HEBREW, ARABIC, AND PERSIAN, BY THE LATE MISS E. SMITH. TO WHICH IS PREFIXED, A PRAXIS, ON THE ARABIC ALPHABET, BY THE REV. J. R USKO, Rector of Orsett, Essex. T L O N 13 O N: PRINTED BY A. J. VALPY, TOOJSE'S COUKT, CHANCtRY LANE. SOLJ) BY W. H. LUNN, CLASSICAL UliRARY, SOHO SQl'AKL. 1814. TO MRS. H. M. BOWDLER. MY DEAR MADAM, I have great pleasure in thus restoring to you the very interesting relic of Miss Smith's oriental learning, which your kindness com- mitted to my care ; and in acknowledging the high gratification, which I have in conveying to the public this proof of her extraordinary at- tainments. For the superintendance of this publication I thought myself fortunate in being able to engage the assistance of my learned friend, the Rev. J. F. Usko, Rector of Orsett who has also kindly undertaken to superintend the printing of the Hebrew text of Job, with a new edition of your incomparable friend's translation. I am, my dear Madam, Your faithful and obliged friend, T. ST. DAVID'S. London, July 1, 1814. 2070050 VH PREFACE, THE following Vocabulary, which I had the honor of revising in the press, at the request of the LORD BISHOP of ST. DAVID'S, is useful, as a compendious view of a large portion of the affinity between the Hebrew and Arabic Lan- guages, and occasionally of the Persian. It is interesting , as a novelty ; for though such affini- ties are frequently pointed out by Hebrew and Arabic Lexicographers, especially by Simonis, Michaelis, &c, (whose labors in this department Vlll PREFACE. of Hebrew literature, in all probability, were wholly unknown to Miss E. Smith, Parkhurst, if I mistake not, being her sole guide in He- brew ;) I am not acquainted with any detached work of the kind, in which the two languages are collated, as in this Vocabulary. It is not only useful and interesting, but is, like her translation of Job, a wonderful performance, considered as the production of a young lady, adorned with all the accomplishments of her sex, and distinguished by the various talents of Poetry, Metaphysics, and moral observa- tion. I have removed a few redundancies, and some doubtful comparisons, and have proposed a few different interpretations, as in the word ^TW. With respect to pronunciation expressed in Ro- PREFACE. IX man letters, I have retained that -which was adopted by Miss E. Smith, and which is the Per- sian manner of pronouncing the Arabic ; but I hope the candid Reader, who knows it better, will kindly overlook things not essential to the main subject, viz. the comparison of the Hebrew with the Arabic. I have taken all possible pains to have it correctly printed ; yet a few Errata have escaped my notice, and which I have corrected and added to this work. Besides, I have prefixed a short Praxis on the Arabic Alphabet, with a Key to the true pro- nunciation of it, which may be useful to the learner of Arabic. X PREFACE. The Samaritan and Syriac Alphabets, with a Praxis to each, are intended by the venerable Lord Bishop of St. David's, as an inducement to the study of these languages, which are of great use and necessity to the Biblical Critic. JOHN FRED. USKO. Rectory- House, Orseit, Essex, July 1(5, 1814. XI NOTATION IN ROMAN LETTERS FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE ARABIC, CONTAINED IN THE Extract from the Poem of Toghrai. i Alif, noted by a. V Ba, .... b. Ta, t. Ct Tha, th, as it is pronounced in think, throne. N. B. In Persian it sounds like s. Gim, gorj. C Hha, hh, or fi with a small line over it It has a strong aspirate, like a hh. Kha, ...... kh. It is formed by a harsh pro- trusion of the breath. NOTATION, &C. Dal, d. Dhal, dh, pronounced as th in t hec, thine. N. B. In Persian like z. a, z. Sin, s. Shin, gh. Sad, s. It sounds like ss, pronounced Ssawd. Dad, d, pronounced Dawd. N. B. In Persian like z. Ta, t, pronounced like Taw. Dha, dh, with a point over it, pro- nounced as Dhaw. Its sound is stronger than that of Dhal. N. B. In Persian like z. See Dhal. N. B. Aw is to be pronounced as in Law or Saw. ain, &, e, i, 6, u, with a circumflex over it ; a strong guttural sound, which cannot be expressed by any Roman Letter correspond- ing to it. Chain, gh, pronounced like r in North- umberland. Fa, f or ph. Kaf, ...... k, a guttural k or q. NOTATION, &C. xiil C } ca, ce, ci, co, cu, or \ pronounced f ka, ke, ki, ko, ku, Keph, C 3 This letter is softer than the preceding Kaf, and sounds as k in keep, even before e and i, so that ce, ci, is to be pronounced every where as ke, ki, and not as se, si- ^ Lam, I. Mim, m. ^ Nun, n. ^ Waw, w. A Ha, h. f Ya, y, in yarn, yield, year, at the beginning of words and syllables, but as ee at the end of them, as in truly. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS. Long a pronounced as in all, or last, cast : long e as a in date, late: long I as ee in bee, steel: long o as in loaf, note, door : long u as oo in book, root. The short vowels are not marked. Short a as in art, at : short e and i, as in innocent: short o, as in otter, often: short u, as in bush, but. Au, like ou in loud : ai, as i iu iron, or as eye (oculus). XIV Corrections and Alterations. Page 2. Line 2. Read faifli for fa'li. Do. --- lada'latali/orada'latali. Lane 3. - akhlran for akhiran. D o> - - - wamagdi for wamagdi. Page 3. Line 8. - min etc. for mm. Page 4. Line 10. - assalat or assalet, for asslaat. Page 7. Line 1. Read isalata for isalata. Do. - -- asul f ar asu '- P. 8. L. do. - 'sanatnl for sanatni. Do. _ - 'sana for sana. Do. - alkhatali/or alkhatali. Do. _ -- khatal for kliatal. P. 9. L. 2. - 'hilyat for hilyat. P. 13. L. 7. - 'sifrn for sifru. P. 14. L. 9. - t yc> for *-AA2. P. 16. L. 12. - >n (r^d n Italics.) XV P. 19. Read IN- T V. 80. raj. P. 21. /^K ejal. ft\ P. 23. fiDN ason. T P. 25. /P21 baith. P. 26. bakaa, or bakagn. P. 27. berecat. P. 29. gadar. Do. ganab. P. 31. debelah. P. 32. demaa. P. 33. durr. Do. hebel. Do. QTn hadas. Do. ^3>H heical. T - P. 34. hamam. P. 36. nr ze h- V Do. HIT zarah. TT P. 37. chatam. Do. chalal. P. as. y^n Do. charaesh. P. 39. chasar. Do. chereb. Do. nil charaa, witl P. 41. jeor. XVI Do. JOHB. Do. jam. P. 42. jare. Do. jashar. P. 43. cebel (pronounced) kebel. P. 44. 13 ci (pronounced) kee. Do. celeb (pronounced) keleb. P. 45. cercm (pronounced) kerem. P. 46. - tffy lo. Do. - frQ^ without vowel points. P. 47. laban P. 48. lachatz. P. 57. Sullem for selem. Do. ":J!DD samac or samach. P. 59. P. 62. 7flS without vowel points. P. 64. tserich. P. 67. Kemiz for kemeta. P. 68. ^^ kurb. P. 72. re-ahh for rich. P. 79. schemesch (pronounced shemesh.) N. B. In tlie Comparative Vocabulary, the vowel points Kametz and Pathahh are expressed by a ; Tzere and Segol by e ; Hhiric long and short by i ; Hholem and Kametz Hhatuph by o ; Shvrek and Kibbutz by u. The Hebrew consonants have mostly bce noted according to Miss . Smith's manner of expressing them in Roman ltten. ARABICK ALPHABET, FROM THE POEM OF TOGHRJI. T PRINTED BY A. J. VALPY, TOOKE'S COURT, CHANCERY LANE: AND SOLI) BY W. H. LUNN, SOHO-SQUARE. 1814. EXTRACT FROM TOGHRAI. -*- J GZ _^ 1. Isdlaturrai sdnatnl dnilkhatali * 2. Wahityatulfa ~li zdnatni atltflai It 3. Magdl akhirdn ivamagdf dw-ioaldn sharaun 4-. Wash-shamsu rddad-auhhai cash-shamsi fiita- 1. Firmness of mind has saved me from falling, 2. And the ornament of Virtue has -decorated me, during the absence of other ornaments. 3. My glory in the end, and my glory in the beginning, is equal. 4. And the bright Sun tending towards the meridian, (is) like the Sun in his evening declination. ,CC_j J t,o *** 5 * l > L5 7 ti^ - J,O- ^*J O S ^,^ 3 5. Fimalikamatu biz-zaurdi Id sacanl 6. JBihd wald ndkatl flha wald gamall 7. Ndin dnilahli sifndcaffi munfaridon 8. Cas-saifi urriya matnahu minalkhilali 5. Why should I remain at Zaura ? my dwelling- place (is) not 6. There, neither (is) my she-camel in it, nor my he-camel. 7. Far distant from (my) family, empty-handed, solitary, 8. Like a sword, the sides of which are divested of the sheath. - - . G 1O is 9. fd/dghtirdbiya hattdi hanna r&hilti 10. rcarahluhd wa kirdl dssladt idh-dhubuh 11. Targa'/bakd-fi biddrin Id thab&ta lahd 12. fahal samlta bidhillin ghairi muntakili 9. Prolonged wan my travelling (in foreign coun- tries) until my she-camel groaned, 10. and her saddle, and the sharp points of the tremulous slender spears. 11. Dust ihou hope for permanency in a man- sion, to whicn (itself) there is no stability? 