THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
DALUS.TR} 
 
Short-hand is an art whose usefulness is not con- 
 fined to any particular science or profession, Imt is 
 universal. Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Had this art [Phonography] been known forty years 
 ago, it would have saved me twenty years of hard 
 labor. Hon. T. H. Bent&n. 
 
SHOET-HAIsTD 
 
 LEGIBLE A3 THE PLAINEST WRITING, AND EEQUIIUNQ 
 NO TEACHER BUT THE BOOK. 
 
 A SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM OF 
 
 VERBATIM REPORTHSTG. 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. W. E. SCOVIL, M.A. 
 
 THIRD AMERICAN" EDITION. 
 
 EDITED AND PUBLISHED BT 
 
 W . E. SCOVIL, JR., B.A., 
 
 No. 70 WILLIAM STREET, 
 
 NEW YOKE. 
 
 1873. PRICE $1.25. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by 
 
 HY. B. ROBINSON, 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at v\abhington, D. C. 
 
 Electrotyped by SMITH & McDouoAL, 82 Beekman Street, New York 
 
)<?73 
 
 For the encouragement of learners, some Testimonials are here 
 
 y* annexed, which the author has received from gentlemen of known 
 
 position and character, who speak from actual experience, and express 
 
 their conviction that this Short-hand is an improvement on the systems 
 
 heretofore offered to the public. 
 
 CO 
 
 From I-IOK. W. E. CUKTIS, LL.D., Justice of Superior Court, 
 
 New York. 
 
 ?? 
 
 I take great pleasure in recommending your System of 
 
 Short-Hand Reporting as the simplest and most accurate in 
 ^ use. It should be taught in our leading schools, and known 
 by all students. 
 
 3 From, F. H. HEMPERLEY, ESQ., (formerly reporter of the 
 Pennsylvania, Legidcetiire], New York. 
 
 I have examined your work with some care, and am sat- 
 isfied that it possesses many advantages. It is certainly 
 more easily learned than the ordinary systems. 
 
 448416 
 
ii TESTIMONIALS, 
 
 From, MR. JOHN G. NUGENT, Reporter, Boston. 
 
 While preparing for my profession, a few years ago, I at- 
 tempted to learn Pitman's Phonography, and so i'ar mas- 
 tered it as to be able, alter much application, to write and 
 decipher it with tolerable accuracy. I then became ac- 
 quainted with your method, and, after n careful perusal of 
 it, was induced to give it a trial. By devoting one hour a 
 day to the study of it, I was able in four months to report 
 verbatim. It is needless to say that I have adopted it alto- 
 gether. I have given much attention to this subject, and 
 have no hesitation in saying that while your system pos- 
 sesses the combined advantages of Pitman, Munson, and 
 Lindsley, as respects rapidity, it surpasses them in legibility, 
 and is acquired in much less time. 
 
 From the REV. EBWABD B. NICHOLS, D.D., Rector of Lir. 
 erpool, Nom Scotia. 
 
 The facility with which your system i3 acquired, the ra- 
 pidity with which it is written, and the unhesitancy with 
 which it is read, I believe to be unsurpassed. I have used 
 no other hand for all the manuscript sermons that I have 
 delivered during the last fifteen years. Indeed, before I 
 was in holy orders, I found the benefit of it, both when I 
 was a student at law and at The General Theological Semi- 
 nary in New York. 
 
 From M. R. W. WELLES, Reporter, Daribury, Conn 
 I recommend your work as the most practical, legible, 
 and easy of acquisition. 
 
 From REV. WM. S. OWEXS, Indiana, P< nit. 
 As a system adapted to the wants of those who desire a 
 method of writing more rapid than our common long-hand, 
 
TESTIMONIALS. iii 
 
 yet equally legible, and not too difficult to learn, I believe 
 the system taught in your little book is better than any yet 
 invented. The luickeuing, r^ortening, lengthening, etc., 
 of the Chs, which makes mos of the other systems so per- 
 plexing to the learner and so difficult to decipher, are nearly 
 all avoided. After considerable experience with other sys- 
 tems, I believe this is simpler, more easily acquired, and 
 more legible than any no\v in use. 
 
 From A. G. HAPGOOD, ESQ., A.D., Harvard University, Muss. 
 
 Among the most important of the numerous recommen- 
 dations of your system is the omission of those heavy 
 strokes and vowel points which are so common in most sys- 
 tems, and by which rapidity and legibility are diminished. 
 Yours is the simplest, the easiest to learn, and the mopt 
 legible I have ever seen. 
 
 From II. N. SHEPARD, ESQ., Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Tour Short-hand is very easily learned, and I am sur- 
 prised at the little labor it requires to gain a good practical 
 proficiency in it. My experience has fully confirmed the 
 statement on your title-page, " legible as the plainest writ- 
 ing." 
 
 From the REV. CANON LEE, Pn.D., Rector of Fredericton, 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 I have used your system of Short-hand for years, and 
 do not think I can express too highly the value I have de- 
 rived from 4 it in correspondence and in my professional 
 
1v TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 duties. By its aid a sermon may be written in one hour 
 instead of six. and. when written, is more legible than the 
 ordinary hand. Besides, the ability it affords of writing 
 one's thoughts with readiness and with comparatively little 
 fatigue of hand, leaJsto the acquisition of a free and more 
 forcible style. The art is easily learnt, may be acquired in 
 youth as a pastime in connection with more formal studies, 
 and not much additional practice is necessary to render the 
 Short-hand Writer an efficient reporter. 
 
 From The REV. D. W. PICKETT, M.A. (formerly) Head 
 Master of the Collegiate Sc7wol, Windsor, Nova Scotia. 
 
 Of the superior advantages of your Stenography I can 
 Bpeak from long experience. The comparison which I have 
 been enabled to make between it and other systems now in 
 use to some extent, and the readiness with which it has 
 been acquired by many of my acquaintance, lead me to the 
 belief that it offers greater facilities for students in attend- 
 ance upon university lectures, to the reporters for the 
 press, and to the public generally, than any other system 
 that has hitherto been published. 
 
 From ALFKED H. DEMILL, ESQ., D.C.L., Barrister. 
 
 I bought a copy of your work, published in 1866, and, 
 struck with the truth of your objections to the Phonetic 
 system (which I had been practising for several years as 
 given by Graham in the Reporter's Manual) I abandoned 
 it, and began the study of yours. The result, I am happy 
 to say, has fully realized my expectations ; for, after learn- 
 ing it with comparatively little labor, I find it most useful 
 in my profession. 
 
 I regret the time wasted with Pitman's Phonography ; 
 but my own experience has convinced me that your system, 
 besides other advantages, requires not one-third as much 
 practice to master it, and that no one desirous of a readable 
 
TESTIMONIALS. T 
 
 Short-Land will be disappointed after giving it a fair 
 trial. 
 
 From REV. GEORGE WALKER, A.B., N. Y '., formerly Mas- 
 ter of the Grammar School in Kings Co., N. B. 
 
 It is, I think, a happy feature in your Short-hand that 
 it joins the vowels and consonants in succession as we read 
 them, and does not depart from the usual method of spelling, 
 except when superfluous letters are omitted for the sake of 
 brevity. It thus avoids the intricate and comparatively slow 
 expedient adopted by Taylor, Mavor, Pitman, and others, 
 which requires the writer to join together all the consonants 
 in the first place, and afterwards take his pen off repeatedly 
 to insert separate dots, or other little marks, here and there, 
 for the purpose of representing as many vowels and diph- 
 thongs as happen to be sounded in the word. 
 
 From MR. T. P. Dixox, Reporter, New York. 
 
 After spending some time in examining the systems of 
 Phonography published by Pitman, Bell, Thompson, and 
 others, I have satisfied myself that your Phonography, or 
 abbreviated Short-hand, while it equals, if it does not ex- 
 ceed, the swiftest of them, in the ease and despatch with 
 which it is written, affords more assistance in deciphering 
 the notes, which we have to commit to paper in the briefest 
 manner in taking down a discourse from the lips of a fluent 
 speaker. So far as I am capable of forming a correct opi- 
 nion on this subject, I have as yet met witii no system, vying 
 with yours in conciseness, that taxes the memory of the 
 learner so little, or is likely to enable him more speedily to 
 acquire the art of verbatim Reporting. 
 
 From The REV. D. I. WETMORE, B.A., Clifton, N. B. 
 
 My estimate of your Short-hand is evidenced by the 
 fact that, when I was a schoolmaster, I recommended it to 
 
Ti TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 my pupils as the best. Judging from my own experience, 
 I believe that a practical proficiency can be gained in it, at 
 less cost of time and study than in any other system that 
 has come under my notice, and that it is well deserving of 
 a place in our schools. 
 
 From JAMES H. THOUNE, ESQ., B.A., Deputy Provincial 
 
 Secretary, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 
 
 A practical knowledge of your system of Short-hand 
 writing has given me so high an opinion of its value, that 
 1 believe it to be the very best we have ; and, as " the pen 
 of a ready writer" is essential in many professions, and of 
 great advantage to a person in any line of life, I think that 
 your little book, in its improved state, ought to obtain a 
 wide circulation, and be generally acceptable to the public. 
 From THOMAS S. WETMORE, ESQ., A.B. (M. D. of the 
 University of Glasgow, and Licentiate of the Royal Col- 
 lege of Surgeons, Edinburgh), St. John, N. B. 
 Whatever may be the comparative merits of other sy8- 
 tems, your Short-hand, on account of the ease with which it 
 is read and written, has deservedly gained the good opinion 
 of those who have tried it, and will, I atn persuaded, find 
 favor with others in proportion as they become acquainted 
 with it. For as sailing-packets, common roads, and mail- 
 coaches, though still in use, do not meet our requirements 
 in this age of ocean-steamers, railways, and electric tele- 
 graphs ; so our common long-hand, though it cannot be al- 
 together dispensed with, will, 1 am confident, in time b 
 regarded as too slow and tedious a method of writing for 
 those who can despatch their business with much greater 
 ease and rapidity by employing a good readable Short- 
 band. 
 
 From S. J. SCOVTL, ESQ., A.B., Attorney, Philadelphia. 
 Your Short-hand has, for many years, done me good 
 
TESTIMONIALS. vu 
 
 service iu tlie almost interminable writing of a lawyer's 
 office. If this, or any good system, were generally adopted 
 by professional gentlemen, it would very materially lighten 
 their labors, and save valuable time to the public, shorten- 
 ing the sittings of our courts, and expediting business which 
 is now retarded by the slow process of ordinary writing. 
 
 From J. BENNETT, ESQ., Ph.D., Chief Superintendent oj 
 
 Education for the Province rfUfew Brunswick. 
 The system of Short-baud invented by Mr. Scovil is, I 
 believe, the best extant. The reporters educated in the sys- 
 tem are much more expert than those trained in any other 
 that has come under rny notice. Having mastered it in lesa 
 than a year, they are living proofs of the ease with which it 
 may be acquired. 
 
 The HON. T. R. JONES, M.L.C., President of the Executive 
 
 Council, N. B. 
 
 One of the best reporters connected with our Provincial 
 Legislature is a young man, who, after studying this sys- 
 tem for twelve months, so far mastered it as to be able to 
 take down the debates verbatim. 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 WRITING is a truly wonderful invention. It records lan- 
 guage by substituting marks or letters for sounds : and, by 
 this means, words are silently conveyed to the mine! 
 through the eye, as distinctly as by the voice through th 
 ear. It is the key of learning ; and so useful for acquiring, 
 preserving, and communicating knowledge, that it is almost 
 as valuable to mankind as the gift of speech. 
 
 Common writing, however, requires so much mechanical 
 labor to form the letters, that it is confessedly inadequate 
 to record language with anything like the ease and rapidity 
 with which it is spoken ; and, therefore, persevering efforts 
 have been made to effect this desirable improvement. 
 Hence the multitudinous systems of Short-hand. 
 
 Among the earliest were the Greek signs, and these prob- 
 ably suggested to Cicero the Roman notes; which, we lesrn 
 from Plutarch, consisted of little marks so brief and ex- 
 pressive that certain writers, instructed by that great ora- 
 tor, were able with them to take down a ppeechas delivered 
 in the senate. Cicero's freedman, Tyro, becoming famed 
 lor his skill in using them, they were known by the name 
 of " Tyro's Notes," and having been taken up and improved 
 by Seneca, were, with his alterations, introduced into the 
 public schools as a useful branch of a liberal education. 
 If we can rely upon what a poet, who lived in those times, 
 has told us, this kind of writing was so swift that a. Notary, 
 1800 years ago, could take down words as quickly as the 
 
PREFACE. ix 
 
 most dexterous reporter of our day. I allude to one of 
 Martial's epigrams, which I give with a free transla- 
 tion: 
 
 Notariw. 
 
 Currant verba licet, manus est velocior il'ls ; 
 Nondum ftnyua guum, dextra ptregii opus. 
 
 Mart. lib. v. ep. 28. 
 
 Though fast a speaker's words mny flow, 
 The tongue is for tho hand too slow. 
 
 The Roman method is lost. Of English systems, " Pit- 
 man's Phonography," notwithstanding several later short- 
 hands, is now the most popular, and, its enthusiastic admir- 
 ers would have us believe, so perfect that there exists no 
 necessity for change hereafter. And yet it seems to be 
 fairly open to some weighty objections, of which I will 
 mention four : 
 
 I. 
 
 The vowels are dots and minute marks which cannot be 
 joined to the other letters, but require the pen to be raised 
 from the paper every time that one of them is made, and 
 therefore impede the writing much more than good plain 
 characters in a running hand. In consequence of this radi- 
 cal defect, it becomes necessary in most words to write the 
 consonants first, and then go back to supply whatever vow- 
 els they require, carefully putting each by itself near the 
 consonant to which it ought to have been joined. Such a 
 separation of vowels and consonants would make even our 
 long hand longer ; and he must be endowed with more 
 than ordinary patience and perseverance, who learns to 
 write, without hesitation, the detached vowels, which in 
 Pitman's Corresponding Style look like specks sprinkled 
 over the page from a pepper-box. 
 
 II. 
 
 The characters are not sufficiently distinct. Every one, 
 in all but thickness is precisely like another which re- 
 
x PREFACE. 
 
 presents a different letter or sound ; and the same mark, as 
 that for ks, varying only a little in length or thickness, 
 stands on, above, and below the line for more than fifty 
 words, out of which we must pick the one the sense re- 
 quires! This dividing of the alphabet into pairs, in which 
 one character so closely resembles the other, must- lead to 
 hesitation in reading, or to loss of time in writing while 
 we give to every stroke its proper thickness. 
 
 III. 
 
 The reporting style lias numberless words which have 
 nothing to show the reader whether they begin or end with 
 or without a vowel ; and it is a great task to learn the long 
 list of words represented by only one or two of their middle 
 or final letters, asp for iceepjiappy, hope ; j for advantage; 
 js, religious ; tr, internal, e:c. J3 and p, d and t, and other 
 letters are often written exactly alike, as mpy or mbg foi 
 humbug. 
 
 These are some of the causes why, of the many who have 
 tried, so few have been able to gain a really practical know- 
 ledge of his style of reporting. For it is as much harder to 
 recognize an abbreviation without seeing the first, or first 
 and last syllable of the word, as it is to recognize a man 
 without seeing his face, or to move a load without help at 
 the starting-point. 
 
 IV. 
 
 But that which I consider the most objectionable feature, 
 though it has many zealous advocates, is this it compels 
 us to use the phonetic, that is, this corrupt way of spelling : 
 " If eni wun in siti or kuntri wontz sum nolij ov Itiz ucurk, 
 and its kwolitiz, let him inspekt hicot haz l>in dun in komon 
 icurdz, or giv muni and get an cfj-art l:opi ov hiz sistcm! " 
 
 Phoneticians persuade themselves, or affect to believe. 
 
PREFACE. xi 
 
 that such spelling will eventually superssde our barbarous 
 orthography. Meanwhile I leave it to the judgment of all 
 who are not yet wedded to any system, whether it is safe 
 to employ habitually, for dauy convenience, a short-hand 
 which deviates so far from the standards of our literature, 
 and which not a few have abandoned because they found 
 that the habit of spelling phonetically and disregarding 
 prevailing usage led to vexatious mistakes and delay in 
 common writing. 
 
 Let it not be thought that I enviously detract from Pit- 
 man's merits It was in allusion to his system that Senator 
 Bonton made the remark appended to the frontispiece of this 
 little book ; and though there are some who, having learned 
 by long practice to dispense with the disconnected vowels, 
 and to decipher their notes without them, use it successfully 
 for verbatim reporting, yet the objections above stated are 
 such that comparatively few of the large number who at- 
 tempt the mastery of it become sufficiently expert to take 
 down a lengthened discourse word for word from the lips 
 of a fluent speaker, while it has bceu candidly admitted, in 
 the " American Journal of Phonography," that " as a popu- 
 lar method for recording thought, or preserving business 
 transactions, or for conducting ordinary correspondence, 
 Steno-Phonography has proved an entire failure." 
 
 Feeling the want of a plainer short-hand, to meet the re- 
 quirements of a profession in which a speaker must decide 
 at a glance what he is to pronounce, and has little time to 
 settle uncertainties by comparing the context, I composed 
 for my own use the system which is explained aul offered 
 to the public in the following pages. 
 
 As our common alphabet, though not so perfect as it 
 might be, is already known by all who read and write Eng- 
 lish, I prefer retaining it, changing only tho forms of tho 
 letters to the simplest characters that can be joined together 
 
xii PREFACE. 
 
 without confusion, and adding some characters to represent 
 those syllables and combinations of letters which occur 
 most frequently in our language. These additions will 
 amply repay the little time required to learn them ; for 
 they render the writing shorter, neater, and more lineal, 
 and, by doing away with the necessity for having every 
 letter represent a multitude of words, relieve the memory, 
 and tend to obviate the third objection I have made to 
 Pitman's Phonography. 
 
 " It is no uncommon thing for those who have grown 
 wise by the labor of others, to add a little of their own and 
 forget their masters." I confess that, aiming at utility and 
 not originality, I have freely appropriated everything that 
 answered my purpose, and am indebted to Macaulay in par- 
 ticular for many of the characters. 
 
 The success which attended the introduction of the for- 
 mer edition of this work, and the general favor with which 
 it has been received, have led to the preparation of this 
 new edition, in which will be found an additional number 
 of exercises, and a variety of other matter BO arranged as to 
 render the acquisition of the art yet more easy and direct. 
 
 And now, kind reader, permit me to close with a trite but 
 appropriate valediction from Horace : 
 
 Vale ! Si quid nori-iti rectius istis, 
 Candidas imperti, ft non his utere mecum. 
 " Farewell ! And if a better system 's thine, 
 Impart it frankly, or make use of mine." 
 
SHORT-HAND. 
 
 This Short-hand is divided into two parts, Stenography 
 and Phonography. 
 
 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Stenography is the art of writing iciih short characters, 
 and in this system follows, for the most part, the usual 
 method of spelling ; while Phonography, though written 
 with the same characters, expresses with the utmost brevity 
 the sound of words, dropping every letter that can be omit- 
 ted consistently with a due regard to their legibility. 
 A Character (Ch.) is a Short-hand mark or letter. 
 A ring-letter is a Ch. with a ring at one end : as o-' sh. 
 A JiooJc is a Ch. with a hook at one end : as a ons. 
 A crook has the end bent, but not hooked : as > ch. 
 Chs. are said to Wend when they run into one another so 
 that the last part of the first Ch. forms the first part of the 
 next, or the same stroke belongs to both : as C ce. 
 
 A Ch. is said to be looped, when the ring is made so flat 
 that the opening is made oblong instead of round : as Id. 
 A Ch. is said to be modified, when made thick, or only so 
 altered that the original is easily known. 
 
 The y-line (so called from a final y being implied, without 
 writing it, when a Ch. or word stands upon it) is a line 
 never ruled, but supposed to touch the top of b, c, d, and 
 other long Chs. standing on the main line 
 
2 KEY 
 
 TO EXPLANATORY MARKS. FIGURES, AND LETTERS. 
 
 Ch. stands for Character. In the Alphabet a dot is put at 
 Hie toot of .F, .G, and every other letter whose Ch. is drawn 
 up. If there is a dot on both sides of the letters, as with . 
 .Sub' and .Super' the Chs. are drawn both ways. 
 
 ( ) Enclose a w r ord when its Ch. cannot stand for the same 
 letters in a longer Avoid. 
 
 [ jj Enclose letters or words for which the Ch. is used only 
 in Reporting. 
 
 If there is not a figure or f after the letters, the first font/ 
 Ch. in the word rests its foot on the main line. If there is a 
 figure or f put after the word or letters, the first long Ch. in 
 the word, when followed by 
 
 1, stands on the y-line : 
 
 2, ... on the main line : 
 
 3, ... under the main line : 
 tl, crosses or hangs on the y-line: 
 
 f, ... or hangs on the main line. 
 
 See page 103. 
 
 When there are capitals after a word or termination, tiioy 
 show w r hat is done with the Ch. 
 A stands for after. M stands for middle. 
 
 B ... beginning. O ... over. 
 
 C ... centre. P ... preceding Ch. 
 
 Chs. ... characters. Ph. ... phonography. 
 
 D ... drop, or omit. R ... light side. 
 
 E ... end, or last Ch. S ... short, or a half- 
 
 F ... following Ch. length Ch. 
 
 G ... greater, or dou- St. ... stenography. 
 
 ble-length Ch. T ... termination or fi- 
 
 J .. joined to. nal Ch. 
 
 L ... left, or the upper U ... under. 
 
 side. ~VV ... wide, or thick. 
 
KEY. 3 
 
 Tn terming the system, you will often be srared the trou- 
 ble ol' searching the rules, if you will make yourself acquaint- 
 ed wiih the meaning of the foregoing capitals, figures, and 
 marks, which, in the Alphabet and Tab'es, show at sight the 
 place, size, and direction of the Ch. standing for the letter or 
 word to which the capitals, etc. are added. The following 
 examples explain the directions thus briefly given : 
 
 At p. 10, 'T ' stands for 'time, to S, take f.' As time and 
 to have no t or figure after them, they must stand on the line ; 
 but, as S shows, to is short, or half the length of take which, 
 as the t shows, is written across the line. 
 
 P. 11, hi line with the fourth Ch., are Mnterf, intrf [ntr], 
 G. B.' The dot at the foot of the first letter shows that the 
 Ch. is drawn upwards ; the t, that it crosses the main line for 
 inter and intr ; the [ ] brackets, that it is used only in Phonog- 
 raphy fof ntr, and, as ntr has no f after it, we must put it on 
 the line. G shows that it is a greater or double-length Ch. ; 
 and the B, that it is used only in the beginning, and must be 
 the first Ch. of the word. 
 
 At p. 12, line 22, are 'ing A; ng JP ; ning OP ; [ding W,] 
 S.M,E.' Here A shows that the Ch. for ing stands after the 
 one before it, (that is, close to the end, on the right side of 
 it,) as, ~\ being, __, having ; JP, that for ng it is joined to 
 the preceding Ch. ; [W], that in Ph. it stands for diny by 
 making it wide or thick. The S.M,E show that the Ch. is 
 short, and is used only for ing, eic., in the middle and end of 
 words ; for whenever it begins a word it is in or en. 
 
 'S.TW or S.EW mean the Ch. is short, the termination 
 (or last stroke) wide ; or the Ch. is s/.ort, and the end wide. 
 
 *S.UEP' short and under the end of the preceding 67*. 
 
 'S.CPL or R ' Ch. short and jcined to the centre of the pre- 
 ceding, on the left or right side. 'LEP ' show that the Ch. 
 is on the left side at the end of the preceding character. 
 
 ' P3 ' &iow that the preceding C/'ts. are put under the line, as 
 A* 32, p. lo, to imply that nyr or wjvtj is dropped or omiuecL 
 
PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. 
 
 IT is quite unnecessary to learn any of the Rules or Tables 
 by rote. The best and most agreeable way to become pro- 
 ficient in this method of writing is to get some knowledge 
 of the arrangement and contents of the work by looking 
 over the pages, and then begin with copying out the Exer- 
 cises in the latter part of the book, carefully comparing 
 them with the Alphabet and Tables as you proceed, and re- 
 ferring to the Rules for direction only when you find some- 
 thing which you cannot readily understand. It may seem 
 supertiousthat things are explained which you can compre- 
 hend at once by inspection. It is better, however, to have 
 all parts of the system so fully elucidated that no one who 
 tries to learn it without a master can feel the want of more 
 guidance and aid than the book affords. 
 
