BM 225 C55H62 THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES The Library University of California, Los Angeles The gift of Mrs. Cummings, 1 963 RAMIU OK (M>N(;UK<;.\TION liKNK V KS II 1 It I N . THE HISTORY OF THE K. K. BENE YESHURUN, OF CINCINNATI, OHIO, FROM THE DATE OF ITS ORGANIZATION. PUBLISHED IN COMMEMORATION OF THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF ITS INCORPORATION, HY A COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD OF TRL'STFKS. CINCINNATI, FEBRUARY 28, 1892 BLDDH PHINTIN3 CD. INTRODUCTION. AM K l{ I ( ' A X J TDAISM, i. e., Judaism reformed and reconstructed by the beneficent influence of politi- cal liberty and progressive enlightenment, is the youngest offspring of the ancient and venerable faith of Israel. The old soul is found in a new body; that majes- tic palm tree is but transplanted into a more fertile soil and invigorating clime; it is still the monotheism of Abraham and Moses, with its logical sequences, though clad in a now dress of forms and formulas. It is the Ameri- can phase of Judaism. So in the course of history, with its laws of development, there has been a Palestinean, an Egyptian, a Babylonian, a Spanish-Portuguese, an Italian, a Oermanic and a Polish phase of this same Judaism, each "rowing up under the peculiar circumstances of time, place and conditions. The forms, formulas, customs and observances as a totality peculiar to any one or more of these phases of Ju- daism are commonly called MINHAG. Three Minhags wore brought to this country by the immigrants of various nationalities, viz., the Spanish-Portuguese, or Sephardini Min hag; the Polish, or Minhag Polish, and the Germanic, or Minhag Ashkenaz. Thus those forms, formulas, cus- toms and observances peculiar to the American phase of Judaism may be properly called Minhag America. Moses Mendelsohn, his contemporaries and disciples were the first to bring about any change in that Judaism which was the product of the Mediaeval Age. The first temples, as the synagogues of the reform congregations were called, were in Germany, especially at Hamburg, Ber- lin, Franfort-on-the-Main, Vienna and Prague. This re- form movement spread after 1830 in Germany, and reached Hungary, Galicia, England and even America. There were reform congregations at Charleston, S. C., Baltimore (Har Sinai), New York City (Temple Emamiel), and Albany, N. Y. (Bethel). The reform movement did not at first spread very rapidly in the United States. The Charleston congregation was mainly composed of Americans; the others above mentioned were established by Germans. Thus the origin of American Judaism is Germanic, and its history is the history of the German Israelites in America. The K. K. BENE YESHURUN is one of the original Germanic congregations which have played so prominent a part in American Judaism, and therefore its history is an important chapter in the history of American Judaism. Just as the history of American Judaism is a part of the general history of religion in America, so the history of the K. K. Bene Yeshurun is part of the history of re- ligion in Cincinnati and the entire West. In writing the history of this congregation, it is well to divide it into three distinct periods : 1. The period of Organization, 1841-48. 2. The period of Transition, 1848-66. 3. The period of Public Activity, 1866-92. The whole covering a half century. THE HOUSE IX WHICH THE FIRST SERVICES WERE HELD. 1841. THE PERIOD OF ORGANIZATION, 1841-48. CHAPTER I. EARLY DAYS. In the year 1841 Cincinnati, with its forty-seven thou- sand inhabitants, was already known as the Queen City of the West. Though it was without railroads, and had but a small business area, viz., that space between the river, Fifth, Vine and Main Streets, Cincinnati was already a prominent center of trade, industry, wealth and culture. Among its religious organizations there was a congregation of Israelites, K. K.Bene Israel. This had been established by some English families, among whom were the Johnson, Jonas, Moses, Harris, Abraham and other families. This pioneer band was afterward reinforced by some Dutch families, the Workums; some French, the Mayers, and later by some Poles and Germans, the Moehrings, Alexan- ders, Makers, Heidelbachs. Seasongoods, Miliuses, Sessels, Assurs, Blooms and others. This congregation owned a burial ground, and worshiped first in a frame building on Broadway and Sixth Streets, then in 1852 it erected a sub- stantial structure known as the " Broadway Shuhl," and in 1868 it dedicated its present handsome temple on Eighth and MoundStreets. Under its auspices there had been estab- lished a benevolent society and a ladies' society, which took care of the poor. This English congregation was strictly orthodox, used the Polish Minhag, had a sexton and a reader (Chazan), a Rev. Hart Judah, who attending to his ecclesiastical duties, supervised the sup- plying of kosher meats, matzos, etc. Toward the end of the thirties, there were in and about Cincinnati a number <>f young, energetic Germans, who, although religiously in- clined, were not in sympathy with the English congrega- t ion. Some time in 1840 they met and organized an inde- pendent congregation, which they named K. K. Bene Yeshurun. They elected S. E. Levy president, Mr. Elsas- ser temporary minister, and adopted the Polish Minhag. The congregation worshiped in a rear room of Mr. \Vorkum's house, on Third Street, between Sycamore and Broadway. There are no records of the first meeting extant, but tradition has it that the following persons were present: Messrs. S. E. Levy, Levi Friedman, A. A. Colin, Mordecai Levy, J. H. Goodheart, Daniel Wolf, Isaac Ziffi, Jonas Levy, Bernhard Barbe, and probably Joseph Simon, Aliraham Fechheimer, Morris Fishel, Sol Friedman and Benedict Frenkel. According to the authentic records, which date from September, 1841, a general meeting of the congregation was held on September 19th, at which the following organization was made : President, Alexander A. Cohn ; Vice-President, Lewis Goldsmith ; Warden of Bur- ial Ground, Bernhard Barbe ; Treasurer, Wolf Fechheimer ; Secretary, Mordecai Levy; Trustees, Levi Friedman, Jo- -eph Simon, Julius Goodheart and Jacob Silverstone. Previously the congregation had already adopted the Min- hag Ashkenaz (Germanic) instead of the Polish one, and had purchased a lot near the old Brighton House, and dedicated it for purposes of a burial ground. The earnestness, sincerity and energy of the young con- gregation are alreadv seen in the constitution and by- laws adopted at the meeting on September 19, 1841. These young and enthusiastic Germans were already imbued with our glorious American institutions, and the constitution already foreshadowed the public-spirited and influential congregation of the future. The language, though un- grammatical, and far from choice, gives evidence of the intellectuality and ability of the early members. When one considers that all the members were Germans, and had been in the country but a few years, he will readily realize that this original constitution is a strong and remarkable document. As adopted at the first general meeting it read : CONSTITUTION. Whereas, It has pleased the God of our forefathers to gather some of his dispersed people in the city of Cincin- nati, who are taught and used to apply to Him for merci- ful bounty, and to praise His holy name according to the rites of the German Jews. And whereas, the wise and republican laws of this coun- try are based upon universal toleration, giving to every citizen and sojourner the right to worship according to the dictates of his conscience. And whereas, also the mode of worship in the estab- lished synagogue of our beloved brethren, K. K. B. Israel, in this city, is not in accordance with the rites and customs of the said German Jews. Therefore, we, the undersigned, bind ourselves under the name of the congregation, K. K. B. Yeshurun, to use our best exertions to support a synagogue by that name, and to worship therein according to the rites, customs and usages (jHiD) of the German Jews, to be the same as far'as practicable, and without departing from the form and cus- tom now in use by this congregation. That the property, real and personal, which we now have, and may acquire and be held by this congregation, either by purchase, lease, gift, devise or otherwise, shall forever be the joint property of the members of this con- X relation; as long as they profess Judaism, to be managed as the law of the State and the by-laws of the congregation shall from time to time provide for. And that no by-law, rule, regulation, resolve or motion can be adopted or acted upon which is repugnant to the laws of the United States, State of Ohio, or to the tenor of this constitution. BY-LAWS OF THE K. K. B. YESHUKUN, PASSED AND APPROVED AT A GENERAL MEETING HELD SEPTEMBER 19, 1841. MEMBERSHIP AND DUTIES OF MEMBERS. SECTION 1. Any Israelite desirous of becoming a mem- ber of this congregation (being 21 years of age) may ap- ply in writing, addressed to the Parnass, officers and trus- tees, inclosing three dollars as an admission fee, and a half a dollar toward the burial ground, which application and enclosure shall be laid before the Board at the first meeting thereafter, when it may be acted upon immedi- ately, or on motion laid over for further consideration. SEC. 2. Candidates for membership shall be decided upon by ballot, and in case of a majority being in his favor, he shall be accepted; and no one thus elected shall be considered a member until he has assented to the con- stitution, charter and by-laws by adding his signature thereto. SEC. 3. An individual can not be considered qualified for membership who is in arrears to the congregation. SEC. 4. An individual can not be considered qualified for membership who is united in marriage contrary to the laws and regulations of the Jewish religion. SEC. 5. Any member marrying out of the pale of the Jewish religion, or being two years' assessment in arrears to this congregation, shall forfeit his membership. SEC. 6. Should any dispute arise between two members, the parties shall give notice to the Parnass, who shall forthwith summon the officers and trustees for their decis- ion, and should either of the parties commence a lawsuit before the result is known, or refuse to bring the cause be- fore the Board, he or they shall be liable to a penalty not less than five dollars, nor more than twenty-five dollars. SEC. 7. Any member is permitted to enter his protest provided it is written decently and handed to the Sec- retary within fifteen days after the meeting at which said protest was given. SEC. 8. Any member wishing to resign his membership must signify the same in writing, addressed to the Parnass, officers and trustees, who shall present the same at the ensuing meeting, and it appearing that all his dues are paid, said resignation shall be accepted and the individual considered as having withdrawn from all right, title or privileges in this congregation as a member, but if it ap- pears that his arrearages are not settled, his resignation can not be accepted, unless a majority of the Board pres- ent pass a vote remitting such arrearages. SEC. 9. That no member can vote in any election until six months after he is a SKC. 10. Tliat it shall he the duty of the Board to nom- inate candidates prior to all elections, and it shall be in the power of members to nominate opposition candidates on the day of the election. SEC. 11. That no member can be elected unless duly nominated. CHAPTER II. TIIK YOTNG CONGREGATION. On February 28, 1842, the congregation was incorporated l>y an act of the General Assembly under the name, " The K'hilah Ko'desh B'nai Yeshurun (Holy Congregation of Children of Yeshurun) of the City of Cincinnati." At this time the synagogue wan located on Fourth Street, between Main and Sycamore. Mr. Simon Bamberger was the reader, or chazan, at a salary of seventy -five dollars a year. Mr. Bamberger officiated as reader until 1844, when Mr. Marschitz was elected. The first Board organized under the charter was as follows : President, Mordecai Levy ; Vice-President, Bernhard Barbe ; Warden, S. Bernheimer ; Secretary, A. A. Cohn ; Treasurer, Henry Sachs ; Trustees, Julius Goodheart, Joseph Simon, Abraham Wolf, Jr., and Lewis Goldsmith. The history of the congregation during its early years was similar to that of many other German-Jewish organ i- zations of that time. Frequent meetings were held, but the business transacted was of minor importance. The minutes, however, record many an animated debate on so vital a question as who should read the prayers and blow the cornet (shofer) on New Year's and Day of Atonement; whether or not the shochet was a capable man. Indeed, it is recorded that at one time the poor shoclu-t went to Baltimore to be examined there by the then acknowl- edged authority in such matters. Many important questions, however, were discussed at the trustees' meetings, and the congregation at once began to take an active part in the welfare of its members. The founders of the congregation were keen and shrewd busi- ness men, and appreciated the fact that many merchants often quarrel over trivial matters which could be easily settled by amicable adjustment. To this end a wise law was adopted. It was resolved that no member of the con- gregation should bring legal proceedings against a fellow- member until his case had been laid before the Board of Trustees for arbitration. This rule had a salutary effect, and as long as it remained in force gave the utmost satis- faction. In matters of "charity the young congregation was like- wise active. In the early days it assisted the needy and the orphans, and as early as 1843 the records mention a charity box. One of the beneficiaries of the congregation was the Hebrew Institute, a school where young children were given an Hebrew education. Assistance was also given to the " Great Hebrew Benevolent Society," and on one occasion a subscription was raised for the benefit of the Shangare Chesed congregation of New Orleans. It seems that the young congregation was making itself felt in the community, for at a general meeting held April 27, 1845, a communication was received requesting that sti-pH be taken to unite the two congregations, K. K. Bene Israel and K. K. Bene Yeshurun. The matter was referred to the Board of Trustees, who reported favorably, but their report was not ratified by the congregation, and the project was abandoned. The congregation was steadily increasing in wealth, membership and influence, and it was anxious to erect a suitable synagogue. At a meeting of the trustees in June. 1844, a committee of two was appointed to solicit sub- scriptions necessary to build a new synagogue. In Sep- tember of the same year, this committee was replaced by a building committee of five, viz., Messrs. H. Sachs, B. Barbe, W. Kraus, B. Simon and A. Fechheimer; and at a general