THE LIBRARY 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 c 
 
 t 5 '
 
 3SC-L.BCTIC 
 
 X 
 
 A COMPLETE GUIDE 
 
 TO THE ACQUISITION OF 
 
 3?ilmatj's J 
 
 WITHOUT OR WITH A TEACHER. 
 
 By ELIAS LONGLEY. 
 
 
 CINCINNATI: 
 
 BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
 1879.
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the 
 
 year 1879, 
 
 BY ELIAS LONGLEY, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at 
 
 Washington, D. C.
 
 TWENTY-FIVE years have elapsed since the author published 
 his first' edition of the AMERICAN MANUAL OF PHONOGRA- 
 PHY. During that time many changes in Phonography have 
 been proposed; some have been adopted, and become per- 
 manent features in the writing of nearly all phonographic 
 experts; while others, though still embodied in the instruc- 
 tion books of their respective authors, are generally rejected 
 by their students as soon as they become familiar with the 
 corresponding features of otber works. 
 
 As Phonography now stands before the public, in this 
 country, it has no generally recognized exponent. It is 
 Lo! here, and lo! there ; and nobody knows who is the true 
 phonographic prophet. A young man, or young lady, wishes 
 to learn the coveted art, and by chance, or on the recommen- 
 dation of some friend, purchases one of the instruction books 
 in the market. Before mastering the system as presented in 
 its pages, he or she is told by some other friend that there is 
 a better system, in some other book ; and forthwith that 
 other Itook is bought, and the learner soon becomes con- 
 founded with the conflicting systems, or conflicting modifica- 
 tions of the original system. 
 
 The fact most to be regretted in this connection is, that all 
 the American modifications of Phonography differ as widely 
 from the present system of Isaac Pitman, the original English 
 author, as they do from each other. In England there is but 
 one system, and harmony prevails among her many thousand 
 phonographic writers. This is not so much the result, we 
 Learn, of unity of views, as it is the happy outcome of obe- 
 
 448541
 
 r 
 
 4 PREFACE. 
 
 dience to the law of copy-right, which secures to Mr. Pitma'n 
 the sole right to publish phonographic books in Her Majesty's 
 kingdom. 
 
 For the purpose of exerting what little influence he can in 
 the way of restoring harmony among American phonogra- 
 phers, and unity in the style of writing that shall be acquired 
 by those who hereafter study the art, the writer has carefully 
 and hopefully prepared the following pages. In them he 
 presents all the new features that have stood the test, for 
 many years, of both experiment and practical experience ; and 
 he 'also exhibits others in reference to which there is a differ- 
 ence of opinion, and which are used only by limited numbers 
 of phonographic writers. Thus the student who acquires his 
 knowledge of Phonography through this manual, will become 
 familiar with the distinctive features of other authors, and 
 be able to read the writing of phonographers of any school. 
 
 As an ECLECTIC SYSTEM OF PHONOGRAPHY, therefore, 
 this Manual is presented to a discriminating public. It is 
 the result of careful investigation and experiment, and of 
 long practice with the reporter's pen; in addition to which, 
 might be added, a continuous correspondence, for a quarter 
 of a century, with the most critical phonographers, from the 
 esteemed and now venerable author, Isaac Pitman, down to 
 the latest self-styled ."inventor" of "some new contrivances" 
 of his own. In view of the fact that for so long a time 
 thousands of skillful Englishmen and ingenious Yankees 
 have been doing their best at improving Phonography, it is 
 scarcely possible for anything new, and also valuable, to be 
 hereafter discovered and rendered serviceable, in the use of 
 the very limited number of straight and curved line's, circles, 
 hooks, dots and dashes, that are available for the pen. Hence 
 it may safely be presumed that the phonographic art has 
 reached the ultima tliule of perfection. 
 
 As to the method in which the art is presented in the fol- 
 lowing pages, but few words need be said. It is in the main 
 the same as that employed in the old, and always popular, 
 AMERICAN MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. The first lessons 
 are rendered still more simple and easy of comprehension by
 
 the introduction of only portions of the alphabet at a time, 
 and by interlined translations of -the shorthand in common 
 print, both of which arc features peculiar to this book alone. 
 
 The exceeding brevity of Isaac Pitman's Manual, which 
 contains but 04 small pages, has been avoided; while the 
 great prolixity of certain. American authors, whose laiL 
 crowded pages extend to :>">() and :;<X>, has been as judiciously 
 guarded against. In this convenient little book the time ai,d 
 memory of the pupil are not taxed with unnecessary and im- 
 practicable discussions of philosophical points in relation to 
 language and its visual representation. He is not deterred 
 from beginning the study, by a formidable volume, nor 
 discouraged by the slow progre>s of me morning page after 
 page of abstract principles and rules before becoming 
 charmed with the practice based uj on them. In these in- 
 viting pages principle and practice go hand in hand. 
 
 Immediately following the explanation of each new princi- 
 ple is a Reading Exercise, embracing, as much as possible, 
 w.irds illustrative of the preceding text. This is followed by 
 an Exercise for Writing, which should be written before pro- 
 gressing further, while the manner in which the words are to 
 be formed are fresh in the mind. Then, at the close of each 
 le--on, is a general Writing Exercise, embodying, besides the 
 principles just presented, all that has previously been learned. 
 This should be- written by each pupil, during the intervals be- 
 tween the meetings of the class; and at the next recitation, 
 the pupils should exchange their manuscripts with each 
 other, and then read, each a sentence in turn, from their 
 written exercises. They might then be passed to the teacher 
 for his correction. 
 
 Another leading feature is such an arrangement of the 
 - that no word, or class of words, is required to be 
 written until the principle is explained by which they are 
 written in their most approved forms. By this means the 
 student is not compelled to spend his time in learning to 
 write certain words, and then suffer the discouragement of 
 having to drop and forget the forms thus learned, and famil- 
 iari/ himself with new and better ones. What is once
 
 r 
 
 6 PREFACE. 
 
 learned in this book, remains a fixed fact with the pupil in 
 all his after use of the system. 
 
 The Review at the close of each lesson will be of great 
 assistance to the teacher, especially to the inexperienced, in 
 questioning his class as to what they have gone over; it will 
 also be useful to the private learner, filling the place, almost, 
 of an oral instructor. The questions may be asked the class 
 either collectively or individually; the latter is generally the 
 better way. It would be well, as often as convenient, to 
 have the pupils illustrate their answers on the black-board. 
 
 The .pupil is advised to read the following Introduction 
 carefully through, in order that he may get a general idea 
 of the phonetic theory, before beginning Ihe practice and 
 study of the phonographic art. He will then be prepared to 
 make more rapid and satisfactory progress than he would 
 by commencing with the first lesson proper.
 
 GcilhtriJ has undoubtedly eclipsed all 
 pivcrding time in the number and value of its discoveries and 
 inventions. In mechanics, manufactures, agriculture, and 
 t!i arts, what changes have taken place even in the memory 
 of our fathers! Scarcely anything is done now as it was in 
 tin- days of their boyhood. New methods and new machinery 
 are accomplishing twenty-five, fifty, or a hundred per cent, 
 more in the same time, than was accomplished by our fore- 
 fathers, and at very much less expense. The laltorious 
 and tedious process of shaping wood and stone, iron and other 
 metals, by the carpenter, mason, and machinist, are almost 
 forgotten by the workmen who feed and watch the wonder- 
 ful machines that saw, and plane, and turn, and mould, by 
 the power of steam, the multitudinous forms needed in archi- 
 tecture, mechanism, and the various arts and sciences. 
 
 Modes of travel and of mental communication have in 
 like manner changed. Steam vessels and railroads have 
 BUperceded the sail and tow-boat and the stage-coach, and 
 we now travel more than twice as fast, and far more comfort-' 
 ably than did our fathers; while the electric telegraph and 
 the telephone have far out-stripped, in speed and usefulness, 
 correspondence by mail. 
 
 While the transmission of words and facts to distant points 
 has been astonishingly facilitated, by late inventions, the 
 record of original thought, its transfer from mind to paper, 
 has not been correspondingly improved, until by the inven- 
 tion and perfection of Phonography such perfect facility in 
 thought representation has been rendered possible. The pho-
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 nographic art is certainly a boon of inestimable value to the 
 human mind, rendered indispensable by the rapidity with 
 which thought may be transmitted to the farthest ends 
 of the earth. It presents to the student, as well as the 
 scholar, an alphabet of letters so simple and facile that 
 he who uses them may readily keep pace with the fastest 
 speaker affording a system of writing as much superior to 
 that of the old script alphabet, as railroads are to the old- 
 style stage coaches or telegraphs to the postman's plodding 
 pony. 
 
 Ife Qftt jSlijfy af H[rHtit0, 
 
 It is not our wish to underrate the value of the pres- 
 ent system of writing; it has been of great service in its 
 time, having done much in the way of civilizing and en- 
 lightening the races of men. But the state of things in 
 the scientific world demands a change in the character of 
 our written language. Science is a stern ruler; her laws 
 encircle every art, and although for a long time they may 
 remain undiscovered or not applied, yet as the world pro- 
 greases in knowledge and learns wisdom from experience, 
 it will cause them to be developed, and future generations 
 will derive the advantages of conforming to them. These 
 facts have been illustrated in the various improvements 
 to which we have alluded ; and they are still to be ex- 
 pected in such departments as have not yet undergone 
 the remodeling process of modern ingenuity. They take 
 their turn in the great circle of progression ; and it is the 
 object of the present work to demonstrate the laws that 
 apply to the art of writing, as required at this stage of the 
 world's history. 
 
 The spirit of our age demands two new features in the art 
 of writing: First, Speed in its execution; second, System in its 
 orthography. In treating of the first desideratum we shall 
 briefly refer to the alphabet, now in use, and the hahits of 
 writing it requires. 
 
 Like the ancient implements of industry and modes of 
 labor, the alphabet of our fathers was constructed at a time 
 when the ingenuity of man had not been brought into full
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 play. The letters are complex, and the use of them cumber- 
 some in the extreme. To illustrate: take the letter a for 
 example: to make tins letter the fingers have to perform four 
 inflections or movements, while it represents but a simple 
 sound; in making the letter m seven inflections are re- 
 quired, while it, too, represents but one sound; and cvciy 
 letter of the old alphabet is thus complex, to a greater or less 
 degree, although they are designed each to represent but a 
 single sound. 
 
 Now, while there is complexity in the art of writing, in 
 spoken language the organs nf speech jK-rform but one move- 
 ment in the enunciation of each sound; and hence the labor 
 of the penman is four or five times as great as that of the 
 speaker. While the latter is moving off freely, as on the 
 wings of the wind, the former is trudging at the snail's 
 p.uv, weary and provoked at the contrast. 
 
 The object to be accomplished, therefore, is to present an 
 alphabet, each letter of which can be written by one inflec- 
 tion of the pen, so that the writer need no longer be four 
 times distanced by the moderate speaker; and if the reader 
 will follow us through this book, he will see that the system 
 we are about to develop more than meets this requirement. 
 
 But a greater difficulty, if possible, than the mere substi- 
 tution of a new alphabet, is to be overcome. The orthogra- 
 phy employed in using the old alphalx't is nearly as cumbrous 
 sis the formation of its letters; while it.s want of sy-teni 
 makes it a study of many years to memorize the spelling of 
 the fifty or eighty thousand words in our language. 
 
 Thus, take the sound of a; if we had nothing to do, in 
 order to represent it in our common writing but to write the 
 one letter called a, the evil would be trifling compared with 
 what it is. But we more frequently have to write two or 
 three, or even four letters to represent this one sound. It has, 
 in fact, thirty-four different modes of representation, consist- 
 ing of various combinations of nine different letters, a few 
 only of which we have room to exhibit. Thus, aa, as in 
 Aaron; at, as in pain; /'/as in eainp'H'yn; al;//i, as in strata/it; 
 ay, as in mayor; eiy, as in rciyii; ci'jhc, as in \\eiyhed, &c. 
 
 j
 
 10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Now common sense, as well as the laws of science, suggests 
 that the sound of a in each and all these should be written 
 with the same letter. When this shall be done, more than 
 two-thirds of the labor of representing this sound will be 
 saved; but by substituting a new letter that can be made 
 with but one movement of the pen instead of the four that 
 a requires, and of the four times four that several of the 
 above combinations require, nine-tenths of this labor will be 
 avoided. In writing the letters to represent the sound a 
 in these seven words, instead of making seventy inflections of 
 the pen, we will have to make but ssven I 
 
 The sound of e is represented in forty different ways. Ex- 
 amples: e, as in me; ee, as in meet; ea, as in each; ea-ite, as in 
 league; eye, as in keyed; eig,u3 in seignor; ciijh, as in Lei///i; 
 i-e, as in marine; ic, as in field; etc. We need not repeat that 
 the sound of e in each of these words should be represented 
 by the same letter ; or that by substituting for the complex 
 letter e a simple character that can be made with one motion 
 of the pen, seven-eighths or nine-tenths of the labor in writ- 
 ing would be saved. These are facts that are evident, after 
 the illustrations are presented. And we might thus illustrate 
 the unscientific mode of representing nearly every word in 
 our language, with equally deplorable results. But we will 
 only state the melancholy fact, that the various sounds em- 
 ployed in speaking the English language are each represented 
 in from four to forty ways, and that in the large majority of 
 cases two or more letters are required to do the service. It is 
 also true, that there ia no letter in the alphabet that uni- 
 formly represents the same sound; thus, a has a different 
 sound in each of the following words: ate, at, oil, are. any; 
 and e has a different sound in each of the following words : 
 eel, ell, vein, verse, height, etc. 
 
 The consequence of this want of system is, in the language 
 of a distinguished writer on the subject of education, that 
 "reading is the most difficult of human attainments." And, 
 as a further consequence, one-third of the population of 
 England are unable to read, and one-half unable to write; 
 while in the United States, the number of adult white per-
 
 INTKOOrCTIoX. 11 
 
 sons who can neither read nor write, is one to every twenty 
 who can ; and this wide-spread ignorance must continue un- 
 til the rudiments of education are simplified. iSuch incon- 
 sistencies and mischievous errors as we have referred to, arc- 
 not in harmony with the developments of order and science 
 in most Other branched of industry and art, and lience they 
 must be superseded by something truer and more expedi- 
 tious; or, it' not superseded, we must use the more speedy 
 and economical system in connection with the old, as steam- 
 boats, railroads and telegraphs are used, conjointly with the 
 old modes of conveyance. 
 
 5(jc JPIpitdtc JViuriylc, 
 
 The term l'!<<ni t/<- is derived from the Greek word phone, 
 sound. A phonetic alphabet, therefore, is one which, refer- 
 ring solely to speech, derives all its laws from a consideration 
 of the elements <>j m>/r<-li. To illustrate what we mean by the 
 phrase "elements of speech," we have but to ask the reader 
 to adjust his lips to a round position and deliver the voice as 
 he would commence to speak the words ode, mi/:, inrn. Now 
 this same sound is heard in thousands of words in our lan- 
 guage, and is what we call an element of speech. Another 
 element is heard in the commencement of the word ooze and 
 at the termination of the word ic/to. In pronouncing the 
 words ,i(v. ,sv///, K'/ir, xo, we hear, at the beginning of each of 
 them, the same kind of a sound, namely a Idas, which is also 
 an element of speech, for it frequently combines with other 
 sounds to make words. By analyzing all the words in the 
 English language, it has been found that it is constituted of 
 but forty-three elementary sounds; or, to be more precise, 
 thirty-nine simple sounds and four compound ones, formed 
 by the close union of certain simple sounds, which it is con- 
 venient to consider as elements. In speaking, therefore, our 
 words consist simply in the utterance of one of these, or a 
 combination of two or more of them; and in writing these 
 words, common sense would suggest that each element should 
 be represented by a single letter, that should never stand 
 for any other sound.
 
 12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It is supposed the original Phoenician alphabet, from which 
 our present alphabet is remotely derived, was phonetic; that 
 is, it represented the elements of speech in such a manner 
 that when the sounds of a word were heard the writer knew 
 immediately what letters to use, and when he saw the letters 
 he knew at once what sounds he was to utter. But when 
 this alphabet was adopted by the Greeks and Romans, who 
 used sounds unknown to the Phoenicians, many of the old 
 letters were necessarily used to represent new sounds as well 
 as old ones, so that there was no longer any very strict ac- 
 cordance between the sounds and letters of words. But 
 when other European nations, including the English, adopted 
 the Romanic alphabet, and used it in very different ways, 
 insomuch that no one could guess what sound should be 
 attributed to any one letter, almost all trace of the pho- 
 netic nature of the alphabet was lost. And hence the de- 
 plorable state of English spelling and writing, as depicted 
 in previous pages, which, in few words, is so bad that no 
 one can tell the sound of an unknown word from its 
 spelling, or the spelling of a new word from its sound. 
 
 Phonetic spelling, therefore, is no new thing, and the 
 efforts of writing and spelling reformers is simply an at- 
 tempt to place the representation of the English language 
 on the same rational basis that the most classic of the ancient 
 languages stood, and in addition thereto to afford the means 
 for the most rapid writing that it is possible to attain. No 
 further argument, therefore, should be required, in presenting 
 a system so accordant with scientific truth and utility. 
 
 ft J>h|la J^arrtjanto* 
 
 And yet, in this age of improvement and scientific exac- 
 tion, when from all the universities, colleges, and other rep- 
 resentatives of knowledge and literary judgment, the de- 
 mand for an enlarged alphabet and reformed orthography is 
 being pressed upon public attention, an author ventures to 
 shock all sense of consistency by bringing out a system of 
 brief writing based on the old absurd orthography.* His 
 
 *Cross's Eclectic Shorthand; Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co. 1879.
 
 \ 
 13 
 
 alphabet corresponds, in number niul signification, with the 
 twenty-six Uoman letters, and diilcrs little, in its unphilo- 
 t-ophical principles unU modes of spelling, from the sti n- 
 ographic systems of Willis (1012), Taylor (ITSli), and 
 (ioiild (IS.')")). He give?; as the principal reason why 
 Phonography can never become general, the following 
 enunciation of its fundamental character: "Its basis 
 on a rigid elementary analysis of the sounds of the 
 English language, requiring as many letters as there are 
 sounds.'' He says further: "It is certain that no one can 
 ever acquire the same readiness in the use of twenty 
 vowel characters that he can in the use of the five, a, e, 
 i, o, it." In this objection he ignores the fact that Pho- 
 nography employs but two cl Hie rent forms for the vowels, the 
 dot and the dash, which, when made both heavy and light 
 double the number to four only ; and disregards the other 
 fact, that the skillful writer has no occasion to use any vowel 
 signs, or but very few. Elsewhere the author declaims 
 against omissions of the vowels in Phonography, but in the 
 development of his system he provides a scale of four im- 
 aginary lines, in addition to the one line of writing, by means 
 of which to indicate the omission not only of his live vowels 
 but of six consonants; while Phonography needs a scale of 
 only three positions: above the line, on the line, and under 
 the line. 
 