 Boys are very apt to waste time in writing without a 
 copy, and trying to decipher their rude essays before they 
 know how to join the letters properly. Give yourself no 
 trouble of this kind, but have patience to copy the Exer- 
 cises until you can write them correctly and freely, without 
 any paus* in going from one letter to another ; and in 
 doing this you will learn to read without hesitation. 
 
 You should not try to write fast until you can shape the 
 Chs. corroctly. Ease and speed will naturally come from 
 practice ; but a neat and legible hand, satisfactory to the 
 writer and reader, depends upon acquiring the habit of ob- 
 serving the relative size and right direction of every char- 
 ter. Experience soon teaches where liberties may be taken 
 to relieve the stiffness that would sometimes result from too 
 close an adherence to the alphabetic forms. But no unne- 
 cessary stroke should be made ; for it is only a waste of 
 time, and tends to confuse the reader, to add to the simple 
 
PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. 5 
 
 short-band Chs. any of the unmeaning flourishes or super- 
 fluous marks which excursive penmen are fond of annexing 
 to the plain letters, more particularly to the capitals, in 
 common long-hand. 
 
 The pen may be held as in the hand depicted at page i. ; 
 but some skilful reporters affirm, and I quite agree with 
 them, that the Chs. can be marie in various directions with 
 much greater freedom when the pen passes up between the 
 middle and the fore finger, and is supported there by the 
 thumb, the hand being turned so that the top of the pen 
 will lean towards the right side of the paper. 
 
 The size of the letters is, as in other writing, a matter of 
 taste ; provided they are all made smaller or larger, and 
 preserve their due proportion to one another. A good 
 length for t is about the eighth of an inch ; then the longs. 
 when put on the same line, will be as high ; the double- 
 lengths twice as high, and the shorts not more than half as 
 high as that Ch. 
 
 Tables, showing the combination of every two Chs., 
 would have served instead of all the rules for joining them, 
 and made the system appear more simple. But such tables 
 are expensive, and it is better for a practitioner to learn by 
 copying the Exercises. 
 
 In the second part, numerous rules and devices will be 
 given for abbreviating, not because such contractions are 
 more necessary in this system than any other ; but in order 
 to furnish the learner who may be disposed to try them 
 with those which have been found to secure the greatest 
 expedition of which the art in its present state is capable. 
 
 Rules alone, however, will never make a writer. By 
 comparatively little practice you may acquire a thorough 
 knowledge of Stenography, which indeed is the part mo*; 
 useful ; but neither this, nor the best system that human 
 ingenuity can devise will make a first-rate reporter, until, 
 by exercising the hand in writing, it gains that mechanical 
 
6 
 
 PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS. 
 
 skill which nothing else can give, and which is indispens- 
 able for taking down the words of a ready speaker with ver- 
 batim accuracy. 
 
 The Stenography should be used when a very plain hand 
 is required ; for, though slow as compared with the Phono- 
 graphy or Reporting style, it is a very rapid hand, and can 
 be read with all the ease and certainty of common print. 
 When the lines are placed a good distance apart, and the 
 words have wide spaces between them, a page will still 
 contain more than if it were written in long hand, and can 
 be held at a much greater distance from the eye in reading 
 it ; which makes the Stenography particularly convenient 
 for the Pulpit and the Bar. 
 
 c tijo IjanD 
 
 fmDctij to Da, Da it mitf) 
 . AY, 10. 
 
&HORT-HA1TO, PAET I. 
 
 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 THE ALPHABET on the next page is explained by the Key, 
 p. 2, and Notes, p. 14, and can be easily learnt by writing 
 some familiar verses, first with single Chs., and then with 
 double and single, without joining the Chs. to one another. 
 
 NOTE. A good Short-hand must be easy, swift, and legible. If you 
 wish to compare this with other systems, some of the best are Taylor's 
 by Harding or Odell, Mason's by Gurney or Cooper; and the phonetic 
 systems of Gabelsberger and Pitman, with variations oy Graham, 
 Lindsley, and Munson. 
 
 The Complete Plionographer, a neat volume published by Munson in 
 1867. carries with it evidence of the pains he has taken to make Pit- 
 man's Phonography a better reporting hand. The writing is more diffi- 
 cult to decipher than Pitman's Corresponding Style, which, he says, he 
 entirely discards becHUsc its tendency is to foster a disconnected and 
 lengthy stylo, wholly incompatible with reporting habits, and it often 
 takes years of practice to fully acquire the Reporting Style when the 
 writer has once indulged himself for any considerable time in the use 
 of the Corresponding. Munson's writing wants that easy legibility 
 which is required for the pulpit and common purposes, and is encum- 
 bered with Pitman's disjointed marks for vowels, as numberless words, 
 especially proper names, would be altogether illegible without them. 
 
8 ALPHABET. 
 
 Single Characters. 
 
 Abe d c .f _g h i j k 1 m .n 
 
 _^C \ ^x^^_-o^>^<J ^ / 
 
 o p qu .r .s" t u v w x y z u me- 
 
 ^9 ^ ^ ^ /' \ v V. / $_^S . dial. 
 
 Double Charade s. 
 Amp emp imp ump simp sump comp temp 
 
 1 r i i Y Y r i, 
 
 Amb emb imb umb comb Bel .bl. Ch ch cl 
 
 N \ ^ -\ \ 3 _ C _, C 
 
 com con counter Dis or des del .Englj" .ngle 
 
 \ ^- xrx/xy/ 
 
 .Fer .fl .fn fr .Gn .gr He In .interf [ntr] Kn 
 
 r <r / / j / o_ J ^ 
 
 Ml Ob on op .PI' or .pi' Recon rest .rv Sh 
 
 N ^ - o) V \ ;- - /" - o/ 
 
 spec .struct .sub'f o?' sub Th VI Wh wl 
 J S ( "^ / S 
 
 whl -super t Ced sed ted ct 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 9 
 
 The Ch. for every letter is written as on 
 the opposite page ; but in joining the cha- 
 racters, we draw s, sub, and super, up or 
 down ; and turn e, i, o, u, j either way, to 
 make words neat, compact, and lineal. 
 
 The dot at the foot of the letters fy ng r 
 shows that they are up-strokes : all with no 
 dot (if not horizontal) are down-strokes. 
 
 Some Chs. are initials, (viz,, the crook. A; 
 the ringed ch, des dis, and he; emp, imp, emb, 
 an(jl engl, m, inter enter, kn, ob, on, op, rest] 
 and have B after them in the tables, to 
 show that they only begin words. Medial 
 and final h (if not part of a double Ch.) is 
 straight, Avith a dot under ttu middle. 
 
 The first pi can be used alone, the other 
 cannot ; for, if written alone, it would look 
 like on : they are short curves sloping like d. 
 
 To make two letters of the same name, 
 double the length of a, d, t, and the curves. 
 If the Ch. ends with a ring, the size of the 
 ring only is doubled. "Write long s for ss. 
 S joined to s so as to make an angle at the 
 top or bottom, is scs, as in page 11. Fid is 
 a dot on the left at the top off : for /////'we 
 enlarge the ring and put the dot in it. 
 
liyuy 
 
 > \ 
 
 
 Single Chs. "Words they stand for. Double and Syllabic Chs. 
 
 A, ay 
 
 
 
 (have,) another 1 
 
 Amp 
 
 1 
 
 \ amb 
 
 B, be 
 
 -> 
 
 been, begin f 
 
 .Angl t 
 
 / 
 
 angle f B.GJ 
 
 C, ce 
 
 C 
 
 certain 1, come 
 
 J51 
 
 3 
 
 _.I51- S 1 Ht 
 
 D, de 
 
 X 
 
 (had,) donef 
 
 Cent 
 
 C 
 
 [cnt], S 
 
 l* i 
 
 ^ 
 
 (he, ever) 
 
 Ch 
 
 e 
 
 child B 
 
 K4 
 
 ^-> 
 
 endeavor 
 
 ch 
 
 
 church f 31, E 
 
 .F 
 
 /o 
 
 -for, fer, lir, f::r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cl 
 
 G 
 
 could 
 
 .G, ge 
 II, ha j 
 
 J 
 
 God, give 
 
 him, half 1 15 
 liai>]>iiiess 31, K 
 
 Com 
 
 Comp 
 
 S, 
 
 r 
 
 N comb [cinbj 
 company], [c-mp] 
 
 v , i 
 
 __, 
 
 I, individual 1 
 
 Con 
 
 c~ 
 
 concern [en] 
 
 *> " J 'o' 1 1 
 
 _D 
 
 interest 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 counter 
 
 ON 
 
 coun'.rv !, [ciitr] 
 
 ( 
 
 ^ kind 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 r - > |ke, kee 
 
 ct 
 
 N 
 
 -ec;, -ctd , S. 
 
 ' 
 
 f~\ 
 
 < k, eek 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 d 
 
 lord 
 
 
 S 
 
 dor, -de; d , .-;W 
 
 31 
 
 ^ 
 
 them, mercy 1 
 
 Dd 
 
 \ 
 
 (led, did G 
 
 .X 
 
 ? 
 
 (not) 
 
 Dis 
 
 /o 
 
 des, ['*]> ! 
 
 < ) J *^^ 
 
 
 
 (own.) opinion 
 
 Dl 
 
 N3 
 
 del, deliverf 
 
 U) 1 ough 
 
 ^ 
 
 o, oil 1 other 1 
 
 da 
 
 sy 
 
 dc's, dis 
 
 ( P, pe 
 
 > 
 
 prophet 
 
 Emp 
 
 P 
 
 empli f 
 
 i * 
 
 v 
 
 que, quest 
 
 Jin 
 
 j 
 
 in S.B 
 
 .11 
 
 ^ (our,) regard 1 
 
 .Engl t 
 
 j 
 
 R.G 
 
 ,S-,8P 
 
 ' 
 
 (is, his, us f) 
 
 .Hnter t 
 
 '^ 
 
 inter t G.B 
 
 T, to 
 
 1 
 
 time, toS, taket 
 
 .I'l 
 
 g 
 
 llanie f 
 
 U, ue | 
 
 ^ 
 
 upon, ^ 
 unto, w 
 
 .Fa 
 
 & 
 
 I'm, lind 
 
 V 
 
 k 
 
 (do,) very 1 
 
 Fr 
 
 ? 
 
 from, I'.ret 
 
 W? 
 
 { 
 
 with, what 1 
 
 .Fill 
 
 / D 
 
 lull 
 
 X, ex 
 
 \ 
 
 expect 
 
 .On 
 
 J 
 
 gen, gone 
 
 :.Y 
 
 3 
 
 you 
 
 .Gent 
 
 y 
 
 [jrnt', S 
 
 Lc 
 
 S 
 
 zeal 
 
 .Gr 
 
 j- 
 
 great, ger 
 
$p<b ; 
 
 Double and Syllabic Characters continued. 
 
 He 
 
 Q_ 
 
 Hea B 
 
 .St 
 
 A 
 
 s 
 
 Imp 
 
 T 
 
 mportant B 
 
 .Sted 
 
 * 
 
 itead, [stdj, S.T\T 
 
 In 
 
 j 
 
 en S.B 
 
 .Struct 
 
 X 1 
 
 [strct] 
 
 .Inter f 
 
 / 
 
 ntr t [ntr], G.B 
 
 .Sub- 
 
 / 
 
 subject, [sb], G 
 
 Kn 
 
 CTi 
 
 mow, knowledge, B 
 
 .Super- t 
 
 / 
 
 [tspr], 
 
 Ml 
 
 ^ 
 
 multi 1 
 
 Ted 
 
 1 
 
 tude, ftdj-ttd], SW 
 
 Mm 
 
 b 
 
 mem 
 
 Th 
 
 I 
 
 'the, thee) 
 
 JSgl 
 
 / 
 
 ngle G 
 
 The 
 
 t 
 
 'they) 
 
 Ob 
 
 D 
 
 object B 
 
 Tw 
 
 / 
 
 
 Ook 
 
 rt> 
 
 
 Temp 
 
 t 
 
 empt, [t m P] 
 
 Op 
 
 5 
 
 opportunity 1, hopef 
 
 Ump 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 _ 
 
 
 VI 
 
 VD 
 
 vel 
 
 Ou { 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ^9 
 
 . 
 
 Wb 
 
 
 why 1 
 
 .IT 
 
 ^ 
 
 pie S 
 
 \V'l 
 
 
 
 wil.will 
 
 rui- 
 
 lc?\ 
 
 S 
 
 Phonography. 
 
 AHBITRARIES. 
 
 r p i 
 
 "> 
 
 people 
 
 Bid SW 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 About 
 
 r p 
 
 "b 
 
 O prop fP r P' 
 
 find 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 again 
 
 Recon 
 
 r- 
 
 [rcn] 
 
 2 Cp.cpt 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 an, and 
 
 Rest- 
 
 r 
 
 [rst], B 
 
 | .Fl 
 
 ^ 
 
 ) 
 
 beyond 1 
 
 .Ramp 
 
 A 
 
 rmp 
 
 Lstr 
 
 d 
 
 *- 
 
 Christian 
 
 .Rimp 
 
 rt 
 
 
 |Mstr 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 do 
 
 .Rv 
 
 r 
 
 S 
 
 ^ .Nstr 
 
 / 
 
 I 
 
 if 1 S 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 ^>. 
 
 t 
 
 
 Sh 
 
 Q/ 
 
 shall 
 
 g I'str 
 
 y 
 
 
 it 
 
 Simp- 
 
 r 
 
 gymp 
 
 a Ord B 
 
 \ 
 
 n 
 
 nevertheless 
 
 
 
 
 S" 
 
 
 xy-J 
 
 |ding 
 
 Spect- 
 
 j 
 
 [spc, spct 
 
 ; i. Trd 
 
 p 
 
 
 * 
 
 notwithstau- 
 
 Sump- 
 
 Y 
 
 
 M Tret S 
 
 
 O 
 
 of, might 1 
 
 .Sd 
 
 /\ 
 
 / \V sd-, said, S 
 
 Whl 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 often 
 
 .Ses- 
 
 fsl 
 
 (says) [s-s] S 
 
 
 
 
 
 which 1 
 
, 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 able, ble [bl, bid \Vj 
 
 S.M.E 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 ables, bles [bis] 
 
 S.AT.E 
 
 a 
 
 y 
 
 iKy, bly 
 
 S. E 
 
 i 
 
 -v 
 
 abled-, bled [bldB], 
 
 M,E 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ability, bility 
 
 M,E 
 
 (i 
 
 -j 
 
 aught, 
 
 3I,E 
 
 7 
 
 / \ 
 
 cession, session {every soft c-shun, s or z-shun or -zhun] S 
 
 . JCPL 
 
 8 
 
 ."- 
 
 cessions, sessions [every soft c-shuns, s or z-shuns] S 
 
 .JCPL 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 'J 
 
 -' 
 
 ction, ection, cxion [e-cery hard -c shun or k-/hunj S. JCPL 
 
 10 
 
 ^C 
 
 ctions, ections, exions S 
 
 .JCPL 
 
 11 
 
 \o 
 
 del, die 
 
 3I,E 
 
 12 
 
 ' .ferance, ference 
 
 
 13 
 
 /& 
 
 .fcrences 
 
 
 14 
 
 <P 
 
 .fessional 
 
 
 15 
 
 A? 
 
 .ficiency 
 
 M,E 
 
 10 
 
 xf 
 
 .flcient 
 
 iI,E 
 
 17 
 
 xo 
 
 .fore 
 
 E 
 
 is 
 
 > 
 
 .fully or j LEP ; - -j fulness 
 
 E 
 
 19 
 
 J 
 
 .gencet [gntsf, gncef] S. M,E 
 
 20 
 
 -^ 
 
 .graph, graphy 1, ography 1, graphert 
 
 3I,E 
 
 L'l 
 
 _V 
 
 .ographies 
 
 
 zt 
 
 > 
 
 ing A ; ng JP ning OP [ding W ] 
 
 S. M,E 
 
 .)> 
 
 * 
 
 ings A; ngsJP ningsOP [dings WJ 
 
 S. 3I,E 
 
 L'l 
 
 < 
 
 ingedA; ngedJP 
 
 S 
 
 29 
 
 - 
 
 ion . s 
 
 JCPR 
 
 26 
 
 T 
 
 ions S 
 
 JCPR 
 
 27 
 
 ^ 
 
 iy "y s. 
 
 UEP 
 
 28 
 
 J 
 
 lity, Ity; Hdity VC, add short sfor lities, Hies. 
 
 
 20 
 
 ^ 
 
 logical, ological; logy 1, ology 1 
 
 
13 
 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 36 
 36 
 37 
 
 39 
 40 
 
 il 
 12 
 13 
 44 
 -15 
 40 
 17 
 48 
 40 
 50 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 51 
 
 55 
 
 50 
 
 ment UEP ; ments AP ; mented W.UEP : nment OP ; S. 3I,E 
 ness, / nesses 
 
 [ngr, ngry, nography, nographer, DT andput P 3] 
 ock 
 
 ous and every shus E 
 
 ousness and every shusncss 
 
 jout 3 S.B.E 
 
 pel -pelled' W pld \Y. For pi alone use the first character S.M,E 
 
 pidity W 
 
 rest- joined to upper side of rings [rst, rsty 1; rstd W] JEPL 
 .rve, rved [rv; rvd] S.M,E 
 
 [.scrip- script,] JP 
 
 .self- B,M,E 
 
 .selves- 
 hip, shipped W. JCPE 
 
 [thrDT,S|l] 
 
 tion, sion every shunAE ; ution UEP tution [t-tion UEP] 
 tions, sions every shunsAE; utions UEP [t-tions UEP] 
 tive S.UEP, tivity UEP, add short sfor tives, tivities. 
 true, truct f trc, tret] S 
 
 jward or omit the dot and make the stroke wide 
 iwards 
 
 lest [1st]. Kt can be added to any ring-Ch. by making the ring a 
 hook, that is leaving tin- ring a little open instead of closing it. 
 .ndd EW. Add d to a ring-Ch. by making the ring a loop, that 
 [a flattening it a little ; but the loop must begin or end the word. 
 By thickening the stroke, d is added to any short Ch. 
 
 If it stands on the 1 or the 2-line, 
 
 Thickening the beginning of a long Ch. adds ri ; thickening its 
 end adds </ ; thickening the whole or middle adds rd or rt, 
 
 Shortening a longC'h. adds nt, nt.K], nce\. 
 
 Draw pi from 11 to L in 15, but from L, to R in M and E of 
 words, making au angle in joining. 
 
li STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 NOTES ON THE ALPHABET. 
 
 1. No character is provided for q without u, because it is 
 always followed by u, qu being in fact a consonant which can- 
 not be pronounced, in any word, without the help of a vowel, 
 as in quitting. Nor has it been thought necessary in the syl- 
 labic characters to distinguish dis from des, in from en, enter, 
 from inter, symp from simp, and engl from any I ; and the same 
 liberty may be taken in other cases when the spelling is diffe- 
 rent, but the sound is nearly or exactly the same, as in struc, 
 struct ; spec, spect ; and the various terminations sounding like 
 shun ; as, tion, sion, etc. The exact orthography, if required, 
 can be shown by writing the single instead of the syllabic 
 characters, and in all such cases care must be taken not to 
 leave any reader acquainted with the characters room for a 
 moment's hesitation. 
 
 2. All the horizontal characters, except the short bl. ai-e 
 drawn from left to right, and none of them is more than half 
 as high as those which, like t, d, s, are perpendicular or slop- 
 ing. B, c, d, f, g, I, m, n, p, r, , t, v, w, x, y, z, are of one 
 height, and are called long letters ; those which are longer are 
 called double-lengths ; as, angl, inter, sub, and have G after 
 them to show that they are of greater length, while those that 
 are shorter have S after them, to signify that they are short, 
 or not more than half as long as the long letters. 
 
 8. The long curved characters are the quarters of a large 
 circle, the upper half of which makes r, b, and the lower half 
 v, g, all sloping : if horizontal they make k and qu. The half 
 of the large circle never stands for one Ch. ; but we take an- 
 other circle of only half the diameter, halve it perpendicular- 
 ly for c and ob, and quarter it for the short sloping curves on, 
 in, pi, and rv. The half of a small ring divided horizontally 
 is u ; e is larger, and when ringed is o. 
 
 4. Initial A is a crook ; but middle or final A is a straight 
 fine like a, with a, dot under the centre. Comp, comb, com, 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 15 
 
 tmgl, rest, final cA, and the termination ness are also crooks, 
 while fr, and the terminations ous and ousness are hooks. Gr, 
 sd, ss, st, are the two single Chs. made half size, and joined 
 together. Sub is twice and super half the height of s, and 
 super stands so as to make ike first long Ch. in the word cross 
 the line. Ced, sed, ted are like c, s, t, but short and thick : 
 ct and thick dct are like d, but quite short. 
 
 5. Medial u is a dot before the middle of a double Ch., and 
 at the top or bottom where two Chs. meet : it is usually put a 
 little to the left of the first Ch. when both are joined at the 
 top. See Note, p. 66. 
 
 6. Euled lines are not absolutely necessaiy ; but, in the re- 
 porting hand, they indicate more accurately the proper posi- 
 tion for the characters. 
 
 7. The ingenious student may derive some assistance from 
 the Diagrams given below, in remembering the forms of the 
 different Chs. ; but perhaps, after all, they may be most easi- 
 ly learnt by simply copying the exercises and referring to the 
 alphabet. To join Chs., see Rules, p. 18. 
 
 imp %. corap x, 
 
 counter dis ^ 
 
 g vl y sh m wl 6 J " w'J^ ml 
 
 ing 
 
 ous, ness, ousness, Itry, Ists. 
 
 NOTE. Though many attempts have been made to have every simple 
 elementary sound represented by a distinct letter, no one has succeeded 
 in inventing a sufficient number of simple characters that can be easily 
 distinguished from one another, and rapidly joined together, so as to 
 form a fair, lineal and cursive hand for stenographic purposes. Dr. 
 Lindsay, in his TacUygraphy, has succeeded in joining many of the 
 vowels and diphthongs to the consonants ; the curious may judge for 
 
16 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 themselves how he has succeeded in othea respects. There are many 
 laborers in the field, and he who makes any real improvement ill this 
 important art, will find it duly appreciated in this utilitariai^age. 
 
 FIRST EXERCISE, P. 10. 
 
 Put th I for the, e ^ for he, ws {/ for was, and these marks 
 
 for . and, o of, 6 which, i about, it. 
 
 With the above and single Clis. not joined, write some vers- 
 es of St. John's Gospel, Chap. 1, writing only one consonant 
 when two of the same name come together ; as, 
 
 In the beginning was etc. 
 
 -*/ I ^^-O^^ P 
 
 Leave every alternate line blank, and continue writing in 
 this way until you know all the Single Chs., taking care to 
 draw /, y, n, g, r up, and the rest (if not horizontal) down. 
 
 SECOND EXERCISE. 
 
 In the last exercise draw a line under those letters for which 
 you can find a Double or Syllabic character, and under eveiy 
 -word that is opposite to any Alphabetic Ch. in p. 10, etc. 
 
 Draw a line also under every syllable that sounds like erd 
 (as erred, wd, irred, urd, ord), and to express this sound make 
 the consonant before it thick ; as a thick w f for word. 
 
 THIRD EXERCISE. 
 
 Learn the Terminations (page 12) _ Me, ous, __> ness, 
 x ment, . tion, ^ ing, ^ ly, and remember that ment and ly are 
 to be put under the end of the preceding character. 
 
 Write on the blank line the first exercise, substituting the 
 proper Chs. for the terminations, and for the syllables, dou- 
 ble-letters, and words you have underlined. Join none of the 
 Chs. till you copy the iksl 7 Plates. 
 
STENOGRAPHY. , 17 
 
 PUNCTUATION. 
 
 The usual stops are employed, excepting only the period 01 
 fall-stop, which is made thus + . For a comma, a long 
 straight Ch., like sub drawn down under the line, is the most 
 distinct. In reporting we have no time to insert stops, but 
 leave spaces, and add them afterwards at leisure. 
 
 NUMBERS. 
 
 Our common Arabic figures are themselves short-hand nu- 
 merals, and for most purposes sufficiently expeditious. Short- 
 er characters are here given for those who prefer to use them 
 in reporting. The short up-stroke of the figure one can be o- 
 mitted when joined to other figures. The ordinals first, second, 
 third, etc., are known by being written across the line, 
 thus : j first ; 2 second ; 3 third, etc. 
 
