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[Croicn Coptjiight Ecserved. 
 
 THE 
 
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 AND GERMANY 
 
 DUEING THE riEST EIGHT AlONTHS OF THE WAE. 
 
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-^/:, /.r 
 "4^^'' 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Seotiox 1 — Introduction. 
 
 The evidence upon which this paper is based — The most important 
 documents relating to the treatment of prisoners of war — the 
 reliability of the evidence — In Germany different conditions 
 prevail in different camps — TliC prevailing treatment is not in 
 accord with International Law, or the principles of humanity — 
 Certain features of the camp have been concealed from visitors 
 — The treatment of British prisoners of war has been deliber- 
 ately made harsher than that of the allies. 
 
 Section 2. — The treatment by Germany of captured soldiers after 
 capture, and before internment. 
 
 Section 3. — The treatment of officers during internment. 
 
 (i) Pay. 
 
 (ii) Quarters, 
 
 (iii) Food, 
 
 (iv) Clothing. 
 
 Section 4. — The treatment of men during internment. 
 
 (i) Quarters. 
 (ii*) Food, 
 (iii) Clothing. 
 
 Section 5. — Matters ^fj.cciirvgthe'g'erC^ral v:dfare of prisoners. 
 
 (i) Medical attendance. 
 
 {ii) Postal facilities, 
 (iii) Money and gifts. 
 (iv) Occupations and recreation. 
 
 Section 6. — Conclusion. 
 
 Recapitulation — The good offices of the United States — A contrast). 
 
 l^TUJGl) Wt. 7*^6-4654 20M 6/15 H & S Gp. 5 
 
THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OF 
 WAR IN ENGLAND AND GERMANY 
 DURING THE FIRST EIGHT MONTHS 
 OF THE WAR. 
 
 Section I.— INTEODUCTION. 
 
 The evidence vpun ivhicJi this paper is based. — The evidence upon 
 which the facts contained in this paper are based is contained in a 
 recently published Parliamentary Paper (Miscellaneous No. 7, 1915, 
 cd. 7817).* The principal rules of International Law which relate 
 to the treatment of prisoners of war are to be found in the annex to 
 the Convention concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 
 which was signed at the Hague on October 18th, 1907, and to which 
 both Great Britain and Germany are parties.! No reference has 
 been made to the many letters and accounts describing the con- 
 ditions of internment camps in Germany, which have been pub- 
 lished in the press of all countries. It is certain that many of theru 
 are authentic, and that many of the terrible charges contained in 
 them must be true. But as it is impossible to select from these 
 accounts only such as are reliable, no charges are here made and 
 no facts are stated which cannot be found in the Parliamentary 
 Paper. 
 
 The most important documents relating to the treatment of 
 prisoners of war. — That Paper consists of correspondence between 
 the British Government and the United States Ambassador in 
 London concerning the treatment of prisoners of war and interned 
 civilians in Great Britain and Germany- respectively. It is, of 
 •course, an official publication of the British Government, and all 
 allegations made in it have been properly verified. It deals with a 
 variety of matters connected with prisoners of war; but the most 
 important documents relating to their actual treatment and con- 
 dition are the following : — 
 
 (fl) Relating to German "prisoners interned in Great Britain. 
 
 1. A despatch of Sir E. Grey to Mr. Page (the United States 
 
 Ambassador in London) dated September 24th, 1914. J 
 
 2. A despatch of Sir E. Grey to Mr. Page, dated October 1st, 
 
 1914. § 
 
 3. A despatch of Sir E. Grey to Mr. Page, dated December 2ud, 
 
 1914.11 
 
 * Referred to in this paper as " P.P." 
 t Referred to in this paper as "The ITafjne Re!:;iilatioiis." 
 + P.P. No. 9, p. 4. § P.P. No": 11, p. G. 
 
 Jl P.P. No. 32, p. -21. 
 
 (B 12G1) A 2 
 
 306995 
 
4. A similar despatch of December 14th, 1914, enclosing a detailed 
 
 memorandum upon the treatment of prisoners of war and. 
 interned civilians in Great Britain.* 
 
 5. A report made by Mr. Chandler Hale, of the United States 
 
 Embassy, from observations made by him at the camp in the 
 Isle of Man. f 
 
 6. A further memorandum communicated by the British Foreign 
 
 Office to Mr. Page on February 3rd, 1915. t 
 
 (h) Kelating to British prisoners interned in Germany. 
 
 1. A despatch of Mr. Gerard (the United States Ambassador at 
 
 Berlin) to Mr. Page, dated October 2nd, 1914. § 
 
 2. A report made by the American Consul-General at Berlin from 
 
 observations made on October 15-17, 1914. || 
 
 3. A memorandum issued by the German Government during 
 
 October, 1914, concerning the treatment of prisoners of war.H 
 
 4. A despatch from the American Consul at Leipzig, dated the 
 
 16th November, 1914.** 
 
 5. A statement made by a Russian medical officer at the British 
 
 Embassy at Petrograd on the 8th December, 1914. if 
 
 6. A report made by Major Vandeleur of the 1st Cameronians 
 
 (Scottish Riflesj, attached to the Cheshire Eegiment, in 
 December, 1914.^1 
 
 7. A statement made by an American citizen living at Havre on 
 
 the 20th December, 1914. § § 
 
 8. An article by an American citizen. |||| 
 
 9. A report by a French priest. IfH 
 
 10. A letter communicated by the Speaker of the House of 
 Commons.*** 
 
 11. A letter communicated by Lord R. Cecil.f ff 
 
 12. A statement by Surgeon-General Zviargintsef to the British 
 Ambassador at Petrograd, on the 17th December, 1914. jt + 
 
 13. An account furnished by a prisoner at Ruhleben, and dated 
 the 29th December, 1914.§§§ 
 
 14. A despatch of Mr. Gerard to Mr. Page, dated the 23rd 
 January, 1915.|1|!|| 
 
 15. A German memorandum concerning the conditions prevailing- 
 at Euhleben, dated the 16th February, 1915.^1111 
 
 16. A despatch of Mr. Gerard to Mr. Page, dated the 23r(i 
 February, 1915.**** 
 
 * P.P. No. 36, p. 22 and end. p. 23. t P.P. No. 47, p. 36. 
 
 I P.P. No. 75 and end. p. 54. § P.P. No. 15, end. p. 8. 
 
 II P.P. No. 20, end. 1, 2, 3, p. 11. 1 P.P. No. 20, end. 4, p. 14. 
 ** P.P. No. 30, end. p. 19. +t P.P. No. 39, end. p. 26. 
 
 + + P.P. No. 44, end. 1, 2, p. 30. §§ P.P. No. 44, end. 3, p. 34. 
 
 III! P.P. No. 44, end. 4, p. 34. %1 P.P. No. 44, p. 29. 
 
 **-^ P.P. No. 44, p. 29. +t+ P.P. No. 44, p. 29. 
 
 + 1+ P.P. No. 54, p. 40. §§§ P.P. No. 63, end. 1, 2, p. 46. 
 
 Illlll P.P. No. 69, end. p. 50. "T^TT P.P. No. 93, end. 2, p. 63. 
 **** P.P. No. 95, end. p. 65. 
 
17. A German memorandum concerning the principles observed 
 in the treatment of prisoners of war, dated the 28th February, 
 1915.* 
 
 18. A statement by Messrs. Bradshavv and Coyne to the British 
 Home Otlice on the 18th March, 1915. f 
 
 It will be seen that the evidence all relates to the period between 
 the outbreak of war and iNIarch of the present year. 
 
 The reliability of the evidence. — A very large part of this evidence 
 has been supplied by officers of the United States Diplomatic Service, 
 who have done so much to improve the lot of prisoners of war in 
 •Germany, and whose accuracy and veracity are above question. The 
 remaining reports and statements are either official publications of 
 the respective Governments, or records made by persons whose 
 testimony is entitled to be respected and believed. 
 
 Different conditions prevail in different camps. — The evidence 
 reveals that in Germany different conditions have prevailed in the 
 different internment camps. I For instance, at the camp at Merseburg, 
 near Leipzig, the treatment of prisoners was reported to be satis- 
 factory. The American Consul at Leipzig, writing on the 16th 
 November, 1914, said: " The result of my observation regarding the 
 welfare and humane treatment of the prisoners at large was a 
 surprise to me."§ There were, however, very few British 
 prisoners at this camp.]] At Altdamm, near Stettin, the treat- 
 sxient of the prisoners, of whom GOO were British, appeared to the 
 American Consul at Stettin to be satisfactory on the whole. Writing 
 on the 31st December, 1914, he reported as follows :. — 11 
 
 " I was permitted to converse freely with the British soldiers and 
 spoke to a number of them. Upon the whole they had little 
 to complain of, and agreed that the treatment received was as 
 good as could be expected. The following complaints were 
 made, however: — 
 "" Several prisoners stated that some of the men composing the 
 guards (Landsturm) were at times unnecessarily rough. One 
 British sergeant said that on one occasion he was knocked 
 down by one of the guards. The officers, on the other hand, 
 treat the prisoners with consideration. 
 Several prisoners said that the food was insufficient as to 
 quantity. 
 " Complaint was made that the men had only one blanket each. 
 ^' Others complained that they had only one suit of underwear. 
 " Others mentioned that a bread bag should be given them in 
 which to keep the loaf of bread which is issued them. 
 
 * P.P. No. 108, eucl. 3, p. 79. 
 
 f P.P. No. 109, p. 81. 
 
 I cp. P.P. No. 44, end. 3, p. 34, and Major Vandeleur's notes, P.P. No. 44, 
 end. 2, p. 33. The variation is probably clue to the fact that camp conimauders 
 liave a discretion in the settlement of details. 
 
 § P.P. No. 30, end. p. 19. 
 
 |] ib., " Of the 10,000 prisoners interned, about 7,000 are Frenchmen, the 
 remainder being Russians, British, Bedouins, and negroes." 
 
 f P.P. No. 58, end. 2, p. 42. 
 
 (B 1201) A 3 
 
6 
 
 f 
 " It appears to me that every effort is be'ng made to treat the 
 prisonei's of war as humanely as possible in the two camps I 
 visited. Dry and warm shelter is provided, the food is simple 
 and perhaps monotonous, but of good material and well pre- 
 pared, sanitary arrangements are good, and the health of the 
 men is carefully looked after. 
 " The officers in charge of the camps were most courteous and 
 
 offered me every opportunity for a thorough inspection." 
 But the conditions at the camps at Merseburg and Altdamm do. 
 not appear to be typical of the prevailing conditions, at least where 
 British prisoners are concerned. As early as the 2nd October the 
 United States Ambassador at Berlin wrote that the care of Britisli 
 prisoners of war " is a matter which requires the immediate atten- 
 tion of the British Government."* 
 
 The United States Consul-General at Berlin heard on the 16th 
 October that information regarding the treatment of non-commis- 
 sioned officers and men of the British Army who are prisoners of 
 war in other camps was anxiously awaited at Torgau. " Rumours 
 of their exposure to the elements, their starvation and their treat- 
 ment, are rampant all along the line."! INIajor Vandeleur reported 
 in December that in his opinion " something should be urgently 
 done to try to ameliorate the lot of the British soldier who is a 
 prisoner in Germany. "J Sir E. Grey, in a despatch to the United 
 States Ambassador in London dated the 26th December, stated 
 that : 
 
 " Information regarding the bad treatment to which British 
 prisoners of war in particular in Germany are being subjected^ 
 reaches His Majesty's Government from a variety of sources. 
 
 *' A French priest, who has returned to Rome from Minden, 
 where a number of British prisoners of war were confined, is 
 reported to have given an account of the cruelties practised 
 upon the British prisoners by their guards. "While ' the 
 French prisoners were very well treated, and the Russians 
 not so badly,' the British were singled out for ill-treatment. 
 According to the French priest, ' the German soldiers kick 
 the British prisoners in the stomach, and break their guns 
 over their backs ; they force them to sleep out in marshy 
 places, so that many are now consumptive. The British are 
 almost starved, and such have been their tortures that thirty 
 of them asked to be shot.' 
 "A letter communicated by the Speaker of the House of Commons 
 to Mr. Acland from a Frenchman well known to him and 
 entirely trustworthy, corroborates the latter part of the above 
 statement, saying that ' at Minden for a long time the 
 prisoners were camped on marshy ground with no shelter.' 
 The statement is further corroborated in its entirety by French 
 hospital assistants who have been prisoners of war at Miadeo 
 
 * P.P. No. If), end. p. 8. f P.P. No. 20, end. 3, p. 14. 
 