 As to this author's objection, that "the alternate shade and 
 hair lines of the phonographies are a great emharassment to 
 rapid writing, which the reporter can surmount only by dis- 
 regarding this feature," it is best answered by the fact that 
 he provides for fully as much shading as is employed in Pho- 
 nography. In the first place, he says; "the diphthongs an, <nr, 
 on, ow, oi and <>;/ are represented by a. o and /, xlm/l/d equally 
 j'l'n.it tup to inttimi." In Phonography the diphthongs are not 
 shaded at all. In the second place, notwithstanding the 
 above quotation, he says: < X<> Itmry (/,/tx are used, except 
 for r, which, being a hear;/ liir-, is added to any other line of 
 the alphabet by mnhimj it Itntry" The result of which is, 
 that as ; either precedes or follows almost every other letter
 
 r 
 
 14 INTRODUCTION". 
 
 in the alphabet, in the formation of words, nearly every let- 
 ter is frequently shaded, while in Phonography less than half 
 the number are shaded. And if anything more is needed to 
 save Phonography from this Knight of Absurdity, the follow- 
 ing will be sufficient: "To the unskillful hand exact shad- 
 ing may seem at first to be difficult, tut practice will soon render 
 it easy" 
 
 J^ouorjrapljtj in $rh 
 
 Phonography is a system of shorthand, based on an an- 
 alysis of words into their elementary sounds, and a philo- 
 sophical representation of those sounds, without regard to 
 the ordinary mode of spelling them. The principal object 
 being rapidity of execution, with a reliable degree of legibil- 
 ity, the simplest signs which it was possible to obtain were 
 chosen for the alphabet. They are, first, the dot, . ; second; 
 the dash, which is only a lengthened dot, - ; third, the 
 straight line, ; fourth, the curve, /~~s . The dot and dash 
 are used in telegraphy, as the swiftest means of recording 
 the words transmitted by lightning. In Phonography they 
 are employed to represent the vowels, and the straight lines 
 and curves to represent the consonants. 
 
 The following diagrams exhibit the geometrical source from 
 which the consonants are drawn, and show the different po- 
 sitions they occupy in representing different sounds: 
 
 It will be observed that the straight line admits of four 
 different positions, and the curved one eight. These are as 
 many positions as can be recognized without danger of con- 
 fusion; and these two simple characters, the straight line and 
 curve, can be written in these twelve positions so as to be 
 just as distinct and legible as though this number of differ- 
 ently shaped letters were employed. Here, then, are the 
 means of representing twelve consonant sounds ; but since,
 
 INTUOWTTIOX. 15 
 
 in writing, wo can make either light or heavy murks, this 
 number may he doubled by recognizing the .same number of 
 li'tn-ij straight lines and curves. 
 
 While it is found necessary to make each of the primitive 
 characters heavy, in order to obtain a sufficient number, it is 
 also found a useful and philosophical method of distinguish- 
 ing between the natures of different sounds. Thus, eight of 
 the sounds which these characters are to represent are mere 
 trlnitji'-i-^, produced by the transition of the organs of speech 
 from one position to another, or by the simple contact of dif- 
 ferent parts of the mouth, without any vocal sound; and 
 there are eight others made in the same manner, but they 
 have, in addition, as slightly roughened or vocal sound, which 
 requires a greater effort to produce them. 
 
 To follow nature, therefore, and preserve a correspondence 
 between signs and sounds, the light signs are made to repre- 
 sent the light or whispered sounds, and the heavy signs to 
 represent the heavy sou nils. Thus, both the difference be- 
 tween the sounds and their resemblance are at once repre- 
 sented. And it being so natural to represent a light sound 
 by a light stroke, and a heavy sound by a heavy stroke, the 
 phonographic pupil finds, after a little practice, that he 
 makes the dilierence in the strokes without any thought 
 about it. But the similarity of sound between the heavy 
 and light strokes is >>> L r reat that, if at any time the differ- 
 ence in the thickness of the lines is not clearly made, it will 
 not seriously affect the legibility of the writing to the expe- 
 rienced phonographer. Thus, for example, if the word 
 Xinx'innti were written so as to be pronounced Zinzinmli, 
 the reader could hardly mistake the intention of the writer. 
 
 THE COXSO.VAXTS are classified as follows: 
 
 1. ABRUPTS. These elements sometimes called explo- 
 dents, are produced by a total contact of the organs of 
 speech, abruptly interrupting and exploding the outward 
 p.issige of the breath, or the voice. They are eight in 
 number, and being stiff, unyielding sounds, are appropri- 
 ately represented by the eight straight, unyielding right
 
 r 
 
 16 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 lines, as illustrated in the following table the italicised 
 letters of the words indicating the sounds represented : 
 
 Whispered, \ rope, fate, /' etcA, . . lock, 
 
 Spoken, \ rote, I iade, / erf^re, lo^r. 
 
 By a little observation in comparing the sound of p with 
 that of b, in the words rope and robe, the distinction of whis- 
 pered and spoken, or light and heavy, will be appreciated. As 
 far as articulation, or the contact of the organs of speech is 
 concerned, the consonants p and b are identical ; the sound of 
 the former, however, is produced by the breath only, while 
 the latter requires the assistance of the voice, which com- 
 mences before the lips, the organs by which the articulation 
 is produced, are disconnected. The same remarks apply to 
 each of the other pairs of abrupts, as the reader will discover 
 by speaking the illustrative words in connection. 
 
 2. CONTINUANTS : The organs of speech are in contact in 
 the production of these elements, yet not so firmly as to 
 totally obstruct the passage of breath, or voice; but the 
 sounds may be continued any length of time. There are, 
 also, eight of these elements half of them whispered and 
 half spoken ; and as they are of a flowing, yielding nature, 
 they are appropriately represented by curved and flowing 
 signs; thus: 
 
 Whispered, ^_ sa/e, f wrea^A, ) buss, _J vicious. 
 Spoken, ^ save, / wrea/Ae, ) buzz, ^ vision. 
 
 3. LIQUIDS. These are r and /, and are called liquids be- 
 cause they readily run into or unite with other consonant 
 sounds. They are not distinguished by any variation of 
 sound, as the abrupts and continuants, and are represented 
 by light curves; thus: 
 
 ~ fa/?, ~^ for.
 
 17 
 
 4. XA.SAES. The sounds of ///. n and mj. are called nasals 
 from tin- fact that the organs are brought into complete con- 
 tact, and the voice driven through the nose. The in and n 
 are represented by the t\vo remaining light curves, and ng by 
 the heavy curve corresponding to n, as being nearly related 
 to that sound; thus: 
 
 ,- N see//;, ^ ' seen, ^-s siny. 
 
 5. COALKSCENTS. Y and w hold a medial character be- 
 tween the vowels and consonants; // being a weak sound or 
 modification of oo, and // a modification of short i, or ee. 
 They never occur in English except before a vowel, with 
 which they closely coalesce. The following are their pho- 
 nographic .signs, and the words illustrating their powers: 
 
 "^ "-ay, f yes.. 
 
 6. ASPIRATE: The power of h is simply a breathing upon 
 the following vowel, and is generally represented by a light 
 tick, thus: / ; but sometimes a lengthened form ^ is em- 
 ployed. 
 
 VOWEL ARRANGEMENT. In order to represent twelve 
 vowel sounds by the two signs, a dot and a dash, a scheme 
 similar to that of representing musical sounds by the round 
 note is resorted to. As the vowels rarely occur except in 
 connection with a consonant, they are indicated by the posi- 
 tion in which the dot or clash is placed to the consonant 
 stroke; thus, a dot placed at the l>egi lining of a consonant 
 represents the vowel ah, at the middle a, at the end e; the 
 dash at the beginning is au, at the middle o, at the end no. 
 The remaining six vowels are short or brief, as compared with 
 the foregoing six, and are appropriately represented by the 
 dot and dash in the same manner hut made H;i/itcr; and most 
 of what has been said in regard to light and heavy consonants 
 applies to the vowels. 
 
 In the following illustration the vowel signs are placed to 
 a dotted line, that represents the length of any consonant
 
 18 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 stroke, merely to indicate the position of the dot and dash ; 
 it is no part of the vowel. The italic letters in the accom- 
 panying words suggest the vowel sounds: 
 
 arm, 
 
 ale, 1 eel, 
 
 ell, 
 
 Ul, 
 
 all, - - 
 
 on, 
 
 oak, i ooze, 
 
 up, 
 
 J; wood, 
 
 DIPHTHONGS: These being compound sounds, and all the 
 simple characters being otherwise appropriated, they are rep- 
 resented by complex signs. They will be understood by the 
 following illustration: 
 
 ' i 
 I tsle, 
 
 A\ 
 
 ': TICW. 
 
 ORGANIC CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS. 
 The following classification, Avith reference to the positions 
 of the mouth and the parts employed in producing the sev- 
 eral elementary sounds, will interest the reader having a 
 scientific turn of mind : 
 
 
 
 K C 
 
 C tK 
 
 
 
 
 "f 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .5 o 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c c 
 
 s* a 
 
 
 
 H?S 
 
 ^ 
 
 i T3 
 
 >-l 
 
 Abrupts. <, 
 
 Wliispered. 
 Spoken. 
 
 \P 
 \b 
 
 
 t 
 
 Xch 
 
 /j 
 
 Contin- \ 
 
 Whispered. 
 
 V_f 
 
 ( th 
 
 ) 
 
 ^/ ; sh 
 
 uants. 1 
 
 Spolten. 
 
 Cv 
 
 ?& 
 
 ) z 
 
 ^zh 
 
 Liquids. 
 
 
 
 ri 
 
 "^r 
 
 Kesonants, 
 
 
 ^ MD 
 
 
 
 v^/n 
 
 Ambigues. 
 
 
 "^ W 
 
 
 
 ^"y 
 
 In the above division of the consonant sounds, reading in 
 columns downwards, we begin with, (1), those formed at the 
 lips, asjo, b,f, &c., and call them Labials; (2), we then go
 
 INTROI>r<TloN. 
 
 back to the region of the tip of the tongue and the- teeth, 
 where, t, (I, &c., are formed, which class we term Limjno-lhn- 
 tnlx, (tongue-teeth Bounds;) (8), then to the hard palate or 
 roof of the nioutlj, a. little back of the teeth, where AVC find 
 rli, j, xh, <., which we call Linguo-Palatale; and, finally, to 
 the root of the tongue, near the throat, where /, y, &c., ;.re 
 formed, which we term Gutteruh, or Throat- Sounds. 
 
 JQcfiuHum ofj 
 
 Phonetics, from phone, voice, is a general term, signifying the 
 science of the voice. Phonetic science treats of the different 
 aoundsof the human voice, their modifications and combinations; 
 hence the mode of spelling based on this science is called phonetic 
 spelling, to distinguish it from the ordinary spelling now in use. 
 
 Phonography, from ]ilui<-, voice, and yrajihr, writing, means 
 voice-writing, or the representation of the sounds of the human voice 
 by written signs ; it is also applied to the style of writing thus pro- 
 duced by means of Mr. Isaac Pitman's brief and scientific shorthand 
 alphabet. 
 
 Phonotypy, from jJii><'. voice, nnd 1u]>n*, type, means the art of 
 representing the sounds of the human voice by printed letters, in 
 :icc:ordii.i)ce with the rules of phonetic science; also the style of print- 
 ing thus produced. 
 
 Phonotyiiu is a printed letter, used to represent any particular 
 sound in ;i word. 
 
 Phonogram, from pJ>on/>, voice, and t/rrtmma, letter, signifies a 
 written sign or letter, used for the representation ot'a certain sound. 
 
 Logogram, from frit/ox, word, and ///( mum. letter, is a phonogram 
 or single sign, used for the sake of brevity to represent the whole 
 word: as | d, which represents i/. 
 
 Grauimalogne, (tho parts r,f the last word transpoFed,) means a 
 letter-word, or a word that is represented by a logogram; as do is the 
 grammalogue represented by the logngrnin I il. 
 
 1'hraseograin is a combination of shorthand signs, for the rep- 
 re~fiitation of a phi MM\ or several words in a sentence. 
 
 Phra geography is the system of representing phrases by the 
 writing of jihraseograms.
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ p roj>e 
 
 
 V_ f sa/e 
 
 % (f I f*U 
 
 
 \ b role 
 
 
 V v save 
 
 a ( \ r for 
 
 
 t fate 
 
 
 (, t wrea^/t 
 
 C / N m seem 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 . 
 
 QQ | 
 
 B 
 
 ft 
 
 d fa<?e 
 
 K 
 
 ^ d wrea^/te 
 
 i! J v -> n see/I 
 
 CO I 
 
 g ' 
 
 / q etch 
 
 i 
 
 J s buss 
 
 ; IN ' g sin^r 
 
 <j 
 
 / j edge 
 
 O 
 
 j z buzz 
 
 g [ > w way 
 
 E3 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 a J X^ 
 
 
 k Ioc7c 
 
 
 _J J vicious 
 
 s I y * 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ^ IK b, /tand 
 
 
 1 g % 
 
 
 ^^3 vision 
 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 
 q arm 
 
 
 a am 
 
 
 j t'sle 
 
 
 a ale 
 
 
 ' e ell 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 er ot7 
 
 c 
 
 i eel 
 
 S3 
 
 i ill 
 
 d 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 C < 
 
 ^2 ^ 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 C_( 
 
 
 
 e aw/ed 
 
 CO 
 
 o odd 
 
 SH 
 
 A T> Otol 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o ope 
 
 
 ~ u p 
 
 
 
 
 _ iu fool 
 
 
 _ u fll 
 
 
 n n, dpe 
 
 NOTE. For an explanation of the new typic letters above, 
 and specimen of phonetic printing, see appendix, page 138.
 
 of 
 
 EXPLODENT CONSONANTS. 
 
 1. Let the pupil take a pointer, or a pen without ink, and 
 trace the signs in the following division of the consonants, 
 termed c.rjjlmlrnitt, the perpendicular and inclined ones from 
 the top downwards, and the horizontal ones from left to right, 
 speaking, at the same time, the name of each, as printed 
 beneath. 
 
 \ I / - 
 
 Po Be To DC Chay Jay Kay Gay 
 
 The consecutive order and tabular arrangement of these 
 signs should be fixed in the mind, by repeating them fre- 
 quently as above; after which the exercise may be varied 
 
 as follows: 
 
 r, B \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 
 
 T,D - I I I I I I I I 1 I I I | | 
 
 y^il T * ~T "7 7^ ^ 7* ^ y*'~ y 7* ^ ^* V* ' 7^ f -*- 
 
 t 1 h, J XX XX XX XX / / / / / / 
 
 2. In the above, and a few subsequent exercises, is exhib- 
 ited the manner of writing on double-ruled paper ; in the use
 
 22 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 of a single line the signs should be written to it as though it 
 were the lower line in the double-ruling, thus: 
 
 X x X ! i i I ' / / / 
 
 3. The power, or simple sound, of each sign, must now be 
 learned, and this may be most readily done as follows: 
 Beneath each sign will be placed a key-word, with a hyphen 
 just before the letter, or letters, representing the last sound 
 in the word; and if the learner will pronounce each word as 
 far as the hyphen, then pause, and in a moment give the final 
 sound by itself, that sound will be the unvarying power of the 
 shorthand sign above the word. Thus: 
 
 \ I / _ 
 
 To-pe ro-tr, fa-<c fa-rfe, 6a.-ch a-j/c, lo-cfc lo-g 
 
 Of course the final e in repp, robe fate, fade, and in &gc, is 
 silent ; the ch in each, and the ck in loci, represent single 
 sounds; and the g in age has the same sound si&j in joy. 
 
 The drill on the key-words should be repeated until the 
 pure sound of each sign can be given by itself, without hesita- 
 tion ; and, in spelling out words in reading exercises, the sounds 
 of the signs should generally be employed, in preference to 
 their names. 
 
 CO3IBIXIXG THE COXSOXAXTS. 
 
 4. When a word requires two or more consonant signs, they 
 should all be written without lifting the pen, continuing from 
 one stroke into another, until all are formed, thus: 
 
 The first downward stroke should stop on the bottom line, 
 and when another one occurs in the same word it should be 
 continued on below, as the tail of a letter in longhand 
 writing.
 
 OF I'll >Nn<,IlAI'HY. 23 
 
 The following, and all other reading exercises, after being 
 read once or twice by sound, should also be copied into the 
 learner's copy-lniok, the pupil speaking the sounds of the signs 
 as he copies them. In doing this, cither the [lowers of the let- 
 ters may K- used as. j, L /. j>, t /:, &<., or the names, pc ka, 
 L<i i>< , f/' /:/>, <S;c.; in class teaching the latter method is the 
 better, after having drilled the learners well in speaking the 
 simple powers of the letters. 
 
 "). In copying this exercise, observe that the place of begin- 
 ning each form, or outline, of a word containing a jH-rpen- 
 dicular or inclined stroke, is just above the top ruled line. 
 If paper containing single ruling is used, begin writing these 
 strokes their length above the line, 
 
 READING AND WHITING EXERCISE I. 
 
 
 
 1 ^ ^ \ 
 
 x _/" / \ 
 
 
 X f V 
 
 v_ 
 
 1 I > 
 
 ^ ' > 
 
 1 
 
 \ X 
 
 / \ / 
 
 In writing the following exercise, from print, frequent ref- 
 erence to g 1 and g 4 will be necessary for a time, in order 
 to insure' correctness. If doubt should arise as to the proper 
 shorthand sign to be usc-d for any letter, it may be settled at 
 Oboe by consulting 3. 
 
 It is a good plan, after having written any combination of 
 strokes correctly, to repeat it several times before going on to 
 the next one. 
 
 WniTixc EXERCISE I. 
 
 pk bk tk dk cli-k jk kg g-oh 
 kp kb kt kd k-ch kj kk gk 
 pb td ch-p tb bt j>-eh d-ch jb
 
 24 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 LONG VOWELS. 
 
 G. The six primary or long vowels of the English language, 
 for practical purposes, are thus arranged, in conformity some- 
 what with the scientific classification of the elementary sounds 
 of the language. The sounds are indicated by the following 
 letters and the words beneath : 
 
 AH A E AW 00 
 
 arm ale eel awl old ooze 
 
 The first three sounds are represented by a heavy dot, placed 
 at the beginning, middle, or end, of a consonant; and the last 
 three by a short, heavy dash ill the same position. Thus: 
 
 AH A E AW 00 
 
 a-rm a-le cc-l aw-l old oo-zo 
 
 The shorthand sign j in connection with the dots and dash-, 
 cs above, is used merely to indicate their position to any con- 
 sonant. 
 
 7. The sounds of these dots and dashes may be learned by 
 first pronouncing the key-words underneath, noticing the first 
 or vowel sound in each; then, by pronouncing each word as far 
 as the hyphen only, the proper sound of the shorthand vowel 
 sign will be heard. 
 