 1234567890 
 / 13 /"" **x C ^ rx o 
 
 A figure on the y-line signifies so many hundred ; on the y- 
 line with a dot after it, so many thousand ; on the line with a 
 dot under it, so many million ; on the y-line with a dot under 
 it, so many hundred million. Thus : 
 22. 2 
 
 is 2 hundred ; is 2 thousand ; 20 is 20 million : ' is 200 
 
 2. 
 
 million ; 5 is 2 thousand and 5. 
 
 By joining sub to any figure, we imply that we are to add 
 or and the next higher number ; as, 2 for 2 or 3. 
 
 If we mix figures with writing, it is best to leave a space 
 between it and them, and to let the first figure lap or stand 
 halt its length, above the toe ou which, the rest are writteu. 
 
18 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 BULES FOR WRITING STENOGRAPHY, WITH 
 REMARKS UPON THE CHARACTERS. 
 
 1. Phonetic systems require us to write only such letters as 
 give the sound of words ; but as the habit has an inevitable 
 tendency to lead many at length to doubt how to spell cor- 
 rectly, I prefer deviating but little from the established 
 orthography. The learner is reminded that he should give 
 his attention chiefly to the exercises, as the writing of them 
 will teach him the substance of the directions here given, 
 more quickly and pleasantly than if he were to commit to 
 memory these dry and formal rules. Tabular words in [ ] 
 are not used in Stenography. 
 
 2. It is a common complaint with those who have tried 
 " Pitman's Phonography," that it is hard to identify hia 
 characters if hastily written, and that time is lost in giving 
 them their proper thickness. 
 
 The force of this objection will be felt by any one rapidly 
 writing one hundred marks of the simplest kind, promis- 
 cuously thick and thin ; for he will find that there is a sen- 
 Bible loss of time in writing them with sufficient care to 
 distinguish the thick from the thin. Gouraud, in the intro- 
 duction to his " Cosmophonography," published 1850, has 
 many just remarks upon this and kindred subjects. 
 
 For this reason, I have chosen alphabetic characters of 
 such shape that they can be distinguished without regard 
 to their thickness. 
 
 3. K and Qu are properly horizontal curves (like Pit- 
 man's m and ri), no deeper or higher than n> e but spread- 
 ing twice as much. If we mark them in Stenography with 
 a dot, we need not be particular as to their size. 
 
 4. U, which is a horizontal half-ring, is rarely found at 
 the end of English words, and we have a medial u [not 
 used in Phonography], so that there can be no mistake if 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 19 
 
 in Stenography we write medial and final e as small as u. 
 But, as it is not always easy for beginners to preserve the 
 relative size of horizontal curves, they are advised to put a 
 dot over k, under qu, and in u, until they can read their 
 writing readily without it. The dot renders these charac- 
 ters distinct, however carelessly they may be written. 
 
 5. R is a large quarter-circle, or, as is sometimes more 
 convenient, a straight stem with a crook at the top like rest, 
 but r is always an up-stroke, and rest a down-stroke. 
 
 6. Ex is always a perpendicular wave line beginning 
 like c : take care, therefore, never to begin it like b. 
 
 7. The short bl and pi, when not initial, are drawn from 
 left to right ; but (except before c, and characters taking 
 the direction of down-strokes) when they begin words they 
 are drawn from right to left, so that their left ends may be 
 joined to the next characters. See examples in the exercises. 
 For initial bla, we make bl as long as a, drawing it from 
 right to left. PI. 3, line 4, and PI. 6, line 11. 
 
 8. POSITION. The first long Ch., when there is one, 
 rests its foot where we wish the word to stand. If the 
 word is to be written on the line, the letters must be so 
 joined as to let the first long character stand on the line: 
 and when we find 1, 2, 3, or f after any termination or short 
 Ch., the meaning is that the first long Ch. (in the word to 
 which the termination or short Ch. belongs) stands in the 
 position indicated. The first long Ch. of no word, unless it 
 is one of the signs or ends in y, can stand higher than on 
 the 2-line. When the Chs. are all shorts or horizontals, the 
 lowest of the first two down-strokes rests its foot where a 
 long Ch. would stand. S, t, and the ringed dis, when fol- 
 lowed by a consonant, take the position of short characters. 
 
 9. As the object is to combine legibility with brevity, 
 we can let the Chs. a, b, c, d,f, g, i, I, m, n, o, p, s, t, v, x, 
 stand also for ay, be, ce, de, ef, ge, igli, el, em, en, ouyh,pe, es, 
 
20 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 te, ve, ex; but the vowel is not omitted in Stenography when 
 its absence would leave any doubt as to the word intended. 
 Thus, while we may write da, ma, sa, b, si, for day, may, 
 say, 'be, sigh, and mn for men, we must add e to b in beat, 
 and prefix e to n in mien. We can drop the vowel between 
 two characters whenever it has the sound of short e, as d-th, 
 death ; loc-l, local ; bas-n, basin ; rand-m, random ; harb-r, 
 harbor ; sr, sir, etc. This can cause no ambiguity or hesi- 
 tation, the vowel to be supplied having always the same 
 Bound. See Note 2, page 34. 
 
 10 Final y is implied without writing it, by putting the 
 word on the y-line, which is so called because final y is ad- 
 ded in reading the Chs. upon it. Thus, b, m, th,fl, an, ever, 
 when put on the y-line are read by, my, thy, fly, any, every. 
 This line, which is confined in Stenography to words which 
 can be written by one, two, or three characters requiring 
 no vowels to be joined to them, is used in reporting when- 
 ever we can thereby shorten a word ; and supplies (what is 
 wanting in the reporting style of most systems) the means 
 of always knowing with certainty when y is to be added to 
 the written characters. Words ending in ay drop the y, 
 and stand on the main line, because the y is silent : cla on 
 the y-line would be clayey. 
 
 11. Each of the Chs. in the alphabet, except angloiengl, 
 enter or inter, and super, naturally, when it is alone, stands 
 with its lowest part resting upon the line ; but, as a sign 
 for a particular word, the Ch. is at times displaced ; as, d 
 across the line for done. 
 
 32 To preserve the compactness and lineality of the 
 writing, it is generally best to draw s, sub, and super, so a? 
 make an acute angle with the character after them ; but. 
 they must be drawn down both before and after r : and 
 when final, up after w and i. 8 and t may be long or short 
 as is most convenient in the first part of a word ; but must 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 21 
 
 always be long before the double characters ct and ro ; and 
 t always long at the end of a word. Final s, if short, usually 
 sounds like z. 
 
 13. When e, i, o, u, begin words, and are followed by a 
 straight stem, their ends point down before an ascending, 
 and up before a descending stroke. The vowels must never 
 be so joined as to alter the shape or name of the preceding 
 character. It is neater to let the end of e point up, when 
 the word begins with eg, or ey ; aud down, in cb, ep, or ev. 
 The ends of e, o, u, are always turned down, so as to point 
 towards the bottom of the paper, after/, fl, gr, r, the crook 
 eh, and all down-strokes except the ringed ch, ill, v, w, and 
 wh. 
 
 NOTE. The w-dot put to a, i, and the consonants, is all they require 
 for.w in the middle of word?, but sometimes the curve and dot are pre- 
 ferable. Initial e is always turned so as to make an angle in joining d, 
 m, r, s, t, w, and Chs. beginning like them. 
 
 14. The ascending and descending Chs., that have not S 
 or G after them in the tables to show that they are sJiorter 
 or greater, are all of one height ; and when they are joined 
 by vowels or short characters, if one ascends and the other 
 descends, you will observe that the second long char- 
 acter is shortened so as to prevent it extending higher or 
 lower than the first : thus, in read, the d ends when it comes 
 to the line on which r begins. 
 
 15. F being an up-stroke, the following character is 
 joined to the upper part of the ring. The ringed dis being 
 a down-stroke, the next character is joined to its foot ; it 
 cannot standalone because it would belike/; it is a conveni- 
 ent initial before ascending and horizontal characters, while 
 the double stroke dis is, in general, neater before dowu- 
 etrokes, and used with them in all positions. 
 
 16. For is always represented by// and this use of /aa 
 
23 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 a syllabic Ch. is found, after a little practice, to contribute 
 to ease in reading as well as writing. F&lso stands forfer, 
 fir, fur, when they are short and pronounced alike, but 
 never for the long sounds fere, fire,fure. 
 
 17. The crook ch, not being an initial, is a convenient 
 arbitrary for the pronoun it. And here we may notice that 
 we always put e for the pronoun Jie ; th, for the ; and the 
 for they ; i.e./they are what we call Signs. 
 
 18. The crook ord, among Phonographic Chs., p. 11, is 
 the sign or prefixed to d, and may be used as a syllabic 
 initial in Stenography if preferred to three single letters. 
 
 19. When two consonants of the same name come to- 
 gether without a vowel between them, we usually write 
 but one ; if we double them, as directed on page 9, they im- 
 ply that a vowel is to be understood between them ; as dd, 
 for ded or did; mm, for mem, etc. In double and syllabic 
 characters, if we enlarge the ring of n in inter, it becomes 
 intern ; the syllabic/, in the same way, becomes forf^ as in 
 forfeit ; while the enlarging of the rings of \d, dl, rl,] 
 7t and temp adds I with its vowel ; as, shell, temple. 
 
 20. Rings are of two sizes, single and double. The 
 single ring should be made as small as will be distinct ; for, 
 if we double the size of an initial ring, we prefix un to the 
 character : thus, q important becomes Cj unimportant ; 
 while, as seen by the last rule, the enlarging of the final 
 ring adds another letter to the character. 
 
 The only exception to this rule is p, whose ring if 
 doubled makes pp, and if trebled in size prp: see Chs. 
 page 11. 
 
 21. Initial un may be expressed by a short n before a 
 straight horizontal line or down-stroke, and this n is short- 
 ened until nothing of it remains but the ring, before 6, db, 
 op, fr, all up-strokes, hooks, crooks, and horizontal curves. 
 
 When the next Ch. begins with a ring, we have only to 
 
STENOGEAPHT. 23 
 
 double the size of that ring ; and when we have to make 
 one, it must generally be on the same side of the next Ch. 
 as if it had been a long n. 
 
 The ring un and super can even go before the initials ; 
 but for unen a long n is best, with the ring un on the left 
 side of the lower end. 
 
 To write un before the ringed dis, merely change the 
 ring of dis to the left side, instead of enlarging it. 
 
 22. For over or under, we draw a short horizontal mark 
 over or under the next Ch.in the same or following word. 
 Thus, for overlay we put the mark over the I, and for under 
 a we draw it under the left end of the a. See over a, p. 113; 
 moreover, p. 112. 
 
 23. PREFIXES. We may in the beginning of words 
 write 
 
 b for bene. m, for'magni* t for trans* 
 
 c " circum. ml " multi.* x " extra. 
 
 h " hypo. o " omni. [x " expl\* 
 
 Those marked * stand above the line. 
 The b for b.ene is useful only before /, as, b-j 'actor, bene- 
 factor. 
 
 For circumc, we repeat the c, as in circumcision (p. 106), 
 and thus distinguish it from double c, which is only a larger 
 half-circle. 
 
 24. The syllabic character He is used for all words be- 
 ginning with He and Hea, but not for the pronoun He. 
 
 25. The short s for super must be written in such a 
 manner as to make the first long character cross the line ; 
 as, super with 6 across the line for superb. 
 
 26. It will occasionally be found plainer to separate a 
 sign from the rest of the word, especially one that has with 
 at the beginning or of at the end ; as, ( icithout, l/ 
 thereof. 
 
 27. Suffix siib. Sometimes, by attaching sub, we can 
 
24 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 intimate, without writing, that certain words, of relative or 
 opposite meanings, are read after the one we have just 
 finished ; as, male sub, for male and female ; brother sub, 
 brother and sister ; hither sub, hither and thither ; above sub, 
 above and below ; men sub sub, men, women, and children : so, 
 land and water ; pen and ink ; kingdom of heaven ; Great 
 Britain and Ireland, p. 109 ; etc. 
 
 CHARACTERS SHORTENED AND BLENDED. 
 
 When Chs. are joined together, they are so blended that 
 the writing is greatly shortened, in ways easily remember- 
 ed, without interfering at all with its legibility. 
 
 1. All words can be written without thickening the Chs. 
 
 2. But, by thickening k, qu, eh, and h, or any long down- 
 stroke in a word standing on the 1 or 2-line, we add to them 
 the sound of erd, and in this way can express four or five 
 letters by one character : thus, 6, c, w, thickened, become 
 bird, curd, word ; 7ie becomes herd or heard, etc. ; and by 
 prefixing medial u to these thick Cb.3., we change the erd 
 into ured, as cured, insured. 
 
 3. By thickening any other horizontal or any short Ch., 
 we add d to it (see advantage, p. 104) ; but this is seldom 
 done in Stenography, except in initial ind. 
 
 4. Sd, st, and the double s for ses can be made short, and 
 a and t can often be shortened before other letters ; but a 
 short final s has always the sound of z : thus, we write a 
 with short s for as, and with long s for ass. PI. 1, line 1. 
 
 5. B before t becomes a mere crook, but in rbt is long. 
 (J also becomes a crook before m, ml, v, vl. See exercises. 
 
 G. If we put medial u over the centre of con, it becomes 
 coun ; if over the ring, it becomes cun. In the same way, 
 medial u changes cl, dl, fn, fr, into cul, dul, fun, fur 
 the u in fur having the long sound of u, as in furious 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 25 
 
 7. We add I to c, ch, d, v, w [centr], sh, spec, and temp, 
 by joining to them the ring of I without its stem ; the two 
 rings meeting in sh and temp merely make the ring largel 
 for slil, tempi. See cl, dl, vl, wl, in the alphabet. 
 
 8. In the same manner, the ring of m is sufficient, at the 
 end of a word, on the right of I, p, cl, vl, or s7i. PL 4, 1. 10. 
 
 9. Two Chs. running in the same direction, often blend 
 or coalesce without confusion, especially if the first begins 
 and the next ends with a hook, crook, or ring ; as ce, co, cu, 
 re, TO, ru, we, w, we, wo, ye, yo, ek, ke, ok, ook, ou, ue, eu, quo, 
 tho, Id, he-i, amp I, comp-l, emp-l, imp-l, etc. PI. 1, line 12. 
 
 If eu or ue do not sound like u, but make two syllables, 
 as in suet, they do not blend, but the u-dot must be put at 
 the end and not in the curve of e. 
 
 10. We can shorten a and i if we wish to show that the 
 vowel is short, or that the next consonant is doubled ; as in 
 latter, litter, to distinguish them from, later, lighter ; but as 
 the sense always directs to the right word, this distinction 
 is hardly worth mentioning. 
 
 11. As st can be added to any ring Ch. by changing the 
 ring to a hook, so, after a ring, st can be added to ng, by 
 turning the ng up like a hook. See longest, page 111. 
 
 12. R and_/Z run with an easy-flowing line, without an 
 angle, into/, y, n, g, r. For this purpose, in joining rf, the 
 stem of / should be slightly bent, so as to include both 
 letters in one curve, as se^n in therefore, wherefore, pages 
 116, 117. See Note 4, p. 34. 
 
 NOTES ON THE TERMINATIONS. 
 
 A Termination is one or more letters at the ending of a 
 word. 
 
 We have seen that a final y, when there is not a special 
 termination including it, is expressed without writing it by 
 
26 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 putting the previous character on the y-line, and that words 
 ending in ay do not change their position, but drop the y 
 because it is silent, ay having the same sound as a. 
 
 The liberty of omitting silent letters should be very 
 sparingly exercised in Stenography, for we find that the 
 silent vowel is often required to give the word its proper 
 sound, as the e in bite, or to prevent us from getting into 
 the habit of misspelling in common writing. Oil this ac- 
 count, it is better not to omit the silent a in season, sea, tea, 
 etc. The obscure o in season can be dropped with much less 
 danger of forgetting the correct spelling. 
 
 E in the middle and end is better to be only about half as 
 large as it is in the beginning of words ; but when it stands 
 alone or is an initial, it should be about the size it is in the 
 alphabet. 
 
 The Terminations in the list or table, at page 13, all con- 
 sist of two or more letters, which occur with such frequency, 
 in the same order, that it becomes an object to represent 
 these endings more briefly than by writing a separate Ch. 
 for every letter. Tion is an ending of this sort, and in such 
 frequent use that we have represented it by the simplest 
 possible mark a dot and have explained it fully in its 
 proper place. See p. 30. 
 
 Many of the terminations are not represented by new 
 Chs., but the alphabetic letter which is most prominent in 
 the termination is merely modified, that is, it is altered in. 
 shape, so that it can still be easily identified and remember- 
 ed ; as, b in bility, and I in lity and lest. 
 
 Most of the terminations can be used for the same letters 
 coming together in the middle as well as the end of words, 
 and those which can be so used have M, E, after them, for 
 middle and end. 
 
 There is no reason why the crook ch should not have 
 been put in the table of terminations, except that the page 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 27 
 
 was full, and it was thought best to show the middle and 
 final ch directly after the initial. 
 
 Unless there are explanatory capitals in the table to 
 direct otherwise, the termination is to be joined to the pre- 
 ceding letter in the easiest and most natural manner. 
 
 When the eye runs over the Chs. representing the ter- 
 minations, it is seen that several are alike in shape ; as NOB. 
 1, 9, 25 ; 2, 26 ; 8, 22, 27 ; 8, 37, 47 ; and 9, 36, 48, 49 ; but 
 the explanatory capitals, at the ends of the lines, show that 
 each stands in a different position, or is attached to the pre- 
 ceding Ch. in a different manner from those resembling it, 
 and thus becomes perfectly distinct from every other. 
 
 It is usual, with short-hand authors, to make the alpha- 
 betic letters serve for prefixes and affixes ; as, for en or in, 
 enter or inter, and to depend upon the context to find out 
 the signification ; but it will be noticed that, without any 
 sacrifice of brevity, we have provided for these very common 
 syllables, sometimes by modifying the alphabetic Chs., and 
 sometimes by introducing new ones ; so that the words all 
 speak for themselves, and do not depend upon others to en- 
 able us to distinguish them. In reporting,, these new and 
 the modified Chs. add greatly to the perspicuity of contrac- 
 tions. 
 
 Next to tion, the most useful terminations are able, ing, 
 ly, OU8, ness, with their adjuncts: the rest, though of minor 
 importance, soon recommend themselves to the writer, 
 when he finds them shorter, neater, and more convenient 
 than single letters. 
 
 We will follow the terminations as numbered in the 
 table, and give a hint or caution as often as it may seem 
 likely to be of any advantage to a beginner. 
 
 No. 1. Able, ble, is a horizontal line not more than half- 
 as long as a. It usually requires the next Ch. to be joined 
 to the left end of it : and sh, however, are more conveni- 
 
28 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 ently joined to the right end, as the angle should never be 
 greater than a right-angle where bl and s meet. 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, being terminating Chs. that have no 
 direction to the contrary, are joined, like other letters, to 
 the right side of the preceding Ch. 
 
 Ably, bly. This termination is the short bl with a 
 quarter-ring like a comma under it. 
 
 6. AugJit is represented by aut. 
 
 7, 8, 9, 10. For Session, cession, etc., the short marks in 
 the table are to be joined to the centre of the preceding Ch., 
 to the left side of an up or down-stroke, to the upper side of 
 a horizontal Ch. See Note 3, p. 34. 
 
 14, 15, 16. These are composed of / with I, c, and t 
 joined, contrary to custom, to the left and under part of its 
 ring; and whenever the next Ch. is connected with / in 
 this manner, the sound sJien or shun is implied between the 
 two Chs. Thus, if we join able or d to the under part of the 
 ring of/, we k&vefasJiionable or fashioned. PI. 5, line 13. 
 
 18. Fully is an / with the termination ly on the left side 
 of the ring. When a word ends with ful or fully, we can 
 dispense with the/, and put the dot or ly on the left side, a 
 little above or below the preceding character, or in the last 
 hook, crook, or ring. PI. 5, line 12. 
 
 19. Gence is a short g, and falls under a general rule in 
 Phonography, which requires the g to be shortened, and 
 the first long Ch. to be written across the line. See No. 56, 
 p. 13, and Note, p. 64. 
 
 20. 21. When ograpliy is joined to g in geograpJiy, the 
 two g's do not blend, as g's commonly do, but make two 
 curves. It is on they line, because it ends in jr. The same 
 sign on the line would be grapJiical or ographical. 
 
 22. This Ch. is the same as the initial in. It never 
 stands for in at the end of a word, nor for ing at the begin- 
 ning. As a termination, it is not joined to the preceding 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 29 
 
 Ch. for ing. If joined, it stands for ng ; as in among. By 
 completing tlie half-ring, it becomes nyst ; as in amongst. 
 p. 104 By the same changes in its position and thicken- 
 ing it, we may imply that TO, n, and d are prefixed to ing 
 just as they are to shun. These changes and contractions 
 are convenient for reporters, but ning only should be at- 
 tempted by inexperienced writers. Note, p. 30, 
 
 25, 26. These marks are joined to the centre of the pre- 
 ceding Ch., on the right side ; See PI. 7, line 6. 
 
 27. This quarter-ring forty, and with a short s for lies, 
 is used only at the end of words, and stands under the end 
 of the preceding character. 
 
 28. This Ch. for Ity or lity, is I modified by moving the 
 ring to the left, on the line, so as not to touch the down- 
 stroke. If we thicken the down-stroke, it stands for lidity ; 
 and adding s to the light Ch. it becomes lities. PI. 4, 1. 14. 
 
 In like manner, iy, or ity and idity, can be added to any 
 Ch. with a final ring, by moving their rings to the left for 
 ty or ity, and thickening the down-stroke for dity, as in 
 pidity, No. 38. If the ring Ch. is horizontal, or the ring 
 ends on the right side, it is sufficient to divide the ring be- 
 fore taking off the pen. PL 5, line 14. 
 
 The ty may be changed to try by enlarging the ring so 
 as to contain a little ring resting against the middle of the 
 Ch. ; as, in sultry. PI. 4, line 14. 
 
 30. This piece of m is set UEP (i.e., under the end of 
 preceding Ch.) for final ment, and AP (after it) for ments. 
 Ment, but not ments, can be used as a medial Ch., and is set 
 like tion. Put over the Ch., it becomes nments. 
 
 31. The end of ness points up, and the end of c/t points 
 down. It is joined like ch, and we add a short s drawn 
 down, to make nesses, just as we add a short s drawn up 
 after ch for ches. 
 
 32. These Phonographic terminations are implied with* 
 
30 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 out writing them, by putting the preceding Che., or first 
 long Ch. in the word, under the line. PI. 7, line 8. 
 
 33. This is o and k blended, and may stand for ock ; in 
 ook, the ring of the o must be enlarged. 
 
 34, 35. The ends of these hooks should be long, and 
 point to the left. 
 
 36. This short t for out can only begin and end words 
 in whicli out makes a whole syllable. It is joined to the 
 beginning, but disjoined at the end, and stands close under 
 the line. 
 
 37. The short pi is used with s for the ending pies. 
 
 42, 43. The s in self and selves may generally be omitted, 
 and the dot put over the preceding Ch. for self, and at the 
 centre on the left side for selves. 
 
 44. For 'sliip, the beginning of p is joined on the right 
 aide to the centre of the last long-stroke. By adding short 
 rs to it, it becomes shippers. 
 
 45. Ther is implied when we drop the termination, 
 shorten all the preceding Chs., and write the word just 
 under or across the y-line. PI. 7, line 12. 
 
 46. 47. THE TERMINATION TION OB SHUN. 
 
 1. A dot at the end of the preceding character, on the right 
 side, stands for tion, sion, and every other termination that 
 has the sound of shun ; under the preceding Ch., it stands 
 for ution or tution ; over an up-stroke, or over the end of a 
 horizontal, for ention ; and after, or over the middle, for 
 emtion. The changing of the dot to a quarter-ring (or 
 curve, like the first pi) adds s, and makes the plural shuns. 
 
 NOTE. The learner will observe that m and n are prefixed to shun by 
 changing the position of the dot. In the same way m and n may be 
 prefixed to ing and mnt, by changing the position of those termina- 
 tions. 
 
 2. If we put the dot before the last Ch. at the middle of 
 
STENOGRAPHY. 31 
 
 an up-stroke, or on the left side on a line with the foot of a 
 down-stroke, we read shun with a short a or e before the Ch., . 
 or before the last consonant if the dot stands before a double 
 Oh. ; as, dot I for tional. PL 6, line 1. 
 
