THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
Dr. A. J. TRLICHLLR 
 
 4L , 
 LUDLGW, - r-UiSAori 
 
 1 BAKER 
 
 TEXAS 
 
P E R N I N ' S 
 
 UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY 
 
 THE 
 
 SIMPLEST, MOST LEGIBLE AND RAPID 
 SHORTHAND METHOD IN THE WORLD 
 
 AND THE ONLY 
 
 STRICTLY PHONETIC, LIGHT-LINE, NON-POSITION, AND 
 CONNECTIVE VOWEL SYSTEM IN USE. - 
 
 FOR 
 SCHOOLS AND SELF-STUDY 
 
 TWENTY-EIGHTH EDITION 
 
 RKVISED 
 
 1909 
 
 THE PERNIN PUBLISHING Co., 
 DETROIT, MICH. 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1886, BY H. M. PERNIN. 
 COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY H. M. PERNIN. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1906, 
 
 BY 
 '.THE PERNIN SHORTHAND INSTITUTE Co 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
' 
 
 
 
 UTt. OETF 
 
 I XS. 
 
 J 
 
 Fac-Simlle of Diploma awarded the Pernln Universal Phonography 
 at the World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
facsimile 
 
 of 
 flfcefcal 
 
to' 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE complete revision of our Universal Phonography has 
 been a matter long contemplated ; partly for the pur- 
 pose of incorporating certain improvements which have 
 been made from time to time, and partly to enable us to 
 to rearrange the subject matter to conform to ideas suggested 
 C by a long experience in teaching, and prepare new short- 
 >. hand plates throughout the book. Until the present time 
 ? such a revision has been made impossible by uncontrollable 
 SS circumstances, and naturally it is with much satisfaction 
 and pleasure that we are now able to present to the public 
 , a completely revised text, in the preparation of which 
 
 *I^ 
 
 w neither time nor expense has been spared in an endeavor 
 z to produce the best text-book that modern thought and 
 * modern workmanship are capable of producing. 
 
 In method of presentation this book is completely re- 
 tai moved from any other shorthand text-book heretofore pub- 
 P lished. It will be found distinctive in every feature; and 
 P we are sanguine that it will be regarded by teachers and 
 students as distinctly modern and much in advance of all 
 other books of this nature. The plan of dividing the prin- 
 ciples into graded lessons, and the admirable simplicity of 
 arrangement which has always been a distinctive feature of 
 
 (vii) 
 
 448628 
 
Vlll PREFACE 
 
 the Pernin text-book, have been retained. Aside from 
 these general features, however, little resemblance in man- 
 ner of presentation will be found between this and preceding 
 editions. One marked difference which will be noticed is 
 the treatment of each principle individually. This enables 
 the student to grasp each idea, and to learn to apply all 
 rules pertaining to each given principle without a possibil- 
 ity of confusion, which feature will naturally tend to lighten 
 the teacher's work : from this standpoint the value of the 
 text-book is greatly enhanced. Instructions throughout the 
 book are given fully, illustrations are profuse, and the read- 
 ing and writing exercises embrace all departments of short- 
 hand work. 
 
 The changes introduced, while in no respect funda- 
 mental, add much to the speed possibilities of the system, 
 but at the same time detract nothing from its unequaled 
 legibility. These improvements are all so simple and prac- 
 tical that every Pernin writer can readily adopt them with 
 great advantage. 
 
 Most important among the alphabetic changes made are 
 the reversion of the characters for a and I; the substitution 
 of an elliptical character in place of the circle and dot, for 
 ow; omitting the dot from /, ch , making both double 
 length characters, distinguished from s/i, zh, by a difference 
 in length; the shortening of the strokes ;//, n, do, and ing ; 
 the substitution of kr, gr, for krs, grs ; the use of the slur- 
 ring principle in joining /, r; d y r ; and the introduction 
 of additional combined consonant strokes for s>n, s/i, and. 
 
PREFACE IX 
 
 sw. The reason for most of these changes is obvious. Re- 
 versing the natural position of long a will, it is believed, 
 eliminate all possibility of the confusion which some pupils 
 seem to have experienced in mastering this principle. 
 
 We think it is not necessary to enumerate the improve- 
 ments to be found in the reporting principles the sig- 
 nificance of the various changes will be appreciated when 
 fully understood. 
 
 The Publishers take this opportunity to acknowledge 
 their indebtedness, and tender their hearty thanks, to the 
 many Pernin teachers and writers from whom have been 
 received valuable suggestions for the improvement of the 
 system. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY is derived from two Greek words and signifies 
 writing by sound. Though the art has attained its present 
 excellence only in late years, the idea of obviating the incon- 
 venience of cumbrous longhand writing is a very old one. The 
 origin of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, a system of figures and 
 symbols, is lost in the mists of antiquity. The ancient Hebrews 
 used a system of contractions, the Greeks adopted a like method, 
 the Romans followed their example, and a form of shorthand is 
 also said to have been practiced in Ireland 3,000 years ago. The 
 celebrated Tiro, born a slave on the estate of Cicero, 103 B. C., 
 invented a set of characters, which have come down to us, by 
 means of which much of his patron's eloquence has been re- 
 corded. Tiro's system was further developed after his death, 
 and many of these " note-written " manuscripts which were 
 examined in the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, possessed cu- 
 rious and interesting features for lovers of shorthand lore. The 
 laborious students of the Middle Ages employed this useful art 
 of shorthand in various ways. Its obvious advantages were al- 
 ways held in high esteem, and at no period of authentic history 
 do we find its existence entirely ignored. 
 
 MODERN ENGLISH SHORTHAND may be said to date from 
 a treatise of arbitrary signs for words published by Dr. Brighte 
 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth in 1588. He was in turn 
 
INTRODUCTION XI 
 
 followed, during the next two hundred years, by Willis, Ma- 
 son, Rich, Taylor, Gurney, Byron, Mayors, and Lewis. In 1834, 
 phonetic shorthand was invented in England by Thomas Town- 
 drow, who in that year, published a treatise on the subject, and 
 two years later published a revised edition which was sold in 
 the United States as well as in England. In 1837, one year later, 
 Isaac Pitman, who is erroneously claimed to be the inventor of 
 phonetic shorthand, published .a work upon the same subject; 
 and from the last-named system, are adapted the Benn Pitman, 
 Graham, Munson, Longley, Burns, Marsh, and others at pres- 
 ent in use in this country. Pitman Phonography was first 
 introduced into the United States in 1847. 
 
 The Pitman shorthand, though greatly superior to the ear- 
 lier systems, proved far from satisfactory for general use, and 
 it was not until the publication of Pernin's Universal Phonog- 
 raphy that the general demand for a simple, legible, and rapid 
 shorthand was fully met. The Pernin shorthand alphabet is 
 based on that of the Duployan, or Standard French Phonog- 
 raphy, which is so admirable in its simplicity and legibility. 
 The system was brought to this country by Prof. Pernin in 1877, 
 and two small editions of the English adaptation were subse- 
 quently published, though no effort was made to introduce 
 it at that time. In 1882, a third edition was published, which, 
 while varying widely from the original, retained the leading 
 points of superiority, which made the system so justly famous. 
 
 The great aim of the author has been SIMPLICITY 
 to keep the mind free from embarrassment by employing the 
 smallest number of characters and contractions consistent with 
 legibility and rapidity, and dividing the work equally between 
 tlu- head and the hand. What are termed shading and change 
 of position in other methods are entirely dispensed with in this. 
 l?v shading is meant the thickening of cognate signs to distin- 
 guish one from the other, instead of making them of different 
 lengths, as in the Pernin. Leading stenographers admit that 
 
Xll INTRODUCTION 
 
 this alone detracts at least 25 per cent from rapidity, besides, 
 in rapid writing it is impossible to shade accurately, and con- 
 sequently great illegibility is the result. This unsatisfactory 
 expedient is employed in the Pitman system, and its various 
 modifications; these also employ three positions, the signifi- 
 cation varying as the word is formed upon the line, above it, 
 or beneath it. Only the consonants of words are combined; the 
 vowels, when used, which is very rarely, are indicated by dots 
 and dashes placed outside the word, necessitating in both cases 
 a constant shifting of the hand in writing. This naturally hin- 
 ders speed, while the omission of the vowels greatly impairs the 
 legibility of the writing. 
 
 However phonetic the systems of Pitman and his adapters 
 may appear to be in theory, in practice they deviate widely 
 from the true phonetic principles which should consist not only 
 in writing.by sound, but also in writing the vowel after the con- 
 sonant without raising the pen or pencil. As the vowels are 
 omitted in reporting, the consonantal outline alone remains, 
 and as this outline is often the same for many words of widely 
 different meaning, the reading is largely a matter of guess work. 
 One reviewer, a former Pitman writer, gives a list of over 100 
 words and phrases, all represented by the same outline in the 
 Pitman shorthand. This ambiguous feature, together with 
 the shading of consonants of the same length and appearance 
 to indicate different signs, and many other arbitrary contriv- 
 ances, make the study of such complicated systems not only a 
 perplexing and time-wasting work, but a brain exhausting one 
 as well. 
 
 The Cross shorthand employs characters to represent let- 
 ters instead of sounds as in phonography, and uses seren po- 
 sitions in writing. It also shades the following letter to indi- 
 cate r, which, as r is the most frequently recurring consonant, 
 causes a general shading of the writing. Lindsley's Tachigraphy 
 is also a shaded system, differing somewhat from the Pitman 
 
INTRODUCTION Xlll 
 
 method, on which it is based. It has a partial connective vowel 
 scale, hut the vowels occasion so many angles in combining with 
 the consonants that although there is a gain in legibility over the 
 Pitman, there is a decrease in speed. 
 
 The PKRNIX shorthand possesses none of these disadvan- 
 tages. Xo shading whatever is employed ; the vowels are repre- 
 sented bv small circles and half circles, written in the body of the 
 word in the natural order in which they occur, their formation 
 enabling them to be quickly united with the consonants while 
 causing few angles. Nothing can be more simple or more leg- 
 ible than the principal manner of contracting in the reporting 
 style, by which the leading part of the word is written and the 
 first sign of the next word placed in proximity to indicate the 
 balance. A few of the most familiar and frequently recurring 
 words only are formed into word-signs, and these are so full 
 and so suggestive, that they can scarcely be termed arbitrary. 
 The writing is entirely lineal in the simple style, and almost 
 entirely so in the reporting, this alone adding greatly to speed 
 of writing, as the use of position requiring the constant raising 
 or dropping of the pen or pencil is in itself a serious drawback 
 to rapid execution. It must not be understood here that the 
 simple and reporting styles are two distinct forms of writing. 
 What is called the reporting style is only a continuation pf the 
 first five lessons, termed, for convenience, The Simple Style. 
 
 These advantages give to the Pernin Phonography a great 
 superiority over all other methods of shorthand; and the fact 
 that it can be learned and used practically, in less than one-half 
 the time it usually takes to acquire the principles of other short- 
 hands, explains the remarkable revolution in shorthand writing 
 which has been witnessed during the past two decades, dating 
 especially from the fourth edition of Pernin's Universal Phonog- 
 raphy, published in 1886. 
 
 From 1886 to the present time, the system has advanced 
 with rapid strides. The intense popularity so quickly won by 
 
XlV INTRODUCTION 
 
 A 
 
 the Pernin when first presented to the public has constantly in- 
 creased, until to-day, this light-line, connective vowel shorthand 
 is taught and written in every country in the world. The very 
 logical reason for this stupendous success will he found in the 
 statement made by the President of one of our leading Business 
 Colleges who well said : " We teach the Pernin shorthand in our 
 college, becdusc our students learn it in one-fourth of the time 
 they would be obliged to devote to the study of other shorthands 
 to accomplish a like result. We knotv this from our experience 
 in teaching other systems." 
 
 One particularly strong evidence that the Pernin shorthand 
 is generally regarded as being based on principles fundamen- 
 tally correct, has been the appearance during the past few years 
 of numerous light-line, connective vowel shorthand methods, 
 based on this method. Some of these were suppressed, owing 
 to the flagrant violation of the copyright laws, they being almost 
 literally copied from the Pernin text-book ; others are still being 
 extensively advertised. Such success as these systems have 
 attained has, of course, been due largely to their imitation and 
 application of the principles of the Pernin; but the alteration 
 of the names of vowels and other signs and their different appli- 
 cation, to avoid too close a resemblance to this method, has des- 
 troyed the harmony of the principles existing in the Pernin, 
 and, in consequence, neither the same degree of simplicity, 
 legibility, nor speed is attainable in them as in the original 
 Pernin shorthand. 
 
 What may also, at this time, be regarded as very signifi- 
 cant, is the growing tolerance among Pitmanic authors and writ- 
 ers on the subject of connective vowels, and the frantic efforts 
 of the former to simplify their cumbrous and complicated 
 methods in an endeavor to meet the modern demand created by 
 the Pernin. One of the best known Pitmanic authors and 
 writers, Isaac S. Dement, has frankly admitted that he is con- 
 vinced that connective vowels are absolutely essential to com- 
 
INTRODUCTION XV 
 
 plete legibility. Such a statement from so prominent a Pit- 
 manic writer, fully supporting a principle which has proved 
 a bone of contention for many years, cannot but have a weighty 
 influence in behalf of Pernin's Universal Phonography. 
 
 The following graphic expression of opinion from one who 
 had used different Pitmanic shorthands for a quarter of a century 
 so fully covers the subject that we cannot refrain from giving it 
 a place here : 
 
 The PERXIN shorthand is firmly established. It is not 
 never was a mere experiment. It is here to stay. It has 
 steadily made its way, by its merit alone, against an active, 
 organized and unscrupulous opposition of the Pitman systems 
 and interests, until now the PERNIN is taught in over a thousand 
 schools and colleges, and its writers are employed in all kinds 
 of shorthand work throughout the land from sea to sea. The 
 PERNIN system began its existence in 1886. The Pitman dates 
 back to 1836. Many Pitman writers have abandoned that system 
 and have taken up the PERNIN. I have not heard of any one, 
 abandoning the PERNIN to take up the Pitman, nor have I heard 
 of any one returning to the Pitman after leaving it for the PER- 
 NIN. It is useless to argue against prejudice. There are and 
 always will be some people who resist change and progress, as 
 there are, old ladies who prefer tallow candles to the electric 
 light, and there are people who yet cling to the antiquated, 
 three position, heavy dot and light dot, heavy dash and light 
 dash, heavy stroke and light stroke, and ten-thousand-word-sign 
 system of Pitman-Graham-Munsc.i. In the PERXIN there are 
 no shades, no shadows, no positions, no arbitrary word-signs, 
 no " Logographs," no "Logograms," no Greek, and no 
 Geometry, no theory about lines of beauty and lines of 
 speed, no halting to insert dots and dashes of varying thick- 
 ness, no "Diphthongal Glides," no " Coalescents," no " final 
 Hooks," no "Nominals," no " Shun " loops, no special iron- 
 
XVI INTRODUCTION 
 
 clad rules, no " Phraseographs," no " Reporting Phraseo 
 grams," and no perplexing nonsense whatever. There are 
 about thirty alphabetic characters, a few combinations of three 
 characters, three forms for contracting long words, a few 
 simple signs for prefixes and suffixes;, and the rest is write- 
 write-write and read every word you have written, and any 
 person so doing will soon find himself a rapid writer and 
 reader of the PERN IN shorthand. 
 
ADVICE TO LEARNERS. 
 
 ON beginning the study of phonography, the student, aftei 
 first procuring the necessary text-books, must provide 
 himself with the tools for working, viz., the proper kind of 
 paper and pencil. Reporters' pads, consisting of unglazed 
 paper with wide spaces between lines, and a slender No. 2 
 lead pencil with rubber tip, are the best materials for prac- 
 tice. A list of phonographic requirements for the use of 
 students will be found appended to the present work. Pen 
 and ink should not be used in learning, as they are not so 
 convenient as pencils ; besides, in the Pern in system, where 
 no shading is employed, no necessity exists for their use. 
 Stenographers, as a rule, hold the pencil between the 
 first and second fingers, keeping it in place with the thumb; 
 this need not be considered an arbitrary position however, 
 the convenience of the writer being consulted in that respect. 
 
 (xvii) 
 
ADVICE TO LEARNERS 
 
 The hand should be held in a position more nearly upright 
 than when writing longhand, in order that the vertical signs 
 may be correctly formed. 
 
 The alphabet is divided into five graded lessons, thus 
 rendering the acquisition of the art so easy that the learner 
 finds the work a real pleasure from the beginning. By 
 thoroughly fixing in the mind the signs of one lesson 
 and their combination in words before taking up another, 
 you will find at the end of the fifth lesson that you have 
 thoroughly mastered the fundamental principles with a few 
 hours, or at most a few days' study, according to your mental 
 aptitude. 
 
 After the alphabet is learned in this way, continue to 
 practice upon it at least thirty minutes each day during the 
 entire term of study. This is one of the best means of gain- 
 ing speed. Instead of going over the entire alphabet at 
 once, write each character contained in it as many times 
 as you can in one minute, and continue this for thirty min- 
 utes. You will find your speed perceptibly increased in a 
 short time by this practice. 
 
 Trace the signs accurately, slowly, and with the same 
 degree of precision that you would exercise in drawing. 
 Do not try to write rapidly in the first lessons, or until you 
 can make your signs readily and of proper size and form. 
 Rapidity will come by practice and repetition, but if a 
 careless habit of making the characters is formed at the be- 
 ginning, it will hinder your progress all through the study. 
 Accuracy is the first essential, as the correct rendering of 
 
ADVICE TO LEARNERS XIX 
 
 your notes depends entirely upon it. It is worse than use- 
 less to spend time in attempting to write shorthand rapidly, 
 if through carelessness in tracing the signs, you are unable 
 to translate your notes readily. "Make haste slowly" is a 
 good motto for beginners in shorthand. 
 
 Exercises should be first written, then carefully reviewed, 
 and the errors corrected; after that they should be rewritten 
 several times until each word can be formed without hes- 
 itation. Read over each exercise from your own notes un- 
 til the characters become familiar and are easily deciphered. 
 The writing of each day should be carefully reviewed and 
 read on the following one, and again some days later. The 
 learner will thus acquire a ready familiarity with his notes 
 which can be obtained in no other way, and will be able in 
 subsequent lessons to avoid errors made in preceding ones. 
 Knowing the difficulty that self-taught students usually 
 encounter in learning to write phonetically, the lessons 
 have been arranged with a view of overcoming this ob- 
 stacle as far as possible. 
 
 The entire principles of the Pernin shorthand are given 
 in ten graded lessons, which are subdivided for easier ac- 
 quisition and to enable the learner to become thoroughly 
 grounded in one principle before passing to the next. It 
 is the desire of the author that Pernin writers should attain 
 a high degree of rapidity, and to do this, it is very impor- 
 tant that a thorough acquirement of the principles of the 
 system be had before speed practice begins. When the 
 mind lesi rates to recall a sign, a contraction, or a phrase, 
 
XX ADVICE TO LEARNERS 
 
 the fingers halt, and time is lost that would have been gained 
 for speed had each principle been on the finger tips, so to 
 speak. To this end, study, read, write, and review again 
 and again, until shorthand, like longhand writing, becomes 
 largely a mechanical process. Instruction in the best and 
 quickest mode of obtaining speed, when this is accom- 
 plished, will be found in this text-book following the com- 
 pletion of the principles, also in the pages of THE PERNIN 
 STENOGRAPHER. By following the foregoing advice, the 
 aspirant to phonographic honors may justly hope for the 
 highest success. 
 
PART I. 
 
PERNIN'S PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET. 
 
 CONSONANTS 
 
 VOWEIvS AND COMBINATIONS 
 
 NAME 
 
 SIGN 
 
 PRONOUNCED 
 
 NAME 
 
 SIGN 
 
 PRONOUNCED 
 
 P 
 
 
 pfl as in pay 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 as in lad 
 
 
 
 
 a, 6 
 
 O 
 
 as in all, odd 
 
 B 
 
 
 bu as in bay 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 as in old 
 
 K 
 
 / 
 
 ku as in <y 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 as in aid 
 
 G 
 F 
 V 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 gfl as in go 
 fit as in /<?<</ 
 vfl as in Z*ZM 
 
 e 
 6 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 n 
 
 C 
 
 as in heed 
 as in head 
 as in ///</ 
 as in hide 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 tii as in too 
 
 u 
 
 (/ 
 
 as in use 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 dii as in dot 
 
 oo, ii 
 
 ^. 
 
 as in look, up 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 er as in ray 
 61 as in lay 
 
 oo,w 
 
 r 
 
 as in ooze, will 
 
 COMBINATIONS. 
 
 M t im' 
 
 "^ 
 
 5m as in ! r . 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 Z 
 
 ^< 
 
 6n asinj" 
 
 ( '^H 
 
 sfi as in sown 
 zfi as in zest 
 
 an 
 
 um) 
 om ( 
 un 1 
 on / 
 
 rr 
 
 as in man 
 
 '. as in Tom 
 ( as in hum 
 j as in gone 
 
 "( as in fun 
 
 SH 
 ZH 
 CH 
 J 
 
 S 
 
 shfl as in show 
 zhfl as in azure 
 elm as in fAa/ 
 jfi as in /o 
 
 These combinations are used only 
 when short a, short o, or short u 
 precede m, n, not when the long 
 vowel sounds occur. 
 
 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 hu as in hait! 
 
 ow 
 
 ^ 
 
 as in pout 
 
 TH 
 
 f- 
 
 thfl as in thin 
 
 oi 
 
 *& 
 
 as in oil 
 
 NG, ING 
 
 ) 
 
 as in hang) bring 
 
 
 
 
 Note. All shorthand characters are written downward or forward, 
 except these indicated otherwise by the arrow. 
 
INTRODUCTORY INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 PROPORTIONS. 
 
 Article 1. The distinction between cognate signs, 
 as p, b; t, d; k, g, etc., is one of length. This dis- 
 tinction takes the place of shading a source of con- 
 fusion and a hindrance to speed which is employed 
 in other systems. Fundamentally but two lengths are 
 employed, the single and the double ; e, g., p is a short 
 stroke, b its cognate is twice as long ; k is short, g is 
 twice as long ; etc. ; but as an aid to securing the cor- 
 rect lengths of the various alphabetic signs, four defi- 
 nite relative lengths are given, of which the r stroke, 
 about one-eighth of an inch in length, is taken as the 
 unit. 
 
 The student should make constant reference to the 
 following table until the relative proportions of the 
 signs are well fixed. in the memory. 
 
 1. f, p, w, t, th, m, n, an, om, on, 66, u, kw, ng, ing. The 
 length of r. 
 
 2. v, b, g, d, 1, sm, st, sp, sk, kr, sw. Twice the length of r. 
 
 3. sn, gr, str, spr, skr, skw. Three times the length of r. 
 
 4. The curved strokes s, z ; sh, zh ; etc., are one and one- 
 half times the length of r, or about three-sixteenths 
 of anjnch long; it is also about three-sixteenths of an 
 inch in length, while j, ch, are twice as long, i is 
 one-half the length of r. 
 
 From the accompanying diagrams, the proper 
 slant of consonant stems and the correct shape of 
 curved characters may be determined. r, 1, are 
 written at a slant of '25 degrees 1 ; the slant of f, v ; 
 k, g, should be about 40 degrees. An exception is 
 made when k, g, precede or follow r, 1, when they 
 are written* at a slant of 75 degrees. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 5 
 
 As will be noted, m, n, an, s, sh, ing, etc., are 
 quarter segments of circles, varying- in size according 
 to the proportionate lengths of the characters. 
 
 (& Q Q 
 
 PHONETIC SPELLING. 
 
 Article 2. Write only the sounds of which words 
 are composed. Thus, for tough, write t u f ; through, 
 th r 66 ; ache, a k ; aim, a m ; etc. This phonetic 
 spelling will be ascertained by pronouncing a word 
 very slowly and observing the distinct sounds. A 
 dictionary having the phonetic spelling inserted afte^ 
 the printed form, will prove helpful to beginners. 
 
 Article 3. Do not attempt to memorize the alpha- 
 bet as a whole. A few of the signs are introduced 
 in each of the succeeding lessons, until all are learned. 
 In practicing each lesson, observe the following order 
 of study: 
 
 1. Write several lines of each character, pro- 
 nouncing the sound while tracing the sign. 
 
 2. Translate the Reading Exercise and then copy 
 accurately on paper. 
 
 3. Transcribe the Writing Exercise into short- 
 hand and compare with the printed key. Note all 
 errors and rewrite the corrected forms several times. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY, 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 CONSONANTS: pi ; b i ;k / / 
 VOWELS : a o ; a or 6 o ;6O;I / ; u </ 
 
 Article 4. P and b are vertical strokes traced 
 downward; k and g are oblique strokes traced 
 downward from right to left. The strokes for p, k, 
 should not exceed one-eighth of an inch in length, 
 while b, g, are made twice as long, g has two 
 sounds, the hard sound, as in go, gap, which / 
 represents, and the sound similar to, and represented 
 by j, as in gem, gentle. 
 
 The circles for a, a or 6, 6, increase in size as the 
 vowels increase in broadness of sound ; thus a, as in 
 bat, is the shortest in sound and is represented by the 
 smallest circle ; a, o, "as in fall, pod, is a broader 
 sound and a larger circle ; 6, as in boat, is the broad- 
 est in sound and the largest in size. For correct 
 sizes and proportions of circles refer to alphabet, 
 page 3. 
 
 u and I are written almost like the printed char- 
 acters. The dot is seldom used on I except when this 
 character stands alone. I is one-half the length of r, 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 7 
 
 and is traced downward from right to left; when it 
 precedes or follows k, g, a slight tick is made to 
 separate the two; or, k, g, may be dotted; as in 
 like. I i k ^' ; tiger, t i g r. ~ , 
 
 MF.MORY AIDS. The pupil who desires to master 
 the alphabet quickly should impress* the signs on 'his 
 memory by mnemonic helps, similar to those given 
 below. After the signs are learned, there is, of 
 course, no further need of these aids, but consider- 
 able time will be saved in the beginning by their use. 
 
 t 
 
 ALPHABETIC PRACTICE. 
 
 Article 5. Throughout the entire course of study, 
 at least a few minutes each day should be devoted 
 to practicing on the alphabetic characters. As it will 
 not be possible to write a full outline with any 
 degree of facility, until the individual characters can 
 be correct! \ and rapidly formed, the importance of 
 such daily practice cannot be too strongly emphasized. 
 
 Write at least five lines of each separate sign, and 
 then five lines of the cognate signs, observing closely 
 the difference in length and size. Practice until each 
 sign can be made readily and accurately, and read 
 without effort. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE OUTLINE OF ALPHABETIC 
 PRACTICE. 
 
 p, I I I I I I I I I I I I I 
 
 b, i I I i I I I 1 i 1 I I I 
 
 p, b, I 1 I I I I I I I I 
 
 k, / / / 
 
 g, ///////// 
 
 k, g, /////////////'/ 
 
 a, ooooooo 0000606000 
 a, 6, oo o o ooo oo ooo oooo 
 6, OOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOO 
 a, a o, 6, o oO o o C o o Oo oO o oO 
 I, /' /' /' /' /' / / / / / / /' / / / / / 
 
 1, U, /' (/ / f / t/ / / / (/ / t/ / V / U 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY, 9 
 
 POSITION OF VOWELS. 
 
 Article 6. After practicing separately on the 
 
 vowels and consonants given in Lesson I. observe 
 
 that thev are joined in words according to the fol- 
 
 9 o p Q 
 
 lowing diagrams, j jOO* > tnat ls > tne circles are 
 traced to the left of the down strokes, at the begin- 
 ning, middle and cud of words, except when pre- 
 ceded by a vertical and followed by a right oblique, 
 as in the word pack, ^> . 
 
 The circle for a, 0, represents not only these, but 
 all approximate sounds for which no definite sign is 
 provided. It is thus used in the words far, fall, for, 
 although the vowel sounds are slightly dilierent. 
 
 Whenever any intermediate sound occurs, having 
 no distinct representation of its own, the sign which 
 approximates most closely to it is employed. 
 
 STUDY OUTLINE. 
 
 Article 7. Transcribe Reading Exercise I. with- 
 out referring to the Writing Exercise except when 
 absolutely necessary. Study each word carefully, and 
 note its formation so that you will readily recognize 
 ii when you see it again. Then cover the Reading 
 Exercise and proceed with the Writing Exercise. 
 When this is completed, compare it with the Reading 
 Exercise and correct where necessary. Write each 
 
IO PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 corrected form at least a dozen times. Go over Ex- 
 ercise 2. until you are sure that you can write each 
 word correctly and without hesitation. 
 
 LINEALITY. 
 
 Article 8. As an aid to preserving lineality of 
 writing and securing correct proportions of charac- 
 ters, ruled paper should be used by the student in the 
 preparation of lessons. The initial or first up stroke 
 in each word should begin on the line, and the first 
 down stroke should rest on the line. When a circle 
 precedes the up stroke or follows the down stroke, 
 trace it beneath the line. For illustrations note the 
 following: 
 
 EXERCISE 1. 
 
 
 Jo *> * /L Q cr -9- 
 
 I > > $, J. / o f 
 
PKRXIX'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 11 
 
 cap 
 
 k a. p 
 balk 
 bak 
 you 
 u 
 
 pack 
 p a k 
 bog 
 bog 
 pew 
 pu 
 
 cab 
 
 ka 
 beau 
 bo 
 cue 
 ku 
 
 KXKRCESE 2. 
 
 cob caw paw 
 b k 6 b ka pa 
 eye poke ope 
 I p 6 k op 
 Cuba pie pike 
 k u b a p I p T k 
 
 gap gag 
 gap gag 
 cope oak 
 ko p 6k 
 buy Ike guy 
 b I T k g I 
 
 back 
 bak 
 coke 
 kok 
 bike 
 bik 
 
 WORD SIGNS. 
 
 It is found by experience that learners are fre- 
 quently confused by being obliged to write such 
 simple words as the, for, of, all, etc. in full during 
 the first few lessons, -only to unlearn these forms 
 when the word signs are reached. For this reason 
 a few of the simplest word signs, most of which are 
 represented by alphabetic characters, are presented in 
 each of the first five lessons. Those introduced here 
 are represented by the signs already learned. 
 