 8. This vowel scale should be repeated over and over, thus: 
 "AH, A, E, heavy dots; AW, O, OO, heavy dashes," until they 
 can be as readily recalled as the figures 1, 2, 3, etc. They nniy 
 be described as follows: AH is the first-place heavy dot; A is 
 the second-place heavy dot: E is the third-place heavy dot; AW 
 is the first-place heavy dash; o is the second-place heavy 
 d^oh ; oo L the third-place heavy dash.
 
 OF PHoNiXilJAPHV. 
 
 VOWEL PLACES. 
 
 0. To aid the learner in understanding the three positions 
 in which the vowel signs are written to the several consonant 
 strokes, and to remember their order, the following illustra- 
 tions are presented: 
 
 Before Consonants. 
 
 Aftf 
 
 VOCALIZING SINGLE CONSONANTS. 
 
 10. In vocalizing the consonants, that is, in placing the 
 vowels to them, the dots and dashes .should be written near 
 the strokes, but not so that they will join; thus, j s tea, ^ age, 
 
 \ pa. The dashes should be written at right angles, or 
 nearly so, with the consonants, a>, \ pmr, ~j~ go, /"*jaw. 
 
 Inclined signs are regarded as perpendicular, with reference 
 to the reading or placing of vowels before or after them. 
 
 11. If the vowel is to be read first, we place it before or to 
 the left of vertical and inclined consonants, and above horizon- 
 tal ones; thus: : cat, \ ape, oak; if the vowel is to be read 
 after the consonant, we place it after, or to the right of ver- 
 tical and inclined consonants, and below horizontal ones; thus: 
 
 | ' '%, T- ga>J, /\ Joe, ; "//. 
 
 12. The following exercise should be read over frequently, 
 till the learner acquires the correct sounds of the vowels, and 
 
 their consecutive order. 
 3
 
 26 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 READING AND WRITING EXERCISE II. 
 
 Words in which the Vowels follow the Consonants. 
 
 \ \ \. \ x v 
 
 pa pay pea paw bow pooh 
 
 x i- \. r i- i- 
 
 bah day bee taw toe two 
 
 / / /* A L 
 
 jay gee jaw joe do 
 
 gay key caw go coo 
 
 Vowels preceding Consonants. 
 
 ate each age eke ache 
 
 "I -I "I -I X - 1 - 
 
 ought oat awed owed ope oak 
 
 VOCALIZING COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 13. The spelling, and manner of writing, the following words 
 may be studied first with the aid of the key underneath ; after 
 which it is a good plan to lay a strip of paper over the key 
 and read without the aid of the printed words ; then reverse 
 the process ; lay the paper over the shorthand line, and write 
 in phonography from the printed copy, and afterward compare 
 your own with the forms here given. 
 
 s J
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 27 
 
 READING AND WRITING EXERCISE III. 
 
 L H L "H "^ 
 
 peak keep take gate talk coat coop 
 
 cheek cage caught chalk joke goat cake 
 
 date 
 
 beat 
 
 paid 
 
 taught boat pope boot. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE II. 
 
 Pa, pay, day, gay, bay; tea, bee, key; aid, ache, age, eat; 
 each; paw, bow, booh, taw, toe, two, dough, do, chaw, joe, 
 caw, go, coo. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE FIRST LKS.SOX. 
 
 (See I.) What are the names of the straight consonant pigns ? 
 What are they termed? ( / /'-'>) Repeat the powers of these sign*. 
 ($!.' When two or more consonants are required in a word, how are 
 they written? gj>. Where do you begin to write perpendicular or 
 inclined strokes? (/ !'>) IInw many simple long vowels are there in the 
 English language? Repeat them. <;<*' How are the first three repre- 
 sented? The last three? i jj 10. i II. iw are the dash vowels written 
 with reference to the consonants? i ''/ \ \ . ) How are the vowels written 
 to the consonants with reference to reading the same?
 
 28 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 CONTINUANT CONSONANTS. 
 
 14. The second division of consonant signs is given below, 
 preceded by their names, and followed by a line of key-words 
 beneath, indicating their several sounds: 
 
 eF Ve iTH THe eS Ze iSH ZHa 
 
 ^ ^ ( ( ) ) J 
 
 sa-/e sa-e oa-tAe loa-tAe bu-ss bu-zs ru-sA a-zure 
 
 The learner must pursue the same course, in order to obtain 
 the simple sounds of these signs, as he did with the explodents 
 in 2. 
 
 15. When the sounds of these signs are comprehended, and 
 they can be readily made, their consecutive order should be 
 well memorized, and the position of each sign Avell fixed in the 
 mind, so that they will not be confounded with the additional 
 curved signs which are yet to be learned ; after which the 
 following exercise may be traced, and then copied from 
 memory, repeating the sound of each sign while doing so. 
 They are all written from top downward, except that, in com- 
 bination with other signs, J is occasionally written upward. 
 
 Th,TH: ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 
 
 82:)))) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 
 Sh,Zh: JJ JJ jj JJ JJ JJ JJ
 
 OF PiioNcHiitAi'HY. 29 
 
 10. These curved signs are combined with each other, and 
 with the .straight strokes, in the same manner as the straight 
 strokes are united one with another in g 4, page ~2'2. Tin- dash 
 vowel signs are also placed to them in ahout the same way, viz: 
 at right angles to the curve. 
 
 READING AND WRITING EXERCISE IV. 
 
 V, v c (- ). > f J jr 
 
 fee foe thaw see say saw she sliaw 
 
 ^ ^ ) S- -> < -> >L - 
 
 show shoe ease eve owes oath ooze ask 
 
 feed fade faith food sheep shape shade 
 
 ^ } \ <L ^ <s. S- *- 
 
 shake path bathe shave sheaf thief veto evoke 
 
 LIQUIDS, NASALS, AMBIGUES, AND ASPIRATE. 
 
 17. The remainder of the consonants can not be grouped as 
 those heretofore given; nor do they exist in pairs of whispered 
 and vocal; therefore they must be learned as independent 
 signs. The pure sounds of these signs should be learned as the 
 others have been, and as indicated below: 
 
 LIQUIDS. NASALS. 
 
 eL aR Ray eM eN iNG 
 
 Sail far row seem seen si</ 
 
 AMBIGUES. \ ^ ' ASPIRATE. ] / 
 
 I Jl'ay Tea ( -Hay
 
 r 
 
 30 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 18. L C is written upward, when the only stroke conso- 
 nant in a word, and generally so in combination with others; 
 but it is written downward, in combination, when it is more 
 convenient to do so. 
 
 19. R ~^\ is written downward, and Ray -^ , as an alter- 
 nate, is written upward. It is distinguished from Cfiay / , 
 first, in the fact that Ray is more inclined than Chay, and 
 second, because the former is always written upward and the 
 latter always downward, and the direction in which they are 
 written is in most cases apparent. 
 
 20. M ^-^,, n s-^ , ng > __ , are written from left to right. 
 
 21. Way ^\ and Yea f are written downward, as are 
 all heavy perpendicular and inclined strokes. 
 
 22. Hay / is always written upward; but a down-stroke 
 form of it, / , is sometimes employed. 
 
 23. Now trace the following lines with a pointer, repeating 
 the sound of each sign in doing so ; afterwards copy them with 
 pencil or pen : 
 
 ^rrrrrrrr 
 
 R 
 
 W > ;. ^\ . V' "N ^ - ^ " 
 
 ^rrrrrrrr 
 
 H //////// 
 V _
 
 OF FHOXOlillAI'HY. 
 
 31 
 
 24. To distinguish between the upward and downward (^ ', 
 when speaking of them, the up-stroke is called Lay, and the 
 down-stroke, FJ. 
 
 '2'>. In the following exercise eljserve that the first-place 
 vowels alt and me, are written to I ' r / and h / '& the 
 plaee where you begin to write them, viz: on the line; tlic rule 
 being, that the first-place position of a consonant is at the end 
 where you begin to form it, and the third-place where you 
 finish it. 
 
 First read, and then write, as described in 6. 
 
 READIXG AXD WRITING EXERCISE V. 
 
 lay lea law low leap leaf league 
 
 are air ear 
 
 oar arm meal male 
 
 calm maim came name fame meek 
 
 ream tuam room knave kneel nail cool 
 
 V" XT "^ c ^ 
 
 pale ball pole gore lame loam 
 
 woke wake yea hay hail
 
 32 ECLECTIC MANUAL, 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE III. 
 
 Ark lark, par, tar, far, laugh, jar. 
 
 Pale, bail, tale, tame, dame, lake, lave, lathe, faith, vague, 
 shame, game, female, became. 
 
 Peel, beam, team, deem, tear, theme, fear, veer, revere, 
 relieve. 
 
 Paul, tall, fall, gall, shawl, (upstroJx _J and (~ ) shoal, (do.) 
 
 Pour, door, tore, toll, load, loaf, loathe, both, comb, foam, 
 shore, also. 
 
 Tomb, tooth, booth, loop, loom, room. 
 
 Wrath, raid, rage, reap, wreath, wreathe, reel, wrought, 
 wrote, road, roar, (double-length upstroJte}, root, retail. Arch, 
 park, porch, torch. Heap, Leal, hero, halo. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE SECOND LESSON. 
 
 ( Sec 14. ) What arc the names of the first eight curved consonants ? 
 What are they termed ? Repeat their powers. (15.) In what direc- 
 tion are they written ? (16.) How are the dash vowels -written to the 
 curved consonants ? (17.) What are the names of the liquid conson- 
 ants ? Of the nasals ? ( 18, 19. ) How are these liquids written ? Give 
 their sounds. ( 20. ) How are the nasals written ? Give their sounds. 
 ( 17. ) What are the names and sounds of the ambigues ? What of the 
 aspirate? ( 21, 22. ) How are these signs written? ( 19. ) How are fhay 
 ami ray distinguished? ( 25. ) Where is the first-place vowel written 
 to lay, ray and hay? Where the third-place?
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 9"^T * V ci" 
 
 tmtru titssmu 
 
 6 ** 
 
 .SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 25. The student having become familiar with the arrange- 
 ment and manner of writing the long vowels, it will now be 
 an easy matter for him to understand and use the following 
 scale of short vowels : 
 
 'I a c- .1 o - a _| oo 
 
 An in at ell it odd vp foot 
 
 The six vowel signs above given approximate so nearly in 
 quality to those given in 4, the main difference being length 
 or fullness, that they are represented in precisely the same 
 manner, excepting that the signs are made lighter.* 
 
 * In England, where Phonography had its origin, the six long and 
 six short vowels thus presented, are all the simple vocal element:? 
 recognized in good pronunciation. In this country, however, our 
 standard dictionaries. Webster ami Worcester, recognize and mark 
 three additional vowel sounds; as heard in the words: (1 i *. lutt : 
 ( 2 i nir. tin ir: '> A. r. *ir. The first being a medial sound, be: ween 
 the vowels in firm and tit, may be appropriately represented by length- 
 ening the first-place light dot into a light parallel dash: thus: 
 
 I ask, V'"^- tiniiii. The second being regarded by most 
 
 authors as a modification of long n, i Webster having marked it so 
 until quite recently >, may be represented by lengthening the middle- 
 place heavy dot into a parallel dash : thus : N ^_^ p"ir, || dare. 
 
 The third being regarded by refined speakers as a slight lengthening of 
 the short vowel in tm-t, and by others as the vowel in /' modified by 
 the following r. it may be appropriately represented by the middle-place 
 
 light dash, written parallel to the stem: thus: V <//-. fir. 
 
 C\ 
 In ordinary writing, however, it is not necessary to make these nice
 
 r 
 
 34 ECLKCTIC MANUAL 
 
 20. The proper sounds of these dots and dashes, in their several 
 positions, must be well memorized. They may be learned in 
 the same manner as the long vowels were learned, by first 
 pronouncing the key-words underneath, and then beginning 
 to pronounce them but omitting to sound the consonants. 
 They are designated thus: & is the first-place light dot; e is 
 the second-place light dot ; \ is the third-place light dot ; # is 
 the first-place light dash ; \i is the second-place light dash ; ftd 
 is the third-place light dash. 
 
 27. As a general thing it is more convenient, and except in 
 analyzing words it is just as well, to name the short vowels 
 with the consonant t after them ; thus : at, et, it, of, ut, oot. 
 
 COMPLETE VOWEL SCALE. 
 
 28. Another method of drill, in attaining the correct sounds 
 of the short vowels, is to utter them in connection with the 
 
 long vowels, as in the following table, thus; "ah a," 
 
 "aye---6," "e---i," "aw- - -6," "oh- - -fi," "66- - -66." 
 Repeat x the scale in this manner, over and over again : 
 
 1st place, "j ah - - - - "j 2, 
 
 2d place, -j a - - - 
 
 3d place, I e - - - - 
 
 aw - - - jo 
 oh - - - -I ti 
 
 1 ,-..-, 
 
 oo - - - oo 
 
 29. The following exercise on the short vowels should be 
 practiced till their consecutive order is well mastered, and the 
 position of each sound can be told without hesitation. 
 
 distinctions: hence, we represent these vowels by the dots and dashes 
 presented above. Those who wish to represent these shade vowels can 
 do so as here indicated.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 READING AND WRITING EXERCISE VI. 
 
 et, it, 
 
 \x 
 
 eb, ib, 
 
 -I 
 
 i 
 
 ot, ut, 
 
 \x 
 
 ob, ub, 
 
 oot, 
 
 \ 
 
 oob, 
 
 at, 
 
 \ 
 
 ab, 
 
 pack, tack, jack, fag, lag. rag, lap, hat, 
 
 V. L. L. r^> ^y \r si 
 
 peck, deck, check, leg, neck, nell, bell, hedge, 
 
 pick, tick, chick, fig, lick, nib, big, rig, 
 
 dock, cob, lock, poll, knock, rock, fog, hobb}-, 
 
 duck, cub, luck, dull, numb, rum, buggy, ruddy, 
 
 took, book, look, bull, nook, shook, rook, bully, 
 
 air, fare, lath, launch, rare, early, earthly, firm. 
 
 "\VKITING EXERCISE IV. 
 
 Add, am, back, lack, rack, rap, catch, hatch, hang. 
 El)h, edge, egg, bell, tell, dell, red, ready, head. 
 Pit, tip, pill, pick, dip, mill, gill, hill. 
 Odd, off, got, shock, lock, mock, folly, body. 
 Up, us, cut, luck, love, jug, mug, rug, putty, lucky. 
 Pull, took, look, cook, pully, tally. 
 Asp, data, Cuba; bear, .share, repair; earth, early, mercy.
 
 36 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 v l i "I oi A | ow J u 
 
 As in ice, oil, owl, mule. 
 
 30. The sounds of these diphthongal signs are apparent from 
 a glance at the key-words underneath. The form of the sign 
 of the first three is essentially the same, the only difference 
 being in position and the direction in which it is written. 
 
 (1.) When written with the point downward, the angular 
 sign represents the first sound in ice, which is a close com- 
 bination of i and i : thus; v ) ice, NS \ pie, (^ He. 
 
 (2.) When .written with the point slanting upward to the 
 right, in the first-place, it represents the first sound in oil, 
 which is a close combination of 5 and i; thus: A^~ oil, \^ boy, 
 
 />y- 
 
 (3.) When written in the third-place, with the point up- 
 ward, it represents the first sound in our, which is a close com- 
 bination of ah and ##; thus: A^ our, cow. 
 
 (4.) The fourth of the series is represented by a small half 
 circle, written in the third-place; thus: L due, V_ few* 
 
 31. These diphthongs being all compound sounds are appro- 
 priately represented by compound signs, and necessarily, too, 
 as the simple signs have all been appropriated by the simple 
 
 * Theoretically most Americans who have made the subject of pro- 
 nunciation a study, hold that the diphthong in due, lute, suit, tteif, etc., 
 is not exactly the same as that heard in -unite, Europe, Etcing, disunion, 
 etc. They say that the former is a pare diphthong, resulting from a 
 close coalescing of I and 66, or I and 66, thus : ioo : while the latter is 
 a combination of the consonant y and oo, thus : yoo. The very critical 
 phonographic writers in this country, therefore, represent the pure 
 
 diphthong thus : |> due, ^eiiie: but the mixed diphthong yoo 
 
 r> 
 
 thus : vl finite. Practically, however, it is not desirable to make 
 this nice distinction, as learners can not appreciate it, and skillful 
 writers rarely insert either sign.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 37 
 
 sounds. When written alone, or to a single stem, is regarded 
 as a lirst-phuv si>rn, Jmt :is there is no danger of its being mis- 
 taken for either of the other signs, it is often written in the 
 middle-place, or even in the third-place, when more con- 
 venient ; thus : \f pile, l^ deny, f --- like. 
 
 32. The sign is, of course, written for the pronoun /; and 
 the sign for the pronoun yoa, 
 
 G EXERCISE L 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE V. 
 
 Pie, die, fie, vie, thigh, sigh, shy, lie, nigh, pike, like, 
 type, ripe, defy, rely. 
 Boy, joy, decoy, annoy, enjoy. 
 Cow, vow, sow, out, owl, fowl, mow, allow. 
 Due, dupe, cube, few, pure, fume, mule, jury, fury. 
 
 RULES FOR VOCALIZING. 
 
 33. The following rules will guide the learner to the best 
 method of placing the vowel signs: 
 
 (1.) In vocalizing or inserting the vowels of words com- 
 posed of two or more consonants, it is important to keep the 
 vowel signs away from the inside of angles, as in such posi- 
 tions it is impossible to tell to which stroke they belong; 
 therefore, when a first- place vowel come.s Ijetween two conso- 
 nants it is placed immediately after the first; as v-^, babn, 
 
 448541
 
 r 
 
 38 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 not before the second consonant, thus: v x ; I tack, 
 
 not I- , which might be tick as well as tack. 
 
 (2.) A second-place vowel coming between two consonants, 
 if it is long, is also written after the first; as J gate, 
 P-x. dome; but if short, it is written before the second; as 
 
 "1 get, LJL^ dumb; by which means the sounds of the middle- 
 place vowels may be determined, if they should not be clearly 
 indicated by the size of the vowel dot or dash. 
 
 (3.) Third-place vowels, whether long or short, coming 
 between two consonants, are written before the second; as 
 
 keep, not 
 
 duty, not In ; N boot, \ ! book. 
 
 (4.) In words beginning with the prefix syllables be-, de-, 
 re-, the vowel sign may be omitted, with the understanding 
 that when the consonants b, d and r are written without a 
 vowel sign they are to be read as though the vowel e were 
 there; thus; \/v belie, I. depot, /V^_ revoke. 
 
 (5.) If two vowels come between two consonants, the first 
 one uttered is written to the first stroke, and the next one to 
 the second; v-S poem. 
 
 (6.) If two vowels, or a diphthong and vowel, precede the 
 first or only consonant in a word, the first one uttered is writ- 
 ten farther from it than the second; thus; ~| iota; if a word 
 terminate with two, the last is written farthest from the conso- 
 nant sign; as t^\ Ohio. 
 