 3. Before a modified Ch., like lity, we put the dot before 
 the middle of the Ch., and read the tion with a short a be- 
 fore the termination : thus, lity, with a dot before the middle 
 of the I, becomes tionality. PI. 6, line 1. 
 
 4. The contractions given above may content the Steno- 
 grapher ; but the Eeporter will find it convenient to go fur- 
 ther, and use a heavy dot for dtion ; so that his shun table 
 will be as follows : 
 
 A dot will stand if light if heavy 
 
 On the right, at the end for tion ; dtion. 
 
 Under the end, " ution, ttion ; dution. 
 
 At the middle, on the right, ~) 
 
 if an up or down-stroke, I : ' mtion ;' mndtion. 
 
 or over the middle of a j " mntion, 
 
 horizontal. J 
 
 Over the end of an up-stroke "1 
 
 or horizontal, or on the 1 .. j*-^, 
 
 right at the top of a down- f ntwn > ndtlon ' 
 
 stroke. J 
 
 5. When there is no m or n before dtion, we may express 
 the d by modifying the preceding Ch., instead of using the 
 heavy dot. A sliun dot can never be put before, but may 
 be put after a short Ch. Then the dot for emtion would 
 stand as high as the top of the short Ch., and higher for 
 ntion. 
 
 NOTE. The learner will find numerous examples of the foregoing 
 rules in the Exercises. 
 
 48. The short disjoined t is put under the end of the pre- 
 ceding Ch. for tive, and the long t for timty. PI. 5, line 8. 
 
 49. The short t for tract always follows a long , and 
 makes the syllabic Ch. struc or struct / we thicker the t in 
 
32 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 gtructed, as is done for ted in the alphabet. It may be 
 noticed that, at page 11, the termination tude stands oppo- 
 site to ted, to show that tlie same td is the best contraction 
 we can make for tude when we do not choose to write it in 
 full. 
 
 50, 51. The w and s should be the same length in wards. 
 and the w should have a dot under it, or be thickened. 
 
 52. We can add est to a ring letter by changing the ring 
 to a small hook, and ster by enlarging the ring without 
 closing it ; as, Ister, mster, nster. PI. 4, line 13. 
 
 53. In the middle of words, rings and loops are all the 
 same, and we make whichever happens to join most easily, 
 but if we change an initial or final ring to a loop, we add d to 
 that Ch. This contraction, though useful in Phonography, 
 is not so plain as writing d; but may safely be used in 
 Stenography for ed, when the context of itself would lead 
 us to add the ed, even if we did not see it written ; as, He 
 has turned. 
 
 54. as ted ; 55, erd, p. 16 ; 56, cent ; gence f ; the rest are 
 used only in Phonography. To these we may add ch for 
 Chester, and a large g, that is, gg, for gogue. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 
 
 1. Capitals have Chs. in no way different from the small 
 letters. When we wish to mark the occurrence of one, we 
 put two short horizontal marks, close together, under the 
 Ch. To show that a word is in capitals, we draw under it 
 3 lines for large, and 2 for small capitals. A wave-line 
 under a letter, and a straight line under a word, will show 
 them to be in italics. 
 
 2. The smaller the rings and ends of the crooks, the 
 more neatly and speedily the Chs. can be formed. When e 
 ollows n, the n should be inclined a good deal, or its ring 
 will be out of proportion. The fault of beginners generally 
 
STENOGKAPHY. 33 
 
 is that they do not slope the inclined Chs. enough, and in- 
 cline those that ought to stand upright. 
 
 3. READING. If an inexperienced reader is at a loss to 
 know where one Ch. ends and the next begins, he must pro- 
 ceed as in common writing, and go as far as possible to make 
 up the first letter. It would not do in long-hand to separate 
 the o from the rest of a, d, or g, nor the first part of m or w 
 from the last ; so in short-hand the line and ring or other 
 parts must go together whenever they can be united to form 
 one character. 
 
 4. Until you become familiar with the Chs., you may, 
 in any word in which you think there can be any doubt, 
 where two Chs. meet, mark the point by drawing a short 
 vertical or horizontal line across them, making its ends of 
 equal length on both sides. The same mark is drawn across 
 i to blend or shorten ai ; as, .-*-" liair. 
 
 5. TEACHING BY DICTATION. The reader should first 
 pronounce the word distinctly. If there is in it a syllable 
 represented by a syllabic Ch., he should name, and not 
 spell, that syllable ; and when the letters are to be repre- 
 sented by a double Ch., they should be named in rapid suc- 
 cession, and a distinct pause should be made at the end of 
 every Ch., whether single, double, or syllabic ; as >/! in- 
 structive ; a-/* con-structed ; V - de-struc-tion. If it is a 
 E:gu as, \,. temptation ; after pronouncing it, he says, " Sign 
 temp-shun." If it is not on the main line, as company, he 
 says, " Sign comp on the y-line," or as the case may be. 
 
 5. Examples are better than oral teaching, and the 
 learner will find that, though the explanations may often- 
 times seem intricate, the things themselves are very simple 
 as soon as he examines the illustrations. 
 
 6. As the Stenographer inserts every letter that is neces- 
 sary to prevent the slightest hesitation in reading, he 
 cannot go forward at the railway speed he may attain by 
 
34 STENOGRAPHY. 
 
 adopting the abbreviations supplied by the following Pho- 
 nography. Comparing his progress, however, with that of 
 those who write only long-hand, it is not unlike that of a 
 man traveling along at his ease, drawn by a good roadster ; 
 while theirs is that of hapless pedestrians who must spend 
 many more hours in laboriously performing the same 
 journey. 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 1. NOTE TO RULE 8, PAGE 19. When a character hangs on the line, 
 the top hook or ring should rest on the line so that about two-thirds of 
 a long character would be below the line. 
 
 2. NOTE TO RULE 9, PAGE 20. In the middle of words e, or vowels 
 sounding like e, can be left out ; and experts, when in haste, drop 
 nearly all medial vowels. 
 
 3. NOTE TO TERMINATIONS 8, 9, AND 10, PAGE 28. When a short 
 character precedes these terminations (see page 13), it is easier to join 
 the character to the last long-stroke, as 
 
 tions. The termination ctions may cross the long character. 
 
 4. NOTE TO RULE 12, PAGE 25. As g and r are always shortened 
 when they meet, so we may, for the sake of liiieality, shorten rf, rg, 
 rn ; but they are more distinct when full length. 
 
 5. NOTE TO TERMINATION 19. (See also p. 109.) When the short 
 gent and gents stand for gentleman and gentlemen they must be half 
 rings to distinguish them from the quarter ring IN. The character is 
 hardly crooked enough on p. 109. 
 
EXERCISES 
 
 STENOGRAPHY; 
 
 PULPIT AND CORRESPONDING STYLE. 
 
36 PLATE 1. 
 
 NOTE. The Alphabetic characters are here, lines 1 and 2, put in 
 such order that the student will readily see the relative differences 
 between them. The long letters are given on line 3, and the horizontal 
 on No. 4. The remainder of this exercise shows the manner of writ- 
 ing two, three, and four letters, and will be readily understood. 
 
 1. a, d, t, s, h, i, j, m, 1, n, f, as, ad, ass, ta. 
 
 2. r, b, v, g, p, y, rb, vg, pr, br. 
 
 3. b, c, d, f, g, 1, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z. 
 
 4. a, h, h, i, j, e, o, u, k, qu, e, o, u. 
 
 5. n, y, m, p, ep, pe, v, ve, w, we, r, re, ro. 
 
 6. mm, nn, ff, pp, prp, yy, jj, oo, look, book, took 
 
 7. sa, see, si, so, su, da, de, di, do, du. 
 
 8. ca, ce, ci, co, cu, cy, eg, cv, cer, cure. 
 
 9. wa, we, wi, wo, wu, wes, wen, wer, wef, wey, \veg. 
 
 10. ast, cst, 1st, ost, sta, ste, sti, sto, stn. 
 
 11. nt, nth, nw, sw, sr, sf, sn, sg, sy. 
 
 12. ce, co, cu, re, ro, ru, ve, vo, vu, we, wo, wu. 
 
 13. ye, yo, ek. ke, ok, ook, ou, eu, ue, quo, hi. 
 
 14. hei, belt, heir, rit, seek, sout, lit, fit. 
 
PLATE 1. 
 _, _, \ J /VV1 7 L 
 
 2. /-A v.^ ^ 3> /^ w ~Y~ 
 
 3. 
 
 4. - . _ -^ -- o _ o /^\/^b^ 
 
 5. /^ \ ^^ "V ^. V, 
 
 G. ^ .Px ^ "0 3 
 
 7. ZAAAA 
 
 9. . 
 
 lO^l 
 
 11 X 
 
 12 C 
 13 
 
 14 Q-^I -f i-j<p S~ f /s Af 
 
 448416 
 
38 PLATE 2. 
 
 NOTE. Single Letters, printed in italics, are not written. Double, 
 Syllabic, and Terminal characters are printed in italics to denote that 
 they are such. The student will find each in its proper place, in the 
 columns alphabetically arranged on pages 10-13. Whenever a sign 
 word appears for thejirst time in the following exercises, it will be 
 printed in small capitals. An alphabetical list of the eigns is given 
 commencing on page 103. 
 
 Si. John's Gospel, Chap. I, f-12. 
 
 IN THE BEGiNNi7i<7 WAS the word, AND the word was 
 WITH GOD, and the word was God. The SAME was in 
 the beginning with God. All THINGS were made BY 
 HIM; and without him was NOT ANYthtn^ made THAT 
 was made. In him was life ; and the life was the light OF 
 men. And the light shineth in dark/teas, and the darknm 
 comp rehended IT not. There was a MAN sent FROM God 
 WHOSE name was JoJm. The same came FOR a WITNESS TO 
 bear WITNESS of the light, that ALL men THROUGH him 
 MIGHT BELIEVE. HE was not that light, but was sent to 
 bear WITNESS of that light. That was the true light, WHICH 
 lighteth EVERY man that coMe^A INTO THE WORLD. He 
 was IN THE WORLD, and THE WORLD was made by him, 
 and the world knew him not. He came TTNTO HIS OWN, 
 and his own received him not. BUT AS MANY as received 
 him, to THEM gave he power to becOME the sons of God, 
 even to them that believe on his name. 
 
> I 
 
 PLATE 2. 
 
 + 3 
 
 , 
 
 ^o 
 
 Y 
 
 q o 
 
 V 
 
 / / 
 
 cU 
 
 ^/o . o 
 
 , L 
 
40 PLATE 3. 
 
 2"he T Line, and Syllabic Characters. 
 
 1. By, my, thy, any Ming, every, bw ry, me rry, fury, try, 
 dry, beau ty, emp ty, country, countries, many (see Rule 
 10, page 20). 
 
 2. De ny, denial, si ngle, m i ngle d, angle d, NATUR- 
 1, internal, intends, entered, interred. 
 
 3. Kn ee, kn ee 1, &w i t, kn ock, kee n, dis mal, db s t i- 
 n a t e, opp o s i t e, t able s. 
 
 4. P ay, pi igh t, pZ igh ted, pi o t, p? ai n (see page 19, 
 Rule 7), staves, steeples, stijmZate, Janets. 
 
 5. Naples, tipples, repeal, robe, robber, rotten, 
 says. 
 
 6. Con struct, con structed, rest ore, does, r e s o 1 ve, 
 sh o t, sh a r e s, sh e dd ing, sh ore. 
 
 7. /S7iun, dull, cull, burr, mules, mulberry, mul- 
 ct eer, 7iaves, said (see Rule 6, page 24). 
 
 8. Praised, structure, stones, s;/6mit, s&ver- 
 sive, SUBJECTS, sub tends, sw&terfuge. 
 
 9. SUBSTANCE s, sub orned, sub m i ss i ve, th u s, th i s, 
 t h. o se, wh e n, wh ere. 
 
 10. S-vrell-ing super fine (see page 23, Rule 25), in vwl- 
 ne r able, bra ced, con t en ted, e le ct, coun cil, coun sel. 
 
 11. Cunning, natwr-a\, swpernatural, spit, spotted, 
 A a wl, w o m en. 
 
 12. Re spect-able, temper, sign, sigh, descended, gen. 
 u-i-n-e, gen i a 1, fl igh t y, compl i c a ted. 
 
PLATE 3. 
 
 L " 
 
 X V 
 
 v 
 
43 PLATE 4. 
 
 ^Double, Syllabic, and Terminal Characters. 
 
 1. Amp \, comp 1, emp 1, imp 1, cul, dul, fun (see page 24, 
 R. 6), mul, vul, \>e fore, BE COME, com ing, come y. 
 
 2. S in,;/, w iVi^r, r i<7, he mm iwgr, h igh y, ha s t wz<7, 
 fr ee ing, fr ee ly. 
 
 3. S t r in^s, w r ings, b r wr/s, d o ings, say i'nys, cl ings, 
 w a v mgrs. 
 
 4. M o tion, n o tfiora, r e 1 a tion, s t a lions, c r e a tions, 
 p o r tions. 
 
 5. L a ment, f o ment, r a i ment, c e ment, tor ments, 
 t e n e m^nts. 
 
 6. T a&te, t oft^s, et ffi?e, dis a5/e, en able, in ability, dis- 
 ability, reliability, comp-u-t-ability. 
 
 7. Ha n die, fon ^/e, b-ea-(^e, d-e-cn^, r e cent, con ee/i, 
 comp 1 a cent, r e t i cent. 
 
 8. In cfegtZ, h a n ded, d e fen <Ze<Z, s 0/2*7, 1 c?*^, s t r ong, 
 vftongd, ihong (see page 28, Rule 22). 
 
 9. "The i fore, vrheifore, fl-e-sh, rush, simp-\e, recon- 
 struct, Bi-ttempt, Improv-ing, des-e-rve. 
 
 10. Lame, calm, palm, vim, shin, call, del, \el, chl, wl, 
 shl (see page 25, Rule 8). 
 
 11. Spec-i-men, e-dition (see page 31, Rule 4), d-ou-ife, 
 t-op, hottom, Jin i sh t s t op, o m \-tted, ch ai n. 
 
 12. R ea s o n, al te r &tions, s 1 igh te s t, bcne f it, prop-r, 
 /see page 23, Rule 23), s w in a"fe, pas ted. 
 
 13. (See page 13, No. 52.) Lst, mst, fst, pst (See page 32, 
 Rule 52), impair, Istr, mstr, fstr, pstr, nstr. 
 
 14. (See page 22, Rule 21.) Ob, unob, op, unop, con, un- 
 cou (see page 29, Rule 28), 1, Ity, Idty, Ities, Itry, sltry. 
 
PLATE 4. 
 
 ;/ 3 -c \>/ s -u 
 
 2. 
 
 3. / 
 
 4. 
 
 5. < 
 
 6. I 
 
 7. 
 8. 
 
 9. i 
 
 10 A 
 11^ 
 
 12 / 
 
 13 J 
 
 14 ^ 
 
 
 c, c 
 
 , A 
 
 c, 
 
 5 Q+y 
 
44 PLATE 5. 
 
 ^Double, Syllabic, and Terminal Characters. 
 
 1. Amp-ty, emp-i r e, imp ou n d, imp o s t, imp u r e, imp- 
 osed, /lamp e r, comp e 1, recon die. 
 
 2. Amb-e-r, emb-T older, imb-ruc, combined, compare, 
 comp ou n ded, comp u t e. 
 
 3. Comp-i a i n, comp u ted, imp u ted, r e p u ted, bla n d, 
 I/la me, bl o t, blee d <?, bla s t iw^, W i n d ing (see page 19, 
 Rule 7). 
 
 4. Cheer, cherish, rich, such, ache, touch-iity, 
 w r e t ches. 
 
 5. Counter man ded, counter sink, en counter, en- 
 counter ed, des ire, des i r ous, des i r ability. 
 
 6. Colt, eZear, cloth-ing, cl-imb-ing, flood, gr-eeks, 
 Jcee per. 
 
 7. E w, gwo-t a, comm o n, en-ough, s igh, r ou t e, 
 t r amp 1, A i s, these 
 
 8. Emb ark, combination, nobility, liability, active, 
 a c tivity, a c tivities (see page 31, Rule 48). 
 
 9. Imp-erious, imp-eri outness, furious, frir-i-ousness, 
 1 i ke ness, comp 1 exion (see page 12, No. 9). 
 
 10. Th-ough, r ough ness, t oitgh ness, sfi-i-ngle, m i ngle, 
 li a mm er, pro .spcctf. 
 
 11. Pro spec ft w, bestowmeHi, sternly, unless, un- 
 load ing, un m a nn er ly, comp i 1 a tion, dej ection, (see 
 page 12, No. 9). 
 
 12. C-a-r-e fully, mournfully, tr \\t7i fully, unfaithful, 
 unf ai th fully (page 28, Rule 18, faithfulness. 
 
 13. (See page 28, Rules 14, 15, 16.) F-a-sMon-<!d, f-a- 
 s/aon able, unf a s/iion able (see page 13, No. 35), gracious- 
 ness, deference, insufficient, proficiency, cupidity. 
 
 14. (See page 29, Rule 28.) Rapidity, validity, inva- 
 lidity, imp-e r f ection, ex i s t ing, fr e sh ness, r e cumb-e n t. 
 
2. 
 
 G - 
 
 PLATE 5. 
 
 VMr 
 
 10 U r^ 
 
 11 -vf vu 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 T T: T 
 
 1 I I/ 
 
 Y7 
 
 Kl 
 
 \/ 
 
46 PLATE 6. 
 
 ^Double, Syllabic, and Terminal Characters. 
 
 1. Commotions, delusion, compensation, [constitu- 
 tion (see page 13, No. 52), constitutional, uu consti- 
 tution 1], res ei"c-&tion, e mul a tion. 
 
 2. Expect a tions, fr u i tion, un dw a tion, addle, r e 1 a- 
 fa'0, un p r ofessionol, completion, elections. 
 
 8. Unable, undone, un known, unseen, unbend, un- 
 insured or uninsured, undeniably (see page 22, Rule 
 20 and 21). 
 
 4. TTndes i r able, un t aught, un s o 1 d, un s ee n, un- 
 s ougli t, un objec tion able, objec tions, object, all v.sion. 
 
 5. Un comp 1 a i ning, \? inged, s ions, un sw6 dued, un- 
 substanfia\, uncles, un r e a 1, un m a nn e r 1 y. 
 
 6. Un time ly, un en 1 ign te ned, un profit able, unfore- 
 s ee n, un tr u ly, un con sciousncss, un OPEN ed, un 1 a- 
 mented, section. 
 
 7. Un-neard, un HAPPINESS, unrestrained, persua- 
 sion, a cfwft a&^e. 
 
 8. WITH bo Id, con-Ae mnation, disengaged, UNDER- 
 STAND. 
 
 9. Uno&trusive, unsight?iy, in sub o r d i n a tion, 
 un con sumed, temp le (see page 22, Eule 19, line 9). 
 
 10. TEMPER [temporal'], pupils, ploughs. 
 
 11. Sene f a c to r s, pligh t, bl igh t, U igb ted, ble n ded, 
 beloved, simpered, extra, circumference. 
 
 12. (See page 23, Rule 23.) Magni tude, multi tude, hypo- 
 the n u s e, hypo c r i t e, omni bus, o val, c ities. 
 
PLATE 6. 
 
 1, Sr^ X Uf. 
 
 2 . L v A. -V. -\ /}_. 
 
 G. 1 
 
 7. Q_ 
 
 8. ^ 
 
 9 - 
 
 V =. 
 
 A v_^r L 
 
 " 
 
48 PLATE 7. 
 
 ^Double, Syllabic, and Terminal Characters. 
 
 1. Ten alle, a ssem Uy, com for t able, in comp a r ulle, 
 visibly, disabled, enabled, stables. 
 
 2. In s tability, a Uy, d aughter s, si augh tered, ac ces- 
 sion, intercession, concession, concessions, connection, conn- 
 ections (page 12, No. 7-10). 
 
 3. Defection, affections, affectionate, needles, su- 
 fferance, inferences, reference, confessional. 
 
 4. Deficiencies, insufficient, before, fully, fulness, 
 MAN ly, con tin gence, con tin gent. 
 
 5. Wil fulness, thought fulness, telegraph, geograpJiy, 
 geographical, geographies, singing, during, denying. 
 
 C. Flings, turnings, winged, "brings, lion, lions, 
 amp ly, simp ly, true. 
 
 7. G u i Ity, r e a lities, v a lidity, the ological, the ology, 
 Jlrraa ment, fer mented, 1 a mented, r a tion. 
 
 8. H igh ness, wit nesses, [a ngry, s te nography, p Ii0- 
 nography], d ock, ambi twus, saga cious, s p e cious. 
 
 9. KIGHTEOTJSSTESS, con sciousness, con scions, out, out er, 
 dispel, dispelled, plight, plighted, stupidity, opp- 
 ressed. 
 
 10. Dressed, b re*, c rest, m e res, d i rest, b rcasts, 
 p ressed, 7iea rest (see page 13, No. 39). 
 
 11. Improvement [inscription, description], myself, 
 
 , TOUR self, YOUR selves, THEM sehes, HIM s^?/", ouu- 
 
 12. Worshipper, v?or-s7iip [author, authorize (seepage 
 30, Rule 45), author ized, author ity, neither], nation, sta- 
 tions, in ve ntion, in te niion, a ssump tion, comp u 1 sion. 
 
 13. Consumptive, restitution, destitution, conte- 
 ntions, destructive, instructive, reconstructed, inward, 
 re wards. 
 
i. v- /\ 
 
 2. ^ , 
 
 3. \X_^ 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 6. 
 7. 
 
 9- 
 10 X 
 
 PLATE 7. 
 
 <r*- o*f o-*- f* 
 
 ^> 
 
 c- 
 
 V. 
 
 T 
 
 /? 
 
 /-/L..C r -r^ 
 
 13 
 
 vu *T V, 
 
PLATE 8. 
 
 NOTE. If the foregoing exercises have been thoroughly examined, 
 and none of them can be lightly passed over without serious loss, the 
 student will now be able to write and decipher the following exercises 
 with comparative ease. Only a portion of the syllabic and terminal 
 characters will hereafter be italicised, as he is supposed to bo so far 
 advanced as to require but little further aid in thu\ respect 
 
 JZealth and Service. 
 
 If ty gaining KNOWLEDGE we ruin OUR health, we labor 
 for a tiling that will BE useless in our hand ; and if, by vex- 
 ing our bodies (see page 102, R. 6), we deprive ourselves of 
 the abilities and OPPORTUNITIES of doing that good we 
 MIGHT HAVE DONE with a minor talent which God thought 
 sufficient for us bj' having denied us the strength to im- 
 prove it to that pitcA which men of strong constitutions 
 (st is added to any ring letter by changing the ring to a 
 small hook) CAN attain to, we rob God of so much service 
 and our neighbor of all that help which, in a state of health, 
 with moderate knowledge, we might have BEEN ABLE to 
 perform. He that sinks his vessel by OVEnloadm^ it, 
 though it be with gold and silver and -precious stones, will 
 give his owner but a poor ACCOUNT of his trip. Wisdom is 
 a defence and money is a defence ; BUT the excellency of 
 knowledge is that wisdom givcth life to them that have it 
 
PLATE 8. 
 
 6 r-1 r - t, 
 
 /> 
 
 ^-"V t, v^ /? L 
 J 6 - / . 
 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 L XKL | 
 
 c 
 
 \ 
 
 ~c 
 
 / 
 
 y 
 
52 PLATE 9. 
 
 The Control of tfte 'Passions. 
 
 To subdue the -passions of those who are all passion is 
 IMPOSSIBLE; to regulate them appears to be absolutely 
 NECESSARY; and WHAT are those passions which make 
 such havoc, causing striking differences, exciting and de- 
 pressing the SPIRITS, leading to great enjoyment, or cast- 
 ing us into the severest afflictions ; what are they more 
 than the development of our sensibility ? Life is shortened 
 by indulgence in anger, ill-will, anxiety, envy, grief, sor- 
 row, and care. THEREFORE, it is the province of wisdom 
 to EXERCISE a proper control OVER the passions. If you 
 permit them to GOVERN you in-stead of your governing 
 them, you destroy the vital powers and impair the whole 
 nervous system. To attempt to regulate the actions and 
 functions of the body WITHOUT paying ANY attention to 
 those of the mind, is like sitting down content with avoid- 
 ing one evil, while ANOTHER of EQUAL IMPORTANCE is still 
 impending. A wise man governs his passions, but a fool 
 permits them to govern him. When controlled, they are 
 never-failing sources of df light the genial warmth that 
 cheers us along the pathway of life uncontrolled, they are 
 consuming fires. 
 