 </. at o. yon </ could, quite 
 
 all o we /? go, good 
 
 o:cc, own O put \ be, but, book 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 Name the vertical stems; the oblique. 
 
 What proportion does p bear to b? k to K? 
 
 Which signs are traced down from right to left? Name the vowel 
 circles. How are they distinguished? When should the circles be 
 traced to the left in joining with stems? When to the right? What 
 sounds do the vowels a, ft, represent? Give examples. How long arc 
 the strokes t, t, p, k? What is the shortest down stroke? How is 
 I joined to stems traced in the same direction? When must it be 
 dotted? What proportion does t bear to r? 
 3 
 
12 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 CONSONANTS :t d - ;f \ v \;r -- ! --- 
 
 h th 
 VOWELS : 66, w /- ; 66, u 
 
 Article 9. T and d are horizontal stroke^ traced 
 forward; f and v are oblique strokes traced down- 
 ward from left to right ; r and 1 are always traced up 
 and thus distinguished from the down strokes k and 
 g. The aspirate h is represented by a dot, but when 
 h occurs in the middle of a word, the dot is omitted. 
 It may also be omitted generally by advanced writers, 
 unless^its use is demanded for legibility, th is repre- 
 sented by the t sign with the h dot above it. 
 
 MEMORY AIDS. These consonant signs can read- 
 ily be fixed in the memory by associating them with 
 the following diagrams: 
 
 It will be noted that t is represented by the hori- 
 zontal stroke of the letter t. f, v, are represented 
 by the down stroke of the letter V, while the up stroke 
 of the same letter represents r, 1. 
 
I'KKXIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 ALPHABETIC PRACTICE 
 
 (See Article 5). 
 
 13 
 
 t, 
 
 d, - 
 t, d,- 
 
 f, \ \ \ 
 
 SS.S N 
 
 f, v, X \\C\\\ 
 
 r - ! 
 
 h, th, 
 
 66, w, 
 
 66, u, 
 
 66, w; 66, u, 
 
14- PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Article 10. The combination u'h, as in the words 
 what, zvhen, etc., is phonetically hzv, and hence these 
 words are written in shorthand, h 66 a t, h 66 en. 
 Proper 'names are underscored by a dash - - . 
 The period is represented by the sign x -(For ad- 
 ditional punctuation marks, see page 113.) When 
 -jognates, such as t, d; 1, r;etc., follow each other, 
 they are separated by a slight tick; thus, td, ted 
 i , lr ^--~- . When ted or dcd occur, e may 
 be omitted and a lengthened d written. (See Art. 31) 
 
 Article 11. The rule for uniting medial circles is: 
 Trace the circle outside of the angle ; thus, bat, J_ 
 pack > , cat ' J- ,calf ( , tack -f t tall 
 
 T , D - , TH . 
 
 Article 12. In joining circles to the horizontals 
 t, d, and th, observe the following diagram: ^ o 
 Trace the circles below horizontals at the beginning 
 of words ; above at the middle ; and above at the end 
 of words, except before the up strokes r and 1; as in 
 add, ad o ; talk, tak -P ; dough,do _ D 
 tall, t a 1 -JJ-- . 
 
 Article 13. Initial and final circles are traced to 
 t'he left of f, v, thus: % Examples: afar, afar 
 'V / over, 6 v r c^^- ; foe, f 6 -$ . 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHOXOGRAPHY. 15 
 
 EXERCISE 3. 
 
 EXERCISE 4. 
 
 top bought dock bad tab fad tack code 
 top bot dok bad tab fad tak kod 
 got vote fought caught dog pod vat tow 
 got vot fot kat dog pod vat to 
 taught ought dot boat aft afloat bravo 
 
 tat 6t dot bot aft aflot bravo 
 
 R , L ^ 
 
 Article 14. In joining circles to the up strokes 
 r and 1, observe the following diagram : , r s>-~ 
 Trace the circles to the right of up strokes at the 
 beginning, and to the left in the middle, and at the 
 end of words ; as, or, or, J" ; roll, r 6 1 _t- 
 low, 1 6 __> 
 
 EXERCISE 5. 
 
1 I / 1 
 
 16 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 6. 
 
 row rope tore lap roll toll par rap 
 ro rop tor lap rol tol par rap 
 
 trap -pour rogue wrote door rove fault 
 
 trap p 6 r r 6 g rot dor r 6 v fait 
 
 laugh lope low broad old oar road 
 
 laf lop 16 brad old or rod 
 
 OMISSION OF R. 
 
 Article 15. As conducive to speed, the sign for 
 r may be omitted after circles, and the omission indi- 
 cated by tracing the circles in a reverse position to 
 that in which they would ordinarily be written if 
 
 the r did not occur ; thus lord is written /^ ', 
 torn ~Q being distinguished from land ^~ 
 and tone -Q. ; by the position of the circles. When 
 r occurs between two circles it may not be omitted. 
 As a final stroke, there is frequently nothing gained 
 by the omission of r, especially after t, d, f, v, b, 
 oo, and m. 
 
 EXERCISE 7. 
 
 N^ ^~ b- - >~- -a- p ' o- 
 
 \r \r~ -- ^ ^ V < * P 
 (y- -o -O ^-O 6- - 6 
 
PERNIXS UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 17 
 
 EXERCISE 8. 
 
 ford 
 
 roared 
 
 port 
 
 card 
 
 dark 
 
 tart 
 
 ford 
 
 r 6 r d 
 
 port 
 
 ka r d 
 
 dark 
 
 tart 
 
 lard 
 
 part 
 
 bard 
 
 heart 
 
 ark 
 
 lark 
 
 lard 
 
 part 
 
 bard 
 
 hart 
 
 ark 
 
 lark 
 
 fort 
 
 dart 
 
 harp 
 
 cored 
 
 car 
 
 roar 
 
 fort 
 
 dart 
 
 harp 
 
 ko r d 
 
 k a r 
 
 r 6 r 
 
 66, w r ; 66, u ^- . 
 
 Article 16. 66, w, is a quarter circle traced down- 
 ward from right to left, the concave opening to the 
 right. It is the length of r. 
 
 66, u, is a curved stroke traced downward from 
 left to right, the concave opening upward. Its length 
 is one and one-half times that of r. The slant of the 
 66, u stroke is about 20 degrees. . 
 
 EXERCISE 9. 
 
 -f-. ^ 
 
 < 
 
 - 
 
 L 
 
 F:XERCISE 10. 
 
 tough 
 
 food 
 
 rot^t 
 
 fool 
 
 rubber rue 
 
 tut 
 
 f 66 d 
 
 r 60 t 
 
 f of, 1 
 
 r ft b r r 66 
 
 loot 
 
 walk 
 
 waddle 
 
 loop 
 
 roof crude 
 
 loot 
 
 w a k 
 
 w a d 1 
 
 1 66 p 
 
 r 60 f k r 66 d 
 
18 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 proof pool tour brood dull luck 
 
 p r 66 f p 66 1 t 66 r b r 66 d d ii 1 1 u k 
 
 brook wall war ward boot gull 
 
 brook w a 1 war ward boot gul 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 1. Ope, oak, ochre, ogre, ought, oat, ode, Ida, Poe, 
 beau, cope, gap. 
 
 2. Ruth, toe, dough, throw, awe, law, row, few, 
 vote, pack, ball, bold, gag. 
 
 3. Tack, tall, tool, toll, cull, gull, tap, top, dope, 
 dole, door, hole. 
 
 4. Hoard, board, bard, card, core, cry, guy, fry, fie, 
 vie, pie, tie, die. 
 
 5. Part, parted, pirate, taller, woe, wall, wag, walk, 
 wore, wool, wad. 
 
 6. Why, wire, wile, wipe, wide, bite, ride, type, fire. 
 
 WORD SIGNS. 
 
 i ( to 
 
 who /- _ 
 
 | the 
 
 of, us ' 
 
 \ zn'ith _._ 
 
 very [ thing , 
 
 These word signs are frequently phrased to ad- 
 vantage ; as, for-the ~^_ , to-the -^- . of-the 
 etc. The is never joined initially to the word fol- 
 lowing, and is thus distinguished from to which is 
 joined to the word following whenever convenient. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 EXERCISE 11. 
 
 ' ,- o I . J. /7 g O -Q_ -. / 
 
 /. S >- c/"~ o* 1 -^ N ^~ ~- " 
 
 _ 
 
 , a 
 
 
 LP- o L, 
 
 "fL - <P J- - 
 
 / 
 
 "See pape 42. 
 
20 
 
 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 12. 
 
 I. 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 4. 
 
 5- 
 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 
 We are 
 
 * ar 
 
 A ripe 
 a rip 
 
 Who are 
 
 * a r 
 
 Go 
 
 * 
 
 W_hy 
 h oo I 
 
 Could 
 * 
 
 to 
 
 * 
 
 all 
 
 * 
 
 apple 
 apl 
 
 you? 
 
 * 
 
 the 
 * 
 
 do 
 
 * 
 
 YOU 
 
 taught 
 tat 
 
 grew 
 groo 
 
 Claude 
 klad 
 
 hail 
 
 hal 
 
 laugh 
 laf 
 
 to 
 * 
 
 do 
 * 
 
 good. 
 
 * 
 
 by 
 b'i 
 
 wrote 
 rot 
 
 door 
 d 6 i 
 
 the 
 * 
 
 a 
 * 
 
 for 
 
 * 
 
 wall. 
 60 a 1 
 
 book. 
 
 at 
 
 * 
 
 the 
 
 you 
 
 follow 
 616 
 
 taught Poll 
 tat p 6 1 
 
 the 
 * 
 
 the 
 
 orator, 
 6 r a t r 
 
 9- 
 
 h a 1 
 
 10. Do 
 
 * 
 
 11. The 
 
 * 
 
 to 
 
 * 
 
 for 
 * 
 
 Dora taught Poll the parrot 
 dor a tat p 6 1 partit 
 
 Throw the ball 
 th r 6 b a 1 
 
 Hal brought a gold 
 brot a gold 
 
 Ruth and Flora 
 rooth * flora 
 
 dog Fido tried 
 dog fido trid 
 
 brought a cup quite 
 brot a kup 
 
 for the doctor. 
 * * d o k t r 
 
 right back 
 r 1 1 b a k 
 
 dollar 
 dolr 
 
 
 * 
 
 to 
 * 
 
 12. Bob 
 bob 
 
 water 
 oo a t r 
 
 to 
 * 
 
 bite 
 bit 
 
 full 
 
 Clara, 
 k 1 a r a 
 
 doctor ? 
 dokt r 
 
 Harold ? 
 h a r 6 1 d 
 
 to talk. 
 
 * tak 
 Paul. 
 
 P a 1 
 Ida. 
 Ida 
 
 Cuba? 
 k u b a 
 
 the lad. 
 
 * lad 
 
 of cold 
 * k 6 1 d 
 
 us, 
 
 * 
 
 NOTE The asterisk (*) represents a word-sign. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 21 
 
 13. Carl wore a blue coat and a black hat. 
 karl 6~o5r * blu kot * * blak hat 
 
 14. Robert go for the flat boat and float to 
 robrt * * * flat bot * flot * 
 
 the dock. 
 * dok 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 Name the consonants at the beginning of Lesson II. Which are the 
 up strokes? Name the horizontals. Name the vowels given. In what 
 position are circles traced at the beginning of words, when followed 
 by t, d? At the middle and end? Make a diagram. In what position 
 are circles joined to up strokes 1, r, at the beginning of words? How 
 at the middle and at the end? Illustrate by diagram. What conso- 
 nant sign is usually omitted after circles? How are the circles traced 
 to indicate the omission of r? When is r retained? What is a word- 
 sign? Write the simple word-signs found in Lesson II. What simple 
 words may be joined? 
 
22 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY, 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 CONSONANTS: m > n 
 VOWELS : a ? , e v , e 
 
 M, n, are small quarter circles traced downward 
 from left to right, the concave of m opening to the 
 leit, and that of nto the right. 
 
 The characters representing the vowels treated in 
 th.i present lesson are named the SMALL HALF CIR- 
 CLES, in distinction from the circles representing a, 
 a and 6. In joining these signs to others in words, 
 they should be traced so as to avoid angles as far as 
 possible, while retaining the general position of the 
 sign. To this end they can frequently be written so 
 as to form part of the preceding or following sign. 
 Thus: bit I , red ^ , feet ^- , fate ^_ ^ 
 
 pepper \* 
 
 MEMORY AIDS. To assist iri memorizing the signs 
 in the present lesson, the following will be found 
 suggestive : 
 
 WORD SIGNS. 
 
 Agent D , error A , he u , his, is c , yet, 
 \es w> much, more, meant ^ , ;.'-'. know, not ^ 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 23 
 
 ALPHABETIC PRACTICE (See Article 5). 
 
 n, v 
 m, n, 
 a, -, 
 
 e, 
 e, 
 c, e, 
 
 M 
 
 Article 17. The circles are traced inside ,the 
 curve of m, except when followed by the back 
 strokes k, g, oo, i. The circles are traced outside 
 the curve of n when followed by t, d, r, 1, sh, j, and 
 inside when followed by all other signs. Initial and 
 final circles are traced inside of the curves m, n. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 13. 
 
 loan 
 1 6 n 
 '' lamp 
 lamp 
 mud 
 mud 
 
 5- 
 
 moon 
 m 66 n 
 
 camp 
 ka mp 
 lawn 
 
 1 a n 
 
 
 EXERCISE 14. 
 
 note 
 not 
 
 paton pine 
 pan 
 na'p 
 nap 
 
 knoll mood room 
 n 6 1 m 66 d r 66 m 
 
 tune nude comb 
 pin tun nud 
 
 noon foam 
 n 66 n f 6 m 
 
 ko m 
 
 \/ 
 moan 
 
 m on 
 
 Long a 
 
 Article 18. Long a is a small half circle which in 
 its natural position opens to the left. 
 
 Short i is a small half circle which in its natural 
 position opens to the right. The positions of these 
 two signs are to an extent interchangeable, although 
 each always retains a relatively distinct position. 
 
 RULES. 
 
 1. As an initial stroke, long a is written above or 
 to the right of the following character, thus : 
 
 s ^ 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 25 
 
 2. As an initial stroke short i is written bcloiv or 
 to the left of the following character, thus: 
 
 <-<r"X<^<r-r^'-'V < i/W <v x 
 
 3. In the middle of words both long a and short 
 i invariably take their natural position* long a open- 
 ing to the left 7 -- -*"* -^ -*" Vj ~" -7 ~^ and short i 
 
 to the right -s -i- -- -^ -< Sx -7 ~v 
 
 When long a occurs medially it may be traced 
 cither above or below the preceding sign. Medial 
 short i on the contrary, is always traced doivnward. 
 Between two characters traced downward long a is 
 traced with a single stroke to the left ; as }/\?> . 
 
 4. As a final stroke long a takes the same relative 
 positions as do the final circles; as, 
 
 dJ;<//,\V-- J .- <> -'.- !> - ;>; '*' 7 " 
 
 Exceptions to Rule 4. When final a follows 66, 
 w; on, un; sk, skr, or sw, the stroke is reversed 
 from the positions of the final circles; as y- s /^ s~ 
 
 5. As a final stroke short i is traced in reversed 
 positions to those of final circles ; thus, 
 
 JU^/i yv,;-^-^ J>S',-~9^;^ i ^-r-*. . 
 
 After down strokes short i ( or y) is frequently 
 given the form of long e to avoid an angle (see Art. 
 20). If legibility requires an accurate distinction, as 
 
26 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 in a proper name, the final short i is written in its 
 natural position opening to the right. 
 
 Exceptions to Rule 5. When final i follows oo, 
 w; on, un; sk, skr, sw, it is given the position of 
 final circles ; as, c ^ /^~* f~ 
 
 Note that long a and short i both initially and 
 finally, are always traced in reversed positions. 
 When a is traced above the preceding or following 
 sign, i is traced below; if a is traced to the left or 
 right, i is written in the reverse position. 
 
 EXERCISE 15. 
 
 J 
 
 Short i. 
 
PKRXIX S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 16. 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 ape 
 ap 
 pay 
 pa 
 
 affray 
 a f r a 
 babe 
 bab 
 
 able ague 
 a b 1 a g u 
 bay gay fay 
 ba ga fa 
 array clay 
 
 a r a 
 cape 
 ka p 
 
 ill illude 
 il il ud 
 dipper rip 
 d i p r rip 
 
 eight 
 at 
 
 away 
 a w a 
 hay 
 ha 
 fate 
 fat 
 Short i. 
 if it fit 
 if it fit 
 
 kla 
 paper 
 papr 
 
 aid 
 ad 
 lay 
 la 
 decay 
 dka 
 late 
 lit 
 
 ale 
 
 al 
 pray 
 p r a 
 nay 
 
 n a 
 date 
 dat 
 
 S 
 
 aim 
 
 am 
 
 day 
 
 da 
 
 may 
 
 m a 
 
 tale 
 
 tal 
 
 tip 
 tip 
 
 lid 
 lid 
 
 milk 
 milk 
 
 pit 
 pit 
 
 lily 
 
 li'li 
 
 Harry 
 h a r i 
 
 middle 
 
 m i d 1 
 
 folly 
 
 foli 
 
 Long e ^ .Short e 
 
 Article 19. Long e, as in eel, eat, deep, free, is 
 represented by a small half circle opening upward. 
 Short e, as in ebb, wept, wet, pet, is a similar small 
 half circle traced in the reverse position opening 
 downward. These half circles, as well as a and I, 
 are usually written so as to form a part of the pre- 
 ceding or following sign, to avoid angles and increase 
 rapidity of execution, the opening upward and 
 downward, respectively, always being retained. 
 
 Thus, ccl is written ^-- , not ^-" ', feed \, , 
 
 not . ; tear , not -^ ; peck ) not i> 
 
 wreck -7 , not -? 
 
28 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Between two horizontal strokes, or between a hori- 
 zontal and an up stroke, short e is sometimes written 
 as a half stroke, ( ^ ) to avoid an angle ; as in 
 
 there -s- , debt -. . When so written, care 
 should be taken not to turn the e stroke backward. 
 
 EXERCISE 17. 
 
 U -v 
 L~-7 Xr- 
 
 EXERCISE 18. 
 
 1. eat eel eagle ear edict eve evil eke 
 et el egl er edkt ev evl ek 
 
 2. lead feed peep feel beat thief leaf 
 led fed pep fel bet thef lef 
 
 3. league Peter treat deep teeth bleak 
 leg petr tret dep teth blek 
 
 4. bee key fee tea tree glee agree levee 
 be ke fe te tre gle agre leve 
 
 EXERCISE 19. 
 
 1, 1 ^- ^ L_ L ^ t- 
 
 L 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 29 
 
 EXERCISE 20. 
 
 1. echo elk eddy edify elf ebb 
 cko elk edi edifi elf eb 
 
 2. depth terror wept fillet beck met 
 depth terr wept filet bek met 
 
 3. let pet get fret wet debt tepid 
 let pet get fret wet det tepid 
 
 Y as a Vowel. 
 
 Article 20. As the sound of y changes with its 
 position in a word, it is always written according to 
 the sound heard, (except after down ^strokes, when 
 a slight variation is made from short i to long e to 
 avoid an angle). Thus: happy, hape -^ ; 
 heavy, h e v e "X . Initial y has the sound of 
 long e and is so written; as, yacht, eat 9- ; yet, 
 e e t ~- .At the end of words of one syllable, y 
 has the sound of long i ; as in pry, p r I \y, ; buy, 
 b I J . At the end of words of two or more sylla- 
 bles, y usually has the sound of short i and takes the 
 form of final I thus ; folly, foil ^^ ; ready, 
 redi -" > (see Art. 18). When y is preceded by 
 short o in a word, it forms the diphthong oi, thus; 
 boy, boi ^ ; coy, k oi J ; etc. (See Art 26). 
 EXERCISE 21. 
 
 -o 
 
30 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 22. 
 
 1. / - M ? -^ 
 
 a. T _ ^ -./ - O 7 ~ ~~P <"" " 
 
 i. '.-''>>. ^^ x -v^ o- 
 
 G. .^-l^ 
 
 f . QX " 
 
 ' T 
 
 ^r- 
 
 o^' 
 
 ^ ---- *"^ ? 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 
 n . 
 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 \\. 
 
 IT). 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 :A Jf ^ "X^" O 
 
 *Word sign, See p. 42. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 31 
 
 do 
 
 * 
 
 the 
 
 Why 
 
 h 66 I 
 
 echo at 
 
 e ko * * 
 
 wrote daily 
 
 rot d a 1 1 
 
 for terror at 
 
 * t e r r 
 
 of 
 
 * 
 
 you 
 
 * 
 
 EXERCISE 23. 
 
 weep ? Did 
 66 e p d d 
 top of the hill? 
 * h 1 1 ? 
 paper. The 
 p a p r * 
 
 you 
 
 * 
 
 top 
 
 for the 
 * * 
 
 hear the 
 her * 
 The editor 
 * e di t r 
 thief fled 
 th e f fled 
 
 the 
 
 * 
 
 of 
 
 * 
 
 the 
 
 a 1 a 
 
 all 
 * 
 
 the 
 
 * 
 
 He 
 
 * 
 
 cry 
 kri 
 
 head with 
 hed * 
 fever, 
 f e v r. 
 day. Did 
 di. dd * 
 We have heard 
 
 * h a v herd * 
 
 are all afraid of it. 
 
 a r * a f r a d * it 
 
 Harry feared the 
 
 hart f e r d * 
 
 the 
 
 * 
 
 the 
 
 * 
 
 top 
 top 
 will allay 
 
 wl 
 away 
 a 66 a 
 fellow ? 
 felo? 
 eel but 
 el * 
 a league. 
 
 * leg. 
 
 the left. You 
 * left. * 
 dark red 
 da(r)k red 
 The tree grew 
 t r e g r 66 
 
 * Word signs. 
 
 it 
 
 It 
 
 or 
 6 r 
 
 girl. Lave 
 grl. lav 
 cold water, 
 k 6 1 d 66 a t r, 
 will be very late 
 wl * * lat 
 the cap fit the little 
 * kap fit * Htl 
 of the electric 
 * * elektrik 
 The lady walked 
 * 1 a d i 66 a k d 
 boat would veer 
 
 bot 
 
 to 
 * 
 
 A 
 
 * 
 
 will 
 wl 
 oak 
 6k 
 
 at 
 
 * 
 
 yet 
 
 * 
 
 be 
 
 * 
 
 leaf 
 lef fel 
 the top 
 * top 
 
 told 
 told 
 fell by 
 
 w d 
 to 
 
 bi 
 
 of 
 
 * 
 
 v e r 
 yield, 
 e e 1 d. 
 rock, 
 r 6k. 
 the hill. 
 * hll. 
 
 the 
 
 * 
 
32 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 League, leave, key, ape, adieu, dial, obey, peep, lee, 
 veto, berry, carry, rake, aright, relay, Aurora, break, 
 aisle, duty, grief, wait, tired, appear, later, way, fall, 
 deck, light, fiery, play, plea, live, plight, rear, wife, 
 week, weep, wick, fear, heard, bowl, fewer, plague, 
 rattle, Jeak, date, halt, wharf, plot, wrought, wild, 
 debt, mottled, goat, port, court, lark, tart. 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 Name the small half circles given in Lesson III. Illustrate them. 
 ^How should these half circles be joined to consonant stems? When 
 may e and i be omitted? Give examples. With what motion is a 
 always traced? How is initial a distinguished from initial i when 
 followed by f, t, m, sh, etc.? What position does a take? Final i? 
 How are they distinguished? Initial 1 invariably takes the same posi- 
 tion as which other vowels? Give examples when joined to down 
 strokes; to horizontals: to up strokes. Illustrate each by diagram. 
 Why is the natural position of a sometimes changed? Does y always 
 have the same sound? Give examples of its different sounds. \Vnte 
 y as an initial. What position are initial and final circles given when 
 joined to m, n? Circles are traced outside of n when followed by 
 what signs? When are the circles traced outside the curve of m? 
 When inside? When are tjiey traced inside the curve of n? 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 33 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 CONSONANTS : s, z ; sh, zh ~ ; j, ch ^-^ 
 
 DIPHTHONGS: ow & ; oi s 
 X. \SALS : ng, ing ) 
 
 S, z; sh, zh; j, ch; are horizontal curves traced 
 from left to right, the concaves of s, z, opening up- 
 ward, and those of sh, zh ; j, ch ; opening downward. 
 S, z; sh ; zh; are three-sixteenths of an inch in 
 length, while j, ch, is twice as long. 
 
 The vowel circles and ow are always written inside 
 of curved signs at the beginning and end of words. 
 
 The sounds of s, z; sh, zh; j, ch; are so nearly 
 alike, and the difference is so easily determined by 
 context that but one sign is used for each pair of 
 cognates, thus eliminating the dot which distinguishes 
 them. Should any case arise, however, where legi- 
 bility might demand a distinction the respective signs 
 given in the alphabet should be employed. 
 
 ALPHABETIC PRACTICE. 
 
 At least twenty minutes daily should be devoted 
 to practicing on the alphabetic signs already learned. 
 Follow the outline given in preceding lessons (see 
 Article 5). 
 
34: PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 s, z, ' . 
 
 Article 22. Write the circles inside the curve of 
 s, z, initially and finally; and also medially when 
 followed by all signs except sh, zh; j, ch. Examples: 
 as, a, s 5^- / pass, pas <L ; sat, sat >->- ; soap, 
 sop ^p ', house, how& & ; south, s ozv th vs^- 
 cash, sash ^<r^ t ; satchel, s a ch I -<r-> ; sail, 
 s a I ._y-" ; seine, s a n ^ ; ease, e 2 ; peas, 
 
 p e z t~ ; case, k as ^L . 
 
 For the sake of brevity, final s may be indicated 
 by a dot on the end of the preceding sign. 
 
 EXERCISE 24. 
 
 Q^ 
 
 SH, ZH ,> ; J, CH - ^ . 
 
 Article 23. Write the circle and diphthong ozv 
 
 outside of sh, zh, j, ch , when followed by p, b, k, 
 
 g, n, 66, and inside these curves when followed by all 
 
 other signs. Examples : sham, sh a m '~^ ; ash, 
 
 ash (r- ; shot, shot ^r ; chap, chap <- f ; 
 
 shabby, sh a b e " ^ ; shack, shak -7 .shoum, sh o r. 
 
 Q ;shoal,shol -73 ; joke, j ok <^-?o, 
 
 ^--^ ; teach, t e ch _ v ; major, majr 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY, 35 
 
 EXERCISE 25. 
 
 2 ~p 73 ^ ^ ^ /> 
 
 A 
 
 Xasal ng, ing ) . 
 
 Article 24. Ng, ing, are represented by a curved 
 stroke, one-eighth of an inch in length, traced down- 
 ward, the concave opening to the left. This sign 
 represents the nasal sound of n, as in bank, b a ng k 
 
 y ; flank, p I a ng k L-^ as well as ng, ing. Other 
 examples are : long, I o ng ^ ; hang, hang ) 
 sank, s a ng k "-*> prong, p r o ng ^ rank,rangk 
 -J> ; bring b ring \^ -.fling, fling ^^> Anchor, 
 angkr ) ; sing, s ing --, ; angle, ang gl ) . 
 
 EXERCISE 26. 
 
 1 1 ;. 2< z > t 
 
 V 5 ^ i -J -'i *) 
 
36 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Diphthongs ow & ; 01 <y 
 
 Article 25. Ow is elliptical in form, and is about 
 the length of r. The rules which govern the tracing 
 of circles apply also to ow except after sk. The slant 
 of this character should generally conform to that of 
 the one following, rather than to the one preceding ; 
 thus, pont ^L ; south -^- ;mouth ^- ; rout ^~ 
 fou'l ^ . 
 
 Article 26. The sign G- is strictly a combination 
 of its two phonetic elements, o, i. While ol may be 
 reversed to avoid angles, and the curve traced in the 
 direction of the following sign, it is usually traced 
 in its natural position. Thus write boy j, / boil 
 
 J^ ; loiter -""". The circle o in this sign is 
 always written first. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 37 
 
 EXERCISE 28. 
 
 oil 
 oil 
 
 oily owl hourly boil 
 oi 1 i ow.1 ow r 1 i b oi 1 
 
 coil 
 koil 
 
 loiter 
 
 royal "broil 
 
 avoid devoid 
 
 foil 
 
 loi t r 
 
 r ci 1 b r oi 1 a 
 
 voi d d e voi d 
 
 foil 
 
 pout 
 pow t 
 
 gout fowl 
 g ow t f ow 1 
 
 towel doubt 
 t ow 1 d ow t 
 
 lout 
 low t 
 
 alloy 
 a loi 
 
 boy cloy coy decoy Roy toy 
 boi k 1 oi k oi d e k oi R oi toi 
 
 Troy 
 T r oi 
 
 allow 
 a 1 ow 
 
 avow bough 
 a v ow b ow 
 
 plough brow 
 p 1 ow b r ow 
 
 row 
 row 
 
 ADDITIONAL WORD SIGNS. 
 
 1. 
 
 y. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 \jitdge 
 \church 
 
 soon, some 
 
 out,(h)ottr,k0w 
 
 which, just - should, sure 
 
 EXERCISE 29. 
 
 O - oC 
 See Word Si?ns p. 42. 
 
 tr 
 
 448628 
 
38 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE so. 
 
 1. The shades were soon drawn, so we could not 
 see out. 
 
 2. A miser seized a measure 1 full of silver. 
 
 3. You should have placed the pitcher on the 
 shelf. 
 
 4. Seize the saichel which the teacher has. 
 
 5. The jolly farmer sowed much seed in the 
 shallow soil. 
 
 6. Six large sacks, or shapeless pouches, were 
 jerked along by the ship's passengers. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Show, she, leisure, pleasure, sword, miser, midget, 
 size, pitcher, nose, mass, measure, sadly, oppose, 
 match, watch, catch, swash, assuage, wax, lax, six, 
 mix, share, shield, reach, teach, long, teaches, cheap, 
 wring, link, sink, sing, prong, flank, bring, wrong, 
 song, king. 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 What is the length of the m, r. stroke? ah, zh? What is the length 
 of J, oh? How are a and /. distinguished when necessary? sh, zh? 
 J, oh? What position are initial and final circles given when joined 
 to curved strokes? The circles are traced inside the curve of s, , 
 medially, except when followed by what signs? The circles are traced 
 outside the curves of sh, zh; J, oh; when followed by what signs? 
 What sound does <? represent ? Name the diphthongs. Which of 
 these two may be reversed ? When ? What is the sign c- a com- 
 bination of? What slant is usually given ow? 
 