 (7.) WJien the diphthong v begins a word, it may often be 
 united with the consonant following without lifting the pen ; 
 as / icy. When the diphthong A or is the final sound 
 in a word, it may often be written to the preceding conso- 
 nant without lifting the pen ; thus ; [^ due, V^ few, \\ bow, 
 ^_^v now.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 39 
 
 34. In reading words containing two or more consonants, it 
 must lie observed that each stroke, and the vowel sign or signs 
 placed to it, must be read precisely as they would be it they 
 stood unconnected with other consonant strokes: thus \^L _. 
 read in this way would be analyzed thus: \r.| - pol-it-ir; 
 
 and X^Vv thus: |/ / v/ ter-ify. This analysis, in the mind, 
 will be necessary only for a short time, until the learner can 
 read words from their general appearance. 
 
 READIXG EXEUCISE II. 
 
 \ V 
 
 A 
 
 WRITIXG EXERCISE VI. 
 
 Bar, bake, bare, peach, palm, paid, pale, pair, peal, tar, 
 tame, tare, team, tear, dale, dare, deed, chair, cheap, car, 
 cape, keel, share, shore, ark, arm, farm, fair, laugh, lake, 
 delay, became, defame, defy, weigh, awake, holy. 
 
 Badly, valley, heavy, ahead, lazy, funny, fellow, mellow, 
 miller, honey, hilly. 
 
 Chide, chime, fire, abide, alive, allowed, boiler, filer. 
 
 May I write my name? You may now read. I enjoy our 
 ride. You may leave my room. I love my lively boy.
 
 40 ECLixrric MANUAL, 
 
 REVIEW OF THE THIRD LESSOX. 
 
 ( 25. ) How do the short vowels differ from the long ? ( ? 26. ) Give 
 the sounds of the first three. How are they written? The last 
 three? (#27.) What are the names of the short vowels? (if 28. ) 
 Sound the long and short dot vowels in conjunction, {% 30.) What are 
 the sounds of the diphthongs? How written? (g31.) How may the 
 sign / be written, as to place? ( 32.) Which of the diphthongs are 
 word-signs? ($33.) When a first-place vowel comes between two 
 consonants, to which is it written? To which are the middle-place 
 vowels written? Third-place? When may the first-place vowel e be 
 omitted? When two vowel sounds come between two consonants, how 
 are their signs written? When two vowels precede or follow a conso- 
 nant, how are the signs written? Which of the diphthongs may be 
 joined to consonant stems, and when?
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 41 
 
 3|mtrflj 
 
 THE S AXD Z CIRCLE, ST LOOP, ETC. 
 
 The fact that s and 2 represent sounds of very frequent 
 occurrence, renders it necessary, in order to secure the greatest 
 brevity and lineality in writing, that they he furnished with 
 an additional sign. Indeed each subsequent lesson is hut to 
 introduce some more abbreviated method of writing, which, 
 while it seems to render the system more complex, adds to it 
 new ln-auty as well as value. 
 
 35. The second forms for s and z are, a small circle, made 
 light for the former, and thickened on one side for the latter; 
 thus; os, cz; the thickening of the z-circle, however, is 
 scarcely ever necessary, as the ser.se will nearly always indi- 
 cate whether the circle should be or 2. Where precision is 
 requisite, the stroke z should be used. 
 
 The "circle-ess," as it is called, to distinguish it from the 
 stroke ) s, is used much more frequently than the latter; it is 
 employed, however, only in connection with stroke consonants, 
 except as word-signs. It affords a most wonderful facility for 
 joining both straight and curved strokes, and in a graceful 
 and fluent manner. 
 
 36 The table on the following page will assist the learner to 
 fix in his mind the mode of writing the circle to each of the 
 long signs; it will also be of service for reference in writing 
 out the exercises in the writing lesson.
 
 42 
 
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 
 \ 
 
 P 
 
 C 
 
 sp ^ 
 
 sf ^ 
 
 si ( 
 
 TABLE OF THE CIRCLE S. 
 ^ sb | st f sd / s-ch /* j a sk 
 
 ff> O. (\ C\ 
 s-th ^ s-th j 88 ) &z __y s-sh 
 
 > sr </ sr x ^ sm Q^,. sn Q^, sng 
 
 ^ s-zh 
 
 ^f O ZiAl 
 
 > sw 
 
 36. The y and A signs never take an initial circle, but it is 
 written to the termination of each; thus: g ya, / A. The 
 table represents the circle written only at the initial end of 
 
 the strokes, whereas it may be written at either end or at 
 
 ~^v P 
 
 both ends; thus: \ops, D fo, ^^ me, 3 ITS, ^ sts, o_p sns; 
 
 and it is also written between stroke consonants; as J tsi, 
 ^\ rsp, ^ fjsls, | snsnt. 
 
 37. Observe that the circle is written only on the right-hand 
 side of perpendicular and inclined straight strokes, including 
 upstroke r, which is nearer horizontal than vertical; and on 
 the inner or concave sides of curved signs. 
 
 38. When the circle comes between two strokes, it is turned 
 in the shortest and easiest way ; thus, between two straight 
 strokes forming an angle, it is turned outside, aa ^ bsk, 
 
 tsp; between two curved strokes, turning in opposite direc- 
 
 tions, it is turned on the inside of the first ; as ^~^_^ msn, 
 ^^ msv. In a few instances it is necessary to make 
 
 exceptions to thisi last rule, in order to keep consonants from 
 
 running too far below the line of writing; as C/j. facility, 
 
 ^^/ nosology. 
 
 39. In vocalizing words in which the circle is used, the 
 
 vowel signs are placed to the strokes before which or after 
 
 which they are heard, just as if they had no circle attached ; 
 
 as, J eat, J suit, (^ low, (* slow, - key, o keys, 
 succeed.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 43 
 
 40. Jn reading words containing the circle *, if tLer,- H an 
 initial circle, it is read first, as it is written iirst ; next ihe 
 vowel sign preceding the stroke, if there be one; then the 
 stroke; the vowel-siirn following the ^r"ke;and lastly the 
 iinal circle; thus: [ *id, )-^ siippote, -^ tpice, j 
 
 \^ suffice, N o/v *"/'/wx. 
 
 41. It is some times impossible to insert correctly the third- 
 place vowels in the forms for words in which the circle * 
 occurs, in which cast's they are omitted, as in Rule 4 for 
 vocalizing, page 38; thus: ^y ^^ bcflime, ^f* dcsirout, 
 J^C\ disrobe, -^vT rcrtore. Tlie? omissions are in accord- 
 
 ance with the practice of advanced writers, who omit all 
 except the accented vowl-> reporters omitting all vowels. 
 
 READING EXERCISE III. 
 
 f i 
 
 Ac" 
 
 WRITIXC; EXERCISE VII. 
 
 Spy, sky, stay, slay, sly, sway, snow. 
 
 Pay?, bows, days, dose, lays, laws, loose, rays, rose, ways, 
 woes, amase. Peace, tea.-*-, cheese, choos-e, keys, cause, geese, 
 goes. Face, fees, see*, size, lease, release. 
 
 Kip, sip, sob, sop, soap, soup; age, side, said, sowed,
 
 44 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 siege, such, seek, soak, south, sash, sell, soul, same, sum, 
 sign, soon, sink, sunk. 
 
 Spade, speed, spoke, scheme, sphere, sleep, slack, smoke, 
 smell, scale, swell, swill, swam, swollow. 
 
 Bestow, beset, deceit, decide, task, bask, gasp, rasp, mask, 
 wasp; space, specify, stays, skies, suffice, slice, recite, denies, 
 reason, chosen, hasten, mason, noisily, physiology. 
 
 LARGE CIRCLE SEZ LOOPS -STAND STR. 
 
 42. When the sounds of s and z occur in connection with 
 some other consonant, in such syllables as sis, ses, sys, sus, else, 
 they may generally be represented by writing a large circle, 
 double the usual siz3 for s; \3" pieces, P\ system, J, necessity, 
 - -^ exercise. The vowel, or diphthong, may be written 
 inside the circle, but it is seldom necessary. A small circle s 
 may be added to the large circle; thus: _ ijg) excesses. 
 
 43. As another means of keeping the forms of words from 
 running too far below the line of writing the circle s is length- 
 ened to a loop one-third the length of the stroke, for the addi- 
 tion of t, and sometimes d; thus, we write ^^ base, Xi based; 
 ^\D refuse, /\, refused, -^ dismissed. 
 
 44. By lengthening the loop to two-thirds the length of the 
 stroke> it becomes sir; as V^ boaster, ^=> caster, ^ foster. 
 
 The circle s may also be added to these loops ; as ^ posts, 
 
 rests; J^ festers, /-^ masters. 
 The st loop is also written initially and medially; thus: 
 H^ stop "^ stage, <f^ style, - justify, fc- statistics. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS TO THE USE OF CIRCLE S. 
 
 45. There are certain classes of words in which the long s 
 and z must be employed : First when or z is the only stroke 
 consonant in a word; as ) easy, ) saw; second, when it is
 
 4") 
 
 the first consonant, and preceded by a vowel; as "^ _ ask, 
 ; third, when two distinct vowel sounds come 
 
 between the s :uid following consonant; as in |^ t 
 / v joywis; fourth, when s or z is the last consonant in a 
 word, and followed by a vowel: a.s ')- also, ,-V). rosy; 
 fifth, when 2 betrins a word; as )^"' zero, )% zealous. 
 
 4(j. When s-s or s-3 are the only consonants in a word, they 
 may be written V or ), or 1 ; if the word terminate with 
 the sound of s, it is better to use the first; as Y" sauce; if it 
 terminate with a vowel, use the second, as "^j saucy; if 
 it terminate with 2, use the latter, as ' ) size. 
 
 BEADING EXERCISE IV. 
 
 WRITIXG EXERCISE VIII. 
 
 Tease?, causr-s, irascs, voices, inis.-es, opposes, revises, posses- 
 sor, resi.-t, desist, exhaust, decisive, discusses, empha- 
 
 Taste, eos^ fast, last, safest, repast, arrest, disposed, amazed ; 
 strps, stakes, still'. >tir, still, stork, steadfast; pastor, buster; 
 faster, lustre; posts, costs, lasts, musters, monsters.
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 THE COMBINATION J/P OR Mli. 
 
 47. A very simple combination of consonant sounds is that 
 of mp or nib; and it is appropriately represented by simply 
 thickening the sign ^-^, m, for the addition of p or b; thus: 
 r~" v limp, ^^\ empire, lj>// temporal, / ^^ > embarrass. 
 
 WORD - SIGNS. 
 
 48. By a word-sign is meant the use of a single character of 
 the alphabet to represent an entire word. This scheme is in 
 accordance with the custom in the common spelling, of writ- 
 ing i. e. for that is, e. g.,for example, p. m.,post meridian, or 
 afternoon, Gen. for General, etc. ; and it is resorted to for the 
 purpose of saving time and labor. 
 
 Those words are chosen thus to be represented which occur 
 the most frequently in composition, twenty-five of them 
 actually constituting one-fourth of any chapter or discourse, 
 and one hundred of them amounting to almost one-half. 
 
 The signs are chosen so as to suggest, generally, the words 
 they represent. Words thus represented are called sign-words, 
 when we wish to distinguish them from other words; while 
 the signs themselves are called word-signs. 
 
 VOWEL, WOED-SIGJTS. 
 
 
 / 
 
 V 
 
 f- * . 
 
 a or an 
 
 X 
 
 and : nil '. : the, 
 
 f 
 \ 
 
 aye ; I, 
 
 4 
 
 how, you. 
 
 9 
 
 all 
 s 
 
 two or too, O, oh, owe, 
 
 1 
 N 
 
 before, awe, 
 
 r 
 
 ought, who 
 
 of 
 
 to 'on 
 
 but 
 
 should 
 
 49. Only two places, the first and second, or above and on 
 the line, are used in writing the vowel word-signs, because with- 
 out a consonant it would be impossible to determine between a 
 
 . J
 
 
 iii>t and second-place position. If the word to be repn - 
 contain a first-place vowel sound, the sign is written above 
 the line; it' a second or third-place, it is written on the line, 
 with but few exceptions. 
 
 CONSONANT 
 
 \ I / 
 
 up be it do which large can come go give-n 
 
 ^ ( ( ) J 
 
 for hare think them so was shall usual-ly 
 
 will or arc my me may inany no language thing 
 
 r > / ~ . v^ 
 
 your way he important-ce improve-ment as is first 
 
 50. In the above, and all other lists of word-signs, when a 
 word is printed with a hyphen, as give-n, the sign will repre- 
 sent either the whole word, or only so much as precedes the 
 hyphen, which is, by itself, another word; thus, is either 
 (//>! or (jinn. Such words being nearly alike in sound, ;;nd 
 yet different parts of .speech, or otherwise incapable of being 
 taken one for the other, cause no difficulty to the reader. 
 
 51. Inasmuch as the horizontal strokes do not fill the space 
 which a line of writing occupies, they are made to represent 
 two words, as in the case of the vowel word-signs, one 
 above the line and the other on the line the sign-words of 
 those written above the line generally containing first-place 
 vowels; those on the line, second or third-place. There are 
 but few exceptions to this rule, one of which is in in the 
 above table; though its vowel is third-place, the is writ- 
 ten above the line, so that it will not be confounded with 
 ^^ no ; go, having a second-place vowel, is also written above 
 the line, so as to leave the third-place for give, and to keep
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 it from conflicting with come, in the third position, if it should 
 accidentally be written heavy. 
 
 52. The circle s may be added to any consonant sign, to 
 represent the plural or the possessive case of nouns, or the 
 third-person singular of verbs; thus: ^ its, ^j> things, 
 _ D comes, k does. 
 
 JOINING OF WORDS. 
 
 53. The words a, an and the are of such frequent occurrence 
 that provision is made for joining them to preceding word- 
 signs, and to many other words, by a short tick, which saves 
 much loss of time, in the aggregate, by lifting the pen ; thus ; 
 > of-thc, > to-thc, v but-the, ^~^ in-the, / which-the; > ^ in-a, 
 or in-an, [ \ for-a or for-an, |_ do-a, etc. The is represented 
 by a tick written at an acute angle to the preceding sign ; a 
 or an, by a tick written at a right angle to the preceding sign. 
 The tick for the is also frequently used to represent the word 
 he, as 7 can he, V for he. 
 
 This principle of joining is applied to all other word-signs 
 that join well; as i^^, hs-may, i it-is, \ _ become. 
 
 ADDITIONAL WORD-SIGNS. The very common words 
 first \ <=! and __ p next are thus abbreviated. ^4* and is , 
 already given, may be made has 6 and his 6 , by prefixing 
 the brief h. (See page 80.) 
 
 54. PUNCTUATION, ETC. On account of the use of the dot 
 for words, in phonographic writing, we thus write the points: 
 X period, + colon, ^ interrogation, [ wonder, * sorrow, 
 ? laughter, ( ) parentheses; the comma, semi-colon and 
 quotation marks, may be written as in common manuscript. 
 When it is desired to indicate that a word should begin with 
 a capital letter, write two parallel lines under it, thus : 
 O TT Mr. Smith.
 
 r 
 
 OF 1'iinNiMiii.u'iiY. 49 
 
 ( _ > .e /, ( J i 1 > 
 
 i n ^ r ^ 
 
 ^ n - ( U 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE IX. 
 
 Xnti'. Words that are connected by hyphens should be written 
 together without lifting the pen. 
 
 Honesty is-the best policy all-the time. 
 
 The richest miser is-a slave to-his riches. 
 
 Your duty to-your family comes first. 
 
 A thing of l>eauty is-a joy for you and for me. 
 
 The animal exists and subsists on-tbe food he eats. 
 
 He who asks justice should-be ready to give it. 
 
 The wisest and-the best are-the purest of earth. 
 
 The itse of steam was-a most important improvement.
 
 50 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE IX. CONCLUDED. 
 
 Many -who-are first shall-be last, and-the last, first. 
 Two fools in-a house are too-many by two. 
 Think to-day and speak to-morrow. 
 Be zealous in business, but be no slave to-it. 
 Ask wisely, and-it shall-be given unto you. 
 It-is no advantage to fast if-you-are next to feast. 
 Laziness is said to-be-a hopeless disease. 
 Most things have two sides to-them, and-i^is best to 
 look at both. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE FOURTH LESSON. 
 
 ( 35.) On which side of straight strokes is the circle s written? 
 On which side of curves? ($ 36.) Which signs never take the circle s 
 initially? ( 38.) How is the circle written between the straight 
 strokes? How between the curved strokes? ($ 39. ) When a vowel is 
 written before a stroke beginning with a circle, which is read first, the 
 vowel or the circle? (41.) When may third-place vowels be omitted ? 
 ( \ 42. ) In what classes of words is the large circle used ? ( $ 43. ) How 
 is the st loop written, and in what cases is it used? ( 44.) How is 
 the str loop written, and when used ? How may the circle s be written 
 after the loop? ($ 45.) In what cases is it necessary to write the 
 stroke s or z? ( 46.) In words having only the consonants s-s or *-z, 
 in what cases should the form begin with the oneorthe other? ($ 47.) 
 How is the combination mp or mb represented ? ( 48. ) What is the 
 principle on which word-signs are formed? ($ 49.) Write and name 
 the vowel word-signs. ( 50.) The straight consonant word-signs. 
 The curved word-signs. ($ 51.) Explain the rule of position, in 
 regard to horizontal signs. (% 52.) What effect does the adding of a 
 circle give to a simple word-sign ? ( $ 53. ) How may the, lie, a, and 
 be affixed to a preceding word? ($ 54.) How are the punctuation 
 marks written? How are capitals indicated?
 
 OF I'HoXlHiliAI'HY. 51 
 
 INITIAL HOOKS FOR L AND 7?. 
 
 ">">. A peculiar characteristic of the sounds of I and r is, 
 that they freely blend with other preceding consonants, form- 
 ing double sounds as it were, similar to the vowel diphthongs, 
 and hence their classification as liquids. Take, for illustra- 
 tion, phnj and apple, fly and jickk, and observe how almost 
 simultaneously the letters jJ, fl, and J;l are uttered, the I 
 gliding imperceptibly into each of the others; take, also, the 
 words pray, try, caycr, and in pronouncing them notice how, 
 in each case, the pr, (r, <jr, glide into almost a single effort 
 of articulation . 
 
 56. The briefest and most philosophical way of representing 
 
 combinations of I and r with the preceding conso- 
 nants, is by distinct and uniform modifications of such conso- 
 nants. Very simple modifications are provided, by a small 
 initial hook on one side of the straight strokes for r, and on 
 the other side for /; thus: 
 
 \ pr, \ pi, 1 tr, f tl, r- kr, .__ kl. 
 