 I P.P. No. 44, end. 1. n. G3. 
 
and at Munster. According to a letter communicated by 
 Lord li. Cecil, the otlicers at Sennelager are not allowed ta 
 write, and many of them are very ill for want of food and 
 clothing. 
 " Speaking generally, the reports of ill-treatment to which I have 
 the honour to draw your Excellency's attention, corroborated 
 as this is from so many independent sources, show, as I am 
 sure your Excellency will agree, that the German authorities 
 are in many cases entirely neglecting the provisions of the 
 articles dealing with the treatment of prisoners of war. His 
 Majesty's Government feel bound, therefore, to protest in the 
 strongest manner against the inhuman treatment to which it 
 is unfortunately evident that many of the British prisoners of 
 war in Germany are being subjected, and I shall be gi'ateful 
 if your Excellency will cause this protest to reach the Germans 
 Government with as little delay as possible. His Majesty's^ 
 Government are all the more concerned by the reports which- 
 have reached them of the manner in which British prisoners 
 of war in Germany have been singled out for ill-treatment, inr 
 that they have, on their part, interpreted the above-mentioned 
 provisions of the Hague Convention in a liberal spirit, and 
 have, as your Excellency is aware, communicated to the 
 German Government a full statement of the treatment shown 
 to German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom."* 
 
 In a later despatch of February, 1915, Sir E. Grey reports that^ 
 according to information from a reliable source, the conditions pre- 
 vailing at Burg, near Magdeburg, are extremely unsatisfactory. 
 
 " It is reported that there are twenty-three British officers . 
 
 living in one room — a garret — under the roof. ... The 
 prisoners are stated to be given very little food, and to be alF 
 herded together without light or warmth, their condition being: 
 such that they are apparently being gradually starved to 
 death."! 
 In January the United States Ambassador at Berlin stated that : 
 " At present there are a good many cases of destitution among the 
 British civil prisoners at Euhleben, and that these are^ 
 increasing weekly. "J 
 
 In March Sir E. Grey received information from a prominent 
 official of the British Red Cross Society, corroborated from other 
 sources, that British prisoners in Germany were being kept very- 
 short of food — if not starved, and he expresses the fear that condi- 
 tions may become worse rather than better. § 
 
 Certain features concealed from visitors. — There is also evidence 
 that certain features of the internment camps have been concealo<l 
 from visitors by the German authorities. With reference to three 
 detained British medical officers, " The military authorities remarked 
 that they have had considerable difficulty with these men, and 
 
 * P.P. No. 44, p. 29. f P.P. No. 86, p. 59. 
 
 + P.P. No. 69, end. p. 50. § P.P. No. Ill, p. 82. 
 
 (B 1261) A 4 
 
8 
 
 requested the Counsellor of the Embassy not to speak with them."* 
 A prisoner interned at Ruhleben wrote in December that: — 
 
 " Some of the inmates have managed to get their boxf up com- 
 fortabl}', much to the surprise of the inmates of other 
 barracks, where all attempts at ' luxury ' were ruthlessly put 
 down. The reason became apparent when a representative 
 of the American Embassy visited the carrip and was shown 
 round. He was shown the comfortable stable, and the ten 
 others, which were outwardly just the same, were pointed out 
 to him, so we can imagine what sort of report he made. If 
 the Ambassador wants to find out the condition of this camp 
 he should see it bj' himself without a conductor, and speak 
 to the prisoners himself, to those whom he himself chooses to 
 speak to, and alone, and not in the presence of an ofificer. 
 We cannot communicate with him in writing."; 
 
 On the other hand, a visit from the American Embassy has some- 
 times led to an improvement. It is reported that at this camp — 
 " Since the 7th March a very important change has taken place in 
 
 the food supplied to the prisoners ; thanks to investigations by 
 
 Eittmeister von Miiller, the caterer has been dispensed with. 
 
 It is believed in the camp that the United States authorities 
 
 prompted these investigations. "§ 
 
 Specially harsh treatment reserved for British prisoners. — There 
 is evidence that British prisoners have been deliberately selected for 
 special and avoidable hardships. It appears that Germany is venting 
 the hate, inspired by the grasp of British Sea Power, upon captured 
 and wounded soldiers. j| In December a Russian medical officer who 
 had returned from detention at Danholm bei Stralsund, reported 
 that — 
 
 The British officers are not so well treated as the Russian 
 officers. They are classed among the less-educated Russians, 
 who speak no language other than Russian, so that they cannot 
 talk. The Russians are allowed to buy books, but the British 
 officers are not allowed to do so. The German lieutenant in 
 charge is openly insulting and hostile towards the British 
 prisoners. "1i 
 
 This statement was subsequently confirmed by Surgeon- General 
 Zviargintsef.*"^ 
 
 Major Vandeleurt ! reports that during his journey as a prisoner to 
 Crefeld, in October the British prisoners were told that none of the 
 potato soup was for them, but that if any was left over after the 
 French had been fed, they should get what remained; he adds that 
 this is in accordance with the general treatment of British prisoners 
 
 * P.P. No. 20, end. p. 11. f This refers to a loose box in a stable. 
 
 I P.P. No. 63, end. 2, p. 48. § P.P. No. 109, p. 81. 
 
 II German official memorandum of February 16 : " In face of the attempts 
 of (the British) Government to starve the German people, the bill of fare 
 offered is above all criticism." (P.P. No. 93, end. 2, p. 63. 
 
 11 P.P. N. 39, end. p. 26. ** 17th December. P.P. No. 54, p. 40. 
 
 if P.P. No. 44, end. 1, p. 31. 
 
V) 
 
 by the Germans, " who always endeavour to attend to our necessities 
 last, and to put us to as much inconvenience and ill-treatment as 
 possible." Major Vandeleur expresses the opinion that, as French 
 officers were treated quite differently, this brutal treatment was 
 deliberately arranged with the object of making the British appear 
 as despicable as possible ; and states as a fact that : 
 
 " The British soldiers are used solely for all menial duties and 
 
 dirty work connected with the camps, such as cleaning 
 
 out latrines and such-like ; also every other unpleasant fatigue 
 
 duty. In connection with this the French orderlies at Crefeld 
 
 stated to me that they were very sorry indeed to see the 
 
 British soldiers treated in such an ignoble and disgraceful 
 
 manner, being in fact more like slaves, the idea being to 
 
 create ill-feeling between French and British soldiers by this 
 
 means."* 
 
 In one camp all the Irishmen were collected and harangued by 
 
 the Commandant, who told them that the Emperor was aware of the 
 
 down-trodden state of Ireland, and now wished that the Irishmen 
 
 should be placed in a separate camp, where they would be better fed, 
 
 and treated differently from the Englishmen.! The motive is 
 
 evident ; but the attempt of course signally failed. The Irishmen 
 
 refused to accept better treatment than their compatriots. 
 
 Section II.— THE TREATMENT BY GERMANY OF CAPTURED 
 SOLDIERS AFTER CAPTURE AND BEFORE INTERN- 
 MENT. 
 
 The Hague Regulation. — Article 4 of the Hague Regulations pro- 
 vides that — 
 
 " Prisoners of war are in the power of the hostile Government, but 
 not of the individuals or corps who capture them. They must 
 be humanely treated." 
 
 The GeDuan practice. — Germany, by her treatment of prisoners on 
 
 the journey from the place of capture to the internment camp, has 
 
 in many cases violated the rules of International Law. According to 
 
 a memorandum enclosed in a report made by the American Consul- 
 
 General at Berlin during October last, 
 
 " There is authentic evidence of many instances of cruelty to 
 
 officers, prisoners of war, on their way to Torgau, both from 
 
 officers, soldiers, members of the Red Cross, and civilians."^ 
 
 Yet members of the Red Cross are enlisted in the cause of 
 humanity. There is worse to record : 
 
 " Evidence collected at Crefeld by the officers there shows that 
 officers and men have been killed after capture. "§ 
 
 * P.P. No. 44, end. 1, p. 33. f P.P. No. 44, end. 1, p. 33. 
 
 \ This report is contained in a despatch to the United States Ambassador 
 in London of October 16, P.P. No. 20, end. 3, p. 13. 
 § P.P. No. 44, end. 2, p. 33. 
 
 (B 1261) A 5 
 
10 
 
 Major Vandeleur has supplied a detailed account of his own journey 
 irom La Bassee to Crefeld. It is impossible not to be impressed hy 
 the evident sincerity and veracit}' of this report. Major Vandeleur, 
 of the 1st Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), attached to the Cheshire 
 Regiment, was taken prisoner near La Bassee in October. After 
 his arrival at Crefeld, the German authorities refused to allow him 
 •to communicate with the American Ambassador at Berlin. 
 
 He had written soon after his internment to the Prisoners' Help 
 "Society at Berlin, and received a letter in reply from Mr. Gerard on 
 the 3rd November, in which he was asked to furnish a complete roll 
 43f the British prisoners. He replied on the 5th November enclosing 
 the roll, and thanking the Ambassador for his interest. On the 
 fith December this letter was returned to Major Vandeleur by the 
 commandant, who stated that he had orders to prevent its being 
 delivered. A further letter from Mr. Gerard was handed to Major 
 Vandeleur a few days after this, which had been addressed by 
 Mr. Gerard to the commandant of the camp, again asking for a 
 complete list of prisoners. Major Vandeleur was asked by the 
 scommandant to prepare the list, which he at once did, but the list 
 T?ras handed back to him a few days later, with the statement that 
 it would not be sent.* 
 
 Major Va7ideleur's Report. — Major Vandeleur's report is of such 
 fjainful interest that it is here set out in full.f 
 
 '' I was taken prisoner on the 13th October, 1914, close to La 
 Bassee in France by the Prussian Guard Cavalry. I myself, 
 personally, was treated well by this corps, and was given food 
 and shelter, but the other officers and men who were in 
 •charge of the same guard were not treated so well, they being 
 given no food and confined in a church until the morning. I 
 am sure that the treatment which I received was with the 
 hope of getting information out of me. I was bombarded 
 with numberless enquiries, especially with regard to the 
 alleged use by the British of dum-dum bvillets, and as to the 
 state of the British army. 
 
 ** On the morning of the 14th, I was fallen in with four other 
 British officers and about 200 men, and was marched to 
 Lens. Here a halt was made, and I pointed out that as I 
 was wounded in the leg I could not march any further. I 
 was then taken on to Douay in a motor, the remainder of the 
 prisoners following by road (a considerable distance). 
 
 *' At Douay I was detained on the square in front of the Hotel de 
 Ville with a sentry over me, and was subjected to continual 
 abuse and revilement. On the arrival of the other prisoners 
 we were all confined in a large shed for the night. No food, 
 except a little provided by the French Red Cross Society, was 
 given, also no straw, and we spent a terrible night there, men 
 being obliged to walk about all night to keep warm as their 
 greatcoats had been taken from them. 
 
 =* P.P. No. 44, p. 30. f P.P. No. 44, end. 1, p. 30. 
 
11 
 
 On the 17th October, in the morning, the French Red Cross 
 people gave us what they could in food, and did their very- 
 best, in spite of opposition from the Germans. At about 
 
 2 P.M. on the same day we were all marched otf to the railway 
 station, being reviled at and cursed all the way by Gerraart 
 officers as well as by German soldiers. One of our officers. 
 was spat on by a German officer. 
 