10. \\ "hcther hast thou (ever) heard of a shadow that was not transitory? Index of Letters and Points. The Figures denote the Lanes. Initial. Middle. Final. All/, 1.2.3. 1.4. 5. 6. 7- 8. 3.5.6.7-10.11. Ba, 5. 6. 9- 11. Ta, 11. 1.2.6.8.9.12. 1.2.5.10.11.12. Tha, 11. Gim, 6. 11. 3. Hha, 2.9.10- 4.9- Kha, 3. 1.3.8. )a/, 2.3. 11. 4.7. Dhal, 10. Ra, 4. 5. 9- 1.3.7.8.9.10.11. 3.7. 11.12. Za, 2. 5. Sin, 5. 12. 8. 10. 4. SAin, -3. 4. Sac?, 1.7. Dad, - 2. 4. TO, 9. 1. 2. 4. Da, 12. Ain, 1.7- 8. 2. 10. IS. 3. Chain, 9* 12. .Fe, 4. 5. 6 2. 4. 7. 7.8. Initial. Middle. Final. Kaf, 5.6.10. 11. 12. Caf, 4. 8. 5.7. Lam, 1 1.2.4. 2. 4. 6. 9- 10. 1.2. 4. 7. 8. 9- 3/i/w, 3.5.7.8. 4. 6. 12. 5. iY////, 1.2.6.7- 1.2.5.7- 8. 12. 1.7. 8.9. JfW, 2.3.4. 3.5. 11. 7fa, 7. 6. 10. 11. 12. 8.* Ya, 2. 3. 5. 6. 8. 1.2. 3. 4. 5 . 6. Phatha,(') 1. 2. 3. #c. CWo, ( J 1. 2. 3. #c. 1.2.4.5.7.8.10. 11.12. Joui/erf, ( s ) 3. CVisra doubled, (^ 7- 11. 12. Damma doubled, (*) 3. 7. ) 1. 2. 3. #c. ") 1. 3. 4. 5. 7. #c. Hamza,( f )- 1.3.4.5.7- Wes/fl, (--)- - l.C.4.5.7.8.9.10.11. Medda, (-) 5. 7- 1 1 . 1 The Lam combined with Alif, and called by the Gram- marians Lnmfiltf(y) occurs in lines 3. 5. 6. 7. and 11. * Ha final (*, *) converted into t by it* note diacritie* i , ) occurs in lines 1. 2. 5. ANALYSIS OF WORDS IN THE PRECEDING LINES FROM TOGHRAI. LINE i. isalatu, firmness, constancy, solidity, 8cc. from, asul, which, among other meanings, signifies firm, rooted, constant, 8tc. Alif takes the sound of casra (i) and damma (u), when they are affixed to it. alra'i ; compounded of the article ^\ al or vl, (the), and ^ akhyr, and .^.^ akher, last, posterior, ultimate. a?a, the conjunction copulative, and. magdi, as the first word of this line. aw-wahw, at first; from ^ auwal, die first. 10 J^ shaman, this is a word of various significa- tions, here it expresses, like, e(jiiul, a pair, 8cc. Daiiuna doubled ( ff ) adds the sound of on or MM to shara. LINE 4. { j ffit --.\\ t>a/th-*hamtv t comp. of the conj. copulative 2 wa, and, (which may be here translated like or as) the article $\ the, and ^an-i (in Chald. ttfDltf) shams, the Sun. iL ror/, from joj raiad, " it shone forth," /. e. the brightest part of the day. t g^* a ^\ ad-dnhai, comp. of the article ^\ (the /am of which is omitted in pronunciation as before observed ; see urrai in the first line,) and ^s^ duhai, from L^ cluha, the mid-day ; basking in the Sun ; the words t5 a^' i|^ radad-duhai, are thus explained by Scheidius in his Glossary, p. 124. die ad meridiem tendente. ^^ir cash-shamsi, comp. of the particle J* ka or ca, signifying like or as (in Hebrew expressed by the equivalent letter D,) the article jj and thams, the Sun, as before in this line. 11 ji, in, into, among, &c. altafali, comp. of the article ^\ and JJ& tafal, the time of evening, a little before sun-set : as a verb it signifies " the Sun was near setting ;" by the rule before mentioned, (see urrai in the first line,) the ] and ^ are not pronounced, and the Jj is doubled. LINE 5. pj& Jim, wherefore ? on what account ? why i 3Uli'^ alikamatu, comp. of the article ^ and U>1 ikamat, the infinitive of the fourth conjugation -Uf kam, he stood, stopped, established, &c corresponding to the Hebrew Dip koom, to stand, remain, be firm, 8tc. ^UL liz-zaura, comp. of the particle <_> b signi- fying in, with, through, &,c. the article ^ and \j zaura, a name of the celebrated city iljJo Baghdad (the \ and ^ are omitted in pronunci- ation, andj is doubled; see urra, line 1.) y /a, not, no, not at all, &c. sacani, comp. of ^^ sacan, a mansion, a dwelling-place, &c. and the affixed pronoun is i f mine, my. LINE 6. LQJ biha &.c. there, in it, comp. of the particle <_> l>, in, into, &c. and \J> ha, the feminine singular of the affixed pronoun signifying her, or it, and re- lating to the city Zaura, mentioned in the pre- ceding line. y^ wala, and not, neither; comp. of the copu- lative s Tea, (and), and 5> la, no, not, neither. ty o'lj nakati, comp. of Xi'LJ nakat, a she-camel, and the affixed pronoun in, into, &c. and \J> ha, as above in the first word of this line. y^ zvala, as before in this line. t5 X 4 ^ ? . gamali, (pronounced jamatf) comp. ^s^jaml, a full-grown camel, a he-camel, and the affixed pronoun tal, for $jk tairl, it was lengthened, was long, &c. rfj+z] aghtinibiyn, comp. of ->^Xc^ aghtirab, tra- velling much in foreign countries, marrying a foreigner, &c. and the affixed pronoun & i, mine, my. ^Xs*. hhattai, until, in such a manner, so that. *. hhanna, groaned, as with pity or affection. ^^ hhanna, misertus fttit, Scheidii Gloss. 50. ^2* ^JA^. hhamu, the affectionate cry of a she-camel to her young one. ^X=^ rahhilti, comp. of iU). rahhiht, a she- m camel fit for carrying burthens, and the affixed pronoun cs y, my or mine. LINE 10. j ua, conjunction copulative, and. sy rahhluha, comp. of 3^; rahhl, the saddle o f a camel, and the affixed pronoun U tui, (femin. 15 sing.) hei , referring to the she-camel, mentioned in line 9- wa, conjunction copulative, and. H kiri, the sharp extremity (whether at one end or the other) of a spear. alfissaiet, comp. of the article ^ and XJL^ assalet, (or ^L*c (issal,) a limber, tremulous, spear or lance. atdhubali, comp. of the art. $\ (I being omitted in pronunciation, see iirrai, line 1.) and ^oi dhubl, slender, flexible, 8cc. also a spear. LtNE 11. targu, (pronounced tarju) sec. per. sing. masc. future tense of the verb ys*j raju, or L^ raja, to hope. xM albaka-a, comp. of the article ^\ and Uu baka, permanency, duration. Medda (") over alif in Uf j baka, lengthens the sound of a. j bidari/t, comp. of the particle bi, in, into, &c. and^li dar, a mansion, dwelling-place, house, &c. the doubled casra (,,) under this \\ r ord gives the sound of in. 16 la, not, no, Sec. UJ thabata, fixed, constant, firm, a thing perma- nent. J lelni, to it; the prefix J / is the sign of a dative case, and signifies also, /or, on account of\ to, &c. the LA ha, the affixed pronoun her or it, relating to the mansion or dwelling-place, men- tioned in this line. LINE 12. 3 fuhal, comp. of the particle s fa (often used for ^ ft a, and) and Jj> Jtal, an interrogative, sig- nifying rchcl/ier? samita, hast thou heard ; from *+ samiiia, he heard. bidhilliu, comp. of the particle hi, in, of, about, &.c. and JJi dial, a shade or shadow, the doubled casra gives the sound of in after the word, xr ghftiri, not, except, different, without, &c. ^JiXJL* ntuntakili, participle passive of ^AJ nakat, he carried, transplanted, clianged, removed away &c. COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY, HEBREW, ARABICK, AND PERSIAN. Toghrai. B COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. %* Persian words are marked (P.) N abib, 1 HE month A bib; a ripening ear of corn. UJI ab, In Syriac, Arabick, Persian, and Turkish, signifies the month of August. IN ab,l I > father. V" a^) NI abel, mourning, wearing mourning. \ abel, depression of spirits. "TN adam, } T T , > mankind, Adam, l adem,) 20 ahab, he loved. nhab, most lovely. \ LoJ ahiba, friends, relations. S'lN ob, Python, magician, the possessed. <.JI awb, (P.) a large serpent ; the python. "TIN or, light, splendor. "VIM wr, fire. i ( erzpr, heat (of the sun or fire). )tN azar, he has girded, or been girded. \\ \ azar, a cincture, strength, the loins. ntf ah, ah! alas! J aukh } ~) 3 > a sigh ; ah ! alas ! J akh, > , brother, relation, similar. I A:^, a brother, a friend. v_. nM ackaz f he has taken, possessed. Ll akhz, taking, seizing. acher,^ / akher,\ the last; the end. akher, 21 -i,i iret,) ity . life eternal . the other J akhiret,) world, conclusion. afad, a sort of thorn. ated, box, thorn wood ; wood of thorns and brambles. ed, a vapor, cloud, misfortune. j! aid, troublesome, heavy. N ejall, valor, courage, virtue. ^,1 ejel, great, excellent. b$ el,l " >God. Jl a/,j DN achal, he has eaten, devoured. kl, eating, devouring. "?M alah, to make oath ; weep. alyet, an oath. God. ^bi< alaph, he learnt. VAJ I a/e/', accustomed ; familiar. *W e/epA, a thousand ; a family, 22 V_JU I til if, a thousand. Y^N illetz, he has caused grief; inconvueace. els, perfidious ; perturbation, confusion ; insanity. IN im, if. em, whether. , DN em, ^ > mother. J um, ^ JTQN amah, } >a maid-servant. X*c' emeh, j ]DK aman, he has been faithful, he has trusted. - T aman, security ; protection. emanet, ) security ; faith; or one whom emanet,) you trust. dinar, he has spoken ; commanded. _^| emr, commanding; a decree. \ti an, w hen, till what time ? \>\\ an, time; now. 3K *)K anaph, aph, the nose ; aoger puffing through the nose. anf, the nose; disdaining. 