PERXIN'S I*XIVERSAL PHOXOGRAPHY. 39 
 
 LESSON V. 
 
 COMBINATIONS. 
 
 AN .-' ;* EM, IM > ;* EX, IN v. . (down). 
 
 OM, UM J OX, UX r . (up). 
 
 The difference phonetically between the combina- 
 tions em, im; en, in; om, urn; on, un; is so slight 
 that one sign for each pair is sufficient. These com- 
 binations are employed only when m and n are pre- 
 ceded by the short vowels a, e, I, 6. u ; not when 
 preceded by the long vowels a, e, i, 6, u. For ex- 
 ample, rain is written -^ , ran <? ; pane ^ .pan 
 
 } ; mean \ , men x ; etc. 
 
 When double consonants occur, but one is written ; 
 as, fainter, t an r ^ ; manner, m an r 1 ; funnel, 
 f nnl v ; etc. 
 
 ALPHABETIC PRACTICE. 
 
 For alphabetic drill outlines, refer to pp. 8 and 13. 
 Also note Article 5. 
 
 AX J 
 
 Article 'l\ . An is a small quarter circle traced 
 tfwv;/ from right to left, the concave opening to the 
 
 left: as. in fan, fan x, ; sand, son d "-2 ; 
 
 lance, 1 an s ^ 
 
40 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 31. 
 
 ^> J_ ^ -^ L^" ^ ^- 1^- 
 
 ^ 1 J ~? L, ^ u-, \/ _^ ^ 
 
 EXERCISE 32. 
 
 Land, sand, fan, fancy, Fanny, fantasy, fanatic, can, man, 
 candy, pander, gander, pan, pansy, lance, Roman, ran, errand, 
 dance, tan, tanned, stand, van, vanity, began, pean, chance, 
 chancery, than, foreman. 
 
 *Article 28. When the combinations em, im; en, 
 in, occur, they are represented by the signs for m 
 and n respectively ; thus, em, im ^ , en, in ^. 
 
 Examples : rent, r en t -^. ; send, s en d - ; 
 
 bin, b in {, ; kindle, k in d I (_ ^ . 
 
 If a distinction should in some instances be re- 
 quired between m, im; n, in, etc., as in a proper 
 name, the short vowels may, of course, be written. 
 
 EXERCISE 33. 
 -~\ ^-\ /-^ -~-"~ s > L^ -^ 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 41 
 
 EXERCISE 34. 
 
 Emblem, ember, impious, embody, eminent, empire, re- 
 semble, pimple, simple, dimple, gimlet, nimble, whimper, 
 simper, limbo, thimble, brim, grimly, trim, limb, rim, stem, 
 symbol, poem, tempest, him, them, timid, dim, glimmer, 
 grim, Emmet. 
 
 EXERCISE 35. 
 
 Lend, send, fence, men, fen, pen, pencil, open, repent, 
 again, against, relent, scent, defend, revenge, even, silent, 
 tenant, mend, then, enter, hinder, attend, happen, thinks, 
 tinkle, intend, incline, intone, sin, since, intense, tender, 
 dinner, vintage, finish, gin, gentle, gender, tin, tinner, en- 
 slave, into. 
 
 Om, urn j ; on, un r . 
 
 Article 29. Om, urn, are represented by a small 
 quarter circle traced upward from left to right, the 
 concave opening to the left; as, in pump, pump 
 
 H ; rumble, r inn bl s\^ r0 mp, r oin p ^ . 
 
 When om, um, follow t, d, or th, they are sepa- 
 rated by a slight tick ; as, in dumb ' thumb 
 
 being thus distinguished from the slurred strokes 
 tr, dr, thr, which are included in Lesson VI. 
 
 On, un, are represented by a small quarter circle 
 traced upward from left to right, the concave open- 
 ing to the right; as, in done, dun r ; sun, sun 
 
 ^ ; fond, f on d ^ ; honor, onr ^ . 
 
42 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 36. 
 
 EXERCISE 37. 
 
 Pomp, Pompey, bomb, gum, dumb, some, come, rum, 
 rumble, fumble, thumb, drum, welcome, income, sum, chum, 
 Tom, atom, plum, column, humble, lumber, hum, plumber, 
 pummel, handsome, mumps, summer, clumsy, comfort, 
 numb, stump, stumble, jumble, grum, grumble, company, 
 comet, compete. 
 
 EXERCISE 38. 
 
 Gone, done, fun, son, funny, selection, phonetic, upon, 
 Sunday, Monday,^ bundle, fund, funnel, none, London, bond, 
 million, nation, notion, coronets, under, understand, onset, 
 unable, unmanly, untie, unfit, unfold, unhappy, unto, Mor- 
 mon, hunt, hunter. 
 
 WORD SIGNS. 
 
 an, and 
 ^vhen 
 upon 
 this 
 
 won, one r 
 
 question / 
 
 answer j 
 
 that _D 
 
 *on 
 only 
 these 
 
 *The word-signs in, on, should be written about one-half the 
 length of f. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 43 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Anna, manna, band, banish, banjo, antler, grant, prance, 
 branch, alliance, trance, annex, essence, innocence, attend, 
 urgent, inner, entrance, entrap, entreat, invite, engrave, pen- 
 sive, infuse, instant, any, penny, many, menace, pin, pinch, 
 standard, banana, pink, onion, ponder, bondag % ebony, dea- 
 con, lesson, pension, tension, action, pinion, money, astonish, 
 undone, dunce, unbend, unclasp, enamel, gamble, damper, 
 encamp, scamper, impish, impart, import, impress, impulse, 
 impute, embellish, emanate, empty, empanel, employ, impu- 
 dent, embrace, tremble, timber, hymn, omnibus, umber, 
 umbrella, umpire, plump, pump, crumble, tumble, number. 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 Name the combination signs. Of what are they composed? In what 
 direction is each traced? The sign for 0111, um, is separated by a 
 slight tick when joined to which consonant strokes? Why? The con- 
 sonant strokes m, n, also represent which combinations? If distinctions 
 between in, em, 1m; n, en, in; shou'd be found necessary, how are 
 they made? 
 
 5 
 
REFERENCE TABLE 
 Showing the correct joinings of circles with consonant strokes 
 
 CONDENSED RULES. 
 
 1. Initial circles are traced below horizontals, and up strokes, 
 and to the left of down strokes. Initial circles are traced inside of 
 all curved strokes. 
 
 2. Medial circles are traced to the left of both down and up 
 strokes. (See f-f; p-p; k-k; r-r; in following table,) and above 
 horizontals (see t-t). 
 
 When a medial circle joins two consonant strokes which form an 
 
 angle, the circle is always traced outside of the angle. 
 
 3. Final circles are traced above horizontals and up strokes, and 
 to the left of down strokes. 
 
 Final circles are traced inside of curved strokes. 
 
 Sign p k f t r 
 
 n s sh ng w 
 
 Initial 
 positions. 
 
 P 
 
 1 /..x-.. r - r -^ t 
 
 ^ ^ ) ^ 
 
 
 .4 > < ^ J- J, cL 
 
 A, ^ <^ ^ 
 
 
 k 
 
 ( ? < <s- <^ ^ < 
 
 ^ <A <^ ^ 
 
 
 f 
 
 "f > V V V >> ^ 
 
 V- V- ' ^ > 
 
 
 t 
 
 -f -f -\ -- -if -s -e. 
 
 J " 
 
 Medial 
 positions. 
 
 r 
 m 
 
 ^ 7 X >- v >N X 
 
 ^** ^^ "j T 
 
 "i^^ ~J -, "3j "^a 
 
 
 n 
 
 y > ^ v- sr ^ ^ 
 
 ^ Sr- ^ ^ 
 
 
 s 
 
 -1 y ^ ^- ^- _*, ^_ 
 
 oo ^r, ^ ^ 
 
 
 sh 
 
 -f -7 -^ -zr- or -^ ^ 
 
 -^ -TT- ^ ~r 
 
 
 ng 
 
 <j) ) ^ X >- ^ ^ 
 
 ^ ^ ) ) 
 
 
 w 
 
 f / < o^ ^ << <- 
 
 ^ ^ j S 
 
 Final 
 positions. 
 
 J </ ^ -, ^ , : 
 
 - ^ > < 
 
 
 Rules for long a ; short i. 
 Rules for long e ; short e. 
 
 See page 24. 
 See page 27. 
 
SIMPLE WORD SIGNS. 
 
 The word signs on this page are, with three or four exceptions, 
 represented by single alphabetic signs, and for this reason, they are 
 termed simple, or alphabetic word signs. 
 
 The following list contains .all the word signs presented in the 
 preceding five lessons, being grou-ped and alphabetically arranged for 
 convenient reference: 
 
 a, at 
 
 less 
 
 *> that 
 
 - 
 
 agent > 
 all o 
 
 much, 
 more 
 meant 
 
 these 
 this 
 
 
 
 an, and \no, know 
 \not 
 
 v. to, the 
 
 - 
 
 answer s 
 
 (be, but 
 (book 
 
 of, us 
 on 
 
 upon 
 very 
 we 
 
 V 
 
 N 
 
 (could, 
 (quite 
 
 do 
 
 only 
 
 \oitt. (h~)our 
 (how 
 
 when 
 
 (which, 
 \ just, 
 
 , . 
 
 error 
 
 owe, own 
 
 who 
 
 r 
 
 for, full \ 
 
 put 
 
 1 with 
 
 
 .C. good / 
 
 question 
 
 / thing, 
 
 
 he 
 his, is c 
 
 r should 
 (sure 
 
 (one 
 
 " 
 
 in x 
 
 so, such 
 
 you 
 
 - 
 
 r judge, 
 \church 
 
 \SOOfi, 
 
 1 some, 
 
 lyes 
 
 V* 
 
44 PERNIN^ UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON. VI. 
 
 COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 In using the combined consonants, the short vowels 
 e, I, u, are frequently suppressed; as in supreme, 
 spr e m, spirit, spr i t, scourge, scr j, etc. But in 
 this, as well as in all other cases, where ambiguity 
 might result from the omission of a vowel, the 
 student should insert it, and write each consonant 
 separately, instead of combining them. -Short u fre- 
 quently proves an important vowel sound, especially 
 in contracted outlines, and often makes perfectly 
 legible an outline, which, lacking it, might prove 
 puzzling; but it is found that in rapid writing con- 
 siderable care must in some instances be exercised to 
 form u joinings distinctly, and to obviate this, the 
 writer may suppress the vowel, and indicate the sup- 
 pression by a backward tick, or slight retracing of the 
 end of the preceding sign, without raising the pencil, 
 from w'hich point he will begin the following sign, 
 
 thus: rub 'T ; dull ^ ; mud -> ; touch _^~- 
 
 The rules given in the preceding lessons which 
 govern the joining of vowels to consonant stems, also 
 apply to combined consonant strokes of correspond- 
 ing form or slant. An exception is made in tracing 
 ow after sk when followed by a horizontal stroke ; as 
 in the word scout. Instead of following the usual 
 rule for tracing circles, ow is here traced above . 
 
PERNlN's UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 45 
 
 SM (down) 
 
 as in 
 
 small 
 
 SN ^N " 
 
 as in 
 
 snail 
 
 SP J 
 SPR X " 
 
 as in 
 as in 
 
 lisp 
 ' spirit 
 
 ST, SD " 
 
 as in 
 
 last 
 
 " 
 
 as in 
 
 stream 
 
 s\v " 
 
 as in 
 
 swish 
 
 KW " 
 
 as in 
 
 quick 
 
 SK.W / " 
 
 as in 
 
 squall 
 
 KR (up) 
 
 as in 
 
 crate 
 
 / 
 GR S 
 
 as in 
 
 tiger 
 
 SK " 
 
 as in 
 
 scare 
 
 SKR X"" " 
 
 as in 
 
 scream 
 
 TR , " 
 
 as in 
 
 treat 
 
 THR _._y " 
 
 as in 
 
 thrill 
 
 DR " 
 
 as in 
 
 dream 
 
 RL " 
 
 as in 
 
 pearl 
 
46 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 The sound x (or k s), whether initial, medial or 
 final is represented by the short down stroke s ,* 
 it has the slant of f and is about one-third the length 
 of that character. 
 
 Examples: extra ^j> ; tax _q ; sacks oz. . 
 
 Final s, z and es may be indicated by making a dot 
 on the end of the preceding sign, except when the pre- 
 ceding sjgn is a circle ; t and d may be omitted at 
 this stage, either medially or finally after n or en. 
 
 The plurals sts, sds, sps, sprs, etc., may be indicat- 
 ed by a dot at the ends of the combined consonant 
 signs. 
 
 EXERCISE 39. 
 
 EXERCISE 40. 
 
 Small, smart, smear, smell, smelting, smile, smite, smoke, 
 smolder, smooth, chasm, plasma, sarcasm, prism, euphonism, 
 maxim, smother, smudge, smuggle, plagiarism. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 EXERCISE 41. 
 
 EXERCISE 42. 
 
 Snag, 'snap, snare, snarl, snatch, snath, sneak, sneer, sneeze, 
 sniff, prison, fasten, lesson, person, loosen, snip, snooze, snore, 
 snort, snow, snub, snuff, snug, snuggle, christen, mason, 
 lessen. 
 
 EXERCISE 43. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 9> 
 
 2 
 
 1 I 
 
 J I 
 
 I 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 EXERCISE 44. 
 
 Spice, space, speech, spin, spar,* spire, span, spite, speed, 
 spade, spoke, suppose, speak, spake, speck, spike, spider, 
 spout, respite, aspect, inspect, inspire, sparkle, spell, split, 
 spine, sponge, spigot, spectre, sparrow, supple, spire, sparse, 
 spare, spot, species, sped, spill, supply, clasp, wasp, 
 grasp, lisp. 
 
48 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 45. 
 
 1 J L ; I ^ L I 
 
 j n > 
 
 EXERCISE 46. 
 
 Spirit, spray, spread, spry, sprite, sprawl, spurge, aspirate, 
 spree, sprain, spring, sprang, spur, spurn, sprouj;, sprig, 
 asperse, spruce, sprung, jasper, jaspers, lisper, lispers, vesper, 
 vespers, grasper, whisper, whispers, aspersion, osprey. 
 
 EXERCISE 47. 
 
 EXERCISE 48. 
 
 Swain, swale, swamp, swam, swan, sward, swarm, swarthy, 
 swash, swath, sway, swore, sweep, sweet, swell, swelter, 
 swept, swerve, swift, swim, swing, swallow, switch, swivel, 
 swear, assuage. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 49 
 EXERCISE 49. 
 
 EXERCISE 50. 
 
 Still, steel, stale, style, stall, store, stow, staid, stew, stack, 
 stalk, stove, statue, step, last, crossed, first, abreast, cast, post, 
 jest, stage, stagger, stem, stop, guest, encased, coast, waste, 
 best, feast, nest, list, mast, repast, burst, thirst, aghast, ad- 
 dressed, stand, staple, star, state, stay, staff, stump, forced, 
 fasts, toast, beast, infest, festal, mustard, amazed, crazed, 
 tryst, sdden, seduce, settler. 
 
 EXERCISE 51. 
 
 V 
 
 ~\ \ x 
 
 EXERCISE 52. 
 
 Strap, stray, straight, strain, streak, stream, straw, stratum, 
 Easter, oyster, bluster, cluster, lustre, monster, punster, 
 teamster, teamsters, castors, boaster, jester, master, faster, 
 pastor, stress, strand, strip, stroll, stroke, struck, sturdy, strive, 
 \\-Uor, imposter, blusters, songster, minister, astride, ostrich, 
 history, sterilize, stirrup. 
 
50 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 53. 
 
 EXERCISE 54. 
 
 Quick, queer, quack, query, quota, quote, equine, inquire, 
 acquire, cuirass, liquid, equity, quit, quire, quarry, qualm, 
 queen, aquatic, equip, quiet, quell, quiz, quaver, quiver, be- 
 queath, quoth, quarrel, quorum, quietus, quaff, quartz, 
 quibbler, quotient, inquiry, equator. 
 
 EXERCISE 55. 
 
 EXERCISE. 56. 
 
 Squeeze, squeal, squirm, squire, squeak, squint, squall, 
 squad, squatter, squadron, squalid, squander, squaw, squash, 
 squelch, squirrel, consequent, squib, sequel, squalor, sequester. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 51 
 
 EXERCISE 57. 
 
 EXERCISE 58. 
 
 Curb, curt, crisp, cream, crumb, crimp, crow, craze, creed, 
 baker, fakir, talker, broker, picker, occur, acre, packer, rocker, 
 courtesy, crescent, sacristy, crest, cross, crouch, crowd, critic, 
 credit, maker, lacquer, flicker, joker, cracker, euchre, stalker, 
 walker, knocker, crusade. 
 
 EXERCISE 59. 
 
 EXERCISE 60. 
 
 Grow, grim, great, grapes, grapple, tiger, eager, rigor, beg- 
 gar, meagre, green, grace, grumble, ogre, negro, graft, grain, 
 trigger, pilgrim, grimy, grip, grind, gross, groan, grope, 
 grewsome, growl, gray, grave, dagger, digger, stagger, be- 
 leaguer. 
 
52 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 EXERCISE 61. 
 
 EXERCISE 62. 
 
 Sky, scuffle, school, skill, scale, scatter, scum, ocheme, 
 escape, scoop, scoff, ask, asks, tusk, tusks, risk, scalp, 
 scarlet, scholar, score, skin, scowl, scald, scare, desk, 
 desks, flask, flasks, rusk, husk, husks, scamp, scout, scut- 
 tle, landscape, frisky, Alaska, musk, mascot, basket, rascal, 
 rescue, fiscal, Moscow, escort, mosquito, damask, secure, 
 sickle, seconds, succeed, succumb. 
 
 EXERCISE 63. 
 
 EXERCISE 64. 
 
 Screw, scrip, scrawny, scrape, scribe, scraps, scream, 
 
 scrub, scribble, succor, scrimp, inscribe, husker, buskers, 
 
 screech, masker, scrap, screen, scrawl, scroll, scratch, 
 
 scourge, scurry, scramble, whiskers, maskers, scruple, 
 scrimmage, brisker. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 53 
 
 EXERCISE 65. 
 
 KXKKCISE 66. 
 
 Trap, tree, treat, trace, trip, trim, travel, tray, cater, 
 later, patter, matter, neater, water, metre, trolley, voter, traitor, 
 scatter, Trojan, train, trade, trample, track, trigger, trail, 
 trance, better, loiter, flatter, softer, utter. 
 
 EXERCISE 67. 
 
 EXERCISE 68. 
 
 Drop, drape, drip, drink, draw, dray, draft, drake, drama, 
 dream, dreary, dry, reader, leader, fodder, odor, drought, 
 drain, drawn, dread, drove, dredge, dress, drill, drum, droop, 
 dragon, dragoon, drone, ladder, hydrant, hydraulic, rider, 
 rudder, tawdry, foundry. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 EXERCISE 69. 
 
 EXERCISE 70. 
 
 Three, threat, throat, throw, thrown, thrice, thread, thrall, 
 thrive, thresh, thrill, throng, ether, heather, bother, ther- 
 mometer, leather, gather, thirst, mother, thrifty. 
 
 EXERCISE 71. 
 
 EXERCISE 72. 
 
 Rely, relate, relent, relapse, release, relic, relish, pearl, girl, 
 furl, whirl, relation, curl, reliance, purely, relief, relay, relax, 
 reluctant, religion, squirrel, hurl. 
 
 EXERCISE 73. 
 
 
 u 
 
 L 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 55 
 
 EXERCISE 74. 
 
 Wax, cracks, knocks, hoax, folks, makes, flakes, leaks, 
 bricks, mix, picks, six, ticks, vex, next, buxom, exempt, 
 exhort, taxed, exude, extort, excuse, exult, exhaust, 
 exonerate, examine, exhibit. 
 
 WORD SIGNS. 
 
 after 
 
 <>x from 
 
 other 
 
 ^~ 
 
 about 
 
 L gave / 
 
 possible 
 
 ,*- 
 
 \ again 
 ] a gainst 
 
 / i give , 
 C \ given * 
 
 purpose 
 same 
 
 h 
 
 came 
 
 
 
 shall 
 
 ^> 
 
 change 
 
 ^ ^ knowledge \^ 
 
 sJi ip 
 
 ^ 
 
 early 
 
 ^~ member "S 
 
 those 
 
 _D 
 
 cither 
 
 ^_ might -> 
 
 unless 
 
 r^ 
 
 enough 
 
 *-\ wo^f ^ 
 
 until 
 
 -^ 
 
 equal 
 
 / never ^\ 
 
 was 
 
 C^ 
 
 ever 
 
 r \ owr 
 
 what 
 
 6 
 
 The s dot may be used to make any' word-sign 
 plural, or to add s, z; and the d sign to indicate the 
 past tense when formed by adding d or ed. 
 
56 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 EXERCISE 75. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY 57 
 
 EXERCISE 76- 
 
 SENTENCES EMPLOYING COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 Amidst the mists and coldest frosts, with barest wrists and 
 stoutest boasts, he thrusts his fists against the posts, and still 
 insists he sees the ghosts. The trust}' taskmaster wielded the 
 sickle with much skill and great strength. The sturdy squire 
 sternly spurned the base impostor. The scrawny scribbler, at 
 direst risk of life and limb, sprang quickly to the rescue of the 
 stately scholar from Alaska. The skillful schemer, being out- 
 witted at last, speedily forsook the town and went in quest 
 of fresher fields, where he would be unknown. The steed 
 sprang over the stream and struck into a shady path. The 
 skipper scanned the lowering sky with anxious glance. The 
 Speaker of the House won the esteem and respect of all by his 
 quiet dignity. By the use of simple means, the doctor quickly 
 cured the puny infant. The stranger quietly quaffed a glass 
 of sparkling water and left the place. The poor man's fingers 
 stiffen as he lingers in the cold air. On his way to the mill 
 with a grist, the teamster suddenly came upon an immense 
 grizzly bear. The spry young sprig of the law, with many a 
 quib, and much bluster, vainly strove to vanquish his op- 
 ponent. The sparkling beauty of a winter landscape, as seen 
 beneath the splendor of the starry sky, inspired the songster 
 to inscribe an ode to the West. 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 What reporting principles are introduced in Lesson VI? 
 Combined strokes are used for which consonants? Name the 
 combined strokes written downward; those written upward. 
 What is the relative proportion of each sign as compared with 
 r? What signs are frequently suppressed between combined 
 consonants? When should these not be suppressed? How 
 may short u be indicated when suppressed between two 
 strokes? Illustrate. Final s, z and es are indicated how? Is 
 there an exception? How are word-signs made plural? How 
 is the past tense formed? 
 
58 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 GENERAL READING AND WRITING EXERCISES 
 COVERING CORRESPONDING STYLE. 
 
 EXERCISE 77. 
 
 Westward the course of empire takes its way. We un- 
 derstand death for the first time when he puts his hand on 
 one that we love. No man can safely speak but he who loves 
 silence ; no man can safely command but he who has learned 
 to obey. Passions are likened best to floods and streams ; 
 the shallow murmur, but the deep are dumb. Kind hearts 
 are more than coronets, and simple faith than Norman blood. 
 We lose the peace of years when we hunt after the rapture 
 of moments. The three highest titles that can be given to 
 man are those of martyr,- hero, saint. How far that little 
 candle throws its beam; so shines a good deed in a naughty 
 world. Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the king- 
 dom of Heaven. Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall 
 be comforted. Seest thou a man diligent in his business, he 
 shall stand before kings ; he shall not stand before mean 
 men. It is no honor or profit merely to appear in the 
 arena ; the wreath is for those who contend. There are three 
 kinds of people in this world, the Wills, the Wont's and the 
 Cant's. The first accomplish everything; the second oppose 
 everything; the third fail in everything. 
 
 NOTE. The shorthand reading exercises which complete 
 the Simple or Elementary Method of writing are composed 
 of a synopsis of "The Vision of Sir Launfal," by James 
 Russell Lowell. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 59 
 
 EXERCISE 78. 
 
 r V 
 
 / 
 
 r 
 
 J 
 
 _JD 
 
 ^ ^ J a = V. 
 
 <r 
 
 
 
 - - - ; . 
 
 " 
 
60 
 
 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 _^L_ _^> ^^_ V P'^ 
 
 
 u 
 
 ~3 
 
 _o 
 
 r- 
 
 
 J 
 
 o ^y 
 
 q_ 
 
 * See paffe 72. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 61 
 
 EXERCISE 79. 
 
 1. The sheriff paid the jury their money. 
 
 2. The ship lay right athwart the stream. 
 
 3. It was morning before the tidings reached him. 
 
 4. He commanded him to be brought before him. 
 
 5. Whence do you come, and whither are you going? 
 
 6. Worth makes the man, and want of it the fellow. 
 
 7. If you would study hard you would soon succeed. 
 
 8. The path through the fields is covered with grass. 
 
 9. Not a word was spoken save by the y6ung general. 
 
 10. Though he fail to-day he will try again to-morrow. 
 
 11. The rustling of the trees alarmed the French guard. 
 
 12. During the closing hours few members were present. 
 
 13. By experiencing evil as well as good we become wise. 
 
 14. He hath raised him up, whereof we are all witnesses. 
 
 15. He neglected his business, consequently he soon failed. 
 
 16. Let us run with patience the race that is set before us. 
 
 17. Whatever thy hand findeth to do, do it with all thy 
 might. 
 
 18: Being provided with tools, they planted a row of stakes 
 within their palisade, to form a double fence. 
 
 19. They, scrambled up, holding by rocks and branches of 
 trees, guided only by the stars shining over the cliff. 
 
 20. The wind bloweth where it listeth and thou hearest the 
 sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh or 
 whither it goeth. 
 
 21. When the sunshine at the end of March melts the snow, 
 or just before the roads break up, the teamsters return 
 in long trains, with empty sleds, to their far-off homes. 
 
62 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 cT 
 
 _O 
 
 
 EXERCISE 80. 
 
 </ - 
 
 V 
 
 
PEKMX'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 63 
 
 
 c -Q_ 
 
64 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 81. 
 
 i. Jupiter, in order to please mankind, 'directed Mercury 
 to give notice that he had established a Lottery, in which 
 there were no blanks ; and that among a variety of other 
 valuable chances, Wisdom was the highest prize. It was 
 Jupiter's command that in this lottery some of the gods 
 should also become adventurers. The tickets being sold and 
 the wheels placed, Mercury was employed to preside at the 
 drawing. It happened that the best prize fell to Minerva ; 
 upon which a general murmur ran through the assembly and 
 hints were thrown out that Jupiter had used some unfair 
 practices to secure this valuable prize for his daughter. Jupiter, 
 that he might at once both punish and silence these impious 
 clamors of the human race, gave them Folly, instead of 
 Wisdom, and they went away perfectly contented. And 
 from that time the greatest fools have always looked upon 
 themselves as the wisest men. 
 
 2. Mountains never shake hands. Their roots may touch, 
 they may keep together some way up, but at length they part 
 company and rise into individual, isolated peaks. So it is 
 with great men; at first they grow up together, seeming to 
 be animated by the same spirit to have the same desires 
 and anticipations, the same purposes and ends. But after 
 a while the genius of each begins to show itself and to follow 
 its own vent. They separate and develop more and more ; 
 and those who, when young, worked in concert, stand alone 
 in their old age. But if mountains do not shake hands, neither 
 do they kick each other. 
 
 3. It is told that there was once a certain city which in 
 one night was changed to stone. There stood a war-horse, 
 with nostrils distended, caparisoned for battle. There stood 
 
 [Continued on p. 67.] 
 
i-ERXix's UXIVKUSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 82. 
 
 Go 
 
 \ 
 
 "-7 
 -J "-^^ 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 U 
 
66 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 -..t'^ 
 
 'F 
 
 r 
 
 L 
 
 \ 
 
 EXERCISE 83. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 67 
 
 the warrior, with his hand of stone on the cold mane of 
 that petrified horse. All is still, lifeless, deathlike, silent. 
 Then the trumpet's blast is heard ringing through the clear 
 atmosphere. The warrior leaps upon his steed, the horse 
 utters the war-neigh and starts forth to the battle, and the 
 warrior, with his lance upraised, rides on to victory. Now, 
 young man, put the trumpet to your lips, blow a blast that 
 shall wake the dead stocks and stones, and on, on, upward 
 to victory over all evil habits and evil influences which sur- 
 round you. 
 
 EXERCISE 84. 
 
 Most of us use our minds as tools which are never em- 
 ployed save in our working hours; we press them constantly 
 to the limits of endurance, and often beyond. Instead of 
 cultivating intimate friendship with them, we enslave them, 
 and set them to tasks which blight their freshness and de- 
 plete their vitality. A mind cannot be always hard at work 
 earning money for a man, and at the same time play the 
 part of a friend to him. Treated with respect and courtesy, 
 there is no better servant than the mind ; when this natural 
 and loyal service is turned into drudgery, however, the 
 servant makes no complaint, and attempts no evasion, but 
 the man loses one of the greatest and sweetest of all the 
 resources of life. For there is no better fortune than to be 
 on good terms with one's mind, and to live with it in un- 
 restrained good-fellowship. We cannot escape living with 
 it ; even death is powerless to separate us ; but so far as 
 pleasure is concerned, everything depends on the nature of 
 the relation. 
 
 To enjoy one's mind, one must take time to become ac- 
 quainted with it. Our deepest friendships are not the affairs 
 of a moment ; they ripen slowly on the sunny side of the 
 wall, and a good many seasons are required to perfect their 
 mellowness and sweetness. The mind needs freedom and 
 [Concluded on p. 70.] 
 
68 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 \ c -~> /' u ^9 o --^ -^t. x 
 
 /^ 
 
 X __ -* 
 
 EXERCISE 85. 
 