meeting held soon thereafter, it was resolved to purchase a lot on Lodge Street. Nothing definite was done, however, until June 17, 1845, when the committee was au- thorized to expend $4,500 for the Lodge Street lot. In February, 1846, it was resolved that $8,000 be expended on the building, which was to be of Gothic style; but in March, owing to an increase in membership, the building fund was increased to $10,000. On August 14, 1846, a Mr. Garretson was awarded the contract for the building of the synagogue. The corner-stone of the new Lodge Street Synagogue was laid on October 14, 1846. The ceremonies attending this solemn occasion were simple. Mr. Mordecai Levy was the marshal of the day. In the interval between the laying of the corner-stone and the dedication of the new synagogue, which occurred on September 22, 1848, the congregation was engaged in discussing many questions which had an important effect on its future career. In the spring of 1847 an advertise- ment was inserted in the Occident, an Eastern Jewish pub- liration, stating that the congregation desired to engage a reader at a salary of $500 per annum. And in Septem- ber, 1847, the Rev. James K. Gutheim was elected lecturer and reader. With the election of Mr. Gutheim new life was infused into tin 1 literary and ecclesiastical work of the young congregation. Mr. Gutheim, it will be remembered, was afterward the rabbi of a leading New Orleans con- gregation, and died but a few years ago revered and hon- ored by his co-religionists and fellow-citizens. Early in December, 1847, the Rev. Mr. Gutheim took active steps to- ward preparing a suitable programme for the dedicatory exercises. One of the main features was the establishment of a choir, in which there were many volunteers. It ap- p'-ars from the records (minutes February 12, 1845) that t here existed already a chorus society, and it is quite prob- able that this permanent choir is the outgrowth of this earlier organization which had been taken to task for un- due use of the congregation's wood and candles. In January, 1848, the Rev. Mr. Gutheim asked the board for the appointment of a committee who should formu- late a permanent ritual or order of worship. It was but natural this young congregation, composed of members who had inherited the religious forms and insti- tutions of their German ancestors, who had been brought up to observe strictly the dietary laws of Moses, and who closely followed the German pattern in congregational affairs, should have received the first attempts at reform with much disapproval and even dismay. The committee on ritual which had been appointed at the request of the lecturer and reader, submitted its report on January ~2(}. 1848. The report was written by the Rev. Mr. Gutheim, and proposed the adoption of four new articles relating to decorum in the house of worship, and omission of certain portions of the prayer-book, and recommending certain changes in the selections from the Bible which were read during divine service. The Board of Trustees could not agree, and it was resolved to confer with Mr. Gutheim, and then lay the whole matter before the general meeting. This meeting was held on February 27, 1848 ; all but nine members were present. As was to be expected, the meet- ing was a very heated one ; the recommendations regard- ing decorum, changes in Bible selections and the regula- tions for the priestly benediction were adopted. The reader was likewise requested to form and drill a choir. But for some reason or other the choir did not flourish at first. Thus it will be seen that the proposed reforms were merely of an external character. After many delays and sore disappointments, the new synagogue was finally completed, and September 22, 1848, was appointed the day on which it was to be dedicated. The following gentlemen acted as the Committee of Ar- rangements : Messrs. A. Aub, S. Friedman, L. Goldsmith, James K. Gutheim and L. Weisbart, and Mr. Henry Mack was the Marshal of the Day; the honor of opening the doors and the ark was conferred on the four oldest mem- bers, viz. : Messrs. Lipman, S. Guiterman, Moses Mack and Solomon Stix. The dedicatory exercises, an account of which was printed in the Occident, were a decided success. The Board of Trustees held its first meeting in the vestry- rooms on September 24, 1848, and a vote of thanks was tendered to all who had participated in the dedication. The period of organization closes with the dedication of the Lodge Street Synagogue. K. K. Bene Yeshurun, which began its existence but seven years before with a membership of fifty, and which worshiped in the rear n> of progress. The congregation in addition to its religious work took a deep interest in all charitable and educational matters, and even at times looked after the material wel- fare of its members. Looking back over this period of organization with its pioneer struggles, its petty quarrels and childish regula- tions, we must feel that those earnest, energetic, sincere and religious men, who struggled so hard and faithfully for the establishment of the faith of their fathers, are de- serving of our everlasting gratitude for laying so broad and deep the foundation of our religious life of Judaism, not only in Cincinnati, but in the entire West. s *A.v.i tt4>.r.- ^-^i " - : - 7j f:-:---= LODGK STREET SYNAGOGUE. 1848-1866. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION, 1848-66- CHAPTER I. CHAZAN TO RABBI. In September, 1848, the congregation was pleasantly located in its new and costly synagogue on Lodge Street. The Rev. James K. Gutheim, whose salary was but $500 per annum, was the lecturer and reader. The membership dues were six dollars a year, with an initiation fee of five dollars. It seems that from this time on the relations existing be- tween the majority of the members and Mr. Gutheim became somewhat strained. The only apparent cause for this unpleasantness is a tendency toward orthodoxy, which manifested itself a year later in the election of his successor, a Rev. Mr. Henry, of England. Mr. Gutheim, however, continued to work in the direc- tion of reform, and, notwithstanding the opposition, ac- complished some important results. The Governor of Ohio had issued a proclamation appointing November 23, 1848, a day of general thanksgiving, and the congregation celebrated it appropriately. On this occasion Mr. Gutheim delivered a sermon which was afterward published in the Occident, and this was the first sermon delivered in a Western Jewish pulpit that was printed in the East. On December 19, 1848, the Board of Trustees received a communication from a body of Cincinnati Israelites to the effect that all the home congregations should hold meet- ings to act upon an address issued by Dr. Isaac M. \Vi><>. of Albany, calling upon all Israelites of the "Tinted States tn form a union of congregations and establish a repre- sentative congregational organization. The Board in- dorsed the address in the strongest terms, and unanimously resolved to call a general meeting of all the members, and recommend the appointment of delegates. In pur- suance thereof a general congregational meeting was held on December 26, 1848. At this meeting the President was authorized to appoint delegates who, in conjunction with similar delegates from the sister congregations, should go to Philadelphia to represent the congregation at the pro- posed general convention. But the general meeting went still further on" this important point, and resolved that even if the sister congregations did not send representa- tives, still its delegates should attend the Philadelphia convention. When it is remembered that at this time Dr. Wise was not personally known in Cincinnati and in the West, for he had been in the country but two years, it will readily be seen that the congregation acted upon its own inherent spirit for union, and thus foreshadowed its future prominent and successful position in that worthy cause. The Philadelphia convention was never convened owing to the adverse action of certain New York syna- gogues, and the Union of American Congregations was not effected until 1873. In September, 1849, the Rev. H. A. Henry, a gentleman recently from England, was elected at a salary of $400 per annum, as the successor of Mr. Gutheim. By the elec- tion of Mr. Henry the reform movement, which had been earnestly and sedulously advocated by Mr. Gutheim and his supporters, received a serious set-back. Mr. Henry, however, was quite a scholar and a writer, and introduced t In 1 custom of preaching every Sabbath and Holy Dav : and because- of his attainments he was respected bv all, even the reformers, and thus for the time being was per- mitted to pursue the even tenor of his strict orthodox wav. Mr. Henry was re-elected in September, 1850, at a salary of .$800 a year. During this year, however, owing to some undisclosed cause, the pleasant relations between Mr. Henry and the congregation came to an end, and on July 11, 1851, he tendered his resignation, which was duly ac- cepted. On October 4, 1851, the Rev. A. Rosenfeld, of tin- Orthodox Portuguese congregation of Charleston, S. I'., was elected chazan and lecturer at a salary of $1,(K)0 pel- annum. Mr. Rosenfeld was a fluent preacher, a good chazan. an excellent educator, and because of his ante- cedents naturally strictly orthodox. During this period many members who resided outside of the city resigned, and many others were expelled for non-payment of dues. The congregational debt was over t hree thousand dollars. Notwithstanding all this, the con- gregation purchased the lot next to the synagogue, and re- elected Mr. Rosenfeld at a salary of $1,600* per annum. In the summer of 1852, owing to some differences. Mr. Rosenfeld tendered his resignation. This was not accepted, and the reverend gentleman was re-elected for a term of three years. However, the opposition to Mr. Rosenfeld again appeared in the fall, and even went so far as to pub- lish in the Occident an article denouncing Mr. Rosenfeld and condemning the congregation for re-electing him. The newspaper controversy was taken up by the Board, but not prolonged, for in November. \*~>*2, Mr. Ro.-cni'eld tend'-red his resignation, which was accepted in .January. 1853, to take effect after the coming Passover. From May. 1S."). 1 ',. until May. 1S54, Mr. Solomon Levi, a recent member, performed the duties of elm/an, while Mr. Isaac Schoen- l)run was authorized to officiate at weddings. In September, 1853, the congregation wrote. to Dr. Wise, of Albany, and invited him to visit Cincinnati at its ex- pense, and requested that he name the conditions upon which he should accept an election to the position recently vacated by Mr. Rosenfeld. Dr. Wise replied that he should accept an election on the following conditions, viz., that he be elected unanimously and for life, that he receive a living salary which would make him independent, and that he be permitted to enter upon his duties six months after his election. At the general meeting held October 27, 1853, it was unanimously resolved " that this congregation elect the Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise during good behavior as our minister, reader and superintendent of Talmud Yelodim Institute, at a salary of $1,500 per annum." This action of the congregation was certainly a bold one. At this very time Dr. Wise, who was personally known to a lew Cincinnatians, was being fiercely and abusively attacked in the denominational press ; he was denounced as an heretic and accused of being a disturbing element in Judaism. He had just published his first book, " History of the Israelitish Nation," which was denounced by both the orthodox Jew and the Gentile as being anti-Jewish and anti-Christian. And yet notwithstanding all this public clamor and outcry, the congregation which had since 1849 been under the charge of such pronounced apostles of orthodoxy as the Revs. Henry and Rosenfeld, elected him tor the rest of his natural life as its spiritual guide and leader. This move on the part of the congregation certainly showed whither its tendencies were directed ; and the congregation has never had occasion to regret its action of October 27, 1853. Since then its course has ever been upward and onward ; all its energies have been devoted to material reform, and all petty questions re- garding shochet, etc., forever put at rest. Heretofore the congregation was like a company of brave and daring men, each longing to do some noble and heroic deed, but unable, because there was no true and capable leader, and just as every member of a company of soldiers hails with shouts his captain's arrival, and anxiously awaits his commands, so the young congregation which had been spending its strength in trying various leaders, having at last found one in whom it could put implicit faith, readily submitted itself to his wise, daring and honorable leader- ship, and marched forward bearing the glorious banner, " Reform." c'HAPTEK II. THK riiollt AND THK Ol.MJAN. A strict orthodox congregation has neither a choir nor an organ : a congregation which desires the name *' reform " boasts at least of a choir ; an out-and-out Reform Temple has to-day both the choir and the organ. Such a one is the K. K. Bene Yeshurun, with its magnificent organ and ex- cellent choir, which adds so much to the solemnity and impressiveness of the Sabbath and Holiday service. But one must not suppose that song and music became part and parcel of the service without a struggle, and a long and bit- ter one at that. The earliest record of a choir is found in 1845, in which year the minutes disclose the fact that there was in existence a chorus society. The Rev. Mr. G-utheim in 1847 proposed to organize a choir, but he met with little or no encouragement. In June, 1850, during Mr Henry's connection with the con- gregation, a choir committee was appointed with power to act. This committee actually engaged a Mr. Nussbaum to organize a choir, but the Rev. Mr. Henry, whose anti-reform sentiments have already been mentioned, refused to co- operate with the committee, and for the time being the project was dropped. Dr. Wise, however, was a great lover of music, and while at Albany he had organized a choir, and he resolved to do .the same in Cincinnati. The choir ques- tion met with little favor in the board owing to the many unsuccessful attempts heretofore made. Dr. Wise did not wait for any formal action on the part of the congregation. hut invited the young ladies and gentlemen to assist him They willingly volunteered, and under the direction of the rabbi and his violin learned the responses for Sabbath eve according to Sulzer. A few weeks later, that is in June, 1854, an appropriation of $100 was made for the choir. Thereupon Professor Junkerman, now Superintendent of Music in the Cincinnati Public Schools, was engaged to teach the choral music-. Quite a thrill of joy went through the congregation when the Sabbath eve and Sabbath day service were enlivened by the beautiful choral music. Every one felt that a decided step in the direction of reform had been taken, and many were already clamoring for an organ accompaniment. On August 8, 1854, the board was notified that the choir was ready to participate in the divine service ; but the choir could at this time be seated only temporarily in the synagogue, and a committee was appointed to provide a suitable place for it. In March, 1855, the congregation de- cided to enlarge its seating capacity, and to build a choir gallery and put in an organ. At first the mere mention of the word " organ " aroused much indignation on the part of the more orthodox, but the vote proved this opposition was not to be feared, for there were only two nays recorded against the resolution. On August 24, 1855, at 5 i>. M., the renovated synagogue, with choir gallery and organ, was appropriately rededicated. The ceremonies on this occasion were inspiring and grand. At this time the choir, with the exception of three members, was composed of volunteers; these three received $50 each a year, and the organist $250. On Kippur eve of 1856, the choir was reinforced by two professional vocalists, both of whom were Christians. This fact created a decided sensa- tion at the time, which soon subsided, and to-dav there an- very fr\v .Jewish singers. in the choir. In 1857 Prof. Carl Bums took charge of the choir, and he remained Avith the congregation until 1882, when the present efficient organist and leader, Prof. Nembach, was elected to the vacancy caused by the resignation of Prof. Barus. To-day in the handsome temple stands a grand organ, and on every Sabbath eve, Sabbath morn and holidays tin- service is enlivened and made more solemn, grand and sublime by the choir and the organ accompaniment. To- day the choir consists of a double quartette. Thus by patience, perseverance and hard work the K. K Bene Yeshurun has established one of the best choirs in the city. Like many other congregational institutions and re- forms it was the work in the main of its earnest and self- sacrificing leader, Rabbi Wise. THE TALMUD YELODIM INSTITUTE. 