 The stream, when it descends slowly from the mountain 
 and ripples through the plain, adorns and enriches the 
 picture; but when it rushes down in an impetuous torrent 
 overflowing its banks, it devastates and ruins all in its 
 course ; so the passions, if not kept in subjection, will lead 
 us on to ruin of both body and soul. 
 
PLATE 9. 
 
 l x , U ^ ^ d *. ' V; 
 
 V 
 
 ^S 
 
 I. 
 
 \ _vi V L vr L/ i 
 
 5 - 
 
 I 6 
 
 "V, ' T 
 V ^ .<: - 
 
 / 
 
 L r 
 
 * / t 
 
 L 
 
 , / 
 
54 PLATE 10. 
 
 (Romans XII, f-16. 
 
 I beseech you, therefore, BRETHREN, by the MERCIES of 
 God, that ye PRESENT your bodies a living SACRIFICE, 
 holy, ACCEPTable UNTO God, which is your reasonable 
 service. And be not conFORMed to this world : but be ye 
 tfrawsformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may 
 prove what is that good, and acceptable, and PERFECT will 
 of God. For I say, THROUGH the grace GIVEN unto me, to 
 every man that is AMONG you, not to THINK of myself 
 more highly than he OUGHT TO think; but to think 
 soberly, ACCORDING-AS God hath dealt to every man the 
 measure of faith. For AS we have many MEMBERS in one 
 body, and all the members have not the same OFFICE ; so 
 we, being many, are one body in CHRIST, and every one 
 members one of another. Having, then, gifts differing 
 ACCORDING-TO the grace that is given to us, WHETHER 
 PROPHECY, LET us prophecy according to the proportion of 
 faith; or ministry, let us wait on our ministering; or he 
 that teacheth, on teaching ; or he that exhorteth, on ex- 
 hortation : he that giveth, let him do it with simplicity; 
 he that ruleth, with diligence; he that sheweth mercy, 
 with cheerfulness. Let love be without dissimul-dtion. 
 Abhor that which is evil ; cleave to that which is good. 
 Be KiND^y affectioned. one to another with brotherly (see 
 page 30, R. 45) love ; in honor preferring one another ; not 
 slothful in business; fervent in spirit; serving the LORD'; 
 rejoicing in hope ; patient in tribulation ; continuing in- 
 stant in prayer ; distributing to the necessity of saints ; 
 given to hospitafoYy. Bless them which persecute you, 
 bless and curse not ; rejoice with them that do rejoice, and 
 weep with them that weep. Be of the same mind one to- 
 ward another. Mind not high things, but condescend to 
 men of low estate. 
 
PLATE 10. 
 
 X -7 T. - 
 
 Ay- 
 
 o (J 
 
 ^ V t 
 
 r 7 , x . ^/ ^ / 
 _j I ^t I / J 
 
 r^ 
 
 cA C 
 
 I ^ / 
 
 9^ l 
 
 ^|/^/ \ 
 4 JT>X_ ~N j ^ ^ - 
 
 / i 
 
 ( '' o ^- J 
 
 ; r^ 
 
 u. 1 
 
PART II. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY; OR, VERBATIM REPORTING. 
 
 WE have evidence that the Jews had carried rapid writ- 
 ing to a high degree of perfection at a very early period of 
 their history. In the words, " My tongue is the pen of a 
 ready writer," the Psalmist plainly intimates that the 
 scribes of his day could write words as rapidly as they 
 could be uttered by the tongue. The following transla- 
 tion of some lines from the poet Ausonius, in praise of an 
 expert writer in the time of the Emperor Gratian, confirms 
 the quotation given in the preface, from Martial's Epi- 
 grams, with regard to the dexterity of the Roman notaries : 
 
 ' O wondrous art ! though from my lips 
 
 The words like pattering hailstones fall, 
 Thine ear hath caught them every one, 
 Thy nimble pen portrayed them all. 
 
 "My words no sooner are pronounced 
 
 Than on thy tablets they appear; 
 My mind cannot keep equal pace 
 With thy light fingers' swift career." Gouraud. 
 
 No reporter of modern times can do more, as respects 
 rapid writing, than these extracts show was done by the 
 ancient Hebrew and Roman scribes. 
 
53 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 A Phonetic Alphabet, by which all the simple articulate 
 sounds of the human voice (which are less than a hundred) 
 could be unmistakably expressed, might be invented ; and, 
 if it were universally adopted, would be one of the most 
 useful applications of writing ever given to the world. 
 But it is an imposition for any author to lead his readers 
 to suppose that he has invented Chs. so short, plain, and 
 simple, that words can be written as rapidly as uttered and 
 properly pronounced by persons ignorant of the speaker's 
 language. If, therefore, by Phonography we understand 
 the art of expressing the sounds of a language by Chs., 
 each of which always represents the same elementary 
 sound, it becomes evident, the moment we examine any 
 modern system of shorthand used for reporting, that it has 
 no claim whatever to the title of phonography. It has 
 been shown in the preface, p. x., that, in one of the latest 
 systems, the same Chs. not only represent many words 
 very dissimilar in sound, but that the sign oftentimes has 
 not the slightest approximation to the sound of the word 
 it represents. In fact, the reporting style of all the so-called 
 phonetic systems gives quite as little help towards the true 
 pronunciation of many of the signs, as is given in William's 
 Stenography (a handsome octavo published in 1826), which 
 contains some two hundred columns of words, each repre- 
 sented by one or two initial letters, with some other letter 
 chosen at random and not at all contained in the word 
 itself. 
 
 This system introduces the phonetic principle only when 
 it contributes to shorten the writing ; as, laf for laugh. 
 
 In the Stenography, I have preferred a plainly legible 
 style to one for writing as many words as possible in a 
 limited time. All who have learned that fuller and, as 
 compared with common writing, very expeditious method, 
 are able to read, not only their own manuscript, but that of 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. 59 
 
 any correspondent who writes it with tolerable accuracy, 
 more easily than if it were long-hand. If the student, there- 
 fore, learns only the Stenography, he will be amply com- 
 pensated for his pains, and indeed will have acquired that 
 part which is of the most practical use in the everyday 
 business of life. 
 
 But if he is ambitious to acquire the art of making a 
 verbatim report of speeches, lectures, sermons, and debates, 
 he must learn what we, for convenience, term Phonogra- 
 phy. He may begin it as soon as he has learnt from 
 Stenography how the Chs. of the alphabet and terminations 
 are joined together ; for the Chs. are the same in both, and 
 he who knows so much of Stenography can acquire the 
 Phonography with comparatively little labor. 
 
 It is true the writing will not be as plain as Steno- 
 graphy, and will require more practice to read it as readily ; 
 but it contains more elements of legibility than reporting 
 hands usually do, and is more readable than any of those 
 which omit the initial and final vowels. 
 
 It is sufficient, when the utmost despatch is required, as 
 in following a speaker, to be able to make out with cer- 
 tainty what we commit to paper so hastily, and it is sur- 
 prising how soon one learns to read words if only the ini- 
 tial and final vowels are given with the consonants. 
 
 Phoneticians systematically misspell words according to 
 their sound, as shur and sliuyer, for sure and sugar; and 
 substitute k and s for the hard and soft sounds of c ; often 
 t for d, etc. If any one really prefers such spelling, he can 
 use it in this system, whereas in theirs it is the only 
 method ; for most of them have no Ch. for c, and are com- 
 pelled to write k or s for c; in many instances, v for/, g 
 forj, t for d,f for ph, s for z, k for qu and hard ch, a habit 
 dangerous for those who wish to remember the true ortho- 
 graphy in ordinary writing. 
 
RUI,ES FOR WRITING PHONOGRAPHY 
 
 1. Write words with only the vowels and consonants 
 heard in pronouncing them ; and drop every middle vowel, 
 as well as every one which is not distinctly sounded at the 
 end, unless it is included in a syllabic Ch. or termination. 
 When the vowels flow so smoothly into the consonants 
 that we can write them without losing time, a distrustful 
 writer is at liberty to insert them in any doubtful word to 
 make it more readable ; as, i in right or height, and o in 
 thought or quote. When a vowel is heard at the beginning 
 or end, it must generally be written, except in ex. 
 
 2. The letters, Chs., and words contained in[ ] brackets, 
 as also the Supplementary Chs. at the foot of p. 11, now 
 come into common use. 
 
 NOTE. The consonants in [ ], in p. 11, are those the Ch. stands for 
 in Stenography, and the Ch. represents them whenever we find them 
 following one another in the same order, whatever maybe the inter- 
 vening vowels. In reading, we shall find that the t-amc rowels which 
 belong to the Ch. in Stenography will frequently give us the right 
 word. Thus, comp becomes cmp, and may, therefore, stand for camp ; 
 but in more than 9 cases out of 10, comp will be the only syllable that 
 will make sense with the context. 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. 61 
 
 3. That there may be no mistake, we here take from p. 
 10, etc., the syllables represented by syllabic Chs., in which 
 the vowels can be dropped. Amp becomes in the after 
 part of words mp with any vowel before it ; Cent becomes 
 c n t ; Com, cm; Comb, cmb ; Comp, e mp ; Con, c n ; Coun- 
 ter, cntr [Ctd is used only in the end of words; Dct in all 
 positions, and also for final dctd]; Dis ordes,ds; Inter, 
 when the Ch. crosses the line, is initial entr or intr ; but 
 when it stands on the line, it drops the vowel, and becomes 
 initial n tr ; Ngl is the same as angl, only when ngl begins 
 a word it must stand on the line ; Pp may have its ring 
 enlarged and be used for p r p ; Recon, r c n ; Rest, r s t ; 
 Ramp, r mp; Spec or sped, sp c or sp ct ; Sted, s t d; Struc 
 or struct, utr c or str ct ; Sub, sb ; Super, s p r, which re- 
 quires the word to be so placed that the first long Ch. will 
 cross the line; Ted, td (which now stands at the end of 
 words for t d and 1 1 d), requires s, whether before or after 
 it, to be short ; Temp, t mp. The Supplemental Chs. are 
 read, though not written, with intervening vowels. 
 
 4. When two letters of the same name meet, write but 
 one ; as, ms for mess ; se, see ; btr, better ; er, err. 
 
 5. But when two consonants of the same name have one 
 or more vowels between them, write both consonants, as 
 nn for nun or none; err for error. 
 
 6. The consonants that are silent or not heard very dis- 
 tinctly are omitted ; as, c before k in sick ; p and I in 
 psalm ; w in write. H, even when sounded, is rarely neces- 
 sary in the after-part of words, unless it belongs to a double 
 character. 
 
 7. (1.) .Dmay be added to any initial and final ring Ch., by 
 changing the ring to a loop, and another d may be added 
 by thickening the end of that loop. PI. 15, line 1. 
 
 (2.) Thickening k, q, ch, and h, or any long down-stroke 
 standing on the 1 or 2 line, adds rd or rt rd if we thicken 
 
62 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 the end, rt if we thicken the beginning rd or rt if we 
 thicken the whole or the middle of the Ch. PI. 11, line 12. 
 
 (3.) The thickening of a short or horizontal Ch. adds dto 
 it in all positions. We must except k, q, and the horizon- 
 tal cfi, which belong to the previous rule. In the termina- 
 tions tion and ing, the d is put before the tion and ing, BO 
 that, when thickened, they become dtion and ding. 
 
 (4.) The thickening of a long down-stroke, not standing 
 on the 1 or 2 line, adds only d to it. 
 
 (5.) In modified Chs. like mem or lity, if we thicken the 
 Ch. we must read the rt or rd immediately after the first 
 letter, as mrtm for maritime, Idty for lidity. 
 
 NOTE. If any one is dissatisfied with the abbreviations made by 
 this or any other rule, he can write the words as in Stenography, 
 only leaving out the middle vowels. 
 
 8. Nt is added to any short or shortened Ch. whenever 
 it is required to complete the sense. PI. 15, line 2. 
 
 9. In a short or shortened Ch., written across or under 
 the line, nee or nty is added whenever it is required to com- 
 plete the sense : thus, by shortening he and writing it 
 under the line, it becomes hence. PI. 15, line 3. 
 
 10. As it is sufficient to put the dot for full in the last 
 hook or ring, so we can put it in the crook of ness for ful- 
 ness, as _ 
 
 11. If another Ch. is added to the arbitrary of, it is so 
 joined as not to look like a ring Ch., as in some signs, p. 
 29 : it is, however, almost as easy to write o and /. For 
 speed, we may sometimes write fr for phr, and /for ph. 
 
 12. When r follows short rv in the after-part of a word, 
 they make an angle in joining-; but the angle is not neces- 
 sary in beginning a word, as the line shows where they 
 unite ; as, rvrs (7 for rivers. 
 
 13. It is often an object with a Phonographer not to lose 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. 63 
 
 even the time required for making a dot ; we therefore 
 omit the dot in k, qu, and u : the e and u should be quite 
 small, so as not to spread more than half as much as k and 
 qu. The u retains the dot in the signs upon and unto. 
 
 14. Of between words can be implied by putting the last 
 close to the first. We may sometimes lap one over the 
 other, as, in the phrase some of them, them may stand under 
 the s. 
 
 15. When the intermediate vowels are dropped, the 
 same consonants will not unfrequently come together and 
 represent different words : but the sense of the passage will 
 enable the reader, with such help, to select the right word, 
 and not only so, but one letter or syllable will often bo suf- 
 ficient to suggest the word ; or he may even altogether 
 omit words in well-known phrases and sentences. It may 
 Beem to a novice impossible for any one to make out manu- 
 script written agreeably to all the rules for Reporting, but 
 every art and science seems difficult until practice makes 
 it easy ; and those who adopt the most abbreviated style of 
 Phonography, in time read it with a facility surprising 
 even to adepts in Stenography. 
 
 16. The Terminations have been explained under the 
 head of "Notes on the Terminations;" and observe, that 
 those which in the table have no [ ] brackets, never change 
 their vowels : thus, the Ch. ous, p. 13, No. 34. which stands 
 also for slius, can only be used when the word really ends 
 in ous ; as, gr situs, gracious. 
 
 17. When the table gives no syllabic termination to 
 shorten a word ending in y, that word must be written on 
 the y-line. 
 
 18. S joined to short thick ted (which now stands for td, 
 and in the after-part of words for ttd) is always short ; as 
 in sted for stead, stayed; or sttd A for stated, situated; but a 
 must be always long before t in struct and structed. 
 
84 PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 19. S is long in ay, and short in ies, ise ; and all words 
 with these endings are written on the y-line. 
 
 20. If we write short s and t in words beginning with 
 those consonants, long s and t will signify that the ini- 
 tial vowel a or e is dropped, as, ss n, for assassin. It is bet- 
 ter, however, not to use the initial short s in words below 
 the line, as it would there interfere with super. 
 
 21. If we drop ngr, etc., p. 13, No. 32, and put the pre- 
 ceding Ch. under the line, we must recollect that s is not 
 shortened before a termination but when it is the last con- 
 sonant in a word ; therefore, if we write ms under the line 
 for messenger, s will be long, and if we add s for messen- 
 gers, the last s will be short. This is a rule of very wide ap- 
 plication, enabling us to express by one Ch. a large num- 
 ber of words consisting of many letters ; as anger, danger, 
 ginger, hunger, linger, manger, ranger, singer, vinegar, 
 changer, etc. PI. 15, line 4. 
 
 22. Short rst like rest (p. 13, No. 39) is only the begin- 
 ning of long rest, and is joined in the same way by drawing 
 it towards the left ; as, brstr ~~j~ for barrister. 
 
 23. When ness or ly follows tive, the ness or ly should 
 be joined to the tive. See tinely after tongue, p. 116. 
 
 24. Metic or matic may be expressed by putting the 
 character for t so that the middle of it will be even with 
 the end of the preceding character as /^~ \ rJievmatic. 
 
 25. Metical and matical may be expressed by placing the 
 character for I as in the former rule as ^s- & dramatical. 
 
INSERTION OF DISCONNECTED VOWELS. 
 
 Those systems which have no connecting vowels, en- 
 .deavor to supply the want of them by various contrivances, 
 of which the simplest, though not the most helpful to the 
 reader, is the putting of a dot or comma wherever a vowel 
 or diphthong is required. Others provide a distinct mark 
 for the sound of each vowel ; and, though we have no occa- 
 sion for such a method, we will here give similar marks, 
 which will enable any one to transform our Phonographic 
 notes into a hand very like that which, in Pitman's Pho- 
 nography, is called The Corresponding Style. 
 
 They are not of much value in our system ; still, as the 
 dropping of the middle vowels in the hurry of Reporting 
 will now and then leave a word doubtful, we may at eur 
 leisure here and there supply the place of a missing vowel 
 with one of these marks, in notes which are intended to be 
 laid aside for perusal, when perhaps, the subject will have 
 been forgotten. It will be sufficient to write the easier 
 form of each vowel, as in the first line, unless in some rare 
 word we wish to show the exact sound. They are inserted 
 like medial u. See p. 15, Sec. 5. 
 
6G PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Very little use, we imagine, will be made of these vowel- 
 marks, but they will serve as an example of the only man- 
 ner in which the whole vowel notation of some systems is 
 expressed. 
 
 The marks sound like the vowels in the words under 
 them. 
 
 a, e i o u oo oi ou wa a aw 
 THIN _ r> I O . j V- / /. <-r 
 
 "brt, bet, btt, "bet, 'bwt. foot, oil, out, asswage ah. all. 
 
 a e a o xi. oo 
 THICK f\ | O */ 
 mate mete, mite, mote, nuite. fool. 
 
 NOTE. In a double or syllabic Ch., the dot or mark is put at the 
 Centre on the left without touching the Ch. A vowel between two 
 Chs. must have its mark at the top of the first Ch. if they are joined at 
 the top, and at the foot if joined at the foot. When the vowel is at 
 the head, it is better to put the marks on the left than directly overlt. 
 
 In pointing, that mark is affixed which best expresses 
 the sound ; as, ft sought. If two vowels come together, 
 they are put side by side ; as, \i defiant. Write L -p hitch. 
 
 HOW TO READ REPORTING HAND. 
 
 In case of doubt, e or some other vowel is inserted be- 
 tween the consonants, and the syllables are then pronoun- 
 ced distinctly ; thus, for terror, written trr, we read terer ; and 
 this, with the sense of the passage, will always, after a little 
 practice, direct us to the right word. 
 
 When a contracted Ch. blends with that before it, the 
 last is the shortened one, and must be read accordingly ; 
 as, ~v pronounce, /^ insuigents, both of these words 
 being written across the line. 
 
PHONOGRAPHY. 67 
 
 PHRASE WRITING. 
 
 To prevent loss of time by raiting the pencil from the pa- 
 per, the Reporter may unite two, three, or four short words 
 or signs, whenever they will join ueatly without running too 
 far away from Ihe line or confusing the reader. In doing 
 this, the last word that is not on line 2, must keep its place ; 
 and if any of them belong on line 2, they can be moved, if 
 necessary, to enable those not on it to preserve their proper 
 position. If all are on the line, they stand just as if they 
 were one word. Thus, the last Ch. in by thy stands on the 
 y-line. In 1r as they have not, the Chs. stand as if all one 
 word. 
 
 1. Shorten have to have not only after e, i, o, , y, that it may 
 not interfere with able. The signs he aud / turn either way 
 in phrases. 
 
 2. Drop the in the middle of phrases ; as, in-last place and 
 imply of the between words by overlapping them a little, or 
 writing them close together. 
 
 3. A word immediately repeated is expressed by repeating 
 the separated termination : as, ^ holy, holy, holy. 
 
 4. In Rule 27, p. 23, if we shorten sub, we read or for and ; 
 as, ^J more or less ; $ father or mother. 
 
 5. May and she seldom require vowels in phrases ; as, 
 V~\ may have been. 
 
 6. From day to day, from place to place, etc. are briefly ex- 
 pressed by writing the repeated words close together ; as, 
 
 I! from time to time. 
 
 7. The short t ior to often, begins, but can seldom end a 
 phrase. 
 
TO THE STUDENT. 
 
 THIS Phonography, as has already been stated in our definitions, 
 page 1, has for its basis the same characters as the Stenography, and 
 "expresses with the utmost brevity the sound of words, dropping 
 every letter that can be omitted consistently with a due regard to their 
 legibility." If, therefore, it is your desire to master the art of report- 
 ing, your first task will be to make yourself acquainted with the char- 
 acters, and their mode of joining, as set forth in Part I. Having ac- 
 complished this, you will next take up the following exercises, which 
 gradually introduce the methods of contraction and abbreviation (as 
 given under the head of "Rules for Writing Phonography," pages 
 60-64), and furnish every means of insuring the greatest brevity and 
 rapidity. The exercises are inductive, and you will discover very 
 little difference between the advanced Corresponding and the primary 
 Reporting examples given in Plates 13-14. The key-pages have been 
 printed in such a way as to enable you to see, at a glance, exactly what 
 characters are used in each word. It will be an easy matter to apply 
 the same principles in parallel cases. Immediately after these exercises, 
 an Alphabetical List of our Signs is given. (See page 101, No. 2.) The 
 analysis of them will be found both interesting and profitable after you 
 have mastered the few pages that follow this. Many persons learn the 
 eigus without regarding the elements composing them. This is a 
 great mistake. By turning to the Introduction to and the "Notes on 
 the Signs " yon will find a number of valuable suggestions as to the 
 manner of their formation and the best mode of learning them. Pay 
 close attention to these hints, and more than half the time and labor 
 yon would otherwise spend will be saved. 
 
EXERCISES 
 
 IN 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY; 
 
 OB, 
 
 THE REPORTING STYLE. 
 
70 PLATE 11. 
 
 NOTE. This exercise, for the most part, illustrates the first five 
 rules commencing on page 60. 
 
 1. Their names were written on tablets for more durable 
 than brass and marble. 
 
 2. Empire, emperor, tarry, bearer, basin, cousins, class, 
 close, closed, dearer, foretell or fertile, suffer, stated. (See 
 page 60, R. 1.) 
 
 3. Situate, spot, safe, send, sir, gain, guide, game, jug, 
 bees, formal, enters, compete. 
 
 4. Impute, dis trac ted, dusted, lasted, latitude, late, com- 
 mitted, competed, amputate, amputated, strive, strew, stern, 
 sin or sine, drug. 
 
 5. Lean, object, singled, mingled, minds, lines, passes, 
 possesses, potters, leggo-type. 
 
 6. Stamps, settle, sell, pines, pest, misses, Moses, pepper, 
 proper, pot, potted, gun, shot. 
 
 7. Shelter, shell, burned, subdue, subterfuge, submis- 
 sively, gained, spend, smell, tried. 
 
 8. Stirred, sturdy, steady, steed, straight, or strait, com- 
 press, repress, distress, pl-o-t, fires, dresses, lifted. 
 
 9. Superfine, countermand, umbrage, embryo, lump-lighter, 
 tempter, fright, free, natural, naturalist, supernatural, snail. 
 
 10. Set, support, spiral, takes, dissuade, subdue, suborn, 
 submissive, subtended, seize, males, females, dented. 
 
 11. Situate, steed, settle, sell, spare, spares (see page 61, 
 line 14), spared, spiritual, spiritualist, smite, summer, 
 demur, demurred, defer, defied. 
 
 12. (See page 61, R. 7, No. 2.) Interred, varied, pride, 
 tarred, cried, dried, short, mart, smart, smeared, salaried, 
 sobered, subdued, comprised, disease, seedy. 
 
 13. Trod, broad, marred, HYPOCRISY, abode, encountered, 
 scoundrel, tedious, tread-mill, adequate, inadequate. 
 
 14. Addition, universal, traced, embraced, dust, distance, 
 fountain, fountains, found, fondle, foundation, trad-tion. 
 
 15. Morning, evening (see page 29, line 6), restitution, 
 station, situation, destination, determination, illumination 
 (see Rule 4, page 31), examination, irritation, ordination, 
 
 SUBJECTION. 
 