 At the station we were driven into closed-in wagons, from which 
 horses had just been removed, fifty-two men being crowded 
 into the one in wliich the other four officers and myself were. 
 So tight were we packed that thei'e was only room for some: 
 of us to sit down on the floor. This floor was covered fully 
 
 3 inches deep in fresh manure, and the stench of horse urine:- 
 was almost asphyxiating. We were boxed up in this four 
 w-agon, with practically no ventilation, for thirty hours, w'ith 
 no food, and no opportunity of attending to purjjoses of nature. 
 All along the line we were cursed by officers and soldiers alike 
 at the various stations, and at Mons Bergen I was pulled out 
 in front of the wagon by the order of the officer in charge o£ 
 the station, and, after cursing me in filthy language for some 
 10 minutes, he ordered one of his soldiers to kick me back 
 into the wagon, which he did, sending me sprawling into the 
 filthy mess at the bottom of the wagon. I should like to- 
 mention here that I am thoroughly conversant with Germ^an,., 
 and understood everything that was said. Only at one stationr 
 on the road was any attempt made on the part of German 
 officers to interfere, and stop their men from cursing us. 
 This officer appeared to be sorry for the sad plight in which ■ 
 we were in. I should also like to mention that two men of 
 the German Guard also appeared to be sympathetic and soita, 
 for us ; but they were able to do little or nothing to protect us. 
 
 Up to this time I had managed to retain my overcoat, but it was 
 now forcibly taken from me by an officer at a few stations, 
 further on. 
 
 On reaching the German-Belgian frontier, the French prisoners 
 W'Cre given some potato soup. The people in charge of it told 
 us that none was for us, but that if any was left over after 
 the French had been fed we should get what remained. This;. 
 is in accordance with the general treatment of Britis&r 
 prisoners by the Germans, who always endeavour to attend to 
 our necessities last, and to put us to as much inconvenience 
 and ill-treatment as possible. We subsequently got a little 
 soup and 'a few slices of bread amongst twenty-five Britisli 
 prisoners in the same wagon with me. 
 
 On the 18th October, early, we arrived at Cologne, and the four 
 officers and myself were removed from the wagon, and, after 
 some delay, sent on to Crefeld. 
 
 I said that fifty-two prisoners were in the wagon with me wher? 
 w-e left Douay. These were : [here follow the names of four 
 officers], myself, fifteen English soldiers and 32 Frencb 
 civilians of all grades of societv. It is difficult to indicate or* 
 
give a proper idea of the indescribably wretched condition in 
 which we were in after being starved and confined in the 
 manner stated for three days and three nights. As is well 
 known, one of these wagons is considered to be able to 
 accommodate six horses or forty men, and this only with the 
 doors open so as to admit of ventilation. "What with the 
 filth of the interior, the number of people confined in it, and 
 the absence of ventilation, it seemed to recall something of 
 what one has read of the Black Hole of Calcutta. To give 
 an idea of the state of mind to which we have been reduced, I 
 got one of the better-class French prisoners to secrete a letter 
 to my wife in the hope that he might be able to get it out to 
 her when he reached his destination, as these French civilian 
 prisoners were being treated better than ourselves. They all 
 expressed great pity for the way in which we were being 
 treated. 
 
 found out that the wagon in front of us was full up with 
 English soldiers. This particular wagon had no ventilation 
 slit of any sort or description, and men were crowded into 
 this even worse than they were in the wagon in which I was. 
 They banged away continually on the wooden sides of the 
 van, and finally, as I supposed the Germans thought that they 
 might be suffocated, a carpenter M^as got, who cut a small 
 round hole in one of the sides. 
 
 am strongly of opinion myself that this brutal treatment of 
 British officers and men on their way to a place of internment 
 is deliberately arranged for by superior authority with the 
 object of making us as miserable and despicable objects as 
 possible. The French officers were treated quite differently." 
 
 Section III.— THE TREATMENT OF OFFICERS DURING 
 INTERNMENT. • 
 
 (i) Pay. 
 
 The Hague Regulation. — Article 17 of the Hague Regulations pro- 
 vides that: — 
 
 " Officers taken prisoners shall receive the same rate of pay as 
 officers of corresponding rank in the country where they are 
 detained ; the amount shall be refunded by their own Govern- 
 ment." 
 
 The British Proposal. — On the 24th September, Sir E. Grey 
 announced that the British Government were prepared to put this 
 provision in foi-ce, subject to an undertaking by the enemy Govern- 
 
13 
 
 ments that reciprocal treatment would be given.* For convenience, 
 and following the course said to have been adopted by the Russians 
 and Japanese in 1904, it was proposed that all captured officers, 
 whether naval, f or military, and whether regular, reserve, or terri- 
 torial, should receive the minimum rate of pay given to British 
 Infantry officers of corresponding rank, and that all ofCicers of higher 
 rank than Lieutenant-Colonel should receive Lieutenant-Colonel's 
 payt 
 
 The rates referred to were as follows: — 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel 
 
 Major 
 
 Captain 
 Lieutenant 
 2nd Lieutenant 
 Quartermaster 
 
 23s. Od. per diem. 
 16s. Od. ,, 
 lis. 7J. ,, 
 
 6s. Cul. ,, 
 
 5s. Sd. ,, 
 
 9s. Od. ,, 
 
 Officers receiving these rates of pay would of course have been 
 expected to provide their own food and clothing. 
 
 As a provisional arrangement, the British Government sanctioned 
 the issue of free food to captive officers, and half these rates of pay. § 
 
 German 'practice. — The American Consul-General at Berlin re- 
 ported in October that captive officers at Torgau, so far from receiving 
 these rates of pay, or the rate to which they were entitled under the 
 Hague Eegulation, were receiving approximately 2s. Od. per diem if 
 lieutenants, and approximately 3s. 4(/. per diem if of superior rank.]] 
 This report was confirmed by Major Yandelevir in December, who 
 added that at Crefeld the whole of a subaltern's pay was deducted for 
 messing, so that he actually received nothing. II In March, the British 
 Foreign Office received confirmation through the German branch of the 
 Geneva Red Cross Society of the fact that British officers in Germany 
 were only receiving this rate of pay. Thereupon the British Govern- 
 ment felt obliged, " as the provisions of the Hague Convention are 
 not now the regulating factor," to cancel existing arrangements, and 
 to pay German officers at a rate bearing " the same ratio to minimum 
 British infantry rates for captains and lieutenants as the pay issued 
 by the German Government to British officers prisoners of war in 
 Germany bears to ordinary German minimum rates for captains and 
 lieutenants," i.e., approximately 4s. Od. per diem for subalterns, 
 and 4s. Q)d. per diem for all superior officers. Officers receiving these 
 rates of pay are required, as from that date, to defray the cost of 
 their rations and messing. The British Government offered to 
 improve these conditions if Germany was prepared to improve the 
 treatment of British officers.** 
 
 These facts speak for themselves. Great Britain has always been 
 ready to abide by the terms of the Hague Regulation. 
 
 * P.P. No. 9, p. 4. 
 
 f The Hague Regulation does not apply to naval officers. But the parties 
 to the Convention expressed a " vasu " that its principles should be applied as 
 far as possible to war at sea. 
 
 + See also P.P. No. 11, p. 6. § See also P.P. No. 32, p. 21. 
 
 fl P.P. No. 20, end. p. 12. !I P.P. No. 44, end. 1, p. 32. 
 
 ** A despatch of Sir E. Grey to Mr. Page. P.P. No. 105, p. 74. 
 
14 
 
 (ii) Quarters. 
 Captured members of the hostile forces are confined in internment 
 -eamps or prison fortresses. These places differ in locality and 
 situation. 
 
 British practice. — According to the British practice, 
 
 ■" The accommodation provided for officers is entirely apart from 
 
 soldiers, and is either in country houses or officers' quarters in 
 
 barracks. Their quarters are comfortably furnished, but 
 
 without luxury. Servants are found for officers from among 
 
 the prisoners of war."* 
 
 German practice. — A German official memorandum, issued in 
 
 October, stated that " as a rule captured officers and soldiers are 
 
 siQb interned in the same place at the same time."t Officers are said 
 
 to be confined in fortresses, and the place of internment must be a 
 
 iiealthy place, absolutely unobjectionable from a hygienic point of 
 
 view. "J It is further declared that Generals are provided with a 
 
 living room and a bedroom ; staff officers each with a single room ; 
 
 and other officers either with a small room each, or with a large 
 
 room which they have to share. § Each officer is allowed, according 
 
 to the ofiicial statements, at least 15 cubic metres breathing space 
 
 in quarters which can be aired, admit full day-light, and can be 
 
 lieated and lighted daily. || 
 
 But, in fact, at Cref eld seven or eight officers were quartered in 
 
 2-ooms capable of accommodating six soldiers, II and at Burg, 23 
 
 British officers were reported in P'ebruary to be living in one room, 
 
 '' a garret under the roof."** According to the official statement, ff 
 
 '" Heat, light, and equipment is furnished by the respective com- 
 
 .manders, and is not at the expense of the interned "; but at Torgau 
 
 in October, 1914, officers were called upon to pay for necessary 
 
 .alterations and enlargements in the kitchen, including the provision 
 
 of two new boilers, tt Again, the German authorities allege that the 
 
 .furniture in officers' quarters consists of a bedstead, with mattress, 
 
 bolster, bed linen, and two blankets ; a chair or stool ; a place for 
 
 hanging clothes, and a place for storing food; and a basin, glass, 
 
 towel, table, and pail. They also state that an orderly is supplied 
 
 from among the prisoners of war, one for every five or ten officers, to 
 
 lilean their clothes and rooms, the courtyards and halls, and to wait 
 
 at table. §§ But Major Vandeleur reports that at Crefeld, where he 
 
 wa-s a prisoner until December last, only one orderly was supplied 
 
 for fifteen officers, and that they had to make their own beds and 
 
 brush their own boots in nearly all cases. " The beds we slept on 
 
 -were as provided for the German soldiers, and were very hard and 
 
 uncomfortable, and I found it difficult to get any real rest on 
 
 :±hem."|||| 
 
 * P.P. No. 32, p. 21. i P.P. No. 20, end. 4, p. 14. 
 
 X A later memorandum. P.P. No. 108, end. 3, p. 79. 
 
 § P.P. No. 20, end. 4, p. 14. || P.P. No. 108, end. 3, p. 79. 
 
 H P.P. No. 44, end. 1, p. 32. At this camp, however, warming and 
 Fighting appear to have been reasonable. 
 
 ** P.P. No. 86, p. 59. A despatch of Sir E. Grey to Mr. Page. 
 
 H P.P. No. 108. end. 3, p. 79. H P.P. No. 20, end. 3, p. 13. 
 
 yP.P. No. 108, end. 3, p. 79. |||| P.P. No. 44, end. 1, p. 32. 
 
15 
 
 (iii) Food. 
 British practice. — According to the British practice prevailing up 
 to the 16th March, officers were messed free, and were allowed to 
 purchase such liquors as they might wish.* Since that date, having 
 regard to the refusal of Germany, at any rate up to the date at which 
 the evidence- considered in this Paper closes, to grant reciprocal 
 treatment, they have been required to pay for their food. 
 
 German practice. — In Germany captured ofiicers have from the 
 beginning been compelled to pay for their food,! and in addition 
 have been subjected to unreasonable restrictions. At Torgau and 
 Crefeld, and probably elsewhere, officers were, during the early 
 months of the war, forbidden wines and beer, although the water 
 and mineral waters provided are undrinkable ; and they are forbidden 
 to have white bread. | It is officially stated by the German Govern- 
 ment that cigars, tobacco, and chocolate may not be purchased 
 anywhere in Germany. § 
 
 At Crefeld, officers are charged 2 marks (approximately 2/-) a day 
 for food, which, though moderately good in quality, is insufficient 
 and bad for the money. This charge absorbs the whole of a 
 subaltern's pay, and leaves him nothing to expend on clothing and 
 other necessaries.il Major Vandeleur reported in December that — 
 " Breakfast . . . consisted of poor coffee with milk, bread 
 
 and margarine. 
 " Dinner . . . consisted of very poor soup, being the water 
 in which our meat was cooked; meat, generally pork, with 
 potatoes and sauerkraut, but once a week we had beef, and 
 very occasionally nuitton ; vegetables have also been supplied 
 latterly, after continued complaint. 
 "" The evening meal . . . consisted, as a rule, of slices of 
 
 sausages with bread and margarine, and coffee."]] 
 A canteen was also provided at the barracks, at which officers were 
 able to purchase foodstuffs and necessary clothing, which was run by 
 the Germans.il 
 
 At Danholm, according to the statement of a Russian medical 
 officer made in December 1914, and confirmed from another source, IT 
 the food was very bad, both in quality and quantity. The coffee was 
 bad and made with dirty water. The officers were given three pieces 
 of bread a day made with potato meal. Lunch consisted mostly of 
 potatoes. In the evening they received bread and a small slice of 
 sausage. The cost of this was 1.50 marks. A lieutenant was allowed 
 60 marks a month, but from this was deducted 45 marks for the 
 above food.** 
 
 *P.P. No. 32, p. 21. 
 