 -7 
 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 69 
 
 ^^~. _> f _> ^ r 
 
 / V. 
 
70 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 leisure, and cannot be at its best without them. It has 
 sentiment, imagination, wit, and memory at its command, 
 and like an eastern magician, will transport you to any 
 climate, or bring any object to your feet. Never was there 
 so willing a friend, nor one whose resources are so con- 
 stantly ignored. What a man finds in his mind, and gets out 
 of it, depends very much on himself; for the mind fits its 
 entertainment to the taste of its one tyrannical auditor. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 71 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 
 OMISSION OF SIGNS. 
 
 The short vowels e, i, u, are omitted before final r and 1 ; 
 short a and o may also be omitted, before r, -1, in un- 
 accented syllables ; e and i are generally omitted after 
 down strokes, or in any case where legibility does not 
 demand their use. 
 
 K, g are omitted after nasal n, ng, or ing; as in banker, 
 
 b a ng (k) r, J^ ; finger, f ing (g) r, Y 
 
 Long e, or modified long e, may be omitted in unac- 
 cented syllables after t, d, r, 1. 
 
 T and d when final are always omitted after n and are 
 generally omitted, medially or finally, after 1, n, k, p, and 
 before m, f, and v. T may be omitted after x, as in next ^-^ 
 
 R is omitted medially, when not included in a combined 
 consonant, before f and v; r is generally omitted after 
 vowel circles, the omission being shown by reversing the 
 natural position of the circle. (See Art. 15.) R is fre- 
 quently omitted before t, d, m, as in earthly, term, etc. 
 
 OMISSION OF SIGNS. 
 EXERCISE 86. 
 
 >- L \_ ^ ZL^^ 
 
72 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 
 EXERCISE 87. 
 OMISSION OF SIGNS. 
 
 1. Split, bit, fit, sir, pick, satyr, will, wit. 
 
 2. Get, pet, weather, patter, father, met, fed, pelt. 
 
 3. Burr, fur, purr, myrrh, furl, curt, slur. 
 
 4. Depend, amend, dreadful, advise, world, old, fender. 
 
 5. Pink, frank, lank, banker, finger, monger. 
 
 6. Therefore, nerve, serve, surf, swerve, earth, term. 
 
 USE OF FAMILIAR WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 Article 30. When words which are represented by 
 alphabetic and familiar word-signs enter into the compo- 
 sition of longer words, the word-signs may be used as a 
 part of the longer words; as, forward, \mequal, etc. 
 Note the following illustrations: 
 
 acknowledge, t^ impossible, 3^- 
 
 equalize, j mental, 
 
 forth, mighty, 7 
 
 forthwith, \i- iiwstly, Q^ 
 
 fonvarding, > ^ purposely, \^ 
 
 fullness, sooner, 
 
 greatly, ./ surely, ^ 
 
 As an exception to this principle, do not use the word 
 signs in or on as parts of other words; use the combinations. 
 
 NOTE: In some of the foregoing outlines, suffix signs (see p. 93) have 
 been used to fully illustrate the application in advanced writing, of the 
 principle involved. 
 
 See complete list, p. 131. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 73 
 
 LENGTHENED SIGNS. 
 
 Article 31. When two similar consonant signs such 
 as bb, gg, dd, vv, ss, are separated by the short vowels, 
 e, i, u, the vowel is omitted, and a single sign of greater 
 
 length represents both consonants, thus: bibber [^ 
 
 system - 
 
 zest ^ ^ ,' nim is written "\ , and nn s^ . 
 
 This principle should not be extended to the shorter 
 signs p, k, f or r, as these, lengthened, would conflict 
 with b, v, g and I. 
 
 When sus precedes p, k, the lengthened sign is not 
 employed, the final S of the syllable forming a part of the 
 combined consonant sp, or sk. The lengthened sign is 
 used, however, before t or d. N 
 
 EXERCISE 88. 
 
 EXERCISE 89. 
 
 Giggle, prizes, breezes, grasses, masses, crisis, braces, 
 gazes, deadly, vivacious, deduce, sizzle, access, losses, 
 teases, misses, scissors, bibber, ninny, memory, mimic, 
 memoir, bubble, amazes, bib, biblical, vivify, gig, mummy, 
 mumps, nun, nuncio, vases, seizes. 
 7 
 
74 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 JOINED WORDS. 
 
 Article 32. In common speech, when similar or 
 cognate sounds end and begin successive words, such 
 as grab-bag, spend-thrift, the tendency is to slur one 
 or the other of these sounds, and pronounce the com- 
 binations, grabag, spenthrift. This mode of joining 
 words is employed in shorthand with great gain 'in 
 brevity and legibility. Where the two sounds are 
 identical, as p, p; t, t; etc./ but one of them is used, 
 and the two words are written as one ; where cognate 
 sounds occur, as in get-doivn, scrap-book, have-found, 
 the final of the first word is usually omitted. There 
 is one exception : When d is the final of the first word 
 and t the initial of the second, the d is usually written. 
 The following examples illustrate the application of 
 this rule, which applies to both simple and compound 
 words. 
 
 EXERCISE 90. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 75 
 
 EXERCISE 91. 
 JOINED WORDS. 
 
 1. Apt-to, are-right, are-wrapped, are-wrong, are- 
 wrought, as-sad, as-said, as-shall, as-she, as-should, as- 
 some. 
 
 2. Bad-day, bad-deal, bad-time, bed-time, best-time, 
 bright- day, brought-that, brought-their, brought-them, 
 brought-these, brought-this, brought-those. 
 
 3. Eat-their, eat-them, first-time, fought-their, fought- 
 them, get-down, grab-bag. 
 
 4. Had-done, had-that, had-their, had-this, had-they, 
 had-these, had-those. 
 
 5. Has-sat, has-she, her-right, has-shut, has-some, 
 has-still, has-said. 
 
 6. Have-found, hold-that, hold-their, hold-this, hold- 
 them, hold-those, her-rosy. 
 
 7. Let-that, let-their, let-this, let-them, let-down, lost- 
 time, let-these. 
 
 8. Or-rather, ought-that, ought-these, ought-this, 
 ought-those, ought-their, ought-they. 
 
 9. Right-time, said-that, said-their, said-they, send- 
 them, short-time. 
 
 10. Sit-down, silk-cloak, spend-thrift. 
 
 11. Their-right, told-that, told-their, told-this. 
 
 12. Up-braid, up-bring, up-borne. 
 
 13. Were-wrong, were-right, will-let, will-live, will- 
 long, will-lose, with-draw. 
 
 14. With-that, with-their, with-these, with-those, with- 
 them, write-down, write-them. 
 
76 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 above 
 
 1 
 
 elsewhere 
 
 afternoon 
 
 \ 
 
 favor 
 
 almost 
 
 -0 - 
 
 gentleman 
 
 always 
 
 J 
 
 gentlemen 
 
 became 
 
 J 
 
 inclose d 
 
 because 
 
 ) 
 
 idea 
 
 become 
 
 ( 
 
 legislate-ure 
 
 begun 
 
 V 
 
 little 
 
 ) capital 
 | capitol 
 
 catalogue 
 
 f 
 
 near-ly 
 peculiar 
 
 character 
 
 x 
 
 perhaps 
 
 children 
 
 ^-^* 
 
 that 
 
 C circular 
 ( circulation 
 
 discharge 
 
 < 
 
 these 
 
 j through 
 ( threw 
 
 f economy 
 ( economical 
 
 7- 
 
 j trust 
 ( true-ly 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 77 
 
 THE DEATH OF LITTLE NELL. 
 
 V - 
 
 V- _ V 
 
 S 
 
 u 
 
 6*- 
 
 
 yo 
 
 
 
 
78 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 92. 
 THE DEATH OF LITTLE NELL. 
 
 She was dead. No sleep so beautiful and calm, so free 
 from trace of pain, so fair to look upon. She seemed a crea- 
 ture fresh from the hand of God, and waiting for the breath 
 of life; not one who had lived, and suffered death. Her couch 
 was dressed with here and there some winter berries and green 
 leaves, gathered in a spot she had been used to favor. " When 
 I die, put me near something that has loved the light, and had 
 the sky above it always." These were her last words. She 
 was dead ; dear, gentle, patient, noble Nell was dead. Her 
 little bird, a poor, slight thing the pressure of a finger would 
 have crushed, was stirring nimbly in its cage, and the strong 
 heart of its child-mistress was mute and motionless forever. 
 Where were the traces of early cares, her sufferings and 
 fatigues? All gone. Sorrow was dead, indeed, in her, but 
 peace and perfect happiness were born, imaged in her beauty 
 and repose. The old fireside had smiled upon that same sweet 
 face; it had passed, like a dream, through haunts of misery 
 and care; at the door of the poor schoolmaster on the summer 
 evening, at the still bedside of the dying boy, there had been 
 that same mild, lovely look. So shall we know the angels in 
 their .majesty, after death. 
 
 She was dead, and past all help, or need of it. The an- 
 cient rooms she had seemed to fill with life, even while her 
 own was waning fast the garden she had tended the eyes 
 she had gladdened the noiseless haunts of many a thought- 
 ful hour the paths she had trodden as it were but yesterday 
 could know her nevermore. 
 
 " It is not," said the schoolmaster, as he bent down to kiss 
 her on the cheek, and gave his tears free vent, " It is not on 
 earth that Heaven's justice ends. Think what earth is, com- 
 pared with the world to which her young spirit has winged 
 its early flight ; and say, if one deliberate wish expressed in 
 solemn terms above this bed could call her back to life, which 
 of us would utter it?" 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 79 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 Article 33. As the numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 
 9, 0, may be written rapidly, either these or the corre- 
 sponding shorthand characters may be used. In 
 larger numbers, however, such as hundreds, thou- 
 sands, millions, etc., it is advisable in most cases to 
 use shorthand. The abbreviations used are : 
 
 1. Hundred / 4. Billion [^ 
 
 2. Thousand -~ 5 - Hundred-million /^ 
 
 3. Million \^ 6. Thousand-million ^, 
 
 Examples : One hundred dollars // rf" , three 
 thousand dollars j " ^ , four thousand boxes 
 *-= d > etc. 
 
 The ordinals, first, second, third, etc., may be writ- 
 ten !_, 2, 3, etc., and the numeral adverbs, once, twice, 
 thrice, 1, "IF, 3. 
 
 EXERCISE 93. 
 
 J -^ > v -7 
 
 
8o PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 THE SIGN OF REPETITION. 
 
 Article 34. When a word or phrase is repeated in a 
 sentence, and the repetition is sufficiently close to the 
 word or phrase repeated to make a mistake in reading im- 
 possible, the repetition may be suppressed, and the sign 
 / substituted for the repeated expression, thus: 
 Charity bearcth all things, believeth all things^ hopeth 
 all things , endureth all things. 
 
 The repetition sign may be used only in the same sen- 
 tence in which the repeated word or phrase occurs. 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 How may familiar word-signs be used ? Write five words to 
 illustrate this principle. What vowels may be omitted before 
 final r and I? Are the long vowels ever omitted? Which 
 vowels are generally omitted after down strokes? What con- 
 sonants may be omitted after nasal n, ng, or ing? When may 
 long e, or modified long e, be omitted? Give an example. 
 Should long e ever be omitted in an accented syllable? T and 
 d, when final, are always omitted after what consonant? They 
 are generally omitted after which consonants? R may be 
 omitted medially before what consonants? When r is omitted 
 after circles, how is the omission shown ? R is frequently 
 omitted before what signs? Illustrate. When two like con- 
 sonant signs are separated by the short vowels e, i, U, how are 
 they written? Name the consonants for which lengthened 
 signs may be used. Why are lengthened signs not used for 
 the short signs f, p, k, etc. ? When sus occurs before pork is 
 the lengthened sign used? Why? What are joined words? 
 Explain the principle of joined words. Illustrate. When is 
 the repetition sign used? How are numerals written? 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 81 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 ' PREFIXES. 
 
 'As a very large percentage of the derivative words 
 in common use begin with prefixes, a contracted 
 method of writing them is employed. The prefix 
 signs presented in the present lesson are most im- 
 portant factors in rapid writing, and should be thoro- 
 ughly memorized. 
 
 ANTE, ANTI, J are represented by the an sign 
 placed immediately above the first of the following 
 sign : as in 
 
 (? n tec cdcnt, antidote, 
 
 <L i J o 
 
 CKK, cm, SER, SUR, ' are represented by an acute 
 accent written from right to left, slightly above and 
 to the left of the sign following, thus: 
 
 certain. circle, service, surround. 
 
 *- 'V '* 
 
 t_-f 
 
 Co, COG, COM, CON, CUM, couN, v are represent- 
 ed by a grave accent written from left to right above 
 Ihe sign which follows, and slightly to the left of it ; 
 thus: 
 co-operate, cognizant, coninnt, countenance. 
 
82 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 CONTRA, CONTRI, CONTRO, COUNTER,"^ are re- 
 presented by a sign composed of the con prefix and a 
 short t sign, written in the con position, thus making 
 it very suggestive of the prefixes for which it is em r 
 ployed. 
 
 contract, contrite, control. 
 
 ^7 
 
 Dis, DEC, DES, BUS, DYS, , are represented by a 
 short dash written immediately above the next sign: 
 display, deceit, descend 
 
 L^> -s- T_ 
 
 Mis, MES, ' MYS, , are represented by a short 
 dash placed in a reverse position to dis, immediately 
 under the beginning of the following sign ; thus : 
 mistake, Messiah, message. 
 
 ^7 -of" ^"^ 
 
 ENTER, INTER, INTEL INTRO, INTRU, v. are re- 
 
 presented by en written parallel with and in close 
 proximity to the beginning of the sign following; 
 thus : 
 entertaining, interval, intelligent, introspect. 
 
 HYP, HYPER HYPO, i are represented by a short 
 downward stroke about one-half the length of p 
 written immediately above the first of the following 
 sign ; as in hypnotise, hypercritical, hypodermic. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 83 
 
 HYDRA, HYDRO, i , are represented by a short 
 downward stroke similar to hyper, but written im- 
 mediately bclou* the first of the following sign ; as in 
 hydraulic, hydrogen. . 
 
 " 
 
 MAGNA, MACNI , MACXI, > , are represented by 
 the m sign, written in close proximity to the remain- 
 der of the word ; thus : 
 
 magnate, magnetic, magnify. 
 
 V- ^-7 ^^ 
 
 MULTI, ~N . The next sign is written through 
 the prefix ; thus : 
 
 multiply, multitude. 
 
 NOM, NON, NUM, > . This prefix is represented 
 by a curved stroke (about the size of the ing sign) 
 placed close to the remainder of the word ; thus : 
 nominal, nonsense, numeral. 
 
 FOR, PRO, PRU, , are represented by an acute 
 
 accent written from right to left, in a reverse position 
 to the con prefix, above and to the right of the next 
 sign ; thus : 
 
 portion, protect, proceed. 
 
84 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 SUB, SUF, sue, v , are represented by a sign 
 similar to con, but placed immediately below the sign 
 following instead of above it; thus: 
 
 subsist, sufficient, suggest. 
 
 SEPAR, SUPER, SUPRA, SUPRE, - , are represented 
 by the s sign written immediately above the first of 
 the following sign ; thus : 
 
 separate supersede, supralunar, supreme. 
 
 ' *TRAN, TRANS. -- , are represented by the t sign 
 written through the sign following ; thus : 
 
 translate, transitory, transform. 
 
 ^- *&;, V- 
 
 Article 35. The words enter, encounter, none, 
 come, miss, etc., may be written in the form of pre- 
 fixes in their respective positions before the first sign 
 of the following word, when not separated by a 
 
 pause ; as, enter upon ^ , come home . ^ , miss 
 him -^ , encounter them ^.^ . 
 
 * Should t or d follow this prefix, it is passed over and the prefix is 
 written through the next convenient sign. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 85 
 
 JOINED PREFIXES. 
 CIRCUM, ^~ , as in circumstances, ^\ . 
 
 EXTRE, EXTRI, EXTER, EXTIR, EXTRA ^ (xr,) ES in 
 
 exterminate, -^\^ extirpate, ^ ; extradite ^ z_ . 
 
 ::C PER, PRE, PRI, PUR, 1 , as in person, I pris- 
 oner, ^^^ , pursuit, (~^- . 
 
 RETRE, RETRI, RETRO, > ' , as in retreat, , 
 retroact, ^-y . 
 
 FOR, FORE, FER, FUR, \ , as in fortune ^-^- , 
 
 fertile ^-^ , furnace *\^ . 
 
 EXERCISE 94. 
 
 Per is used as a prefix in such phrases as per 
 
 annum, per diem, per minute, per </oy, etc 
 
 The //;/ si^n may be used as a joined prefix for 
 under. 
 
 'When p in- b follow the fer prefix, a slight separating mark should 
 he made between the signs. 
 
86 
 
 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Antelope 
 
 anteroom 
 
 cereal 
 
 ceremony 
 
 circumference 
 
 circumspect 
 
 cohere 
 
 cognate 
 
 condense 
 
 contrast 
 
 control 
 
 cumbrance 
 
 counterpart 
 
 decimal 
 
 descend 
 
 disarm 
 
 displace 
 
 dusky 
 
 dyspepsia 
 
 extraction 
 
 extradition 
 
 EXERCISE 95. 
 extreme 
 hydrant 
 hydrochloric 
 hyperbole 
 hypnotic 
 intellect 
 intercede 
 interest 
 introduce 
 intrude 
 magnetism 
 magnitude 
 mesmerist 
 mistake 
 misuse 
 multiple 
 mystery 
 nonage 
 nonpareil 
 nominal 
 numbness 
 
 numerous 
 
 pertain 
 
 porch 
 
 precede 
 
 precise 
 
 primitive 
 
 profane 
 
 prolong 
 
 protect 
 
 prove 
 
 prudent 
 
 purple 
 
 retract 
 
 retrieve 
 
 retroflex 
 
 serpent 
 
 servile 
 
 subject 
 
 substance 
 
 suffer 
 
 suffuse 
 
 Antiquated, circumscribe, cohesion, comfort, common, 
 conceal, concede, consent, concise, condole, confide, con- 
 flict, congeal, contradict, contrary, contrite, contrive, 
 counteract, counterfeit, desert, desire, despair, destine, 
 disable, disaster, disclose, discord, dust, extravagant, ex- 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 87 
 
 traordinary, extricate, hydrate, hypocrite, intercept, inter- 
 dict, interfere, interject, interview, introduction, magnani- 
 mous, magnificence, message, Messiah, mischief, miserable, 
 mishap, multifarious, -mystic, nominate, nominee, non- 
 payment, perjure, perplex, porch, portend, portico, pre- 
 pare, prepay, privilege, probate, proclaim, profess, prof- 
 fer, profit, progress, project, prospect, pruning, purchase, 
 purport, retribution, retrograde, retrovert, servant, sub- 
 due, sublime, submit, subscribe, subtract, subsequent, 
 suburb, suffice, suffocate, suffrage, surcease, surface, sur- 
 pass, surmise, surmount, transcend, transcribe, transfer, 
 transgress, translate, transmute, transparent. 
 
 SENTENCE DRILL ON PREFIXES. 
 
 1. Prudence protected the porpoise. 
 
 2. A nominal fee was desired for the service. 
 
 3. We were cognizant of the mistake in the message. 
 
 4. They proceeded to disarm all the common soldiers. 
 
 5. He displayed great control over the mysterious mag- 
 nate. * 
 
 6. He translated the interesting account of the trans- 
 action. 
 
 7. He was progressing, not retrograding, and had no 
 time for retrospection. 
 
 8. Counterfeit money was in circulation to the surprise 
 of certain survivors. 
 
 9. We consequently proved that the property was con- 
 ceded to be ours before the conflict. 
 
88 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 10. A number of multimillionaires protested against 
 his being permitted to perform the magnanimous service. 
 
 11. The supreme court co-operated with the contract- 
 ors in counteracting the subsequent. intrusion of their com- 
 petitors. 
 
 12. A number of intelligent professional men were 
 superseded by subordinates, who suggested a multitude of 
 extraordinary changes. 
 
 COMPOUND PREFIXES. 
 
 These prefixes are formed by joining two or more single 
 prefixes in the order in which they occur, or by adding 
 any of the combinations or vowels to the prefix following. 
 The learner will find the classification of prefixes of very 
 great advantage for ready reference. The list appended is 
 a comprehensive one, and will save the student much 
 trouble in compiling for himself. By writing these over a 
 number of times they will readily fix themselves in the 
 memory. 
 
 Joining prefixes adds much to brevity, and- thus greatly 
 increases speed if the prefixes are quickly written ; but if 
 this brevity be counterbalanced by a hesitancy of the mind 
 or fingers in uniting the prefixes, " it is better to write a 
 fuller outline. Seconds fly quickly, and "he who hesi- 
 tates (in writing shorthand) is lost," or left far behind the 
 speaker. 
 
 The compound prefixes, with the exception of ' promu 
 and mispro\ are given the position of the last prefix writ- 
 ten. Mispro is written in the same position as misinfer s 
 while promts takes the pro position. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 89 
 COMPOUND PREFIXES. 
 
 ACOH 
 
 "\ 
 
 COMPOR 
 
 . > 
 
 CONCOM 
 
 \\ 
 
 CONDES 
 
 V- 
 
 CONSUB 
 
 \ 
 
 DISCON 
 
 - 
 
 DISINTER 
 
 -v 
 
 DISMIS 
 
 = 
 
 DISPRO 
 
 -7 
 
 DISPROPOR 
 
 * 
 
 ENUM 
 
 "5 
 
 INCON 
 
 s 
 
 INSUB 
 
 s 
 
 INSUR 
 
 v 
 
 IRRECON 
 
 ^ 
 
 MISINTER 
 
 ~v 
 
 MISNUM 
 
 ") 
 
 MISPRO 
 
 -7 
 
 > 
 
 * Tlie suffix endings which 
 tions will be found on o. ai. 
 
 , as in aconite 
 
 , " comport 
 
 , " concomitant 
 
 , " condescend 
 
 , " consiibstantiate 
 
 , " disconnect 7 
 
 , " disinterested \ 
 
 , " dismissal -ar 
 
 -7 
 
 , " disprove \ 
 
 , " disproportion ^-^. 
 
 , " enumerate 
 
 , " inconsistent ^_^^-\ 
 
 , " tnsubmission *^cv ^ 
 
 , " insurrection 2 - 
 
 , " irreconcilement ^-~^~^ 
 
 , " misinterpret L 
 
 , " mis number 
 
 , " mispronounce 
 
 nave been used in the foregoing illustra- 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 MISTRANS 
 NONCO 
 NONCOM 
 
 I 
 J 
 
 , as in mistranslate 
 , " noncohesion 
 , " noncomplianci 
 
 NONDIS 
 
 L 
 
 , " nondi scorer y 
 
 NONPRO 
 NONSUB 
 
 j 
 
 , " nonproductioi 
 , " nonsubmissiO: 
 
 PROCON 
 
 <- 
 
 , " proconsul 
 
 PROPOR 
 
 '/ 
 
 , " proportion 
 
 RECON 
 
 - 
 
 , " recondense 
 
 .SUBCOM 
 
 \ 
 
 , " subcommittee 
 
 SUBCONTRA 
 
 V 
 
 ; " subcontract 
 
 UNACCOUN 
 
 ,-<? 
 
 , " unaccountable 
 
 UNCOM 
 
 r>, 
 
 , " uncommon 
 
 UNCONTRO 
 
 ^_ 
 
 , " uncontrollabh 
 
 UNENCUM 
 
 'X 
 
 , " unencumber 
 
 UNPRO 
 
 n 
 
 , " unprovided 
 
 A, 
 
 As Lessons VIII and IX are devoted exclusively to prefixes 
 and suffixes, review questions will, of course, be confined 
 largely to determining whether the student has these signs 
 thoroughly memorized. How best to determine this point is 
 left to the discretion of the teacher. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY 
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 acquire 
 
 j acquaint 
 I -ed-ance 
 
 f 
 J 
 
 \ known 
 ( knowing 
 
 letter 
 
 j acknowledg- 
 / ment 
 
 fc 
 
 meanwhile 
 
 advantage 
 
 ^ 
 
 nobody 
 
 before 
 began 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 neither 
 nothing 
 
 begin 
 
 I 
 
 oblige 
 
 j citizen 
 / situation 
 
 ^~ 
 
 please 
 
 cover 
 
 ^ 
 
 popular 
 
 differ-ence 
 follow 
 
 V" 
 
 j possibly 
 j positive 
 privilege 
 
 forenoon 
 
 X 
 
 quality 
 
 general 
 
 -~\. 
 
 railway 
 
 indeed 
 
 w- 
 
 rapid 
 
 infer 
 
 x 
 
 prefer-ence 
 
 Lr- 
 
 -f 
 
02 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 SENTENCE DRILL ON COMPOUND PREFIXES. 
 
 1. He was irreconcilable to his irretrievable loss. 
 
 2. The doctor prescribed aconite and proscribed 
 quinine. 
 
 3. The unrecognized insurgents sent a non-committal 
 message. 
 
 4. The recompense was disproportionate to the work 
 performed. 
 
 5. Let us reconsider the dismissal of the discommoded 
 reprobate. 
 
 6. They were disconcerted because their fine work was 
 unrecompensed. 
 
 7. The unexcused accomplice encountered an uncon- 
 trolled patrolman incognito. 
 
 8. Do not misjudge him who mispronounces a hitherto 
 unencountered substantive. 
 
 9. The plea of the subcommittee was encumbered with 
 several concomitant phrases. 
 
 10. She was undisturbed by the reproaches which 
 greeted her unaccomplished task. 
 
 n. The subcomptroller of the treasury endeavored 
 to compromise on the sub-contract. 
 
 12. The school -master used the rod to counteract ac- 
 cumulating, indefinite insubjection. 
 
 13. The uninstructed and unintelligent proconsul had 
 a strenuous controversy concerning the unpromoted aux- 
 iliary. 
 
 14. With multitudinous, but inexplicit directions, the 
 undisturbed desperado approached his appropriate desti- 
 nation. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 93 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 JOINED SUFFIXES.. 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 SIGN. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 APPLICATION. 
 
 Able, ble, ible 
 
 <*). 
 
 notable 
 
 O~| 
 
 Ably, bly, ibly 
 
 L <*<'). 
 
 suitably 
 
 ^~^~\ 
 
 Ability, ibility 
 
 L w. 
 
 durability 
 
 ^ 
 
 Agraph, ograph 
 
 / (x), 
 
 paragraph 
 
 . J/ 
 
 Ality, elity, ility 
 arity,erity,irity 
 erty,ority, lity, 
 rity 
 
 
 morality 
 majority 
 
 >~^ 
 
 Ative, etive, itive 
 otive, live 
 
 \ <*'), 
 
 talkative 
 
 | 
 
 Cian, cion, chion 
 sion,tion,cious, 
 ceous, tious 
 
 Dard, dered 
 For, fore, ful 
 
 (dlfi 
 
 physician 
 conscious 
 standard 
 before 
 
 I 
 
 V"" /> 
 
94 
 
 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 SIGN. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 APPLICATION. 
 
 Geous, gious 
 
 <-> (/r). 
 
 gorgeous 
 
 f"^ 
 
 Gion, tune 
 
 - (*), 
 
 region 
 
 s^~~~ 
 
 Ime, ine 
 
 1 (down], 
 
 time 
 
 1 
 
 Less, lous 
 
 w. 
 
 heedless 
 
 . / 
 
 Lv C exce P l .***} 
 
 / V vowel circles/ 
 
 - (0, 
 
 extremely 
 
 -% 
 
 Ment 
 
 Ness 
 
 (*), 
 
 rudiment 
 goodness 
 
 V 
 
 Nding,ning,nging 
 
 ) (^), 
 
 binding 
 
 J 
 
 Ology 
 
 <f (ol} ' 
 
 theology 
 
 / 
 
 One 
 
 (^), 
 
 alone 
 
 o 
 
 Oun, ound, own 
 
 ^? (0w) , 
 
 crown 
 
 -/ 
 
 Self 
 
 ^ (*/), 
 
 yourself 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 Selves 
 
 \(^), 
 
 themselves 
 
 "^A 
 
 Ward 
 
 
 
 (^), 
 
 forward 
 
 \ 
 
 Ableness 
 Atively, itively 
 
 (ve), 
 
 SUFFIXES, 
 sociableness 
 relatively 
 
PF.RN1N S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 95 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 SIGN. 
 
 EXAMPLE. APPLICATION. 
 
 Ativeness, itive- 
 ness 
 
 V (vf). 
 
 superlativeness ^~^^\ 
 
 Fullness 
 
 V (/<), 
 
 cheerfulness / ~sy^\> 
 
 Fully 
 
 \- CAO, 
 
 /\j 
 gratefully *s 
 
 Geousness 
 
 -"(/*), 
 
 gorgeousness /v"" 1 "^ 
 
 Imely, ) 
 inely ) 
 
 I 
 
 timely 
 
 Ineness 
 
 h 
 
 fineness 
 
 Ingly 
 
 1 (/^O, 
 
 smilingly 
 
 Ingness 
 
 \ (/'^). 
 
 willingness 
 
 Lessly, lously 
 
 ' (fr), 
 
 carelessly 
 
 Lessness 
 
 ' w, 
 
 carelessness <? 
 
 Mental 
 
 v^(*0. 
 
 experimental ^"^ 
 
 Mentality 
 
 N (/////), 
 
 instrumentality ^~^-, 
 
 Ously 
 
 ^ M. 
 
 famously 
 
 Ousness 
 
 ^ (^"), 
 
 seriousness ^_^ / - 
 
 Sciously, tiously 
 
 -^(Mf.) 
 
 consciously 
 
 Sciousness, tious- 
 
 ^-^(^), 
 
 consciousness ^, ^ 
 
 ness 
 
 
 
96 PliKNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 96. 
 
 ^-Q 
 
 -> ^ ^ z 
 
 t 
 
 J l^ I 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 97 
 
 
 EXERCISE 97. 
 