PLATE 11. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. I Sj X" M ^J ^A ^A 
 
 6. V1 1 >^ > V/ V T 75" ) ^ 3 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 9. 
 
 10 
 
 11 l/i J '<J X ^ x 
 
 12 r v. ^ i c \ 
 
 13 I "> ^^ ^ 
 
 14-. r ^ v<-xi\ 
 
 15 V ~V / xi. xi VI' Vi 
 
73 PLATE 12. 
 
 NOTE. The words printed in italics, with a hyphen between them, 
 are phrased. 
 
 St. John's Gospel, Chap. X, /-/<?. 
 
 Verily, verily (see page 67, Kule 3), I-say-unto-you, he 
 that enter th not by the door into the sheepfold, but climb- 
 eth up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber. 
 Bat he that entereth in by the door, is the shepherd of the 
 sheep. (See page 63, Rule 14.) To him the porter (see 
 page 62, line 1) openeth ; and the sheep hear his voice : and 
 he calleth his own sheep by name, and leadeth them out. 
 And when he putteth forth his own sheep, he goeth before 
 them, and the sheep follow him : for they KNOW his voice. 
 And a stranger will they not follow, but will flee from him : 
 for they KNOW not the voice of strangers. This paroWe 
 spake Jesus unto them : but they understood not what 
 things they were which he spake unto them. Then said 
 Jesus unto them again, Verily, verily, I say unto-you, I-am 
 the door of the sheep. All-tliat ever came before me are 
 thieves and robbers: but the sheep did-not hear them. 
 I-am the door : by me if any man enter in, he-shall^be 
 saved, and shall go in-and-out (see page 23, Rule 27), and 
 shall find pasture. The thief cometh not, but for to steal, 
 and to kill, and to destroy. 
 
/" N L v r i 
 
 PLATE 12. 
 
 -L J J 
 
 / 
 
 i s ^ dL (. 
 
 2 V 
 * \ 
 
 3. 
 
 4. ^ - / ^ 
 
 n . ^ /-N "^ 
 
 5. < s~^;' 
 / D \SC?^-:/^p(- 
 
 6 I/ "If "S-N si/ \ 1 L -^ ^v L 
 
 7. 
 
 8. .Z. s^>- \ L "W 1 ^-N S "V "V /" I 
 
 9. .rV^ 1 L ^_ \ , -\ L V: V 
 
 'N^XJ ^ /^ , y^^ XT / D.i 
 
 V/** 
 
74 PLATE 13. 
 
 / Corinttiians, Chap. XIITj 1-9. 
 
 Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, 
 and have not charity, I-am become as sounding (by putting 
 ing above the s, and thickening it, we have nding see 
 
 - 
 
 page 28, Kule 22, and note on page 30) brass, or a tinkling 
 cymbal. And though I-have the gift of PROPHECY, and 
 understand all -mysteries, and all knowledge ; and though 
 I-Mve all faith, so-tMt I-could remove mountains, and have 
 not charity, I-am nothing. And though-I bestow all my 
 goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to-be 
 burned, and have not charity, it PKOFiTeth me nothing. 
 Charity suffereth long, and is kind ; charity envieth not ; 
 charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, doth not be- 
 have itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily pro- 
 voked, thinketh no evil, rejoiceth not in iniquity, but re- 
 joiceth in the truth, beareth all things, believeih all things, 
 nopeth all things, EXDURETH all things. Charity never 
 faileth : but whether there be prophecies, tliey-shall fail ; 
 whether there be tongues, they-shall cease ; whether there 
 be knowledge, it shall vanish away. For we know in part, 
 and we prophesy in part. 
 
i. L 
 
 PLATE 13. 
 
 I 
 
 2. _ i 
 
 /i 1 
 
 ; U 
 
 _ / 
 
 3. . 
 
 C 
 
 S 
 
 S\ I "V , U 
 
 . _ / c 
 
 C C 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 J ^' ^ J ^ p 
 
 IT^ L, 
 
76 PLATE 14. 
 
 NOTE. Observe particularly in this exercise, the mode of implying 
 Qf (see Eule 14, page 63), ther, nee. 
 
 1-6. On the 10th of June, 1871, a bronze statue, w7tic7i-had 
 been placed in Centr&L Park, in HOXOR of Professor Morse, 
 the inventor of the ELECTRIC telegraph, was unveiled by 
 the GOVERNOR of MASSACHUSETTS, in-the-presence-of Morse 
 himself and several thousand spectators. The Governor of 
 New York began the appropriate (a-prp rt) addresses which- 
 were DELIVERED on the occasion ; and Morse received from 
 all QUARTERS CONGRATULATIONS by the telegraph, which-is 
 
 now the means of instantaneous communication with people 
 
 i 
 throughout-tTie-world. 
 
 7. The love of money is the root of all evil. Take heed 
 and beware of covetousness. 
 
 8. The unbelieving Jews stirred up the people, and made 
 their minds evil-affected towards the brethren. 
 
 9. (See page 30, Rule 45.) Northern and southern HEMI- 
 SPHERES. Do this in remembrance of Me. 
 
 10. Recommendation, shelled, dazzle, empty, ministers, 
 ministry, accent, infant, fountain, finance, inform. 
 
 11. Varieties, plenty, city, definite, shortest, circulation, 
 calculation, acquit, acquittance (see page 62, Rule 9), de- 
 liverance, lame. 
 
 12. Almost, free-will, fore-knowledge, busy, boys, babies, 
 babes, dressed, transitory, SWITZERLAND. 
 
2. 
 
 a. 
 
 4. 
 5. 
 
 6 . 
 
 7. 
 
 13 
 
 PLATE 14. 
 
 - o< 
 
 J i v^ P ^ 
 
 i/lx- o^ 
 
 f ^ 
 
 9 
 
 \ 
 
78 PLATE 15. 
 
 1. (See Rule 7, page 61.) Fed, aid, led, mode, ned, pawl, 
 send, sold, nailed, told, repaid. 
 
 2. (See Rule 8, page 62.) Bent, cent, dent, gent, lent, 
 ment, rent, sent, tent, vent, went, mountain, fountain, client, 
 amount, evident. 
 
 3. (See Rule 9, page 62.) Gents, hence, fence, sense, tense, 
 mince, pence, dense, clients, amownts, defendants, defence, 
 complaints, relents, pretence. 
 
 4 (See Rule 21, page 64.) Anger, manger, linger, hwn- 
 ger, ranger, ginger, messenger, finger, danger, singer, chan- 
 ger, avenger, wringer. 
 
 5. Division, p<? sition, diff union, de cision (see STON, 
 Z-SHUN, L'TION, and C-SHTJN terminations), contr o vert, 
 affected, ind is pens able, in comp lete, decomp ose, a-comm o- 
 doted. 
 
 6. Inter change, i RRECONCiLaoZe, re comb ined, SELF 
 respect, SELF ish, uncompared, uncombined, undismayed. 
 
 7. Claimant, in cumbewtf, re cumbe?z^, con j un ction, in- 
 terval, inconvenient, in con ceiva&Ze, postpone. 
 
 8. Spirituality, sens-ation, endanger, dangerous, ex- 
 action, convocation, revelation, revolw^ion, counter sign. 
 
 9. Drive, punishments, assignments, seafaring, specw- 
 1 ate, financial, railroad, opposite, arrangement, pro- 
 tracted (see page 31, Rule 49). 
 
 10. Supplied, involve, notification, perpetual, pres-crip- 
 tive, preservation, transparent, timidity, \\ciousnesa. 
 
 11. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, 
 Friday, Saturday, to-day, to-morrow, YESTERDAY. 
 
PLATE 15. 
 
SO PLATE 15. 
 
 12. January, February, March, April, May, June, July, 
 August, September. 
 
 13. October, November, December, spring, summer, 
 autumn, winter, days, weeks. 
 
 14. Attach ments, attai-nments, conceit, council, counsel, 
 already, association, obvious, prop-e-rt-y, a-pprop-riate. 
 
 15. Envious, serious, plaster, blister, Chester, (see page 31, 
 Rule 52), cluster, priest, trust, thrust, crust, trustees. 
 
 16. Unbe arable, porter, afraid, deception, moderation, 
 formation, reformation, renovation, dissolution. 
 
 17. Consternation, extermination, stimulation, estima- 
 tion, meditation, exultation, population, alteration, retain- 
 ed, spending, tending. 
 
 18. (See Prefixes, page 23.) Transport, transact, trans- 
 mit, transformation, circum volution, circum vention, extra- 
 dition, exposition, explication, contraction, refection. 
 
 19. Dignity, diction, decision, remonstrances, factions, 
 superintendents, associated, reporting. 
 
 20. Interfere, custom-house, plaintiff, confident, consum- 
 mation, mercantile, incidental, failure, preferable. 
 
 Write the following according to the principles illus- 
 trated above : 
 
 Fatality, liberation, protracted, prov-sion, disrespect, 
 inter-mixed, edification, achievement, in-te-nding, appre- 
 hend, trans-late, treat-able, con for mation, exactness (x-ct- 
 ness), exer-tion, memor-able, conste-11-ation, engagement', 
 enjoyment, equitable, expeditious, derangement, symp- 
 tom, administer, vivacious, swrvive, vawnt iiig, likeness, 
 indign ation, abandon, simwl ation, employ ment, cordiality, 
 feebleness, heaviness, wakeful, watchful, incision, ex- 
 cision, pre cision, bi-section. 
 
PLATE 16. 
 
 The ftights of Man. BLACKSTONK 
 
 The absolute rights of man, considered as-a free agent 
 (see page 62, Rule 8), endowed with discernment (see Note, 
 page 30) to know good from evil, and with power of choos- 
 ing those measures which appear to him to-be most desir- 
 able, are usually summed up in one general appellation, 
 and denominated (d-n-mnt-d) the natural liberty of man- 
 kind. This natural liberty consists (const-s) properly in-a 
 power of a-ct-ing as one thinks fit without any rest-ramt 
 (see page 62, Rule 8) or contr-<?-l unless by-the law of na- 
 ture, being a right in-he-rent in-us by-birth, and one of the 
 gifts of God to-man at his creation, when lie end wed him 
 with the faculty (see page 29, Rule 28) of free-will. But 
 every-man when-he enters into society, gives up a part of 
 his natural liberty as-the price of so valuable purchase, and 
 in-consideration-of receiving the ADVANTAGES of mutual 
 commerce, obliges (when words commence OBL it is suffi- 
 cient to write BL) himself to conform to-those laws ichich-the 
 community has thought proper to ESTABLISH. And this 
 spec-ies (see page 64, Rule 19) of legal obedience (ob-d-ence) 
 and conformity is in-fi'm'te ly more desirable than-that wild 
 and savage liberty which-is SACRIFICED to-obtain it. For 
 no man that considers a moment would-wisfi to-retain the 
 absolute and uncontr-0-lled power of doing whatever he 
 
PLATE 16. 
 ^-^ _^ <^ 
 
 Or 
 
 . /s 
 
 / L TC 
 
 *-^ L 
 
 > 
 
 Y 
 
 U 
 
 / 
 
 /| 
 
 A 
 
 \ 
 
 L X 
 
 1 I <>c- J 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
PLATE 16. 83 
 
 pleases, the CONSEQUENCE of which-is that every-other-man 
 would also have the same power, aud then there-would-be 
 (thrd be) no security (s-crt-y) to any individuals in any of 
 the enjoyments of life. Civil liberty, therefore, ichich-is 
 that of a member of society, is no-other than natural liberty, 
 so-far restrained by human laws as-is-nccessary aud ex- 
 pedient for the general advantage of the public. Hence we- 
 may conclude that-the law which restrains a-man from doing 
 mischief to-liis fellow-citizens (ct sns), thouyli-it dnnmfshes 
 the natural, increases the civil liberty of mankind; but 
 that those which constrain our conduct in-matters of in- 
 difference, without any good end in-view, are regulations 
 destructive of liberty and a species of tyranny. 
 
 Exercise on some of the most common words. 
 No man is prosperous (prsprous) whose immortality is 
 forfeited, and none are rich to whom the grave br-ings 
 eternal BANKRUPTCY. No man is happy upon whose path 
 there rests but a -momentary glimmer of light shining out 
 between clouds t7utt-are closing over him in-darJcness for- 
 evermore. There-can-be no barrenness in full summer. 
 The very sand will yield something. Rocks will have 
 mosses, and every rift will have its flower, and every 
 crevice a leaf. And so when the soul knows its summer, 
 love redeems its weakness, clothes its barrenness, enriches 
 its poverty, and makes its very desert bloom and blossom 
 as the rose. 
 
PLATE 17. 
 
 , L 
 
 ' ^ L /" v 
 
 -^ xl J I ^ "^ ^ -^ . 
 
 ]..~+,4 / (sS*- ri + {.. I 
 
 s- . t s- ^ . i^ I * ex ^ t 
 
 1 9 v 
 
 i /" 
 
 
 K ^+ 
 
 -A 
 
 l Mo U 
 
PLATE 17. 83 
 
 2"he Objects of Law. BLACKSTONE. 
 
 One of the first objects of all law is to-mete out JUSTICE ; 
 another is to-make justice pursue quickly on-tlie heels of 
 wrong; for justice delayed often falls short of preserving 
 the rights of the injured party, especially in business trans- 
 actions. Therefore, when-a law is found to be so faulty 
 tJiat-a wrong-doer may for a long time, by tricks, avert 
 or avoid justice, it-shoulcUe so remodeled as-to permit 
 officers of the law, whose duty it-is to-see justice done, to- 
 prevent such unreasonable delay. The next object of law 
 is, in all cases, to ascertain truth. To-do this in judicial 
 (j-d-cl) investigations it-has for a long time been admitted 
 by jurists and statesmen of all civilized countries, that WIT- 
 NESSES gJiould-be subject, in-their examinations relative to 
 transactions within their knowledge, to examination and 
 cross-examination by and in-prcscnce-of both parties to-the 
 dispute. In-this way the condition and knowledge of wit- 
 nesses are best sifted. Another object of law is that such 
 rules in-tlie government of trials may-be ADOPTED as will 
 admit both parties to-the same privileges, so-that none may 
 complain of the course that-is pursued with all. If men 
 were to-live in a state of nature, disconnected with all 
 other individuals, each living separately by himself, there- 
 would-be no occasion for any other laws than those of 
 nature and God. But man was formed for society, and is 
 
86 PLATE 17. 
 
 neither able to-lite alone, nor indeed has he courage to-do 
 it. And as-it-is impossible for the whole race to form one 
 great society, they-must necessarily divide and form separ- 
 ate states and nations. Hence we-hace a third kind of law 
 to regulate their mutual intercourse the law of nations 
 which depends upon agreements and treaties and com- 
 pacts between these several states and nations. Owing to- 
 ths several interests of the different parties to-thcse agree- 
 ments, much difficulty is encountered in forming such laws 
 as-wttl bear the test of time. 
 
 NOTE. The following is an exercise on the signs, and each word 
 used therein will have its representative characters given in the tables 
 at the end of the book : 
 
 The particular paragraph in the pamphlet for which 
 pecuniary consideration was to be given was much ob- 
 jected to by the very person whose opinion was said to be 
 most judicious. The executor and executrix were not able 
 to give a satisfactory explanation before the justice of the 
 irregularity in the accounts of the different physicians. 
 Our correspondent could not cultivate the acquaintance of 
 the several members of the committee, because a resolution 
 had been adopted which discharged all from office who 
 should be observed in company with him. Notwithstand- 
 ing the extraordinary influence of a certain politician, the 
 secretary of the exchequer, in accordance with *n order of 
 his honor the judge, discharged the defendant, against 
 whom nothing had been established. 
 
PLATE 18. 87 
 
 NOTE. A few of the words in the following exercise are here out- 
 lined: 
 
 E-d-cation, h-ist, imprt-ance, n-ther, ad-v-ce, c-nindatiou, 
 d prt ment, c-vl-sed, s-cty, ind s pus-able, a tracted, t ntion, 
 p rents, vrt u, us fully, bl-g-tions, pr spr ty, in fnc^, a qrd 
 vrsions, flence, actions, d fnce, dvrsfd, ind ted, fscl, 
 in v gr ation, d r ection, dct ts, grt f cation, e nations, 
 pr fl gey, c pld, v 1st, at rcties. 
 
 Education. 
 
 (SEE NEXT PAGE.) 
 
 "Education being UNIVERSALLY acknowledged of the 
 highest importance, requires neither advocacy nor com- 
 mendation. In-every department of civilized society, in- all 
 the social relations of life, it-is considered indispensable, 
 and has therefore in-all ages attracted the attention of 
 parents, sages, philosophers, and even of legislators. Jo- 
 instil into the mind a sense of virtue and religion, to dis- 
 charge usefully and honorably the duties we-owa to-our- 
 sehes and tothc-public, to-culticate the understanding and 
 to-diffuse the light of knowledge, are-not individual but 
 general interests, since on-tlie discharge of those important 
 obligations depend in-a-great-measure peace, pleasure, and 
 prosperity here, and eternal happiness hereafter. The wise 
 man lias-said, Train-up a child in-thc-way hc-sshall-go, and 
 
PLATE 18. 
 
 ' ' 
 
 v 
 
 >- . -V 
 . V 
 
 \. (/ \ 
 
 + y 
 
 /* 
 
PLATE 18. 89 
 
 when-he-is old he-witt-not depart from it aii advice that 
 contains more-icisdom than-wlumes of modern etliics. In 
 infancy are acquired desires, aversions and passions, which 
 ever after influence cur-actions, clinging to-us through-life 
 even in defiance of our judgment, forming as-it wcre-a-part 
 of our nature, and often giving to-reason itself an IMPROPER 
 bias. Nature, it-is-true, Jias-grcatly diversified human 
 character, but in-that-respect the influence of education has 
 been more powerful. To-the-first we-are indebted for our 
 physical and intellectual powers; to the other we-owe 
 their development, invigoration, and direction. Man, un- 
 iutored, ranks in the scale of animated nature Init-little 
 above the irrational (see page 30, No. 2) beings by-which-he- 
 is surrounded. Actuated by the cravings of want, the influ- 
 ence of unrestrained passion, the dictates of unreflecting 
 ignorance, or the gratification of a grovelling and selfish 
 feeling, he acls by instinct rather than by reason. Dis- 
 daining all-law, disobeying all control, uninfluenced by 
 emotions of religion, vice is often mistaken for virtue, the 
 carnal appetites are indulged, and the too frequent conse- 
 quences are abandoned profligacy coupled with the vilest 
 atrocities." 
 
 Onr-Fathcr who-art in-heaven, hallowed bc-thy-name . Thy 
 kingdom-come. Thy-will-'be-done on-earth, as-it-is in-heanen. 
 Give-us this-day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, 
 as-we-forgive our-debtors. And lead-us-not info-temptation; 
 "but-deli'cer-us from-evil. 
 
90 PLATE 19. 
 
 2"he Nature of 2"rue Eloquence. 
 
 " When PUBLIC bodies are to be addressed on momentous 
 (mm-nt-ous) occasions, when great interests are at stake, 
 and strong passions exerted, nothing is VAi.uaW<? in speech 
 further than it-is connected with high INTELLECTUAL and 
 moral endowments. Clearness, force, and earnestness 
 (r-nst-ness) are the qualities which produce conviction. 
 True eloquence, indeed, does-not consist in speech. It can- 
 not-be brought from far. Labor and LEAUxi<7 may toil for 
 it, but-thcy-will toil in-vain. Words and phrases may-be 
 marshaled in every way, but-they cannot compass it. It- 
 mus-t exist in-the-man, in-the-subjest, and in-the-occasion. 
 Affected passion, intense expression, the pomp of declama- 
 tion, all may aspire after it ; they cannot reach it. It 
 comes, if-it conies at-oli, like the outbreaking of a fountain 
 from the earth, or the bursting forth of volcanic fires with 
 ORIGINAL, native force. The graces taught in- the schools, 
 the costly ornaments and the contrivances (contr-v-ence-K) of 
 speech, shock and disgust men, when their-own lives, and 
 the fate of their wives, their children, and their country, 
 hang on the decision of the hour. Then words have lost 
 their power, rhetoric is vain, and all elaborate oratory con- 
 temptible. Even genius itself then feels rebuked, as in-the- 
 prcsence-of higher qualities. Then patriotism is eloquence ; 
 then self-devotion is eloquence. The clear conception, out- 
 running the deductions of logic, the high purpose, the firm 
 resolve, the dauntless spirit, speaking by-the tongue, beam- 
 ing from-the eye, informing every feature, and urging the 
 whole man onward to his object this, this is eloquence ; 
 or rather it-is something greater and higher than all eta 
 quence: it-is action noble, sublime, God-like action." 
 
 By DANTBL WBBSTEB. 
 
PLATE 19. 
 
 V, 
 
 s 
 
 "X ( tf / 
 I _ J . Yl \. + 
 
 V> + -^ SA // ; ^ , / V j Vf T 
 
 ^ J ^/ + I/, h \\2^ ~ L. lc ^ 
 1 S, x^ <LP + _S*~d. . L 
 
 d 
 
 
 I ^t (. / I G 
 
 
 V L/ ^ ^V^ / 
 
 V / x V /V. / 
 
 I - "6 
 
 XV 
 
 , / 3 L/ I/ / 
 ^ l/ d 1 -1 
 
93 PLATE 20. 
 
 Short-Hand. 
 
 " The art of short-hand writing is one whicMias engaged 
 the attention of educated and practical men from a very 
 early period of the world's history (see page 32, Rule 52). 
 Language is the glorious attribute of man the right-arm 
 of human intellect and human power. It consists of two 
 parts spoken and written ; and the latter is but the off- 
 shoot of the former. Whatever-may-have-been the origin 
 of language whether it sprang out-of-the inventions of 
 man or the conventions of society, or whether it origin- 
 ated directlv in-the inspirations of divinity is a question 
 that has-been much discussed by some of the ablest scholars 
 of EUROPE and AMERICA. The FACULTY of speech exists, 
 and has existed, tJirougJi-all-the-ages of man ; and the ne- 
 cessity of writing, for the purpose of recording historical 
 facts, communicating with the absent or the distant, and 
 giving permanence to-tJiougTtt, must-Jiave made itself 
 strongly felt in-the-minds of the earliest races. The first 
 form of writing appears to-7iace-been the simple pictorial 
 which, by natural aud easy DEVELOPS ete, has issued in 
 the various forms that have sprung up among the different 
 nations of the earth. The art of short-hand writing is but. 
 a natural outgrowth from the abbreviated style in-use 
 among the ancients a DEVELQPTOCT^ of the natural tend- 
 
V ^ "*o 
 
 *~M 
 
 PLATE 20. 
 
 / / 
 
 x\-> X ~ 
 
 i /^ < 
 
 ^ /~ \*- 
 
 I s 
 
 "\ 
 
 YY ^ 
 
 X/O -^ 
 
 r 
 
 i- ^j\ /S#* I.- v -vr 1 . 
 
 >-^ V , -^ .-^ X * ^ I o7 \^ ' J 
 
 >y V * -/ LJ, / V V <, - XII- 
 
 . /^ <." L "Y<;L>'.-, ~v^ Lx__ 
 
 . ^~ a' s, XT 
 
 ^/ XT . ^ ^^ ~YL + I / , ^V 
 
 ,-v^j v ^ _ . <.~-v^ w_^t + 1-x^niA 
 
 ? -V 
 
 ^ . Tvi v ^v-. f * ^ l^v^^^,^. /% 
 
 i'.^rv- - "f . v- 
 
 'XI J 
 
 J 
 
 ^4 ' ^ y J -'% 
 
 / V 
 
94 PLATE 20. 
 
 ency in the human mind to simplification and abridgment, 
 BO as-to save time and abolish labor and toil as-much-as 
 possible. It-is capable of imparting so many advantages 
 to-persons in-altnost every situation of life, and is of such, 
 extensive utility to-society, tJiat-it-is justly a matter of sur- 
 prise that-it-has-not attracted a greater share of attention 
 and been more-generatty practiced. The FACILITY it 
 affords to the acquisition of language ought-to render it an 
 indispensable branch in-the education of youth. The ac- 
 quirement of the art tends greatly to improve the student 
 in-tJie-principles of grammar and composition. While 
 tracing the various forms of expression by-ichich the same 
 sentiments can^be conveyed, and while endeavoring to 
 represent, by modes of contraction, the dependence of one 
 word upon another, Jie-is insensibly initiated in the science 
 of universal language, and particularly in the knowledge 
 of his native tongue. By-tTiis means many ideas "which 
 daily strike us, and which otherwise would-be lost forever, 
 may-be preserved." 
 