1856-1868. CHAPTER III. TALMUD YELODIM INSTITUTE. A history of the congregation Bene Yeshurun would be incomplete without a chapter at least being devoted to its offspring, the Talmud Yelodim Institute. It should be re- membered that in the early days the Jewish people lived in the same neighborhood, and the opportunities of education were limited. But the hereditary love for educating the children soon taught them that in America the young need more than a mere home training. This soon led the think- ing men to establish a Jewish school, in which instruction in the different branches of secular knowledge as well as re- ligious learning might be given. At the general congregational meeting of December 26, 184S, which will ever be considered one of the most famous meetings in the history of the congregation, Mr. Henry Mack advocated the necessity of establishing a school for the purpose of educating the young in English, as well as in Hebrew and religious tenets. A committee was appointed to draft a plan for the establishment of the school. On January 29, 1849, this committee submitted its report, which provided that each member of the congregation should con- tribute $2 per annum ; tuition for members' children was to be $12 a year; for children of non-members $16; children of indigent members $6, and indigent outsiders free. Two teachers were to be appointed one for the English, the other for the Hebrew and German branches. The school was to be located in the vestry-rooms of the synagogue, and to be under the immediate control of a separate board. On 1-V1.- ruary 7. 1S4D. the committee's report, slightly amended, was adopted. On February 14. 1H49. the hoard organized with the following officers : President. J. H. Heinsheimer ; Secre- tary. Louis Goldsmith ; Treasurer. .Simon Shohl : Trustee-. I)r A. Bettman. Henry Mack. Nathan Bing and L. H. Wise- hart. Owing to the prevalence of the cholera, this school, from which sprang the Talmud Yelodim Institute, did not optm until September 13, 184JI. The English department was in ehai'g" of .Mr. Long, who received $400 a year, and the He- lirew and German department was under the care of Mr. Freund. who received an annual salary of $450. The school remained in the vestry-rooms of the Lodge Street Syna- gogue until 1856, when it removed into its own three-story hrick building, which had been erected from the $5,000 be- queathed it by the generous Judah Touro, of New Orleans whose charitable disposition had no doubt been influenced in favor of the school by the Rev. Mr. Gutheim. at this time in Xew Orleans. The school was chartered in April, 1S51 . under the name. The Talmud Yelodim Institute. It re- mained a day school with five or six classes until 1868. when the excellent Cincinnati public school system attracted the young children. In 1861 an attempt was made to solicit the support of the other congregations, and in 1864 a union was actually established. But nothing could now preserve this institution as a day school. In 1868 it became a Sabbath- school for the children of the K. K. B. V. : and to-day it still retains its separate organixation. and maintains its rank as one of the best Sabbath-schools in the country. The Presidents of this institution were J. H. Heinsheimer. Henry Mack. Sol Friedman, Abraham Aub, H. Worms, M. Stiefel, X. Menderson and A. .1. Friedlander; the Secretaries wiv Louis Goldsmith, L. Hollstein, Fred Rauh, Fred Eichberg and Benjamin May ; the Treasurers were Simon Shohl and Elias Moch; the Superintendents were Dr. Rosenfeld, Dr. Wise, and Rabbi Charles Levi is at present Assistant Superintendent. The pioneer members of the K. K. B. V. appreciated very well the fact that their children's future depended on edu- cation, and that the future of Judaism depended upon the religious instruction of the young. Probably the greatest and highest praise that can he bestowed upon this Talmud Yelodim Institute is to say that the important stand the K. K. B. Y. took in the history of American Judaism is in the main due to the excellent re- ligious training which the leaders received in this very in- stitution. To-day its main function still remains, and it is to be hoped that the graduates of the future will be as much interested in Israel's cause and in the welfare of the Congre- gation Bene Yeshurun as those of the past generation. CHAPTER IV. RKFOKM AND ACTIVITY. In December, 1853, the Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise delivered .sev- eral sermons before the congregation, in which he boldly and frankly set forth his principles of reform. He offered to release the congregation from its contract if it thought his policy was either too radical or premature. The congrega- tion, however, by a resolution passed on January 22, 1854, expressed itself as satisfied with Dr. Wise's programme. In April, 1854, the Rev. Marx Moses was elected Chazan and Reader. Dr. Wise formally took charge of the congregation on April 26, 1854, and from that day the history of K. K. B. Y. is almost inseparable from the glorious career of its revered and honored rabbi. Among the first measures of reform was the stopping of the sales of Mitzvoths, and the organi- zation of the choir, of which mention has been made in a previous chapter. Warfare was then declared against the Beth Din, a self-constituted tribunal for the trial of the shochets, and henceforth the congregational records are silent on this vexed question. On July 4, 1854, the first num- ber of The Israelite, now The American Israelite, appeared. Mention of this is made here because had it not been for the loyal, enthusiastic and earnest support of the congregation and its individual members. Dr. Wise never would have been able to carry out his enterprise, to-wit, the establish- ment of a mouthpiece for Reform Judaism. In November. 1 S-">, the K. K. Bene Israel elected Dr. Wise as its minister and superintendent of its school, with the understanding that the rabbi should preach alternately in the two syna- gogues. But this congregation would not permit its minis- ter to divide his time, so K. K. B. I. elected the Rev. Dr. Max Lilienthal, who proved to be a worthy co-laborer of Dr. Wise. Again in 1858 a Louisville congregation, Adath Israel, asked permission of this congregation to elect Dr. Wise as its . rabbi, with the understanding that he need only officiate once a month. But this proposal was rejected, and Dr. Wise's salary was fixed at $2,000 per annum. In September, 1855, the board appointed two delegates to represent the congrega- tion at the Cleveland Conference, which assembled for the purpose of establishing a union of American Hebrew Con- gregations. The conference, however, was not successful. ^ In June, 1857, Chazan Marx Moses resigned, and Dr. Wise was assisted by Mr. Solomon Levi until October, 1857, when the Rev. Mr. Gustav S. Ensel was elected chazan. During the winter of 1856-57 the Minhag American ritual was compiled and translated into English and German by the Revs. Wise, Kalish and Rothenheim. The book was placed before the board in August, 1857, and referred to a committee, two of whom reported in favor of its adoption, and on fSeptember 24, 1857, the general meeting, with but two dissenting votes, adopted the Minhag America. The congregation had in fact already adopted a Minhag America, for it had allowed Dr. Wise's " Essence of Judaism," of which Minhag America was but another presentation, to be used in the Talmud Yelodim Institute. The work that had been accomplished since 1854 was almost phenomenal. The congregation had been changed from an old-style orthodox German congregation into one of the foremost American Jewish Reform congregation 8. In 1858 the Rev G. M. Cohen, formerly chazan in the Temple Kniaiiuel. New York, was elected to fill a similar position here. The next step toward reform was taken on September (>. IS.")'.), when the board resolved to recommend to the general meeting the abolition of the Second Holy Days. At the general meeting held on October 2, 1859, it was resolved by a vote of 6(5 to 31 to abolish all the second or rabbinical holy days with the exception of the second day of New Year. The congregational records from November, 1859, to 1872 are lost, and the sources of information during this period are the files of the American Israelite and Die Deborah and the recollections* of old members. The proper observance of the Sabbath was seriously dis- cussed as early as 1859. A general meeting of Israelites was held in the vestry-rooms of the synagogue on October 0, 1859. Earnest resolutions demanding a strict observance of the Sabbath were passed, and many merchants agreed to dose their stores on the Sabbath day. In June. 1861, the chazan, Mr. Cohen, resigned, and Mr. Solomon Levi again officiated until August, 18(>(>. This congregation has ever been known for the important part it has played in purely public affairs. Mention has already been made of the fact that in 1848 the Rev Mr. (Jutheim delivered a Thanksgiving address, and to this day the Fourth of July is appropriately observed On April 14. ISC)."), Dr. Wise preached a stirring sermon, taking as his text President Lincoln's proclamation of that day. On that Fri- day eve he delivered a grand peace oration. The next morning the nation awoke only to find that it bad lost during the night its brightest jewel, its greatest hero, its noblest son. Abraham Lincoln was dead, and dead ly the hand of an assassin. On that mournful and sad Sab- bath day, April 15th, the Congregation BeneYeshurnn listened to an excellent eulogy on the great departed, and thus it may lie recorded that K. K. B. V. was the first congregation in t In- land to pay honor to the noble dead. On Wednesday, April 26, 1S65, the congregation formally held memorial services. The temple was draped in black, the oration was impressive, the organ and choir lent solemnity to the occasion. In August, 1865, Mr. Solomon Stix died, and in his will he bequeathed $500 to the congregation, and this legacy was used to defray the expense of holding two daily prayer meetings, at which the prayer for the dead was said. In 1866 the congregation requested Dr. Wise to prepare the second part of his Minhag America, viz., the New Year and Day of Atonement Services. The books were satisfac- tory, except in one particular; no service for the second day of New Year was provided, and Dr. Wise steadfastly re- fused to write one. The congregation, however, adopted the books without this service, and shortly thereafter the second New Year Day was abolished. During this period, 1854-1866, the congregation indirectly took an active interest in many questions and societies whose objects were of religious character. Thus in 185."), and even before, the K. K. B. Y. objected to the Swiss treaty, and Drs. Wise, Lilienthal and others went to Washington, where President Buchanan received them cordially and pa- tiently heard them. Their mission was successful, for shortly thereafter the Jews were guaranteed equal rights by the Swiss Government. The Jewish Hospital, which is the direct outgrowth of the medical committee appointed in 1849 to look after cholera victims, was likewise fostered by the congregation. Then, too, a project culled the Zion College, a rabbinical college, was opened for a year during this period. A relief society and a ladies' society for widows and -orphans were likewise organized. This latter society became a feeder for the Cleve- land Orphan Asylum, which was later established by the I. 0. B. B. During this time this congregation and the Congregation Bene Israel formed an association called the United Cemetery Association, and to-day these two congre- gations still maintain a beautiful cemetery on East Walnut Hills. THE PLUM STREET TEMPLE. CHAPTKH V. THK NEW TKMPLK. The congregation steadily increased in membership and influence, and it soon became evident that its Lodge Street Synagogue was too small, and furthermore that the charac- ter of that neighborhood was not such as would lend force to congregational work. At the annual meeting of 1860 a reso- lution was passed to the effect that the synagogue was too small, and a committee was appointed to propose plans and specifications for a new temple. Owing to the approaching civil war and the political crisis, nothing was accomplished at this time. In 1861, it will be remembered, a committee had been appointed to secure the co-operation of the sister congregations in behalf of the Talmud Yelodim Institute. This scheme gave rise to another. Many of the leading and wealthy Jewish men in the community conceived the idea of building a palatial temple, the pulpits of which should be occupied by Drs. Wise and Lilienthal, the former to lecture in English, the latter in German ; and the old synagogues were to be abandoned to those who would or could not join in the new movement. This new project was quietly worked and met with seeming success. Finally this congregation asked Dr. Wise directly whether he favored the new move- ment. His answer was as noble as unequivocal. Said he : ' I will not leave K. K. Bene Yeshurun. The honor of Judaism in Cincinnati and throughout the West requires K. K. Bene Yeshurun, hitherto the banner-bearer of reform and progress on this side of the Alleghanies, should come out of Lodge Street into the broad daylight of a more suit- able locality. Still if the congregation believes that the time has not come for such an enterprise'. 