 57. These compound strokes must be regarded primarily 
 as single, indivisible signs, and spoken as such in analyz- 
 ing or spelling out words, as well as in naming the signs; 
 that is, as the final syllables in apple (pi), little (tl), taper 
 (pr), acre (tr), etc.; and not as p-l; t-l; j)-r; k-r. A 
 distinction is thus made between b-r as in \/\" borrow, and 
 In- as in \ . Iron- ; k-r^ as in S' carry, and kr as in 
 c-j- crow; b-l as in N^ \ ld<i\ and II as in \
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 P r 
 
 fr 
 
 br 
 vr 
 
 ILLUSTRATION OF THE tf-HOOK. 
 
 tr 
 pr 
 
 Tcr C 
 
 TABLE OP THE R-HOOK. 
 
 tr I dr f ch-r f jr c kr 
 or ^ th-r C or ^ th-r 9 sh-r 
 
 zh-r 
 
 Ir 
 
 yr 
 
 58. To assist the pupil in remembering these hooks, or 
 compound signs, the above illustrations are given. If the 
 Right hand be held up, and the fore-finger bent as in the 
 cut, the outline ] tr will be seen; and, by turning the 
 hand round to the four different positions, all the straight 
 double consonants of the Pr series will be indicated. In 
 other words, the E-hook is indicated by the Eight hand, 
 except as to a few curved strokes. 
 
 59. On all the curved signs the hook is written on the 
 concave, or inner side, because of its more easy formation 
 there than on the outside of a curve. 
 
 60. The combinations sr, zr ; being more readily written 
 by the *-circle, thus, crs ^ ^/ t than by the forms r ) *Y 
 these latter are used as duplicates for the frequently recur- 
 ring thr, light and heavy. Being similar in form and 
 position, this irregularity will not make any trouble. The 
 first forms C C, are used when preceded by a vowel, as: 
 "C author, C either; the second forms are used when 
 followed by a vowel, as; *) throw, *") v thrice; in other
 
 OF I'IlnN,H,i:AI'lIY. 
 
 combinations, whichever form is most convenient i- 
 as; ) tli'-rr, ) li-,ttl,<T. 
 
 01. The use of heavy m and n in forming the r hook, 
 .;- r" mi-. ^* in-, is rendered necessary by the fact that 
 the same forms written light are needed for another pur- 
 pose in the further development of the system. As tl ,j, ^^ 
 and ng ^_^ do not require this hook, there is no danger 
 of ambiguity resulting from this use of them. 
 
 02. The vocalization is the same as with the simple 
 strokes; if a vowel precedes the double consonant, it is 
 written before, or above the stroke, as - | vtfir, -] odor, 
 r : my/-, ;j^ oii-Hir; if a vowel follow the double conso- 
 nant it is written after, or under the stroke, as; true, 
 <r ^~ <J rci J> ^. f ree > f" across. 
 
 THE SPH SERIES OF COXSOXAXTS. 
 
 63. From the pr series of double consonants a series of 
 triple consonants is formed, by making the r-hook into a 
 circle, and as the simple .s-circle is never written on the 
 r-hook side of straight strokes, this new circle is made to 
 represent both circle and hook; thus: 
 
 spr ^\ sbr j str ^ sdr - Q skr , sgr 
 
 04. A vowel may lx> written either before or after these 
 triple signs; but the circle-* is the lirst thing to lx> read, 
 then the vowel preceding the stroke, if there is one, next 
 the stroke and hook, and the following vowel; thus; 
 
 j rill' i-. . xilffor, ' , -/'/", "li-iuj, \ xiiju't IIH\ 
 
 '.'). The double circle may also be written on this side 
 of the stroke, making the quadruple combination, as in 
 
 00. On the curved strokes the .^-circle must be written 
 completely before forming the hook, since the combination
 
 r 
 
 54 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 has to occupy the circle side of the stems; thus: 
 j? suffer, \^ sever, ^ seizure, g~^ summer, ^3- sooner; and 
 these five are the only ones on which there is occasion 
 to use it. 
 
 67. When \ spr, 1 str, - skr, follow a preceding 
 stroke, the hook must be_distinctly formed; thus: "^XQ 
 express, ~ : ~ G \^^. extreme, \\ prosper. 
 
 68. There are a few combinations in which it is impossi- 
 ble to form very distinct hooks in connection with the 
 
 -circle, and imperfect ones have to suffice ; thus : ^s. 
 
 subscribe, I n disgrace, ^~$-/ miscarriage, v > 
 
 SPECIAL SCHEME OF VOCALIZATION. 
 
 69. Although the double consonants of the spr \ sdr ^ 
 series are generally employed where no vowel intervenes, 
 or only an indistinct one, convenience and brevity require 
 that a little license should be taken with the rule, and 
 therefore the double consonants are used occasionally even 
 when the vowel sound is distinctly heard between the 
 stroke and the hook. 
 
 70. When this is done a peculiar scheme of vocalization 
 is resorted to, namely: the dot vowels are indicated by a 
 small circle placed in each of the tree positions, before the 
 stroke for the long, and after for the short vowels; thus: 
 
 T dark, JJ/" dearly, ^^ careless, "\^? paralyze, *\o_^ 
 
 term ; when a dash vowel is to be read between the stroke 
 and hook, it is indicated by striking the dash through the 
 stroke ; as c-j- course, \ Turkey ; or, when it is a first- 
 place dash vowel it may be written just in front of the hook; 
 thus: \<^^-~^ normal; when a third-place diphthong, it 
 may be written through the stroke; thus: torture; or 
 thus: V<--: figure. T
 
 op PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 7I.7MIOOK WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 "\ prim-iplo-al, \ rt'-member, | true, truth, | dear, Dr. 
 
 c Christian, c : care, / larger, Q from, ^ ever-y 
 
 C other, ^ there, their, J} sure, ^ pleasure, ^ error, 
 
 ^ aware, ^ more, ^ Mr., ^ nor, ^ near. 
 
 READING EXEKCLSE VI. 
 
 \ 1; e- 1. V 1 'U 1^' -" c-r 
 
 ^ -% -y /y 
 
 r. O. o- 
 
 ^~ 
 
 ^ OT 1^ 
 
 v -^v I I c v_ U. 
 
 X) </i <7|^ -v .*^T 
 
 C ; -^v- 
 
 i 
 
 \^r- 
 
 \ 
 
 L. 
 
 .p 
 
 I .. 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 X
 
 56 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 WRITING EXEKCISE X. 
 
 Dry, dray, tree, pray, cry, grow, dream, bridge ; acre, odor, 
 upper, April ; brass, cross, trace ; fry, f riek, fresh, thread, 
 shriek, Friday; offer, over, honor, moover, minor, dinner, 
 framer, transpose. 
 
 Spry, stray, strike, struck, strap, strip, strange, string, 
 scrap, scrape, scream ; supper, sober, sadder, supremacy, 
 secrecy; safer, sinner, summer, brisker, proscribe. 
 
 Charm, lark, sharp, sharper, cheerless, nearer, thirty, 
 perverse, north, enormous, enormity, coarsely, work, morality, 
 nourish, journey, purchase, erasure, Yarmouth. 
 
 Error is sure to-be exposed to sharp criticism. 
 
 Danger is said to-be next neighbor to security. 
 
 He is a pretty fellow to take care of prisoners. 
 
 The March fisher rarely brings a prize to shore. 
 
 True courage grows strong from vigorus exercise. 
 
 A dry summer brings small crops for the harvest. 
 
 Truth and honesty are sure to-receive favor at-last. 
 
 All proper promises are supposed to-be free from error. 
 
 Every member of-a Christian church should take care to 
 speak the truth, both in prosperity and adversity. 
 
 REVIEW OF FIFTH LESSON. 
 
 (55.) What is the peculiar characteristic of I and rl (56.) How 
 are they represented in combination with other consonants? ( 57.) 
 Describe the difference between p-l and pi, p-r and pr. (58.) On 
 which side of straight stems is the r-hook written? (59.) On 
 which side of the curved stems? ('4 60.) How are duplicate forms 
 for thr, light and heavy, obtained ? What is the rule for their use? 
 (61.) How is the r-hook represented on m and w? (63.) How 
 is- the 8-circle written so as to precede the r-hook on straight 
 stems? (jf 6(5. ) How on the curved strokes? (64.) If a v<.wel 
 precede these triple stems, what is the order of reading? ( 67.) In 
 what cases must the hook as well as the circle be distinctly formed? 
 (70.) Explain the special method of writing the dot vowels to 
 these triple consonants. The dash vowels, and diphthongs. 
 
 ^ . J
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 ir IIj 
 
 ILLUSTRATION OF TILE Z-HOOK. 
 
 \ pi 
 
 bl 
 
 Id c 
 
 TABLE OF THE Z-HOOK. 
 tl f dl /* ch-1 X 7 jl = kl 
 
 _ th-l tli-l .ydi-1 Jzh-1 
 
 -gl 
 
 ml 
 
 rl 
 nl 
 
 72. If the Left hand be held up, and the fore-finger bent 
 as in the cut, the outline | tl will be seen; and, \)j turn- 
 ing the hand round to the four different positions, all the 
 straight double consonant* of the PI series, and most of the 
 curved ones, will be indicated. The Z-hook is shown \)y 
 the Left hand. 
 
 73. On all the curved signs that take the '-hook, it is 
 written on the concave, or inner side ; but, in order to 
 distinguish it from the r-liook, it is written twice as large. 
 Sh-l is generally written upward, as in V^^ y official. 
 
 74. The steins for and z, as with the r-hook, do not 
 take the -hook, (^~ and ( x being preferable to ' and 1 , 
 as in S~\~?r~ muscle, or muzzle. Neither does the stroke 
 f I take the /-hook.
 
 58 ECLECTIC MAXUAL 
 
 75. The stroke and hook being considered as one sign, are 
 vocalized generally in a very simple manne'r. If a vowel 
 precede the double consonant sound, it is written before the 
 sign; thus: \ able, ^ evil, \^_aivful, v | idle, c_. eagle; 
 if a vowel follow it must be placed after; thus: \^ ploy, 
 
 ^-o close ; or a vowel may be written both before and after 
 
 c* c~ <- * . 
 
 the consonant sign; thus: \. ably, ' \f "ff^St ~\o C "P se > 
 <^__. afflict. 
 
 THE SPL SERIES OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 76. The s-circle is prefixed to the /-hook, on both straight 
 and curved strokes, in the same manner that it is prefixed 
 to the 7-hook on the curved signs, that is, by writing both 
 the circle and the hook distinctly; thus: 
 
 e_ s-kl 
 s-ml 
 
 *\ s-pl 
 
 fs-tl 
 
 ^s-chl 
 
 \s-bl 
 
 P s-dl 
 
 /^s-jl 
 
 (^s-fl 
 
 (^s-thl 
 
 J) s-shl 
 
 (^s-vl 
 
 (Vthl 
 
 J^s-zhl 
 
 77. The vocalizing of these triple consonants is the same 
 as that of the spr series; thus: 'P saddle, 5\\/ wpptyt 
 2 ; sickly, \f_ civil,- : -^- r -^ ^ exclaim, {^ eternal. 
 
 78. The special scheme of vocalization is also applied to 
 the Z-hook; thus: O f dealer, \ o t*8, f^* legal 
 tolerable, C falsify, <^_--x_x| culminate. 
 
 \*. 
 
 i-HOOK WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 people, f tell, until, P dollar, c call, 1 cool,? / children, 
 
 \_follow, full, v_ value, <^_^ only.
 
 OF PHO.ViKiKAI'HY. 59 
 
 KEADIXG EXERCISE VJL 
 
 t" 1 < =~ x) ND 
 
 \ "M ^ 
 
 x\ x^v S( f f 
 
 \ X \ ^o- 
 
 .1.1 .1. 
 
 ^/J ch^ q^/_ 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XL 
 
 Plea, ply, plo\v, blue, glee, bible, title, couple, regal, 
 penal, tunnel, fickle, plenty ; biases, classes, oblige, reclaim, 
 tlisrkiiM, discloses, radical, clerical, journal, removal, 
 inflame, bushel, shovel, marshal, partial, initial, rifle, 
 rulllo, final, flannel. 
 
 Falsity, volume, fulminate, philosophical, calamity, 
 collect, college, voluptuous, colonial, vulgar. 
 
 Supply, suppleness, saddle, satchel, possible, feasible, 
 peaceful, deceitful, advisable, excusable. 
 
 s^ /
 
 60 
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 KEADIXG EXERCISK VIII. 
 
 J? x. . 
 
 */ 
 
 CL 
 
 \ 
 
 x M, 
 
 , x 
 
 x u 
 
 f 
 
 j ^ ,5 
 
 >- S V 
 
 k
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 61 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XII. 
 
 To grow angry at trifles is miserable folly, and a disgrace. 
 
 Most people prefer reasonable cheerfulness to senseless mirth. 
 
 All Christian graces and virtues must be fed by universal 
 charity. 
 
 Nothing can supply the place of valuable books in a family 
 of children. 
 
 There is nothing so soon overthrows a strong head as 
 strong liquor. 
 
 The P.ible is a most noble old book, full of both philosophic 
 and moral truths. 
 
 Female beauties arc as likely to be fickle in their faces 
 as in their fancies 
 
 A graceful presence bespeaks favor from the most extreme 
 stickler for propriety. 
 
 Peaceful times arc the most prosperous and desirable 
 to all sensible people. 
 
 Poverty may .suffer for many things, but avarice desires 
 and grasps at everything. 
 
 The principal glory of every civilized people arises from 
 the triumphs, of its authors. 
 
 Children are like travelers in a strange place, and should 
 receive every necessary care. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE SIXTH LESSON. 
 
 (j!72.) On which side of the straight strokes is the Z-hook? (JTS.) 
 How is it represented on the curved signs? ('fit.') What signs do 
 not take the (-hook? (j?T5. ) How are these double-consonants vocal- 
 ized? ( i;7<). ) How is the s-circle prefixed to the /-honk? i i;78. ) Ex- 
 plain the special mode of vocalising these double consonants, when a 
 vowel is to be read between the stroke and the hook. ("9.) What 
 are the straight stroke word-signs of the f-hook series? What are the 
 curved word-signs?
 
 62 
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 TERMINAL HOOKS FOR N, F AND V. 
 
 80. Since the hooked strokes, although representing two 
 elementary sounds, are written with nearly the same facility 
 as the simple strokes, the hooking principle is applied to the 
 termination of consonant stems as well as to the beginning. 
 The most useful purposes which the two small terminal hooks 
 can subserve, are to represent the frequent sounds of 
 n, f and v. 
 
 TABLE OP THE JV-HOOK. 
 
 \ pn \ bn , tn J dn 
 
 ch-n 
 
 jn 
 
 kn 
 
 V o f n 
 
 th-n th-n 
 
 ,) 1 
 
 sh-n 
 
 In 
 
 zh-n 
 
 hn 
 
 81. On the straight strokes the n-hook is written on the left- 
 hand side of the vertical and inclined, and on the under side 
 of the horizontal strokes, embracing the upstroke r and h. 
 On the curved strokes it is written on the inner or concave 
 side, as shown in the above table. 
 
 82. Stems with the n-hook are vocalized as the simple 
 strokes, not requiring the peculiar methods of the r-hook and 
 /-hook; thus: \? pain-* \ dawn, Vv fine, /C run, / / N \. rapine, 
 ^V-^-x, remain, ^/? foreign.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 03 
 
 8'). Third.-place vowel signs are written outside of the 
 hook; thus: " . /"//, ' thin, ^ moon. 
 
 84. Strokes having uu initial circle, loop, or hook of any 
 kind, may also have a final hook ; as : ^-^ fjjhte, \^ j.lan, 
 ^\ sprain, \^ soften, ^^stiffcn, ^^ stolen. 
 
 85. If no distinct vowel sound is heard between the sound 
 of the stroke and the hook, no vowel sign is written ; as in 
 
 s\open, V^ often, / ' ^ shaken, ^^/ region. 
 
 86. This hook is often written in the middle, as well as at 
 the end of word^; as ] =-*> economy, /"\ . (l , 
 
 abandon. 
 
 THE JV-IIOOK FOLLOWED LY S, ST, STR. 
 
 87. When n is the last consonant in a word, followed 
 by a vowel, the stroke must be written; thus, compare 
 
 ~^> moon, / ^~^Ls. money, ^ bone, X^_^, bony, V^ fun, \^_ , 
 funny, _<j, china. 
 
 88. When the sound of s follows n without an intervening 
 vowel, it may be represented, on straight stems, by turning 
 the n-hook in to a circle, since the simple s-circle is written 
 only on the opposite side of the stem; thus: jVme, dines; 
 / J"' n i S J"' ns > ^ run, /\ runs. The double circle may 
 be written in the same way; as -c/OHf, ^-dunces; ^/ chance, 
 O/ clianccs. 
 
 89. The st and // loops may be added to the n-hook in the 
 flame manner as the circle s; thus: \ ^bounced, <r / / ' chanced, 
 \_ sj>insffr. 
 
 90. When the sound of s follows the n-hook on a curved 
 stem, however, the circle must be formed in addition to the 
 hook, since the simple s-circlc is written in that position; 
 thus: V^ fine, \^ fines; V ocean, ^)' oceans; f? loan, 
 
 ,g A -, A 
 
 f\ loans ; / A renown, /^-^ p renounce.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 91. The loops st and str cannot be added to the n-hook 
 on curved strokes; and therefore in such combinations the 
 stroke n must be written; as ^v^ fi nes t, y^-^-^ renounced. 
 
 92. N-EOOK WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 \ upon \ been J done ( / general-ly a again 
 
 V phonography ( than, then (^ alone '~ Xi man ^-^ men 
 
 ^-? opinion j^ learn 
 
 BEADING EXERCISE IK, 
 
 V \
 
 OF nioxoor.Ai'iiY. 65 
 
 WIUTI.M; Kxi'iicisr, XIII. 
 
 Pain, boon, tone, dawn, chain, John, coin, gun, gone, 
 fini', vain, then, shone, ocean, loan, line, main, mean, mine, 
 known, none; open, ripen, ribbon, redden, region, shaken, 
 organ, orphan, heaven, heathen, fallen, turn, mourn, 
 remain, regain, abstain. 
 
 Pen, penny; pun, puny; down, downy; Jane, Jennie; 
 cane, canal; fan, Fanny; vine, vinegar; shine, shiny; line, 
 lion; rain, rainy; main, many; pan, pannel ; tun, tunnel; 
 chain, channel; fine, final; thin, thinly; spine, spinal; 
 train, eternal; sprain, sprinkle ; swine, swinny; hone, honey. 
 
 Pains, beans, towns, chains, gains, reins, burns, hence, 
 residence, expense, explains, inclines; Germans, offence, 
 refines, heavens, shuns, leans, loans, means, remains, 
 canons, violence. 
 
 Kvery man's main chance is to earn his money by due 
 diligence. 
 
 A mean man's manners are generally as offensive as his 
 meannesses. 
 
 A man has no more right to say an uncivil thing to 
 me than to knock me down. 
 
 A man's opinions are often the growth of ignorance 
 and chance remark. 
 
 Muscular strength is often taken for true courage, by nine 
 out of ten among men. 
 
 The fallacy of this opinion has been shown by general 
 practice, for prudence is also necessary. 
 
 A truly Christian man looks down like an eternal sun 
 upon the autumn of his existence. 
 
