
 curity of England and the United Provinces. They af 
 terwards drew up a large memorial in vindication of their 
 proceedings during the war; and it was publiihed in one 
 of the Englifh papers. The commons immediately voted 
 it a falfe, fcandalous, and malicious libel, reflecting upon 
 the refolutions of the houfe ; and the printer and publifh- 
 cr were taken into cuflody, as guilty of a breach of pri 
 vilege. 
 
 They now repealed the naturalizrubn ah They pafled Bumet 
 a bill, granting a toleration to the Epifcopal clergy in B y er - 
 Scotland, without paying the leaft regard to a represent- ^ nc s ^ 
 ation from the general afTembly to the queen, declaring p^ffet. 
 that the acl: for fecuring the Prefbyterian government was 7, orcy 
 an efien tialand fundamental condition of the treaty of Union. ^j^ d ^ t , ie 
 The houfe, notwithftanding this remonftrance proceeded D. ofMarl- 
 with the bill and inferted a cbufe, prohibiting civil magi- borough. 
 
 VOL. I. -i Z
 
 546 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK ftrates from executing the fentences of the kirk-judicatories 
 The Epifcopal, as well as the Prefbyterian clergy, were 
 *~*"Y* vJ required to take the oath of abjuration, that they might 
 Mil 7 HHt be upon an equal footing in cafe of difobedience ; for the 
 Voltaire. commons well knew that this condition would be rejected 
 by both, from very different motives. In order to exaf- 
 perate the Prefbyterians with further provocations, an 
 other at was paffed for difcontinuing the courts of judi 
 cature during the Chriftmas holidays, which had never 
 been kept by perfons of that pcrfuafion. When this bill 
 was read for the third time, fir David Dalrymple faid, 
 " Since the houfe is refolved to make no alteration in the 
 " body of this bill, I acquicfce ; and only defire it may 
 " be entituled, A bill for eftablifhing Jacobitifm and im- 
 " morality." The chagrin of the Scottifh Prefbyterians 
 was completed by a third bill, reftoring the right of pa 
 tronage, which had been taken away when the difcipline 
 of the kirk was laft efrabiifhed. 
 
 Prince Eugene having prefented a memorial to the 
 queen touching the conduct of the emperor during the war> 
 and containing a propofal with relation to the affairs of 
 Spain, the queen communicated the fcheme to the houfe 
 of commons, who treated it with the moft contemptuous 
 neglect. The Prince, finding all his efforts ineffectual, 
 retired to the continent, as much difpleafed with the mi- 
 niflry, as he had reafon to be fatisfied with the people of 
 171*. England. The commons having fettled the funds for the 
 fupplies of the year, amounting to fix millions; the trea- 
 furer formed the plan of a bill, appointing commilEoners 
 to examine the value and confideration of all the grants 
 made fince the Revolution. Plis defign was to make a 
 general refumption ; but, as the intereft of fo many no 
 blemen was concerned, the bill met with a very warm 
 oppofition; notwithstanding which, it would have certain 
 ly palled, had not the duke of Buckingham and the earl 
 of Straftbrd abfented themfelves from the houfe during the 
 debate. 
 
 Conferen- In the month of January, the conferences for peace be- 
 ces for gan at Utrecht. The earl of Jerfey, would have been ap- 
 psace open- p O j n t e( j tne plenipotentiary for England, but he dying af- 
 Utrecht. ter tne correfpondence with the court of France was efta- 
 blifhed, the queen conferred that charge upon Robinfon, 
 bifhop of Brifiol, lord privy-feal, and the earl of Strafford. 
 The chief of the Dutch deputies named for the congrefs, 
 \vere Buys and Vanderduffen : The French king granted 
 his powers to the Marefchal D Uxelles, the abbot (af 
 terwards cardinal) de Polignac, and Mcnager, who had 
 been in England. The minifters of the emperor and Sa-
 
 ANNE. 54 7 
 
 roy, likewife affifted at the conferences, to which the cm- CHAP- 
 pire and the other allies likewife lent their plenipotentia- v - 
 ries, though not without rcludtance. As all thefe powers, 
 except France, entertained fentiments v.ry different from 
 thofe of her Britannic majefty, the conferences feeincd cal 
 culated rather to retard than accelerate a pacification. 
 The queen of England had forefeen and provided againft 
 thefe difficulties. Her great end was to tree her fubjedls 
 from the miferies attending an unprofitable war, and to 
 reftore peace to Europe ; and this aim file was rcfolved to 
 accomplish., in fpite of all oppofition. She had alfo deter 
 mined to procure reafonable terms of accommodation for 
 her allies, without, however, continuing to lavifh the blood 
 and treafure of her people in fupporting their extravagant 
 demands. The emperor obftinately infifted upon his 
 claim to the whole Spanifh monarchy, refufing to give up 
 the leaft title of his pretenfions; and the Dutch adhered to 
 the old preliminaries which Louis had formerly rejected. 
 The queen faw that the liberties of Europe would be ex- 
 pofed to much greater danger, from an actual union of the 
 Imperial and Spanifh crowns in one head of the houfe of 
 Auftria, than from a bare poffibility of Spain s being unit 
 ed with France in one branch of the houfe of Bourbon. 
 She knew by experience the difficulty of dethroning Philip, 
 rotted as he was in the affeclions of a brave and loyal peo 
 ple; and that a profecution of this deugn would fervenopur- 
 pofe but to protract the war, and augment the grievances of 
 the Britifh nation. She was well acquainted with the dif- 
 trefies of the French, which {he confidered as pledges of 
 their monarch s fincerity. She fought not the total ruin 
 of that people, already reduced to the brink of defpair. 
 The dictates of true policy diffuaded her from contribut 
 ing to further conquefts in that kingdom, which would have 
 proved the fource of contention among the allies, deprcf- 
 fed the houfe of Bourbon below that ftandard of import 
 ance which the balance of Europe required it fhould main 
 tain, and aggrandize the ftates-general at the expence of 
 Great Britain. As {he had borne the chief burthen of the 
 war, {he had a right to take the lead ; and dictate a plan of 
 pacification ; at leaft, {he had a right to confult the wel 
 fare of her own kingdom, in delivering, by a feparate 
 peace, her fubjecls from thofe enormous loads which they 
 could no longer fuftain ; and {he was well enough aware 
 of her own confequence, to think {he could obtain advan 
 tageous conditions. 
 
 Such were the fentiments of the queen ; and her mini- 
 fters feem to have ailed on the fame principle?, though, 
 perhaps, party motives may have helped to influence their
 
 548 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK conduct. The allies concurred in oppofmg with all their 
 might any treaty which could not gratify their different 
 
 ^*""Y" X ^ views of avarice, intereil, and ambition. They practifed 
 a thoufand little artifices to intimidate the queen, to excite 
 a jealoufy of Louis, to blacken the characters of her mini- 
 fters, to raife and keep up a dangerous ferment among her 
 people, by which her life and government were endanger 
 ed. She could not fail to refent thefe efforts, which 
 greatly perplexed her meafures, and obftrudtcd her dfign. 
 Her minifters were fenfible of the dangerous predicament 
 in which they ftood. The queen s health v/as much im 
 paired; and the fucceflbr countenanced the oppofite fac 
 tion. In cafe of their fovereign s death, they had no 
 thing to expet but profecution and ruin for obeying her 
 commands : They faw no hope of fafety, except in re 
 nouncing their principles, and fubmitting to their adver- 
 faries, or elfe in taking fuch meafures as would haften the 
 pacification, that the troubles of the kingdom might be ap- 
 pcafed, and the people be fatisfied with their conduct be 
 fore death fnould deprive them of their fovereign s pro 
 tection. With this view, they advifed her to fet on foot 
 a private negociation with Louis; to ftipulate certain ad 
 vantages for her own fubjeiSts in a concerted plan of 
 peace; to enter into fuch mutual confidence with that mo 
 narch, as would anticipate all clandeftine tranfactions to 
 her prejudice, and in Ibme meafure enable her to pre- 
 fcribe terms for her allies. The plan was judicioufly 
 formed; but executed with too much precipitation. The 
 ftipulated advantages were not fuch as fhe had a right to 
 demand and infift upon ; and without all doubt, better 
 might have been obtained, had not the obftinacy of the 
 allies abroad, and the violent conduct of the Whig fac 
 tion at home, obliged the minifters to relax in fome mate 
 rial points, and haften the conclusion of the treaty. 
 
 The articles being privately regulated between the two 
 courts of London and Verfailles, the Englifh plenipoten 
 tiaries at Utrecht were furnifhed with general powers and 
 inftruUons, being ignorant of the agreement, which the 
 queen had made with the French monarch, touching the 
 kingdom of Spain, which was indeed the bafis of the 
 treaty. This fecret plan of negociation, however, had 
 well nigh been deftroyed by fome unforefeen events that 
 were doubly afflicting to Louis. The Dauphin had died 
 of the fmall-pox in the courfe of the preceding year; and 
 his title had been conferred upon his fon, the duke cf Bur 
 gundy, who now expired on the laft dny of February, fix 
 days after the death cf his wife, Mary Adelaide of Sa 
 voy. The parents were foon followed to the grave by
 
 ANNE. 549 
 
 their eldeil offsprings, the duke of Bretagne, in the fixth CHAP. 
 year of his age ; fo that the duke of Burgundy s children, v - 
 none remained alive but the duke of Anjou, the late 
 French king, who was at that time a fickly infant. Such 
 a feries of calamities could not fail of being extremely 
 fhocking to Louis in his old age; but they were ftill more 
 alarming to the queen of England, who faw that nothing 
 but the precarious life of an unhealthy child divided the 
 two monarchies of France, and Spain, th^ union of 
 which fhe refolved by all poflible means to prevent. She, 
 therefore, fent the Abbe Gualtier to Paris, with a me 
 morial, reprefenting the danger to which the liberty of 
 Europe would be expofed, fhould Philip afcend the throne 
 of France ; and demanding, that his title fhov.ld he tranf- 
 ferred to his brother, the duke of Berry, in confequence 
 of his pure, fimple, and voluntary renunciation. 
 