123 i*Uui enfan, large-nosed; arrogant. \>y& anak, he has cried ; groaned. Ool ank, a sigh, sob. ]DN asan, peril, misfortune, death. <\Uwf esan, sad, mournful. ~)Dtf asar, he has bound, constrained. i UN! isar, binding with chains, captivity, a chain. i$ ariel, name of the altar at Jerusalem, from HN an, a lion, and ?K el, God. More probably from ifj\ ari, fire; a fire-jJace. i V 3 the earth, country, region, See. asham, he has sinned, been punished. jtj] asm, a crime. , happiness, i, happy. i,| esher, exulting, rejoicing. eshari, lively, cheerful. 24 beer, _ a well. N2 beer, ^ [*? Mr, i > stinking ; Q baash, } stinking ; austere, morose. j beshaat, Q 6a AJ bein,) nyi toaA, -j > an > a house, family, &c. beit, ) D2 bachah, he has wept, cried violently. J bekha, dying, pining with grief. / \J 6e&(, crying, weeping much. D73, balam, he has shut up; pressed hard. j balhank, (P.) a halter ; bridle, rope. HQ3, bamah, height ; any thing raised up. ^lj bam, a ceiling, arch-vault ; morning-dawn. m3, bana, he has built, constructed. VJu 6ena, an. edifice, building. 16 ben, son. JT\2. bath, a daughter. J &m, a daughter. "ID3, 6h ; pond. betyhet, marshes, overflowed ground. C lJ bezegh, (P.) a pond, dam; a frog; plants growing in water. %a husband, master, lord. baal, ) j?2 bakbuk, a bottle, any vessel with a narrow neck, which makes a noise when the liquor is poured out ; he has emptied, &c. <\JLOLJ bfkbeket, sounding as a bottle when de- canting. i'p21 liukali, he has cut, broken, dissected. XAJ bekaa, striking repeatedly ; cutting in pieces. the morning dawn. I? 2 boker,} Jo beker, j JO bekr f j . he has created. 27 black cattle, bulls, cows. &c. I -j bera, creating. T12 bar ad. hail. TT 3 -J herd, cold, hail, storm. JTT3, barah, he has runaway, hastened, pene- trated. { j berah, deserting, flying into a desert. "]^3L barak, to bless, pray, do good to any one. L) -j berket, blessing, benediction; abundance. i"D12 beracah, ") f benediction ; cistern, reservoir , 3 of water. j "12 barak, lightning, flashing of a sword. * -j 6er^, lightning ; thunder-bolt ; astonished. ty3. besem, spices, for ointment or seasoning. besmehf a collyrium, or medicine for the eyes. 28 lt'i basar, mankind. T T *j besher, man; mankind. ... ^announcing news, giving joy, &c. JT7V13. betulah, a virgin. generosity, greatness of mind. 31 Jnil gittith, an instrument of music (uncer- tain). CJA>O kdit, any gentle noise, appeasing anger. , infirm, fatigued, feeling pain. Ic^ cfaa, a disease, infirmity, indisposed. JO"! dofoz, old age. rfeft, creeping, going slowly (an old man leaning on a stick) old age. dob, } 7 ,, > a bear. dubb, ^ ?yi debalah, a mass of dried figs. T : i^ dubleh, (P) sugared almonds. ] deber, plague, pestilence, ruin, death. debar, destruction, inimical. 32 mZTT debora. "J * f f the bee. .<3 debr, ) OY1 rft/m, he is become silent, dumb, has rested. / ^ davcm, quiescent, permanent. TPT rfor, 1 duration, period, revolution, orb, i acA dawr. \ age. -<> ^7 c?a*, all-sufficient, superabundant. dei, (P) the Deity, the good principle ormuzd. ? dawl ' ) ^ rfew, J blood. yQ"T demah, - f ' tears. dakak, he has-broken, bruised, made thin. ^/r/c, beating, bruising, thin. . c^ dekik, subtle, thin, minute. T7 dar, marble, precious stone, habitation, court yard. 33 ^ dur (P) a pearl, a jewel. itS der (P) a gate, a court. dareg, a place difficult of access, steep. derghaleh, (P) narrow passes through mountains, a castle on the top of a hill. Ilil habel, vanity, any thing that passes away suddenly, as the breath or a bub- ble of water. hebel, death, a mother deprived of her children by death. fTn hedes, es, ") V s, \ the myrtle. heds, hu, he, he is. A.& hu, he, he is, the name of God. HVT havah, he has been. TT niiT Jehovah, * the future, H the present, JT) past. NY1 hia, femin. pronoun, this one, that one. / .^^ hye, she. \~5^ ,OVT haical, palace, casde, temple of Jeru- salem, tabernacle. Toghrai. C 34 haical, palace, temple, church. halak, he has walked, perished, died. helek, ruined, destruction, dying. hem, hem, ODil hemam, he has beaten down, broken, destroyed, troubled. hemm, grief, anxiety, wasting away. , *) > they, them. , ) P hen, ^ > here. \j hena, t IH haras, he has destroyed, thrown down, broken. f _^ harez, perishing, dying. *) aw, ^ the conjunction copulative (signify- > ing ?/rf) in Hebrew, Arabic, Per- J "^ ) dan, and Turkish. 35 3 1 zabad, he has given. ^Xj \ zebed f a gift, a present. zahab, ^ (j n Arabic it also signi- - 7 /gold, zahab , j fies the yolk of an egg.) "lilt zahar, he has shone^ bright, splendid. & \ zaher, shining, splendid, a flower, beauty, &c. lit zub, ^ > flowing. I zait, zeit, <\*u j "sfpt zakaky he has been clear, pure. , ^^J 2;eA:z, pure, virtuous, just. pt zeman, time, a fixed period. j zeman, time, age, the world. zamar, singing, playing on an in- t 2emr, strument. zepheth, pitch, resin. (P) 36 NT zeeb, a wolf, strong, ferocious. ?*Jj zeiby a wolf. zab, cunning and villainous as a wolf, terrified by a wolf. zebub, a fly, a venomous insect. zubab, a fly, a bee. (person, thing, place, &c.) JTT zeh, } > this, "1DJ zachar, "Ihe has remembered, comraemo- ^ & zikr, 3 rated, praised, mentioned, also. "TpJ zachar, ~\ ^male, masculine. v^ zeker, j zo/e/, a glutton, vile_, base, despicable. ^ zelil, abject, base, mean, contemptible. zanab, *) > tail of an animal, extremity. ^ 2*^ 3 the beard, chin. HJ zarah, ^ he has scattered, dispersed. zero, j sown. 37 chaba, he has been hidden, hid himself. , khaba, concealment, a thing hidden. chabal, he has bound. !in chebel, a rope or cord. V V 6/, a large chain or fetter. TTJl cheder, chamber, retreat, closet. te khedr, inner part of a house, lurking place, a den. fin chatem, seal, he sealed, shut up, closed. jA*^ khetm, the seal, end, conclusion. 7^nf chajil, army, people, valor. i^ kheil, armies, horses, troops, &c. 77TT chtdel, he has felt pain, wounded, killed. L, khelel, ruin, destruction, injury. cheled, time, a century, the world. fc kheled, eternity, paradise. choled, ^ a mo i e or field-mouse, or kheled, ) weasel. n chalafj he has changed, renewed. i* khalif, succeeding as day to day, suc- cessor, posterity. S8 7n chalatz, he has pulled out, torn off, carried away. L khih, seizing, drawing away, carrying off. pTTT chalak, he has divided, smoothed, po- lished. L khalk, creation, measuring, smoothing, polishing. ")On chamar, troubled as water full of mud, -T agitated. "lOH chemer, wine. : v ^ khemr, wine, fermenting, leavening, y*. ^ khemir, leaven, a thing put to fer- ment. l^DTT chamas, five, armed men (doubtful why). , ^ f <^ khems, five. / )-** .^ khemis, a fifth, any thing consisting of five parts, an army of three lines and two wings. pan chinnek, he has suffocated, strangled, killed, laid snares. 39 j 1^ khanak, strangling. IDn chaser, he has been in want, deprived, defrauded. v^^. khusar, damage, fraud, suffering, loss, perishing. ISn chaphar, he has dug, been ashamed. blushed. Jiik, khefr, bashful. niJn chatzah, he has cut, divided into equal or unequal parts. "i'ii Ap I *"K^ khezaat, a section, a segment. charebf a sword, any cutting instru- V V ment. ^ kherab, cleaving, piercing, ruining, de- solate, &c. charag, he has trembled with fear. <^ solate, &c. ^*-S- kherek, struck with astonishment^ fear- ful. /3*in chargol, a grass-hopper. L j *L kherek, a species of locust. Tin cheraz, a necklace, bracelet, pearls pierced and strung. 40 j^ kherz, pearls, glass beads and strung. n choreph, the winter. 9 .2^ kheref, the gathering of fruits, autumn. y&n chashak, he has been darkened, blind. ::^ kheshk (P) a mote in the eye. Ann chatat, depression of mind, weakness, fear. cx khetet, languor, enervation. rOlD tabach, to slay, to sacrifice, to cook. >xl3 tebekh, cooking, cookery. liTlO taker, purified from sin, innocent, clean. U tehr, cleanliness, purity. dilD tob, good, useful, agreeable, beauti- ful. , *jAa tuba, good, excellent, sweet, &c. "V1D <>-, order, disposition. 