 A man's religion generally inclines his soul to turn to 
 heaven for guidance. 
 
 Physical pain is less grievous to be borne than an offence 
 against the soul.
 
 66 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 TABLE OF THE F AND V HOOK. 
 
 \^ pf or pv ^ tf tv f ch-f ch-v . => kf kv 
 
 \bf bv I df dv C jf jv ^gf gv 
 
 s? rf rv / hf hv 
 
 93. The hook for/ and v is the same, since their sounds are 
 so nearly alike that whichever is pronounced will suggest the 
 right word. It is used on the straight strokes only, and on 
 the side opposite to that of the n-hook, namely: on the 
 right-hand side of perpendicular and inclined strokes, and on 
 the upper side of horizontals, including r and h. 
 
 94. This hook is not written on the curved strokes, because 
 the n-hook occupies the concave side of the curves, and an- 
 other hook cannot be readily or gracefully formed on the 
 convex side.* 
 
 95. Strokes having this / and v-hook are vocalized and read 
 simply, as those taking the n-hook; \j. beef, ^ = cough, 
 C \ ) _ prove, %t strife, e-r* grave, ^\^> curve, J^-, defense, 
 
 y^ reverse. 
 
 96. When / or v is the last consonant in a word, and 
 followed by a vowel, the full stroke must be written ; thus, 
 compare ,-=> cough, F ~V : co ff ee > <^^ 9 rme > C ~ r X ; 9 rar1 J> 
 ^ rough, /\^ riven; [; deaf, (^ defy, ^^\. navy. 
 
 97. The circle s or z may be added to this hook, by 
 turning a distinct circle inside the hook ; thus j 9 coughs, 
 
 y drives, J% raves. 
 
 98. F AND V 110 OK VrOKD-SICXS. 
 \^ above I differ ,/ whichever </ Jehovah => gave 
 
 ::: Mr. Munson's scheme, and that of Mrs. E. B. Burns, admit of the 
 use, to a limited extent, of a long slender hook on the curved 
 strokes, for/ and v; but it cannot be commended, since it tends to 
 aaibiguity.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. ( 7 
 
 I X 
 
 Puff, deaf, gave, rough, roof, scoff, serve, curve, drove, 
 grief, cleave, grave; cliffs, gloves, groves; bereave, preserve, 
 provoke, deserve, refer, reference, retrieve; devoid, divide, 
 provide, lravuy; oUsvrves, reprove?, engraves, derives. 
 
 Grief drove the poor man roughly to his early grave. 
 
 They who deserve reproof strive to bear it bravely. 
 
 It Ix-hooves the brave man to preserve liis honor and 
 maintain his glory. 
 
 The man'.s chief province, I discover, is to puff bravery 
 and provoke strife. 
 
 REVIEW OF LKSSoX SKVEXTH. 
 
 On which ^ide if thr <tr:i^lit --fn.kf.-* is the -hook -wrftten? 
 How written on the cnrvc< '! ;87. V\"hcn is it necessary to write 
 the full stroke '! i s-^. How inay the -oirdc be aMetf, oa straight 
 
 struke-. to the ii-lumk '.' i ;!in. How on the i-urvnl strikes'.' 
 How may the *t MIK! *fr l< [>.* lie added? '>!'!'. AVhat are the 
 i;-hook wonl-sijrii-'.' !':'>. Uii what strokes, and which side, is the 
 /-/ hook written? i !'!';. AN'hen is it necessary to write the full 
 strokes /and r? ''.>'. Ffow may the circle * or z }>> addeU to tliid 
 huuk? .'-^. , What, are the/ and r-houk word-signs'.'
 
 68 
 
 LARGE TERMINAL HOOKS FOR SHN, TR AND TIIR. 
 
 99. In the earlier editions of Phonography only one size 
 of hooks, initial and final, was employed. But, in the pro- 
 cess of experiment and improvement, it was satisfactorily 
 established that a larger as well as a small hook could be 
 easily written, and readily distinguished one from the other. 
 As the best use that could be made of one of the large 
 terminal hooks, it was appropriated to the representation 
 of the frequently recurring syllables, -dan, -tian, -sion, -twn ; 
 thus: \j passion, L3 occasion, c -% Grecian, ^-^ notion, 
 ^ ration, 3~2 sanction. 
 
 100. This hook is called the shun hook, because in ordinary 
 speech the syllables thus uniformly represented are so pro- 
 nounced ; but in careful reading and speaking the short 
 sounds of a and o should be given wherever these letters 
 occur. Although this representation is not entirely phonetic, 
 inasmuch as there are three elementary sounds to the one 
 sign, yet it is near enough so for a contracted style of writ- 
 ing. Of course this class of words could be written out 
 in full, with the sh and n-strokes, or with the sh stroke and 
 n-hook, but for the sake of simple, graceful forms, and 
 speed in making them, the hook is preferable.
 
 OF I'HONOCIIAI'HY. 69 
 
 TABLE OF THE 
 
 <S//iV-IIOOK. 
 
 
 L t-shn 
 
 / ch-shn 
 
 ~> k-shn 
 
 L d-shn 
 
 / j-shn 
 U 
 
 ^ g-shn 
 
 ( th-shn 
 
 } s-slin 
 
 / sli-shn 
 
 ^ th-shn 
 
 J z-^hn 
 
 ^J zh-shn 
 
 ^ r-shn 
 
 / /^ 1-shn 
 
 
 v_p n-shn 
 
 v^p ng-shn 
 
 .P h-shn 
 
 \ , b-shn 
 ^ f-.-hu 
 I ^ v-shn 
 
 /"-^ m-slni 
 
 101. This s//-hook, it Avill be soon, is written on the same 
 side of straight strokes as the /-'-hook, and on the curved 
 strokes the same side as the ?i-hook, but about twice as 
 large in each case. 
 
 1U_>. The stroke f >/ and "^ 10 do not require the shn- 
 h >.)k, for the writing of English words, and on some of 
 tli3 others it i.s rarely if ever used. 
 
 103. Steins taking the s/m-hook are vocalized simply as 
 those having the n-hook; thus: \^ potion, I adi.lifinn, 
 
 J '.-'//'>, -- f'i>n, J ^ discussion, /^j omission, r fashi.n, 
 
 C N- risi-'tn, /^ jxnrflon. 
 
 101. When tlic sound of sA and n final arc the only con- 
 sonants i;i a word, the .form ^y 1 inn<t ln> us;'d as \J 
 and if an accented vowel come between the sh and n, the 
 sam. 1 form must be u^-d ; as "y jnocAwi*. 
 
 10-3. This hook may also be u. -d advantageously in the 
 mi 1 lie of many words; as | ^' dictionary, ^ -xX^' WJ/a- 
 .v/ xi'try, V Ni5^ t functionary. 
 
 106. The circle .* may be added to form the plural of words 
 ending in -inn, -fion, by writing it inside of the hook; thus: 
 
 '[-, <nl.lifinnn, I ^.dixfiixxirtits, \,^-^ a<l?nissions. 
 
 107. The s/tn-hook may also bo written to a stem having a 
 finals-circle, an ws-circle, or an gfr-Ioop; as ' 9 a> 
 
 I . decision, } >n, 
 
 /v ^ O^* *j
 
 70 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 The a-circle may be added to this form of the hook ; as 
 "X_> positions, \^ physicians. 
 
 The vocalization of this hook is seldom necessary, as the 
 preceding syllables generally indicate what the Avord is ; but 
 the second-place vowels a and e may be written to the middle 
 of the hook, and the third-place, i, to the end, as shown above, 
 
 108. SHN-IWOK WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 V objection, \) subjection, temptation, ~-^> occasion, 
 
 f^ revolution, ^~~^ motion, -3 nation. 
 
 BEADING EXE&CISJS XI. 
 
 EXERCISE X.V. 
 
 Passion, potion, auction, option, rotation, oppression, 
 repression, obligation, instigation, ambition, abrogation, 
 duration, adhesion; selections, delegations, exhibitions, 
 eruptions. 
 
 Fusion, provision, invasion, revision, division, session, 
 collision, abolition, adulation, inflation; emotions, orations, 
 ammunition, nominations.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 \Vnrn.\<; KxKiH'isi; XV 
 
 Petitioner, occasional, additional, rational, visionary, 
 national, provisional. 
 
 Causation, decision, opposition, supposition, propositions, 
 accusations, precision, dispensation, physicians, musician, 
 sensation, molestation, illustrations. 
 
 TABLE OF THE Til AND THK HOOK. 
 
 NJ p-tr j t-tr (/ ch-tr ~~~> k-tr 
 
 \^ b-tr J d-tr (/ j-tr ^ g-tr 
 /Vtr /li-tr 
 
 109. This hook is written on the straight strokes only, 
 since the curves can take but one large hook, and that is 
 used for the Wm-hook. It occupies the -hook side, and is 
 written the same size as the //H-hook. 
 
 110. It is generally used to represent the syllables -ter, -tor, 
 -thcr, and sometimes -ti/rc; thus: ^j potter, -> actor, 
 J- tighter, '~~~> (jnlltrr, \_L^ structure. In the latter word 
 and others of its class, only, is the vocalization peculiar, 
 as in $70. 
 
 111. The s-circlc may be added, to form the plural or pos- 
 sessive case of words; as: \ plotters, ' 3 gathci-s, N. . 
 picture*, /^ writers. The Ti-hook may occasionally be Writ- 
 ten inside of this large hook, for the addition of the word 
 t/tdii; as } ' tiyhter-t/utn, /" rather-ttmn. 
 
 112. This hook is sometimes used in the middle of words 
 advantageously; as: daughter-in-law, ^v Irothcr-in- 
 
 o "Vv 
 
 law, /Vj subterfuge, { ^/2 hitherto. 
 
 113. x ^These syllables -ter, -tor, -thcr, etc., are represented 
 on the curves by simply doubling their length, Avhich is
 
 72 
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 equivalent to straightening out the large hook, so that it may 
 be distinguished from the shn; thus: V father, f* later, 
 _^. neater, V~^/"~ falter, ^"pY^ ' motherly, ^y-f entirely, 
 ( ' signature. 
 
 114. Doubling the curves ^^ mp, mb, and ^^ ny, is 
 not needed for the addition of tr, tl<r ; therefore these signs 
 made double-length are utilized for the addition of ~cr, 
 -ger, or -kcr; as U v damper, ^ v limber, ^ anger, 
 
 /"- ^ linger, ^\^ banker. 
 
 115. The s-eircle may be added to these douLle-strokes ; as 
 V_P another's; also, the n-hook, for the addition of the 
 
 words one and than; as ^ '> another-one, f lighter-than. 
 
 11G. TR AND THE WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 V father 1 /' "N matter 1 / x mother 2 V. / another 2 
 
 ^^_^ 
 
 x s neither 3 (~ latter 5 ^ further- J) shorter 5 
 
 V_^ longer 1 younger 2 ~^\ order ~~ *N wider 1 weather'' 1 
 
 RKADIXG EXKRCISK XL
 
 j'no.\<x;i:.u'iiY. 
 
 WRITINC; Kxi:i:risn XVI. 
 
 Pother, batter, debtor, sputter, splatter, victor, heater; 
 stutters, brothers, gutters, doctors; debater, dissipator, 
 operator, curator, desccrator, demonstrator, reflector. 
 
 Feature, voter, softer, sifter, flatter, theater; southern, 
 oysters, shorter, lighter, loiter, slaughter, orators, weather, 
 water, murder, northern, senators, smother, innovator, 
 elevator, provider, dissenter, originator; timber, limber, 
 slumber, November, hanker, hunker. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XIII.
 
 74 ECLECTIC MAXUAL 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XVII. 
 
 Passion and oppression drive men to revolution. 
 
 Ambition is-aii emotion liable to-long duration. 
 
 Violations of-inoral obligations deserve disapprobation. 
 
 In-this nation of freemen every voter may-be a senator. 
 
 Observation and determination insure the-best legislation. 
 
 Neither father nor mother can supply the-place of another. 
 
 The careless debtor is likely to-become a dissipator and 
 to-slumber in-the gutter. 
 
 It-is entirely a matter of choice whether oysters are eaten 
 in November or December. 
 
 The pen of the ready writer is a scepter of power 
 which knows no limitation. 
 
 Man's subjection to-temptation gives occasion, first, for dis- 
 sipation, and-then for reformation. 
 
 The calculation of the diameter of the earth is based on the 
 discoveries of the later philosophers. 
 
 Brothers and sisters should make provision for each other's 
 information and progression in co-operation. 
 
 REVIEW OF LESSON EIGHTH. 
 
 (99.) What syllables are represented by the 7iH-hook? ($101.) 
 How is it written? ($104.) In what classes of words must the stroke 
 sh and n-hook be used, and not the *An-hook? (106.) How may the 
 *-circle be added to this hook? (j/107.) How may the A-hook be 
 added to a stem ending with a circles? ($108.) What are the slin- 
 hook word-signs? ($109.) How is the tr and fAr-hook written? 
 ($111.) Is the s-circle added to this hook? ($113.) Explain the 
 double-length curved strokes. ($114.^ What is the effect of doubling 
 the length of mp and ngl ($116.) What are the straight tr and thr 
 word-signs? What are the word-signs of the double-length curves?
 
 OF J'HOXOCItAl'HY. 7") 
 
 fil* IT T 
 
 I/mm Limmt, 
 
 & tf 
 
 IRREGULAR DIPHTHONGS BRIEF W, Y AND //. 
 
 117. The fact that the sounds of w and y never occur in 
 English except before vowels, and thus occur so frequently, 
 iinluci'd tin! inventor of Phonography to provide for repre- 
 senting the combination of each of these elements with each 
 of the vowels, by single signs. In doing so, he selected signs 
 si) brief, and that so readily unite with other signs, that, like 
 the circle s, they are more frequently used than the regular 
 stroke signs. 
 
 IIS. The sign for the w-series is obtained by dividing a 
 small circle perpendicularly, thus: c > ; taking the first, or 
 left-hand half of the circle, to represent the union of w with 
 the first, or dot series of vowels; and, like them, it is made 
 heavy for the long, or full sounds, thus: I weed, ^ wave; 
 and light for the short, as: c wet,,./ witch. 
 
 119. The second half of the circle represents the union of 
 w with the second, or dash series of vowels, heavy and light; 
 as - walk, >/^\ warp, ^} u<ash.* 
 
 -These diphthongal signs were at first, and until recently, written 
 .separately from the strokes, in the first, second, and third places, 
 the same a- 1 the simple vowels; but for the sake of greater legibility 
 when the vowels are omitted, in rapid writing, it is found better to 
 represent the to element in ii curly all words in which it occurs.
 
 76 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 120. TABLE OF THE TF-SERIES. 
 THE DOT GROUP. THE DASH GROUP. 
 
 Long. Short, Long. Short. 
 
 wah 
 
 wa 
 
 w<5 
 
 we , wl 
 
 wau 
 
 wo ' wti 
 
 woo J w66 
 
 121. These signs should be written as small as they well 
 can be and preserve distinct semi-circles; and they must 
 always he written vertically, and not change with the differ- 
 ent positions of the consonants. 
 
 122. Practically, of late years, only the first-place signs 
 of this w-series are used to any extent, and they are em- 
 ployed to represent the simple power of w, leaving the vowel 
 to be understood, or inserted. When thus used, either half 
 of the circle may be written, according to convenience in 
 joining, and the light sign should be employed ; but when 
 one sign is as readily joined to the following stroke as the 
 other, that one should be used which indicates the group to 
 which the vowel belongs that is heard in the syllable ; thus: 
 
 .( wed, I wod, _J wish. To k and / r, however, 
 only the sign of the dash-group can be written, hence we 
 write : a * week, 2 : wig, as well as woke and >/ war. 
 On \^ and "\ also, 3 is most easily written, while on 
 / and / c is most readily joined; thus, \ weep, 
 
 \ web, / watch, ^ wedge. 
 
 THE TF-HOOKS. 
 
 123. For convenience in joining, and to get better forms for 
 many words, w is also represented by a large initial hook on 
 I and upstroke r, thus: (~ wl, . / ivr. The hook is read first, 
 then the vowel and following stroke to which it is prefixed; 
 
 as, ^/~ wall, f V; welfare, , ^/ wire, vL.vf unworthy. 
 
 u ^ 
 
 ^ J
 
 OF I'HoNoiiUAI'HY. 
 
 124. There is a large- class of words which, in the com- 
 mon orthography, contain the combination qu, which in 
 Phonography are equivalent to /.'", as in <//"//:/, ///</////> ; 
 a smaller number, containing the similar combination yii, 
 as in 1,-tnfjniil; there is also a considerable class of words in 
 which t and d are followed by n\ as in 1 trice, /</vW, ilir/ll. 
 These combinations are likewise represented by a large 
 initial hook, but unlike the w-hook in 123 where the hook 
 i> n ad first, in ; - the stroke is read first and then 
 
 the hook, followed by the vowel; thus: ^queer, 
 ^v inquire, : qui'f, ""^^7 anguish, 
 
 l'2~>. In the table of r hooks, 61, '""^ m and - ^n were 
 directed to be written heavy, with a small initial hook, for 
 the combination ^ N mr, ^ nr, so as to leave the same 
 forms, written light, for another purpose. That purpose is 
 the representation of u 1 in combination with m and n; thus, 
 (^~^ -win, fit, in such words as c 5 woman, s^s when, 
 
 <zs one; and more especially in such frequent phra- 
 f~^ iri'-iiMij, '*- __ x -irlien-there, ^^ one-ot/tcr. 
 
 126. The circle s may be prefixed to these >-h.ooks; 
 U 'swear, ^ N square, <^_^~ squall, 1 i squad The 
 circle s may also be written inside of the brief ( an 1 
 ' when it cannot be otherwise readily expressed; 
 as: } sweaty, } switch. 
 
 THE 
 
 127. These diphthongs and hooks afford a number of 
 additional word-signs Like the simple vowel-signs, most 
 of them are to be written above, or on the lines as their 
 positions in the table indicate. 
 
 c we c with ' what } would 
 
 while, well, / were, c equally, ~ -'when, o_, one.
 
 78 
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 BEADING EXERCISE 
 
 .1 .V -f .?. j ^ *? 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XVIII. 
 
 Weedy, widower, Webster, week-day, wishing, washing, 
 wabble, window, Winchester, wifely, winged, wench, 
 winsome, winner, womanly; wallow, welcome, well-being, 
 well-nigh, willing, willingness; weary, weariness, wiry, 
 wary, warily, wearisome, worry, worthless, wire, wire- 
 puller, warehouse, war-whoop, war-horse, warrantee; quick, 
 quack, quickly, quest, inquest, quire, inquire, quietness, 
 quill, quell, quiz, equip, equity, quota, queen; qualifies, 
 quail, query, querrulous, quenchless, quorum; tweak, tweed, 
 tweezers, twist, twister, betwixt; dwell, dwarf; squeeze, 
 squeezed, square, squire, squad, squallor, squeamish, seques- 
 ter ; swore, swarm, swarthy.
 