 Mean while, the French plenipotentiaries at Utrecht 
 were prevailed upon to deliver their propofals in writing, 
 under the name of fpecific offers, which the allies received 
 with indignation. They were treated in England with 
 univerfal fcorn. Lord Hallifax, in the houfe of peers, 
 termed them trifling, arrogant, and injurious to her ma- 
 jefty and her allies: An addrefs was prcfented to the queen, 
 in which they expreffed their refentment againft the info- 
 lence of France, and promifed to aflift her with all their 
 power in profecuting the war, until a fafe and honourable 
 peace fhould be obtained. The plenipotentiaries of the 
 allies were not lefs extravagant in their fpecific demands 
 than the French had been arrogant in their offers. In a 
 word, the minifters feemed to have been afTembled at 
 Utrecht, rather to ftart new difficulties, and widen the 
 breach, than to heal animofities, and concert a plan of 
 pacification. They amufed one another with fruitlefs 
 conferences, while the queen of Great Britain, endea 
 voured to engage the ftates-general in her meafures, that 
 they might treat with France upon moderate terms, and 
 give law to the reft of the allies. She departed from fome 
 of her own pretenfions, in order to gratify them with the 
 poffeffion of fome towns in Flanders. Sheconfented to their 
 being admitted into a participation of fome advantages in 
 commerce, and ordered the Englifh minifters at the con- 
 grefs to tell them, that (lie would take her meafures ac 
 cording to the return they fnould make on this occaHon. 
 Finding them ftill obftinately attached to their fir ft chime 
 rical preliminaries, me gave them to undcrflanJ, that all 
 her offers for adj lifting the differences were founded upon 
 the cxprefs condition, That they fhould come into her 
 meafures, and co-operate with her openly and fincerely: 
 But they had made iuch bad returns to all her condefccn-
 
 550 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK fion towards them, that ihe looked upon herfelf as releafed 
 from all engagements. The minift-rs of the allies had in- 
 lifted upon a written anfwer to their fpecific demands ; and 
 this the French plenipotentiaries declined, until they fhould 
 receive frefh inftrudtions from their mafter. Such was 
 the pretence for fufpending the conferences: But the 
 real bar to a final agreement between England and 
 France, was the delay of Philip s renunciation, which 
 at length, however, arrived ; and produced a ceflation of 
 arms. 
 
 In the mean time, the duke of Ormond, who was now 
 inverted with the fupreme command of the Britifh forces, 
 received a particular order, that he fhould not hazard an 
 engagement. Louis had already undertaken for the com 
 pliance of his grandfon. Reflecting his own great age, 
 he was fhocked at the profpect of leaving his kingdom in 
 volved in a pernicious war, during a minority; and de 
 termined to procure a peace at all events. The queen, 
 knowing his motives, could not help believing his pro- 
 teftations, and refolved to avoid a battle, the iflue of 
 which might have confiderably altered the fituation of af 
 fairs, and confequently retarded the coriclufion of the trea 
 ty. Preparations had been made for an early campaign. 
 In the beginning of March, the earl of Albemarle, having 
 affembled a body of 36 battalions, marched towards Arras, 
 which he reduced to a heap of afoes by a moft terrible 
 cannonading and bombardment. In May, the duke of 
 Ormond conferred with the deputies of the ftates-general, 
 at the Hague, and affured them, that he had orders to a<5l 
 vigorously in the profecution of the war. He joined 
 Prince Eugene at Tournay ; and on the 26th day of May, 
 the allied army, palling the Schelde, encamped at Hafpre 
 and Solemnes. The Imperial general propofed that they 
 fhould attack the French army under Villars: But by 
 this time the duke was reftrained from hazarding fiegc 
 or battle; a circumftance well known to the French 
 commander, who therefore abated of his ufual vigilance. 
 It could not be long concealed from Prince Eugene and 
 the deputies, who forthwith difpatched an exprefs to their 
 principals on this fubjecl:, and afterwards prefented a long 
 memorial to the duke, reprefenting the injury which the 
 grand alliance would fuftain from his obedience of fuch an 
 order. Pie leemed to be extremely uneafy at his fitu 
 ation ; aud, in a letter to Secretary St. John, cxpreffcd 
 a defire that the queen would permit him to return to 
 England. 
 
 Prince Eugene, notwithstanding the queen s order, 
 which Ormond had not yet formally declared, inverted the 
 town of Quefr.oy, and the duke f^rniiTicd towards this en-
 
 ANNE. 
 
 terprize feven battalions and nine fquadrons of the foreign c H A P. 
 troops maintained by Great Britain. The Dutch deputies at V. 
 Uti, cht expoftulating with the bifhop of Briftol upon the ^^f^ 
 duke s refuling to a6t againft the enemy, that prelate told J 7 12 - 
 them, that he had lately received an exprefs, with a letter 
 from her majefty, in which fhe complained, that as the 
 ftates-general had not properly anfwered her advances, 
 they ought not to be furprifed if fhe thought herfelf at 
 liberty to enter into feparatc meafures, in order to obtain 
 a peace for her own conveniency. When they remon- Alliance 
 ftrated againft fuch conduct, as contradictory to all the al- p^i, r e _ 
 liancesfublifting between the queen and the ftates-general, rwunced. 
 the bifhop declared his inftru6tions further imported, that, 
 confidering the conduct of the ftates towards her majefty, 
 fhe thought herfelf difengaged from all alliances and en 
 gagements with their High-MightinefTes. The ftates and 
 the minifters of the allies were inftantly in commotion. 
 Private meafures were concerted with the elector of Han 
 over, the landgrave of HefTe-CafTel, and fome other prin 
 ces of the empire, concerning the troops belonging to 
 thofe powers in the pay of Great Britain. The ftates-general 
 wrote a long letter to the queen, and ordered their envoy 
 at London to deliver it into her own hand. Count Zin- 
 zendorf, the emperor s plenipotentiary, difpatched expref- 
 fes to his mafter, to Prince Eugene, and to the Imperial 
 ambaffador at London. The queen held a council at 
 Kenfmgton upon the fubject of the letter ; and a frefh or 
 der was fent to the duke of Ormond, directing him to 
 concur with the general of the allies in a liege. 
 
 On the 28th day of May Lord Hallifax, in the houfe of 
 Peers, defcanted upon the ill confequences of the duke s 
 refufing to co-operate with Prince Eugene ; and moved 
 for an addrefs, defiring her majefty would order the gene 
 ral to act offenfively, in concert with her allies. The 
 treafurer obferved it was prudent to avoid a battle on the 
 eve of a peace, efpecially confidering they had to do wi th 
 an enemy fo apt to break his word. The earl of Whar- 
 ton replied, this was a ftrong reafon for keeping no mea 
 fures with fuch an enemy. When Oxford declared, that 
 the duke of Ormond had received orders to join the allies 
 in a fiege, the duke of Marlborough affirmed it was im- 
 poffible to carry on a fiege, without either hazarding a 
 battle, in cafe the enemy fbould attempt to relieve the 
 place, or fhamefully abandoning the enterprize. The 
 duke of Argyle having declared his opinion, that fmce the 
 time of Julius Csefar there had not been a greater cap 
 tain than Prince Eugene of Savoy, obferved, that, con- 
 fiderins the differentlnterefts of the houib of Auftria, and
 
 552 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK, of Great Britain, it might not confift with prudence to 
 truft him with the management of the war, bccaufe a bat- 
 tie won or loft might entirely break oft a negotiation of 
 I 7 t2 - peace, which in all probability was near being concluded. 
 He added, that two years before the confederates might 
 have Arras and Cambray, inftead of amufing themfelves 
 with the infignificant conquefts of Aire, Bethune, and St. 
 Venant. The duke of Devonshire faid he was, by prox 
 imity of blood, more concerned than any other in the re 
 putation of the duke of Ormond; and, therefore, could 
 not help exprefiing his furprife, that any one would dare 
 to make a nobleman of the firil rank, and of ib diftin- 
 guifhed a character, the inftrument of fuch proceedings. 
 Jiarl Paulet anfwered, that nobody could doubt the duke 
 of Ormond s courage ; but he was not like a certain ge 
 neral, who led troops to the Slaughter, to caufe a great 
 number of officers to be knocked on the head, that he 
 might fill his pockets by difpofing of their commiflkms. 
 Duke of The duke of Maryborough, was fo deeply affected by this 
 Maribo- reflection, that though he fuppreffed his refentment in the 
 rough chai- h ou f e ne t k t | ie . opportunity to fend Lord Mohun 
 
 leng. j s harl rr 
 
 Pauiet. to the earl with a meliage, importing, that he mould be 
 glad to come to an explanation with his lordfhip, about 
 fome exprefitons he had ufed in that day s debate ; and 
 defiring his company to take the air in the country. The 
 earl understood his meaning ; but could not conceal 
 his emotion from the obfervation of his lady, by whofe 
 means the affair was communicated to the earl of 
 Dartmouth, fecretary of ftate. Two centinels were 
 immediately placed at his lordfhip s gate : The queen, 
 by the canal of Lord Dartmouth, defired the duke of 
 Marlborough would proceed no farther in the quarrel ; 
 and he aflured her he would punctually obey her majefty s 
 commands. The earl of Oxford allured the houfe, that a 
 fcparate peace was never intended : That fuch a peace 
 would be fo bafe, fo knavifn, and fo villainous, that every 
 one who ferved the queen knew they muft anfwer it with 
 their heads to the nation ; but that would appear to be a 
 fafe and glorious peace, much more to the honour and in- 
 tereft of the- nation, than the firft preliminaries infifted 
 upon by the allies. The queftion being put for adjourn 
 ing it was after a long debate, carried in the affirmative; 
 but twenty lords entered a p rot eft. The earl of Straffbrd, 
 who had returned from Holland, propofcd, that they fhould 
 examine the negotiations of the Hague and Gertruyden- 
 berg, before they confidered that of Utrecht. He ob- 
 lerved, that, in the former negociations, the French mi- 
 nifters had conferred only with the penfionary, who com 
 municated no more of it to the minifters of the allies than
 
 ANNE. 
 
 553 
 
 "what was judged proper to let them know; fo that the c H A P. 
 Dutch were abfolute mafters of the (beret. He afierted, v - 
 that the {rates-general had confented to give Naples and *-*"Y^ 
 Sicily to King Philip ; a circumftance which proved that l ~ iz - 
 the recovery of the whole Spanifh monarchy was looked 
 upon as impracticable. He concluded with a motion for 
 an addrefs to her rnajedy, defiring that the papers rdatinp- 
 to the negociations of the Hague and Gcrtruydenberg 
 fhould be laid before the houfe. This was carried with 
 out a diviflon. 
 