41 ~ ^L> tour, a mode, manner, condition, action. *?to tal, dew, abundance, multitude. tell, dew, gentle rain. "IN** jar, a river, brook, stream. . f ilsa. J arz > flowing, running, i a il^^arwr, (P) a river, a stream formed by rain or melting of ice. TJ J ad > the hand, power, &c. Ou tiP jum, day and night, time, &c ;} ' | day, I 1 jem, the sea, the west, a multitude of men. .gj yernm, the sea. r* 42 jem, a multitude, concourse. ^ jamiii, right (hand) south, xi yeniin, the right hand, prosperity, HT jerah, the moon, month. c. ! v yerr/, the moon. NT Jercr, he has feared, venerated. c. \ -j yera, pusillanimity, trembling, a calf. ^^J yeshb, S. Jasper, ^gj yeshm,(P) l&jasher, strait, smooth, polished, pleas- ing. y^,lj yaser, soft, easy, smooth, kind. DiJT jatom, ^ > an orphan, wyu jetim, ) 43 USD caab, he has felt pain, infirm, melan- choly. AJ O kaabat, melancholy, disconsolate. TQD chabir, heavy, numerous, rich, honor- able, strong, brave. yuw kabir, great in power and wealth, large in body, &c. great. 73,3 cabel, ~\ ' "x > chains, fetters. (J<^f kebel, 3 "O3 cabar, he has been great, abundant. Y*w> /:e6r, nobility, magnitude. nn3 cahahf wrinkled, as an old person. s^+.i kuhuh, an old decrepid woman. *"*"* cohen, priest, counsellor, prime. hn, (P) elder, a priest, old. (TO coach, faculty, power, strength, force. A*j> kawet, force, power, faculty. D13 cos, ^ . / > a cup, a jug. JI^-> A'MZ, ) CMr, a vessel in which gold is purified, a crucible, a furnace. , a fire-place. cz, because, if, when, certainly. kie, that, in order to. kai, (P) when. cis, > all, universal. col, ) caleb, a dog, biting, cruel. kalb, a dog, madness, malice. camon, camon, ^ v- kemuHf \ cummin seed. D33 canas, he has gathered together, heaped up. 1JO Aenir, treasuring, laying up. W3 canogh, bent, bowed down, to humi- liate, humbled. X>L> kenia, broken with age. 3 Canaan, } from the preceding word ^humiliation, because Canaap was cursed by his father Cham. 45 13 canaph, the edge, border, wing, side, &c. UAAJ kenef, edge, wing, shore, margin. "23 cinnor, a guitar, an instrument of ten strings. A jULf kinaret, a harp, lute, &c. fcp caph, the concavity of any thing, the hollow of the hand, sole of the foot, a hollow. i_A,> kef, the hand, palm, sole of the foot. H93 caphah, to extinguish, appease, re- strain. \^A*j keff y prohibition, restraint, averting. ")S)3 caphar, he has covered, concealed, stopped up. J^ cafar, covering, concealing, hiding. D3"}3 carcom, ^ > saffron. ,(P)) D"13 carem, * kerm. >1 . >a vine. i. I 46 JT3 catab, ^ he has written, describing, writ- ftJ ing * irp citan, a linen tunic, or under gar- ment. i^ji> feet en, linen. Sj/O ceteph, the shoulder, side (of a build- ing). v^*JCi ketef, the shoulder, shoulder blades. Vb la, 1 jl fe, P " Ot lak, an angel, a messenger. / <*$ * faki, a messenger, a courier. 37 leb, the heart, middle of any thing, soul, understanding. 47 "J leb, the heart, kernel, pith, genius, &c. fcO? laba, a lion, a lioness. sILJ lebaat, } >a lioness. 5 4xJ fcwf. ) Z03^ labat, to strike, knock himself, fall. - T JaxJ /e#e, throwing on the ground, striking the ground with the fore foot, (a camel, &c.) D/ la ben, white. leben, milk. kbanon^ Mount Li banus ^ so ca n e(i lebnan, ) from being white with per- petual snow. wflA, 1 > , } a brick. libn 1? labash, he has clothed, put on, orna- mented. /e65, putting on a garment, a garment. ? la/tab, a flame, shining as the blade of a sword. 48 lehib, a flame, burning with thirst 01 fire. fTD luach, a table. d lawah, a table, plank, or flat surface on which any thing is inscribed) a tablet. Drf? lacham, to eat, fight, consume. *Al lekim, striking, boxing. OH/ lechem, food, bread. *AJ lekem, quickly eating, a mouthful. YTT? lechatz, he has squeezed, crushed, op- pressed. lekith, striking, over-loading, oppress- ing. > the night. JTTy lilith, a bird which flies and cries by night. AjJ leilet, a bustard. tJT? lajish, an old boo. kx! leis, a lion, brave, &c. /aai, he has laughed, ridiculed. 49 laab t play, game, ludicrous. 1057 lakat, he has gathered together, glean- ed. J leket) any thing collected or gleaned from the ground, gathering, gleaning. TND meod, multitude, abundance, very much, a long time. madd, extending, prolonging. mar, he has hurt, pricked, caused pain, mar, (P) a serpent. "TJO meged, excellent, precious, delicate, noble. icjed, glory, excelling in glory. X< meghidf delicate, tender, great and long. Toghrai. D 50 "TD mad, ^ a measure ( or weight of mud,(P) ) 500 drams.) mahar, ^ > a marriage portion. meher, } muty he is moved from his place, tottered, fallen. muth, he is dead. J&*o '"'(, death. J,a^ :, rotten, spoilt. mawk, cheap, trifling, dust, folly. moachf marrow, the brain. muk/t, marrow, brain, pulp, or kernel. makhatz, he has pierced, wounded, dip- ped in blood. mykhzaat, a knife. mykhzem, a sharp sword. metil, a stick, a great hammer, a canal. metil, hammering, flattening (iron), pro- longing. matur, } I > rain. metr, TD mezeg, f > mixture. mizek (P) $ "1TD mezer, "1 > a stranger, a foreigner. meiz, (P) *:J7D malack, he has reigned, governed. "pD melech, a king. melek, a king, power, dominion, king- dom. Y?D melitz, become soft, smooth, sweet. UigXo melsa, smooth, bare. melis, lubricity. min, ^ > out of, from, of. min, manna. ^D minnim, nerves, cords, the strings of a musical instrument. a rope. ]D man, i (^c menn, j matzatz, he has sucked. l*o mezz, sucking. T1D marar, he has been made bitter, sor- -T rowful. _j+t murr, bitter, myrrh. T)D maradf he has rebelled, deserted. ci -*o wererf, insolent, disobedient, obsti- nate. D^ID marat, he has pulled off the hair, skin, feathers, &c. la Y* merit, having the cheeks smooth, with- out hair, pulling out hairs. matai, ^ > when. meta, \ 3J nihba, he has prophesied, shown before- hand. y nebaa, announcing, news. 53 OJ nabi, ) > a prophet. ^-y w6, j i"D3 nabach, he has barked. -T AJ nebih, barking. PJ nagan, he has played on an instrument of music with the hand a string in- strument. iy neghem, singing or reading in a soft voice, melody, a musical tone, song. "13 nadad, he has run away, retired. fugitive runaway. Ili nadar, he has vowed, promised to God. * ivXl wtfcw, a vow, a promise made to God. OHi naham, he has raged, groaned. 25^ nehem, groaning, sobbing, growling. TO WMC?, he has moved, agitated himself, wandered, gone into exile. naud, moved, agitating, waving. 54 D-"0 num, beginning of sleep, slumber. *Aj nawm, sleep, slumber. D13 nus, he has run away. naws, retreating, shunning, flying, es- caping. ^ nisan, the first month after the Israelites left Egypt. U nisan, a Syrian month, corresponding to April. j nuph, distilling, dropping down, rain. nuf y (P) rain. "V)J nur, a candle, flambeau, lamp, shin- ing, &c. i*j nur, light, splendor. bn nazal, flowing down, dropping, de- scending. j nezal, rain, descending, alighting. f Lj ")Hi nechir, ~) . . f the nostril. -50 nekhyr, ) ^Wi nataphf } T > flowing. k2J ne^e/*, } 55 ")J natar, } > keeping guard, watching. -.t*>.i netir, j an ant. DJ) namer, ^ > a leopard, spotted animal. J nemr, 3 J nasas, 1 > elevating, raising up. J ness, ) nasak, he has poured out, offered a liquid to God, anointed. wes//c, washing, sacrificing to God, blood of a victim, an agreeable smell. pJ naphach, blowing, breathing into, sigh- ing, feeling grief or aversion. nqfikh, blowing with the mouth, sound- ing a horn, inspiring, swelling. M nephesh, ^ the breath, soul, spirit, life, U nefs, j person. ^3 natzal, he has spoiled, plundered, car- ried off. 56 j nezil, taking out, carrying off. 2tf natzatZf it has shone, sparkled. 0j nezir, shining, brightness. JU nakub, pierced, dug, hollowed out. nekitt, digging through a wall, a hole made by digging, excavating. nakad, 1 i . > a point. \OJLJ nefat, J Dj^i nakam, he has revenged himself. jju nekem, punishing, taking private re- venge. Tli nerd, "\ I oy nard t > nard, w)O yi nardin, ) or spikenard. nasa, he has raised up, growing, rais- ing the voice, head, &c. (iUJ tiesha, growing up, rising, increasing. nasar, cutting with a saw. nasar, ^ neiAir f J nathak, he has broken, carried away, torn off. J netek, dragging or seizing a thing by violence. D sibbah, a cause, occasion, motive. > a wine drinker. sabaa, ^M ~x "DD sacar, 1 > shutting, stopping up. Oxp sullam, 1 f a ladder, a staircase. *XKW selem, ) Dp semek, to support, set up, join. semek, exalting, bearing up. 58 "19D sepher, an account, catalogue, book, letter. -*>*) sefer, a written book, letter, account, title of a book, &c. 1J1D satar, he has hid, veiled, concealed. setr, covering, veiling, suppressing. gnabar, he has passed. -xC ghabr, departing, passing by. ~Af abir, passing, going away. PJf gneden, (Eden) pleasure, delight, garden of Eden. aden, the garden of Eden. y gnadaph, superabundant, exceeding. ghedaf, plenty of provisions, &c. j gnavah, he has been bent, oblique, wicked, perverse. 