 
 Abound, 
 
 fineness, 
 
 optician, 
 
 aspiring, 
 
 fortune, 
 
 passable, 
 
 atone, 
 
 frown, 
 
 pathology, 
 
 backward, 
 
 fullness, 
 
 peaceably, 
 
 biting, 
 
 garment, 
 
 peacefully, 
 
 caligraph, 
 
 garrulously, 
 
 photograph, 
 
 cautious, 
 
 garrulousness, 
 
 position, 
 
 cautiousness, 
 
 gorgeous, 
 
 positively, 
 
 celerity, 
 
 graceful, 
 
 poverty, 
 
 channingness, 
 
 gracious, 
 
 sentimentality, 
 
 coldness, 
 
 greatness, 
 
 severity, 
 
 comparatively, 
 
 handsome, 
 
 shining, 
 
 consciously, 
 
 hilarity, 
 
 skillful, 
 
 consciousness, 
 
 himself, 
 
 smilingly, 
 
 courageous, 
 
 hopefully, 
 
 spaciousness, 
 
 cumbrousness, 
 
 horribly, 
 
 spine, 
 
 deceptive, 
 
 impression, 
 
 spite fulness, 
 
 desirableness, 
 
 itself, 
 
 stability, 
 
 disparity, 
 
 jealous, 
 
 stanchion, 
 
 docility, 
 
 jollity, 
 
 superlative, 
 
 downward, 
 
 lawlessness, 
 
 supinely, 
 
 experimental, 
 
 legality, 
 
 thanklessness, 
 
 extremely, 
 
 legion, 
 
 themselves, 
 
 facetiously, 
 
 lime, 
 
 time, 
 
 facility, 
 
 lonesome, 
 
 timely, 
 
 faithlessly, 
 
 majority, 
 
 torment, 
 
 famously, 
 
 meditative, 
 
 useless, 
 
 faultless, 
 
 mentality, 
 
 wandered, 
 
 finding, 
 
 motive, 
 
 willingly, 
 
 fine, 
 
 needless, 
 
 worship, 
 
 finely, 
 
 potable, 
 
 yourselves. 
 
98 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 98. 
 
 Adjective, agility, alacrity, allurement, apartment, art- 
 lessness, asperity, assign, awkward, barbarity, binding, 
 bothersome, brine, bringing, burning, cautiously, charity, 
 cheerfulness, chime, chronology, clinging, combative- 
 ness, comparative, condone, contagious, credulous, dan- 
 gerously, demonstrative, descriptive, dime, discerning, 
 document, doleful, draining, drowning, durability, earn- 
 ing, enchantment, facetious, faithful, faithless, familiarity, 
 feasible, feigning, fidelity, figuratively, finely, flinging, 
 friendship, frivolity, fully, fundamental, gaining, gor- 
 geousness, graciously, gratefully, grime, hardness, heart- 
 less, heartlessness, hopeful, hopeless, instrumentality, 
 jokingly, kinship, laudable, laughing, lawful, learning, 
 liberty, lime, locomotive, longingly, mercilessly, merri- 
 ment, mining, minority, miserable, mutability, nation, 
 nine, notably, oneself, ourselves, outrageous, nainfulness, 
 parchment, passably, peaceable, peacefulness, physician, 
 ponderously, positive, prickly, querulously, querulous- 
 ness, raining, rascality, ration, recitative, refreshment, 
 region, relative, relatively, representative, resound, renown, 
 rhyme, rounding, sanction, scoffing, seamless, seda- 
 tive, seeing, sentimental, shameless, sign, skillfully, so- 
 ciableness, softness, soulful, southward, spacious, spiteful- 
 ness, squandered, staining, statement, sublime, supineness, 
 sustaining, temerity, thoughtlessly, thronging, throwing, 
 tine, tiresome, toning, trustful, trying, turning, unreason- 
 ableness, versatility, vine, vocative, vulgarity, wasteful, 
 wherefore, willingness, winding, wine, worriment, wring- 
 Ing, yourself. 
 
LAWYER 
 
 DALLAS, TEXAS 
 
 PERNIN 
 
 'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPH V. 
 
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 also 
 
 3-s 
 move 
 
 altogether 
 
 nowhere 
 
 behind 
 
 number 
 
 besides 
 
 i 
 present 
 
 business 
 
 \ principal 
 | principle 
 
 credit 
 
 president 
 
 custom 
 
 prompt 
 
 dollar 
 
 D quantity 
 
 evening 
 
 \ 
 
 \ receipt 
 
 hitherto 
 
 c- ( refer 
 ( reference 
 
 inquest 
 
 6- report 
 
 inquire 
 
 rather 
 
 literature 
 
 self 
 
 literary 
 
 / / / ~~ several 
 
 manufacture 
 
 1 whom 
 
 99 
 
 tx 
 
100 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 SENTENCE DRILL ON SUFFIXES. 
 
 1. An ambitious man should not be sentimental. 
 
 2. The physician read a thesis of his own composition. 
 
 3. The darkness of the apartment alone arouses te- 
 merity. 
 
 4. She was singing and spinning amidst these sur- 
 roundings. 
 
 5. As soon as consciousness returned he arose with 
 alacrity. 
 
 6. The action of the deceptive fortune-teller was out- 
 rageous. 
 
 7. A fugitive from justice, he zealously guarded his 
 identity. 
 
 8. In my judgment, the charmingness of the scenery is 
 remarkable. 
 
 9. When the session opened he expressed his views 
 with positiveness. 
 
 10. The outcome of the arraignment was a welcome 
 decision in the affirmative. 
 
 n. After an experimental course in mineralogy, the 
 ambitious student left for a mining region. 
 
 12. The regiment marched forward bearing the stand- 
 ard, heedless of the losses they were sustaining. 
 
 13. The engineer's inability to successfully run the 
 standard locomotive is responsible for his discharge. 
 
 14. We pondered while the talkative and heedless or 
 derly took the liberty of accusing us of contemptible 
 coercion. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 1OI 
 
 LESSON X. 
 
 CONTRACTION BY PROXIMITY. 
 
 This is one of the most important principles of abbrevi- 
 ation. The student has probably already found that in 
 reading shorthand notes, words are frequently deciphered 
 before the last sign is read. Take for instance the follow- 
 ing sentence in longhand: 
 
 / can deci a sen ten east from the gen tenor of the 
 contr , though the chara are incomple . 
 
 This can be read at a glance as signifying, "I can decipher 
 a sentence easily from the general tenor of the context, though 
 the characters are incomplete. ' ' 
 
 Hence it follows that by applying this principle to short- 
 hand, words may be written with any degree of brevity de- 
 sired, and a great deal of time saved by contracting words 
 which are legible in an incomplete form. On the other 
 hand, if no plan were formulated to guide the writer in con- 
 tracting, and indicating contracted outlines, a haphazard 
 style of writing would ensue, and the reading of notes would 
 be largely a -matter of guess-work. For this reason the fol- 
 lowing method of contraction has been devised: 
 
 Article 36. (a) Write the first and leading part of a 
 word, or enough of it to insure legibility, (b) then raise 
 the pencil slightly and begin writing the first sign of the 
 next word immediately above the end of the last sign of 
 the contracted word. This indicates that the word is in- 
 complete. 
 
102 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Example: You * must not fail to put our advertisement 
 next to reading matter whenever possible. 
 
 (/ ~~\ \ # a- V __ ~~\_ 
 
 -> 
 
 Do not abbreviate in this manner on more than three 
 consecutive words: the third word is usually written in full. 
 If the writer wishes to contract on a third word, a dot placed 
 in the usual position must be used to indicate such a con- 
 traction. 
 
 As all shorthand students are not possessed of the same 
 degree of education or mental acumen, no arbitrary rule can 
 be given as to the sign to be contracted upon. One's own 
 judgment and ability to read shorthand must be the guide; 
 but the writer should always contract as briefly as is consist- 
 ent with legibility. In words of one syllable contraction 
 may be made after the first vowel, diphthong, or combina- 
 tion sign. Familiar dissyllables may, as a rule, be contracted 
 upon after the first vowel, etc., or after the second conso- 
 nant stroke, if a vowel precedes. Words of more than two 
 syllables should seldom be contracted on before the third 
 consonant stroke has been written, unless the contraction is 
 made on a vowel, diphthong or combination sign. Tech- 
 nical terms used in commercial, legal, medical or scientific 
 work, as well as all unfamiliar terms and proper names, 
 should be written in full in shorthand, unless they be re- 
 peated so often as to be perfectly legible in a contracted 
 form. 
 
 * See Article 38. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 103 
 
 RULES. 
 
 1. Do not indicate a contraction with a word separated 
 by a pause, and do not use figures or proper names for this 
 purpose; instead place a dot close to the end of the incom- 
 plete word. The dot may also be used for this purpose at 
 the end of a line, or in any other case where the following 
 word cannot be conveniently written. The word outline, 
 however, should be used whenever possible, as it saves a 
 stroke. 
 
 2. Compound words should be joined when convenient; 
 but if joining necessitates too long an outline, the first word 
 of the compound may be contracted on. 
 
 3. Do. not contract jot /M/ words. Write them in full 
 according to rule given on page 74. This does not apply 
 to compound words. 
 
 4. The prefixes, suffixes, and s dot should never be used 
 in writing proper names. 
 
 5. When a period, an interrogation point, or an excla- 
 mation mark, ends a sentence, it may be used to indicate a 
 contraction. 
 
 6. Corresponding shorthand characters may be used, 
 phonetically, for all common abbreviations; as, volume, vol. 
 
 ^^x^ ) degree, deg. / ; advertisement, ad. o ; 
 
 etc. In such cases do not write the following word in prox- 
 imity. 
 
 7. The plurals of contracted words are indicated by the 
 addition of the S dot to the part of th word written; thus: 
 
104 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 fli"g, x^ '> fling*, \^ ; the runner came, fJ ; 
 
 the runners came, _ & . Should a circle be contracted 
 on, the dot to indicate the plural may be placed immedi- 
 ately above the circle, and the contraction is then indicated 
 as usual. 
 
 8. Long a and short i when contracted upon are 
 given their final positions. 
 
 Do not fail to apply all rules governing contraction by 
 proximity. Carelessness in this direction will invariably 
 tend to illegibility of notes. 
 
 Article 37. Final ing- may be omitted and the omission 
 indicated by beginning the first of the sign following about 
 one-quarter of an inch above the end of the preceding sign. 
 
 Example : Thinking is the talking of the soul with itself. 
 
 Article 38. At the end of a contracted outline the 
 omission of oo, w or u may be indicated by placing the 
 beginning of the following sign immediately below the end 
 of the sign last written. 
 
 Example : His eve shall look upon the ruins of the world. 
 
 Article 39. The shorthand outline of a verb in 
 the present tense may be used also for the past tense 
 of the verb, where the context furnishes an accurate 
 distinction. 
 
PEKNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY 
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 anywhere '^- 
 
 none 
 
 already 3 
 
 ^ notwithstand- 
 Jing 
 
 another 'C.i. 
 
 order 
 
 anxious 
 
 ordinary 
 
 j behave 
 ( behavior 
 
 between L 
 
 punctual 
 practical 
 
 circumstance / 
 
 j correspond- 6 
 ( ence 
 
 ( revenue 
 -< reverend 
 (^ reverence 
 
 difficult-y 
 
 . receive 
 
 everyone v" 
 
 reply-ed 
 
 everywhere \/ 
 
 respect-fully 
 
 govern-ment S 
 
 return 
 
 immediate-ly "^ 
 
 statement 
 
 nevertheless \^^ 
 
 satisfaction 
 
 newspaper 
 
 value 
 
 s. 
 
 
 
 Vo 
 
106 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 EXERCISE 99, 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 V /7 
 
 J /} 
 
 
 f 
 
 \ _D 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 107 
 
 EXERCISE 100. 
 
 Mii-WArKEE, Wis , 'January 30, 19 . 
 W. H. ANDERSON, Ks<^.. ST. PAUL, MINN. 
 
 DEAR SIR * Replying to your favor of the 2oth inst., we 
 have pleasure in inclosing circulars and price-lists of bells and 
 bolts. These quotations will hold good only for ten days. The 
 tendency of the market points to these goods being much 
 higher, and we would advise you to make purchases within the 
 next ten days. 
 
 Our make of bells must not be confounded with that of 
 makers who use cast iron, which has a bad tone and cracks 
 easily. Our goods are made from the best quality of bell 
 metal, and for tone, durability and finish are unequaled. 
 
 Trusting to be favored with your esteemed order, we are, 
 Yours truly, 
 
 JAMES RICH & Co. 
 
 DETROIT, MICH., January 31, 19 . 
 Messrs. TURNER & BROWN, BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : We have your favor of the ist inst., with cash 
 check for $2,000, as full payment for privilege of trade dis- 
 count of 17 percent, from your purchases of Association Goods 
 for the year ending June 30, 19 , subject to conditions of 
 agreement. We will mail you certificate as further acknowledg- 
 ment in a few days. In the meantime, we remain, 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 ROBINSON & Co. 
 
io8 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 1 01. 
 BE DETERMINED. 
 
 What the multitude of people who populate the world need 
 most is a strong determination to succeed. 
 
 There are those who become, faint-hearted and give up 
 when the first obstacle presents itself and drag along in de- 
 spair. The person who permits the little things to overcome 
 him today will never surmount the difficulties that will be 
 waiting for him tomorrow those that fall thick and fast when 
 we get into the world of action. 
 
 We must be fortified by a strong will and determined effort. 
 It is well to select a goal high above us and each day struggle 
 to attain the summit of our ideal. 
 
 We look about us and see the successful men and women 
 of today and wonder how they attained eminence and renown. 
 Not by sitting idly and letting someone else shoulder their 
 burdens; on the contrary, they cultivated self-reliance, one of 
 the greatest essentials in the world today, if we would succeed. 
 Few of them were born to luxury. The majority of the 
 names that adorn the pages of the history of a nation were 
 cradled and nourished in the lap of poverty. 
 
 It was by a strong determination and fixed purpose that 
 they won. We wonder why we are not prominent and iden- 
 tified with the active members of state and society. We need 
 only look within ourselves and behold that faint heart and lack 
 of confidence in our own ability, little or no self-reliance or 
 fixed effort. A will that is swayed by every breeze like a 
 straw upon a turbulent sea, will never bring success; for, 
 while others are struggling nobly, we are idling our time and 
 bemoaning our sad fate. 
 
 Then we call it luck. But we know better. Luck had 
 nothing to do with it. We are born with the same advantages 
 as that poor little fellow next door; the only difference being 
 
6 - 
 
 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY 
 EXERCISE 102. 
 
 1 -.' ' 
 
 109 
 
 [ j / 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 , 
 
 Y 
 
no PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 that he kindled within his breast a fire to succeed and asso- 
 ciated with such people and books as enabled him to keep it 
 burning ever bright until he reached the goal of his am- 
 bition. 
 
 Not so the others. The fire thus kindled soon burned low 
 and they failed to replenish it with right thoughts and actions, 
 and it smoldered and died, leaving them as much, if not more, 
 weaklings than before, without hope, without ambition. 
 They then grumble and call it "Fate." Don't do it. Fate 
 knew nothing about it. 
 
 The man or woman who succeeds has to be ever alert and 
 active. No time for loitering. Minutes are precious and to 
 the wise man or woman mean dollars. Some find it easy and 
 a sort of consolation to blame fate, but this old fellow has 
 more burdens than he can carry just because some of us lack 
 the energy to call forth the best that is in us. Awaken ! 
 Come to a realization 6f yourself. Shake the cobwebs out of 
 your mind and plant the seeds of good thoughts. Let them 
 flourish, and if the. soil is good, you will bring forth a harvest 
 of ideas that will mean success in abundance. That is what 
 we are here for. We are not doing the work we are intended 
 for if we do not succeed. 
 
 We should not allow ourselves to be swept along like a 
 piece of driftwood, but husband all our forces and make a 
 niche for ourselves in the world. We can all do it. It re- 
 quires a little effort and perseverance, but the result is worth 
 the time spent. A strong determination and strength of will 
 should carry us along. There is not a human being possessed 
 of all his faculties who has not in him an idea that will lead 
 him on to a successful goal ; but there are very few who have 
 stamina enough to adhere to it until the dawn. 
 
 Some give up at the beginning; some because that which 
 they anticipated is 'not realized in a day; some get disheart- 
 ened at the very last minute with success almost in view, 
 
PERMN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY, m 
 
 t 
 
 S 
 
 Vo 
 
 h 
 
 I 
 
 W X 
 
 \ I ^ V 
 
 X U ^/ o \o 
 
 L 
 
 XI: 
 
 - 
 
112 PF.RNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 while the few plod along and finally realize all their dreams. 
 This' is not luck, not chance, not fate. It is all an effort, and 
 a hard one, but we are fully recompensed when it is finished 
 and success crowns our labors. Then we can rest and enjoy 
 the fruits of our toils. 
 
 We must learn to strengthen the will, to instil into ourselves 
 the fact that it takes grim determination to succeed, that we 
 must keep at it until the desire of the heart is fulfilled. This 
 is the disposition of all successful people of today, and of 
 those of the past. 
 
 Do you want to be successful? Then hold on with unswerv- 
 ing tenacity. If you are weak and vacillating, you must march 
 slowly along an uncertain road with the mass who try to get 
 results without effort and are grumbling, moaning, and filled 
 with discontent. Selected. 
 
 PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Proper names should be written in longhand if time 
 permit; if not, write them in full in the simple style and 
 underscore; they should never be abbreviated except when 
 very familiar, or frequently repeated, when some sug- 
 gestive contraction may be employed. Technical terms 
 and phrases, often repeated, may also be contracted in a 
 similar manner if time will not permit writing them in full. 
 
 In this system every word is written, it being the only 
 shorthand method which follows such a course. Words 
 cannot always be exactly supplied by the context, the 
 substitution of "a" for "the" sometimes causing a serious 
 error. The Pernin Shorthand is sufficiently rapid to allow 
 every word to be written, and this is the only safe plan. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 SHORTHAND PUNCTUATION. 
 
 This does not differ very materially from the ordinary 
 printed punctuation. The reporter or stenographer does 
 not stop while taking notes to insert more than a sufficient 
 number of punctuation marks to guide him to the correct 
 transcription of his notes; but he should be thoroughly 
 conversant with punctuation in order to employ it properly 
 in transcribed work. Examples of punctuation marks used 
 in shorthand, follow. 
 
 Period x Paragraph T 
 
 Interrogation ? Capitals /. ( under ^ r n d nink ) 
 
 Dash ( ,'j'ne ) Laughter 
 
 Underscore - ( u ,"ne r ) Applause / 
 
 Parenthesis Hissing \ 
 
 Exclamation ! Emphasis (^^7^) 
 
 The full stop or period may also be indicated by leav- 
 ing a blank space about an inch and one-half in length be- 
 tween the end and beginning of sentences. 
 
 If other punctuation marks are desired, use those em- 
 ployed in print. 
 
114 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 What is meant by contraction by proximity? Is there a 
 definite rule governing the brevity of outlines? How briefly 
 should words be written? How much of a word should usually 
 be written before it is contracted on? How are contracted 
 outlines indicated ? Illustrate by example. How many con- 
 secutive words should be indicated in this manner? Is the 
 third word usually contracted on? If, at the discretion of the 
 writer, the third word is contracted, how must the contraction 
 be indicated? How should unfamiliar or technical words, and 
 proper names usually be written? When may there be K an ex- 
 ception? How are 55 or u indicated at the end of a contracted 
 outline? Illustrate. How is final ing indicated? Illustrate. 
 How are compound words written ? Should joined words be 
 contracted on ? What signs should not be employed in writ- 
 ing proper names? How are contractions indicated at the end 
 of- a sentence? How are common abbreviations written? How 
 are the plurals of contracted words indicated? How, when a 
 circle is contracted on? 
 
PERKINS UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 115 
 
 PHRASING. 
 
 Phrasing, in the Pernin shorthand, is simply the joining 
 of words in their original or contracted forms without em- 
 ploying arbitrary signs to represent ( them, and these 
 phrases are as easily read as if the words were disconnected. 
 Phrasing in this system may be employed extensively with 
 great advantage, as writing several words without raising the 
 pencil adds much to speed. The phrases do not need memo- 
 rizing; writing them a number of times will be sufficient to 
 fix them in the memory so that they can be both written 
 and read without hesitation. This, of course, the student 
 should be able to do before adopting them into his regular 
 work. Phrasing is of little value if the writer is obliged 
 to hesitate in the middle of a phrase to recall its proper 
 form. 
 
 Long experience in teaching has shown the author that 
 the majority of students on beginning to phrase are in- 
 clined to go to extremes. They, not infrequently, join 
 words together which have no connection, either natu- 
 rally, logically, or otherwise, and, from the difficulty in 
 deciphering, lose the benefit of the increased rapidity which 
 has been gained in writing. The folly of such a course is 
 strongly urged upon the learner. Rapidity of writing is 
 valuable only when associated with ease and accuracy of 
 reading; when the latter are wanting, phrasing loses its 
 value, and had better be entirely dispensed with. 
 
 Phrases should be simple, naturally formed and not too 
 
n6 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 numerous. They should be composed principally of words 
 made from horizontal lines and curves. 
 
 The Pernin system, as has been frequently said, is the 
 only one which, on account of its great simplicity of con- 
 struction, and natural and easy forms of contraction, 
 leaves the mind unhampered and free to co-operate with 
 the dexterity of the hand, acquired by daily and system- 
 atic practice. Shorthand amanuenses and beginners of the 
 study unacquainted with the workings of any method but 
 their own, are sometimes struck with the apparent brevity 
 of an outline written according to a system differing from 
 the one they use, and, without waiting for further knowl- 
 edge, jump at the conclusion that they must adopt some 
 arbitrary contraction, or makeshift, to have their writing 
 conformable to it in appearance. Here, as elsewhere, is 
 verified the truth of the old saying, "A little learning is a 
 dangerous thing." Let the learner beware of trusting too 
 much to appearances; they are even more deceptive in 
 shorthand phrasing than anywhere else. He will find as 
 he advances in knowledge of the winged art, and compares 
 his own simple, legible method with others, that the brief- 
 est outline to the eye is often far from being the most rapid 
 of execution; that shading detracts greatly from speed in 
 writing, and that arbitrary contractions and a voluminous 
 vocabulary of word-signs will burden his memory, and 
 consequently impede the activity of his fingers. The 
 highest degree of speed in the shortest space of time (and 
 time is a very valuable desideratum in this hurried age of 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 117 
 
 ours) can be obtained only when the mind and fingers act 
 in harmony and bear the burden of the work equally be- 
 tween them. 
 
 Again, the great legibility of the Pernin shorthand is 
 one of its strongest claims to superiority, and this must 
 not be lost sight of in phrasing. It is the twin sister of 
 rapidity of execution, and both should go hand in hand; 
 one is valueless without the other. In the matter of 
 legibility, our light-Line, non-position, connective vowel 
 system shows to special advantage in phrasing. 
 
 Apropos of the subject of simplicity in phrasing, we 
 quote a few lines from an article in Browne's text-book of 
 Phonography: 
 
 "Mechanics and mechanical inventors have an axiom that 
 the more complicated the machinery the greater will be the 
 friction. In machines, as in Phonography, simplicity is aimed 
 at in getting power and speed ; there, as in Phonography, a 
 wheel within a wheel is often found to be an incumbrance 
 rather than the help for which it was intended. Levers com- 
 pounded to a certain extent are good ; beyond the limit they 
 are a drawback, the gain in power or speed being more than 
 counterbalanced by the distance lost or the force exerted to 
 attain it. A rapid longhand penman can make over four hun- 
 dred strokes or inflections of the pen in a minute, because the 
 strokes and turns are familiar are free movements and re- 
 quire scarcely any action from the mind, or time for thought. 
 A like familiarity with Phonography, if it is a flowing style, 
 will, ondoubtedljr t give as a result a speed of from two hun- 
 dred to two hundred and fifty words per minute. From the 
 longhand computation we can see that it is not brevity that is 
 necessary for a high rate of speed. Too many arbitrary char- 
 
n8 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 acters and too many diverse ways of writing words are hin- 
 drances rather than helps. It is a common error promulgated 
 by an author jvho has no other claim to originality, that the 
 shortest outline is the most rapid. He forgets that swift writ- 
 ing is quite as much a mental as a manual process, and that by 
 his principles of brevity he hampers both the mind and the 
 hand. ***** Each plays an equal part in the dexter- 
 ity of writing, and each must have full freedom to secure the 
 best results." 
 
 This is exactly what we claim in the Pernin shorthand; and 
 we here find writers whose cry of superiority was formerly 
 based on brevity of outline, now coming forward with a 
 plea for greater simplicity in the art by the use of less 
 arbitrary forms of contraction. The point is so well sus- 
 tained that we cannot refrain from making a further quo- 
 tation : 
 
 "In considering mental law, the process of thinking must 
 be analyzed. Our most rapid. thoughts are expressed on sub- 
 jects not complicated in, their nature; that is, if we think 
 rapidly, we must think simply. Complicated thought is de- 
 structive to rapid thinking. If an invention like the develop- 
 ment of the complicated structure of a very fine watch could 
 be thought out in one instant of time, it would prove that com- 
 plicated action is as quickly executed mentally as any other 
 action; but all evidence is against the development or inven- 
 tion of any great machine of numerous parts in an instant of 
 time. Such inventions are accomplished by long and slow 
 thinking, by improvement being made upon improvement, by 
 thought working upon a part of the machine at a time till the 
 whole is completed. This being a fact, the system of phonog- 
 raphy must be adapted to simplicity of mental action in order 
 to contribute speed." 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 119 
 
 The phrases in the present volume have been compiled 
 with the view of giving the learner an idea of the kind and 
 quality of words that should be phrased, and not for the 
 purpose of memori/ ing. They are not arbitrary, as will 
 be seen. The majority of them are words written in full 
 and connected for convenience only. As before stated, 
 however, they should be practiced upon until the learner 
 can form an idea of the words suitable for phrasing which 
 occur in his writing, and can make them naturally and 
 without effort as they appear in his practice. 
 
 Asa rule, two or three words joined should be the length 
 of a phrase, although in special cases more are allowable. 
 In writing business letters such expressions as "Your favor 
 just athand,' ' ' 'Replying to yours of recent date, ' ' and others 
 of a similar nature, could be written very briefly. So, also, 
 in law and other departments of shorthand work, techni- 
 cal or frequently recurring phrases may be written in a 
 very condensed form. Stenographers will very naturally 
 form phrases for themselves suitable to the special work 
 in which they are engaged, and in this they must be guided 
 by good judgment. In all new matter there will be mate- 
 rial for new phrasing, from which, with the numerous ex- 
 amples appended as a guide, it will be easy for the stenog- 
 rapher to form phrases of his own. Words composed of 
 horizontal lines and curves are the most advantageous for 
 joining; when written vertically not more than two words 
 should be joined, as the phrase would interfere with the 
 following line. 
 
I2O PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Pernin's Phrase Book (vest pocket size) which contains 
 a comprehensive list of common phrases, as well as law 
 phrases and all authorized word-signs, has been published 
 as a supplementary work on this subject, and should be 
 secured, for ready reference, by the student, and in fact 
 by all Pernin writers who aim to become expert. 
 
 RULES FOR PHRASING. 
 
 1. Join only such words as run together naturally, and which 
 are not separated by pauses ; as, ive-note-vjliat-you-say, what- 
 do-you-tuish, etc. 
 
 2. When the subject is a personal pronoun, join it to the 
 verb following, except when the verb begins with a disjoined 
 prefix; personal pronouns are also joined medially or finally 
 when they are objects of the verb. 
 
 In no case connect a word with a disjoined prefix. 
 
 3. Join the simple personal pronouns, circles, and all such 
 simple words as an, and, any, in, on, of, for, from, this, that, 
 these, to, etc., to the words following. 
 
 "Out" may be joined very conveniently initially, medially, 
 or finally} as, out-of-doors; get-out-of; found-out; etc. 
 
 "Own" is readily joined after possessive pronouns; as, our- 
 oivn, your-own, my-oivn, etc. "Own" is also joined initially 
 or medially, as, our-own-day, oivn-time. 
 
 4. When -would, -will or -with, begin a phrase, write the w 
 thus, -will-you-go, w-l-u-g; ivould-not, w-d-n ; -with-thcm, 
 w-th-em ; but medially or finally, the w is omitted, thus, you- 
 will-go, u-l-g; yoii-Tvill, u-1 ; go-ivith, g-th ; go-ivith-them, 
 g-th-em. 
 
 When the words "are" and "long" occur medially or finally 
 in a phrase they are represented by "r" and "16", respectively 5 
 as in, there-are, ^/ : a-long-time, ^^ ; etc. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 121 
 
 5. Do not phrase "the" initially, as it might conflict with 
 "to." Always join "tp" to the next word when the latter does 
 not begin with a disjoined prefix. Drop v in hare and phrase 
 the a sign at the beginning and in the middle of words; as, 
 /Ki-'e-vott-seen, a-u-sen; rve-have-done-so, we-a-dun-s; supply it 
 at the end of phrases, usually dropping the a ; as in, did-you- 
 Aave, dd-u-v ; etc. 
 
 "As," in a phrase, whether initial, medial, or final, is rep- 
 resented by the a sign. When as is followed by a circle, the 
 word must be written in full. 
 
 6. When two word-sign circles follow each other, such as 
 at-all, ottr-o-ivn, etc., the first word of the phrase is written in 
 full; thus, at-all, O~D ; our-oivn, <>? . 
 
 Circles used as word-signs and occurring at the end of 
 phrase outlines arc, with the exception of the word-sign 
 "out," traced below horizontal strokes. . After all other strokes 
 these wor>1-signs take the usual positions of final circles. 
 
 7. The final circles and half circles of word outlines, in- 
 cluding those of "i'ord-signs, retain in phrasing, or in the 
 formation of derivative words, the positions that they are 
 giren when the words in which they occur are written 
 separately. 
 
 8. The last word of a phrase must always be written in 
 full unless such last word is represented by a word-sign. As 
 an exception to the rule, personal pronouns, the circles, and 
 such simple words as in, on, an, of, to, etc., may be joined to 
 a fontriH-ted word. 
 
 10 
 
122 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 COMMON PHRASES. 
 
 1. A-good, a-great, a-boy, a-man, a-book. About-it, 
 about-that, about-which, about-her. All-could, all-would, 
 all-did, all-should. And-they, and-their, and-will, and- 
 he-should, and so, and-so-forth. 
 