 I German official memorandum. P.P. No. 20, end. 4, p. 14. 
 
 + Report of the American Consnl-General. P.P. No. 20, end. 2. 3, p. 13. 
 Cp. Major Vandeleur's report. P.P. No. 44, end. 1, p. 32. According to the 
 German memorandum of 28th February, officers may now buy beer and light 
 wines in limited quantities. 
 
 § German memorandum of 28th February. P.P. No. 108, end. 3. p. 80. 
 
 II P.P. No. 44, end. 1, 2, pp. 32, 33. This Report is dated December, 1914- 
 USee P.P. No. 44, p. 29. ** P.P. No. 39, end. p. 26. 
 
IG 
 
 (iv) Clothing. 
 
 Neither Great Britain nor Germany has supplied captured officers 
 with new clothing free of charge. But Germany has deprived officers 
 of the clothes which they already possess. Major Vandeleur, in 
 describing his journey from La Bassee in October, 1914, says : — 
 
 My overcoat . . . was now forcibly taken from me by an 
 officer at a few stations further on."* 
 Indeed he records that articles of clothing, such as caps and great- 
 coats, and in many cases tunics, are systematically taken away from 
 officers.! 
 
 This is in violation of Article 4 of the Hague Eegulations, which 
 provides that : — 
 
 All their personal belongings, except arms, horses, and militarj 
 papers, remain their property." 
 
 THE TEEATMENT OF MEN DURING INTERNMENT. 
 
 (i) Quarters. 
 
 The Hague Regulation. — Article 7 of the Hague Regulations pro- 
 vides that : 
 
 " The Government into whose hands prisoners of war have fallen 
 is charged with their maintenance. In default of special 
 agreement between the belligerents, prisoners of war shall be 
 treated as regards . . . quarters ... on the same 
 footing as the troops of the Government which captured 
 them." 
 British practice. — According to the British practice enemy soldiers 
 and interned civilians are lodged either in barracks or on board ship, 
 or in large buildings which have been taken over for the purpose, 
 or in huts which have been built to receive them. These are all 
 warm and well lighted.! Interned civilians have been given the 
 opportunity to elect for better accommodation and food at their own 
 expense. Those who do not avail themselves of this are divided 
 into social classes in the various places of internment. They all 
 receive the same accommodation and food, but can consort with 
 those of their own class. The statements made in this official memo- 
 randum are confirmed by the report of Mr. Chandler Hale, of the 
 United States Embassy, who visited the internment camp at the 
 Isle of Man on the 23rd November : § 
 
 " At present 500 are housed in two large comfortable buildings, 
 where each man has a bunk with mattress and three blankets. 
 
 * P.P. No. 44, end. 1. p. 31. f P.P. No. 44, end. 2, p. 33. 
 
 I British Memorandum of 14th December. P.P. No. 36, end. p. 23. See 
 also No. 32, p. 21. A few who were still in tents at the date of this latter 
 despatch were moved into huts shortly afterwards. 
 
 § P.P. No. 47, p. 36. 
 
17 
 
 Other and similar huts are being erected for the rest of the 
 prisoners wlio are now living in tents, each of wliich has u 
 raised wooden flooring." 
 
 The British official memorandum further states that sanitary 
 arrangements, which necessarily differ in each camp, are under the 
 control of the medical officer in charge, and that he is in frequent 
 touch with the local medical officer of health. " Two officers, 
 experts in sanitation, constantly visit various camps with a view to 
 making the conditions as nearly perfect as possible. That these 
 efforts are being successful is evident by the fact that the number of 
 deaths from natural causes up to the beginning of December in all 
 places of internment have amounted to five, namely, one from 
 valvular heart disease, two from aneurism of aorta, one from dropsy, 
 one from typhoid (contracted before arrival in camp). Arrangements 
 are made in each place of internment for the washing of clothes, 
 which is done by the individual, and of the person. In most cases 
 hoi water shower baths are provided, and it is hoped that these will 
 soon be established everywhere."* 
 
 Mr. Hale's report corroborates the truth of those statements. He 
 records that the washing facilities are ample and very good, and are 
 kept clean, and that there is hot and cold running water. 
 
 " As compared with Euhleben or any other camp that I have 
 visited in either country, the conditions are very good."t 
 
 Considerable freedom is given to prisoners of war in each place of 
 jjiternment to arrange for their own comfort, general administration, 
 and maintenance of discipline; " Captains " are elected by them- 
 .selves, and it is to thein that commandants look for general control, 
 .and through them that representations are received. The plan works 
 well, and is appreciated by the prisoners. § 
 
 German practice. — The German official memorandum issued in 
 October stated that non-commissioned officers and soldiers are kept 
 on drill grounds, artillery target grounds, or on special grounds in 
 the vicinity of unfortified towns. Effort is made to provide specially 
 ior non-commissioned officers, particularly the older ones. As 
 regards the amount of space allotted, the equipment of the quarters, 
 heating, lighting, &c., the provisions applicable to hut camps and 
 garrison quarters are in general in force.]] The minimum breathing 
 .-space to each man is five cubic metres. Sleeping accommodation 
 consists of cloth sacks (paliasses) which are filled up with straw or 
 -wood shavings ; and for each prisoner two woollen blankets, a towel, 
 and eating utensils are provided. For each quarter the necessary 
 •tables, " sitting places," linen, drinking cups, appliances for the 
 hanging up of clothing, and wall shelves upon which to place eatables 
 and small articles are provided. There is in each prison camp an 
 installation for a bath and a wash-house for the cleaning of the 
 
 *P.P. No. 36, end. p. 23. 
 
 f 23rd November. P.P. No. 47, p. 36. 
 
 t P.P. No. 7o, end. p. 54. i P.P. No. 20, end. 4, p. 14. 
 
18 
 
 laundry; and sufficient lighting (if possible, electric light), is pro- 
 vided.* 
 
 The actual conditions in the different German camps, according ta 
 evidence extending over the first eight months of the war, vary con- 
 siderably. At Doberitz these provisions seem to have been properly 
 carried out : 
 
 " At present the men are housed in tents with straw mattresses,, 
 each tent being in the charge of a non-commissioned officer. 
 A large number of wooden houses, however, have been con- 
 structed. These are well built, lighted by electricity, and 
 will be properly heated. Each house will contain 100 men. 
 in one large room. There will be a small room for the British 
 non-commissioned officers in charge of the building. Each of 
 these houses has six or eight windows. Ten of these houses 
 form a colony, to which is attached for each thousand inen a 
 kitchen, two lavatories, and a store-house. The cooking is of 
 course done by the men themselves. 
 " The settlement lies on a broad, sandy plain in healthful sur- 
 roundings. The men on the whole seem cheerful. They are 
 permitted to exercise, and a large amount of space is at their 
 disposal for this purpose. Ample arrangements are also to be 
 provided for washing throughout the winter."! 
 At Merseburg the prisoners, " separated by nationality, are housed 
 in wooden buildings, well built, ventilated, and heated. Water is- 
 piped into the enclosure and electric lights are sufficiently placed. 
 . . . They sleep upon straw mattresses in well-warmed 
 quarters, and, as far as I could judge, are as well or better 
 housed than are labourers upon public works in the United States, "t 
 But in some camps the conditions appear to be very different. 
 Major Vandeleur, speaking of the British prisoners who came to 
 Crefeld as orderlies, reported m December, 1914, that : 
 
 " the men state that they slept on straw which had not been 
 
 changed for months, and was quite sodden and rotten. All 
 
 the men who came as orderlies were crawling in vermin, and 
 
 half of them were suffering from the itch. The medical officer 
 
 had to isolate these men before they could be employed as 
 
 servants. "§ 
 
 Surgeon-General Zviargintsef was informed in December last by a 
 
 Belgian sergeant that at Danholm bei Stralsund, " the men, among 
 
 whom, as he understood, there were a certain number of English 
 
 private soldiers, were subjected to a regime of extreme harshness. 
 
 They were quartered in earthen huts which were undrained, un- 
 
 heated, and without light. . . . ]\Iany were already suffering 
 
 from rheumatism, and their general condition was deplorable. "|| 
 
 * German memoraudum of 28th February. P.P. No. 108, end. 3, p. 80. 
 f Report of Mr. Grew, of tlie United States Embassy, 17th October. P.P. 
 No. 20, end. 1, p. 11. 
 
 I Report of the . United States Consul at Leipzig, 16th November. 
 P.P. No. 30, end. p. 20. 
 
 § P.P. No. 44, end. 1, p. 32. 
 
 II P.P. No. 54, p. 40. 
 
19 
 
 These reports are corroborated by a detailed description of the 
 state of the internment camp at lluhleben in December, furnished 
 by a British prisoner interned there. It is as foUows : — 
 
 " Kuhleben is a trotting course with a training establishment 
 attached. The latter is used to house the prisoners. There 
 are eleven stables each containing twenty-seven horses' boxes 
 of 10 ft. 6 in. by 10 ft. 6 in., and above them two large lofts. 
 We are housed in the boxes and in the lofts, each box accom- 
 modating six prisoners. The floor is of concrete, and after we 
 arrived we were su^^plied with a moderate amount of straw, 
 which, strewn on the concrete, serves as one's bed. There is 
 also a table and five chairs. The concrete is damp, and 
 consequently the straw has become damp and clammy also. 
 Recently we were supplied with sacks which were to be filled 
 with straw and to serve as mattresses. For this we had to 
 use the old damp and partly-rotten straw. A long passage 
 runs down the full length of each stable ; it contains two 
 taps, which, together with one earthenware dish, constitute all 
 the washing accommodation for the approximately 300 or 400 
 men housed in each stable. We are roused at 6, and have to 
 get up at once; light in the passage is turned on about 6.30, 
 when there is a scramble for water; afterwards the whole stall 
 is lined up and has to march a distance of 500 to 600 yards for 
 coffee. . . . After that the horse's box has to be cleaned. 
 Each stall has a non-commissioned officer and two private 
 soldiers in command. »They treat the prisoners with great 
 brutality, shouting at them, and even using personal violence. 
 . . . About 8 at night we begin to go to 'bed' as best we can, 
 and at 9 there must be dead silence and the lights are turned 
 out in the passage ; only one small one is left burning. All 
 this as related here does not sound so very terrible, but in 
 practice for those who have to go through it it is ' hell.' The 
 horses' boxes are damp, and a boot placed on the concrete for 
 a few days will get quite a damp sole. Six men abreast in a 
 space of about 10 ft. 6 in. means that they are packed like 
 sardines in a box, and no one can move. They are supplied 
 with only one poor blanket each, and those who have none of 
 their own are in a sad plight. If one man in the line attempts 
 to turn he disturbs all the others. Young men in the full 
 vigour of life may be able to stand it, but for elderly men it 
 simply means, if not immediate death, then certainly a 
 shortened life and broken health for the rest of their days. 
 The coughing which starts shortly after they have all turned 
 in, and which is apparently caused less by colds than by foul 
 air and the dust, is awful to hear. The sanitary arrange- 
 ments are poor. The water-closets are all closed to the 
 prisoners and reserved for the soldiers. The latrine, which is 
 , erected at one side of the square, is about 50 to 60 yards 
 distant from the various stables, and anj^one obliged to use it 
 in the night has to go there. The poor quality of the food 
 
20 
 
 caused illnesses, which makes this a special hardship. There 
 are men so stiff with rheumatism and other complaints that 
 they have to be carried across to the latrines by their friends. 
 There are no baths. There is a shower bath at the emigration 
 barracks, some distance away from this camp, where the 
 Eussian emigrants w"ere formally cleansed of vermin. To 
 this the English prisoners are marched in batches. 
 As to the inhabitants of the camp, there are al)out 4,000 to 
 5,000 of them spread over the eleven stables and two new 
 wooden sheds which are being built and a small tea pavilion 
 by the racecourse. Of these about 1,100 are British seamen, 
 and of the reinaining 3,000 or 4,000 fully 60 per cent, are 
 ' Britons ' with German names, many of whom cannot even 
 speak one word of English. For what reason they are here 
 nobody seemed to understand. They are, however, gradually 
 \,*3eded out, and of those who are being discharged on account 
 of ill-health almost all seem to have German names. For 
 real Britons and Colonials there is no chance of getting away 
 from here. There are men from all classes and practically of 
 all ages. There are sailors over 70 years of age and civilians 
 of 56 and more."* 
 
 (ii) Food. 
 