59 / - t ghawa, disobedient, erring, deceived. 7\y gnul, he has been perverse, has done wrong, depraved. a ^ oua ' ain, ) tain. gnelem, (ghelem) > a boy. g^o/aw, 1^ gnanad, he has bound together. Af ghened, (P) a convention, congrega- tion, crowd. gnapha, herbs, leaves. ghejf, forage for cattle, dry leaves of trees. gnaphar, ~) > dust. 60 gnatzab, he baa felt pain, sorrow, anger. ghezeb, violence, force, rage, anger. gnetz, wood, a tree. C gheza, a tree used for fire-wood. 2tP gnattah, he has shut, cast down the eyes, fastened, stopped up. ghezz, casting down the eyes, lowering the voice, checking, diminishing. J gnatzar, he has stopped, retarded, pre- vented. .*& ghezzar, checking, detaining, prohibit- ing. 3y gnarab, he has mixed, mixture of light and darkness, evening, twilight. V.J . ghereb, setting of the sun, the west, y gnoreb, ghurab, '' ) > a crow, a raven. 61 *V)B pur, broken, destroyed, abolished. 1 AJ ftwr, perishing, dying, laid waste. #13 p*/s^, multiplied, augmented, fat. / v J bazcsh, a multitude, plentiful, numer- ous. T3 jpzW, oppression) a misfortune. C\AJ fold, perishing, perdition, ruin, noxi- ous. rO")9 parocheth, ") Xj J iH3 pharagn, he has stripped, spoiled, re- venged. j*C 3 firaoun, Pharaoh, a cruel tyrant, a crocodile. a veil. j J burkaa, ) 3 phera, ^ i " , /-a wild ass. N^ /era, 3 DT13 pardes, 1 > a garden, Paradise. firdus, 3 perath,} f the river Euphrates, , 3 62 p!9 perek, 1 ..'^ /-separation, breaking, division. V_* /ere, j 13 pataty to break, cut in pieces. , cutting, breaking off. 19 patach, he has opened a door. Xs fatih, an opening. petal, twisted, wrestling, spinning. fetil, spinning, twisting a rope. t tson, 1 f sheep, a flock, a zaan, ) X tsab, a toad, tortoise. zebb t a species of lizard, of a fine flavor. "OS tsabar, he has gathered together, heaped up. ~M3 zebr, heaped together. yya tzabang, he has died, washed, plunged. AAA0 sybegh, dying or coloring, plunging, &c. tsebi, honor, glory, beauty. sebyhh, beautiful. pliJ tsadack, he has been just, true, sincere. sedikj truth, sincerity. TW tsedakah, justice, charity, alms. sedeket, alms. tsahob, shining, yellow, color of gold. suhb, a reddish color, mixed with white. 72J tsahal, to rejoice, to neigh as a horse. suhal, the neighing of a horse. tsum, he has fasted. * ya sawm, a fast, fasting, silent. tseltselim, cimbals. sulsul, jingling or crashing noise. tsalah, 1 roasting meat, warming by the sell, \ fire. 64 tsagnar, he is become little, mean, contemptible. seghr, abject, mean, small. 5) tsaphad, he has been fastened. sefd, a chain, fetter. 2f92t tsiphlseph, to cry or chirp like a chicken. . sefsef, a sparrow. lJt tsarar, to bind, shut up, as a purse. yU> serr, shutting a purse. tsarack, to raise the voice, cry aloud. y0 serkhet, crying out loudly. ITIX tsirich, a high tower, a fortress. -. jus serh, a castle, palace, or lofty edifice. 5 Jnbbel, received, comprehended, re- ceived well (a person) J kebul, receiving favorably, taking well. kabatz, gathering together, a congre- gation. Jj kebes, a great multitude. "11J5 keber, } > a tomb, sepulchre. ->j kebr, ) rn kadach, he has lighted, burnt. _Oo fodA, to strike fire. D"Tp kedem, antiquity, the former age, eter- nity. D";Tjp kiddem, first, in time, dignity or honor, he has preceded. kedem, prior, preceding, more excel- - lent. ttflp kadasch, consecrated, holy, pure, the sanctuary. / w*Oo kuds, holy, pure, sanctity. CTTp kode&ch, holy, &c. an epithet of Jeru- salem. , ywcOo kuds, holy, &c. Jerusalem. ^p Ao/, J \ i. i i vo ^ ce ^ speaking, discourse. fj is Kaul, ^ Tog/irai. E 66 D-lp kum, ^ , ^standing, remaining, stopping. Dpp kasas, to cut. kesis, shaving, cutting short. kajitz, summer. keiz, midsummer. katalf he struck, killed. A:a//, slaughter, murder, death. kataph, he gathered fruits, tore up roots, or herbs, gathered the vintage. ketef, gathering in the vintage, grapes, fruits. kalal, light, of no value, vile, swift, nimble. kelil, few, small, of no value, lean. kalah, lie roasted, burnt, fried, boiled. S kella, one that fries, a frj'ing-pan maker. TOJ5 kemach, flour. -^-5 kemhj wheat, millet. kamat, seized, (a criminal) and dragged before the judge. 67 J) kemit, binding a captive, or a sheep for slaughter. YDp kometz, shutting the hand, a handful. l^j> kemetz, scraping together, taking up with the points of the fingers, gleaning. !"0p kanah, he acquired and possessed. Jo kyna, acquiring. kaneh, a cane, reed, pipe, lance, arrow. jjLo kenat, a cane, spear, syphon. ODp kasarn, he has foretold events. -T kesmet, divined fate, the decree of God, (with the Persian verb ^jfi) to fore- see, or prognosticate. kaphatz, he tied up, shut up, confined. > kefes, tying by the feet, seizing by the hair. ljj kefes, (P) a bird's cage, a lattice, grate of a window. Sjp kippetz, he hastened, jumped, leaped. 68 liS kefiz, leaping, springing. katsab, he made an incision, cut off, gnawed. ^ kesib, dissecting, interrupting. katseh, the end, extremity, completion. y^ajj kesya, the end, an extremity. kaiser, short, little, diminished. J5 ftesir, short, shortened, confined. p /cor, cold. J> Jttfrr, cold, coldness. ip Arara, he called by name, assembled, invited, preached, read. 1 13 kera, collecting, reading, perusing. karab, he has approached, arrived. ^'urfe, vicinity, approach, access. l"}p korban, oblation, present, sacrifice. -f korban, sacrifice, oblation, victim. p kerach, frost, ice, crystal. ^ ce. Tp keren, ) A horn, a ray of light, splen- f Aerew, dor, lock of hair. 69 Ttashash, he has sought for with care, amassed. kushash, crumbs, any thing picked up here and there, a mendicant collecting scraps. ttfp hash, forage, straw. kesh, straw, holm, stubble. ttffp kischa, 1 > a cucumber. tfc&jj kmhar, ) ii^p kaschah, hard, rough, dry, austere. A, hard, dryness. JlJ^p kescheth. a bow. V ' 9 kesi, bows. koschetf truth. /cysf, justice, equity, a balance. 70 raah, he saw, contemplated, heard, understood. rflfll knowing* seeing, opinion, thought. \ rob, he has been great in size, dignity or number, a master, a teacher. rebb, GOD, a Lord, master, possessor, supporter. !"Q") rabah, he has been increased, multi- T T plied, elevated. -j i rebou, increased, multiplied, growing, rising. JQ"W arbaa, four. j 1 1 eria, four. *j i rwfta, a fourth. rabatz, he has lain down at table said of cattle lying down to chew the cud foundation of a building, rest, peace, reiz, resting quiet, a habitation, a sheep- fold, a foundation. TT1 ragaz, he has been agitated in body or mind, trembling, fear, pain, anger. 71 wi rejez, trembling, pain, indignation. ~T! re g e l> tne f ot > one thing following another. rejul, the foot, a man, an army, a swarm of locusts. 31 ragam, he has stoned to death, a heap of stones, an assembly. ^ j rejm, stoning to death, strewing a grave with stones, a tomb, a friend. *)T1 radaphy he has followed, pursued. P*^ an y person or thing following ano- ther. rosch, the head, summit, beginning. r\*+\j raas, the head, a prince, a chief, mi ravach. he has been refreshed, rested. - T * i rawah, resting, quiet, a refreshing wind. rn*l ruach, the M r ind, breath, soul, spirit, will. 4i ''w^j the soul, spirit, breath of Goct ^ faith. 72 5PD rutz, he has been here and there in haste. , vi* ra-cesh, (P) motion, going and coming. 2Tp rachab, he has been enlarged, extended, i ^**^t rehb, large, convenient, spacious. 7TP racket, a female sheep. ^i rykhel, a ewe lamb. OH! racham, ^ > pitying, loving. rekhem. ) 1B"1 raf a 6, moistened, refreshed, made green. Ui re/i, fresh, moist, green herbage or trees, rri rich, rich, ^ reyeh, \ smelling, odor, swell. "^ rcA", empty, vain. rek, weak, extenuated. racka, void of brains, rain. AA3 . reA-/a, foolish, defective in understand- ing. 75 rachach, soft, tender, weak. **T v> , rekak, imbecillity of understanding. 31 racab, he lias been mounted on a horse, camel, ass, chariot, ship, &c. rekeb, mounting, sitting, riding. HOT ramah, he has thrown, darted, lamed, T T &c. ~*j remi, throwing, darting a javelin, a shot. romach, a dart, lance. rumhj a spear, lance. l rammach, a mare, horse, dromedary. remket, a mare of a mean species, a large she-camel. DJV) rotem, JTi re^ U"1 ranan, ~} > vociferating, crying out. renm, ^ DD"1 rasa*, distilled, falling drop by drop. resh, (plural ^Lj;. reshash,) sprinkling, trickling gently. , ~\ > furze, broom, juniper. , i 74 ID") rese n, a bit, bridle, governor. {>**>) Tesen, a halter. NSP rapha, he has cured pain, forgiven sins, mended, cured. 