- , A, ' * , *!' . *** ^, AiHWKl ~< ,n*, '^, ' , -^ ;"-'^^r' J^' '**.. ?' : % 111 ' : / ~fw*, I> .X-" j$$f**' .^S"2S ^ s^S PETt < << JD **r < C A< t ' ^-S^ s<*ar. fury and brutality. Confiding in its own strength, they repulsed, with the greatest vigour, the approaches of the Macedonians. Finding, however, at last, that the outer wall of their city was sapped, and that the Macedonians carried their mines under the inner one, they sent deputies to Philip, offering to surrender the city on certain conditions, one of which was, that all the free citizens should retire whithersoever they pleased, with the clothes they then had on. These conditions were not approved by Philip, he therefore sent for answer, that the Ahydonians had only to choose, whether they would surrender at discretion or con- tinue to defend themselves gallantly as they had before done. When the citizens heard this they assembled toge- ther, to consider what they should do in so great an emergency ; and here we have to record, not in our own language but in that of others, for our pen would be unequal to the description, circumstances scarcely to be paralleled in all history ! It is thus given by Rollin : They came to these resolutions; first, that the slaves should be set at liberty, to animate them to defend the city with the utmost vigour ; secondly, that all the women should be shut up in the temple of Diana, and all the children with their nurses in the Gymnasium ; that this being done, they then should bring into the great square all the gold and silver in the city, and carry all the rest of the valuable effects into the quadriremc of the Rhodians and the trireme of the Cyzicenians. This resolution having passed unanimously, another assembly was called, in whit -li they chose fifty of the wisest and most ancient of the citizens, but who at the same time had vigour enough left to execute what should have been determined ; and they were made to take an oath, in presence of UUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 3 all the inhabitants, that the instant they saw the enemy master of the inner wall they should kill the women and children, set fire to the galleys laden with their effects, and throw into the sea all the gold and silver which they had heaped together. Then, sending for their priests, they took an oath either to conquer or die, sword in hand; and after having sacrificed the victims, they obliged the priests and priestesses to pronounce before the altar the greatest curses on those who should break their oath. This being done, they left off countermining, and resolved, the instant the wall should fall, to fly to ' the breach and fight to the last. Accordingly, the inward wall tumbling, the besieged, true to the oath they had taken, fought in the breach with such un- paralleled bravery, that though Philip had perpetu- ally sustained with fresh soldiers those who had mounted to the assault, yet, when night separated the combatants, he was still doxibtful with regard to the success of the siege. Such Abydorrians as marched first to the breach, over the heaps of slain, fought with fury, and not only made use of their swords and javelins, but after their arms were broken to pieces or forced from their hands, they rushed furi- ously upon the Macedonians, knocked down some, broke the long spears of others, and with the pieces struck their faces and such parts of their bodies as were uncovered, till they made them entirely despair of the event. "When night had put an end to the slaughter, the breach was quite covered with the dead bodies of the Abydonians, and those who had escaped were so prodigiously fatigued, and had received so many wounds, that they could scarce support themselves. Things being brought to this dreadful extremity, two of the principal citizens, unable to execute the dreadful resolution that had B 2 4 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIi:.-. been taken, and which at that time displayed it.-rlf to their imaginations in all its horror, a-: that, to save their wives and children, they should send to Philip by day-break all their priests and priesteaaee, clothed in pontifical habits, to implore his mercy and open their gates to him. Accord- ingly the next morning the city, as had been agreed, was surrendered to Philip, during which the greatest part of the Abydonians, who survived, vented millions of imprecations against their fellow-citizens, and especially against the priests and priestesses, for delivering up to the enemy those whom they themselves had devoted to death with the most dreadful oaths. Philip marched into the city and seized, without the least opposition, all the rich effects which the Aby- donians had heaped together in one place. But now he was greatly terrified with the spectacle he saw. Among these ill-fated citizens, whom despair had made furious and distracted, some were strangling their wives and children; and others cutting them with swords to pieces ; some were running to murder them ; some were plunging them into wells ; whilst others were precipitating them from the tops of the houses ; in a word, death appeared in a variety of horrors. Philip, pierced with grief, and seized with horror at the spectacle, stopped the soldiers who were greedy of plunder, and published a declaration, importing that he would allow three days to all, who were resolved to lay violent hands on themselves. He was in hopes that during this interval they would change their resolution, but they had made their choice before. They thought it would be degenerating from those, who had lost their lives in fighting for their country, should they survive them. The individuals of every family killed one another, and none escaped this murderous expedition but those whose hands were RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 5 tied, or were otherwise kept from destroying them- selves. Nothing now remains of the ancient town, but a few insignificant ruing in the neighbourhood of the modern one *. NO. II. ABYDUS. ABYDUS, in Egypt, is now called Madfuneh, or the Buried City. According to Pliny and Strabo it was a colony of Milesians. It is said once to have nearly equalled Thebes in grandeur and magnificence ; but it was reduced to a village in the reign of Augustus, and is now only a heap of uninhabited ruins. In its neighbourhood, however, the celebrated tomb of Ismandes is still found ; he who built the temple of Osiris, into which no singers or dancers were ever allowed to enter. Besides numerous tombs and sepulchral monuments, that are continually found here, the remains of two grand edifices, and other ruins, evince its former extent, and justify the assertion of Strabo, that Abydus formerly held the first rank after Thebes itself. One of those edifices was called the Palace of Memnon ; but it was, in reality, commenced by Osirei, and completed by his son Remesis II., and from the peculiar nature of its plan, and the structure of its roof, it is parti- cularly interesting to the antiquary. This last is formed of large blocks of stone placed from one archi- trave to the other ; not, as usual in Egyptian build- ings, on their faces, but on their sides ; so that considerable thickness having been given to the roof, a vault was afterwards cut in them, without endan- gering its stability. The other building is the famous temple of Osiris, who was reported to have been buried in Abydus, and who was worshipped there in his most sacred character. There are many other * Plutarch ; Diodorus ; Rollin ; Sandwich. RUINS OP ANCIENT CIT1I>. says Plutarch, where his corpse is said to have DM1 deposited ; but Abydus and Memphis are men- tioned in particular as having the tnie body ; and for this reason the rich and powerful of the Egyptians were desirous of being buried in the former of these two cities, in order to lie, as it were, in the same grave with Osiris himself. The fact, that the natives of other towns also were buried at Abydus, is fully confirmed by modern discoveries ; and inscriptions, purporting that the deceased were from sonu- ili>t;mt part of the country, are frequently found in the tombs of its extensive cemetery. The temple of Osiris was completed by Remesis II., who enriched it with a splendid sanctuary, rendered unusually conspicuous from the materials used in its construc- tion, being entirely lined with oriental alabaster. He also added to the numerous chambers and courts many elegant and highly-finished sculptures. One of these lateral apartments contains the famous tablet of kings, discovered by Mr. Bankes, and which, in an historical point of view, is one of the most precious monuments hitherto met with among the ruins of Egypt. In the cemetery to the north- ward are some other stone remains, among which is one of the time of Remesis the Second, and another bearing the name of Sabaco. The reservoir mentioned by Strabo, which was cased with stone, may be traced on the east side of the ancient town ; and in the mountain, to the north-west, are some limestone quarries, and an inclined road leading to a narrow grotto, in an un- finished state, and without sculpture. The Arabs, in searching for treasure, have heaped up piles of earth and rubbish ; but there arc no inha- bitants*. * Pliny; Strabo; Plutarch ; Diodorui ; Wilkin&on. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES NO. III. JEGESTA. THE sterile country between Trapani and Alcamo (in Sicily) may render the stranger better prepared to contemplate one of the finest of ancient monu- ments all that remains of ^Egesta, celebrated for the temple of the Erycinian Venus. This town, situated on a height at the base of Mount Eryx v was deserted and almost in ruins at so early a period as the time of Strabo. All travellers, who have examined the temple, are unanimous in its commendation. " The effect it produced at a distance," says Mons. Simon, "increased as I approached. Such is the magic of its proportions, and the beauty of its forms, that, at whatever side it may be viewed, it is equally admirable. It has braved the influence of time the edifice stands entire, columns, entablature, pediment all except the cella and roof, which have disappeared. The columns, of the Ionic order, are about seven feet in diameter at the base, tapering towards the top, and only four diameters in height ; but they form, with the front, a total height of fifty-eight feet. The dimensions of the interior are about one hundred and seventy-four feet by seventy-two." This city was destroyed by Agathocles. At a subsequent time it was the residence of the tyrant ^milius Censorinus, who offered rewards to such artists as were the most ingenious in the invention of instruments of torture !* * Simon ; Count Fedor de Karacray ; Malte-Brun. 8 RUINS OF ANTII-NT CIT1I>. NO. IV. I .. ISA. " WE seated ourselves on a fallen column," says Mr. Williams, " and could not but admire the sitropi, or the chief magistrate of the town, nil, both young and old, go out yearly, ai the pigmies of old did against the cranes, to war with, and to break their rpgs before they are hatched ; otherwise, by their multitudes, they would so destroy and cat up the corn, that they would inevitably bring a famine every year upon the place." f Mr. C. R. Cockercll and Mr. John Foster; W. Linckh and Baron Haller. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 13 with her helmet, is the principal figure ; and from its superior size, is conjectured to have stood in the centre of the tympanum, below which it was found. The other figures are comhatants in various costumes and attitudes; their shields are circular, and their helmets crowned with the lophos. The bodies of some are naked, while others are covered with armour or leather; their attitudes are judiciously adapted to the four tympana, and the places which they occupied. They were evidently made prior to the introduction of the beautiful ideal in Grecian sculp- ture. The muscles and the veins, which are anato- mically correct, exhibit the soft flexibility of life, and every motion of the body is in scientific harmony with that of nature. The limbs are strong, though not Herculean, and elegant without effeminacy; no preposterous muscular protuberance, no unnatural feminine delicacy offends the eye. They are noble without being harsh or rigid, and are composed with Doric severity mingled with the airy grace of youthful forms ; the perfection of the finish is quite wonderful ; every part being in a style worthy of the most beautiful cameo. The extremities of the hands and feet merit more particular admiration. Indeed, the ancients thought- that elegant fingers and nails were essential ingredients in the composition of the beautiful. The most extraordinary circumstance, however, in these statues, is the want of expression, and the sameness of countenance, which is to be observed in all the heads. This approximation to identity is certainly not fortuitous ; for the artists, who were able to throw so much varied beauty into the forms of the bodies, were, no doubt, fully able to infuse a similar diversity of expression into the features. Their talent was probably confined to one style of countenance by some religious pre- 14 uriss <>r AM H-.NT ( i ; judice. Perl iaps some ancient ami much vcnerat. . supplied till-in immediately with dry elothes, of which la- h:nl always a great quantity in his wardn>l>e. Though this gives us some notion of his wealth, there is another description still more indicative of his humanity. He entertained the people with spec- tacles and feasts ; and, during a famine, prevented the citizens from dying with hunger; he gave portions to poor maidens also, and rescued the unfortunate from want and despair. He had houses built in the city and the country, purposely for tin- accommodation of strangers, whom he usually dismissed with handsome presents. Five hundred shipwrecked citizens of Gela, applying to him, were bountifully relieved ; and every man supplied with a cloak and a coat out of his wardrobe. Agrigentum was first taken by the Carthagi- nians. It was strongly fortified. It was situated, as were Hymera and Selinuntum, on that coast of Sicily which faces Africa. Accordingly, Hannibal, imagin- ing that it was impregnable except on one side, turned his whole force that way. He threw up banks and terraces as high as the walls ; and made use, on this occasion, of the rubbish and fragments of the tombs standing round the city, which he had demolished for that purpose. Soon after, the plague infected tho army, and swept away a great number of the soldiers. The Carthaginians interpreted this disaster as a punishment inflicted by the gods, who revenged in this manner the injuries done to the dead, whose ghosts many fancied they had seen stalking before them in the night. No more tombs were therefore demolished ; prayers were ordered to be made accord- ing to the practice of Carthage ; a child was sacri- ficed to Saturn, .in compliance with a most inhu- manly superstitious custom ; and many victims were thrown into the sea in honour of Neptune. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 17 The besieged, who at first had gained several ad- vantages, were at last so pressed by famine, that all hopes of relief seeming desperate, they resolved to abandon the city. The following night was fixed on for this purpose. The reader will naturally imagine to himself the grief with which these miserable people must be seized, on their being forced to leave their houses, rich possessions, and their country ; but life was still dearer to them than all these. Never was a more melancholy spectacle seen. To omit the rest, a crowd of women, bathed in tears, were seen drag- ging after them their helpless infants, in order to secure them from the brutal fury of the victor. But the most grievous circumstance was the necessity they were under of leaving behind them the aged and sick, who were unable either to fly or to make the least resistance. The unhappy exiles arrived at Gela, which was the nearest city in their way, and there received all the comforts they could expect in the deplorable condition to which they were reduced. In the meantime Imilcon entered the city, and murdered all who were found in it. The plunder was immensely rich, and such as might be expected from one of the most opulent cities of Sicily, which con- tained two hundred thousand inhabitants, and had never been besieged, nor, consequently, plundered before. A numberless multitude of pictures, vases, and statues of all kinds, were found here, the citizens having an exquisite taste for the polite arts. Among other curiosities, was the famous bull of Phalaris, which was sent to Carthage. At a subsequent period the Romans attacked this city, then in possession of the Carthaginians ; took it, and the chief persons of Agrigentum were, by the consul's order, first scourged with rods, and then be- headed. The common people were made slaves, and c 18 KTINX or VM ir.M 01 sold to the best bidder. After this, Agrigentmn is seldom mentioned in history ; nor is it easy to a- tain the precise time in which the old city w.s de- stroyed, and the new one (Gergenti) was built. It was crushed in the -c in ral f;ill of the Gr< and its unfortunate inhabitants, expelled by the Sa- racens, took refuge among the black aud inaccessible rocks of Girgenti. In ancient times, this city was greatly celebrated for the hospitality and luxurious mode of living, adopted by its inhabitants. On one side of the city there was a large artificial lake, about a quarter of a league in circumference, dug out of the solid rock by the Carthaginian captives, and to which the water was conveyed from the hills. It was thirty feet d great quantities of fish were kept in this reservoir for the public feasts ; and swans and other fowls kept upon it for the amusement of the citizens ; and the depth of its waters secured the city from tin- sudden assault of an enemy. It is now dry, and converted into a garden. It is, nevertheless, a curious fact, that though tin- whole space within the walls of the ancient city abounds with traces of antiquity, there arc no ruins which can be supposed to have belonged to places of public entertainment. Yet the Agrigentines \ remarkably fond of shows and dramatic amusem< and their connexion with the Romans must have introduced among them the savage games of the circus. Theatres and amphitheatres seem peculiarly calculated to resist the outrages of time ; yet not a vestige of these are to be seen on the site of Agri- gentum. They appear, however, to have been quit alive to the pleasures to be derived from sculpture and painting. The Temple of Juno was adorned by one of the RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 19 most famous pictures of antiquity ; which is cele- brated by many of the ancient writers. Zeuxis was determined to excel any thing that had gone before him, and to form a model of human perfection. To this end, he prevailed on all the finest women of Agrigentum, who were ambitious of the honour, to appear naked before him. Of these he chose five for his models ; and moulding all the perfections of these beauties into one, he composed the picture of the goddess. This was ever looked upon as his masterpiece ; but was, unfortunately, burnt when the Carthaginians took Agrigentum. At that period, many of the citizens retired into this temple, as to a place of safety ; but as soon as they found the gates attacked by the enemy, they agreed to set fire to it, and chose rather to perish in the flames, than submit to the power of the conqueror. In the Temple of Hercules, there was another picture by Zeuxis. Hercules was represented, in his cradle, killing the two serpents ; Alcmena and Amphitrion, having just entered the apartment, were painted with every mark of terror and astonishment. Pliny says, the painter looked upon this piece as invaluable ; and, therefore, could never be prevailed upon to put a price upon it ; but gave it as a present to the people of Agrigentum, to be placed in the temple of Hercules. The temples, also, were very magnificent. That of j^Esculapius, two columns and two pilasters of which now support the end of a farm-house, was not less celebrated for a statue of Apollo. It was taken from them by the Carthaginians, at the same time that the Temple of Juno was burnt. It was carried off by the conquerors, and continued the greatest ornament of Carthage for many years ; but was, at last, restored by Scipio, at the final destruc- tion of the city. Some of the Sicilians allege, but it c 2 20 nt INS in \s supposed without ground, that this statue was afterward carried to Rome, and still remain- (here, the wonder of all ages ; and known to the whole world, under the name of the Apollo Belvioric order, called the Temple of Concord, has still its walls, its columns, entablature, and pediments, entire. In proceeding from the Temple of Concord, you walk between rows of sepulchn -, cut in the rock, wherever it admitted of hein^ exca- vated by the hand of man, or was so already by that of nature. Some masses arc hewn into the shape of coffins; others drilled full of small square holes, employed in a different mode of interment, and scrv i n^ as receptacles of urns. One ponderous piece, of the rock lies in an extraordinary position. By the failure of its foundation, or tho shock of an earthquake, it has been loosened from the general quarry, and rolled down the declivity, where it now remains supine, with the cavities turned upwards. There was also a temple dedicated to Ceres and Proserpine ; with the ruins was formed a church, which now exists ; and the road, leading to which, was cut out of the solid rock. In respect to the temple of Castor and Pollux, vegetation has covered the lower parts of the build- ing, and only a few fragments of two column- appear between the vines. Of the Temple of Venus, about one half remains ; but the glory of the place was the Temple of Jupiter Olympius, three hundred and forty feet long, sixty broad, and one hundred and twenty in height. Its columns and porticos were in the finest style of architecture ; and its bas-reliefs and paintings executed with admirable taste. On its eastern walls was sculptured the Battle of the Giant- ; while the western represented the Trojan War; cor- responding exactly with the description which Virgil had given of the painting in the Temple of Juno at Carthage. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 21 Diodorus Siculus extols the beauty of the columns which supported the building ; the admirable struc- ture of the porticos, and the exquisite taste with which the bas-reliefs and paintings were executed ; but he adds, that the stately edifice was never finished. Cicero, against Verres, speaks of the statues he car- ried away. Mr. Swinburne says, that it has remain- ing not one stone upon another; and that it is barely possible, with the liberal aid of conjecture, to discover the traces of its plan and dimensions. He adds, how- ever, that St. Peter's at Rome exceeds this celebrated temple more than doubly in every dimension ; being two hundred and fifteen feet higher, three hundred and thirty-four longer, and four hundred and thirty- three wider. Added to these, there is now remaining a monu- ment of Tero, king of Agrigentum, one of the first of the Sicilian tyrants. The great antiquity of this monument may be gathered from this ; that Tero is not only mentioned by Diodorus, Polybius, and the more modern of the ancient historians, but likewise by Herodotus, and Pindar, who dedicates two of his Olympic Odes to him ; so that this monument must be much more than two thousand years old. It is a kind of pyramid, the most durable of forms ; and is surrounded by aged olive-trees, which cast a wild, irregular shade over the ruin. All these mighty ruins of Agrigentum, and the whole mountain on which it stands, says Mr. Bry- done, is composed of an immense concretion of sea- shells, run together, and cemented by a kind of sand, or gravel, and now become as hard, and perhaps more durable, than even marble itself. This stone is white before it has been exposed to the air ; but in the temples and other ruins it is become " set," of a very dark brown. These shells are found on the very HI'INS OF ANCIENT CIV summit df tln> mountain, which i> at lea-t fourteen ni fifteen hundred feet above the level of the sea. The celebrated Empedocles was a native of this city ; one of the finest* spirits that ever adorned Un- earth. His saying, in regard to his fellow- eiti/rn-, is -well known; vi/., that they wjuandeiv.1 their money so excessively every day, that they seemed to expect it could never be cxhausto 1 ; :muilt the bridge. The roof of this temple consists of two large stones. In the temple there is an inscription to the following effect : " It it reasonable to imagine, that every one, that jwtses thi tray, would be glad to know the name of the person that built thi Ay/'A/v ,///>/ temple; and icith what intent they were made, by KUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 25 cutting into this rock of the Tagus, fall of the ma- jesty of the Gods, and of Ccesar, and where art showed itself superior to the tough and stubborn matter that resisted her. Know, then, that it was that noble architect Lacer, who built this bridge, which will last as long as the world. Lacer, having finished this noble bridge, made and dedicated this new temple, with sacrifices, to the gods, in hopes of rendering them propitious to him, for having honoured them after this manner. This temple he dedicated to the gods of Rome, and to Ccesar ; looking upon himself to have been extremely fortunate, in having been able to make so just and p roper a sacrifice*." NO. VIII. ALEXANDRIA. OF the several capitals of Egypt in successive agest, Thebes, or Diospolis, was the most ancient. Next was Memphis ; itself a city of the most remote antiquity. Babylon seems to have been only the capital of a part, retained by the Persians, after Cambyscs had subdued Egypt ; and was, by all accounts, founded by the Persians. Alexandria suc- ceeded Memphis, and remained the chief city, till the Saracens founded Misr-el-Kahira. Alexander, in his way to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, observed, opposite to the island of Pharos, a spot which he thought extremely well adapted for the building of a city. lie, therefore, set about drawing the plan of one ; in doing which he parti- cularly marked out the several places where temples and squares should be erected. The general execu- tion he committed to the architect who had rebuilt the temple of Diana at Ephesus (Dinocrates). This city he called Alexandria, after his own name ; and being situated with the Mediterranean on one side, * Jose Almana. t Browne. 26 Kt INS OF ANCIENT til :mt and west. It still remains, and is situate about four days' journey from Cairo. The merehaadisei were un- loaded at Port us Muris*, a town on the \\.-i.ni coast of the Red Sea; whence they were brought njion camels to a town of Thebais, called Copt, ami con- veyed down the Nile to Alexandria, whither mer- eliants from all parts resorted. The trade of the East has at all times enriched -those who carried it on. Solomon received from one commercial voyage, no less a sum than three millions two hundred and forty thousand pounds t. Tyre afterwards had the trade. When the Ptolemies, however, had built Berenice, and other ports on the western side of the Red Sea, and fixed their chief mart at Alexandria, that city became the most flourishing of all the cities in the world. " Th says Pridcaux, " it continued for many centuries after ; and all the traffic which the western parts of the world from that time had with Persia, India, Arabia, and the eastern coasts of Arabia, was wholly carried on through the Red Sea, and the mouth of the Nile, till a way was discovered of sailing to those parts by the Cape of Good Hope." Alexander was buried}: in the city he had built ; and as the sarcophagus in which he was placed h:i- now become an object of great curiosity, by having been taken from the French, at Alexandria, where it was found in the mosque of St. Athana-ins and placed in the British Museum, we shall give (from If oil in) an account of his funeral ; for never had any monarch one so magnificent ! Myo Honuot. t Four hundred and fifty talents of gold. See 2 Chron. viii.18. Thi, we may suppose, wa the gross sum received ; not the profit. J A. M. 3685. Ant. J. C. 321. Diod. lib. xviii. p. G08, G10. RtlNS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 27 Alexander died at Babylon. Aridaeus, having been deputed by all the governors and grandees of the kingdom, to take upon himself the care of his obse- quies, had employed two years in preparing every- thing that could render it the most august funeral that had ever been seen. "When all things were ready for the celebration of this mournful ceremonial, orders were given for the procession to begin. This was preceded by a great number of pioneers and other workmen, whose office was to make all the ways practicable, through which the procession was to pass. As soon as these were levelled, the magnificent chariot, the invention and design of which raised as much admiration as the immense riches that glittered all over it, set out from Babylon. The body of the chariot rested upon two alxetrees, that were inserted into four wheels, made after the Persian manner; the naves and spokes of which were covered with gold, and the rounds plated over with iron. The extremities of the axletrees were made of gold, re- presenting the mouths of lions biting a dart. The chariot had four draught-poles, to each of which were harnessed four sets of mules, each set consisting of four of those animals ; so that this chariot was drawn by sixty-four mules. The strongest of those crea- tures, and the largest, were chosen on this occasion. They were adorned with crowns of gold, and collars enriched with precious stones and golden bells. On this chariot was erected a pavilion of entire gold, twelve feet wide, and eighteen in length, supported by columns of the Ionic order, embellished with the leaves of acanthus. The inside was adorned with a blaze of jewels, disposed in the form of shells. The circumference was beautified with a fringe of golden net- work ; the threads that composed the texture were an inch in thickness, and to those were fastened US RUINS OF ANCIENT CM largo bolls, whose sound was hoard toa^ivat di-taneo. The external docorations wcro disposed into four relievos. The first represented Alexander Crated in a military chariot, with a splendid sceptre in his hand, and surrounded, on one side, with a, troop of Macedonians in arms; and on the other, with an equal numher of Persians, armed in their manner. These were preceded by the king's equerries. In tin- second were seen elephants completely harn> with a band of Indians seated on the fore part of their bodies; and on the hinder, another hand of Macedonians, armed as in the day of battle. The third exhibited to the view several squadrons of horse ranged in military array. The fourth repre- sented ships preparing for a battle. At the entrance into the pavilion were golden lions, that seemed to guard the passage. The four corners were adorned with statues of gold, representing victories, with trophies of arms in their hands. Under the pavilion was placed a throne of gold of a square form, adorned with the heads of animals, whoso necks were encom- passed with golden circles a foot and a half in breadth ; to these were hung crowns that glitten d with the liveliest colours, and such as were carried in procession at the celebration of sacred solemnities. At the foot of the throne was placed the coffin of Alexander, formed of beaten gold, and half filled with aromatic spices and perfumes, as well to exhale an agreeable odour, as for the preservation of the corpse. A pall of purple, wrought with gold, covered the coffin. Between this and the throne the arms of that monarch were disposed in the manner he wore them while living. The outside of the pavilion was like- wise covered with purple, flowered with gold. Tho top ended in a very large crown of the same metal, which seemed to be a composition of olive-branches. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 29 The rays of the sun which darted on this diadem, in conjunction with the motion of the chariot, caused it to emit a kind of rays like those of lightning. It may easily be imagined, that, in so long a pro- cession, the motion of a chariot, loaded like this, would be liable to great inconveniences. In order, therefore, that the pavilion, with all its appendages, might, when the chariot moved in any uneven ways, constantly continue in the same situation, notwith- standing the inequality of the ground, and the shocks that would frequently be unavoidable, a cylinder was raised from the middle of each axle-tree, to support the pavilion ; by which expedient the whole machine was preserved steady. The chariot was followed by the royal guards, all in arms, and magnificently arrayed. The multitude of spectators of this solem- nity is hardly credible ; but they were drawn together as well by their veneration for the memory of Alex- ander, as by the magnificence of this funeral pomp, which had never been equalled in the world. There was a current prediction, that the place where Alexander should be interred, would be rendered the most happy and flourishing part of the whole earth. The governors contested with each other, for the disposal of a body that was to be attended with such a glorious prerogative. The affection, Perdiccas entertained for his country, made him desirous that the corpse should be conveyed to jEge, in Macedonia, where the remains of its kings were usually deposited. Other places were likewise pro- posed, but the preference was given to Egypt. Ptolemy, who had such extraordinary and recent obligations to the king of Macedonia, was determined to signalise his gratitude on this occasion. He accordingly set out with a numerous guard of his best troops, in order to meet the procession, and 30 HI- INS >; advanced as far as ^yria. When lit- had joined the attendants on the funeral, lie prevented them from interring the corpse in the temple of Jupiter Ainmon, as they had proposed. It was therefore deposited, first, in the city of Memphis, and from t!. conveyed to Alexandria. Ptolemy raised a magnifi- cent temple to the memory of this monarch, and ren- dered him all the honours which were usually paid to demi-gods and heroes by Pagan antiquity. Freinsnemius, iji his supplement to Livy, relates, after Leo the African*, that the tomb of Alexander tho Great was still to be seen in his time, and that it was reverenced by the Mohammedans, as the monument, not only of an illustrious king, but of a great prophet. t The ancient city, together with its suburbs, was about seven leagues in length ; and Diodorus informs us that thenumber of its inhabitants amounted toabove 300,000, consisting only of the citizens and free- men ; but that, reckoning the slaves and foreigners, they were allowed, at a moderate computation. t-> be upwards of a million. These vast numbers of people were enticed to settle here by the convenient situation of the place for commerce ; since, besides the advantage of a communication to the enst< m countries by the canal cut out of the Nile into the Red Sea, it had two very spacious and commodious ports, capable of containing the shipping of all the then trading nations in the world. The harbour, called Portus Eunostus, lay in the centre of the city ; thus rendering the ships secure, not only by nature but by art. The figure of tliis harbour was a circle, the entrance being nearly closed up by two artificial moles, which left a pas- Tbi author lived in the fifteenth century, f EarJ of Sandwich. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 31 sage for two ships only to pass abreast. At the western extremity of one of these moles stood the celebrated tower called Pharos. The ruins of it are buried in the sea, at the bottom of which, in a calm day, one may easily distinguish large columns and several vast pieces of marble, which give sufficient proofs of tire magnificence of the building in which they were anciently employed. . This light-house was erected by Ptolemy Phila- delphus. Its architect was Sostratus of Cnidos ; its cost was 1 80,000/. sterling, and it was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world*. It was a large square structure built of white marble, on the top of which a fire was constantly kept burning, in order to guide ships by night. Pharos was originally an island at the distance nearly of a mile from the continent, but was afterwards joined to it by a causeway like that of Tyre. This Pharos was destroyed, and, in its stead, a * Some have commended Ptolemy for permitting the architect to put his name in the inscription which was fixed on the tower, instead of his own. It was very short and plain, according to the manner of the ancients. Sostralus Cnidlus Dexiphanii F. Diis Servatoribus pro navigantibus, i. e., " Sostratus the Cnidian, son of Dexiphancs, to the protecting deities, for the use of sea-faring people." But certainly Ptolemy must have very much undervalued that kind of immortality which princes are generally very fond of, to suffer that his name should not be so much as mentioned in the inscription of an edifice so capable of immortalising him. What we read in Lucian, concerning this matter, deprives Ptolemy of a modesty, which indeed would be very ill-placed here. This author informs us that Sostratus, seeing the king determined to engross the whole glory of that noble structure to himself, caused the inscription with his own name to be carved in the marble, which he afterwards covered with lime, and thereon put the king's name. The lime soon mouldered away : and by that means, instead of procuring the king the honour with which he had flattered himself, served only to discover to future ages his unjust and ridiculous vanity. IXOLUN. 32 Kl IV- <>! AM Ii:\T ( 1 I si|ii:irv ca-tlr was built without t:i-te or ornament, ami incapable of sustaining tin- fin.- of a single vend of tlu line: at invent, in a space of two !<;, walled round, nothing is to be seen but marble columns lying in the dust, and sawed in pieces ; for the Turks make inill-stones of them; together with the remains of pilasters, capitals, obelisks, and moun- tains of ruins heaped on eaeh other. Alexandria had one peculiar advantage over all others: Dinocrates, considering the great scarcity of good water in this country, dug very spacious vaults, which, having conununication with all parts of the city, furnished its inhabitants with one of the chief necessaries of life. These vaults were divided into capacious reservoirs, or cisterns, which filled, at the time of the inundation of the Nile, by a canal cut out of the Canopic branch, entirely for that purpose. The water was, in that manner, preserved for the remainder of the year; and being refined l>v the long settlement, was not only the clearest, but the wholesomest of any in Egypt. This grand work is still remaining ; whence the present city, though built out of the ruins of the ancient one, still enjoys the benefactions of Alexander, its founder. A street*, two thousand feet wide, began at the Marine gate, and ended at the gate of Canopus, adorned with magnificent houses, temples, and public edifices. Through this extent of prospect the eye was never satiated with admiring the marble, the porphyry, and the obelisks which were destined hereafter to adorn Rome and Constantinople. This street was indeed the finest the world ever saw. Besides all the private buildings constructed with porphyry and marble, there was an admirable temple to Serapis, and another to Neptune ; also a theatre, Sevan-. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 33 an amphitheatre, gymnasium, and circus. The mate- rials had all the perfection which the experience of one thousand years could afford ; and the wealth and exertions, not only of Egypt but of Asia. The place was extensive and magnificent ; and a succes- sion of wise and good princes rendered it, by means of Egyptian materials and Grecian taste, one of the richest and most perfect cities the world has ever beheld. The palace occupied one quarter of the city; but within its precincts were a museum, extensive groves, and a temple containing the sepulchre of Alexander. ' This city was also famous for a temple erected to the God Serapis, in which was a statue which the natives of Sinope (in Pontus) had bartered, in a, season of famine, for a supply of corn. The temple was called the Serapion ; and Ammianus Marcel- linus assures us*, that it surpassed all the temples then in the world for beauty and magnificence, with the sole exception of the Capitol at Rome. Ptolemy Soter made this city the metropolitan seat of arts and sciences. He founded the museum, the most ancient and most sumptuous temple ever erected by any monarch, in honour of learning ; he filled it with men of abilities, and made it an asylum for philosophers of all descriptions, whose doctrines were misunderstood, and whose persons were perse- cuted ; in whose unfeigned tribute of grateful praise he has found a surer road to everlasting renown, than his haughty nameless predecessors, who pre- tended to immortality, and braved both heaven and corroding time by the solid structure of their py- ramids. He founded also a library, which was consider- ably augmented by Ptolemy Philadelphia, and by * Lib. xxii. c. lt>. D 34 IU INS OF ANCIENT CITIES. the magnificence of his successors, was at length in- creased to 700,000 volumes. In Cwsar's time, part of this library, that portion which was situated in the quarter of the city called the Hruchion, was consumed by fire ; a conflagration which caused the loss of not fewer than 4UO,000 volumes. This library, a short time after, received the in- crcnse of 200,000 volumes from Pergamus; Antony having given that library to Cleopatra. It was afterwards ransacked several times ; but it was still a numerous and very celebrated library at the time in which it was destroyed by the Saracens, viz. A.D. 642 ; a history of which we shall soon have to relate. The manner in which this library was originally collected, may be judged of, in no small degree, by the following relation : All the Greek and other books that were brought into Egypt were seized and sent to the Museum, where they were transcribed by persons employed for that purpose ; the copies were then delivered to the proprietors, and the originals were deposited in the library. Ptolemy Evergetes, for instance, borrowed the works of Sophocles, Euripides, and jEschylus, of the Athenians, and only returned them the copies, which he had caused to be transcribed in as beautiful a manner as possible ; and he likewise presented them with fifteen talents, equal to fifteen thousand crowns, for the originals, which he kept. On the death of Cleopatra, Egypt was redu. 1 into a province of the Roman empire, and governed by a prefect sent from Rome. Alexander founded the city in 3629 ; and the reign of the Ptolemies, who succeeded him, lasted to the year of the world 3974. The city, in the time of Augustus, must have been very beautiful ; for when that personage entered it, he told the natives, who had acted against him, that RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 35 he pardoned them all ; first, out of respect to the name of their founder ; and, secondly, on account of the beauty of their city. This beauty and opulence, however, were not without their corresponding evils ; for Quintilian informs us, that as Alexandria im- proved in commerce and in opulence, her inhabitants grew so effeminate and voluptuous, that the word Alexandrine became proverbial, to express softness, indelicacy, and immodest language. Egypt having become a province of Rome, some of the emperors endeavoured to revive in it a love of letters, and enriched it by various improvements. The emperor Caligula was inclined to favour the Alexandrians, because they manifested a readiness to confer divine honours upon him. He even con- ceived the horrid design of massacring the chief senators and knights of Rome (A.D. 40), and then of abandoning the city, and of settling at Alexandria; the prosperity and wealth of which in the time of Aurelian was so great, that, after the defeat of Zenobia, a single merchant of this city undertook to raise and pay an army out of the profits of his trade ! The rapid rise of the power of the Moslems, and the religious discord which prevailed in Egypt, levelled a death-blow at the grandeur of this powerful city, whose prosperity had been unchecked from the time of its foundation ; upwards of nine hundred and seventy years. Amrou, the lieutenant of Omar, king of the Saracens, having entered Egypt, and taken Pelushmi, Babylon, and Memphis, laid siege to Alexandria, and after fourteen months carried the city by assault, and all Egypt submitted to the yoke of the Caliphs. The standard of Mahomet was planted on the walls of Alexandria A. D. 640. Abulfaragius, in his history of the tenth dynasty, gives the follow- ing account of this catastrophe : John Philoponus, a 36 itriNs or \\< i! \ i n \i:<. famous Peripatetic philo6opber, being at Alexandria when the city was taken l>y the Saracens, w.is ad- mitted to familiar intercourse with Amrou, the Arabian general, and presumed to solicit a gift, inestimable in his opinion but contemptible in that of the barbarians and this was the royal library . Animu was inclined to gratify his wish, but bis rigid integrity scrupled to alienate the least object without the Caliph's ecu- sent, lie accordingly wrote to Omar, whose well- known answer was dictated by the ignorance of a fanatic. Amrou wrote thus to his master, " I have taken the great city of the West. It is impossible for me to enumerate the variety of its riches and beauty; I shall content myself with observing, that it contains 4000 palaces, 4000 baths, 400 theatres or places of amusement, 12,000 shops for the salcof vegetable food, and 40,000 tributary Jews." He then related what Philoponus had requested of him. " If these writings of the Greeks," answered the bigoted barbarian, his master, " agree with the Koran, or book of God, they are useless, and need not be preserved ; if they disagree they are pernicious, and ought to be de- stroyed." This valuable repository, therefore, devoted to the flames, and during six months the volumes of which it consisted supplied fuel to the. four thousand baths, which gave health and cleanli- ness to the city. " No complaint," says a celebrated moralist (Johnson), " is more frequently repeated among the learned, than that of the waste made by time among the labours of antiquity. Of those who once filled the civilised world with their renown nothing is now left but their names, which are left only to raise desires that never can be satisfied, and sorrow which never can be comforted. Had all the writings of the ancients been faithfully delivered down RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 37 from age to age, bad the Alexandrian library been spared, and the Palatine repositories remained unim- paired, how much might we have known of whicli we are now doomed to be ignorant, how many labo- rious inquiries and dark conjectures, how many collations of broken hints and mutilated passages might have been spared ! We should have known the successions of princes, the revolutions of empires, the actions of the great, and opinions of the wise, the laws and constitutions of every state, and the arts by which public grandeur and happiness are acquired and preserved. We should have traced the progress of life, seen colonies from distant regions take pos- session of European deserts, and troops of savages settled into communities by the desire of keeping what they had acquired ; we should have traced the pro- gress and utility, and travelled upward to the original of things by the light of history, till in remoter times it had glimmered in fable, and at last been left in darkness." " For my own part," says Gibbon, " I am strongly tempted to deny both the fact and the consequences." Dr. Drake also is disposed to believe, that the privations we have suffered have been occa- sioned by ignorance, negligence, and intemperate zeal, operating uniformly for centuries, and not through the medium of either concerted or accidental conflagration*. The dominion of the Turks, and the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, in 1499, completed its ruin; and from that time it has remained in decay. Its large buildings fell into ruins, and under a government which discouraged even the appearance of wealth, no person would venture to repair them, and mean * See his observations on the supposed conflagration of the Alexandrian library, with a commentary on the 5th and 6th sec- tions of the first chapter of the tenth book of Quiutilian. 38 RUINS OF VM I! NT CITIES. habitations were constructed in lieu of them, on tin- >;i-t. Since that dismal epoch Egypt has, c-> n- tury after century, sunk deeper and deeper into a of perfect neglect and ruin. In recent times, however, it has boon under the immediate despotic rule of M'- hemet Ali, nominally a pasha of the sultan of Con- inople, and a man apparently able and willing to do much towards restoring civilisation to the place of his birth. The remains, in the opinion of some, have been greatly magnified. One writer*, for instance, t " The present state of Alexandria affords a scene of magnificence and desolation. In the space of two leagues, inclosed by walls, nothing is seen but the remains of pilasters, of capitals, and of obelisks, and whole mountains of shattered columns and monu- ments of ancient art, heaped upon one another, :unl accumulated to a height even greater than that of the houses." Another writer t says, " Alexandria now exhibits every mark by which it could be recog- nised as one of the principal monuments of the mag- nificence of the conqueror of Asia, the emporium of the East, and the chosen theatre of the far-sought luxuries of the Roman triumvirs and the Egyptian queen." According to Sonnini, columns subverted and scattered about ; a few others still upright but isolated; mutilated statues, fragments of every species, overspread the ground which it once occupied. " It is impossible to advance a step, without kicking, if I may use the expression, against some of its wrecks. It is the hideous theatre of destruction the most horrible. The soul is saddened on contemplating those remains of grandour and magnificence ; and it is raised into indignation against the barbarians, who KCCJ. t Browne. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 39 dared to apply a sacrilegious hand to monuments, which time, the most pitiless of destroyers, would have respected." "So little," says Dr. Clarke, " are we acquainted with these valuable remains, that not a single excursion for purposes of discovery has yet been begun ; nor is there any thing published with regard to its modern history, excepting the observa- tions that have resulted from the hasty survey, made of its forlorn and desolated havens by a few travellers whose transitory visits ended almost with the days of their arrival*." " On arriving at Alexandria," says Mr. Wilkinson, " the traveller naturally enquires where are the remains of that splendid city, which was second only to Rome itself, and whose circuit of fifteen miles contained a population of three hundred thousand inhabitants and an equal number of slaves; and where the monuments of its former greatness ? He has heard of Cleopatra's Needle and Pompey's Pillar, from the days of his childhood, and the fame of its library, the Pharos, the temple of Serapis and of those philosophers and mathematicians, whose venerable names contri- bute to the fame of Alexandria, even more than the extent of its commerce or the splendour of the monu- ments, that once adorned it, are fresh in his recollec- tion ; and he is surprised, in traversing mounds which mark the site of this vast city, merely to find scattered fragments or a few isolated columns, and here and there the vestiges of buildings, or the doubtful direction of some of the main streets." Though the ancient boundaries, however, cannot * A very curious instance is afforded by Bruce, who wrote an account of Alexandria, and, literally, did not spend one entire day in the city. He was at sea on the morning of the 20th of June, 1768, previously to his landing in Alexandria, ( see Bruce's Travels, v. i. p. 7,) aud in the afternoon he left that city for Rosetta. CLARKE. 40 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITII -. bo determined, hoaps of rubbish an- on all si.l--> visible ; whence every shower of rain, not to mention the industry of the natives in digging, discover- pieer* of precious marble, and sometimes ancient coins, and fragments of sculpture. Among the last may bo particularly mentioned the statues of Marcus Aurdins and Scptimius Severus. Tho present walls are of Saracenic structure. They are lofty; being in some places more than forty feet in height, and apparently no where so little as twenty. These furnish a sufficient security against the Bedouins, who live part of the year on the bank* of the canal, and often plunder the cattle in tho neighbourhood. The few flocks and herd*, which are destined to supply the wants of the city, are pastured on the herbage, of which the vicinity of the canal favours the growth, and generally brought in at night when the two gates are shut. " Judge," says M. Miot, " by Volney's first pages, of the impression which must be made upon us, by these houses with grated windows ; this solitude, this silence, these camels ; these disgusting dogs covered with vermin ; these hideous women holding between their teeth the corner of a veil of coarse blue cloth to conceal from us their features and their black bosoms. At tho .sight of Alexandria and its inhabitants, at beholding these vast plains devoid of all verdure, at breathing the burning air of the desert, melancholy began to find its way among us ; and already some French- men, turning towards their country their weary eyes, let the expression of regret escape them in sighs ; a regret which more painful proofs were soon to render more poignant." And this rccals to one's recollection the description of an Arabic poet, cited by Abulfeda several centuries ago. i 1 .. .-,.. niJINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 41 " How pleasant are the banks of the canal of Alexandria; when the eye surveys them the heart is rejoiced ! the gliding hoatman, beholding its towers, beholds canopies ever verdant ; the lovely Aquilon breathes cooling fresh- ness, while he, sportful, ripples up the surface of its waters ; the ample Date, whcBJ flexible head reclines like a sleeping beauty, is crowned with pendent fruit." The walls to which we have alluded present nothing curious, except some ruinous towers ; and one of the chief remains of the ancient city is a colonnade, of which only a few columns remain ; and what is called the amphitheatre, on a rising ground, whence there is a fine view of the city and port. There is, however, one structure beside particularly entitled to distinction; and that is generally styled Pompey's Pillar. Pompey's Pillar, says the author of Egyptian Antiquities, " stands on a small eminence midway between the walls of Alexandria and the shores of the lake Mareotis, about three-quarters of a mile from either, quite detached from any other building. It is of a red granite ; but the shaft, which is highly polished, appears to be of earlier date than the capital or pedestal, which have been made to corre- spond. It is of the Corinthian order ; and while some have eulogised it as the finest specimen of that order, others have pronounced it to be in bad taste. The capital is of palm leaves, not indented. The column consists only of three pieces the capital, the shaft, and the base and is poised on a centre stone of breccia, with hieroglyphics on it, less than a fourth of the dimensions of the pedestal of the column, and with the smaller end downward ; from which cir- cumstance the Arabs believe it to have been placed there by God. The earth about the foundation has 42 RUINS OP ANCIENT CI I been examined, probably in the hopes of treasures; and pieces of white marl >K-, (which i> ina found in Egypt) have been discovered connected t. the breccia above mentioned. It is owing, probably, to this disturbance that the pillar has an inclination of about seven inches to the south-west. This column has sustained some trifling injury at the hands of late visitors, who have indulged a pin 'rile pleasure in possessing and giving to their fri small fragments of the stone, and is defaced by being daubed with names of persons, which would other- wise have slumbered unknown to all save in their own narrow sphere of action ; practices which cannot be too highly censured, and which an enlightened mind would scorn to be guilty of. It is remarkable, that while the polish on the shaft is still perfect to the northward, corrosion has begun to affect tin- southern face, owing probably to the winds passing over the vast tracts of sand in that direction. The centre part of the cap-stone has been hollowed out, forming a basin on the top ; and pieces of iron still remaining in four holes prove that this pillar was once ornamented with a figure, or some other trophy. The operation of forming a rope-ladder to ascend the column has been performed several times of late years, and is very simple : a kite was flown, with a string to the tail, and, when directly over the pillar, it was dragged down, leaving the line by which it was flown across the capital. With this a rope, and afte5jvards a stout hawser, was drawn over ; a man then ascended and placed two more parts of the hawser, all of which were pulled tight down to a twenty- four- pounder gun lying near the base (which it was said Sir Sidney Smith attempted to plant on the top) ; small spars were then lashed across, commencing RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 43 from the bottom, and ascending each as it was secured, till the whole was complete, when it resembled the rigging of a ship's lower masts. The mounting this solitary column required some nerve, even in seamen ; but it was still more appalling to see the Turks, with their ample trowsers, venture the ascent. The view from this height is commanding, and highly interesting in the associations excited by gazing on the ruins of the city of the Ptolemies, lying beneath. A theodolite was planted there, and a round of terrestrial angles taken ; but the tremulous motion of the column affected the quicksilver in the artificial horizon so much as to preclude the possibility of obtaining an observation for the latitude. Various admeasurements have been given of the dimensions of Pompey's Pillar ; the following, how- ever, were taken by a gentleman who assisted in the operation above described : Feet In. Top of the capital to the astragal (one stone) 10 4 Astragal to first plinth (one stone) 67 7 Plinth to the ground . . . . 20 11 Whole height 98 10 Measured by a line from the top 99 4 It will be remembered, however, that the pedestal of the column does not rest on the ground, Its elevation being .... The height of the column itself is therefore Diagonal of the capital ' . . . . Circumference of shaft (upper part) (lower part) Length of side of the pedestal; Shaw says, that in his time, in expectation of finding alarge treasure buried underneath, a great part 44 urixs IT of the foundation, consisting of several fragments of different sortsof atom- and marble, had In < n removed ; so that the whole fabric rested upon a block of whiti- marble scarcely two yards square, which, upon touching it with a key, sounded like a bell. All travellers agree that its present appellation is a misnomer; yet it is known that a monument of some kind was erected at Alexandria to the memory of Pompey, which was supposed to have been found in this remarkable column. Mr. Montague thinks it was erected to the honour of Vespasian. Savary calls it the Pillar of Severus. Clarke supposes it to have been dedicated to Hadrian, according to his reading of a half-effaced inscription in Greek on the west side of the base; while others trace the name of Diocletian in the same inscription. No mention occurring of it either in Strabo or Diodorus Siculus, we may safely infer that it did not exist at that period ; and Dcnon supposes it to have been erected about the time of the Greek Emperors, or of the Caliphs of Egypt, and dates its acquiring its present name in the fifteenth century. It is supposed to have been surmounted with an equestrian statue. The shaft is elegant and of a good style ; but the capital and pedestal are of inferior workmanship, and have the appearance of being of a different period. In respect to the inscription on this pillar, there are two different readings: It must, however, be remembered, that many of the letters are utterly illegible. TO niOCLF.TIA.VU8 AUGUSTUS, MOST ADORABLK BUPRROR, THE TUTELAR DEITY OF ALEXANDRIA, PONTIUS, A PREFECT OF EGYPT, CONSECRATES THIS. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 45 Dr. Clarke's version is POSTHUMUS, PREFECT OF EGYPT, AND THE PEOPLE OF THE METROPOLIS, [honour] TO THE MOST REVERED EMPEROR, THE PROTECTING DIVINITY OF ALEXANDRIA, THE DIVINE HADRIAN AUGUSTUS. Now, since it is known that Hadrian lived from A. D. 76 to 130, it seems clear that Pompey has no connexion with this pillar, and that it ought no longer to bearhis nainc. Some writers, however, are disposed to believe that the inscription is not so old as the pillar, and this is very likely to be the case. This celebrated pillar has of late years been several times ascended. The manner, as we have before stated, was this : " By means of a kite, a strong cord was passed over the top of the column, and securely fastened on one side, while oneman climbed up the other. When he had reached the top, he made the rope still more secure, and others ascended, carrying with them water of the Thames, of the Nile, and of one of the Grecian Islands : a due supply of spirits was also provided, and thus a bowl of punch was concocted ; and the healths of distinguished persons were drunk. This ascent was made when the British fleet was in Egypt, since which time the ascents have been numerous ; for, according to Mr Webster, the crew of almobt every man-of-war which has been stationed in the port of Alexandria have thought the national honour of British tars greatly concerned in ascending the height of fame, or, in other words, the famous height which Pompey's pillar affords. It is not unnsual for a party to take breakfast, write letters, and transact other matters of business on this very summit ; and it is on record that a lady once had courage to join one of these high parties." Besides this there are two obelisks. The first is of 46 in INS or AM ir.vr < nirs. granite, and is called Cl, -upatra's Needle, luit it has 1'tcunu 1 nearly certain that it was removed hither from Ileliopolis, and it is now, therefore, regarded a* the obelisk of Thothmes III. Its fallen companion also hears tin- name of Thothmes, and, in the lateral lines of Remeses II, the supposed Scsostris. One of these is still upright on its base ; the other is thrown down and almost entirely buried in the sand. " The former," says Sonnini, " shows what the hand of man can do against time; the other what time can do against the efforts of man." They are both of red granite. According to a survey made by Dr. Clarke, the base of the prostrate one measures seven feet square, and the length is sixty- six feet. They are both eovered with hieroglyphics cut into the stone to the depth of two inches. These two monumentsserved to decorate one of the entrances to the palace of the Ptolemies, the ruins of which are contiguous*. Nothingt, however, which remains in the vicinity of Alexandria attests its greatness more satisfac- torily than the catacombs on the coast, near the Necropolis. Their size, although remarkable, is not so striking as the elegant symmetry, and proportion of the architecture in the first chamber, which is of the best Greek style, and not to be equalled in any other part of Egypt.j They are at a short distance * After the English were in possession of Alexandria, m sub- scription was opened by the military and naval officers for the purpose of removing the prostrate obelisk to England. With the money so raised they purchased one of the vessels, sunk by the French in the old port of Alexandria : this was raised, and prepared for the reception of the obelisk. The French had already rlcarcd : v. :i\ the heaps of rubbish which enveloped it, and the English tuiued il round, and found it in a fine state of preservation. It was moved towards the vessel, when an order arrived from the Ad- miralty, prohibiting the siilorsfrom being employed at this work. No further attempts have been made to remove this fine monu- ment to Europe. ANON. f Wilkinson. J Sonnini. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 47 from the canal, and are galleries, penetrating a pro- digious way under ground, or rather into the rock. They are supposed to have been at first the quarries, which furnished stones for the construction of the edifices of Alexandria ; and, after having supplied the men of that country with the materials of their habi- tations, while they lived, are themselves become their last abode after death. Most of these subterraneous alleys are in a ruinous state. In the small numbej of those which it is possible to penetrate, are seen, on both sides, three rows of coffins, piled on each other. At the entrance of some of these galleries there are separate apartments, with their coffins ; reserved, no doubt, for the sepulture of particular families, or of a peculiar order of citizens. These catacombs frequently serve as retreats for the jackals, which abound in this part of Egypt, prowling in numerous squadrons, and roaming around the habita- tions of man. These pernicious animals are not afraid of advancing close up to the walls of the city. Nay, more ; they traverse its enclosure during the night ; they frequently spring over it by the breaches made in the walls ; they enter the city itself in quest of their prey, and fill it with bowlings and cries. Dr. Clarke says, that nothing so marvellous ever fell within his observation*. Of the singular suburb styled the Necropolis or " city of the dead," nothing remains. But about sixty yards east of some excava- tions called the " Baths of Cleopatra," there is a little bay, about sixty yards deep, with an entrance so nearly blocked up by two rocks, that a boat only can obtain accesst. At the bottom of this bay, in the steep slope of the shore, there is a small h'ole, through which it is difficult to pass : a passage of * He'gives a full description of thera Part iv. p. 285, 4to. f Sat. Mag. 48 KU1NS 01- \.\< ir.vr < i i about thirty fwt leads to the first hall, in \\hieh the visitor can stand upright; on the right and loft ;uv small square chambers, much filled up with sand, the ceiling and cornice supported l>y pilasters. The former is vaulted, and covered with a crystalized cement, on which are traced, in red, lines obviously forming geo- metrical configurations on the subject of astronomy. A sun is represented in the middle of the vault. Tin- upright sides contain vaulted niches ; the hall is about twenty yards square. From this a door, in the opposite side, leads to a larger hall, but the sand fills it up from the floor to the ceiling at the further end, so tliat its dimensions cannot be ascertained. Two small chambers, as before, are excavated on two sides of tins also ; in the right-hand one there is an opening in the wall, leading to a vast corridor, thirty-six feet long and twelve broad, half choked up, three wells in the roof having probably served to admit the rublisb. This leads to another fine apartment, with a portico on each of its four sides, three of which have pilasters and cornice, richly carved ; the other parts of the wall are left quite plain, but there are lines traced on the vaulted ceiling, indicating that it was intended to have been cut into panels, with roses in the centres. From this chamber you enter a beautiful rotunda, on the left, which appears to be the principal object of the excavation ; it is seven yards in diameter, and about five high ; it is regularly ornamented with pilasters supporting a cornice, from which springs the cupola of the ceiling ; nine tombs, decorated like those first described, are seen around it. The bottom is level with the sea; the water filters through, and is found a short distance below the floor. This place is quite free from sand, so that the whole of it can be seen ; and the cflect, when illuminated by many torches, the light of which is RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 49 reflected from the cement, is very grand. The chamber preceding the rotunda also affords access to another corridor, leading to various apartments, presenting similar appearances to those already de- scribed. In one of them there is the springing of a brick-arch running round it, intended, apparently, to support a gallery ; beneath is a hole, about half a yard square, which is the entrance to a winding passage ; but it is impossible to penetrate it far on account of the sand and water. It is conjectured to have served for some religious mystery, or for some imposition of the priests on the common people. Through the centre portico of another chamber, similar to that before described, but left unfinished, like many other parts of this magnificent tomb, an apartment is entered, each side of which has three ranges of holes for the reception of embalmed bodies, and pits of various dimensions are dug in the floors of several of the rooms. There is a great symmetry in the arrangement of all the apartments, so that the plan of the excavation is regular. It was probably intended for a royal cemetery, the bodies of the sovereigns being deposited in the rotunda, and the other chambers serving as places of burial for their relatives, according to their rank ; and two large side chapels, with collateral rooms, being appropriated to the religious ritt's of the Goddess Hecate ; as is rendered probable by the crescents which ornament various parta of the place. Whatever was its des- tination, like all the other cemeteries of Egypt it has been ransacked at some remote period, and the bodies of its tenants removed." Like all the other distinguished nationsof antiquity, Egypt, after .a lengthened period of civil power, military glory, and dignified learning, suffered a series of reverses of fortune, and finally sank into a state of poverty and barbaric ignorance. Modern 50 in Dfl <>r \M-II:\T CITIF.S. Cairo roso upon the mins of Alexandria, and has been enriched with it* spoils; since thither have been conveyed, at various times, not fewer than forty thou- sand columns of granite, porphyry, and marble ; erected in the private dwellings and modules. Its decay doubtless was gradual, hut fifteen centuries, during which it has declined, have evinced its ancient opulence hy the slowness of its fall. In respect to its modern condition, among heaps of rubbish, and among fine gardens, planted with palms, oranges, and citrons, are seen some churches, mosques, and monasteries, with three small clusters of dwellings*. NO. IX. AMISU8. THIS city was founded hy a colony from Miletus and Athens, who preserved their independence till they were conquered by the Persians. They suc- ceeded in maintaining their liberties under Alexander. During a war with Mithridates, king of Pontus, Lucullus, the Roman general, laid strong siege to this town ; and while so engaged, his troops murmured against him : " Our general," said they, " amuses himself with sieges, which, alter all, are not worth the trouble he bestows upon them." When Lucullus heard this, he replied : " You accuse mo of giving the enemy time to augment his army and regain his strength. That is just what I want. I act in this manner for no other purpose ; in order that our enemy may take new courage, and assemble so numerous an army as may embolden bim to expect us in the field, and no longer fly before us. Do you not observe, that he has behind him Piodorns Siculns; QnintiMnn; Aininiaiiiix Mnrrclliniis ; Abulftuagf ns ; Pridmnx ; Rollin; Shaw; Harris; Giblmu ; John- son : Drake ; Savsry ; Sonnini ; Sandwich ; Rec j Miot ; Clarke ; Wilkinson; Browne; Parker; Knight. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 51 immense solitudes .and infinite deserts in which it is impossible for us to come up with or pursue him ? Armenia is but a few days march from these deserts. There Tigranes keeps his court, that king of kings, whose power is so great, that he subdues the Par- thians, transports whole cities of Greeks into the heart of Media, has made himself master of Syria and Palestine, exterminated the kings descended from Selcucus, and carried their wives and daughters into captivity. This powerful prince is the ally and son- in-law of Mithridates. Do you think, when he has him in his palaces, as a suppliant, that he will abandon himself, and not make war against us? Hence, in hastening to drive away Mithridates, we shall be in great danger of drawing Tigranes upon our hands, who has long sought pretexts for de- claring against us, and who can never find one more specious, legitimate, and honourable, than that of assisting his father-in-law, and a king, reduced to the last extremity. Why, therefore, should we serve Mithridates against ourselves ; or show him to whom he should have recourse for the means of supporting the war with us, by pushing him against his will, and at a time, perhaps, when he looks upon such a step as unworthy his valour and greatness, into the arms and protection of Tigranes ? Is it not infinitely better, by giving him time to take courage and strengthen himself with his own forces, to have only upon our hands the troops of Colchis, the Tiba- renians, and Cappadocians, whom we have so often defeated, than to expose ourselves to have the ad- ditional force of the Armenians and Medes to con- tend with ? " Lucullus soon after this marched against Mith- ridates, and in three engagements defeated him. Mithridates, however, escaped, and almost imme- diately after sent commands to his two sisters and E2 52 RUINS OF AXflF.XT CITIES. his two wiv.-s that they should die; he being in great fear that they would fall into tin- li;mcrs that at length they possessed as large a portion of the city as their countrymen enjoyed at Alexandria. In the Christian times it was the see of the chief patriarch of Asia. It is often mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, and particularly wherein it is said, that the disciples of Christ were here first called Christians ; and in the river Orontes, according to tradition, St. Paul is said to have been Baptised. The city, at various times, has suffered severely from the rage of bigotry and superstition, inseparably attached to the zealots of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, when the spirit of enthusiasm, roused by designing priests, induced the powers of Europe to attempt the reduction of Syria and the Holy Land. Antioch has several times been subjected to the violence of earthquakes, and several times been afflicted with great famine ; and when Chosroes invaded Syria, the city, disdaining the offers of an easy capitulation, was taken by storm, the inhabitants slaughtered with unrelenting fury, and the city itself delivered to the flames. It recovered, however, after A. M. 3604, A. c. 800. RUINS OF ANCIE.VT CITIES. 55 a time, and was again visited by earthquake, and the sword of the conqueror. It was taken by the Cru- saders A D. ! 098 ; and in 1 '26'2 all its glory term inated ; having been taken possession of by Bybaris, sultan of Egypt. It is now a ruinous town, the houses of which are built of mud and straw, and exhibit every appearance of poverty and wretchedness. The walls, however, of each quarter, as well as those which surrounded the whole, are still remaining ; but as the houses are destroyed, the four quarters appear like so many inclosed fields. It is said that this city, which was about four miles in circumference, was built at four different times, and consisted in a manner of four cities, divided from one another by walls. The first, as we have already stated, was built by Selcucus Nicator; the second by those who flocked thither after the build- ing of the first; the third by Seleucus Callinicus; and the fourth by Antiochus Epiphanes, king of Syria. The present town, which is a mile in circum- ference, stands in the plain, on the north-west part of the old city ; all the parts within the walls being converted into gardens. The walls, which now exist, though much ruined, mark the ancient boun- daries of Antioch. They were built since the intro- duction of Christianity; the form of them being nearly of a rectangular figure. There are, as we have already stated, very few remains within the city of any ancient buildings. The principal works are the aqueducts, and some grottoes cut in the mountain, There were once two temples of great celebrity, one of which was dedicated to- Apollo and the other to the Moon. At this moment not a vestige of these is to be discovered. " Formerly," says Lord Sandwich, " it had a port of considerable importance on the north bank cf the 56 RUINS OP ANCIKNT C! 1 Orontes, and on the shores of tho Levant; Imt the harbour is choked up, and not a single inl)ul>it;ml remains. The sun of Antioch is set. Thr present city is a miserable place, extending four hundred yards from the side of the river to the bottom of a mountain, on the summit of which, and round tho town, the crusaders, during their being in possession of Syria, built a strong wall. Nothing remains of its ancient grandeur besides some stupendous cause- ways and massy gateways of hewn stone." At a distance of about four or five miles was a place called Daphne. There Seleucus planted a grove, and in the midst of it he erected a temple, which he con- secrated to Apollo and Diana. To this place the inhabitants of Antioch resorted for their pleasures and diversions, till at last it became so infamous, that " to live after the manner of Daphne" was used pro- verbially to express the most voluptuous and dissolute mode of living. Antioch is said to have been once greater than Rome itself; but often ruined, and finally razed by the Mamelukes, it is now only a small town, known by the name of Antakia. Its climate is so agreeable, that we may cite some observations, made in regard to it in a passage in Mr. Robinson's tour in Palestine and Syria. " For the breadth and brilliancy of the eastern landscape, there is no architecture equal to the Oriental. The solemnity and grandeur of the Gothic are suited to our climate of cloud and tempest. The severe or even the florid beauty of Greek archi- tecture belongs to a country where the spectator sees it under the lights and shadows of a sky as pictu- resque as the hills and valleys that it covers. But the magnitude, strong colourings, and yet fantastic finish of Eastern architecture are made to be seen across its vast plains under the unclouded sky ; and glowing with the powerful splendour with which the RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 57 rising and the setting sun less illumine than inflame the horizon. At a distance it has the dream-like beauty which we habitually attach to the edifices of the Arabian Nights*." NO. XI. ARGOS. ARGOS was founded in the 1856th year before the Christian era ; that is, in the time of Abraham. Its founder was Inachus. Euripides, however, says, that the city was built by the Cyclops, who came from Syria. After flourishing for about 550 years, it was united to the crown of Mycenae. According to Herodotus, Argos was the most famous of all the states, comprehended under the general name of Greece. For a long time it was the most flourishing city in Greece ; and this chiefly from its being enriched by the commerce of Assyria and Egypt. Its eai-ly history is resplendent with illustrious names and shining achievements. Its inhabitants conceived a hope of obtaining the sovereignty of all Peloponnesus; but they became at length enfeebled and at last ruined by intestine divisions. There are many events exceedingly interesting in the history of Argos ; amongst which, these. A war broke out, in the reign of Theopompus t, between the Argives and Lacedemonians, on account of a little country called Thyrea, that lay upon the confines of the two states, and to which each of them pretended a right. When the two armies were ready to engage, it was agreed, in order to sp^re the effu- sion of blood, that the quarrel should be decided by three hundred of the bravest men on both sides ; and that the land in question should become the property of the victors. To leave the combatants more room to engage, the two armies retired to some distance. *Wheler; Pococke ; Chandler; Rees ; Sandwich; Porter; Kinneir; Buckingham j^Carne; Robinson ; Walpole. ( Rollin. 58 itriNs or \N< II:M i riBS. Thoso generous champions then, who had all the courage of two mighty armies, boldly adv:r towards each other, and fought with so much n>olu- tion and fury, that the whole number, except three men, two on the side of the Arrives, and one on the side of the Lacedemonians, lay dead on the spot ; and only the night parted them. The two Ar_ looking upon themselves as the om^n'-Tors, made what haste they could to Argos to carry the n< the single Lacedemonian, Othryades by name, instead of retiring, stripped the dead bodies of the Ar^ and carrying their arms into the Lacedemonian ramp, continued in his post. The next day the two armies returned to the field of battle. Both sides laid e<|iial claim to the victory. The Argives, because they had more of their champions left alive than the enemy had; the Lacedemonians, because the two A reives that remained alive had fled ; whereas their single soldier had remained master of the field of battle, and had carried off the spoils of the enemy : in short, they could not determine the dispute without coming to another engagement. Then fortune declared in favour of the Lacedemonians, and the little territory of Thyrea was the prize of their victory. But Othryades, not able to bear the thoughts of surviving his brave companions, or of enduring the sight of Sparta after their death, killed himself on the same field of battle where they had fought, resolving to have one fate and tomb with them. At* a subsequent period, the inhabitants of Argos despatched ambassadors to Pyrrhus and Antigonus to entreat them to withdraw their troops, and not reduce their city into subjection to cither of them, but to allow it to continue in a state of friendship with both. Antigonus readily consented, and sent his son a a hostage to the Argives. Pyrrhus, also, pro- RollinT" RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 59 mised to retire ; but as he offered no security for the fulfilment of his word, they began to suspect his sincerity ; and, indeed, with sufficient reason : for as soon as night appeared, he advanced to the walls, and having found a door left open by Aristseus, he had time to force his Gauls into the city ; and so seize it without being perceived. But when he would have introduced his elephants, he found the gates too low; which obliged him to cause the towers to be taken down from their backs, and replaced there when those animals had entered the city. All this could not be effected amidst the darkness without much trouble, noise, and confusion, which caused them to be discovered. The Argives, when they beheld the enemy in the city, fled to the citadel, and to those places that were most advantageous in their defence, and sent a deputation to Antigonus, to press his speedy advance to their assistance. He accordingly marched that moment, and caused his son, with the other officers, to enter the city at the head of his bett troops. In this very juncture of time, King Areus also arrived at Argos, with a thousand Cretans, and as many Spartans as were capable of coming. These troops, when they had all joined each other, charged the Gauls with the utmost fury, and put them into disorder. Pyrrlius hastened, on his part, to sustain them ; but the darkness and confusion was then so great, that it was impossible for him to be either obeyed or heard. When day appeared, he was not a little surprised to see the citadel full of enemies ; and as he then imagined all was lost, he thought of nothing but a timely retreat. But as he had some apprehension with respect to the city gates, which were much too narrow, he sent orders to his son, Helenus, whom he had left without with the greatest part of the army, to demolish part of the wall, that his troops might have a free passage out 60 RUINS OF \\Mi:\r orrns. of the city. The person to whom Pyrrhus rrave this order in great haste, having misunderstood his ninui- ing, delivered a quite contrary message ; in conse- quence of which, Helenas drew out his l>rst infantry, with all the elephants he had left, and then advanced into the city to assist his father, who was preparing to retire, the moment the other entered the place. Pyrrhus, as long as the place afforded him a suf- ficient extent of ground, appeared with a resolute mini, and frequently faced about and repulsed those who pursued him ; but when ho found himself engaged in a narrow street, which ended at the gate, the confusion, which already was very great, became infinitely increased by the arrival of the troops his son brought to his assistance. He frequently called aloud to them to withdraw, in order to clear the streets, but in vain ; for as it was impossible for his voice to be heard, they still continued to advance ; and to complete the calamity in which they were involved, one of the largest elephants sank down in the middle of the gate, and filled the whole extent in such a manner, that the troops could neither advance nor retire. The confusion occasioned by this accident became then inextricable. Pyrrhus observing the disorder of his men, who broke forward a.nd were driven back, took off the glittering crest, which distinguished his helmet, and caused him to be known, and then, confiding in the goodness of his horse, he sprang into the throng of his enemies who pursued him ; and while he was fighting with an air of desperation, one of the adverse party advanced up to him, and pierced his cuirass with a javelin. The wound, however, was neither great nor dangerous, and Pyrrhus imme- diately turned upon the man from whom he had received it, and who happened to be only a private soldier, the son of a poor woman at Argos: ihe RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 61 mother beholding the contest from the top of a house, where she stood with several other women. The moment she saw her son engaged with Pyrrhus, she almost lost her senses, and chilled with horror at the danger to which she beheld him exposed. Amidst the impressions of her agony, she caught up a largo tile, and threw it down upon Pyrrhus. The mass fell directly upon his head, and his helmet being too weak to ward off the blow, his hands dropped the reins, and he sank down from his horse without being observed. But he was soon discovered by a soldier, who put an end to his life, by cutting off his head. There is another circumstance related of Argos, which it gives us great pleasure in remarking. When Solon was at the court of Croesus, the king asked him " Who, of all those he had seen, was the next in felicity to Tellus." Solon answered, ' Cleobis and Biton of Argos, two brothers, who had left behind them a perfect pattern of fraternal affection, and of the respect due from children to their parents. Upon a solemn festival, when their mother, a priestess of Juno, was to go to the temple, the oxen that were to draw her not being ready, the two sons put them- selves to the yoke, and drew their mother's chariot thither, which was above five miles distant. All the mothers of the place, ravished with admiration, con- gratulated the priestess on the piety of her sons. She, in the transports of her joy and thankfulness, earnestly entreated the goddess to reward her chil- dren with the best thing that Heaven can give to man. Her prayers were heard. When the sacrifice was over, her two sons fell asleep in the very temple, and there died in a soft and peaceful slumber. In honour of their piety, the people of Argos consecrated statues to them in the temple of Delphos. " If Athens," says Dr. Clarke, " by arts, by military talents, and by costly solemnities, became 62 RUINS 01 < I HI-. one of the eye* of Greece, there was in tin- humanity of Argos, and in tlie good let linif displayed l.