 2. As-much, as-much-as, as -could, as-this, as-much-as- 
 they, as-soon-as, as-long-as, as-she-could, as-well-as, as- 
 good-as, as-great-as. At-all, at-times, at-once, at-them, 
 .at-last, .at-present, along-with-them, along-with. 
 
 3. Be-so, because-it-is, because-of-it, because-of-her, 
 because-of-his, because-it-would, by-all, by-them, by-the, 
 by-that-means. 
 
 4. Could-a, could-you, could- we-do-so, can-do-as-well, 
 can-do-as-much, could-be, could-have-been, can-there-be. 
 
 5. Do-a, do-for, do-for-them, do-for-their, do-you, 
 do-your, do-we, do-they, do-her, do-them, do-it, do-not, 
 do-not-go, do-all-their, did-their, do-with, do-with-it. 
 
 6. From-the, from-him, from-her, from-them, from- 
 which, for-his-sake, for-us, for-they-are, for-their-own, 
 for-your, for-all, for-all-that, for-all-the, for-all-their. Go- 
 in, go-in-there, go-at. 
 
 7. He-and-she, heard-of, bad-all, had-we-not, he-is, 
 he-will, he-can, he-could-be, he-should-have, has-to, he- 
 has-been, had-them, how-is-it, how-goes-the, how-long- 
 will, how-well-did-you, how-soon-is, how-should-you, 
 how-could-you, how-are-they. 
 
 8. In-the, in-this, in-these, in-those, in-their, in-to- 
 the, in-so-far-as, in-as-much-as, I-am, I-might, I-should- 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 COMMON PHRASES. 
 
 123 
 
 ' / *\ 9 i i 
 
 I !) 1 L L> 
 
 
 y 
 
 v 
 
 V. 
 
 V >> V 
 
 t 
 
124 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 COMMON PHRASES CONTINUED. 
 
 be, I -could- have, I-ought-to-be, I-did, I-did-so, I-did-not> 
 I-do-not, I-know, I-was-so, I-will, I-can, I-can-say, I do, 
 if-so, if-he-will, if-she- would, if- possible, if-they-did-so. 
 
 9. Just-as, just-as-well, just-as-good, join-with, join- 
 with-their, no-good, no- one, no-more, not-any. 
 
 10. On-the, on-which, on-it, on-them, on-that, on-that- 
 day, on-this, on-an, on-their, of-their, of-it, of-them, of- 
 you, of-our, of-his, of-this, of-any. 
 
 11. Should-a, should-be, should-have-been, should- 
 they, such-as, such-as-the, such-as-not, so-far, so-will- 
 they, so-will-he, she-will, she-was, she-has, she-has-so, 
 she-has-not, shall-then, some-of, some-of-the, some-of- 
 which, some-of-that, some-of-these, some-of-those, some- 
 day, some-hour, some-time, so-they-may. 
 
 12. To-the, to-do-it, to-him, to-her, to-you, to-them, 
 to-this, to-that, to-their, to-it, to-hold, to-go, to-be, to- 
 be-more, to-be-able, to-any, to-own, to-your, to-have- 
 been, to-have-done, to-have-gone, to-do-so, to-do-this, 
 they-shall, they-should, they-would, they-would-be, there- 
 is, there -are, there-will-be, there could-not. 
 
 13. We-will, we-can, we-have, we-could, we-should, 
 we-are, we-were, we-will-be, were-we-to-say, we-do, who- 
 will, who-was, who-is, who-with,' who-would, will-have- 
 to-say, where-are, where-will, will-he-be, with-his, with- 
 them, will-then-be, what-is-it, what-it-is, what-was-it, 
 with-whom, with-their, will-that. 
 
 14. You-and-they, you-could, you-should, you- would, 
 you-did, you-will-be, you-will-not, you-are, you-are-not. 
 
PKKXIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 125 
 
 COMMON PHRASES CONTINUED. 
 
 s 
 
 J 
 
 /7^\ 
 
 *^*~ ^ /J^^^ / 
 
 s^~( 
 
126 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES. 
 
 Dear-Sir, Dear-Madam, My-dear-Sir, Mr. -President, 
 Mr. -Chairman, Mr. -Speaker, Ladies-and-Gentlemen, My- 
 dear-brethren, Beloved-brethren, Dearly -beloved, Fellow- 
 Citizens, Your-favor-of-recent-date-at-hand, Inclosed- 
 please-find, I-herewith-inclose-you, In-reply-to-yours, In- 
 response-to your-recent-favor, Your-favor-just-at-hand, 
 We-beg-leave-to-state, Please-state-in-your-reply, Yours- 
 truly, yours-very-truly, Yours-respectfully, Yours- very -re- 
 spectfully, Yours-and-so-forth, Your-obedient-servant, I- 
 remain-very-truly-yours. In-order, In-order-that, out-of- 
 order, out-of the-way, out-and-out, out-of-it, quite-as- 
 well, quite -as-much, quite-likely, just-as-well-as-not, as- 
 follows, for-example, together-with, some- time -ago, by-all- 
 means, by-no-means, by-this-means, by-some-means, of- 
 course-it-is, on-account, on-account-of, on-that-account, 
 on-no-account, on- the- contrary, I-do-not-think-so, present- 
 day. What-do-you-say, at-all-events, in-a-word, get-rid- 
 of, get- it-all, get -out-of, keep-it-up, let-us-see, let-us-say, 
 not-long-ago, now-and-then, not-a-bit-of-it, ought-to-be- 
 able, so-much-good, set- it-down, seems- to-go, let-it-be, 
 I-have-no-doubt, as-fast-as, few-days-ago, as-soon-as-pos- 
 sible, as-long-as. Month-to-month, hand-to-hand, bye- 
 and-bye, little-by-little, from-time-to-time, day-to-day, 
 again-and-again, over-and-over, over-and-over-again, 
 often-and-often, day -after-day, many-more, forever-and- 
 ever, on-the-other-hand, any-of-them, in-regard-to-that 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 127 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES. 
 
 
 < 
 
 v 
 
 X 
 
128 
 
 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 ADDITIONAL 
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 Account 2L 
 
 Anybody 
 
 Advertise-ment 
 
 Arrive 
 
 Among -v 
 
 Accord-ing 
 
 Amongst 
 
 Attention 
 
 Amount 
 
 Become- ing 
 
 Anxiety J 
 
 Belong-ed 
 
 Agency ^ 
 
 Beyond 
 
 Appear 1 
 
 Commercial-ly 
 
 Capable / 
 
 Contrary 
 
 Certain -ly /_ 
 
 ^ Democrat 
 
 Charge * ^ 
 
 I Democracy 
 
 Circle / 
 
 Depart 
 
 Circumstance /"" 
 
 Differ-ent 
 
 Circumstantial 
 
 Deliver 
 
 Clerk ^-/ 
 
 Doctor 
 
 Close -d ^ 
 
 Down 
 
 Claim 
 
 \ Example 
 
 (Collect & 
 
 \ Examine-ation 
 
 Correct / 
 
 Exchange 
 
 ''('onsequent-ly / 
 
 Exercise 
 
 Consequence ^ 
 
 Equivalent-ly 
 
 I 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 129 
 
 Enclose 
 
 Name-ly 
 
 Especial-ly 
 
 Necessary 
 
 Evident 
 
 Object-tion 
 
 Familiar 
 Finance-ial > 
 
 \ Obligation 
 / ( )bligatory 
 
 Formation ^> 
 
 Opportunity 
 
 Guarantee / 
 
 Occasional-ly 
 
 Hand 
 
 Ideal 
 
 Instant \. 
 Investigate-tion \^ 
 
 Opinion 
 Otherwise 
 Particular-ly 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Place 
 
 Language 
 
 Pleasure 
 
 Large 
 Mr. -vx 
 
 \ Popular 
 { Populate-tion 
 
 Madam -^ 
 Make "^ 
 
 ( Public 
 I Publish-er 
 
 Messrs. "^ 
 
 Punctuate-tion 
 
 Market ^ 
 
 People-d 
 
 Mcan-s -\, 
 
 Practice 
 
 Method ~x^ 
 
 Private 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
130 PERNIN'S 
 
 UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Railroad 
 
 Suggest 
 
 Railway 
 
 Telegraph-y 
 
 Recover 
 
 \ Telegram 
 
 Regular 
 
 f Telephone 
 
 Remember 
 
 S\^ Testimony 
 
 
 !>_ There, their 
 
 Republic-an 
 
 j 
 
 
 This 
 
 Request 
 
 "Z 
 
 Require 
 
 Together 
 / 
 
 
 Under 
 
 Return 
 
 /^- 
 
 
 Ultra, ultimo 
 
 ( Satisfy 
 
 
 I Satisfaction 
 
 Unto 
 
 Satisfactory-ly 
 
 v-s-a Universe-al 
 
 Similar-ity 
 
 ^_^ Usual-ly 
 
 Situated 
 
 Value-d 
 
 Stenographer 
 
 ^ Where 
 
 Said 
 
 ^ Week 
 
 Special 
 
 AN Young 
 
 7 
 
 (A- 
 
 c 
 
PF.RN1N S UMVKKSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 131 
 
 EXAMPLES OF WORD-SIGNS 
 USED IN LONGER WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 Accord-ing accordant accorder account accountant 
 
 / / / 2- 4 
 
 accountable unaccounted acquire acquirement acquirer 
 
 ^ ZL_- / <? 
 
 acquirable advantage advantageous disadvantage 
 
 advertise-ment advertiser after afterward hereafter 
 agent agency *all all-wise all-Saints all-right allspice 
 
 z b v 
 
 although another one-another hand handsome 
 
 o-Q <L. ^ ^ <^ 
 
 handy hand-full hand-glass answer answered unanswered 
 
 answerable anxious, anxiety anxiously anxiousness 
 
 r ^ ^ c 1 S 
 
 appear appearance non-appearance book book-store 
 
 *NOTE. When "all" is followed by a circle or half-circle 
 the " 1 " is supplied, as in all-hail, ail-along, all-around. 
 "Al" (with broad a) at the beginning of a word may be rep- 
 resented by the word-sign for "all." 
 
132 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 become- ing becomingly becomingness unbecoming 
 
 I I L . -1 
 
 before beforehand before-all begin began business 
 
 I >> (,; /U-. t -L 
 
 business-like business-house capable capability capitally 
 
 capitalist catalogue seed-catalogue school-catalogue 
 
 certain-ly certainty uncertain change changeless 
 
 changeful exchange unchanged charge chargeable 
 
 ,- p 
 
 V . | 
 
 recharge surcharge character characterize characteristic 
 
 church churchman churchyard . church-goer circular 
 circumstance circumstantial client clientage clientele 
 
 close-d enclose inclosure closeness correct correctly 
 
 i? ^ V i^ /> 
 
 correctness correction correspond correspondent cover 
 
 / A / I \ 
 
 uncover coverlet discover credit creditor creditable 
 
PERNIN'S. UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 133 
 
 discredit custom customer customary customhouse deliver-y 
 
 deliverer deliverance differ-ence-ent differently indifferent 
 Democrat democratic depart department departure 
 departmental dollar dollarless dollar-mark hundred-dollars 
 
 down downfall downcast downy economy, economical 
 
 economic economist economize equal equality 
 
 \ ^ 7 ^ 
 
 equalize unequal establish-ment unestablished 
 
 J ? Xo *<+- 
 
 re-established ever evermore everlasting evergreen 
 
 every everyone everywhere everything exercise 
 
 *\ ' *\ 'X *\ 
 
 V V- \s \^ ^^ 
 
 exercisable exerciser exercitation familiar familiarly 
 
 familiarity unfamiliar favor favorable unfavorable 
 
 V ^ ^ t 7 
 
 form formation information reformation inform 
 
134 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 misinform conform reform formulate formidable former 
 
 gave forgave give forgive forgiveness go, good go-cart 
 
 -/ J / ? 2 / / 
 
 goodness goodly govern-ment misgoverned governor 
 
 governess general, gentlemen generally generality 
 generalize gentleman gentlemanly gentlemanlike great 
 
 greater greatly greatness how however somehow 
 
 anyhow idea,ideal idealist idealize infer-ence inferable 
 
 inferential inquire inquiry inquirer judge judgment 
 judgesriip pre-judge just justice justify unjust 
 
 justly adjust readjust adjustment adjuster knowledge 
 
 acknowledge acknowledgment large larger largeness 
 
 legislate-ure x legislator legislative legislation letter 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 135 
 
 lettered letter-head letter-press manufacture manufac- 
 
 x - x^v, 
 
 turer manufactory mean, means meantime meanwhile 
 
 meaningless method methodical most mostly 
 
 V- ^ ^ b ^ 
 
 foremost utmost uppermost near-ly nearness nearer 
 
 near-sighted never nevertheless nevermore number 
 
 numberless numuerer renumber oblige obligingly object 
 
 ^ ^ A ls \^ \ 
 
 objection objectionable one, won once oneness onesided 
 
 1 ^ r f r ^_'. 
 
 ordinary ordinarily extraordinary other otherwise our, out 
 ourselves out-go out-put over overdo overdone peculiar 
 
 peculiarly peculiarity please pleases pleasure pleasant 
 
 ^ IX U^-^ U^ t^ 
 
 popular popularly popularity popularize unpopular 
 
 4 ^l <C ^ q 
 
 possible positive possibility impossibility positiveness 
 
 cJ * 
 
136 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 prefer-ence preferred preferable preferment practice 
 
 practical practically practicable impractical malpractice 
 
 \s i* ^ . > -yv 
 
 present presently presentation presentable president 
 
 presidency presidential principle-al principally 
 
 L-- > u^-^"" Uv u, 
 
 unprincipled prompt promptly promptness prompter 
 
 <* - ^ \s* ^ |X 
 
 promptitude public, publish publicly publication 
 
 ^- s s. ^ 
 
 publicity Republic-an Republicanism punctual punctually 
 
 _ 
 
 punctuality quality equality inequality qualify disqualify 
 
 quart quarter quarterly question questioned questionable 
 
 L ts t-s~ / ^- ( 
 
 rapid rapidity rapidness receive receiver receivable 
 
 -fx- *t, ~- *t " 1 
 
 refer-ence referable referee regular regularly regularity 
 
 ") ~~ / 1 4 
 
 irregular report reporter reported require requirement 
 
 f 1 1, < '/ ^ 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 137 
 
 respect-fully respected respectable respectability reverence 
 
 irreverence reverential same sameness satisfy, satisfaction 
 
 dissatisfaction unsatisfied ship shipment ship-mate 
 
 shipwreck similar-ity similarly dissimilar some, soon 
 
 something wholesome sooner soonest state-ment 
 
 stately stated statesman stood understood withstood 
 
 subscribe, substitute subscriber substitution sure surely 
 
 " -f T v f - N ^-x. 
 
 i u Tu 
 
 insure insurance telegraph-y telegraphic telegrapher 
 whatever whatsoever when whenever whensoever where 
 
 6\ --\ ^\ ^^^X ^ 
 
 whereas wherever wheresoever which whichever 
 
 whichsoever who whoever whosoever yes yes-sir 
 
 ^~^-\ r ^ \ " ^ 
 
 yesterday young younger youngest youngster. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 COMMON ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 As supplementary to Rule 6, page 103, we append for 
 the benefit of the student, a short list of common abbrevia- 
 tions used in writing. These are to be written phonetically 
 as instructed. The examples given are but a very small 
 percentage of the words which may be abbreviated in this 
 manner. There may be included the ordinary commercial 
 terms, titles, names of months, days of the week, points of 
 the compass, geographical and other proper names, and 
 many other words that are usually abbreviated. 
 
 Account, 
 
 April, 
 
 Attorney, 
 
 Balance, 
 
 Capital, 
 
 Citizen, 
 
 Colonel, 
 
 Company, 
 
 Creditor, 
 
 Debtor, 
 
 Degree, 
 
 Democrat, 
 
 Democratic, 
 
 Division, 
 
 Dozen, 
 
 Esquire, 
 
 Friday, 
 
 Honorable, 
 
 Instant, 
 
 acct. 
 
 Interest, 
 
 int. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 James, 
 
 Jas. 
 
 atty. 
 
 January. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 bal. 
 
 Manufacturer, 
 
 manf. 
 
 cap. 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 Mich. 
 
 cit. 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 O. 
 
 Col. 
 
 Pages, 
 
 pp. 
 
 Co. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Professor, 
 
 Prof. 
 
 Dr. 
 deg. 
 
 Public, 
 Publish, 
 
 | pub. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 Quantity, . 
 Qtfart, 
 
 quan. 
 qt. 
 
 div. 
 doz. 
 
 Republic, 
 Republican, 
 
 [Rep. 
 
 Esq. 
 
 Revenue, 
 
 rev. 
 
 Fri. 
 
 Samuel, 
 
 Sam. 
 
 Hon. 
 
 Sunday, 
 
 Sun. 
 
 inst. 
 
 Ultimo, 
 
 ult. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 139 
 
 BUSINESS LETTERS. 
 
 i. NEW YORK CITY, N. Y., Aug. 5, 19 . 
 
 ROBERT BRENNAN & Co., Albany, N. Y. 
 
 Gentlemen, Yours of the 3d inst. to hand, requesting 
 us to quote prices on Sheet Silver. 
 
 We have gone out of this line of goods, and henceforth 
 will not keep any of it in stock. You will probably be 
 able to procure supplies of this description of Messrs. 
 Hunter & Co. , Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 A. B. MANNING. 
 
 2. MADISON, Wis., Jan. 10, 19 . 
 
 Mr. GEO. TOWNSEND, Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 Dear Sir, On the i4th of March we made shipment 
 to Dick Feeler, of Chicago, 111., as follows: 
 2 Cases Hardware. 
 i Box Leather. 
 
 i Roll Top Leather (12 Hides). 
 
 Consignee reports Top Leather arriving in very bad 
 condition, and four hides missing. 
 
 Kindly put tracer out as soon as possible, and oblige, 
 Yours truly, 
 
 A. B. KILEY. 
 
140 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 KEY TO BUSINESS LETTERS. 
 
 > 
 
 L. I If 
 
 
 -f /-|,*<l-p. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 141 
 
 3. ST. PAUL, MINN., May 20, 19 . 
 Mr. A. ANDREWS, New York City, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir, Your favor of i3th inst., in reference to 
 delay of saddle clips and king bolts, to hand. 
 
 Delay has been caused by breakage of our largest ham- 
 mer, and through no negligence on our part as you supposed. 
 
 We always give our customers' orders prompt and 
 careful attention, and no one regrets the accident more 
 than ourselves at this time, as we are under a press of 
 orders. We hope to be able to ship the balance of your 
 order by the first of the coming week. 
 
 Trusting this will be satisfactory, we remain, 
 Yours truly, 
 
 J. WARREN & Co. 
 
 % 
 
 4. DES MOINES, IA., May 6, 19 . 
 J. W. SNYDER, Esq., Springfield, 111. 
 
 Dear Sir, Replying to your favor of Apr. 25th, would 
 say that I do not think it would be advjsable for you to 
 think of going west for some time yet, especially if you 
 wish to locate at Fort Fetterman. As yet there is no town 
 there, and probably will not be until our line is completed 
 to that point, which I understand will be late in the sum- 
 mer or in the early fall. If you will write me later or 
 about the first of July, at that time I may be able to give 
 you more satisfactory information. 
 
 Yours truly, D. D. HELLER. 
 
142 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 J ^ -<K "X "^ 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 143 
 
 5. ADRIAN, MICH., Aug. 12, 19 . 
 
 MESSRS. METCALF BROS. & Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Dear Sirs, Having recently commenced business for 
 myself with fair prospects of success, I shall be pleased to 
 open an account with your house, and trust it wilL be to 
 our mutual advantage. Should you think favorably of 
 the matter, you will please fill the accompanying order with 
 the least possible delay and on your best terms. For 
 testimonials, I refer you to Newcomb, Endicott & Co., 
 of your city, by whom I have been until recently em- 
 ployed; but as this is my first transaction with your house, 
 upon forwarding me an invoice of goods and deducting 
 your usual discount for cash, I will remit a sight draft on 
 the First National Bank of your city, for the amount, by 
 return mail. Expecting your usual prompt attention, I am, 
 Yours respectfully, S. C. BROOKS. 
 
 6. DETROIT, MICH., Aug. 13, 19 . 
 
 Mr. S. C. BROOKS. Adrian, Mich. 
 
 Dear Sir, We take pleasure in sending this day, as 
 per your order, the inclosed invoice of goods, amounting 
 to $1,500. subject to 5 per cent, discount for cash. 
 . Your reference being entirely satisfactory, we have no 
 hesitation in opening an account and allowing you our 
 best terms. Trusting that the goods, which are shipped 
 by express, will arrive safely and meet with your favor, 
 we are, Very truly yours, 
 
 METCALF BROS. & Co. 
 
144 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 5^ 
 
 zi 
 
 V- 
 
 /?, 
 
 v 
 
 /. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 145 
 
 7. KANSAS CITY, Mo., March 29, 19 . 
 
 Mr. T. J. JOHNSON, Blair, Neb. 
 
 Dear Sir, We inclose check for $14.90, payment for 
 abstracts. Please give us latest assessed value for taxation 
 on the following property: N. W. quarter, section 7, 
 township 7, range 1 1 east, of R. M. Burns; also S. W. 
 quarter, section 2, township 17, range n, Sophia Good- 
 man, Kennard, Neb. Please prepare abstract on Sophia 
 Goodman's property and forward same at once; also give 
 us assessed value for taxation and amount of taxes on 
 north half, S. E. quarter, section 12, township 12, range 
 10 east, property of Samuel Brinkerhoff. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 E. A. DUVAL. 
 
 8. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. , Oct. 2, 19 
 
 Mr. CHAS. GREEN, Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 Dear Sir, Your favor of Sept. 28 at hand and contents 
 noted. We* are extremely sorry to be obliged to say that 
 it will be impossible for us to negotiate renewal of your 
 paper maturing Dec. 23, 19 , owing to the fact that it 
 has passed out of our hands, being now held by the Na- 
 tional Bank of this place, and must be paid at maturity or 
 costs of protest will be incurred. 
 
 Trusting you will be put to no inconvenience to lift 
 the paper, we are, Yours truly, 
 
 IRVING & Co. 
 
i4 6 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 7 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
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 3 J 
 
 
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PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 147 
 
 9. HAMBURG, N. Y., Sept. 30, 19 . 
 
 Mr. S. S. McKAY. Attica, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir, I notice that the ties on the hill just east of 
 Keller's have not been piled up and burned, but are 
 thrown down the side of the bank. This makes the road 
 look very untidy. Please see to it that they are burned 
 as soon as possible. Also see that the old fence that 
 stands in front of the new fence, just east of the rock cut 
 beyond Keller's, is torn down and piled up by the section 
 men. Yours truly, W. J. KITCHEN, 
 
 Supt. N. Y. C. & St. L. Ry. 
 
 10. MILWAUKEE, Wis., Jan. 7, 19 . 
 
 Mr. W. F. JOHNSON, Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 Dear Sir, The crossing watchman at Miami street, 
 Indianapolis, Ind., is not giving good satisfaction to the 
 public, and some very serious complaints have been made 
 to me in regard to his inattention to duty. This watch- 
 man is paid five dollars per month more than the others, 
 with the understanding that he is to stay on duty until 9 
 P. M., or until Train 49 passes. 
 
 I think it would be policy to make a change there and 
 let the new watchman understand that he is to stay at his 
 post every night until No. 49 passes. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 I. I. BROWN, Supt. 
 
148 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
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 1_ 
 
 V 
 
 V-J 
 
 / J 
 
 ^ 
 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 149 
 
 ii. OMAHA, NEB., Jan. 30, 19 . 
 
 Mr. T. J. BROWN, Bedford, Iowa. 
 
 Dear Sir, Replying to your favor of the 29th instant, 
 would say that passenger rates are as follows: Council 
 Bluffs to Chadron $16.40; round trip explorer's rate 
 Council Bluffs to Valentine $13.90 none are sold to 
 Chadron. 
 
 Rate on emigrant movables, Council Bluffs to Chadron, 
 $70 per car. Yours truly, 
 
 S. HASTINGS, 
 Southwestern Pass. Agent. 
 
 12. PHILADELPHIA, PA., March 16, 19 . 
 
 Mr. JAS. JOHNSON, Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir, As we are informed that a party in your 
 city has been offering for sale to the trade, ready cut 
 election "stickers," we beg leave to notify you that our 
 client, Mr. Thomas Young, of this place,"is the patentee 
 of the same, and that any sale or use thereof is an in- 
 fringement of his patent, except where such sale or use 
 is made by Mr. Young's license or of goods obtained from 
 him or his authorized agents. Mr. Young's patent was 
 obtained and is dated April 23, 19 . His rights of 
 patent have been acquiesced in by the public and trade 
 generally, and he sends this as a friendly caution to you 
 against infringement of the same. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 G. H. SHAFER, Atty. 
 
15 
 
 ii. 
 v- 
 
 PERN1N S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 ' >, 30, 
 
 k 
 
 </ 
 
 29 
 
 S' ^X \ V 
 
 -e j .. 
 
 12. 
 
 v 
 
 ^Y cL^ 5 * 
 
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 V7 
 
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 L'Vo, x" c 
 
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 J_> L^; : , V 3 /</-*. \-^/ 
 
 ~V 
 
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 ,tf 
 
 -v 
 
 <5" 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 151 
 
 13. DENVER, COL., July 12, 19 . 
 
 Mr. P. J. LEWIS, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Dear Sir, Replying to yours of the loth instant, 
 would say that I have pleasure in sending you by mail a 
 supply of matter descriptive of the Elkhorn Valley. I 
 cannot advise you as to any particular location west of 
 Antelope county, but think, if you can arrange it so, it 
 would be better for you to purchase a land exploring 
 ticket for Valentine, Neb., and visit the country. I 
 think you will find these on sale in Boston; if not, it 
 would be your best plan to purchase a ticket to Chicago 
 and from there you can purchase a land exploring ticket 
 via the Chicago & Northwestern and Fremont, Elkhorn & 
 Missouri Valley Rys. to Valentine, Neb., which will cost 
 you $31.45. This ticket will allow stop-over privileges 
 at any point west of the Missouri river and will be good 
 forty days from date of issue. The ticket office is at 62 
 Clark street. Should you desire any additional informa- 
 tion, I shall be pleased to furnish it. 
 
 Yours truly, E. A. HESS, 
 
 Southwestern Pass. Agent. 
 
 14. NEWARK, N. J., Sept. 2, 19 . 
 
 Mr. ANDREW JENKINS, Bordentown, N. J. 
 
 Dear Sir, Your esteemed favor of the 7th ult. to hand, 
 inclosing sum of $40.00, in settlement for Invoices Nos. 
 7, 8, 9, less 4 per cent., for which accept thanks. 
 
 Yours truly, J. G. HARRISON. 
 
152 PERNLN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 15. CHICAGO, ILL., July 8, 19. 
 
 D. F. BRANCH, Esq., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Dear Sir, The inclosed claim No. 16574, for shortage of 
 a lot of apples in shipment from St. Louis to Chicago, is 
 respectfully referred to you. Please take this case to the 
 conductor handling the freight and inquire from him if 
 the car met with any rough usage en route. Return all 
 papers with result of your investigation at the earliest 
 practicable moment. Yours truly, 
 
 G. H. LAKEMAN, 
 Supt. Wab., St. L. & P. Ry. 
 
 . 1 6. DETROIT, MICH., June 4, 19 . 
 
 Mr. J. F. BARRON, Detroit. 
 
 Dear Sir, In reply to your advertisement in today's 
 Free Press for a stenographer, I beg to offer you my serv- 
 ices. I have had an experience of two years in this line 
 of work with Robinson & Co. of this city, and would 
 refer you to them for any testimony of character or 
 ability you may require. 
 
 Should my application meet your approval, I shall 
 endeavor to faithfully and promptly fulfill the duties 
 required of me. 
 
 By notifying me at above address I shall be happy 
 to call at your office at any time you may designate. 
 
 In the meantime, I remain, 
 
 Yours very respectfully,. 
 
 H. W. WORKMAN. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 153 
 
 17. PORT HURON, Mich., Apr. 10, 19 . 
 
 G. W. SPRAGUE, Esq., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Dear Sir, I'lease send at once by Merchants' Despatch 
 to Thibbets & Co., Port Huron, Mich., 300 Ibs. Brevier 
 type No. 14 with italics; 120 Ibs. Nonpareil No. 14 with 
 italics; 1 2 Ibs. Small Pica and two fonts Nonpareil fullface 
 No. i. This is only part of order. I will send the balance 
 tomorrow or Wednesday. Some parties have just come 
 from Chicago, and I have had to make very close figures 
 in order to secure the trade. 
 
 Please send as soon as possible, as the type is needed 
 for next week's paper. Very truly yours, 
 
 O. M. LAIDLAW. 
 
 1 8. DETROIT, MICH., Dec. 14, 19 . 
 
 Mr. JAMES DICK, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 Dear Sir, Your esteemed order of the loth instant 
 duly to hand, and shall have our prompt and careful 
 attention. 
 
 New cords have just arrived, and we take pleasure in 
 inclosing samples. We predict large sales for Nos. 88 1 
 and 970. They have been in the market but a short 
 time, and are selling rapidly. 
 
 Our traveler, Mr. Lorden, has requested us to forward 
 samples of plush also, on arrival; we are sorry to say we 
 have not received them as yet, but we will send as soon 
 as they reach us. Trusting to receive further orders, we 
 remain, Yours truly, HARWOOD & Co. 
 
154 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 19. . PHILADELPHIA, PA., Feb. 23, 19 . 
 
 MESSRS. ROBERTS & CURRIE, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Gentlemen, Goods went forward yesterday, excepting 
 four bales of cotton, which, we regret to say, we are 
 entirely out of. Owing to floods in the south it is al- 
 most impossible to get a single bale at present here. 
 
 We will forward as soon as we receive the first ship- 
 ment, unless order is countermanded. 
 
 Trusting this will be satisfactory, we remain, 
 
 Yours truly, WRIGHT BROS. &- Co. 
 