13 - P/0j mending a garment, cementing broken friendship, quieting, pacify- ing. Sp raphack, leaning against, joining, strengthening. Tefek, assistance, support, benignity. n ritzephah, pavement, burning stone. . rer/*, a hot iron thrown into milk to warm it also one used to roast meat or cauterize animals. p|5"l rakak, thin, subtle, lean. rekk, thin, shallow. 51 rakad, he jumped, leaped for joy. re/rs, dancing, leaping. , exulting for joy. 75 Dj5"l rdkam, he embroidered with various colors, engraved. fj rekem, writing, embroidery, painting, &c. school, he asked, required, &c. sail, asking, interrogating. schabah. he has taken in war. made prisoner, carried off. / ^-AOW sebi, making a slave, taking prisoner. schibbach, he sung, praised, glorified. subhan, praising, glorifying. subhet, a rosary, repeating the praises schebang, ^ > , ) seven. sebaa, 76 "Qttf tcheber, wheat, provisions. JLJ -A*M siperygh, (P) ears of wheat. *J'J" "\2i sabar, he looked at, considered, thought, judged, expected. ykwa sebr, probing (a wound) examining any business to the bottom, root. J"Qttf shabath, he ceased, rested, put an end to, not total inactivity, but the discon- tinuance of former employment. sebt, the sabbath, rest, quiet. shahed, ^ > a witness. j*i shahid, j jltf schavah, equal, suitable, just, fit, he consented, valued. / ^ 4>w siwa, equal, alike, parallel. schuck, } a street, square, market. sa&k, ")t^ sar, Prince. JM 4?r, the chiefs of the people. 77 ser, (P) the chief-top head, highest. "Tttf schachak, he has trodden under foot, - T ' broken, bruised, dust, &c. sehk, breaking, tearing, bruising, pul- verising, wearing out clothes. "IHttf schachar, } the dawn, breaking of day, "^**> seker, } crepuscle. rTQl^ shatach, he spread out, extended. setyh, expanded, a plane, a level, sur- face. tt? shackan, he inhabited, continued. seken, a dwelling, inhabitants. ?^ sakkin, a knife. D2f schacar, he drank, quenched his thirst, has been drunk. seker, intoxicated, drunkenness. schalah, he has ceased, rested, been tranquil, prosperous, (thence Shilo). selou, tranquil, contented, relieved from anxiety. 710 selav, a quail. T : selwa, honey, manna, quails. 7# schalat, he ruled over, had power, do- minion. Sultan, a monarch, prince, absolute power, &c. 07ltf schalem, entire, perfect, finished, peace- ful, restoring, paying. J^*, selem, paying ready money, perfect, free from fault, peace, safety. Dti? schem, i > a name. ***- sem > 3 DQJi? samam, a spider, lizard, monkey, swal- low. ^ stmam, a kind of swallow. ]Dtt? schemen, fat, oil, green ointment. simen, fatness, plumpness, grease, butter. 79 Qltf schemech,, v v * the sun. Jltf schanan, he has reiterated, repeated, as in rubbing a knife on a grind-stone he has taught by repeating often. senn, polishing, giving an edge to a schen, chen, "1 > a inn, 3 tooth. snn , he has hated, despised, neglected. v,^ shenay hatred, deformed, base. f schanah, ' a year. "U^ schagnar, he has taxed, estimated. jUw 5i'ar, a tax on provisions. fy sagnir, hairy, a satyr, a goat, devil. ,*>, shair, very hairy. 3t^ saphah, lip, tongue, language. I& shefeh, lip, esteem, praise. 80 ^9$ schaphach, thrown down, spread, poured out. sefh, pouring out. j schaphal, humbled, oppressed, low, in- firm. jj^, suji, meanness of origin, inferior. "15$ schaphar, beautiful, polished, agree- able. i^ sefer, whiteness, brightness, a tile for polishing. l, \ V semol, S- the north, the left hand. i, shemal. \y\lti schok, the leg, shoulder. sak, the leg, trunk of a tree, stalk. ttf schakad, he has watched, stood centinel, taken care. ^^ ii shikz, sleepless, quick sighted. 5^ schakuh, he has drunk, watered cattle, or the earth. 81 \ , JUM seky, presenting liquor, or drinking to another a quantity of water for drink- ing or watering the ground clouds pouring down rain. Ypttf shikketz, he has abhorred, detested. iXi shekiz, of a bad disposition. 1j5ttf schakar, he has lyed, deceived. / ^ ilx& shukari, a lye. sarah, he has been made prince. / - ysN serif a prince. TVtf sarar, he has held the principality. -j ysM serir y a throne, a kingdom. ttfltf schesch, ^ > six. AesA, (P)} schoschan, ~) S the lily. SM5CW, (P) 3 schatak, he has remained silent, at rest, tranquillity. seAre^, silent, happiness, prosperity. Toghrai. F nne. J 1 ) thebah, the ark, a box, basket. T tabuot, a wooden box, the ark of the covenant. > straw. thohu, empty, solitude, desolation. Vi tehiy (P) vain, empty, naked. JTV) thivah, he has marked, written, drawn the letter than, formerly made in form of a cross. / C*J tiva, a mark made on an animal in form of a cross, a thread. thachat, beneath, low. j tehtf the inferior part, under, below. W ton, y > a fig. -y tin > 3 2^jn thaisch, a little goat. 83 , SM.XJ teiSf a he-goat. J"lD.n thacah, joined, fastened, leaning against. A>jCj tekyt t any thing on which one leans, a place of repose. ?ft thel, an eminence, heap. i\j tell, a heap, a little hill of sand. a?F\ thelem, a furrow (in corn fields). Jlj telem, a furrow or trench in com fields, a ploughman. tamam, whole, perfect, ended. temam, DF\ torn, ^ integrity, perfection, accom- ' . temm, ) plishment, end. tamid, quotidian, perpetual, the daily sacrifice. temid (P) perpetual, continual. ^ tamar, a palm-tree. T ^j temr, a date. 84 P3T) tannin, a great serpent, dragon, a large fish, great quadruped. / . jjuu tenin, a large serpent, a dragon. <\Uj tenan, a wolf. i.jji" tun, the tunny-fish. ari tannur, an oven, furnace. u tennur, (P) tagnab, to hate, abominable, detest- able. u tegheb, corruption, vice, filth, base, vile. ^ tappuach, ach,^ > j ) an apple. ^pn taphal, insipid, foolish, without flavor. U tiifl, foam, froth. FINIS. THE ALPHABETS, WITH A PRAXIS TO EACH. T HontJon: PRINTED BY A. J. VALPY, TOOKE S COURT, CHANCERY LANE: AND SOLD BY W. H. LUNN, SOHO-SQUARB. 1814. ADVERTISEMENT. THE important use that may be made of the Oriental Versions of the Scriptures, in the explana- tion of the original text, makes some knowledge of them very desirable to the biblical student. To the reader, who is acquainted with Hebrew^ the acqui- sition is not difficult. It will be some encourage- ment to the learner to recollect , that " RICABDUS PACJEUS tribus meusibus & WAKFELDO tres linguas Heb. Arab, et Chuld. didiek." ' The Samaritan and Suriack Texts are printed from LEUS DEN'S Schola? Syriacae et Diss. de Lingua Samaritana. T. ST. D. 1 Hodius de Orig. Test. p. 467. CELLARII Grammat. Samarit. cap. vi. n. 12. et cap. I. Nihil certi constat de punctis Samaritans? lectionis, et qui- que iis potest uti liberrime. Nobis ignota est antiquorum Ebraeorum elocutio, et nimium dissident Judaei nostrates in hac causa a plerisqne Christianis. Quid minim ergo si non certissima sit nobis pronunciatio Samaritanorum ? Languas hasce addiscimns non tarn colloquendi causa, quam intelligent!! scripta raonumenta Orientalium populorani. Of the Samaritan Letters, and Pentateuch. 1 N the Samaritan language there are two and twenty letters, of the same power as the Hebrew, but differing from them in figure. The Samaritan letters do not vary in their figure according to their position in a word, like the letters of other Oriental dialects. They have the same form in the beginning, middle, and end of words. The similar letters are Beth, Resh, and Daleth ; Teth and Ain ; Jod and Tsade ; Caph and Mem ; Nun and Pe. The Samaritan language has no vowel points. The vowel sounds must therefore be supplied either by analogy from Hebrew, or by the three letters, A- #> ^ u, ftt i, with the supplemental sound of a or e, where those three letters do not occur. As marks of punctuation, one point is used >after every word ; and two points, like a sheva or colon, at the end of a sentence. A mark is sometimes placed over words employed in an unusual and remarkable sense. 