 In the houfe of commons, Mr. Pulteney moved for an 
 addrefs, acquainting her majefty, that her faithful commons 
 were juftly alarmed at the intelligence received from 
 abroad, that her general in Flanders had declined acting 
 offenfively againft France, in concurrence with her allies ; 
 and befeeching her majefty, that he might receive fpeedy 
 inftruclions to profecute the war with the utmoft vigour. 
 This motion was reje<5led by a great major : ty. A cer 
 tain member having insinuated, that the prefent negocia- 
 tion had been carried on in a clandertine and treacherous 
 manner, Mr. Secretary St. John faid, he hoped it would 
 not be accounted treachery to a6l for the good and advan 
 tage of Great Britain: That he gloried in the finall fhare 
 he had in the tranfaftion ; and whatever cenfure he might 
 undergo for it, the bare fat is faction of acting in that view 
 would be a fuiHcient recompence and comfort to him dur 
 ing the whole courfe of his life. The houfe refolved, 
 That the commons had an entire confidence in her ma- 
 jefty s promife, to communicate to her parliament the terms 
 of the peace before it fhould be concluded; and, that they 
 would fupport her againft all fuch perfons, either at home 
 or abroad, as fhould endeavour to ohftruct the pacification. 
 The queen thanked them heartily for this refolution, as 
 being dutiful to her, honeft to their country, and very 
 feafonable at a time when fo many artifices were ufed 
 to obflruft a good peace, or to force one difadvanta- 
 geous to Britain. They likewife prefcnted an addrefs, 
 defiring they might have an account of the negociations 
 and tranfaclions at the Hague and Gortruydenberg, and 
 know who were then employed as her majefty s ple 
 nipotentiaries. 
 
 The miniftry, forefeeing that Philip would not wil 
 lingly refign his hopes of fucceeding to the crown of 
 France, propofed an alternative, that, in cafe of his pre 
 ferring his expecl:ation of the crown of France to the pre 
 fent pofieflion of Spain, this kingdom, with the Indie?, 
 fhould be forthwith ceded to the duke of Savoy : That 
 Philip, in thi mean time, fnould pofkfs the duks s here 
 
 VOL. I. 4 A
 
 554 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 BOOK ditary dominions, and the kingdom of Sicily, together with 
 Montferrat and Mantua ; all which territories fhould be 
 
 V -*~Y" S " annexed to France at Philip s fucceffion to that crown, 
 except Sicily, which fhould revert to the houfe of Amrria. 
 Louis feemed to relifti this expedient, which, however, 
 was rejected by Philip, who chofe to make the renuncia 
 tion, rather than quit the throne upon which he was efta- 
 blifh;d. The queen demanded, that the renunciation 
 fhould be ratified in the moft folemn manner by the Hates 
 of France ; but fhe afterwards waved this demand, in 
 confederation of its being regiftered in the different par 
 liaments. Such forms are but {lender fecurities againft 
 the power, ambition, and intereft of princes. The mar 
 quis de Torcy frankly owned, that Philip s renunciation 
 was of itfelf void, as being contrary to the fundamental 
 laws and conftitution of the French monarchy ; but it was 
 found neceflkry for the fatisfaftion of the Englifh people. 
 Every material article being now adjufted between the 
 two courts, particularly thofe relating to the king of Spain, 
 the commerce of Great Britain, and the delivery of Dun 
 kirk, a fufpenfion of arms prevailed in the Netherlands, 
 and the duke of Ormond adled in concert with marefchal 
 de Villars. 
 
 On the 6th day of June, the queen going to the houfe 
 of peers, communicated the plan of peace to her parlia 
 ment, according to the promife fhe had made. After hav 
 ing premifed, that the making peace and war was the un 
 doubted prerogative of the crown, and hinted at the diffi 
 culties which had arifen both from the nature of the affair, 
 and numbcrlefs obftru&ions contrived by the enemies of 
 peace, (he proceeded to enumerate the chief articles to 
 which both crowns had agreed, without, however, con 
 cluding the treaty. She told them fhe had fecured the 
 Proteftant fucceilion, which France had acknowledged in 
 the ftrongeft terms ; and that the pretender would be re 
 moved from the French dominions : That the duke of 
 Anjou fhould renounce for himfelf and his defcendants all 
 elaim to the crown of France ; fo that the two monarchies 
 would be forever divided. She obferved, that the nature 
 of this propofal was fuch as would execute itfelf : That it 
 would be the intereft of Spain to fupport the renunciation ; 
 and in France, the pei fons entitled to the fuccefHon of that 
 crown upon the death of the dauphin, were powerful 
 enough to vindicate their own right : She gave them to 
 underftsnd, that a treaty of commerce between England 
 and France had been begun, though not yet adjufted; but 
 provifion was made, that England fhould enjoy the fame 
 privileges that France granted to the moft favoured na-
 
 A N N E. 555 
 
 tion : That the French kino; had agreed to make an abfj- CHAP. 
 Jute ceflion of the iflaud ot" St. Chriftopher s, which had 
 hitherto been divided between the two nations : That he ^-^Y"^ 
 had alfo confented to reftore the whole bay and ftraits of 
 Hudfon ; to deliver the iiland of Newfoundland, with Pla- 
 centia ; to cede Annapolis, with the reft of Acadia or 
 Nova Scotia ; to demolifh the fortifications of Dunkirk; 
 to leave England in pofleflion of Gibralter, Port Mahon, 
 and the whole ifland of Minorca ; to let the trade of 
 Spain in the Weft Indies be fettled as it was in the reign 
 of his late Catholic majefty : She fignified that fhe had 
 obtained for her fubje&s the affento, or contract for fur- 
 niCbiog the Spanifti Weft Indies with negroes, for the 
 term of thirty years, in the fame manner as it had been 
 enjoyed by the French. With refpe6l to the allies, fne 
 declared, that France offered to make the Rhine the bar 
 rier of the empire: To yield Brifac, Fort Kehl, and Lan 
 dau, and raze all the fortreiies both on the other fide of 
 the Rhine, and in the iflands of that river: That the Pro- 
 teftant intereft in Germany would be rcfettled on the 
 footing of the treaty of Weftphalia : That the Spanifh. 
 Netherlands, the kingdoms of Naples and Sardinia, the 
 duchy of Milan, and the places belonging to Spain on the 
 coaft of Tufcany might be yielded to his Imperial majefty; 
 but the difpofition of Sicily was not yet determined : That 
 the demands of the ftatcs-general, with relation to com 
 merce, and the barrier in the Low Countries, would be 
 granted with a few exceptions, which might be corr.pcr:- 
 iated by other expedients : That no great progrefs had 
 been yet made upon the pretenfions of Portugal ; but that 
 thofe of Pruflla would be admitted by France without 
 much difficulty : That the difference between the barrier 
 demanded by the duke of Savoy in the year one thoufand 
 feven hundred and nine, and that which France noxv of 
 fered, was very inconfiderabls : That the elector Palatine 
 fuould maintain his prefent rank among the electors ; and 
 that France would acknowledge the elecloral dignity in 
 the houfe of Hanover. Such were the conditions which 
 the queen hoped would make fome amends to her fubj ects 
 for the great and unequal burthen they had borne during 
 the whole courfe of the war. She concluded with faying, 
 (he made no doubt but they were fully perfuaded, 
 that nothing would be neglected on her part, in the; 
 progrefs of this negociation, to bring the peace to an 
 happy and fpeedy iiTue ; and (he expreffed her dependence 
 upon the entire confidence and chcarful concurrence of 
 her parliament.
 
 556 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 BOOK An addrefs of thanks and approbation was immediately 
 IJ< voted, drawn up, and prefentcd to tha queen by the corn- 
 
 ^~Y**~* mons in a body. When the houfe of lords took the 
 J 7 12 - ipeech into consideration, the duke of Marlborough af- 
 ferted, that the meafures purfued for a year paft were di 
 rectly contrary to her majefty s engagements with the 
 allies : That they fullied the triumphs and glories of her 
 reign; and would render the Englifh name odious to all 
 nations. The earl of Strafford faid, that fome of the al 
 lies would not have fhown fuch backwardnefs to a peace, 
 had they not been perfuaded and encouraged to carry on 
 the war by a member of that illuftrious aflembly, who- 
 maintained a fecret correfpondence with them, and fed 
 them with hopes that they would be fupported by a ftrong 
 party in England. In anfwer to this infinuation againft 
 Marlborough, Lord Cowper obferved, that it could never 
 be fuggefted as a crime in the meaneft fubjecl:, much lefs 
 in any member of that auguft affembly, to hold corref 
 pondence with the allies of the nation ; fuch allies, efpe- 
 cially, whofe intereft her majefty had declared to be infe- 
 parable from her own, in her fpeech at the opening of the 
 feffion; whereas it would be a hard matter to juftify and 
 reconcile either with our laws, or with the laws of honour 
 and juftice, the conduct of fome pcribns, in treating cl;:n- 
 deftinely with the common enemy, without the participa 
 tion of the allies. This was a frivelous argument. A 
 correfpondence with any perfons whatfoever becomes cri 
 minal, when it tends to foment the divifions of one s 
 country, and arm the people againft their fovereign. If 
 England had it not in her power, without infringing the 
 laws of juftice and honour, to withdraw herfelf from a 
 confederacy which fhe could no longer fupport, and treat 
 for peace on her own bottom, then was ihc not an afro- 
 cute but a Have to the alliance. The earl of Godolphin 
 affirmed, that the trade to Spain was fuch a trifle as de- 
 ferved no confideration ; and that it would continually di- 
 minifh, until it fhould be entirely engrofTed.by the French 
 merchants. Notwithftandin<>; thefe remcnftrances againft 
 
 o o 
 
 the plan of peace, the majority agreed to an addrefs, in 
 which they thanked the queen for her extraordinary con- 
 defcenfion in communicating thofe conditions to her par 
 liament ; and exprefled an entire fatisfaftion with her 
 conduct. A motion was made for a claufe in the addrefs, 
 defiring her majefty would take fuch meafures, in concert 
 with her allies, as might induce them to join with her in 
 a mutual guarantee. A debate enfued : The qucftion 
 was put } and the claufe rejected. Several noblemen en-
 
 ANNE. 
 