1 will patiently wait with yon. [f some of our wealthy meinhers leave ns I will stay with yon. even if by necessity my salary must be reduced one-half." These generous and outspoken words killed the new movement, and urged the hesitating members to build a new temple. A general meeting of the congregation was called for April 5, 1868. In the meantime the American Israelite printed a call signed by fifty-seven members of the K. K. B. I., addressed to " all gentlemen of our persuasion/' for a meet- ing on April 12th, " to establish a temple congregation." Meanwhile this congregation held a general meeting, and contrary to all expectations it almost unanimously decided to build a new temple. Marcus Fechheimer and Jacob Elsas started the subscriptions with two thousand dollars each; others followed, giving large amounts, and in a short time $21,000 was secured, which fund was soon thereafter in- creased to $40,000. Two committees were appointed; one on Finance and one on Propositions. So decided was this action that nothing was ever heard again of the other pro- ject. At another general meeting held May 8, 1863. the com- mittees reported that suitable building sites could be se- cured on southeast corner of Eighth and Plum Streets, for $35,000, and that a handsome structure could be erected for $55,000. The lot, 132 feet on Plum Street by 100 feet on Eighth Street, was ordered to be bought. But the building estimate; was nearly $150,000 out of the way. This was in the main due to the high war prices. At this meeting, the following committees were chosen: On Building, Henry Mack, Chairman: M. J. Mack, Secretary: M. Thurnauer, Treasurer. On Finance. B. Simon. Chairman ; Messrs. Jacob Klsas, Max Mack, Solomon Levi, Solomon Friedman, J. H. Heinsheimer, Wm. Kraus, Marcus Fechheimer, Martin Stadler and A. J. Friedlander. Ground for the new temple was broken in July, 1863, and the foundation was begun in August. The corner-stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies on Friday, May 12, 1865. There were assembled at the old Lodge Street Synagogue, in addition to the members of the K. K. B. Y., the children and teachers of the Talmud Yelodim Institute, the members of the four sister congrega- tions, the Mayor of the city, Charles F. Wilstach ; city offi- cials, members of City Council, judges of the various courts, the clergy of other denominations and other invited guests. To this assemblage Dr. Max Lilienthal delivered a most eloquent address. The entire multitude then formed a grand procession, and amid music and with banners marched through the principal streets until Eighth and Plum was reached. In this procession the five oldest members of the congregation, J. Silverstone, S. Levi, Sr., S. Stix, Sr., L. Loeb, Sr., and A. Cohn, carried the cups with oil, the wine, the corn, the silver trowel, the Bible and the U. S. flag. Two hymns were then sung by a maennerchor under the direction of Prof. Barus. A short history of the congrega- tion was read, after which Henry Mack, assisted by the five elders above named, laid the corner-stone. Dr. Wise then delivered the oration, which expounded the principles upon which American Judaism was based. It was the Judaism of American citizens, the religion of One God, one human family, giving freedom, equality, justice and salvation to all. The building of the temple was pushed forward with such rapidity as the funds permitted. In September it was re- |M.rlf(l t lint the structure was under roof, and that already t'.io.OOO had been expended. The committee proposed to sell the choice of prws as follows : Class 1, $1,100; class 2, $ IXX) ; class? 3, $400. Seventy-two thousand dollars was ob- tained from this sale of pews, and it was believed this would be sufficient to complete the building. The structure was finally completed at a cost of $263,525.- 56. It is an Alhambra temple, with slender pillars and thirteen domes. Its architectural beauty is sublime and imposing, and reflects great credit on the architect, Mr. J. K. Wilson. On the evening of August 23, 1866, the temple was opened for the first time to the public. The grand organ, at- that time one of the finest in the city, pealed forth its majestic anthems, and three hundred lights lent splendor to the finished work of art. One of the daily papers said "Cincinnati never before had seen so much grandeur pressed into so small a space." The dedicatory exercises were held in August 24, 1866. The marshals of the day were M. J. Mack, N. Newburgh, L. Schloss and Leopold Fechheimer. At 3 P. M. the congre- gation met at the Lodge Street Synagogue, where the usual prayers were read. A procession, consisting of the mem- bers of various congregations and societies, marched to the new edifice. The oldest members carried the scrolls of the law, young boys the curtains, covers and mantles, and young girls the flowers and decorations. At the entrance the procession halted antil the cantor (the Rev. Mr. Rubin, of Temple Emanuel, New York), choir, organ and orchestra had rendered in impressive grandeur the closing verses of Psalm xxiv. The key of the temple was handed to Mr. Henry Mack, Chairman of the Building Committee, by his daughter, and in turn was given to the President. The dedi- catory address was delivered by Dr. Lilienthal, and the sermon preached by Dr. Wise. The ceremonies were most impressive and grand, and in every respect most successful. Every member of the con- gregation could justly feel proud of his religion and his faith. The dedication of the new temple is the grand finale in the second period of the congregation's history. The actors in the great drama of quiet development were per- haps unaware of the grandeur of their work. The congre- gation had come from obscurity into the light of day ; it had put aside petty matters for those of weightier import. Questions of education, chanty, ritual and a choir had occu- pied the minds of the members ; the congregation had now abolished the strict orthodox practices, and was moving rapidly along the path of reform with its light, its humanity, its enlightenment and sympathy. During the past eighteen years K. K. Bene Yeshurun had placed itself in the front rank of reform congregations. It had become one of the most potent factors in reform, the banner- bearer of progress, the very guardian angel of Israel. Henceforth the congregation plays a prominent part in the affairs of that American Judaism which it had been labor- ing so sedulously to establish. THE PERIOD OF PUBLIC ACTIVITY. 1866-92. CHAPTER I. THE PROGRESSIVE AND INFLUENTIAL CONGREGATION. The congregation Bene Yeshurun, established in its pala- tial temple, now enters upon its glorious career of general activity in religious and charitable matters. The influence of the congregation henceforth becomes national, and is felt in all questions of congregational reform. Its fame was greatly spread abroad by the fearless, earnest, enthusiastic work of its indefatigable and conscientious rabbi. During this period he was constantly traveling in all parts of the country dedicating new temples, delivering popular lectures, and attending conventions and conferences. In these latter assemblies he was always the moving spirit, and his person- ality and that of the congregation became inseparable. As said in a former chapter, the history of this congregation since 1854 is in reality the history of its spiritual guide and leader. It will be impossible in a work of this character to follow the chain of events since 1866 in detail ; only the more prominent ones will be mentioned. The congregation began the last period of its half century with an indebtedness of nearly one hundred thousand dol- lars. Since 1866 the temple has been frescoed, painted and remodeled, salaries have been increased, and many additional expenditures made. Still to-day its financial condition is excellent. It has been able to meet all this expense because of the hearty co-operation and liberality of its own devoted members. At various times bonds without interest to the amount of nearly $40,000 were taken by the members to pay off existing indebtedness, and to defray necessary outlay for improvements. Then, too, in 1866, nearly $70,000 was raised as premiums from the sale of pews. Surely this attests a devotion on the part of the members. The congregation has been very fortunate in retaining for long periods its various officials. In 1866 Mr. Solomon Levi, who had voluntarily performed the duties of reader since 1861, retired in favor of Dr. Jacob Mayer. Dr. Mayer re- signed the following year to accept a pulpit in Cleveland. His successor was the Rev. Samuel Kraus, whose magnificent baritone voice made him one of the most desirable cantors in America. Mr. Kraus remained with the congregation twenty-three years, until the spring of 1889, when the office of cantor was abolished. In June, 1889, at a general meet- ing the office of assistant rabbi was established, and Rabbi Charles Levi, a graduate of the class of '89 of the Hebrew Union College, was elected to that office at an annual salary of $1,800, which has since been increased to $2,400. Dr. Wise and Rabbi Levi deliver sermons alternately every Friday night and Saturday morning. Dr. Wise has continued at the head of the congregation since 1854. However, in August, 1873, Dr. Wise, thinking that he had been neglected somewhat by the congregation, and believing that he could extend his field of usefulness and more easily carry out his project for a union and a rabbinical college in the East, accepted a call from the Congregation Anshe Chesed of New York City, which had elected him for life at an annual salary of $8,000, house rent, etc. The rabbi thereupon placed his resignation in the hands of the board, to take effect on the 26th of December following. The con- gregation refused to accept his resignation, and appointed a committee to persuade Dr. Wise to withdraw the same. The committee reported that the resignation would be withdrawn provided the New York congregation would release Dr. Wise. This release was finally obtained, and at a general meeting of the congregation, held shortly thereafter, Dr. Wise's annual salary was increased from $4,000 to $6,000, and he was given his house rent and other financial aid. The resolution of the committee to secure the withdrawal of Dr. Wise's resignation is worthy of preservation in these annals, as striking the proper keynote of the reciprocal rela- tion between congregation and rabbi. The resolution read as follows : " We hold that as no congregation has a right to remove from office for a trivial cause a rabbi who has faith- fully and conscientiously performed his duties, so no rabbi, except for the promotion of a great principle, has a right to leave his congregation as long as it unanimously claims his services, insists upon his continuance in office for life and provides properly for him and his family." It was very fortunate both for the congregation and Dr. Wise that the unpleasantness was amicably adjusted. Henceforth there never was a moment of discontent or dis- cord ; the rabbi devoted himself with all his zeal to congre- gational and educational matters, and the congregation gave him even more loyal and enthusiastic support. In April, 1879, the congregation appropriately celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of Dr. Wise's installation as rabbi, and in commemoration of the event had a life-size oil portrait painted, which to-day stands in the President's room at the Hebrew Union College. In April, 1889, this congregation, in connection with her sister congregations and the Union of American Hebrew congregations, rrlr- b rated at the temple the seventieth birthday of its beloved rabbi. During this period many important ritual and congrega- tional reforms and innovations were made. Probably that which exerted the greatest influence on other congregations was the introduction of the Friday night lecture or sermon. In 1866 Dr. Wise proposed to deliver each Friday night a lecture on some religious-philosophical or religious-histori- cal subject. The congregation indorsed the proposition, and in the fall of 1867 this Friday night service, which has ever since been a feature in the congregation, was established. During these years, on Friday nights, Dr. Wise has deliv- ered his many famous courses of philosophical and historical lectures, which since have been published in book form. The most noteworthy are " The Cosmic God ; " ' ; Judaism and Christianity, Their Agreements and Disagreements;" " A Defense of Judaism versus Proselytizing Christianity ;" " The Ethics of Judaism," and this year the subject of the course is " Israel, Its Place in History." Thus has Bene Yeshurun taught another valuable lesson to American Judaism. In 1868 the second part of the Minhag America ritual in the form of a book, " Hymns, Psalms and Prayers in En- glish and German," by Dr. Wise, was adopted. In 1871 the triennial cycle of the reading of the Thorah, i. e., reading the Thorah as a whole once every three years, was replaced by the reading of twenty-one verses each Sabbath, so that during the year selections from the whole law might be read. In 1873 the observance of the second day of New Ye;ir was abolished, and it was resolved that it should not !