 OF PHONOCIIAl'HY. 
 
 79 
 
 TAlJi.K OF THE 
 THE DOT GBOUP. 
 
 Slwrt. 
 
 1 J- Jlh 
 
 yu -j ye 
 
 yc yi 
 
 K-SERIES. 
 
 THE DASH GKOrr. 
 
 vau 
 
 you 
 
 y<V> 
 
 128. To obtain characters to represent the 7/-series of irreg- 
 ular diphthongs, the small circle is divided horizontally, 
 thus: -9- ; the under half, representing the dot group of 
 vowels, i.s made heavy for the long sounds and light for 
 the short ; as, ""N yarn. The upper half represents the 
 union of y with the dash group of vowels, heavy and light ; 
 as, - yoke, ^ york. 
 
 129. As with the brief w-signs, the signs of this y-series 
 are used to a considerable extent to represent the simple 
 power of //, leaving the vowel to be understood or inserted; 
 
 as "^-^~-~ Yfin/.rt'. v yi)iif!i, , \ young, \<^ utilize. But 
 
 it is also used frequently as a vowel, in the second and 
 third places as well as the first; thus: {^~~^\ lawyer, 
 
 "~1 induce, / genius, ^J^ralio, .P idiot.* 
 
 In the last three, anil many similar words, where the i precedes 
 another vowel, it is not pronounced exautly as if, but it comes so near 
 it th;it. in order to avoid lifting the pen and writing two signs, they 
 are written as above.
 
 80 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 MODES OF WRITING ASPIRATE //. 
 
 130. The aspirate h occurs so frequently at the beginning 
 of words, and being one of the weakest elements in the 
 alphabet, it may be appropriately represented by the briefest 
 sign ; accordingly the stroke ^/ h is reduced to the tick ' 
 alone, wherever it can be readily united with the next con- 
 sonant, and it so unites with k, g, j s, ) z, f~ I, "^ r, 
 s-~^ m, ~^\ w; as in the following words: ^ hook, ^ hog, 
 ) hazy, -J^~^^^ help, *\-^ harm, i/^hcro, K-^. home, >y whine. 
 It may be also written to brief > ; as; * whack, 
 
 5 ' whig, \. whiff. The aspirate is indicated before 
 wl, C/' 'wr, by thickening the hook ; as (~ whale, 
 wherefore. 
 
 131. ^ Occasionally, in the advanced style of writing, in 
 order to obtain brief forms for words of frequent occurrence, 
 in which brief / h cannot be used, both signs are omitted ; as 
 ^^\ m unhappy, I adhere. In former editions of Phonogra- 
 phy, the h was rep'resented in this, and most of the above 
 classes of words, by writing a light dot before the vowel; 
 as -"X^^p happiness, \-^ abhor. This is still allowable, 
 though it is rarely necessary. 
 
 In a few words, mostly proper names, a downward form of 
 the stroke h is convenient, namely, / ; as in \., behoove, 
 Mahomet . " 
 
 
 THE 3'-WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 131. The following are the Avord-signs of this y-series: 
 w year, o years, " yet, n beyond, ^ you.
 
 OF I'Hoxouu.U'iiy. 81 
 
 WKITINU KxKKC'isi; XIX. 
 
 Yearly, yearling, yacht, yarn, yell, yelk, yes, yore, 
 young, youngster, youth, youthful, unison, union, utility, 
 utensil, Utopian, unity, uniform, Unitarian, universe, 
 universal, Universalist, Uni versalism, university, unique, 
 ubiquity, usury, usurious, usurp, usurpation. 
 
 Yawl, yeoman, yelp, voice-fellow, obvious, enviour, 
 onion, pinion, minions, palliation, abbreviation, alleviation. 
 
 With the stroke Y. Yawn, yean, yearn, yellow, yellowish. 
 
 Hack, hackman, hackney, hog, hug, hoax, hoggish, hogs- 
 head; haze, hazy, huzzy, huz/ah ; hiss, hissing; hail, heal, 
 health, hellish, help, helper, helm, hull, wholesale, whole- 
 some, halter; hear, hair, hearse, horse, hearken, horsebaek, 
 horror, harm, harmonize, harmoniously, harsh; hereby, 
 herein, hearsay; horrible, ham, hemp, homesick, homespun, 
 hominy, humbug, humiliation; whale, wheel, whilst; whelm, 
 whelp, Avheelbarrow, wharf, wharfage, where, whereby, 
 whereas, wherein, whereupon, wherever, whirl; whack, whig. 
 
 EXEIKJISE XVI.
 
 82 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XX. 
 
 Yale College yearly receives many young pupils. 
 
 We would-be willing to-wear the honors of Webster. 
 
 The youth of-our Union uniformly assume superiority. 
 
 The utility of-a utensil should-be obvious at first view. 
 
 Healthful exercise harmonizes the various functions of 
 body and brain. 
 
 A quiet and uniform course of study qualifies any one 
 for honest industry. 
 
 The quack quickly equips his horse, and hastens to 
 humbug- the homesick woman. 
 
 When one lives beyond his years he loses his youthful 
 ambition, and-becomes worthless. 
 
 The yelling youngster yearns to whack the horse with 
 his whip, while he twists the halter. 
 
 It is horrible to hoax-the humble people by-the million, 
 whereby they-are victimized by-the wholesale. 
 
 The weeping widower speaks well of-his deceased wife, 
 while on-the outlook for some winsome widow. 
 
 REVIEW OF THE NINTH LESSON. 
 
 (?218.) Describe the brief method of writing to. Which half of 
 the circle represents the first series of vowels? (119.) Which the 
 second series? (2121.) How are these signs written with reference 
 to inclined strokes? ( 2122. ) When joined to stroke signs, which of the 
 series is used? (2123.) What strokes take a large initial hook for wl 
 (124. ) How &reqn and <JH represented? (125.) How is w represented 
 on t and n? (#127. ) What are the ic-diphthong word-signs? What 
 the jp-hook word signs? (128.) How is brief y written? Which half 
 of the circle represents the first series of vowels? Which the second? 
 (?130.) What are the y word-signs? (2131.) How is brief h written? 
 To what strokes may it be written? How is h indicated on a IP hook? 
 (if 132. ) When may the sign for h be omitted, and how afterward sup- 
 plied?
 
 OF PHoXocillAIMIY. 
 
 Jicssmu 
 
 HALVING THE STROKES TO ADD T OR D. 
 
 133. In consequence of the frequent recurrence of the 
 sounds t and </, it is found very convenient, and sometimes 
 
 iry, to give them another and more contracted repre- 
 sentation. In chemistry, it i.s well known, the more a sub- 
 starn-i a poison, or steam, for example is concentrated, the 
 greater is its power; so, in order to get a duplication of the 
 power of the consonants / and d without writing them at 
 length, the single stmkes and | , by being compressed into 
 half thrir length, are made to represent the addition of nt or d. 
 
 134. In the same way the power of t or d may be added 
 to all other consonants, viz: by writing them half their 
 usual length. 
 
 13-j. To illustrate this principle, suppose the word faded is 
 to be written: there are three consonants in it, all downward 
 strokes, which would carry the last d the length of two strokes 
 below the line, but by making the first d half its usual 
 length another (/ is supposed to be added, and the word is 
 thus neatly written: -T jadl. So with the word apctitc, 
 in which, following the down-stroke;), the letter t must be 
 repeated; by writing the first one half its usual length 
 another t is indicated, and the word is thus briefly written: 
 
 '\ apctitc. 
 W
 
 84 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 136. This principle of contraction is further illustrated by 
 comparing the following words: j" talk, talked; 
 /\ rap, f- rapped; f\^live, f~\ lived; [^ deal, 
 b-- dealt; !_. deem, {.deemed. 
 
 137. As a general thing, resulting from the necessary ac- 
 tion of the vocal organs in producing the successive sounds 
 in words, the light strokes, when halved, are followed by the 
 light sound, t; as \ pat, ^ fought, | caught, ^ delight; 
 and the heavy strokes, when written half-length, are followed 
 by the heavy sound, d; as /\ robbed, S~^ ragged, 
 ^~\^ moved. 
 
 138. But occasionally the light sound, t, will follow a heavy 
 stroke, and also the heavy sound, d, follow a light stroke ; as 
 in /V rebut, x -"Vj invite; I/ deride, < ^_ > /i > melted, 
 
 /I . redeemed, /\L retired. Generally the sense of the 
 preceding words will indicate what any word of this class 
 should be, even without vocalizing. 
 
 139. The halving principle is applied to strokes having 
 initial and final circles, hooks and loops; or, rather, circles, 
 hooks and loops arc written on half length strokes, the same 
 as on full length strokes; thus: ^ spite, \. pets, \ bleed y 
 ^ blind, i straight, ^strained, \ settled, ^ secret~\ slopped, 
 V P u ff e d, & stationed, "^ battered, ^ freight, ~^ soft, 
 ]^ stuffed, /N stored, ^ stemmed, '-p motioned, A L outward, 
 
 /^"^ ruined. 
 
 140. The rule of reading the added t or d, it will be ob- 
 served by the above examples, is to give the added power 
 immediately after the half-length, or after its final hook ; but 
 when a final s-circle or sMoop is written to a half-length 
 stroke, the t or d is read before the circle or loop ; thus, 
 
 ~ cat, -r cats, not cast, which is written T -^J cast; 
 O amid, """ amidst.
 
 OF PHOXOGHAPHY. 
 
 141. With the foregoing explanations, the order of reading 
 vocalized half-lengths will be simple, since it is practically 
 the s'uue as with the full strokes. 
 
 142. Half-length .strokes may be employed in the beginning 
 or middle of words, as well as finally; thus: \^~^botiom, 
 
 *__ Mir fen, > editor, ,/i hospitable, ^^ creditable; 
 \ baffled, /^ rumored, <a. -o tentlnunf, 
 
 HALF-LENGTHS SHOULD NOT BE USED. 
 
 143. The final syllables -ted and -<lcd, are generally written 
 with a half-length j or j , instead of adding the full stroke 
 to the primitive form of the word ; thus: act, 1- in pref- 
 erence to ^"l acted; /"\* repeat^ /^ not /^ repeated; 
 
 7 guide, ~~~1- guided. ! 
 
 144, When a word contains d-<J, cr t-d, following another 
 down stroke sign, it is sometimes necessary to write a 
 detached half-length t ord; as: |? dated, ^^'irctreated. 
 
 14"), The half-length ) , for the sake of symmetry and 
 brevity, may be written upward after the /m-hook; as 
 I \ educationist, ^<j inflationist. 
 
 
 
 KT'LES TOR WRITING -TED, -DET>, AC. 
 1-1G. Monosyllabic words containing / and d should be writ- 
 ten with the full strokes, leaving the half-length /for words 
 containing / and /; thus: f~\ lead, f\ cJhiccd; Tl;yU, ^ let. 
 
 147. When / is followed by /or/-/, in monosyllables begin- 
 ning with r, the full-strokes should be used; as ^\ right, 
 
 . i'"t f , /^l rood, since half-length / rt would conflict 
 with the word-sign / should. 
 
 148. In words of two or more syllables, in which there is 
 but one consonant beside a t or d, the latter should be repre- 
 sented by a full stroke: as ^^f poet, ^ diet; also: V aroid, 
 
 (instead of V^ rotW); ^7\^\ annoyed. 
 
 : V
 
 86 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 149. When the sound of t or d is the final consonant, but 
 followed by a vowel, the full stroke must be written ; as 
 C^/"n faulty, \/\ tardy; also, in words where the half-length 
 cannot be clearly indicated; as x ^1 instead of '"^k 
 moneyed', ^ ^^\ instead of ^~^~*^ animate] (^~ ~" instead of 
 looked; V __ instead of V __ _ affect; c ~H in- 
 stead of c ~ correct. 
 
 REAPING EXERCISE XVII. 
 
 5.1.. * 1- l.-L 1- .ir.. v JSL-.Q. T. ?, 
 
 < V n 1 J /- 
 
 .51 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXL 
 
 Bad, deed, dead, tight, caught; deeds, doubts, cheats, 
 kites, gets; fate, fat, foot, vote, viewed, thought, sat, 
 sight, shot, late, mate; fights, fits, sets, shoots, meets, 
 nights, arts; bride, proud, trot, street, flight, fret, fruit, 
 threat, throat, shred; plot, blood, glad, flat, float; band, 
 tend, count, gained, rent, find, offend, land, lend, mend; 
 pants, attends, rents, finds, lends, minds; repent, refined, 
 enjoined, ordained, pretends, discounts; advent, advocate, 
 definite, replied, requite, reserved, heated, habit.
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 87 
 
 1.3J. HALF-LENGTH W< >Ul>-sl<;.\s. 
 
 ( caught 
 
 toward 
 
 X 7 child 
 
 ( could 
 
 told 
 
 </ world 
 
 _ j God 
 
 ( thought 
 
 ( Lord 
 
 I good 
 
 . | that 
 
 9 short 
 
 _^ | cannot 
 
 ' i. without 
 
 ^ word 
 
 ( account 
 
 . | sat 
 
 f held or hold 
 
 <^ called 
 
 > I set 
 
 f light 
 
 ^~ according-ly 
 
 ^ j after 
 
 ^ I let 
 
 c- great 
 
 ( future 
 
 ^ f might 
 
 "\ spirit 
 
 s_ ' 110t 
 
 t met 
 
 T, f particular 
 
 ( nature 
 
 ^ f made 
 
 (. opportunity 
 
 i went 
 
 1 immediute-ly 
 
 . ( gentleman 
 ntlemen 
 
 t wont 
 ^ under 
 
 >k f wind 
 " j. wound 
 
 wide 
 151. The forms f held or hold, made or immediately, 
 
 and ^ uitdi'i', given in the above table, are derived from 
 the fact-;: lirst, that f y, s~~** injt , aud >- ny, written 
 half length, unconnected with other strokes, are never 
 needed; second, that by thickening a half length light-stroke 
 the addition of (/ is indicated, and not t; hence f Id, 
 - aid, 'iid, properly represent the above words. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XVIII. 
 
 i; , ^ c. , \
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXII 
 
 God is as good as he is great, and cannot do wrong. 
 
 The word of the Lord is given as our guide in life. 
 
 Freedom of thought greatly promotes the spirit of liberty. 
 
 Reward of merit is one of the greatest incentives to effort. 
 
 The greatest wealth amounts to little when one is 
 called to part with it all. 
 
 Supply and demand, according to the laws of trade, 
 are supposed to regulate prices. 
 
 A good and sound mind is-a kind of divinity lodged in 
 human nature, that-is a-blessing to all about-it. 
 
 A good man is-a gentleman who wants good laws made, 
 so-that all who live under-them may be benefited. 
 
 The man who- is without God in-this great world, might 
 be looked upon as-a ship at sea, destitute of chart, and 
 not bound for any port in particular. 
 
 Sin. cannot remain at-a stand; if we don't retreat from 
 it, we are sure to-be carried with-it; aad-the further on 
 we go the more we will-have to return, 
 
 REVIEW OF THE TENTH LESSON. 
 
 (135.) How may the power of t or d be added* to any stroke? 
 (137.) If a light stroke is written half-length, which is generally ad- 
 ded at or d? If a heavy stroke, which? (139.) May strokes having 
 circles, loops, and hooks be halved? Where is the added t or d read, 
 in the case of half-length strokes ending with a hook? Where is the 
 t or d read, in case a half-length ends with an -circle or ef-loop? 
 (142.) May half length strokes be written at the beginning or middle 
 of words, as well as at the end? (143.) How are the syllables ted 
 and ded generally written? ( 144. ) When ted or ded follow a pre- 
 ceding down stroke, how may it be written? (148.) When should l-d 
 be written by the full length strokes? (148.) When should l-t be 
 written in full? ( 148 and 149. ) In what other cases should t and d 
 be written in full? (150.) Write as many half-length word- 
 signs as you can remember.
 
 HIKFIX1X, AFFIXKS, AND ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Having presented all the rudimental principles of the 
 
 Phonographic art, the learner's attention is now directed to 
 what may be regarded as somewhat arbitrary and unscientific 
 features of tho system. They are nevertheless essential, to 
 avoid lengthy and difficult forms for long words and to afford 
 sufficient speed in writing. 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 152. COM, coy, CUM, coo. These syllables are of frequent 
 occurrence, both initially and in the middle of words, and 
 therefore claim the briefest representation. Com, con and 
 cum, when beginning a sentence or line, may be represented 
 by a light dot written near the beginning of the following 
 consonant; thus: \v comply, I _^ condemn, V^~ console', 
 CN \-L cumbersome. When preceded by a consonant, either in 
 the same or a preceding word, either of the above syllables is 
 indicated by proximity, that is, by writing it tinder or 
 close, to the preceding consonant; thus: \ . accomjitnii/, 
 I ^o decomposition, / \ circumscribe, ^ encumbered, 
 f/| disconcerted, ^'(^\ reconcilable, ~^Y"\ irreconcilable, 
 ^^ incomplete, /\~~-^ recognize, _/C recommend, and 
 -^ uncommon; so, in connection with a preceding word: 
 /^.y will compty, /Q-i^i he consented, / L_/? and commenced. 
 
 Contra and counter are represented by a short dash, written 
 before the initial end of the following consonant; thus: 
 coiitrit'Iirf, \. contravene, I counteract.
 
 90 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 153. In cases where the forms would not be mistaken for 
 other words, the prefix may be united with the rest of the 
 word ; as : H , accommodation, *^P inconsistent. 
 
 154. IXTEK, IXTRO. These syllables have heretofore been 
 represented by ^ nt, written near the rest of the word; as 
 '"'V interview, - introduce; and sometimes joined, as 
 
 "P interest. But since the more extended use of the double- 
 length curved signs, it is found more convenient and apeedy, 
 generally, to write ^ ^ntr; as: N ~^\f interpose,^- Ij-j 
 introduction. 
 
 155. MAGXA, MAGXE, MAGXI. These syllables are rep- 
 resented by ' ^ written over the first part of the rest of the 
 word; as: "^> ^ magnanimous, ' V^v magnify, j . magnetic. 
 
 156. SELF. As a prefix this word is represented by the 
 -circle, generally written near the beginning of the remain- 
 der of the word; as jf self-conceit, f~\^_ self-love; but in 
 some words the circle may be united to the following conso- 
 nant without ambiguity; as: *^^ self-evidsnt, J) selfish. 
 
 157. Ix and Ux. When the treble consonants \ spr, 
 1 sir, a ekr, are preceded by the syllable in or un, it is in- 
 convenient to write the necessary v ./ n; hence it is repre- 
 sented by a joined prefix in the nature of an -hook; thus; 
 
 [ j -~, instruction, & V inscription, c \ insuperable. This 
 hook is also convenient in such words \ as: \{C^^ insolvent, 
 ^j-^ 7 unseemly. 
 
 AFFIXES. 
 