 557 
 
 tered a proteft, which was expunged from the journals of C H A I , 
 the houfe by the decifion of the majority. v 
 
 In the houfe of commons, a complaint was exhibited 
 againft Bifhop Fleet wood, who, in a preface to four fer- 
 nons which he had publifhed, took occafion to ex to! the 
 Lift miniftry, at the expence of the prefent adminiftration. 
 This piece was voted malicious and faclious, tending to 
 create difcord and fediticn amongft her majesty s iubpcls, 
 and condemned to be burned by the hands of the common 
 hangman. They prefented an acldrefs to the queen, affur- 
 in<? her of the juft ienfe they had of the indignity offered 
 to her, by printing and publishing a letter from the ftates- 
 general to her rnajefty ; and defiring fhe would fo far re 
 lent fuch infults, as to give no aniwer for the future to 
 any letters cr memorials that fhould be thus ufhered into 
 the world, as inflammatory appeals to the public. Mr. 
 Hampden moved for an addrefs to her m.jefty, that fhe 
 would give particular inductions to her plenipotentiaries, 
 that in the conclufion of the treaty of peace, the feveral 
 powers in alliance with her majefly might be guarantees 
 for the Proteftant fucce-lion in the illuftrious houfe of 
 Hanover. The queftion being put, was curried in the 
 negative. Then the houfj refolved, That they had fuch 
 confidence in the repeated declarations her majefty had 
 made of her concern for alluring to th^fe kingdoms the 
 Proteftant fucceffion ns by l:r.v eftabliftied, tli.it they 
 could never doubt of her t.iicing the proper meafures 
 for tiie facurity thereof : That the houfc \vould fupport 
 her againft faction at home and her enemies abroad ; 
 and did humbly befsech her, that -Ihe would be pleafed to 
 difeourttenftrite ail thcfe who faould endeavour to raife 
 jealoufies between her majefty and her fubjcvSt?, eipecially 
 by mifreprefemiiJg her good intentions for the v/elfare cf 
 her people. The queen was extremely plcafed with this 
 refolution. V/hen it was prefented, fae told them, that 
 they had fhown thernfelves honeit afierters of the monar 
 chy, zealous defenders of the conlHtution, and real fric;i,Is 
 to the Proteftant fuccellion. She thought fhe had very 
 little reafon to countenance a compliment cf fupererog?,- 
 r::;;-. to a prince who had caballed with the enemies of 
 adminift ration. On the 2ift day of June the queen clo- 
 fed the felnon with a fpeech, expreiiing ;:::r i",-.v:rf:tcuon 
 at the addrefles and fupplies fhe had received : She ob- 
 ferved, that filould the treaty be broke off, their b-,:,J^.;:s 
 Vv r ould beat leair continued, if not incrcafed : 
 would lof; the prefjnc opportunity of ia*proviftg her Own 
 co/iimerce, and eftabiiiliing a real baianc. of-] \ : ia 
 
 r 1 Ti* ]^\r w o n rt -t-Vrat" fr ri r*i i ^y Ki ^ V^F* /~\f f"V*^ 1 1 1 > 
 
 A- LL* OOC tUU LUAU tUOUi^ll IC/mC Oi lilC ii*Ai.., L_, - .. ;u U^
 
 55 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK gainers by a continuance of the war, the reft would fuffer 
 in the common calamity. Notwithftanding the ferment of 
 the people, which was now rifen to a very dangerous pitch, 
 addrefles, approving the queen s conduit, were presented 
 by the city of London, and all the corporations in the king 
 dom that efpoufed the Tory intereft. At this juncture 
 the nation was fo wholly ppflefled by the fpirit of 
 party, that no appearance of neutrality or moderation 
 remained. 
 
 During thefe tranfa&ions the trenches were opened be 
 fore Quefnoy, and the fiege carried on with uncommon 
 vigour, under cover of the forces commanded by the duke 
 of Ormond. This nobleman, however, having received a 
 copy of the articles, figned by the marquis de Torcy, and 
 frefti inftructions from the queen, fignified to Prince Eu 
 gene and the Dutch deputies, that the French king had 
 agreed to fcveral articles demanded by the que^n, as die 
 foundation of an armiftice ; and among others, to put the 
 Englifh troops in immediate pofTefiion of Dunkirk : That 
 he could, therefore, no longer cover the fiege of Quefnoy, 
 as he was obliged by his inftructions to march with the 
 Britiih troops, and thofe in the queen s pay, and declare a 
 fufpenfion of arms as foon as he fhould be poflefled of 
 Dunkirk. He exprefled his hope, that they would readily 
 acquiefce in thefe inftiudtions, feeing their concurrence 
 would acl: as the moft powerful motive to induce the queen 
 to take all pofllble care of their interefts at the congrefs ; 
 and he endeavoured to demonftrate, that Dunkirk, as a 
 cautionary town, was a place of greater confequencc to 
 the allies than Quefnoy. The deputies defired he would 
 delay his march live days, that they might have time to 
 confult their principles, and he granted three days with 
 out hefitation. Prince Eugene obferved, that his marching 
 off with the Britifh troops, and the foreigners in the 
 queen s pay, would leave the allies at the mercy of the 
 enemy : But he hoped thefe laft would not obey the duke s 
 order. He and the deputies had already tampered with 
 their commanding officers, who abfolutcly refufed to obey 
 the duke of Ormond, alledging, that they could not fepa- 
 rate from the confederacy without exprefs directions from 
 their matters to whom they had difpatched couriers. An 
 extraordinary afiembly of the ftates was immediately fum- 
 moned to meet at the Hague. The miniftcrs of the allies 
 were invited to the conferences. At length, the princes whofc 
 troops were in the pay of Britain afTured them, that they 
 \vould maintain them under the command of Prince Eugene 
 for one month at their own expence, and afterwards furhin
 
 ANNE. 
 
 559 
 
 half the charge, provided the other half fhculd be defrayed C H A p. 
 by the emperor and ftates-general. v - 
 
 The bifhop of Briftol imparted to the other plenipoten- "" Y^^ 
 tiaries at Utrecht, the conceflinns which France would I ? IZ - 
 make to the allies; and propofed a fufpenfion of arms for 
 two months, that they might treat in a friendly manner, 
 and adjuft the demands of all the confederates. To this 
 propofal they made no other anfwer, but that they had no 
 inftru&ions on the fubjedt. Count Zir.zcndorf, the firft 
 Imperial plenipotentiary, prcfcnted a memorial to the ftates- 
 general, explaining the danger that would refult to the 
 common caufe from a ceflation of arms ; and exhorting 
 them to perfevere in their generous and vigorous refolu- 
 tions. He propofed a renewal of the alliance for recover 
 ing the Spanifh monarchy to the houfe of Auftria, and a 
 certain plan for profecuting the war with redoubled ar 
 dour. Prince Eugene, in order to dazzle the confederates 
 with fome bold enterprize, detached Major-general Gro- France - 
 veftein, with fifteen hundred cavalry, to penetrate into varied by 
 the heart of France. This officer, about the middle of ene " ) 1 
 
 . . f ^. rr i L XT i Greveftetfl. 
 
 June, advanced into Champagne, palled the Noire, the 
 Maefc, the Mofelle, and the Saar, and retired to Traer- 
 bach with a rich booty, and a great number of hoftages, 
 after bavins; extorted contributions as far as the gates of 
 
 O O 
 
 Metz, ravaged the country, and reduced a great number 
 of villages and towns to afhes. The confternation produ 
 ced by this irruption reached the city of Paris : The king 
 of France did not think himfelf fafe at Verfatlles with his 
 ordinary guards : All the troops in the neighbourhood of 
 the capital were aflembled about the palace. Villars fcnt 
 a detachment after Groveftein, a 1 : foon as he underftood 
 his deftination : But the other had gained a day s march 
 of the French troops, which had the mortification to fol 
 low him fo clofe, that they found the flames frill burning 
 in the villages he had deftroyed. By way of retaliation, 
 Major-General Pafteur, a French partifan, made an cxcur- 
 fion beyond Bergen-op-zoom, and ravaged the ifland of 
 Tortole belonging to Zealand. 
 
 The earl of Straffbrd having returned to Holland, pro 
 pofed a cefTation of arms to the ftates-general, by whom it 
 was rejected. Then he proceeded to the army of the duke 
 of Ormond, where he arrived in a few days after the re 
 duction of Quefnoy, the garrifon of which were made 
 prifoners of war on the 4th day of July. The officers of 
 the foreign troops had a fecond time refufed to obey a 
 written order of the duke; and fuch a fpirit of animofity 
 began to prevail between the Engliih and allies, that it 
 v/as abfolutely necefTary to effect a fpeedy feparatfewi.
 
 560 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 B O O K Prince Eugene refolved to undertake the fiege of Lan- 
 drecy. A defign is faid to have been formed by the Ger- 
 
 *~*~Y~*~* man generals to confine the duke, on pretence of the ar- 
 v l l z - rear? that were due to them; and to difarm the Britifh 
 troops, left thry ihould join the French army. In the 
 mean time, a literary correfpondence was maintained be 
 tween the .Kri. ijii h general and the marefchal de Villars. 
 France having confented to deliver up Dunkirk, a body of 
 troops was tranfported from England, under the command 
 of Brigadier Hill, who took pofTeflion of the place on the 
 yth day of July, the French garrifon retiring to Winox- 
 berg. On the l6th of the fame month, Prince Eugene 
 marched from his camp at Hafpre, and was followed by 
 all the auxiliaries in the Britifh. pay, except a few batta 
 lions of the troops of Holftein-Gottorp, and WalePs regi 
 ment of dragoons belonging to the ftate of Liege. 
 
 O -Z) O CT 
 
 Landrecy was immediately inverted, while the duke of 
 
 Ormond, with the Englifh forces, removed from Chateau- 
 
 Cambrefis, and encamping at Avefne-le-Secq, proclaimed 
 
 Ceffition of by found of trumpet a ceffation of arms for two months. 
 
 arms bf- On the fame day, the like armifticc was declared in the 
 
 tween l>n- JT re nch army. The Dutch were fo exafperated at the fe- 
 
 Uin and r i T i-fl 11 11 
 
 France. ceiiion or toe /UigJilh troops; that the governors would 
 not alloy/ the earl of Stratford to enter Bouchaine, nor the 
 Britifh army to pafs through Doiiay, though in that town 
 they had left a great quantity of {lores, together with their 
 general hofpital. Prince Eugene and the Dutch deputies, 
 understanding; that the duke of Ormond had bes;an his 
 
 O O 
 
 march towards Ghent, began to be in pain for that city, 
 and fent Count Naflau V/oodenburg to him with a written 
 apology, condemning and difavowing the conduct of the 
 commandants of Bouchaine and Doiiay: But, notwith- 
 ftanding thtfe excufes, the En^lifh troops afterwards met 
 with the fame treatment at Tcurnay, Oudenarde, and 
 Lifle; infults which were refented by the whole Britifh 
 nation. The duke, however, purfued his march, and took 
 poiTeiTion of Ghent and Bruges for the queen of England: 
 Then he re-enforced the garrifon of Dunkirk, which he 
 likewife fupplied with artillery and ammunition. His 
 conduct was no lefs agreeable to his fovereign, than mor 
 tifying to the Dutch, who never dreamed of leaving Ghent 
 and Bruges in the hands of the Engliil}, and were nov/ 
 fairly outwitted, and anticipated by the motions and expe 
 dition of the Britifh general. 
 