6 There are two Samaritan Pentateuchs ; one called the Samaritan text, and the other, the Samaritan version. The Samaritan text of the Pentateuch is for the most part the same with the Hebrew to the most literal exactness, so as to be little more than the Hebrew text in a different character, except in a very few passages. The Samaritan version of the Pentateuch differs considerably from the Hebrew text, being a trans- lation of the Samaritan text into the dialect of the country, which has a near affinity to the Chaldee, with some mixture of Arabick, and some words peculiar to itself. The alphabet adopted by Leusden differs consider- ably in the form of several of the letters from other alphabets. The following alphabet is the same with CasteU's in his Lexicon, and Walton's in his Intro- ductio ad Lectionem Ling. Orient. Leusden and Walton say : " Grammaticam Samaritanam vel Lexicon aliquod verborum, quae dialecto Samaritanae propria sunt, nemo hactenus edidit." Grammars have been since published by Castell, Cellarius, and Masclef. r The Samaritan Alphabet. Aleph - - - ft Beth - - - a Gimel - - - 1 Daleth t t- I He 01 01 01 01 Vau a a Zain 1 1 V 1 Hheth MM .-K*. M, ft Teth 4, ^ * i Jud M A A - Coph Lomad r \\ r ^ ^ Mim *> iQ ^= Nun Semkat V 00 ua X a I m 17 Final without Ligature. Final with Ligature. Middle with Ligature. Initial. Ee i * X Pe ^ A a 3 Tsode vi 3 3 sS Qoph a a Rish 5 f- r 5 Shin j A A * Thau 4 A A i 1. Olaph when it precedes Lomad takes an inclining figure, as ^. \Vhen Lomad precedes Olaph) it is written thus, \]. Two Lomads at the end of a word are thus written, Vi\. 2. The similar letters are, Olaph j Beth o Dolath > Vau o Zain ] Coph 3 Rish Qoph o. Sam. Sy. Alph. B 18 . 2. Of the Vowels. The vowels a, e, i, o, u are expressed differ- ently by ancient and modern figures or points, written sometimes above the letters, and sometimes below. Ancient. Modern. _!_--- a --.-_ Lor-1- -__ e -r-or _L_ - - - o -L _i_ ... u - - - - o ~ or o~ o >. . As o bo, o be, o fti, a 60, o 6. So o ta, a or p be, o fa', o to, co or oo & " : The Syriack names of the vowels are : Petliocho, ----- - a. Revotzo, - ----- e. Chevotzo, ------ . Zekofo, ------ o. Etzotgo, - ----- if. 19 All syllables or words are not always accompanied with their vowel figures or points. Where, they arc wanting, they must be supplied by S). 3. Diphthongs. 00------- Ott. y - ....... oi. 9 ....... of. . 4. Of some Peculiarities of Pronunciation. Olaph is pronounced like Jud, when it is pre- ceded by another Olaph, as 2JJ ojar, "air;" and in participles present of verbs having a quiescent vau, as x>j kojem, " standing." 20 Jud at the beginning of a word having the vowel (,) is not pronounced as a consonant, but is quiescent; as ig>N- ileph, " he learned," not yileph. Olaph is sometimes prefixed to Jud, when it is so circum- stanced; as j^j idho, for j^, "a hand." The three letters j, o, -, a, u, t, are sometimes quiescent ; as j with most vowels ; o with * or * ; and ., with " or *. . 5. Of the LINEA OCCULTANS. A short line, like the Hebrew pathah (_) is sometimes, though rarely, placed under letters, that are not to be pronounced. SYRIACK TEXT, From MATTH. vi. 5. 6. SYRIACK TEXT. T O T 7 T T -J lociZ. U AJ > T . .. > A e .. .. . > 5. Etquum oras, non eris sicut acceptores viiltuum, qui atnant stare in synagogis, et in angulis platearum, ad orandinn, ut conspiciantur a filiis honiinum : amen dico vobis quod acceperunt mercedem suam. The same in Hebrew Letters. n G. Tu autem, quando oras tu, ingredere in cubicu- lum tuuin, et claude o^tium tuum, ac orato Patrera luuui, qui est in occulto : et Pater tuus, qui videt in occulto, rependet tibi in propatulp. The same Passage in a Hebrew Version. D*surr ioa rrnn > TO 1 ? rrimnrr DH DIPS Lontion : to snn D rr.n^i 6. PRINTED BY A. J. VALPY, Toukc't Court, Chancery Lane-. 1814. THE ARABICK ALPHABET; OR, AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE READING OF ARABICK. FOR THE USE OF HEBREW STUDENTS. NEWCASTLE : PRINTED BY S.HODGSON; AND SOLD BY THE BOOKSELLERS OF NEWCASTLE AND DUR- HAM, AND BY W. H. LUNN, SOHO-SQT3 A R F , LONDON. 1809. PRANZIUS DE LNTERP. SAC. SCR. Quod supra innui, filium quinque annorum solere ad- hiberi ad legenda Biblia inter Judaeos, & optandum esse, ut apud cunctos (et ita quoque apud nos) idem ab univer- sis & singulis fieret, - id omnino intelligi cuperem etiam dc ipsis linguis, UT MATURIUS CUNCTI AD LINGVAM HEBR^AM, SYRAM, ARJVBICAM ADHIBEANTUR PUERI. TO THE REV. JOHN FREDERICK USKO, RECTOR OF ORSETT. DEAR SIR, 1 HE object of the following pages is to put the Hebrew student in possession of just so much Arabick as may enable him to profit by the Arabick illustrations of Hebrew words in the Lexicons of Simonis and others. The method, by which I propose to facilitate the acquisition of the elements of Arabick, is the result of my first employment on the Ara- bick Alphabet. You, who know how recently that employment commenced, will, probably, be of opinion, that I cannot yet have forgotten in what a learner's first difficulties consist ; and that the expedient, which I found useful to myself, will not be without its use to others. A 2 IV The first difficulty, which a learner has to en- counter, is the having apparently four alphabets to learn instead of one. Another is, the differ- ence between the order of the letters in the Arabick alphabet, and that of the Hebrew. I have endeavoured to remove the former difficulty by separating the alphabet into its component parts, and by giving the learner for his first lesson the seventeen primary figures, which contain the substance of the whole alphabet; and then by shewing him the origin of the middle and final letters from the initial. To the learner the table of seventeen primary letters will present a much less forbidding aspect, than the formidable pha- lanx of four series, consisting of 112 figures, at one view. When he is master of these primary letters, and their similars, he will readily see that the middle and final figures differ from the initial only by ligature and termination. The difficulty arising from the difference of the Arabick alphabet from the Hebrew in the order of its letters will be, in great measure, done away by observing the dependence of the similar letters on the primary. The causes of this different order I have endeavoured further to explain in p. Q, &c. The remarks, which I have there sug- gested on the construction of the Arabick alpha- bet, I wish had any hetter authority than my own conjecture. But such as they are, they may assist the learner in the impression of his first lessons. After a few other helps towards the knowledge of the alphabet, I leave him to pursue his route with the assistance of Erpenius and Richardson, not without a hope, that he will soon receive from you what will be of material service to him in the commencement of his studies in the Ara- bick versions of the Scriptures. I am, dear Sir, Vour's faithfully, T. ST. DAVID'S. Durham, April 19, 1809- ADVERTISEMENT. The powers ascribed to the Arabick letters in p. 4, 5, 6, 1, do not, in some cases, exactly correspond with their pronunciation. Nor is it of much conse- quence to the Biblical student, that they should. It is sufficient for him, that every letter has a different power assigned to it, in order that in any Roman notation of Arabick words he may know what let- ter in the alphabet is meant by such and such a power. Whatever is requisite towards the proper pronunciation of the Abrabick letters, Tcill, no doubt, be abundantly supplied in Mr USKO'S In- Jroduction to the Reading of the Arabick Ver- sions of the Scriptures. In the following pages the mark (' ) is placed over the Roman notation denoting hha, sawd, (hnvd, taw, daw, to distinguish them from ha, sin, za, ta, dal ; and ( ~ ) over a, i, and u, to mark the union of phatha with alif, of casra with ya, and lainnia with \va\v. THE ARABICK ALPHABET. OPITIUS DE STUD. HEBR. Arabica lingua, si quae alia totius Orientis, haec sane utilissima & prope neceesaria est Hebraeophilo. Praeter- quam enim quod haec Hebrasae maximam lucem affundit, turn in accurata etymologiae ratione, turn in formali vocum significatione ; magnum ea quoque exerit usum in Theo- logia exegetica, &c. Of the Names, Figures, Classes, and Series of the Arabick Letters. THERE are eight and twenty letters in the Arabick Al- phabet : Alif, Ba, Ta, Tha, Gim, Hha, Kha, Dal, Dbal, Ra, Za, Sin, Shin, Sad, Dad, Ta, Da, Ain, Chain, Pa, Kaf t Caf, Lam, Mim, Nun, Waiv, Ha, Ta.