\ its inhabitants, a distinction which come* nearer to the heart. Sum-thing characteristic of the people may be ohscrvi-d even in a name given to one of their divinities; for they worshipped a 'God of Meek ness.' It may be said, perhaps, of the Argive eh;i- ractcr, that it was less splendid than the Athenian, and less rigid than the Laccdiemonian ; hut it was less artificial, and the contrast it exhibited, Nsheii opposed to the infamous profligacy of Corinth, where the manners of the people, corrupted by wealth and luxury, were further vitiated by the great influx of foreigners, rendered Argos, in the days of her pros- perity, one of the most enviable cities of Greece. The stranger, who visited Athens, might, indeed, regard, with an eager curiosity, the immimTable trophies every where suspended of victors in her splendid games ; might admire her extensive por- ticoes crowded with philosophers ; might gaze with wonder at the productions of her artists; might revere her magnificent temples : but feelings more affecting were drawn forth in beholding the numerous monuments of the Argives, destined to perpetuate the memory of individuals who had rendered them- selves illustrious by their virtues." Argos was taken, A.I>. 1397, by Bajazet. It was then totally deserted, and its walls destroyed. It was rebuilt by the Venetians, from whom, in 1463, it was taken by the Turks ; and after being retaken by the Venetians, it was again recovered by the Turks in the same year. " But where is Argos ?" inquires La Martine ; " a vast naked plain, intersected with marshes extending in a circular form at the bottom of the gulf. It is bounded on every side by chains of grey mountains ; at the end of the plain, about two leagues inland, RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 63 we perceive a mound, with some fortified walls on its summit, and which protects, by its shade, a small town in ruins this is Argos. Close by is the tomb of Agamemnon." The antiquities of Argos, once so numerous, may now be comprised within a very short list. Those seen by Pausanias were the temples of Apollo, of Fortuna, of Jupiter, and of Minerva; sepulchres and cenotaphs; a theatre, a forum, a gymnasium, a stadium, a subterranean edifice, &c., formed of earth. Of these now remaining*, are the ruins of the theatret, which was a remarkable structure, having been entirely an excavation in the rock, and having the appearance of three theatres instead of one. Oppo- site to this are the remains of a large edifice, built entirely of tiles. Above the theatre are those of the Hieron of Venus, within whose temple was a statue of the poetess Telesilla, who, at the head of a band of heroines, repulsed from the walls the enemies of her country, when it was attacked by the Lacedaemonians. She was represented, says Pausanias, standing upon a pillar, with the books of her poetry scattered at her feet, in the act of regarding her helmet, which she was about to put upon her head. On the sides and lower part of the modern fortress are still seen the remains of Cyclopian architecture, as ancient as the citadel of Tiryns, and built in the same style J. " This structure," says Dr. Clarke, " is mentioned by Pausanias , where he states that the inhabitants of * Clarke. f 1 The devastations of time and w;ir have effaced the old city. The stranger in vain inquires for vestiges of its numerous edifices, the theatre, the gymnasium, the temples, and the monuments it once boasted, contending even with Athens in antiquity and in favours conferred by the gods. CHANDLER. J See Tiryns. Lib. vii. 64 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. Mycenar were unable to demolish the walls of the Argives, built, like those of Tiryne, by the Cyclops. These Cyclopinn walls, as well as the towers of Argos, are noticed by Euripides, Polybius, Seneca. Stral><, and Statins. They are also hinted at by Virgil. At the front of the Acropolis, we found one of the most curious tell-tale remains, yet discovered among the thirty temples of pagan priestcraft. It was nothing less than one of the oracular shrines of Argos, alluded to by Pausanias, laid open to inspection like the toy a child has broken, in order that he may see the contrivance whereby it was made to speak. A more interesting sight for modern curiosity can hardly be conceived to exist among the ruins of any Gre- cian city. In its original state, it has been a temple; the farther part from the entrance where the altar was, being an excavation of the rock, and the front and roof constructed of baked tiles. The altar yet remains, and part of the fictile super- structure ; but the most remarkable part of the whole is a secret subterraneous passage, terminating behind the altar, its entrance being at a considerable distance towards the right of a person facing the altar, and so cunningly contrived, as to have a small aperture easily concealed, and level with the surface of the rock. This was barely large enough to admit the entrance of a single person, who, having de- scended in the narrow passage, might creep along until he arrived immediately behind the centre of the altar ; where being hid by some colos-sal statue, or other screen, the sound of his voice would produce a most imposing effect among the humble votaries prostrate beneath, who. were listening in silence upon the floor of the sanctuary." There was also in Argos a statne of Jupiter, which had three eyes, one of which was in the middle of the forehead. It is not impossible but this statue RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 65 may, one day, be found among the ruins under the soil. Argos was consecrated to Juno*; it was subject to different forms of government; its people were brave ; they cultivated the arts, but neglected the sciences. Their memory may well be cherished ; for they were, both in precept and in practice, the kindest and most humane of all the citizens of Greece t. NO. XII. ARIAMMENE. THIS city was situate on the banks of the Araxes. It is now called Esqui- Julfa ; and Chardin, Cart- wright, and Sir W. Ouseley, we believe, are almost the only travellers who have given any description of it. " They called it Old Julfa," says Chardin, " to distinguish it from the Julfa which is a suburb of Ispahan ; and not without reason is it so called, since it is totally ruined and demolished. There is nothing further to be known of it, except the grandeur which it once enjoyed. There are nothing but holes and caverns made in the mountains, fitter for beasts then men. I do not believe there is in the world a more barren and hideous place than that of Old Julfa, where there is neither tree nor grass to be seen. True it is, that in the neighbourhood there are some places more happy and fertile; yet, on the other side it is as true, that never was any city situated in a more dry and stony situation. There are not more than thirty families in it, and those Armenians." * The district of Argol is first received colonies, who introduced civilisation into Greece. It has been reckoned the cradle of the Greeks, the theatre of events, which distinguished their earliest annals, and the country which produced their first heroes and artists. It was accordingly in the temple of Juno at Argos where the Doric order first rose to a marked eminence, and became the model for the magnificent edifices afterwards erected in the other cities, states, and islands. CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. f Kolliii ; Rces ; Clarke ; La Mixrtine. F 66 IU INS OF ANCTKXT CITIES. Julfa was mined by Abbas the (ireat, ami all that art had contributed to its fortification; and tin- ) did in order to prevent the Turkish armies from getting supplies of provisions during thrir incursions into Persia. To this end he transplanted the inha- bitants and their eattle to other places, ruined all their houses, fired the whole country, burnt up all the turf and trees, and even poisoned their springs. Sir John Cartwright visited this place about two hundred years ago, and he stated the number of houses to be two thousand, and the inhabitants ten thousand. When Chardin was there (in 1675), however, as we have already stated, there were not more than thirty families. Sir W. Ouseley says, that there were only forty- five families in 1812, and those, apparently, of the lowest class. " Several steep and lofty mountains," says he, " offer very extraordinary aspects. Many huge masses of rock had lately fallen during earthquakes ; and the whole country round bespeaks some ancient and tremendous commotion of nature*." NO. XIII. ARSINOE. ARSINOE was situated near the lake of Mocris, on the west shore of the Nile, where the inhabitants paid the highest veneration to crocodiles. They nou- rished them in a splendid manner, embalmed them after they were dead, and buried them in the subter- ranean cells of the Labyrinth ; thence the city was called, in ancient times, Crocodilopolist. When the * Chardin ; Cartwright ; Ousclcy. f Every nation had a great zeal for their gods. " Among us,'' says Cicero, " it is very common to see temple* robbed, and statues carried off ; but it was never known, that any person in Egypt ever abused a crocodile ; for its inhabitants would have suffered the moet extreme torments, rather than be guilty of such sacrilege." It was death for any person to kill one of these animals voluntarily. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 67 Greeks conquered Egypt they altered its name to Arsinoe. This name it retained in the time of Adrian, and Greek medals were struck here in honour of that emperor as well as of Trajan. Its ruins are thus described by Belzoni : " On the morning of the 7th I went to see the ruins of the ancient Arsi- noe ; it had been a very large city, but nothing of it remains except high mounds of all sorts of rubbish. The chief materials appear to have been burnt bricks. There were many stone edifices, and a great quantity of wrought granite. In the present town of Medinet I observed several fragments of gra- nite columns and other pieces of sculpture, of a most magnificent taste. It is certainly strange that granite columns are only to be seen in this place and near the Pyramids, six miles distant. Among the ruins at Arsinoe I also observed various fragments of statues of granite, well executed, but much mutilated ; and it is my opinion that this town has been destroyed by violence and fire. It is clearly seen that the new town of Medinet is built out of the old town of Arsinoe, as the fragments are to be met with in every part of the town. The large blocks of stone have been diminished in their sizes, but enough is left to show the purposes for which they originally served. About the centre of the ruins I made an excavation in an ancient reservoir, which I found to be as deep as the bottom of the Bahr-Yousef, and which was, no doubt, filled at the time of the inundation, for the accommo- dation of the town. There are other similar wells in these ruins, which prove that this was the only mode they had of keeping water near them, as the river is at some distance from the town. Among these mounds I found several specimens of glass, of Grecian manu- facture and Egyptian workmanship, and it appears to F2 68 HI INS OF ANCIENT CITIES. me, that this town must have been one of the first Near this city was the Labyrinth, so ^r atly cele- brated in ancient times, that Pliny regaivr I it a-^ the most astonishing effort of human genius. Herodotus saw it, and assures us that it was still more >ur- prising than the Pyramids. It was built at the southernmost part of the lake of Maoris. It was not so much one single palace as a magnificent pile, com- posed of twelve palaces, regularly disposed, \\hich had a communication with each other. Filttcn hundred rooms, interspersed with terraces, were r;i! round twelve halls, and discovered no outlet to such as went to see them. There were the like number of buildings under ground. Those subterraneous struc- tures were designed for the burying-place of the kings ; " and who," says Rollin, " can say this with- out confusion, and without deploring the blindness of man, for keeping the sacred crocodiles, which a nation, so wise in other respects, worshipped as gods?" In order to visit the rooms and halls of the Labyrinth, he continues, it was necessary, as the reader will necessarily suppose, for people to take the same pre- caution as Ariadne made Theseus use, when he was obliged to go and fight the Minotaur in the labyrinth of Crete. Virgil describes it in this manner : And in the Cretan labyrinth of old, With wandering ways, and many a winding fold, Involved the weary feet without redress, In a round error, which denied rccew ; Not far from thence he graved the wondrous maze ; A thousand door*, a thousand winding wajs. Of this monument no more is now to be found than amid the mins of Babel Caroan and Casr Caroan. " Hereafter," says Savary, " when Europe shall have restored to Egypt the sciences it received th- perhaps the sands and rubbish, which hide the sub- terranean part of the Labyrinth will be removed, and OF ANCIENT CITIES. 69 precious antiquities obtained. Who can say that the discoveries of the learned were not preserved in this asy- lum, equally impenetrable to the natives and foreign- ers? Ifthe dust of Herculaneum, an inconsiderable city, has preserved so many rarities and instructive remains of art and history, what may not be expected from the fifteen hundred apartments in which the archives of Egypt were deposited, since the governors assembled here to treat on the most important affairs of religion and state*?" NO. XIV. ARTAXATA. THE ruins of this city are seen at a place called Ardachar, or, as it is more frequently called in the East, Ardechier; sometimes Ardesh. The city rose above the plain with fortress, palaces, and temples j and two more splendid than the rest, one dedicated to Anaites or Armatea, the other, a magnificent struc- ture to Apollo. Statues were raised in all. Artaxata was the capital of Armenia, and the resi- dence of the Armenian kings. It was situate on a plain, upon an elbow of the A raxes, which formed a peninsula, and surrounded the town, except on the side of the isthmus. This isthmus was defended by a broad ditch and rampart. It was built by Artaxias in consequence of Han- nibal's having recommended the spot as a fit place for the king's capital ; and there Artaxias' successors resided for many generations. Lucullus having defeated the Armenians, under their king Tigranes, did not venture to lay siege to this place, because he considered it impregnable. The gates were, however, thrown open to the Roman general Corbulo, but the city itself was burnt and razed. It was afterwards called Neronia, in compliment to the em- peror Nero, who commanded Tiridates to rebuild it. * Herodotus ; Rollin; Savary ; Belzoni; Rees. 70 IiriNS OF AM HINT i I TIES. A few families, of tin- poorest order of people, are now the sole occupants of this once famous city. " On reaching the remains of Ardisher," says Sir Robert K or Porter, " I saw the earth covered loan immense extent, and on every side, with that sort of irregular hillocks, which are formed by Time over piles of ruins. These, with long dyke -like ridges, evidently by the same venerable architect, and mate- rials connecting them in parts, told me at once I was entering the confines of a city, now no more. It is not in language to describe the effect on the mind in visiting one of these places. The space over whu-h the eye wanders, all marked with the memorials of the past, but where no pillar or dome, nor household wall of any kind, however fallen, yet remains to give a feeling of some present existence of the place, even by a progress in decay. All here is finished ; buried under heaps of earth ; the graves, not of the people above, but of their houses, temples, and palaces ; all lying in death-like entombment. At Anni I found myself surrounded by a superb monument of Arme- nian greatness ; at Ardechier I stood over its grave. Go where one will for lessons of Time's revolutions, the brevity of human life, the nothingness of man's ambition, they nowhere can strike upon the heart like a single glance cast on one of these motionless life-deserted * cities of the silent*.' " NO. XV. ARTF.MITA. ARTEMITA was a large town in Mesopotamia, according to Pliny the naturalist; but Strabo, more correctly, places it in Babylonia, five hundred stadia east of Seleucia, on the banks of the lake Arsissa, now called Argish. Though Chosroes was undoubtedly sovereign of Ctosiphon and built the splendid palace, of which tin; Strabo ; Rcci ; Porter RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 71 remains are visible ; he did not approach the gates of that city for nearly four-and-twenty years. His favou- rite residence wasDustegerd( Artemita), situate on the Tigris, not less than sixty miles north of Ctesiphon; and here, since the length of his residence at Ctesiphon has not been clearly ascertained, and with a view of giving the reader some idea with respect to the power and splendour of this prince, we will cite the descrip- tion that has been given of the wealth and magni- ficence for which his name has been rendered remarkable to all posterity. " The adjacent pastures were covered with flocks and herds ; the paradise or park was replenished with pheasants, peacocks, ostriches, roebucks, and wild boars; and the noble game of lions and tigers were sometimes turned loose for the bolder pleasures of the chase. Nine hundred and sixty elephants were maintained for the use and splendour of the great king ; his tents and baggage were carried into the field by twelve thousand great camels and eight thousand of a smaller size ; and the royal stables were filled with six thousand mules and horses, among which the names of Shebdiz and Barid were renowned for their speed and beauty." The treasure, which consisted of gold, silver, gems, silk, and aromatics, were deposited in one hundred sub- terranean vaults; and his palace walls are described as having been hung with thirty thousand rich hang- ings, and thousands of globes of gold were suspended in the dome to imitate the planets and constellations of the firmament. When this palace was sacked by Heraclius, the conqueror found in it, as we are informed by Cedrenus, sugar, ginger, pepper, silk robes woven, and embroidered carpets ; aloes, aloes- wood, mataxa, silk, thread, muslins, muslin garments without number, and a vast weight of gold bullion. Dustegerd stood upon the spot where now are seen the vast ruins of Kesra-Shirenc. These have / - i; MNs r AN< ir.sr ci / been toeribedby *ir K. KIT 1'ort'T. " W- an' told, that tin- city of l)ii-tc:_'rrd was the most stationary residence of Kliosroo 1'urvi/, and that it contained his most superb palace, treasury, and ])iil)lic hnild- inj>. There he passed his winters, with the beauti- ful object of bis idolatry*; and thence be flew with her from the conquering arms of the emperor IK ra- dius. \Vc entered upon a chain of hills, amongst which our road led in the most circuitous and intricate ina/.cs I had ever trod ; heights and depths, ravines, dry or water courses, rugged promontories, short stony plains, in short, every species of mountain difficulties, diversified our path for full fifteen miles, till we arrived at a once formidable barrier, not far from wbicli we caught a view of the meandi i MI_; river Zobaub. All along the alpine bridge we mounted, runs a massy wall of large hewn stone, winch, in many places, like a curtain, closes the open- ings left by nature in the rocky bulwarks of the country. It had evidently been intended for a defence against any hostile approacb from the eastward, and, on passing it, we went tbrough what had formed ono of its gates." Journeying on a mile or two furtber, the traveller came to a second wall, still bighcr and stronger, and from that ran a third wall, which partly enclosed a large angular space. On various spots lay large stones of a great length, and hollowed in the middle, as if they were the remains of some ancient covered channel to convey water. This is still called the aqueduct of Khosroo Purviz ; and the natives told Sir Robert, that it was ono of the works constructed by that prince to win the smiles of his beloved Shirene. For the love* of Chosroct and Sbiicnc, tec D'Hcrbclot, and the Oriental collection!. RUIXS OF AM'TF.NT CITIES. 73 Numerous fragments and continuations of the groat rampart wall tracked their way, till they came to the ruins of another wall, the position and extent of which seemed to declare it to have been one side of the battlements of some large and ancient city. This they were informed was Kesra-Shirene. They passed under a gateway of simple construc- tion, formed of hewn stones, twelve feet high and about six in thickness. The wall ran to a consider- able distance, then disappeared, and then started up in massy fragments ; the whole seeming to have for- merly enclosed an area of several miles, and likely to have been occupied by the streets, courts, and public buildings of a very noble city. " The first ruined edifice we approached," continues Sir Robert, " was built of stone, and consists of long ranges of vaulted rooms, nearly choked up with the fallen masses of what may have been its magnificent superstructures. A little onward, we came to the remains of some place of great magnitude. It is a square building of nearly a hundred feet along each side; four entrances have led into the interior, and the arches of these portals, which are falling to the last stage of decay, cannot be less than from thirty to forty feet in height. The walls are of equal elevation, and of a more than ordinary thickness for any structure to stand the brunt of war, being twelve feet in solidity. The in- terior of the place, which seems to have been one enormous chamber or hall, is covered with lime, stones, and other fragments of masonry. No rem- nant of any sculptural ornaments or inscription was to be seen. At the southern angle of the great arch within the city walls, on a commanding rise of ground, stands a ruin of a stronger character ; the massiveness and form of the work proving it to be the remains of a fortress. The building is of stone and brick ; the latter being of a large square surface, 74 IU INS OP ANCIENT CIT but not very thick. Various lofty arched chambers, as well as deep subterraneous dungeons, compose this noble niin. In ranging over the rest of the ground, contained within the circuit of the great interior walls, we found it covered with every indication that there had once stood the busy streets of a great and populous city*. NO. XVI. ATHENS. " Look ! on the JEgean shore a city stands, Huilt nobly, pure the air and light the soil. Athens ! the eye of Greece, mother of arts And eloquence, native to famous wits, Or hospitable in her sweet reccs*. City or suburban studious walks and shades! See there the olive groves of Academe, Plato's retirement, where the Attic bird Thrill* her ihirk-warbled notes the summer long. There, flowery hill, Hymettus, with the sound Of bec>, industrious murmur, oft invites To studious musing; there Ilissus rolls His whispering stream. Within the walls then view The schools of ancient sages ; his who bred Great Alexander to subdue the world. Lyceum there and painted Stoa next." MILTON. Tin. Athenians thought themselves the original inhabitants of Attica ; for which reason they were called " Sons of the Earth ; " and " grasshoppers." They sometimes, therefore, wore golden grasshop- pers in their hair, as badges of honour, to distinguish themselves from the people of later origin and less noble extraction ; l>ecause these insects are supposed to be sprung from the ground. " Our origin," said Socrates, " is so beautiful, that none of the Greeks can give such pure appellations to their country as we can. We can truly style the earth on which v%. tread our nurse, our mother, our father." It was governed by seventeen kings, in the follow- ing order : Rcet ; Sir Robert, Ker Porter. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 75 After a reign of fifty years, Cecrops was succeeded by a. c. Cranaus 1506 Ampliictyon .... 1497 Ericthonius .... 1487 Pandion 1437 Erictlicus . . . . 13.97 Cecrops II 1347 Pandion II 1307 JEgeus 1283 B. c. Theseus 1235 Mcnestheus .... 1205 Demophoon .... 1282 Oxvntos 1149 AphidM 1137 Thymoetes .... 1336 Melanthus . . . . 1128 Codrus , . 1091 The history of the first twelve monarchs is, for the most part, fabulous. Athens was founded by Cecrops, who led a colony out of Egypt, and built twelve towns, of which he composed a kingdom. Amphictyon, the third king of Athens, procured a confederacy between twelve nations, who met every year at Thermopylae, there to consult over their affairs in general, as also upon those of each nation in particular. This convention was called the assembly of the Amphictyons. The reign of ^Egcus is remarkable for the Argo- nautic expedition, the war of Minos, and the story of Theseus and Ariadne. jEgeus was succeeded by his son, Theseus, whose exploits belong more to fable than to history. The last king was Codrus, who devoted himself to die for his people. After Codrus, the title of king was extinguished among the Athenians : his son was set at the head of the commonwealth, with the title of Archon, which after a time was declared to be an annual office. After this Draco was allowed to legislate, and then Solon. The laws of the former were so severe, that they were said to be written in blood. Those of the latter were of a different character. Pisistra- tus acquired ascendancy ; became a despot, and was assassinated: whereon the Athenians recovered their 76 Hi:- liberties and lli]>p'a<. the son of Pisistratns, in vain attempted to re-e-tahl-i-h a tyranny. The Athenians, time after, burnt Sanlis, a city of the lYi>;ans, in conjunction with the lonians; and, to revenge tin-. Darius invaded (Jreeee, hut was conquered at Marathon hy Miltiades. Xerxes soon after invaded Attica, and th-- Athe- nians having taken to their " wooden walls," their city was burnt to the ground. After the victory, gained over the Persians at Sa- lam is, the Athenians returned to their city, hut were obliged to abandon it again ; Mardonius having wasted and destroyed < \\-vy thing in its nei^'hhonr- hood. They returned to it soon after their victory at Platoea. Their first care, after returning to their city, was to rebuild their walls. This measure was opposed by the Lacedemonians, under the pretence of its being contrary to the interest of Groeee, that there should be strong places beyond the isthmus. Their real motive, however, was suspected to be an aver- sion to the rising greatness of the Athenians. The- mistocles conducted himself with great art in this matter*, lie got himself appointed ambassador to Sparta; and before setting out he caused all the citizens, of every age and sex, to apply themselves to the task of building the walls, making use of any materials within their reach. Fragments of houses, temples, and other buildings, were accordingly em- ployed, producing a grotesque app< aranee, which re- mained to the days of Plutarch. He then set out for Sparta; but, on various pretences, decimal entering on his commission, till he had received intelligence that the work he had sot on foot was nrarly completed. He then went boldly to the Lacedemonian senate, de- clared what had been done, and justified it, not only by natural right of the Athenians to provide for * Brewitr, OF ANCIENT CITIES. 77 tlieir own defence, but by the advantage of opposing such an obstacle to the progress of the barbarians. Tho Lacedemonians, sensible of the justice of this argument, and seeing that remonstrance would now avail nothing, were fain to acquiesce. No city in the world can boast, in such a short space of time, of such a number of illustrious citizens, equally celebrated for their humanity, learning, and military abilities. Some years after the Persian defeat, Athens was visited by a very terrible calamity, insomuch that its ravages were like what had never been before known. This was a plague. We now adopt the language of Rollin. " It is related, that this scourge began in Ethiopia, whence it descended into Egypt, from thence spread over Libya, and a great part of Persia ; and at last broke at once like a flood upon Athens. Thucydides, who himself was seized with that deadly disease, has described very minutely the several circumstances and symptoms of it ; in order, says he, that a faithful and exact relation of this calamity may serve as an instruction to posterity, in case the like should ever happen. This pestilence baffled the utmost efforts of art ; the most robust constitutions were unable to withstand its attacks; and the greatest care and skill of the physicians were a feeble help to those who were infected. The instant a person was seized, he was struck with despair, which quite dis- abled him from attempting a cure. The assistance that was given them was ineffectual, and proved mortal to all such of their relations as had the cou- rage to approach them. The prodigious quantity of baggage, which had been removed out of the country into the city, proved very noxious. Most of the in- habitants, for want of lodging, lived in little cottages, in which they could scarcely breathe, during the raging heat of the summer ; so that they were seen either piled one upon the other, the dead as well as 78 1U INS OF ANCIENT CM those who wire living, or else crawling through the streets; or lying along by the side of fountain*, t<> which they had dragged themselves, to qnrm-li tin- raging thirst which consumed them. The very temples were filled with dead bodies, and every part of the city exhibited a dreadful image of death ; with- out the least remedy for the present, or the least hopes with regard to futurity. *' The plague, before it spread into Attica, had, as we have before stated, made wild havoc in Persia. Artaxerxes, who had been informed of the mighty reputation of Hippocrates of Cos, the greatest phy- sician of that or any other age, caused his governors to write to him, to invite him into his dominions, in order that he might prescribe for those who were in- fected. The king made him the most advantageous offers ; setting no bounds to his rewards on the side of interest, and, with regard to honours, promising to make him equal with the most considerable per sons in his court. This great physician sent no othfr answer but this : that he was free from either wants or desires ; and he owed all his can's to his fellow- citizens and countrymen ; and was under no obliga- tion to the declared enemies of Greece. Kings are not used to denials. Artaxerxes, therefore, in the highest transports of rage, sent to the city of Cos, the native place of Hippocrates, and where he was at that time ; commanding them to deliver up to him that insolent wretch, in order that he might be brought to condign punishment ; and threatening, in case they refused, to lay waste their city and island in such a manner, that not the least footsteps of it should remain. However, the inhabitants of Cos were not under the least terror. They made answer, that the menaces of Darius and Xerxes had not been able to prevail with them to give them earth and water, or to obey their orders; that Artaxerxes' RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 79 threats would be equally impotent ; that, let what would be the consequence, they would never give up their fellow citizens ; and that they depended upon the protection of the gods. " Hippocrates had said in one of his letters, that he owed himself entirely to his country. And, in- deed, the instant he was sent for to Athens, he went thither, and did not once stir out of the city till the plague had ceased. He devoted himself entirely to the service of the sick; and, to multiply himself, as it were, he sent several of his disciples into all parts of the country, after having instructed them in what manner to treat their patients. The Athenians were struck with the deepest sense of gratitude for this generous care. They therefore ordained, by a public decree, that Hippocrates should be initiated in the most exalted mysteries, in the same manner as Her- cules the son of Jupiter ; that a cro\vn of gold should be presented him, of the value of a thousand staters*, and that the decree by which it was granted him, should be read aloud by a herald in the public games, on the solemn festival of Panathenaea : that the free- dom of the city should be given him, and himself be maintained at the public charge, in the Prytaneum all his lifetime, in case he thought proper : in fine, that the children of all the people of Cos, whose city had given birth to so great a man, might be main- tained and brought up in Athens, in the same man- ner." In the time of Agis and Pausanias, kings of Lace- demonia, Lysander was sent to besiege Athens. He arrived, therefore, at the Piraeus, with a fleet of one hundred and fifty sail, and prevented all other ships from coming in or going out. The Athenians, besieged by land and sea, without provisions, ships, * The Attic stater was a gold coin weighing two drachms. 80 Ul'IN- of AN i 1 ! NT ( 1 : hope of relief, or any nx.iim >, sent deputies to A to propose a treat v with Sparta, upon condition of abandoning all their possessions, the city ami port only excepted. lie referred the depntio to l,aeede- mon, as not being empowered to treat witli them. "NVlini they arrived at Salasia, upon the frontier of Sparta, and had made known their commission to the Kphori, they were ordered to retire, and to c with other proposals, if they expected a peace. Tin; Kphori had demanded, " that one thousand two hundred paces of the wall on eaeh side of the Pinrns should be demolished;" but an Athenian, for venturing to advise a compliance, was sent to prison, and pro- hibition made against proposing any thing of that kind for the future. The Corinthians and several other allies, especially the Thcbans, insisted that it was absolutely neccs-nry to destroy the city without hearkening any further to a treaty. But the Lacedemonians, preferring the glory and safety of Greece to their own grandeur, made answer, that they would never be reproached with having destroyed a city that had rendered such great services to all Greece ; the remembrance of which ought to have much greater weight with the allies than the remembrance of private injuries re- ceived from it. A peace was, therefore, concluded under these conditions: " that the fortifications of the Pirams, with the long wall that joined that port to the city, should be demolished ; that the Athe- nians should deliver up all their galleys, twelve only cxccpted ; that they should abandon all the cities they had seized, and content themselves with their own lands and country." The deputies, on their re- turn, were surrounded by an innumerable throng of people, who apprehended that nothing had been con- cluded ; for they were not abtato hold out any longer, RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 81 such multitudes dying of famine. The next day they reported the success of their negociation ; the treaty was ratified, and Lysander, followed by the exiles, entered the port. It was on the very day the Athenians had formerly gained the famous battle of Salamis. He caused the works to be demolished to the sound of flutes and trumpets, as if all Greece had that day regained its liberty. Thus ended the Pelo- ponnesian war, after having continued during the space of twenty-seven years. The walls, thus demolished, were rebuilt by Conon. .He did more; he restored Athens to it? former splendour, and rendered it more formidable to its enemies than it had ever been before. Philip* having gained the battle of Cheronasa, Greece, and above all, Athens, received a blow from which she never recovered. It was generally ex- pected, that Philip would avail himself of this opportunity of entirely crushing his inveterate enemy. That prudent prince, however, foresaw that powerful obstacles were yet to be encountered, and that there was still a spirit in the Athenian people which might render it difficult to hold them in subjection. It would appear, also, says an elegant writer, as if the genius and fame of Athens had, in the hour of her calamity, thrown a shield over her : for Philip is reported to have said, " Have I done so much for glory, and shall I destroy the theatre of that glory f( . " A treaty, in consequence, was entered into ; and thus the Athenians, though reluctant to exist by Philip's clemency, were permitted .to retain the whole Attic territory. The number of men able to bear arms at Athens, in the reign of Cecrops, was computed at twenty thousand ; and there appears to have been no con- siderable augmentation in the more civilised age of * Brewstcr. G -_' i:riNs or AMir.NT crrn:>. IVrirles; but in the time of Demetrius IMialareu.*, there were found twenty-one thousand eiti'/ens, ten thousand foreigners, and forty thousand sla\ I'hilip*, son of Demetrius of Macedon, seems to have heen one of the most inveterate enemies by whom Athens was ever ravaged. With unsparing cruelty he destroyed almost every thing whieh lia <>r AM ii. NT talking of the quarter called (Yramicus (the public place at Athens), and blaming the tyrant exceedingly tor not guarding a certain part of the wall that was the only place by which the enemy could scale the \\alls. At their .return ir.tn the camp, they related what they heard to Sylla. The parley had been to no purpose. Sylla did not neglect the intelligent given him. The next night he went in person to take a view of the place ; and finding the wall aetnally accessible, he ordered ladders to be rai.-rd against it, began the attack there, and, having made himself master of the wall, after a weak resistance, entered the city. He would not suffer it to ]> on fire, but abandoned it to be plundered by his sol- diers, who, in several houses, found human flr-h, which had been dressed to bo eaten. A dreadful slaughter ensued. The next day all the slaves were sold by auction, and liberty was granted to the citizens who had escaped the swords of the soldiers, who were a very small number. He besieged tin- citadel the same day, where Aristion and those who had taken refuge there, were soon so much reduced by famine, that they were forced to surrender them- selves. The tyrant, his guards, and all who had been in any office under him, were put to death. Some ten days after, Sylla made himself master of the Piraeus, and burned all its fortifications. The reputation for learning, military valour, and polished elegance, which Athens enjoyed during the splendid administration of Pericles, was tarnished by the corruption which that celebrated person introduced. Prosperity was the forerunner of luxury and universal dissipation ; every delicacy was drawn from distant nations; the wines of Cyprus, and tin- snows of Thrace, garlands of roses, perfumes, and a- thousand arts of buffoonery, which disgraced a Persian court, were introduced ; instead of the coarse OF ANCIENT CITIES. 85 meals, the herbs and plain bread, which the laws of Solon had recommended, and which had nourished the heroes of Marathon and Salamis. Sylla's assault was the final termination of the power and greatness of Athens ; she became a portion of the Roman empire ; but in the reign of Hadrian and the Antonines, she resumed, at least in outward appearance, no small portion of her former splendour. Hadrian built several temples, and, abtfve all, he finished that of Jupiter Olympius, the work of suc- cessive kings, and one of the greatest productions of human art. He founded, also, a splendid library ; and bestowed so many privileges, that an inscription, placed on one of the gates, declared Athens to be no longer the city of Theseus, but of Hadrian. In what manner it was regarded too in the time of Trajan, may be gathered from Pliny's letter to a person named Maximus, who was sent thither as governor. " Remember," said he, " that you are going to visit Achaia, the proper and true Greece ; that you ' are appointed to govern a state of free cities, who have maintained liberty by their valour. Take not away any thing of their privileges, their dignity ; no, nor yet of their presumption ; but consider it is a country that hath of long time given laws, and received none ; that it is to Athens thou goest, where it would be thought a barbarous cruelty in thee to deprive them of that shadow and name of liberty which still remaineth to them." The Antonines trod in the steps of Hadrian. Under them Herodes Atticus devoted an immense fortune to the embellishment of the city and tho promotion of learning. But when the Roman world felt the wand of adversity, and her power began to decline, Athens felt her share ; she had enjoyed a long respite from 86 IirtNS OP ANCIF.NT CITir-. t'iviini war, but in the reign of Arcadius and Hono- rius a dreadful tempest burst upon her. Alarir, after over-running the rest of Green-, ad- v.mecd into Attica, and found Athena without any power of defence. The whole country was converted into a desert; but it seems uncertain, whether he plundered the city, or whether he accepted the greater part of its wealth as a ransom. Certain, however, it is, that it suffered severely, and acotem- pornry compared it to the mere skin of a slaughtered victim. It is reported that, during their stay in the city, the barbarians, having collected all the libraries of Athens, were preparing to burn them ; but one of their number diverted them from their design, by suggesting the propriety of leaving to their enemies what appeared to be the most effectual instrument for cherishing and promoting their unwarlike spirit. After the devastations of Alaric, and, still more, after the shutting up of her schools, Athens ceased almost entirely to attract the attention of mankind. These schools were suppressed by an edict of Justi- nian ; an edict which excited great grief and indig- nation among the few remaining votaries of Grecian .science and superstition. Seven friends and philoso- phers,* who dissented from the religion of their sovereign, resolved to sock in a foreign land the freedom of which they were deprived in their native country. Accordingly, the seven sages sought an asylum in Persia, under the protection of Chosroes ; but, disgusted and disappointed, they hastily re- turned, and declared that they had rather die on the borders of the empire than enjoy the wealth and favour of the barbarian. These associates ended their lives in peace and obscurity ; and as they left I>i<'-riirs, anil Hertniat;* Eulalicui, and Priscian; Damos- chiui ; Ikidoro, and Simpliciut. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 87 no disciples, they terminate the long list of philoso- phers who may be justly praised, notwithstanding their defects, as the wisest and most virtuous of their times *. After the taking of Constantinople by the La- tins, in the beginning of the thirteenth century, the western powers began to view Greece as an object of ambition. In the division of the Greek empire, which they made among themselves, Greece and Macedonia fell to the share of the Marquis of Mont- ferrat, who bestowed Athens and Thebes on one of his followers, named Otho de la Roche. This prince reigned with the title of Duke of Athens, which remained for a considerable timet. It was afterwards seized by a powerful Florentine family, named Acciaioli, one of whom sold it to the Venetians ; but his son seized it again, and it remained in that family till A. D. 1455, when it surrendered to Omar, a general of Mahomet II., and thus formed one of the two hundred cities which that prince took from the Christians. He settled a colony in it, and incorporated it completely with the Turkish empire. What has occurred of late years has not been embodied in any authentic history ; bnt the consequences of the tumults of Greece may be in some degree imagined, from what is stated by a recent traveller in regard to Athens J. " When I sallied forth to explore the wonders of Athens, alas ! they .were no longer to be seen. The once proud city of marble was literally a mass of ruins the inglo- rious ruins of mud-houses and wretched mosques forming in all quarters such indistinguishable piles, that in going about I was wholly unable to fix * Anon. t Hence Shakspeare, confounding dates, talks of Theseus, " Puke of Athens." J Quin's Voyage dowu the Danube. SS RUINS or AM i TNT on upon any peculiarities of streets or buildings, by which I might know my way from one part of the capital to another. With the exception of the remains of the Forum, the temple of Theseus, which is still in excellent preservation, the celebrated co- lumns of the temple of Jupiter Olympius, and the Parthenon, nothing now exists at Athens of all the splendid edifices with which it was so profusely deco- rated in the days of its glory." It lias been well observed, that, associated in the youthful mind with all that is noble in patriotism, exalted in wisdom, excelling in art, elegant in litera- ture, luminous in science, persuasive in eloqu< and heroic in action, the beautiful country of Greece. and its inhabitants, must, under every circumstance, even of degradation, be an interesting object of study. " We can all feel, or imagine," says Lord Byron, *' the regret with which the ruins of cities, once the capital of empires, are beheld. But never did the littleness of man, and the vanity of his very best virtues, of patriotism to exalt and of valour to defend liis country, apj^ear more conspicuous than in the record of what Athens once was, and the certainty of what she now is." The former state of Athens is thus described by Barthelemy. "There is not a city in Greece which presents so vast a number of public buildings and monuments as Athens. Edifices, venerable for their antiquity, or admirable for their elegance, i their majestic heads on all sides. Masterpieces of sculpture are extremely numerous, even in the public places, and concur with the finest productions of the jencil to embellish the porticoes of temples. Here even' thing speaks to the eyes of the attentive spectator." To dcscrilx; Athens entire would be to fill a volume. We shall, therefore, only give an account of the chief KUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 89 monuments of antiquity as they existed till very lately ; the rest, as they give one little or no sort of idea of their ancient magnificence, were better omitted than mentioned. The Piraeus* is one of the finest ports in Greece, and, being bounded by rocks, has experienced hardly any change in its form or dimensions. The sea, however, appears to have encroached a little, as some ruins are seen under water. The general depth of the port is from two to ten fathoms, in some places twenty. The Piraeus was decorated with a theatre, several temples, and a great number of statues. As the existence of Athens depended on the safety of this harbour, Themistocles secured it against sudden attack by building a wall, sixty stadia in length, and forty cubits high. As to its thickness, it was greater than the space occupied by two waggons. It was built of huge square stones, fastened together on the outside by iron and leaden cramps. Without the gate was a cenotaph, erected in honour of Euripides, on which was inscribed " The glory of Euripides has all Greece for a monument." The old city of Athens was seated on the top of a rock in the midst of a pleasant plain, which, as the number of inhabitants increased, became full of build- ings, which induced the distinction of Aero and Gatapolis, i. e., of the upper and lower city. The inside of the citadel was adorned with a mulr titude of edifices. The flat space on the rock of the Acropolis is not more than eight hundred feet in length, and about four hundred feet in breadth, a small extent for the site of the primitive city of the Athenians; but an area of great size, when consi- dered as the base only of temples and marble palaces, containing not a single structure which might not be * Dodwell. 90 nri\- or \\< II:XT < i denominated a masterpiece of art*. The most re- markable of tin--,- \\<-v>- u ma^nitieent temple <>t' Minerva, styled Parthenon, because that goddex \va-i a virgin this the Persians destroyed, but it was rebuilt with still greater splendour by Pericles the temple of Neptune and Minerva jointly ; a temple dedicated to Victory, adorned with paintings, prin- cipally the work of Polygnotns, and ronstrurted of white marble. Within the citadel, also, was an immense number of statues, erected by religion ami gratitude, on which the chisels of Myron, Phidias, Alcamenes, and other artists of renown, seemed to have bestowed animation. Of these statues, some were those of famous Athenian generals ; such as Pericles, Phormio, Iphicrates,andTimotheus; and others, those of the gods. It appears surprising that so many temples should have been crowded together within the narrow com- pass of the Athenian Acropolis; but the Roman Capitol, though not much more spacious, contained at least thirty temples t. '* In its pride and glory," says Chandler, " the Acropolis appeared as one entire offering to the deity, surpassing in excellence, and astonishing in rich- ness. Heliodorus employed on it fifteen books. The curiosities of various kinds, with the pictures, sta- tues, and pieces of sculpture, were so many and so remarkable, as to supply Polemo Periegetes with matter for four volumes ; and Strabo affirms, that as many more would be required in treating of Athens and of Attica. As the stranger draws near to the present entrance of the citadel, he passes before the facade of the Propylea ; the old entrance to the Acropolis, between its Doric pillars, being walled up. Pausanias says, * Hobhoiiw. t Dodwcll. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 91 " There is only one entrance to the Acropolis of Athens ; it being in every remaining part of its cir- cuit a precipice, and fortified by strong walls. This entrance was fronted by a magnificent building, 'called the Propylea, covered with roofs of white marble, which surpassed, for beauty and the dimen- sions of the marble, all that I have seen." This is now in ruins. This was the most expensive work undertaken by Pericles, and is said to have cost 2,500 talents (452,700). It took five years in building, and was completed B. c. 437- " To a person who has seen the ruins of Rome," says Dr. Clarke, "the first suggestion, made by a sight of the buildings in the Acropolis, is that of the infinite superiority of the Athenian architecture. It possesses the greatness and majesty of the Egyptian or of the ancient Etruscan style, with all the elegant proportion, the rich ornaments, and the discrimi- nating taste of the most splendid era of the arts." Its present condition is thus described by Mr. Wil- liams. " The scene of desolation in the Acropolis is complete ; the heaps of ruins of wretched houses, and various buildings, are constructed part with clay and marble, the marble looking doleful through the mud. On entering the temple one is struck by the worn steps, and curved or circular marks of the great doors of old ; the pavement, too, that had been trodden by the luminaries of Greece." The walls of the Acropolis* exhibit three distinct periods of construction ; that is to say, the masonry of modern times in the repairs, a style of building which can only be referred to the age of Cimon, or of Pericles; and the ancient Pelasgic work, as mentioned by Lucian. The modern walls of the * Clarke. 92 KI INS or \\( ir\r c i . city are about tru feet hL'h. ami i\i two in thick - noss. They were constructed about tin year 1780, aa a defence against pirates and horde- ( Arnauts who sometimes entered the town at night, and threatened to pillage it. The walls embrace a cir- cuit of nearly three miles, and enclose not only the town and citadel, but also some open spaces for cattle. They were built in seventy-five days, all hands being employed night and day. All kinds of mate- rials which were at hand were employed in their construction, and in some places they exhibit large blocks of stone and marble, and several fragmei.tal inscriptions*. The lower city had thirteen gates, and among the principal edifices which adorned it were, 1. The Olympian temple, erected in honour of Athens and all Greece. 2. The Pantheon, dedicated to all the gods ; a noble structure, supported by one hundred and twenty marble pillars, and having over its great gateway two horses, carved by Praxiteles. 3. The temple of Theseus ; a noble structure, of Pentelic marble. The Gymnasia of Athens were many, but tho most remarkable were the Lyceum, Academia, and Cyno- sarges. The Lyceum stood on the banks of the Ilissus ; some say it was built by Pisistratus ; others by Pericles ; others by Lycurgus. The Academy was so called from Academtis. The Cynosarges was a place in the suburbs, not far from the Lyceum. The Areopagus is situated a few hundred feet west of the Acropolis. It consists of an insulated rock, precipitous, and broken towards the south ; on the north side it slopes gently down towards the temple of Theseus, and is rather lower than the Acropolis. Dodwell. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 93 " Higher up, ascending a hill covered with thistles and red pebbles, you arrive," says M. La Martine, " at the Pnyx ; the scene of the stormy assemblies of the people of Athens, and of the fluctuating tri- umphs of its orators or its favourites ; enormous masses of black stone, some of which measure twelve or thirteen cubic feet, lie upon one another, and sup- port the terrace, upon which the people collected. Still higher up, at the distance of about fifty paces, we perceive a huge square block, wherein steps have been cut, which probably served for the orator to mount his tribunal, which thus overlooked the people, the city, and the sea. This possesses not the character of the people of Pericles, but seems Roman. The recollections it inspires are, however, delightful. Demosthenes spoke from thence, and roused or calmed that popular sea, more stormy than the^ZEgean, which he could also hear roll behind him." " From the odeum of Regilla," says Dr. Clarke, " we went to the Areopagus, wishing to place our feet upon a spot where it is so decidedly known that St. Paul had himself stood; and to view with our own eyes the same scene which he beheld, when he declared unto the Athenians the nature of the UNKNOWN GOD, whom they so ignorantly worshipped. * * * We ascended to the top by means of steps cut within the natural stone, which is of breccia. The sublime scene here exhibited is so striking, that a brief de- scription of it may prove how truly it offers to us a commentary upon St. Paul's \vords, as they were delivered upon the spot. Before him there was spread a glorious prospect of mountains, islands, seas, and skies ; behind him towered the lofty Acro- polis, crowned with all its marble temples. This very object, whether in the face of nature, or among the works of art, conspired to elevate the mind, and to fill it with reverence towards that BEING, ' who 94 RDINfl ni- \\, am ( [TIES. made and governs the world ;' who sittrth in that light which no mortal eye can approach, and MI is nigh unto the meant -t \' hi- rn-.ituns; > in \\limn we live, and move, and have our being.'" Near the Pirtean gate is still to be seen, in a state of admirable preservation, the ground-plot and entire town of the Pnyx, or place of jtarl'fim.-nt of the Athenians, as it was appropriated by Solon to the use of the citizens. Nearly the whole of it is an ex- cavation of the rock, and the several parts of it were carved in stone of one solid mass, with the excep- tion only of the semi-circular area, the fartlu >t part of which consists of masonry. " To approach the spot," says Dr. Clarke, " once dignified by the pre- sence of the greatest Grecian orators, to set our feet where they stood, and actually to behold the place where Demosthenes addressed ' the men of Athens,' calling to mind the most memorable examples of his eloquence, is a gratification of an exalted nature. But the feelings excited in viewing the Pnyx, peculiarly affect Englishmen : that holy fire, so much dreaded by the Athenian tyrants, and which this place had such a remarkable tendency to agitate, burns yet in Britain ; it is the very soul of her liberties, and it strengthens the security of her laws; giving eloquence to her senate, heroism to her armies, extension to her commerce, and freedom to her people : iilthough an- nihilated in almost every country of the earth, it lives in England, and its extinction there, like the going out of the sacred flame in the temple of Del- phi, would I'f felt as a national calamity." Among the loose fragments, dispersed in the Acro- polis, has been found a small piece of marble, with an inscription, but in so imperfect a state, that Dr. Clarke considered it only worth notice as a memorial of the place where it was found, and in its allusion to the Prytancum, which is the only legible part of it. RUINS OF ANTIKXT CITIES. 95 The Prytancum, where the written laws of Solon were kept, however, was not in the Acropolis, but in a lower part of the city. The Gymnasium of Ptolemy, which stands near the temple of Theseus, is greatly dilapidated, and, in no small degree, con- cealed by dwellings*. The Erectheum is situated about one hundred and fifty feet to the north of the Parthenon. This structure consisted of two conti- guous temples ; that of Minerva Polias, with its por- tico towards the east ; and that of Pandrosus towards the west, with its two porticoes standing by the north and south angles, the entrance to the Pandroseuin being on the northern side. The Turks made a powder-magazine of one of the vestibules of this building, which contains one of the finest specimens of Ionian architecture now existing ; and it has been judiciously remarked of the sculpture, every where displayed in this edifice, that it is difficult to conceive how marble has been wrought to such a depth, and brought to so sharp an edge, the ornaments having all the delicacy of works of metal. In that portion of the Erectheum which was dedi- cated to Minerva Polias, the columns of the front porch are standing, but without any part of their entablature. The marblet of this ruin is of virgin whiteness ; and the workmanship, as the structure is very diminutive in comparison with the specimens of the Parthenon, is a still more exquisite example than that temple, of the polish and edge which were given to all the parts of Grecian architecture. The line of no pencil can excel the delicate accuracy of contour in the swell of the torus, and the ornaments of the base ; and the hand, in passing repeatedly over the marble, seeks in vain for the slightest inequality or even roughness on the surface. * Clarke. f Hobhouse, p. 343. iNs (IK \\rn:vr f Hadrian persons arc conducted from the old city of Theseus to the now Athens, built by Hadrian. The stones are put together without cfinent ; but the work is adorned with a row of Corinthian pilasters and columns, with bases sup- porting an upper tier in the same style of architecture. It was erected commemorative of Hadrian's return to Athens. A new city had arisen under his auspices. Magnificent temples, stately shrines, un- sullied altars, awaited the benediction of this sacer- dotal monarch ; and it would, indeed, have been mar- vellous if the Athenians, naturally prone to adulation, neglected to bestow it on a benefactor so well dis- posed for its reception. The triumphal arch was of course prepared, and lasting characters thereon in- scribed have proclaimed to succeeding ages, that " The Athens of Hadrian eclipsed the city of The- seus J." Besides this arch, there are other remnants of structures erected in honour of Hadrian. Of these are the stupendous pillars which bear his name. In the time of Pausanias, there were one hundred and twenty pillars of Phrygian marble. Of these, sixteen columns of white marble, each six feet in diameter, and sixty feet in height, now remain ; all of the ' He bequeathed to every Athenian a mm nearly equivalent to 3/. of our money. t The funeral of Herodes Atticui must have afforded one of the moit affecting solemnities of which history makes mention. He was seventy-six years old when he died ; and in the instructions which he left for his interment, he desired to be buried at Maia- thon, where he was born ; but the Athenians insisted upon pos- sessing his remains ; and they caused the youth of their city to bonr him to the Stadium Fanathcnaicnm, which he had built ; all the people accompanying, am! pouring forth lamentations as for a deceased parent. CLARKE. Clarke. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 101 Corinthian order, beautifully fluted, and of the most exquisite workmanship. " Certainly," says Wheler, " this was a work alone that may justify the liberality of Hadrian, and the great care he took to adorn the city ; for this must needs have been a wonderful por- tico, both for beauty, use, and grandeur." Pausamas says, that it was enclosed with a cloister, in which were built rooms of the same stone, only the roofs of alabaster, gilded with gold, and the whole excel - lently adorned with statues and pictures. He founded also a library and a gymnasium. The Tower or Temple of the "Winds* is more at- tractive by its singularity than its beauty. It was the water- clock, the chronometer, and the weather guide of Athens. It was built by Andronicus Cyrrhestest. On the top stood a brazen Triton, con- trived so as to turn round with the wind, and with a wand, that he held in his hand, to point to the figure of the wind which blew. The Triton is now wanting ; the rest remains entire. It is a small octagon tower ; the roof is built pyramidically. On every side is represented the figure of a wind, with proper attri- butes, characterising the nature of it, in very good basso rilievo, and their names written above them in Greek characters. The god Zephyrus is represented as a beautiful young man, gliding gently along with an imperceptible motion, with his bosom full of flowers. They are all drawn with wings, and flying on with more or less rapidity, according to the vio- lence of ecich wind in those parts. This structure is known to be the same which Vitruvius mentions, but it is entirely unnoticed by Pausanias:}:. Some suppose that it was one of the sacred structures of the ancient city, and that, as a place of religious worship, it answered other purposes than that of merely indicating the direction of the winds, the seasons, and the hours. ^Dodwell. f Sandwich^ J Clarke. 102 "RUINS 01 i CITIF*. As Dr. Clarke drew near to tin- wall*, ho IK-IK Id the vast (Y-Tn|ii;m citadel, crowned with temples, that originated in the veneration, once paid to the memory of the illustrious dead, surrounded 1>\ ob- jects, tolling the same theme of sepulchral grandeur, and now monuments of departed greatness, moulder- ing in all the solemnity of ruin. " So paramount is this funeroal diarueter in the approach to Athens from the Piraeus," says he, " that as we passed the hill of the Museum, which was, in fact, an ancient cemetery of the Athenians, we might have imagined ourselves to be among the tombs of Telmessus, from the number of sepulchres hewn in the rock, and from the antiquity of the workmanship, evidently not of later date than any thing of the kind in Asia Minor. In other respects, the city exhibits nearly the appearance so briefly described by Strabo, eighteen centuries before our coming ; and perhaps it wears a more magnificent aspect, owing to the splen- did remains of Hadrian's temple of Olympian Jove, which did not exist when Athens was visited by the disciple of Xenacchus." " The first monument," says La Martinc, " which attracts your attention, is the temple of Olympian Jupiter, the magnificent columns of which rise alone upon a deserted naked spot, on the right of what was Athens a worthy portico of a city in ruins." This temple* was pretended by the Athenians to have been originally founded in the time of Deuca- lion, and to have subsisted nine hundred years ; but in the end falling into ruin, it began to be rebuilt by Pisistratus, and having received additions from several hands during the space of seven hundred years, was completely finished by the Emperor Ha- drian, and dedicated to Jupiter Olympus, to whoso honour the same prince erected a colossal statue of l.',r.l S.uulwicli. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 103 immense value, both on account of the richness of its materials and the beauty of its workmanship. Nothing in all Greece, nor even in the whole world, was equal to the magnificence of this temple. Its area was computed to be four stadia. The inside was embellished with statues by the best hands, placed between each column, which were gifts from all the cities of Greece, that were desirous of paying their court to the Emperor ; among whom the Athenians distinguished themselves by the colossus, erected by them in honour of the monarch himself. It is im- possible from the remains to collect the plan of the whole building; there being nothing left but ten beautiful Corinthian pillars, with their friezes, ar- chitraves, and cornices, two fluted, the remaining eight plain. Close behind the eight, which stand in one rank, is a wall of white marble, the same as the columns, and, at the south end, the two that project, being fluted, and on a different line from the others, seem to have formed the entrance of the temple*. The solitary grandeur of these marble ruinst is, perhaps, more striking than the appearance pre- sented by any other object at Athens ; insomuch that the Turks themselves seem to regard them with an eye of respect and admiration ; large parties of them being frequently seen seated on their carpets, in the long shade of the columns. " Rome," says Chandler, " afforded no example of this species of building. It was one of the four marble edifices, which had raised to the pinnacle of renown the architects who planned them ; men, it is said, admired in the assembly of the gods for their wisdom and excellence." Of this temple seventeen columns were standing in 1676 ; but, a few years before Chandler arrived at Athens, one was thrown down, for the purpose of building a new mosque in the market-place. * Sandwich. t Hobhouse. 104 RTINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. Some of tin- columns still support their architraves, as we have before stated, one of which was tumid to equal three feet in width, and although of one entire piece of marble, it extended in length twenty-two feet six inches. On the top of the entablature is shown the dwelling of a hermit, who fixed his aboiU- upon this eminence, and dedicated his life entirely to the contemplation of the sublime objects by which his residence was on all sides surrounded. The beauty of the temple of Theseus* is not at all prejudiced by its littleness; but still remains a master- piece of architecture, not easy to be paralleled, much less exceeded. Much of the history of Theseus is expressed in relievo, on the pronaos of the front and west end, where all the tricks and art of wrestling seem well expressed. There are, also, some in women's habits, to express the war of the Amazons. This elegant buildingt is supposed to have fur- nished the model of the Parthenon, which resembles it in the most essential points, though it is nearly of double the size. Indeed, the Theseion impresses the beholder more by its symmetry than its magni- tude. It is now converted into a Christian church. " On approaching the temple of Theseus," says La Martine, "though convinced by what I had read of its beauty, I was astonished to find myself quite unmoved ; my heart sought to bestir itself ; my eye sought to admire ; but in vain. I felt what one always feels at the sight of a work without faults, a negative pleasure, but as to a real, strong impres- sion, a sense of powerful or involuntary delight, I experienced nothing. This temple is too small ; it is a kind of sublime plaything of art. It is not a monu- ment for the gods ; nor even for men for ages. I felt but one instant of ecstacy, and that was when, seated at the western angle of the temple, on its last steps, """ t l>odwcll. RUINS OF AXCIENT CITIES. 105 my eye embraced, at one glance, the magnificent harmony of its forms, the majestic elegance of its columns, the empty and more sombre space of its portico ; and on its internal frieze, the combats of the Centaurs and the Lapithae ; and above, through the opening of the centre, the blue and resplendent sky, shedding a serene and mystical light on the cornices and the projecting slopes of the bassi-rilievi, which seem to live and to move." All this seems rather extraordinary. " On your way from Piraeum to the city of Athens," says Lord Sandwich, " you pass all along the ruins of Themistocles' wall. The road is in the middle of a beautiful plain, covered with vineyards and olive trees, which, being bounded on one side by moun- tains, and on the other by the sea, affords a most delightful prospect. Before your entrance into the city, the first monument of antiquity that presents itself to your view, is the temple of Theseus, built by the Athenians, in honour of that hero, soon after the battle of Marathon. This temple was allowed the privilege of being a sanctuary for all fugitives, in memory that Theseus, in his lifetime, protected the distressed. It cannot be too much commended, both on account of the beauty of the materials and regu- larity of the architecture ; besides which, it has the advantage of being in a manner entire, there being nothing wanting to it but a small part of the roof." In spite of its beauty, what says Monsieur La Martine ? " No; the temple of Theseus is not worthy of its fame ; it cannot be said to live as a monu- ment. It is not suggestive of what it ought to be. It is beautiful, no doubt ; but it is a kind of frigid, dead beauty, of which the artist alone ought to go and shake the shroud, and wipe the dust. As for me, I admired unquestionably ; but quitted it without any desire to see it again. The beautiful stones of 106 Hi" INS (.; the columns of the Vatican, tin- majestic colossal shadows of St. Peter's at Rome. ne\<-r MitVerctl mr to leave them without regret, or the hope of return." Can all this be real ? or is it merely an affectation ( " During our residence of ten weeks," says Sir John Hobhouse, "there was not, I believe, a day of which we did not devote a part to the contemplation of the noble monuments of Grecian genius, that have outlived the ravages of time, and the outrage of bar- barous and antiquarian despoilers. The temple of Theseus, which was within five minutes' walk of our lodgings, is the most perfect ancient edifice in the world. In this fabric, the most enduring stability, and a simplicity of design peculiarly striking, are united with the highest elegance and accuracy of workmanship, the characteristics of the Doric style; whose chaste beauty is not, in the opinion of the first artists, to be equalled by the graces of any of the other orders." " That the Theseion was originally a tomb," says Dr. Clarke, "like other Grecian temples, is scarcely to be doubted. The building is believed to bear dato from the event mentioned by Plutarch, when, after the conquest of Scyros, the son of Miltiades arrived in Athens, bearing the mouldering bones and weapons he had discovered. This occurred during the. ar- chonship of Apsepion; so that the Theseion has now braved the attacks of time, of earthquakes, and of barbarians, during a lapse of considerably above two thousand years." This beautiful Doric temple*, more resembling in the style of its architecture the temples of Pccstum, than that of Minerva in the Acropolis, and the most entire of any of the structures of ancient Greece, were it not for the damage which the sculpture has sustained, may be considered as still perfect. The Clarke. I RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 107 ruined state of the metopes and frieze has proved a very fortunate circumstance ; for it was owing solely to this that the building escaped the ravages which were going on in the Parthenon. The entire edifice is of Pentelican marble. It stands east and west, the principal front facing the east ; and it is that kind of building which was called by ancient architects, as it is expressed in the language of Vitruvius and explained by Stuart, a Peripteros ; that is to say, it has a portico of six columns in each front, and on each side a range of eleven columns, exclusive of the columns on the angles. All these columns remain in their original position, excepting two, that separated the portico from the pronaos, which have been demo- lished. Like all pillars raised according to the most ancient Doric style of buildings, they are without bases or pedestals; standing with inexpressible dignity and simplicity upon the pavement of the covered walk around the cell of the temple. Some of the metopes represent the labours of Hercules; others the exploits of Theseus ; and there are some which were never adorned with any sculpture. Above the antae of the pronaos is a sculptured frieze, the subject of which cannot now be determined ; and the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithae is represented upon a similar frieze of the porticoes. In the tympanum of the pediment, over the eastern front, Stuart observed several holes in the marble, where metal cramps had been fixed for sustaining sculpture in entire relief, as over the eastern entrance to the Parthenon. The action of the atmosphere in this fine climate upon the marble has diffused over the whole edifice, as over the buildings in the Acropolis, a warm ochreous tint, which is peculiar to the ruins of Athens. It bears no resemblance to the black and dingy hue, which is acquired by all works in stone and marble, when they have been exposed to the open air in the 108 lit INS OF AN( ir.NT CITIES. more northern countries of Europe, and especially in England. IVrliaps to this warm colour, so n mark- ably ohanctaraiag the remains of ancient buildings at Athens, Plutarch alluded in that beautiful pas- sage, cited by Chandler, when he allinncd that the structures of Pericles possessed a peculiar and unpa- ralleled excellence of character. " A certain fresh- ness bloomed upon them," says he, "and pn -erved their faces uninjured, as if they possessed a never- fading spirit, and had a soul insensible to age." The monument of THRASTLLTTS, an elegant little fabric, was erected 318 B.C. It is a structure of Pentelic marble, simple, yet highly finished. Its entire height is twcnty-nirie feet five inch. -. " How majestic, and how perfect in its preser- vation," says Dr. Clarke, " rises the Choragic mo- nument of Thrasyllns ; and how sublime the whole group of objects with which it is associated. At the time of our visit, and before the work of dila- pidation had commenced, the ancient sun-dial, the statue of the god, the pillars for the tripods, the majestic citadel ; the last of these has, indeed, de- fied the desolating ravages of barbaric power ; but who shall again behold the other objects in this af- fecting scene as they then appeared ? or in what dis- tant country and obscure retreat may we look for their mutilated fragments?" The monument of PHILOPAPPUS* stands upon the hill of Musacus, where that celebrated poet is said to have been buried. It is within the walls of the ancient city, though at some distance from those of the modern one ; and the view from it of the citadel of 'Athens and the neighbouring territories is very striking ; for, looking towards the sea, the eye com- mands the ports of the Piru-us, Munychia, and Pha- lerns ; the isles of Salamis and .fligina, and the Clarke. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 109 mountains of Peloponnesus, as far as the gulf of Argos. It originally consisted of three compart- ments between four Corinthian pilasters ; that is to say, of an arched recess, containing a central sitting figure, having a square niche on each side of it. Below these appeared three superb sculptures in relief. That in the centre, beneath the sitting statue, exhibits Trajan in a car, drawn by four horses, as he is represented on many monuments of that emperor. On either side, in square compartments, were seen the attendants, preceding and following the tri- umphal car. Philopappus' monument, says Mr. Dodwell, has its faults and deficiencies ; but it is an elegant and imposing object. In the interior of the basement are some blocks of the grey Hymettian marble, and the soft stone from the Piraeus. The superstructure is of Pentelic marble. It is a structure of white marble, says another writer, built a proportionable height, something cir- cular. In the middle was a large niche, with a figure of marble sitting in it, and under his feet, in large letters, " Philopappus, son of Epiphanes of Besa." Whelcr found a still longer inscription, in Latin, which he thus translates : Caius, Julius, Philopappus, son of Caius, of the tribe of Fabia, Consul, Frater Arvalis, chosen among the Praetors by the most good and august Emperor Cccsar, Nerva, Trajanus, who conquered the Germans and Dacians. Among the inscriptions in this city may be noted one on a large marble stone, standing on end, in the wall of a private house, relating to the sale of oil ; and as it teaches many things we shall cite it, as translated by Wheler : The law edict of the God-like Hadrian. " 'Let those that cultivate the oyl bring the third part to the office, or those that possess the ground 110 nnxs OF ANCTHNT CITII-.S. of the Proconsul, which the .... has sold, their eighth part, for they only have that riirht. Hut let them bring it at the same time. * (Tin nn- eight lines are imperfect, and then it followcth : ) * Let it be taken upon oath, how much hath l>vn gathered in all, as well by his slaves as by his free- men ; but if he selleth the fruit, the landlord or the tenant, or the buyer of the crop, shall be written with them ; and he that has sold it for transportation shall give an account how much he has sold it for, and to whom and whither bound. And let the mer- chant write what he hath embarked, and of whom, and whither he is bound. * * * But he that shall be found to give false accounts, either of the receipt of transportation, or concerning the country, their freight shall be confiscated ; still those possessing the lands of the proconsul excepted if they bring their .... part.'" (Here half a dozen lines are defaced, and, then he proceeds again : )" ' Let him retain the half. But if he doth not receive half, let the public take half. * * * And let the merchant write what he hath transported, and how much of every body. But if he shall be apprehended not to have given his account, let him be stopped ; or if he sail away, let his merchandise be forfeited. But if he shall avoid it by hoisting sails, let them write to his country, or to me, under the testimony of the commons; if any of the ship shall allege it necessary, the preetor shall con- vocate the senate the next day ; but if the matter shall exceed fifty amphora?, let it be brought to the congregation, and half given to the discoverer. But if any one shall yet appeal to me or my proconsuls, let the commons choose syndics, that all things which are done against evil doers may be executed without reproof.' ' Some lines more yet remain, which are less preserved. The majority of the Athenian churches* are - Uodwell. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. Ill built upon the ruins of ancient temples, and are com- posed of blocks of stone and marble, with a great number of inscriptions, altars, pedestals, and archi- tectural ornaments. " As we passed through the town," says Dr. Clarke, " there was hardly a house, that had not some little marble fragments of ancient sculpture stuck in its front, over its door." At Athens four ancient buildings* have been en- tirely destroyed within these few years ; a small Ionic temple in the Acropolis ; another temple, sup^ posed to be of Ceres, near the Ilissus, or bridge over that stream, and the aqueduct of Antoninus Pius. Part also of the propylsean columns have been thrown down, with a mass of the architrave on the western front of the Erectheion, and one of the columns of the Olympeion. In fact, more than forty of the temples and public buildingst, which are mentioned by Pausanias, have so totally disappeared, as not to leave a trace, by which it is possible to identify their situation : and this leads us to the Par- thenon, which we have purposely left to the last, be- cause the wrong done to it of late years, by a noble- man of Scotland, has been the means of introducing to our own country a taste for the elegant and beautiful, which it never enjoyed before. " The Parthenon," says Mr. Dodwell, " at first sight rather disappointed my expectations, and ap- peared less than its fame. The eye, however, soon becomes filled with the magnitude of its dimensions, the beauty of its materials, the exquisite perfection of its symmetry, and the harmonious analogy of its proportions. It is the most unrivalled triumph of sculpture and architecture that the world ever saw. .The delight which it inspires on a superficial view is heightened in proportion as it is attentively sur- veyed. If we admire the whole of the glorious fabric, " Dodwell. f Mem. 112 IM INS nr AM HIM- t I . that admiration will be augmented by a minute in- vestigation of all the ramified detail*. Every part lias Been finished with such exquisite purity, that not the smallest instance of negligence ean lie dis- covered in the execution of those particulars, which are the least exposed to observation : the most con- cealed minutiae of the structure having been per- fected, with a sort of pious scrupulosity.' " I pass delicious hours," says M. La Martine, "recumbent beneath the shade of the Propylsea: my eyes fixed on the falling pediment of the Par- thenon, I feel all antiquity in what it has pro- duced of divine ; the rest is not worth the language that has described it. The aspect of the Parthenon displays, better than history, the colossal grandeur of a people. Pericles ought not to die. "What su- perhuman civilization was that which supplied a great man to command, an architect to conceive, a sculptor to decorate, statuaries to execute, workmen to cut, a people to pay, and eyes to comprehend and admire such an edifice ! Where shall we find such a people, or such a period ? No where ! " 44 Lot us, in idea, rebuild the Parthenon," continues the same writer; " it is easily done ; it has only lost its frieze, and its internal compartments. The external walls, chiselled by Phidias, the columns, and fragments of columns, remain. The Parthenon was entirely built of Pcntelic marble, so called from the neighbouring mountain of that name, whence it was taken. It consists of a parallelogram, surrounded by a peristyle of forty-six Doric columns ; one column is six feet in diameter at the base, and thirty-four feet high. The columns are placed on the pavement of the temple itself, and have no bases. At each extremity of the temple exists, or did exist, a portico of six columns. The total length of the edifice is two hundred and twenty-eight feet; its width, two hundred feet; its height, sixty-six feet. It RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 113 only presents to the eye the majestic simplicity of its architectural lines. It was, in fact, one single idea expressed in stone, and intelligible at a glance, like the thoughts of the ancients." This recalls to our recollection what Plutarch says in respect to Pericles. " The Parthenon was con- structed witli such admirable judgment, such soli- dity of workmanship, and such a profound know- ledge of the architectural art, that it would have indefinitely defied the ravages of time, if they had not been assisted by the operations of external violence. It is an edifice that seems to have been constructed for eternity. The structures which Pericles raised are the more admirable, as, being completed in so short a time, they yet had such a lasting beauty ; for, as they had, when new, the venerable aspect of anti- quity, so, now they are old, they have the freshness of a modern work. They seem to be preserved from the injuries of time by a kind of vital principle, which produces a vigour that cannot be impaired, and a bloom that will never fade." These words of Plutarch were applicable to the Parthenon little more than a century ago, and would still have been so, if it had not found enemies in the successive bigotry of contending religions, in the destruction of war, and the plundering mania of artists and amateurs. The high preservation of those parts, which are still suffered to remain, is truly astonishing ! The columns are so little broken, that were it not for the venerable reality of age, they would almost appear of recent construction. These observations naturally carry us back to the period in which the Parthenon was built. That which was the chief delight of the Athenians, and the wonder of strangers, was the magnificence of their edifices ; yet no part of the conduct of Pericles moved the spleen of his adversaries more than this. They VOL. i. j 114 RUINS OF AXCIKXT CITIi:-. insisted that he had brought tin- upon the Athenians, by removing the trva-ur. Greece from Delos, and taking them into his own custody ; that he had not left himself even the spe- cious apology of having caused the money tu In brought to Athens for its greater security, ami to keep it from being seized by the Barbarians ; that Greece would consider such an attempt as a manifest tyranny; that the sums they had received from them, upon pretence of their being employed in tin- war. were laid out by the Athenians in gilding and em- bellishing their city, in making magnificent statues, and raising temples that cost millions. Nor did they amplify in the matter ; for the Parthenon alone cost 145,000. Pericles,* on the contrary, remon- strated to the Athenians, that they were not obliged to give the allies an account of the money they had received; that it was enough they defended them from the Barbarians, whilst the allies furnished nei- ther soldiers, horses, nor ships. He added, that as the Athenians were sufficiently provided with all things necessary for war, it was but just that they should employ the rest of their riches in edifices and other works, which, when finished, would give im- mortal glory to their city, and the whole time they were carrying on give bread to an infinite number of citizens : that they themselves had all kinds of materials, as timber, stone, brass, ivory, gold, ebony, and cypress wood ; and all sorts of artificers capable of working them, as carpenters, masons, smiths, stone -cutters, dyers, goldsmiths ; artificers in ebony, painters, embroiderers, and turners ; men fit to con- duct their naval affairs, as merchants, sailors, and experienced pilots ; others for land carriage, as cart- wrights, waggoners, carters, rope-makers, paviors, Sec. fee. : that it was for the advantage of the state ~RolHn.~ RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 115 to employ these different artificers and workmen, who, as so many separate bodies, formed, when united, a kind of peaceable and domestic army, whose different functions and employments diffused gain and increase throughout all ages and sexes : lastly, that, whilst men of robust bodies, and of an age fit to bear arms, whether soldiers or mariners, and those who were in the different garrisons, were supported with the public moneys, it was but just that the rest of the people who lived in the city should also be maintained in their way: and that as all were mem- bers of the same republic, they should all reap the same advantages, by doing it services, which, though of a different kind, did, however, all contribute to its security or ornament. One day as the debaters were growing warm, Pericles offered to defray the expense of all these things, provided it should be declared in the public inscriptions, that he only had been at the charge of them. At these words, the people, either admiring his magnanimity, or fired with emulation, and determined not to let him engross that glory, cried, with one voice, that he might take out of the public treasury all the sums that were necessary for his purpose. Historians expatiate greatly on the magnificent edifices and other works ; but it is not easy to say whether the complaints and murmurs raised against him were ill-founded or not. According to Cicero, such edifices and other works only are worthy of admiration as are of use to the public, as aqueducts, city walls, citadels, arsenals, sea-ports ; and to these must be added the work, made by Pericles, to join Athens to the port of Pirseus. Mons. de La Martine speaks of the only two figures that now adorn the Parthenon thus : " At the Parthenon there remain only the two figures of Mars and Venus, half crushed by two enormous i2 116 RTTNS OF ANTIF.NT riTTF.S. fragments of cornice, which have glided over their beads ; but these two figures are to me wortb more than all I have seen in sculpture in my life. Tin v live as no other canvas or marble has ever lived, One feels that the chisel of Phidias trembled, burned in his hand, when these sublime figures started into bfin^r under his fingers." The following observations in regard to colour are by Mr. Williams : " The Parthenon, in its present corroded state, impresses the mind with the idea of its thousands of years. The purity of marble has disappeared ; but still the eye is charmed with the varied livery of time. The western front is rich in golden hues, and seems as if it had absorbed the evening beams*; little white appears, except the tympanum and part of the entablature. But the brightest orange colour, and grey and sulphury hues, combine in sweetest harmony. The noble shafts of the huge columns are uniformly toned with yellow, of a brownish cast, admitting here and there a little grey. Casting the eye to the inner cell, we see dark hues of olive mixed with various tints, adorning the existing frieze and pillars ; and these, opposed to bril- liant white, afford a point and power of expression, which never fails to please." Sir J. C. Hobhouse says, Lord Elgin's injuries were these ; the taking off the metopes, the statue over the theatre of Bacchus, and the statues of the west pediment of the Parthenon ; and the carrying away one of the Caryatides, and the finest of the columns of the Erectheum. *' No other," continues * It is generally nupposed," continue* Mr. Williams, "the marble temples are white ; but, with the exception of the temple of Minerva at Cape Colonna, (which is built of Parian marble,) this it not the case. The marble of Prtitelicu*, with whicli nil the tem- ple" at Athena were built, throws out an oxide of iron of the richest yellow, and this certainly makes them infinitely more picturesque than if they were purely white." RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 117 Sir John, " comes, I believe, within the limits of cen- sure no other marbles were detached." The monuments, now called the Elgin marbles, were chiefly obtained from the Erectheum, the Pro- pylsea, and the Parthenon, more especially the last. We must here give room to the observations, vin- dicative of this proceeding : " Perhaps one of the most judicious measures of government, with reference to the advancement of the arts in this country, was the purchase of these remains. We may go farther, and add, that the removal of them from Athens, where their destruction was daily going forward, to place them where their merits would be appreciated, and their decay suspended, was not only a justifiable act, but one which deserves the gratitude of England and of the civilised world. The decay of the Athe- nian monuments may be attributed to various causes. ' Fire and the barbarian' have both done their work. Athens has seen many masters. The Romans were too refined to destroy the monuments of art : but the Goths had a long period of spoliation ; and then came the Turks, at once proud and ignorant, despising what they could not understand. The Acropolis became a garrison in their hands, and thus, in 1687, it was bombarded by the Venetians, whose heavy guns were directed against the porticoes and colonnades of the ancient temples. But the Turks still continued to hold their conquests ; and the business of demolition went steadily on for another century and a half. Many travellers who visited Athens about a hundred years ago, and even much later, describe monuments of sculpture which now have no existence. The Turks pounded the marble into dust to make lime ; one traveller after another continued to remove a frag- ment. The museums of Egypt were successively adorned with these relics ; at last, when, as column after column fell, the remains of Athens were be- 1 IB nriv* <-i r CITIES. coming less and less worthy of notice, covered in tho ilu^t, or carted away to be broken up for lmiltorian, " to describe the use to which the earth dug out of the trrnch was converted, as well as the particular manner in which they constructed the wall. The earth of the trench was first of all laid in heaps, and when a sufficient quantity was obtained, made into square bricks, and baked in a furnace. They used, as' cement, a composition of heated bitumen, which, mixed with the tops of reeds, was placed between every thirtieth course of bricks. Having thus lined the sides of the trench, they proceeded to build the wall in a similar manner ; on the summit of which, and fronting each other, they erected small watch- towers of one story, leaving a space betwixt them, through which a chariot and four horses might pass and turn. In the circumference of the wall, at dif- ferent distances, were a hundred massy gates of brass t, whose hinges and frames were of the same metal. Within eight days' journey from Babylon is a city called Is, near which flows a river of the same name, which empties itself into the Euphrates. With the current of this river, particles of bitumen descend towards Babylon, by means of which its walls are constructed. The great river Euphrates, which, with its deep and rapid streams, rises in It must be confessed, indeed, that in the comparison of ancient and modern measures, nothing certain has been concluded. Ac- cording to vulgar computation, a cubit is a foot and a half; and thus the ancients also reckoned it ; but then we are not ccrtaJuly agreed about the length of their foot. MONTFALXON. The doubt expressed by Montfaucon appears unnecessary ; these measures being taken from the proportions of the human body, aro more permanent than any other. Tim foot of a moderately-sized man, and the cubit (that is, the space from the end of the fingers to the elbow), have always Wen twelve and eighteen inches respectively. DELOK. t Thus, suith the Lord, to his anointed, to Cyrus, I will go before thcc , I will break in pieces the gates of brass. ISAIAH. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 125 the Armenian mountains, and pours itself into tli9 Red Sea*, divides Babylon into two parts. The walls meet and form an angle at the river at each extremity of the town, where a breast- work of burnt bricks begins, and is continued along each bank. The city, which abounds in houses from three to four stories in height, is regularly divided into streets. Through these, which are parallel, there are transverse avenues to the river opened through the wall and breast- work, and secured by an equal number of little gates of brass." The historian then proceeds to describe the forti- fications and the temple of Belus. " The first wall is regularly fortified ; the interior one, though less in substance, is of about equal strength. Besides these, in the centre of each division of the city, there is a circular space surrounded by a wall. In one of these stands the royal palace, which fills a large and strongly-defended place. The temple of Jupiter Belus t occupies the other, whose huge gates of brass may still be seen. It is a square building, each side of which is of the length of two furlongs. In the midst, a tower rises of the solid depth and height of one furlong, upon which, resting as a base, seven other turrets are built in regular succession. The ascent is on the outside ; which, winding from the ground, is continued to the highest tower; and in the middle of the whole structure there is a conve- * The original Erythraean, or Red Sea, was that part of the Indian ocean, which forms the peninsula of Arabia ; the Persian and Arabian gulfs being branches of it. BELOE. f It is necessary to bear in mind, that the temples of the ancients were altogether different from our churches. A large space was inclosed by walls, in which were courts, a grove, pieces of water, apartments sometimes for the priests ; and, lastly, the temple, properly so called, and where, most frequently, it was per- mitted the priests alone to enter. The whole inclcsure was named rb ifpAv : the temple, properly so called, or the residence of the deity, wa called va6s (naos) or the cell. HARYBY. 126 uriN-i or AM IKM en nient resting-place. In the last tower is n i chapel, in which is placed a couch magnificently adorned, and near it a table of solid gold ; but there- is no statue in the place." Herodotus, how states, that in another part of the temple there was a -tatue of Jupiter, in a sitting posture, with a large table before him ; and that these, with the base of the table and the seat of the throne, we re all of the purest gold, and were estimated in his time, by the Chaldeans, at not less than eight hundred talent-. We may here give place to a passage in a modern poem, highly descriptive of its ancient state. Those walls, within Whose large inclosure the rude hind, or guides His plough, or binds his sheaves, while shepherds guard Their flocks, scare of ill : on the broad top Six chariots rattled in extended front. For there, since Cyrus on the neighbouring plain, Has marked his camp, th' enclosed Assyrian drives His foaming steeds, and from the giddy height Ix>oks down with scorn on all the tents below. Each side in length, in height, in solid bulk, Reflects its opposite; a perfect square ; Scarce sixty thousand paces can mete out The vast circumference. An hundred gate* Of polished brass Icsd to that central point, Where through the midst, bridged o'er with wondrous art, Euphrates leads a navigable stream, Branch'd from the current of his roaring flood. DH. ROBERTS, Judah Restored, Thus we find the walls to have extended to a vast circumference from forty-eight to sixty miles ; but we are not to suppose them to have been entirely filled up with houses;* but, as in tho old city of Moscow, to have been in no small part taken up with gardens and other cultivated lands. In regard to the size of some ancient Eastern cities, * The streets crossed each other, and the city was cut into six hundred and seventy -six squares, each of which was four furlongs and a half on every side; viz., two miles and a quarter in circuiu- fcjcuce. HUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 127 Mr. Franklin baa made some very pertinent remarks, in his inquiry concerning the site of the ancient Pali- bothra : " For the extent of the city and suburbs of Palibothra, from seventy-five to eighty miles have been assigned by the Puranas ; a distance, said to be impossible for the space occupied by a single city. So, indeed, it might, were we to compare the cities of Asia with those of Europe. The idea of lofty houses of brick and stone, consisting of many stories, with a number of inhabitants, like those of London, Paris, Vienna, and many others, must not be compared with the nature of the Asiatic cities. To look in them for regularly-built squares, and spacious and paved streets, would be absurd." Herodotus gives the extent of the walls of Babylon at one hundred and twenty stades on each side, or four hundred and eighty stades in circumference. Diodorus three hundred and sixty stades in circumference. Cli- tarchus, who accompanied Alexander, three hundred and'sixty-five. Curtius states it at three hundred and sixty -eight; and Straboat three hundred and eighty- five stades. The general approximation of these measurements would lead us to suppose that the same stade was used by the different reporters ; and if this was the Greek itinerary stade, we may esti- mate the circumference of the great city at twenty- five British miles*. " The lines, drawn on maps, are often only used to divide distant mounds of ruin. Accumulations of pottery and brickwork are met with occasionally over a great tract ; but the con- nection, supposed between these and the corn-fields and gardens, within the common precincts of a wall, is gratuitous in the extreme. Imagine London and Paris to be levelled, and the inhabitant of some future city to visit their ruins, as those of then re- mote antiquity ; if, in the one instance, Sevres, Mont " Porter. 128 RUINS OP ANCIENT CIT1I-. _t% and Vincennes, or, in th< % other, (invnwich, Stratford-le-Bow, Tottenham, I lichgate, Hammer- smith, Richmond, and Clapham, be taken in as Ixmndaries, or identified respectively as the rnins of Paris and London, what a prodigious extent would those cities gain in the eyes of futurity* ! " Babylon, as we have already stated, stood upon the Euphrates, as Nineveh did upon the Tigris. A branch of it ran entirely through the city from north to south ; and on each side was a quay, wallrd towards the river, of the same thickness as the city walls. In these, also, were gates of brass, from which persons descended to the water by steps ; whence, for a long time, they crossed to the other side in boats ; that is, until the building of a bridge. These gates were open always in the day, but shut at night. A bridge was at length erected ; and this bridge was equally celebrated with tho other great buildings; for it was of vast size; but Diodorus would seem to make it to have been much la'rger than it really was. He says it was five furlongs in length. Now as the Euphrates, at the spot, was only one furlong wide, this would be impossible ; so we suppose that there must have been a causeway on each side of the bridge ; and that Diodorus in- cluded the two causeways, which were, probably, merely dry arches, as we find in a multitude of mo- dern bridges. It was, nevertheless, thirty feet in breadth, and built with great skill. The arches were of hewn stone, fastened together with chains of iron and melted lead. To effect the building with the greater care and safety, they turned the course of tho rivert, and laid the channel dry. While one part of the workmen were doing this, others were Annn. f This U Mid to have been done at the building of old London Bridge. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 129 shaping the materials for the quays, so that all were finished at the same time. During a certain portion of the year (viz., June, July, and August) the Euphrates overflows its banks, as the Nile does in Egypt, the Ganges in India, and the Amazon in South America. To remedy the manifold inconveniences arising from this, two large canals were cut to divert the superabundant waters into the Tigris, before they could reach Babylon* ; and to secure the neighbouring country still the better, they raised artificial banks, as the Dutch have done in Holland, of a vast size, on both sides the river ; not built, however, of earth, as in Hol- land, but of brick cemented with bitumen, which began at the head of the canals, and extended for some distance below the city. To effect all this, the Euphrates, which had been turned one way, in order to build the bridge, was turned another to build the banks. To this end they dug a vast lake, forty miles square, and one hundred and sixty in com- pass, and thirty-five feet deep. Into this lake the river was diverted, till the banks were finished ; after which it was re-diverted into the former chan- nel. The lake was, however, still preserved as a reservoir t. Perhaps some of our readers may be curi, and to flow at the rate of two miles an hour, it would require one thousand and fifty-six days to fill the lake, allowing no absorption to the sides ; but if absorption and evaporation are taken into the account, we may put the time at four years, or thereabouts ; which, no doubt, would be sufficient, considering the miuilxT of hands employed, to complete the embankment *." This lake, the bridge, and the quays of the river are ascribed to Nitocris, by Herodotus ; but most of the other wonders of Babylon are ascribed by Jose- phus to Nebuchadnezzar, her father-in-law. " Per- haps," says one of the historians, " Nitocris might only finish what her father had left imperfect at his death, on which account the historian might give her the honour of the whole undertaking." We are now called upon to describe other won- ders. These are the palaces and hanging gardens. At each end of the bridge stood a palace ; and those two palaces had a communication each with the other by means of a passage under the bed of the river, vaulted at the time in which it was laid dry t. The "/./ palace, which stood on the east side of the river, was three miles and three quarters in compass. It stood near the temple of Belus. The new palace stood on the west side. It was much larger than the * The reviewer then goes on tp say : " By way of comparing thit with work of modern times, we may notice, that the Bristol ship canal, one of the late projects, was intended to have been eighty miles long, one hundred feet wide, and thirty feet deep ; and the estimated cost was four millions sterling. To be sure, labour WMS cheaper at Babylon than in London, and well it might be; for if the Babylonian lake were to be made now in England, it would cost the trifling sum of four thousand two hundred and twenty-one millions sterling !" f The reader will naturally be reminded of the tunnel now con- strutting under the Thames ; a much more difficult and extensive undertaking. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 131 old one ; being seven miles and a half in compass*. It was surrounded with three walls, one within the other, with considerable spaces between ; and these, with those at the other palace, were embellished with an infinite variety of sculptures, representing all kinds of animals to the life ; amongst which was one more celebrated than all the rest. This was a hunting piece, representing Semiramis on horseback throwing a javelin ; and Ninus, her husband, piercing a lion. Near the old palace stood a vast structure, known from all antiquity, and celebrated in every age as the most wonderful structure ever yet built ; viz., the temple of Belus. We have given some account of it from Herodotus already. A tower of vast size stood in the middle of it. At its foundation it was a square of a furlong on each side ; that is, half a mile in its whole compass, and the eighth part of a mile in height. It consisted of eight towers, built one above another, gradually decreasing in size to the top. Its height exceeded that of the largest of the pyramids t. It was built of bricks and bitumen. The ascent to the top was on the outside, by means of stairs, winding, in a spiral line, eight times round the tower from the bottom to the top. There were many large rooms in the different stories, with arched roofs, supported by pillars. On the top was an observatory, the Babylonians having been more cele- brated than any other people of ancient times for their knowledge of astronomy |. * Going in and out, we should suppose, with every angle. Should any one do this with a rule at St. Paul's Cathedral, it is probable he might compass a mile. f The largest pyramid is 1 10 feet higher than St. Paul's, with a base occupying about the same area as Lincoln's Inn Fields. J The advantageous situation of Babyloi, which was built upou a wide, extended, flat country, where no mountains bounded the prospect ; the constant clearness and serenity of the air in that K2 132 RUINS or \N 11 NT Notwithstanding the opinions of many, that this tower was built expressly for astronomical purposes, it appears certain that it was used as a temple also : for the riches of it were immense ; consisting of sta- tues, tables, censers, cups, and other sacred vessels, all of massy gold. Among these was a statue, weigh- ing a thousand talents of Babylon, forty feet high. Indeed, so rich was this temple, that Diodorus does not hesitate to value all it contained at not less than six thousand three hundred Babylonian talents of gold ; which implies a sum equivalent to twenty-one millions of pounds sterling ! Surely some error must have crept into the MS. This temple stood till the time of Xerxes. On the return of that prince from Greece he plundered it j and then caused it to be entirely demolished. When Alexander returned from India, he formed the design of rebuilding it upon the ancient plan ; and probably, had he lived, he would have accomplished his wish. Ten thousand men were put to work to clear away the rubbish ; but he died in the midst of his preparation. Many of the chief erections in this city \\ planned and executed by Semiramis. When she had finished them, she made a progress through the va- rious divisions of her empire ; and wherever she went left monuments of her magnificence, by many noble structures, which she erected, either for the conve- nience or the ornament of her cities*. She was the best political economist of ancient times, and may truly be styled the first utilitarian : for she applied country, so favourable to the fire contemplation of the heavent ; perha|>, alto, the extraordinary height of the tower of Babel, which teems to have been intended for an observatory ; nil these circum- ttancet were strong motive* to engage thit people to a more nice obtcrvation of the various motion* of the heavenly bodies, and the regular course of the ttart. ROLLIN. * Diodorus states, that in his time many monument* still re- mained with inscriptions upon them. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 133 herself to the formation of causeways, the improve- ment of roads, the cutting through mountains, and the filling up valleys. She applied herself, also, most particularly, to the forming of aqueducts, in order that water might be conveyed to such places as wanted it : in hot climates desiderata of the first importance. Valerius Maximus* records a circumstance of her, which paints the influence she possessed over her people in a very striking manner. One day, as she was dressing herself, word was brought that a tumult was raging in the city. Without waiting to dress herself, she hurried from her palace with her head half dressed, and did not return till the disturbance was entirely appeased t. We now pass on to the dream of Nebuchadnezzar, because the accomplishment of that dream is con- nected with the splendid state of Babylon in the time of its glory. This dream was, that;]; "he saw a tree in the midst of the earth, whose height was great : the tree grew, and was strong, and the height of it reached unto heaven, and the sight thereof to the end of the earth. The leaves were fair, and the fruit much ; and in it was meat for all : the beasts of the field had shadow under it, and the fowls of heaven dwelt in the boughs thereof, and all flesh was fed of it. I saw the visions of my head on the bed, and, behold, a watcher, and an holy one, came down from heaven ; he cried aloud, and said thus : ' Hew down the tree, and cut off his branches, shake off his leaves, and scatter his fruit ; let the beasts get away from under it, and the fowls from his branches. * Val. Max. ix. c. 3. f A statue was erected in memory of this action, representing her in that very attitude, and the undress, which had not prevented her from flying to her duty. J Daniel, c. iv. 134 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. Nevertheless, leave the stump of his roots in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in tho tender grass of the field ; and let it be \vct with the dew of heaven, and let his portion be with the beasts in the grass of the earth. Let his heart be chanircd from man's, and let a beast's heart be given to him. This matter is by the decree of the watchers, and tho demand of the word of the holy ones, to the intent that the living may know, that the Most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth to whom- soever he will, and sotteth up over it the basest of men.' " This dream was expounded by Daniel. *' Let the dream be to them, O king, that hate thee ; and the interpretation thereof to thine enemies." The pro- phet then declared, " that the king should be driven from the company of men for seven years ; should be reduced to the fellowship of the beasts of the field, and feed upon grass like oxen ; that his kingdom should, nevertheless, be preserved for him, and ho should repossess his throne, when he should have learnt to know and acknowledge, that all power is from above, and comcth from heaven." At the end of twelve months, as Nebuchadnezzar was walking in his palace, and admiring the lieauty and magnificence of his buildings, ho became so elated at the sight of the structures he had erected, that he exclaimed " Is not this great Babylon, that I have built for the house of the kingdom by the might of my power, and for the honour of my ma- jesty ?" In an instant, a voice came from heaven declaratory of his fate, and his understanding was taken from him. He was driven from men, and did eat grass like oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven ; till his hairs were grown like eagles' feathers, and his nails like birds' claws. At the expiration of seven years he recovered his RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 135 intellectual powers. He was restored to his throne, and became more powerful than he had been before. At this period he is supposed to have built the hanging gardens, which have been so celebrated in every age. Amytis, his wife, having been bred in Media, for she was the daughter of Astyages, king of that country, had been much taken with the mountains and woody parts of her native country, and therefore desired to have something like it at Babylon. To gratify this passion, the king, her husband, raised the hanging gardens. Diodorus, however, ascribes them to Cyrus; and states that he built them to gratify a courtezan. They are thus described by Quintus Curtius : " Near the castle are those wonders, which are so often celebrated by the Greek poets ; gardens ele- vated in the air, consisting of entire groves of trees, growing as high as the tops of the towers, marvel- lously beautiful and pleasant from their height and shade. The whole weight of them is sustained and borne up by huge pillars, upon whteh there is a floor of square stone, that both upholdeth the earth, that lies deep on the pillar, and also the cisterns with which it is watered. The trees that grow upon this are many of them eight cubits in circumference, and every thing is as fruitful as if they grew on the natural ground ; and, although process of time de- stroys things made by mortal hands, and also even the works of nature, yet this terrace, although op- pressed with the weight of so much earth, and so great a multitude of trees, still remains unperished, being held up by seventy broad walls, distant from each other about eleven feet. When these trees (concludes Curtius), are seen afar off, they seem to be a wood growing upon a mountain." This may well be, since they comprised a square of about four hundred feet on every side, and were carried up into 136 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. the air in the manner of several large terraces, one above another, till the highest equalled the height of the walls of the city. The floors were laid <>ut thus*: On the top of the arches were first hiie more just than to repel the injury they \vouM bring upon us? t Is then- any thing more honourable, t!i:in t-> fly t<> the assistance of our friends ? But what ought to be the jirim -i]> il motive of your confidence is, that I do not engage in this expedition without having first consulted tin- gods, and implored their protection ; for you know it is my custom to begin all my actions, and all my undertakings, in that manner." Cyrus, after several battles, laid siege to Babylon. It was in the days of Belshazzar. That prince was absorbed in luxury and sloth. A great festival was to be held within the palace, and Cyrus heard of it. He prepared himself, therefore, and all his army. The court, in the meantime, was rife in every species of dance, feast, and revelry. In the pride of his heart, Bclshazzar ordered all the gold and silver ves- sels, which had been taken from the temple of Jeru- salem, to be brought to the banqueting-room ; and he and his officers, and his wives and his concubines, drank out of them. No sooner was this done, than the fingers of a man's hand came out from the wall, and wrote over the candlestick upon the plaster. The king saw the hand ; and when he saw it " his countenance was changed, and his thoughts troubled him, so that the joints of his loins were loosed, and his knees smote one against another." lie summoned the magi, and made proclamation. ** Whoever shall read this writing, and show me the interpretation thereof, shall be clothed with scarlet, and have a chain about his neck, and shall be the third ruler in the kingdom." Daniel, the prophet, interpreted this writing. " This is the writing that was written : M i M: MKNE, TKKEL, U THAKSIN. This is the interpretation of the thing. .M i M ; God hath numbered thy kingdom, and finished it. TEKEL, ; them art weighed in the balances, and found want- RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 139 ing. PERES ; thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians *." Notwithstanding this interpretation, Belshazzar continued the feast, and to grace it the more, performed his promise. He commanded, and " they clothed Daniel with scarlet, and put a chain of gold about his neck, and made a proclamation concerning him, that he should be the third ruler of the kingdom." In the meantime, Cyrus, well aware of the riot and luxury prevailing in the king's palace, entered the city by the river, the waters of which he had managed to be drawn dry, by means of the sluices. He and his army entered through the gates of brass, which opened on the quays. This they did in two divisions ; then they proceeded through the city ; met before the palace ; slew the guards ; and some of the company having come out to see what was the cause of the noise they heard, the soldiers rushed in and immediately made themselves masters of the palace. The king, however, in this last extremity, acted in a manner more worthy than might have been expected. He put himself at the head of those who were inclined to support him; but he was quickly despatched, and all those that were with him. Thus terminated the Babylonian empire, after a duration of two hundred and ten years, from the beginning of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, who was its founder ; and the fate of which had been so truly foretold. " Babylon, the glory of kingdoms," says Isaiah, " and the beauty of the Chaldees' excellency, shall be as when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah. It shall never be inhabited : neither shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation ; neither shall the Arabians pitcli their tent there ; neither shall the shepherds make their fold there ; but wild beasts of the desert shall lie there ; and their houses shall be * Daiiiel, ch. v., ver. 25. 140 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIK8. full of doleful creatures; and owls shall dwell there, and satyrs shall dance there ; and the wild beasts of the island shall cry in their desolate houses, aul dra- gons in their pleasant palaces. I will also make it a possession for the bittern and pools of water ; ami I will sweep it with the besom of destruction." Events answered the prophecy, though not precisely at this time *. From this period Babylon belonged to the Persian kings : but having become greatly affronted by the transference of the royal court to Susa, the inhabitants revolted. By this insult, they drew upon them- selves the whole force of the Persian empire. The inhabitants had provided themselves with every necessary to support a siege. But lest it might last longer than they anticipated, they put the most bar- barous act in practice that ever had then been heard of from the creation of the world. They assembled all their wives and children, and strangled them ; no man being allowed to preserve more than one wife and a servant to do the necessary business of his house. The siege lasted eighteen months. Darius himself began to despair. Some friends having taken the liberty, one day, to propose the question to Darius, who was then holding * Isaiah xiii. 19, 22 ; xiv. 23, 24. It hu been well observed by Bishop Newton, that it must afford all reader* of an exalted taste and generous sentiments, a very sensible pleasure to hear the pro. phets exulting over such tyrants and oppressors as the kings of Assyria. " In the fourteenth chapter of Isaiah," continues he, " there is an Epinikion, or a triumphant ode upon the fall of Babylon. It represents the infernal mansions as moved, and the ghosts of deceased tyrants as rising to meet the king of Babylon, and congratulate bis coming among them." " It is really ad- mirable for the severest strokes of irony as well as for the sublimest strains of poetry. The Greek poet Alcvus, who is celebrated for his hatred to tyrants, and whose odes were animated with the spirit of liberty no less than with the spirit of poetry, we may presume to say, never wrote any thing comparable to it." RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. l4l a pomegranate in his hand : " What good is there you would wish to multiply as often as that fruit contains seeds?" "Such friends asZopyrus," answered the king, without hesitation. This answer threw Zopyrus into one of those paroxysms of zeal, which can only be justified by the sentiment that gives them birth. One morning the king observed one of his courtierg make his appearance before him, bathed in blood, with his ears and nose entirely cut off, and his whole body wounded in many places. When Darius saw this, he started from his throne, advanced to the wounded person, and eagerly inquired of him who had treated him in so terrible a manner ? " You, yourself, O king ! " answered Zopyrus. " My wish to render you a service has put me in this condition. As I was persuaded that you would never have consented to this method, I have consulted none but the zeal I have for your service." He then told the king that he had formed the plan of going over to the enemy in that condition. His plan will be explained in the result. He left the camp, and proceeded to the walls of Babylon. When he arrived before the gates, he told the Baby- lonians who he was. He was immediately admitted and carried before the governor. There he com- plained of Darius, accusing him of having reduced him -to such an unfortunate condition : and that because he had advised him to give up the siege. Saying this, he offered his services to the governor and people of Babylon : stating that his revenge would be a sufficient stimulus and reward for his exertions ; and that he would be found fully ade- quate to cope with the enemy, since he was well acquainted with all the arts, and discipline, and strata- gems of the Persians. When the Babylonians heard all this, and saw the 1-4*2 RUIN8 OF ANC1F.NT CITIES. dreadful condition in which Zopyrus was, they gave him tht- command of as many troops as he doiivd. With the-e lie made a sally, and cut oil' more than a thousand of the enemy : Darius having previously concerted with him. In a few days he made an- other sally, when he cut off double the number. In a third he destroyed not less than four thousand. " Nothing," say the historians, " was now talked of but the condition and success of Zopyrus." This was, indeed, so much the case, that he was at length appointed commander-in-chief. The whole matter, as we have stated before, was a stratagem between Zopyrus and Darius. Now, then, as Zopyrus had become master of the forces, he sent intelligence to the king. The king approached with his army. Zopyrus opened the gates, and the city was delivered into the king's hands. No sooner did Darius find himself master of the town, than he ordered its hundred gates to be pulled down, and its walls to be partly demolished * : but, in order to keep up the population, he caused fifty thousand women to be brought from the several provinces of his empire to supply the place of those the inhabitants had so cruelly destroyed at the be- ginning of the siege ; and for having perpetrated that Porily, not entirely. "Herodotus nates iliut Duriu* 1I>- taspes, on the taking of Babylon by the stratagem of Xopvrns, * IcTellcd the wall* and took away the gnte*, neither of \vliirh Cyrus had done.' Rut let it be remarked that Darius lived a century and u half before Alexander, in whose time the walls n|i|K-ar to have been in the original state ; or, at least, nothing is said that implies the contrary; and it cannot be believed, if Darius had taken the trouble to level thirty-four miles of so pro- digious a rampart as that of Ruby Ion, that e'Ver it would have been rebuilt in the manner described by Ctcsias, Clitarchus, and others, who describe it at a much later period. Besides, it would have been quite unnecessary to level more than a part of the wall ; and in this way, probably, the historian ought to be understood." KEN NELL. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 143 horrific act, he caused three thousand of the most distinguished of the nobility to be crucified*. Babylon remained in the possession of the kings of Persia for several generations t. But it soon ceased to be a royal residence, the sovereigns having chosen to reside either at Shusan, Ecbatana, or Per- sepolis ; and, the better to reduce it to ruin, they built Seleucia in its neighbourhood, and caused the chief portion of its inhabitants to remove to Ctesiphon. The course of our subject now descends to the time, when Darius Codomanus became sovereign of Babylon, in right of being king of Persia. This prince was conquered at the Granicus by Alexander. Not long after, he lost another battle ; viz. that of Arbela : after which the conqueror made what is called his " triumphant entry" into Babylon. He entered, we are told, at the head of his army, as if he had been marching to a battle. " The walls," says the historian, " were lined with people, notwith- standing the greatest part of the citizens were gone out before, from the impatient desire they had to see their new sovereign, whose renown had far out- stripped his march. The governor and guardian of the treasure strewed the street with flowers, and raised on both sides of the way silver altars, which smoked not only with frankincense, but the most fragrant perfumes of every kind. Last of all, came the presents, which were made to the king ; viz. herds of cattle and a great number of horses ; also lions and panthers, which were carried in cages. After these the magi walked, singing hymns after the * Herod. Tiiaiia. c. v. ch. ix. T" Cyrus ; Cambyses ; Sinerdis Magus ; Darius the son of Hys- taspes ; Xerxes I.; Artaxerxes Longimanus ; Xerxes II.; Sog- iluinus ; Darius Nothus; Artaxerxes Mueiuon ; Artaxerxes (Jehus ; Arses ; and Darius Codoinnnus. 144 nriNS OP ANCIENT CITIES. manner of tlieir country; then the ChaldaMM, paniedbythe Babylonian soothsayers ami musicians. It was customary for the latter to sing the praises of their king to their instruments ; and tin riiaM.-rans to observe the motion of the planets and the vicissi- tudes of seasons." " The rear," continues the author, from whom we quote, ** was brought up by the Babylonish cavalry, which, both men and horsemen, were so sumptuous, that imagination can scarce reach their magnificence." The king caused the people to walk after his infantry, and, himself sur- rounded by his guards, and seated on a chariot, entered the city, and from thence rode to the palace. On the next day he took a survey of all Darius' money and movables. These, however, he did not keep to himself. He distributed a large portion of it to his troops : giving to each Macedonian horse- man fifteen pounds ; to each mercenary horseman about five pounds; to every Macedonian foot- soldier five pounds ; and to every one of the rest two months of their ordinary pay. Nor did he stop there. He gave orders, that all the temples which had been thrown down by the order of Xerxes should be rebuilt ; most especially that of Belus. On his second visit to this city, he was met some miles from the town by a deputation of old men, who told him that the stars had indicated that, if he ventured into the city, some signal misfortune would befal him. At first the king was greatly alarmed and perplexed. But having consulted some Greek phi- losophers who chanced to be in his army, they threw such contempt on astrology in general, and the Babylonish astrologers in particular, that he resolved to continue his march, and the same day entered the city with all his army. Soon after this, designing to raise a monument to his friend Ilephaestion, he caused nearly six furlongs RUINS OF AXCIENT CITIES. 145 of the city wall to bo beat down ; and having got together a vast number of skilful workmen, lie built a very magnificent monumental structure over the part he had caused to be levelled. That the reader may have a distinct idea of the grandeur of this structure, it is necessary to admit a full account of it. It is thus given in Rollin's " History of Alexander" : " It was divided into thirty parts, in each of which was raised a uniform building, the roof of which was covered with great planks of palm-tree wood. The whole formed a perfect square, the circumference of which was adorned with extraordinary magnificence. Each side was a furlong, or an hundred fathoms in length. At the foot of it, and in the first row, there was set two hundred and forty- four prows of ships gilded, on the buttresses or supporters whereof the statues of two archers, four cubits high, with one knee on the ground, were fixed ; and two other statues, in an xipright posture, completely armed, bigger than the life, being five cubits in height. The spaces between the rows were spread and adorned with scarlet cloth. Over these prows was a colonnade of large flambeaux which, ending attop, terminated to wards eagles, which, with their heads turned downwards, and extended wings, served as capitals. Dragons fixed near, or upon the base, turned their heads upwards towards the eagles. Over this colonnade stood a third, in the base of which was represented, in relievo, a party of hunting animals of every kind. On the superior order, that is, the fourth, the combat of Centaurs was represented in gold. Finally, on the fifth, golden figures, representing lions and bulls, were placed alternately. The whole edifice terminated with mili- tary trophies after the Macedonian and Babylonian fashion, as so many symbols of the victory of thf former, and the defeat of the latter. On the enta- VOL. I. L 146 BDIXS or AN( ii M ( i Matures and root- \\ . i . n-prfsi-nted Syrens, tin- hollow bodies of which were filled, but in an imperceptible manner, with musicians, who sang mournful airs ami dinars in honour of the deceased. This edifice waa upwards of one hundred and thirty cubits high ; that is, one hundred and ninety-live feet. The beauty and the design of this structure," concludes our author, " the singularity and magnificence of the decorations, and the several ornaments of it, Mil-parsed the most wonderful productions of fancy, and were all in exquisite taste. The designer and architect of the whole, was Stasicrates ; he who offered to cut Mount Athos into the shape of a man. The cost of this monument was no less than twelve thousand talents ; that is, more than one million eight hundred thousand pounds!" Alexander resided at Babylon more than a year. During this time he planned a multitude of things; amongst which, we are told that, finding Babylon to surpass in extent, in conveniency, and in whatever can be wished, either for the necessities or pleasures of life, all the other cities of the East, he resolved to make it the seat of his empire*. With this view ho planned many improvements, and undertook some ; and would have, doubtless, accomplished much that he intended, for he was still but a very young man, when death cut him short in the midst of his career Leaving a name, at which the world grew pale, To point n moral, or adorn a tale f> * " Babylon wat designed by Alexander to be not only the capital of hit empire, but alto a great port and naval arsenal. To contain hi* fleet, he ordrrrd a bain to be excavated, capable of admitting a thousand tail, to which wore to be added dockt and magazines for tore*. The *lii, of Ncarchut, at well at others from Phoenicia, were already arrived. They had been taken to piece* on the Me- diterranean coast, and conveyed overland to Thapsacui, where they had been put together, and then navigated down the Kupliratcs." Thf object of all thin wat to enable him to invnde Arabia. t Sir John Malcolm tayt, that many tradition* still exist in RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 147 And this calls to our recollection the prophecies which had been uttered: "I will cut off from Babylon the name and remnant." " I will make it a possession for the bittern." " I will sweep it with the besom of destruction." " It shall never be inhabited; neither shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation." Such was the fate of this city ; insomuch that, in process of time it became entirely forsaken, and the Persian kings made a park among its ruins, in which they kept wild beasts for hunting. Instead of citi- zens, there were boars, leopards, bears, deer, and wild asses. Nothing remained but portions of its walls, a great part even of these at last fell down. They were never repaired, and for many ages, so great was the ruin, that even the remains of it were supposed to have been swept from the face of the earth *. Persia, in regard to this wonderful person. Amongst others, this : " The astrologers had foretold, that when Alexander's death was near, he would place his throne where the earth was of iron and the sky of gold. When the hero, fatigued with conquest, directed his march towards Greece, he was one day seized with a bleeding at the nose. A general who was near, unlacing his coat of mail, spread it for his priuce to sit en ; and, to defend him from the snn, held a golden shield over his head. When Alexander saw himself in this situation, he exclaimed, ' The prediction of the astrologers is accomplished, I no longer belong to the living ! Alas! that the work of my youth should be finished! Alas! that the plant of the spring should be cut down like the ripened tree of autumn ! ' He wrote to his mother, saying, he should shortly quit the earth and pass to the regions of the dead. He requested that the alms given at his death should be bestowed on such as had never seen the miseries of the world, and who had never lost those who were dear to them. In conformity to his will, his mother sought, but in vain, for such persons. All had tasted the woes and griefs of life ; all had lost those whom they loved. She found in this a consolation which her son had intended, for her great loss. She saw that her own was the common lot of humanity." * In describing the overthrow, the prophet is admirable ; rising by a judicious gradation into all the pomp of horror, g. d. " Now, indeed, it is thronged with citizens ; 1)ut the hour is coming, when it shall be entirely depopulated, and not so much as a single L2 148 nriN.s or AM II:M ci i A short timcaftrr tin- death of Ah'.xandcr, llahyl..u \< . 1-aiin- a theatre for hostility Ktuvrn Demetrius and Seleucus. Seleucus had got possession of tho city. When Antigonus learned this, he sent his son, Demetrius, with an army to drive him out of it. Demetrius, according to his father's order, gathered all the force he could command at Damascus, ami marched thence to Babylon ; where, finding that Selencus had gone into Media, he entered the city without opposition; but, to his great surprise ami mortification, he found it in threat part deserted, The cause was this: Seleucus had left the town under the charge of a governor named Patrocles. AN' hen Demetrius was within a short distance, this governor retreated out of the walls into the fens, and com- manded all persons to fly from the city. This mul- titudes of them did ; some into the deserts, and others beyond the Tigris. Demetrius, finding the town deserted, laid siege to the castles ; for there were two, both well garrisoned and of largo extent. One of these castles he took ; and, having plundered not only the city, but the whole province, of every thing he could lay his hands on, he returned to his inhabitant left. Lest yon should think, that in process of time it may be re-edified, and again abound with joyful multitudes, it shall never be inhabited more ; no, never to be dwelt in any more, from generation to veneration; but shall continue a dismal waste, through all succeeding ages. A waste so dismal, that none of the neigh- bouring shepherds shall make their fold, or find so much as an occasional shelter for their flocks ; where kings, grandees, and crowd* of affluent citizens were wont to repose themselves in pro- found tranquillity. Even the rude and roving Arabian shall not venture to pitch his tent, nor be able to procure for himself the poor accommodation of a night's lodging ; where millions of polite people basked in the sunshine of profuse prosperity. In short ; it shall neither be habitable, nor accessible ! but a dwelling place for dra- gon*, and a court for owls ; an astonishment, and a hissing. What was once the golden city, and the metropolis of the world, shall be an everlasting scene of desolation, a fearful monument of divine vengeance, and an awful admonition to human piidc." RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 1 49 father, leaving a garrison. The robbery, however, did not go unpunished ; for the Babylonians were so grievously offended at it, that, at the return of Seleu- cus, they received him with open arms ; and thus began the true reign of Seleucus. That prince, how- ever, did not long make Babylon his capital. He built Seleucia on the western bank of the Tigris, forty miles from Babylon, over against the spot where now stands the city of Bagdad. To this new city, Seleucus invited the Babylonians generally to trans- plant themselves. This they did, and Babylon became, in process of time, so desolate, that Strabo assures us* that, in his time, Babylon, " once the greatest city that the sun ever saw," had nothing left but its walls The area had been ploughed. In the fourth century St. Jerome notes, that Babylon was become a park for the Parthian and afterwards for the Persian kings to keep their wild beasts for hunting in ; the walls being kept up to serve for a fence for the enclosure. No writer for several hundred years has been found to mention this city from this time, till Benjamin of Tudelat (in Navarre) visited the spot, and related, on his return, that he had stood where this old city had formerly stood ; and that he had found it wholly desolated and destroyed. " Some ruins," said he, " of Nebu- chadnezzar's palace remain ; but men are afraid to go near them on account of the multitude of serpents and scorpions there are in the place." It was afterwards visited by the celebrated Por- tuguese traveller, Texeira, who says, " That there was, in his time, only a few footsteps of this famous city ; and that there was no place in all that country * About the middle of the second century, when Strabo was there, the walls wore reduced to fifty cubits in height, and twenty- one in breadth. t About the year 1169. 150 RCIN'B OF ANCIENT CIV less frequented." In 1574 it was visited by a fJer- nian traveller, Ran wolf. " The village of Elugo," says lu-, " lieth on the place where formerly old Babylon, the metropolis of Chaldea, did stand. The harbour lieth a quarter of a league off, where- unto those use to go that intend to travel by land to the famous city of Bagdad, which is situated further to the east on the river Tigris, at a day ami a .half's distance. This country is so dry and barren that it cannot be tilled, and so bare that I should have doubted very much, whether this potent ami powerful city (which once was the most stately and famous one of the world, situated in the pleasant and fruitful country of Sinar,) did stand there ; if I had not known it by its situation, and several an- cient and delicate antiquities, that still are standing hereabout in great desolation*. First, by the old bridge, which was laid over the Euphrates, whereof there are some pieces and arches still remaining, built of burned brick, and so strong, that it is admirable. Just before the village of Elugo is the hill whereon the castle did stand, in a plain, whereon you may still see some ruins of the fortification, which is quite demolished and uninhabited. Behind it, and pretty near to it, did stand the tower of Babylon. This we see still, and it is half a league in diameter ; but * The soil of Babylonia, in the time of Herodotus, may be in no small degree judged of by what tliat liistoiian states : "Of all coun- tries, which have come under in v observation, this is far the most fruitful in com. Fruit-trees, such an the vine, the olive, and the fig, they do not even attempt to cultivate; but the soil is so par. ticularly well adapted for corn, that it never produces less than two-hundredfold ; in seasons which are remarkably favourable it will sometimes produce three hundred ; the car of their wheat as well as barley is four digits in size. The immense height to wliirh millet will grow, although I have witnessed it myself, I know not how to mention. I am well aware that they who have not wit- nessed the country will deem whatever I may say upon the subject, a violation of probability." CLIO, cxcui. RUIN'S OP ANCIENT CITIES. 151 so mightily ruined and low, and so full of venomous reptiles, that have bored holes through it, that one may not come near it within half a mile, but only in two months in the winter, when they come not out of their holes *." The next traveller that visited Babylon appears to have been Delia Valle (A. D. 1616). When at Bagdad he was led, by curiosity rather than busi- ness, to visit Babylon, which, says he, was well known to the people in that city, as well by its name of Babel, as by the traditions concerning it. " He found," says Rennell, " at no great distance from the eastern bank of the Euphrates, a vast heap of ruins, of so heterogeneous a kind, that, as he expresses it, he could find nothing whereon to fix his judgment as to what it might have been in its original state. He recollected the descriptions of the tower of Belus, in the writings of the ancients, and supposed that this might be the ruins of it." He then proceeds to give measurements ; but better accounts have been re- ceived since. The remains of Babylon have been visited in our times by several accomplished travellers, amongst whom may be especially noted Mr. Rich and Sir Robert Ker Porter. The former of these travellers has given the most distinct and circumstantial account ; but, before we state what he has afforded us, we afford space for that passage of Sir Robert, in which he describes his first entry into the scene. " We now came to the north-east shore of the Euphrates, hitherto totally excluded from our view by the intervening long and varied lines of ruin, which now proclaimed to us, on every side, that we were indeed in the midst of what had been Babylon. * There is a copy of Rauwolf's work in the British Museum, enriched by a multitude of MS. notes by Grouovius, to whom it would seem the copy once belonged. RUINS 01 From tlit* point, on which we stood, to the ki tli" Mujelihi-, lar^c masses of ancient foundations spread on onrri^lit, moiv iv*. milling natural hills in appear.mc". than mounds covering tin- remains of former great and splendid edifices. The \\hole view was particularly solemn. The majestic stream of the Euphrates wan.lcrin<; in solitude, like a pilgrim mon- nreli through the silent ruins of his devastated king- dom, still appeared a nohle river, even under all the disadvantages of its desert-traekt d course. Its hanks were hoary with rei-ds, and the grey osier willows were yet there, on which the captives of Israel hung np their harps, and, while J<-rit*,ili'in ims not.' refused to be comforted. JUit how is the rest of the s changed since then ! At that time, these broken hills were palaces; those long, undulating mounds, str this vast solitude, filled with the busy subjects of the proud daughter of the East ! now, *if.v/. ./ ////// misery,' her habitations are not to be found ; and, for herself, ' the worm if spread oner her.' The banks of the Euphrates are, nevertheless, still covered with willows, as they were in ancient times*." For the following particulars we arc, principally, indebted to Mr. Rich, several years British minister at Bagdad. " The town of Ilillah, enclosed within a brick wall, and known to have been built in the twelfth century, stands upon the western hanks of the Euphrates (latitude thirty-two degrees, twenty- eight minutes). It is forty-eight miles south of Bagdad. The country, for miles around, is a flat, * By tlic livirs of B;il>ylon, there we sat down; yen, we ucpt, when c remembered Zion. 2. We hanged our harp* upon the willows in the midnt thereof. 3. For there thcr that rarticd lit away captive required of us a nng ; and they, that uat>tcd u, required of u mirth, tnying, Sing u* one of the tongs of /inn. 4. II\v hall we biug the Lord's long in a strange lurid ? PSALM cxxxvij. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 153 uncultivated waste ; but it is traversed, in different directions, by what appear to be the remains of canals, and by mounds of great magnitude ; most of which, upon being excavated, are found to contain bricks, some of which wVre evidently dried in the sun, others baked by a furnace, and stamped with inscriptions in a character now unknown." " The soil of the plains of ancient Assyria and Babylonia," - Major Keppt'll, '* consists of a fine clay, mixed with sand, with which, as the waters retire, the shores are covered. This compost, when dried with the heat of the sun, becomes a hard and solid mass, and forms the finest materials for the beautiful bricks for which Babylon was celebrated." Hillah is built of such bricks; but there are others of more ancient appearance, which, no doubt, belonged to ancient Babylon ; since they are stamped with characters, which have been ascribed to the Chaldeans. Hillah, then, stands upon the site of ancient Babylon : that is, a portion of it. Though this is certainly the case, there are no ruins at Hillah ; the nearest being at a distance of two miles to the north, 'and upon the eastern side of the river. The first of these remains consists of a vast mound of earth, three thousand three hundred feet long, by two thousand four hundred feet broad, at its base, curved, at the south side, into the form of a quadrant. Its height is sixty feet at the highest part : and the whole appears to have been formed by the decomposition of sun-dried bricks, channelled and furrowed by the weather ; and having 'the surface strewed with pieces of pottery, bricks, and bitumen. This mound is called Amran. On the north of this mound is another square, of two thousand one hundred feet, having one of its angles, to the south-west, connected with the other by a ridge, three hundred feet broad, and of l.">4 RUINS 01 considerable height. The luiildin^. of which this is a ruin, seems to have born finished in a very parti- cular manner, for the bricks are of the tin. -t descrip- tion. " This is the place," says Mr. Rich, " whero lieauchamp made his observations, and it is < -ertaiuly the most interesting part of the ruins of Hahylon. Every vestige discoverable in it declares it to have been composed of buildings far superior to all the rest, which have left traces in the eastern quarter : the bricks are of the finest description ; and notwith- standing this is the grand storehouse of them, and that the greatest supplies have been, and are no\v, constantly drawn from it, they appear still to be abundant." To the north of this ruin is a ravine, hollowed out by brick -searchers, about three hundred feet long, ninety wide, and one hundred and twenty feet deep. At the north end of this ravine an opening leads to a subterranean passage, floored and walled with large bricks, laid in bitumen, and roofed with single slabs of sand-stone, three feet thick, and from eight to twelve long. In this passage was found a colossal piece of sculpture, in black marble. " There 1 dis- covered," says Mr. Rich, " what Beauchamp saw imperfectly, and understood from the natives to be an idol*. I was told the same thing t, and that it * The words of Beauchamp are : " I employed two men for three hour* in clearing a (tone, which they supposed to be an idol. The part, which I got a light of, appeared to be nothing but a shape- ICM mast : it WA* evident, however, that it was not a simple block, a* it bore the marks of a rhiscl, and there were pretty deep holes in it." Sir Robert Ker Porter says, it it a common idea with the Turks, that the real object with Europeans, in vikiting the banks of the Euphrates, is not to explore antiquities, as we pietend, but to make a laborious pilgrimage to these almoftt shapeless relics of a race of unbelievers more ancient than ourselves ; and to perform certain mysterious religious rites before them, which excite no uuull curiosity amongst the Faithful to inquire into. f It is probable, that many fragments of antiquity, especially of RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 155 was discovered by an old Arab in digging, but that, not knowing what to do with it, he covered it up again." On sending for the old man, and he having pointed out the spot, Mr. Rich set a number of men to work, and, after a day's hard labour, they laid open enough of the statue to show that it was a lion of colossal dimensions, standing on a pedestal. Its material was a gray granite, and it was of rude workmanship. The mound, last described, is called by the natives the palace (El Kasr} *. The walls are eight feet thick, ornamented with niches, and strengthened by pilasters and buttresses, all built of fine brick, laid in lime cement of such tenacity, that it cannot be separated without breaking. Hence it is, that so much of it remains perfect. This remarkable ruin is visible from a considerable distance, and is so fresh, that it is only upon minute inspection, that Mr. Rich became satisfied, that it is really a Babylonian remain. Near this are several hollows, in which several per- sons have lost their lives ; so that no one will now venture into them, and their entrances are, therefore, become choked with rubbish. There are two paths near this ruin, made by the workmen, who carry down their bricks to the river side, whence they are transported to Hillah ; and at a short distance to the north-north-east the celebrated tree stands, which is called by the natives Athele, the larger kind, are lost in this manner. The inhabitants call all Stones, with inscriptions or figures on them, idols. RICH. * *' The mass on which the Kasr stands,'' says Sir R. K. Porter, " is above the general level full seven hundred feet. Its length is nearly four hundred yards ; its breadth six hundred ; but its form is now very irregular. Much of the debris, which this interest- ing spot presented to the Abb& Beauchamp and Mr. Rich in 1811, have now totally disappeared ; the aspect of the summit and sides suffering constant changes from the everlasting digging in its appa- rently inexhaustible quarries for brick of the strongest and finest material. ir>6 nti an 1 \\hii-li they assert to have on.v !l<>m ished in the IriiiL'in^ i r :ir.lt n- ; ami v%hi<-h they as religiously believe (iod purposely preserved, that it ini^ht atloul Mahomet a convenient shade, beneath which to tie up his horse, after the battle of Ilillah ! It is an evergreen, of the lignum-vitje species. " Its trunk has been originally enormous; but at last, worn away by time, only part of its original circumference, hollow and shattered, supports the whole of its yet spreading and evergreen branches. They are parti cularlv beautiful, being adorned with long tress-like tendrils, resembling heron- feathers, growing from a central stem. These slender and delicate sprays. bending towards the ground, gave the whole an appearance of a weeping-willow, while their gentle waving in the wind made a low and melancholy sound. This tree is revered as holy by the A raits, from a tradition among them, that the Almighty preserved it here, from the earliest time, to form a refuge in after ages for the Caliph AH ; who, fainting with fatigue from the battle of Ilillah, found a secure repose under its shade. The battle adverted to was fought within so short a period after the death of Mahomet, that, if any credit is to be given to the rest of the tale, the age of the tree must already have extended to a thousand years ! " When Mr. Kinneir visited Ilillah the girth of the tree was, two feet from the ground, four feet seven inches. Its height twenty feet. Nine hundred and fifty yards from the side of the river, and about a mile to the north of what is called the palace, stands the most remarkable ruin of the eastern division. This is called Mukallibe, a word signifying "overturned." This was visited, in 1616, by Delia Valle, who determined it to be the tower of Belus ; and this opinion lias been adopted, errone- ously, by Rcnnell and other writers. It is of au PvI'INS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 157 oblong shape, irregular in its height and the mea- surement of its sides, which face the cardinal points; the northern side being two hundred yards in length ; the southern side, two hundred and nineteen ; the eastern, one hundred and eighty-two; and the western, one hundred and thirty-six. The elevation of the highest angle, one hundred and forty-one feet. This mound is a solid mass. Near its summit appears a low wall, with interruptions, built of unburnt bricks, laid in clay mortar of great thickness, having a layer of reeds between every layer of bricks. On the north side are vestiges of a similar wall. The south-west angle, which is the highest point, terminates in a turret ; or, rather, heaps of rubbish, in digging into which, layers of broken burnt brick, cemented with mortar, are discovered, and whole bricks, with in- scriptions on them, are here and there found. The whole is covered with innumerable fragments of brick, pottery, pebbles, bitumen, vitrified scoria, and even shells, bits of glass, and mother-of-pearl ! When Mr. Rich saw all these, he inquired of the Turk, that acted as guide, how he imagined the glass and mother-of-pearl came there ? " They were brought here by the deluge," answered the Turk. In describing this mound, Major Keppell says, that he found it full of large holes. " We entered one of them, and found them strewed with the carcases and skeletons of animals recently killed. The ordureof wild beasts was so strong, that prudence got the better of curiosity ; for we had no doubt as to the savage nature of the inhabitants. Our guides, indeed, told us, that all the ruins abounded in lions and other wild beasts." Mr. Rich found, also, quantities of porcupine quills ; and most of the cavities, he says, are peopled with bats and owls. The pile on the Mujelibe is called Haroot and Maroot, by the Arabs ; and they believe that, near 158 nrivs or AM n NT n the foot of the pyramid, there still exists, though invisible to mankind, a well, in which tlnt<- two wicked angels were condemned by the Almighty to be suspt-nded by the heels until the end of the world, M a punishment for their vanity and presumption.* In another part of the ruins \\eiv found a brass pike and some earthen vessels (one of which was very thin, and had the remains of fine white varnish on the outside) ; also a beam of date-tree wood. Continuing the work downwards, the men arrived at a passage, in which they discovered a wooden coffin ; opening which they found a skeleton, perfect in all its parts. Under the head was placed a round pebble, and a brass ornament was attached to the skeleton. On the outside, another braes ornament was found, representing a bird : and a little farther on, they discovered the skeleton of a child. No skulls were found, either here or in the sepulchral urns that were at the bank of the river. Mr. Rich, also, found a number of urns, in the bulwark on the banks of the river. These contained ashes, and bones in small fragments. Comparing these remains with the skeletons found in the Muje- libe. he judiciously remarks, that the two modes of sepulture decidedly prove what people they were who were so interred. " There is, I believe," he adds, " no reason to suppose that the Babylonians burnt their dead : the old Persians, we know, never did." It was the common usage with the Greeks. " From this he infers," says Porter, " that the skeletons in the Mujelibe were the remains of the ancient people of Babylon ; and the urns in the embankment con- tained the ashes of Alexander's soldiers." * For the story of Haroot and Maroot, ere D'HrrMot and Richards' Pcnian Dictionary ; also Kinncir't Geographical Memuir of the 1'cniau Empire. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 159 From the south-east angle of the Mujelibe, a mound extends in a circular direction, and joins the Amran at its south-east angle, the diameter of the sweep being two miles and a half. This is supposed to have been the fortified enclosure that is described by Herodotus as encircling the palace. To the north of the Mujelibe there are no ruins of any importance. A few low mounds, however, are observed, occurring at intervals, on each side of the road from Hillah to Bagdad ; but they are of an insignificant character, and, from their situation, they are supposed to have been burying-places out- side the city, rather than buildings within its walls. The Mujelibe is supposed to have been a Babylo - nian mausoleum, rather than a temple of worship. In respect to the other ruins, it is probable that the Kasr and adjacent mounds are the remains of the royal palace, with its hanging gardens, enclosed with the circular mound, -which formed the outer wall of the palace mentioned by Herodotus, and described more in detail by Diodorus. Two or three miles upwards from the river, are the remains of what have, hitherto, been considered remains of canals. A recent traveller*, however, seems inclined to believe, that they are the remains of streets. His reasoning is probable. Canals would go all one way ; but most of these cross each other at right angles, with immense spaces of open and level ground on each side of them. We are now to note something in regard to what appears on the west side of the Euphrates. " The loose and inaccurate accounts of some modern travel- lers," says Mr. llich, " have misled D'Anville and Rennell into the belief of there being considerable ruins on the western side of the river, similar to those on the eastern." This, however, does not appear to * Buckingham. IfiO nr IN > OP AN. irvr n , In- the case; that is tu-artx th.- river. Hut although then- an- none in the immediate neighbourhood, ly far tin- most stupendous and surprising mass of all tin- ruins of H.ilivlon is situated on this side, about six niili s from Ilillah. Tliis 18 the tower of Babel, otherwise the temple of Belus. It is ealled liy the Ar:i])3,BirgA T emroud; by the Jews Nehuehadnc/y.ar's Prison. The shape of this vast ruin is oblong bavin;.' the appearance of a fallen or decayed pyramid, li :- two thousand two hundred and eighty-six feet in compass at the base ; and, on the west side, it rises conically to the height of one hundred and ninety - eight feet. "I visited the Birs," says Mr. l\ieh, ** under circumstances peculiarly favourable to gran- deur of effect. The morning was at first stormy, and threatened a severe fall of rain ; but, as we ap- proached the object of our journey, the heavy clouds separating, discovered the Biis frowning over tin- plain, and presenting the appearance of a circular hill, crowned by a tower, with a high ridge extend- ing along the foot of it. It being entirely conceal<-erpendicular fragment of brick work ; which is pro- bably the base of the third stage. On the west side, the structure rises at once from the plain like a pyramid ; the face being broken in different directions, partly by the torrents, and partly by what seems to have been some convulsion of na- ture. At the foot of the northern side, vast masses of solid brick- work are scattered over the rubbish. The building is seen to most advantage to the south ; for on that side it is by far the most perfect. The tower there rises by high and distinct stages (four), receding one within another, in proportion to their respective elevations. " Here is a ruin," says an elegant writer, " corresponding, in a most surprising degree, with the tower of Bclus, as described by Herodotus. The total circumference of the base is two thousand two hundred and eighty-six feet in- stead of one thousand nine hundred and sixty, the square of a stadium. The east and west sides remain of the original breadth nearly, and a greater portion of rubbish from the top crumbled down upon their sides, the north and south are thereby elongated ; the present height of the ruin, to the top of the wall, is two hundred and thirty-five feet less than one-half of the original height consequently the debris round the base might be expected to be much more considerable, so as to make the circumference of the base greater than it appears to be. But it must be remembered, that Alexander the Great, when he took possession of Babylon, after the defeat of Darius, employed ten thousand men for two months in re- VOL. I. M 162 itn.Ns or AM n.\ i < i . moving the rubbish, preparatory to removing the tower*. It is probable they had only cleared the south side, before the work was abandoned ; which would account for the south face being more perfect than any of the others. If we add to this, that vast quantities of the bricks have been taken away by the natives of the country, for building modern towns, the circumstance that the base so little ex- ceeds the dimensions, given by Herodotus, will no longer appear unaccountable." On Sir Robert Ker Porter's second visit to the Birs Nimrod, his party descried several dark objects moving along the summit of its hill, which tiny construed into dismounted Arabs on the look out, while their armed brethren were lying concealed under the southern brow of the mound. " Thinking this very probable," says Sir Robert, " I took out my glass to examine, and soon distinguished that the causes of our alarm were two or three majestic lions, taking the air upon the height of the pyramid. Perhaps I had never seen so sublime a picture to the mind, as well as to the eye. They were a species of enemy which my party were accustomed to dread without any panic fear ; and while we continued to advance, though slowly, the hallooing of the people made the noble beasts gradually change their posi- tion, till, in the course of twenty minutes, they totally disappeared." The party then rode close to the ruins, every now and then observing the broad prints of feet the lions had left in the soil. This naturally brought to Sir Robert's recollection that part of the scriptures, wherein it is said, "Wild beasts of the desert shall be there." At a short distance from the Birs, and parallel with its eastern face, is a mound, not inferior to that * Justin, iii. c. 1C. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 163 of the Kasr in elevation, but much longer than it is broad. " On the top of it are two oratories," says Mr. Rich. " One, called Mekam Ibrahim Khalib, and said to be the place where Ibrahim was thrown into the fire by order of Nemroud, who surveyed the scene from the Birs; the other, which is in ruins, Makam Saheb Zeman ; but to what part of Mehdy's life it relates, I am ignorant." "They call it," says Sir R. Ker Porter, " 'Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of the Chaldees' excellency. The lady of kingdoms, given to plea- sure, that dwelleth carelessly, and sayeth in her heart, I am, and there is none else beside me!' But now, in the same expressive language, we may say, ' She sits as a widow on the ground. There is no more a throne for thee, O daughter of the Chaldeans!' And for the abundance of the country, it has vanished as clean away as if ' the besom of desolation' had, indeed, swept it from north to south ; the whole land, from the outskirts of Bagdad to the farthest stretch of the sight, lying a melancholy corpse." Round the Birs are traces of ruins to a consider- able extent ; and near the town of Hillah there are several remarkable places ; but as they do not bear any very particular relation to Babylon, we here close our account, entirely agreeing with Mr. Rich, that it is evident, from what remains of that cele- brated city, and even from the most favourable account handed down to us, that the public edifices which adorned it were remarkable more for vastness of dimensions than elegance of design, and solidity of fabric than beauty of execution. Though Babylon has universally been considered as the largest city that ever existed on the earth, there are some and even very good reasons to believe, that it was never so large as Nineveh. " It was M2 164 intended, inli-- :ie of the histori.i: Ilahylon should have exeeeded Ninruh in i Aery thin<_ r ; but Nebuehadne/./ar did not live long enough, nor the Babylonish cini>irc last lotr_ r eimuidi, to finish the scheme that had l>een drawn of it." The h> not contiguous, hut all built with a void space on each side between house and house, so that the r part was not built upon. The hou- Nineveh, however, were contiguous. Nineveh, also, had a preater population ; for, in the time of Jonah, it had one hundred and twenty thousand souls. " who could nor did not know their ri^ht hand from their left." That is, one hundred and tv thousand infants*. But though Nineveh was the oldest city and the largest, Babylon has in all sub- sequent ages enjoyed the greatest celebrity t. I he Hebrew Scripture*; Herodotus; Xenophon ; Vain ins Maxiinn*; Diodorus Siculu* ; Plutarch ; Arrinn ; Quintus Curtiui ; Justin ; Tcxeira; Rauwolf; Dello Valle ; Pridcaux ; K.-llin ; Up. m; Bcloe; Rcnncll ; Bcaucharop ; Kinneir ; Porter; Mal- colm ; Franklin ; Rich ; Buckingham. r Since this wan written, the following account h.ii appeared in one of the journal* (The Saturday Magazine): " The pre- sent population of Hi! lah, which nmy average from six to seven thou- sand soul*, consist* chiefly of Arabs, who have their own Sheik, hut the Mutscllim, or governor of the place, is under the pachaof Bagdad, and resides in a fortress within the town. There are bazaars and markets on both sides of the river. The shopkeepers are chiefly Armenians. Turks, and Jews. A most important fact connected with these traders is, that Manchester and Glasgow goods that were taken out by the Euphrates expedition as sample*, were engcrly bought by them, at a profit to the sellers of one hundred per cent. There is much trade earned on in the town, both by camels from the interior, and by boats loilcn with rice, dates, tobacco, and other articles most in demand among the desert tribes. It would be curious if, in the progress of commerce and civilisation, the neigh- bourhood of Babylon should again become the scene of jirin- vly mercantile traffic ; it is described in the Revelations as having once hccn (xviii. 12, 13), " The merchandise of gold, and silver, and pre- rious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIi:.v. NO. XVIII. HALBEC. Those ruined shrines and towers, that seem The relics of a splendid dream ; Auiid whoso fairy loveliness Nought hut the lapwing's cry is heard ; Nought seen but (when the shadows, flitting Fast from the moon, uusheath its gleam) Some purple-winged SULTANA* sitting Upon a column motionless, And glittering like an idol bin!. * * * But nought can charm the luckless Peri ; Her soul is sad her wings are weary Joyless she sees the sun go down On that great temple, once her own"f ; Whose lonely columns stand sublime, Flinging their shadows from on high,"* Like dials, which the wizard, Time, Had raided to count his ages by. These lines lead us to some beautiful observations by Sir Jobn Malcolm : " Among the traces of a great nation's former glory," says he, " there is none upon which the mind dwells with more serious thought than on the mag- nificent ruins of its ancient palaces. How forcibly are we reminded of our condition, when told that an edifice, in the erection of which a kingdom's wealth had been exhausted ; which was adorned with every scarlet, and all thyme wood, and all manner of vessels of ivory, and all manuer of vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, and cinnamon, and odours, and ointments, and frank- incense, and wine, and oil, and flour, and wheat, and beasts, and fchecp, and horses, and chariots," &c. * That beautiful bird, with plumage of the finest shining blue, with purple beak and legs, the natural and living ornament of the temples and porticoes of the Greeks and Romans, which, from the sUtcliness of its port, as well as the brilliancy of its colours, ha obtained the title of Sultana. SONNINI. f The temple of the suu at Balbec. 160 uriN.s or Mcnm MI n>. ornament that the- art of the world coiilcl supply, and whose lii>t<>ry \\:i- ii_'r:ivi-n on tlic inijuTishalilc rocks with which it was constructed, was not only fallen into decay, hut that its founder was unknown, and the language in which its history was inscribed was no longer numbered among the tongues of man !" These observations are peculiarly applicable to tho present state of Balbcc. Thiacity stood in the road between Tyre and Pal- myra ; its history is, nevertheless, so lost in obscu- rity, that, considering the splendour and magnifuvmv of its remains, we are astonished ! Scarcely any thing of its history is known ; and even its existence ap- pears to have been unknown for many centuries to the Romans. Tradition states that it was built by Solomon ; and for the truth of this the Jews quote the following passage from the Book of Chronicles* : " Also he (Solomon) built Beth-horon the upper, and Beth- horon the nether, fencied cities, with walls, gates, and bars ; and Baal-ath." For the greater confirmation, it is thought that Balbec is meant when Solomon says " the tower of Ixibanon, that looketh towards Damascus." The Arabs go even so far as to assert, that this city was built by the king as a residence for the Queen of Sheba ; and Sir William Ouseley quotes a passage, wherein it is mentioned that a tradition in Persian implies, that Solomon often passed his day at Balbec, and his night at Istakr. The names Heliopolis and Balbec are words of different languages, which have nearly the same sig- nification. The sun was worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the country, under the name of Baal. Balbec signifies the vale of Baal ; and Heliopolis the city of the sun. * Chap. vhi. venri 5, 6. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 167 That Balbec derived, not only its religion, but its very name, from Ileliopolis in Egypt, is rendered certain by a passage in Macrobius : " In the city called Heliopolis, the Assyrians worship the sun with great pomp, under the name of the Heliopolitan Jove ; and the statue of this god was brought from a city in Egypt, also called Heliopolis, where Senumens or Senepos reigned over the Egyptians, by Opios, ambassador from Delebor, king of the Assy- rians, together with some Egyptian priests, of whom Partemetis was the chief, and it remained long among the Assyrians before it was removed to Heliopolis." The same author adds, " that he declines giving the reason for this fact, or telling how the statue was afterwards brought to the place, where in his time it was worshipped, more according to the Assyrian than the Egyptfan rites, as circumstances foreign to his purpose." As Balbec has never been the seat of a monarch, antiquaries are greatly at a loss to conceive how the expense of these magnificent structures could have been supplied by private or municipal liberality. The orientals, however, explain the prodigy by a never-failing expedient, they were constructed by the fairies or genii ! That these temples did not exist when Pompey went through Heliopolis to Damascus is probable, because the writers of that time, who mention less remarkable structures with admiration, take no no- tice of any such building ; and it is certain that they did exist in the time of Caracalla ; because Heliopolis is to be seen on many of his coins ; and vows in favour of him and his empress are recorded in two inscriptions, the remains of which are still to be seen on the pedestals of the columns of the great portico of the temple. 168 HI INS M 1 < ITIE8. That Heliopolis was constituted a colony by Au- gustus Ca?sar, is rendered probable, by -nine medal* which still remain, and in which it is called, k -( 'olonia Julia Augusta;" but it was not till the time of Sfptimius Severus that the temple was impressed on the reverse of the coins. When we consider the extraordinary magnificence of the temple of Balbec, we cannot but be greatly surprised at the silence of the Greek and Roman authors in respect to it. Mr. Wood, who has care- fully examined all the ancient authors, has found no mention of it. except in a fragment of -lohn <>1 Antioch, surnamed Malala, who attributes the build- ing of it to Antoninus Pius. His words are : " /Elius Antoninus Pius* built a great temple at Heliopolis, near Li ban us, in Phoenicia, which was one of the wonders of the world." Some Roman medals also have been found, upon the reverse of which is a representation something similar to those temples, with the inscription: COLOMA HKMOPO- LITANA Jovi OPTIMO MAXIMO HKUOINU.ITA.VO." One circumstance, however, militates against the idea that Antoninus Pius was the builder of these temples; viz., that Julius Capitolinus says no- thing about them, though he gives a list of that emperor's buildings, and speaks of others of much less consideration. It must, however, be remembered, that the work of Julius Capitolinus is known to be so extremely defective, that though Antoninus reigned one-and-twenty years, and transmitted to posterity the character of one of the best princes that ever ruled, yet the particulars, that merited such extraordinary praise, are utterly unknown. Gibbon thus remarks upon the different fortunes of Balbec and Kmesa: "Among the cities which are enumerated by Greek and oriental name- in the But. Chroo. lib. ii. HI INS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 169 geography and conquest of iSyria, we may distinguish EMESA and HELIOPOLIS ; the former as a metropolis of the plain ; the latter as the metropolis of the valley. Under the last of the Caesars they were strong and populous ; the turrets glittered from afar; an ample space was covered with public and private buildings ; and the citizens were illustrious by their spirit, or at least by their pride ; by their riches, or at least by their luxury. In the days of paganism, both Etnesa and Heliopolis were addicted to the worship of Baal, or the sun : but the decline of their superstition or splendour has been marked by a sin- gular variety of fortune. Not a vestige remains of the temple of Emesa, which was equalled in poetic style to the summits of Mount Libanus ; while the ruins of Balbec, invisible to the writers of antiquity, excite the curiosity and wonder of European tra- vellers." In the reign of Heraclius its garrison was strength- ened, that it might be enabled to withstand the Arabs; and when Christianity gained the ascendancy nnder Constantine, he shut up many pagan temples ; but it was Theodosius, who converted its temple into a Christian church, the walls of which are still standing. The conversion of it into a fortress was the work of the Caliphs, when this part of the world fell under the government of the Caliphs, called the Ommiades; an incurious and therefore an ignorant race, during whose time nothing is recorded of Balbec, although it was then a considerable city. The ancient name, Balbec, during this time was re- stored, instead of Heliopolis, which was probably a translation of Balbec, or at least substituted for it, when it passed out of the possession of its own native oriental inhabitants. In Ebn Haukal's* oriental geography, Balbec is * An Arabian traveller iu the tenth century. 