 Allies de- The lofs of the Biitifh forces was foon feverely felt in 
 
 feued at the allied army. Villars attacked a feparate body of thcir 
 
 trocps encamped at Denain,. under the command of the 
 
 earl of A bemarle. Their entrenchments were forced,
 
 ANNE. 561 
 
 and feventeen battalions either killed or taken. The carl CHAP, 
 himielf, and all the furviving officers, were made prifoners. 
 Five hundred waggons loaded with bread, twelve pieces of >*"*/"*" 
 brafs cannon, a large quantity of ammunition and provi- I ~ 12 - 
 fions, a great numbc 1 of horfes, and a confiderable booty, 
 fell into the hands of the enemy : This advantage they 
 gained in fight of Prince Eugene, who advanced on the 
 other fide of the Schelde to fuftain Albemarle ; but the 
 bridge over that river was broke down by accident ; fa 
 that he was prevented from lending the leaft afTiftance. 
 Villars immediately inverted Marchiennes, where the prin 
 cipal ftores of the allies were lodged. The place was 
 furrendered on the laft day of July ; and the garriibn, con- 
 filling of five thoufand men, were conducted prifoners to 
 Valenciennes. He afterwards undertook the fiege of 
 Doiiay ; an enterprife, in confequence of which^ prince 
 Eugene abandoned his defign on Landrecy, and marched 
 towards the French, in order to hazard an engagement. 
 The ftates, however, would not run the rifque ; and the 
 prince had the mortification to fee Doiiay reduced by the 
 enemy. He could not even prevent their re-taking Quef- 
 noy and Bouchaine, of which places they were in poik:f- 
 iion before the 10th day of October. The allies enjoyed 
 no other compenfation for their great lofies, but the con- 
 quell: of Fort Knocque, which was furprifed by one of 
 their partifans. 
 
 The Britifli minifters at the congrefs continued to prcfs 
 the Dutch and other allies to join in the armiftice ; but 
 they were deaf to the propofal, and concerted meafures for 
 a vigorous profecution of the war. Then the earl of 
 Stratford infifted upon their admitting to the congrefs the 
 plenipotentiaries of King Philip ; but he found them 
 equally averfe to this expedient. In the beginning of 
 Augu ft, Secretary St. John, now created Lord Vifcount 
 Bolingbroke., was fent to the court of Verfailles incognito, 
 to remove ail obftrudtions to the treaty between England 
 and France. He was accompanied by Mr. Prior and the 
 Abbe Guultier, treated with the mod diftinguifhed marks 
 ofrefpecl, carcffcd by the French king and tha mr.rquis 
 de Torcv, with whom he adjufled the principal intereils 
 Ttru> duke or Savoy and the elector of Bavaria. He fet 
 tled th? time and mnnnrr of the renunciations, and agreed 
 to a iuipenfion of at ins by fea and land, for four months, 
 between the crowns of France and England ; This was 
 accordingly proclaimed at Paris and London. The negc- 
 ciatioii being ilnifhed in a few days, Bolingbrcke returned 
 to England, and Prior remained as refident at the court cf 
 France. The ftates-general breathed nothing but war : 
 
 VOL. I. 4 B
 
 562 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOO K 1 he penliohary Heinllus pronounced an oration in their 
 aflembly, rcprefcnting the impoffibility of concluding a 
 peace without lofing the fruits of all the blood and treafurc 
 they had expended. The conferences at Utrecht were 
 interrupted by a quarrel between the domeftics of Mena- 
 ger, and thofe of the Count de Rechteren, one of the Dutch 
 plenipotentiaries. The populace infuhed the earl of Straf- 
 fofd and the marquis del Bcrgo, minifter of Savoy, whofe 
 matter was reported to have agreed to the armiftice. 
 Thefc obftruclions being removed, the conferences were 
 renewed, and the Britifh plenipotentiaries exerted all their 
 rhetoric, both in public and private, to engage the allies 
 in the queen s meafures. At length the duke of Savoy 
 was prevailed upon to acquiefce in the offers of France. 
 Mr. Thomas Harley had been fent ambaflador to Hano 
 ver, with a view to perfuade the elector that it would be 
 for his intereft to co-operate with her majefly: But that 
 prince s refolution was already taken. " Whenever it 
 " fhall pleafe God (laid he) to call me to the throne of 
 " Britain, I hope to at as becomes me for the advantage 
 " of my people : In the mean time, fpeak to me as to 
 " a German prince, and a prince of the empire. * 
 Nor was fhe more fuccefsful in her endeavours to bririp- 
 over the king of Pruffia to her fcntiments. In the mean 
 time, Lord Lexington was appointed ambaflador to Ma 
 drid, where King Philip folemnly fwore to obferve the re 
 nunciation, which was approved and confirmed by the 
 cortez. The like renunciation to the crown of Spain was 
 afterwards made by the princes of France ; and Philip 
 was declared incapable of fucceeding to the crown of that 
 realm. The court of Portugal held out againft the re- 
 monitrances of England, until the marquis de Bay invaded 
 that kingdom at the head of twenty thoufand men, and 
 undertook the fiege of Campo-Major, and they found they 
 had no longer any hope of being aifirled by her Britannic 
 majeity. The Portuguefe minifter at Utrecht figned the 
 fufpenlion of arms on the yth day of November j and ex- 
 cufed this frep to the allies, as the pure effecl: of necefiity. 
 The Engliili troops in Spain were ordered to feparate 
 from the army of Count Staremberg, and march to the 
 neighbourhood of Barcelona, where they were embarked 
 on board an Engliih fquadron, commanded by Sir John 
 Jennings, and traniported to Minorca. 
 
 The campaign being at an end in the Netherlands, the 
 duke of Ormond returned to England, where the party 
 difputes became more violent than ever. They affected to 
 celebrate the anniverfary of the late king s birth-day, in 
 London, with extraordinary rejoicings. Mobs were hired 
 by both factions; and the whole city was rilled with riot
 
 ANNE. 563 
 
 and uproar. A ridiculous fcheme was contrived to frighten c H A P. 
 the lord-treafurer with fotne fquibs in a band-box, which 
 the minifters magnified into a confpiracy. The duke of 
 Plamilton having been appointed ambailador extraordinary *7 12 : 
 to the court of France, the Whigs were alarmed, cm the Hamilton 
 fuppofition that this nobleman favoured the pretender, ano \Lo\-d 
 Some difpute arifmg between the duke and Lord Mohun, M hjnk 
 on the fubjecl: of a law-fuit, furnifhed a pretence for a ,^1. 
 quarrel. Mohun, who had been twice tried for murder, 
 and was counted a mean tool, as well as the Keclor of the 
 Whig party, fent a meffage by General Macartney to the 
 duke, challenging him to fmgle combat. The principals 
 met by appointment in Hyde-park, attended by Macartney 
 and Colonel Hamilton. They fought with fuch fury, that 
 Mohun was killed upon the fpot, and the cluke expired be 
 fore he could be conveyed to his own houfe. Macartney 
 difappeared, and efcaped in difguife to the continent. Co 
 lonel Hamilton declared upon oath before the privy-coun 
 cil, that when the principals engaged, he and Macartney 
 followed their example: That Macartney was immediately 
 difarmed; but the Colonel feeing the duke fall upon his 
 antagonifT, threw away the fvvords, and ran to lift him up : 
 That while he was employed in raifing the duke, Macart 
 ney, having taken up one cf the fwords, ftabbed his grace 
 over Hamilton s fhoulder, and retired immediately. A 
 proclamation was ifllied, promifing a reward of 500 
 pounds to thof? who mould apprehend or difcover Macart 
 ney; and the duchefs of Hamilton offered 300 pounds for 
 the fame purpofe. The Tories exclaimed againft this e- 
 vent as a party duel : They treated Macartney as a cow 
 ardly afTaffin ; and affirmed that the Whigs had pofted o- 
 thers of the fame ftamp all round Hyde-park, to murder 
 the duke of Hamilton, in cafe he had triumphed over his 
 antagonift, and efcaped the treachery of Macartney. The 
 Whigs, on the other hand, affirmed, that it was altogether 
 a private quarrel : That Alacartney was entirely innocent 
 of the perfidy laid to his charge : That he afterwards fub- 
 mitted to a fair trial, at which Colonel Hamilton prevari 
 cated in giving his evidence, and was contradicted by the 
 teftimony divers perfons who faw the combat at a diftance. 
 The duke of Marlborough, hearing himfelf accufed as the Duka of 
 author of thofe party mifchiefs, and feeing his enemies Marl - 
 
 j 1 t 1 i i rough re- 
 
 grOW every day more and more implacable, thought proper to tire ^ to t }. e 
 
 retire to the continent, where he was followed by the duch- continent. 
 efs. His friend Godolphin had died in September, with 
 the general character of an able, cool, difpaiiionate mini- 
 fter, who had rendered himfelf neceiTary to four fucceffive 
 fovereigns, and managed the finances with equal (kill and 
 ity. The duke f Shrewsbury was nominateed am-
 
 564 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK baflador to France, in the room of the duke of Hamilton 
 The duke d Aumount arrived ?.> London in the fame qua- 
 lity form the court of Vcrf ille; i about the fame time tiie 
 I / 12 - queen granted an audience to the m:-rquis de Monteleone, 
 v/hom Philip had appointed one of his plenipotentiaries at 
 the congrcfs. 
 