 The Hague Regulation. — Article 7 of the Hague Eegulations pro- 
 vides that : — 
 
 ' ' The Government into whose hands prisoners of war have fallen is 
 
 charged with their maintenance. 
 " In default of special agreement between the belligerents, 
 
 prisoners of war shall be treated as regards rations 
 
 on the same footing as the troops of the Government which 
 
 captured them." 
 
 British -practice. — The rations issued to prisoners of war captured 
 by British troops, as well as to interned civilians, are fully set out in 
 the British official memorandum of the 14th December.! They are 
 issued free, and consist of: — 
 
 Bread, 1 lb. 8 ozs., or biscuits, 1 lb. 
 
 Meat, fresh or frozen, 8 oz., or pressed, 4 oz. 
 
 Tea, ^ oz., or coffee, 1 oz. 
 
 Salt, ^ oz. 
 
 Sugar, 2 oz. 
 
 Condensed milk, -^C tin (1 lb.). 
 
 Fresh vegetables, 8 oz. 
 
 Pepper, yWoz. 
 
 2 oz. cheese to be allowed as an alternative for 1 oz. butter or 
 
 margarine. 
 2 oz. of peas, beans, lentils, or rice. 
 
 * 29th December. P.P. No. 63, end. 1, p. 46. 
 t P.P. No. 36, end. p. 23. 
 
21 
 
 Prisoners of war may in addition purchase tobacco, fruit and small 
 luxuries at the canteen. Prices, which are fixed by the comnuindant, 
 are on the same scale as that charged to British soldiers.* 
 
 Mr. Hale's report clearly shows how excellent is the quality and 
 quantity of the food supplied by the British Government to German 
 prisoners : — 
 
 " The dietary is excellent. Breakfast: 1 pint porridge, IJ oz. 
 syrup, 1 pint tea with sugar and milk, 8 oz. bread and ^ oz. 
 margarine. Supper: 1 pint tea with sugar and milk, ^ oz. 
 margarine and 8 oz. bread. Dinner: 20 oz. potatoes, 4 oz. 
 bread, a green vegetable every other day and meat in follow- 
 ing rotation. Sunday : f lb. roast beef ; Monday : stew ; 
 Tuesday: 6 to 8 oz. sausages; Wednesday: sconce made of 
 meat, potatoes, and vegetables; Thursday: stew; Friday: 
 sausages ; Saturday : sconce. 
 " The men have their meals in a large glass-roofed, steam-heated 
 and electric-lighted building, where 16,000 can eat at a 
 time."f 
 
 German practice. — The German memorandum issued in Octolier 
 stated that captured non-commissioned officers and soldiers receive 
 the same food as German non-commissioned officers and soldiers. 
 The cost of providing food is reckoned at the rate of 60 pfennige per 
 day and per person, which is about as much as for German non- 
 commissioned officers. The food is simple, but sufficient. t 
 
 The official memorandum of the 28th February issued instructions 
 to camp commanders to be guided by the following principles: — 
 " To the prisoners of war sufficient plain food shall be given which 
 in its quantity and composition is adapted to such class of 
 work as may be required of the prisoners of war. 
 " Wherever possible consideration shall be paid to the habits of 
 living. 
 The prisoners of war receive the same quantity of bread as the 
 German troops lodged in civilian quarters. 
 " Three meals a day are served out: — 
 " In the morning: Coffee, tea, or soup. 
 
 At noon: A plentiful fare consisting of meat and vegetables. 
 The meat maj' be replaced by a correspondingly larger portion 
 of fish. 
 " At night: a substantial and plentiful meal. 
 
 " Under any circumstances the daily fare must be sufficient for 
 the proper noiu-ishment. The commanders who are responsible 
 for the fulfilment of these instructions consequently are 
 authorised to increase the amount of meat or vegetables 
 according to requirements; they are thereby placed in a posi- 
 tion to better adapt the fare to the liabits of living of the 
 ' various nations. 
 
 * See Despatch of Sir E. Grey to Mr. Page, 2nd December. P.P. No. 32, 
 p. 21. 
 
 f P.P. No. 47, p. 36. 
 
 J P.P. No. 20, end. 4, p. 14. 
 
22 
 
 *' Continuous and careful supervision of the food under co-opera- 
 tion of medical officers is absolutely necessarj'^ ; attention must 
 be paid also to the fact that the fare does not become mono- 
 tonous, but is varied as much as possible. 
 
 " In the canteens the men may purchase plain foodstuffs, articles 
 for the care of the body, linenware, &c., at fixed low prices."* 
 
 At Euhleben, according to the German statement of the 16th 
 [February, English prisoners are supplied with food as follows: — 
 Aloruing : f litre of coffee. 
 
 Midday : 1 litre of vegetables, with — 
 
 (1) 100 gr. meat (weighed raw), or 
 
 70 gr. bacon, or 
 
 60 gr. tinned meat. 
 
 (2) 1,200 gr. potatoes. 
 
 (3) 25 gr. beef suet with the necessary parts. 
 Evening: 1 litre soup (excluding farinaceous soup), or ^ 
 
 Cocoa, or 
 
 Tea, or 
 
 80 gr. sausage. 
 
 Further : | kilog. bread daily. 
 
 The food, which is prepared by experienced cooks, is examined 
 daily by an officer ; the dietary is supervised by the camp doctor. 
 Prisoners who are certified by the doctor to be suffering from stomach 
 or intestinal diseases are permitted to cater for themselves at the 
 casino within the camp. The prices at this casino are very mode- 
 rate, and the food, of Avhich the officers and non-commissioned officers 
 in charge of the camp also partake, is good. This branch is also 
 under the daily control of an officer. 
 
 Alcohol is forbidden throughout the camp. 
 
 Milk (hot and cold), mineral waters, butter, margarine, fat, and 
 other things eaten with bread, excepting luxuries, can be bought in 
 the camp by the prisoners. The very moderate prices charged for 
 these provisions are fixed by the commandant (" Kommando "). A 
 price list is enclosed. The quality of goods is controlled.! 
 
 However, within seven days of the issue of this memorandum, t 
 the United States Ambassador at Berlin reported that of the 4,273 
 men interned at this very place, approximately 2,000 were in the 
 greatest destitution. 
 
 " Although clothes have been furnished for all, these men, who 
 have no means of obtaining money from the outside, are 
 unable to procure margarine, sugar, soap, &c., of which they 
 stand in great need. I have . . . caused the ' Captain ' 
 of the Englanderlager, Mr. J. Powell, to make a complete list 
 of those men who have absolutely no way of procuring money. 
 The result of this investigation has been that I have found 
 that a far larger number of men than I expected are now, or 
 will shortly be, completely without means. The smallest sum 
 
 * P.P. No. 108, end. 3, p. 80. + P.P. No. 93. end. 2. p. 63. 
 
 :J; i.e., on 23rd February. Despatch to Mr. Page, P.P. No. 95, end. p. 65, 
 
23 
 
 per week which could be satisfactorily given, and which would 
 actually cause a great difference in the condition of these men, 
 is 5 m., entailing a distribution of some 10,000 m. per week. 
 The money thus distributed will be spent for such articles as 
 sugar, margarine, sausage, jam, soap, and tobacco, which are 
 to be bought at the canteen at the Engliinderlager."* 
 
 The evidence of official German statements must be compared with 
 the evidence furnished by the United States Ambassador, and by the 
 prisoners themselves. 
 
 A British prisoner at Kuhleben, describing the conditions prevail- 
 ing in December last, relates that " each man is supplied with a 
 dish, which he takes with him, and in this he receives about a pint 
 of what is called coffee, but what is really only a concoction of 
 chicory without either milk or sugar. Between 11 and 12 o'clock the 
 midday meal is served out in the same way and into the same dish 
 as the coffee. Prisoners are marched 500 to 600 yards to one of 
 the kitchens and there receive about 1 to li pints of what is called 
 soup — it is water, potatoes, vegetables, such as Swedish carrots or 
 cabbages, sometimes peas or rice, and very little meat boiled with 
 it. Men sometimes have not received a scrap of meat for a whole 
 week. It is said that the contractor who supplies the food boils 
 the meat first for the soldiers and gives them the be^t of it, and the 
 bones and leavings then go into the prisoners' soup. The ingredients 
 used seem to be to a great extent condemned stores. The rice, for 
 instance, was sweepings from warehouses and soiled by mice, and 
 the barley also often has the same flavour. Still, this concoction 
 would be eatable if it w^ere properly boiled, but the vegetables are 
 generally half raw and quite hard. About 6 there is lining up again 
 for a basin of coffee or skilly. Besides this each prisoner received 
 every second day a loaf of black bread made of rye flour, with, an 
 admixture of 50 per cent, of potatoes. There is a canteen, where at 
 exorbitant prices such luxuries as sugar, white bread, condensed 
 milk, butter, chocolate, cigars, &c., can be bought by those who can 
 afford it. Those who cannot afford to buy these luxuries are in a 
 very bad plight. They are not actually dying of starvation, but they 
 can only just keep themselves alive and no more."f 
 
 However, it does appear that some improvement in the supply of 
 food at this camp has recently taken place. In the despatch just 
 quoted, the United States Ambassador mentioned that the manage- 
 ment of the canteen had been taken out of the hands of a contractor, 
 and is now to be run upon a co-operative basis by the men themselves 
 at as nearly cost price as can be arranged, t 
 
 Messrs. Bradshaw and Coyne, who were released from Huhleben 
 during March, reported to the Home Office that: — 
 
 " Since the 7th March a very important change has taken place in 
 the food supplied to the prisoners ; thanks to investigations by 
 Eittmeister von Miiller, the caterer has been dispensed with. 
 It is believed in the camp that the United States authorities 
 
 * P.P. No. 95, end. p. 65. f P.P. No. 63, end. 1, p. 46. 
 
 I P.P. No. 95, end. p. 65. 
 
24 
 
 prompted these investigations. The German authorities pro- 
 vide the bread, wliicli is of better quality than formerly. The 
 allowance is over half a pound per man per day, i.e., more 
 than the civil population is allowed, but it is believed that a 
 regulation has been made, though not yet brought into force, 
 to reduce the bread allowance to correspond with that allowed 
 to persons outside the camp. Bread is no longer purchasable 
 at the canteen. 
 
 ** The Government allows 60 pfennige (just over 7d.) per head for 
 the rest of the food. The canteen committee buys 100 
 grammes of meat (gristle, bone, &c., included) per man per 
 day. Pork is much used, then comes mutton and, more 
 rarely, beef. 
 
 " The meat is cooked in the soup and each man is given a piece 
 about the size of a cutlet with his soup at midday. The 
 spare pieces are divided amongst the men from the last 
 barracks to be served ; the barracks take it in turns to be last. 
 
 " On one day a week dinner consists of a piece of sausage, and rice 
 and prunes. 
 
 " A piece of sausage is now served with the evening tea or coffee. 
 This sausage is bought out of the savings under the new 
 system. 
 
 " The rest of the savings on the catering and the profit on the sales 
 at the canteen go towards providing clothes, &c., for the 
 poorest men in the camp. 
 The meat is inspected by two of the prisoners, one a veterinary 
 surgeon and the other a butcher; it is cooked by ships' cooks 
 who are interned, and served bj' men chosen from among the 
 prisoners. The food is said to be well-cooked and the meals 
 quite appetising, at any rate when compared with the previous 
 regime."* 
 
 There is much evidence to show that the supply of food is also 
 very bad in many other camps. At Merseburg and Altdamm the 
 supply seems to be sufficient in quantity and quality. The American 
 Consul at Leipzig reported in November that at Merseburg " the 
 prisoners are fed three times a day. Breakfast consists of coffee and 
 bread. Dinner consists tit vegetable and meat soup and bread, and 
 for supper they are given bread and coffee. I was informed that 
 many of the prisoners have some money, and that they are allowed 
 to buy whatever else they may wish to eat. If I may judge from 
 the mounds of empty beer bottles at hand, there is evidence in 
 support of this statement."! 
 