>< unlawful to attend divine service with uncovered head. In 1874 the members were allowed to hold the funeral of any deceased member of the]familyjn the.temple. The new rituals for Friday night and Saturday morning service were adopted respectively in 1888 and 1890. The important changes consist in having the greater part of the service conducted in the vernacular, and in permitting the congregation to take more part in the conduct of the divine service. Early in the seventies the congregation took a more liberal stand regarding religious affairs. Dr. Wise frequently occu- pied Unitarian pulpits, and from his own pulpit delivered a series of lectures, " Our Country's Place in History," for the benefit of a theological library. About this time he likewise delivered his famous lectures, " Jesus," " The Apostles and Paul." This latter course was severely criticized by some Eastern rabbis. But K. K. Bene Yeshurun was already too liberal to pay any attention to this hostile criticism ; on the contrary, it heartily indorsed the wise course of its rabbi. CHAPTER n. THE UNION AND THE COLLECE. The congregation Bene Yeshurun was the first ardent advo- cate of a union of Hebrew congregations, and when that union was finally formed, it was among the first congrega- tions to enter it formally. As early as 1848, the members in general meeting, in response to a call issued by Dr. Wise, then at Albany, had resolved to send delegates to Philadel- phia to meet in convention with delegates from other con- gregations for the purpose of establishing a union. That convention, however, never assembled. In 1853 Dr. Wise in his letter to the congregation stated that one of his principal reasons for coming to Cincinnati was the fervent hope he had of establishing a rabbinical college here. He based this on the readiness and spirit with which the congregation had entered into the union project of 1848, and also on the successful establishment of the Talmud Yelodim Institute. The union and college were finally established, and mainly through the co-operative work of Dr. Wise and Bene Yeshurun. From 1854 until 1873 both rabbi and congregation worked indefatigably for the cherished goal. In 1855 the board of trustees resolved to pay the expenses of delegates appointed to attend a con- ference at Cleveland, O., for the purpose of forming a union. A short time thereafter Zion College, a Jewish college, the forerunner of the Hebrew Union College, was actually opened with a faculty of five and a freshmen class of four- teen, but at the end of the scholastic year it died from lack of support from the congregations. Still neither Dr. Wise imr the congregation became discouraged. Both abided the time. In 1867 the congregation voted an annual contribution of $300 toward the establishment of a Rabbinical college. This appropriation for the time being was used to defray the expenses of a preparatory class which was opened in the Talmud Yelodim Institute. This congregation again took active measures for a union at its general meeting in September, 1871, when it unani- mously resolved " to pledge K. K. Bene Yeshurun to the union enterprise, to elect delegates to a meeting held for that purpose, and to contribute its proper share to the maintenance of such a union." And the President and Sec- retary were instructed to publish this resolution in the Jewish press. This forcible stand on the part of the congre- gation exerted a great influence in the Jewish circles of the country, and a convention would have been called at once had not some Eastern opponents so bitterly attacked the leading rabbis engaged in the movement. However, the de- lay was but temporary and not at all dangerous. The year before, in 1870, Mr. Henry Adler, of Lawrenceburg, Ind.,now of this city, declared his intention of donating ten thousand ($10,000) dollars for the founding of a rabbinical college, and, in fact, paid over $2,000 to that end. The responses to the congregation's appeal for a union and a college were very unsatisfactory. In 1873 Mr. M. Loth, then the Presi- dent of the congregation, suggested that all the Cincinnati Jewish congregations should jointly issue a call for a con- vention, and that said call should be extended to the West- ern and Southwestern congregations only, because it was thought they favored the union. At a meeting of the Board held February 13, 1873, favorable replies were received from all the sister congregations of this city. A letter was also received from Mr. Adler, in which he expressed his willing- ness to deposit his $10,000 donation in trust with the congre- gation, and a committee was appointed to consummate the transaction. During the winter of 1873 the delegates of the various home congregations held several conferences, and finally agreed to issue a call for a general convention of Western and Southwestern congregations^ to be held at Cincinnati on July 8, 1873. This convention assembled on July 8th, and remained in session three days. The result of its labors was the forma- tion of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, with Mr. M. Loth as President. Two years later this union estab- lished the Hebrew Union College, with the Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise as its President. Henceforth the history of the steady growth, successful career and benign influence of the union and the college becomes of national import, and is not prop- erly a part of the history of this congregation. At this time the congregation Beue Yeshurun, the first advocate of union, and the loyal supporter of the college, can look back with pardonable pride at the noble stand which it took in this great congregational movement. To- day the union is composed of eighty-four congregations, which are situated in every part of these United States. The Hebrew Union College has graduated twenty-eight rabbis, and these young men to-day are at the head of some of the most influential congregations in the country. American Judaism has been preserved, elevated and In- come influential solely because of this union and the college. And if it be said that Dr. Wise is the father of the union and the college, then it may truly be said that K. K. IJcm- Yeshurun is the mother. The honor of establishing these great factors in American Judaism justly belong to both. CONCLUSION. Fifty years ago, on the 28th of February, 1848, the Gen- eral Assembly of Ohio granted to a number of young, ear- nest and God-fearing men, their associates and successors a charter for a religious corporation. During this half cen- tury the congregation Bene Yeshurun has grown from a membership of fifty to one of three hundred and thirty. Instead of worshiping in the rear room of a member's house, where the services were conducted by a reader (chazan) at an annual salary of $75, it now worships in one of the finest temples in the land. To-day it has a rabbi, an assist- ant rabbi, and an efficient choir. It is significant that the congregation celebrates the fiftieth anniversary of its incorporation in the year 1892, a year which is especially dear to all Americans as commemorating the four hundredth anniversary of the Columbian dis- covery, an event which is of the utmost importance to all Jews, for that discovery gave to the world the first country in which true religious liberty was enjoyed. In these fifty years of its existence this congregation has witnessed the emancipation of the Jews in nearly every part of the world, and it is to be hoped before another half century rolls by that the Israelite will be placed on an equality with his fellow- iHiin in every land. The congregation Bene Yeshurun has earned for itself the name of the pioneer reform congregation; it has always been among the leaders in all movements involving the welfare of American Judaism, and has probably exercised the greatest influence in Jewish religious, charitable and educational matters. The career of this congregation during the half century of its existence, with its struggles for reform in mode and manner of worship, with its indefatigable zeal for the prog- ress of American Judaism, with its fostering care of all re- ligious and eleemosynary enterprises, justly entitles it to the proud distinction of being called a Mother in Israel. AN ACT To incorporate the K'hilah Kodesh B'nai Yeshurun (Holy Congregation of Children of Yeshurun) of the City of Cincinnati. SKCTIOX 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, that Alexander A. Cohen, A. B. Wolf, Mordecai Levy, A. Aub, Jacob Silverstone, Levi Friedman, Bernhard Barbe, Solomon Friedman, Solomon Rose, Isaac Wertheimer, Liebman Abraham, Joseph Friedman, Isaac Ziffi, Isaac Schiff, Abraham Goodheart, L. Beankeiver, Abraham Levi, Benedict Frenkel, A. Markenstein. Lewis Levy, Daniel Wolf, Jacob Hyman, Lazarus Suhler, Juda Nussbaum, S. William, Edward Kohn, Isaac Trost, David Berman, M. Sulzbacher, Nathan Gundersheimer, Simon Himmelreich, Joseph Reitzenberger, Lazarus Bloch, Abra- ham Fechheimer, H. Sachs. Julius Goodheart, their asso- ciates and successors, be and they are hereby created a body corporate and politic, by the name and style of the " K'hilah Kodesh B'nai Yeshurun " (Holy Congrega- tion of Children of Yeshurun) of the City of Cincinnati, and as such shall be entitled to all the rights, privileges and immunities granted by and subject to all the restrictions contained in the act, entitled : " An Act in relation to Incor- porated Religious Societies, passed March 5, 1836." SEC. 2. That said society shall give ten days' notice by posting up written advertisements in three of the most public places in the city of Cincinnati of their first meeting under this act. RUFUS P. SPALDING, Speaker of the House of Representatives. JAMES J. FARAN, FEBRUARY 28, 1842. Speaker of the Senate. SECRETARY OF STATE'S OFFICE (Ohio), ) COLUMBUS, June 19, 1845. f I, Samuel Galloway, Secretary of State, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from the original act on file in this department. ^_^_ In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand, jj c \ and caused the Great Seal of the State of Ohio to ( ' 'j be hereunto affixed, the day and year above written. SAMUEL GALLOWAY. Secretary of State. CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF CONGRE- GATION BENE YESHURUN. ARTICLE I. Title and Mode of Worship. SECTION 1. This congregation shall he known as K'hilah Kodesh B'nai Yeshurun of Cincinnati. SEC. 2. The mode of worship shall he according to the custom of American Israelites, as adopted hy this congreg.i- tion. ARTICLE II. Officers and their Election. SEC. 1. The honorary officers of this congregation shall be a President, Vice-President, Warden of the Burial Ground, Treasurer and Secretary, and twelve Trustees, who together shall compose and be styled the Board of Trustees. SEC. 2. The first-named five officers shall be elected for one year, and the Trustees for two years, six of whom arc to be chosen annually. The election shall take place at the General Meeting in Tishri. SEC. 3. It shall be the duty of the Board of Trustees to appoint, at least five weeks before the election, a committee of five members, to be styled the Nominating Committee, three of whom shall be chosen from non-members of said Board, and the other two from said Board, whose duty it shall be to nominate a full ticket of candidates for each of the above offices, at least four weeks prior to the election ; but they shall nominate no one without previously obtain- ing his consent. It shall be the privilege of members to nominate an opposition ticket of any or all of said candi- dates on or before the day of election, and the balloting for said candidates shall be by one ticket, and not separately. In no case can a member decline a nomination after he has once accepted it. SEC. 4. The election of all the officers shall be by ballot, and the candidate receiving the highest number of the votes cast shall be duly elected. SEC. 5. Should a vacancy occur, the Board of Trustees shall have power to fill the same until the next annual gen- eral meeting. SEC. 6. The President and Vice-President-elect shall enter upon their respective duties in Shemine Azarith follow- ing their elections, and all the other officers at the monthly meeting in Chesvon. SEC. 7. Every member in good standing shall be eligible to office who has been a member of this congregation two years. SEC. 8. The salaried officers, except the Rabbi, shall be elected annually at the general meeting of the congregation. Applicants shall in all cases present their application in writing to the Board of Trustees ; and only such shall be voted for who are recommended by the Board of Trustees. ARTICLE III. The President. SEC. 1. The President shall preside at all meetings at which he may be present ; he shall preserve strict order and decorum and enforce the By-Laws. SEC. 2. He shall give the casting vote on all questions before the meeting in which there may be an equal division of members, except in the election of officers and appeals from his derision. SEC. 3. He shall attend Divine service in the temple of the congregation in the evening and morning of every Sab- bath and holiday (except when absent from the city or when sick). SEC. 4. He shall sign all orders for the payment of bills which have been approved by the Board of Trustees ; he shall grant permits for burial, and the solemnization of mar- riages, for which he shall collect a fee of five dollars from non-members, of which the sexton shall be entitled to two dollars. SEC. 5. He shall call a special meeting of the Board of Trustees on a written request of five members of the Board, within three days from the receipt of such request, said requisition to state the subject matter to be brought before the Board ; and he shall call a special meeting of the con- gregation on a written request signed by fifteen members of the congregation, within ten days from the receipt of such request, the requisition to state the subject matter to be brought before the congregation. SEC. 6. He shall be the custodian of all books, bonds, deeds and other papers belonging to the congregation (ex- cept such as are required to be in the keeping of the other officers), and shall, if required, submit them to the inspec- tion of the congregation or Board of Trustees at any of their meetings, and shall deliver the same to his successor in office at the expiration of his term. SEC. 7. He shall have the power to call a meeting of the congregation or Board of Trustees whenever he may deem it proper. SEC. 8. He shall appoint the representatives from this congregation to the Board of Delegates of the United Jewish Cemetery, in accordance with the laws of said Board, and shall, with the advice and consent of the Board of Trustees, appoint the delegates to the Council of the Union of Amer- ican Hebrew Congregations, and to any other bodies wherein this congregation may be entitled to representation. ARTICLE IV. The Vice - President. SEC. 1. In the absence of the President, the Vice-Presi- dent shall assume all his duties and responsibilities. SEC. 2. First. It shall be his duty to enroll in a book the names of the members of the congregation, and note from time to time in a proper, marginal column the fact of death, suspension, expulsion, resignation or delinquency. Second To supervise and examine all books, bills and papers of the Secretary, and to furnish and read to the con- gregation, at the meeting for the election of officers, a list of the members thereof who are delinquents, with the amount due by each, and furnish a like list to the Board of Trustees whenever required. Third. To deliver to his successor all the books and papers belonging to his office which may be in his posses- sion. Fourth. To attend divine service in the evening and morn- ing of all Sabbaths and holidays. Fifth. To keep, in suitable books for that purpose, the accounts between the congregation and its