 In vain the Britifh minifters in Holland endeavoured to 
 overcome the ohftinacy of the ftates-general, by ikernate 
 threats, promifes, and arguments. In vain did they repre- 
 fent that the confederacy againft France could be no longer 
 fupported with any profpeft of fuccefs : That the queen s 
 air: 1 , had been to procure reafonable terms for her allies ; 
 but that their oppofition to her meafures prevented her 
 from obtaining fuch conditions ?.s fhe would have a right 
 to demand in their favour, were they unanimous in their 
 confutations. In November, the earl of StrafFord prcfent- 
 cd a new plan of peace, in which the queen promifed to 
 iniift upon France s ceding to the ftates the city of Tour- 
 nay, and fome other places which they could not expect to 
 poflefs, fhculd fhe conclude a feparate treaty. They now 
 began to waver in- -their councils. The firft tranfports of 
 their refentment having fubfided, they plainly perceived, 
 that the continuation of the war would entail upon them a 
 burden which they could not bear, efpecially fince the duke 
 of Savoy and the king of Portugal had defcrted the alliance: 
 Befides, they were daggered by the affair of the new barri 
 er, fo much more advantageous than that which France 
 had propofed in the beginning of the conference. They 
 were influenced by another motive ; namely, the apprehen- 
 fion of new mifchiefs to the empire from the king of Swe 
 den, whofe affairs feemed to take a favourable turn at the 
 Ottoman Porte, through the intercefiion of the French mo 
 narch. The czar and King Auguflus had penetrated into 
 Pomerania : The king of Denmark had taken Staden, re 
 duced Bremen, and laid Hamburgh under contribution ; 
 Count Stecnbock, the Swedifh general, defeated the Da- 
 nifh army in Mecklenbourg, ravaged Holftein with great- 
 barbarity, and reduced the town cf Altena to allies. The 
 The Grand Signor threatened to declare war sgainft the 
 czar, on pretence that he had not performed fome eflential 
 articles of the late peace ; but his real motive was an incli 
 nation to fupport the king of Sweden. This difpofition, 
 however, was defeated by a powerful party at the Porte, 
 who were averfe to war. Charles, who ftill remained at 
 Bender, was deilred to return to his own kingdom, and 
 given to underhand, that the Sultan would procure him a 
 fafc paflagc. He treated the perfon who brought this inti 
 mation with the moil outrageous infolence ; rejected the 
 propofal^ fortified his houfej and refolved to defend him-
 
 ANNE. 
 
 felf to the lad extremity. Being attacked by a confidera- c H A P. 
 b!e body of Turkifh forces, he and his attendants fought 
 with the nioft frantic valour. They flew fome hundreds 
 of the aflailhnts ; but at laft the Turks fet fire to the houfe: 
 So that he was obliged ta futrender himfelf and his i u;o\v- 
 ers, who were generally fold for flaves. He himieif was 
 conveyed, under a ftrong guard, to Adrianople. Mean while, 
 the czar landed with an army in Finland, which he totaS y 
 reduced. Steenboch maintained hitnfelf in Tonningen until 
 all his fupplies.were cut off; and then he was obliged to 
 deliver himfelf and his troops prifoners of war. But this 
 reverfe was not forefeen when the Dutch dreaded a rup 
 ture between the Porte and the Mufcovites, and were given 
 to underftand, that the Turks would revive the troubles in 
 Hungary. In that cafe, they knew the emperor would re- 
 cal great part of his troops from the Netherlands, where 
 the burden of the war mini lie upon their fhoulders. After 
 various cofultations in their different affemblies, they came 
 into the queen s meafures,and figned the barrier treaty. 
 
 Then the plenipotentiaries of the four aflbciated circles 
 prefented a remonfrranc e to the BritHh minifters at Ut 
 recht, imploring the queen s interposition in their favour, 
 that they might not be left in the miferable condition to 
 which had been reduced by former treaties. They were 
 given to understand, that if thry fliould not obtain what 
 they defired, they themfelves would be juflly blamed as the 
 authors of their own difappointmcnt : That they had been 
 deficient in furnifhing their proportion of troops and other 
 necefTaries ; and left the whole burden of the war to fall up 
 on the queen and the ftates in the Netherlands : That 
 when a ceffation was judged neceffary ; they had deferted 
 her majefty to follow the chimerical projects of Prince 
 Eugene : That while fhe profecuted the war with the ut- 
 moic vigour they had acted with coldnefs and indifference; 
 but when fhe inclined to peace, they began to exert them 
 felves in profecuting hoftilities with uncommon eagerneft : 
 That, neverthelefs, fhe would not abandon their interests, 
 but endeavour to procure for them as good conditions as 
 their prepofterous conduit would allow her to demand. 
 Even the emperor s plenipotentiaries began to talk in more 
 moderate terms. Zinzendorf declared, that his mafter was 
 very well difpofed to promote a general peace ; and no 
 longer infifted on a cefiion of the Spanifh monarchy to the 
 houfe of Aufrria. Philip s miniilers, together with thofe 
 of Bavaria and Cologn, were admitted to the congrefs ; and 
 now the plenipotentiaries of Britain acted as mediators for 
 the reft of the allies. 
 
 The pacification between France and England was re 
 tarded, however, by fome unforefeen difficulties that arofc
 
 566 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK in adjufting the commerce and the limits of the countries 
 poffeffed by both nations in North America. A long dif- 
 ^ "V" 1 ^ pute enfued, and the duke of Shrewfbury and Prior held ma- 
 17 12 ny conferences with the French miniftry : At length it 
 was compromifed, though not much to the advantage of 
 Great Britain ; and the Englifh plenipotentiaries received 
 an order to fign a feparate treaty. They declared to the 
 minifters of the other power?, that they and fome other 
 plenipotentiaries were ready to fign their refpc&ive treaties 
 on the i ith day of April. Count Zinzendorf endeavoured 
 to poflpone this tranfaition until he fhould be furnifhed 
 with frefh ir.ftruclions from Vienna ; and even threatened, 
 that if the ftates fhould fign the peace contrary to his de- 
 fire, the emperor would immediately withdraw his troops 
 Burr-t. f rom t h c Netherlands. The minifters of Great Britain a- 
 greed with thofe of France, that his Imperial majefty fhould 
 Lamberty. have time to confider, whether he would or would not ac- 
 Qmncy. ce p t tne propofals ; but this time was extended no father 
 Torcy^ t lan tne *^ ^ a y f J une > nor would they agree to a ceffa- 
 Eoling- tion of arm during that interval. Mean while, the peace 
 broke. vvith France was figned in different treaties by the plenipo- 
 Tildar tentiaries of Great Britain, Savoy, Pruflia, Portugal, and 
 Mil. Hift. ^e ftates-general. On the I4thdayofthe month, the 
 Hift. of the Britifh plenipotentiaries delivered to Count Zinzendorf, 
 in writing, "offers and demands of the French king for mak- 
 
 ( ,f.--.v C* 
 
 u ing peace with the houfe Auftria and the empire." The 
 count and the minifters of the German princes exclaimed 
 ngainft the infolence of France, which hsd not even be- 
 ftowed the title of emperor on Jofeph ; but wanted to im- 
 pofe terms upon them with relation to the electors of Co- 
 logn and Bavaria. 
 
 i7 J 3-, The treaties cf peace and commerce between England 
 VtnxLt* anc ^ F fance being ratified by the queen of England, the 
 parliament was affembled on the 9th day of April. The 
 queen told them the treaty was figned, and that in a few 
 days the ratifications would be exchanged. She faid, 
 what file had done for the Proteftant fucceffion, and the 
 perfect friendfhip fubfifting between her and the houfe of 
 Hanover, would convince thofe who wifhed well to both, 
 and defired the quiet and fafety of their country, how vain 
 all attempts were to divide them. She left it entirely to 
 the houfe of commons to determine what force might be 
 neceffary for the fecurity of trade by fea, and for guards 
 and garrifons. " Make yourfelves fafe (faid fhe) and I 
 " fhall be fatisfied. Next to the protection of the Divine 
 " Providence, I depend upon the loyalty and affection of 
 " my people. I want no other guarantee." She recom 
 mended to their prote&ion thofe brave men who had ex- 
 pofed their lives in the fervice of their country, and could
 
 ANNE. 567 
 
 not be employed in time of peace. She defired they would C H A 1* 
 concert proper mcafures for eafing the foreign trade of the v - 
 kingdom ; for improving and encouraging manufactures 
 and the fifhery; and, for employing the hands of idle peo- 
 pie. She exprefied her difpleafure at the fcandalous and 
 leditious libels which had been lately publifhsd. She ex 
 horted them to confider of new laws to prevent this licenti- 
 oufnefs, as well as for putting a ftop to the impious prac 
 tice of duelling. She conjured them to ufe their utmoft 
 endeavours to calm the minds of men at home, that the 
 arts of peace might be cultivated ; and that groundlefs 
 jealoufbs, contrived by a faction, and fomented by party- 
 rage, might not effect that which their foreign enemies 
 could not accompli fh. This was the language of a pious, 
 candid, and benevolent fovereign, who loved her fubje6ts 
 with a truly parental affection. The parliament confidcr- 
 ed her in that light. Each houfe prefented her with a warm 
 addrefs of thanks and congratulation, exprefling, in par 
 ticular, their inviolable attachment to the Proteftant fuc- 
 ceflion in the illuftrious houfe of Hanover. The ratifica 
 tions of the treaty being exchanged, the peace was pro 
 claimed on the 5th of May, with the ufual ceremonies, to 
 the inexpreffible joy of the nation in general. It was 
 about this period that the Chevalier de St. George con 
 veyed a printed remonftrance to the minifters at Utrecht. 
 folcmnly protefting againft all that might be ftipulated to 
 his prejudice. The commons, in a fecond addrefs, had 
 befought her majefty to communicate to the houfe in due 
 time the treaties of peace and commerce with France ; and 
 now they were produced by Mr. Benfon, chancellor cf 
 the exchequer. 
 
 By the treaty of peace, the French king obliged him- 
 fe!f to abandon the pretender, and acknowledge the queen s 
 title and the Proteftant fuccefiion; to raze the fortifica 
 tions of Dunkirk within a limited time, on condition of 
 receiving an equivalent; to cede New-foundland, Hud- 
 fon s-Bay, and St. Chriftopher s to England; but the 
 French were left in poffeffion of Cape Breton, and at li 
 berty to dry their fifh on Nevv-foundland. By the treaty 
 of commerce a free trade was eftablilhed, according to the 
 tariff of the year one thoufand fix hundred and fixtv-four, 
 except in fome commodities that were fubjedted to new re 
 gulations in the year fixteen hundred and ninety-nine. It 
 was agreed, That no other duties fhould be impofed on 
 the productions of France imported into England, than 
 thofe that were laid on the fame commodities from other 
 countries; and that commiffaries fhould meet at London, 
 to adjuft all matters relating to commerce : As for the 
 tariff with Spain, it was not yet finifheJ. It was flipu-
 
 568 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK lated, That the emperor fhould pofiefs the kingdom of 
 Naples, the duchy of Milan, and the Spaniih Netherlands: 
 