 But at Doberitz,-' although no complaints were made on the 17th 
 October, on the 2nd October the United States Ambassador reported 
 that " some of the men complained that the food was insufficient. 
 One loaf of good black bread is given to three men ; each man has a 
 cup of coffee in the morning, some soup in the middle of the day, 
 and a cup of tea or coffee at night, and this constitutes their sole 
 
 * P.P. No. 109, p. 81. 
 
 f P.P. No. 30, end. p. 20, cp. also P.P. No. 58, end. 2, p. 43. 
 
rations. I presume that the British prisoners in otlier camps are m 
 a similar condition. The men also asked for tobacco and some money 
 to buy extra supplies at the canteens which exist in the camps."* 
 
 British soldiers who came to Crefeld as orderlies informed Major 
 Vandeleur in December last that " the feeding arrangements 
 for the British soldier were very bad indeed, and as the men had no 
 money to supplement their rations they were in a half-starved con- 
 dition, which their appearance corroborated."! These complaints 
 were confirmed by Surgeon-General Zviargintsef, who had been 
 released from Dauholm,| and b}' the report of a United States 
 citizen living at Havre. § 
 
 (iii) Clothixg. 
 
 The Hague Regulation. — Article 7 of the Hague Kegulations pro- 
 vides that: — 
 
 The Government into whose hands prisoners of war have fallen 
 is charged with their maintenance. In default of special 
 agreement between the belligerents, prisoners of war shall be 
 treated, as regards . . . clothing, on the same footing as 
 the troops of the Government which captured them." 
 
 British practice. — Accordmg to the British practice, " an ample 
 supply of first-class clothing, including overcoats, boots, shirts, and 
 underclothing, as well as towels, soap, &c., is l^ept in each camp, and 
 is supplied to those who have need of it free of charge. "|| 
 
 German practice. — According to an official German statement of 
 the 28th February— 
 
 In the beginning, non-commissioned officers and men who are 
 
 prisoners of war remain in the uniform which they have 
 
 brought with them. If the state of the thin clothing need 
 
 replacing, the prisoners will at first be provided with proper 
 
 articles of clothing from the booty of war. When the latter 
 
 is used up, new suitable clothes are purchased. The kind of 
 
 clothing is dependent upon the season, the climate and the 
 
 weather. The clothing generally consists of a suit, necktie 
 
 and cap, besides shirts, socks, warm underwear and good shoes 
 
 are given, as well as overcoats and woollen blankets to protect 
 
 against the cold. 
 
 *' Male civilian prisoners of war will be fitted out in the same way 
 
 as military prisoners of war after their present clothing can 
 
 no longer be used."11 
 
 In fact, British prisoners have been deprived of the overcoats, and 
 
 ■even the tunics, which they were wearing at the time of capture. 
 
 This conduct is in violation of Article 4 of the Hague Regulations, 
 
 which provides that " all their jiersonal belongings, except arms, 
 
 horses, and militm-y papers, remain their property." Nevertheless 
 
 *P.P. No. 15, euol. p. 8. 
 
 + P.P. No. 44, end. 1, p. 32, cp. also No. 44. end. 2. p. 33. 
 
 I P.P. No. 54, p. 40. § P.P. No. 44, end. 3, p. 34. 
 
 Jl P.P. No. 36, end. p. 24. % P.P. No. 108, end. 3, p. 80. 
 
it is proved by the testimony of the United States Ambassador at 
 Berlin, who reported in October, 1914, that : 
 " The prisoners have only one blanket* and are without overcoats, 
 as when taken prisoner they are compelled to drop their over- 
 coats and equipment. They therefore suffer from cold, as 
 ^vell as from the condition brought about by having no change 
 of underwear."! 
 Major Vandeleur calls special attention to the way in which 
 British soldiers had been deprived of their clothing by the Germans, 
 or had not been supplied with new clothes when the old were worn 
 out. According to information obtained from the British orderlies 
 who came to Crefeld as servants, and also from English and French 
 medical officers who had been in the camps, which in many cases 
 were com.posed of tents, " the men all had their greatcoats — and in 
 many cases their tunics as well — and their money taken away from 
 them, and are in great need of clothing, and particularly under- 
 clothing. It appears that the Germans supplied them with wooden 
 clogs when boots were worn out. "t Major Vandeleur also reports 
 that no greatcoats, socks or underclothing were at that date (Decem- 
 ber) being issvied to the men ; and that wooden clogs and shoddy 
 trousers were given to them. § The report of a United States citizen 
 living at Havre also records that " there is a deai-th of blankets and 
 clothes amongst prisoners; many of them are in possession only of 
 the clothes in which they were originally captured. "|| 
 
 However, at Merseburg sufficient clothing appears to be pro- 
 vided ;1i and at Altdamm " each prisoner is furnished with all the 
 clothing he needs if he arrives unprovided, the one suit of underwear 
 must be made to suffice until worn out. Arrangements exist for. 
 washing clothing properly, and this is insisted upon."** 
 
 Section V.— MATTEES AFFECTING THE GENERAL 
 WELFARE OF THE PRISONERS. 
 
 '(i) Medic.\l Attendance and Hospital Accommodation. 
 
 The Geneva Convention. — Article 1 of the Geneva Convention, 
 signed on the 6th July, 1906, provides that "Officers and soldiers, and 
 other persons officially attached to armies, shall be respected and 
 taken care of when wounded or sick by the belligerent in whose power 
 they may be, without distinction of nationality." 
 
 * The American Consul-General at Berlin reported on 17th October that 
 the prisoners at Doberitz were by that time receiving two blankets, but that 
 prisoners complained that they were not thick enough. P.P. No. 20, end 
 p. 11. 
 
 f Despatch of Mr. Gerard to Mr. Page of 2nd October. P.P. No. 15, 
 end. p. 8. 
 
 + No. 44, end. 1, p. 32. § P.P. No. 44, end. 2, p. 33. 
 
 II P.P. No. 44, end. 3, p. 34, Dec, 1914. 11 P.P. No. 30, end. p. 20. 
 **P.P. No. 58, end. 2, p. 43. 
 
27 
 
 British practice. — According to the British practice captured 
 officers and soldiers receive free medical attendance.* " A resident 
 medical officer forms part of the staff of each place of internment, 
 and in each is a hospital where minor cases of sickness can be dealt 
 with. ^lore serious cases are removed to local hospitals, and in some 
 cases to the German Hospital in London. Soldier and sailor prisoners 
 of war who require hospital treatment are admitted to military hos- 
 pitals and treated in precisely the same way as British soldiers and 
 sailors. Officers are in officers' wards."! 
 
 German practice. — According to a German official statement, " the 
 medical service in the prison camps corresponds to that maintained 
 in the hut camps in peace time. Captured medical officers are 
 employed in the medical service of the prison camps. Likewise 
 members of the medical corps are in proper cases employed in the 
 same manner. "J 
 
 Generally speaking, the hospital accommodation and medical 
 attendance provided for prisoners of war by the German authorities 
 is fairly satisfactory. JNIajor Vandeleur has no complaint to make 
 in this respect. § At Torgau, however, officers had, at any rate in 
 October last, great difficulty in procuring special medicines which 
 they require owing to some permanent ailment or weakness. || One 
 exception must be mentioned. At liuhleben, according to a prisoner 
 interned there, there is, or was, in December, 1914, practically no 
 medical attendance for prisoners. 
 
 There are two military doctors, one of whom seems to have been 
 withdrawn, as rumours say, because he was too humane. 
 The state of affairs is best illustrated by the following actual 
 occurrence. One night a man was taken ill with gall stones ; 
 of course he could not get help in the night, but the first thing 
 in the morning the non-coiximissioned officer was informed, 
 who came and looked at him and sent for the hospital attend- 
 ant. That attendant turned up a few hours later, took the 
 patient's temperature, found his pulse very weak, and said it 
 was a case for the doctor, whom he would inform. The sick 
 man waited all day, but no doctor came, although he could 
 be seen walking about the square for hours smoking cigarettos. 
 In the evening the hospital attendant came to ask if the dcctor 
 had been to see the patient, and promised to send him at 
 8 o'clock, but no doctor came. Next morning, after thirty-six 
 hours after the man was taken ill, he was informed that if he 
 wanted to see the doctor he would have to dress and go and 
 see him. This he eventually did. His friends dragged him to 
 the consulting room ; the doctor did not even examine him, he 
 merely asked him what was the matter and what he wanted. 
 When informed that the patient wanted morphium he told his 
 attendant to give him one capsule, and that ended the matter. 
 All the inmates of this camp are agreed that if anyone here 
 
 * See despatch of Sir E. Grey to Mr. Page, of 2nd December. P.P. No. 32, 
 p. 21. 
 
 t P.P. No. 36, end. p. 23. ■ P.P. No. 20, end. 4, p. 14. 
 
 § See P.P. No. 44, end. 2, p. 33. |1 P.P. No. 20, end. 3, p. 13. 
 
28 
 
 should fall ill his days are numbered unless he be a German 
 Englishman."* 
 
 (ii) Postal Facilities. 
 
 The Hague Regulation. — Article 16 of the Hague Kegulations pro- 
 vides that : — 
 
 " Letters, money orders, and valuables, as well as postal parcels, 
 intended for prisoners of war, or despatched by them, shall be 
 exempt from all postal charges in the countries of origin and 
 destination, as well as in the countries they pass through." 
 
 British practice. — The arrangements made by Great Britain to 
 carry out the terms of this Article are set out 'in a despatch of Sir 
 E. Grey to the United States Ambassador in London, dated the 24th 
 September.! 
 
 " As regards postal facilities, letters written by prisoners of war 
 will be free of postal charges, whether addressed to persons in 
 the United Kingdom, in allied, in neutral or in enemy states. 
 Letters addressed to prisoners of war, whether posted at home 
 or abroad, will be similarly exempt. 
 
 " Postal parcels sent abroad by, or from abroad to, prisoners of 
 war will also be free of postage. 
 
 " The registration and insurance of postal parcels and letters 
 going abroad will be free. 
 
 " Commission on postal orders and money orders sent by prisoners 
 of war to persons in the United Kingdom, or in an enemy or 
 neutral state, will be waived. 
 
 " Apart from the facilities above indicated, arrangements have 
 been made for the actual transmission of the letters and 
 parcels of prisoners of war to Germany. 
 
 " Any remittances of money to prisoners of war will be issued to 
 them under the direction of the commandants of the places of 
 internment. " 
 
 " Every interned prisoner is permitted to write two letters a week, 
 each consisting of two pages of ordinary writing paper, ruled. 
 No writing is allowed between the lines. These are despatched 
 twice a week, after being censored. In special cases, where a 
 man can show need for it, the number and length of his letters 
 is unlimited. There is no limitation to the number of letters 
 which a man may receive. Letters from or to prisoners may 
 be written in either German or English, but when in German 
 there is greater delay in censorship."! 
 
 German practice. — The German official statement issued on the 
 28th February stated that " according to new regulations now uni- 
 formly in force throughout Germany, the prisoners may write a letter 
 twice monthly, and besides, postal cards once weekly. "§ These 
 
 * P.P. No. 63, end. 2, p. 47. 
 
 I P.P. No. 9, p. 5. 
 
 I See British memorandum of 14th December. P.P. No. 36, end. p. 24. 
 
 § P.P. No. 108, end. 3, p. 81. Cp. No. 93, end. 2, p. 63. 
 