members. Sixth. To make out the bills of members quarterly, in the months of December, March, June and September. ARTICLE V. The Warden of the Burial Ground. SEC. 1. In the absence of the Vice-Presiderit the Warden shall assume his duties and responsibilities, and in the ab- sence of both the President and Vice-President, he shall assume the duties and responsibilities of President. SEC. 2. It shall be his duty, First to take charge of all matters relating to the burial ground and interments ; to disburse all moneys that may be required for funerals, pre- sent his bills monthly, and keep a record of all interments. Second To see that none but members in good standing in the congregation and their privileged families have the right of sepulture as members, whenever he receives a per- mit signed by the President. Third. To transmit to the congregation the regular re- ports of the Board of Delegates to the United Jewish Cem- etery. Fourth. To report annually to the congregation the pro- ceedings of his office. AKTICLE VI. The Treasurer. SEC. 1. In the absence of the Warden the Treasurer shall assume his duties and responsibilities. SEC. 2. It shall be his duty, First To receive from the Sexton all moneys for the use of the congregation, and give his receipts therefor. Second. To pay all orders drawn upon the funds in his hands, when signed by the President, and attested by the Secretary. Third. To make quarterly reports to the Board of Trus- tees of the condition of the treasury. Fourth. To permit an examination of his books and vouchers by the congregation or the Board of Trustees whenever required . Fifth. To continue in office until his successor assumes his duties. Sixth. To deliver to his successor all moneys remaining in his hands, and all books and papers appertaining to his office which may be in his possession. Seventh. To give such security before assuming the duties of his office, and during the term thereof, as the congrega- tion or Board of Trustees shall require. AKTICLE VII. The Secretary. SEC. 1. It shall be the duty of the Secretary, First To make out all notices that may be required for meetings, and deliver the same to the Sexton at least three days prior to such meetings. Second. To attend all meetings, call the roll, and note all the members present, read the minutes and all reports and communications, and keep a correct record of the proceed- ings. Third. To attest all orders drawn upon the Treasurer when signed by the President, under appropriations by the congregation or Board of Trustees. Fourth. To be the custodian of the seal of the congrega- tion, and affix it, together with his signature, to all docu- ments requiring the same emanating from the congrega- tion or Board of Trustees. Fifth. To deliver to his successor in office the seal and all books and papers appertaining to his office, which may be in his possession. Sixth. To render a report, in writing, at the general an- nual meeting of the congregation, of the proceedings of the year. SEC. 2. He shall keep a record of the pews in the tem- ple ; he shall make all transfers ordered by the Board, and shall keep an account of all pews or seats rented. SEC. 3. His books shall at all times be open to inspection by the President, Vice-Psesident or Board of Trustees. SEC. 4. He shall not erase or permit any erasure of any part of the records. SEC. 5. He shall not be chargeable with dues and assess- ments during his continuance in office. ARTICLE VIII. The Board of Trustees. SEC. 1. The Board of Trustees shall have in custody the entire property of the congregation ; they shall keep in good order and repair all buildings and properties belonging to the congregation. SEC. 2. They shall sign all contracts, notes, deeds or other instruments on the part of the congregation. SEC. 3. They shall have the power, First To fix the rental of the pews and seats in the temple. Second. To revalue the pews or seats annually, if nec- essary. Third. To elect members in accordance with the by-laws. Fourth. To authorize the appropriation of not more than two hundred dollars for any one purpose. Fifth. To remit any portion of dues and assessments of whatsoever kind that may be levied against any member, if, in their judgment, they may deem best Sixth. To remit the whole debt of a member who has been a member of this congregation for five years, if, in their judgment, they may deem best. SEC. 4. It shall be their duty, First. -To hold at least one meeting every month. Second. To examine all bills presented to the congrega- tion for payment, and approve the same if correct. Third. To accept the resignation of any member against whom there are no charges pending, and who is free from indebtedness to the congregation. Fourth. To examine into the competency and moral standing of any person who wishes to become a candidate for any salaried office. in this congregation, and report such applications as they deem proper to the congregation. Fifth. To fix the salaries of paid officers, and it shall require a majority of two-thirds of this congregation to reduce or raise the same. SEC. 5. Nine members of the Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. SEC. 6. Any seven members of the Board doubting the legality of anything done by the majority may appeal within three days to the congregation. The appeal must be in writing, addressed to the President, whose duty it shall be to call a meeting of the congregation within ten days to decide the question at issue. SEC. 7. They shall have the power and require of any officer whose duty it is to give bonds before entering upon the duties of his office, to furnish during the term thereof 'new bonds, if, in their judgment, the interests of the con- gregation require it; and if said officer should refuse or neglect to furnish such new bond to the satisfaction of the Board, they shall have power to suspend such officer and appoint any member of the congregation to temporarily discharge any of the duties of such suspended officer dur- ing a part or balance of the term. SEC. 8. At the first meeting of the Board of Trustees annually, the President shall appoint the following Stand- ing Committees, to whom all matters referring to their respective charges shall be submitted before final action of the Board, viz. : Unfinished business, Finance, Temple and furniture, Burial Ground, School, Religious rules and regu- lations, Choir, Membership, Revaluation of Pews. Which Committees on School and Choir may be appointed from members of said Board and members at large of the con- gregation. SEC. 9. They shall submit at every annual meeting to the members for their confirmation or other action, a re- port containing a detailed statement of the amount of money required for the maintenance of the congregation, for educational purposes, and a gradual liquidation of the indebtedness for the ensuing year, and rates of assessments on the members thereof. ARTICLE IX. Membership. SEC. 1. Any member of the Jewish faith who is desir- ous of becoming a member of this congregation must ap- ply in writing to the Board of Trustees, inclosing ten dollars as admission fee, which application must be recom- mended by a member and referred to a committee of three (none of whom shall be the recommender), who shall report, after having duly investigated the character and qualifications of the applicant. Should such report be favorable, the candidate shall be balloted for, and it shall require four black balls to reject the candidate. SEC. 2. No Israelite shall be qualified for membership who is under eighteen years of age, or is united in mar- riage contrary to the laws and ordinances of the Jewish religion ; and any member marrying out of the pale of the Jewish religion forfeits his membership, and no applicant shall be voted for unless he has paid all arrears that may be due by him to this congregation. SEC. 3. Any member against whom there are no charges pending, and who is clear from all indebtedness to the congregation, may resign his membership by a written resignation addressed to the Board of Trustees. SEC. 4. The privileged family of a member, as men- tioned in Article V., Section 2 of this Constitution, shall consist of his wife, his sons, until they are twenty-one years of age, and his daughters until they are married. SEC. 5. A widow whose husband was a member in good standing at the time of his decease shall enjoy the same privileges as a member's wife, and her children the same privileges as a member's children ; that is to say, a widow, while she remains unmarried, her sons until they attain twenty-one years of age, and her daughters until they marry, provided the widow pays, if able, one-half of the regular dues and full assessments. SEC. 6. In case of the decease of a member, a member's wife or a member's child above thirty days of age, a hearse and one coach (or two coaches, if the deceased be a child), shall be furnished at the expense of the congregation. SEC. 7. All members who are in arrears for dues and assessments for the period of six months are deprived of the right of voting, and until the same are paid, all other rights of membership are suspended. SEC. 8. Israelites holding salaried offices in this congre- gation shall be entitled to all the privileges of member- ship except that of voting. SEC. 9. No pew or seat owner shall have the right to rent or sell his or her pew or seat, except to a member of this congregation, without the consent of the Board of Trustees. SEC. 10. Any member desiring to sell his or her pew, shall first otter the same to the congregation. SEC. 11. Any member in good standing shall have the use of the temple for wedding or funeral purposes, when permission is granted for that purpose by the President of the congregation. ARTICLE X. Assessments and Dues. SEC. 1. Each and every member of the congregation shall pay and be chargeable annually, as follows : a.- The regular yearly dues of twenty-five dollars, b. A pro rata tax to be fixed by the Board of Trustees, on the valuation of the pews or seats owned by each member. Provided, however, that if there shall be any member or members not owning a pew or seat, such member or mem- bers shall be assigned to two seats, each seat containing at least eighteen inches span, and to be valued at not less than two hundred dollars, and said member or members shall be assessed on the value of said scats; and Provided, further, that single men without families shall only be required to pay the yearly dues of twenty-five dollars. SEC. 2. All dues and assessments shall be payable and collected quarterly in advance. SEC. 3. Unpaid dues and assessments of every nature shall be liens on the seat or pew of the members owning the same and indebted as aforesaid to the congregation, and in case the said dues or assessments shall remain due and unpaid for the space of twelve months after the same shall have become due and payable, then the Board of Trustees, without any notice or legal form whatsoever to the member in default, shall proceed to sell, either at pri- vate or public sale, as they may deem best, the pew or seat belonging to said member, and after payment of the amount due, the surplus, if any, shall be paid to the mem- ber so in default. SEC. 4. In case any member shall be in default in the payment of either dues or assessments for the period of six months, said Board of Trustees shall have the right, after thirty days' notice from the Vice-President to such delinquent, to either suspend or expel the member or members so in default, as in their judgment may be deemed proper. SEC. 5. The said Board of Trustees shall cause notices to be printed with a reference thereon to said Section 3, which shall state that the member is delinquent, and un- less payment is made within twenty days, same will be reported to the Board of Trustees, and by them disposed of according to said section ; which notices shall be sent by the Vice-President to such delinquents whenever they are reported by the Sexton, whose duty it shall be to report at the end of thirty days all delinquents to the Vice- President. SEC. 6. Should the owner of a pew or seat cease to be a member of this congregation from any cause, the Board of Trustees shall have the power to levy the assessment provided for in the first section of this article, upon the seat or pew itself, such assessment to be a lien on said seat or pew. and to be collected in tin- same manner as on a or pc\v owned by a member. ARTICLE XL Rules of Standing Committees. COMMITTEE ON FINANCE. It shall be their duty to make a detailed estimate of the current expenses for the ensuing year, also for the per- centage necessary to meet the same, recommend ways and means to liquidate the obligations of the congregation, ex- amine all bills for extraordinary expenditures, and report for or against their correctness. It shall also be their duty to examine the quarterly and yearly reports, books and papers of the Secretary and Treasurer, and report about the same to the Board of Trus- tees. COMMITTEE OX TEMPLE AND FTRXITrRE. It shall be their duty to see that the temple and its fur- niture are kept in good and clean condition, and if any repairs or improvements shall become necessary, to report to the Board. COMMITTEE ON BURIAL GROUND*. It shall be their duty to act in conjunction with a similar committee of K. K. B'nai Israel, see that the resident keeper of the grounds keeps the premises in good order, and when application is made for the interment of stran- gers, decide what charges (if any) are to be made. COMMITTEE OX RELKilOfS KII.KS AND UK(, t I. ATU >NS. It shall consist of four (4) members of the Board, in conjunction with the Rabbi. It shall be their duty to see that the mode of worship. as adopted by this congregation, is strictly adhered to, and if any changes shall become necessary, they shall recom- mend them to the Board of Trustees. No change of any kind shall take place, unless approved by two-thirds (f ) majority of the Board of Trustees. COMMITTEE OX CHOIR. It shall be their duty to make all necessary rules and regulations for the government of the choir, subject to the approval of the Board, and the choir shall be under their control. ARTICLE XII. Fines and Penalties. SEC. 1. Any member who shall make use of improper language at any meeting while the same is in session shall be fined in a sum not exceeding twenty-five dollars, as the meeting may determine. SEC. 2. Any member who shall be guilty of any con- duct unbecoming a member of this congregation, shall, upon conviction thereof, be reprimanded, fined, suspended or expelled as the Board of Trustees may determine, and if an officer, may also, in addition to either of the three first-named penalties, be degraded from office. SEC. 3. Any honorary or salaried officer of this con- gregation who shall violate any provision of these By-Laws or who shall conduct himself in a manner unbecoming his position, shall, upon conviction