 *~~Y~*^ That the duke of Savoy fhould enjoy Sicily, with the ti- 
 I / I 3- tie of King : That the fame title, with the ifland of Sar 
 dinia, fhould be allotted to the elcdor, of Bavaria, as an 
 indemnification for his lo;i-s: That the Itates-general 
 fhould reftore Lifie and it& dependences: That Namur, 
 Charleroy, Luxembourg, Ypres, and Newport fnould be 
 added to the other places they already poflefled in Flan 
 ders ; and that the king of Pruffia ihould have Upper- 
 Gueldre, in lieu of Orange and the other edates belong 
 ing to that family in Franche-Comte. The king of Por 
 tugal was fatisfied ; and the ift day of June was fixed as 
 the period of time granted to the emperor for confideration. 
 A day being appointed by the commons to deliberate 
 upon the treaty of commerce, very juft and weighty ob 
 jections were made to the eighth and ninth articles, im 
 porting, That Great Britain and France fhould mutually 
 enjoy ail the privileges in trading with each other, that 
 cither granted to the mod favoured nation; and that no 
 higher cuftoms fhould be exacted from the commodities of 
 France, thon thofe that were drawn from the fame pro 
 ductions of any other people. The balance of trade hav 
 ing long inclined to the fide of France fevere duties had 
 been laid on all the productions and manufactures of that 
 kingdom, fo as almoft to amount to a total prohibition. 
 Some members obferved, that, by the treaty between 
 England and Portugal, the duties charged upon the wines 
 of that country were lower than thofe laid upon the wines 
 cf France: That fhould they now be reduced to an equa 
 lity, the difference of freight wasfo great, that the French 
 wines would be found much cheaper than thofe of Portu 
 gal ; and, as they were more agreeable to the tafte of the 
 nation in general, there would be no market for the Por- 
 tug;:efewir.es in England: That fliould this be the cafe, 
 the Engllfh would lofe their trade with Portugal, the mod 
 advantageous of any traffic which they now carried on : 
 For it confumeu a great quantity of their manufaciures, 
 and returned a yearly him of fix hundred thousand pounds 
 in gold. Mr. Nathaniel Gould, formerly governor of 
 the bank, afnrmcd, that as France had, fine:: the Revo 
 lution, encouraged woollen manufactures., r.r.d prepared at 
 home fcveral commodities which formerly they drew from 
 England; fo the EngliOi had learned to make filk fluffs, 
 paper, and all manner of toys formerly imported from 
 France, by which mear.e, an infinite number of artificers 
 was employed, and avail fum annual!/ i avecl to tlu na 
 tion ; but thefe people xvculd now be- reduced to begga: v, 
 and that money loft ?g:iia to the kingdom, fhoulJ French
 
 ANNE. 569 
 
 commoditits of the fame kind be imported under ordinary CHAP. 
 duties, becaufe labour was much cheaper in France th^ii v - 
 in England, confequently the Britifh. manufactures would 
 be underfold and ruined. He urged, that the ruin of the 
 filk manufacture would be attended with another difad- 
 vantage. Great quantities of woollen cloths were vended 
 in Italy and Turkey, in confequence of the raw fiik which 
 the Englifh merchants bought up in thofe countries ; and, 
 fhould the filk manufacture at home be loft, thofe markets 
 for Britifh commodities would fail efcourfe. Others al- 
 ledged, that if the articles of commerce had been fettled 
 before the Engliih troops feparated from thofe of the confe 
 derates, the French king would not have prefumed to in- 
 fift upon fuch terms, but have been glad to comply with 
 more moderate conditions. Sir William Wyndham re- 
 flecled on the late miniftry, for having neglected to make 
 an advantageous peace when it was in their power. He 
 faid that Portugal would always have occafion for the 
 woollen manufactures and the corn of England, and be 
 obliged to buy them at all events. After a violent debate, 
 thehoufe refolved, by a great majority, That a bill fhould 
 be brought in to make good the eigth and ninth articles of 
 the treaty of commerce with France. Againft thefe arti 
 cles, however, the Portuguefe minifter prefented a memo 
 rial, declaring, that fhould the duties on French wines be 
 lowered to the fame level with thofe that were laid on the 
 wines of Portugal, his mafter would renew the prohibi 
 tion of the woollen manu faotures, and other products of 
 Great Britain. Indeed, all the trading part of the nation 
 exclaimed againft the treaty of commerce, which feems to 
 have been concluded in a hurry, before the minifters fully 
 underftood the nature of the fubjeCt. This precipitation 
 was owing to the fears that their endeavours after peace 
 would mifcarry, from the intrigues of the Whig faction, 
 and the obftinate oppofition of the confederates. 
 
 The commons having granted an aid of two {hillings 
 in the pound, proceeded to renew the duty on malt for 
 another year, and extended this tax to the whole ifland, 
 notwithstanding the warm remonftrances of the Scottish 
 members, who reprefented it as a burthen which their 
 country could not bear. They infjfted upon an exprefs 
 article of the Union, ftipulating, That no duty mould be 
 laid on the malt in Scotland during the war, which they 
 affirmed was not yet finimed, inafmuch as the peace with 
 Spain had not been proclaimed. During the adjournment 
 of the parliament, on account of the Whitfun-holidays, the 
 Scots of both houfes, laying afide all party-diitinCtions, met 
 and deliberated on this fubjeft. They deputed the duke 
 
 VOL. I. 4 C
 
 570 HISTORY OF ENGLAND 
 
 B O O K of Argyle, the earl of Mar, Mr. Lockhart, and Mr. Cock- 
 burn, to lay their grievances before the queen. They fe- 
 ****y~* prefented, that their countrymen bore with impatience the 
 I7I 3- violation of fome articles of the Union ; and that the im- 
 pofition of fuch an infupportable burthen as the malt-tax, 
 would in all probability, prompt them to declare the Union 
 diiTolved. The queen, alarmed at this remonftrance, an- 
 fwered, that {he wifhed they might not have caufe to repent 
 of fuch a precipitate refolution ; but file would endeavour 
 to make all things eafy. On the ift day of June, the earl 
 of Findlater, in the houfe of peers, reprefeiited that the 
 Scottifh nation was aggrieved in many inftances : That 
 they were deprived of a privy -council ; and fubjected to 
 the Englifh laws in cafes of treafon : That their nobles 
 were rendered incapable of being created Britifh peers, 
 and that now they were opprefled with the infuppor 
 table burthen of the malt-tax, when they had reafon to 
 expect they fhould reap the benefits of peace : He, there 
 fore, moved, that leave might be given to bring in a bill 
 for difTolving the Union, and fecuring the Proteftant fuc- 
 ceffion in the houfe of Hanover. Lord North and Grey 
 affirmed, that the complaints of the Scots were ground- 
 lefs; that the diflblution of the Union was impracticable 
 and he made fome farcaftic reflections on the poverty of 
 that nation. He was anfwered by the earl Eglintoune, 
 who admitted the Scots were poor, and therefore unable to 
 pay the malt-tax. The earl of Hay, among other perti 
 nent remarks upon the Union, obferved that when the 
 treaty was made, the Scots took it for granted, that the 
 parliament of Great Britain would never load them with 
 any impofition that they had reafon to believe grievous. 
 The earl of Peterborough compared the Union to a marri 
 age. He faid, that though England, who muft be fuppofed 
 the hufband, might in fome inftances prove unkind to the 
 lady {he ought not immediately to fue for a divorce, the 
 rather becaule fhe had very much mended her fortune by 
 the match. Hay replied, that marriage was an ordinance of 
 God ; and the Union no more than a political expedient. 
 The other affirmed, that the contract could not have been 
 more folemn, unlefs, like the ten commandments, it had 
 come from heaven : He inveighed againft the Scots, as a 
 people that would never be fatisfied ; that would have all 
 the advantages refulting from the Union, but would pay 
 nothing by their good will, although they had received 
 more money from England than the amount of all 
 their eftates. To thefe animadverfions the duke of Argyle 
 made a very warm reply. " I have been reflected on by 
 "fome people (faid he) as if I was difgufted, and had 
 " changed fides ; but I defpife their perfons, as much as I
 
 ANN E. 571 
 
 "undervalue their Judgment." He urged, that the malt- CHAP. 
 tax in Scotland was like taxing land by the acre through- V 
 out England, becaufe land was woith five pounds an acre 
 in the neighbourhood of London, and would not fetch fo 
 many {hillings in the remote counties. In like manner, 
 the Englifti malt was valued at four times the price of 
 that which was made in Scotland; therefore, the tax in 
 this country muft be levied by a regiment of dragoons. 
 He owned he had a great {hare in making the Union, with 
 a view to fecure the Proteftant fucceflion; but he was now 
 fatisfied this end might be anfwered as effectually if the 
 Union was diflblved ; and, if this ftep {hould not be taken, 
 he did not expect Ions; to have either property left in Scot 
 land, or liberty in England. All the Whig members 
 voted for a difiblution of that treaty which they had fo ea 
 gerly promoted; while the Tories ftrenuoufly fupported the 
 meafure againft which they had once argued with fuch ve 
 hemence. In the courfe of the debate, the lord-treafurer 
 obferved, that although the malt-tax were impofed, it 
 might be afterwards remitted by the crown. The earl of 
 Sunderland exprelTed furprize at hearing that noble lord 
 broach a doctrine which tended to eftablifti a defpotic dif- 
 penfing; power, and arbitrary government. Oxford repli 
 ed, his family had never been famous, as fome others had 
 been, for promoting and advifmg arbitrary meafures. Sun 
 derland, conf.dering this expreilion as a farcufm levelled at 
 the memory of his father, took occafion to vindicate his 
 conduct; adding, that in thofe days the other lord s family 
 was hardly known. Much voilent altercation was dif- 
 charged. At length the motion for the bill was rejected 
 by a fmall majority, and the malt-bill afterwards palled 
 with great difficulty. 
 