 20. WHEELING, W. Va., July 14, 19 . 
 
 Mr. J. BROWN, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Dear Sir, We will waive top of column for Rheumatic 
 Syrup display, but you must not fail to put it next to 
 reading matter, and we will expect you to give it top of 
 column and next to reading matter whenever you can. 
 We inclose another sheet of locals. We will send cut to- 
 day, and we kindly ask you to insert this week. Please 
 send paper to our office to prove insertion. 
 
 Very truly yours, HENRY JAMES, 
 
 1 1 8 Washington Ave. 
 
 21. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., Sept. 12, 19 . 
 
 GEO. L. SMITH, Esq., Iowa City, la. 
 
 Dear Sir, Can you use a car of Hoffman & Sons' 
 flour? We have on hand nearly a full car of ""-Supreme." 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 155 
 
 The same was shipped to us by mistake; we would be 
 willing to dispose of it at a low figure and fill up the car 
 with "H. S. " I believe the Jones Grocery Co. has a 
 large trade established on this brand in your territory. 
 Will you be in a position to handle this? Please answer 
 at once. Yours truly, % E. A. HALL. 
 
 22. OMAHA, NEB., Dec. 13, 19 . 
 
 JOHNSON CRACKER FACTORY, Waterloo, Iowa. 
 
 Gentlemen, We quote you Kansas Winter Wheat, 
 straight patents f. o. b. cars Atchison, at $4.20 per barrel 
 in sacks; straight patents at $3.60 per barrel, f. o. b. 
 Omaha; Colorado patent at $4.10 f. o. b. Omaha. We 
 make a specialty of supplying cracker factories, and are 
 well acquainted with the grades of flour desired for their 
 work. We should be pleased to have a trial order. 
 
 Very truly, C. F. DALY. 
 
 23. NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. , Jan. 19, 19 . 
 
 Mr. T. J. STEVENS, Blair, Neb. 
 
 Dear Sir, We have notice that parties will accept 
 payment for their loan, and we will prepare your papers 
 at once. Please send us a little description of your land, 
 showing on what portion of the farm the hay and corn 
 are raised; also locate the house. Yours truly, 
 
 W. A. WHITE. 
 
156 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 103. 
 
 OFFICE OF THE CONSOLIDATED STEEL SPRING Co., } 
 YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO, Oct. n, 19 . \ 
 JACKSON LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, Jackson, Mich. 
 
 Gentlemen, Owing to the growing disposition on the part 
 of consumers to procure material of all kinds at lower prices, 
 manufacturers have been compelled to look for cheaper grades 
 of material. In view of this fact we have decided to manu- 
 facture springs from two qualities of steel. 
 
 We have always used and advocated crucible cast steel in 
 the manufacture of railway, locomotive and car springs, and 
 experience proves that in the end it is the most durable, and 
 hence the most economical; some railway companies, how- 
 ever, have adopted an analytical as well as a physical standard 
 of their own for the guidance of manufacturers, which permits 
 the use of steel manufactured in bulk, and therefore much 
 cheaper than that quality of steel known as crucible. 
 
 These railroad companies ask no guaranty, and assume no 
 responsibility for the springs giving good service, insisting 
 only that the springs pass the physical and analytical tests 
 to which they are subjected at the time they are furnished. 
 
 But, as a comparison of value, it may-be stated that crucible 
 cast-steel springs are now ,in service and in good condition 
 that have been in constant use for over sixteen years, to our 
 knowledge. 
 
 It is our aim, now as ever, to produce the best and most 
 serviceable springs at a fair and reasonable price. We shall 
 use the highest quality of crucible cast steel as heretofore, and 
 the best grade of special steel, and our patrons can depend 
 upon always obtaining from us just what they order, and the 
 best of its kind, leaving it optional with them as to what 
 quality they desire to use. 
 
 The difference in the cost of the springs will be only the 
 difference in the cost of the material used, as our method of 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 157 
 
 manufacture will he exactly the same in both cases. 
 
 We shall use nothing but the best quality of crucible cast 
 steel in the manufacture of our locomotive springs. 
 We are, Very truly yours, 
 
 THE CONSOLIDATED STEEL SPRING Co. 
 
 EXERCISE 104. 
 
 THE TABER ROOFING SLATE COMPANY OFFICE, 
 205 Broadway, NEW YORK, Oct. n, 19 . \ 
 
 D. I. WAGAR, Esq., Gen. Mgr. Can. Pac. Ry., Montreal, P. O^, 
 
 Dear Sir, If your company is erecting, or contemplating 
 the erection of any buildings, we should be pleased to quote 
 you prices of roofing slate delivered at any point. 
 
 The roofing slate manufactured by us is of dark blue-black 
 color, of superior strength and durability. For depots, round 
 houses, machine shops, or any buildings where a fire-proof 
 material is desired, this slate has no superior, as it is abso- 
 lutely fire- proof. 
 
 We are now supplying large quantities of our roofing slate 
 to railroad companies, and have received a number of letters 
 from those who have used it, testifying to its merits. 
 
 We will make you bottom trade prices. By purchasing 
 your slate direct from the manufacturers you not only get it 
 at first cost, but you are insured as to quality, and, as we 
 make only one quality, the best, it never varies. We also 
 manufacture black slate floor tile. 
 
 We are making a specialty of the best grade of slate nails and 
 roofing felt, which we would supply you with at manufac- 
 turer's prices. 
 
 Your correspondence is kindly solicited, and, should you 
 favor us with your order, it will receive our best attention. 
 
 Hoping to hear from you in the near future, we are, 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 THE TABER ROOFING SLATE Co. 
 
158 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 HOW TO GAIN SPEED. 
 
 After a thorough acquirement of the principles of 
 Phonography, how to gain speed for practical work, in 
 the quickest and best way, is the next subject for consider- 
 ation. 
 
 If you are not attending a shorthand school, engage 
 some one to read to you, for dictation. Do not de- 
 pend upon friends to help you out in this matter; for, 
 except in rare cases, this course will not be found 
 satisfactory. To obtain the best results, the dictation 
 must be regular, systematic, and of sufficient duration 
 to be of value to the writer. Three hours a day is not 
 too much for dictation, but it should be divided by in- 
 tervals. The writer should always cease practice just 
 short of fatigue, for nothing will be gained when brain 
 and hand are alike exhausted. The reader should be 
 possessed of a clear and distinct utterance, and should 
 adapt his dictation to your speed, reading slowly but con- 
 tinuously, at first, and increasing his rate of speaking to 
 keep pace with your increased speed in writing. Read 
 back what you have written every fifteen minutes while 
 the dictation is in progress, and the next day, on begin- 
 ning work, read the entire matter of the previous day's 
 dictation. Amateur stenographers are frequently in such 
 haste to become rapid writers that they are inclined to 
 neglect what is really of the most importance, viz., the 
 ability to translate accurately every word that has been 
 dictated. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 159 
 
 If you intend to engage in office work, practice on 
 business letters bearing upon the kind of work in which 
 you expect to engage, should your position be already 
 secured; if not, practice upon general business letters. 
 In addition to those given in the Text-book, excellent 
 material of this kind may be found in Pernin's Business 
 Dictation Book. 
 
 Make each letter or other article a separate study un- 
 til it can be written absolutely correctly as to forma- 
 tion of characters, proper contractions, phrasing, etc.; 
 then rewrite it ten, fifteen or twenty times, as the case 
 may require, until every character, contraction and 
 phrase falls readily from the pen. Always bear in mind 
 that it is repetition of the same article that brings up 
 the speed, not unlimited wandering over a wide range 
 of new matter. Do not overlook the daily practice on 
 the alphabet recommended in "Hints to Learners," 
 and go over each phrase and simple word -sign again 
 and again until you can write them mechanically, and 
 without thought as to their formation. 
 
 After this preparatory practice upon speeches, letters, 
 newspaper articles, etc., and when a speed of 75 to 100 
 words per minute has been gained, you may plume your 
 wings for a higher flight, by attempting to report a 
 speech or sermon. Select a slow, distinct speaker to be- 
 gin with, and put yourself in a position to hear every 
 syllable. Do not start with the expectation of taking a 
 verbatim report, or you will be disappointed and discour- 
 
160 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 aged over your first attempt. Endeavor to take as much as 
 possible of one complete sentence before attempting an- 
 other. Do not mind if the speaker gets ahead of you. 
 Be calm and deliberate. Remember you are writing for 
 practice only, not for pay. Start again when he begins 
 another sentence and take down as much of it as you can, 
 so that when you come to transcribe your notes the result 
 will be in some degree satisfactory. Repeat this for a 
 month or .two, keeping up other practice if you can in the 
 meantime, and you will be surprised at the progress you 
 have made, and the increased facility with which you can 
 
 9 
 
 then follow the speaker. Embrace every opportunity 
 afforded you for further improvement by attending lec- 
 tures, taking sermons in church, visiting the courts, etc., 
 still keeping up private practice on newspaper articles, 
 court reports, and whatever else is at hand. 
 
 Keep all your notes, private memoranda and daily ac- 
 counts in shorthand. For this purpose, the literary style, 
 with the addition of the simpler contractions, is preferable. 
 Carry a note-book and pencil constantly in your pocket, 
 jot down conversations, or as much of them as you can, 
 extracts from books you read, and the like. The familiar- 
 ity with the art thus gained w.ll be invaluable to you in 
 future work, for, of course, if you have the ability, you 
 are not going to stop half-way up the ladder that leads to 
 the top of the profession. 
 
 Too much stress cannot be laid upon the necessity of 
 reading shorthand as' quickly as you are able to write it. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 161 
 
 This can be done only by reading and re-reading every- 
 thing that is written, until the shorthand characters become 
 as familiar to you as the printed letters. A stenographer 
 who does not exceed 75 to 100 words per minute, but 
 who can transcribe his notes rapidly and accurately, is 
 much more valuable to his employer than he who takes rap- 
 idly from dictation but is unable to transcribe quickly; 
 for the reason that the former can accomplish much the 
 greater amount of work during the day the object in em- 
 ploying a stenographer. 
 
 Shorthand students can gain much assistance by meet- 
 ing together for practice whenever possible. Ideas and 
 suggestions are thus interchanged, and mutual benefit is 
 derived. 
 
 It is also an excellent plan for each stenographer in turn 
 to read back from his notes while the others write; also to 
 exchange books and read from each other's notes. This 
 gives a ready familiarity in reading, obtained in no other 
 way. Whenever you meet a word or phrase that is not 
 easily or quickly written, encircle it for reference, and at 
 the end of the dictation go back and rewrite it until it 
 gives you no further trouble. 
 
 When ready for any department of shorthand work, do 
 not sit down and wait for a position with a large salary 
 attached, but take advantage of the first opening that pre- 
 sents itself for the sake of the actual experience it will give 
 you. To gain this experience, it is even advisable to offer 
 your services free for a time, until you feel sure that your 
 
162 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 work is entirely satisfactory. You will find that experience 
 is the golden key that will open many doors otherwise closed 
 to you, and this, with the confidence in your own ability 
 thus acquired, will contribute greatly to your future suc- 
 cess. Remember always, that you cannot expect to re- 
 ceive the wages of skilled labor for unskilled effort, and 
 that in shorthand, as well as in all other departments of 
 work, you must expect to serve your apprenticeship. 
 
 Want of space forbids the insertion of many practical 
 hints to stenographers. The student, as well as the aman- 
 uensis and reporter, will, however, derive great benefit 
 from PERNIN'S MONTHLY STENOGRAPHER, which is de- 
 signed to supplement the instruction given in the text 
 book. Each number contains several pages of engraved 
 shorthand articles for dictation, and advice by experienced 
 teachers and practical stenographers. Besides these, each 
 volume contains a full course of lessons arranged differently 
 from the text book, thus presenting new illustrations of 
 the principles. The shorthand business letters in the 
 STENOGRAPHER are taken from Pernin's Business Dic- 
 tation Book, and afford valuable matter for reading 
 and writing practice. A series of shorthand pamphlets in 
 the corresponding and reporting styles of the Pernin sys- 
 tem are now for sale at prices which place them within the 
 reach of all. Every live stenographer who wishes to rise 
 in his profession will embrace these opportunities for ad- 
 vancement. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 163 
 
 EXERCISE 105. 
 DICKENS AS A SHORTHAND WRITER. 
 
 I did not allow my resolution with respect to Parliamentary 
 Debates to cool. It was one of the irons I began to heat 
 immediately, and one of the irons I kept hot and hammered 
 at with a perseverance I may honestly admire. I bought an 
 approved scheme of the noble art and mystery of Stenography 
 (which cost me ten and sixpence), and plunged into a sea of 
 perplexity that brought me in a few weeks to the confines of 
 distraction. The changes that were rung upon dots, which in 
 such a position meant such a thing, and in such another 
 position meant something else entirely different, the wonder- 
 ful vagaries that were played by circles, the unaccountable 
 consequences that resulted from marks like flies' legs, the 
 tremendous effects of a curve in the wrong place, not only 
 troubled my waking hours but reappeared before me in my 
 sleep. When I groped my way blindly through these difficul- 
 ties and had mastered the alphabet, which was an Egyptian 
 temple in itself, there then appeared a procession of new 
 horrors called arbitrary characters, the most despotic char- 
 acters I have ever known, who insisted," for instance, that a 
 thing like the beginning of a cobweb meant expectation, and 
 that a pen and ink skyrocket stood for disadvantageous. 
 When I had fixed these articles in my mind, I found that they 
 had driven everything else out of it; then, beginning again, 
 I forgot them ; while picking them up I dropped the other 
 fragments of the system; in short, it was almost heart-break- 
 ing. 
 
 It might have been quite heart-breaking but for Dora, who 
 was the stav and anchor of my tempest-driven bark. Every 
 scratch in the scheme was a gnarled oak in the forest of 
 
164 PRBNIN'B UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY 
 
 EXERCISE 1 06. 
 
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PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 165 
 
 difficulty, and I went on cutting them down one after the other 
 with such vigor that in three or four months I was in a condi- 
 tion to make an experiment on one of our crack speakers in 
 the Commons. Shall I ever forget how the crack speaker 
 walked off from me before I began, and left my imbecile 
 pencil staggering about the paper as if it were in a fit? This 
 would not do, it was quite clear. I was flying "too high and 
 should not get on so. I resorted to Traddles for advice, who 
 suggested that he should dictate speeches to me, at a pace and 
 with occasional stoppages adapted to my weakness. Very 
 grateful for this friendly aid, I accepted the proposal, and 
 night after night, almost every night and for a long time, we 
 had a sort of a private Parliament in Buckingham Street, after 
 I came home from the Doctor's. 
 
 I should like to see such a Parliament anywhere else. My 
 aunt and Mr. Dick represented the Government or the Op; 
 position (asthecasemightbe), and Traddles, with the assistance 
 of "Enfield's Speaker," or a volume of Parliamentary orations, 
 thundered astonishing invectives against them. Standing by 
 the table, with his finger in the page to keep the place, and 
 his right arm flourishing about his head, Traddles as Mr. 
 Pitt, Mr. Fox, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Burke, Lord Castlereagh, 
 Viscount Sidmouth, or Mr. Canning, would work himself 
 into the most violent heats, and delivered the most withering 
 denunciations of the profligacy and corruption of my aunt 
 and Mr. Dick, while I used to sit at a little distance with my 
 note-book on my knee, fagging after him with all my might 
 and main. 
 
 The inconsistency and recklessness of Traddles was not to 
 be exceeded by any real politician. He was for any descrip- 
 tion of policy within the compass of a week, and nailed all 
 sorts of colors to every denomination of mast. My aunt, 
 looking very like an immovable Chancellor of the Exchequer, 
 would occasionally throw in an interruption or two, as 
 
166 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 EXERCISE 1 06 CONTINUED. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 167 
 
 "Hear!" or "No! " or "Oh!" when the text seemed 
 to require it, which was always a signal to Mr. Dick (a per- 
 fect country gentleman), to follow lustily with the same cry. 
 But Mr. Dick got taxed with such things in the course of his 
 Parliamentary career, and was made responsible for such awful 
 consequences, that he became uncomfortable in his mind some- 
 times. I believe he actually began to be afraid he really had 
 been doing something tending to the annihilation of the 
 British constitution and the ruin of the country. Often and 
 often, we pursued these debates until the clock pointed to 
 midnight and the candles were burning low. The result of 
 so much good practice was that by-and-by I began to keep 
 pace with Traddles pretty well, and should have been quite 
 triumphant if I had the least idea what my notes were about. 
 But as to reading them after I got them, I might as well have 
 copied the Chinese inscriptions on an immense collection 
 of tea-chests or the golden characters on all the great red and 
 green bottles in the chemists' shops. There was nothing for 
 it but to turn back and begin all over again. It was very hard, 
 but I turned back, though with a heavy heart, and began 
 laboriously and methodically to plod over the same tedious 
 ground at a snail's pace; stopping to examine minutely every 
 speck in the way on all sides, and making the most desperate 
 efforts to know these elusive characters by sight wherever I 
 met them. I was always punctual at the office ; at the Doctor's 
 too; and I really did work, as the common expression is, like 
 a cart-horse. DAVID COPPERFIELD. 
 
168 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 107. 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 When in the course of human events it becomes necessary 
 for one people to dissolve the political bands which have 
 connected them with another, and to assume, among the 
 powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which 
 the laws of nature and Nature's God entitle them, a decent re- 
 spect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should 
 declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men 
 are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with 
 certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, 
 and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, 
 governments are instituted among men, deriving their just 
 powers from the consent of the governed : that whenever any 
 form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is 
 the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to insti- 
 tute a new government, laying its foundation on such prin- 
 ciples, and organizing its powers in such form as to them 
 shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. 
 Prudence, indeed, willdictatethatgovernmentsjong established 
 should not be changed for light and transient causes , and ac- 
 cordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more 
 disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right 
 themselves, by abolishing the forms to which they are accus- 
 tomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, 
 pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to 
 reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, 
 it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to pro- 
 vide new guards for their future security. Such has been the 
 patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the ne- 
 cessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY 
 EXERCISE 1 08. 
 
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170 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 government. The history of the present king of Great Britain 
 Vs a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in 
 direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over 
 these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid 
 world : 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
 necessary for the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of Immediate 
 and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations 
 till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he 
 has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass 
 other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, 
 unless those people would relinquish the right of representa- 
 tion in the legislature a right inestimable to them, and 
 formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, 
 uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of the public 
 records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into complying 
 with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for oppos- 
 ing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the 
 people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolution, to cause 
 others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable 
 of annihilation have returned to the people at large for their 
 exercise, the state remaining, in the meantime, exposed toallthe 
 dangers of invasion from without and convulsions from within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
 States; for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalization 
 of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their mi- 
 gration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropri- 
 ations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice by refus- 
 ing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 171 
 
 EXERCISE Io8 CONTINUED. 
 
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172 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the 
 tenure of their offices and the amount and payment of their 
 salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
 swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their sub- 
 stance. 
 
 He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, 
 without the consent of our legislatures. 
 
 He has effected to render the military independent of, and 
 superior to, the civil power. 
 
 He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdic- 
 tion foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our 
 laws giving his assent to their pretended acts of legislation: 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
 
 For protecting them by a mock trial from punishment for 
 any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of 
 these States : 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by 
 jury: 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
 offences : 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in the 
 neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary 
 government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it 
 at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
 same absolute rule into these colonies . 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable 
 laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our govern- 
 ment: 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them- 
 selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases what- 
 soever. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 173 
 
 He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of 
 his protection and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our 
 towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mer- 
 cenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and 
 tyranny already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and 
 perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and 
 totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the 
 high seas, to bear arms against their country, to- become the 
 executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves 
 by their hands. 
 
 lie has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has 
 endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the 
 merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an 
 undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. 
 . In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for 
 redress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have 
 been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose 
 character is thus marked by every act which may define a 
 tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British 
 brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of at- 
 tempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic- 
 tion over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances 
 of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to 
 their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
 them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these 
 usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections 
 and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of 
 j ustice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the 
 necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we 
 hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. 
 
174 PERKINS UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
 America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the 
 Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, 
 do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of 
 these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United 
 Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
 States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
 Crown, and that all political connection between them and 
 the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; 
 and that as free and independent States, they have full power 
 to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com- 
 merce, and do all other acts and things, which independent 
 States may of right do. And for the support of this declara- 
 tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Prov- 
 idence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our for- 
 tunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 EXERCISE 109. 
 DETACHED SELECTIONS. 
 
 Every man naturally desireth to know; but what doth 
 knowledge avail without the fear of 'God? Truly, a lowly 
 rustic that serveth God is better than a proud philosophei 
 who pondereth the courses of the stars and neglecteth him- 
 self. 
 
 If I knew all things that are in the world, and were not in 
 charity, what would it profit one in the sight of God, who 
 will judge according to deeds? 
 
 Many words do not satisfy the soul ; but a good life giveth 
 ease to the mind, and a pure conscience affordeth great 
 confidence toward God. Knowledge is not to be blamed, 
 nor simple acquaintance with things, good in itself and or- 
 dained by God; but a good conscience and a virtuous life 
 are always to be preferred. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 175 
 
 EXERCISE no. 
 
 
176 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 He is truly great who hath great charity. He is truly great 
 who is little in his own eyes and counteth for nothing all 
 the heights of honor. And he is truly most learned who 
 doth the will of God and forsaketh his own will. 
 
 Without charity the outward work profiteth nothing; but 
 whatever is done out of charity, be it ever so little and con- 
 temptible, it is all made fruitful ; inasmuch as God regardeth 
 more out of how much love a man doth a work than how 
 much he doth. He doth much who loveth much. He doth 
 much who doth well what he hath to do. He doth well who 
 regardeth the common good rather than his own will. 
 
 No man can safely speak but he who loves silence. No 
 man can safely command but he who has learned to obey. 
 No man can rejoice securely but he who hath the testimony 
 of a good conscience within. 
 
 Weak minded and inconstant people often say, "See what a 
 happy life that man leadeth ! how rich he is, how great, how 
 powerful and exalted!" But take heed to heavenly riches, 
 and thou wilt see that all these temporal ones are nothing; 
 yea, most uncertain, and rather a heavy burden, since they 
 never are possessed without solicitude and fear. 
 
 By two wings is man lifted above earthly things, viz : by 
 simplicity and purity. Simplicity must be in the intention, 
 purity in the affection. A pure heart penetrates Heaven and 
 Hell. 
 
 Have a good conscience and thou shall always have joy. 
 Never rejoice except when thou hast done well. 
 
 Great tranquillity of heart hath he who careth neither for 
 praise nor blame. 
 
 What thou art, that thou art; nor canst thou be said to be 
 greater than God seeth thee to be. 
 
 All things pass away and thou, too, along with them. See 
 to it how it stands with thee in the next life. Man to-day is, 
 and to-morrow is seen no more. THOMAS A-KEMPJS. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 177 
 
 EXERCISE 110 CONTINUED. 
 
 
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 7 
 
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 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 PARTIAL LIST OF LEGAL TERMS AND PHRASES. 
 Administrator > client 
 
 administratrix 
 
 advisory > 
 
 affidavit *% 
 
 agree-ment-gate o/ 
 
 f 
 
 arbitrate-tion I 
 
 bankrupt-cy j) 
 
 benefit-cial S, 
 
 bequest-bequeath I 
 
 bondsman K 
 bounty-ful 
 
 commission 
 
 controversy \ 
 
 decision , * 
 defendant 
 
 delinquent-cy / 
 
 demurrer v 
 
 Deputy I 
 
 district ^ 
 
 evidence \ 
 
 executor ^ 
 
 calculate 
 
 executrix 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 179 
 
 guilty ^ 
 
 party 
 
 I 
 
 illegal ^<~ 
 
 partnership 
 
 ^ 
 
 immaterial c ^ 
 
 patent 
 
 * 
 
 incompetent^ v 
 
 patentee 
 
 K 
 
 
 plaintiff 
 
 ^ 
 
 injure <^ ^ 
 
 
 
 insolvent-cy *\ 
 
 predecessor 
 
 1 ^_ 
 
 <-, 
 
 schedule 
 
 /^ 
 
 inspect-ed-tion 
 
 
 / 
 
 intoxicate v Q 
 
 statute-ory 
 
 V 
 
 
 verdict 
 
 V 
 
 landlord / 
 
 
 
 
 ( swear 
 
 
 legal 
 
 ; swore 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 (^ sworn 
 
 
 maximum "X 
 
 
 
 
 technical 
 
 -7 
 
 mortgage 
 
 
 
 ?> 
 
 ( vacate 
 
 
 mortgagee c 
 
 ( vacant-cy 
 
 > 
 
 mortgagor / 
 
 witness 
 
 ^. 
 
180 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LEGAL PHRASES. 
 
 Chief Justice Member of Congress 
 
 Counsel for Complainant Notary Public 
 
 Counsel for Defendant Police Court 
 
 County Clerk 
 
 2^ 
 
 County Commissioner 
 
 ? 
 
 Court of Claims 
 
 Cross examination 
 
 District Attorney 
 
 ~&> 
 Gentlemen of the Jury 
 
 House of Reresentatives 
 
 Justice of the Peace 
 
 Police Justice 
 Supreme Court 
 Surrogate Court 
 
 t 
 
 Trial by Jury 
 United States Court 
 
 United States of America 
 
 United States Senate 
 
 Vice President 
 
 Note. For additional legal terms and phrases see, 
 Phrase-book. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 181 
 
 EXERCISE III. 
 PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT. 
 
 This agreement, made this fifth day of August, 19 , between 
 Thomas H. Smith, of Charleston, S. C., of-the one part, and 
 Charles T. Cullen, of-the-same.place, of-the other part, witness- 
 eth: 
 
 The said parties agree to-associate themselves as co-partners, 
 for a period of five years from-this date, in-the business of buy- 
 ing and soiling hardware and-such other goods and commodities 
 as belong in-that line of trade; the name and style of-the firm 
 to-be Smith & Cullen. 
 
 For-the purpose of conducting the business of the above 
 named partnership, Thomas H. Smith has, at-the-date of-this 
 writing, invested Five Thousand Dollars, as capital stock, 
 and-the said Charles T. Cullen has paid in the like sum of Five 
 Thousand Dollars, both of- which amounts are to-be expended 
 and used in common for-the mutual advantage of-the parties 
 hereto in-the management of-their business. 
 
 It-is hereby also agreed by both parties hereto, that-they- 
 will-not, while associated as co-partners, follow any avocation 
 or trade to-their-own private advantage, but will, throughout 
 the entire period of co-partnership, put-forth-their utmost and 
 best efforts for-their mutual advantage and-the increase of-the 
 capital stock. 
 
 That-the details of-the business may-be thoroughly under- 
 stood by each, it-is agreed that, during the aforesaid period, 
 accurate and full book accounts shall-be kept, wherein each 
 partner shall record, or cause to-be entered and recorded, full 
 mention of-all moiu-v received and expended, as-well-as every 
 article purchased ami sold belonging to, or in anywise ap- 
 pertaining to-such partnership; the gains, profits, expendi- 
 tures and losses being equally divided between-them. It-is 
 further agreed that once every year or oftener, should either 
 
182 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 112. 
 
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 b ^- J- 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 183 
 
 party desire, a-full, just and accurate exhibit shall-be made 
 to-fuch other, or to-their executors, administrators, or repre- 
 sentatives, of-the losses, receipts, profits and increase made by 
 reason of, or arising from, such co-partnership. And, after 
 such exhibit is made, the surplus profit, if-such there-be, re- 
 sulting from-the business, shall-be divided between the sub- 
 scribing partners, share and share alike. 
 
 Either party hereto shall be allowed to-draw a-sum, the first 
 year, not exceeding six hundred dollars per annum, from-the 
 capital stock of-the firm, in monthly installments of fifty dol- 
 lars each, which amount may-be increased by subsequent 
 agreement. 
 
 And further, should either party desire, or should death of 
 either of-the parties, or other reasons, make it necessary, they, 
 the said co-partners, will each to-the other, or, in-case of death 
 of-either, the surviving party to-the executors or adminis- 
 trators of-the party deceased, make a-full, accurate and final 
 account of-the condition of-the partnership as aforesaid, and- 
 will fairly and accurately adjust the-same.- And also, upon 
 taking an inventory of-said capital stock, with increase and 
 profit thereon, which-shall appear or is found-to-be remaining, 
 all-such remainder shall-be equally apportioned and divided 
 betvveen-them, the said co-partners, their executors or admin- 
 istrators, share and share alike. 
 
 It-is also agreed, that in-case of-a misunderstanding arising 
 with the partners hereto, which-cannot-be settled between- 
 themselves, such difference of opinion shall-be settled by 
 arbitration, upon the following conditions, to-wit : Each 
 party to-choose one arbitrator, which two thus elected shall 
 choose a third; the three thus chosen to-determine the-merits 
 of-the case, and arrange the-basis of-a settlement. 
 
 In witness whereof, the undersigned hereto set-their hands, 
 the day and year first above written. THOMAS H. SMITH. 
 
 CHARLES T. CULLEN. 
 Signed in presence of 
 
 1). L. SILLERS. 
 E. A. KENNEDY. 
 
184 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 EXERCISE 112 CONTINUED. 
 
 tA 
 
 1.1 
 
 V 
 
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 <T 
 
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 Ml 
 
 i 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 EXERCISE 1 1 2 CONTINUED. 
 
 .- 
 
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 Z. : - - I, 
 
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 14 
 
1 86 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 113. 
 FORM OF WILL. 
 
 The last will oi-me, John Vinton, of-the-town of Oxford, 5n- 
 the county of Oakland, and State of Michigan, being of sound 
 mind at-the-time of making and publishing this my last will 
 and testament. 
 
 I-give and devise all-my estate, real and personal, whereof 
 I-may-die seized or possessed, to James Brown, of-the said 
 town of Oxford, and Thomas Wilson, of-the-same place, to- 
 have and to-hold the same to-themselves, their heirs and as- 
 signs forever, upon the uses and trusts following, namely : 
 
 In-trust, first, to-pay all-my debts and funeral expenses; 
 
 Second, to-pay to-my wife, Mary, upon her sole and sepa- 
 rate receipts, the interest, income, and revenue of-all my said 
 estate, during the term of-her natural life; 
 
 And, third, upon the decease of my said wife, to convert 
 all-my said estate into money, if such-a course shall-be thought 
 best by my said trustees, and to-pay to-my daughter, Ellen, 
 the one-third part thereof, it seeming to-me best to-give her 
 so large a-share on-account-of-her inability to provide for 
 herself; and-the remaining two-thirds to-be equally divided 
 between my four sons, Frederick, Stephen, James, and John, 
 
 If either of-my children shall, before such division, have 
 died, leaving lawful issue, such issue to-receive the parent's 
 share, but, if-there-be no issue, then such share to-fall into-the 
 general fund, to-be divided among the-survivors in-the man- 
 ner before directed. 
 