thereof, be reprimanded, fined, suspended or expelled, as the Board of Trustees may determine, and in addition to being reprimanded, fined or suspended, be degraded from office. SEC. 4. Any member leaving a meeting without per- mission, shall, at the option of the President, be fined in a sum not exceeding five dollars. SEC. 5. Any person convicted under the second and third sections of this article shall not be fined in a sum exceeding one hundred dollars, or suspended for a period longer than twelve months. SEC. 6. On written complaint to the President, signed by ten members of the congregation, the Board of Trus- tees shall investigate said charges, and, if found guilty, punish any officer or member in accordance with Sections '2 and 3 of this article, allowing both sides ample oppor- tunity to produce testimony. Should the accused party be found guilty, he may, within ten days thereafter, appeal to the congregation, who shall decide the case within thirty days from the date of the appeal, provided that the appeal be signed by ten (10) members of the congregation, besides the accused. Should the President be the party accused, all the duties devolving upon him shall be exercised by the Vice-Presi- dent, and in no case can the party accused vote on his own case. ARTICLE XIII. General Laws. SEC. 1. There shall be one regular general meeting of the congregation, held on any day between Rosh Hashonah and Yom Kippur, for the hearing of yearly reports, elec- tions of officers, and the transaction of such other busi- ness as may be brought before it. SEC. 2. There shall be a regular meeting of the Board of Trustees within the first week of every month of the Jewish calendar. SEC. 3. Thirty-one members shall constitute a quorum at a meeting of the congregation. SEC. 4. Every qualified member at any meeting shall vote, unless excused by the meeting. If he refuse, he shall be counted in the affirmative of the question at issue. SEC. 5. At all meetings, unless otherwise provided, a majority of the members present and voting shall decide every question. SEC. 6. In all cases of appeal, the matter shall remain in suspension until the final decision. SEC. 7. Children under five years of age shall not be admitted into the temple during Divine service. ARTICLE XIV The Rabbi. SEC. 1. The Rabbi shall deliver a sermon during Divine service in the morning of every Sabbath and holiday as ordained in the Bible. SEC. 2. He shall officiate at all marriage ceremonies, and shall be entitled to a marriage fee of five dollars ($5) from a member of the congregation, whether the marriage be solemnized by him or not. SEC. 3. He shall attend the funeral of a deceased mem- ber, or a member's wife, or child over six years of age ; and if the deceased be an adult, he shall deliver a funeral oration. SEC. 4. He shall prepare the children of members for confirmation, and confirm them in the temple during the feast of Shebuoth. SEC. 5. He shall not allow any person to officiate in his stead without special permission of the President. SEC. 6. He shall not be absent from the temple on any Sabbath or holiday without permission of the President. SEC. 7. He shall perform all the functions appertain- ing to the rabbinical office. SEC. 8. It is his special duty to act as superintendent of the Talmud Yelodim Institute connected with the con- gregation, according to the Constitution, By-Laws and resolutions adopted by the institution. SEC. 9. At the demise of the Rabbi of this congrega- tion his widow shall receive the full salary during the following six months; and after the expiration of six months, all salary shall cease. ARTICLE XV. The Assistant Rabbi. SEC. 1. The assistant rabbi shall attend divine services regularly, read the prayers under the direction of the Board, preach from time to time, as shall be arranged be- tween the Rabbi, himself and the Board ; attend all funer- als of members of this congregation and of any of their families, and preach funeral services whenever requested to do so ; perform the marriage ceremony whenever called upon in the absence, and with the consent of the Rabbi perform such duties as teacher of Talmud Yelodim Insti- tute as may be imposed upon him by the Board of such institution consistent with the dignity of his office ; and in general to perform such duties of the Rabbinical office as he may be called upon. ARTICLE XVI. The Sexton. SEC. 1. The Sexton shall be in attendance at the tem- ple whenever divine service is performed, at least ten min- utes prior to the time appointed for commencing the same, and shall not absent himself during the continuanci- thereof. SEC. 2. He shall have charge of the scrolls of the Law, and of all the furniture and fixtures appertaining to the temple ; he shall keep them in good order, and arrange the same for use during divine service and for business meetings. SEC. 3. He shall assist the Warden in all necessary arrangements appertaining to a funeral, and notify the Rabbi and Reader of the time and place thereof. SEC. 4. He shall deliver, without delay, all notices, let- ters or messages appertaining to the business of the con- gregation which he may receive from any member of the Board of Trustees. SEC. 5. He shall collect all moneys due the congrega- tion, for which he may receive bills, and shall deliver the moneys thus collected to the Treasurer weekly, taking re- ceipts therefor. SEC. 6. He shall report in writing weekly to the Vice- President the amount collected by him, stating the amount collected from each member separately. SEC. 7. He shall, whenever requested, attend all wed- dings where the Rabbi of this congregation shall officiate, for which he shall, in each case, be entitled to a fee of not less than two dollars. SEC. 8. He shall, if required, give such security for the money of the congregation that may come into his hands as the Board of Trustees may from time to time determine. SEC. 9. Besides tin- provisions contained in this arti- cle, he shall, whenever required by the President, perform any other duty consistent with his station. SEC. 10. He shall attend all business meetings of the congregation and Board of Trustees. SEC. 11. His salary shall consist of a sum certain to be fixed by the Board of Trustees, and in addition thereto he shall receive such a percentage on the amount of all moneys collected by him as the Board of Trustees may determine. SEC. 12. In case of the demise of the Sexton of this congregation his widow shall receive the salary, but not the percentage provided for in Section 11, during the fol- lowing six months, and after the expiration of said six months all salary shall cease. ARTICLE XVII. The Janitor. SEC. 1. He shall, under the supervision of the Sexton, keep the temple and premises in a clean condition and proper ventilation ; to cause the temple to be lighted when- ever necessary, and to have the fires kindled and attended to during the winter. SEC. 2. He shall be appointed by the Board of Trus- tees at a salary to be fixed by them. ARTICLE XVIII. Sinking Fund. SEC. 1. All moneys derived from bequests or donations to this congregation, unless otherwise provided for, shall be placed in a separate fund, to be known as the sinking fund. SEC. "2. The Board of Trustees shall annually desig- nate three members of their Board who are to be known as Sinking Fund Trustees. Their duties shall be to invest the moneys of this fund, their action to be approved by the Board of Trustees. They shall keep all investments, securi- ties, etc., which may come into their hands by virtue of their office, in a safe deposit company, to be designated by the Board of Trustees, in their name as trustees of the Sink- ing Fund of K. K. B. Y., and shall remove such securities; etc., only after a vote of the Board of Trustees directing them to do so, and in the presence of at least two of their members. They shall give such bond for the faithful per- formance of their duties as the Board of Trustees may require of them. SEC. 3. This fund shall remain intact (except that the interest derived therefrom may be used for the general purposes of the congregation), primarily for the purpose of perpetuating the Daily Kaddish Service in the temple, until it shall have reached the sum of $50,000, when other disposition may be made of the same upon recommenda- tion of the Board of Trustees by a vote of two-thirds of the members present at a general meeting of the congre- gation called for that purpose. SEC. 4. The Treasurer of the General Fund shall also be Treasurer of the Sinking Fund. He shall receive all moneys from bequests or donations to the sinking fund, keep a separate account of the same, and pay the same over to the Sinking Fund Trustees when directed to do so by the Board of Trustees. He shall furnish such addi- tional bond as may be required by the Board of Trustees. ARTICLE XIX. Amendment. SEC. 1. Any proposition to alter, amend or repeal the foregoing By-Laws, or any portion thereof, shall be made in writing at a meeting of the Board of Trustees and shall lie upon the table for a period of thirty days before being acted upon, when it shall require a vote of the majority of the members present to submit the proposition to the congregation. Any such proposition being brought before the congre- gation shall require a majority of two-thirds of the votes of the members present for its adoption. SEC. 2. The Constitution and all By-Laws or parts of By-Laws heretofore in existence are hereby repealed. SEC. 3. These By-Laws shall be in force and go into effect immediately on their adoption by the congregation. ARTICLE XX. Rules of Order. SEC. 1. The senior officer present shall take the chair, and call the meeting to order at the appointed times, and the members shall immediately come to order. SEC. 2. Business shall be conducted in the following order : 1. Calling the roll. 2. Reading and approval (or amendment) of minutes of previous meeting. 3. Special object for which the meeting is called. 4. Reports of Committees in order of seniority. 5. Unfinished business. 6. New business. SEC. 3. The presiding officer shall preserve order and (li-corum and pronounce the decision of the meeting on all subjects; he may speak to points of order in preference to other members, rising from his sent for that purpose; he shall decide all questions of order without debate, unle.-> entertaining doubts on the point, subject to an appeal to the meeting, on which appeal no member shall speak more than once, except by permission, and not more than ten minutes. SEC. 4. No member shall disturb another in his speech, unless to call him to order, nor stand up to interrupt him, nor when a member is speaking, pass between him and the Chair, or leave the room. SEC. 5. Every member when he speaks shall rise and respectfully address the Chair, and when he has finished shall sit down. Members speaking shall confine them- selves to the question under debate, and avoid all person- alities or indecorous language, as well as any reflection upon the congregation or its members. SEC. 6. If two or more members rise to speak at the same time, the Chair shall decide which is entitled to the floor. SEC. 7. No member shall speak until he has been recog- nized by the Chair. SEC. 8. No member shall speak more than once on the same subject or question, until all the members wishing to speak shall have had an opportunity to do so; nor more than twice without permission of the congregation. SEC. 9. If a member while speaking be called to order by the Chair, he shall cease speaking, and take his seat until the question of order is determined, and permission is given him to proceed. SKC. 10. >."() motion shall he suhjccl to debate until it shall have been seconded and stated by the Chair, and it shall he reduced to writing if desired by any member. SEC. 11. When a question is before the meeting no mo- tion shall be received except for adjournment; the previous question; to lie on the table; to postpone indefinitely; to postpone to a certain time ; to divide ; to commit or amend ; which motions shall severally have preference in the order herein arranged. SEC. 12. On the call of five members the previous ques- tion shall be put. The previous question having been or- dered, all further amendments that have been previously offered shall be voted upon in their order, before the main question. SEC. 13. When a blank is to be filled, and different sums, numbers or times shall be proposed, the question shall first be taken upon the highest sum or number, and latest or longest time. SEC. 14. Any question may be reconsidered not longer than one meeting from its passage, provided that it be moved and seconded by two members who voted in the majority. SEC. 15. The person first named on a committee shall act as chairman thereof until another is chosen by themselves. SEC. 16. The consequence of a measure may be repro- bated in strong terms ; but to arraign the motives of those who propose or advocate it, is a personality and against order. SEC. 17. While the Chair is putting a question or ad- dressing the meeting, or while any other member is speak- ing, no member shall walk about or leave the room, or entertain private discourse. SKC. 18. No motion can be made by one member while another is speaking ; and no motion can be made without rising and addressing the Chair. SEC. 19. The Chair, or any member doubting the decis- ion of the question, may call for a division of the meeting, and a count of the affirmative and negative votes ; and on the request of five members, the ayes and nays shall be recorded. SEC. 20. Any member has a right to protest, and to have his protest spread upon the records. SEC. 21. Motions of adjournment, the previous question, to lie on the table, and to postpone indefinitely, shall be put without debate. SEC. 22. Cushing's Manual shall be the standing author- ity on all questions of Parliamentary Law. PRESIDENTS. 