 Another bill being brought into the houfe of commons, 
 for rendering the treaty of commerce effectual, fuch a 
 number of petitions were delivered againft it, and fo many 
 iolid arguments advanced by the merchants who were 
 examined on the fubjcdt, that even a great number of 
 Tory members were convinced of the bad confequence 
 it would produce to trade, and voted againft the miniftry 
 on this occafion; fo that the bill was rejected by a majority 
 of nine voices. At the fame time, however, the houfe a- 
 greed to an sddrefs, thanking her majefty for the great care 
 fhehad taken of the fecurity and honour of her kingdoms in 
 the treaty of peace; as alfo for having laid fo good a foun 
 dation for the intereft of her people in trade. Theylikewife 
 belbught her to appoint commiilioners to treat with thofe of 
 France, for adjufting fuch matters as fhould be neceflary to 
 be fettled on the fubject of commerce, that the treaty mi^ht 
 be explained and perfected for the good and welfare of
 
 572 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BOOK her people. The queen interpreted this addrefs into 
 a full approbation of the treaties of peace and com- 
 
 V -""Y" S - merce, and thanked them accordingly in the warmeft 
 J 7 J 3- terms of fatisfaclion and acknowledgment. The com 
 mons afterwards defired to know what equivalent fliould 
 be given for the demolition of Dunkirk ; and fhe gave 
 them to underhand, that this was already in the hands 
 of his moft C nriftian majefty : Then they befought her 
 that flic would not evacuate the towns of Flanders that 
 were in her pofleffion, until thofe who were entitled to the 
 fovereignty of the Spanifh Netherlands fhould agree to 
 fuch articles for regulating trade as might place the fub- 
 je&s of Great Britain upon an equal footing with thofe 
 of any other nation. The queen made a favourable an- 
 fwer to all their remonftranccs. Such were the fteps ta 
 ken by the parliament during this feffion with relation to 
 the famous treaty of Utrecht, againft which the Whigs 
 exclaimed fo violently, that many well-meaning people 
 believed it would be attended with the immediate ruin of 
 the kingdom : Yet, under the ftiadow of this very treaty, 
 Great Britain enjoyed a long term of peace and tran 
 quillity. Bifhop Burnet was heated with an enthufiaftic 
 terror of the houfe of Bourbon. He declared to the queen 
 in private, that any treaty by which Spain and the Weft- 
 Indies were left in the hands of King Philip, muft in a 
 little time deliver all Europe into the hands of France: 
 That if any fuch peace was made, the queen was betrayed, 
 and her people ruined : That in lefs than three years fhe 
 would be murdered, and the fires would blaze again in 
 Smithfield. This prelate lived to fee his prognoftic dif- 
 zppointed; therefore, he might have fupprefled this anec- 
 ciote of his own conduct:. 
 
 On the 25th day of June, the queen fignified, in a 
 meflage to the houfe of commons, that her civil lift was 
 burthened with fome debts incurred by feveral articles of 
 extraordinary expence ; and that fhe hoped they would 
 empower her to raife fuch a fum of money upon the funds 
 for that provifion, as would be fufficient to difcharge the 
 incumbrances, which amounted to five hundred thoufand 
 pounds. A bill was immediately prepared for raifing this 
 fum on the civil lift revenue, and pafled through both 
 houfes with fome difficulty. Both lords and commons ad- 
 dreired the queen concerning the Chevalier de St. George, 
 who had repaired to Lorraine. They defired fhe would 
 prefs the duke of that name, and all the princes and ftates 
 in amity with her, to exclude from their dominions the 
 pretender to the imperial crown of Great Britain. A 
 public thankfgiving for the peace was appointed and ce 
 lebrated with great folemnity -, and on the i6th day of
 
 ANNE. 
 
 573 
 
 July, the queen clofed the feflion with a fpeech, which was CHAP. 
 not at all agreeable to the violent Whigs, becaufe it did v - 
 not contain one word about the pretender and the Protef- 
 tant fucceffion. From thefe omiflions they concluded, 
 that the dictates of natural affection had biulTed her in fa 
 vour of the chevalier de St. George. Whatever fenti- 
 ments of tendernefs and companion fhe might feel for that 
 unfortunate exile, the acknowledged fon of her own father, 
 it does not appear that {he ever entertained a thought of 
 altering the fucceffion as by law eftablimed. The term 
 of Sacheverel s fufpenfion being expired, extraordinary 
 rejoicings were made upon the occafion. He was defired 
 to preach before the houfe of commons, who thanked 
 him for his fermon ; and the queen promoted him to the 
 rich benefice of St. Andrew s, Holbourn. On the other 
 hand, the duke d Aumont, ambaflador from France, was 
 infulted by the populace. Scurrilous ballads were pub- 
 limed againfl him both in the Englifh and French lan 
 guages. He received divers anonymous letters, contain 
 ing threats of fetting fire to his houfe, which was ac 
 cordingly burned to the ground, though whether by ac 
 cident or ddign he could not well determine. The ma- 
 giftracy of Dunkirk, having fent a deputation with an 
 addrefs to the queen, humbly imploring her majefty to 
 fpare the port and harbour of that town, and reprefenting 
 that they might be ufeful to her own fubjecls, the memo 
 rial was printed and difperfed, and the arguments it con 
 tained were anfwered and refuted by Addifon, Steele, and 
 Mainwaring. Commiilioners were fent to fee the forti 
 fications of Dunkirk demolished. They were according 
 ly razed to the ground ; the harbour was filled up ; and 
 the duke d Aumont returned to Paris in the month of 
 November. The queen, by her rernonftrances to the 
 court of Verfailles, had procured the enlargement of one 
 hundred and thirty-fix Proteftants from the gallies : Un- 
 derftanding afterwards, that as many more were detained 
 on the fame account, (he made fuch application to the 
 French miniftry, that they too were releafed. Then fhe 
 appointed General Rofs her envoy extraordinary to the 
 king of France. 
 
 The duke of Shrewfbury being nominated lord-lieu 
 tenant of Ireland, aflembled the parliament of that king 
 dom on the 25th day of November, and found the two 
 houfes fiill at variance, on the oppofite principles of 
 Whig and Tory. Allan Broderick being chofen fpeaker 
 of the commons, they ordered a bill to he brought in, t;, 
 attaint the pretender and all his adherents. They profe- 
 cuted Edward Lloyd, for publifhing a book entitled, 
 " Memoirs of the Chevalier de St. George ;" and they
 
 574 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 
 fc O O K agreed upon an addrefs to the queen, to remove from 
 the chancellorfhip fir Conftantine T hipps, who had 
 countenanced the Tories of that kingdom. The lords, 
 however, refolved, That Chancellor Phipps had, in his fe- 
 veral Nations, acquitted himfelf with honour and integrity. 
 The two houfes of convocation prefented an addrefs to the 
 fame purpofe. They likewife complained of Mr. Molcf- 
 worth, for having infulted them, hy faying, when they 
 appeared in the caftle of Dublin, " They that have turned 
 " the world upfide-down are come hither alfo ;" and he 
 was removed from the privy council. The duke of 
 Shrewfbury received orders to prorogue this parliament, 
 which was divided againft itfelf, and portended nothing 
 but domeftic broils. Then he obtained leave to re 
 turn to England, leaving Chancellor Phipps, with the arch- 
 bifhops of Armagh and Tuam, juftices of the kingdom. 
 
 violent dif- The parliament of England had been diflblved; and 
 ^ e e ^ ec ^i ns were managed in fuch a manner as to re 
 tain the legiflative power in the hands of the Tories : 
 But the meeting of the new parliament was delayed by 
 repeated prorogations to the loth day of December; a 
 delay partly owing to the queen s indifpofition ; and partly 
 to the contefts among; her minifters. Oxford and Boling- 
 
 . O 
 
 broke were competitors for power, and rivals in repu 
 tation for ability. The Treafurer s parts were deemed 
 the more folid ; the Secretary s more fhining ; but both 
 minifters were afpiring and ambitious. The firrt was 
 bent upon maintaining the firft rank in the adminiftration, 
 which he had poflefled fince the revolution in the miniftry ; 
 the other difdaincd to act as a fubaltern to the man whom 
 he thought he excelled in genius, and equalled in import 
 ance. They begun to form feparate cabals, and adopt 
 different principles. Bolingbroke infmuated himfelf into 
 the confidence of Lady Mafham, to whom Oxford had 
 given fome caufe of difguft. By this communication, h 
 gained ground in the good opinion of his fovereign, 
 while the treafurer loft it in the fame proportion. Thus 
 ftie who had been the author of his elevation was now 
 ufed as the inftrument of his difgrace. The queen was 
 fenfibly affected with thefe diflentions, which ftie inter- 
 pofed her advice and authority, by turns, to appeafe : But 
 their mutual animofity continued to rankle under an ex 
 terior accommodation. The intereft of Bolingbroke 
 was powerfully fupported by fir Simon Harcourt, the chan 
 cellor, fir William Wyndham, and Mr. Secretary Brom 
 ley. Oxford perceived his own influence was on the 
 wane, and began to think of retirement. Mean while, 
 the -earl of Peterborough was appointed ambaflador to the 
 king of Sicily ; and fet out for Turin. The queen re-
 
 ANNE. 
 
 575 
 
 tired to Windfor, where /he was feizcd with a very dan- C H A 
 gcrous inflammatory fever. The hopes of the Jacobites v - 
 vifibly rofe : The public funds immediately fell : A great 
 run was made upon the bank, the directors of which 
 were over whel -red with confirmation, which was not a 
 little increafed by the report of an armament equipped in 
 the ports of France. They fent one of their members to 
 reprefent to the treafurer the danger that threatened the 
 public credit. The queen, being made acquainted with 
 thefe occurrences, figned a letter to fir Samuel Stancer, 
 lord mayor of London, declaring, that now fhe was re 
 covered of her late indifpofition, fhe would return to the 
 place of her ufual refidence, and open the parliament on 
 the 1 6th day of February. This intimation fhe fent to 
 her loving fubje&s of the city of London, to the intent 
 that all of them, in their feveral Itations, might difcoun- 
 tenance thole malicious rumours fpread by evil-minded 
 perfons, to the prejudice of credit, and the imminent ha 
 zard of the public peace and tranquillity. The queen s 
 recovery, together with certain intelligence that the ar 
 mament was a phantom, and the pretender {till in Lor 
 raine, helped to afiuage the ferment of the natior, which 
 had been induftrioufly raifed by party-writings. Mr. 
 Richard Steele publifhed a performance, intituled, " The 
 " Crifis," in defence of the Revolution and the Protef- 
 tant eftablifhment, and enlarging upon the danger of a 
 Popifh fucceflbr. On the other hand, the hereditary right 
 of the crown of England was afferted in a large volurre, 
 fuppofed to be written with a view to pave the way for 
 the pretender s acceffion. One Bedford was apprehended, 
 tried, convicted, and feverely punifhed, as the publifher of 
 this treatife. 
 
 While England was harrafied by thefe inteftine commo 
 tions, the emperor, rejecting the terms of peace propofed 
 by France, refolved to maintain the war at his own ex- 
 pence, with the afiirfonce of the empire. His forces on 
 the Rhine, commanded by Prince Eugene, were fo much 
 outnumbered by the French under Villars, that they 
 could not prevent the enemy from reducing the two im 
 portant fortrtfies of Landau and Friburg. His Imperial 
 majcfty hoped that the death of Queen Anne, or that of 
 Louis XIV. would produce an alteration in Europe that 
 might be favourable to his intereft ; and he depended 
 upon the conduct and fortune of Prince Eugene for fome 
 lucky event in war. But, rinding himfelf cfifappointed in 
 all thefe expectations, and abfolutely unable to fupport the 
 expence of another campaign, he hearkened to overtures 
 of peace that were made by the electors of Colo^n and 
 Palatine ; and conferences were opened at the caftle f
 
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