29 
 
 postal cards arc limited to nine linos.* '" Oliicers may write letters 
 of six pages; men, of four pages. If special circiimstances exist, 
 such as the adjustment of family matters and urgent affairs of a 
 business nature, exceptions may be allowed."! Parcels not exceed- 
 ing 5 kilog. in weight may be sent with or without a declaration of 
 value. I ' 
 
 Messrs. Bradshaw and Coyne report that these regulations are 
 now in force at Paihleben, and that parcels now reach prisoners of 
 war at that camp in about ten or twelve days.§ 
 
 These regulations are much less favourable to prisoners than those 
 which are in force in this country; however, thoy show a marked 
 improvement upon the state of affairs which previously prevailed. 
 Formerly parcels took a month in transit. || At Torgau the American 
 Consul-General at Berlin reported in October that the despatch and 
 delivery of letters was much delayed owing to restrictions regarding 
 censorship, and to the totally inadequate provision of censors. At 
 that time no letters at all were allowed to be despatched in order to 
 allow the Commandant, with his many other duties, to censor letters 
 already posted. The assistance of senior British officers, which had 
 already many times been offered, had always been declined. II 
 
 Major Vandeleur reported that at Crefeld letters and post cards, 
 although delayed, were received up to the 14th of December, when 
 the delivery of letters almost ceased.'** A prisoner interned at 
 Ruhleben wrote on the 29th December that prisoners are allowed to 
 write two post cards a week, and not more. ft 
 
 (iii) Money and Gifts. 
 
 The Hague Regulation. — Article 16 of the Hague Regulations 
 provides that : — 
 
 " Presents and relief in kind for prisoners of war shall be admitted 
 free of all import or other duties, as well as any payment for 
 carriage by State railways." 
 
 British practice. — According to the British practice — H 
 
 " Any money found on a prisoner on internment above a small 
 sum (say 11.) is taken in charge by the camp commandant and 
 a receipt is given to the man, who can then draw on the 
 balance in the commandant's hands at such times and in 
 such amounts as he may require and the commandant may 
 think advisable. Similarly, money sent to a prisoner is, if in 
 large amounts, taken in charge by the commandant, a receipt 
 is given to the man, and he may obtain this money under the 
 same conditions as money taken from him on internment. 
 For any sum of money paid to or received from either side a 
 receipt is always given. Within these restrictions the amount 
 which a prisoner may receive is unlimited. 
 Gifts, whether sent from a neutral country or received from 
 
 ~ * See P.P. No. 109, p. 81. ' ~~ 
 
 f P.P. No. 108, end. 3, p. 81. Cp. No. 93, end. 2, p. 63. 
 
 I See P.P. No. 38, end. p. 20. § 18tli Mardi. P.P. No. 109, p. 81. 
 
 II P.P. No. 109, V. 81. 1i P.P. No. 20, end. 3, v. 13. 
 **P.P. No. 44, end. 2, p. 33. U P.P. No. 63, end. 2,"p. 48. 
 11 British mpmoraiidnm of 14th December. P.P. No. 36, end. p. 34. 
 
"0 
 
 other sources, are permitted, subject only to inspection by the 
 
 camp staff before delivery to the recipient." 
 German jnacticc. — According to the German official memorandum 
 of the 28th Febrviary, prisoners of war, whether officers or men, ixiay 
 receive jjarcels of eatables, table luxuries, and tobacco, without 
 exception, and these inay not be withheld from them;* and Messrs. 
 Bradshaw and Coyne state that at Ruhleben the officials are scrupu- 
 lously honest as regards money owned by or sent to the prisoners, 
 except that they pay out in paper or silver, whereas they took in 
 gold. Money is paid out to those prisoners who have an account at 
 the rate of 20 M. per fortnight, but an extra 20 M. can be obtained 
 for the purchase of boots, clothes, &c., if shown to be necessary.! 
 However, Major Vandeleur reported in December, 1914, that money 
 in the possession of officers and men was systematically taken away 
 from them on the journey to the internment camps in spite of an 
 alleged Government prohibition, and that no receipts were given. 
 Customs duties were charged on everything until the beginning of 
 December; but have been remitted since that date. As to money 
 sent from England, each officer was allowed to have in his possession 
 at any one time sums not exceeding 51., and each soldier a sum not 
 exceeding 10s. The surplus was retained by the commandant, and 
 a receipt for it was given, f 
 
 (iv) OCCUPATIOXS AND EecREATION. 
 
 The Hague Regulation. — Article 6 of the Hague Regulations pro- 
 vides that : — 
 
 " The State may employ the labour of prisoners of war, other than 
 officers, according to their rank and capacity. The work shall 
 not be excessive, and shall have no connection with the opera- 
 tions of the war. Prisoners may be authorised to work for the 
 public service, for private persons, or on their own account. 
 Work done for the State is paid for at rates proportional to the 
 work of a similar kind executed by soldiers of the national 
 army, or, if there are no such rates in force, at rates pro- 
 portional to the work executed. When the work is for other 
 branches of the public service, or for private persons, the 
 conditions are settled in agreement with the military authori- 
 ties. The wages of the prisoners shall go towards improving 
 their position, and the balance shall be paid them on their 
 release, deductions on account of the cost of maintenance 
 excepted." 
 
 British practice. — In the internment camps in Great Britain — 
 
 " Everything possible is done to provide the prisoners with recrea- 
 tion, mental and bodily, and in each place of internment a 
 committee is formed from among the prisoners (whether 
 soldiers or civilians) to organise amusements and to frame 
 suggestions for occupation, either intellectual or athletic. In 
 
 * P.P. No. 108, end. 3, p. 80. 
 
 + P.P. No. 109, p. 81. 
 
 I P.P. No. 44, end. 2, p. 33. 
 
this the mihtary authorities are aided by philanthropic indi- 
 viduals and bodies. In certain cases, prisoners, both soldiers 
 and civilians, have been employed in making roads, building 
 huts for themselves, levelling and clearing ground. Civilians 
 are employed on such work only if they volunteer for it, but 
 should they so volunteer they are paid at the same rate as is 
 given to soldiers, namely, that which is paid to our own 
 , soldiers in this country for similar work. 
 
 " All prisoners do their own cooking, and generally look to the 
 cleanliness and good order of their camps. ]3ooks are sup- 
 plied in each place of internment."* 
 Since February prisoners of war have been allowed to obtain 
 English newspapers, subject to certain restrictions.! 
 
 German practice. — In Germany, on the other hand, prisoners of 
 war were not, at any rate up to the end of March, 1015, allowed to 
 have any newspapers. | But generally speaking they are permitted 
 to have some fonn of recreation. Major Vandeleur reports that at 
 Crefeld — 
 " we were allowed to make use of the gravel quadrangle inside the 
 barracks, and we were also able to secure a football. By 
 walking round and round the quadrangle we were able to keep 
 ourselves reasonably fit. The quadrangle was some 70-80 
 yards long and about 60 yards wide, and surrounded by build- 
 ings three or four storeys high on two sides. On one of its 
 sides was the stabling. 
 " No recreation rooms were provided, but we were allowed to use 
 
 the dining hall after meals had been cleared away."§ 
 At Merseburg and at Altdainm, opportunities for games and exer- 
 cise seem to be given, || and at Kuhleben, although in December 
 prisoners had to line up and were marched round the racecourse for 
 about an hour, guarded by soldiers with loaded rifles, H an improve- 
 ment is reported to have taken place, and a dramatic society ha& 
 been started, which recently gave its first performance, Shaw's 
 " Androcles and the Lion."** 
 
 Section YI. — Conclusion. 
 Recapitulation. — The evidence which has been put forward in this 
 paper may be recapitulated. During the first eight months of the 
 war — the period here under consideration — Great Britain has in every 
 case shown herself ready and willing to treat German prisoners of 
 war in accordance with the provisions of International Conventions 
 and the recognised principles of humanity. In Germany, it was 
 reported that — " the British are almost starved, and such have been 
 their tortures that thirty of them asked to be shot." "The prisoners 
 are stated to be given very little food and to be all herded together 
 
 * British memorandum, elated 14th December. P.P. No. 30, end. p. 23. 
 f P.P. No. 75, end. p. 55. 
 + P.P. No. 20, end. 3, p. 14. 
 § P.P. No. 44, end. 1, p. 32. 
 
 II P.P. No. 30, end. p. 20. P.P. No. 58, end. 2, p. 42. 
 i;P.P. No, 68. end. 2, p. 47. 
 *-!--P.P. No. 109, p. 82. 
 
o^ 
 
 without liglit or warmth, their condition being such that they are 
 apparently being gradually starved to death." These facts have 
 come to the knowledge of the British Government, although there is 
 evidence that certain features of the German internment camps are 
 concealed from visitors. 
 
 Moreover, it appears that during this period British prisoners have 
 been specially selected for unnecessary hardships. " The British 
 prisoners were told that none of the potato soup was for them, but 
 that if any was left over after the French had been fed, they should 
 get what remained." " The German lieutenant in charge is openly 
 insulting and hostile to the British prisoners." 
 
 As to the treatment of prisoners on the journey from the field of 
 battle to the fortress prison, " there is authentic evidence of many 
 instances of cruelty to oliicers, prisoners of war, on their way to 
 Torgau, both from officers, soldiers, members of the lied Cross, and 
 civilians." " Evidence shows that officers and men have been killed 
 after capture." " I was pulled out in front of the wagon by the 
 order of the officer in charge of the station, and after cursing me in 
 filthy language for some ten minutes, he ordered one of his soldiers 
 to kick me back into the wagon, which he did, sending me sprawling 
 into the filthy mess at the bottom of the wagon. This floor was 
 covered fully three inches deep in fresh manure, and the stench of 
 horse urine was almost asphyxiating." 
 
 There is detailed evidence as to the treatment of prisoners of war 
 in England and German, and as to the conditions prevailing 
 in the internment camps during the period under discussion. 
 The German Government has consistently refused to con- 
 form to the Hague Regulation concerning the pay of cap- 
 tured officers, although Great Britain has been willing to do so. 
 Captured German officers in England are quartered in country houses, 
 or in officers' quarters in barracks; at Burg 23 British officers were 
 reported to be living in one room — a garret under the roof. While in 
 England, until j\Iarch, and so long as there seemed to be any hope 
 of reciprocal treatment by Germany, German officers were messed 
 free, and were able to purchase minor luxuries at the canteens, 
 British officers in Germany have throughout been compelled to pay 
 for their food, for ^^•hich in some cases the whole of their pay has 
 been deducted. INIoreover, they maj'' not purchase cigars, >tobacco, 
 or chocolate. Many British officers have, in violation of the Hague 
 Regulation, been deprived of clothing which they were wearing at 
 the time of capture. 
 
 Captured German soldiers in England have been lodged in large 
 buildings, barracks, huts, or on board ship, and the greatest care has 
 been taken by the British authorities with respect to sanitation. 
 Captured British soldiers in Germany have been, in some cases, 
 quartered in earthen huts, undrained, unheated, and unlighted. 
 Although the conditions in one or two Camps appear to be satisfac- 
 tory, at Ruhleben six British soldiers are housed in a horse-box less 
 than eleven feet square. " If one man in the line attempts to turn, 
 he disturbs all the others." 
 
 German prisoners in Great Britain receive full rations, the exact 
 particulars of which have been Known to the world since December 
 
33 
 
 last. British prisoners " are not exactly dying of starvation, but 
 they can," in some of tlie camps, " only just keep tliemselves alive, 
 and no more." 
 
 At each internment camp in Great Britain an ample supply of 
 clothing is kept, and supplied free to enemy prisoners who have need 
 of it. Germany in many cases issues wooden clogs and shoddy 
 trousers ; German officials have deprived British prisoners of the 
 overcoats, equipment, and even tunics, which were in their posses- 
 sion when captured. 
 
 Medical treatment and hospital attendance are on the whole satis- 
 factory. Postal facilities for prisoners are much more restricted in 
 Germanjf than in England ; although there has recently been an 
 improvement in this respect. Great Britain allows newspapers, 
 subject to certain regulations; Germany forbids them. 
 
 The Good Offices of the United States. — There has undoubtedly 
 been some improvement in the treatment of prisoners by Germany ; 
 this seems to be largely due to the perseverance and goodwill of the 
 Government of the United States through its diplomatic officers, 
 which appear on every page of the Parliamentary Paper. They have 
 frequently visited and reported upon the conditions existing among 
 the prisoners in both countries ; and have offered their services for 
 the distribution of relief among those who are in want. The Embassy 
 at Berlin has already distributed among British prisoners in Germany 
 7,220 greatcoats, 2,635 jackets, 2,994 pairs of trousers, 790 pairs of 
 hoots, 2,990 shirts, 2,989 pairs of drawers, 642 waistcoats, 1,908 pairs 
 of socks, and many other articles. They have done humane work, 
 which will be gratefully remembered. 
 