 And I-hereby give to-my said trustees full power and 
 authority to-sell any or all-of-my real estate at private or 
 public sale, and invest the proceeds, or lease the same, as- 
 they-may deem best for-the interest of-my family. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 187 
 
 And if my daughter Ellen shall-not-have attained the age of 
 twenty-one upon-the decease of-her mother, I-hereby nomi- 
 nate, constitute, and appoint my said trustees guardians of-the 
 person and estate of-my said daughter, Ellen, during the 
 remainder of-her minority, commending her to-their fatherly 
 care and protection. 
 
 And I-hereby constitute James Brown and Thomas Wilson 
 my executors of-this my last will and testament. 
 
 In-witness whereof, I-have hereunto set my hand and seal, 
 this third day of April, in-the year 19 / 
 
 JOHN VINTON. 
 
 Signed, sealed, published, and declared by John Vinton, 
 the testator above named, as and-for his last will and testa- 
 ment, in-the presence of us, who, in-his presence, at-his re- 
 quest, and-in-the presence of-each other, have hereunto set- 
 our names as witnesses. 
 
 Witnesses: N. H. 
 F. S. 
 
 EXERCISE 114. 
 FORM OF ASSIGNMENT. 
 
 This assignment made this fifth day of March, 19 , wit- 
 
 nesseth : 
 
 That Caleb Johnston, of Adrian, Mich., in consideration of 
 the sum of $1,000 (the receipt of which is hereby acknowl- 
 edged), assigns, transfers, and sets over to Eben Fox, of Lan- 
 sing, Mich, (his executors, administrators and assigns), all his 
 titles and interests in and rights under, accounts, debts, demands, 
 goods, merchandise, notes, wares, etc., etc. (according to the 
 aature of the property scheduled), set forth in the schedules 
 "marked A, B, C, etc., attached to and made a part of this 
 assignment. 
 
i88 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 That said Caleb Johnston gives Eben Fox (his executors, 
 administrators, and assigns) the full power to ask, demand, 
 collect, receive, receipt for, compound and give acquittance 
 for the same or any part thereof, and in said assignor's name, 
 or otherwise, but at his or their costs, to prosecute any and 
 withdraw any suits at law or in equity thereof. 
 
 Given under my hand and seal, at Adrian, Mich., the day 
 and year first above mentioned. 
 
 , CALEB JOHNSTON. 
 
 EXERCISE 115. 
 FORM OF LEASE. 
 
 This agreement or lease, made this third day of April, be- 
 tween Abner Smith, of Greenfield, Ohio, party of the first 
 part, and Chas. Daniels, of Dearborn, Ohio, party of the sec- 
 ond part, witnesseth : 
 
 That the said party of the first part does by these presents 
 lease to the said party of the second part the following de- 
 scribed property, to-wit : [Describe property.] 
 
 To have and to hold the same to the said party of the second 
 part, from the fifth day of April, 19 , to the fifth day of 
 April, 19 . 
 
 And the said party of the second part covenants and agrees 
 with the party of the first part to pay the said party of the 
 first part, as rent for the same, the sum of $800, payable as 
 follows, to-iwit: [State the times and terms of payment.] 
 
 The said party of the second part further covenants with 
 the said party of the first part, that, at the expiration of the 
 time mentioned in this lease, peaceable possession of the said 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 189 
 
 premise's shall he {riven to the said party of the first part, in as 
 pood condition as they now are, the usual wear, inevitable 
 accident.-, loss by tire excepted ; and that upon the non-pay- 
 ment of the \\lmle or anv portion of the said rent at the time 
 when the same is promised to be paid, the said party of the 
 first part may, at his election, either distrain for said rent due, 
 or^declare this lease at an end, and recover possession of said 
 premises as if the same were held by forcible detainer, the 
 said party of the second part waiving any notice of such elec- 
 tion, or any demand for the possession of said premises. 
 
 The covenants herein shall extend to and be binding upon 
 the heirs, executors, and administrators of the parties to this 
 l-a>c. 
 
 XVi'ness said parties' hands and seals. 
 
 (Signature of Lessor.) (Seal.) 
 
 (Signature of Lessee.) (Seal.) 
 
 EXERCISE I 1 6. 
 FORM OF POWER OK ATTORNEY. 
 
 Know all men by these presents: 
 
 That I, Thomas Gardiner of Detroit, Mich., have, by these 
 presents, constituted, made, and ordained, and in my place 
 and stead substituted Elmer Allen to be my lawful, sufficient 
 and true attorney, and in my name, place and stead to [Set 
 forth the purpose or purposes for which the power is given]. 
 
 That I hereby grant unto my said attorney, full authority 
 and power in and about said premises, and to use all due 
 course, means and process of law for the complete, effectual, 
 and full execution of the business above described, and for 
 said premises to appear and me represent before governors, 
 justices, and ministers of law/whomsoever, in any court or 
 
190 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 courts of judicature, and there, on my behalf, defend and 
 prosecute all actions, causes, matters and things whatsoever 
 relating to the premises, and in all premises make and execute 
 all due acquittances, discharges, and releases. 
 
 That said attorney shall have full authority and power to 
 accomplish, act, determine, do, finish and transact all matters 
 and things whatsoever relating to the premises, and in all 
 said premises make and execute all due acquittances as amply, 
 effectually, and fully to all intents and purposes, as I, his said 
 constituent and principal, if present, might or ought, although 
 said matters and things should require more special authority 
 than is herein comprised and included. 
 
 That I hereby ratify and hold firm and valid all matters and 
 things whatsoever my said attorney or his substitutes mav 
 lawfully do or cause to be done in and about said premises, by 
 virtue of these presents. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand on this 
 20th day of March, 19 . THOMAS GARDINER. 
 
 TENANT'S AGREEMENT. 
 
 This certifies that I have hired and taken from Charles A. 
 Chapman, his house and lot, No. 68 Farrar St., in the city of 
 Detroit, State of Michigan, with appurtenances thereto be- 
 longing, for one year, to commence this day, at a yearly 
 rental of Eight Hundred dollars, to be paid monthly in ad- 
 vance, unless said house becomes untenantable from fire or 
 other causes, in which case rent ceases ; and I further agree to 
 give and yield said premises one year from this first day of 
 January, 19 , in as good condition as now, ordinary wear and 
 damage by the elements excepted. 
 
 Given under my hand this day. JAMES ASHTON. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 191 
 
 SPECIMEN OF LAW-REPORTING. 
 
 PORTION OF TESTIMONY GIVEN IN A PATENT CASE. 
 
 Northern District of New York ^ 
 County of Seneca \ 
 
 Deposition taken at Seneca Falls, Seneca County, in said 
 district on the gth of August, 19 , at Hoag's Hotel. 
 
 Present: W. W. Leggett, of counsel for complainants. 
 K. \V. Paige, of counsel for defendants. 
 
 Mr. E. W. Paige, on part of defendants, introduced, by con- 
 sent of counsel for complainants, the testimony of Jacob 
 Hachimin, from the printed Ohio records, in the case of John C. 
 Birdsall against Angus McDonald and others, pages 246 to 250 
 inclusive. 
 
 Jacob Bachman, being duly sworn, says : 
 
 Q^ Are you the same Jacob Bachman whose deposition 
 has just been read? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q^ In your answer to Question n in that deposition, you 
 stated that you saw Mr. Feazler operating his combined ma- 
 chine at Mr. Hosier's barn, in Fayette, and you thought it 
 wa> in 1897. Can you now fix that date exactly? A. To the 
 best of my knowledge, it was in 1896. 
 
 Q^ At what time in the year of 1896? A. I think in De- 
 cember. 
 
 Q., State how you know it was in 1896? A. I moved from 
 Clifton Springs back to Fayette in the fall of 1896, and Mr. 
 Feazler had built his machine that summer. I was somewhat 
 anxious to see it work. I- went there to see it. 
 
 C^. Where did YOU live before you went to live at Clifton 
 Springs? A. I lived in the town of Fayette. 
 
 Q., When did you move to Clifton Springs? A. In the 
 spring of 1895. 
 
192 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXERCISE 117. 
 
 
 _ / // 
 
 \ /<? 77 
 
 7 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 193 
 
 Q^ Where did you live after you left Clifton Springs? A. 
 I lived in the town of Fayette. 
 
 Q^ And when you moved from Clifton Springs you saw the 
 machine working as described? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q^ What was the machine threshing on that occasion? A. 
 Clover. 
 
 Q^ How well did it do it? A. Very well. 
 
 Q^ Have you known anything of the history of this ma- 
 chine since that time? A. I have as a wheat thresher only. 
 
 Qi Have you known of its use as a clover thresher since 
 that time? A. By hearsay only. 
 
 Cross-examined by counsel for complainants: 
 
 Q., Since you saw that machine at work in Hosier's barn, 
 have you seen it thresh or hull clover? A. I could not say 
 positively I have, but I think I have: I cannot give the place. 
 
 Q^ Nor the time? A. No, sir; I couldn't say the time. 
 
 Q., And at the time you saw it at work in Hoster's barn it was 
 threshing clover seed, was it? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q;, Are you sure it was not doing something else? A. 
 Yes, I am sure it was not doing anything else. 
 
 Q^ You swear positively, then, do you, that it was doing 
 nothing but threshing clover seed? A. Yes, sir, and hulling 
 it at the same time. 
 
 Q., Then it was doing something more than threshing? A. 
 Threshing and hulling and cleaning. 
 
 Q., Please state if you know how clover was gathered ,at 
 that time preparatory to being threshed or hulled? A. Gen- 
 erally cut by a reaper machine, and drawn in by wagon and 
 put into barn. 
 
 Q^ When you gave your testimony in the Ohio cases, who 
 asked you to give your testimony ? A. Mr. Corwin, here in 
 town, came up after me. 
 
 Q., Did Mr. George Westinghouse call upon you for that 
 
194 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 EXERCISE 1 1 7 CONTINUED. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. IQ5 
 
 purpose at that time, or at any time prior to giving your testi- 
 mony? A. No, sir; I never saw the man to my knowledge in 
 my life until after I was subpenaed. 
 
 Q., Did you, after you were subpenaed and before testify- 
 ing, converse with him in relation to the Feazler machine and 
 what you knew about it? A. Very little, sir, if anything; I 
 couldn't say that we had any conversation relative to the case 
 before testifying. 
 
 Q^ Since testifying in the Ohio cases have you conversed 
 with Mr. George Westinghouse relative to the said date of see- 
 ing the Fea/.lcr machine at work? A. No, sir, I think not. 
 
 Q^ Do I understand you to mean that you have not? A. I 
 have not seen the man since the trial at Rochester before to- 
 day. 
 
 Q^ What caused you to change your mind as to the time 
 you saw the Feazler machine at work? State fully. A. It 
 was either in December, 1896, I think I said at the other trial, 
 or in January, 1897, I do not think I have changed my mind as 
 to the date. 
 
 Q^ Then your former testimony was correct? A. I be- 
 lieve so ; yes, sir. 
 
 Q^ I understand you that after you moved to Fayette you 
 saw the Feazler machine at work in .Hester's barn ; about how 
 long after you moved to Fayette was it that you went to see 
 the machine? A. I couldn't say positively, sir; probably 
 three months. 
 
 Q^ Do you recollect the month when you went to Fayette ? 
 A. It was in October, the first part of it. 
 
 Re-direct by Mr. Paige, counsel for defendants: 
 
 Q^ Have you now any doubt of the time when you saw that 
 machine work, as you described it? A. No, sir. 
 
 Q^ When was it? A. It was either in the month of De- 
 cember, 1896, or in the first part of 1897, in January. 
 
196 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Q., How long is the straw when clover is cut by a reaper 
 machine? A. That depends upon clover, if cut close to 
 ground, pretty much the whole length of the clover. 
 
 Re-cross-examined : 
 
 Q., Did you pay particular attention at the time you saw 
 the Feazler machine working to see how long the straw was? 
 A. I did not measure any of it : It was of the usual length 
 raised on that farm. 
 
 Q^ Will you say positively that it was two inches long 
 on an average, or will you swear positively that it would aver- 
 age any other length? A. My best judgment would be that 
 it would average from twelve to fifteen inches. 
 
 FRAGMENT OF A TRIAL. 
 
 Joseph Cook, cross-examined by Mr. Speed : 
 
 Q^ When were you appointed Inspector? A. In 1877. 
 
 Q^ When were these rules adopted? A. I don't know 
 exactly. I can tell by looking at our proceedings. 
 
 Q.^ Were you present at their adoption? A. No, sir. 
 
 Mr. Speed Then I object on the ground that Mr. Cook was 
 not present at their adoption you know personally nothing 
 about their adoption, do you? A. No, sir. 
 
 Court Do you know who adopted those rules? A. They 
 were adopted by the Board of Supervising Inspectors of steam 
 vessels, at the city of Washington. 
 
 Q^ Were you a member of that board ? A. Not at that 
 time. 
 
 Q^ You are now, are you? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q;, How did you get possession of those rulea? A. They 
 were sent me by the Treasury Department. They are printed 
 from year to year as amendments may be made to them. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY.. 197 
 
 Q^ They purport to be printed by authority of the Govern- 
 ment ? 
 
 Mr. Speed No, sir; they are marked and approved by the 
 Secretary of the Treasury and printed at the Government 
 printing office ; that is all. 
 
 Court Have you any further questions to ask, Mr. Russell? 
 
 Mr. Russell No, your honor. 
 
 Court Were these sent to you for your official guidance by 
 the Treasury Department? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. Russell Are they in force now and in actual use upon 
 the lakes? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q^ And have been ever since you have been in office? A. 
 They were changed in some parts. 
 
 Q^ Were they in force on the 22nd of July? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q^ Were they in use on the lakes on the 22nd of last July? 
 A. Yes, sir. Objected to. 
 
 Q^ Were they in actual use and posted up in every steam 
 \c--elonthelakesto your knowledge? A. They were sup- 
 posed to be. 
 
 Q., You are Supervising Inspector of the District in which 
 tin- Detroit river is located? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q^ , State whether so far as in you lay you enforced the 
 law at that time, that these rules should be set up in every 
 steamboat? A. We endeavored to. We have generally dis- 
 tributed two copies of the rules of the Board of Supervising 
 Inspectors in regard to lakes and seaboard, to every master of 
 a vessel sailing out of this port. They sometimes neglect to put 
 them up; sometimes they are lost or destroyed. But we 
 endeavor to have two copies aboard of e"ach boat. 
 
 Q^ State whether they are printed on a large sheet of 
 paper, with a wooden frame covered with a glass front and 
 put in a conspicuous place in each steamboat? A. No, sir; 
 the law does not specify that they must put them under glass. 
 But it has been the custom of smaller boats to put those 
 
- 198 .PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 printed rules up, and they sometimes just tack a piece of 
 wood as a frame all around it and it is set up in the pilot 
 house. 
 
 Q^ Well, we will not stand on the glass, if it is there. A. 
 The law does not specify that it shall be under glass. 
 
 Court The law specifies that it must be put up in a con- 
 spicuous place? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q^ And those were the rules which it was your duty to 
 distribute last season? A. It is not exactly my duty, but 
 it is my duty to see that they are distributed ; the local In- 
 spectors do that. 
 
 Q^ Were those rules the rules which governed you officially 
 at the time of the collision between the Garland and the 
 Mamie? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q^ You investigated it afterwards? A. No, sir; the local 
 Inspectors. 
 
 Q^ You remember the event? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q., And these rules were then in force? A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q^ Governing you as well as the local Inspectors and the 
 steamboat people? Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. Speed Are the notes in fine type considered any part 
 of the rules? A. No, sir; they are simply explanatory of 
 the rules. 
 
 Q^ They are not part of the rules? A. No, sir; they are 
 explanatory of the rules, however. 
 
 Q^ Are those the rules that are applicable to the lakes 
 those rules for western rivers ? A. Western rivers are 
 rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Q._ And do not apply to Detroit river at all? A. Do not 
 apply to Detroit river. 
 
 Court Does anyone else desire to object to the rules? 
 
 Mr. Moore We do not. 
 
 Mr. Speed I have made an objection. 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 199 
 
 Court Rule three will be admitted, giving Mr. Speed an 
 exception. 
 
 Now, is there anything you wish to put in, in connection 
 with it? You said Mr. Canfield, there might be something 
 that you would wish to put in as bearing upon it. 
 
 Mr. Canfield No, your honor. 
 
 Mr. Russell So far as I am concerned I am entirely willing 
 that all the rules and laws and statutes in the world in reference 
 to navigation of vessels may go in. I use that in a figurative 
 sense: I mean all that these gentlemen want to see. 
 
 Court Mr. Canfield, you can look them over, and if there 
 4S anything you wish to offer bearing upon the subject, it will 
 U- admitted. 
 
 And thereupon the plaintiff rested his case. 
 
 Mr. Speed Your honor, I desire to renew the motion I 
 made yesterday. 
 
 Court Do you mean in regard to the Garland? 
 
 Mr. Speed Yes, sir. 
 
 Court It will be overruled as it was yesterday. 
 
 Mr. Speed I would suggest this course for the purpose of 
 vour honor considering it, that these gentlemen go on with 
 their defense. It would be obviously unjust to them that I 
 should put in part of my defense if your honor should conclude 
 that I should not go on. 
 
 Mr. Canfield I wish to state, for the purpose of explaining 
 our views in regard to that, and also for the purpose of saving 
 the point upon the record, that we shall object to any evidence 
 offered on the part of the Garland which has any tendency to 
 implicate the Mamie. 
 
 The Garland has a plea of the general issue. Your honor 
 will see the danger to the defendants in allowing the defend- 
 ants represented by Mr. Speed to go into the general issue, 
 for the purpose of proving faults which are not alleged, of 
 which we are not apprised in any way, against the other de- 
 
200 PERN1N S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 fendants. It would be equally unfair, may it please your 
 honor, I suggest, and dangerous to the other defendants, to 
 call upon them to go forward. Their witnesses are in court> 
 I will suppose, that you are about to stand. Now, all that 
 could be acquired would be to make the case made by the 
 plaintiff. 
 
 If your .honor shall hold that Mr. Speed's objection is not 
 well taken, and that he must stand his trial here, then these 
 witnesses should have already been sworn, and sworn to 
 another point than what we are now legally bound to meet. I 
 say we shall either be compelled to recall those witnesses, or 
 compelled to go on and try an entirely different case from whaj 
 is made here ; and therefore we think it is our duty to object to 
 the proceeding in order that we may save our legal rights in the 
 case. 
 
 After considerable discussion by counsel Mr. Dickinson 
 moves to strike out all the testimony, as not tending to show 
 any responsibility of the owners of the Mamie; as not showing 
 that she was a common carrier, and bound to exercise the 
 degree of diligence required; that she is not charged" as a 
 common carrier ; that it is not shown that she was guilty of 
 any negligence; and that none of the evidence tends to estab- 
 lish the case made by the declaration. 
 
 Mr. Dickinson also asks the Court to direct a verdict in favor 
 of the Mamie. 
 
 In case this request should not be granted, and the motion 
 to strike out the testimony be overruled, Mr. Dickinson claims 
 the right to go to the jury upon the testimony already in and 
 before any further testimony shall have been offered. 
 
 Pending the consideration of the questions raised by counsel 
 the Court adjourns. 
 
PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 201 
 
 USE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS. 
 
 A knowledge of punctuation is of the utmost importance 
 to the stenographer, and yet few students of the art possess 
 that knowledge. To overcome this difficulty, we have sub- 
 joined a few simple rules, which we would advise learners 
 to thoroughly commit to memory. The best way to fix 
 them in the mind, is to use the article as a shorthand writ- 
 ing exercise, and to practice upon it in that way, until the 
 rules can be remembered and applied without hesitation. 
 
 The COMMA (,) divides qualifying words and also clauses 
 of sentences. It is used where "and" is omitted; as, "A 
 tall, dark) foreign-looking ma*."- "He intended going, but 
 changed Itis mind." "If I were yon, however, I would go, 
 (is the\ will expect ivw." It divides figures into groups of 
 three, or thousands; as, "pj, 000,000 miles to the sun." 
 It is used before brief quotations; as, "The prisoner 
 shouted, l Hold up your hands? ' 
 
 The SEMICOLON (;) is used to separate different parts of 
 a sentence not closely connected, or long clauses having 
 commas in them. 
 
 The COLON (:) signifies that something is to follow 
 generally a quotation; as, '"The ancients had this maxim: 
 'Know thyself? ' "An earnest student will act as follows: 
 II,- will procure a note-book, etc/ 1 "To the Editor of the 
 ,Y<\v York Times'' 1 
 
 The PERIOD, or///// stop (.), closes complete sentences, 
 no matter of what brevity or length; as, "Fear God. Let 
 all your aims be pure. Dare to do right. ' ' It follows ab- 
 
 15 
 
202 PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 breviations; as, "M. D" il Rt. Rev. Dr." "A bundle 
 of MSS. ' ' It separates dollars and cents and other decj - 
 mals; as, "$20.00, $17.25." "The ratio is .79 to 7.15" 
 Where classes or groups are designated by A, B, C, etc., 
 no period is used, as these are not abbreviations; as, ' l He 
 enlisted in Co. C, but soon afterwards deserted. ' ' 
 
 The DASH ( ) follows a broken sentence; as, "Will you 
 not declare but I appeal in vain " It supplies omitted 
 letters in names; as, "The town of B . " "Susie L -s 
 diary." It connects phrases with a common predicate; as, 
 ' ' To live, to die, to be buried this is the common lot. ' ' 
 
 The INTERROGATION (?) signifies a question asked; as, 
 "How?" "What say you?" "Can one expect progress 
 without application?' 1 ' 
 
 The EXCLAMATION (!) follows ejaculations; as, "Ah!" 
 ' 'Dear me!' ' ' 'A/as, that I was so blinded! ' ' ' 'Hurrah 
 for Cleveland!" 
 
 The HYPHEN (-) joins compounded words; as, "Deer- 
 stalker." "A rose-colored view." "Pan- Handle Rail- 
 road. " "A what-care-I air. '' ' 
 
 PARENTHESES ( ) inclose words or clauses which might 
 have been omitted without destroying the sense; as, "Poor 
 people (and they^ are numerous) were objects of pity to him. ' ' 
 "Jfe wore a bright (though ragged} jacket" 
 
 BRACKETS [ ] are to be distinguished from parentheses 
 They signify something outside of the author's words is 
 added; as, "The following premises, tii-^A- r /> describe 
 the property^" His authority \_Cooley"\ is silent on titis 
 .point." 
 
PERNIN S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 203 
 
 CAPITAL LETTERS. 
 
 \ 
 The following should begin with capital letters: 
 
 Names of persons and places; as, ' 'John, New York. ' ' 
 
 Adjectives from proper names; as, ' ' Christian, Roman, 
 American.'" 
 
 The first word of a direct quotation; as, "He exclaimed: 
 ' This man has wounded inc. ' " If the quotation is indirect, 
 a capital is not used; as, "He cried out that flic man had 
 wounded him." 
 
 The first word of every sentence; and of every line of 
 verse, except where one measure is run over to the next line. 
 
 All addresses; as, "J//-. President," "My dear Sir," 
 ' ' A < ir Sirs, " " Gentlemen . ' ' 
 
 Official titles before the person's name; as, "G0V. 
 Andrew, J^rcsidcnt Clereland, Dictator Lopez, Aid. 
 Smith" 
 
 The important words in titles of books; as, "A Syin- 
 posium of Comic Cuttings, from the French of M. Ph/inni, 
 by a Lover of Laughter." 
 
 Names of memorial days; as, " Independence Day. " Freed- 
 nieii s Day. ' ' ' ' Decoration Day. ' ' 
 
 The pronoun "I" and the invocation sign "O" are 
 written in capital letters. 
 
 NOTE. Many writers confound "O" with the interjection 
 "Oh." The former is never properly used except as a sign of 
 invocation, as : " O Lord .'" "O King, live forever!" "O 
 gracious Providence." The latter is an exclamation of emotion 
 or passion, as: O//, do not leave IHI-!" "O/t, could I see you!" 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PREFACE. vn 
 
 INTRODUCTION x 
 
 ADVICK TO LEARNERS. xvn 
 
 ALPHARKT 3 
 
 INTRODUCTORY INSTRUCTIONS 4 
 
 Proportions 4 
 
 Phonetic Spelling 5 
 
 LESSON 1 6 
 
 Consonants, p, b, k, g. 
 
 Vowels, a, a. 6, I, u. 
 LESSON II . . 12 
 
 Consonants, t, d, f, v, r, 1, h, th. 
 
 Vowels, ob, w; do, u. 
 LESSON III 22 
 
 Consonants, m, n. 
 
 Vowels, a, e, e, I. 
 LESSON IV 33 
 
 Consonants, s, z; sh, zh; j, ch. 
 
 Diphthongs, ow, oi. Nasals, ng, ing. 
 LESSON V 39 
 
 Combinations, an ; em, im ; en, in ; om, urn ; on, un. 
 LESSON VI 44 
 
 Combined Consonants; Short u indicated. 
 VII. 71 
 
 Omission of Signs; Lengthened Signs; Joined 
 Words; Numerals. 
 
 (205) 
 
206 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 LESSON VIII Si 
 
 Prefixes. 
 LESSON IX 93 
 
 Suffixes. 
 LESSON X '. 101 
 
 Contraction by Proximity. 
 
 ALPHABETICALLY. 
 
 A, long 24 
 
 Diagrams 24, 25 
 
 Abbreviations, how written, Rule 6 103 
 
 " common 138 
 
 Advertisements 211-214 
 
 Advice to Learners xvi i 
 
 Alphabet 3 
 
 Alphabetic Practice 7 
 
 Outlines 8, 13, 23 
 
 AN, Combination 39 
 
 Be Determined, Exercise 99 108 
 
 Business Letters 107, 139-157 
 
 " Shorthand Keys. 106, 140-150 
 
 Capital Letters, use of 203 
 
 Circles, position of 9, 14 
 
 Joined to Horizontals 14 
 
 " Horizontal Curves 33 
 
 M, N 23 
 
 " medially 14 
 
 " up Strokes 15 
 
 ' ' down Strokes 9 
 
 Combined Consonants 45 
 
 Compound Words, Contracted on, Rule 2 103 
 
 Contraction by Proximity 101 
 
 Rules for 103 
 
 Contraction, indicated with Punctuation Marks 103 
 
INDEX. 207 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Declaration of Independence, Exercise 105 168 
 
 Detached Selections, Exercise 107 174 
 
 Dickens as a Shorthand Writer, Exercise 103 163 
 
 E, Long 27 
 
 E, Long, how joined 27 
 
 E, Short v 27 
 
 EN, IN, Combination 40 
 
 Final short i, how distinguished from long a 26 
 
 Final y, or short i, how traced 29 
 
 Form of Assignment, Exercise 112 187 
 
 Form of Will, Exercise 1 1 1 185 
 
 Form of Lease, Exercise 113 188 
 
 Form of Power of Attorney, Exercise 114 189 
 
 General Reading and Writing Exercises covering 
 
 simple Principles . 58 
 
 Half Circles, how joined 22 
 
 I, Short 25 26 
 
 IN, Word-sign 42 
 
 INC., how indicated 104 
 
 Initial short i, how traced 25 
 
 Initial long a, how distinguished from short i 26 
 
 Introduction x 
 
 J, en 34 
 
 Joined words 74 
 
 " " , not Contracted on, Rule 3 103 
 
 Law Reporting, specimen of 191-200 
 
 Legal Terms and Phrases 178 
 
 Lengthened Signs 73 
 
 Lineality 10 
 
 M, N 23 
 
 Memory Aids 7, 12, 22 
 
 No, ING 35 
 
 Numerals 79 
 
 Oi ; 36 
 
208 PERNIN'S UNIVERSAL PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 OM, UM 41 
 
 Omission of Signs 71 
 
 ON, UN 41 
 
 On, word-sign 42 
 
 Oo, u ; oo, u 17 
 
 Oo, u, Contraction, how indicated 104 
 
 Ow 36 
 
 Partnership Agreement, Exercise 109 181 
 
 Phonetic Spelling 5 
 
 Phrases, common 122 
 
 " miscellaneous. ... 126 
 
 Phrasing 115 
 
 Phrasing, Rules for 120 
 
 Plurals, how formed 55 
 
 Plurals of Contracted Words, how indicated 103 
 
 Preface vn 
 
 Prefixes 81 
 
 * , compound 88 
 
 ' ' , joined 85 
 
 Preterit tense, how formed 55 
 
 Proper names, how written 112 
 
 Proportionate Length of Signs 4 
 
 Punctuation, Shorthand 113 
 
 " Print 201 
 
 R, L 15 
 
 R, L, how joined 15 
 
 R Rule, omission of r 16 
 
 Repetition, Sign of 80 
 
 Reviews n, 21, 32, 38, 43, 70, 80, 114 
 
 S, z 34 
 
 SH, ZH 34 
 
 Short Vowels omitted 28 
 
 Short Vowels, suppression of. 44 
 
 Slant of Signs . 4 
 
INDEX. 209 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Speed, how to gain 158 
 
 Study Outlines 5, 9 
 
 Suffixes, compound 94 
 
 " , joined 93 
 
 Sus, how written before p, k ; used before t, d 73 
 
 T, D, TII 14 
 
 T, n, how joined J4 
 
 Table of Proportions 4 
 
 Tenant's Agreement, Exercise 115 190 
 
 u, how indicated ! 57 
 
 \Vn, how written 14 
 
 Word-Signs.. . .11, 18, 22, 37, 42, 55, 76, 91, 99, 105. 128, 178 
 
 " " , joined 18 
 
 " " , use of Familiar 72 
 
 " " , used in the Formation of Longer 
 
 Words 131-137 
 
 X, how written 46 
 
 Y as a vowel. 29 
 
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