170 ni!N> or LMCTBN1 CT1 mentioned thus : "Beyond the border- of I), nic-lik is Baalbek, situated on nn eminence. Here an- the gates of palaces, sculptured in marble; and lofty columns, also of marble. In the whole region of Syria there is not a more stupendous or considerable edifice than this *." Tin* approach to this ruined city is thus described by Mr. Bruce: "The form of Mount Mlmnus, as seen from the plain of Bekka, is this : first, a range of mountains, extremely proper for cul- ture, and of no considerable height, sloping easily to the plain, and covered with trees that are not very thickly planted. On the other side of these rises a chain of mountains of an extraordinary height, bare for the most part, and stony, cut in every rain, and covered with snow, except in summer. Thus they continue till they descend much more steeply on the other side towards the sea. The valleys within this high chain of mountains, which on one side run pa- rallel with the sea-coast, and on the other form tho east side of the plain of Bekka, are mostly narrow ; but abundantly fertile, were they in the hands of better people, under a better government ; industry being here always followed by oppression." Mr. Came describes his arrival thus : " The sun set on the vast temple, and the mountains around it, with indescribable grandeur ; the chain of Anti- Libanus, in front, was covered with snow ; and tho plain, wild and beautiful, stretched at its feet farther than the eye can reach : the pigeons, of many-coloured plumage, flew in clusters round the ruined walls, at whose feet were a variety of trees and flowers, amidst which ran a clear and rapid stream." We now pass to Mons. La Martine : " On reach- ing the summit of the breach, we knew not where to OF AXCIKNT CITIES. 171 fix OUT eyes. On every side we beheld marble doors of prodigious dimensions, windows and niches, bor- dered with exquisite sculpture, richly ornamented arches, fragments of cornices, entablatures, and capi- tals. The master- work of art ; the wrecks of ages, lay scattered as thickly as the grains of dust be- neath our feet. All was mystery, confusion, inexpli- cable wonder. No sooner had we cast an admiring glance on one side, than some new prodigy attracted us on the others. Every attempt, we made to inter- pret the religious meaning of the monuments, was immediately defeated by some newly-discerned ob- ject. We frequently groped about in this labyrinth of conjecture. One cannot restrict, in one's fancy, the sacred edifices of an age, or a people of whose reli- gion or manners nothing certain can be known. Time carries his secrets away with him, and leaves his enigmas as sports for human knowledge. We speedily renounced all our attempts to build any system out of these mins ; we were content to gaze and admire, without comprehending any thing beyond the colossal power of human genius ; and the strength, of religious feeling, which had moved such masses of stone, and wrought so many master-pieces." The ruins of Balbec do not present a crowd of fallen edifices, spread over a large extent, like those of Palmyra ; they consist only of three distinct build- ings, which stand not far fco, Pac h other, in a plain at a short distance from the inhabited rn ^ n f j] ie town. As in the instance of Palmyra, where we shall have to make a similar remark, it is impossible to convey an adequate idea of these works of art, without the accompaniments of plates*. We adopt, therefore, an abstract of the account of M. Volney, * For these the curious reader may turn to the fine work of Messrs. Daukins and Wood. There are several plates of these ruins, also, in Pococke's and Brace's travels. When at Balbe 1 7-J ur INS OP ANcn:\r ci ; since his description is, perhaps. t!i- I. >t that wu have: " In elite-ring tin- principal gate, which fan's the mountain on the east, we come to an In xa^mial court, which is one hundred and eighty feet in dia- meter. This is strewed with broken columns, muti- lated capitals, and the remains of entablatures and cornices. Around it is a row of ruined edifices, which display all the ornaments of the richest architecture. On passing through this court towards the west, we enter a large square, three hundred and fifty feet wide, and three hundred and thirty-three in length. Along each side of this court runs a sort of gallery, divided into various compartments, seven of which may be reckoned in each of the principal wings. It is not easy to conceive the use of this part of the structure ; but it does not diminish our admiration at the beauty of the pilasters, and the richness of the frieze and entablature ; neither is it possible to avoid remarking the singular effect which results from the mixture of the garlands, the large foliage of the capi- tals, and the sculpture of wild plants, with which they are every where ornamented. At the -west end of this court staud six enormous columns, which appear to be totally unconnected with the rest of the build ing. On a more attentive examination, however, wo dis- cover a series of foundations, which seem to mark out the peristyle of a grand tempi*, << which these co- lumns belonged. Pw*ke supposes this temple never to i., L..WU nnished. We must examine them nar- rowly before we can conceive all the boldness of the elevation, and the richness of their workmanship. Their shafts are twenty-one feet eight inches in cir- cumference, and fifty -eight high ; so that the total height, including the entablature, is from seventy- thc latter mule numerous drawing* ; all of which he presented to George the Third. " These," says he, " are the richest offering of the kind that were ever presented to a sovereign by e subject." IIUINS OF ANf'IENT CITIES. 173 one to seventy two feet. These six pillars are all that now remain of twenty-four*. The southern side of the grand temple has, at some distant period, been blocked up to build a smaller one, the peristyle and walls of which are still remaining. This temple presents a side of thirteen columns by eight in front, which, like all the rest of the ruins, are of the Corinthian order t. To reach the smaller temple from the larger one, you must cross trunks of columns, heaps of stone, and a ruinous wall. After surmounting these obstacles, you arrive at the gate, where you may survey the enclosure, which was once the habitation of a god ; but instead of the awful scene of a prostrate people, and sacrifices offered by a multitude of priests, the sky, which is open from the falling in of the roof, only lets in light * " The entry to the great Temple of the Sun is from the east, through a noble portico of twelve circular columns; and the first apartment in which the visiter finds himself is a magnificent hexa- gonal hall, one hundred and eighty feet in diameter, exhibiting on all sides the remains of an architectural beauty and magnificence of the richest character, in the columns and other ornaments of a circle of chambers which run around it. Beyond this is a still larger court, of nearly a square form, Leing three hundred and seventy-four feet in one direction, by three hundred and sixty-eight feet in another, and at the farther extremity of that is the far- stretching pillared structure forming the proper temple. As may be observed from the view, nine of the lofty columns, which had composed this part of the edifice, are still to be seen standing toge- ther. There had been originally fifty-six in all, namely, ten at each end, and eighteen others along each of the sides. The entire length of the space which they include is two hundred and eighty- five feet, and its breadth is one hundred and fifty-seven feet. The height, including the plinth, is eighty-seven feet." ANON. h The effect of the Corinthian order depends as much on the execution of the sculptured details as in the harmony and correctness of the proportion ; and the miserable specimens we have about London, with a stunted capital, and a few cramped projections, called acanthus leaves, would not be known as the same order of architecture by the side of these bold, free, airy, and majestic masse* of building. ADUTSON. 174 RUINS 01 to show a chaos of ruins covered with dust ami weeds. The walla, which supported the roof, are thirty-one feet high, and without a wiinl<>\v. Tin-re are tablets in the form of lozenges, on >\hich an- represented Jupiter seated on his eagle, Leda caressed by the swan, Diana with her bow and crescent. and several busts which seem to be figures of emperors and empresses. The number of lizards to be seen is so great, that Mr. Bruce says, that those he saw one day in the great court of the temple of the sun amounted to many thousands ; the ground, the walls, and stones of the ruined buildings being covered with tlu-iu. Besides these two, there is a smaller temple of very great beauty. The building itself, exclusive of the pillars, by which it is surrounded, is only thirty-two feet in diameter ; and the height is divided into two parts, in the lower of which the architecture is Ionic, and in the higher Corinthian. The grace and light- ness of the exterior of this edifice has induced several competent critics to call it " a perfect gem of art." In respect to the six columns, " In order tu reach them," says M. de La Martine, " we had to pass external boundary walls, high pedestals, ter- races, and foundations of altars. At length we arrived at the feet of the columns. Silence is the only language of man, when what he feels outstrips the ordinary measure of his impressions. We stood in mute contemplation of these six columns, and scanning with our eyes their diameter, their eleva- tion, and the admirable sculpture of their architraves and cornices. Their diameter is six feet, and their height upwards of seventy- two. They are formed out of two or three blocks, which arc so perfectly joined together, that the junction lines are scarcely discernible*. They are composed of light yellow No cement or mortar is uted iu their construction, but tne RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 175 stone, presenting a sort of medium between the polish of marble and the deadness of turf. When near them, the sun lighted them only on one side, and we sat down for a few moments in their shade. Large birds, like eagles, scared by the sound of our footsteps, flutttered above the capitals of the columns, where they have built their nests ; and returning, perched upon the acanthus of the columns, striking them with their beaks, and flapping their wings like living ornaments, amidst these inanimate won- ders, all of which appear to resemble works of dwarfs." Branching off to the southward of the arenue, you come to the stumps of some fluted columns sticking above the sand on either side of a small simple gate- way ; and a few paces to the westward, on an emi- nence, re the ruins of the small temple just now mentioned; and from thence is enjoyed the mag- nificent coiqy-d'ce'd of all the ruins and the vast desert. Beyond the circular colonnade lie the prostrate remains of a very magnificent building, constructed of a species of marble superior to the generality of that used in these ruins. The walls are constructed of large single stones, nicely fitted one above another. Richly ornamented windows extend around the walls, and some columns of one entire piece, twenty- two feet in length and about nine in circumference, lie prostrate on the ground. " About fifty yards distant from the temple," says Mr. Maundrell, " is a row of Corinthian pillars, very great and lofty, with a most stately architrave and cornice at the top. This speaks itself to have been part of some very august pile ; but what one now sees of it is but just enough to give a regret, that large square stones are neatly adjusted, and to closely fitted, as to render the joining almost invisible. 176 urr there should IK- no more remaining. 1 curiosity of tins place, which a man need In- well assured of his credit, before he vmtun s to relate, h>t he should he thought t-> strain the privilege of a traveller too far. That which 1 UK an is a large piece of an old wall, which encompasses all these structures last described. A wall made of Mich monstrous great stones, that the natives hereabouts, (as it is usual in things of this strange nature,) ascribe it to the architecture of the devil. Three of the st which were larger than the rest, we took the pains to measure. We found them to extend sixty-one yards in length; one twenty-one; the other t\\o each twenty yards ; and in the breadth of the same dimensions. These three stones lay in one and the same row to the end ; the rest of the- wall was made also of great stones, but none I think so great as these. That which added to the wonder was, that these stones were lifted up into the wall more than twenty feet from the ground." Besides these ruins, there are several very large subterraneous passages, which lead under the great citadel, immense vaults of very massive architecture, constructed in a very beautiful manner. Some of these, no doubt, were tombs ; and this leads us to remember, that Mr. Browne says*, that when he was at Zahhlc, he met with a young man, a Druse, who told him, that near Balbec, a few years ago. in digging, the body of a man was found interred in a kind of vault, having a piece of unstamped gold in his mouth ; near him a number of leaden plates marked with characters, to them unknown. These were sold and melted. La Martine says, that not far from Balbec, in a valley of the Anti-Libanus, human bones of immense magnitude have been discovered ; and that this fact is so confidently believed among the Travel* in Africa, Egypt, and Syria, p. 406, 7, 4to. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 177 neighbouring Arabs, that the English consul in Syria (Mr. Farren), a man of extensive information, pro- poses to visit those mysterious sepulchres. The walls of the ancient Heliopolis are traceable in many directions, and show that the city must have been of a very considerable extent. " These walls," says Mr. Wood, " like most of the an- cient cities of Asia, appear to be the confused patch-work of different ages. The pieces of capitals, broken entablatures, and, in some places, reversed Greek inscriptions, which we observed in walking round them, convinced us that their last repairs were made after the decline of taste, with materials, negligently collected as they lay nearest to hand, and hastily put together for immediate defence." The stone of which the temple is built was brought from the neighbouring quarry, at the bottom of which there is a single stone lying seventy feet in length, fourteen in breadth, and fourteen feet six inches in thickness. Its weight, according to these dimensions, must be above 1130 tons! It would require, we are told, the united strength of sixty thousand men of our time to raise this single stone ! The stones used at Balbec are the largest that have ever been moved by human power. The largest in the pyramids of Egypt do not exceed eighteen feet. But here, of those that compose the sloping wall, which surrounds the temple on the west and north, three occupy a space of one hundred and seventy-five feet and a half; viz., the 1st, fifty- eight feet seven inches ; the 2nd, fifty-eight feet eleven inches ; and the 3rd, exactly fifty-eight feet long ; and each of these is twelve feet thick. " When it is considered," says La Martine, " that some of these blocks of hewn granite are raised one above another to the height of twenty or thirty feet from the ground; that they have been brought from VOL. I. N 178 nrixs or ANCIENT cmr*. distant quarries, and raised to so vast a height to form the pavement of the temple; the mind is over- whelmed by such an example of human power. The science of modern times cannot help us to explain it, and we cannot be surprised, therefore, that it is referred to the supernatural/' ** The shades of evening," continues this accom- plished traveller, " which slowly descended tin- mountains of Balbec, and obscured, one by one, the columns and the ruins, imparted an additional air of mystery to the picturesque and magical effect of these wonderful works of man and time. We felt the full insignificance of human nature ; and while contemplating the mass and eternity of these monu- ments, wecompared man to the swallows, which build their nests for a season in the interstices of these stones, without knowing for whom, or by whom, or for what purpose, they were collected together. The power which moved these masses, and accumulated these blocks, is unknown to us. The dust of the marble, which we trod under our feet, knows more than we do, but can tell us nothing ; and in a few centuries to come, the generations who may, in their turn, visit the wrecks of our monuments now exist- ing, will ask, without being able to answer, why we laboured without being able to build and carve. The works of man are more durable than his thoughts ; movement is the law of the human mind ; the defi- ii it.' is the dream of man's vanity and ignorance ; God is an object which incessantly recedes from us, as we endeavour to approach him. We are conti- nually advancing, but we never arrive. The Deity, whose divine figure man seems to embody in his imagination, and to enshrine in his temples, conti- nually enlarges, and exceeds the narrow boundaries of our minds, and our edifices ; leaves the temples and the altars to crumble into dust; and summons man RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 179 to seek him where he is most plainly manifested, viz., in intelligence, in virtue, in nature, and in eternity." We now give place to observations, made by tra- vellers on the relative merits of the architecture, employed in these magnificent edifices. " When we compare the ruins of Balbec," says Mr. Wood, " with those of many ancient cities, which we visited in Italy, Greece, and Egypt, and in other parts of Asia, we cannot help thinking them the remains of the boldest plan we ever saw attempted in archi- tecture." " The enormity of the scale," says Mr. Bucking- ham, " and the magnificence of design, seen through- out the whole ef the architecture, with the boldness of the drawing, and the exquisite finish of the sculp- ture, impressed me with an idea of a labour more thau human. I should conceive that in no country was to be found so superb a monument of the ini- mitable perfection of ancient architecture. The temples and the tombs of Egypt were here equalled in the enormity of the masses, that composed them ; and the chamber of the Pyramids rivalled in the closeness of the masonry ; while the monuments of Athens itself, in the age of Pericles and Praxiteles, were at least equalled in the richness and beauty of the sculptured ornaments, that adorned them. It appeared to me, that the temples of Edfou, Ten- tyris, and Thebes, fell far short of this, as a whole ; for here the ponderous strength of the Egyptian, and the chastened elegance of the Grecian school, are both most happily combined." Mr. Addison appears to have entertained a dif- ferent opinion : "Those ruins," says he, "though so striking and magnificent, are yet, however, quite second rate, when compared with the Athenian ruins; and display, in their decorations, none of the bold con- N2 180 RKINS ..i i CITIW. rq>tions and the genius Avhieh eharaeterisp the Athenian architecture. There is a peculiar same- ness in the decorations of the figures, entablatures, and cornices. The ornaments are all alike, and the festoons of grape's, and vine-leaves hung on goats' and horses' heads, the pendent bunches of grapes and Cupids, however rich in appearance, and beautifully chiselled, can never excite such feelings, as one small portion of the Panathenian frieze of the Parthenon, or one of the Metopes, representing a battle between a Centaur and a Lapithte. There is a genius in these latter, a combination of talent, a soul, fire, and spirit, which are looked for in vain in the Balluc remains. The great Panathenian frieze of the Par- thenon, which extended all around that temple, with its hundreds of horses and warriors, its spirited grouping, and faithful delineation of forms and atti- tudes ; and alx>ve it the wars of the Centaurs and Lapithae, possessed a most exciting interest. The vine-branches and wheat -ears of the temple of Bal- bec, although unquestionably very beautiful, yet appear tame in comparison ; and cannot certainly be put in competition with these master-pieces of archi- tectural decoration." " Several artists have observed," says Mr. Wood, " a similitude between some European buildings, and some parts of the ruins of Palmyra and Balbec ; from which they have, perhaps, too hastily concluded, that the former were copied from the latter. The portico of the Louvre at Paris has been compared in this light to the ruins of Palmyra; as also with the portico at Balbec ; but we cannot discover any foundation for inferences so injurious to the memory of the architect, who built that noble structure, whkl is as justly admired as it is unaccountably neglected." We now return to the page of M.de La Martine : " Round this platform is ranged a series of chapels, RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES, 181 decorated with niches, admirably sculptured, friezes, cornices, and vaulted arches; all displaying the most finished workmanship, but evidently belonging to a degenerate period of art. But this impression can only be felt by those whose eyes have been previously exercised by the contemplation of the pure monu- ments of Athens and Rome. Every other eye would be fascinated by the splendour of the forms and the finish of the ornaments. The only fault is too much richness ; the stone groans beneath the weight of its own luxuriance, and the walls are overspread with a lace- work of marble." The town is, at present, so ruined, that there are not counted more than fifty habitable dwellings in it ; though the whole number within the walls may be estimated at five hundred. The state of the city is deplorable. The emirs of the house of Harfoushe had already greatly im- paired it, when an earthquake, in 1759, completed its destruction; insomuch, that though in 1751 there were five thousand inhabitants, not twelve hundred are remaining ; and all these poor, without industry or commerce, we are told, and cultivating nothing but a little cotton, some maize, and a few water- melons. Even the ruins are altering every day. Daw- kins and Wood found nine large columns stand- O ing ; but Volney, in 1784, found only six. They reckoned twenty-nine at the lesser temple ; but now there are only twenty. There were, originally, thirty-four, eight in front, and thirteen along each of the sides. The others were overthrown by an earthquake. Nature alone, however, has not effected this devastation. The Turks have had their share in the destruction of the columns; the motive for which was merely that of procuring the iron cramps, which served to join the several blocks of which each 182 lil INS OF AXCIF.XT C1Tir<. column is composed. Famine, the pestilence, and the sword, gradually thinned the inhabitants. The population of five thousand, which tin- town con- tained in 1751, has now dwindled down to barely two hundred persons : nor does each house continue to possess, as it did in the time of Manndrell, " ten or fifteen cows, besides goats and sheep, the <^>at* hein^ of an uncommon species, worth from '301. to 351. a piece !" The description left by Maundrell was faith- ful at the time he visited those ruins ; but since that period several important parts have been destroyed, and even the place of the temple at the end of the great court, which was probably the principal edifice of the whole, cannot at this day be made out *. The hands of the natives have, no doubt, com- mitted many ravages. Faccardine, prince of the Druses, destroyed or injured several parts of these ruins; but when he afterwards visited Italy, and contracted a taste for its architecture, he is said to have bitterly lamented the sacrilege he had com- mitted at Balbec t. " It is in fact man, not nature," says an elegant writer, " that has wrought this change. No blight has seared the soil, or poisoned the air, but a degrading despotism has as effectually dried up the sources of social prosperity, as if some elementary convnlsion had suddenly turned the clime of beauty cold and dark, and struck the teeming earth with hopeless barrenness. Indeed, Turkish oppression has done what no unkindness of nature could have effected. The splendours of Palmyra rose, under the breath of a free commerce, in the midst of a sandy desert ; but nothing has been able to preserve that and many other great cities from crumbling into heaps of ruins, at the death-touch of the gloomy tyranny, that now hangs like a pall over the land." Buckingham. f Crne. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 183 "We must now give place to what Mons. de La Martine says, in regard to the Bishop of Balbec : " We proceeded very little farther that day. The road diverged from these ruins, and led us to others. "We passed over some vaults, and arrived at a small house. This was the palace of the Bishop of Balbec, who, clothed in his violet-coloured pelisse, and at- tended by some Arab peasants, advanced to meet us, and conducted us to his humble door. The poorest peasant's cottage in Burgundy, or Auvergne, pos- sesses greater luxury and elegance than the palace of the Bishop of Balbec. It was an ill-built hut, with- out either window or door, and through the decayed roof the rain worked its way, and dropped on the mud floor. This was the bishop's dwelling ! But at the further end of the yard, which adjoined the house, a neat wall, newly built of blocks of stone, and a door and window in ogives of Moorish archi- tecture, each ogive being constructed of finely-sculp- tured stones, attracted my attention. This was the church of Balbec, the cathedral of that town, in which other gods have had splendid temples ; the chapel in which the few Arab Christians, who live here amidst the wrecks of so many different faiths, worship, under a purer form, the universal Creator." The bishop was a fine old man with hair and beard of silver, a grave and benevolent cast of features, and a sweet and well-modulated voice. He was the perfect image of a priest of poetry or romance, says the traveller ; and his aspect, which denoted peace, resignation, and charity, was well suited to the scene of ruins and meditation in which he lived. The traveller afterwards describes a delightful scene. He and his friends were sitting by moon- light near the bishop's hut. " "We were silent. Sud- denly a soft plaintive strain, a slow modulated murmur stole through the grotesque ogives of the 184 RUINS OF ANCIF.NT CM ruined wall of the bishop's house. This vague and confused sound swelled higher and higher, until we distinguished it to be a chant from the united voice* of choristers; a monotonous, melancholy strain, which rose, fell, and died away, and was alternately revived and re-echoed. This was the evening prayer, which the Arab bishop was chanting with his little flock, in the skeleton of that which once had been his church; viz., a heap of ruins piled up by a heap of idolaters. We were totally unprepared for music of this sort, where every note was, in fact, a sentiment or a sign from the human breast. How little did we expect it in this solitude, in the bosom of the desert, issuing, as it were, from mute stones, strewed about by the com- bined influence of earthquakes, barbarous ignorance, and time ! A hallowed emotion inspired us, and we joined with religious fervour in the sacred hymn, until the last sighs of the pious voices had died away, and silence again reigned over the venerable ruins." We conclude with the words which Seller in his history of Palmyra adopts from Cicero : " Whenever we see such remains of venerable anti- quity, such lasting records of the names and achieve- ments of great persons, we are admonished to take care so to regulate our actions, that we may convince the world we have settled our prospect upon the rewards of future ages, and not on the flatteries of the present ; and so remember, that monuments brinu erected to the memory of those who have lived well in this world before they left it, put us in mind, that there is nothing here permanent and immutable; and that it is the duty of considering man to aspire towards immortality*." * Chronicle*; Diodoni* ; Macrobiut ; Manndicll ; Bruce ; Seller ; Daukin* and Wood ; Volncy ; Browne; Malcolm ; Outeley ; Buck- ingham ; Curne ; La Marline ; Additon. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 185 NO. XIX. BYZANTIUM. " ON which side soever," says an elegant traveller, " you approach Constantinople, whether ascending by the Dardanelles and the sea of Marmora, or de- scending from the Black Sea by the Bosphorus ; whether you arrive by crossing the plain of Thrace, or come in sight from the opposite hills of Asia, she presents herself, indeed, like ' the queen of cities.' " The history of this city being that of an empire, we shall confine ourselves to a few particulars, and then pass on to give some account of its monumental antiquities. We do this the more readily, since those antiquities are far from being of the first order. According to Ammianus, Byzantium was founded by the Athenians ; according to Justin, by the Lace- daemonians ; according to Paterculus, by the Mile- sians ; according to others, by a colony of Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 B.C. Byzantium received a great accession of inhabit- ants in consequence of a decree passed, in gratitude to the Athenians, for having compelled Philip of Macedon to raise the siege of their city*. * The substance of this decree was as follows : " Inasmuch as in times past the continual benevolence of the people of Athens towards the Byzantines and Perinthians, united by alliance and their common origin, has never failed upon any occasion ; that this benevolence, so often signalised, has lately displayed itself, when Philip of Macedon, who had taken up arms to destroy Byzantium and Perinthus, battered our walls, burned our country, cut down our forests ; that in a season of so great calamity, this beneficent people succoured us with a fleet of a hundred and twenty sail, fur- nished with provisions, arms, and forces; that they saved us from the greatest danger; in fine, that they restored us to the quiet possession of our government, our laws, and our tombs : the Byzantines grant, by decree, the Athenians to settle in the coun- tries belonging to Byzantium ; to marry in them, to purchase lands, and to enjoy all the prerogatives of citizens ; they also grant them a distinguished place at public shows, and the right of sitting both in thks. \ preliminary measure having boon completed, Mahomet at length appeared before Constantinople, on the 2<1 of April, 1453, at the head of three hun- dred thousand men; supported by a formidable artil- lery, and by a fleet of three hundred and twenty .-ail, mostly store-ships and transports : but including eighteen galleys of war, while the besieged could not muster more than ten thousand ellective soldiers for the defence. This vast disparity of force leaves little room for admiring the prowess and military skill of the victorious party. The besieged made, however, so obstinate a defence, under tno brave emperor, Constantine Palteologus, that for fifty-time all the efforts of the assailants were unavailing. The defenders of the city had drawn strong iron chains across the entrance of the port; and Mahomet saw, that unless he could get some of his vessels into the Golden Horn, his success was doubtful, and that. at best, the defence might be greatly protracted. I !. therefore, contrived to conduct a part of his fleet, for ten miles, over the land on a sort of railway, from the Bosphorus into the harbour, and caused a float- ing battery to be constructed and occupied with cannon. This sealed the fate of the imperial city. On the day of the last assault, Mahomet said to his soldiers : " I reserve to myself only the city ; the gold and women are yours." The emperor (Con- st ant i ne ) accomplished all the duties of a general and a soldier. The nobles, who fought around his person, sustained, till their last breath, the honourable names of Palseologus and Cantacuzene. His mournful ex- clamation was heard " Cannot there be found a Christian to cut off my bead ?" and his last fear was, lest he should fall alive into the hands of his enemies. He threw away his imperial dress, rushed into the RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 189 thickest of the fight, fell by an unknown hand, and his body was buried under a mountain of the slain : nor was it afterwards recognised. The houses and convents were deserted ; and the trembling inhabitants flocked together in the streets, like a herd of timid animals. From every part of the city they rushed into the church of St. Sophia. In the space of an hour the sanctuary, the choir, the nave, the upper and lower galleries, were filled with the multitude of fathers and husbands, of women and children, of priests, monks, and religious virgins; the doors were barred on the inside, and they sought protection from the sacred dome, which they had so lately abhorred as a profaned and polluted edifice. The doors were, soon after, broken with axes; and the Turks encountering no resistance, their bloodless hands were employed in selecting and securing the multitude of their prisoners. Youth, beauty, and the appearance of youth, attracted their choice. In the space of an hour, the male captives were bound with cords, the females with their veils and girdles. The senators were linked with their slaves ; the pre- lates with the porters of their church ; and young men of a plebeian class with noble maids, whose faces had been invisible to the sun and their nearest kindred. In this common captivity the ranks of society were confounded; the ties of nature were cut asunder ; and the inexorable soldier was careless of the father's groan, the tears of the mother, and the lamentations of the children. The loudest in their wailings were the nuns, who were torn from the altars with naked bosoms, outstretched hands, and dishevelled hair. At a similar hour, a similar rapine was exercised in all the churches and monasteries ; in all the palaces and habitations of the capital. The male captives were bound with cords, aiid the females with their 190 Rl'IXS OF AXOtF.XT CITIES. veils and girdles, and driven, to the nutnW of sixty thousand, from the city to the camp or fir. t. where those, who could not obtain the means of pur- chasing their ransom, were exchanged, or sold, :u- - cording to the caprice or interest of their masters. The disorder and rapine lasted till the sultan entered in triumph through the gate of St. Unman u^. He was attended by his vizirs, his bashaws, ami guards. As he rode along, he gazed with satisfac- tion and wonder on the strange, though splendid. appearance of the domes and palaces, so dissimilar to the style of oriental architecture. He proceeded to the church of St. Sophia ; where, observing a sol- dier in the act of breaking up the marble pavemmt, he admonished him with his scymetar, that if the spoil and captives were granted to the soldiers, the public and private buildings had been reserved for the prince. From St. Sophia he proceeded to the august, but desolate, mansion of a hundred successors of the first Constantine ; but which, in a few hours, had been stripped of the pomp of royalty. A melancholy reflection on the vicissitudes of human greatness forced itself upon his mind, and he repeated an ele- gant distich of Persian poetry : " The spider has wove his web in the imperial palace; and the owl hath sung her watch- song on the towers of Afrasiel*." "The finest point from which Constantinople cm be viewed," says M. de La Martine, "is from a bel- videre, built by M.Truqui, on the terrace roof of his house. ThU belvidere commands the entire group of the hills of Pere-Galata, and the little hillocks which surround the port on the front side of the water. It is the eagle's flight over Constantinople and the sea. Europe, Asia, the entrance of the Bosphonis, and the sea of Marmora, are all under Gibbon. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 191 the eye at once. The city lies at the feet of the spectator. If (continues Mons. de La Martine) we were allowed to take only one point of the earth, this would be the one to choose. Whenever I ascend to the belvidere to enjoy this view (and -I do so several times a day, and invariably every evening), I cannot conceive how, of the many travellers who have visited Constantinople, so few have felt the beauty which it presents to my eye and to my mind. Why has no one described it ? Is it because words have neither space, horizon, nor colours, and that painting is only the language of the eye ? But paint- ing itself has never portrayed all that is here. The pictures. I have seen, are merely detached scenes, con- sisting of a few lines and colours without life : none convey any idea of the innumerable gradations of tint, varying with every change of the atmosphere, and every passing hour. The harmonious whole, and the colossal grandeur of these lines ; the movements and the intertwinings of the different horizons ; the moving sails, scattered over the three seas; the murmur of the busy population on the shores ; the reports of the cannon on board the vessels, the flags waving from the mast-heads ; the floating caiques ; the va- porous reflection of domes, mosques, steeples, and minarets in the sea; all this has never been described;" nor ever can be ! The whole circuit of Constantinople, ho wever, calcu- lated at somewhat more than twelve miles, present, even to diligent research*, very few remains of antiquity. The truth is, the Turks have availed themselves of the marbles and fragments of the Greeks in the con- struction of their own public edifices ; and the anti- quities of Constantinople are re-produced to the eye under entirely different forms and constructions, in the mosques and minarets, the fountains and ceme- teries of the Osmandys. Many a beautiful work, of 192 HI INS OF ANCIF.NT CM the ancient Greek chisel, has thus been embedded in a wall, or cut down and defaced to make a Turkish tombstone ; and many an edifice, constructed in ac- cordance with the pure styles of arcliitirtun-, has In cii Kvrlled and used as a quarry. But still, it must be confessed that some of the Turkish build- ings, and more particularly some of the imperial mosques which have risen in their places, are distin- guished by grandeur and beauty. Of these imperial mosques there are fourteen, each lofty, and magni- ficent in its general dimensions, and built from base to dome with excellent and enduring materials ; chiefly of white marble, tinged with grey, liesides these, there are sixty ordinary mosques, varying in size and beauty, but all considerable edifices ; and then two hundred and more inferior mosques and wdgids *. The walls of Byzantium t were bxiilt of large square stones, so joined as, apparently, to form one single block. They were much loftier on the land side than towards the water, being naturally defended by the waves, and in some places by the rocks they are built on, which project into the sea. They were of Cyclopian structure | ; and of the workmanship, from what Herodian has said of them, the masonry was greatly superior to any of the work- manship now visible in the fortifications. It was sur- rounded by a wall, made of such immense quadran- gular masses of stone, and so skilfully adjusted, that the marvellous masonry, instead of disclosing to view the separate parts of which it consisted, seemed like one entire mass. " The very ruins," says Herodian, " show the wonderful skill, not only of the persons who built it, but of those, also, by whom it was dismantled." The wall of Theodosius begins at the castle of Seven Towers, whence it traverses the whole western Chamber* f Clarke. J Barthclcmy. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIK?. 193 side of the city. This is the only part of the general wall of the city worth seeing. It is flanked into a double row of inural towers, and defended by a fosse about eight yards wide. The same promiscuous mixture of the works of ancient art columns, in- scriptions, bas-reliefs, &c. seen in the walls of all the Greek cities, is here remarkably conspicuous. But the ivy-mantled towers, and the great height of this wall, added to its crumbling ruinous state, give it a picturesque appearance, exhibited by no other city in the Levant : it resembles a series of old ruined castles extending for five miles from sea to sea*. Of the eighteen gates, which once existed on the west side of the city, only seven now remain. The site of the two temples erected by Justinian, as safeguards of the city, may still be ascertained by their vestiges ; but these have almost disappeared. The walls, which are well built, are still standing, and consist of stone terraces from fifty to sixty feet high, and occasionally from fifteen to twenty feet thick, covered with freestone of a greyish-white colour ; but sometimes of pure white, and seeming fresh from the chisel of the mason. At the feet of the walls are the ancient fosses filled with rubbish and luxuriant loam, in which trees and pellitories have taken root ages ago, and now form an impenetrable glacis. The summit of the wall is almost everywhere crowned with vege- tation, which overhangs and forms a sort of coping, surmounted by capital and volute of climbing plants and ivy. These walls are so noble, that La 5lartine says that, next to the Parthenon and Balbec, they are the noblest existing memorials of ruined empires. " There is nothing either grand or beautiful in * The whole circumference of the walls measures eighteen miles ; the number of inural towers is four hundred and seventy-eLht. O 194 RUINS 01 the remains of the brazen column, consisting of the bmlics of three serpents twistel spirally toother. It is about twelve feet in height, and being hollow, the Turks have filled it with broken tiles, stmirs. ami other relies. But in the circumstances of its his- tory, no critique of ancient times can be more inte- resting. For it once supported the golden tripod at Delphi, which the Greeks, after the battle of Plat;i-a, found in camp of Mardonius *." Near the Valide is a COLUMN of POHPHYHY t, generally supposed to have supported the statue of CONST ANTINE. It is composed of eight pieces, sur- rounded by as many wreaths or garlands of the same marble. Not long since it gained the name of Co- lonna Brugiata, or burned pillar, ha-ving l>tvn very much defaced by the many conflagrations to which this vast city has been subject. Near Mesmer-Kiosch j is a view of the summit of the Corinthian pillar of white marble, fifty feet high, in the gardens of the seraglio, with the inscrip- tion FORTUNES BKOUCI OB DEVICTOS GOTHO8. This has been erroneously supposed the column of Theodora. Pococke mentions that it was taken from some other part of the town to the seraglio gardens. It ia supported by a handsome capital of vcrd antique. This building , the mosque of St. Sophia (for- " This fact," continue* Dr. Claike, * lias been so well ascer- tained, that it will, probably, never he disputed." " The guardians of the most holy relics," says Gibbon, " would rejoice if they were nhle to produce such a chain of evidence as may be alleged on this occasion." The original consecration in the temple of Delphi is proved from Herodotus and Pausanias ; and its removal by Zoiimus, Kim-bins, Socratci, Ecclesiasticus, and Sozomen. v I ."ill Sandwich. \ I tollhouse. 9 Sandwich. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 195 nierly of much larger extent), owes its foundation to the emperor Justinian, who lived also to see it finished, A. D. 557. It was dedicated by him to the wisdom of God. This fabric is entirely Gothic. " In the time of Procopius * its dome might have seemed suspended by a chain from heaven ; but at present it exhibits much more of a subterranean than of an aerial character. The approach to the Pantheon at Rome, as well as to the spacious aisle and dome of St. Peter's, is by ascending; but in order to get beneath the dome of St. Sophia, the spectator is conducted down a flight of stairs. * * * The more we saw of the city, the more we had reason to be convinced that it remains as it was from its conquest by the Turks. The interior of St. So- phia manifestly proves the indisposition of the Turks towards the decoration of the buildings they found. * * * There is so much of littleness and bad taste in the patchwork of its interior decorations, and of confusion in the piles and buttresses about it, when viewed externally, that we hardly considered it more worth visiting than some other mosques, especially those of sultan Solyman and sultan Achmet." This is one of the largest edifices ever built for the purpose of Christian worship ; but though built by Constantino, it is evident, from the barbarous style of art which pervades the mass of stone, that it is the production of a vitiated and declining age. It is a confused memorial of a taste which no longer exists. " In its present state," says La Martiiie, " St. Sophia resembles an immense caravansary of God ; for there are the columns of the temple of Ephesus and the figures of the apostles, encircled with gilded glories, looking down upon the hanging lamps of the Iman." _ Clarke. o2 196 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. In the mosques, called Osmanic, are pillars of Egyptian granite, twenty-two feet lii^h and tliree feet in diameter ; and near it is the celebrated sarco- phagus of red porphyry, called the Tomb of C'onstan- tint y nine feet long, seven feet wide, and five thick, of one entire mass. In the mosque of sult;in Achmct are columns of verde antico, Kgyptian gra- nite, and white marhle. Several antique vases of glass and earthenware are also there suspended, exactly as they were in the temples of the ancients with the votive offerings. Near the mosque of sultan Achmet*, which is one of the finest buildings in Constantinople, stands the Hippodrome, called by the Turks Ktmeidon, which is no other than a translation of the ancient name ; it being made use of at present for exercising cavalry. It is a space of ground five hundred and seventy- four yards in length, and one hundred and twenty- four in breadth, and at one end are two obelisks, the one of granite fifty-eight feet high, on which are in- scribed many Egyptian hieroglyphics. The pedestal is adorned with has- relievos of but ordinary sculp- ture, representing different actions of the emperor Thcodosius in relation to the races that were per- formed in the Hippodrome. In one place, particu- larly, he is to be seen crowning a figure who is supposed to be the person that had carried off the prize. The other obelisk is composed of several pieces of stone, and seems, by many cavities between the stones, to have been covered with brass plates; which, together with its height, must have rendered it superior to the former in magnificence. Between these obelisks is the Delphic pillar. * Loid Sandwich. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 197 The aqueduct of the Roman emperors still remains*. It was first erected by Hadrian : it was called by his name ; subsequently it bore that of Valens, and of Theodosius. Being ruined by the Avans in the reign of Heraclius, it was repaired by one of the Constantines. In a later period Solyman, called the Magnificent, finding it gone to decay, caused it to be restored. It consists of a double line of arches, built with alternate layers of stone and brick. Within the walls of Constantinople t the Greek emperors had formed, by excavation, a number 01 immense cisterns, or reservoirs, which were always to be kept full, and which might supply the capital in case of siege. One of them, though no longer performing the office for which it was intended, is still one of the curiosities of Constantinople, to which all travellers are conducted. It is a vast subter- ranean edifice, whose roof is supported by an im- mense number of columns, each column being curiously formed of three pillars placed one on the top of the other. The Turks call it the place of the " thou- sand and one columns" not that the columns are really so numerous but because it is the favourite number of the oriental nations. Though the earth has, in part, filled it up, it is still of great depth. The whole cavity, according to Dr. "Walsh, is capa- ble of containing 1,237,939 cubit feet of water when full. It is now, however, dry ; and a number of silk- twisters have taken possession of it, and ply their trade at the bottom in almost utter darkness. There is another, also, which still exists as a cistern ; which Dr. Walsh, who first gave us any account of it, describes as being a subterraneous lake, extending under several streets, with an arched roof that covers * Clarke. f Chambers. IPS RUINS OF ANCIENT (I! and conceals it. supported on three hundred and thirty-six magnificent pillars. Some remains of a Im-ir antique structure are Men on the side of the Hippodrome; and it has been con- jectured that this was the palace of the emperors ; others suppose it to have been part of the Basilica. the form of which Gyllins believes to have 1 quadrangular ; in opposition to those who had dr- scril>ed it as an octagon. The Basilica was a c<>' for the instruction of youth. In the reign of Basi- licus there happened a great fire, and which con- suming whole streets, with many stately edifices, wholly destroyed the Basilica, together with its library, containing six hundred thousand volumes. Amongst these curiosities there was a MS. of the Iliad and Odyssey, written in letters of gold ; upon a serpent's gut, one hundred and twenty feet in length. Wheler says that the Seven Towers do not look strong enough for a castle ; but sufficiently so for a prison ; which was the employment to which it wasput for great men, or great malefactors, like the Tower of London. He was not permitted to enter into it; but he observed that one of the gateways was adorned with bassi-relievi, or oblong tablets of white mar ble. One of these represented the fall of Phaeton ; another Hercules fighting with a bull ; another Hercules combating with Cerberus; and another, Venus coming to Adonis during the time in which he is sleeping. The appearance of these walls, says Hobhouse, (the work of the second Theodosius), is more vene- rable than any other Byzantine antiquity ; their triple ranges rise one above the other in most places nearly entire, and still retaining their ancient battle- ments and towers, which are shaded with large trees, RFINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 199 which spring from the fosse, and through the rents of repeated earthquakes. The intervals between the triple walls, which are eighteen feet wide, are in many places choked up with earth and masses of the fallen rampart ; and the fosse, of twenty-five feet in breadth, is cultivated and converted into gardens and cherry orchards, with here and there a solitary cottage. Such is the height of the walls, that to those following the road under them on the outside, none of the mosques or other buildings of the capital, except the towers of Tekkun- Sana, are visible ; and as there are no suburbs, this line of majestic ramparts, defenceless and trembling with age, might impress upon the mind the notion, that the Ottomans had not deigned to inhabit the conquered city, but, carrying away its people into distant captivity, had left it an unresisting prey to the desolations of time. The Seven Towers reminded La Martine of the death of the first sultan, who was immolated by the Janissaries. Othman was allured by them into the castle, and perished two days afterwards by the hand of the vizir Daoud. Shortly after, the vizir himself was conducted to the Seven Towers. His turban was torn off his head ; he was made to drink at the same fountain where the unfortunate Othman had slaked his thirst ; and he was strangled in the same chamber in which he had strangled his master. " I have seen the ruins of Athens, of Ephesus, and Delphi," says Lord Byron ; "I have traversed great part of Turkey ; and many other parts of Europe, and some of Asia ; but I never beheld a work of nature or art, which yielded an impression like the prospect, on each side, from the Seven Towers to the Golden Horn." * Barthelerai; Wheler; Gibbon ; Sandwich; Hobhouse; Byron ; Clarke; La Martine ; Chambers ; Parker. 200 Kl INS OP ANCIENT CITIES. NO. xx. cAino (OLD). THIS city is said, by some, to have boon founded by Semiramis, when she invaded Egypt ; others sup- pose it to have been erected by the Persians mult T ('.unbyses in the place where Latopolis formerly stood. Strabo, however, asserts, that it was built by some barbarians who had retired thither by permis- sion of their sovereign; and that in his time the Romans kept in garrison there one of the three legions that were kept in Egypt. It is now called Fostat, and is situate between Grand Cairo and the Nile. It succeeded Memphis as the capital of Egypt; the history, therefore, of this place merges in the general one of Egypt. According to Elmanim in his history of the Arabs, Amrou, son of Eleas, built Masr Fostat on the spot where he had formed his camp previously to his besieging Alexandria. The governors sent by the caliphs afterwards made it their place of residence. The situation on the banks of the Nile, and near to land that communicated with the Red Sea, soon made it very flourishing. It was about two leagues in circumference, when, five hundred years after its foundation, it was deli- vered up by Schaonar, king of Egypt, in order to prevent its falling under the French (during the crusades), who set fire to it. The conflagration lasted fifty-four days. The unfortunate inhabitants quitted the ashes, and took refuge in New Cairo, which then assumed the name of Masr, and the former one of Fo-t.it was lost. Its environs are now scattered over with ruins, which indicate its ancient extent; and which, wen- history defective, would sufficiently attest it to be comparatively modern. They want the majestic character the Egyptians gave to their edifices, and RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 201 the impression of which time cannot efface. Neither sphynx, column, nor obelisk, can be found among those heaps of rubbish. At this place, however, are still to be seen Joseph's granaries ; if this appellation may be given to a large space of ground, surrounded by walls twenty feet high, and divided into courts, without any roof or covering. But the only things worth seeing in the ancient Cairo are the castle, and the aqueduct that conveys the water of the Nile into the castle. It is supported by three hundred and fifty narrow and very lofty arcades. These are thus described by Rollin: The castle of Cairo is one of the greatest curiosities in Egypt. It stands on the hill without the city, has a rock for its foundation, and is surrounded with walls of a vast height and solidity. You go up to the castle by a way hewn out of the rock, and which is of so easy ascent, that loaded horses and camels get up without difficulty. The greatest rarity in this castle is Joseph's Well ; so called, either because the Egyptians are pleased with ascribing their most remarkable particulars to that great man, or because there is really such a tradition in the country. This is a proof, at least, that the work in question is very ancient ; and it is certainly worthy the magnificence of the most powerful kings of Egypt. This well has, as it were, two stories, cut out of a rock to a pro- digious depth. One descends to the reservoir of water between the two wells by a staircase seven or eight feet broad, consisting of two hundred and twenty steps, and so contrived, that the oxen em- ployed to throw up the water, go down with all imaginable ease; the descent being scarcely per- ceptible. The well is supplied by a spring, which is almost the only one in the whole country. The oxen are continually turning a wheel with a rope, to which 202 ROINS OP AXCIBNT CM buckets arc fastened. The water thus drawn from the first and lowermost well is conveyed l>y a little canal into a reservoir which forms the second wt 11, from whence it is drawn to the top in the NIMH- manner, and then conveyed by pipes to all parts of the castle. The remains of Egyptian Babylon merit attention. says Mr. Wilkinson ; and, among other objects slmu n by the monks, who live there, is a chamber of the V ir gin, the traditions concerning which have been treated by the credulous with the same pious feelings as the tree at Ileliopolis. The station of Babylon is evi- dently of Roman construction, and probably the same that is mentioned by Strabo, in which one of the three Roman lepions was quartered. It formed part of the town of Fostat, built by Amer, near the ruins of Babylon, and the mosque, called after him, marks the spot of his encampment, which subse- quently became the centre of the city he had founded. The exterior of the Roman station still reminds us of its former strength, which defied the attacks of the Arab invaders for seven months, and its solid walls still contain a village of Christian inhabitants. < > ver the triangular pediment of the doorway, which is on the south side, appears to have been an inscription, long since removed ; and in an upper chamber above one of the bastions of this now-closed entrance, is an old Christian record, sculptured on wood, of the time of Dioclesian, which is curious from its material and the state of its preservation. Near Cairo are some ancient catacombs. These are situated beneath a mound in the middle of a plain, adjoining the pyramids of Saccara, which lies beneath the sandy surface. Dr. Clarke ancended into them by means of a rope-ladder. "The first chamber he entered contained scattered fragments of mum- mies, which had originally been placed on a shelf cut RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 203 out of the rock, and extending breast-high the whole- length of this apartment : there are two tiers or stories of these chambers, one above the other, all presenting the same appearance of violation and dis- order, and smelling very offensively. At some dis- tance from these, which were apparently appropriated to man, are those in which the sacred birds and ani- mals were deposited ; one apartment of which Dr. Clarke found filled with earthen jars entire, laid horizontally in tiers on one another, something like bottles in a wine-bin. They were about fourteen inches long, and conical in form, the cover being fixed on by some kind of cement ; when opened, they were found to contain the bodies of birds (the ibis), with white feathers tipped with black, or the heads of monkeys, cats, and other animals, all carefully bandaged up in linen. Old Cairo sustained all the evils of a great famine in the year of Christ 597. We adopt the account given of this calamity from the Encyclopaedia Lon- dinensis : " Of the number of poor who perished with hunger," says Abtollatiph, " it is impossible to form any probable estimate ; but I will give the reader some information on this subject, whence he may form a faint idea of the mortality with which Egypt was then afflicted. In Mesr, and Cairo, and their confines, wherever a person turned he could not avoid stumbling over some starved object, either already dead, or in the agonies of death." From Cairo alone nearly five hundred were daily carried out to the burying-ground ; and so great was the mortality in Mesr, that the dead were thrown out without the walls, where they remained un- buried. But afterwards, when the survivors were no longer able to throw out the dead bodies, they were left 204 iifiss 01 iii in-. win-rover they expiml, in the houses, shops, or -t The liml>- of tin- ilr.nl wire oven cut in pin-i-s ami used for food ; and instead of receiving the la-t olli.-rs from their friends, and being decently int in <1, their n-inains were attended by persons who wore employed in roasting or baking them. In all the distant provinces and towns the inhabit- ants became entirely extinct, except in the principal cities, and some of the large towns, such as K<>u~ Ashmunein, .Mahal la, &c., and evrii there but a few survived. In those days a traveller might pass through a city without finding in it one human creature alive. lie saw the houses open, and the inhabitants dead on their faces, some grown putrid, and others who had recently expired. If he entered into the houses, he found them full of goods, but no one to make use of them ; and he saw nothing wherever he turned, but a dreadful solitude, and a universal desolation. 1'h is account rests not on the information and autho- rity of a single person, but of many, whose sevrral assertions mutually confirmed each other. One of these gave information in the following words : " We entered a city, where no living creature was to be found ; we went into the houses, and there we saw the inhabitants prostrate and dead, all lying in a wretched group on the ground, the hus- band, the wife, and the children. Hence we passed into another city, which contained, as we had heard, four hundred shops of weavers : it was now a desert like the former, the artificer had expired in his shop, and his family lay dead around him. A third city, which we afterwards visited, appeared like the former, a scene of death and desolation. Being obliged to reside in this place for some time, for the puq)ose of agriculture, we ordered persons to throw RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 205 the bodies of the dead into the hole at the rate of ten for a diakem. Wolves and hyenas resorted here in great numbers to feed on the corpses*." NO. XXI. CANNAE. CANN.E is a small village of Apulia, near the Aufidus, famous for a battle between Hannibal and the Romans ; and as the spot where the battle was fought is still pointed out by the inhabitants, and is still denominated " the field of blood," we shall refresh the memories of our readers with an account of it. Both armies having often removed from place to place, came in sight of each other near Cannae. As Hannibal was encamped in a level open country, and his cavalry much superior to that of the Romans, ^Emilius did not think proper to engage in such a place. He was for drawing the enemy into an irregular spot, where the infantry might have the greatest share of the action. But his colleague, who was wholly inexperiencefl, was of a contrary opinion. The troops on each side were, for some time, con- tented with skirmishes ; but, at last, one day when Varro had the command, for the two consuls took it by turns, preparations were made on both sides for battle. jEmilius had not been consulted; yet, though he extremely disapproved the conduct of his colleague, as it was not in his power to prevent it, he seconded him to the utmost. The two armies were very un- equal in numbers. That of the Romans, including the allies, amounted to eighty thousand foot, and about six thousand horse ; and that of the Carthaginians consisted but of forty thousand foot, all well dis- ciplined, and of ten thousand horse. .ZEmilius com- manded the right wing of the Romans ; Varro the left ; and Servilius was posted in the centre. Han- * Elmanim ; Sonnini ; Browne ; firewater ; Clarke ; Encyclop. Londinensis : Rees ; Wilkinson. 20) lU'l.NS OP ANCIENT CITIES. nibal, who had the art of taking all advantntres. had posted himself so as the south wind should lilow directly in the faces of the Romans during the fight*, and eovrr them with dust. Then keeping the rivtr Aufidus on his left, and posting his cavalry on the winirs he formed his main body of the Spanish and Gallic infantry, which he posted in the centre, with half the African heavy armed foot on the right, and half on their left, on the same line with the cavalry. His army being thus drawn up, he put himself at the head of the Spanish and Gallic infantry, and having drawn themselves out in a line, advanced to begin the battle, rounding his front as he advanced near the enemy. The fight soon began, and the Roman legions that were in the wings, seeing their centre firmly attacked, advanced to charge the enemy in flank. Hannibal's main body, after a brave resist- ance, finding themselves furiously attacked on all sides, gave way, being overpowered in numbers. The Romans having pursued them with eager confusion, the two wings of the African infantry, which was fresh, well armed, and in good order, wheeled about on a sudden towards that void space in which the Romans had thrown themselves in disorder, and attacked them vigorously on both sides without allowing them time to recover themselves, or leaving them ground to draw up. In the mean time, the two wings of the cavalry having defeated those of the Romans, which were much inferior to them, advanced and charged the rest of the Roman infantry, which being surrounded at once on every side by the ene- my's horse and foot, was all cut to pieces, after having fought with great bravery, ^milius being covered with wounds, he received in the fight, was afterwards killed by a body of the enemy to whom he was not known. Above seventy thousand men fell in this ~~ Rofl!n.~ KVINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 207 battle ; and the Carthaginians, so great was tlu'ir fury, did not give over the slaughter till Hannibal, in the very heat of it, cried out to them several times, " Stop, soldiers, spare the vanquished." Ten thousand men, who had been left to guard the camps, surrendered themselves prisoners of war after the battle. Varro, the consul, retired to Venusia with only seventy horse ; and about four thousand men escaped into the neighbouring cities. Hannibal remained master of the field, he being chiefly indebted for this, as well as for his former victories, to the superiority of his cavalry over the Romans. Maherbal, one of the Carthaginian generals, advised Hannibal to inarch directly to Rome, promising him that within five days they should sup in the capital. Hannibal, answering, that it was an affair that required mature examination " I see," replies Maherbal, " that the gods have not endowed the same men with all talents. You, Hannibal, know how to conquer, but not to make the best use of a victory." It is pretended that this delay saved Rome and the empire. Many authors, and among the rest Livy, charge Hannibal on this occasion as if guilty of a capital error. But others, more reserved, are not for condemning without evident proofs, so renowned a general, who, in the rest of his conduct, was never wanting either in pru- dence to make choice of the best expedient, or in readiness to put his designs in execution. They, besides, are inclined to judge favourably of him from the authority, or, at least, the silence of Polybius, who, speaking of the memorable consequences of this celebrated battle, says, " That the Carthaginians were firmly persuaded, that they should possess themselves of Rome at the first assault :" but then he does not mention how this could possibly have been effected ; as that city was very populous, warlike, strongly fortified, and defended with a garrison of two legions; 208 r IN- nr \\. ii vr CITIES. nor does he anywli'-iv -ivc tin- Ic.ist hint that such a project was feasible, or that Hannibal did wrong, in not attempting to put it in execution. Soon after the battle of Cannae, Hannibal de- spatched his brother to Carthage with the news of his victory; and at the fame time to demand succours, in order that he might be enabled to put an end to the war. Mago being arrived, made, in full senate, a lofty speech, in which he extolled his brother'- \ ploits, and displayed the great advantages he had gained over the Romans. And to give a more lively idea of the greatness of the victory, by speaking in some measure to the eye, he poured out in the middle of the senate a bushel of gold rings which had l>een taken from such of the Roman nobility as had fallen in the battle. A ridge of low hills *, bare of wood, and laid out in grass or corn land, confines the river for four mile-, at the end of which, bounded by knolls, stood the city of Cannae. The traces of the town, howc\,r. are very faint, consisting of fragments of altars, cor- nices, gates, walls, vaults, and under-ground granaries. " My eyes ranged at large over the vast expanse of unvariegated plains," says Mr. Swinburne : " all was silent; not a man, not an anim.il, appeared to enliven the scene. We stood on ruins and over vaults ; the banks of the river were desert and wild. My thoughts naturally assumed the tint of the dreary prospect, as I reflected on the fate of Carthage and of Rome. Rome recovered from the blow she received in these fields ; but her liberty, her fame, and tro- phies, have long been levelled in the dust. Carthage lies in ruins less discernible than those of the paltry walls of Canno? ; the very traces of them have almn-t vanished from the face of the earth. The daring projects, marches, and exploits of her hero, even the * Swinburne. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 209 victory, obtained upon this spot, would, like thou- sands of other human achievements, have been lono- buried in oblivion, had not his very enemies consigned him to immortality ; for the annals of Carthage exist no more." The peasants showed Mr. Swinburne some spurs and heads of lances, which had been turned up by the plough a short time before he visited the spot, and told him, that horse-loads of armour and weapons had been found and carried away at different times *. NO. XXII. CAPUA. CAPUA, once the chief city of Campania, was founded by Capys, who is described as having been the father, or rather the companion, of Anchises. It was at one time so opulent, that it was called " the other Rome." Perhaps our readers will have no objection to have their memories refreshed byan allusion to the mistake, committed at this place by Hannibal. The details of it will give some variety to our page. It is thus related by Rollin, from the luminous page of Livy : " The battle of Cannae subjected the most powerful nations of Italy to Hannibal, drew over to his interest Graecia Magna ; also wrested from the Romans their most ancient allies, amongst whom the Capuans held the first rank. This city, by the fertility of its soil, its advantageous situation^ and the blessings of a long peace, had risen to great wealth and power. Luxury, and a flow of pleasures, the usual attendants on wealth, had corrupted the minds of all the citizens, who, from their natural inclination, were but too much addicted to voluptuousness and all excesses. Hannibal made choice of this city for his winter-quarters. There it was that his soldiers, who had sustained the most grievous toils, and braved the most formidable dan- * Rollin ; Swinburne. YOL. I. P 210 RUINS 01 UK II NT CITIES. gere, were overthrown by delights and a profusion of all things, into which they plunged with the gi eagerness as they, till then, liad been entire strangers to them. Their courage was so enervated in this bewitching retirement, that all their aftrr-etlorts were owing rather to the fame and splendour of their former victories than to their present strength. When Hannibal marched his forces out of the city, one would have taken them for other mm, ami the reverse of those who had so lately marched into it. Accustomed, during the winter season, to commo- dious lodgings, to ease and plenty, they were no longer able to bear hunger, thirst, long man-lies, watchings, and the other toils of war ; not to mention that all obedience, all discipline, were laid aside." Livy thinks that Hannibal's stay at Capita is a reproach to his conduct ; and pretends that he there was guilty of an infinitely greater error than when he neglected to march directly to Rome after the battle of Cannae : " For this delay," says Livy, " might seem only to have retarded his victory ; whereas this last misconduct rendered him absolutely incapable of ever defeating the enemy. In a word, as Man dins observed judiciously afterwards, Capua was to the Carthaginians and their general, what Canute had been to the Romans. There their martial genius, their love of discipline, were lost; there their former fame, and their almost certain hopes of future glory, vanished at once, and, indeed, from thenceforth, the affairs of Hannibal advanced to their decline by swift steps ; fortune declared in favour of prudence, and victory seemed now reconciled to the Romans." It is doubted, however, whether Livy has reason to impute all these fatal consequences to the agreeable abode at Capna. It might, indeed, have been one cause, but this would be a very inconsiderable one ; and the bravery with which the forces of Hannibal afterwards defeated RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 211 the armies of consuls and prietors ; the towns they took even in sight of the Romans ; their main- taining their conquests so vigorously, and staying fourteen years after this in Italy in spite of the Romans ; all these circumstances may induce us to believe that Livy lays too much stress on the delights of Capua. In fact, the chief cause of the decay of Hannibal's affairs was his want of necessary supplies and succours from Carthage. The revolt of Capua to the Carthaginians proved its ruin ; for when taken by the consuls Fulvius and Claudius, it was punished for its perfidy. Genseric, the Vandal, however, was more cruel than the Romans had been ; for he massacred the inhabitants and burned the town to the ground. Narses rebuilt it ; but in 84 1 it was totally destroyed by an army of Saracens, and the inhabitants driven to the mountains *. Some time after the retreat of these savage invaders, the Lombards ventured down again into the plain ; but not deeming their force adequate to the defence of so great a circuit as the large city, they built themselves a smaller one on the river, and called it Capua. In 1501 this new city was taken by storm by the French, who, according to Guicciardini and Giannone, committed the most flagitious acts of rapine, lust, and enormity. " The amphitheatre of Old Capua," says Mr. Forsyth, " recals to us the sublime image of Spar- tacus. It resembles the Coliseum in its form and in its fate. Both were raised on magnificent designs negligently executed. Both have suffered from bar- barians and from modern builders ; but the solitude of the Campanian ruin has exposed it to greater dilapidation than the Roman has yet undergone. Part of its materials has emigrated to modern Capua ; a part is buried in its own arena. The first * Swinburne. p2 21*2 RUINS OP ANCIRNT CITIES. order of columns is half interred ; the second has none entire." Though much defaced by the loss of its marble *, this structure offers many ornaments peculiar to itself. It is considerably smaller than the Flavian amphi- theatre at Rome ; but worthy of the first amon<,' the second cities of the empire : the monuments still to be seen on the spot are certainly of a date longposterior to Capua's independence, and even to that of Roman liln-rty. The lower order of the amphitheatre is Tuscan ; the second Doric. What the upper ones were cannot be ascertaim-tl : on the keystone of each arcade was the bust of a deity of a colossal size ami coarse execution, much too massive for the rest of the work. It had four entrances, and was built of brick, faced with stone or marble. The little value set upon brick has preserved it ; while the other materials have been torn down to mend roads and build cottages. " From Caserta," says Mr. Forsyth, " it is but half an hour's ride to the remains of ancient Capuat. Some tombs on the road, though ruined and encum- bered with bushes, display a variety of sepulchral forms, unknown during the Roman republic. Most of the Campanian tombs, anterior to Caesar, had been demolished by his soldiers, while searching for painted vases; for Capua, though late in learning the ceramic art, was more productive than the rest of Campania." Vases have lately been discovered here in great variety, and antiquaries find out purposes for them all ; either in the form, or the size, or the painting, or their own imagination i. O Swinburne. t Fonyth I Livy ; Rollin ; Swinburne ; Fonyth. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 213 NO. XXIII. CARTHAGE. CARTIIAGE was founded by the Tyrians about the year of the world 3158, and 846 before Christ; that is, at the period in which Joash was king of Judah. Its empire lasted about seven hundred years. The Carthaginians were indebted to the Tyrians not only for their origin, but their manners, customs, laws, religion, and their general application to com-- merce. They spoke the same language with the Tyrians, and these the game with the Canannites and Israelites ; that is, the Hebrew ; or at least a language entirely derived from it. The strict union, which always subsisted between the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, is remarkable. When Cambyses had resolved to make war upon the latter, the Phoenicians, who formed the chief strength of his fleet, told him plainly, that they could not serve him against their countrymen : and this decla- ration obliged that prince to lay aside his design. The Carthaginians, on their side, were never forgetful of the country from whence they came, and to which they owed their origin. They sent regularly every year to Tyre a ship freighted with presents, as a quit-rent or acknowledgment, paid to their ancient country ; and its tutelar gods had an annual sacrifice offered to them by the Carthaginians, who considered them as their protectors. They never failed to send thither the first fruits of their revenues, nor the tithe of the spoils taken from their enemies, or offerings to Hercules, one of the principal gods of Tyre and Carthage. The foundation of Carthage is ascribed to Elisa, a Tyrian princess, better known by the name of Dido. She married her relation, whose name was Sichaeus. Her brother was Pigmalion, king of Tyre. Sichaeus being extremely rich, Pigmalion put him to death in 214 Ht INS OP ANCIENT CITIES. order to sci/.c UJKIM his wealth ; but the plan did not succeed ; for Dido managed to elude his avarice, 1\ withdrawing from the city with all her husband's possessions. Taking all these out to sea, she wan- dered about for some time ; till, coming to the gulf, on the borders of which Utica stood, about fifteen miles from Tunis, then but too well known for its corsairs, she landed for the purpose of considering what plan it would be proper to pnrsue. Invited by the liope of profit, the people of the neighbouring country soon began to frequent the new settlement ; and those brought others from more distant parts, and the town soon began to wear an air of importance. Utica having also been raised by a colony from Tyre, its inhabitants entered into friendship with the new comers. They deputed envoys with considerable presents, and exhorted them to build a city. This exhortation was seconded by the natives of the coun- try. All things conspiring to so great an object, Dido immediately entered into a treaty with the natives for a certain portion of land, and having agreed to pay an annual tribute to the Africans for the ground on which the town was to stand, she built that celebrated city, so universally known, and gave it the name of Carthada, or Carthage, a word signifying the " New City*." Dido was soon sought in marriage by the king of Getulia, named larbus. Having determined on never marrying again, out of compliment to her lost hus- band, Sichaeus, she desired time for consideration. We must now follow the true history, and neglect the false one ; that is, we must follow Justin, and altogether disregard Virgil ; since, to answer the purposes of his poem, as well as those of a political nature, he has fixed the building of Carthage no less The tale about pnrrhnsing o much land at an ox't hide would rover, being a lucre poetical Action, i* of course omitted. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 215 than three hundred years before the period in which it actually occurred. Justin's account is this* : " larbus, king of the Mauritanians, sending for ten of the principal Cartha- ginians, demanded Dido in marriage, threatening to declare war against her in case of refusal. The ambassadors, being afraid to deliver the message of larbus, told her, with punic honesty, that he wanted to have some person sent him, who was capable of civilizing and polishing himself and his Africans ; but there was no possibility of finding any Carthagi- nian, who would be willing to quit his native place and kindred, for the conversation of barbarians, who were as savage as the wildest beasts. Here the queen, with indignation, interrupted them, asking if they were not ashamed to refuse living in any manner which might be beneficial to their country, to which they owed their lives. They then delivered the king's message, and bade her set them a pattern, and sacrifice herself to her country's welfare. Dido, being thus ensnared, called on Sichaeus, with tears and lamentations, and answered that she would go where the fate of her city called her. At the expi- ration of three months she ascended the fatal pile, and with her last breath told the spectators, that she was going to her husband, as they had ordered her." The first war made by the Carthaginians was against the Africans, in order to free themselves from the tribute they had engaged to pay. In this, how- ever, they were foiled. They afterwards carried their arms against the Moors and Numidians, and won conquest from both. They had then a dispute with Cyrene, on account of their respective limits. This quarrel was settled without much trouble. They foon after conquered Sardinia, Majorca, and Minorca. Then they added many cities in Spain to their * Lib. xxiii. cli. 6. 216 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. conquests; though it is not known at what ] they entered that omntry, nor ho w far they extended their conquests. Their conquests were slow at the first ; but in the process of time, they subjugated nearly the whole country. They became soon after masters of nearly all Sicily. This excited the jealousy of the Romans ; and Sicily became an arena for the trial of their respective strength. " "What a fine field of battle," said Pyrrhiis, as he left that island, " do we leave the Carthaginians and Romans !" The wars between Rome and Carthage were three, and they are called, in the history of the former city, " Punic" wars. The first lasted twenty-four years ; then there was an interval of peace, but that expired at the end of twenty- four years more. The second Punic war took up seventeen years ; and then ensued another interval of forty-nine years ; followed by the third Punic war, which terminated, after a contest of four years and some months, in the total destruction of Carthage. The firet was terminated in a treaty to the follow- ing effect*, that " there shall be peace between the * Polybius has transmitted to us a treaty of pence concluded between Philip, *on of Demetrius, king of Macedon, and the Car- thaginians, in which the great respect and veneration of the latter for the drily, their inherent persuasion that the gods assist and preside over human affairs, and particularly over the solemn treaties made in their name and presence, arc strongly displayed. Mention it therein made of five or six different order* of deities ; and this enumeration appears very extraordinary in a public instrument, such as a treaty of (K-OCC concluded between two nations. We will here present our reader with the vciy words of the historian, as it will give some idea of the Carthaginian theology. " This treaty was con- cluded in the presence of Jupiter, Juno, and Apollo ; in the presence of the (lirinon or genius ( Xai*io> ot ) of the Carthaginians, of Hercules and lolaus ; in the presence of Mars, Triton, and Neptune ; in the presence of all the confederate gods of the Carthaginians ; and of the fun, the moon, and the earth ; in the presence of the rivers, meads, and waters ; in the presence of all those gods who possess Carthage." ROLLIN. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 217 Carthaginians and Romans, on the following condi- tions: The Carthaginians shall evacuate all Sicily; shall no longer make war against the Syracusans or their allies ; shall restore to the Romans, without ransom, all the prisoners whom they shall have taken from them ; pay one thousand talents of silver immediately; and two thousand two hundred talents of silver within the space of ten years ; and, also, depart out of all the islands situated between Italy and Sicily." Sardinia was not comprehended in this treaty ; but they gave it up in a treaty some years after. This was the longest war that had then been known in any country ; it having lasted four-and- twenty years. " The obstinacy in disputing for em- pire," says the historian, " was equal on both sides ; the same resolution, the same greatness of soul, in forming as well as in executing of projects being equal on both sides. The Carthaginians had the superiority over the Romans, with regard to naval affairs ; the strength and swiftness of their vessels ; the working of them ; the skill and capacity of their pilots ; the knowledge of coasts, shallows, roads and winds ; and in the inexhaustible fund of wealth which furnished all the expenses of so long and obstinate a war. The qualities and capabilities of the Romans were of a different character. They had none of the advan- tages above stated ; but their courage, and regard for the public good, are said to have supplied all of them ; and their soldiers were greatly superior to those of Carthage, not only in skill but in courage. The Carthaginians had scarcely closed the war with the Romans, than they were engaged in another against the mercenaries who had served under them in Sicily. This was a short but a very sanguinary war. These mercenaries being returned to the neigh- bourhood of Carthage, were unjustly treated, in not 218 HI' IN- OP ANCIKNT (-ITU--. being paid the wages they liad earned by the assist- ance they had given. Complaints, seditious ;m. warlike states or nations mnkcwur a_;.im-t t ach other ; and never had those in question M-CII tliriiisrhrs raised to a more exalted pitch of power and L, r h>ry." Though, as we have already hinted, there were many remote causes for this war, the more immediate one was the taking of Saguntum by the Cartha- ginian general, Hannibal. We shall speak of the fall of this city when we come to describe its ruins, which still remain. Words, we are told, could never express the grief and consternation with which the news of the taking of Saguntum was received at Rome. The senate sent immediately deputies to Carthago to inquire whether Saguntum had been besieged by order of the republic ; and, if so, to declare war : or, in case the siege had been undertaken solely by the autho- rity of Hannibal, that he should be delivered up to the Romans. The senate not giving any answer to this demand, one of the deputies took up the folded lappet of his robe, and said in a proud voice, " I bring here cither peace or war ; the choice is left to yourselves." To this the senate answered, " We leave the choice to you." The deputy then declared, " I give you war then." " And we," answered the senate, "as heartily accept it; and we are resolved to prosecute it with the same cheerfulness." Such was the beginning of the second Punic war. During this war Hannibal made his celebrated march over the Alps. He entered Italy, and fought the battles of Ticinus, Trebia, Thrasymene, and Cannae. He besieged Capua, and then Rome. In the mean time Scipio conquers all Spain ; and having been appointed consul, he sets sail for Africa, and carries the war into the bosom of the Cartha- ginian state. Success attended him every where. When the council of "one hundred" found this, they deputed thirty of their body to the tent of the RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 221 Roman general, when they all threw themselves prostrate upon the earth, such being the custom of the country, spoke to him in terms of great submis- sion, and accused Hannibal of being the author of all their calamities, and promised, in the name of the senate, implicit obedience to whatever the Romans should be pleased to ordain. Scipio answered, that though he was come into Africa for conquest, and not for peace, he would, nevertheless, grant them one, upon condition, that they should deliver up all the Roman prisoners and deserters ; that they should recal their armies out of Gaul and Italy ; that they should never set foot again in Spain ; that they should retire out of all the islands between Italy and Africa ; that they should deliver up all their ships except twenty ; give the Romans five hundred thousand bushels of wheat ; three hundred thousand of barley ; and, moreover, pay to the Romans fifteen thousand talents. These terms the Carthaginians consented to ; but their compliance was only in appearance : their design being to gain time to recal Hannibal. That general was then in Italy. Rome was almost within his grasp. He had, perhaps, seized it, had he marched thither immediately on gaining the battle of Cannae. The order to return home overwhelmed him with in- dignation and sorrow. " Never banished man," says Livy, " showed so much regret at leaving his native country as Hannibal did in going out of that of an enemy." He was exasperated al- most to madness to see himself thus forced to quit his prey. Arriving in his own country for we must hasten our narrative that celebrated meeting be- tween the two generals at Zama took place, which makes so conspicuous a figure in Roman and Car- thaginian history. The issue of this meeting was a battle, in which 'Jl'J ROIN8 OK ANC'IKNT CITIES. the Carthaginians, after an obstinate took to flight, leaving ten thousand men on the field of battle. llannilial escaped in the tumult, and entering Carthage, owned that he was overthrown ; that the disaster was irrecoverable ; and that tin- citizens had no other choice left but to accept what- ever terms the conqueror chose to impose. After some difficulty and opposition in the Car- thaginian senate, jieace was agreed upon. The terms were exceedingly hard. They were these : that the Carthaginians should continue free and preserve their laws, territories, and the cities they possessed in Africa during the war. That they should deliver up to the Romans all deserters, slaves, and captives belonging to them ; all their ships, except ten triremes ; all their tame elephants; and that they should not train up any more for war. That they should not make war out of Africa, nor even in that country, without obtaining leave for that purpose of the Roman people; should restore to Mnsinissa all they had dispossessed either him or his ancestors of; should furnish money and corn to the lioman auxiliaries, till their ambassadors should be returned from Rome ; should pay to the Romans ten thousand Euboic talents * of silver in fifty annual payments, and give one hundred hostages, who should be nominated by Suipio. These were hard terms indeed; and when Scipio burnt all the ships, to the amount of five hundred in the harbour of Carthage, these ships which had been the cause of all the power of Carthage, Car- thage appeared to its inhabitants as if it never could recover ; nor, indeed, did it ever do so. The blow was fatal. This war lasted seventeen years: the peace which succeeded, fiftyt. Twenty- five years after it was 1,750,000/. ; that it, 35.000/. annually. f Poljbiui acquaint* us, that the ratification of the articles of RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 2^3 concluded, Hannibal poisoned himself at the court of Prusias. We must now pass to the war, which soon after occurred between the Carthaginians and Masinissa, king of Numidia. In this war the Carthaginians were, in the end, worsted. Scipio the younger, who afterwards destroyed Carthage, was present at the battle. He had been sent by Lucullus, who com- manded in Spain, to Masinissa to desire some ele- phants. During the whole engagement, he is repre- sented as standing upon a neighbouring hill ; and was greatly surprised to see. Masinissa, then eighty- eight years of age, mounted, agreeably to the custom of his country, on a horse without a saddle, flying from rank to rank like a young officer, and sustaining the most arduous toils. The fight was very obsti- nate, and continued all day ; but at last the Cartha- ginians gave way, and Masinissa afterwards turned their camp into a blockade, so that no provisions could reach them. A famine ensued, and then the plague. They were, in consequence, reduced to agreeing to the king's terms, which were no other than these : to deliver up all deserters ; to pay five thousands talents of silver in fifty years, and restore agreement between the Romans and the Carthaginians, was per- formed in this manner : the Carthaginians swore by the gods of their country ; and the Romans, after their ancient custom, swore by a stone, and then by Mars. They swore by a stone thus : " If Ikeep my faith, may the gods vouchsafe their assistance, and give me success ; if, on the contrary, I violate it, then may the other party be entirely safe, and preserved in their country-; in their laws, in their possessions, and, in a word, in all their rights and liberties ; and may I perish and fall alone, as now this stone does :" and then he lets the stone fall out of his hands. Livy's account of the like ceremony is something more par- ticular ; yet differs little in substance, only that he says the herald's concluding clause was, " otherwise may Jove strike the Roman peo- ple, as I do this hog;" and accoidingly he killed a hog that stood ready by, with the stone which he held in his hand. KENNETT. 224 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. all exiles. They were, also, made to sufl'er the igno- miny of passing under the yoke ; and dismissed with only one suit of clothes for each. Nor did their misfortunes terminate here. Gulussa, the son of Masinissn, whom the Carthaginians had treated in :i disrespectful manner, intercepted them with a body of cavalry. They could neither resist nor ese;ipr. The consequence of which was, that out of fifty- eight thousand men only a very few returned to Carthage. During the latter part of the second Punic war, it was stated in the Roman senate, that Rome could never be in safety while Carthage was permitted to exist : " Carthage," said Cato, at the close of all his speeches, " must be destroyed." The time soon came, in which the threat was to be carried into execution : and this brings us to the commencement of the third and last Punic war. It lasted only four years ; and yet it terminated in the total ruin and destruction of Carthage. This war arose out of that which the Cartha- ginians had waged against Masinissa ; that prince being an ally of the Romans. The vanquished party sent to Rome to justify their proceedings. When the matter came to be debated in the senate, Cato and Scipio were of different opinions. Nasica de- sired the preservation of Carthage, in order that the people might, who were grown excessively insolent, have something to fear. Cato, on the other hand, thought, that as the people had become what Nasica represented them, it was highly dangerous that so powerful an enemy as Carthage should be allowed to remain. " They may one day conquer us, so great is our prosperity." He was but lately returned from Africa ; and he represented in the senate, that he had not found Carthage exhausted either of men or money. On the contrary, that it was full of vigorous RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 225 young men, and abounded with immense quantities of gold and silver, and prodigious magazines of arms and all warlike stores ; and was, moreover, so haughty and confident on account of all this, that their hopes and ambition had no bounds. On saying this, he took from the lappet of his coat a few figs, and, throwing them on the table, and the senators ad- miring them he called out, " Know, this ; it is but three days those figs were gathered ; so short is the distance between the enemy and us." The Carthaginians not having made good their cause in regard to their conduct towards Masinissa, war was declared against them, and the generals *, who were charged with the command, received strict injunctions not to end the war but with the destruc- tion of Carthage. These instructions the Carthaginians did not become acquainted with till some time after. They, therefore, sent deputies to make all manner of sub- mission. They were even instructed to declare, if neces- sity required, that they were willing to give themselves up, with all they possessed, to-the will and pleasure of the Romans. On arriving at Rome, the deputies found that the war had been, before their arrival, already proclaimed, and that the army had actually sailed. They therefore returned to Carthage with certain proposals, in complying with which the Romans declared they would be satisfied. Amongst the terms demanded were three hundred hostages, the flower and the last hopes of the noblest families in Carthage. No spectacle, we are told, was ever more moving : nothing was heard but cries ; notjiing seen but tears ; and all places echoed with groans and lamentations. Above all, the unhappy mothers, bathed in tears, tore their dishevelled hair, beat their breasts, and expressed their grief in terms so moving, * M. Manilius and L. Marcius Censorinus. VOL. I. Q 226 IM'INS OF ANTIKNT fl I that even savage beMto might ha\e liem moved to comjia-sion. Hut tin- scene is stated to have heen much more moving when the fatal moment arrived when, after having accompanied their children to the ship, they hade them a long and last farewell, per- suaded that they should never see them again. They wept a flood of tears over them, embraced them with the utmost fondness, clasped them eagerly in their arm-, and could not be prevailed upon to part with them, till they were forced away. When the hostages arrived at Rome, the deputies were informed that when they should arrive at Uti< -a, the consuls would acquaint them with the orders of the republic. The deputies, therefore, repaired to Utica, where they received orders to deliver up, without delay, all their arms. This command was put immediately in execution ; and a long train of waggons soon after arrived at the Roman camp, laden with two hundred thousand complete sets of armour, a numberless multitude of darts and javelins, with two thousand engines for shooting darts and tones. Then followed the deputies, and a : number of the most venerable senators and pri who came with the hope of moving the Romans to compassion. When they arrived, Censorinusaddn -I them in the following manner : " I cannot but com- mend the readiness with which you execute the orders of the senate. They have commanded me to tell you, that it is their will and pleanure, that you depart out of Carthage, which they have resolved entirely to destroy ; and that you remove into any other part of your dominions you shall think proper, provided it be at the distance of eight stadia (twelve miles) from the sea." The instant the consul had pronounced this fulmi- nating decree, nothing was heard among the Cartha- ginians but shrieks and bowlings. Being now in a RtlNS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 227 manner thunderstruck, they neither knew where they were, nor what they did ; but rolled themselves in the dust, tearing their clothes, and unable to vent their grief any otherwise but by broken sighs and deep groans. Being afterwards a little recovered, they lifted up their hands with the air of suppliants, one moment towards the gods, and the next towards the Romans, imploring their mercy and justice with regard to a people, who would soon be reduced to the extremities of despair. But as both the gods and men were deaf to their fervent prayers, they now changed them into reproaches and imprecations ; bidding the Romans call to mind, that there were such beings as avenging deities, whose severe eyes were ever open on guilt and treachery. The Romans themselves could not refrain from tears at so moving a spectacle : but their resolution was fixed; The deputies could not even prevail so far as to get the execution of the order suspended, till they should have an opportunity of presenting themselves again before the senate, if possible, to get it revoked. They were forced to set out immediately, and carry the answer to Carthage. The people waited for their return, with such an impatience and terror, as words can never express. It was scarcely possible for them to break through the crowd that flocked around them, to hear the answer which ^was but too strongly painted in their faces. When they were come into the senate, and had declared the barbarous orders of the Romans, a general shriek informed the people of their too lamentable fate ; and from that instant nothing was seen or heard in every part of the city but howling and despair, madness and fury. The consuls made no great haste to march against Carthage ; not sus- pecting they had reason to be under apprehension from that city, as it was now disarmed. However, '2-28 Ilf INS OP ANCIKNT CM tin- inhabitants took advantage of this delay to put themselves in a posture of deft-no 1 , being all unani- mously resolved not to quit the city. They ap- pointed, as a general, without the walls, Asdruhal, who was at the head of twenty thousand men ; ami to whom deputies were sent accordingly, to entreat him to forget, for his country's sake, the inju-tic.' which had been done to him, from the dread they were under of the Romans. The command of the troops, within the walls, was given to another As- drubal, grandson to Masinissa. They then applied themselves to making arms with considerable dition. The temples, the pahtces, the open markets and squares, were all changed into so many arsenals, where men and women worked day and night. Every day were made one hundred and forty shields, three hundred swords, five hundred pikes or javelins, a thousand arrows, and a great number of engines to discharge them ; and because they wanted materials to make ropes, the women cut off their hair, and abundantly supplied their wants on this occasion. The combat, which was carried on from the tops of the houses, continued six days, during which a dreadful slaughter was made. To clear the streets, and make way for the troops, the Romans dragged aside with hooks the bodies of such of the inhabitants as had been slain, or precipitated headlong from tin- houses, and threw them into pits, the greatest part of them being still alive and panting. There was still reason to believe that the siege would last much longer, and occasion a great effusion of blood. But on the seventh day there appeared a company of men, in a suppliant posture and habit, who desired no other conditions, but that the Romans would be pleased to spare the lives of all those who should be willing to leave the citadel ; which request was granted them. The deserters only were except -d. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 229 Accordingly, there came out fifty thousand men and women, who were sent into the fields under a strong guard. The deserters were about nine hundred. Finding they would be allowed no quarter, they for- tified themselves in the temple of ^Esculapius, with Asdrubal, his wife, and two children ; where, though their number was but small, they might have held out a long time, because the temple stood on a very high hill, upon rocks, to which the ascent was by sixty steps. But, at last, exhausted by hunger and watchings, oppressed with fear, and seeing their destruction at hand, they lost all patience, when, abandoning the lower part of the temple, they retired to the uppermost story, and resolved not to quit it but with their lives. In the mean time, Asdrubal, being desirous of saving his own life, came down privately to Scipio, carrying an olive-branch in his hand, and threw him- self at his feet. Scipio showed him immediately to the deserters, who, transported with rage and fury at the sight, vented millions of imprecations against him, and set fire to the temple. Whilst it was light- ing, we are told that Asdrubal's wife, dressing her- self as splendidly as possible, and placing herself and her two children in sight of Scipio, addressed him with a loud voice : " I call not down," says she, " curses on thy head, O Roman, for thou only takest the privilege allowed by the laws of war : but may the gods of Carthage, and thou, in concert with them, punish, according to his deserts, the false wretch who lias betrayed his country, his gods, his wife, his children!" Then directing herself to Asdrubal, " perfidious wretch ! " says she, " thou basest of creatures ! this fire will presently consume both me and my children ; but as to thee, too shameful general of Carthage, go, adorn the gay triumph of thy conqueror, suffer, in the sight of all Rome, the tor- 230 KTINS OP ANCIF.XT CITIF.S. tares thou so ju-tl\ !" She had no sooner pronounced these words, but, Bei/ing her childrrii, -he out their throat? 1 , threw tlu-in into tlie thinu >, and afterwards rushed into them hei>elf ; in which she was imitated by all the desi-rters. With regard to Sci|>io, when he saw this famous city, which h;ul flourished seven hundred years, and might have been compared to the greatest empires on account of the extent of its dominions both by sea and land, its mighty armies, its fleets, elephants, and riches, and that the Carthaginians were even superior to other nations, by their courage and greatness of soul, as, notwithstanding their being deprived of armies and ships, they had sustained, for three whole years, all the hardships and calamities of a long siege ; seeing, I say, this city entirely ruined, historians relate, that he could not refuse his tears to the unhappy fate of Carthage. He reflected that cities, nations, and empires, are liable to revolutions no less than parti- cular men ; that the like sad fate had attended Troy, anciently so powerful ; and in latter times, the Assy- rians, Medea, and Persians, whose dominions wire once of so great an extent; and lastly, the Macedo- nians, whose empire had been so glorious throughout the world. Full of these mournful ideas, he repeated the following verses of Homer : The day shall come, that great avenging day, Which Tro\ ' proud glories in the dust shall lay ; When Priam's powers, and Priam's self shall fall, And one prodigious ruin follow all. Thereby denouncing the future destiny of Rome, as he himself confessed to Polybius, who desired Scipio to explain himself on that occasion. Carthage being taken in this manner, Scipio gave the plunder of it (the gold, silver, statues, and other offerings which should be found in the temples excepted) to his sol- diers for seven days. After this, adorning a very RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 231 small ship with the enemy's spoils, he sent it to Rome, with the news of the victory. At the same time he ordered the inhabitants of Sicily to come and take possession of the pictures and statues, which the Carthaginians had plundered them of in former wars. When the news of the taking of Carthage was brought to Rome, the people abandoned themselves to the most immoderate transports of joy, as if the public tranquillity had not been secured till that instant. All ranks and degrees of men emulously strove who should show the greatest gratitude to- wards the gods; and the citizens were, for many days, employed wholly in solemn sacrifices, in public prayers, games, and spectacles. After those religious duties were ended, the senate sent ten commissioners into Africa, to regulate, in conjunction with Scipio, the fate and condition of that country in times to come. Their first care was to demolish whatever was still remaining of Carthage: and we may guess at the dimensions of this famous city by what Florus says, viz., that it was seventeen days on fire before it could be all consumed. Rome, though mistress of almost the whole world, could not believe herself safe as long as even the name of Car- thage was in being. Orders were given that it should never be inhabited again ; and dreadful imprecations were denounced against those, who, contrary to this prohibition, should attempt to rebuild any parts of it. In the mean time, every one, who desired it, was admitted to see Carthage ; Scipio being well pleased to have people view the sad ruins of a city, which had dared to contend for empire with the majesty of Rome.* Commerce, strictly speaking, was the occupation of Carthage, the particular object of its industry, * Bollin. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. ami its peculiar and predominant < harartrristic. It formed the greatest strength and tin- chief support of that commonwealth. In a word, it may In- affirmed, that the power, the conquests, the credit, and the glory of the Carthaginians, all flowed from trade. This gives Mr. Montague an opportunity of nun- paring Carthage with England : " To the commer- cial maxims of the Carthaginians, we have added their insatiahle lust of gain, without their economy, and contempt of luxury and eifeminacy. To the luxury and dissipation of the Romans, we have joined their venality, without their military spirit : and we feel the pernicious effects of the same species of faction, which was the great leading cause to min in both those republics. The Roman institution was formed to make and to preserve their conquests. Abroad invincible, at home invulnerable, they pos- sessed within themselves all the resources requisite for a warlike nation. The military spirit of their people, where every citizen was a soldier, furnished inexhaustible supplies for their armies abroad, and secured them at home from all attempts of invasion. The Carthaginian was better calculated to acquire than to preserve. They depended upon commerce for the acquisition of wealth, and upon their wealth for the protection of their commerce. They owed their conquests to the venal blood and sinews of other people ; and, like their ancestors the Phoanicians, ex- hibited their money bags as symbols of their power. They trusted too much to the valour of foreigners, and too little to that of their own natives. Thus while they were formidable abroad by their fleets and mer- cenary armies, they were weak and defenceless at home. But the great event showed how dangerous it is for the greatest commercial nation to rely on RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 233 this kind of mercantile policy ; and that a nation of iiimrmed undisciplined traders can never be a match, whilst they are so circumstanced, for a nation of soldiers." Notwithstanding the denunciations of the senate against all who sho.uld attempt to rebuild Carthage, the senators were induced, in a very short period, themselves to sanction the undertaking. When Marius took refuge in Africa, outcast and deserted, he is said to have dwelt in a hovel amidst the ruins of Carthage. The answer of Marius to the prjetor of Africa, is one of the finest indications of a strong mind recorded in history. Oppressed with every species of misfortune, Marius, after escaping many dan- gers, arrived at length in Africa ; where he hoped to have received some mark of favour from the governor. He was scarcely landed, however, when an officer came to him, and addressed him after the following manner : " Marius, I am directed by the prsetor to forbid your landing in Africa. If, after this message, you shall persist in doing so, he will not fail to treat you as a public enemy." Struck with indignation at this unexpected intelligence, Marius, without making any reply, fixed his eyes, in a stern menacing manner, upon the officer. In this position he stood for some time. At length, the officer desiring to know whe- ther he chose to return any answer ; " Yes," replied Marius, " go to the praetor, and tell him that thou hast seen the exiled Marius, sitting among the ruins of Carthage*." Twenty-four years after the victory of vEmilianus (B. c. 142), the sedition of Tiberius Gracchus began to be formidable to the patricians, since he was sup- ported by the great body of the people in his endea- vours to pass an Agrarian law. Gracchus, finding himself unable to accomplish his purpose, was pro- * Harmonics of Nature. nriN> or \\in\r on Iwibly not unwilling to accept the otlt-r. made to him liv the senate, of becoming the leader of six tliou-.nul citizens to the site of Carthage, for the purpose of its restoration. From this, however, he was terrified by a dream. It seems probable, nevertheless, that a few buildings began to spring up among the ruins. Julius Ctesar determined on rebuilding it, in consequence of having beheld, in a dream, a numerous army, weeping :it tin- fate of Carthage. His death prevented the fulfilment of his purpose. Augustus, however, sent three thou- sand Romans thither, or rather, within a short dis- tance of it, who were joined by the inhabitants of the neighbouring country. From this time it appears to have increased in beauty, convenience, and the number of its inha- bitants. In the early part of the fifth century, however, Genseric having invaded Africa, the whole of Un- fruitful provinces, from Tangier to Tripoli, were in succession overwhelmed, and Carthage was sur- prised, five hundred and eighty-five years after its destruction by the younger 8cipio. At this time, we are told*, Carthage was consi- dered as the " Rome" of the African world. It con- tained the arms, the manufactures, and the treasures of six provinces ; schools and gymnasia were insti- tuted for the education of youth ; and the liberal arts were publicly taught in the Greek and Latin languages. The buildings were uniform and magnificent ; a shady grove was planted in the midst of the city ; the new port, a secure and capacious harbour, was subservient to the commercial industry of citi/' n and strangers ; and the splendid games of the circus and the theatre were exhibited. Gibbon. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 235 After Genseric had permitted his licentious troops to satiate their rage and avarice, he promulgated an edict, which enjoined all persons to deliver up their gold, silver, jewels, and valuable furniture and ap- parel, to the royal officers ; and the attempt to secrete any part of their patrimony was punished with tor- ture and death, as an act of treason against the state. Carthage never recovered this blow, and it fell gradually into such insignificance, that it disappeared altogether from the records of history. We now select a few passages from Mons. Cha- teaubriand and Sir George Temple, in respect to its present condition. " The ship in which I left Alexandria," says the former, " having arrived in the port of Tunis, we cast anchor opposite to the ruins of Carthage. I looked at them, but was unable to make out what they could be. I perceived a few Moorish huts, a Mahom- medan hermitage at the point of a projecting cape ; sheep browsing among the ruins ruins so far from striking, that I could scarcely distinguish them from the ground on which they lay this was Carthage. In orden-to distinguish these ruins, it is necessary to go methodically to work. I suppose then that the reader sets out with me from the port of Goltetha, standing upon the canal by which the lake of Tunis discharges itself into the sea. Riding along the shore in an east-north-east direction, you come in about half an hour to some salt-pits of the sea. You begin to discover jetties running out to a considerable dis- tance under water. The sea and jetties are on your right ; on your left you perceive a great quantity of ruins upon eminences of unequal height, and below these ruins is a basin of circular form and of con- siderable depth, which formerly communicated with the sea by means of 'a canal, traces of which are still to be seen. This basin must be, in my opinion, the UflXS OF ANCIENT CITIES. Cothon or inner port of Cartlia^. Tin- remains of the immense works, discernible in the sea, would, in this case, indicate the site of the outer mole. If I am not mistaken, some piles of the dam, constructed by Scipio, for the purpose of blocking up the p<>rt, may still be distinguished. I also observed a second inner canal, which may have been the cut, made by the Carthaginians when they opened a new passage for their hVt t." At the foot of the hill at Maallakah * ore the found- ations of an amphitheatre, the length of which ap- pears to have been about three hundred feet by two hundred and thirty, and the dimensions of the arena one hundred and eighty by one hundred. There are, also, the ruins of a very extensive edi- fice, supposed to have been the temple of Ceres. Some trifling fragments of edifices, and the traces of its triple walls, are all that remain of the Byrsa's splendid fanes and palaces; though many pieces of rare marbles have been found, as serpentine, giallo, rosso, and porphyry. Nor is there any remain of the famous temple of ^sculapius, the approach to which was by a magnificent flight of steps, and rendered so interesting from having been the place in whose flames Asdmbal's wife destroyed herself, her children, and nine hundred Roman deserters, rather than sub- mit to the yoke of the haughty vanquishers of her country. Sir George Temple's observations are very beau- tiful : " Early in the morning, I walked to the site of the great Carthago of that town, at the sound of whose name mighty Rome herself had so often trembled of Carthage, the mistress of powerful and brave armies, of numerous fleets, and of the world's commerce, and to_whom Africa, Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, and Italy herself, bowed in Clarke. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIKS. 237 submission as to their sovereign ; in short, ' Car- thago, dives opum, studiisque asperrima belli.' I was prepared to see but few vestiges of its former grandeur ; it had so often suffered from the devas- tating effects of war, that I knew many could not exist: but my heart sunk within me, when, ascending one of its hills, (from whose summit the eye em- braces a view of the whole surrounding country to the edge of the sea,) I beheld nothing more than a few scattered and shapeless masses of masonry *. Yes, all the vestiges of the splendour and magni- ficence of the mighty city had, indeed, passed away, and its very name is now unknown to the present inhabitants t." NO. XXIV. CATANEA. THIS city, situated at the foot of Mount Etna, was founded by a colony from Chalcis, seven hundred and fifty-three years before the Christian era ; and soon after the settlement of Syracuse. There have not been wanting some, however, to assert that ancient Catanea was one of the oldest cities in the world. It fell into the hands of the Romans, and became the residence of a prfetor. It was then adorned with sumptuous buildings of all kinds. It was destroyed, however, by Pompey ; and restored by Augustus with greater magni- ficence. It was large and opulent. Being so con- tiguous to Mount Etna, it is rendered remarkable * " A company, formed at Paris, for exploring the ruins of Carthage, has already met with great success. A large house has been discovered on the margin of the sea, near Bourj-Jedid. Paintings in fresco, similar to those at Pompeii, adorn many of the rooms, and beautiful mosaics, representing men, women, and nymphs, fishes of various kinds, tigers, gazelles, &c. have been found. Fifteen cases with these precious relics have arrived at Toulon." Literary Gazette, May 19, 1838. f Polybins ; Livy; Cicero ; Justin ; Rollin ; Kennett ; Gibbon ; Montague; Chateaubriand ; Clarke; Sir George Temple. WINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. for the fatal overthrows to which it lias boon sub- jreteii by the eruptions of that mountain ; in some of whieh it has been known to discharge a stream of lava four miles broad and fifty feet deep, and ad- vancing at the rate of seven miles in a day. The number of eruptions from the page of history are 81. From the time of Tluirydidct (B.C. 481) 3 In the \ear B.C. . . 1 In A.D. 44 .... 1 A.D. 252 ... 1 During the 12th century . 2 13th . . 1 14th . . 2 15th . 4 16th . . 4 17th . . 22 18th . . 32 Since the commencement of the 19lh cent. 8 81 total. In 1693 Catanea was entirely destroyed by an earthquake, so that hardly one stone remained upon another. It began on the 9th January, and on the llth the earth opened in several places. Almost in a moment 1 1 ,000 persons, who had fled to the cathedral for shelter, perished by its fall ; the canon, with the ministers at the altar, and about one hundred persons, being all that escaped. The undulations of this shock were felt, it is said, in Germany, France, and even in England. Fifty-four towns of some magnitude were, more or less, sufferers by this earthquake, and the total loss of human life, it is supposed, amounted to nearly one hundred thousand. " The present town," says Malte Brun, " is well built. Its fine edifices are so many proofs, not of its prosperity, but of its misfortunes ; for, in Catanea, houses never become old ; they give way either to lava or volcanic shocks. It is to the earthquakes of RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 239 1G93 and 1783 that it owes its magnificence; almost wholly destroyed, it was rebuilt with greater regu- larity. Most of its edifices, however, have been injured by the shocks in 1819." A great many antiquities are contained in the Biscari Museum, which was founded by a wealthy noble of the same name, who spent his fortune in exploring or digging for antiquities in the territory of Catanea. The ancient theatre and amphitheatre, the old walls, baths, and temples, were buried under several layers of lava and alluvial deposits, that were removed by the same individual ; lastly, the town is indebted to him for several ancient statues. " There are many remains of antiquity," says Mr. "Brydone, " but most of them are in a very ruinous state. One of the most remarkable is an elephant of lava, with an obelisk of Egyptian granite on his back. There are also considerable remains of a great theatre, besides that belonging to the prince of Biscaris, a large bath, almost entire ; the ruins of a great aqueduct eighteen miles long ; the ruins of several temples, one of Ceres ; another of Vulcan. The church, called Bocca di Fuoco, was likewise a tem- ple. But the most entire of all is a small rotunda, wliich, as well as the rotunda at Rome, and some others to be met with in Italy, demonstrates that form to be the most durable of any." There is also a well at the foot of the old walls, where the lava, after running along the parapet, and and then falling forwards, produced a very com- plete and lofty arch over the spring. Through the care, and at the expense of prince Biscaris, many other monuments of ancient splen- dour and magnificence have been recovered by digging down to the ancient town, which, on account of the numerous torrents of lava that have flowed out of Mount Etna for the last thousand years, is now to be -40 iirixs or v\i II..N r < i sought for in dark IMMHI* many feet below the pre- aent surface of the earth. Mr. Swinburne states, tliat he descended into batli-. sepulchres, an amphitheatre, and a theatre, all M TV much injured by the various catastrophes that have befallen them. He found, too, that these building were erected not on the solid ground and with hriek or stone, but on old beds of lava, and with square pieces of the same substance, which, in no in.-tain <. appears to have been fused by the contact of new lavas : the sciarra or stones of old lava having con- stantly proved as strong a barrier against the flowing torrent of fire as any other stone could have been, though some authors have been of opinion, that the hot matter would melt the whole mass, and incor- porate itself with it. There was a temple at Catanea, dedicated to Ceres, in which none but women were permitted to appear*. NO. XXV. CHALCEDON. This place, which stands opposite Byzantium, was built by a colony from Megara, some years before Byzantium, viz. B. c. 685. Its position was so impru- dently selected, that it was called the city of blind ment ; by which was intimate. 1 the inconsiderate plan of the founders. It was built on a sandy and barren soil, in preference to the rich one on the oppo- site side of the Bosphorus, on which Byzantium waa afterwards founded. Chalcedon, in the time of its prosperity, was con- siderable ; not only on account of its buildings, but the wealth of its inhabitant*, who enriched themseh < - greatly by commerce; more especially by the ex- " Swinburne; Brydone; Malte Uriin; Encyclop. Londiueoti*. t By Pliny, Strata, and Tuciiiw. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 241 portation of purple dye, which was found in great quantities upon its coast. In ancient times it underwent many revo- lutions ; being first subdued by Otanes, general of the Persians, whose father Sisanes, one of the judges of the Persian empire, having pronounced an unjust sentence, was flayed alive by the order of Cambyses. Not long after this the Lacedemonians made them- selves masters of it, but were obliged to give place to the Athenians, who contented themselves with im- posing upon the inhabitants an annual tribute, which they in time neglecting to pay, were again reduced to obedience by Alcibiades. Afterwards, with the rest of the world, it passed under the dominion of the Romans, who were succeeded by the Greek emperors, under whose administration it became famous by a celebrated council of the church (A. D. 327), which is recorded under the name of the council of Chalcedon. A tribunal also was here erected by the Emperor Julian, to try and punish the evil ministers of his predecessor, Constantius. " We are now delivered," said Julian, in a familiar letter to one of his most intimate friends, " we are now surprisingly delivered from the voracious jaws of the hydra. I do not mean to apply that epithet to my brother, Constan- tius. He is no more ; may the earth lie light on his head ! But his artful and cruel favourites studied to deceive and exasperate a prince, whose natural mildness cannot be praised without some efforts of adulation. It is not my intention, however, that these men should be oppressed ; they are accused, and they shall enjoy the benefit of a fair and impartial trial." The executions of some of these men, one of whom (Paulus) was burned alive, were accepted, says the historian, as an inadequate atonement by the widows and orphans of so many hundred Romans, VOL. I. R 242 IU INS OP ANCIENT CITIES. whom those legal tyrants had betrayed and mur- dered. Persians, Greeks, Goths, Saracens, and Turks, by turns, despoiled Chalcedon. The walls were razed by Valens, and much of the materials was employed in the aqueduct of Constantinople that bears his name, and which was, by a singular coincidence, repaired by Soliman II., from the remaining ruins of this devoted city. Here it was that the infamous Rufinus, so justly stigmatised by Claudian, built a magnificent villa, which he called the Oak*. He built, also, a church ; and a numerous synod of bishops met in order to consecrate the wealth and baptise the founder. This double ceremony was performed with extraordinary pomp. A. D. 602, Chalcedon became remarkable for the murder of the Emperor Maurice and his five sons ; and afterwards for that of the empress, his widow, and her three danghterst. The ministers of death were despatched to Chalcedon (by Phocas). They dragged the emperor into his sanctuary ; and the five sons of Maurice were successively murdered before the eyes of their agonised parent. At each stroke, which he felt in his heart, he found strength to re- hearse a pious ejaculation : " Thou art just, O Lord! and thy judgments are righteous." It is now a small place, known to the Turks by the name of Cadiaci ; but the Greeks still call it by its ancient name. It is a miserable village, inha- bited by a few Greeks, who maintain themselves by their fishery, and the cultivation of their lands. Wheler found an inscription, importing that Evante, the son of Antipater, having made a prosperous voyage towards the Abrotanians and the islands Cyaneap, and hence desiring to return by the JEgean * Quercu*, f Zamny, tpud Gyll. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 243 Sea and Pontus, offered cakes to the statue he had erected to Jupiter, who had sent him good weather as a token of a good voyage. Pococke says, " There are no remains of the ancient city, all being destroyed, and the ground occupied by gardens and vineyards." " We visited the site of Chalcedon," says Dr. Clarke, " of which city scarcely a trace remains ; landing also upon the remarkable rock, where the light-house is situate, called the tower of Leander. The Turks call it the ' Maiden's Castle ;' possibly it may have been formerly used as a retreat for nuns, but they relate one of their ro- mantic traditions concerning a princess, who secluded herself upon this rock, because it had been foretold she should die by the bite of a serpent, adding, that she ultimately here encountered the death she sought to avoid*." NO. XXVI. CELERONEA. A CITY in Bceotia, greatly celebrated on account of a battle fought near it between Philip of Macedon and the Athenians. The two armies encamped near Chaeronea. Philip gave the command of his left wing to his son Alexander, who was then but sixteen. He took the right wing upon himself. In the opposite army the Thebans formed the right wing, and the Athenians the left. At sunrise the signal was given on both sides. The battle was bloody, and the victory a long time dubious ; both sides exerting themselves with astonishing valour. At length Philip broke the sacred band of the Thebans t, which was the * Julian ; Barthelemy ; Gibbon; Pococke; Clarke. f The sacred battalion was famous in history. It consisted of a body of young warriors, brought up together, at the public expense, in the citadel. Their exercises and even their amusements were regulated by the sounds of the flute, and in order to prevent their K 2 244 RUINS or ANCIKNT CITIES. flower of their army. The rest of the troops being raw, Alexander, encouraged by bin example, entirely routed. The conduct of the victor after this victory shows that it is much easier to overcome an enemy than t< conquer one's self. Upon his coming from a grand entertainment which he had given his officers, being equally transported with joy and wine, he hurried to the spot where the battle had been fought, and there, insulting the dead bodies with which the field was covered, he turned into a song the beginning of the decree, which Demosthenes had prepared to excite the Greeks to war, and sang thus, himself beating time ; *' Demosthenes the Peanian, son of Demos- thenes, has said." Everybody was shocked to see the king dishonour himself by this behaviour ; but no one opened his lips. Demades, the orator, whose soul was free, though his body was a prisoner, was the only person who ventured to make him sensible of the indecency of this conduct, telling him " Ah, air, since fortune has given you the part of Aga- memnon, are you not ashamed to act the part of Thersites?" These words, spoken with so generous a liberty, opened his eyes, and made him turn in- ward ; and so far from being displeased with Demades, he esteemed him the more for them, treated him with the utmost respect, and conferred upon him all possible honours. courage from degenerating into blind fur/, care was taken to in- spire them with the noblest ami most animated sentiment*. Each warrior choe from tlie band a friend to whom ho remained inse- parably united. These three hundred warrior* were anciently dis- tributed in troops at the head of the different divisions of the army. Philip destroyed this cohort at the battle of Charonca, and the prince seeing thrsc young Tbebaus stretched on the field of bsttle covered with honourable wounds, and lying side by side on the irr-nmd on which they had been stationed, could not restrain lii- RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 245 The bones of those slain at Chaeronea were carried to Athens ; and Demosthenes was charged with com- posing a eulogium, for a monument erected to their memory : , This earth entombs those victims to the state, AVho fell a glorious sacrifice to zeal. Greece, on the point of weaving tyrant-chains, Did by their deaths alone, escape the yoke. This Jupiter decreed : no effort, mortals, Can save you from the mighty will of fate. To gods alone^belongs the attribute Of being free from crimes with never-ending joy. According to Procopius, Chaeronea and other places in Boeotia (also of Achaia and Thessaly) were de- stroyed by an earthquake in the sixth century. The Acropolis * is situated on a steep rock, dif- ficult of access ; the walls and square towers are, in some places, well preserved ; and their style, which is nearly regular, renders it probable, that they were constructed not long before the invasion of the Macedonians. The ancient Necropolis is on the east side of the Acropolis, behind the village : the remains of several tombs have been uncovered by the rains. The church of the Holy Virgin contains an ancient chair of white marble, curiously ornamented. It is called by the villagers the throne of Plutarch t. There are two ancient circular altars with fluted intervals, in the manner of an Ionic or Corinthian column. Altars of this kind were placed on the road side. They were unstained with fire and blood, being set apart for exclusive oblations of honey, cakes, and fruit. These altars are common in Greece, and generally formed of coarse black stone ; those of Chaeronea, however, are of white marble. They are frequently found in Italy, and are at present used as pedestals for large vases, their height being in general * DoJwdi. t IM- 5?46 HI INS OF ANCIENT CITIES. about three feet. They are never inscribed, and sometimes not fluted ; and are frequently n-jnvst mrt on painted terra-cot ta vases. Some Ionic fragments of small proportions :irr scattered among the ruins. On the rock there was anciently a statue of Jupiter; but Pausanias nx n- tions no temple. The theatre stands at the foot of the Acropolis, and faces the plain. It is the smallest in Greece, except one at Mesaloggion ; but it is well preserved. Indeed, nothing is better calculated to resist the devastations of time than the Grecian theatres, when they are cut in the rock, as they generally are. " The sole remains of this town," says Sir John Hobliouse, " are some large stones six feet in length, and the ruins of a wall on the hill, and part of a shaft of a column, with its capital ; the seats of a small amphi- theatre, cut out of the rock, on the side of the same hill ; in the flat below, a fountain, partly constructed of marble fragments, containing a few letters, not decipherable ; some bits of marble pillars, just ap- pearing above ground, and the ruins of a building of Roman brick." Two inscriptions have, we understand, lately been discovered at this place; one relative to Apollo, the other to Diana. Several tombs have been also dis- covered and opened. Though a respectable traveller asserts, that the battle of Clueronea, by putting an end to the turbu- lent independence of the Grecian republics, introduced into that country an unusual degree of civil tran- quillity and political repose, we cannot ourselves think so ; we therefore subjoin, from Dr. Leland, a short account of the conqueror's death. " When the Greeks and Macedonians were seated in the theatre, Philip came out of his palace, attended by the two Alexanders, his son and son-in-law. lie RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 247 was clothed in a white flowing robe, waving in soft and graceful folds, the habiliment in which the Grecian deities were usually represented. He moved forward with a heart filled with triumph and exul- tation, while the admiring crowds shouted forth their flattering applause. His guards had orders to keep at a considerable distance from his person, to show that the king confided in the affections of his people, and had not the least apprehensions of danger amidst all this mixed concourse of different states and na- tions. Unhappily, the danger was but too near him. The injured Pausanias had not yet forgot his wrongs, but still retained those terrible impressions, which the sense of an indignity he had received, and the artful and interested representations of others, fixed deeply in his mind. He chose this fatal morning for the execution of his revenge, on the prince who had denied reparation to his injured honour. His design had been for some time premeditated, and now was the dreadful moment of effecting it. As Philip marched on in all his pride and pomp, this young Macedonian slipped through the crowd, and, with a desperate and malignant resolution, waited his ap- proach in a narrow passage, ju-t at the entrance into the theatre. The king advanced towards him : Pau- sanias drew his poniard ; plunged it into his heart ; and the conqueror of Greece, and terror of Asia, fell prostrate to the ground, and instantly expired *. NO. XXVII. CORDUBA. " Are we at Cordova ? " says a modern writer. " The whole reign of the Omniad Caliphs passes, in mental review, before us. Once the seat of Arabian art, gallantry, and magnificence, the southern king- dom of Spain was rich and flourishing. Agriculture * Rollin ; Barthelemy ; Leland ; Hobhouse ; DoUwell ; Iceland, RUIXS or \Miisr was respected ; the fine arts cultivated ; gardens were formed ; roads executed ; palaces erected ; :nnl physics, geometry, and astronomy, advanced. The inhabitants were active and industrious ; accomplish- ments were held in esteem ; and the whole state of society formed a striking contrast to that of every other in Europe." It was situated in Hispanic Bnotica, having 1 built by Marcellus. It was the native place of both the Senecas, and Lucan. Indeed, it produced, in ancient times, so many celebrated characters, that it was styled the "mother of men of genius." Its laws were written in verse ; and its academy was partly distinguished for its cultivation of the Greek language, as well as for rhetoric and philosophy. It became celebrated, also, under the Moors. Of its ancient grandeur, however, Cordova has preserved nothing but a vast inclosure, filled with nouses, half in ruins. Its long, narrow, and ill-paved streets are almost deserted ; most of the houses are uninhabited ; and the multitude of churches and con- vents which it contains, are besieged by a crowd of vagabonds, covered with rags. The ancient palace of the Moors has been converted into stables, in which, till within these few years, one hundred An- dalusian horses were usually kept. Their genealogy was carefully preserved ; and the name and age of each written over the stall in which he stood. In the place appropriated to bathing, is part of a Cufic inscription. Cordova was called at first Corduba, and after- wards Colonia Patricia, as appears from inscriptions on the numerous medals which have been discovered in this city and neighbourhood. From the Romans it passed successively under the dominion of the Goths and Arabs ; and, while the latter swayed the sceptre of Spain, Cordova became RONS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 249 pre-eminently distinguished, as we have just stated, as the seat of arts, sciences, and literature. About ten miles from this place is a small town, called by the ancients Obubea* ; and we mention it here merely because it reminds us that Julius Caesar came thither to stop the progress of Pompey's sons, who had a little before entered Spain in twenty- seven dayst. NO. XXVIII. COnCYRA. (CORFU.) CORCYRA is an island in the Ionian Sea, on the coast of Epirus : it is now called Corfu; was first peopled by a colony from Colchis, B. c. 1349, and afterwards by a colony from Corinth, who, with Chersicrates at their head,came to settle there, on being banished from their native city 703 years before the Christian era. Homer calls it Phaeacia ; Callimachus, Drepane. Ancient authors give glorious descriptions of the beautiful gardens of this island belonging to Alcinous; but, at present, no remains of them are to be found. It was famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses. The air is healthy, the land fertile, the fruit excel- lent. Oranges, citrons, honey, wax, oil, and most delicious grapes, are very abundant. The war between this people and that of Athens was called the Corcyrean ; and operated as an intro- * Obubea changed its name to Porcuna ; and this, it is supposed, from the circumstance of a sow having had thirty pigs at one litter; in memory of which her figure was cut in stone with the following inscription underneath : C. CORNF.LIY3. C. F. C. N. GAL. C.lEsO. AED. FLAMKS. II. VIR. MVNICIPII. PONTIF. C. CORN. CAF.SO. F. SACRRDOS. GENT. MVNICIPII. SCROFAM. CUM. PORCIS. XXX. IMPENSA. IPSORVM. D. D. + Jose. 250 RUINS 01 I CITIES. duction to the Peloponnesian war. Corcyra was then an independent jmwrr, which could send out lltvt-; and :irniir< ; and its alliance was courted by many other state*. Thucydides gives a frightful account of a sedition which occurred in this city and island during the Peloponncsian war: some were condemned to die under judicial sentences ; some slew one another in the temples; some hung themselves upon the trees within its verge ; some perished through private enmity ; some for the sums they had lent, by the hands of the borrowers. Every kind of death was exhibited. Every dreadful act, usual in a sedition, and more than usual, was then perpetrated. For fathers slew their children ; some were dragged from altars ; and some were butchered at them ; and a number died of starvation in one of the temples. Corcyra, when in the possession of the Romans, became a valuable station for their ships of war, in their hostilities against the cities of Asia. Septimius Severus and his family .appear to have been great benefactors to it ; for, about 150 years ago, there was found a number of medals, not only of Septimius, but of his wife Julia Domna; Caracalla, his eldest son, and his wife 1 'lank ilia ; also of Geta, his youngest son. Two hundred years ago, Corfu consisted of nothing but one old castle and a village. It is now a consi- derable town. It stands projecting on a rock into the sea ; and, from the fortifications guarding it, is a place of strength. The fortresses are completely mined below ; and the roads to the gates of some of them arc narrow and precipitous. By an accidental explosion of a powder-mill, one of the fortresses, in the early part of the last century, 2000 people were killed and wounded ; and by a singular catastrophe, in 1789, 600 individuals lost their lives ; ten galleys RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 251 and several boats were sunk in the harbour ; and many houses in the town greatly damaged. Wheler visited the ruins of Palceopoli, the ancient metropolis of the island. " It stood," says he, " on a promontory to the south of the present city, separated from it by a little bay, of about a mile or two over. The abundance of ruins and fortifications, which are to be seen there, do sufficiently prove it to have been so." Abundance of foundations, he goes on to observe, have been dug up there ; and of arches and pillars, many of which have been employed to build the foundations of the present city. There are also the remains of an old place of wor- ship ; the architecture of which is sustained by Corinthian columns of white marble, with an inscrip- tion, showing that it was built by the Emperor Jovian, after he was converted to the Christian faith and had destroyed the heathen temples. " / Jovian, having received the faith, established the kingdom of my power ; and having destroyed the heathen temples and altars, have built to thee, thou blessed and most high King, a holt/ temple, the gift of an unworthy hand." Mr. Dod well visited this place some years ago, and he says that nothing is now seen above ground of the remains of the ancient city, except some frusta of large columns, which from having flutings without in- tervals, were evidently of the Doric order. They have a large square, which forms but one mass with a column, which is a singularity, it is said, of which there is no other example. Corcyra was celebrated, as we have before stated, for having been the island on which Ulysses is repre- sented in the Odyssey as having been entertained by Alcinous, king of Phaeacia. It is also the place where Cicero and Cato met after the battle of Pharsalia; and where Cato, after having intrusted Cicero to take the 252 RUINS 01 I CITIES. command of the last legions which remained fa'thful to the republic, separated from him to low his life at Utica, while Cicero went toloM-liis head to the trium- virate. To this place Aristotle was onre exileil ; and it is well known as having heen visited by tlie youthful Alexander; aa the place where the tragical nuptials of Antony and Cleopatra were celehrated ; and aa that where Agrippina touched, hringing from Kgypt the body of the murdered Germanicus in the midst of winter*. NO. XXIX. CORINTH. Corinth ! Whoie gorgeous fabrics seoni'd to strike the skies, Whom, though by tyrant victois oft subdued, Greece, Egypt, Rome, with awful wonder view'd. Her name, for Pallas' heavenly art renown'd, Spread like the foliage which her pillars crovvu'd ; But now in fatal desolation laid, Oblivion o'er it draws a diauial shade. THIS city was situated at the foot of a hill, on which stood the citadel. To the south it \\.is de- fended hy the hill itself, which is there extremely steep. Strong and lofty ramparts protected it on three sides. Corinth was at first subject to the kings of Argos and Mycenae ; at last Sisyphus made himself master of it. But his descendants w. n- dispossessed of the throne by the Hcraclidu?, about ten years after the siege of Troy. The regal power, after this, came to the descendants of Bacchis, under whom the monarchy was changed into an aristo- cracy ; that is, the reins of government were in the hands of the elders, who annually chose from amongst themselves a chief magistrate, whom they called I'rytanis. At length Cypwhi.s, having gained the people, usurped the supreme authority, which he transmitted to his son Pcriander. Thucydidcs; Rollio ; Whelcr ; Dodwell; WiljLuni. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 253 The most celebrated of the Corinthians was a per- son, who though a tyrant, was reckoned one of the seven wise men (Periander). When he had first made himself master of the city, he wrote to Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus, to know what measures he should take with his newly-acquired subjects. The latter, without any answer, led the messenger into a field of wheat ; where, in walking along, he beat down with his cane all the ears of corn that were higher than the rest. Periander perfectly well understood the meaning of this enigmatical answer, which was a tacit intimation to him, that, in order to secure his own life, he should cut off the most eminent of the Corinthian citizens. Periander, however, did not relish so cruel an advice. lie wrote circular letters to all the wise men, in- viting them to pass some time with him at Corinth, as they had done the year before at Sardis with Croesus. Princes in those days thought themselves much honoured when they could have such guests in their houses. Plutarch describes an entertainment which Periander gave these illustrious guests, and observes, at the same time, that the decent simplicity of it, adapted to the taste and humour of the persons entertained, did him much more honour than the greatest magnificence could have done. The subject of their discourse at table was sometimes grave and serious, at other times pleasant and gay. One of the company proposed this question ; Which is the most perfect popular government ? That, answered Solon, where an injury, done to any private citizen, is such to the whole body : That, said Bias, where the law lias no superior : That, said Thales, where the inhabitants are neither too rich nor too poor : That, said Anacharsis, where virtue is honoured, and vice detested : Says Pittacus, where dignities are always conferred upon the virtuous, and never upon the 254 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. wicked: Says Cleobulue, win-re the fear blame, more than punishment : Says Chilo, when- the laws are more regarded, and have more ami unity, than the orators, trom all these opinions Periander concluded, that the most perfect popular government would be that which came nearest to aristocracy, where the sovereign axithority is lodged in the hands of a few men of honour and virtue. This city standing between two seas, an attempt was made by Periander, and afterwards by Alex- ander, Demetrius, Julius Ca-sar, Caligula, Nero, and Herodes Atticus, to unite them ; but they all failed in the attempt. Strabo was in Corinth after its restoration by the Romans. He describes the site, and says, that its circuit occupied five miles. From the summit of the Sisyph6um, he continues, is beheld to the north Parnassus and Helicon, lofty mountains cnv.r>i i bins, who wa* then in tlu- country, had the mortifi- cation to seo the painting serve tlir soldiers for a tal>le to play at dice upon. It was afterwards sold to Attains for 3025 sterling. 1'liny mentions another picture by the same painter, which the same Attains purchased for 110 talents. The consul, surprised that the price of the painting in question should r. high, interposed his authority, and retained it con- trary to public faith, and notwithstanding the com- plaints of Attains, because he imagined there was some hidden virtue in the prize, unknown to him. lie did not act in that manner for his private int ii'T with the view of appropriating it to himself, as lie sent it to Rome, to be applied in adorning the city. When it arrived at Rome, it was set up in the temple of Ceres, whither the judges went to see it out of curiosity, as a masterpiece of art ; and it remained there till it was burned with that temple. Mummius was a great warrior, and an excellent man ; but he had neither learning, knowledge of arts, nor taste for painting or sculpture. He ordered par- ticular persons to take care of transporting many of the paintings and statues of the most excellent masters to Rome. Never had loss been so irn pa- rable, as that of such a deposite, consisting of the masterpieces of those rare artists, who contributed almost as much as the great captains, to the rendering of their age glorious to posterity. Mummius, how- ever, in recommending the core of that precious col- lection to those to whom he confided them, threat) ni d them very seriously, that if the statues, paintings, and other things with which ho charged them, should be either lost or destroyed by the way, he would oblige them to find others at their own cost* ; a * Rollin. RUINS OF AN'CIENT CITIES. 259 saying deservedly ridiculed by all persons of sense, as a most egregious solecism in taste and delicacy*. It is amusing to observe the difference between Mummius and Scipio ; the one the conqueror of Corinth, the other of Carthage ; both in the same yeart. Scipio, to the courage and virtue of ancient heroes, joined a profound knowledge of the sciences, with all the genius and ornaments of wit. His pa- tronage was courted by every one who made any figure in learning. Panaetius, whom Tully calls the prince of the Stoics, and Polybius the historian, were his bosom friends, the assisters of his studies at home, and the constant companions of his expeditions abroad. To which may be added, that he passed the more agreeable hours of his life in the conversation of Terence, and is even thought to have taken part in the composition of his comedies. The period in which the Isthmian games were to be celebrated being at hand, the expectation of what was to be transacted drew thither an incredible multitude of people, and persons of the highest rank. The conditions of peace, which were not yet entirely made public, were the topic of all conversations, and various constructions were put upon them ; but very few could be persuaded that the Romans would evacuate all the cities they had taken. All Greece was in this uncertainty, when the multitude being assembled in the stadium to see the games, a herald comes forward, and publishes with a loud voice : " The senate and people of Rome, and Titus Quintius the general, having overcome Philip and the Macedonians, ease and deliver from all garrisons and taxes and im- * Demens ! qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen, JEre et coruipedum cursu simularet squorum. VIRG. f Kennet. S'2 KM- < II:\T i i , -, tht> Corinthians, the Loeriaiis, the tlii- KuluiMiH, the Phthint Aehaiaiis the Maijne- -. the The^alians, and the lVrrlni-l>ians ; de- clare them free, and ordain that they shall be gov- 1 by their respective laws and usages." At these words all tho spectators were filled with vuve joy. They gazed upon and questioned one another with astonishment, and could not believe either eyes or ears ; so like a dream was what they saw and heard. But being at last assured of their happiness, they abandoned themselves again to the highest transports of joy, and broke out into such loud acclamations, that the sea resounded them to a dis- tince ; and some ravens, which happened to fly that instant over the assembly, fell down into the sta- dium ; so true it is, that of all the blessings of this life, none are so dear as that of liberty ! Corinth, nevertheless, remained after this in a ruined and desolate state many years. At length, Czpsar, after he had subdued Africa, and while his fleet lay at anchor at Utica, gave order for rebuild- ing Carthage ; and soon after his return to Italy, he likewise caused Corinth to be rebuilt. Straht and Plutarch agree in ascribing the rebuilding <>f Carthage and Corinth to Julius Caesar ; and I'lu- tarch remarks this singular circumstance with regard to these cities, viz. that as they were taken and destroyed in the same year, they were rebuilt and repeopled at the same time. Under the eastern emperors, Corinth was tho sec of an archbishop, subject to the patriarch of Con- stantinople. Roger, king of Naples, obtained posses- sion of it under the empire of Emanucl. It had, afterwards, its own sovereign, who ceded it to the Venetians ; from whom it was taken by Mahomet II., A.I). \45*. The Venetians retook it in 1687, and held it till the year 1715, when they lost it to RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 261 the Turks, in whose possession it remained till, a few vears since, Greece was erected into an indepen- dent state. The grand army of the Turks* (in 1715) under the prime vizier, to open themselves a way into the heart of the Worea, attacked Corinth, upon which they made several attacks. The garrison, being weakened, and the governor, seeing it was impos- sible to hold out against a force so superior to their own, beat a parley ; but while they were treat- ing about the articles, one of the magazines in the Turkish camp, wherein they had 600 barrels of powder, blew up by accident, whereby between 600 and 700 men were killed ; which so enraged the in- fidels, that they would not grant any capitulation, but stormed the place with so much fury that they took it, and put most of the garrison, with the governor, Signior Minotti, to the sword. The rest they made prisoners of war. This subject formed the foundation of Lord Byron's poem of the Siege of Corinth. The natural consequences of an extensive com- merce were wealth and luxury. Fostered in this manner, the city rose in magnificence and grandeur ; and the elegant and magnificent temples, palaces, theatres, and other buildings, adorned with statues, columns, capitals, and bases, not only rendered it the pride of its inhabitants and the admiration of strangers, but gave rise to that order of architecture which still bears its name. Corinth lias preserved but few monuments of its Greek or Roman citizens. The chief remains are at the southern corner of the town, and above the bazaar; eleven columns, siipporting their architraves, of the Doric order, fluted, and wanting in height near half the common proportion to the diameter. Within them, to the western end, is one taller, though entire, * Historv ot the Turks. nriNs m- \M n NT < mi :-. which, it is likely, contributed to sustain the roof. They are of stun-. This ruin is probably of antiquity, and ft portion of a fabric, erected mostly before the Greek city was destroyed, but before the Doric order had attained to maturity. Mr. l).)dvv.>ll, nevertheless, observed no remains of the order of archil -cttiro which is said to have li-cn invented at Corinth, nor did lie perceive in any part of the isthmus the acanthus plant, which forms the principal distinctive character of the Corinthian capital. Corinth*, says Mr. Turner, contain-, within its walls, remains of antiquity, but some small masses of ruined walls and seven columns, with part of the frieze of a temple, of which some columns wen- pulled down to make room for a Turkish house to which it joins. As there is nothing approaching to an intelligible building of antiquity, we may exclaim with the pott Where i thy grandeur, Corinth ! shrunk from sight, Thy ancie nt treasure*, ami thy ramparts' height, Tliy god-like func anil palace* ! Oh where, Thy m .'lit) myriads and majestic fair ! Relentless war ho* poured around thy wall, And hardly parcd the traces of thy fall. There are several shapeless and uninteresting masses of Roman remains composed of bricks, one of which seems to have been a bath, resembling, in some respects, that of Dioclesian at Rome, but little more than the lower walls and foundations are remaining. The only Grecian ruin which, at pre- sent, remains at Corinth, is that of a Doric temple. "When Du Loir travelled there (1654), there wen- twelve columns of this temple standing. In the time of Chandler there were also eleven; but now then- are only seven. To what god this temple was dedi- cated is unknown. The columns arc each composed HUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 263 of one black calcareous stone, which being of a porous quality, were anciently covered with stucco of great hardness and durability. From its massive and in- elegant proportions, Mr. Dodwell is disposed to believe, that this ruin is the most ancient remaining in Greece. In the narrowest part of the isthmus, about three miles from Corinth, and therefore probably in the place where the games were celebrated, are seen the spacious remains of a theatre and stadium ; and less than a mile from Corinth, in the same direction, the circuit and arena are still visible. The Acropolis, however, is one of the finest objects in Greece, and before the introduction of artillery, it was deemed almost impregnable, and had never been taken except by treachery or surprise. In the time of Aratus it was defended only by four hundred sol- diers, fifty dogs, and fifty keepers. It shoots up majestically from the plain to a considerable height, and forms a conspicuous object at a great distance ; as it is clearly seen from Athens, from which it is not less than forty-four miles in a direct line. From its summit is a glorious prospect. Strabo thus de- scribes it : " From the summit of the Acropolis, Parnassus and Helicon are seen covered with snow. Towards the west is the gulf of Krissa, bordered by Phocis, Boeotia, Megaris, Corinthia, and Sicyonia. Beyond are the Oneian mountains, extending to Boeotia and Mount Cithaeron." The entire view forms, on the whole, a panorama of the most cap- tivating features, and of the greatest dimensions, comprehending six of the most celebrated states of Greece; Achaia, Locris, Phocis, Boeotia, Attica, and Argolis *. The Corinthian order having been invented at Corinth, we cannot refuse ourselves the satisfaction ~i>odwell. 264 \ of quoting ft pottage from l>r. H: Civil Architecture : " The artists of (irecia Proper, ivinjr that in the Ionic order the severity of the Doric hail been departed from, by one happy effort invented a third, which much surpassed the Ionic in delicacy of proportion and richness of duo- rations. This was named the Corinthian order. The merit of this invention is ascribed to CaUima- clius of Athens, who is said to have had the idea suggested to him by observing acanthus 1 growing round a basket, which had l>een placed with some favourite trinkets upon the grave of a young lady; the stalks which rose among the 1 having been formed into slender volutes by a square tile which covered the basket. It is possible that* a circumstance of this nature may have caught the fancy of a sculptor who was contemporary with Phidias ; and who was, doubtless, in that age of com- petition, alive to every thing which promised dis- tinction in his profession. But in the warmth of our devotion for the inspiration of Greek genius, we must not overlook the facts, that, in the pillars of several temples in Upper Egypt, whose shafts repre- sent bundles of reeds or lotus, bound together in several places by fillets, the capitals arc formed by several rows of delicate leaves. In the splendid ruins of Vellore in Hindostan, the capitals are, also, composed of similar ornaments ; and it is well known, that the Persians, at their great festivals, were in the habit of decorating with flowers the tops of their pillars which formed the public apartments. It is, therefore, not improbable, that these circumstances, after so much intercourse with other countries, might have suggested ideas to Callimachus, which enabled him to surpass the capital of Ionia*." Herodotus; Pliny the Nat.; Du Loir; Kollin ; Kennct ; Know Irs Wliclcr; Chandler; Ikrthelcmy ; Stuart; Dud well ; Quin ; Turner. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 265 At Corinth, too, the art of portrait painting is said to have been first practised. " Blest be the pencil! whose consoling power, Soothing soft Friendship in her pensive hour, Dispels the cloud, with melancholy fraught, That absence throws upon her tender thought. Blest be the pencil ! whose enchantment gives To wounded Love the food on which he lives. Rich in this gift, though cruel ocean bear The youth to exile from his faithful fair, He in fond dreams hangs o'er her glowing cheek, Still owns her present, and still hears her speak. Oh ! LOVE, it was thy glory to impart Its infant being to this sweetest art ! Inspired by thee, the soft Corinthian maid, Her graceful lover's sleeping form portray'd ; Her boding heart his near departure knew, Yet long'd to keep his image in her view. Pleased she beheld the steady shadow fall, By the clear lamp upon the even wall. The line she traced, with fond precision true, And, drawing, doted on the form she drew : Nor, as she glow'd with no forbidden fire, Conceal'd the simple picture from her sire. His kindred fancy, still to nature just, Copied her line, and form'd the mimic bust. Thus from thy inspiration, LOVE, we trace The modell'd image, and the pcncill'd face !'' * NO. XXX. CTESIPHON. THE Parthian inonarchs delighted in the pastoral life of their Scythian ancestors ; and the royal camp was frequently pitched- in the plain of Ctesiphon, on the eastern bank of the Tigris, at the distance of only three miles from Seleucia. It was, then, no other than a village. By the influx of innumerable attendants on luxury and despotism, who resorted * The story of the maid of Corinth may be found in Pliny, lib. xxxv. ; and in Athenagoras, with this additional circumstance, that the lover, while his outiiues were taken, is described to have been asleep. 266 nriNs or \M n:M < i ; to the court, this village insensibly swelled into a large city ; and there the Parthian Kings, acting l>y Scleucia as the Greeks, who built that place, had done by Babylon, built a town, in order to dispeople and impoverish Seleueia. Many of the material*, however, were taken from Babylon itself; so that from the time the anathema was pronounced against that city, k> it seems," says Roll in, " as if those very persons, that ought to have protected her, were become her enemies ; as if they had all thought it their duty to reduce her to a state of solitude, by indirect means, though without using any violence ; that it might the more manifestly appear to he the hand of God, rather than the hand of man, that brought about her destruction." This city was for some time assailed by Julian*, who fix< d his camp near the ruins of Seleueia, and secured himself by a ditch and rampart, against the sallies and enterprising garrison of Coche. In this fruitful and pleasant country the Romans were sup- plied with water and forage ; and several forts, which might have embarrassed the motions of tin- aim y, submitted, after some resistance, to the efforts of their valour. The fleet passed from the Euphrates in an artificial diversion of the river, which forms a copious and navigable stream into the Tigris, at a small distance leloic the great city. Had they followed this royal canal, which bore the name of Nahar-Malchat, the immediate situation of Coche would have separated the fleet and army of Julian ; and the vast attempt of steering against the current Gibbon. \ The royal canal (Nahar-Malcha) might be successively re- stored, altered, divided, &e. (Ccllarius (icograph. Antiq. torn. ii. p. 453) : and these change* may serve to explain the seeming con- tradictions of antiquity. In the tiino of Julian, it roust have fallen into the Euphrates, below Clcsiphon. RUIN'S OF ANCIENT CITIES. 267 of the Tigris, and forcing their way through the midst of a hostile capital, must have been attended with the total destruction of the Roman army. As Julian had minutely studied the operations of Trajan in the same country, he soon recollected that his warlike predecessor had dug a new and navigable canal, which conveyed the waters into the Tigris, at some distance above the river. From the information of the peasants, Julian ascertained the vestiges of this ancient work, which were almost obliterated by design or accident. He, therefore, prepared a deep channel for the reception of the Euphrates : the flood of waters rushed into this new bed ; and the Roman fleet steered their triumphant course into the Tigris. He soon after passed, with his whole army, over the river : sending up a military shout, the Romans advanced in measured steps, to the animating notes of military music ; launched their javelins, and rushed forwards with drawn swords, to deprive the barbarians, by a closer onset, of the advantage of their missile weapons. The action lasted twelve hours : the enemy at last gave way. They were pursued to the gates of Ctesiphon, and the con- querors, says the historian from whom we have borrowed this account, might have entered the dis- mayed city, had not their general desired them to desist from the attempt ; since, if it did not prove successful, it must prove fatal. The spoil was ample: large quantities of gold and silver, splendid arms and trappings, and beds, and tables of massy silver. The victor distributed, as the reward of valour, some honourable gifts civic and mural, and naval crowns: and then considered what new measures to pursue : for, as we have already stated, his troops had not ventured to attempt entering the city. He called a council of war; but seeing that the town was 263 KTINS CM 'lefended 1>y the river, l"fty walls*, and impa.-sal'le nun-asses, he cam. to the determination of in it bivle^iiii.' it ; holding it a fruitless and iiicious undertaking. This occurred A.D. 363. In this city Chosroes, king of Persia, built a palace; supposed to have been once the most magni- ficent structure in the East. In process of time Seleucia and Ctesiphon became united, and identified under the name of At Jlfodain, or the two cities. This union is attributed to the judgment of Adashir Babigan (the father of the >a.-sanian line). It afterwards continued a favourite capital with most of his dynasty, till the race perished in the person of Yezdijerd ; and Al Motlain was rendered a heap of ruins, by the fanatic Arabs, in the beginning of the seventh century. At that period (A.D. G37), those walls, which had minted the battering rams of the Romans, yielded to the darts of the Saracens. Said, the lieutenant of Omar, passed the Tigris without opposition ; the capital was taken by assault ; and the disorderly resistance of the people gave a keener edge to the sabre of the Moslems, who shouted in religious transport, " This is the white palace of Chosroes : this is the province of the apostle of God." " The spoils," says Abulfeda, " surpassed the esti- mate of fancy, or numbers;" and Elmaein defines the untold and almost infinite mass by the fabulous computation of three thousands of thousands of thou- sands of pieces of goldt. These \vork were erected by Orodc, one of the Anacidmn ' '- f " I suspect," says Mr. Gibbon, " that the extravagant numbers of Elmarin may be the error, not of the text, but of the vcriion. The lx-n translators from the Greek, for instance, 1 tind to be very poor nrithuicticikus." RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 2G9 One of the .apartments of the palace was decorated with a carpet of silk, 60 cubits in length, and as many in breadth ; a paradise, or garden, was depicted on the ground ; the flowers, fruit?, and shrubs, were imitated by the figures of the gold embroidery, and the colours of the precious stones ; and the ample square was encircled by a verdant and variegated border. The conqueror (Omar) divided the prize among his brethren of Medina. The picture was destroyed ; but such was the value of the material, that the share of Ali was sold for 20,000 drachms. The sack was followed by the desertion and gradual decay of the city. In little more than a century after this it was finally supplanted by Bagdad under the Caliph Almanzor. " The imperial legions," says Porter, " of Rome and Constantinople, with many a barbaric phalanx besides, made successive dilapidation on the walls of Seleucia and Ctesiphon ; but it was reserved for Omar and his military fanatics to complete the final overthrow. That victorious caliph founded the city of Kufa on the western shore of the Euphrates ; whilst the defeat, which the Persians sustained from one of his best generals in the battle of Cadesia, led to the storming of Al-Maidan, and an indiscriminate massacre of all its Guebre inhabitants. In after times the caliph Almanzor, taking a dislike to Kufa, removed the seat of his government to Bagdad ; the materials for the erection of which he brought from the battered walls of the Greek and Parthian city ; so as Babylon was ravaged and carried away for the building of Seleucia and Ctesiphon, in the same manner did they moulder into ruin before the rising foundations of Bagdad." Little more remains of Seleucia but the ground on which it stood ; showing, by its unequal surface, the low moundy traces of its former inhabit- ants. Small as these vestiges may seem, they are 270 KlINS uF ANC1KNT CITIES. daily wasting away, and POOH nothing would !>< left to mark the site of Seleucia, wire it not for the aji- j'.ir-mly impcri>hahlo canal of Nebuchadnezzar, the Nahar Malcha, whose capacious bosom, noble in ruins, opens to the Tigris, north of win-re the city stood." , What remains of the palace of Chosrocs is thus ilc-rribed by the same hand. " Having pawed the Diala, a river which flows into the Tigris, the lofty palace of Chosroes, at Modain, upon the site of the ancient Ctesiphon, became visible to us ; looking exceedingly large through the refracting atni-j.hcrr of the southern horizon, above the even line of which it towered as the most conspicuous object any where to be seen around us. It looked from hence much larger than Westminster Abbey, when seen from a similar distance ; and in its general outline it resembled that building very much, excepting only in its having no towers. The great cathedral of the Crusaders, still standing on the ancient Orthosia, on the coast of Syria, is a perfect model of it in general appearance; as that building is seen when approaching from the southward, although there is no one feature of resemblance between those edifices in detail." On the northern bank of the Diala, Mr. Buckingham saw nothing but some grass huts, inhabited by a few families, w-lio earned their living by transporting travellers across the river ; and to the westward, near the Tigris, a few scattered tents of Arab shepherd*. On the south bank a few date-trees were seen ; but, besides these, no other signs of fertility or cultivation appeared. When Mr. Buckingham reached the mounds of Ctesiphon, he found them to be of a moderate height, of a light colour, and strewed over with fragments of those invariable remarks of former population, broke n pottery. The outer surface of the mounds made them RUINS OF ANCIENT CITII>. 271 appear as mere heaps of earth, long exposed to the atmosphere ; hut he was assured by several well acquainted with the true features of the place, that on digging into the mounds, a masonry of unburnt bricks was found, with layers of reed between them, as in the ruins at Akkerhoof and the mounds of Meklooba at Babylon. The extent of the semicircle formed by these heaps, appears to be nearly two miles. The area of the city, however, had but few mounds throughout its whole extent, and those were small and isolated ; the space was chiefly covered with thick heath, sending forth, as in the days of Xenophon, a highly aromatic odour, which formed a cover for partridges, hares, and gazelles, of each of which the traveller saw considerable numbers. After traversing a space within the walls, strewed with fragments of burnt bricks and pottery, he came to the tomb of Selman Pauk. " This Selman Pauk*," says Mr. Buckingham, " was a Persian barber, who, from the fire-worship of his ancestors, became a convert to Islam, under the persuasive eloquence of the great prophet of Modain himself; and, after a life of fidelity to the cause he had embraced, was buried here in his native city of Modain. The memory of this beloved companion of the great head of their faith is held in great respect by all the Mahometans of the country ; for, besides the annual feast of the barbers of Bagdad, who in the month of April visit his tomb as that of a patron saint, there are others who come to it on pilgrimage at all seasons of the year." The large ruin, which forms the principal attraction of this place, is situated about seven hundred paces to the south of this tornb. It is called by the natives Tank Kesra (the Arch of Kesra). It is composed of two wings and one large central hall, extending all * Seluiaii the Pure. itrr ( IENT n; the depth of the building. Its front is nearly perfect ; 1.. in_ two hundred ami sixty fret in length, :m iirixs or AVH:NT ci i architect, for three hundred tulcnts. Tin- cities of Greece were to furnish th;t sum. The Dt-lphians were taxed a fourth part of it, and made ^itlnr- ings in all parts, even in foreign nations, for that purpose. Gyges, king of Lydia, and Croesus, one of hi> successors, enriched tho temple of Delphos with an incredible number of presents. Many other princes, cities, and private persons, by their example, in a kind of emulation of each other, had heaped up in it tripods, vessels, tables, shields, crowns, chariots, and statues of gold and silver of all sizes, equally infinite in number and value. Tin presents of gold which Croesus alone made to this temple amounted, according to Herodotus, to upwards of 254 talents (about 35,5001. sterling) ; and perhaps those of silver to as much. Most of those presents were in bein<: in tho time of Herodotus. Piodorus Siculus, adding those of other princes to them, makes the amount 10,000 talents (about 1,300,0000- It is not less surprising than true*, that one of the most celebrated edifices in the world has been so entirely destroyed, that sufficient traces are scarcely left by which the traveller can form even a conjec- ture as to its position. During the Sacred war, the people of Phocis seized from it 10,000 talents to maintain their armies against their powerful opponents. Sylla plundered it ; and Nero carried away no less than five hundred statues of brass, partly of the gods, and partly of the most illustrious heroes. It had been plundered no less than eleven times before. It is not known when this celebrated oracle ceased. Lucian says that answers were given in his time : but most of the Grecian oracles were annihilated when Constantino relinquished the errors of poly- *~Dodweil.~ RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 277 theism. Indeed Constantino the Great proved a more fatal enemy to Apollo and Delphos, than either Sylla or Nero : he removed the sacred tripods to adorn the hippodrome of his own city. Afterwards Julian sent Oribesius to restore the temple, but he was admonished by an oracle to represent to the emperor the deplorable condition of the place. " Tell him, the well-built court is fallen to the ground. Phoebus has not a cottage ; nor the prophetic laurel ; nor the speaking fountain (Cassotis) ; but even the beautiful water is extinct." The temple was situated in a very romantic situa- tion ; rendered still more striking by the innumerable echoes, which multiplied every sound, and increased the veneration of superstitious visitants. But even its form is unknown ; though painters, for the most part, have delineated it as circular, amongst whom may be mentioned Claude Lorrain, and Gaspar Poussin. The Apollo Belvidere is supposed to be a copy from the statue in this temple. The Castalian spring, however, still exists, and equally clear as in ancient times. It is ornamented with ivy, and overshadowed by a large fig-tree, the roots of which have penetrated the fissures of the rock. At the front is a majestic plane-tree. The remains of the town wall are a little to the east of the Castalian spring ; but no part of it is left but the interior mass, which consists of an exceed- ingly hard composition of small stones and mortar. When Pausanias visited Delphos, there were four temples and a gymnasium in the vicinity of the eastern gate ; and several ruins and fragments may now be seen : some fine blocks of marble, some with inscriptions, a marble triglyph, and other Doric re- mains. There are none, however, of the hippodrome ; in which ten chariots are said to have been able to start at the same moment. nriNs M A\( ir\r (i The temple has vanished like a dre.nn, leaving not a trace behind ; insomuch, that Mr.Dodwcll's opinion ia, that the site of this far-famed edifice must he smi_-lit for under the hunihle cottages of Castri, as tli whole village probably stands within its ancient peril In some places, however, are blocks of considerable iiKiir'iitude ; and some ancient foundations, supposed to be those of the Lesche, which contained the paint- ings of Polygnotus ; and near the Aga's house are several remains of some fluted marble columns, of the Doric order, and of large dimensions. Some inscrip- tions, too, have been observed. One in marble is in honour of the Emperor Hadrian: " The council of the Amphictyont, under the superintendence of the j>ri .r mid overseer of the Forum, put their ton under the pro- tection of the Pythian Apollo." The remains of the gymnasium are principally be- hind the monastery. The- foundations were sustained by an immense bulwark of hewn stone. There is also some part of a stadium. The marble posts remain. Its length is 660 feet. " I was surprised." says Mr. Dodwell, " to find few fragments of marble among the ruins of Delphos. The town was small ; but it was a concentration of great opulence and splendour. "What can have become of the materials which adorned its public edifices ? Several curiosities are no doubt buried below the village : though the soil is in general so thin and so rocky, that great masses cannot be concealed beneath the sup"Hi They have, no doubt, crumbled away. The fato, RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 279 however, of Delphos has been greatly aggravated of late years ; for in consequence of some dispute be- tween the agents of Ali Pacha and the inhabitants of Castri, the Pacha laid the village under contribution to pay him the sum of 15,000 piastres. This they were unable to do ; in consequence of which every- thing was taken from them ; and this serves to explain the ruined state of the place. " In its present condi- tion," says Dr. Clarke, " there is not in all Lapland a more wretched village than Castri*." NO. XXXII. ECBATANA. THIS city, which Heraclius says was as large as Athens, was founded by one of the most illustrious princes that ever adorned the earth Dejoces, King of the Medes. Not that we mean to vindicate or approve all that he did ; but, "taking him for all in all," history has but few characters that can be placed in compe- tition with him. It is not our intention to write the history of this celebrated prince anew, his story being almost una- nimously allowed : we have only to copy. We shall, therefore, select the account, compiled by Rollin, from the testimony of Herodotus ; ours being an abstract. The Medes were a people divided into tribes. They dwelt almost entirely in villages ; but Dejoces, find- ing with how great an inconvenience such a mode of life was attended, erected the state into a monarchy. The methods he took to accomplish this, exhibited the consummate wisdom with which his mind was endowed. When he formed the design, he laboured to make the good qualities that had been observed in him more conspicuous than ever ; and he succeeded so well, that the inhabitants of the district in which he lived, made him their judge. His conduct fully answered the expectation of those who elected him. # Jtollin ; Bartbeleni ; Chandler ; Clarke ; Dodwell ; Williams. RUINS OP LNOIBlfT 01 II' brought the association into a regular mode of life ; and this being observed by a multitude of other villages, they soon began to make him ail 'ii la- tor for them. a< lit- had lx>en for tlie fu>t. ^ When he found himself thus advanced," says the historian, *' he judged it a proper time to set his last eiiL to work for compassing his point, lie, then-fore, retired from business, pretending to be over-fatigued with the multitude of people that resorted to him from all quarters; and would not exercise the office of judge any longer, notwithstanding all the importu- nity of such as wished well to the public tranquillity. When any person addressed themselves to him, he told them, -that his own domestic affairs would not allow him to attend to those of other people." The consequence of this withdrawal was, that the various communities relapsed into a worse state than they had been before ; and the evil increased so ra- pidly, from day to day, that the Medes felt them- selves constrained to meet, in order to endeavour to find some remedy for it. This was what Dei had foreseen. He sent emissaries, therefore, to the assembly, with instructions in what manner to act. When the turn came for those persons to speak, they declared their opinion, that unless the face of the republic was entirely changed, the whole country would be entirely uninhabitable. " The only means," said they, " left for us is, to elect a king. Having elected a sovereign, with authority to restrain vio- lence, and make laws, every one can prosecute his own affairs in peace and security." This opinion was seconded by the consent of the whole assembly. All that remained then was to find out a proper person. This did not require much time. Dejoces was the man to whom all eyes were instantly turned. He was, therefore, immediately elected king with the consent of dll present. " There is," says the author RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 281 from whom we borrow, " nothing nobler or greater, than to see a private person, eminent for his merit and virtue, and fitted by his excellent talents for the highest employments, and yet, through inclination ami modesty, preferring a life of obscurity and re- tirement ; thus to see such a man sincerely refuse the oftrr made to him of reigning over a whole nation, and at last consent to undergo the toil of government upon no other motive than that of being useful .to his fellow citizens. Such a governor was Numa at Rome, and such have been some other governors, whom the people have constrained to accept the supreme power. But," continues he in a strain of great wisdom, " to put on the mask of modesty and virtue, in order to satisfy one's ambition, as Dejoces did ; to affect to appear outwardly what a man is not inwardly ; to refuse for a time, and then accept with a seeming repugnancy what a man earnestly desires, and what he has been labouring by secret, underhand, prac- tices to obtain ; this double dealing has so much meanness in it, that it goes a great way to lessen our opinion of the person, be his talents never so great or extraordinary." The method by which Dejoces gained his ambi- tion to be king, greatly disenchants us of his merits. But having attained it, he acted in a manner few men have been found to adopt, even when they have arrived at the throne by the most legitimate of me- thods. He set himself to civilise and polish his subjects ; men who, having lived perpetually in vil- lages, almost without laws and without polity, had contracted rude manners and savage dispositions. Thus animated, he selected a hill, the ascent of which was regular on every side, and having marked out, with his own hands, the circumference of the walls, he laid the foundation of a city, which became the capital of the dominions of which he had been 282 in INS OK Axnrvr CITII>. (! sovereign. When lie li;nl done this, lie con- structed walls after the following manner. Their nuniher was seven; all disposed in such a manner, that the outermost did not hinder the parapet of the second from being seen ; nor the second that of the third, and so of all the rest. Within the last and smallest inclosure he erected his own palace ; and there he kept all his treasures. The first and lart inclosure is supposed to have been of about the size of Athens, when at its greatest height. The palaee was at the foot of the citadel, and about seven fur- longs in circumference. The wood- work was of cedar or cypress ; the beams, the ceilings, the columns of the porticoes, and the peristyles, were plated with either gold or silver ; the roofs were covered with silver tiles. This city the founder called ECBATANA*. The as- pect of it was beautiful and magnificent ; and, having completed it to his satisfaction, he employed himself in composing laws for the good of the community. In order to do this with greater effect, and with .1 view to keep up the respect which nearness of view is apt to impair with rude and ignorant persons, he secluded himself almost entirely from the people at large. All was done through the medium of agents In Judith, Dejoces is called Arpliaxad : " 1. In the twelfth of the reign of Nabuchodnnosor, who reigned in Nineveh, the great city ; in the days of Arphoxad, which reigned over the Medea in EcbaUna. 2. And built in EcUbana walls round about of ttonei hewn, three cubits broad and six cubits long, and made the height of the walls seventy cubits, and the breadth thereof fifty cubits. 3. And set the towers thereof upon the gates of it, an hundred cubits high, and the breadth thereof in the foundation thereof three score cubits. 4. And he made the gates thereof, even gntcs that were raised to the height of seventy cubits, and the breadth of them was forty cubits, for the going forth of hit mighty armies, and for the setting in array of his footmen." RtlNS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 283 and servants. lie knew all that was passing. lie marie a multitude of wise laws. He became literally the true father of his people ; for so entirely did he give himself up to the contemplation of their benefit, that though he reigned not less than fifty-three years, he had no reason to complain of any of the neigh- bouring kingdoms ; and so satisfied was he of the good belonging to his own fortune, that he never once engaged in any enterprise against them. Dejoces was succeeded by his son Phraortes, of whom it is not necessary to say more than that he enlarged the city his father had built. He was suc- ceeded by Cyaxares I., who reigned forty years. He made himself master of all the cities of the king- dom of Assyria, except Babylon and Chalda>a. Astyages was the next king of the Medes, he who is called in scripture Ahasuerus.* He married his daughter, Mandana, to Cambyses king of Persia ; and thereby became grandfather to the great Cyrus, one of the most remarkable princes in all history. He was succeeded by Cyaxares II., called in scrip- ture Darius the Mede ; who, under the generalship of Cyrus, having taken Babylon, Cyrus, on the death of his father Cambyses, and his uncle, whom he had made governor of Babylon, united the empires of the Medes and Persians under one and the same authority. Ecbatana, therefore, from that time ceased to be the chief seat of authorityt. * It is said, in Esther, that Ahasuerus roigned over one hundred and twenty-seven princes ; from India to Ethiopia. f According to Herodotus, the reign of Dejoces was 53 years. Phraortes 22 Cyaxares 12 The Scythians 28 Astyages 35 Total , 150 284 KlINS OP ANCIF.NT CITIKS. Dimlonis Siculus relates, that when S.-miraiuis eame t<> Keliatana, " which," says In-, " is sin in a low and even plain," she built a stately palace then-, aii'l bestowed more care upon that city than she had done upon any other. For the city wanting water (there leing no spring near it), she plentifully supplied it with such as was good, which she brought thither in this manner. There is a mountain called Orontes, twelve furlongs distant from the city, ex- ceedingly high and steep for the space of twenty -five furlongs up to the top. On the other side of this mount there is a large mere, or lake, which empties itself into the river.. At the foot of this mount she dug a canal fifteen feet in breadth and forty in depth, through which she conveyed water to the city in great abundance *. Alexander being in pursuit of Darius, came within three days' march of Ecbatana, where he was met by the son of Ochus, who informed him that Darius had left that city five days before, carrying with him five thousand talents (about one million five hundred thousand pounds), from the Median trea- sury. When Alexander took possession of the city, he laid up all the treasure he had got from Persis and Susiana. It was in this city that Darius made the following remarkable speech to the principal officers of his army. lie had lost Persepolis and Pasagarda : " Dear companions, among so many thousand men who composed my army, you only have not abandoned me during the whole course of my ill-fortune ; and, in a short time, nought but your fidelity and constancy will be able to make me fancy myself a king. Deserters and traitors now govern * Some authors have made a strange mistake : they have con. fuwd this city with that of the tame name in Syria, at the foot of Mount Canncl ; and Mill more often with that which was called the " City of the Magi." RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 285 in my cities. Not that they are thought worthy of the honour bestowed upon them ; but rewards are given them only in the view of tempting you, and staggering your perseverance. You still chose to follow my fortune rather than that of the conqueror ; for which you certainly have merited a recompense from the gods ; and I do not doubt but they will prove beneficent towards you, in case that power is denied me. With such soldiers and "officers I would brave, without the least dread, the enemy, how formidable soever he may be. What ! would any one have me surrender myself up to the mercy of the conqueror, and expect from him, as a reward of my baseness and meanness of spirit, the government of some province which he may condescend to leave ? No ! It never shall be in the power of any man, either to take away, or fix upon my head, the diadem I wear. The same power shall put a period to my reign and life. If you have all the same courage and reso- lution, which I can no longer doubt, I assure myself that ,you shall retain your liberty, and not be exposed to the pride and insults of the Macedonians. You have in your own hands the means either to revenge or terminate all your evils." Having ended this speech, the whole body replied with shouts, that they were ready to follow him in all fortunes. Nabarzanes and Bessus soon showed the unfor- tunate king how little confidence is to be placed in man. They and other traitors seized upon Darius, bound him in chains of gold, placed him in a covered chariot, and set out for Bactriana, with the design of delivering their master up to Alexander. They afterwards murdered him. Plutarch says of Alexander, that he traversed all the province of Babylon, which immediately made its submission ; and that in the district of Ecbatana, he saw a gulf of fire, which streamed continually, as from an inexhaustible source. He admired, also, Kfl.NS Hi a flood of naphtha, nut far from the ulf, whu-h llowed in such abundance that it formed a hike. Tho naphtha, in many respects, resembles tin- bitumen, but is much more inflammable. Before any fire touches it, it catches 1 i-jht from a flame at some distance, and often kindles all the immediate air. Tin- 1>arl>ariuns, to show the king its force, and the subtlety of its nature, scattered some drops of it in the st: which led to his lodging ; and standing at one end, they applied their torches to some of the first drops ; for it was night. The flame communicated itself swifter than thought, and the street was instan- taneously all on fire. On his arrival, Alexander offered magnificent sacrifices to the deities, in thanksgiving for the suc- cess that had crowned his arms. Gymnic games and theatrical representations succeeded, and universal fes- tivities reigned in the Grecian army. But in the midbt of these rejoicings, the king had the misfortune to lose the friend he loved the most. He was engaged in presiding at the games, when he was suddt uly and hastily sent for ; but before he could reach tho bed-side of IIepha>stion, his friend had expired. The king gave himself up to sorrow many days. At length, when he had recovered his self-command, he gave orders for a magnificent funeral, the ex- pense of which is said to nave amounted to not less than 10,000 talents, that is, about two millions ! All the Oriental subjects were charged to put on mourning ; and it is even affirmed, that, to gratify Alexander's affection, several of his companions dedicated themselves and arms to the deceased fa- vourite. The folly of Alexander went even farther. lie wrote to Cleomenes, his governor in Egypt, a person of an inordinate bad character, command- ing him to erect two temples to liephiestion ; one at Alexandria, and another in the island of Pharos : * If I tiud these temples erected, when I return into RCINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 287 Egypt, I will not only forgive all thy past deeds, but likewise all thou mayest hereafter commit ! " Plutarch says : When he came to Ecbatana, in Media, and had despatched the most urgent affairs, he employed himself in the celebration of games, and other public solemnities ; for which purpose 3000 artificers, lately arrived from Greece, were very serviceable to him. But, unfortunately, Hephzes- tion fell sick of a fever in the midst of this festivity. As a young man and a soldier, he could not bear to be kept to strict diet ; and taking the opportunity to dine when his physician Glaucus was gone to the theatre, he ate a roasted fowl, and drank a flagon of wiue, made as cold as possible ; in consequence of which he grew worse, and died a few days after. Plutarch and Quintus Curtius relate, that when Darius offered Alexander all the country which lies on the west of the Euphrates, with his daughter Statira in marriage, and a portion of 10,000 talents of gold, Parrnenio having been present at this offer, and having been required to state his opinion in regard to it, answered, that if it were he, he would accept it ; " so would I," answered Alexan- der, " were I Parmenio." Sometime after this, the life of this excellent friend and consummate general, as well as that of his son, was sacrificed to a mean and wanton ac- cusation made against him of treason against his master's person ; dying in the height of his pros- perity, in the 70th year of his age. At Ecbatana, it was commonly observed in the army to which he belonged, that Parmenio had gained many victories without Alexander, but that Alexander had gained none without Parmenio. Ecbatana is supposed to have been situated where the modern Hameden now stands ; that is, in the province of Iriic-Agemi, winding between Bagdad 288 ui'iis- . and Ispahan, 240 miles iV..in each. It st.unl- at the foot of a mountain, whence i--m -tie.mi-, that water the country. The adjacent parts are fertile, and productive of corn and rice. Tin; air is healthy, but the winter is said to be intense. Its climate, however, was so fine in ancient times, that the IVr- sian kind's preferred it to Ispahan or Snsa ; hence it acquired the title of the " Royal City." "Ecbatana," says Rennell, "was unquest'miiahlynn, or near, the site of Hamedcn in Al Jebel. A great number of authorities concur in proving this; although many refer to Tauris, orTebrix, in Aderhi^ian ; Mr. Gibbon and Sir William Jones among the rest. The authorities are too numerous to be adduced here. We shall only mention that Isidore of Charax places it on the road from Seleucia to Parthia ; that Pliny says Susa is equi-distant from Seleucia and Echa- tana ; and that Ecbatana itself lies in the road from Nineveh to Rages or Ray." "The situation of llame- den," says Mr. Moricr, "so much unlike that of other Persian cities, would of itself be sufficient to establish its claim to a remote origin, considering the propen- sity of the ancients to build their cities on elevated positions. Ispahan, Schiraz, Teheran, Tabris, Khoi, &c., are all built on plains ; but Hameden occupies a great diversity of surface, and, like Rome and Con- stantinople, can enumerate the hills over which it is spread. Its locality, too, agrees with that of Ecba- tana, built on the declivity of the Orontes, according to Polybius*, and is also con form able to Herodotust; who, in describing the walls, rising into circles one above another, says, 'this mode of building was favoured by the situation of the place.' " " I had not expected to see Ecbatana," says Sir Robert Ker Porter, "as Alexander found it; neither in Lib. x. 21. f Clio, 98. RUIN'S OP ANCIENT CITIES. 289 the superb ruin, in which Timour had left it ; but, almost unconsciously to myself, some indistinct ideas of what it had been floated before me ; and when I actually beheld its remains, it was with the appalled shock of seeing a prostrate dead body, where I had anticipated a living man, though drooping to decay. Orontes, indeed, was there, magnificent and hoary- headed ; the funeral remnant of the poor corpse beneath." The extensive plain of Hameden stretched below, and the scene there was delightful. Number- less castellated villages, rising amidst groves of the noblest trees. The whole tract appeared as a carpet of luxuriant verdure, studded by hamlets and watered by rivulets. " If the aspect of this part of the coun- try," thought the traveller, " now presents so rich a picture, when its palaces are no more, what must it have been when Astyages held his court here ; and Cyrus, in his yearly courses from Persepolis, Susa, and Babylon, stretched his golden sceptre over this delicious plain ? Well might such a garden of na- ture's bounties be the favourite seat of kings, the nursery of the arts, and all the graceful courtesies of life. ' The site of the modern town, Sir Robert goes on to observe, like that of the ancient, is on a gradual ascent, terminating near the foot of the eastern side of the mountain. It bears many vestiges of having been strongly fortified. The sides and summits are covered with large remnants of great thickness, and also of towers, the materials of which were bricks, dried in the sun. When it lost the name of Ecbatana in that of Hameden, it seems to have lost its honours too ; for while it preserved the old appellation of the capital, whence the great kings of the Kaianian race had dictated their decrees ; and where " Cyrus, the king, had placed, in the house of the rolls of its palace, the VOL. I. u 290 RUINS 01 t I ITIES. record wherein was written his order for thi building of Jerusalem," it seems, with the retention of its name, to have preserved some memory of its consequence, even so far into modern times as three cvntnries of " the Christian era." " It was then," continues our accomplished traveller, " that Tiridates attempted to transfer its glories to his own capital ; and, according to Ebn Haukel, the gradual progress of six hundred years mouldered away the archil, o- tural superiority of the ancient city. Towards tin- end of the fourteenth century, Tamerlane sacked, pillaged, and destroyed its proudest buildings, ruined the inhabitants, and reduced the whole, from being one of the most extensive cities of the East, to hardly a parsang in length and breadth*. In that dismantle! and dismembered state, though dwindled to a mere day-built suburb of what it was, it possessed iron gates, till within these fifty years ; when Aga Ma- homed Khan, not satisfied with the depth of so great a capital's degradation, ordered every remain of past consequence to be destroyed." The result ? " His commands were obeyed to a tittle. The mud alleys, which now occupy the site of ancient streets or squares, are narrow, interrupted by large holes or hollows, in the way, and heaps of the fallen crumbled walls of deserted dwellings. A miserable bazaar or two are passed through in traversing the town ; and large lonely spots are met with, marked by broken low mounds over older ruins ; with here and there a few poplars or willow trees, shadowing the border Rcbatana was taken by Nmdir Sliah. Nadir marched against the Turk* as toon as bis troops were refreshed from the fatigue* they bad endured in the pursuit of the Afghauns. He encountered the force of two Turkish pachas on the plains of llamedcn, over- threw them, and made himself master, not only of that city, but of all the country in the Ticinity. Meerza Melxly's Hist. Sir William Jones's works, vol. T. 112; Malcolm's Hist, of Persia, Tl. ii. 51. 4to. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 291 of a dirty stream, abandoned to the meanest uses ; which, probably, flowed pellucid and admired, when these places were gardens, and the grass-grown heap some stately dwelling of Ecbatana." In one or two spots may be observed square plat- forms of large stones, many of which are chiselled over with the finest Arabic characters. These, how- ever, are evidently tomb-stones of the inhabitants during the caliphs' rule ; the register of yesterday. " As I passed through the wretched hovelled streets, and saw the once lofty city of Astyages, shrunk like a shrivelled gourd, the contemplation of such a spectacle called forth more saddening reflections than any that had awakened in me on any former ground of departed greatness. In some I had seen moulder- ing pomp, or sublime desolation ; in this, every object spoke of neglect, and hopeless poverty. Not majesty in stately ruin, pining to find dissolution on the spot where it was first blasted; but beggary, seated on the place which kings had occupied, squalid with rags, and stupid with misery. It was impossible to look on it and not exclaim, " O Ecbatana, seat of princes ! How is the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished ! " Sir Robert saw, not far from the remains of a for- tress to the south, the broken base and shaft of a column ; which, on examination, proved to him that the architecture of Persepolis and Ecbatana had been the same. Hameden is to be seen for several miles before reaching Surkhahed, for several stages. Mr. Morier saw nothing in Persia that, wore such an appear- ance of prosperity ; for the plain, about nine miles in breadth and fifteen in length, was one continued series of fields and orchards. Hameden itself is one of the best watered places in Persia. All the habitations are interspersed with trees The most u2 2 { .'-2 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. conspicuous building is a large mosque, railed Mojtd Jumah, now falling into decay; and there was to be seen, every morning, before tlic sun i a numerous body of ]X?asants, with spades in their hands, waiting to be hired for the day, to work in the surrounding fields.* Near the Mosque, in a court, tilled with tents, stands a building, called the sepulchre of Esther and Mordecai. It is of an architecture of the earliest ages of Mohannm di-m. It was erected in the year of the Creation 4474, by two devout Jews of Kasham. Translation of the inscription on the marble slab in the sepulchre of Esther and Mordecai. " Mordecai, beloved and honoured by a king, was great and good. His garments were those of a sovereign. Ahasuerus covered him with this rich dress, and also placed a golden chain around his neck. The city of Susa rejoiced at his honours, and his high fortune became the glory of the Jews." On a steep declivity of the Otontes are to be seen two tablets, each of which is divided into three longitudinal compartments, inscribed by the arrow- headed character of Persepolis. In the northern skills of the city, Mr. Morier found another monu- ment of antiquity. This is the base of the column, which we noticed just now; and this, Mr. Morier is equally certain with Sir Robert, is of the identical order of the columns of Persepolis, and of the same sort of stone. This, says Mr. Morier, led to a dis- * " This custom," says Mr. Morier, " which I had never teen in any other port of Asia, forcibly itruck me u a mot happy illus- t ration of our Saviour's parable of the labourer in the vineyard ; particularly, when passing by the same place, late in the day, we still found others ttanding idle, and remembered his word-, Why ."in ml ye here all the day idle? as most applicable to their Mtiiution ; for in putting the question to them, they auswtred ' Ilccaute no one hat hired ut.' " RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIKS. 293 covery of some importance ; for, adjacent to this fragment is a large but irregular terrace, evidently the work of art, and perhaps the ground-plan of some great building; of the remains of which its soil must be the repository. Mr. Morier is induced to believe, that the situation of this spot agrees with that Polybius* would assign to the palace of the kings of Persia, which, he says, was below the citadel. Besides these, there are many other antiquities ; but as they all belong to Mohammedan times, they do not come within the sphere of our subject. There are some hopes that this city may, one day, assume a far different rank than what it now holds ;t for, within a few years, it has been created a royal government, and committed to the care of Moham- med AH Mirza. Palaces, therefore, have been erect- ed, and mansions for his ministers, new bazaars and mercantile caravanserais. We shall close this account with Sir Robert's de- scription of the view that is to be seen from Mount Orontes, now called Mount Elwund. "It is one of the most stupendous scenes I had ever seen! I stood on the eastern park. The apparently intermediate peaks of the Courdistan mountains spread before me far to the north-west ; while continued chains of the less tower- ing heights of Louristan stretched south-east ; and Lib x. c. 24. t " The habitations of the people here (at Hameden) were equally mean as those of the villages through which we had passed before. The occupiers of these last resembled, very strongly, the African Arabs, or Moors, and also the mixed race of Egypt, in their physiognomy, complexion, and dress. The reception, given by these villagers to my Tartar companions, was like that of the most abject slaves to a powerful master ; and the manner in which the yellow-crowned courtiers of the Sublime Porte treated their enter- tainers in return, was quite as much in the spirit of the despotic mil tan whom they served." Buckingham's Travels in Meso- potamia, vol. ii. p. 18. 294 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. linking themselves with the more lofty piles of tho Bactiari, my eye followed their receding summits till lost in tho hot and tremulous haze, of an Asiatic sky. The general hue of this endless mountain region murky red ; to which in many parts the arid glare of the atmosphere gave so preternatural a brightness, that it might well have been called a land of fire. From the point on which I stood, I beheld the whole mass of country round the unbroken concave : it was of enormous expanse; and although, from tin- clearness of the air, and the cloudless state of the hea- vens, no object was clouded from my sight ; yet, from the immensity 'of the height whence I viewed tho scene, the luxuriancy of the valleys was entirely lost in the shadows of the hills ; and nothing was left to the beholder from the top of Elwund, but the bare and burning summits of countless mountains. Not a drop of water was discernible of all the many stream;-. which poured from the bosom into the plains below. In my life I had never beheld so tremendous a spec- tacle. It appeared like standing upon the stony cnist of some rocky world, which had yet to be broken up by the Almighty word, and unfold to the beneficent mandate the fructifying principles of earth and water, bursting into vegetation and terrestrial life*." NO. XXXIII. ELEC8IS. THIS was a town of Attica, equally distant from Megara and the Piraus ; greatly celebrated for the observance, every fifth year, of the greatest festival in Greece, called the Eleusinian ; a festival sacred to Ceres and Proserpine ; every thing appertaining to which was a secret, or mystery ; to divulge any of Herodotus; Diodonis Sictilui ; Plutarch; Arrian; Quintu* Curtiui ; Ilollin ; lU-nuell ; Moricr ; Sir 11. Kcr Porter J Buck- ingham. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 295 which was supposed to call down an immediate judg- ment from heaven. "Ceres," says an Athenian orator, "wandering in quest of her daughter Proserpine, came into Attica, where some good offices were done her, which it is unlawful for those who are not initiated to hear. In return, she conferred two unparalleled benefits : the knowledge of agriculture, by which the human race is raised above the brute creation ; and the mysteries, from which the partakers derive sweeter hopes than other men enjoy, both in the present life and to eternity." There is nothing in all the Pagan antiquity more celebrated than the mysteries and feasts of Ceres Eleusina*. Their origin and institution are attributed to Ceres herself, who in the reign of Erechtheus, coming to Eleusis, a small town of Attica, in search of her daughter Proserpine, whom Pluto had carried away, and finding the country afflicted with a famine, she not only taught them the use of corn, but in- structed them in the principles of probity, charity, civility, and humanity. These mysteries were divided into the less and the greater, of which the former served as a preparation for the latter. Only Athenians were admitted to them ; but of them each sex, age, and condition had a right to be received. All strangers were absolutely excluded. We shall consider prin- cipally the greater mysteries, which were celebrated at Eleusis. Those who demanded to be initiated into them, were obliged, before their reception, to purify them- selves in the lesser mysteries, by bathing in the river Ilissus, by saying certain prayers, offering sacri- fices, and, above all, by living in strict continence during an interval of time prescribed them. That time was employed in instructing them in the prin- * Rollin. 296 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. i iples and elements of the sacred doctrine of the L i.iy-tcri I, When the time for their initiation arrived, they were brought into the temple ; and to inspire the greater revt ivnee anelled the darkness of the place ; and disappearing immediately, added new horrors to the gloom. Appa- ritions, claps of thunder, earthquakes, improved tin- terror and am a /A- in en t ; whilst the person admitted, stupified, sweating through fear, heard trembling the mysterious volumes read to him. These noctuma i were attended with many disorders, which the H law of silence, imposed on the persons initiated, pre- vented from coming to light. The president in this t-eremony was called a Hierophant. He wore a peeu- liar habit, and was not admitted to marry. He had tliree colleagues ; one who carried a torch ; another, a herald, whose office was to pronounce certain mysterious words ; and a third, to attend at the altar. Besides these officers, one of the principal magis- trates of the city was appointed to take care that all the ceremonies of this feast were exactly observed. He was called the king, nnd was one of the nine Archons. His business was to ofVer prayers and sacrifices. The people gate him four assistants. IIo had, besides, ten other ministers to assist him in tin- discharge of his duty, and particularly in offering sacrifices. The Athenians initiated their children of both sexes very early into these mysteries, and would have thought it criminal to have let them die without such an advantage. It was regularly celebrated every fifth year ; that RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 297 is, after a revolution of four years : and history records, that it was never interrupted, except upon the taking of Thebes by Alexander the Great. It was continued down to the time of the Christian emperors ; and Valentinian would have abolished it, if Pnvtextatus, the proconsul of Greece, had not re- presented in the most lively and affecting terms the universal sorrow which the abrogation of that feast would occasion among the people ; upon whicli it was suffered to subsist. It is supposed to have been finally suppressed by Theodosius the Great. At this place there were several sacred monuments, such as chapels and altars ; and many rich citizens of Athens had pleasant and beautiful villas there*. The great temple at Eleusis was plundered by the Spartan king Cleomenes, and it was burnt by the Persians, in their flight after the battle of Plata?a. It was afterwards rebuilt by Iktinos ; but nearly entirely destroyed by Alaric. After this Eleusis became an inconsiderable village. It is now inhabited by a few poor Albanian Christians. The temple of Ceres and Proserpine was built under the administration of Pericles. It was of the marble of Pentelicus. It was equally vast and magnificent. Its length, from north to south, was about three hundred and eighty- six feet, and its breadth about three hundred and twenty-seven ; and the most celebrated artists were employed in its construction and decoration. " In the most flourishing times of Athens," says Whaler, ''Eleusis was one of their principal towns, but is now crushed down under their hard fortune, having been so ill treated by the Christian pirates, more inhuman than the very Turks, that all its inhabitants have left it ; there being now nothing remaining but ruins. The place is sitxiated-upon a long hill, stretched out near to the sea, north-east and north-west, not Dodwell. RflNS OF ANCIENT CIT far distant from the mountain Cierata. The \vhnlo hill seems to have Iteen built U|X)n, lut chii-tlv towards the sea, where the first thing we ranir to was the stately temple of (Yres, now jirostrate upon the ground ; I cannot say, l not having one stone upon another,' for it lieth all in a confused heap together, the beautiful pillars buried in the rubbish of its dejected roof and walls, and its goodly carved and polished cornices used with no more respect than the worst stone of the pavement. It lies in such a rude and disorderly manner, that it is not possible to judge of its ancient form ; only it appeared to have been built of most beautiful white marble, and no less admirable stone." There are also remains of several old sepulchres ; and- among these was lately found an inscription relative to something dedicated to Ceres and her daughter, by Fabius, the Dadouchos. Another is in the wall of a cottage, and is relative to a member of the Areopagus, who erected a statue to his wife. The temple of Neptune is supposed to have been near the sea, where traces now remain, composed of dark Eleusinian marble. The foundations of the ancient tombs are still visible ; but there are no remains of the city walls ; but a long wall, which united it with the port, may be still traced with little interruption. The temple of Venus, which was of the Doric order, is now a mass of rubbish, among which have been found several marble doves of the natural si/e. Many fragments, says Mr. Dodwell, have probably been removed, owing to its propinquity to the sea, and the consequent facility of exportation. The church of St. Zacharias is almost entirely composed of ancient fragments. This is probably the situation of the temple of Diana ; and of a large ancient well he supposes to be that mentioned by Pausanias, RUIN'S OF ANCIENT CITIES. 299 round which the women of Eleusis danced in honour of the goddess. There were also temples dedicated to Triptolemus and Neptune, the father ; but of these not a frag- ment remains*. NO. XXXIV. ELIS. ELIS was formed, like many of the Grecian cities, more especially in the Peloponnesus, by the union of several hamlets. It was a large and populous city in the time of Demosthenes; but in that of Homer it did not exist. Elis was originally governed by kings, and re- ceived its name from Eleus, one of its monarchs. It was famous for the horses it produced, whose cele- brity was so often tried at the Olympic games. " On our arrival at Elis," says Anacharsis, " we met a procession on its way to the temple of Minerva, and that made part of a ceremony, in which the youth of Elis contended for the prize of beauty. The victor was led in tiiumph ; the first, with his head bound with ribands, bore the weapons to be conse- crated to the goddess ; the second conducted the victim ; and the third carried the other offerings. I have often seen similar contests in Greece, for the young men ; as well as for the women and girls. Even among distant nations, I have seen women ad- mitted to public competitions ; w r ith this difference, however, that the Greeks decree the prize to the most beautiful, and the barbarians to the most virtuous." This city was once ornamented with temples, sumptuous edifices, and a number of statues. Among these was particularly distinguished the group of the Graces, in a temple dedicated to them. They * Rollin ; Barthelemy ; Wheler ; Chandler ; Sandwich ; Clarke j Hobhouse ; Dodwell. 300 in- ixs eauty of this piece of sculpture ranked it among the wonders of the world. Jupit'T was re- presented sitting upon a throne, with an olive wreath of gold about his temples ; the upper part of his body was naked ; a wide mantle, covering the rc-t of it, hung down in the richest folds to his feet, which rested on a footstool. The naked parts of the statue were of ivory ; the dross was of beaten gold, with an imitation of embroidery, painted by Pana>nus, bro- ther of Phidias. In the right hand stood the goddess Victoria, turning towards the statue, and carved, like it, out of ivory and gold ; she was holding out a band, with which she appeared desirous to encircle his olive crown. In his left hand the divinity held a parti-coloured sceptre, made of various metals skil- fully joined, and on the sceptre rested an eagle. Power, wisdom, and goodness, were admirably ex- pressed in his features. He sat with the air of a divinity, presiding among the judges of the games, and dispensing the laurel wreaths to the victors, calm in conscious dignity. The statue was surround) d with magnificent drapery, which was drawn aside only on particular occasions, when the deity was to be exhibited. A sense of greatness and splendour overwhelmed the spectator, the height of the figure l>eing about forty feet. The structures of Elisf seem to have been raised with materials far less elegant nnd durable than the produce of the Ionian and Attic quarries. The ruins are of brick, and not considerable ; consisting * Gillici. t Chandler. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 301 of pieces of ordinary wall, and an octagon building with niches, which, it is supposed, was the temple, with a circular peristyle. These stand detached from each other, ranging in a vale southward from the wide bed of the river Peneus, which, by the margin, has several large stones, perhaps the relics of the gymnasium. The ruins of Elis, says Mr. Dodwell, are few and uninteresting. Of Grecian remains nothing is seen but a confused wreck of scattered blocks. There are some masses of brick-work, and an octagon tower of the same materials, which appears to be of Roman origin. It is surprising that there should be so few remains of the temples, porticoes, theatres, and other edifices, which embellished the town at the time of Pausanias ; but some suppose that much is covered by the earth ; since it is considerably higher than its original level*. NO. XXXV. EPHESUS. THIS city was once reputed the metropolis of Asia ; and thence it was styled Epiphanestata, a name signifying " Monstrous." It was at first not merely a village, but a small village ; yet, in the time of Strabo, it was the largest and most frequented em - porium of all that continent. It was situated in Ionia, about 50 miles south of Smyrna, near the mouth of the river Cayster. Pliny tells us, that before his age, it had been known by various names. In the time of the Trojan war, it was called Alopes ; soon after, Ortygia, and Morges ; then it took the name of Smyrna ; then Samornium, and Ptelea. " It is mounted on a hill," says he, " and hath the river Cayster under it, which cometh out of the Cilbian hills, and brings down with it the waters * Pausanias; Plutarch; Barthelem}' ; Chandler ; Dodwell; Kces; Gillies. 802 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. of many other rivers; but is principally maintained and enriched by the lake Pegaseum, which di>di itself by the river Phyrites, that runs into it. A large quantity of mud is brought down, which in- creases the land ; for already, a good way within the land, is an island called Phyrie, nearly joined to the continent." Pliny, and several other ancient writers, assert that this -city was founded by the Amazons ; hut others, with greater probability, ascribe that honour to a party emigrating from Athens. As this emi- gration was important, we shall pause a little upon it. It is called the Ionic emigration. It was led from Athens by two young men, named Neleus and Androcles, the younger sons of Codrus the king. Multitudes followed them, especially certain Ionian and Messenian families, who had taken refuge in that city after the Dorian conquest. On landing, they seized upon four hundred miles* of Asia Minor, together with the islands of Samos and Chios ; and having driven out the Carians and Scgetes, founded twelve cities. Of these Ephesus was onet. Neleus settled at Miletus ; but Androcles, the elder brother, at Ephesus. Strabo relates, that the autho- rity of Androcles was at first acknowledged over all the cities ; but that a republican government was soon after established, and that the municipality of each city claimed sovereign authority ; the whole being, nevertheless, united by confederacy ; having, for considering their common affairs, a general coun- cil. This council was called Panionium. This form of government continued to the time of Pythagoras, who lived before Cyrus the Great, and was one of the most savage tyrants of whom history * Breadth scarcely anywhere exceeding forty miles. t The others were, Miletus, Myus, Lcbedoo, Colophon, Prime, Teos, Erylhne, PhocM, Cl moment: , Chios, and SDIDS. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 303 makes mention, lie was succeeded by Pyndarus, who ruled with a less absolute and cruel sway ; in whose time Ephesus was besieged by Croesus, king of Lydia. That prince advised the inhabitants to dedicate their city to Diana ; and they having re- solved to follow his advice, he treated them with kindness, and restored them to their former liberty. The other tyrants, mentioned in Ephcsian history, were, Athenagoras, Comes, Aristarchus, and Hege- sias. The last of these governed under the patronage of Alexander*. That conqueror, however, at length expelled him ; and, having done so, bestowed upon the temple of Diana, after having defeated the Persians on the banks of the Granicus, all the tributes which the Ephesians had been accustomed to pay to the Persian kings. He also established a democracy in the city. Ephesus was greatly assisted, also, by Lysander the Lacedemonian. Plutarch relates, that when that person went to Ephesus, he found that city well disposed to the Lacedemonians, but in a bad condition as to its internal policy, and in danger of falling into the hands of the Persians ; because it was near Lydia, and the king's lieutenants often visited it. Lysander, therefore, having fixed his quarters there, ordered all his store-ships to be brought into the harbour, and built a dock for his galleys. By these means he filled the ports with merchants, their markets with business, and their houses and shops with money. So that from that time, and from his services, continues Plutarch, Ephesus began to con- ceive hopes of that greatness and splendour in which it afterwards flourished. We must now describe the temple at this place, dedicated to Diana. It was in part built by the hands of kings. It was four hundred and twenty- five feet long and two hundred feet broad, and not * Polyen. Strat. vi. 304 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. only adorned with the choicest paintings and statues, but with whatever the hand of art or genius could produce in that day of superior execution and mag- nificence. The roof was supported by one hundred and twenty-seven columns, sixty feet high. Of these, thirty-six win- carved in a most exquisite manner: nor was it entirely completed till two hun- dred and twenty years after its first foundation. Its architect was Ctesiphon. The riches plaeed in this temple were very great, and the goddess was repre- sented as crowned with turrets, holding in her anus lions; while a number of beasts seemed to indicate the fertility and resources of the earth, or of nature. It was formed of ebony ; and Pliny states, that though the staircase, which led up to the top of this edifice, was not very narrow, it was formed out of the trunk of one single vine. This temple was destroyed on the day on whieh Alexander was born. It was burnt by an Ephesian, who thus desired to immortalise his name. In order to frustrate the accomplishment of this de- sire, the Ephesians enacted a law, that no one should even be guilty of mentioning his name. The name of Eratostratus, nevertheless, has descended to pos- terity. Such is the account left us by Plutarch and Valerius Maximus. On this occasion, Hegesia?, the Magnesian, " uttered a conceit," says Plutarch, " frigid enough to have extinguished the flames. " It is no wonder," said he, ** that the temple of Diana was burnt, when she wns at a distance em- ployed in bringing Alexander into the world."* All the Magi, continues Plutarch, who were then at Ephesus, looked upon the fire as a sign which betokened a much greater misfortune; they ran about the town beating their faces, and crying, Diana MM the paliouckt of all women in labour, ai well M f the children born. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 305 " that the day had brought forth the greatest scourge and destroyer of Asia." Barthelemy makes Anacharsis visit Ephesus some few years after this calamity. Nothing then re- mained of this superb temple but the four walls and some columns in the midst of ruins. The fire had consumed the roof and the ornaments which deco- rated the nave. Alexander offered to rebuild this edifice ; but the offer being accompanied by the con- dition, that the Ephesians should inscribe his name upon it as that of the benefactor; the Ephesians refused to accept his offer. They, nevertheless, re- fused in a manner that gave him, no doubt, a superior satisfaction. It was, that one deity ought not to raise a temple to another ! At the time Barthelemy has named, the temple was beginning to be rebuilt *. All the citizens had contributed, and the women had sacrificed their jewels. No change was made in the form of the goddess' statue ; a form anciently borrowed from the Egyptians, and which was found, also, in the tem- ples of. several other Greek cities. The goddess bore on her head a tower ; two iron rods sup- ported her hands ; and the body terminated in a sheath, encircled with symbols and the figures of animals. Thirty-six of the columns were carved by Scopas, of the school of Praxiteles t, and it was in this * The Ephesiuns have a very wise law lelative to the construction of public edifices. The architect whose plan is chosen enters into a bond, by which he engages all his property. If he exactly fulfils the condition of his agreement, honours are decreed him ; if the expense exceeds the sum stipulated only by one quarter, the sur- plus is paid from the public treasury ; but if it amounts to more, the property of the architect is taken to pay the remainder. BARTHF.LF.MY, vol. v. 394, 5; from Vitruvius Prsef., lib. x. 203. f We often see this temple represented upon medals with the figure of Diana. It is never charged with more than eight pillars; VOL. I. X 306 RUINS OF ANCIENT CH temple that the Ionic order in architecture was first employed; and every column contained one hundred and ten tons of marble*. In the war between the Romans and Mithridates, the Kphesians took part with the latter ; and by his command went even so far as to massacre all the If* mi. in- in their cityt. For this atrocity they \ severely fined, and reduced almost to beggars. Whoever might have originally founded this city, certain it is that the town, which in the Roman times was the metropolis of Asia, was founded liy Lysimachus ; he having caused the first city to be destroyed. When he had effected that, he rebuilt it in a more convenient place. This new city became very splendid in process of time ; but it was greatly damaged in the reign of Tiberius by an earthquake. On this Tiberius ordered it to be repaired and adorned with many stately buildings ; and of that city the ruins which are now visible are the remains. Ephesus was in subsequent times sacked by the Goths, and the temple of Diana again burnt to the ground. The ruin of the temple is thus described by Gibbon : " In the general calamities of mankind, the death of an individual, however exalted, the ruin of an edifice, however famous, are passed over with careless inattention. Yet, we cannot forget that the temple of Diana at Ephesus, after having risen with increasing splendour from seven repeated misfor- tunes , was finally burnt by the Goths in their third and sometimes only with six, four, and now and then only with two. * The columns being; sixty feet high, the diameter, according to rule, mutt bo six feet eight inches ; that is, one-ninth pan. Thus, every column would contain one hundred and ten tons of marble, besides base and capital ! WREN'S PARKNT*LU, p. 361. t Mitiiridates caused 150,000 Romans in Asia to be massacred in one ere, amount now not to above forty or fifty families of Turks, living in poor thatched cottages, without, says Wheler, one Christian among them. They lie in a knot together, on the south side of the castle. " Within the gate, on the castle wall," continues he, " we saw a marble, whereon is cut a face, representing the moon, with two snakes ; one on one side of the head, and the other on the other ; joining their heads in the middle of the crown, and their tails pointing outwards ; with each of them a circle in such shape, they both re- present a bow. This was to represent the deity Hecate triformis; the moon in the heavens, repre- sented by the large round visage ; Proserpine in Hell, represented by the snakes ; and Diana upon earth by the bow." All the principal part of the ruins are on the side of the hill, lately mentioned, and in a flat recess between the west side of it and the high mountains. On the slope of the hill which is called Pion, or Prion (sometimes Lcpre Acte), is a large arch of white marble, built, like the aqueduct before men- tioned, from ancient ruins. On another part of the RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 313 hill are two arches and vestiges of a theatre. This was, doubtless, the theatre into which the people rushed, shouting, " Great is Diana ! " when St. Paul, by his preaching, produced a tumult at Ephesus. In both wings of this theatre, the seats and the ruins of the proscenium of which are removed, are several architectural fragmepts ; and over Tin arch, once one of the avenues, is an inscription, enjoining the reader : "If he did not think proper to approach the festive scene, at least to be pleased with the skill of the archi- tect, who had saved a vast circle of the theatre ; all- conquering time having yielded to the succour he had contrived." Coming to a narrow valley, broken columns and pieces of marble are observed, with vestiges of an Odeum, or music-room ; this is stripped of the seats, and is naked. Beyond this are the remains of a large edifice, greatly resembling the one with an arcade at Troas. The top of one of the niches is painted with waves and fishes ; and amongst the fragments lying in the front are two trunks of statues, of great size, with- out heads and almost buried ; the drapery of which is both the same, alike remarkable. This was the gym- nasium. " We pitched our tents," says Dr. Chandler, " among the ruins of this huge building, when we arrived from Claros, and 'employed on it three days in taking a plan and view. We found the area green with corn, and the site in general overrun with fennel, in seed, the stalks strong and tall." At the entrance from Aiasaluck is a street, and from the remains still existing, it must have been a noble one. The edifices must have been, also, ample ones, with colonnades. There are many bases and pedestals of columns ; and the vaulted substructions of the fabrics are still entire. Turning towards the sea, the traveller is greeted with the sight of a prostrate heap, once forming a 314 Ut INS OP ANCIENT CM temple. Tlu- cell, <>r nave, \v;i~ . -.ni-tnirted of 1 ,; coarse stout . Thw temple had four columns l>rt\\re not give us the name of the mountain on which it happcued. If mount Prion conaints of white marble, it u RUNS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 315 two rams fighting, one of them missed his antagonist, and, striking the rock with his horn, broke off a crust of very white marble. He ran into the city with this specimen, which was received with excess of joy. He was highly honoured for this accidental discovery ; the Ephesians changing his name from Pixodorus to Evangelus, the good messenger, and enjoining their chief magistrate, under a penalty, to visit the spot, and to sacrifice to him monthly." This custom continued to be observed, even so late as the time of Augustus Caesar. Not far from the gymnasium, are cavities with mouths, like ovens, forming burial-places, made to admit bodies, which were thrust in. This was sup- posed to have belonged to the oratory or church of St. John, rebuilt by Justinian. Near the city, also, are quarries in the bowels of the mountain, with numberless mazes, and vast, silent, dripping caverns. In many parts of this, Dr. Chandler informs us, are chippings of marble and marks of tools. He found chippings, also, which supplied marble for the city wall, and huge pieces lying among the bushes at the bottom. The Ephesians, at the time in which the learned traveller to whom in this account we have so fre- quently referred, were a few Greek peasants, living in extreme wretchedness, dependence, and insensi- bility ; " the representatives of an illustrious people, and exhibiting the wreck of their greatness ; some, the substructions of the glorious edifices which they raised ; some beneath the vaults of the stadium, once the crowded scene of their diversions ; and some by the abrupt precipice, in the sepulchres, which received their ashes." These ruins were visited by Sir John Hob- very extraordinary it was not discovered sooner ; part of the moun- tain being included in the city." 316 Kl INS OF ANflENT CP "Tlu desolate walls of the mosque ol John, ami the whole scene of Aiasaluek," says lie. "cannot luit suL r L;<>t a train of melam holy re- flections. The decay of these religions is thus presented, at one view, to the eye of tin- traveller! The marble spoils of the Grecian temple adorn the mouldering edifice, over which the tower of the Mussulman, the emblem of another triumphant wor- ship, is itself seen to totter, and sink into the moul- dering ruins." Not a single inhabitant, not even a shepherd's hut, was to be seen on the actual site of this once resplendent city ! " Its streets are obscure and overgrown," says Chandler. " A herd of goats was driven to it for shelter from the sun at noon ; and a noisy flight of crows from the quarries seemed to insult its silence. We heard the partridge call in the area of the theatre, and of the stadium. The glorious pomp of its heathen worship is no longer remembered; and Christianity, which was there nursed by apostles, and fostered by general councils, until it increased in fulness of stature, barely lingers on in an existence hardly visible." Since this, the state of Christianity there has fallen still lower. In 1812, one Greek, who was a baker, living at Aiasaluck, and three or four fishermen, who lived in sheds near the river, were the only Christians to be found in the city of Ephesus*. NO. XXXVI. - GERASA. (DJERASH.) Tnis city is placed among those of the Deeapolis, in Matthew, vii. 28 ; and it is from a rock near it, from which the swine are described as having ran down into the Dead Sea. By some it is included in Coelosyria ; by others in Arabia. DiixloniR Siculus; Vitruvius; 1'lin. Nat. lli-t.. Plutarch; Polyrnut ; Wren's 1'aicntalia ; Bartliclcmy ; Gibbon; WLcler; Chandler ; Kevctl ; Clarke ; llobboutc ; Brcwstcr ; Reef. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 317 The ruins of this city were discovered by the well known traveller, M. Seetzen (Conseiller d'Ambas- sade de S. M. 1'Empereur de Russie). His letters were addressed to M. von Zach, Grand Marshal of the court of Saxe Gotha, and pail of them appeared, at different times, in the Moniteur. Some members of the National Institute sent over these papers to Sir Joseph Banks, by whom they were forwarded to the Palestine Association. One of the most interesting portions of this jour- nal is that, which comprises the account of the ruins of Jerrash, situated in about the centre of the Holy Land, the dilapidated buildings of which had, till then, escaped the notice of its lovers of antiquity, and which, for beauty and importance, may be com- pared to those of Palmyra and Balbec. " Jerrash" says our journalist, " is situated in an open and tolerably fertile plain, through which a river runs. Before entering the town, I found several sarcophagi, with very beautiful bas-reliefs, among which I remarked one, on the edge of the road, with a Greek inscription. The walls of the town are mouldered away, but one may yet trace their whole extent, which may have been three- quarters of a league, or a whole one. These walls were entirely built of hewn marble. The ground within it is of unequal heights, and falls towards the river. Not a single private house remains entire ; but on the other hand, I observed several public buildings which were distinguished by a very beau- tiful style of architecture. I found two superb am- phitheatres, solidly built of marble, with columns, niches, &c. the whole in good preservation. I found also some palaces, and three temples, one of which has a peristyle of twelve grand columns of the Corinthian order, eleven of which are still upright. In another of these temples, I saw a column on the 318 III INS OF ANCIENT CM ml, of most beautiful poli-hed Ivjyntian 1 also found a handsome gate of tlie ci;y, well preserved, formed of three arcades, and ornamented with pilasters. 44 The most licautiful tiling I discovered was a long -ti.it. i -rossed by another, and* ornamented on both sides with a row of marble columns of the Corinthian order, and one of whose extremities terminated in a semicircle, that was set round with sixty pillars, of the Ionic order. At the points where the two streets cross, in each of the four angles, a large pedestal of hewn stone is visible, on which probably statues were formerly set. A part of the pavement remains, formed of hewn stones. " To speak generally, I counted about two hun- dred columns, which yet partly support their enta- blatures, but the number of (hose overthrown is infinitely more considerable: I saw indeed but half the extent of the town, and a person would probably still find in the other half, on the opposite side of the river, a quantity of remarkable curiosities. " Jerrash can be no other than the ancient Geresa, one of the Decapolitan towns. It is difficult to con- ceive that so much ignorance of its real situation should exist, as would allow Monsieur Paulus, in his map, to have placed it to the worM-east of the northern extremity of the Lake of Tiberias. T do not know whether any ancient geographer has made the same mistake. From a fragment of a ( inscription, which I copied, I am led to conclude, that several of the buildings of this town were erected under the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Anto- ninus. The Roman history may, perhaps, furnish some data in corroboration of this conjecture. It is, at all events, certain, that the edifices of this town arc of the age of the most beautiful Roman archi- tecture." RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIKS. 319 Gerasa lias been since visited by other travellers, from whoso report we learn, that the principal curi- osities of antiquity are, a temple adorned in front with a double row of six columns in each row, of which nine are standing ; and on each side of the temple there remains one column belonging to the single row of pillars, that surrounded the temple on every side except the front. Of these eleven columns are entire, and two are without capitals. They are of the Corinthian order ; their capitals being beauti- fully ornamented with the acanthus leaf. The in- terior of this temple is choked with the ruins of the roof. The number of columns which originally adorned the temple and its area, was not less than from 200 to 250. " The whole edifice," says Burckhardt*, " seems to have been superior in taste and magnificence to every public building of the kind in Syria, the temple of the Sun at Palmyra excepted." To the west of this, at about two hundred yards distance, are the remains of a small temple, with three Corinthian pillars, still standing. Not far from this arc two colonnades, of which thirty broken shafts are yet standing, and two entire columns, but without capitals ; and opposite to these are five columns, with their capitals and entablatures. Ori- ginally there were about fifty. At a short distance from these there are other columns, much larger ; and still farther on seventeen Corinthian, all of which are united by their entab- lature. Some of these are twenty-one, some twenty- five, and others thirty feet high. Their entab- latures are slightly ornamented with sculptured bas- reliefs. In other parts of the ruins are other columns ; and a large open space is enclosed by a magnificent semi- circle of columns in a single row ; fifty-seven 320 nriNS OP ANCIKNT n filtering the forum tlui< four, and tlu-n twenty-one, united ly tli- ir entab- latures. To the left, five, sev< n, and twenty, united in the same manner. They are of the Ionic order ; thus differing from all the others. At the end of a semicircle are several basins, which secin to have been reservoirs of water ; and remains of an aqueduct are still visible. To the right and left are some other chambers. From this spot the ground rises ; and on mounting a low but steep hill, Mr. Burckhardt found on its top a beautiful temple, commanding a view over the greater part of the town. Not far from this are the remains of a theatre. It fronted the town ; so that the specta- tors, seated on the highest row of benches, enjoyed the prospect of all its buildings and quarters. At the back runs the town wall. In another part of the town are found in every direction columns of considerable height, some still standing, others lying prostrate, some having inscrip- tions on their pedestals. In many parts, the streets are absolutely rendered impassable from fragments ; indeed we have not space to describe all that is to be seen among these splendid remains. There are 190 columns still standing, and 100 half columns. In respect to private habitations, there are none in a state of preservation ; but the whole of the area within the walls is covered with their ruins. In one of the temples Mr. Irby noticed a curious singularity, viz. a chaml>er under ground, below the principal hall of one of the temples, with a bath in the centre. " There are numerous inscriptions in all directions," says Mr. Irby, " chiefly of the time of Antoninus Pius ; most of them much mutilated. On the whole, we hold Djerash to be a much liner mass of ruins than Palmyra. This city has three RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 321 entrances of richly ornamented gateways ; and the remains of the wall, with its occasional towers, are in wonderful preservation. " Gerasa," says Mr. Robinson, " was nearly square, each side something less than a mile, the walls crossing the river in two places at right angles ; the other two sides being parallel to each other on opposite sides of the hill. The greater part of the inclosed space is covered with the ruins of houses, forming a deep contrast with the elegant specimens of art, whichever way the eye is turned. From the triumphal arch on the south-west side to the wall inclosing the north-east, along both sides of the stream, the whole space is covered ; also east and west of it, up the sides of the hill. There are several small eminences within the walls, from one of which, near the northern theatre, the view of columns seems interminable, and that of the rest of the ruins is beyond every thing attractive from this spot ; it is indeed a perfect gallery of art." The smaller theatre, Mr. Robinson is inclined to believe, was used for purposes different from the other ; the area below the seats being more extensive, and furnished with a suite of dark, arched chambers, opening into it. The latter was, probably, used to confine the wild beasts destined to combat in the arena ; such exhibitions being in vogue at the time Gerasa may be supposed to have flourished *. NO. XXXVII. GRANADA. THE city of Granadat has twelve gates ; and is about eight miles round, defended by high walls, flanked with a multitude of towers. Its situ- ation is of a mixed kind; some parts of it being upon the mountain, and other parts in the plain, * Seetzen ; Burckbardt ; Irby ; Robinson. + From a work published in 1778. VOL. I. Y ti-2-2 nnxs OF ANCIENT cm The mountainous part stands upon three small eminences ; the one is called Albrensin ; which was inhabited by the Moors that w.-n- driven out of Baezza by the Christians. The second is called Alcazebe; and the third Alhambra. This l-.i-t i> separated from the other parts by a valley, through which the river Darro runs; and it is also fortified with strong walls, in such a manner as to command all the rest of the city. The greatest part of this fortified spot of ground is taken up with a most sumptuous palace of the Moorish kings. This palace ia built with square stones of great dimensions ; and is fortified with strong walls and prodigious large towers ; and the whole is of such an extent as to be capable of holding a very numerous garrison. The outside has exactly the appearance of au immense romantic old castle ; but it is exceedingly magnificent within. But before we enter, we must take notice of a remarkable piece of sculpture over the great gate ; there is the figure of a large key of a castle-gate, and at some distance above it, there is an arm reaching towards it ; and the signification of this emblematical marble basso-relief is this : that the castles will never be taken till the arm can reach the key. Upon entering, not only the portico is of marble, but the apartments also are incrusted with marble, jasper, and porphyry, and the beams curiously carved, painted, and gilt ; and the ceilings ornamented with pieces of foliage in stucco. The next place you come to is an oblong -square court, paved with marble, at each angle of which there is a fountain, and in the middle there is a very fine canal of running water. The baths and chambers, where they cooled themselves and reposed, are incrusted with alabaster and marble. There is an exceeding venerable tower, called La Tourc Comazey ; in which are noble saloons, and fine RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 323 apartments ; and all perfectly well supplied with water. In the time of the Moors, there was a kind of espalier, or cut hedge of myrtle, accompanied with a row of orange trees, which went round the canal. From thence you pass into an exceeding fine square, which is called the Square of Lions, from a noble fountain, which is adorned with twelve lions cut in marble, pouring out a vast torrent of water at its mouth ; and when the water is turned off, and ceases to run, if you whisper ever so low at the mouth of any one of them, you may hear what is said by apply- ing your ear to the mouth of any one of the rest. Above the lions, there is another basin, and a grand jet-d'eau. The court is paved with marble, and has a portico quite round it, which is supported by one hundred and seventeen high columns of alabaster. In one of the saloons, if you whisper ever so low, it will be distinctly heard at the further end ; and this they call the Chamber of Secrets. This sumptuous palace was built by Mahomed Mir, king of Granada, in 1278. " There is no part of the edifice," says Washington Irving, " that gives us a more complete idea of its original beauty and magnificence, than the Hall of Lions, for none has suffered so little from the ravages of time. In the centre stands the fountain, famous in song and story. The alabaster basins still shed their diamond drops ; and the twelve lions, which support them, cast forth their crystal streams as in the days of- Boabdil. The court is laid out in flower-beds, surrounded by high Arabian arcades of open filagree work, supported by slender pillars of white marble. The architecture, like that of all the other parts of the palace, is characterised by elegance rather than grandeur ; bespeaking a delicate and graceful taste, and a disposition to indolent enjoy- ment. When one looks upon the fair tracery of the 324 RUINS 01 I ( (TIES. peristyles, and the apparently fragile fretwork of the walls, it is difficult to believe that so nuuh lias survived the wear and tear of centuries, the shock of earthquakes, the violence of war, and the quiet and no less baneful pilfering of the tasteful traveller. There is a Moorish tradition, that a king who built this mighty pile was skilled in the occult scieuees, and furnished himself with gold and silver for the purpose by means of alchymy ; certainly never was there an edifice accomplished in a superior style of barbaric magnificence ; and the stranger who, even at the present day, wanders among its silent and deserted courts and ruined halls, gazes with astonish- ment at its gilded and fretted domes and luxurious decorations, still retaining their brilliancy and beauty in spite of the ravages of time. The Alhainra, usually, but erroneously, denomi- nated the Alhambra, is a vast pile of building about two thousand three hundred English feet in length ; and its breadth, which is the same throughout, is about six hundred feet. It was erected by Aluham- iu' '1 Abu Abdillah, surnamed Alghalib Billali, who superintended the edifice himself, and, when it was completed, made it the royal residence. Although the glory and prosperity of Granada may be said to have departed with its old inhabit- ants, yet, happily, it still retains, in pretty good preservation, what formed its chief ornament in the time of the Moors. This is the Alhambra,] the royal alcazar, or fortress and palace, which was founded by Muhammed Abu. Abdillah Ben Nasz, the second sovereign of Granada, defrayed the ex- pense of the works by a tribute imposed upon his conquered subjects. He superintended the building in person, and when it was completed, he made it a royal residence *. The immediate successors of this Anon. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 325 prince also took delight in embellishing and making additions to the fabric. Since the conquest of Gra- nada by the Christians, the Alhambrahas undergone some alterations. It was for a time occasionally inhabited by the kings of Spain. Charles the Fifth caused a magnificent palace to be commenced within the walls ; but owing to his wars and frequent absences from Spain, or, as some accounts say, to repeated shocks of earthquakes, a splendid suite of apartments, in the Spanish style, is all that resulted from an alleged intention to eclipse the palace of the Moslem kings. Like the rest of the Alhambra, it is falling rapidly to decay through neglect. At pre- sent the walls are defaced, the paintings faded, the wood-work is decayed, and festoons of cobwebs are seen hanging from the ceiling. In the works of the Arabs, on the contrary, the walls remain unaltered, except by the injuries inflicted by the hand of man. The beams and wood-work of the ceiling present no signs of decay ; and spiders, flies, and all other insects, shun their apartments at every season. The art of rendering timber and paints durable, and of making porcelain, mosaics, arabesques, and other ornaments, began and ended in western Europe with the Spanish Arabs. The palace has had no royal residents since the be- ginning of the last century, when Philip the Fifth was there for a short time with his queen. The Alhambra is generally spoken of as a palace, but it is to be understood, that, in the extensive sense, the name applies to a fortress, a sort of city in itself. The palace, situated upon the northern brow of a steep hill, overlooks the city of Granada on one side, and on the other commands an extensive view over a most charming country. All the wonders of this palace lie within its walls. Externally, according to 326 RUINS OF \\< irvi < i i the account of Swinburne, it appears as a large mass of irregular buildings, all huddled together without any apparent intention of forming one habitation. The. walls are entirely unornamentcd, of gravel and pebbles coarsely daubed over with plaster. We can- not trace the successive courts and apartments, through which the visiter passes as he penetrates to the in- terior, or attempt to enumerate their separate claims to notice. The general arrangement of the buildings which compose the palace is exceedingly simple. Tin* courts, for instance, which in our mansions are dull and uninteresting, are here so planned, as to seem a continuation of a series of apartments ; and as the whole is on the same level throughout, the prospect through the building, in its perfect state, must have been like a scene of enchantment or a dream ; halls and galleries, porticoes and columns, arches, mosaics, with plants and flowers of various hues, being seen in various extensive views, through the haze arising from the spray of the fountains. In every part of the palace its inmates had water in abundance, with a perfect command over it, making it high, low, visible, or invisible, at pleasure. In every department two currents of air were con- tinually in motion. Also, by means of tubes of baked earth placed in the walls, warmth was diffused from subterranean furnaces; not only through tho whole range of the baths, but to all the contiguous upper apartments where warmth was required. Tho doors were large, but rather sparingly introduced ; and, except on the side towards the precipice, whera the prospect is very grand, the windows are so placed as to confine the view to the interior of tho palace. The object of this is declared in an inscrip- tion in one of the apartments, which says " My windows admit the light, but exclude tho view of RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 327 external objects, lest the beauties of Nature should divert attention from the beauties of my work." In this mansion the elaborate arabesques and mo- saics which cover the ceilings, walls, and floor, give a consequence and interest even to the smallest apart- ment. Instead of being papered and wainscoted, the walls are provided with the peculiar ornament which, from the Arabs, has been denominated "arab- esque." The receding ornaments are illuminated in just gradation with leaf-gold, pink, light blue, and dusky purple : the first colour is the nearest, the last is the most distant, from the eye ; but the general surface is white. The domes and arcades are also covered with ornamented casts, which are as light as wood, and as durable as marble. Besides the inscriptions above alluded to, there are various others. In the king's bath, and in various other parts of the Alhambra, is, "There is no con- queror but God ;" and " Glory to our Lord, Sultan Abu Abdallah !" Over the principal door of the golden saloon, or hall of ambassadors: "By the sun and its rising bright- ness ; by the moon, when she followeth him ; by the day, when he showeth his splendour ; by the night, when it covereth him into darkness ; by the heaven, and Him who created it ; by the earth, and Him who spread it forth ; by the soul, and Him who com- pletely formed it : there is no other God but God." The gate of judgment was erected by Sultan Abu Yusuff, A. H. 749. or A. D. 1348, as appears from an Arabic inscription over it. On each side of that in- scription is a block of marble, containing (in Arabic) " Praise be to God. There is no God but God, and Mahomet is his prophet. There is no strength but from God." In one of the windows on the right hand of the 3:28 RUINS OF ANTIKXT ( ITIES. saloon aro the following verges, descriptive of its elegance : " I am the ornamented teat of the bride, endowed with beauty and perfection. " Dost thou doubt it ? Look, then, at this baain, and thou wilt be fully convinced of the truth of my auertion. " Regard, also, my tiara ; thou wilt find it resembling that of the crctcent moon. " And Ibn Natr is the tun of my orb, in the splendour of beauty. ' May he continue in the (noon-tide) altitude of glory, secure (from change) whilst the sun sett and disappears." At the entrance of the tower of Comares : " The kingdom is God's ;" " The tower is God's ;" " Dura- bility is God's." In the middle of the golden saloon : " There is no God but God, the Sovereign, the True, the Mani- fest. Muhamud is the just, the faithful mess* of God. I flee to God for protection from Satan : the pelted with stones.. In the name of God the merciful, the forgiving; there is no God but He, the living, the eternal ; sleep nor slumber seizeth Him. To Him (belongeth) whatever is in the hea- vens, and whatever is in the earth ; who is there who shall intercede with him except by His permission ? He knoweth what is before them, and what is lifliiml them ; and they comprehend not His wis- dom, except what he pleascth. He hath extended His throne, the heavens, and the earth ; the protection of which incommodeth Him not ; and he is the exalted, the great ! There is no forcing in the faith. Truly, righteousness is distinguished from error. He, there- fore, who disbelieveth in (the idol) Tagut, and belicveth in God, hath taken hold of a sure handle. that cannot be broken. God hcarcth, knoweth the truth of God." The walls of the alcoves in the Court del Aqua, RDINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 329 present, also, various effusions of the Muse, which have been inscribed by various travellers ; amongst which this : *' When these famed walls did Pagan rites admit, Here reigned unrivalled breeding, science, wit. Christ's standard came, the prophet's flag assailed, And fix'd true worship where the false prevailed : And, such the zeal its pious followers bore, Wit, science, breeding, perished with the Moor." " On looking from the royal villa or pleasure- house of Al Generalife," says Mr. Murphy, " the spectator beholds the side of the Alhambra that com- mands the quarter of the city called the Albrezzin. The massive towers are connected by solid walls, constructed upon the system of fortification, which generally prevailed in the middle ages. Those walls and towers follow all the turnings and windings of the mountain ; and previously to the invention of gunpowder and artillery, this fortress must have been almost impregnable. The situation of this edifice is the most delightful and commanding that can be conceived. Wherever the spectator may turn his eyes, it is impossible for him not to be struck with admiration at the picturesque beauty and fertility of the surrounding country. On the north and west, as far as the eye can reach, a lovely plain presents itself, which is covered with an immense number of trees laden with fruit and blossoms ; while, on the south, it is bounded by mountains, whose lofty sum- mits are crowned with perpetual snows, whence issue the springs and streams that diffuse both health and coolness through the city of Granada." " But," in the language of Mr. Swinburne, " the glories of Granada have passed away ; its streets are choked with filth ; its woods destroyed ; its territory depopulated ; its trade lost. In a word, everything, 330 RUINS OF ANCI1M CITIES. except the church and the law, is in the most . that 20,000 men wnv employed in the cutting of it. Constantius, more daring than Augustus, <>nl. had been originally impaired, or were injured by attempts to remove them. When we reflect, that sixteen hundred years have elapsed since the destruction of this city*, an interval which has been marked by numerous revolutions, both in the political and mental state of Kurope, ;i high degree of interest must be experienced in con- templating the venerable remains, recovered from the subterraneous city of Herculaneum. Pliny, the younger, in his letters, brings the Romans, their occupations, manners, and customs, before us. He pictures in feeling terms the death of his uncle, who perished in the same eruption as the city we now describe ; and that event is brought to our immediate notice by those very things which it was the means of preserving. Among these we see the various articles which administered to the necessities and the pleasures of the inhabitants, the emblems of their religious sentiments, and the very manners and cus- toms of domestic life. These curiosities consist not only of statues, busts, altars, inscriptions, and other ornamental appendages of Grecian opulence and luxury ; but also compre- hend an entire assortment of the domestic, musical, and surgical instruments ; tripods of elegant form and exquisite execution ; lamps in endless variety ; vases and basins of noble dimensions ; chandeliers of the most beautiful shapes, looking-glasses of polished metal; coloured glass, so hard, clear, and well stained, as to appear like emeralds, sapphires, and other pre- cious stones ; a kitchen completely fitted up with copper pans lined with silver, kettles, cisterns for heating water, and every utensil necessary for culi- nary purposes ; also specimens of various sorts of combustibles, retaining their form though burnt to a einder. By an inscription, too, we learn that Iler- Uremter. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 347 culaneum contained no less than nine hundred houses of entertainment, such as we call taverns. Articles of glass, artificial gems, vases, tripods, candelahra, lamps, urns, dice, and dice-boxes ; various articles of dress and ornaments; surgical instruments, weights and measures, carpenters and masons' tools; but no musical instruments except the sistrum, cymbals, and flutes of bone and ivory. Fragments of columns of various coloured marble and beautiful mosaic pavements were also found dis- seminated among the ruins ; and numerous sacrificial implements, such as paterae, tripods, cups, and vases, were recovered in excellent preservation, and even some of the knives with which the victims are con- jectured to have been slaughtered. The ancient pictures of Herculaneum * are of the utmost interest ; not only from the freshness and colour, but from the nature of the subjects they represent. All are executed in fresco ; they are exclusively on the walls, and generally on a black or red ground. Some are of animated beings large as life ; but the majority are in miniature. Every dif- ferent subject of antiquity is depicted here ; deities, human figures, animals, landscapes, foreign and do- mestic, and a variety of grotesque beings ; sports and . pastimes, theatrical performances, sacrifices, all enter the catalogue. In regard to the statues found t, some are colossal, some of the natural size, and some in miniature ; and the materials of their formation are either clay, marble, or bronze. They represent all different ob- jects, divinities, heroes, or distinguished persons ; and in the same substances, especially bronze, there are the figures of many animals. It is not probable that the best paintings of ancient Greece and Italy J were deposited in Herculaneum * Brewster, 741. f Ibid, 740. t Rees. 848 KflNs i.i r CITIES. or Pompeii, which \vt-ro towns of the second order, and unlikely to possess the master-pieces of the chief artists, which were usually destined to adorn the more celebrated temples or the palaces of kings and nuperors. Their best statues are correct in their proportions, and elegant in their forms; but their paintings are not correct in their proportions, and arc, comparatively, inelegant in their forms. A few rare medals also have been found among these ruins, the most curious of which is a gold medallion of Augustus, struck in Sicily in the fifteenth year of his reign. Nor must we omit one of the greatest curiosities, preserved at Portici *. This consists of n cement of cinders, which in one of the eruptions of Vesuvius surprised a woman, and totally enveloped her. This cement, compressed and hardened by time around In r body, has become a complete mould of it, and in the pieces here preserved, we see a perfect impression of the different parts to which it adhered. One repre- sents half a bosom, which is of exquisite beauty ; another a shoulder, a third a portion of her shape, and all concur in revealing to us that this woman was young ; that she was tall and well made, and even that she had escaped in her chemise, for some of the linen was still adhering to the ashes. Though the city was destroyed t in the manner we have related, remarkably few skeletons have been found, though many were discovered in the streets of Pompeii ; but one appears under the threshold of a door with a bag of money in his hand, as if in the attitude of escaping, leaving its impression in the surrounding volcanic matter. These and other valuable antiquities are preserved in the museum at Portici, which occupies the site of ancient Herculaneum, and in the Museo Borbonico at Dupaty. t Brcwiter. HUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 349 Naples. For details in respect to which, we must refer to the numerous books that have described them. One of the most interesting departments of this unique collection is that of the Papyri, or MSS., discovered in the excavation of Herculaneum. The ancients did not bind their books (which, of course, were all MSS.) like us, but rolled them up in scrolls. When those of Herculaneum were discovered, they presented, as they still do, the appearance of burnt bricks, or cylindrical pieces of charcoal, which they had acquired from the action of the heat contained in the lava, that buried the whole city. They seemed quite solid to the eye and touch ; yet an ingenious monk discovered a process of detaching leaf from leaf, and unrolling them, by which they could be read without much difficulty. It is, nevertheless, to be regretted, that so little success has followed the labours of those who have attempted to unrol them. Some portions, however, have been unrolled, and the titles of about 400 of the least injured have been read. They are, for the most part, of little import- ance ; but all entirely new, and chiefly relating to music, rhetoric, and cookery. The obliterations and corrections are numerous, so that there is a proba- bility of their being original manuscripts. There are two volumes of Epicurus " on Virtue," and the rest are, for the most part, productions of the same school of writers. Only a very few are written in Latin, almost all being in Greek. All were found in the library of one individual, and in a quarter of the town where there was the least probability of finding anything of the kind. The following is a list of the most important works that have been discovered : 350 RUIX9 OK ANCIENT CITIES. ). Pliilo.iemu, on the Influence of Music on the Human Con- stitution. -. E|>irurut upon Nature. .'<. I'hilomedes on Rhetoric. 4. Id. on the Vice*. & Id. on the Affinities of the Vices and the Virtue*. f>- Id. on the PocU. 7. Id. tome Philosophical Fragments. 8. Id. on Providence. 9. Democritiis, some Geometrical Fragments. 10. Philoitratus on Unreasonable Contempt. 1 1 . Carnisirus on Fiiendship. 12. Cotothes on Plato's Dialogue of Isis. 13. Chrysippus on Providence. We shall give the reader a specimen, in a frag- ment of a poem on the Actian war, copied from a manuscript taken from Ilcrculaneum; supposed to be written by C. Rabirius : . COL. \. . . . XIM AEL . . TIA- . . CESAR . FA . . AR . HAR . IAM (J . . . . . RT.-HIS ILLE . . NATO . CVM KLIAPOR . . QVEM I VVEVES ; gRANdAeVOS-ERAT-pEr cVNcTA seguntus" BELLA-FIDE-DEXTRAQVE POtENS-RKRVMQuE-PER Vsum CALLIDVS-ADSIDVus traCTANDCHN MVNKRK martis IMMINET oPSESSIS ITALuS IAM-TVRR1BVS allls- Adsilicns muriS-NEC-DEFVit IMPETVS ILLIS. Cot. II. fimeraque adCEDVNT-PATRiis deforMIA-TerRIS et foedA Ilia mAGIS QVAM-Si NOS geSTA LATEReNT CVM cuPERct potlVS PEIA'SIA mOENIA-CAESAR rir ERAT-I>fpcrlIS-AXIMOs COHlberE SVorVM ; QuID-cAPITIS lam caPTA lACENt QVAEpracmia belli ? SVBRVITISfERromeA-MOENIA QVONdAM-ERat hoSTlS. HAEC MIHK'VM-dominATLEBKSQVOQVE mine sibi VICTRIX VIXDICAThancfaMVLAM ROMANA POTEntia uNDEM. Cot. III. f.i ct Atrf-XANDRO thAlaMOS iNtRaRE DEoRVM Dlco ETIAM-.1OLVISSE-DEAM vIDISSe triuMphoS AcTIACOS'CVM.cAVSa fORFS Tu Max I MA bcl.l.l PARS-ETIAM-IMporll-QVAE-FEMINA-TanTA'? VlrOR.iM (JVAIvSEKIEs ANTIQVA fVlT'? NI OLORIA-MKNDAX MVI.TA vctiiStATIS NIMIU-ConcEDAT-HONORI. The letters in the smaller type were inserted by Ciampitti ; as those he considered appropriate for filling up passages which could not be deciphered. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 351 COL. IV. EN SAEPE Ego QVAE-VEteRIS CVraE-seRMoNIBVs angor .QVA fuGITVr lux,erro : TamcX XVXC-QVAErerc caVSAS, EX-SiGVasque mORuS'VITAE-LIBET-EST'. M IHI'CONIuXX ; partHos qul POSSET phARIIS'SVBIVNGERE REGnlS' QVI SPrcVIT NOStraKQVE MORI PRO-NOMINE-GENTIS- HiciGItur pARTISaniMVM OIDVctuS IN oMnIS qVID-VELIT-INCERTVM-EST- TERriS qVIBVS', AVT' QVIBVS-VNDIS COL. V. delect VMQue foruM Quo noXIA T7RBA COiRET, PRAEBERETQVESVAE-SPECTACVLA-TRisTlA-MORTIS. QVALIS-AD IXSTANTIS-ACIES CVM TELA'PAraNTVR SIGNA- TVBAE- CLASSESQVE-SIMVL'TERRES TRibus ARMIS : EST-FACIES-EA'VlSA-LOCI-CV.M-SAEVA-COIRENt LNSTRVMEXTA-NECISvai-IO-CONGESTA-PARATV- VXDiQVE-SlC-ILLVC ca.MPo DKFORME'COactVM OMXK VAGABATVR-LETl-GENVS- OMNE-TIMORIS- COL. VI. hie cAdit absumtus fERRO- TunieT IlLE-VENeno, aVT-PEndenTesnIS-CERVlCIBVS-ASPIDE-MOLLEM LABITur iN SOMNVM-TRAHITVRQVE-LIBID1NE-MORT1S- PERCulit adFLATV-BReVIS-HVXC-SlNE-MORSIBVS-AXguis voLNERE-SEV-TeNVI-PARS-INLiTAPARVA-VenENI- OCIus INTEREMiT-LAQVEIS-PArS'COGItVR-ARTIS- IXtERSAEPTAM-AMMAM-PRESSIS-EFFVXDERE-VENIS- JmMERSISQVE fretO'CLAVSERVNT-GVTTVRA-FAVCES- hAS'INTeR-StRAGES-SOLIO-DESCEiNDIT-eT-INTER COL. VII. A LIA . . NO SIC-ILLHXTteR-Se mlSERO'serMoXe fRVVXTVR- HAEC-REG1XA-GERIT- : PROCVL-HAuc OccultA-VlDEBAT- ATROPOS-INRIDeXs inteR-DlVERSA-vagenteM CONSlLIA-INTErlTVs, QVAM'iAM sa fatA MAXeRF.XT TER-FVERAT-REVOCATA-diES-CVM-PArtesenATVS- ET-PATRIAE-cOMItANTESVAE-CVAI-MILite CAESAR- GENTIS-ALEXANdrl-CupiENs AD-moEnia VEXIT- SIGXAQVE-CONSTlTVIT-SIC-OMXis tcrROR IN-ART VM. COL. VIII. obtereRE-adnisiPORtarVmclAVSTRa pEr VRBEM-, OPSIDIOXE-TAMEN-XeC-CORPORA-MOEXIBVS-A.wXT- CASTRAQVE-PROMVRIS-ATQVH-ARMA-PEDESTRIA-POXV.NT- HOS INTER COETVS-ALISQVE-AD-BELLA-PARATVS- VTRAQUE-SOLLEMNIS-ITERVM-REVOCAVERAT-ORBES- CONSILIIS-NOX-APTA-DVCVM-LVX-APTIOR- ARMIS. * Pliny the younger ;Encycl. Rees, Metrop. ; Brewster ; Dupaty ; Eustace. 352 RUINS OP ANCIKNT CITIES. NO. XXXVIII. IUERAPOLI8. THIS was a town in Syria, near the Kuj>hrati .-. deriving its name from the number of its trmj It abounded in not springs; and those gave origin tn the following fable : " The shepherd port ivhitrs, after mentioning a case in Phrygia, sacred to tin- nymphs, that near these springs Luna had once de- scended from the sky to Endymion, while he was sleeping by the herds; that marks of their bed wriv then extant under the oaks; and in the thick<-t> around it the milk of cows had been spilt, whieh man still beheld with admiration (for such was the appearance if you saw it afar off) ; but that from thence flowed clear and warm water, which in a little time concreted round the channel, and formed a stone pavement." The deity most worshipped in ancient times in this city, and indeed throughout all Phoenicia, was the goddess Astarte, called in Scripture the Queen of Heaven and the goddess of the Sidonians. Dr. Chandler and his friend Mr. Revett ascended to the ruins, which are in a flat, passing by sepulchres with inscriptions, and entering from the east. They had soon the theatre on the right hand ; and opposite to it, near the margin of the cliff, are the remains of an ancient structure, once perhaps baths, or as was con- jectured, a gymnasium ; the huge vaults of the roof striking horror as they rode underneath. Beyond is the mean ruin of a modern fortress ; and farther on are massive walls of edifices, several of them leaning from their perpendicular, the stones disjointed, ana seeming every moment ready to fall the effects and evidences of repeated earthquakes. In a recess of the mountain, on the right side, is the area of a stadium. Then again sepulchres suc- ceed ; gome nearly buried in the mountain side, and * Plin. v. c. 26. Ptolcm. v. c. 15. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 353 one, a square building, with an inscription with largo letters. The theatre appears to have been a very large and sumptuous structure : part of the front is still stand- ing. In the heap, which lies in confusion, are many sculptures, well executed in basso-relievo, with pieces of architecture inscribed, but disjoined, or so incum- bered with massive marbles, that no information could be gathered from them. The character is large and bold, with ligatures. The marble seats are still unremoved. The numerous ranges are divided by a low semicircular wall, near the midway, with in- scriptions, on one of which Apollo Archegetes (or the Leader) is requested to be propitious. In another compartment, mention is made of the city by its name ; and a third is an encomium, in verse. " Hail, golden city, Hierapolis, the spot to be preferred be- fore any in wide Asia ; revered for the rills of the nymphs ; adorned with splendour." In some of the inscriptions the people are styled " the most splen- did," and the senate "the most powerful." Hierapolis was not so magnificent as Laodiceft ; but still it was a splendid place ; and, like its neighbour city, is now almost " an utter desolation*." NO. XLII. ISPAHAN. " In the territory of Istakhar is a great building, with statues carved in stone ; and there, also, are in- scriptions and paintings. It teas said that this was a temple of /Solomon, to whom be peace ! and that it was built by the Dives, or Demons : similar edifices are in /Syria, and Baalbeck, and in Egypt" EBN HAWKEL; OUSELEY. THE origin of Isfahan is not to be traced with any certainty. It is, however, for the most part, supposed * Ptolemy ; Pliuy ; Pococke; Chandler. VOL. I. A A M.")4 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITII-. to have arisen from the ruins of Ilecatompylos,* the capital of r.irthi;i. This city was the royal n -Mem of Arsaces, and it was situated at the springs of tin- Araxes. Whatever may have been the origin of tlii city, it is universally admitted that the situation of it, topographically, and centrically with n^ard tu the empire, is admirably adapted fora royal residence ami capitalt. 'It stands on the river Zeinderood; and has been celebrated as a city of consequence from the time in which it was first noted in history*; and that is, we believe, at the period in which it was taken possession of by Ardisheer, who, soon after, was pro-- claimed king of Persia ; and was considered by his countrymen as the restorer of that great empire, which had been created by Cyrus and lost by Darius. This prince was so great a sovereign, that it gives pleasure to note some of his sayings: "When a king is just, his subjects must love him, and continue obedient : but the worst of all sovereigns is he whom the wealthy, and not the wicked, fear." "There can be no power without an army ; no army without money ; no money without agriculture ; no agricul- ture without justice." " A furious lion is better than an unjust king : but an unjust king is not so bad as * Thi was an epithet given to Crete, from the 100 cities which it once contained : alto to Thebes in Egypt, on account of its 100 gates. The territory of Laconia had the same epithet for the same rea*ou that Thebes had ; and it was the custom of these 100 cities to sacrifice a hecatomb every year. f- Sir John Malcolm. * The boundaries of Iran, which Etiropenns call Persia, have undergone many changes. The limits of the kingdom in its most prosperous periods may, however, be easily described. The Persian Gulf, or Indian Ocean, to the south ; the Indies and the Oxus to the cast and north-east ; the Caspian Sea and Mount Caucasus to the north ; and the river Euphrates to the west. The most striking features of this extensive country, are numerous chains of mountains, and large tracts of desert ; amid which are interspersed bcautif:il valleys and rich pastnrc lands. SIR JOHN Mu RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 355 a long and unjust war." Never forget," said he, on his death-bed, to his son, " that, as a king, you are at once the protector of religion and of your country. Consider the altar and throne as inseparable ; they must always sustain each other. A sovereign without religion is a tyrant ; and a people who have none may be deemed the most monstrous of all societies. Religion may exist without a state; but a state cannot exist without religion ; and it is by holy laws that a political association can alone be bound. You should be to your people an example of piety and of virtue, but without pride or ostentation." After a few similar lessons, he concluded in the following manner : " Remember, my son, that it is the pros- perity or adversity of the ruler, which forms the happiness or misery of his subjects ; and that the fate of the nation depends upon the conduct of the individual who fills the throne. The world is exposed to constant vicissitudes : learn, therefore, to meet the frowns of Fortune with courage and fortitude, and to receive her smiles with moderation and wisdom. To sum up all : May your administration be such as to bring, at a future day, the blessings of those whom God has confided to our paternal care, upon both your memory and mine." A. D. 1387, Isfahan surrendered to Timour. The moment he pitched his camp before it, it yielded. Satisfied with this ready submission, Timour com- manded that the town should be spared, but that a heavy contribution should be levied on the inhabit- ants. This had been almost entirely collected, when a young blacksmith, one under age, beat a small drum for his amusement. A number of citizens, mistaking this for an alarm, assembled, and became so irritated from a communication to each other of the distress they suffered, that they began an attack upon those whom they considered the immediate cause of their A A 2 356 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. misery; and, before nioniin^, nearly 8000 of tho Tartars, who had boon quartered in tin- city, slain. The rage of Timnur, when he heard of this, exceeded all bounds. !! would therefore listen to no terms of capitulation. He doomed Isfahan to be an example to all other cities. The unfortunate inhabitants knew what they had to expect, and made all the resistance they could ; but in vain. The walls were carried by storm ; and the cruel victor did not merely permit pillage and slauphter, but commanded that every soldier should bring him a certain number of heads. Some of those, more humane than their master, purchased the number allotted, rather than become the executioners of unresisting men. It was found impossible to compute all the slain ; but an account was taken of 70,000 heads, which were heaped in pyramids that were raised in monuments of this horrid revenge.* Isfahan attained its highest pitch and magnitude in the time of Shah Abbas. It became the great emporium of the Asiatic world ; and during his reign nearly a million of people animated its streets, and the equally flourishing peasantry of more than 1400 villages in its neighbourhood, supplied by their labour the markets of this abundant population. t Industry, diligence, activity, and negotiations, were seen and heard everywhere. The caravans even were crowded with merchants, and the shops with the merchandise of Europe and Asia ; while the court of the great Shah was the resort of ambassadors from the proudest kingdoms, not only of the East but of the West. I conquered the city of Isfahan, and I trusted in the people of Isfahan, and I delivered the castle in their hands. And they rebelled ; and the darogmh whom I had placed over them they slew, with 3000 of the soldiers. And I alsu commanded that a general slaughter should be made of the people of Isfahan. TIMOUR'S In- stitutes, p. 119. MALCOLM'S Hist. Persia, vol. i. 461. t Porter. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 357 Travellers thronged thither from every part, not only on affairs of business, but to behold the splendour of the place. In fact, it owes most of the glory it now possesses to Shah Abbas, who, after the conquest of Lar and Ormus. charmed with its situation, made it the capital of his empire between 1620 and 1628 ; fer the fertility of the soil, the mildness of the seasons, and the fine temperature of the air, conspire, it is said, to make Isfahan one of the most delightful cities in the world. The waters of its two rivers, also, are so sweet, pleasant, and wholesome, as to be almost beyond comparison. The splendours of Isfahan are described by Pietro Delia Velle* and Chardin.t What they were would occupy too large a space ; but we may judge of the extent and nature of the public works by the cause- way J this prince formed across the whole of Mazen- deren, so as to render that difficult country passable for armies and travellers at all seasons of the year. He threw bridges over almost all the rivers of Persia. He studied, we are told, beyond all former sovereigns, the general welfare and improvement of his kingdom. He fixed on the city of Ispahan as the capital of his dominions; and its population was more than doubled during his reign. Its principal mosque, the noble palace of Chehel-Setoon, the beautiful avenues and porticoes called Char Bagh, and several of the finest palaces in the city and suburbs, were all built by this prince. In 1721 there was a great rebellion. A celebrated traveller, who was on the spot, assures us, that the inhabitants of one of the suburbs (Julfa, an Arme- * Lett. ii. 1. 3. t vii. 273,486. viii. 2, 144. J Sir John Kinncir says of this causeway : " It is in length about 300 miles. The pavement is now nearly in the same condition a it was in the time of Hanway ; being perfect hi many places, although it has hardly ever been repaired." 358 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. nian colony), not many years Ix-foiv, amounted t<> thirty thousand souls. Be says, that some of the streets were broad and handsome, and planted \\itli trees, with canals, and fountains in the middle ; others narrow and crooked, and arched at top; others again, though extremely narrow, as well as turning and winding many ways, were of an incredihle length, and resembled so' many labyrinths ; that at a small distance from the town there were public walks adorned with plane-trees on either hand, and ways paved with stones, fountains and cisterns : that there were one hundred caravanserais for the use of merchants and travellers, many of which were built by the kings and prime nobility of Persia. He goes on to state, that there was a castle in the eastern part of the town, which the citizens looked upon as impregnable, in which the public money and most of the military stores were kept : but that, notwith- standing the number of baths and caravanserais were almost innumerable, there was not one public hos- pital. All this was in the suburb of Julfa only. In what condition is that suburb now ? A. D. 1722, Mahmoud, chief of the Afghans, in- vaded Persia, and laid siege to Isfahan. He was at first repulsed and compelled to fall back ; in con- sequence of which he made overtures. These the citizens unfortunately rejected. Mahmoud, in con- sequence, determined on laying waste the whole of the neighbouring country. Wow the districts sur- rounding Ispahan were, perhaps, the most fruitful in the world, and art had done her utmost to assist nature in adorning this delightful country. This fairest of regions was doomed by Mahmoud to com- plete ruin ! The task occupied his army more than a month ; but the lapse of nearly a century has not repaired what their barbarity effected in that period ; and the fragments of broken canals, sterile fields, and RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 359 mounds of ruins, still mark the road with which they laboured in the work of destruction. A famine ensued in consequence of this, and the inhabitants of Isfahan were reduced to despair. The flesh of horses, camels, and mules, became so dear *, that none but the king, some of the nobles, and the wealthiest citizens, could afford to purchase. Though the Persians abhor dogs as unclean, they ate gree- dily of them, as well as of other forbidden ani- mals. When these supplies were exhausted, they fed not only upon the leaves and bark of trees, but on leather, which they softened by boiling; and when this was exhausted too, they began to devour human flesh. Men, we are told, with their eyes sunk, their countenances livid, and their bodies feeble and emaciated with hunger, were seen in crowds, endeavouring to protract a wretched ex- istence by cutting pieces from the bodies of those who had just expired. In many instances the citizens slew each other, and parents murdered their children to furnish the horrid meal. Some, more virtuous, poisoned themselves and families, that they might escape the guilt of preserving life by such means. The streets, the squares, and even the royal gardens, were covered with carcases ; and the river Zainderand, which flowed through the city, became so corrupted by dead bodies t, that it was hardly possible to drink of its waters J. Overpowered with his misfortunes, Shah Husseyn abdicated his throne in favour of his persecutor. * At one time a horse's carcase sold for one thousand crowns. f Malcolm, Hist. Persia ; from Murza Mahdy. J The horrors of this siege, equal to any recorded in ancient history, have been described by the PolUh Jesuit Krurinski, who personally witnessed them (see his History of the Revolution of Persia, published by Pere du Cerceau) ; and they are noticed in the " Histoire de Perse depuis le commencement de ce sicle" of M. la Marnya Clairac, on authorities that cannot be disputed. OCBELEY'S Trav. 360 RUINS OF ANCIENT CM These events are related in Hneki '- Harmonies of Nature, thus: During tin- rei-n i.f Sliali Ilus- I-l':ilian was l>e-ie;jeal ><-:. During this siege more human beings were devoured than was ever known in a siege before. Mahmoud having at length listened to terms of eapitnlation, Husseyn clad himself in mourning; and with the AVali of Arabia, and other officers of his court, pro- ceeded to the camp of his adversary, and resigned the empire. The Afghan chief, in receiving his resig- nation, exclaimed, " Such is the instability of all human grandeur ! God disposes of empires, ns h<- pleases, and takes them from one to give to another!" This occurred in the year 1716. Mahmoud was now king of Persia. Rut, some time after, fearing a revolt of the people of Isfahan, he invited all the nobles of the city to a feast, and the moment they arrived, a signal was given, and they were all massacred. Their amount was three thousand ! not so many as one escaped. Their bodies were exposed in the streets, that the inhabitants might behold and tremble. But an equal tragedy was yet to be performed. lie had taken three thousand of the late king's guards into his pay. These men he directed to be ]>eculiarly well treatod ; and, as a mark of favour, he commanded that a dinner should be dressed for them in one of the squares of the palace. The men came ; sat down ; and the moment they had done so, a party of the tyrant's troops fell upon them, and not a single soul was allowed to escape ! This, however, was not the close of things, but the RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 361 beginning. A general order was now issued, to put every Persian to death, who had in any way served the former government. The massacre lasted 15 days ! Those who survived were made to leave the city, with the sole exception of a small number of male youths, whom the tyrant proposed to train in the habits and usages of his own nation. Nor does this terminate the history of his atrocities. He soon after massacred all the males of the royal family. These victims he caused to be assembled in one of the courts of the palace ; when attended by two or three favourites, he commenced, with his own sabre, the horrid massacre. Thirty-nine princes of the blood were murdered on this dreadful occasion. The day of punishment, however, was at hand. He soon after died in a state of horrific insanity ! His body was buried in a royal sepulchre ; but when Nadir Shah afterwards took Isfahan, he caused it to be taken from the sepulchre and abandoned to the fury of the populace ; and the place where he had been interred was converted into a common sewer to receive the filth of the city. This was in the year 1727. Isfahan never recovered these dreadful events. Mr. Hanway tells us, that in the time he visited it, a Persian merchant assured him, that in all Isfahan there were not more than five thousand inhabited houses. It has been, since, several times taken and retaken by tyrants and revolters. It was last taken by Aga Mohamed Khan (A. D. 1785) ; who dis- mantled the walls. Its present condition is thus described by Sir Robert Ker Porter : " The streets are everywhere in ruin ; the bazaars silent and abandoned ; the cara- vanserais are equally forsaken ; its thousand villages hardly now counting two hundred ; its palaces solitary and forlorn ; and the nocturnal laugh and song, which '<<>- IUIN8 OF ANCIENT CITIES. U8ed to echo from every part of by the yells of jackals and shouts of famishing dog." Sir Robert afterwards gives an account of the ruins. From one end of the city to the other, under avenues old and new, through the gardens, and rouml their delightful " paradises," of shade and fountain, ho hardly saw a single creature moving. If, says he, " Isfahan continues fifty years so totally abandoned of its sovereign's notice as it is now, Isfahan will become a total ruin, amidst the saddest of wildcrne- The name of this city is said to have been Sepahnn, which it received from the Persian kings, in conse- quence of its having been the general place of ren- dezvous for their armies. " This famous city," says Mr. Kinneir*, "has been so minutely describe! 1. e\ni when at the height of its glory, by many travellers, and particularly by Chardin, that it will only be necessary to state the changes that have taken place since the period in which he wrote. The wall, which then surrounded the city, was entirely destroyed by the Afghans, who have left many striking marks of their savage and barbarous habits in every part of the kingdom. The suburb of Julfa has been re- duced from twelve thousand to six hundred families ; most of the others have shared the same fate ; and a person may ride ten miles amidst the ruins of this immense capital. The spacious houses and palaces, which opened to the Royal Avenue, are almost all destroyed. The first view, however," continues Mr. Kinneir, " which the traveller has, on coming from Shirauz, of this great metropolis, is from an emi- nence, about five miles from the city, when it bursts at once upon his sight, and is, perhaps, one of the grandest prospects in the universe. Its ruinous con- dition is not observable at a distance ; all defects being * Geog. Mem. of Perm. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 363 hid by high trees and lofty buildings ; and palaces, colleges, mosques, minarets, and shady groves, are the only objects that meet the eye." The bazaars, constructed by Shah Abbas, which were covered in with vaults, and lighted by numerous domes, are of prodigious extent, and proclaim the former magnificence of the city. They extend con- siderably more than a mile. The palaces of the king are enclosed in a fort of lofty walls, which have a circumference of three miles. The palace of the Chehel Sitoon, or " forty pillars," is situated in the middle of an immense square, which is intersected by various canals, and planted in dif- ferent directions with the beautiful chenar tree. The palace was built by Shah Abbas. Under the great room are summer apartments, excavated in the ground, which, in their season, must be delightful retreats. They are also wainscoted, and paved with marble slabs ; and water is introduced by cascades, which fall from the ground floor, and refresh the whole range. The Ali Capi gate forms the entrance. This gate, once the scene of the magnificence of the Sefli family, the threshold of w r hich was ever revered as sacred, is now deserted, and only now and then a solitary individual is seen to pass negligently through. The remains of that splendour, so minutely and exactly described by Chardin, are still to be traced ; the fine marble remains, and the grandeur and eleva- tion of the dome, are still undemolished.* At the Ala Capi gate of the old palaces, which is described as one of the most perfect pieces of brick-work to be found in Persia, used to sit Shah Abbas, and thence review his cavalry, galloping and skirmishing, or witnessed the combats of wild animalst. In former times this view from the spot was undoubtedly splen- did ; but, at present, with the exception of the palaces Morier. "t Malte-Brun. 364 RUINS OF ANriKNT CTT11-. in the gardens, the whole mass below is one mouldering succession of ruinous houses, mosques, ami >hap structures, which had formerly been the mansions of the nobility, broken by groups or lines of various t ill trees, which once made part of the gardens of the houses now in ruins. The freshness of all the build- ings is said to be particularly striking to an F.umpean, or the inhabitants of any comparatively humid coun- try, in which the atmosphere cherishes a vegetation of mosses, lichens, and other cryptogainous plants, which we particularly associate in our minds with the spectacle of decay. Sir W. Onseley says, " I explored the ruins of villages, scattered over the plain in all directions near our camp ; and some must have been considerable in size and respectability from the handsome houses which they contained. Although pillaged and depo- pulated by the Afghans almost a century ago, many of their chambers yet remain, with vaults and stair- cases but little injured; yet no human IK!; seen within their walls, except some traveller, who wonders at finding himself alone in places, which might be easily rendered habitable, situate not above a mile from the walls of a great metropolis. It must be confessed, that these ru ins composed of sun-dried brick and mud, appear, like many edifices in Persia, to much greater advantage on paper than in reality." Morier, in his second journey into Persia, says : "The great city of Isfahan, which Chardin has de- scribed, is twenty-four miles in circumference, were it to be weeded (if the expression may be used) of its ruins, would now dwindle to a quarter that circum- ference. One might suppose that God's curse had extended over part of this city, as it did over Babylon. Houses, bazaars, mosques, palaces, whole streets, are to be seen in total abandonment ; and I have rode for miles among its ruins without meeting RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 365 with any living creature, except, perhaps, a jackal peeping over a wall, or a fox running to its hole. " In a large tract of ruins," Mr. Morier goes on to observe, " where houses, in different stages of decay, were to be seen, now and then an inhabited house may be discovered, the owner of which may be assi- milated to Job's forlorn man, ' dwelling in desolate cities, and which no man inhaliteth y which are ready to become heaps* ' Such a remark as this must have arisen from scenery similar to those which parts of Isfahan present ; and unless the particular feeling of melancholy which they inspire has been felt, no words can convey any idea of itt." NO. XLIII. ITALIC A. THIS city {in Spain) is supposed to have been founded by the Phoenicians, who give it the name of Hispalis. It was afterwards colonized by the wounded soldiers of Scipio. ' It was then called Julia, and at last, after a variety of corruptions, Sebilla or Sevilla, la Viega. The Romans embellished it with many magnificent edifices, but of which scarcely any vestige now remains. In regard to the new city, the Gothic kings for some time made it their residence ; but it was taken by storm soon after the victory obtained at Xeres, over the Gothic king Rodrigo. t It at last fell before Ferdinand III., after a year's siege ; and three hun- dred thousand Moors were compelled to quit the place ; notwithstanding which it became the most magnificent city in all Spain, a little after the disco- very of America ; all the valuable commodities of the West Indies being carried thither. * Job, chap. xv. ver. 28. + Ferilousa ; Kbu Hakekl ; Delia Valle ; Chardin ; Kinneir; Porter ; Malcolm ; Malte-Brun ; Ouseley. 366 RUINS 01 1 CITIES. An old Spanish writer thus speaks of this pL "Not far fnmi limn- one MLS the rnnm nf an titici, nt city ; and of an amphitheatre, great part of which remains ; but many of the great parts lie in such confusion, as if it had been thrown into disorder by an earthquake. The people call this place Sevilla la Vieja, or Old Seville ; but the learned take it to be the ancient Italica, the birth-place of the emperor Adrian and Silius Italicus ; there having been found a sufficient number of ancient medals and inscriptions to justify that opinion ; and amongst others, they found a medal of Tiberius, with the following legend upon it: DIVI. AVG. SlVNIC. ITALIC. PERM. And in the time of Fernando el Santo, the conqueror of Seville (which was in the year 1248), this place retained some traces of its ancient name ; for it was called Talca. Some of the ruins appear to have been the remains of a temple, and a bath. In the spot near which many of these ruins arc to be seen, there is a monastery of St. Isidore ; and in the church there is an altar of alabaster, which can scarce be matched in Europe*." NO. XLIV. JERUSALEM. ' How doth the city solitary sit, she that was full of people ! How is she become a widow, that was great among the nations! Princess among the provinces, how is she become tributary ! She weepcth sore in the night, and her tear is upon her cheek : She hath none to comfort her, among all her lovers: All her friends have betrayed her, they became her enemies." /.mi, a. i. I, 2. " IN the whole universe," says Mr. Eustace, " there were only two cities interesting alike to every member of the great Christian commonwealth, to every citizen of the civilised world, whatever may be his tribe or nation Rome and Jerusalem. The former calls up every classic recollection ; the lat- ilippolito de Jose. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 367 ter awakens every sentiment of devotion ; the one brings before our eyes all the splendour of the pre- sent world ; the other all the glories of the world to come." Palestine, or the land of Canaan, originally ex- tended in length from north to south, near two hun- dred miles, and from eighty to fifteen in breadth, from east to west. Its southern boundary was formed by the desert of Beersheba, the Dead Sea, the river Arnon, and the river of Egypt, or the Siehor ; to the north, it was bounded by the mountainous ridge called Antilibanus ; to the east by Arabia, and to the west by the Mediterranean. Though rocky and mountainous, it was one of the most fertile provinces of the temperate zone ; a land, according to the authority of the sacred penman, of brooks of waters, of fountains, and depths, that spring out of valleys and hills ; a land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig-trees, and pomegranates ; a land of olive-oil, and honey ; a land wherein bread might be eaten without scarceness, whose stones were iron, and out of whose hills might be dug brass. In the midst of this highly favoured region stood the city of Jerusalem, which, according to the Jewish chronology, was founded by their high priest Mel- chizedec, in the year of the world "2032. It was then called Salem, a word signifying peace.* * From the time that Solomon, by means of his temple, had made Jerusalem the common place of worship to all Israel, it was distinguished from the rest of the cities by the epithet Holy, and in the Old Testament was called Air Hakkodesh, . e., the city of holiness, or the holy city. It bore this title upon the coins, and the shekel was inscribed Jerusalem Kedusha, t. e., Jerusalem the Holy. At length Jerusalem, for brevity's sake, was omitted, and only Kedusha reserved. The Syriac being the prevailing lan- guage in Herodotus's time, Kedusha, by a change in that dialect of sh into th, was made Kedutha ; and Herodotus, giving it a Greek termination, it was writ KaSims, or Cadytis. PRIDEAUX'K 368 Kt INS OF ANCIENT CIV Joshua is supposed to have d>. -troyed -I. ni-aVm ; tliat town, though not ni' ntioned, licin^ considered to have been one of those that fought airain-i < Jil the- king of whic-h was Adoni-zedek*. The city was afterwards rebuilt by David, and surrounded with fortifications, extending in wan Is from the low grounds, called Millo, to the summit of the mountain, on which he erected a citadel, destined alike to be the great fortress of the nation, and the sumptuous residence of its kings. The rich work of the tabernacle, and the splendour which charaett many of their ceremonies, had long tended to inspire the Israelites with a taste for the elegant arts. David's palace, we accordingly find, was a palace of cedar. In raising this structure, the timber of Tyre and the superior skill of its artificers were employed to secure its beauty and stability. When completed, the grace and majesty of the pile reminded the mon- arch that, in taking up his abode in such a build- ing, he should be more splendidly lodged than the ark and visible emblem of Jehovah itself. With this idea in his mind, he resolved upon erecting a build- ing for the service of God, which should be as worthy of its destination as the ability and piety of man could make it. This design, David not living to carry into execu- tion, was followed up and completed by Solomon his son. From the reign of Solomon to the final de- struction of the city, it underwent many vicissitudes, some of which we shall recite. In the fourth year of Solomon's son, Rehoboam (B.C. 971), it was be- sieged and taken by Sesac, king of Egypt, who car- Conncxioo of the Old and New Testament, vol. i. part i. p. 80, 81, 8vo. edit. And Joshua tmote all the country of the hill*, and of the south, and of the vale, and of the springs, and all their kings;- he left none remaining ; but utterly destroyed all that breathed, a* the Lord God of Israel commanded. Joshua, ch. x. vcr. 40. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 369 ried away the treasures of the temple, as well as those of the royal palace. In 826 B. c. the temple and palace were plundered by Jehoash, and the walls demolished. In 608 B. c. Jerusalem was taken by Nechao, king of Egypt. It was next besieged by Sennacherib, king of Nineveh. That prince having returned from Egypt, which he had ravaged, and taken a great number of prisoners, laid siege to it with a vast army. The city appeared to be inevitably lost : it was without resource, and without hope from the hands of men. It had, how- ever, says the historian, " a powerful protector in Heaven, whose jealous ears had heard the impious blasphemies uttered by the king of Nineveh against his sacred name. In one single night 185,000 men of his army perished by the sword of the destroying angel." Jerusalem was soon after besieged by Nebuchad- onosser and taken; when the conqueror caused Jehoiakim to be put in chains with the design of having him carried to Babylon ; but, being moved with his affliction, he restored him to his throne. Great numbers, however, of the Jews were carried captives to Babylon, whither all the treasures of the king's palace and a part of the temple were likewise trans- ported. From this famous epoch we are to date the captivity of the Jews at Babylon. They having afterwards rebelled, the king came from Babylon and besieged them anew. The siege lasted nearly a year. At length the city was taken by storm, and a terrible slaughter ensued. Zede- kiah's two sons were, by Nebuchadnezzar's orders, killed before their father's face, with all the noblemen and principal men of Judah. Zedekiah himself had both his eyes put out, was loaded with fetters, and carried to Babylon, where he was confined in prison as long as he lived. As to the city and temple, they VOL. I. B B 370 HI 1X8 OF ANCIT.NT \ ami agreed that the besieged should have lr.i\e to surrender their arms; and that their fortifications bein^ demolished, a peace should be granted. All this was done. Some years after this, Jerusalem was taken pos- session of by the Romans under the ooamtaM of Pompcy the Great, and the temple carried by storm. There were two parties in the city. One, the adher- ents of Ilircanus, opened the gates ; the other retired to the mountain where the temple stood, and caused the bridges of the ditch and valley which surrounded it to be broken down. Upon this, Pompey, who was already master of the city, ventured to besiege the temple. The place held out three months, and might, perhaps, have done so for three months longer, and, perhaps even obliged the Romans to abandon their enterprise, but for the rigour with which the l>esieged thought proper to observe the sabbath. They believed, indeed, that they might defend them- selves when attacked ; but not that they might pre- vent the works of the enemy, or make any for them- selves. The Romans knew how to take advantage of this inaction on sabbath-days. They did not attack the Jews upon them ; but filled up the fosses, made their approaches, and fixed their engines with- out opposition. At length, being able to make a breach in the walls, the place was carried by the sword, and not less than 1 2,000 persons were slain. The victors entered the temple ; and Pompey went even so far as to penetrate to the Holy of Holies, and altered the name of Jerusalem (then called Ilicroso- lyma) to Hierosolymarius. Not long after, Cras- sus, marching against the Parthians, entered the temple, the treasures of which Pompey held sacred, and rifled it of a sum equivalent, in our money, to 1,500,000. Pom pey caused the walls to be demolished : RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 373 Caesar afterwards caused them to be rebuilt ; and Antipater, executing that commission, soon put the city into as good a position of defence as it had been before the demolition. Notwithstanding this, Jeru- salem became subject to another siege by the Romans, acting in behalf of Herod, with 60,000 men. The place held out many months with great resolution ; and if the besieged had been as expert in the art of war and the defence of places, as they were brave and resolute, it would not, perhaps, have been taken. But the Romans, who were much better skilled in those things than they, carried the place, after a siege of more than six months. They entered, made themselves masters, plundered and destroyed all 'before them, and filled every part of the city with blood. The crown of all Judea was soon after placed in the hands of a stranger, an Idumean (Herod); in whose reign Jesus Christ was born. During the reign of Herod the Great, Jerusalem was much enlarged and embellished. He erected a superb palace, a theatre, and an amphitheatre. He, also, projected the design of enlarging the temple,* which had been erected after the return of the Jews from the Babylonian captivity ; and, having begun the work in the eleventh year of his reign, he com- pleted it in eight years. Tacitus call this erection " immensee opulentiee templum ;" and Josephus says, " it was the most astonishing temple he had ever seen, as well on ac- count of its architecture as its magnitude ; the rich- ness and magnificence of its various parts, and the reputation of its sacred appurtenances." This temple Herod began to build about sixteen years before the birth of Christ. It was so far completed in nine years and a half, as to be fit for divine service : and what is very remarkable, it was afterwards destroyed * Besides this, he built another temple. 374 nnxs OF AXCIKXT CITIES. by the Romans, in tin- same inontli and day of the month, in which Solomon's temple had l:een destm\ - ed by the Babylonians. In its most flourishing state Jerusalem was di- vided into four parts, each separated by a wall. \i/. 1. The old city of Jcbus, standing on Mount /ion, where David built a magnificent palace and ca-tle. This part was called tbe city of David. "2. The lower city; called tbe Daughter of Zion, in which part Solomon built two magnificent palaces, for him- self and bis queen ; and which contained that of the Alaccabcan princes; and tbe amphitheatre of Herod. Also the citadel of Antiochus; and lastly the citadel built by Herod, upon a high rock, and thence called Antonia. 3. The " New City ;" mostly inhabited by* merchants, tradesmen, and mechanics. 4. Mount Moriah ; on which Solomon built his temple. The height of the temple thus repaired is said to have been one thousand two hundred feet. The stones of which it was built were all of marble, forty cubits long, twelve thick, eight high, and so exquisitely joined that they appeared to be of one combined piece. There were one thousand four hun- dred and fifty-three columns of Parian marble, and two thousand nine hundred and six pilasters, of such thickness, that three men could hardly embrace them; and their height and capital proportionable, and all of the Corinthian order.* All the materials of the original fabric were, as it is well known, finished and adapted to their several ends before they were brought to Jerusalem : that is, the stones in their quarries, and the cedars in I^ebanon ; so that there was no noise of axe, hammer, or any other tool, heard in the rearing of it. There were no less than * Some have thought that this description, which i from JOM- phus, applies rather to the temple of Herod- RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 375 one hundred and sixty-three thousand men employ- ed in this work ; and yet it took nine years in the building. The expense of building this wonderful structure was prodigious : the gold and silver employed for this purpose, amounted to 800,000,000^. sterling, which, according to Prideaux's calculation, was a sum equal to have built the whole of solid silver ; but it can scarcely be questioned, we think, that some error has crept into the account* : There could not have been so much bullion, much less coin, at that time in the world. In ancient Jerusalem there were ten gates and four towers. Its extent was about one mile. In Solomon's time, this extent appears to have been twice, if not thrice, more. In the time of Titus it was four miles 125 paces. Eusebius lays the circumference at 2550 toises. AVe must now proceed to give some account of the destruction of the city by Titust : and in doing so we * It is remarkable that the sum mentioned is equal to the British national debt. f " Because thou servedst not the Lord thy God with joyful- ness, and with gladness of heart, for the abundance of all things ; therefore shall thou serve thine enemies which the Lord shall send against thce, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things : and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee. The Lord shall bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as swift as the eagle flieth; a nation whose tongue thou shall not understand ; a nation of fierce countenance, which shall not regard the person of the old, nor show favour to the young : and he shall eat the fruit of thy cattle, and the fruit of thy land, until thou be destroyed : which also shall not leave thee either com, wine, or oil, or the increase of thy kine, or flocks of thy sheep, until he have destroyed thee. And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates, until thy high and fenced walls come down, wherein thou trustedst, throughout all thy land : and he shall besiege thee in all thy gates throughout all thy land, which the Lord thy God hath given thee. And thou shall eat the fruit of 376 nriss OF ANCIENT CITIES. shall adopt the description j>r.- utrl 1>\- the author of " On the Beauties, Harmonies, and Sublimities of Nature." ** The war began in the month of May, A. D. 66 ; and the siege left to the management of Titus, April 14, A. D. 70. Previous to the siege, the city was a prey to the most intolerable anarchy ; robbers having broken into it, and filled almost every li with thieves, assassins, and broilers, of every descrip- tion. The best citizens were thrown into prisons, an* I afterwards murdered, without even a form of trial. At this time Titus appeared before the gates a vast multitude having previously arrived in the city to celebrate the feast of the passover. During this cele- brated siege, there were no less than three earth- quakes ; and an aurora boreal is terrified the inhabit- ants with forms, which their fears and astonishment converted into prodigies of enemies fighting in the air. and flaming swords hanging over their temple. They were visited with a plague, so dreadful, that more than one hundred and fifty thousand persons were carried out of the city, at the public charge, to be buried ; and six hundred and fifty thousand were thine owu body, the flesh of thy tons and of thy daughters, which the Lord thy God hath givcu thce, in the siege, and in the straitnesi, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee : to that the man that is tender among you and very delicate, his eye shall be evil toward his brother, and toward the wife of his bosom, and toward the rem- nant of his children which he shall leave : so that he will not givo to any of them of the flesh of his children whom he shall eat : be- cau-c he hath nothing left him in the siege, and in the itiaitncss, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thce in all thy gates. The tender and delicate woman among you, which would not adventure to set the sole of her foot upon the ground for dclicatcnessand ten- derness, her eye shall be evil toward the husband of her bosom, and toward her son, and toward her daughter, and toward her chil- dren which the shall bear: for she shall eat them for want of all things secretly in the siege and utraitncss wherewith thine enemy shall distress thce in thy gates." DIUT. xxviii. 47 57. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 377 cast over the walls, and out of the gates. A famine ensued ; and so horrible was the want, that a bushel of corn sold for six hundred crowns. The populace were reduced to the necessity of taking old excre- ment of horses, mules, and oxen, to satisfy their hun- ger ; and a lady of quality even boiled her own child and ate it a crime so exquisite, that Titus vowed to the eternal Gods, that he would bury its infamy in the ruins of the city. He took it soon after by storm ; the plough was drawn over it ; and with the exception of the west walls, and three towers, not one stone remained above another. Ninety thousand persons were made captives ; and one million one hundred thousand perished during the siege. Those made captives being sold to several nations, they were dispersed over a great portion of the ancient world ; and from them are descended the present race of Jews, scattered singly, and in detached portions, in every province of Europe, and in most districts of Africa and Asia. Thus terminated this memorable siege a siege the results of which meet the eye in every Jew we meet." The Jews having, in the reign of Adrian, given way to a turbulent disposition, that emperor resolved to level all things to the ground that is, those build- ings which the Jews had erected to destroy the towers, that were left by Titus for the convenience of the Roman garrison ; and to sow salt in the ground on which the city had stood. Thus did Adrian literally fulfil the prophecy, that neither in the city, nor in the temple, should one stone be left upon another. This final destruction took place forty- seven years after that of Titus. A new city, under the name of JE\\& Capitolina, was soon after built, where the presence of the Jews was absolutely prohibited. In this new city, the Christians were sometimes persecuted, and sometimes 378 HI-INS or \M irvr ( i : protected, by the RoOUUI iiiprmrs, till tin- time when the riii]m -s Jlrlciia raiiie to visit tin- citv ; when, finding it in a most forlorn and ruinous condition, >he formed tin- design of r. >turiii:r it to its ancient lu>tic ; and her son, Constantine, having embraced the Chris- tian doctrine, he issued an edict, that the old name of Jerusalem should be employed when speaking of the city. A few years after, an attempt was made to rebuild the temple by the emperor Julian, an nth-nipt which is recorded as having proved abortive, from fiery eruptions escaping out of the earth, and dispersing the workmen. In the reign of Justinian, that emperor built a magnificent church at Jerusalem; the foundation being formed by raising part of a deep valley. Tin- stones of a neighbouring quarry were hewn into regular forms ; each block was fixed on a peculiar carriage drawn by forty of the strongest oxen, and the roads were widened for the passage of such enormous weights. Lebanon furnished her loftiest cedars for the timbers of the church ; and the season- able discovery of a vein of red marble supplied its beautiful columns ; two of which, the supporters -of the extensive portico, were esteemed the largest in the world. In 613, Jerusalem was taken by Chosroes, king of Persia. The sepulchre of Christ and the stately churches of Helena and Constantine were consumed ; the devout offerings of three hundred years were rifled, " the true cross" was transported into Persia ; and the massacre of ninety thousand Christians is imputed to the Jews and Arabs, who swelled the disorder of the Persian march. It was recaptured by Heraclius in 627. This emperor banished all the Jews, and interdicted them from coining nearer to it than three miles. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 379 Nine years after this, Jerusalem was taken by Khaled, one of Omar's generals. Omar being apprised of this success of his arms, immediately set out to visit the Holy City. He was attended in his journey by a numerous retinue. He rode upon a red camel, and carried with him two sacks of provision and fruits. Before him he had a leather bottle containing water, and behind him a wooden platter, out of which many of his retinue ate in common with himself. His clothes were made of camels' hair, and were in a very tattered condition ; and the figure he made was mean and sordid to the last degree. On the morning after his arrival, he said prayers and preached to his troops. After the conclusion of his sermon, he pitched his tcht within sight of the city. There he signed the articles of capitulation ; by which the inhabitants were entitled to the free exercise of their religion, the possession of their property, and his protection. It continued under the caliphs of Bagdad till A. D. 868, when it was taken by a Turkish sovereign of Egypt ; during the space of two hundred and twenty years it was subject to several masters, Turkish and Saracenic ; and in 1099, it was taken by the cru- saders under Godfrey of Bouillon, who was elected king. He was succeeded by his brother Baldwin, who died A. D. 1118, and having no son, his eldest daughter, Melisandra, conveyed the kingdom into her husband's family. In A". . 1 1 88, Saladin, sultan of the East, captured the city, assisted by Raymond, count of Tripoli, who was found dead in his bed on the morning of the day on which he was to have delivered tip the city. It was restored in 1242 to the Latin princes by Salah Ismael, emir of Damascus. They lost it in 1291 to the sultans of Egypt, who held it till Io82. Selim, the Turkish sultan, reduced Egypt and Syria, including Jerusalem, in 1517, and his son Solyman built the present walls in 1534. It continues to the 380 RUINS OF ANCIKXT CITIES. present day under the Turkish dominion, fulfilling the jro]>liiry, that it "should be trodden down of the (Jentiles." It is not, therefore, only in tin; history of Josephus, and in other ancient writers, that we are to look for the aoeompliahment of Christ's prediction ; we see them verified at this mo- ment before our eyes, in the desolate state of this once celebrated city and temple, and in the pn-. nt condition of the Jewish people ; not collected toge- ther into any one country, into one political society, and under one form of government, but dispersed into every region of the globe, and everywhere treated with contumely and scorn. We now proceed to give some account of the city, as it now stands, from various travellers who have, visited it ; confining ourselves, however, almost en- tirely to what may be called its antiquities. The following particulars in regard to the approach to Jerusalem are from the pen of Mr. Robinson. " As we approach Jerusalem, the road becomes more and more rugged, and all the appearance of vegetation ceases ; the rocks are scantily covered with soil, and what little verdure might have existed in the spring, is in the autumn entirely burnt up. There is a like absence of animal life ; and it is no exaggeration to say, here man dwelleth not ; the beast wandereth not; the bird flieth not; indeed, nothing indicates the approach to the ancient me- tropolis of Judea, unless it be the apparent evidences of a curse upon its soil, impressed in the dreadful character* just mentioned, whilst the * inhabitants thereof,' are * scattered abroad.' Oftentimes on the road was I tempted to exclaim, like the stranger that was come from a strange land, ' Wherefore hath tho Lord done this unto the land ? what meaneth the heat of this great anger* ?'" * Dent. xxix. 22,24,27. KUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 381 Dr. Clarke, however, was nevertheless struck with its grandeur. He says that, instead of a wretched and ruined town, as he had expected, he beheld a flourishing and stately metropolis, domes, towers, palaces, and monasteries, shining in the sun's rays with inconceivable splendour. " Like many other ancient places," says a French commentator on this account, " it no doubt presents two aspects ; a mix- ture of magnificence and paltriness." To the southward of the site of Bethlehem stands the city castle*. It is composed of towers connected by curtains, which form two or three enclosures, the interior successively commanding the exterior. A few old guns, mounted on broken carriages, are planted on its walls to keep the Arabs in awe. The castle is sometimes called the castle of Daniel ; and sometimes of the Pisans, having been erected by that people when the city was in the hands of the Christians. From one of the windows looking north, travellers are shown the site of the house of Uriah ; and a piece of ground attached to it, and just within the walls, an old tank, called Bathsheba's bath. But the place where the latter was bathing, when seen by the amorous monarch, was more probably the great basin lying in the ravine to the south of the castle at the foot of Mount Zion, and called the lower pool of Gihon. The sides of the hill of Zion have a pleasing appear- ance ; as they possess a few olive-trees and rude gardens, and a crop of corn was growing there when Mr. Carne visited it. On its southern extremity is the mosque of David, which is held in the highest reverence by the Turks, who affirm that the remains of that monarch, and his son Solomon, were interred there. * Robiuson. Kl'IN> Hi 1 AM I KM (I ! The palace of Pilate is now a Turkish residence, and stands near to the gateway l>y which ( 'lirist was led thence to Calvary, to lie crucified. Men- is pointed out the spot on which Pilate presented Jesus to the people, declaring he could find no guilt in him ; the place on which he fainted under the weight of the cross, and where the Virgin' swooned, also, at the sight ; the spot where Veronica gave him her hand- kerqhief to wipe his forehead ; and lastly, where the soldiers compelled Simon of Cyrene to bear his cross. In the palace the monk points out the room where Christ was confined before iris trial ; and at a short distance is a dark and ruinous hall, shown as the arch where Christ stood till his judge exclaimed " Behold the man * ! '* One of the streets is said to be the same where Christ made his first appearance after his resurrec- tion; and in the same street stands an Armenian convent, erected over the spot on which James, the brother of John, was beheaded. This is one of the finest buildings in Jerusalemt. At a short distance is a small church, said to be erected on the spot where formerly stood the house of the high-priest Annas ; and, a little farther on, another which marks the house of Caiaphas ; while, just beyond the gate, the attention is directed to a mosque, where the house stood in which Christ ate his last supper. The mosque of Omar, which occupies the site of the Jewish temple, loses nothing of its grandeur or beauty on a near approach. The spacious pave>l courts, the flights of steps, and surrounding arcades, * Buckingham. t The patriarch, says an accomplished traveller, makes his ap- pearance in a flowing vent of rilk, instead of a monkish habit, and every thing around him bear* the character of Eastern magnificence. He receive* his vUitnis in rogal statclinets ; sitting among cloudi of incvnsc, and regaling thcui with all the luxuriance of a Pctiiao court. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 383 the dark tall cypress-trees and running fountains, and the largp octagonal body of the mosque, with its surrounding domes, produce altogether the finest effect, and increase the desire to enter its forbidden walls. It is said to be the most magnificent piece of architecture in the Turkish empire ; far superior to the mosque of St. Sophia in Constantinople. By the sides of the spacious area in which it stands are several vaulted remains ; and evidence is said tq be capable of proving, that they belonged to the foun- dation of Solomon's temple*. Chateaubriand says, that he was strongly tempted to find some mode of penetrating to the interior of the mosque ; but was prevented by the fear, that he might thereby involve the whole Christian population of Jerusalem in destruction. Dr. Richardson, how- ever, succeeded in gratifying a similar curiosity, which he shared in common with a host of other travellers. The Tomb of Zacharias is square, with four or five pillars, and is cut out of the rock. Near this is a sort of grotto, hewn out of the elevated part of the rock, with four pillars in front, which is said to have been the apostles' prison at the time they were con- fined by the rulers. At a small distance within the gates of St. Ste- phen, that fronts Olivet, is the pool of Bethesda, said . to be the scene of one of Christ's most striking miracles. The pool is at present dry, and its bed nearly filled up with earth and rubbish. Wild tamarisk bushes and pomegranate trees spread their foliage round it ; but, according to Chateaubriand, the mason- work of the sides, composed of large stones, joined together by iron cramps, may still be traced ; making the measurement of this reservoir to have been in width * Dr. Clarke. 384 1U 1X8 OF ANCII.NT CITIES. 40 feet, anil in length 15Q. At it- .a -tern ml arc some arches dammed ujt. It is evidently tin- most ancient work in -Jeni-alem, and, as stidi, is an in- teresting specimen of the primitive aivhit> rtuiv of its inhabitants. All travellers seem to agree that this was the pool of liethesda, im-mnralile in the Gospel history as the scene of the paralytic, related in St. John. It was here, perhaps, that the sheep marked, preparatory to the sacrifices ot tin temple*. " At about two-thirds of the ascent of the Mount of Olives," says Mr. Robinson, "we were slm\vn the place where our Lord, looking do\Mi upon the city, wept over its impending fate. ' Seest thmi these great buildings ? There shall not be left one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown downt.' " " From the summit," says Mr. Carne, " you enjoy an admirable view of the city. It is beneath, and very near, and looks, with its valleys around it, like a panorama. This noble mosque of Omar, and large area, planted with palms, its narrow streets, ruinous places and towers, are all laid out before you, as you have seen Naples and Corfu in Leicester-square. On the summit are the remains of a church, built by the empress Helena ; and in a small edifice, containing one large and lofty apartment, is shown the print of the last footsteps of Christ, when he took his leave of earth." " About forty years," says Dr. Clarke, " before the idolatrous profanation of the Mount of Olives by Solomon, his afflicted parent, driven from Jerusalem by his son Absalom, came to this eminence to present a less offensive sacrifice, and, as it is beautifully ex- pressed by Adichomius, * flcns et nudis pedibus adoravit,' what a scene does the sublime description, given by the prophet, picture to the imagination of * Uobinsoii. t Matt. xiii. 2. feUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 385 every one who has felt the influence of filial piety, but especially of the traveller, standing upon the very spot where the aged monarch gave to heaven the offering of his wounded spirit. " And David went up by the ascent of Mount Olives, and wept as he went up, and had his head covered, and he went barefoot, and all the people that was with him covered every man his head ; and they went up weeping." On the top of the mount are the remains of several works, the history of which has been lost. Among these are several subterraneous chambers. One of them has the shape of a cone, of very large size. It is upon the very pinnacle of the mountain. *' The Mount of Olives," says Mons. La Martine, *' slopes suddenly and rapidly down to the deep abyss, called the Valley of Jehoshaphat, which sepa- rates it from Jerusalem. From the bottom of this sombre and narrow valley, the barren sides of which are everywhere paved with black and white stones, the funereal stones of death, rises an immense hill, with so abrupt an elevation, that it resembles a fallen rampart : no tree here strikes its roots ; no moss even can here fix its filaments. The slope is so steep that the earth and stones continually roll from it, and it presents to the eye only a surface of dry dust, as if powdered cinders had been thrown upon it. From the heights of the city, towards the middle of this hill, or natural rampart, rise high and strong walls of large stones, not . externally sawed by the mason, which conceal their Hebrew and Roman foundations beneath the same cinders, and are here from fifty to one hundred, and further on, from two to three hun- dred feet in height. The walls are here cut by three city gates, two of which are fastened up, and the only one open before us seems as void and as desolate as if it gave entrance to an uninhabited town. The walls, rising again beyond this gate, sustain a large VOL. i. c c 886 HIT ami vast terrace, which runs uloni: two-thirds of the bb of Jerusalem, on the eastern si.le ; ami. jml^in^ by the eye. may le a thousand feet in length, ami five or six hnmlred in breadth. It is nearly level, except at its centre, where it sinks insensibly, ns if to recall to the eye the rll<-i/ <>f filth t/t, which formerly separated the hill of Sinn from the city of Jerusalem. This magnificent platform, prepared no doubt by nature, but evidently finished by the han-l of man, was the sublime pedestal upon which arose the temple of Solomon. It now supports two Turkish mosques." Acra Hill* rose to the north of Sion, the east side facing mount Moriah, on which the temple was situated, and from which this hill was separated only by a chasm, which the Asmoneans partly filled up by lowering the summit of Acra. As we are in- formed by Josephus, Antiochus Epiphanes erected a fortress upon it to overawe the city and the temple ; which fortress, having a Greek or Macedonian rison, held out against the Jews till the time of Simon, who demolished it, and at the same time levelled the summit of the hill. The east side of Mount Moriaht bordered the valley of Kedron, commonly called the Valley of Jehoshaph at, which was very deep: the south side, overlooking a very low spot, (the Tyropceon,) was faced, from top to bottom, with a strong wall, and had a bridge going across the valley for its communication with Sinn. The east side looked towards Acra, the appearance of which from the temple is compared byJosephus to a theatre; and on the north side an artificial ditch, says the same historian, separated the temple from a hill named Ik'getha, which was afterwards joined to the town, by an extension of its area. The loftiest, the most extensive, and in all respects ~~~ fid. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 387 the most conspicuous eminence, included within the site of the ancient city, was that of Sion, called the Holy Hill, and the citadel of David. This we have positive authority for fixing on the south of the city. David himself saith, " Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole earth, is Mount Zion ; on the sides of the north the city of the great King *." " On its summit," says La Martine, "at some hundred paces from Jerusalem, stands a mosque and a group of Turkish edifices, not unlike an European hamlet, crowned with its church and steeple. This is Sion ! the palace, the tomb of David ! the seat of his inspiration and of his joys, of his life and his repose ! A spot doubly sacred to me, who have so often felt my heart touched, and my thoughts rapt by the sweet singer of Israel, the first poet of sentiment, the king of lyrics. Never have human fibres vibrated to harmonies so deep, so penetrating, so solemn ; all the most secret murmurs of the human heart found their voice and their note on the lips and the heart of this minstrel ! and if we revert to the remote period when such chants were first echoed on the earth ; if we consider that at the same period the lyric poetry of the most cultivated nations sang only of wine, love, and war, and the victories of the muses, or of the coursers at the Eleian games, we dwell with profound astonish- ment on the mystic accents of the prophet king, who addresses God the Creator, as friend talks to friend, comprehends and adores his wonders, admires his judgments, implores his mercies, and seems to be an anticipating echo of the evangelic poetry, repeating the mild accents of Christ, before they had been heard. Prophet or poet, as he is contemplated by the philosopher or Christian, neither of them can deny the poet king an inspiration, bestowed on no other * Buckingham. cc2 388 nrixs OF AMIKNT rmr. man! Jveaha<. Struck with wonder, not only in viewing such an * Kubitxon. t I 1 '. RUINS OF ANCIEXT CITIES. 391 extraordinary effort of human labour, but in the c, it is said, on which the body of our Lord was washed and anointed, and prepared for the tomb. Turning to the left, and proceeding a little forward, we came into a round space immediately under the dome, surrounded with sixteen large columns which support the gallery above. In the centre of this space stands the Holy Sepulchre ; it is enclosed in an oblong house, rounded atone end, with small arcades, or chapels for prayer, on the outside of it. These are for the Copts, the Abyssinians, the Syrian .Manmitcs, and other Christians, who are not, like the Roman Catholics, the Greeks, and Armenians, provided with large chapels in the body of the church. At the other end it is squared off, and furnished with a plat- form in front, which is ascended by a flight of steps, having a small parapet wall of marble on each hand, and floored with the same material. In the middle of this small platform, stands a block of polished mar- ble, about a foot and a half square ; on this stone (it is said) sat the angel, who announced the blessed tidings of the resurrection to Mary Magdalene, and Joanna, and Mary the mother of James. Advanc- ing, and taking off our shoes and turbans at the desire of the keeper, he drew aside the curtain, and stepping down, and bending almost to the ground, we entered by a low narrow door into this mansion of victory,' where Christ triumphed over the grave, and disarmed Death of all his terrors. Here the mind looks on Him, who, though He knew no sin, yet - n- tered the mansion of the dead to redeem us from death, and the prayers of a grateful heart ascend with arisen Saviour to the presence of God in heaven." " Christians," says MODS. Chateaubriand, " will RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 399 inquire, perhaps, what my feelings wore on entering this holy place ? I really cannot tell. So many re- flections rushed at once into my mind, that I was tmahle to dwell upon any particular idea. I conti- nued near half an hour upon my knees, in the little chamber of the Holy Sepulchre, with my eyes riveted upon the stone, from which I had not the power to turn them. One of the two monks, who accompanied me, remained prostrate on the marble by my side ; while the other, with the Testament in his hand, read to me, by the light of the lamps, the passages relating to the sacred tomb. All I can say is, that when I beheld this triumphant sepulchre, I felt nothing but my own weakness ; and that when my guide exclaimed, with St. Paul, ' O Death, where is thy victory? O Grave, where is thy sting ?' I listened, as if Death was about to reply, that he was con- quered, and enchained in this monument*." NO. XLV. LACED^MON, OB SPARTA. LELI^E, the first king of Laconia, began his reign about 1516 years before the Christian era. Tyn- darust, the ninth king of Lacedaemon, had, by Leda, Castor and Pollux, who were twins, besides Helena, and Clytemnestra, the wife of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae. Having survived his son, he began to think of choosing a successor, by looking out for a husband for his daughter Helena. All the pretenders to this princess bound themselves by oath, to abide by, and entirely submit to, the choice which the lady herself should make, who determined in favour of Menelaus. She had not lived above three years with her husband, before she was carried off by Paris, son * Josephus ; Tacitus ; Prideaux ; Rollin ; Stackhouse ; Po- cocke ; D'Anville; Gibbon; Rccs ; Brewster ; Clarke ; Eustace; Chateaubriand ; Buckingham ; Robinson ; La Martiue ; Carne. t Rollin, 400 nrixs OF ANrrrNT of Priam, king of the Trojans, which r;i]>e was the cause of the Trojan war. The Greeks took Troy after a siege of ten years, about the year of the world 2820, and 1184 before Christ. Eighty years after the taking of this city, the Hcraclidae re-entered the Peloponnesus, aii'l M r/.t <1 Lnctdivmon; when two brothers, Eur\>tlirne* :uid Procles, sons of Aristodemus, began to reign toge- ther, and from their time the sceptre always continued jointly in the hands of the descendants of those two families. Many years after this, Lycurgus instituted that body of laws, which rendered both the Ir^i-lnti r ; and the republic so famous in history : and since the constitution of Lycurgus seems to have been the true groundwork of our own, we insert some few parti- culars in respect to it ; for the ruins of institutions are even more important subjects of contemplation than those of the walls in which they were engen- dered. The following account is taken from Rollin. We have not space, however, for the whole of his observations; we shall select, therefore, only the most important ones. Of all the institutions, made by Lycurgus, the most considerable was that of the senate ; which, by tempering and balancing the too absolute power of the kings uy an authority of equal weight and influence with theirs, became the prin- cipal support and preservation of the state. For whereas, before, it wa* ever unsteady, and tending one while to tyranny, by the violent proceedings of the kings ; at other times towards democracy, by the excessive power of the people, the senate served as a kind of counterpoise to both ; which kept the state in a due equilibrium, and preserved it in a firm and steady situation ; the twenty-eight senators, of which it consisted, siding with the king, when the people were aiming at too much power ; and, on the other RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 401 hand, espousing the interests of the people whenever the kings attempted to carry their authority too far. Lycurgus having thus tempered the government, those that came after him thought the power of the senate too absolute ; and, therefore, as a check upon them, they devised the authority of the Ephori. These were five in number, and remained but one year in office. They were all chosen out of the people, and in that respect considerably resembled the tribunes of the people among the Romans. Their authority extended to the arresting and imprisoning the persons of their kings. This institution began in the reign of Theopompus, whose wife reproached him, that he would leave his children the regal authority in a worse condition than he had received it. "No!" said he, " on. the contrary, I shall leave it them in a much better condition ; as it will be more permanent and lasting." The Spartan government then was not purely monarchical. The nobility had a share in it, and the people were not excluded. Each part of this body politic, in proportion as it contributed to the public good, found in it their advantage. The second institution of Lycurgus was the divi- sion of the lands, which he looked upon as absolutely necessary for establishing peace and good order in the commonwealth. The major part of the people were so poor, that they had not one inch of land of their own, whilst a small number of particular per- sons were possessed of all the lands and wealth of the country. In order to banish insolence, envy, fraud, luxury, and two other distempers of the state, still greater and more ancient than those, excessive poverty and excessive wealth, he persuaded the citi- zens to give up all their lands to the commonwealth, and to make a new division of them. This scheme, as extraordinary as it was, was im- mediately executed. Lycurgus divided the lands of VOL. I. D D 402 RUINS OF \M II NT CITIES. Laconia into thirty thousand parts, which lie bated among an equal number of citizens. It is suit! that, some years after, as Lycurgus was returning from a long journey, and passing through the lands of Laconia, in the time of harvest, and observing, as he went along, the perfect equality of the reaped corn, he turned towards those who were with him, and said smilingly, " Does not Laconia look like the possession of several brothers, who have just been dividing their inheritance among them ?" After having divided their immoveables, he under- took likewise to make the same equal division of nil their moveable goods and chattels, that he might utterly banish all manner of equality from among them. But perceiving that this would go against the grain, if he went openly about it, he endeavoured to effect it by sapping the very foundations of ava- rice. For first he cried down all gold and silver money, and'ordained that no other should be current than that of iron; which he made so very heavy, and fixed at so low a rate, that a cart and two oxen were necessary to carry home a sum of ten minas (about 20/.), and a whole chamber to keep it in. Being desirous to make a yet more effectual war upon luxury, and utterly to extirpate the love of riches, Lycurgus made a third regulation, which was that of public meals. That he might entirely suppress all the magnificence and extravagance of expensive tables, he ordained, that all the citizens should eat together of the same common victuals, which the law prescribed, and expressly forbade all private eating at their own houses. The tables consisted of about fifteen persons each ; where none could be admitted but with the consent of the whole company. Each person furnished, every month, a bushel of flour, eight measures of wine, five pounds of cheese, two and a half pounds of figs, and a small RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 403 sum of money for preparing and cooking the food. The very children ate at these public tables, and were carried thither as to a school of wisdom and temperance. Nay, they were sure to see nothing but what tended to their instruction and entertain- ment. The conversation was often enlivened with in- genious and sprightly raillery, but never intermingled with any thing vulgar or shocking ; and if their jest- ing seemed to make any person uneasy, they never proceeded any farther. Here their children were likewise trained up, and accustomed to great secrecy; as soon as a young man came into the dining-room, the oldest of the company used to say to him, point- ing to the door, " Nothing spoken here must ever go out there." Lycurgus looked upon the education of youth as the greatest and most important object of a legis- lator's care. His grand principle was, that children belonged more to the state than to their parents ; and, therefore, he would not have them brought up according to their humours and fancies ; he would have the state intrusted with the general care of their education, in order ' to have them formed upon cor - rect and uniform principles, which might inspire them betimes with the love of virtue and of their country. The most usual occupation of the Lacedaemonians was hunting, and other bodily exercises. They were forbidden to exercise any mechanic art : the Elotae, a sort of slaves, tilled their land for them ; for which they were paid a certain revenue by way of wages. Lycurgus would have his citizens enjoy a great deal of leisure: they had common halls, where the people used to meet to converse together ; and though their discourses chiefly turned upon grave and serious topics, yet they seasoned them with a mixture of wit and facetious humour, both agreeable and in- DD 2 404 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. structive. They passed little of their time alone; being accustomed to live like Iwes, al\\.iy- farther, always about their chiefs and leaders. The love of their country and of the public good was their pre- dominant passion ; and they did not iningine they .belonged to themselves but to their country. The end Lycurgus proposed was the public hap- piness : convinced that the happiness of a city, like that of a private person, depends upon virtue, and upon being well within himself. lie regulated La- cedajmon so as it might always suffice to its own happiness, and act upon principles of wisdom and equity. From thence arose that universal esteem of the neighbouring people, and even of strangers, for the Laceda'inonians, who asked them neither money, ships, nor troops; but only that they should lend them a Lacedaemonian to command their armies ; and when they had obtained their request, they paid him certain obedience, with every kind of honour and respect. There were a multitude of other regulations, some of which were, doubtless, of a very imperfect tend- ency ; but it is certain that the declension of Sparta began with the violation of Lycurgus's laws. No sooner had the ambition of reigning over all Greece inspired them with the design of having naval armies and foreign troops, and that money was necessary for the support of those forces, than Lacedamion, forget- ting her ancient maxims, saw herself reduced to have recourse to the Barbarians, which, till then, she had detested, and basely to betray her court to the kings of Persia, whom she had formerly vanquished with so much glory ; and that only to draw from them some aids of money and troops against their own brethren ; that is to say, against people born and settled in Greece, like themselves. Thus had they the imprudence and misfortune to recal, with gold HUI.VS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 405 and silver, all the vices and crimes which the iron money had banished ; and to prepare the way to the changes which ensued, and were the causes of their ruin. And this infinitely exalts the wisdom of Ly- curgus, in having foreseen at such a distance what might strike at the happiness of his citizens, and provided salutary remedies against it in the form of government he established at Lacedaemon. Ancient Sparta is thus described by Polybius : . '* It is of a circular form, and forty-eight stadia in circumference, situated in a plain, but containing some rough places and eminences. The Eurotas flows to the east, and the copiousness of its waters renders it too deep to be forded during the greater part of the year. The hills, on which the Menelaion is situated, are on the south-east of the city, on the opposite side of the river. They are rugged, difficult of ascent, and throw their shadows over the space which is between the city and the Eurotas. The river flows close to the foot of the hills, which are not above a stadium and a half from the city." Its former condition is thus described by Anacharsis : " The houses at Lacedannon are small, and without orna- ment. Halls and porticos have been erected, to which the citizens resort to converse together, or transact business. On the south side of the city is the hippodromus, or course for foot and horse races ; and at a little distance from that, the platanistas, or place of exercise for youth, shaded by beau- tiful plane-trees, and inclosed by the Eurotas on one side, a small river which falls into it, and a canal, by which they communicate, on the other. It is entered by two bridges, on one of which is the statue of Hercules, or ' All-subduing Force ;' and on the other that of Lycurgus, or ' All-regulating Law.' " 4 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. In what condition is this celebrated city at " Passing over the Eurotas," says Mr. I>ov Sultan Selim, and not long after nearly destroyed \ Teat- till then had ever cost them more than four or five hundred of their citizens. They had been scon, however, animated, or rather violently incensed against several hundred of their citizens, who had suffered themselves to be shut up in the little island of Sphaeteria. Here they lost four thousand men, of whom one thousand Lacedaemonians, and four hundred Spartans, out of seven hundred who were in the battle. The Thebans had only three hundred men killed ; among whom were few of their citizens. The city of Sparta celebrated at that time the gymnastic games, and was full of strangers, whom curiosity had brought thither. When the couriers arrived from Leuctra with the terrible news of their defeat, the Ephori, though perfectly sensible of all the consequences, and that the Spartan empire had received a mortal wound, would not permit the repre- sentations of the theatre to be suspended, nor any changes in the celebration of the festival. They sent to every family the names of their relations wUo were killed, and stayed in the theatre to see that the dances and games were continued without inter- ruption to the end. The next day in the morning, the loss of each family being known, the fathers and relations of those who had died in the battle, met in the public place, and saluted and embraced each other with great joy and serenity in their looks ; whilst the others kept themselves close in their houses; or, if necessity obliged them to go abroad, it was with a sadness and dejection of aspect, which sensibly expressed their profound anguish and affliction. That difference was still more remarkable in the women. Grief, silence, tears, distinguished those who expected the return of their sons ; but such as had lost their sons RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 413 were seen hurrying to the temples, to thank the gods, and congratulating each other upon their glory and good fortune *. All that remains of this city, so celebrated and so universally known by the battle just described, and in which the Lacedaemonians forfeited for ever the empire of Greece, after possessing it for three centuries, are a few remains near the village of Para- pongi, and a few blocks of stone t. KO. XLVIII. MAGNESIA. THIS city, situate on the Maeander, about fifteen miles s. E. of Ephesus, was founded by a colony from Magnesia in Thrace, united with the Cretans. It was one of the cities given to Themistocles by the king of Persia. The Turks call it " Guzel- Hisar," or the beautiful castle. A great battle was fought here between the Romans and Antiochus, king of Syria. The forces of the former consisted of thirty thousand men ; those of Antiochus to seventy thousand foot and twelve thousand horse. The Syrians lost fifty thousand foot and four thousand horse ; and the Romans only three hundred foot and twenty-five horse. This dis- proportion of loss, however, is incredible. Magnesia is rendered remarkable by the circum- stance of its having been, as we have before stated, the place assigned by Artaxerxes for the residence of Themistocles. The whole revenues of the city, as well as those of Lampsacus and Myunte, were settled upon him J. One of the cities was to furnish him with bread, another with wine, and a third with other provisions . The temple of Diana at Magnesia was constructed * Rollin. ^Turner. J Those of Magnesia amounted to fifty talents every year, a Bum equivalent to 11,250/. sterling. Such was the custom of the ancient kings of the Eiist. Instead 414 ui INS or \M i! \ i .11 ii ft under the dim-timi of II< rump 'lies, of \vlunu Yitru- vius speaks with gmit vein-ration. " The situation of Magnesia," says Pococke, " is delightful ; for it commands a view of the fine plain of the M wander, which is broad towards the v The view extends to the sea, and from the height I saw the Agathonisa islands, which are near Patnios. Mount Thorax to the north is covernl \\itli snow. What adds to the prospect, is a most beautiful in- closed country to the south and west, and the fields are planted with the fig and almond trees. '1 'In- modern city, also, adds to the beauty of the view ; which being large, and there being courts and gardens to the houses, improved by cypress and orange trees, and some of the streets planted with trees, it makes it appear like a city in a wood." Chandler visited this place in 1774. According to him, Magnesia surrendered to the Romans imme- diately after the decisive battle between Scipio and Antiochus. It was a free city in the time of Til>e- rius. It was selected as a place of security, in 1303, by the Emperor Michael, who at length was com- pelled to escape from it in the night. In 1313 it ranked among the acquisitions of Sarkhan, afterwards sultan of Ionia. In 1443, Amurath II. selected it as a place of retreat, when he resigned his empire to his son Mahomet II. There are signs of many great buildings all over the city ; but they are ruined in such a manner, that, except two or three, it is difficult to judge of what nature they were. Pococke speaks, however, of there having been in his time very great ruins to the east, of settling pension* on persons they rewarded, they gave them cities, and sometimes even provinces, which, under the name of bread, wine, Ac., wcrf to furnish them abundantly with all things necessary fur supporting, in a magnificent manner, their family and equipage. KOLLIN. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 415 which appeared to be remains of some " magnificent large palace." On the north, too, he observed the ruins of a very grand temple, which he thinks must have belonged to that of Diana Leucophryne, the largest in Asia after the temples of Ephesus and Didymi ; and though it yielded to that of Ephesus in its riches, yet it exceeded it in its proportions, and in the exquisiteness of its architecture. In the Ionic temple* at Magnesia, designed by that Hermogenes whose merits are highly extolled by Vitruvius, the general dimensions are the -same as the dipteros ; but having, in order to obtain free space under the flank porticoes, omitted the inner range of columns, he thereby established the pseudo- dipteros ; but unless he continued the wooden beams of the roof over the increased space, this mode was impracticable, unless when the quarries afforded marble of very large dimensions. A Persian writer says of this place : " It is situated at the skirt of a mountain ; and its running streams afford water of the utmost purity ; and its air, even in winter, is more delightful than the breath of springt." XLIX. MANTINEA. A CITY of the Peloponnesus, well known for a famous battle fought near it between the Lacedemo- nians and Thebans. The Greeks had never fought among themselves with more numerous armies. The Lacedaemonians consisted of twenty thousand foot, and two thousand horse ; the Thebans of thirty thou- sand foot, and three thousand horse. The Theban general, Epaminondas, marched in the same order of battle in which he intended to fight, that he might not be obliged, when he canie up with * Civil Architecture, 617. t Pococke ; Chandler; Encycl. Metiop. 416 Kl IN> <'l \N( II \ I < I the enemy, to lose, in the disposition of his army, a time which cannot bo too much saved in enterprises *. He did not march directly, and with his front to the ninny, but in a column upon the hills, with his left wing foremost, as if he did not intend to li^Iit that day. When ho was over against them at a quarter of a league's distance, he made his troops halt and lay down their arms, as if he designed to encamp there. The enemy in effect were deceived \>y that stand ; and reckoning no longer upon a battle, they quitted their arms, dispersed tin inscho nlx.ut the camp, and suffered that ardour to extinguish, which the near approach of a battle is wont in Kindle in the hearts of the soldiers. Epaminondaa, how- ever, by suddenly wheeling his troops to the right, having changed his column into a line, and having drawn out the choicest troops, whom he had ex- pressly posted in front upon his march, he made them double their files upon the front of his left wing, to add to its strength, and to put it into a condition to attack in a point the Lacedaemonian phalanx, which, by the movement he had made, faced it directly. lie expected to decide the victory by that body of chosen troops which he commanded in person, and which he had fonncd in a column to attack the enemy in a point like a galley, says Xenophon. He assured himself, that if he could penetrate the Laceda>monian phalanx, in which the enemy's principal force con- sisted, he should not find it difficult to rout the rest of their army, by charging upon the right and left. After having disposed his whole army in this manner, he moved on to charge the enemy with the whole weight of his column. They were strangely surprised when they saw Epaminondas advance to- wards them in this order, and resumed their arms, ~~ RofUn~ RUINS OF ANCIENT C'lTir.s. 417 bridled their horses, and made all the haste they could to their ranks. Whilst Epaminondas marched against the enemy, the cavalry that covered his flank on the left, the best at that time in Greece, entirely composed of Thebans and Thessalians, had orders to attack the enemy's horse. The Theban general, whom nothing escaped, had artfully bestowed bowmen, slingers and dartmen, in the intervals of his horse, in order to begin the disorder of the enemy's cavalry, by a pre- vious discharge of a shower of arrows, stones, and javelins, upon them. The other army had neglected to take the same precaution, and had made another fault, not less considerable, in giving as much depth to the squadrons as if they had been a phalanx. By this means their horse were incapable of supporting long the charge of the Thebans. After having made several ineffectual attacks with great loss, they were obliged to retire behind their infantry. In the mean time, Epaminondas, with his body of foot, had charged the Lacedaemonian phalanx. The troops fought on both sides with incredible ardour ; both the Thebans and Lacedaemonians being resolved to perish rather than yield the glory of arms to their rivals. They began by fighting with the spear ; and those first arms being soon broken in the fury of the combat, they charged each other sword in hand. The resistance was equally obstinate, and the slaughter very great on both sides. The furious slaughter on both sides having conti- nued a great while without the victory's inclining to either, Epaminondas, to force it to declare for him, thought it his duty to make an extraordinary effort in person, without regard to the danger of his own life. He formed, therefore, a troop of the bravest and most determined about him, and putting himself at the head of them, he made a vigorous charge upon VOL. r. BE 418 RUINS OP ANCIENT IITII-. the enemy, where the kittle was most warm, and wounded the general of the Lacedii-inonians with the first javelin he threw. His troop, by his example, having wounded or killed all that stood in their \\ ay, broke and penetrated the phalanx. The gross of tin- Tin-ban troops, animated by their general's example and success, drove back the enemy upon his riidit and left, and made a great slaughter of them. But some troops of the Spartans, perceiving that Kpaminondas abandoned himself too much to his ardour, suddenly rallied, and returning to the fight, charged him with a shower of javelins. Whilst he kept oft' part of those darts, shunned some of them, fenced off others, and was fighting with the most heroic valour, to assure the victory to his army, a Spartan, named Callicrates, gave him a mortal wound with a javelin in the breast across his cuirass. The wood of the javelin being broken off, and the iron head continuing in the wound, the tonnent was insupportable, and he fell immediately. The battle began around him with new fury ; the one side using their utmost endeavours to take him alive, and the other to save him. The Thebans gained their point at last, and carried him off, after having put the enemy to flight. Epaminondas was carried into the camp. Tin surgeons, after having examined the wound, declared that he would expire as soon as the head of the dart was drawn out of it. Those words gave all that were present the utmost sorrow and affliction, who were inconsolable on seeing so great a man about to die, and to die without issue. For him, the only cone rn he expressed, was about his arms, and the success of the battle. When they showed him his shield, and assured him that the Thebans had gained the victory ; turning towards his friends with a calm and sen-no air ; " Do not regard," said he, " this day as the end of my life, but as the beginning of my happiness, and RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 419 the completion of ray glory. I leave Thebes triumph- ant, proud Sparta humbled, and Greece delivered from the yoke of servitude. For the rest, I do not reckon that I die without issue; Leuctra and Man- tinea are two illustrious daughters, that will not fail to keep my name alive, and to transmit it to posterity." Having spoken to this effect, he drew the head of the javelin out of his wound, and expired. Mantinea is also famous for another great battle, viz., that between Philopoemen and Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta*. The time for beginning the battle approaching and the enemy in view, Philopoemen, flying up and down the ranks of the infantry, en- couraged his men in few but very strong expressions; Most of them were even not heard ; but he was so dear to his soldiers, and they reposed such confidence in him, that they wanted no exhortations to fight with incredible ardour. In a kind of transport they animated their general, and pressed him to lead them on to battle. Machanidas marched his infantry in a kind of column, as if he intended to begin the battle by charg- ing the right wing ; but when he "was advanced to a proper distance, he on a sudden made his infantry wheel about, in order that it might extend to his right, and make a front equal to the left of the Achseans ; and, to cover it, he caused all the chariots laden with catapult* to advance forward. Philopoe- men plainly saw that his intention was to break his infantry, by overwhelming it with darts and stones : however, he did not give him time for it. The first charge was very furious. The light-armed soldiers advancing a little after to sustain them, in a moment the foreign troops were universally engaged on both sides ; and, as in this attack they fought man to man, the battle was a long time doubtful. At last the * Rollin. EE 2 420 nrixs OP ANnr.NT foreigners in the tyrant's army had tin 1 advant their numbers and dexterity, acquired ly experience, giving them the superiority. The Illyrians and cuirassiers, who sustained the foreign soldiers in 1'hi- lopoemen's army, could not withstand so furious a charge. They were entirely broken, and fled with tin; utmost precipitation towards Mantinea, about a milo from the field of battle. Philopoamen seemed now lost to all hopes. " On this occasion," says Polybius, " appeared the truth of a maxim, which cannot reasonably be contested, That the events of war are generally successful or unfor- tunate, only in proportion to the skill or ignorance of the generals who command in them. Philopo?men, so far from desponding at the ill success of the first charge, or being in confusion, was solely intent upon taking advantage of the errors which the enemy might commit." Accordingly, they were guilty of a great one. Machanidas, after the left wing was routed, instead of improving that advantage, by charging in front that instant with his infantry tho centre of that of the enemies, and taking it at tho same time in flank with his victorious wintr, and thereby terminating the whole affair, suffers himself, like a young man, to be hurried away by the fire and impetuosity of his soldiers, and pursues, without order or discipline, those who were flying. Philopoemen, who had retired to his infantry in the centre, takes the first cohorts, commands them to wheel to the left, and at their head marches and seizes the post which Machanidas had abandoned. By this movement he divided the centre of the enemies' infantry from his right wing. He then commanded these cohorts to stay in the post they had just seized, till further orders; and at the same time directed a Megalapolitan to rally all the Illyrians, cuirassiers, and foreigners, who, without quitting their ranks, and RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 421 flying as the rest had done, had drawn off, to avoid the fury of the conqueror ; and with these forces to post himself on the flank of the infantry in his centre, to check the enemy in their return from the pursuit. This Megalapolitan was named Polyinus ; but not the historian, as many writers have imagined. The Lacedaemonian infantry, elated with the first success of their wing, without waiting for the signal, advanced with their pikes lowered towards the Achasans, as far as the brink of the ditch. This was the decisive point of time for which Philopcemen had long waited, and thereupon he ordered the charge to be sounded. His troops levelling their pikes, fell with dreadful shouts on the Lacedemonians. These, who at their descending into the ditch, had broken their ranks, no sooner saw the enemy above them, but immediately fled. To complete the glory of this action, the business now was to prevent the tyrant from escaping the conqueror. This was Philopoemen's only object. Machauidas, on his return, perceived that his army fk'd ; when, being sensible of his error, he endeavoured, but in vain, to force his way through the Acha?ans. His troops, perceiving that the enemy were masters of the bridge which lay over the ditch, were quite dispirited, and endeavoured to save themselves as well as they could. Machanidas himself, finding it impos- sible to pass the bridge, hurried along 'the side of the ditch, in order to find a place for getting over it. Philopoemen knew him by his purple mantle, and the trappings of his horse : so he passed the ditch, in order to stop the tyrant. The latter having found a part of the ditch which might easily be crossed, clapped spurs to his horse, and sprang forward in order to leap over. That very instant Philopcemen threw his javelin at him, which laid him dead in the ditch. The tyrant's head being struck off, and carried from rank to rank, 4-2:2 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIi -. gave new courage to the victorious Arlia>ans. They pursued the fugitives with incredible ardour as far as Tegea, entered the city with them, and, bein<: now masters of the field, the very next day they em :nn]>l on the banks of the Eurotas. The Achseans did not lose many men in this battle, but the Lacedemonians lost four thousand, without including the prisoners, who were still more numerous. The baggage and arms were also taken by the Achseans. The conquerors, struck with admiration at the conduct of their general, to whom the victory was entirely owing, erected a brazen statue to him in the same attitude in which he had killed the tyrant ; which statue they afterwards placed in the temple of Apollo at Delphos. Mantinea* was richly decorated with public edi- fices. It had eight temples, besides a theatre, a sta- dium, and hippodrome, and several other monuments ; many of which are enumerated by Pausanias. Some imperfect remains of the theatre are still visible ; the walls of which resemble those round the town. But none of the sites of the temples or of the other structures can be identified ; and every- thing, except the walls which enclose the city, is in a state of total dilapidation. These walls were composed of unbaked bricks, which resisted, even better than stone, the impulse of war- like engines ; but were not proof against the effects of water. For ore of the kings of Sparta, form in.: a diti-li round the town, and carrying the river Ophis to flow into it, dissolved the fabric of the walls. They en- close a circle, in which the city stood. They un- fortified with towers, most of which are square ; others are of circular forms. The whole exhibits an interesting and very perfect example of Grec'nn fortification. There were eight gates ; not one of which, Dodwel). UlINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 423 however, retains its lintel. The walls are surrounded by a fosse, which is still supplied by the Ophis*. NO. L MARATHON. MARATHON, which was originally one of the four cities, founded by an Attic king, who gave it his name, is now little better than a village. The plain in which it is situated is, says Mr. Dodwell, " one of the prettiest spots in Attica, and is enriched with many kinds of fruit-trees : particularly walnuts, figs, pomegranates, pears, and cherries. On our arrival, the fine country girls, with attractive looks and smiling faces, brought us baskets of fruit. Some of them appeared unwilling to accept our money in return; and the spontaneous civility and good-humour of the inhabitants soon convinced us that we were in Attica, where they are more courteous to strangers than in other parts of Greece." This city was but a small one, indeed it was often called a village ; yet a deathless interest is attached to it ; for just beside it was fought the battle between the Persians and the Athenians, which is, even at this day, more known and respected than any other recorded in history. "We shall, therefore, give an abstract of the account of the battle, as it is stated in Rollin, and then show in what condition the city is at the present time. M'iltiades, like an able captain, endeavoured, by the advantage of the ground, to gain what he wanted in strength and number. He drew up his army at the foot of a mountain, that the enemy should not be able to surround him, or charge him in the rear. On the two sides of his army he caused large trees to be cut and thrown down, in order to cover his flanks, and render the Persian cavalry useless. Datis, their commander, was sensible that the place was not advantageous for him : but, relying upon the Rollic; Dodwell; "Williams. 424 Ki'i.xs or A.N( II:N r 1 1 iiumbcr of his troops, which was infinitely eupe- rior to that of the Athenians, he drtermined to engage. The Athenians did not wait for the enemy's charging them. As soon as the signal fur battle was given, they ran against the enemy with all the fury imaginable. The Persians looked upon this first ~i \> of the Athenians as a piece of madness, eonsidcrin^ their army was so small, and utterly destitute both of cavalry and archers; but they were quickly un- iK-ccived. Herodotus observes, that " this was the first time the Grecians began an engagement by run- ning in this manner." The battle was fierce and obstinate. Miltiades had made the wings of his army exceedingly strong, but had left the main body more weak, and not deep ; the reason of which aeems manifest enough. Having but ten thousand men to oppose to such a numerous army, it was impossible for him either to make a large front, or to give an equal depth to his battalion. He was therefore obliged to take his choice ; and he imagined that he could gain the victory in no other way than by the efforts he should make with his two wings, in order to break and disperse those of the Persians ; not doubting, but when his wings were once victo- rious, they should be able to attack the enemy's main body in flank, and complete the victory with- out much difficulty.* The Persians then attacked the main body of the Grecian army, and made their greatest effort particularly upon their front. This was led by Aristides'and Themistocles, who sup- ported it a long time with an intrepid courage and bravery, but were at length obliged to give ground. At that very instant came up their two victorious wings, which had dispersed those of the enemy, and put them to flight. Nothing could be more seasou- * Tliis w:i the same plan ai Haunibal fullowtd afterward* at the battle of Can no*. RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 425 able for the main body of the Grecian army, which began to be broken, being quite borne down by the number of the Persians. The scale was quickly turned, and the barbarians were entirely routed. They all betook themselves to their heels and fled ; not towards their camp, but to their ships, that they might escape. The Athenians pursued them thither, and set their ships on fire. They took, also, seven of their ships. They had not above two hundred men killed on their side in this engagement ; whereas, on the side of the Persians, above six thousand were slain, without reckoning those who fell into the sea, as they endeavoured to escape, or those that were consumed with the ships set on fire. Immediately after the battle, an Athenian soldier, still reeking with the blood of the enemy, quitted the army, and ran to Athens to carry his fellow-citizens the happy news of the victory. When he arrived at the magistrate's house, he only uttered two or three words : " Rejoice, rejoice, the victory is ours !" and fell down dead at their feet. In an excavation, made in one of the tumuli, some years ago, were found a number of busts ; of Socra- tes, Lucius Terns, and Marcus Aurelius, with another of an unknown person, sculptured with great care, and happily finished. The unknown bust is supposed to be that of Herodes Atticus, a native of this city, and greatly distinguished. His history is exceedingly curious. "We take it from Sir George Wheler. " He flourished about the time of the emperors Trajan, Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Au- relius. His grandfather Hipparchus, or as Suidas has it, Plutarchus, was well to pass in the world, but having been accused of some tyrannical prac- tices, used towards the people, the emperor confis- cated all his estates ; so that his son, Atticus, father 426 RUINS or men NT CITIES. of this Herod, lived afterwards in Athens in n mean condition ; until, having found a great hidden tn-a- sure in his own house, near the theatre, he became on a sudden very rich. He was not more fortunate in lending it, than prudent in getting it confirmed on himself; for well knowing, should it come to be discovered, he should be obliged to give an account of it to the emperor, he wrote thus: 'My lie^e, I have found a treasure in my house ; what do you command that I should do with it ?' The emperor answered him, ' That he should make use of what he had found.' But Atticus, yet fearing that he might lx) in danger of some trouble, when the greatness of the treasure should come to be known, wrote a second time to the emperor, professing ingenuously, that the treasure he had written to him about was too great a possession for him, and exceeded the capacity of a private man. But the emperor answered him again with the same generosity, * Abuse, also, if thou wilt, the riches thou hast so accidentally come by; for they are thine.' By this means, Atticus became again extremely rich and powerful, having married a wife also that was very rich, whence it came to pass that his son and heir Herodes far surpassed his father both in wealth and magnifi- cence, and became the founder of many stately edifices in sundry parts of Greece ; and, dying, left by his will ten crowns to every citizen of Athens. Neither did he partake less of virtue and merit than he did of fortune ; being very learned, and so eloquent, that he was called the tongue of Athens ; having been the disciple of the famous Phavorinus. Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Vcrus, emperors of his time, made it their glory that they had been his auditors. His entire name was Tiberius Clau- dius Atticus Herodes ; as I prove by an inscription that is at Athens, in the house of Signor Nicoli RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 427 Limbonia." Thus far, Sir George Wheler. Chan- dler goes on to observe, that Herodes Atticus directed his freed-men to bury him at Marathon ; where he died, at the age of seventy-six. But the Ephebi, or young men of Athens, transported his body on their shoulders to the city, a multitude meeting the bier, and weeping like children for the loss of a parent. The antiquities of this plain resolve themselves into the tomb of the Athenians, the monument of Miltiades, and the tomb of the Plateeans. Dr. Clarke found also many interesting relics, for an account of which we must refer to his Travels, in order that we may find space for some beautiful remarks, with which he closes his very agreeable account. " If there be a spot upon earth, pre-emi- nently calculated to awaken the solemn sentiments, which such a view of nature is fitted to make upon all men, it may surely be found in the plain of Marathon ; where, amidst the wreck of generations, and the graves of ancient heroes, we elevate our thoughts towards HIM, * in whose sight a thousand years are but as yesterday ;' where the stillness of Nature, harmonizing with the calm solitude cf that illustrious region, which once was a scene of the most agitated passions, enables us, by the past, to deter- mine of the future. In those moments, indeed, we may be said to live for ages ; a single instant, by the multitude of impressions it conveys, seems to anticipate for us a sense of that eternity ' when time shall be no more ;' when the fitful dream of human existence, with all its turbulent illusions, shall be dispelled ; and the last sun having set, in the last of the world, a brighter dawn than ever gladdened the universe, shall renovate the dominions of darkness and of death." * Rollin; Wheler; Barthelemyj Clarke; DodwelU 428 RDIN8 OP ANCIENT CITIES. NO. LI I EOALOPOLI8. THIS city, situated in Arcadia, had one of the most illustrious persons of ancient times for its founder, Epaminondas. Its population was collected from various small cities and towns of Arcadia. Soon after its establishment, the inhabitants sent to Plato for a code of laws. The philosopher ^^ much pleased with so flattering an offer ; but he ultimately declined sending them one, because- In- learned from a disciple, whom ho had sent to Mega- lopolis, that the inhabitants would never consent to an equality of property. In 232 B. c., Megalopolis joined the Achaian league, and was taken and ruined by Cleomenes. At that period it was as large a city as Sparta. Its most valuable paintings and sculptures were conveyed to the Laconian capital, and great part of the city destroyed. The Athenians, soon after, beginning to see the impropriety of not keeping up the balance of po\\< r in Greece, Demosthenes signalised himself greatly in endeavouring to persuade them to take part with the Megalopolitans. " It has been a perpetual maxim with us," said he, " to assist the oppressed against the oppressor. We have never varied from this prin- ciple. The reproach of changing, therefore, ought not to fall upon us, but upon those whose injustice and usurpation oblige us to declare against them." " I admire the language of politicians," says Rollin. 'To hear them talk, it is always reason and the strictest justice that determine them; but to see them act, makes it evident that interest and ambition are the sole rule and guide of their conduct. Their discourse is an effect of that regard for justice, which nature has implanted on the mind of man, and which they eannot entirely shake off. There are few that ven- ture to declare against that internal principle in their RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 429 expressions, or to contradict it openly. But there aro also few who observe it with fidelity and constancy in their actions. Greece never was known to have more treaties of alliance than at the time we are now speaking of, nor were they ever less regarded. This contempt of religion, of oaths in states, is a proof of their decline, and often denotes and occasions their approaching ruin." The Athenians, moved by tho eloquent discourse of Demosthenes, sent three thou- sand foot and three hundred horse to the aid of Pa- manes. Megalopolis was reinstated in its former condition ; and the inhabitants, who had retired into their own countries, were obliged to return. Anacharsis, from whose travels we have gleaned so many interesting anecdotes, says : " A small river, called the Ilelisson, divides the city into two parts, in both of which houses and public edifices have been built, and are still building. That to the north contains a tower, enclosed by a stone balus- trade, and surrounded by some edifices and porticoes. A superb bronze statue of Apollo, twelve feet high, has been erected facing the temple of Jupiter. This statue is a present from the Philagians, who contri- buted with pleasure to the embellishments of the new city. Some private individuals have done the same. One of the porticoes bears the name of Aris- tander, who caused it to be built at his own expense. In the part to the south we saw a spacious edifice, in which is held the assembly of the ten thousand deputies, appointed to conduct the important affairs of the state. The city contains a great number of statues ; among others, we saw the work of two Athenian artists, Cephisodorus and Xenophon, con- sisting of a group, in which Jupiter is represented, seated on a throne, with the city of Megalopolis in his right hand, and Diana Conservatrix on his left. The marble of which it is made is the production of the quarries of Mount Pentelicus, near Athens. 430 if TINS or AM 11 NT CITIES. The theatro at Megalopolis was the largest in Greece. The circular part still remains; luit tin- seats are covered with earth and overgrown with bushes. Part of the walls of the pmsc< nium an' also seen facing the Helisson, a small but rapid river, which flows a few yards to the east. The remains of the temples are dubious ; some masses of walls and scattered blocks of columns indicate their situations ; without indicating the divinities to whose worship they were consecrated. The soil being much raised, Mr. Dodwell thinks that it may conceal several remains of the city. There are several other ruins at the distance of a few miles from Megalopolis, which recent travellers have not been able to visit on account of the troubles which have lately prevailed in almost every part of the Morea*. NO. I.I I. MEOARA. M i.i, AH A. a city of Achaia, formerly possessed such a multitude of objects for a stranger to see, that Pausanias, in his description of Greece, occupies no less than six chapters in the mere enumeration of them. Megara was founded 1131 B.C. It is situate at an equal distance from Athens and Corinth, and is built on two rocks. Its founder has been variously stated. Some have insisted that it was called after Megareus, the son of Apollo ; some after Megarius, a Boeotian chief; and others after Megara, a supposed wife of Hercules. However this may be, certain, we believe, it is, that, under the reign of Codrus, the Peloponnesians having declared war against the Athe- nians, and miscarried in their enterprise, returned and took possession of Megara, which they peopled with Corinthians. It was originally governed by twelve kings, but afterwards became a republic. The *Ikrthely; Bollin; Beet; Dodwelh UUIXS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 431 ancient Megarcans are said to have excelled in no- thing but naval affairs. They were reckoned the worst people of Greece, and were generally detested as fraudulent and perfidious *. Their military acts were few, and not brilliant. They were bandied about by the Athenians and Corinthians, and had all the bad qualities of insolent slaves, or servile and de- pendent friends. Such having been the case, we are not surprised at what Tertullian says of the Mega- reans ; viz., that they ate as if they were to die the next day, and built, as if they were to live for ever. Megara, however, was not without some redeeming qualities, for it had at one time a school for philo- sophy, so highly distinguished, that Euclid was at the head of it. Megara has been greatly distinguished from the circumstance of Phocion having been buried in its territories. The enemies of Phocion, not satisfied with the punishment they had caused him to suffer, and believing some particulars were still wanting to complete their triumph, obtained an order from the people, that his body should be carried out of the dominions of Attica, and that none of the Athenians should contribute the least quantity of wood to honour his funeral pile : these last offices were there- fore rendered to him in the territories of Megara. A lady of the country, who accidentally assisted at his funeral with her -servants, caused a cenotaph, or vacant toiub, to be erected to his memory on the same spot ; and, collecting into her robe the bones of that great man, which she had carefully gathered up, she conveyed them into her house by night, and buried them under her hearth, with these expres- sions r " Dear and sacred hearth, I here confide to thee, and deposit in thy bosom, these precious remains of a worthy man. Preserve them with fide- lity, in order to restore them hereafter to the momi- * Thucydides; Dodwell. 432 RUINS OP ANCIKNT CM mi-lit <>f his ancestors, \vln-n tlu- Athenians shall become wiser than they an- ;it present." Megara still retains it name : it has been pvatly infested by c-orsairs ; insomuch that in 167(i, the in- habitants were accustomed, on seeing a boat approach- ing in the daytime, or hearing their do^s bark by night, immediately to secrete their effects and run away. The Vaiwode, who lived in a forsaken tower, above the village, was once carried off. Besides two citadels, Megara had several magnifi- cent structures and ornaments. One was an aque- duct, distinguished for its grandeur and beauty ; another fora statue of Diana, the protectress; and to these were added statues of the twelve great gods, of so much excellence, that they were ascribed to Praxiteles; a group, consecrated to Jupiter Olym- pius, in which was a statue of that deity, with its face of gold and ivory, and the rest of the body of burnt earth. There were also a temple of Bacrlm-. and another of Venus ; a third of Ceres, a fourth of Apollo, a fifth of Diana, and a sixth of Minerva ; in which last was a statue of the goddess, the body of which was gilt, and the face, feet, and hands of ivory. There was, also, a chapel dedicated to the Night. Pausanias speaks, also, of several tombs ; especially those of Hyllus, Alcmenes, Therea, and Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons. In Wheler's time, Megara was TV collection of piti- ful cottages, whose walls were sometimes only the broken stones of her ruins, or clay dried in the sun, covered only with faggots ; and these again spread over with earth above them*. Chandler describes the site of Megara as covered with rubbish, amongst which were standing somo ruinous churches ; some pieces of ancient wall, on which a modern fortress has been erected. The vil- lage consisting of low, mean cottages, pleasantly situated on the slope of an eminence, indented in the RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 433 middle. Nearly the whole site of the ancient city he found green with corn, and marked by heaps of stones, and the rubbish of buildings. A few inscrip- tions, too, were seen : one of which relates to Herodes Atticus, signalising the gratitude of the Megareans, for his benefactions and good will. There was another on a stone : " This, too, is the work of the most magnificent Count Diogenes, the son of Arche- laus, ic ho, regarding the Grecian cities as his own family, has bestowed on that of the Megarensians 100 pieces of gold towards the fanlding of their towers; and also 150 more, with 2200 feet of marble, toward re-edifying the bath ; deeming nothing more honour- able than to do good to the Greeks, and to restore their cities." The person here signalised was one of the generals of the emperor Anastasius, who employed him on a rebellion in Isauria, A. D. 494. Wheler also gives an inscription in " honour of Callimachus, Scribe and Gymnasiarch," and several others. Dr. Clarke also saw one, setting forth that, " under the care of Julius, the proconsul, and the prcetorship of Aiscron, this (monument or statue) is raised by the Adrianidce to Adrian." Several other inscriptions have been found ; one in honour of the Empress Sabina ; and others in praise of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. There 13 another, too, in honour of a person, who had been several times conqueror in .almost all the public games in Greece and Italy. There was, also (formerly), another inscription, still more honourable. This was on the tomb of a person named Choreebus, in which was related, in elegiac verse, the history of his having devoted himself to death, in order to free his native country (Thebes) from the evils of a pestilence*. * This story is told at length in Statius's Thebaid. VOL. I. F P 434 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. The Earl of Sandwich mentions two statues of women, about eight feet high, without heads ; and having no attributes to show for -what they were designed. Clarke says, that Ionic and Doric capitals, some of whicli are of limestone, and others of marble, lie scattered among the ruins, and in the courts of some of the houses. He procured, also, a few frag- ments of terra-cotta, of a bright red hue, beautifully fluted. Chandler speaks of the remains of a temple of Minerva, near a large basin of water ; on the sides of which are the remains of a bath, remarkable for its size and ornaments, and for the number of its columns. The stone of Megara was of a kind unknown any where else in Hellas; very white, and consisting entirely of cockle shells ; which, not being hard, may be reckoned among the causes of the destruction of Megara. Another cause of destruction may be supposed to have originated in its locality ; it being the great road leading to and from the peninsula, as well as its immediate situation between the two powerful ene- mies, the Athenians and Corinthians, with whom the Megareans had frequent contests concerning the boundaries of their respective territories. If its situation, however, was the cause of its destruction, it was, also, the one great cause of its consequence*. ' Megara is well known from the following anec- dote. The city of Megara being taken by De- metrius, the soldiers demanded leave to plunder the inhabitants ; but the Athenians interceded for them so effectually, that the city was saved. Stilpon, a celebrated philosopher, lived in that city, and was visited by Demetrius, who asked him if he had * Dodwell. RTJINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 435 lost any thing ? " Nothing at all," replied Stilpou, " for I carry all my effects about me ;" meaning by that expression, his justice, probity, temperance, and wisdom ; with the advantage of not ranking any thing in the class of blessings that could be taken from him*. NO. LIII. MEMPHIS. THERE are said to be in Upper Egypt thirty-four temples, still in existence, and five palaces. The most ancient have been constructed chiefly of sand-stone, and a few with calcareous stone. Granite was only used in obelisks and colossal statues. After the seat of empire was removed to Memphis, granite was made use of. - Memphis, according to Herodotus, was built (eight generations after Thebes) by Menes ; but Diodorus attributes its origin to Uchoreus, one of the suc- cessors of Osymandyas, king of Thebes. To recon- cile this want of agreement, some authors ascribe the commencement to Menes, and its completion and aggrandisement to Uchoreus, who first made it a royal city. The occasion of its having been erected, is thus stated t : A king of Egypt having turned the course of the Nile, which diffused itself over the sands of Lybia, and the Delta being formed from the mud of its waters, canals were cut to drain Lower Egypt. The monarchs, who till then had resided at Thebes, removed nearer the mouth of the river, to enjoy an air more temperate, and be more ready to defend the entrance of their empire. They founded the city of Memphis, and eadeavoured to render it equal to the ancient capital; decorating it with many temples, among which that of Vulcan drew the attention of * Thucydides ; Pausanias ; Plutarch ; Rollin ; Wheler ; Chand- ler; Barthelemy; Dodwell. t Savary. F F2 436 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. travellers : its grandeur and sumptuousncss of rich ornaments, each excited admiration. Another temple beside the barren plain was dedicated to Scrapis, the principal entrance to which had a sphinx avenue. Egypt has always been oppressed with sands, which, accumulating here, half buried some of the sphinxes, and others up to the neck, in the time of Strabo : at present they have disappeared. To prevent this dis- aster, they built a large mound on the south side, which also served as a barrier against the inunda- tions of the river, and the encroachments of the enemy. The palace of the kings and a fortress built on the mountain, defended it on the west; the Nile on the east; and to the north were the lakes, beyond which were the plain of mummies, and the cause- way which led from Busiris to the great pyramids. Thus situated, Memphis commanded the valley of Egypt, and communicated by canals with the lakes Mosris and Mareotis. Its citizens might traverse the kingdom in boats ; and it therefore became the centre of wealth, commerce, and arts; where geometry, invented by the Egyptians, flourished. Hither the Greeks came to obtain knowledge, which, carrying into their own country, they brought to perfection. Thebes, and her hundred gates, lay for- gotten, and on the hill near Memphis, rose those proud monuments, those superb mausoleums, which alone, of all the Wonders of the World, have braved destructive time, and men still more destructive. Strabo says, that in this city there were many palaces, situated along the side of a hill, stretching down to lakes and groves, forty stadia from the city. " The principal deities of Memphis," says Mr. Wilkinson, ** were Pthah, Apis, and Butastis ; and the goddess Isis had a magnificent temple in this city, erected by Amasis, who also dedicated a recum- bent colossus, seventy-five feet long, in the temple of RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 437 Pthah or Vulcan. This last was said to have been founded by Menes, and was enlarged and beautified by succeeding monarchs. Moeris erected the northern vestibule ; and Sesostris, besides the colossal statues, made considerable additions with enormous blocks of stone, which he employed his prisoners of war to drag to the temple. Pheron, his son, also enriched it with suitable presents, on the recovery of his sight; and on the south of the temple of Palain, were added the sacred grove and chapel of Proteons. The western vestibule was the work of Rhampsinetus, who also erected two statues, twenty-five cubits in height ; and that on the east was Asychis. It was the largest and most magnificent of all these propyla, and ex- celled as well in the beauty of its sculpture as its dimensions. Several grand additions were afterwards made by Psamaticus, who, besides the southern ves- tibule, erected a large hypaethral court, where Apis was kept, when exhibited in public. It wae sur- rounded by a peristyle of figures, twelve cubits in height, which served instead of columns, and which were no doubt similar to those in the Memno- nium at Thebes." Diodorus and Strabo speak highly of its power and opulence : " Never was there a city," observes the former of these, " which received so many offer- ings in silver, gold, obelisks, and colossal statues." The first shock this city received was from the Persians*. Cambyses, having invaded Egypt, sent a herald to Memphis, to summon the inhabitants to surrender. The people, however, transported with rage, fell upon the herald, and tore him to pieces, and all that were with him. Cambyses, having soon after taken the place, fully revenged the indignity, causing ten times as many Egyptians of the prime Rollin. 438 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. nobility, as there had been of his people to be publicly executed. Among these was the ehli-st son of Psamiuenitua. As for the' king himself, C'ain- byses was inclined to treat him kindly. He not only spared his life, but appointed him an honourable maintenance. But the Egyptian monarch, little affected by this kind usage, did what ho could to raise new troubles and commotions, in order to recover his kingdom ; as a punishment for which he was made to drink bull's blood, and died immediately. His reign lasted but six months; after which all Egypt submitted to the conqueror. When the tyrant came back from Thebes, he dis- missed all the Greeks, and sent them to their respec- tive homes ; but on his return into the city, finding it full of rejoicing, he fell into a great rage, supposing all this to have been for the ill success of his expe- dition. He therefore called the magistrates before him, to know the meaning of these rejoicings ; and upon their telling him that it was because tney had found their god, Apis, he would not believe them ; but caused them to be put to death, as impostors, that insulted him in his misfortunes. And when he sent for the priests, who made him the same answer, he replied, that since their god was so kind and familiar as to appear among them, he would be acquainted with him, and therefore commanded him forthwith to be brought to him. But when, instead of a god he saw a calf, he was strangely astonished, and falling again into a rage, he drew out his dagger, and run it into the thigh of the beast ; and then upbraiding the priests for their stupidity in worshipping a brute for a god, ordered them to be severely whipped, and all the Egyptians in Memphis, that should be found celebrating the feast of Apis, to be slain. The god was carried back to the temple, where he languished for some time and then died. The RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 439 Egyptians say, that after this fact, which they reckon the highest instance of impiety that ever was com- mitted among them, Cambyses grew mad. But his actions show that he had been mad long before. The splendour of Upper Egypt terminated with the invasion of Cambyses. He carried with him not only conquest, but destruction. His warfare was not merely with the people, but with their palaces and temples. At a subsequent period, Memphis was taken by Alexander. The account we give of that event is from the same author*. As soon as Alexander had ended the siege of Gaza, he left a garrison there, and turned the whole power of his army towards Egypt. In seven days' march he arrived before Pelusium, whither a great number of Egyptians had assembled, with all imaginable diligence, to recognize him for their sovereign. The hatred these people bore to the Persians was so great, that they valued very little who should be their king, provided they could but meet with a hero, to rescue them from the inso- lence and indignity with which themselves, and those who professed their religion, were treated. Ochus had caused their god Apis to be murdered, in a manner highly injurious to themselves and their religion ; and the Persians, to whom he had left the government, continued to make the same mock of that deity. Thus several circumstances had rendered the Persians so odious, that upon Amyntas's coming a little before with a handful of men, he found them prepared to join, and assist him in expelling the Persians. This Amyntas had deserted from Alexander, and entered into the service of Darius. He had com- manded the Grecian forces at the battle of Issus ; and having fled into Syria, by the country lying * Rollin. 440 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. toward Tripoli, with four thousand mm, he had there seized upon as many vessels as hi- wanted, burned the rest, and immediately set sail toward- the island of Cyprus, and afterwards toward* IVlu- sium, which he took by surprise. As soon as he found himself possessed of this important city, he threw off the mask, and made public pretensions to the crown of Egypt ; declaring that tin- motive of his coming was to expel the .Persians. Upon this, a multitude of Egyptians, who wished for nothing so earnestly as to free themselves from these insup- portable tyrants, went over to him. lie then marched directly to Memphis, when, coming to a battle, he defeated the Persians, and shut them up in the city. But, after he had gained the victory, having neglected to keep his soldiers together, they straggled up and down in search of plunder, which the enemy seeing, they sallied out upon such as re- mained, and cut them to pieces, with Amyntas their leader. This event, so far from lessening the aver- sion the Egyptians had for the Persians, increased it still more ; so that the moment Alexander appeared upon the frontiers, the people, who were all disposed to receive that monarch, ran in crowds to submit to him. His arrival, at the head of a powerful army, presented them with a secure protection, which Amyntas could not afford them ; and, from this consideration, they all declared openly in his favour. Mazteus, who commanded in Memphis, finding it would be to no purpose for him to resist so trium- phant an army, since Darius, his sovereign, was not in a condition to succour him. set open the gates of the city to the conqueror, and gave up eight hundred talents, (about 140,000,) and all the king's furniture. Thus Alexander possessed himself of all Egypt, without the least opposition. On the founding of Alexandria by the Macedonian RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 441 conqueror, Memphis lost the honour of being the metropolis of E^ypt ; and its history became so ob- scure, that little knowledge of it is preserved in history. We must, therefore, now content ourselves with stating to what a condition it is now reduced. Of this celebrated city, which, according to Dio- dorus Siculus, was not less than seven leagues in circumference, and contained a multitude of beautiful temples, not one stone remains to tell the history ; even the site on which it stood being disputed. " Is it not astonishing," says Savary, " that the site of the ancient metropolis of Egypt, a city containing magnificent temples and palaces, which art laboured to render eternal, should at present be a subject of dispute among the learned ? Pliny removes the diffi- culty of past doubts the three grand pyramids, seen by the watermen from all parts, stand on a barren and rocky hill, between Memphis and Delta, one league from the Nile, two from Memphis, and near the village of Busiris." Rennell, however, says, that Memf is on the site of Memphis ; since Abulfeda describes it as being a short day's journey from Cairo : Memf being only fourteen road miles from that city. M. Maillet says, " The most probable opinion is, that this superb city was built at the entrance of the town of mummies, at the north of which the pyramids are placed : the prodigious ruins which present themselves in this spot will serve for along time as proofs of the greatness of that city, of which they are remains, and the incontestible evidences of its true position." Again, he says, that " out of so many superb monuments, &c., there remain only at present some shapeless ruins of broken columns of ruined obelisks, and some other buildings fallen to decay, which one still discovers at the bottom of the lake, when the increase of the Nile is too small to furnish it with its usual supply of water. This 442 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. circumstance has twice happened during my seventeen years' consulship, particularly in the year 1677, wlirn the surf ace of the lake sank betweeni'ijjht and nineiWt, and discovered at the bottom of this vast reservoir a kind of city, which excited the admiration of r\<-ry one. This lake can never be dried up, or drawn oft' again as before ; because they have neglected to keep up the canal which served to drain off the water. There are, also, some heaps of ruins in the plain of three leagues in width, that separates the northern from the southern pyramids, and in which this aiu-icnt city extended from the borders of the lake towards the Nile eastward. These are the faint traces of so much magnificence." Dr. Shaw is of opinion that Djizeh, or Giseh, now occupies the site of Memphis; and that tho city is entirely buried in soil. Other authorities, however, place it, and perhaps with greater pro- bability, near the village of Menshee or Dashoo. Norden says : " If we give credit to some authors, the city of Memphis was situated in the place where at present stands the village of Gize, and I own that this opinion does not want probability. But if we attend to it carefully, we shall find it necessary to strike off a great deal of grandeur of that ancient capital of Egypt, or else raise extremely all the plains about it. In effect, Gize does not occupy half the space of Old Cairo, and the plains that extend all round never fail to be delnged at the time of the overflowing of the waters of the Nile. It is incredible, that they should have built a city, so great and famous, in a place subject to be under water half of the year ; still less can it be imagined that the ancient authors have forgotten so particular a place." Mr. Browne says: " I visited the pleasant site of the ancient Memphis on the left bank of the Nile, about two hours to the south of Kahira, in a plain about RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 443 three miles broad, between the river and the moun- tains. The land is now laid down in corn, with date- trees toward the mountains. Nothing remains except heaps of rubbish, in which are found pieces of sculptured stone. The spot has been surrounded by a canal. Its extent might be marked by that of the ground where remains are dug up, and which is always overgrown with a kind of thistle, that seems to thrive among the ruins. None of the fine marbles, which are scattered so profusely at Alexandria, are discoverable here ; whether it be that they were never used, or were carried away to adorn other cities." * But though the site of the city is not abso- lutely known, certain it is, that many wonderful erections in its neighbourhood denote its former grandeur, power, and magnificence. These are the Catacombs, the Sphinx, the lake of Moeris, and the Pyramids. " The entrances into the Catacombs," says the Earl of Sandwich, " where the inhabitants of the neighbouring city of Memphis entombed their em- balmed bodies, are near the last Pyramid of Sakara. The greatest part of the plain of Sakara is hollowed into subterraneous cavities, all cut out of the solid rock ; not of a hard nature, but yielding to the least violence. The entrances are many in number ; and are in form a square of three feet, and about twenty feet deep. The vaults contain embalmed bodies, scattered in confusion, and many of them broken in pieces. These have been taken out of their chests or coffins ; and after having been ransacked in search of any idol of value, which are frequently found within the bodies, thrown aside by persons, who would not be at the trouble of carrying them away. The farther the recesses are penetrated, how- * Alexandria may be supposed to have been partly built \rith its ruins. 444 itnxs OF ANCIENT en over, the bodies arc much more cut in-, ami every- thing less disturbed. These subterraneous pa are divided into many different chambers ; in the sides of which are to be seen a multitude of perpen- dicular niches, of sufficient height to contain the bodies upright." A little to the east of the second pyramid, is the SPHINX, cut out of the same rock upon which the pyramids are built. The length is about twenty - five feet ; and its height, from the knees to the top of the hand, thirty-eight feet. " The sphinx," says Mr. Wilkinson, " stands nearly opposite the south end of the pyramid Cephren : between its paws were discovered an altar and some tablets ; but no entrance was visible. Pliny says, they suppose it the tomb of Amasis ; a tradition which arose, no doubt, from the resem- blance of the name of the king, by whose order the rock was cut into this form. But one author has gone farther, and given to Amasis the pyramids them- selves. The cap of the sphinx, probably the pshent, has long since been removed ; but a cavity in the head, attests its former position, and explains the mode in which it was fixed. The mutilated state of the face, and the absence of the nose, have led many to the erroneous conclusion, that the features were African ; but by taking an accurate sketch of the face, and restoring the Egyptian nose, any one may convince himself, that the lips, as well as the rest of the features, perfectly agree with the phy- siognomy of a Pharaoh ; for the reader must be aware, that this, and all other sphinxes, are emble- inatic- representations of Egyptian kings." Between the paws of the sphinx, a perfect tem- ple was discovered, a few years ago, by the intrepid traveller Belzoni, on clearing away the sand by which it had been choked up for ages. RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 445 This figure was*, a few years ago, at an expense of 800 or 900^. (contributed by some European gentle- men,) cleared from the sand which had accumulated in front of it, under the superintendence of Captain Caviglia. The noblest and most wonderful of all the struc- turest or works of the kings of Egypt, was the lake of Moeris ; accordingly, Herodotus considers it as vastly superior to the pyramids and labyrinth. As Egypt was more or less fruitful in proportion to the inundations of the Nile ; and as, in these floods, the first general flow or ebb of the waters were equally fertile to the land ; King Moeris, to prevent these two inconveniences, and correct, as far as lay in his power, the irregularities of the Nile, thought proper to call art to the assistance of nature ; and so caused the lake to be dug, which afterwards went by his name. This lake was several thousand paces long, and very deep. Two pyramids, on each of which stood a colossal statue, seated on a throne, raised their heads to the height of three hundred feet, in the midst of the lake, whilst their foundations took up the same space under the waters ; a proof that they were erected before the cavity was filled ; and a demonstration that a lake of such vast ex- tent, was the work of man's hands, in one prince's reign. This is what several historians have related concerning the Lake Mceris, on the testimony of the inhabitants of the country. This lake had a com- munication with the Nile, by a great canal, four leagues long, and fifty feet broad. Great sluices either opened or shut the canal and lake, as there was occasion. When it is considered, that the object of this work was the advantage and comfort of a numerous people, all must agree, with M. Savary, that Mceris, Malte-Brun. f Kollin. 446 RUINS OP ANCIENT CIT1I -. who constructed it, perfonm <1 a far more glorious work than either tlu> l;t)>yrinth or the pyramids. At present, this lake is of a much smaller extent : but this by no means proves that Herodotus and other writers were deceived in their calculations ; for, considering the revolutions to which Egypt has been subject for a series of two thousand years, it might have undergone still greater changes. For the period of nearly one thousand two hun- dred years, since which Egypt has fallen into the hands of barbarous nations, they have either de- stroyed, or suffered to perish, the chief part of this lake, and the canal belonging to it. The Moercotis is dried up, the canal of Alexandria is no longer navigable, and the Moeris is only fifty leagues in circumference. " If," says an enlightened writer, *' the Canal of Joseph was cleared out, where the mud is raised up to a vast height ; if the ancient dykes were re-established ; and the sluices of the canals of Tamich and Bouch restored ; Lake Moeris would still serve the same purposes. It would pre- vent the devastation of the too great swellings of the rivers, and supply the deficiency of those that are inadequate. We should see it, as on former occa- sions, extending itself from Nesle and Arsinoe, to the Lybian mountains, and offering to astonished travellers what is no where else to be seen ; a sea formed by the hand of man." The annihilation of Memphian palaces and temples indeed is almost compensated by the existence of the pyramids, which alone are sufficient to engage the attention of mankind. The three largest are situated at Gees, or Ghcsa, and named from their founders, CHEOPS, CHEPHREN, and MVCERINES; of these only we shall speak. 1. That of CHEOPS, the largest, is four hundred and forty-eight feet in height, and seven hundred RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 447 and twenty-eight on each side of the base : that is, forty feet higher than St. Peter's, at Rome; and one hundred and thirty-three feet higher than St. Paul's, in London. This pyramid, like the rest, was built on a rock, having a square base, cut on the outside as so many steps, and decreasing gradually quite to the summit. It was built with stones of a prodigious size, the least of which were thirty feet, wrought with wonderful art, and covered with hieroglyphics. According to several ancient authors, each side was eight hundred feet broad, and as many high. The summit of the pyramids, which, to those who viewed it from below, seemed a point, was a fine platform, composed of ten or twelve massy stones, and each side of that platform sixteen or eighteen feet long. It is also remarkable that the four sides of this, and indeed of all the pyramids, face the cardinal points. The inside contained numberless rooms and apartments. There were expressed on the pyramid, in Egyptian characters, the sums it cost only in garlic, leeks, onions, and the like, for the workmen ; and the whole amounted to sixteen hundred talents of silver ; from whence it was easy to conjecture what a vast sum the whole must have amounted to. Herodotus ascribes this pyramid to Cheops, a tyran- nical and profligate sovereign. He barred the avenues to every temple, and forbade the Egyptians to offer sacrifice to their gods ; after which he compelled the people at large to perform the work of slaves. Some he condemned to hew stones out of the Arabian mountains, and drag them to the banks of the Nile ; others were stationed to receive the same in vessels, and transport them to the edge of the Libyan Desert. In this service a hundred thousand men were em- ployed, who were relieved every three months. Ten 448 RUINS OP ANCIENT CIT1I.-. years were spent in the hard labour of forming the road on which these stones were to be drawn, a work of no less difficulty and fatigue than tin- trr- tion of the pyramid itself. This causeway is five stadia in length, forty cubits wide, and its grrutot height thirty-two cubits; the whole being composed of polished marble, adorned with the figures of ani- mals. Ten years were consumed in forming this pavement, in preparing the hill on which the pyra- mids are raised, and in excavating chambers under the ground. The burial-place which he intended for himself, he contrived to insulate within the building, by introducing the waters of the Nile. The pyramid itself was a work of twenty years ; it is of a square form, every side being eight plethra in length and as many in height. The stones are very skilfully cemented, and none of them of less dimensions than thirty feet. Such is the account of Herodotus. Pliny and Diodorus Siculus agree in stating that not less than three hundred and sixty thousand men were employed in the work *. The London and Birmingham Railway is unquestionably the greatest public work ever executed, either in ancient or modern times. If we estimate its importance by the labour alone which has been expended on it, perhaps the Great Chinese Wall might com- pete with it ; but when we consider the immense outlay of capital which it has required, the great and varied talents which have been in a constant state of requisition during the whole of its pro- gress, together with the unprecedented engineering difficulties, which we are happy to say are now overcome, the gigantic work of the Chinese sinks totally into the shade. It may be arousing to some readers, who arc unacquainted with the magnitude of such an undertaking as the London and Binning, ham Railway, if we give one or two illustrations of the above asser- tion. The great pyramid of Egypt, that stupendous monument which seems likely to exist to the end of all time, will afford a com- parison. After making the necessary allowances for the foundations, galleries, &c., and reducing the whole to one uniform denomina- tion, it will be found that the labour expended on the great pyramid RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 449 The pyramid next in size was erected by Cephrenus, and is thence called CEPHREN : he was the son of Cheops. These two princes, who were truly brothers by the similitude of their manners, seem to have striven which of them should distinguish himself most, by a barefaced impiety towards the gods, and a barbarous inhumanity to men. Cheops reigned fifty years, and his son Cephrenus fifty- six years after him. They kept the temples shut during the whole time of their long reigns, and forbade the offering of sacrifices under the severest was equivalent to lifting fifteen thousand seven hundred and thirty - three million cubic feet of stone one foot high. This labour was performed, according to Diodorus Siculusby three hundred thousand, to Herodotus by one hundred thousand men, and it required for its execution twenty years. If we reduce in the same manner the labour, expended in con- structing the London and Birmingham Railway, to one common denomination, the result is twenty-five thousand million cubic feet of material (reduced to the same weight a* that used in constructing the pyramidj lifted one foot high, or nine thousand two hundred and sixty-seven million cubic feet more than was lifted one foot high in the construction of the pyramid ; yet this immense undertaking has been performed by about twenty thousand men in less than five years. From the above calculation have been omitted al! the tunnelling, culverts, drains, ballasting, and fencing, and all the heavy work at the various stations, and also the labour expended on engines, car- riages, wagons, &c. These are set off against the labour of drawing the materials of the pyramid from the quarries to the spot whero they were to be used a much larger allowance than is necessary. As another means of comparison, let us take the cost of the railway and turn it into pence, and allowing each penny to lie one inch and thirty-four hundtedths wide, it will be found that these pence laid together, so that they all touch, would more than forma continuous band round the earth at the equator. As a third mode of viewing the magnitude of this work, let us take the circumference of the earth in round numbers at one hundred and thirty million feet. Then, as there are about four hundred million cubic feet of earth to be moved in the railway, we see that this quantity of material alone, without looking to any thing else, would, if spread in a band one foot high and one foot broad, more than three times encompass the earth at the equator. LECOUST. VOL. I. G Q 450 IU INS OF ANCIENT CIT penalties. On the other hand, they oppressed their subjects, by employing them in the most grievous and useless works ; and sacrificed the lives of number- less multitudes of mm, merely to gratify a senseless ambition of immortalising their names by edifices of an enormous magnitude and a boundless expense. It is remarkable, that those stately pyramids which have so long been the admiration of the whole world, were the effect of the irreligion and merciless cruelty of those princes. The magnificent prospect from the top of this pyra- mid has been described by the French traveller, Savary, who visited Egypt in 1770, in glowing terms. A ftcr occupying seven hours in ascending to its summit, " the morning light," says he, " discovered to us every moment new beauties: the tops of gilded minaret <, and of date-tree and citron groves, planted round the villages and hills ; anon the Jierds left the hamlets ; the boats spread their light sails, and our eyes followed them along the vast windings of the Nile. On the north appeared sterile hills and barren sands ; onthe south, the river and waving fields, vast as the ocean ; to the west, the plain of Fayum, famous for its roses : to the east, the picturesque town of Gizeh, and the towers of Fostat, the minarets of Cairo, and the castle of Saladin, terminated the prospect. Seated on the most wonderful of the works of man, as upon a throne, our eyes beheld by turns a dreadful desert ; rich plains in which the Elysian fields had been ima- gined ; villages ; a majestic river ; and edifices which seemed the work of giants. The universe contains no landscape more variegated, more magnificent, or more awful." The ancients knew little of the interior structure of these giant piles.* Herodotus, who lived 445 years before Christ, merely speaks of an entrance * Saturday Mgin+, RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 451 leading to the interior, by hearsay from the priests, who informed him that there were secret vaults be- neath, hewn out of the natural rock. Strabo, who lived after the Christian era, only describes a single slanting passage which led to a chamber in which was a stone tomb. Diodorus Siculus, who lived forty-four years before Christ, agrees with this ; and Pliny, who lived A. D. 66, adds, that there was a well in the Great Pyramid, eighty cubits deep. This is all the ancients have said about the in- terior. " The Egyptian priests, indeed, assured Aristides, a Greek traveller about two centuries before Christ, that ' the excavations beneath were as great as the height above.' And Ebn Abd Alkokim, an Arabic writer of the ninth century, says, that the builders 1 constructed numerous excavated chambers, with gates to them, forty cubits under ground.' Other Arabian writers say, that these chambers contain chests of black stone, in which were deposited the sacred archives of king Saurid, who built the pyra- mid. Many discoveries (perhaps a burial-place under ground) obviously remain to be made. " The same Arab historian, Alkokim, gives an ac- count of the opening of this building under the Caliphate, from which time it has remained in the condition seen and described by all modern travellers, to the time of the Italian traveller Caviglia, who made a discovery of a new chamber and passages about ten years ago. ' After that, Almamon the Caliph (A.D. 820) entered Egypt, and saw the Pyra- mids: he desired to know what was within, and therefore would have them opened. He was told it could not possibly be done. He replied, I will have it certainly done. And that hole was opened for him, which stands open to this day, with fire and vinegar. Two smiths prepared and sharpened the G G 2 42 RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. iron and engines, which they forced in : and there was a great expense in the ojM-nin^ it ; and the thick- ness of the wall was found to In- twenty cubits. "Within they found a square well, and in the square of it there were doors : every door of it opened into a house (or vault), in which there were dead bodies wrapped up in linen. Towards the upper part of the pyramid, they found a chamber, in which was a hollow stone ; in it was a statue of stone, like a man, and within it a man, upon whom was a brca-t- plate of gold, set with jewels, and on him were written characters with a pen, which no man can explain.' " Greaves, an Englishman, who visited the Great Pyramid in 1648, described the passages thus open- ed, and then open, very accurately, and suspected that at the bottom of a well in the pyramid was the passage to those secret vaults mentioned by Herodotus ; but he made no new discovery. Davi- son, who visited it in the middle of the eighteenth century, discovered some secret chambers and pas- sages connecting the largest gallery with the central room, and an apartment four feet high over it. He descended the well 155 feet, but found farther pro- gress blocked up. Caviglia was the first to discover the above suspected passage. After much trouble in clearing the narrow opening at the end of the first or entrance gallery of the pyramid, he found that it did not terminate at that point, as hitherto supposed, but proceeded downwards to the distance of two hundred feet. It ended in a doorway on the right, which was found to communicate with the bottom of the well. But the new passage did not terminate here : it went beyond the doorway twenty-three feet, and then took a horizontal direction for twenty- eight more, where it opened into a spacious cham- ber immediately under the central room. " This new chamber is twenty-seven feet broad, and RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 453 sixty-six feet long. The floor is irregular ; nearly one half of the length from the eastern, or entrance end, being level, and about fifteen feet from the ceiling ; while, in the middle, it descends five feet lower, in which part there is a hollow space bearing all the appearance of the commencement of a well, or shaft. From thence it rises to the western end, so that there is scarcely room between the floor and the ceiling to stand upright. " On the south of this chamber is a passage hol- lowed out, just high and wide enough for a man to creep along upon his hands and knees, which con- tinues in the rock for fifty-five feet, and then sud- denly ends. Another at the east end commences with a kind of arch, and runs about forty feet into the solid body of the pyramid. Mr. Salt, the late intelligent British Consul to Egypt, was so struck by this discovery, as to ex- press his belief that the under-ground rooms were used for ' the performance of solemn and secret mysteries.' " As to the second pyramid of Gizeh, the ancient* knew less about it than they did of the first. Hero- dotus says it has no under-ground chambers, and the other ancient authorities are silent. But the enterprising Belzoni found its entrance, in the north front, in 1818, and discovered, at the same time, that it had been previously forced open by the Arabian Caliph, Ali Mehemet, A. D. 78;?, more than a thou- sand years before. After forcing an entrance, and advancing along a narrow passage, one hundred feet long, he found a central chamber, forty-six feet long by sixteen wide, and twenty-three high, cut out of the solid rock. It contained a granite sarcophagus, (a tomb,) half sunk in the floor, with some bones in it, which, on inspection by Sir Everard Home, proved to be those of a cow. An Arabic inscription on the 454 RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. walls implies that it had been opened in the presence of the Snltan AH Mehemet*." This pyramid was, as has Ixvu ulrcadv said, openr]>< ning feet high, an. it in supe- rior to them in the costliness of the materials and excellence of the workmanship." Of Mycerinus historians write in the following manner : lie was the son of Cheopa, but of a cha- racter opposite to that of his father. So far from walking in his steps, he detested his conduct, and pursued quite different measures. He again opened the temples of the gods, restored the sacrifices, did all that lay in his power to comfort his subjects, and make them forget their past miseries ; and believed himself set over them for no other purpose but to exercise justice, and to make them taste all the bless- ings of an equitable and peaceful administration. Mr heard their complaints, dried their tears, eased their ' Mouthljr Magazine. OP ANCIENT CITIES. 459 misery, and thought himself not so much the master as the father of his people. This procured him the love of them all. Egypt resounded with his praises, and his name commanded veneration in all places. "Men," sajfs one writer, ''have very justly reckoned these prodigious masses of earth and stone among the "wonders of the world ; nevertheless their use appears to us very trivial, or is unknown. The Egyptians seem to have been more desirous of exciting wonder, than of communicating instruction." " The most probable opinion respecting the object of these vast edifices," says another writer, " is that which com- bines the double use of the sepulchre and the temple, nothing being more common in all nations than to bury distinguished men in places consecrated by the rites of divine worship. If Cheops, Suphis, or whoever else was the founder of the Great Pyramid, intended it only for his iomb, what occasion, says Dr. Shaw, for such a narrow sloping entrance into it, or for the well, as it is called, at the bottom ; or for the lower chamber with a large niche or hole in the eastern wall of it; or for the long narrow cavities in the sides of the large upper room, which likewise is incrusted all over with the finest marble; or for the two ante- chambers and the lofty gallery, with benches on each side, that introduce us into it ? As the whole of the Egyptian theology was clothed in mysterious emblems and figures, it seems reasonable to suppose that all these turnings, apartments, and secrets in architecture, were intended for some nobler purpose ; for the catacombs or burying-places are plain vaulted chambers hewn out of the natural rock; and the deity rather, which was typified in the outward form of this pile, was to be worshipped within." *' If thoughtlessness should condemn the im- 460 1!I INS OP ANCIENT CM mense and apparently u-ele<> labours of ancient pt," says a third, " so are they easily condemned, under the use of the ever-acceptable term tyranny, the ever-ready word of him wh<> almses all tin- ] which he can command. Yet he who would eat must labour: it is the unvarying law, not of Cl alone, but of human society ; the bond by which it is held together. The soil of Egypt was the possession of its singular government, and the labour of tho people was the only manner in which they could demand or acquire a share of the produce : it was the only mode in which they ought to have possessed their portions. There is reason to believe that the soil had appropriated all the labour applicable- to it ; and commercial industry, as it then was, had pro- bably done the same. An artificial invention to occupy labour became, therefore, imperiously neces- sary ; and through this was Egypt peopled to an extent which seems to have been very ureat. The bearing of this fact on other cases, when 1 , under a general law pervading all creation, conditions of labour have been attached to possession, must be obvious ; and though tyranny had been the imme- diate cause, even thus does the Deity often direct the wickedness of man to his own good ends." " I should, however," says a fourth, (Manpertuis,) "havebeen much better pleased had the kings of Egypt employed the millions of men who reared these pyra- mids in the air, in digging cavities in the earth of a depth answerable to the marvellous we find in the works of those princes." " There have been many opinions expressed by learned men as to the object of these structures," says a fifth. One is, that they were the granaries of Joseph. This may be confuted by the sinallness of the rooms, and the time required in building. Another, that they were RUINS OF ANCIENT CITIES. 461 observatories; which is accusing the builders of great absurdity, since the neighbouring rocks were better calculated for the purpose. The Arabians generally think that they were built by king Saurid, before the Deluge, as a refuge for himself and the public records from the Flood ; but this opinion requires no answer. Josephus, the Jewish historian, who wrote A. D. 71, ascribes them to his countrymen, during the captivity in Egypt. As sun-dials, they would have failed. Shaw and Bryant, who wrote in the middle of the last century, believed them to be temples, and the stone chest, a tank for holding water used for purification. ,Pauw, who lived at the same time with Shaw and Bryant, considers the Great Pyramid as the tomb of Osiris ; and that Osiris having fourteen tombs for various parts of his dis- membered body, fourteen pyramids must have been devoted to them, and the annual funeral mysteries connected with his death and resurrection. But the greater number of writers, ancient and modern, be- lieve it to be the tomb of Cheops, the alleged builder. Improving on this notion, Maillet (1760) supposed that the chambers were built for the purpose of shut- ting up the friends of the deceased king with the dead body ; and that the holes on each side of the central chamber of the Great Pyramid were the means by which they were to be supplied with food, &c : an opinion which would have appeared sufficiently ludicrous, if it had not been exceeded by that ex- pressed by an old Moulah to Buonaparte, when in Egypt (1799), that the object was to keep the buried body undecayed, by closely sealing up all access to the outward air. Another ingenious theory ascribes them to the shepherd kings, a foreign pas- toral nation which oppressed Egypt in the early times of the Pharaohs. However, this is, after all, but con 462 KT INS OP ANCIENT CITIES. jecture. The utmost uncertainty exist* in all that concerns these gigantic, unwieldy, ami mysterious buildings. Their builders, orighl, date, and pur- poses, are entirely lost in the night of ages. As the sides of all the pyramids face the cardinal points, and of course gire the true meridian of the places win IB they are situated, it would seem that their builders had made some progress in scicntijic know- ledge ; and the buildings themselves, under all cir- cumstances, notwithstanding their plain exterior, clearly show the advanced state of art in those very early times. When the traveller approaches * those vast monu- ments of human labour, the imagination seems to burst, as it were, the bands of ages, and the mind appears as if it had lived a thousand years. When the French were at Thebes, the whole army stopped among the ruins, and clapped their hands with delight: and when Buonaparte was about to engage the Mame- lukes, who were advancing with loud cries, superbly accoutred, he called out to his army, " Behold ! Yonder are the Pyramids; the most ancient of the works of men. From the summits of those monu- ments forty ages are now beholding us.". The bat- tle which ensued laid all Egypt at the feet of the French general. We shall finish this account by selecting a passage from Rollin : " Such were the famous Egyptian Pyramids, which, by their figure as well as size, have triumphed over the injuries of time and the barbarians. But what efforts soever men may make, their nothingness will always appear. These pyra- mids were tombs ; and there is still to be seen in the middle of the largest, an empty sepulchre, cut out of one entire stone, about three feet deep and broad, and * Harmonic* of Nature.* RUINS OP ANCIENT CITIES. 463 a little above six feet long *. Thus all this bustle, all this expense, and all the labours of so many thousand men, ended in procuring a prince, in this vast and almost boundless pile of building, a little vault six feet in length. Besides, the kings who built these pyramids had it not in their power to be buried in them, and so did not enjoy the sepulchre they had built. The public hatred which they in- curred, by reason of their unheard-of cruelties to their subjects, in laying such heavy tasks upon them, occasioned their being interred in some obscure place, to prevent their bodies from being exposed to the fury and vengeance of the populace. " This last circumstance, which historians have taken particular notice of, teaches us what judgment we ought to pass on these edifices, so much boasted of by the ancients. It is but just to remark and esteem the noble genius which the Egyptians had for archi- tecture ; a genius that prompted them from the earliest times, and before they could have any models to imitate, to aim in all things at the grand and magnificent, and to be intent on real beauties, with- out deviating in the least from a noble simplicity, in which the highest perfection of the art consists. But what idea ought we to form of those princes, who considered as something grand, the raising, by a mul- titude of hands and by the help of money, immense structures, with the sole view of rendering their names immortal, and who did not scruple to destroy thousands of their subjects to satisfy their vain-glory! They differed very much from the Romans, who sought to immortalise themselves by works of a magnificent kind, but, at the same time, of public utility. " Pliny gives us, in few words, a just idea of these pyramids, when he calls them a foolish and useless Strabo mentions the sepulchre, lib. xvii. p. b08. 4f>4 IM INS MI- \N( ir.vr en ; ostentation of tin- wraith of tin- K^yptian kings Rtguin 1',-i'itn'nr utioxti ,tf nt/tlta vstrtitiith, anl adds, that, l>y a just punishment, their memory is buried in oblivion."* Herodotus; Diodorus ; Stial><> ; 1'linv ; Plutarch; Ani.m; Quintui Ctirtius ; Rollin ; Mnupcrtuit ; Montague; Maillot; Pocockc; Shaw; Savary ; Nonlcn ; Sandwich; Browne; Dcnon ; Bclzoni ; Salt ; Clarke ; Wilkinson ; Lccouut. END OF VOL. I- LONDON t imAPBUMY AND KVANS, PRINTBM, WHfTgriUAR*. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which It was borrowed. HK20CT 12 1000 Un