8. E. Levy, 1840. Alexander A. Cohen, 1841. Mordecai Levy, 1842-44. Abraham Fechheimer, 1844. Bernhard Barbe, 1845. S. Bernheimer, 1846-48. Sol. Friedman, 1848-50. Abraham Aub, 1850-52, 1858-9. Marcus Fechheimer, 1852-54. Jacob L. Miller, 1854-56, 1869. Henry Mack, 1856-58, 1867. Emil Block, 1860. Solomon Levi, 1861-67. M. Loth, 1872-75. Nathan Newburgh, 1876-79. Henry Stix, 1879-81. I. J. Friedlander, 1881-83. Elias Moch, 1883-86. M. J. Mack, 1886-89. Louis S. L'vi, 1889-92. VICE-PRESIDENTS. Lewis Goldsmith, 1841. Bernhard Barbe, 1842. Abraham Fechheimer, 1843. Levi Friedman, 1844. Abraham Aub, 1845, 1848-50. Sol. Friedman, 1846-48. Wolf Trost, 1850. Marcus Fechheimer, 1851. Jacob L. Miller, 1852, 1856-58. Henry Mack, 1854-56. Emil Bloch, 1858-60. Solomon Levi, 1860. Lewis Eichberg, 1861-67. L. Rosenfeld, 1867-69. M. Loth, 1869. B. Simon, 1872-75. N. Newburgh, 1875. Henry Stix, 1876-79. I. J. Friedlaiider, 1879-81. Moses Marks, 1881-83. M. J. Mack, 1883-86. Louis S. Levi, 1886-89. Louis Mayer, 1889-92. SECRETARIES, Mordecai Levy, 1841. A. A. Cohen, 1842. Lewis Goldsmith, 1843, 1845-47. J. H. Heinsheimer, 1844. Henry Mack, 1847-49. Marcus Fechheimer, 1849-51. Jacob L. Miller, 1851. M. Fishel, 1852-54. R. Buchman, 1854-56. Leonard S. Mack, 1856-58. M. J. Mack, 1858-62. Fred. Eichberg, 1862-66. Lehman Hollstein, 1866-73 (1873-77 Recording Secretary). Fred. Rauh, 1873-92 (1873-77, Financial Secretary). TREASURERS. Wolf Fechheimer, 1841. Henry Sachs, 1842-44. Daniel Wolf, 1844. Marcus Fechheimer, 1845-48. Levi Friedman, 1848. J. H. Heinsheimer, 1849. Marcus Simon, 1850-52. J. H. Goodhart, 1852-54. M. Fishel, 1854. Leopold Levi, 1855-57. Ferdinand Strauss, 1857-59. Henry Stix, 1859-(>7. Lewis Eichberg, 1867-72. Max Thurnauer, 1872-74. Alex. Buchman, 1874-1884. B. Bettmann, 1884-92. WARDENS OF BURIAL GROUND. Bernhard Barbe, 1841. S. Bernheimer, 1842. Abraham Aub, 1843, 1852-58. Simon Bamberger, 1844. B. Franklin, 1845. Aaron Stern, 1846-48. Wolf Trost, 1848-50. Gustav Lohnbach, 1850-52. Jacob L. Miller, 1858, 1858-66. Jacob L. Mack, 1866-79. Ephraim Ronsheim, 1879. Harmon Mack, 1880-92. SEXTONS. M. Livingston, 1841-46. Henry Newman, 1846-47, Jacob Marschitz, 1847-49. A. Stern, 1849-64. Louis Eppinger, 1864-77. Lippman Rauh, 1877-85. Fannie L. Rauh. 1885-92. TRUSTEES. Levi Friedman, Joseph Simon, J. H. Goodhart, Jacob Silverstone, Abraham Wolf, Jr., Lewis Goldsmith, Charles Stix, Benjamin Simon, B._Sachs, M. Stadler, J. Herrman, B. Mayers, S. Bernheimer, M. Louchheimer, J. Wertheimer, J. H. Heinsheimer, H. Sachs, Daniel Wolf, M. Mack, M. Heinsheimer. B. Frenkel, A. Aub, M. Michel, H. Shohl, Jacob Elsas. N. Switzer, Sol First, A. Goodhearl, H. Franklin, G. Simon, Marcus Fechheimer, N. Menderson, M. Franklin, M. Sulzbacher, Henry Mack, Jacob L. Miller, Lewis Rosenthaler, A. Sachs, M. Leeser, M. Kornblith, A. Cohen, E. Star, H. Frank, J. Bauman, H. Leopold, L. Levi, B. Seinsheimer. S. Levi, Henry Stix, Elias Block, Harmon Mack. F. Strauss. I'll. Stroiiibcrg, L. Rosenfekl, David Marks, Lewis Eichbcrg, Isaac Zeiler, S. L. Miller, Sam Glaser, M. Mack, Elias Moch, M. Heilbrun, A. Nathan, Lipman Rauh, Aaron Stix, ' Sam Dryfoos, A. Aub, Jacob Netter, B. Sachs, David Berman, Nathan Drucker, Leopold Wise, Joseph Zeiler, Lewis Mayer, Henry Ochs, Ben May, Emil Bloch, Fred Eichberg, Morris Frohman, Wm. Stix, S. B. Sachs, L. Pappenheimer, Moses Marks. Lewis Heinsheimer, David M. Hyman, I. J. Friedlander, I. H. Mack, Charles Goldsmith, M. J. Mack, Ben Haas, Wm. Ronsheim, Sigmund Levi, Ezekiel Simon, Felix Kahn, Louis S. Levi, Phil. Grabfield, Joseph Salzer, Henry Loewenstein. H. S. Herzog, Sol May, Albert E. Moch, Jacob Scheuer, Sam Aub, Nathan Stix, Louis Frohman, G. Sturm, Abe Block. RABBIS AND READERS. M. Eleasser, 1840-41. Simon Bamberger, 1841-44, Jacob Marschitz, 1844-47. Rev. James K. Gutheim, 1847-49. Rev. H. A. Henry, 1849-51. Rev A. Rosenfield, 1851-53. Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise, 1854-92. ASSISTANT RABBI. Rabbi Charles Levi, 1889-92. CHAZANS AND CANTORS. Rev. Marx Moses, 1854-50. Solomon Levi, 1856-57. Rev. Gustave S. Ensel, 1857-58. Rev. G. M. Cohen, 1858-61. Solomon Levi. 1861-66, Rev. Jacob Mayer, 1866-67. Ui-v. S. Kraus, 1867-89. LEADERS OF CHOIR. Carl Barns, 1855-82. A. Xembach, 1882-92. LIST OF MEMBERS. The sign * affixed to a name indicates that the member is deceased or has resigned. Aub, Abraham* Amberg, Moses* Amberg, Selig* Aub, Joseph* Adler, Morris A dler, William Aub, Mrs. Dr. Joseph Aub. Sam Amberg, Louis Ach, Sam Abrahams, C Allenberg. Mrs. Emma Abraham, Liebman* Austerlitz, E. H. Barbe, Bernhard* Bloch, Lazarus* Kcrnheimer, S* Bohm, Moses* Ballenberger, Adolph* Ballenberger, Julius* Bettmann, Abraham* Bauman, Joseph* Buxbaum, A.* Beankeiver, L.* Berman, Jacob* Bauer, M. Berman, David Bcrnlieim, Henry Baer, Aug. Bechmann, N. H. Bery, Caroline Berman, Benj. Berman, Sam. Block, Abe Block, Louis T. Bloomenthal, A. Bettman, B. Bettman, Dr. A.* Billigheimer, J.* Bloch, Edward Block, Elins Block, Ei nil* finer, Simon Brimner, S. Block, Sain. Berwanger, N. Block, Louis, Jr. Block, Simon Block, Jacob Bro\vn. A. S. Blyer, M. Brown, James Brown, Mrs. L. Brown, M. Buchman, Alexander* Buchman, Joseph* Buxbaum, M. ('. Burtanger, A. Cahn, Lee Calm, Julius Cohn, Emil Cohn, Julius Cohn, Barbara Cohen, A. A.* Cohen, Charles* Cohen, M. A.* Cohen, Simon* Cohen, A.* Cohen, E.* Cohn, Joseph Cohn, Henry Dernham, Max Drucker, Nathan Dryfoos, Charles Dryfoos, Sam. Edel, F. Kisfelcler, H. A. Elsas, Jacob Ettlinger, M. Eichberg, Fred. Eichberg, Dr. .los. Eppinger, Louis Ehrlich, Joseph* Einstein, Jos.* Kissman, A.* Elsbach, David.* Epstein, A.* Eichberg, Louis* Fechheimer, Marcus* Fechheimer. May Feuer, J.* Frank, Mrs. Alex. Franken, Leo* Franklin, Mrs. H. Fraenkel, Lewis* Freshman, S.* Friedman, Morris* Friedlander, A. J. Friedlander. I. J. Fries, Gus R. Frohman, Louis Frohman, Morris* Fechheimer, H. S. Feist, Leopold Fleischmann, Isidor Friedberger, M. Friedlander, J. A. Friedman, Mrs. Sol. Frohman, Mrs. M. Fechheimer, J. S. Fechheimer. S. Marcus Friedman, Levi Fechheimer, Wolf* Fechheimer, Abraham* Fishel, M.* Friedman, Solomon* Fechheimer, Samuel* Frenkel, Benedict Friedman, Joseph* Fechheimer, Aaron* Fechheimer, Max* Frank, Henry* Frank, Moses Friend, Jacob H.* Franklin, Henry* Franklin, Max* First, Solomon* First, David* Frohman, Elkan* Freiberger, Isaac* Fechheimer, Joseph K.* Fechheimer, Leop. S. Goldsmith, Lewis* Glaser, Sam. Goldsmith, Charles* Goldsmith, Sol. Goodhart, J. H. ( Joodboart. Win. Graff, Marx* Glas, Elias Gilsey, Jacob Goldman, L. J. Goldsmith, Ph. Gnibfi.-ld. GUB. (litttlieb, Jos.* Grabfield, Phil.* (iutinan, L. Goldtschmidt, Hirsch* (lood hart, Adam* Guiterman, S. H.* Guiterman, Alexander* Gundersheimer. X. Guggenheim, Max Guiterraan, Martin. Glaser, J. S. Godshaw, Abe Gottlieb, Mrs. Jos. Goodheart, Alexander* Greenfelder, Chas. (iusdorfer, L. S.* Harmon, Isaac* Hanaucr, Daniel* Harmon, Jacob* Hyman, Jacob* Herrman, Leopold* Herrman, Gabriel* Herrman, Bernhard* Herrman, Moses.* Hyman, Charles* Hyman, Solomon* Heinsheimer, J. H.* Heinsheimer, David* Heibert, J.* Hopfman, Simon* Hecht, Jacob* Himmelreich, Simon* Haas, Adolph Harmon, Mrs. P. Hart, Isaac Heilbruu, M. Heinergart, Isaac* Harris, Abraham* Hyman, Isaac* Hollstein, L. Hollstein, M. Huettenbauer, S.* Hyman, David M. Hyman, Mrs. Meyer* Haas, Ben., Jr. Haas, Ben., Sr. Haas, Morris Haas, Sig. Hahn, David Hart, Fred. Heinsheimer, J. A. Heinsheimer, Mrs. J. H. Heinsheimer, Ed. L. Heldman, M. Heldman, N. Herzog, H. S. Eleinsheimer, Lewis Hrinshcinicr. David, Jr. Hirsdi. Herman* Jacobs. Henry lelenko, A.* Joseph, Sol.* J Hilb, Leopold Hirsch, Simon Hyman, 1). \V. Jacobs, Ferd. Joseph, Isaac Joseph, Ben. I). Kornblith, Daniel* Keller. Michel* Kuhn. Edward* Katzenberger, Solomon* Katzenberger, Lazarus* Kornblith, Jacob* Kornblith, Morris* Kahn, David Kahn, W. B. Kaufman, Henry* Kaufman, Mrs. Henry Kaufman, Meier* Kaplan, M.* Karlsruher, Charles Klein, Lewis* Kornblith, Mrs. J. Kornblith, Mrs. M. Krouse, Jacob Kuhn, Albert Kuhn, Sam.* Kuhn, Ed. Kuhn, Lewis Kuhn, Mrs. Sam. Kuder, Sam. Kahn, B. Kahn, Felix Kahn, Lazarus Kahn, Moses Koch, L. L. J Krouse, Phil. Krouse, Sol. Levy. Mordecai* Lewis, Abraham* Levy, Samuel* Lcvi. Marcus* Levi, Lewis* - Liebschuetz, M. Lippman, Phil. W. Loeb, Hermann Loeb, Leop. Loewenstein, Henry Lipman, Abr.* Linz, Michael* Lewensberger, Joseph* Levvensberger, Moses Lonsbach, Gustav.* Lyons, Simon* Landman, Jacob* Landauer, Aaron* Lehman, Gerson* Lang, Moses* Lowman, James* Landauer, Mrs. A. Lauer, Emanuel* Lauer, Henry Leeser, Marx Lehman, Benjamin Levi, James Levi, Sigmund* Levi, Solomon* Loc\vrnth:il, Sam. Loth, M. Laucheim, Jas.* Lyons, Mrs. S.* Leeser, Henry Levi, Louis S. Levi, Mrs. Sol. Levi, Sol. W. Levi, Mrs. Sig. Levi, Isaac Lieberman, M. J. Loewenstein, Herman Loewenstein, Max Loth, Emil Lehman, A. Lehman, N. Loewenberg, Ad. Levy, Jonas Levy, Sampson Mack, Henry Mack, Abraham* Mack, Harman Mack, Moses* Mack, Simon* Mack, Mayer* Michael, Laxarus Mayers, B.* Maas, .1. .1. Mack, Ethv. J. MaL-rt/,F. H. Moch, Albert Iv Moch, Charles Mork, M. J. Moss, Mrs. Phil. Marcuson, M. March, Ben. S. Miller, Simon Etfeis/.Lehman Mack, M. J. Mack. II. J.* Mack, Harry H.* Mack, I. H. Mack, Jacob L.* Mack, M. H. Mack, Martin* Mack, Max* Mannheimer, S. W. Mailander, M. Marx, Mrs. Sol.* Marx, Sol.* May, Mrs. Julia May, David Mayer, Sig. Mayer, Simon Mayer, Mrs. Sam. M. Mayer, Sam.* Mayer, Emil Meis, Henry Meis, Nathan Mendel, Henry Mendel, Isidor Menderson, J. Mack, L. J. Mack, Wm. J. Maertz, B.* Marbelstone, M. March, S. Marcus, M.* Marks, Moses May, Ben. May, Benno* May, Isaac* May, Jos. May, Sol. Mayer, Albert Mayer, Adolph* Mayer, Isaac* Mayer, Lewis Mayer, Theodore- Mendel, Gus.* Menderson, X. Miller, M. L. Moch, Elias Moers, E. M. Moch, M. E. Morgenthau, Henry Moss, Phil.* N Xussbaum, J.* Nussbaum, Henry* Netter, Jacob* Nathan, A. Nathan, Jacob Newburgh, Louis Newburgh, Nathaniel* New burgh, Abe Newburgh, Henry Newburgher, Leopold o Ochs, David* Ochs, Henry* Obermayer, Simon* Ottenreuter, Alexander* Oppenheimer, Solomon* Oettinger, Jonas* Oakes, Sam. Obermayer, Simon Oettinger, Mrs. J. Oppenheimer, Eli Oettinger, M. Oppenheimer, I.* Ottenheimer, A.* Ottenht'imcr, Mrs. A. H.* Ochs, David* Ottenreuter, A.* Oppenheimer, S.* Ottenheimer, Mrs. A. Ottenheimer, Jacoli Pappenheimer, L. Pollak, Emil Price, Lazarus* Pritz, Samuel Pritz, Sol. \Y. Price, John* Plant, Nathan Plaut, Aaron Plant, Joseph Pollitz, Mrs. J. Price, Mrs. Lazarus Pritz, Ben. Prince, Sol. Rose, S.* Reitzenberger, Joseph* Rindskopf, Adolph* Rauh, Bernhard* Rice, Joseph* Ronsheim, Ephraim* Roscnthaler. Lewis* Rauh, Fred. Rauh, Lipman* Rauh. Sol.* Reiter, A.* Rosenthal, I.* Rauh, Mrs Fannie L. Rollman, Isaac Ronsheim, Mrs. E. Rosriibaum, Isaac IJnsenberger, S. Rosrntlial, J.* Rothschild. Chas. R. Rothschild. Julius Reitzenberger, Mrs. .1.* Kisser, Marc.* Rollman, Joseph Ronsheim, Wm. Rosenfeld, Dr. A. Rosenfeld, L.* * Silverstone, Jacob* Simon, Joseph* Simon, Marcus* Simon, Benjamin* Simon, Gabriel* Simon, Ezekiel Schiff, Isaac* Schild, David* Sachs, Henry* Sachs, Alexander* Sulzbacher, Mayer* Stadler, Martin* Straus, Solomon* Sr-liwitzer, B. Sc 1 1 1 ( >sma n , Benjamin* Stix, Sol.* Stadler. Max* Stern, Aaron* Stern, Henry Star, Emanuel* Sanmlson, Abraham* Straus, Moses* Sensheim, Bernard* Sbohl, Simon* S Rothschild, S.* Rothschild, Mrs. S.* Roth, Sol. Roth, Morris Rindskopf, Henry* Stix, Wm.* Strauss, Ben. Strauss, Ferdinand Strauss, Isaac* Strauss, Moses* Strauss, Seligman Sturm, Gabriel Swartz, Mrs Isaac* Swartz, Mrs. J. L. Summers, Judah* Sachs, B.* Sachs, S. B. Seeman, George* Seinsheimer, B. Senior, A.* Stix, Mrs. Aaron Sachs, Mrs. B. Sachs, Dave Samelson, J. I). Simon, Jacob Schwab, Moses Seinsheimer, A. A. Senior, Mrs. A. Shire, A. Steinauer, Joseph* Steinfeld, David* Solomon, Philip* Scheuer, Jacob Shields, J. Shohl, Mrs. Simon Silverman, Jacob Simon, Mrs. B. Simon, Isaac* Simon, Mrs. M.* Simon, I. M. Stadler, Moses Stark, Dr. Win. Stern, B. Stern, Raphael* Stern, Samuel* Stiebel, H. (i. Stix, Henry Stix, Henry S. Stix, Nathan Stix, Mrs. S.* Shohl, Charles Scjral, Daniel Silverman, Jos. Simon. Mrs. Isaac Steinau, A. Stern, A. S. Stern, Mrs. Sophie Stern, ('has. J. Steinert, H. L. Strauss, F. W. Strauss, Mrs. Isaac Strauss. Jacob Strauss, John Strauss, Samuel Strauss. Samuel Swartz, Jacob* Sickels, Simon Straussberger, S. Shelt, .'os. Senior, Max Thurnauer, Max* Trost, Isaac* Trost, Wolf* Tauber, Dr. B.* Thurnauer, Chas. M. Thurnauer, Carl* Troy, Ernst Thurnauer, Mrs. M. Trounstine, P. J. Trounstine, Sam. H. Trounstine, Victor Trost, Jacob U rilman, Simon w Wcrtheimer, Isaac* Wertlieimer, Joseph* Wertheim, David Wertheim, David J.* Wolf, Daniel Wisebart, L. H.* Wechsler, S.* Weil, Jaebb Weil, Nathan Weiss, David* Wertheimer, I. H.* Wildberg, S. Wise, Bernh.* Winkler, Jacob* Wise, Leop.* Wise, Mrs. Leop.* Wolf, Abraham, Jr.* Williams, S.* Weiss, B. Wilhermsdorfer, Julins Williams, S. H. Winkler, Mrs. Jacob Winkler, Max Wise, Ben. Wise, Leo Wise, Ludwij> Weiler, S. L. Weil, S. N Wolff, Herman Waldheim, Victor Waldheiin, Aaron Ziffi, Isaac Zeiller, Joseph* Zeiller, Isaac Zenner, Dr. Phil. OFFICERS 1891-2. I'KKSIDKNT. YH K-I'HKSIDEXT, Lons S. LEYI. LEWIS MAYEK. SECKETAKY. TIJEASIT.EK. FKED. RATH. B. BETTMAXN. WARDEN, HAKMOX MACK. TKUSTEES. Aisi: Bi.ocn. SA.MTKI. AIT.. KI.IAS I)i.dcK. I. J. FKIKDI.ANDKI;, ELI AS Mocn. ALBERT E. Mix n. LEWIS HEIXSIIKIMEI;. Louis FKOHMA.V XATHAX DI.TCKKI;. M. .]. MACK. COMMITTEE O.N !'! I-'TI ETII AN.Nl VEI.'SAl! V. Lons S. LEVI. I. J. FI;IKHI.AMH:I;. B. BETTMA.NX. FI:I-:I>. \\\\ n. NATHAN DKI'CKEI;. EI.IAS MUCH. M. .]. MACK. FIFTIETH AXXIYKRSARY OF TUK INCOKI'ORATIOX OF THE ('( )XGRK< i ATK >X. FKHRrARY l'S. IS!'-'. TK 0(1 R A M M K. 1. MARCH. MKNDKI.SOHN TIIK CINCINNATI (MMND OKI IIKSTKA. 2. :;<>TII I'SALM. XKMMACII Set to music expressly for this occasion. Miss DJKKMAN, CHOIR AND OKCIIKSTKA. :;. I'KAYKK. UKV. CIIAKI.KS LKVI 4. IXTRODrCTOKY ADDRKSS. Mu. l.-.ns S. LKVI. President K. K. B. Y. r>. " RKSOl'XI) YK DOMES," XKMI-.AIII ClKMK AND ( )K< IlKSTKA. (i. 1'OE.M. / \ SI'dKKN 15Y A ITIMI. F TIIK MY MI:, i:. I:I-:TTM ANN. \ / T.u.Mrn YKI.ODI.M INSTITI TK 7. "LET SKASONS CHANiJE." R..SS.M Miss ADAMS. CHOIK AND OKCIIKSTKA. 5. ORATIOX. Ri:v. I)K. I. M. WISH <>. "IIALLEHMAII," HAKXDEL Ciiuii: AND OKCIIKSTKA. M. - IX MK.MOR1AM." M K. M. .). M AC K 11. HEXEDICTIOX. - RKY. Di:. DAVID I'IIII.II-SON 1L'. MARCH. MKYKKHKKK OKCIIKSTKA. Written expressly for this Occasion by I?. Ilcttmnnn. Fsq. VESHINANTOM LEVONECHO. " And thou shall leach them diligenlly unlo ihy children " "Thy children teach my law!" Thus the command Through Moses \v;is on our fathers laid, And ever since, in every clime and land, Has Israel the Lord's behest obeyed. In exile bitter or in homes secure In limes with joy or grief and danger fraught In palace proud or habitation poor The Law of Cod was to its children taught. And when our fathers, coming here, this land < >f glorious liberty their country made, And with devoted heart and pious hand The congregation's firm foundation laid ; When they, though struggling for their daily bread, Made Synagogue, then Temple grandly rise. The School alongside proudly raised its head. With love protected, watched with jealous eyes. And all have prospered with the help of God. Where are the founders? Ah ! but few are here, The others sle^p in peace beneath the sod, To-day remembered with a grateful tear. But you and we are here our duty plain ; The ranks, from out of which they stepped to till. The sacred cause to cherish and maintain, And when it's needed to defend it still ! Yours is the battle and the si rife to-day. AVhilst under gentle guidance, we prepare And fit ourselves, that we in future may Perform with credit our allotted share. So let then each one in his place uphold With stern fidelity, as best lie can. The ancient banner with the leirend old : "Cod's Tiiily and IJrot Iierhood of Man !" University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. Universi South Libr