* Of these, seventeen are primary figures. The other eleven are varieties of nine of the primary, and are classed with them. The letters are variously formed according to their po- sition in the beginning, middle, and end of words ; and according to their combination with particular letters. All the letters are connected by ligature with letters which precede them ; and all but six with letters which follow them. The six unconnedtible letters are, Alif, Dal, Dhal, Ra, Za, Waw. The middle and final letters lose their ligature when they follow those six. From these varieties in the forms of the letters result four series of letters, initial, middle, final with ligature, and final without ligature. * A in Alif, Ba, Ta, Tha, Ra, Za, Fa, Caf, Ha, Ya, is pronoun- ced like a in fame, and in some Grammars is written e, Elif, Be, 8cc. (i. e. Aylif, Bay) ; but in Dal, Dhal, Lam, like a in man ; in Sad, Dad, Ta, Da, Kaf, like aw. Seventeen Primary Figures. MAMES. FIGURES. ) Alif 1 Ba J 3 Gim * 4 Dal l) 5 Ra J 6 Sin ttt 7 Sad 8 Ta I 9 Ain 10 Fa i 11 Cuf a i 12 Lam \ 13 Mim -< 14 Nun j 15 Waw J 16 Ha Jt 17 Ya j These seventeen letten are the ground of the whole alphabet. The first letter in the series, and the last seven, stand as in the com- mon alphabet (see p. 4 and 8). The intermediate nine are each the first of a class of similar letters, which differ from each other only by the diacritical marks. These seventeen letters, with their similars, form the first of the four series in the alphabet, the initial letters, from which the middle and final differ by ligature and termina- tion. There are FIFTEEN let- ters of the eight and twen- ty distinguished by diacri- tical marks, of which, twelve are dotted at the top of the figure, and three at the bottom. Of the TWELVE, eight have only one dot, Kha, Dlial, Za, Dad, Da, Chain, Fa, Nun ; two have two dots, Ta, Kaf; and two have three dots, Tt;a, Shin. Of the THREE letters dotted at bottom, two have one dot, Ba, Gim ; and one has two, namely, Ya. The same Letters, with their Similar Figures. PRIMART. SIMILAR. REMARKS. 1 Alif .\ j is the basis of five letters, Ba, Ta, 2 Ba j * 3 * Ta, Tha Tha, Nun, Ya, which in their initial and middle figures 3 Gim *. .i Hha,Kha differ only by the diacritical marks. 4 Dal J j Dhal Ba, Ta, Tha, have also the same final figure. Nun and 5 Ra j : Za Ya, which resemble -' them in their initial 6 Sin ~s i Shin and middle, differ from them, and from 7 Sad * J Dad each other, in their final figures. 8 Ta L k Da In the memorial 9 Ain s. i Ghain word Nuntathabaya the letters areplaced j in the order of the dots : Nun has one, 10 Fa i 3 Kaf : ta has two, tha has 1 three at top ; ba 11 Caf => \ has one,ya has two ! - at bottom. 12 Lam 1 If the reader affix three dots to the 13 Mim * ; bottom of a and 3, and to the top of 5 and n, he will 14 Nun j form the Persian Pa, Cha, Zha, and 15 Wa\v j ; Gaf; and will thus be in possession of both the Arabick 16 Ha A and Persian alpha- bets. 17 Ya . Initial Letters. FIGURES. POWERS. j FIGURES. POWERS. 1 \ & as hi fame 14 * s / IK - ^ t I) 1 .) tO z 3 3 t 16 J? t 4 5 th as in f/w?A: 17 k d 5 r. g as in gem 18 * a as in WM 6 *- h 19 ^ ghasing^os? 7 i- kh 20 > f 8 j a 21 5 k 9 j dhasfAmf/wze 22 3 J c 23 5 1 10 J r 24 . in 11 J z 25 J n 12 M) S 26 j w 13 L sh 27 Jb h 28 J y Middle Letters, formed from the Initial by a ligature to the right. 1 I a 16 I t 2 A b 17 la d 3 A t 18 X a 4 * Jk th 19 M g h 5 J2- g 20 A f 6 S. h 21 A k 7 S. kh 22 =< c 8 A d 23 I 1 9 * dh 24 XX^ m 10 J r 25 I n 11 j z 26 J w 12 MM s 27 * \' h 13 <1 sh 28 - i 14 s 15 * z The middle letters are formed from the initial by a ligature tc the right. j^ is the basis of t, 3, 4, 25, 28. Waw is sometimes written thus, x> and Ra and Za thus, ^ y Final with ligature, formed from the middle by an enlargement of the figures to the left. 1 I a 16 L t 2 > - b 17 la d S e^- t 18 t u 4 <-i- th 19 -t g h 5 t S 20 <_a f 6 t h 21 j k 7 kh 22 CJ. c 8 * d 23 J 1 9 A dh 24 r m 10 j r 25 n 11 j z 26 ^ w 12 u- s 27 4 h 13 4 tr sh 28 ^ i 14 u* s 15 '? z The MX unconnedlible letters Alif, Dal, Dhal, Ra, Za, Waw, to- ftther with Ta, Da, have in this series of final? the same figure as in the middle of words. Gim, Hha, Kha, Ai'n, Ghain, have their termination carried downward to tht right. Mim has a descend- ing line, a little to the right. Ha has a peculiar figure, which fol- lows none of these directions. X with two dots over it is not h, but t. Ra, Za, and Waw are sometime* differently formed. Sec p. 5 Final without ligature, used only after the six unconnectible letters. 1 1 a 16 1? t 2 u- b 17 b a 3 CJ t 18 t a 4 th 19 t S h 5 g 20 uJ f 6 ^ h 21 JJ k 7 kh 22 cJ c 8 J d 23 J 1 9 3 dh 24 r m 10 ., r 25 n 11 J z 26 j w 12 ^ s 27 * h 13 ^i sh 28 ^ i 14 u * s 15 yfl z These letters are used in words after the six unconnedtible let- ters, and in grammars, when mentioned by themselves, and in lexicons, at the head of each division of the alphabet. They setm improperly employed in grammar, when the observation relates to the inseparable prefixes, which never admit of the final figure ; and in lexicons, where the words are arranged according to the initial letter. 8 with two dots is not l>, but /. Ra and Za are sometimes formed as in p. 5, but without the ligature. B 2 The Alphabet in its four series of letters. IV. III. II. I. IV. III. II. I. 1 \ 1 I 1 1G i. L L L 2 M t_-> A J 17 k ]a b 3 o> C^- A J 18 t t * 4 ^ *- Jk J 19 t t * . 5 f t * * 20 uJ ' & i 6 T t * * 21 J (Jt * i 7 t t * ^ 22 cJ cA X $ 8 LJ *\ Jk J 23 J J ^ 1 9 j 3k dt J 24 r * ^o. * -i 10 J J J J 85 j - J 11 j J j j 26 j ^ ^ j 12 LJ* ~* ~t 27 a * . A **_ \J * "V J3 * > 1 -^ * t/" *" *~ 28 CJ> ^ " i 14 u yi-r>-'- i 15 '* , -: & o Beside the variations of figure in the same letter mentioned before in p. 5, 6, 7, some letters are varied according to the form of the letter which follows or precedes it ; at alif after lam ; ta,ia, tba, nun, ya, before gim, hha, kha, and mini ; and betw > Ra, Shin, V. > r 7 C - _ I Za, Sin, and Ta are classed above with and Ba. The triplicates and duplicates being thus clas- sed according to their relative resemblances, the single letters succeed. In the series of single let- O O ters Caf (pronounced Kef) seems to have been placed before Waw, Ha, and Ya, from its affinity in sound to Kaf; and Lam, Mim, Nun, to have followed Caf according to the ancient order of the letters. Why Waw took place of Ha it is not easy to assign a reason. Golius in his Lexi- con (1653), Guadagnoli in his Grammar (1642), Scheidius in his Glossarium Arabicum (176'9), and Willmett in his Lexicon to the Koran (1784), place Ha before Waw in the order of the Hebrew alphabet, contrary to all oriental authority*. * Qui in Alphabeto Asiatico hodierno J liters postponunt, contra omnium Lexicorum, & Alphabeticarum institutionum ipsorum Orienulium, quse n.ihi videre comigit, id faciunt, fidem. ERPBNICS Gran:. Lib. I. 12 The Arabick letters, corresponding with the Hebrew that are inclosed in the four braces, arc excluded from the order of the Hebrew, either as single letters, and so are carried to the end, or are attracted out of their place by their similarity to others. The six letters, which have no relative among the Hebrew letters, are Tha, Kha, Dhal, Dad, Da, Chain, as may be seen in the comparative alpha- bets, which follow. Combinations of Arabick Letters. } ^ nkh j- n r i llll la j f. yg -A. jr ^ HUM C bg < yh C". bn ^ hm : bh ^1 ykh C" tn C, K ' hn -. bkh ^ bh cr nn ^n hr j ^ tg r " th cr. yn s? ^* " th -' nh r" hm J ni '" tkh ~ vh . ^* sin ' ^" smh ^ ^ ng ^' br * - Ox J , Ox DUAL. 3 PLURAL. i 3 Mate. Com. Fern. yansuru tansuru tansuru tansurlna ansuru yansurani tansurani _ . tansurani yansuruna yansurna tansuruna tansurna nansuru IMPERATIVE* Assist thou. SING. fern. Com. Mate. Maic. Coot. Fern. imsur nr AL. PLURAL. unsura unsuru unsurna PARTICIPLE, Assisting. SING. nasiron* nasiraton DUAL. PLURAL. nasirani nasiratam nasiruna nasiraton I N r i x i T i v E , To assist. <^ i* ^ ^ \ ^ nasrnn i Pronounced like nasiruo. IB The Passive Verb Jf He teas assisted. ./* PRETERITE. SING. ft*. Com. Mate. M a, C . Com. ft* nusira nusirat nusirta nusirti nusirtu DUAL. J-fl3 PLURAL. nusir.t nusirata nusirtmna nusiru nusirnu nusirtum nusirtuimw nusima FUTURE, He will be assisted. SING. fern. Com. Mate. -*3X> DUAL. PLURAL. Cow. fern. yunsaru tunsaru tunsaru tunsaiina unsaru yunsarani tunsarani tunsarani yunsaruna yunsarna tunsaruna tunsarna nunsaru at) 1 ' \ n T i c i P L K, Assisted. SING. few. Masc. DUAL. x^ j C U 1 2> PLUK AL. x ^ -. 0, i f V 1 t/>> J^ Mate. Fern. mansuron mansuratou inansurani inansuratani mansuruna mansuratoa A DISTICH*, ('.out dining alt the Letters, J'orceh, and Characters. "Nain ani '1'abli sifru TcafK munfaridon Casg.iili nrriva inatnalio inina Tkhilali. * From Toghrai. FINIS. A 000 053 585 6