 NOTE. Write the following words by implying nt and nts or nee, 
 according to Rules 8 and 9, page 02 : 
 
 Chant, flint, regent, pedant, potent, silence, enhance, ex- 
 panse, romance, prance, eloquence, residence, conveyance, 
 indulgence, accidents, emigrants, patients, presents, ere- 
 dence, claimants, audience, nuisance, remnant, descendant, 
 occupant, prevalent, distant, talent, constant, event. 
 
PLATE 21. 95 
 
 NOTE. Phrases are of the greatest assistance to the reporter. A 
 careful examination of the examples given will put the student in 
 possession of the principle upon which they are formed, and enable 
 him to phrase as much as he pleases. 
 
 1. I-have, I-have-not, I-can, I-cannot, I-do, I-do-not, I- 
 could, I-could-not. 
 
 2. To-be, to-have, to-have-been, it-is, it-is-not, to-it, to- 
 them, to-do, in-the. 
 
 3. I-atn, I-am-not, I shall-bc-able, I-shall-not, I-shall-bc, 
 I-shall-not-be, I-shall-be-able-to-do, I-sball-not-be-able-to-do, 
 I-sliould, I-sbould-not. 
 
 4. I- will, you-will, lie-will, they-will, it-will, it-will-be, 5t- 
 will-not-be, we-will, we-will-not, as-it-is, as-tnucb-as. 
 
 5. Ought-to-be, ought-not-to-have-been, be-that, that-he, 
 that-you, 'that-the, that- they, that-they-may, that-it-is, tbat- 
 tbere-are, I-must. 
 
 G. I-must-bave, all-that-is, so-tbat-it, I-think, I-think-it-is, 
 that-you-have-not, as- if, if-you, which-have-bad. 
 
 7. Can-be, cannot-be, do-you, if-we-are-to-be, if-it-were- 
 necessary, it-is-not-necessary, when-I-waa, I-hope-to-be, you- 
 will-observe. 
 
 8. I-bave-received, you-may-as-well, you-will-find, as-I- 
 bave-said, it-must-be, if-it-bad, if-it-did, was-not-to-be. 
 
96 PLATE 21. 
 
 9. Which-is, might-be, might-have-been, was-never, 
 which-we, in-tbe-presence, let-it-be, altliough-it-is, in-that- 
 respect, in tbe-last-place, in-tbc-first-place, ladies-and-gen- 
 tlemen (see page 23, No. 27). 
 
 10. Malc-and-female, brother-and-sister, above-and-below, 
 men-women-and-cbildren, as-near-as-I-can, in-order, on-tbe 
 contrary, as-they-have, great-as-it-is. 
 
 11. As-good-as, at-least, by-tbe-way, as-they-d.o, how- 
 could-you, in-my-opinion, what-is-your-opinion, in-baste, 
 former-occasion, bow-it. 
 
 12. For-instance, far-be-it, it-is-your-duty, no-communi- 
 cation, at-once, to-you, altbough-it-may-appear, wbatever- 
 have-been, so-as-to. 
 
 13. In-reference, as-long-as, but-is not-able, if-it-sbould-be, 
 as-well-as, let-tbere-be, as-tbere-wiil-be, to-bave-done, I- 
 sbould-tbink, tbink-you. 
 
 14. Whatever-may-bave-been, my-friend, my dear-sir, 
 nobody-can-be, wbicb-has-been-found, wbere-it-would-be, 
 if-possible, witb-you. 
 
 15. Wbat-is-bis-name, would-not, would-not-be, very- well, 
 no-otber, as-regards, tben-I-am, wbo-is-not, day-to-day, 
 time-to-time. 
 
 16. It-will-not-do, if-it-will, as-much, wbicb-you-ougbt- 
 to-bave, where-do-you-reside, shall-I-be-told, I-call-upon- 
 you. 
 
PLATE 21. 
 
 1. -^r- 
 
 2. S 
 
 4. -r 
 
 ^ ML 
 *j . i->^ 
 
 6. ~^ 
 
 7- S C 
 8. __ 
 
 ~C 
 
 12 x 
 
 15 
 
 1G 
 
 / i 
 
 ^ U U I I 
 L -t - 
 
 V 
 
 7 
 
 S i t 
 
 V 
 
 - 
 
 ^ - \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 \\ 
 
98 EXERCISES. 
 
 NOTE. Write the following words with the Alphabetic Characters 
 which represent them (see page 10, column 1) : 
 
 I have not had time to begin. My own opinion is. His 
 regard for us. I expect to have time to take. Lord, have 
 mercy upon them. With what prophet. Individual happi- 
 ness. He had done. I endeavor to begin. With what 
 zeal I endeavor to give. Come, have a regard for his in- 
 terest. Give him half you have. He is certain to come. 
 His mercy be upon you. I expect to give him happiness. 
 You have been very kind to us. 
 
 NOTE. Write the following words, using the Double and Syllabic 
 characters (pages 10 and 11 ; see also page 60, No. 1) : 
 
 D-amp, cr-amp, tr-amp, s-amp-le, d-angle, m-angle, ent- 
 angle, wr-angle, bl-ade, W-oom, W-under, W-iss, de-cent, con- 
 cent, reti-cent, ja-cent, cre-s-cent, c?i-ip, ch-&t, ch-eer, ch-ase, 
 lur-ch, mar-c/i, such, par-ch, cl-ass, clamor, clever, cl-og, 
 cZ-aim, com-ic, comm-and, comm-on, comm-Mte, comb-vae, 
 comb-at, comb-ing, comp ass, comport, comp-Ie-s., comp-ress, 
 con-dude, con-cur, con-sole, con-tact, c<m-voke, cown^tT-part, 
 counter-poise, en-counter, connter-mand, a-ct (ct), fa-ct, de- 
 je-ct, effe-ct, con-duct (dct), in-duct, pre-dict, via-duct, ai-dcd, 
 for-ded, tra-ded, dis-may, des-ire, despair, discard, <?w-dain, 
 (Z/s-cern, dis-mdl, del-ay, dcl-ude, i-dle, ft-ddle, emp-ire, emp- 
 loy, emp7i-as-is, e-list, en-roll, ew-join, en-ougli, en-t-angle, 
 Engl-and, enter-prise, cntr-ap, oitr-eat, fl-a\v, ^-ight, gutter, 
 ^-avor, de-fine (fn), re-fine, con-fine, fin-ish, fon-dle, fr-et, 
 fr-iglit, /r-ank, fr-esh, ful-n ess, cup-full, arm-ful, play-ful, 
 si-gn, forei-gn, cn-si-gn, gent-le, indi-gent, gr-and, gr-ave, 
 gr-ief, gr-im, gr-ow, gr-ip. 
 
fe, Ql 
 
 UWTER 
 
 EXERCIsJj"*' ^' Wi 99 
 
 Hca\, imp-\y, imp-lore, imp-ress, in-gulf, i-stil, i?i-sult, 
 inter-pose, inter-fere, inter-vene, keen, n-avi-#7i, kn-e-vr, 
 mal-ady, mal-efact-or, dis-mal, He-male, mem-oir, mem-ory, 
 negl-ect, sh-ingle, s-i/igle, ob-verse, ob-lige, 06-trude, o6-tain^ 
 \-ook, \>-ook, sh-ook, opp-ose, opp-ngn, cr-op, sh-op, l-ou-d, 
 pi ay, pl-ough, pl-&n, plunder, ^^-unge, pitl-pit, pull-et, re- 
 pul-se, p-op-ul-&cQ (ppl), rucon-struct, recon-citc, rest-ore, rest- 
 rain, rest-net, ramp-ant, i-rump, c-rirnp, sh-rimp, ^-rmc (rv), 
 st-rice, c-rnve, *7t-ade, ^-ape, sh-oot, s?i-\ne, simp-le, symp- 
 tom, sympa-t7iy, in-spect, spect-re, spec-men, con-sump -tion, 
 &-ssiimp-tion, cour-ses, par-scK, st-em, st-ock, s^-and, in-stead, 
 \\3i-sted, ob-struct, s?/6-mit, sub-dne, ,wZ*-lime (1m), super-fine 
 (fn), stiper-nci&l (f-cl), super-fluity (flty), ma-ted, hea-ted, 
 th-e\r, pa-^A, \vrn-th, tw-\st, stew, a-ttempt, con-tempt, d-ump, 
 p-ump, c-ivil, ra-vel, wh-im, w/t-irl, d-wdl (wl) s-well. 
 
 ON THE TERMINATIONS. 
 (Pages 12, 13.) 
 
 F-able, en-ables, dou-bly, dis-abled, li-ability, comp-a-t- 
 ibility, t-aught, c-auglit, d-auglit-er, re-cession, po-sition, 
 (y-sliun), de-cision, con-cessions, rej-ection, el-ection, 
 o-ccasion (k-shun), a-ction, comp-1-ections, lian-dle, con- 
 ference, in-ferences, di-fferences, pro-fessional, sufficiency, 
 de-ficient, where-fore, man-fully, indi-gence, te'e-grapli, 
 bi-ograp!iy, ge-ograpbers, aim-ing, se-nding, aw-cing. 
 sl-ings, t-ongs, 1-onged, ba-nged, s-ion, l-ions, ta-lly, vita- 
 lity, rea-lities, va-lidity, ge-ological, bi-ology, dox-ology, 
 fo-ment, ce-ments, de-mented, ador-nment, stern-ness, wit- 
 nesses, anger, finger, d-ock, pi-ous, con-scious, (slms), 
 lu sciousness (shusness), with-out, expel, re-pelled, cu- 
 pidity, c-rest, d-rest, p-rest (or pressed), p-roved (rvd), con- 
 script, him-self, wor-ship, fa-ther, o-cean (tion), f-usion, 
 excl-usion, de-cep-tive, de-tract, in-ward, for-wards, lest, 
 be-nded, b-ard, mar^, went, dents, fence. 
 
100 EXERCISES. 
 
 NOTE. Consult page 31, Rule 4. 
 
 Ora-tion, con-dition, dil-ution, ob-tusion, ex-emption, 
 eli-mination, rec-o-mmendation, (mndtion), att-e-ntion, 
 re-ndition. 
 
 NOTE. Words ending in ning, nment (see Note, page 30). 
 Tur-ning, bur-nings, attai-ning, remai-ning, attai-nment, 
 assig-nment, (ss-nment), adjournments, consig-nmeut. 
 
 Words formed by modification of the ring (see page 32, Rule 52). 
 
 Fl-uster, lustr-ation, m-uster, cluster, mi-nister, de-mon- 
 str-ate), pastor-al, deepest, must, pest, lest. 
 
 Words written with one stroke, by implying nt, nee, ther, d, rt or rd, 
 
 ngr. 
 
 Mint, lint, pant, rent, tent, dent, mince, hence, sense, 
 fence, lance, author, mother, bother, lather, other, mad. fed, 
 said, trod, clod, heart, mart, cart, treat, sort, exert, dread, 
 pride, heard, marred, einger, linger, finger, vinegar. 
 
 Words of two strokes. 
 
 Dis-tract, conceive, in-diet, prop-er, prop-ose, support 
 (spr-t), ra-pidity, sober (sb-r), re-spect, neglect, passenger, 
 merits, gentle, debility. 
 
 With three strokes. 
 
 Boldness, believing, conviction, descrip-tion, in-for-mation, 
 move-ment, rela-tive, in-cli-nation, pro-tract, structure, 
 interpose, countermine, sinfulness, carefulness, frugality, 
 proposal, moderation, contribution, trans-po-sition. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 Revolution, acquisition (z-tion), vicious (shus) x publica- 
 tion (p-bl-k-tion), re-spect-able. research, insuperable (in- 
 supr-able), in-sti-tution, existence (x-st, page 62, Rule 9), 
 elegance, commence, exciting, delegation, compromise, un- 
 easiness, acclamation, leadership, previously, decided, 
 nomination (n-mnation), approacbing, discernment, reor- 
 ganize. 
 
SIGKffS. 
 
 1. It is the practice in all systems of Short-band, instead 
 of writing the most common words at full length, to repre- 
 sent them by one or more of their leading letters. Such 
 abbreviations are here called Signs. All the Chs. in the 
 Tables, pp. 10 and 11, arc the signs of the words set opposite 
 to them. They there consist of only one Ch. ; but it con- 
 tributes greatly to promote expedition, to represent some 
 other words by fewer Chs. than naturally belong to them ; 
 and we may even use a few Arbitraries with advantage, as 
 a f for tlie cross, and a circle for the world. These, with 
 words that seemed to require notice on account of some 
 peculiarity in the union or position of their Chs, have all 
 been collected into one list, in alphabetical order, and may 
 for convenience be referred to under the general name of 
 Signs. 
 
 2. The most useful begin with Capitals, and some of 
 them, printed entirely in capitals, are so essential that they 
 are never to be written in full, but always represented by 
 the Chs. in the List. The Stenographer will find that 
 those without capitals are worth remembering; and the 
 Reporter, that those in [ ] are also worthy of his attention : 
 for, of course, the more signs the writer employs, the 
 easier it will be for him to follow a speaker. 
 
 3. The same abbreviation (like Dr. for doctor and 
 debtor) may sometimes stand, in one position, for two 
 different words, without any danger of our mistaking the 
 one intended, especially when thev are not the same parts 
 of speech. When two Signs are given for the same word, 
 the Stenographer can take his choice; the shortest is the 
 best for the Reporter. 
 
102 SIGNS. 
 
 4. A short s, or any termination, may be joined to a 
 Sign or taken from it, when the word differs, in this respect, 
 from that in the List ; and it roatters not how much it may 
 alter the spelling, it is sufficient to add the termination to 
 the simple sign, if pronouncing the sign with the additional 
 letters will give the word its proper sound ; thus, we add 
 8 to the Ch. for country to obtain the sound of countries or 
 country's, and ly to very for verily. 
 
 5. A word included in ( ) must be written in full when 
 it forms a part of another, as come in comet ; but the Sign 
 may be. used with safety in its own compounds, as income, 
 welcome. Some words, whose signs are often, but not 
 always, used in longer words, are in this List in ( ), though 
 they are not marked thus in the Alphabet ; as, come. 
 
 6. To add d or ed to a Sign, if it is a ring-letter, we can 
 make the ring a loop ; if it is short, or shortened, or if any 
 part of the first long Ch. in the word stands below the one 
 or the 2-line, we have only to thicken the Ch. ; but if it 
 is a long up or down-stroke standing on the one or the 
 2-line, we join the Ch. for d to the Sign. We may move 
 a word standing on either line so that its first long Ch. will 
 cross the line, and then add d to the long down-strokes by 
 thickening them. It is, however, better not to move it, 
 but to write the d, if the same Ch. stands below either line 
 for another word. 
 
 7. By putting a Ch. on the y-line, final y is added to it 
 without writing the y; but we can set a Sign on the y-line 
 even if y is not added, and it will cause no confusion unless 
 a y after tbe sign would make a word. The Signs of most 
 words ending in Ji, e, r, d, cross or stand under the 2 line. 
 
 8. A Tf indicates that the Ch. opposite to it does not 
 usually stand for that word, but will at times be found con- 
 venient to represent it in Phrase-Writing. BW direct that 
 the first Ch., MW that the middle Ch., and EW or TW 
 that the end or termination be made wide or thick. 
 
AN 
 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ALL THE 
 
 sies 
 
 WITH A FEW ARBITRARIES. 
 
 If no figure or t is set after the word, its Sign (or first long up 
 or down-stroke,) stands on the ruled line, 2: but whenever it is 
 followed by 1 its Sign must stand on the y-line, 
 
 3 - below - 2 - 
 - t - cross or hang on - 2 - 
 
 fl . cross or han^ on - y - 
 Short marks on the lines which separate the columns give the 
 position of lino 2, the only one ever ruled. Chs. without those 
 marks arc on 2. 
 
 The y-line is never ruled, but is supposed to run along the 
 toil;; of the long Chs- standing on the 2-linc- 
 
 C3T Words marked fl ending in THER require all their Chs. to 
 be short &, if horizontal, below the y-line. 
 
 A 
 
 ABLE S, 
 ability 
 
 AlJLY S 
 
 ABOTJT 
 above 
 absurd, absent TS 
 
 3 
 
 T accept!, -edfTW 
 "T Accompany 1 
 " T accomplish!, -edf TW 
 j according 
 / According as 
 5 Accordingly 
 _J According to 
 
1) 
 d 
 
 f-i 
 1 
 
 104 SIGX3 
 In Accordance with -^ 
 
 Account 1 -7- 
 
 Accounted 1 ~^> 
 [accustom t, -edfTW] -/\ 
 
 Acknowledge -r 
 
 acquaint, -ance t - 
 
 adopt t, [adptf] -^ 
 Adv B, -antagef, BW -\^ 
 after Si 
 
 afterwards BS g/ 
 AGAIN, AGAINST 1 
 again & again 
 
 agriculture t ' 
 
 agricultural t A 
 
 All B 1, al B 1 tJ 
 
 almighty 1 I 
 
 alphabet 1 "1 
 
 alphabetical 1 ^J 
 
 also 1 Y 
 
 Always 1 TS J" 
 
 r 
 
 Amcri-ca GG, -can 3Q 
 Among TS 
 amongst 
 amphitheatre f 
 ampli-fy 1, -tudef 
 AND, An, any 1 
 answer 3, -ed 3W 
 ancestor f 
 angels f, angles f 
 angelic t 
 anniversary I 
 anonymous + 
 ANOTHER'S TS 1 
 apologies 1, -gize 1 
 architect t, -ure t 
 archbishop 
 (ARE, OUR, or S) 
 aristocra-t, -tic,-cy 1 ,TS 
 aristocracies 1, arrests 
 ( As S , Has S ) 
 
SIGNS 
 
 105 
 
 astonish f 
 
 astronomy 1, -ical 1 
 
 Atmospher-et, -icf 
 
 attorney-general 1 
 
 ACGHT, 
 
 auxiliary 1, axle-tree f 
 
 B 
 
 Babylon t TS 
 
 bankrupt 1, -cy 1 
 
 baotise, baptism 
 
 baptists 
 
 BE, BEKN, Body 1W 
 
 Because 3, Begin t 
 
 behold, beheld t 
 
 believe, believed t TW 
 
 Cetwecn f, betwixt 1 
 
 beyond 1, behind 
 
 Bishop 
 
 Bless, Blessed SW 
 
 Brethren 
 
 -A 
 
 "11 
 
 -1 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 7 
 
 J3 
 
 V 
 
 [British 
 
 Brought, brother Stl 
 
 1 (BUT) "I (both) 
 
 "X^ by and by 1 
 
 C 
 
 Q__ California t 
 
 (Q calcul 
 
 (CAN), or with no dot 
 
 (J? CANNOT 
 
 C can-didate -f, -dlestick 1 
 
 ( [P> c pt> cap-ital. -tain] 
 
 e_ catholic 
 
 Certain 1, certify, Wl 
 
 y certificate Wl 
 
 Character t, chapter 
 
 P characteristic t 
 
 CHILD, CHILDREN 1 
 
 (9 / children of Israel 1 
 
 X Christ, Multiply S 
 
 X Christian, -ity I 
 
 .^. Christians, christianize I 
 
100 SIGNS 
 
 Christ Jesus -/ 
 
 Christ Jesus our Lord -/d 
 
 Ch. J. our Saviour -/-/ 
 
 Ch. the Lord, crystal J 
 
 Christmas /o \ 
 
 Church 3, chapel 1 , 
 
 circle ", circular 3 Q 
 Circum, [cntS, sent S] (] 
 Circum-ciso 1 , -stance 
 Circumcision 1 
 
 Circumstantial C - - (X 
 
 Clergy 1, colonel r Q- 
 
 (CoMi-:,) committee t C r 
 Companion, Company 1 (~ 
 
 CONCERN, Consider 3 c 
 
 condition o 
 [congratulate 3, -d3TW] C "][- -f 
 
 congregation 3 (^J * 
 
 congregationalists 3 C^-j ~\ 
 
 conscience 3 S cr 
 
 conscientious & S 
 Conse-qucnce 1, -qucntt 
 consequential 1 
 contemp-t, -late t 
 
 contra, Counter , Jcntr] 
 [contribute f] 
 
 contradict EW, -cd EW 
 contradiction 31W 
 contradictory 1 MW 
 contradicts ZuW. TS 
 convenieu-t, -cet 
 correspondf . 
 corresponden-t, -cc+,TS 
 COULD, cultivate t 
 [cdnt SW, couldn't SW] 
 Countr, Country 1 
 Cross, the cross 
 crossed t EW 
 crucif-y 1, -led 1 EW 
 crucifixion I 
 [custom t J 
 
SIGXS 
 
 107 
 
 il 
 
 danger 3, Day , $ UP \ 
 
 Hi 
 
 /- (East,) episcopal 3 
 
 defendant TS \0 
 
 ^ Each 3 
 
 degree OP, degrees OP 
 
 <^ [East Indies] 
 
 deliver t, -ance S3 > x? 
 
 ^ eccentric TS, -ity 1 TS 
 
 deliberation f Sl " 
 
 ^ ecclesiastic, -al 
 
 description . 
 develope \^ 
 denomination ^ 
 
 VXT ~ econo-mical, -my 1 
 ^ J [Edinburgh 3] 
 
 despatcht, -eclfTW ) ' 
 
 ^ Education W 
 
 DID, [1 had done tj, G \ , 
 
 J Egypt ^ Egyptians 
 
 differen-t, -ce, 1 
 i 
 Difficult 1, -y \) \ 
 
 ^ electricity 1 
 
 'X emblem 
 O emblematical 
 
 discharge , -ed TW ^> 
 
 P empha-sis, -tic 
 
 Disciple TS C 
 
 f empoverish f, -edfW 
 
 Disciples /^ 
 
 ^f Endeavor, (eivherf 1 S) 
 
 displeasure , displace! ^*~ 
 
 v_y cndureth 
 
 Disthiguish t, -ed f TW N/l - 
 
 . } "England f, angel f 
 
 (Do, very 1) ^- 
 
 - ^ English! 
 
 (Does) V down V 
 
 " / Englishman t 
 
 (DoNK-h HAD), Divide f \ " 
 
 f Enterf, Inter t, .Intrt, B 
 
108 
 
 equalled "W , equal 
 
 Especiai 1, Esquire UEP 
 
 establisht, -ed t TW 
 
 Et caetera, &c. 
 etem-al 1, -ity TS 1 
 Europe 3, -an 3 
 evangelical 
 evangelist 
 Ever, Every 1 ) ^ 
 
 ^ ever & ever ^Y- 
 
 Ever-lasting, -ything 1 s~^ t 
 every other 1, each oth. 3 ^^c 
 examination (. 
 
 Example , expll ( 
 
 Except 3, Expect ^ 
 
 exchange , exchequer! ( 
 cxccutort; exemplary 1 C^ 
 
 executrix t y\ - 
 
 Exercisef, -df W / 
 
 Expense S3 > 
 
 explanation 1 j ' 
 
 iHGNS 
 
 A- 
 d 
 
 MJ 
 o 
 
 extinguish t, -ccl t TW 
 Extr, EXTRA, expll ,JF 
 Extraordinary 1 
 extrava-gunt, -gance t 
 
 F 
 
 fn, fin , find, Hue 
 
 fa-miliarf , -cility 1 
 Inculty 1 
 
 xFoR, fore E ; also jar 
 'FER, ~FiR.F\;ii,u-hen the 
 ^ e, i, U, have the sound of 
 ^short e, or short u. 
 