 A contrast. — Nothing can better illustrate the general difference 
 of treatment of prisoners of war prevailing in Great Britain and Ger- 
 many respectively than the two following descriptive accounts, both 
 ■written by citizens of the United States. The first is an article on 
 the state of British prisoners of war at Doberitz, published in 
 ]^ecembcr, 1914: — * 
 
 " There are 9,000 very miserable men in the camp for prisoners 
 
 of war at Doberitz. No doubt the conditions vmder which 
 
 they live are forced by a military necessity. Nevertheless, 
 
 they are very miserable men. 
 
 * We would treat them better if we could,' said the guard who 
 
 escorted me. ' But we cannot. We are doing the best we 
 
 can.' 
 
 " I am inclined to credit that statement. Certain things show for 
 
 themselves. These men are sleeping — 200 to 500 to the tent — 
 
 in horse tents whicli have been cast off by the German cavalry. 
 
 " These tents are very old. Some of them have been patched and 
 
 thatched with torn and discoloured bits of canvas. The 
 
 present camp is only a makeshift, intended to bridge over the 
 
 time until the winter barracks shall be completed. By this 
 
 time they may be housed in these permanent huts. 
 
 " Germany claims to hold 488.000 prisoners of war. The housing 
 
 and feeding of so great a number must be a trernendous strain 
 
 * P.P. \n. 44. end. 4. p. 34. 
 
34 
 
 upon resources drained by tlie necessities of war. Never- 
 theless, these 9,000 men at Doberitz are very miserable men. 
 ** The chief item in their bill of discontent is the monotony. They 
 have nothing, absolutely nothing, to do. It is true they are 
 vermin-ridden. They have no way of keeping themselves 
 clean. Some of them are not warmly clothed. They could 
 bear with all these things if only they had something to do. 
 They sing," said the guard. ' They sing " Tipperary." ' 
 One wouldn't think they would feel like singing,' was the 
 comment. 
 
 It is something to do,' said he. 
 The plain truth is that the treatment of prisoners of war by the 
 fighting nations is an international scandal. England holds 
 prisoners, and France holds prisoners, and Russia holds 
 prisoners, and so does Germany. For some reason no exchange 
 can be arranged. Humanitarian ideas are no part of the war 
 programme. 
 One hears of battles in which no quarter is granted. There 
 are stories of one side or the other refusing an armistice to 
 permit the other to gather its wounded. Each side is despe- 
 rately determined to win, and neither is counting the cost. 
 So men must rust in prison camps until the struggle is over. 
 
 No Chance to Bathe. 
 
 We went into one of the long tents. A British soldier was 
 sitting on his bed-roll, carefully examining the interior of his 
 trousers. His long white legs were bare. When he saw us 
 he hastily'' covered himself up and blushed. 
 
 There are 9,000 men in the Doberitz camp, elbowing each other, 
 sleeping two in a bed. Not one has had a bath since he was 
 first brought to the camp. It isn't likely that one will have a 
 bath while the war lasts. When winter comes, and they move 
 into the permanent wooden barracks which have been provided 
 for them, conditions must grow worse. They will be huddled 
 about stoves then, and in the lack of proper clothing will not 
 keep in the open air. Even now — 
 ** * Don't touch anything,' said the guard. ' You'll get 'em on 
 you.' 
 
 When a man can stand the torture no longer he is sent to the 
 hospital. There he gets — not a bath — but a thorough daubing 
 with a vermin-killing ointment. His clothes are disinfected. 
 He is sent back to be reinhabited. 
 
 Some of them do their best to keep clean. In the centre of the 
 camp is a horse-trough, perhaps 50 feet long, into which water 
 can be turned from a tap. It stands in the open air. Men 
 who have money and can buy soap at the canteen wash their 
 clothes in this trough. If they are particularly particular they 
 strip themselves and take an ice-water bath. The fall and 
 winter climate of northern Germany is very severe. We were 
 shivering in our overcoats. But we saw half-a-dozen men 
 naked to the waist, rubbing themselves down with water at 
 the horse-trough. 
 
35 
 
 *• Doberitz prison camp is an hour's ride by motor from Berlin. 
 It is a bare, bleak expanse of sandy soil, surrounded by a 
 barbed-wire trocha. At one end is a slight elevation on which 
 several old field pieces have been mounted behind a barbed- 
 wire entanglement. The guards call it a fort. 
 *' ' But I don't believe there is any ammunition for the guns,' 
 
 said the escort. ' It is just what you call a bluff.' 
 '* The bluff was needed at the outset, for the men fought among 
 themselves. The Germans have carefully scrambled the 
 nationalities, so that llussians and French and English are 
 mingled in the tents. Early in the war the Allies didn't like 
 each other. The men of each race thought the other two had 
 not been doing their part in the war. So they fought it out 
 along this line. When fighting became rioting, the guards 
 came in and suppressed it. The fort was a great aid in 
 restoring inter-racial peace. 
 " ' Seems to me a great many of the Englishmen are very pale,' 
 
 I said to the guard. ' Do they get enough to eat? ' 
 " He said they did, but that they didn't like it. The men receive 
 a hunk of war bread, made of rye and potato flour, with a cup 
 of tea in the morning and the same thing at night, with an 
 occasional chunk of sausage added. The one hot meal of the 
 day is at noon, when each gets a pannikin full of a soupy stew 
 of cabbage and carrots and potatoes, or whatever other vege- 
 table may be handy, plus some meat. 
 ■" ' The Kussians like that soup,' said the guard. ' The English- 
 men and Frenchmen do not. They are always complaining.' 
 " I saw that stew in the rough. Perhaps I was influenced by my 
 dislike for cabbage and carrots, but it seemed to me it was a 
 mighty unappetising mess. I began to understand why so 
 many of the Tommies looked so pale. One Tommy stood 
 near when the guard told of the stew. He said in an under- 
 tone : — 
 " * I 'ad a sow. And even she wouldn't eat skilly.' 
 ' The men sleep in pairs in the tents on straw ticks. When we 
 were there it had been raining for days. The dirt floor of the 
 tents was a mass of mud. The straw gave off a sour and musty 
 odour. But the guards say that the animal heat of so many 
 men sleeping under a single canvas roof keeps them warm. 
 Perhaps that is true. It is very certain that the atmosphere 
 in the tents in which tlie inhabitants were largely "Russians 
 was abominable. The English and French lashed back the 
 tent flaps and ventilated the sleeping places during the day. 
 " It may be quite true that nothing better can be done for them 
 under the circumstances. Nevertheless, these 9,000 are very 
 miserable men." 
 The second is a report by Mr. Chandler Hale, of the United States 
 Embassy, on the Isle of Man detention camp and the riot which took 
 place there in November last.* 
 
 Mr. Hale left for Dougl«s on the night of the 23rd November, the 
 date on which the riot in the Isle of Man detention camp was 
 
 * P.P. No. 47, p. 86. 
 
36 
 
 reported in the press, and made a careful enquiry into the cause of 
 the riot and an inspection of the camp. He reports as follows: — 
 " 3,300 non-belligerent enemy aliens are interned at Douglas, con- 
 sisting of 2,000 Germans and 1,300 Austrians and Hungarians. 
 The camp is now somewhat crovrded, but the authorities will 
 transfer 1,000 men to another camp at Peel, on the other side 
 of the island, as soon as accommodations there are ready for 
 them — probably in a few weeks. At present 500 are housed 
 in two large comfortable buildings, where each man has a 
 bunk with mattress and three blankets. Other and similar 
 huts are being erected for the rest of the prisoners who are 
 now living in tents, each of which has a raised wooden flooring. 
 The dietary is excellent. Breakfast, 1 pint porridge, IJ oz. 
 syrup, 1 pint tea with sugar and milk, 8 oz. bread and J oz. 
 margarine. Supper, 1 pint tea with sugar and milk, J oz. 
 margarine and 8 oz. bread. Dinner, 20 oz. potatoes, 4 oz. 
 bread, a green vegetable every other day and meat in following 
 rotation: &iinday, ^ lb. roast beef; Monday, stew; Tuesday, 
 6 to 8 oz. sausages; Wednesday, scouce made of meat, 
 potatoes, and vegetables; Thursday', stew; Friday, sausages; 
 Saturday, scouce. The men have their meals in a large glass- 
 roofed, steam-heated, and electric lighted building, where 
 1,600 can eat at a time. The latrines and washing facilities 
 are ample and very good, and are kept clean ; there is hot and 
 cold running water. As compared with Kuhleben or any other 
 camp that I have visited in either country, conditions are very 
 good. The riot started, it is alleged, as the result of bad 
 potatoes. The authorities admit that one shipment proved 
 wormeaten, and they were rejected after a few days. On the 
 18th November the men declared a hunger strike at dinner. 
 The following day they ate their dinner without any com- 
 plaint, and immediately after the withdrawal of the guards 
 from the rooms, the prisoners suddenly, and evidently by pro- 
 arrangement, started in to break up the tables, chairs, ci'ock- 
 ery, and everything they could lay their hands on. Upon the 
 appearance of the guards, the rioters charged them armed 
 with table legs and chairs. The guards fired one volley in 
 the air, but it had no effect. Finally, and in self-protection, 
 they fired a second round which res\ilted in the death of four 
 Germans and one Austrian, and the wounding of nineteen 
 others. I talked freely with the wounded and also with many 
 others, and gathered that the prisoners were in the wrong and 
 had only themselves to blame. One of the most intelligent 
 men I talked with, a German, said that a considerable percent- 
 age of the men were a bad lot gathered in from the East of 
 London, with several agitators amongst them who preached 
 discontent and insubordination, which was really the direct 
 cause for the trouble. I am satisfied this was so, as I saw the 
 whole camp and every detail connected with it, and have 
 nothing but commendation for its entire organisation and the 
 kindly treatment accorded the prisoners by the Commandant 
 and his subordinates." 
 
Miscellaneous, 1914 — continued. 
 
 No. 13. — Correspondence respecting Events leading to the 
 Eupture of lielations with Turkey. [Cd. 7G28.] Price 9d., post 
 free ll^d. 
 
 No. 14. — Despatch from His Majesty's Ambassador at Cofl- 
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 free 2d. 
 
 *Nos. 6, 11, 12, and 15. 
 
 Miscellaneous, 1915. 
 
 No. 1. — Despatch to Sir Henry Howard containing Instruc- 
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 No. 2. — Despatch from His Majesty « Ambassador at Petrograd 
 enclosing a Memorandum on the subject of the Temperance 
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 No. 5. — Correspondence between His Majesty's Government 
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 No. .6.— Correspondence between His Majesty's Government 
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 *Nos. 3 and 10. 
 
 COLLECTED DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS 
 relating to the Outbreak of the European War. 
 
 This volume includes the British Diplomatic Correspondence, 
 and Translations of the French Yellow Book, the Eussian Orange 
 Book, and the Belgian Grey Book, each of which has already been 
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 Serbian Blue Book, tlie German White Book, and the Austro-Hun- 
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 1914, and, as an appendix to the Serbian Blue Book, the Speech of 
 
Signor Giolitti before the Italian Chamber of Deputies on 5th 
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 COMMITTEE ON ALLEGED GERMAN OUTRAGES 
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 Report. 
 Warrant of Appointment. Introductory Observations. 
 Part I. Conduct of German Troops in Belgium. 
 Part II. Breaches of Rules and Usages of War and Acts of 
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 Conclusions. With two Maps. 
 [Cd. 7894] of Session 1914-15. Price 6d., post free l^d. 
 
 Appendix. 
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 Copies of Proclamations issued by the Germans. 
 Convention concerning the Laws and Customs of War on 
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 Depositions taken and Papers forwarded by Professor Morgan. 
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 VIOLATION OF THE RIGHTS OF NATIONS AND OF THE 
 
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 Reports of the Official Commission of the Belgian Government. 
 
 Preface by Monsieur J. Van Den Heuvel, Minister of State. 
 Names of the Commission of Enquiry. Reports, Nos. 1 to 12, of the 
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 PROTEST BY THE BELGIAN GOVERNMENT 
 
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