 Flamet, influence 3 S 
 Flagrant TS 
 Follow, FOR 
 formt, firm f [frnt] 
 forasmuch as f TS 
 Frederictou t, friend 
 frequen-t TS, -cy t TS 
 
 FROM, fire t, fear 
 
 father St 1. [After any Ch. 
 thr in implied if the j>r( ced- 
 ing Chs. be shortened 
 
 FULL or a dot LEP 
 FctLT,/ fulfil 
 
G 
 
 Generation 
 gent S, gents 3 S 
 General l,Give,-n, (Gon) 
 George iG, [grgfC,.] 
 Gone 
 
 Glorify 1 
 
 good ; governf , -orf 
 go 1 
 
 Gospel 
 graphic T 
 GKEAT, gratitude t 
 greater 
 Great Britain 
 G. B. & Ireland 
 
 H 
 
 (HAD, DONE!) 
 half 1, hundred UP 
 hallelujah 3 
 [hand, handed W 
 handkerchief 1 
 
 SIGNS 109 
 
 ___ Happiness, happy 1 
 
 (HAVE) 
 
 ^ (Ha , Ever, Every 1) 
 Heaven, Henry 1, hear 
 
 o heathen 1 , hemisphere 3 
 
 f (Her I, Ouu, or S) 
 
 r Herself f 
 
 / (His), has S 
 
 . HIM, hippo, how , B 
 
 < .' Himself 
 
 (holy, house of) JLFC 
 ^ Holy Ghost 
 / Holy Spirit t 
 *Y house of assembly 
 v house of commons 
 < f~^ However, [^ how he] 
 "> (honor 3 S, f -able, S) 
 hunger 3, hypocrisy 1 
 Y humble ITS 
 ^> . humiliation ' 
 
 \ 
 
110 
 
 1 
 
 Ifl S 
 
 I, Individual 1, Jesus 3 
 II believe, -dtTW 
 ignor-ant -ance t 
 Immediate 
 immortality TW 
 imperfect 1 
 impor-tant, -tauce S 3 
 Impossibility 
 Impossible 
 impracticable f 
 impracticability t 
 impro-per t, -priety 1 
 improve TS, -d TS 
 InB, ingAE, ngJP,S 
 Indeed t TW 
 influence S 3 
 inhabitant 
 intellectual 
 
 PIGXS 
 
 -& LNTF.REST 
 
 f Inter t "R, IntrtB 
 
 r Into, intoxicate t 
 
 " f*. intoxication t 
 
 f irregular t 
 
 ^~ irregularity I 
 
 ~^> / (Is, His) 
 
 Y ^ Israel 
 
 ^ (It), Church 3 
 
 ^ (!TS), Churches 3, TS 
 
 V 
 t "I 
 *> 
 
 V 
 
 I- 
 
 a ^- Jehovah 3 
 
 ~~6? Jerusalem 
 
 ~~ Jesus 3 
 
 "7 Jesus Christ 
 
 ~? J.Christ our Lord 
 
 "2^ J. C. our Saviour 
 
 - joyful _<? JohB 
 
 _D judge 
 
 justice 3, justify 1 
 
SIGNS 
 
 E 
 
 Kentucky 1, Kingdom 3 
 
 Kind, [kerchief 1 ] 
 
 Knees TS 
 
 Knew 
 
 knock 
 
 Know, -n, Knowledge 
 
 L 
 
 Language t 
 
 large t, learn 
 
 latitude, altitude 1, TSW 
 
 lawful 
 
 legislate t, legislature f 
 
 legislat-orsf, -ures t 
 
 length, lengthen t 
 
 LET, Lieutenant 
 
 ' Let us 
 
 ^ Let us not * 
 
 [Liverpool] TS 
 
 Logical T, Logy T 1 
 
 ? 
 oS 
 
 H 
 ] 
 
 V 
 
 long, -itudo 
 longest 
 LORD 
 
 Lord Jesus t 
 L. J. Christ 
 loyalists TS 
 
 I 
 
 mag-istrate f, -azinef 
 magna 1, magni 1, (man) 
 magnanimous 1 
 
 Vf magnificent 1 
 
 V" Many 1 , manufacture t 
 
 "V manuscripts TS t 
 
 ^) mathematic, -ul 
 
 X may be 
 
 ^ melancholy 
 
 ^ member f, remember f 
 
 V merchant t, Mr. 
 merchandise 1 
 My 1, Mercy 1, Them 
 
112 
 
 might 1, mighty 1 
 mightest 1, mightiest 1 
 
 million UP, middle TV t 
 
 Mississippi 1 
 mistakef, mistakenf 
 
 Moreover 
 most 
 
 mortality 
 
 [(much I-)] 
 
 multi 1, Multitude 1 
 
 Multitudes 1 TS 
 
 Multipl-yS, -iedEW 
 
 (Must) 
 
 Nature, INTER f, Intro t 
 Necessity 1, never 
 Necessary sf none 
 Nevertheless 
 neigborhood TW 
 New Brunswick 
 
 SIGNS 
 
 VI- 
 V 
 
 v 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 Newfoundland T 
 New Hampshire f 
 New Orleans t 
 New York t 
 
 North Carolina f 
 (Nor) 
 
 (not) 
 
 numbei " f '' 
 
 1fno longer t.^nodoubtt 
 Nothing, / nor 
 Notwithstanding 
 
 
 
 O, (Oh!),origin3,[orgn]3 
 Ob B, Bility T, obey 1 
 Object, observe f 
 objected, obeyed 1 
 objectionable 
 ob-jections, -serrations | 
 occasion 
 occasional 
 occasion-ally 1,-ing 
 occasions 
 
o'clock 
 
 Of, offend 3, offence 3 
 
 offer 3, offered W 3 
 
 offensive f 
 
 office, ^f of course 3 
 
 official 
 
 often, oftener 3 
 
 oftenest 
 
 Ohio 3, ^f own opinion 
 
 OnB, honor 3 
 
 (one first t 
 
 Only 1 S, ly TUP 
 
 Op ,-en, Opportunity 1 
 hope f 
 
 opinion, (organ 3, own) 
 (cr S, Our) 
 
 On] B, order B, -cdETV" 
 ordinary \ 
 
 ostentatious 
 
 (other 1.) otherwise 1 
 
 (OUGHT) 
 
 T ought to, Ottawa 
 
 SIGNS US 
 
 (Our, hour) 
 (Guns, hours') 
 (OcrS3), -wardS 3 W 
 <y* Out of, out of the worldG 
 Over OP or OF, S 
 Over a 
 oysters TS 
 
 P 
 
 pamphlet 
 paragraph t 
 Particular t, person 1 
 
 ~^ peculiar f, pecuniary 1 
 
 ~Y~ Perfect 1 
 
 "0 [P r P]> perpendicular f 
 
 . ~^_ Philadelphia! 
 x- [philanthrop-ic 1 -y 1] 
 
 \ 
 
 O 
 
 
 -\_ Philoso-phcr, -phy 1 
 
 -v_ phonogra-phc:r 3, -phy 3 
 
 -^ Physician:; 
 ,__ place 3, pleasure , S 
 
114 SIGNS 
 
 Pleasures, olease, S V 
 
 _^jp- providen-ce f, -tfol t, TW 
 
 Plenipotentiaries 1 TS J> 
 
 -N Public, publican t 
 
 politic 1 
 
 -^ public 1, ~\, publish 
 
 politician ^_ 
 
 Qu 
 
 popularity 1, People "^ 
 
 ^ Qua-lify 1 ,-rter 3, Quest 
 
 Possible ~y 
 
 ., Qualification 1 
 
 Possibly .y- 
 
 j 
 
 ., Qualifications 1 
 
 powerful *v> 
 Possibilitv '^y} 
 
 i? quantity 1 
 
 R 
 
 practicable t -v_- 
 
 ^_ Receive 
 
 practicability . 
 
 ^\ rccognis-e, [-ance +} 
 
 practical .^ 
 
 ( Reconcile, reckon 1 
 
 practice -+^7- 
 
 L _ Reconsider 3, -od 3 EW 
 
 presbyterian, -^^ 
 
 ( . recon-ciliat'u,-siderat'n3 
 
 present ^ 
 
 -. redemption 
 
 Principal f, principle f _^ 
 <5~ 
 
 Regard 1, reflect f 
 
 probability TG 
 progress ^-s 
 Prophe-t o , -cy 1 ^ 
 
 . regenerate ^, regret 
 _^> regeneration f 
 resolve t, response t 
 
 [protestantsj BW ^5 
 
 _ resolution t 
 
responsibility t 
 reverend 
 
 Righteous, judicious t 
 Righteousness 
 ^f round about 
 
 sacraments 
 
 sacrificef, scribe, sec'y 1 
 SAID SW, [If said] 
 satisfactory, satisfy,! 
 
 ^f Saint John 
 f Saint Paul 
 Saviour, Sovereign 1 
 S. Christ 
 
 S. J. Christ 
 
 x\ 
 
 schoolmaster t - 
 
 school / scholar f f 
 Scriptural /^ 
 
 Scripture, says S 
 
 SIGNS 
 
 X7J| / 
 
 o/ 
 
 115 
 
 selfishly 
 
 serve TS, Servant T8 
 
 Several, k service 
 
 SHALL, SHOULD t 
 
 shoulder t 
 
 significan-t, -ce TS t 
 
 simplify 1 
 
 [so 1] some 1 , super f S 
 
 society 1 TS 
 
 somebody 1 
 
 something 1 
 sometimes 1 
 somewhat 1 
 spec, spect, [spc, spct] 
 spirit t , j -ual t 
 Sub-ject, -scribe t 
 sub-jection, -scription f 
 Substance t 
 1 substantial 
 substantially t 
 
116 SIGNS 
 
 suggest, signify 1, -aturet 
 surprisefS, -dfS'AY 
 sympa-thy 1, -thetic 
 symptom, simplicity 1 f 
 
 T 
 
 tabernacle t |_ (take)t i 
 Temp-t, -orary 1, -oralf G 
 Temptations b 
 
 temper t, -ance S3 
 
 temperance society 1 
 thank T, think t 
 thanksgiving t L/ 
 
 THAT, Thousand t 
 THE, THEE, THY I 
 Their, There L/ 
 
 Them "> 
 
 Therefore I/ 
 
 TUEY li 
 
 these TS, thinks |TS ^ 
 
 Those (j> 
 
 Thus, tms with no dot 
 
 > Things, ings T 
 
 thro', thro' the world G 
 
 <p Throughout S 
 
 I Time, trans 1, textr 
 
 i To S, N to do SW, atJB 
 
 _*\ to-day BS or i 
 
 1 Together 
 
 J tongue, lively I) f 
 
 i Toward EW 
 
 U transgress I 
 
 - V? trespass t 
 
 u 
 
 9-=^ unanimous t 
 
 - Under UP 
 
 _ underst-and , -ood W, UE P 
 
 \ undoubted TW 
 
 ^ f U. S. of America t 
 
 J Universal 
 
 V universally 
 
University 1 
 
 unmistakable t 'VL ~ 
 
 (Uxro), universe w 
 
 (Up) ^ (UPON) (^ 
 (Us t), [use t] 
 
 \ 
 
 Valley 1, voluntary SI >*. 
 
 value, volunteer t, vol.f va 
 
 vengeance t S? 
 (Very 1), virgin f 
 
 Virginia t v 
 
 w 
 
 (WAS), whose + & 
 
 Washington t ^ 
 
 Ward, r W with no dot { 
 
 |[West Indies C^ 
 
 WITH, What 1, whom t ^ 
 
 whomsoever t, Why 1 </- 
 
 Wherefore (/ 
 WHICH !, WILL, well 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 J 
 
 Ul 
 
 which will 1 , who will 
 Wilderness 
 
 Willingness 
 
 witness ; / witnesses 
 
 [without 3 SJ 
 
 WOULD, The world 
 in the world 
 into the world 
 Out oi'the world 
 round the world 
 throughout the world 
 
 Would, or S with no dot 
 
 Y 
 
 Yesterday 
 Yesterday's, Yours t 
 You,-rt, -ng 1, yearf 
 [^ you S, ^your S] 
 Yourself 
 Yourselves 
 
 z 
 
 Zeal, [Xenophon f] 
 
NOTES ON THE SIGNS. 
 
 1. When we say that a word is a sign, we mean that 
 the character for the sign-icord is to be written just as it is 
 in the list. One hundred of these signs make more than 
 one-half of nil we have to write in taking down any dis- 
 course or debate. Hence the importance of having short 
 signs to represent these constantly recurring words. 
 
 2. I might have gone on adding to the list till we had 
 as many signs as are to be found in " Pitman's Reporter's 
 Companion," taking only the most expressive and convenient 
 letters in each word ; as, c-cation for communication; P-8-cy, 
 Provincial Secretary; Can-y, Canterbury ; 11-x, Halifax; 
 JV-S\, Nova Scotia; M-a-ss, Massachusetts; Tens-e3, Ten- 
 nessee ; S- W\, Switzerland ; P-a\, Pennsylvania ; and the 
 phrases, that the, that thy, that tJiey, might be written with 
 a double t like the sign that, but in other respects the same 
 as the, thy, and they. It is needless, however, for the steno- 
 grapher to overload his memory with such arbitrary con- 
 tractions, as he can have as many signs as he pleases merely 
 by writing the words according to the rules of Phono- 
 graphy ; as, p-pl-tion, population; congr-g-tion-l, congrega- 
 
SIGNS. 119 
 
 tiorial ; s-n-gg, synagogue ; comp-r-nd, comprehend, wmp-r- 
 nsion, comprehension ; adding the short cty to the sign 
 multiply for multiplicity, etc., etc. 
 
 3. Very many of our signs have all the characters they 
 require to express the words according to the Phonographic 
 rules, and therefore would not appear in any reporting list 
 of signs. I have given them, however, for the use of those 
 who desire convenient abbreviations for writing steno- 
 graphy. Of this class are absent, acquaint, angels, angelic, 
 believe, both, brother, but, condition, contradict, contradiction 
 ory, description, did, disciple, does, down, education, English, 
 judge, knock, long, loyalists, public, etc., which are all con- 
 venient for an experienced writer. The learner, will, of 
 course, use only the principal signs, which are easily known 
 by the type in which they are printed, for instance : 
 
 4. " ABLE," being a word of primary importance, is 
 printed altogether in capitals. This sign is in reality the 
 short bl, like a half-length a, and is suggestive of the ter- 
 mination ; as, [_ table, /_ sable. To add d to it, either make 
 the character thicker, or joia d to the left end ; as, \" abled. 
 
 5. " In accordance with," see page 104. As only the first 
 letters of this phrase are capitals, its sign (In-a-w) is one of 
 Secondary importance ; the w stands on the line, as the rule 
 of position requires, because it is the first long character. 
 
 6. " America 3 G, -can 3 G." Proper names begin with 
 capitals, and we are not to infer from the large initials that 
 such words occur more frequently than those which in the 
 list begin with small letters. If the writer would select 
 the most labor-saving abbreviations, let him first learn the 
 signs of those words which are altogether in capitals, then 
 of those beginning with a large letter, and pay no regard 
 to the words in [ ], which are of little use except in the 
 hurry of reporting. The sign for " America " ia A-a, under 
 the line, as the 3 shows, and the G requires the Ch. to be 
 
120 SIGNS. 
 
 greater, that is, twice as long as single a. No obscurity 
 can arise from using precisely the same sign for " Ameri- 
 can," as it is not easy to find a sentence in which one word 
 could be mistaken for the other. 
 
 7. ".( As S, Has S)." This sign, p. 104, is a short on 
 the line, and we see by the ( ) that it is not to be used for 
 as and has when they are parts of other words ; we must 
 write, for instance, a-s-k, and not s-k for ask. 
 
 8. " Bishop," p. 105, is represented by bp crossing the 
 line; and " baplize, baptism," by bp, with the last letter on 
 it. The position of t he line is represented by the tick on the 
 double line dividing the columns. Take care to make bp 
 twice as long as b or p. 
 
 9. " In B, ing A E, ng J P, S," page 110. The B here 
 shows that the Ch stands for in at the beginning of a word ; 
 for ing,after the Ch before it at the end; and for ng it joined 
 to the preceding Ch.; the S shows that the Ch.is short. 
 
 10. At p. 108 we have " father S \ 1," which shows 
 that the/ for father is short, and crosses the 1 or y-line. 
 This sign belongs to an abbreviating rule, given at page 
 13, No. 45, thus, " [ther D T, S f 1]," signifying that, in 
 Phonography, to add tlier, we must drop the termination 
 ther, shorten all the preceding Chs, and write .them across 
 the 1 or y-line. 
 
 11. The sign ever is a large e : at the end of words it 
 turns either way ; but when it is alone, it stands as in the 
 table, and it is well to put a dot under the left end of it, to 
 distinguish it from the pronoun /-% he. [The e and u for 
 he and you, in phrase-writiag. turn either way, but standing 
 alone e always turns down, and u up.] 
 
 12. " You, r f, ng 1, year f ." This shows that y stands 
 tor you on the line, your and year across the line, and young 
 above the line. Jf the learner intends to acquire the re. 
 
SIGNS. 121 
 
 porting hand, he should at once use the small u instead of 
 y for you. 
 
 13. The student should notice that there is an angle in 
 the ring of the sign angelic where the c is joined to the angl; 
 that the sign for judge has a large ring, as if spelled juje, 
 and that the ring mforf and fulf s\io\ild be twice as large 
 as the ring of/. The looped / with a dot in it is the sign 
 for fulfilled, and elect-y for electricity. The ing can be 
 joined with an angle to the sign some, for something. 
 
 14. The foregoing examples will enable the learner to 
 understand the signs by referring to the " Key and Alpha- 
 bet," and it will be found that these signs can be read more 
 easily than those of auy systems which do not give the ini- 
 tial and final vowels when sounded. Thus : if, in the sen- 
 tence, " He is one of the aristocracy," we write, as we do, 
 a-rst-y for aristocracy, it is a more suggestive contraction 
 than r s t'k, which is given in a system which has no con 
 necting vowels. 
 
 ARBITRARIES. 
 
 Some Phonetic authors boast of having no arbitraries, 
 while multitudes of their signs seem really to belong to 
 that class ; for what can be more arbitrary than such con- 
 tractions as gw for language, jr, for larger, n for under, etc., 
 etc.? Arbitraries are not absolutely necessary, but I have 
 admitted a few, which will soon find favor as the shortest 
 signs for particular words. They consist of characters 
 joined together in an unusual manner, and occasionally of 
 a common letter or fanciful mark ; as, H about, . . again, o of, 
 O the world, _L together, etc. 
 
CONCLUDING REMAKKS. 
 
 A faithful observance of the instructions given in the 
 foregoing pages will surely lead to the mastery of this art. 
 We draw our work to its close by repeating a few hints 
 to which the student should give his attention in the 
 outset : 
 
 1. After carefully examining the definitions, make your- 
 self perfectly familiar with the Alphabetic Characters ; the 
 other characters will be introduced gradually as you pro- 
 ceed. 
 
 2. Confine yourself to the Exercises, writing and re- 
 writing each in its turn until every portion is thoroughly 
 understood. 
 
 3. Never write an exercise without reading it over, at 
 least once or twice, before laying it aside. Let your read- 
 ing and writing keep pace with each other. 
 
 4. Do not at first attempt to write fast. If in the begin- 
 ning you aim at correctness, you will afterwards experience 
 no difficulty in writing with rapidity. 
 
 5. Avoid desultory study, and remember that practice 
 alone can give that mechanical facility which is essential 
 to the successful pursuit of the art of verbatim reporting. 
 
CO^TESTTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Testimonials i-vii 
 
 Preface viii-xii 
 
 Definitions, rings, hooks, and crooks 1 
 
 Blending, looping, and modifying 1 
 
 Key to explanatory marks and letters 2 
 
 Place, size, and direction of the characters 3 
 
 Preliminary directions 4 
 
 Holding the pen 5 
 
 Size of the letters 5 
 
 Stenography 7 
 
 Single and double characters 8, 10, 11 
 
 Explanations of alphabetic and double characters 9 
 
 Terminations 12-13 
 
 Notes on the alphabet 14-15 
 
 First exercises 16 
 
 Punctuation and numbers 17 
 
 Rules for writing stenography 18 
 
 Position of the characters 19 
 
 Y final 20 
 
 S, SUB, and SUPER, how used 20 
 
 E, I, O, IT, how joined 21 
 
 F and Dis, how joined and distinguished 21 
 
 ORD, how to be used 22 
 
 Double-sized ring letters 23 
 
 UN initial, how written 22 
 
 OVEU and UNDER 23 
 
 Prefixes, bene, magni, uiulti, trans, extra, circum, hypo, 
 
 omni, expl 23 
 
 SUB, as a suffix 23 
 
 K, Qu, CH, and H thickened 24 
 
 Blended and shortened characters 24 
 
 Tcrminatiotis 25 
 
 Omission of silent letters , 26 
 
124 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ABLE and BLE, ABLY, BLT 27, 28 
 
 AUGHT 28 
 
 -SESSION, -CESSION 28 
 
 -FESSIONAL, -FICIEUCY, -FICIENT, -FULLY 28 
 
 -GENCE, -GRAPH, -OGKAPHY, -OGRAPHICAL 2-J 
 
 I-N, ING, NG, NGST, NING U9 
 
 ION, IONS 29 
 
 LY, LIES, LTY, LTIES, LDTY, LDTIES 29 
 
 TV, ITY, IDITY, TRY 29 
 
 MENT, MENTS, NMENTS L'J 
 
 NESS, NESSES 29 
 
 OOK, OCR oO 
 
 Ous, SHUS, OUSNESS, and SUUSNESS SO 
 
 OUT ,-,0 
 
 PL, PLES SO 
 
 SELF and SELVES CO 
 
 SHIP, SHIPPERS 30 
 
 TUER 30 
 
 TION, SION 30 
 
 UTION, TUTION , 30 
 
 ENTION, EMTION SO 
 
 TlOlTAL, TIONALITY SO 
 
 DTION, NDTION 31 
 
 TlVE, TIVITY 31 
 
 STRUG, STRUCT, STRUCTED 31 
 
 TED, TUDE 33 
 
 WARD, WARDS 32 
 
 ST, STEH 32 
 
 NDD 32 
 
 Capital letters 32 
 
 Reading 33 
 
 Teaching by dictation 33 
 
 Exercises in the elements and corresponding style 35-55 
 
 Phonography, or verbatim reporting 57 
 
 " rales for writing 60 
 
 D added, how ? 61, 93 
 
 RD and RT 62 
 
 DTION, DING 03 
 
 NT, NCE, NTS 62 
 
 OF, how implied 63 
 
CONTENTS. 125 
 
 PAGE 
 
 S in ST and IES and ISE 64 
 
 Short s and T 64 
 
 Disconnected vowels 65 
 
 How to read reporting hand 66 
 
 Phrase writing 67 
 
 To the student 63 
 
 Phonographic exercises 70-100 
 
 Signs 101-117 
 
 Signs, Notes on the 118-121 
 
 Arbitraries 121 
 
 Conclusion 122 
 
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 From MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
 
 We think the author's claim to simplicity, ease of acquiremeat, 
 legibility, and rapidity well founded. 
 
 Front the BOSTON EVENING TIMES. 
 
 It combines all the advantages of the Stenographic and Phonographic 
 
 systems. 
 
 Front the NEW YORK STANDARD. 
 
 We recommend it to the consideration of all interested in the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 From the RICHMOND HERALD. 
 
 The only system we have seen that can be read as rapidly as ordi- 
 nary manuscript 
 
 From the CONGREGATIONAL MONTHLY. 
 
 A decided improvement over the Phonetic System. 
 
 From the INDIANA MESSENGER. 
 
 We believe the system taught in this little book better than any yet 
 invented. 
 
 From the DAILY TIMES, New Brunswick. 
 
 Merits the many eulogiums it has received. 
 
 From the TELEGRAPH AND JOURNAL. 
 
 Simplicity itself. 
 
 From the MANCHESTER MIRROR. 
 
 Remarkable for its simple character and easy legibility. 
 
From the PHILADELPHIA. CITY ITEM. 
 
 Much credit is due the author for his improvement upon the present 
 systems of rapid writing. 
 
 From the ALLEXTOWN CHRONICLE. 
 
 Perhaps the most complete system extant. 
 
 from the PORTLAND PRESS. 
 
 The best method we have seen. 
 
 From the NEW YORK TABLET. 
 
 We commend it to those of our readers who have long been search- 
 ing for just such a work. 
 
 From the PAXTON RECORD. 
 
 Simple as A, B, C, and well calculated to become one of the leading 
 systems. 
 
 From the BANGOR COMMERCIAL. 
 
 Should be adopted in all our institutions of learning. 
 
 From the CARLTON SENTINEL. 
 
 We know that it is practised by some of the readiest reporters. 
 
 From the HUNTINGDON GLOBE. 
 
 Tha work is simple and well adapted to the reporter or clergyman. 
 
 From the PROVIDENCE PRESS. 
 
 We believe it to be the best work of the kind yet introduced. 
 
 From the NEW JERUSALEM MESSENGER. 
 
 Very easy of acquirement, and can be put to use almost immediately. 
 
 From the WATCHMAN AND REFLECTOR. 
 
 Has several advantages over the prevailing methods. 
 
 From the LYNN TRANSCRIPT. 
 
 More legible and simple in construction than either Pitman, Graham 
 or Munson. 
 
 From the BLACKBTTRN GAZETTE. 
 
 We have found it to be very easy of acquisition. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
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