 There is quite a number of terminal syllables, having many 
 words in each class, that may be much more briefly and 
 speedily indicated than written out in full : 
 
 158. -ALiTY, -ILITY, -AE.ITY. Any consonant stem may 
 bo disjoined from the one preceding, to represent, in addi-
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. J1 
 
 tion to its own sound, the syllables -rdity, ility, arity; thus: 
 formality, Q _ 9\ sensibility, \v possibility, 
 barb- 1 _ f' peculiarity. 
 
 l->'.>. -BLi: and -I3LY. When it i.-s inconvenient to form 
 tlu- hook for the final syllable bl<* or Wy, it may bu omitted; 
 as: Q^JV. sensible, i Jashionable-y . 
 
 ].('>". -Bt.cNF.ss, -iau,Ni->-s -IVKXKSH, -r.i These 
 
 terminationd may be represented by detached 
 
 thus: ^affabkaea, a x \ giiifiUness, ^_ p tensii* 
 ~~^ ^ heartlcssncss. 
 
 161. -I>*o and -IN*G>. When it is not convenient to write 
 the stroke ^^ (/ or ' //;/*. the syllable ing may be repre- 
 sented by a dot at the end of the preceding consonant, 
 and inrjs by an #-circle in the same place, thus: 1 doing, 
 u /'-' joining, *\ buildings. 
 
 1G2. -LY is sometimes more readily written by disjoining; 
 
 as: ~ ~ kindly, ^T^^~ humanely. 
 
 1G3. -MEKTAL, -5fE^TAUTY. Represented by writing 
 s mnt disjoined; thus.- , ^fundamental, ^-^ instrumentality. 
 
 1G4. -AixKiY and -OIXK;Y may be represented by dis- 
 joining / j; thus: <// [r:ir" J "[HI, ^ / Jthrcnofoyy. 
 
 li!^>. SKLF and SELVES are represented, the first by an 
 s-circle, and the latter by a ^-cirele, either joined or dis- 
 joined; thus: '~~k 'iiiyt'ff, /^ yourself, L^ themselves. 
 
 166. Siirp is represented by the stem _J ih, disjoined 
 when mor,? convenient to so write it; as ^) lordship, 
 ^Ls ownership. 
 
 \'-7. Word-signs may be written either as prefixes or 
 -; thus: \^ a _ forsake, ^^_? a j^ rnoon t r withhold, 
 N-P understand.
 
 92 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 REA DING EXKKCISE XIX. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XX [II. 
 
 Combine, combination, compare, commutation, communi- 
 ty; consider, concerning, congregate, conduce, compose, 
 conjecture conspire; accomplish, accomplice, accommodate; 
 circumvent, circumference, circumflex; decomposed, discon- 
 nected, encumber, inconsiderate, incongruity; reconsider, 
 recumbent, recommendation, recognition, recompense; un- 
 concerned, uncompromising; entertain, interested, interpre- 
 tation, interruption; magnificent, magnetism, magnanimity; 
 self-interest, self-defense, self-control; instruct, instrument, 
 inspiration, insuperable, insoluble, enslave. 
 
 Probability, feasibility, durability, regularity, irregularity, 
 plurality, singularity; forcible actionable, erascible, sur- 
 mountable; saleableness, reasonableness, serviceableness ; 
 wilfulness, usefulness, spitefulness, combativeness, manful- 
 ness; heedlessness ; thoughtlessness; putting, playing, 
 spreading, dreading, repeating, plottings, biddings, headings; 
 supplemental, rudimental, instrumentality; kindly, secondly, 
 physiology, theology; himself, herself; ourselves; worship, 
 leadership, workmanship.
 
 OF PIIONOCIJ U'HY. 93 
 
 OMISSION OF VOWELS. 
 
 In 30, Rule 4, directions were given in regard to the 
 omission of the vowel c in the initial syllables be, de, and re. 
 The learner may now begin to omit other unaccented vowels, 
 writing in only such as, are necessary to indicate each word 
 beyond u doubt. 
 
 108. The statement may seem strange, that the omission of 
 many of the vowel signs, so far from obscuring the legibility 
 of phonography, actually contributes to its simplicity and the 
 ease with which it may be read, as well as written. In ordi- 
 nary longhand, and even in common print, words are read by 
 their outline, their length, and the familiar number of 
 ascending and descending strokes; and just so it is in phono- 
 graphic writing, the outlines of words are not changed by the 
 failure to insert all the dots and dashes. Most words 
 differ from each other in form, by reason of being com- 
 posed of different consonants, or the same consonants in 
 different positions, and hence are recognized one from 
 another without much reference to their vowels. 
 
 109. The following words illustrate the principle of insert- 
 ing only the accented vowels: \^ obey, -. ^f~ capital, 
 
 I radical, !X\ terrible. 
 
 170. It is seldom necessary to insert a vowel when it comes 
 in a syllable represented by the double consonant *\ pr or 
 \^ pi; thus: \^. permit, V^ vocal, 'J^German. 
 
 171. It is also unnecessary to vocalize the double-circle 
 o s-s, the rest of the outline, and sometimes the sense of the 
 sentence, indicating what the vowel should be; thus: 
 
 ^\y^' necessary, -9 exercise. 
 
 172. When a word begins or ends with a vowel, it is 
 better, in ordinary writing, to insert it; &3 y~ idle, 
 
 attack, /.I ready.
 
 94 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 173. Besides the regular diphthongs v i, ^ oi, A ow, u, 
 treated of in 30, and the irregular diphthongs, we, 
 j wo, " yea, " yaw, etc., given in $121 and 128, it is found 
 convenient to represent by a single sign, the sounds of two 
 vowels occurring in different syllables, but with no interven- 
 ing consonant, as bay-o-net, re-al, mu-se-um. The following 
 scale of inclined acute angles, provides for representing these 
 dissyllabic vowels without lifting the pen : 
 
 ah-1 A a-I e-i I aw-i J 6-1 oo-X 
 
 i 
 
 174. The fourth in the series will be recognized as the same 
 sign, and representing nearly the same sound as the regular 
 diphthong oi and oy, in N^ boy, _.__/^~ coil. The other signs 
 represent similar modifications; thus: ^ 'hurrahing, 
 <L -~ clayey, V saying; ^^^, being, and the same sign in 
 
 ( j//' theory, and ^~^f ^ museum; \. boyish, (^ stoic, 
 
 ^. Owen, (\ Louise. 
 
 *}* 
 
 Of course it is not necessary that these signs should 
 always be used, since the separate signs may generally be 
 inserted, if for the sake of simplicity or precision they are 
 preferred; as in the words: T- sawing, Q s. snowy, 
 
 \ /mayor, '"! Isaiah. 
 
 174. It is sometimes convenient to be able to add a simple 
 vowel sign to a diphthong, without lifting the pen ; hence it 
 is allowable to write a tick at an acute angle fort, and a tick 
 at a right angle for 5 or a: thus: j^ dewy, I defying, 
 " ^'enjoying, \T bias, \/^/ biolcyy. ~~~ ' 
 
 J
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 95 
 
 VOWEL INDICATIONS. 
 
 In the case of consonant strokes that may be written either 
 downward or upward, advantage its taken of the fact to use 
 them as far as possible to indicate whether a vowel should, or 
 should not, he heard before or after them, without writing the 
 same. 
 
 175. IXITIAL L. When I is the first consonant in a word, 
 not preceded by a voictl, it is written upward; as fa like, 
 f? lone, /r"' N lame; but if a vowel precede it is generally 
 written downward ; as: (^- alike, (^ along, (^ element. The 
 exceptions to the latter part of this rule are in such words as 
 contain a down-stroke next following f~ I, in which case 
 the I must be written upward; as: .(~\ allowed, _f^J allege. 
 
 176. FINAL L. When I is the final consonant in a word, 
 followed by a vowel, it is generally written upward ; as 
 \Y\ below, {j^' valley, f' gaily, ^-' * relay. Final I is 
 also written upward, even if a vowel does not follow it, 
 after \ p, N^ b, k, g, /' ch, / j and ^-^ m, be- 
 cause of the forward movement of the pen thus afforded. 
 After ^ / and V^ v, when no vowel follows, and always 
 after ^.^ ng, it is written downward; aa V feel, 
 V vile, >^ kingly, ^ annually. / 
 
 177. INITIAL E. When r is the first consonant in a word, 
 not preceded by a voter/, the up-stroke si<rn i? generally used; 
 a<: .' ray, /^j road, ^ rod:, run, ^ roar; the 
 only exception being when m is the next consonant following, 
 which, to secure freedom in writing and distinctness of out- 
 line, requires the downstroke ~"N r; thus: "~^_ roam, 
 
 >^ 
 
 V*a remain. When initial r is preceded by a vowel, the 
 
 down-stroke is usually employed; as: "> era, ~^ cmi. 
 ~ * 
 
 irksome; but when the next consonant is a down-
 
 96 ECLECTIC MANUAL, 
 
 stroke, (except p, b, f and #), the upward r is used, even 
 when preceded by a vowel; as: ---^ urye, ./A arrayed, 
 S\ earth, v./ V orphan. 
 
 178. FINAL R. When r is the final consonant in a word, 
 followed by a vowel, like final I in such position, the up-stroke 
 sign is used ; but, when no vowel follows the down-stroke is 
 generally employed, thus: \^_bare, \./ / ' berry, ^_/fre, 
 
 V^/" fury, ~T ^ gore, /' gory, V\ sore, XO/ A sorry, 
 
 c /\ store, y story. When, however, a downward r would 
 carry the pen more than one stroke below the line, and when 
 
 follows r, the up-stroke is used; thus: c \ prepare, 
 / X-X" 
 
 temporary. 
 
 179. THE RULE OF POSITION. 
 
 The rule for indicating what vowel should be read in any 
 word left unvocalized, was presented briefly in 51, as ap- 
 plied to the word-signs. Its more general application, espe- 
 cially in reporting, will be here stated: 
 
 (1) Contracted words, and words having but one or two 
 consonant strokes, are written in the first position, that is, 
 above the line of writing, if the accented vowel or diph- 
 thong in the word be a first-place one; thus: p^ cause, 
 i ' ~~~ calm, V^l vife. 
 
 (2.) If the accented vowel or diphthong be second-place, 
 the consonant stroke, or strokes, are written on the line ; 
 thus; -r case, <$-[> smoke, ) D decays, / A '\ 3 repose. 
 
 (3.) If the accented vowel or diphthong be third-place, 
 vertical and inclined strokes are written through the line; 
 thus: \^,peact, |. deem, ^\^~^room, ~~\ Europe. In the 
 
 case of horizontals, words containing the diphthongs ow, ,
 
 OF PlKJXo<;iJAPHY. 97 
 
 ew, are written under the line ; thus : _, gown, ^ account, 
 
 A A 
 
 . D accuse. 
 
 The second position, that is on the line, is the most natural 
 and easy to write in; therefore the rule of position should 
 be observed only with respect to those words which if left 
 un vocalized might be read for other words. 
 
 180. EXCEPTIONAL WoRD-Sioss. The following words of 
 frequent occurrence, for the sake of convenience, and because 
 they" will not interfere with other words, are written on the 
 line, out of position: Are, be, been, dear, do, for, from, have, 
 he, it, shall, think, upon, use, usually, was, which, uiU, your. 
 To avoid clashing with other words, written in the same way 
 and in their true positions, the following are written out of 
 position: Any, go, ago, in, me, more, much, number, 0, over, 
 particular, this, those, though, true. 
 
 The writing and reading of words, out of position as well 
 as in, comes by habit, and causes no hindrance to the expert. 
 
 OMISSION OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 181. Besides the omission of consonants in the use of pre- 
 fixes and affixes, it is allowable to omit certain consonant 
 signs that are scarcely, if at all, heard in ordinary pronuncia- 
 tion, and others that it is difficult to form in some connec- 
 tions: 
 
 K and G in such words as : <jjj sanction, > P anxiety. 
 T\n such words as : " jr- 5 - mistake, N y-^> postmaster. 
 P in such words as: f~~~ " lumped, '& stamped. 
 N in words like: J* attain, ^ attainment; '} assign, 
 J_^ assignment; \* strain, ]! stranger; J trance, J_ transmute. 
 R-Hook As in : I down, \ downward; lord, /^S landlord.
 
 98 
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 READING EXKRCFSK XX. 
 
 -f...J:.-^-^-^-- s ---%-^ 
 
 __nl^._xT_Ao-I3^__ -- ^ ~ 
 
 L 
 
 --^^-^\5--- -^Sr^- 
 . ^;ij^ J<-^.^LJ^_.^^ <^_ x 
 
 /L-L-rXi>* D-X. X-..\-r>p..A.^Dx 
 
 -^X
 
 .u.vriiY. 99 
 
 ON PUKXKIES AND AFFIXES. 
 Key tn 7.' neue XX, page 98, to be copied. 
 
 Learn to accommodate yourself to circumstances. Self- 
 respect is incompatible with self-esteem. 
 
 Sunly condensation in your style of composition, and thus 
 contravene constant criticism. 
 
 Magnificent entertainments are often accompanied by the 
 must usi'le-- aii'l inconsiderate expenditures. 
 
 We should postpone taking testimony, so as not to incom- 
 mode the postmaster and stranger. 
 
 It is inconsistent with truth to pay that compassion and 
 friendship are Imt selfishness in disguise. 
 
 If the earth he circumscribed at the equator, \ve obtain its 
 greatest circumference. 
 
 Its magnitude is not inconceivable, although we may not 
 appreciate its vast!. 
 
 We cm have no distinct conception of infinity while occu- 
 pying contra -p 
 
 ibility united with criminality is, of course, one of the 
 lities of human nature. 
 
 It was a fundamental theory of the stoics that nothing 
 should be conceded to the emotions. 
 
 Our landlord in ike.-i a mistake in not distinguishing be- 
 tween strang.Ts and tramps. 
 
 A St. Louis merchant made an assignment on the theory of 
 doing justice to his creditors. 
 
 The truths of inspiration, though not self-evident, neither 
 are they inscrutable. 
 
 Translations of the Xew Testament have been made into 
 nearly all the known languages of the earth. 
 
 The plotting? of politicians for leadership are wonderful 
 illustrations of selfishness. 
 
 Regularity and punctuality are important qualifications in 
 any pursuit. 
 
 Irregularity and interruption in business affairs are insu- 
 perable obstacles to suce 
 
 A political party is justifiable in being uncompromising 
 with what it considers error.
 
 100 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XX QV. 
 
 Arraying, defraying, greyish, deity, beatific, theorize, 
 theoretical, flawy, strawy, drawing, billowy, heroic, 
 St. Louis; diameter, miasma, diadem, biography, coward. 
 
 Lake, elk; laine, elm; likeness, elegance; legation, allega- 
 tion; labored, ill-bred; luminous, illumination; Lexington, 
 Alexander. Elbow, allude, allegiance, alleviation. 
 
 Vale, volley; fail, folly; burial, barely, rail, rally; 
 roll, relay; frail, freely; manly, mainly, manual, canal. 
 
 Row, oar; robe, orb; run, earn; rogue, argue; retire, 
 early; resume, armies; rum, remit, remedy, romp; arch, 
 origin, ordain, orifice, Ervin. 
 
 Pair, parry; beer, berry; tare, tarry; dare, dairy; jeer, 
 Jerry; car, carry; fair, fairy; severe, vary; lower, Leroy; 
 mare, Mary; mire, marrow; inure, narrow; sir, sorrow; 
 steer, story ; temper, temporary; empire, emperor. 
 
 Distinction, distinguish, junction, function, anxious, 
 postpone, postage, mostly, restless, testimony, New Testa- 
 ment; cramped, dumped; attonement, postponement, 
 appointment, stranger, translation, landscape.
 
 OF PHOXOGIIAI'HY. 101 
 
 REVIEW OF THE ELEVENTH LESSON". 
 
 ((152.) How are the prefixes com, con, cum, and cog indicated? 
 ( /154. ) How are inter and intro represented? ( 155. X How are ;///"" 
 mujiie, mx'jni represented? (156.) How is the prefix self written? 
 (157.) How may the initial syllables in and tin be written before the 
 treble consonants spr, tr, <tc.? (158.) How are the affixes, -nlit;/, 
 -nrity, etc., represented? (159.) How are -lie and -llij written? (160.) 
 How -bleneso, -fulness, -iveness, -leanness? ( 161.) How are iny and ings 
 written? (163.) How are mmtxl and mentality written? <165. ) How 
 e//and selves? (166.) How */u>, (109.) What is the role in re. 
 gard to the omission of vowels? (173.) Explain the dissyllabic 
 diphthongs, and the manner of writing them. (175.) What is tho 
 rule for writing initial /.' ( 176.) What for final If (177.) What is 
 the rule for writing initial rf (178.) What for final rf (179.) 
 What is tho first rule of position? The second? The third? (180.) 
 Why are some word-signs written out of position? What are the 
 words of the first c-luss? What are those of the second class? (181.) 
 What consonants is it allowable to omit in certain connections?
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 umffllj 
 
 OUTLINES OF WORDS, PHRASEOGRAPHY, &C. 
 
 182. The learner has no doubt been impressed with the fact 
 that not only may the same word be written in several differ- 
 ent ways, but entirely different words may be written in the 
 same way, that is, with the same consonant outlines; as, for 
 instance, c \ _ prosecute, persecute. This may seem, on first 
 thought, an objection to Phonography ; but the same objec- 
 tion exists in regard to common longhand, many words being 
 written so nearly alike persecute and prosecute among the 
 number that printers are often puzzled to know what word 
 was intended to be written by the author of their "copy." 
 But the very fact that the phonographic system renders it pos- 
 sible to write the same word differently, enables the skillful 
 writer to give very different outlines to words that are ordi- 
 narily written much alike; thus the two words above are 
 clearly distinguished as follows: \ prosecute, ^\/~ per- 
 secute; so with I* train, \^ turn; ^ proceed, \^J pursued. 
 
 183. In a similar way a distinctio'n is made between words 
 having a positive and negative meaning; as /\ responsible, 
 
 {^^irresponsible ; / " resolute, ~^^ irresolute. These forms 
 come under the rules for the use of downward and upward r. 
 But there are other words, of opposite meaning, that must be 
 distinguished by doubling a consonant stroke that represents 
 
 part of the difference in meaning ; thus: ,v// material, 
 
 . 
 im-material ; (^ legal, ^_ / -*_i il-legal; 
 
 necessary, v j^jX / ' un-necessary.
 
 OF 
 
 WOliUS DISTINGUISHED I5Y DIFFERENCE OF OUTLINE. 
 
 181. When two or more words 1' >llow one outline they are 
 distinguished from e:idi other ly vowel-position; when u 
 vowel should be inserted it is ni;,rked in italic. 
 Ptbl V compatible, 1 potable/ computable;- J pitiable. 
 
 Ptt-d X patted, 1 appetite, 1 petted, 2 pitied; \ potato. 
 
 ' X 
 
 Plus \^ competence, 1 pittance; 3 l^_p aptness. 
 
 Ptrf 
 
 petrify; ) putrefy. 
 
 Ptrfkshn \/\ 3 pctrification; putrification. 
 
 \ /' D 
 
 Ptrn. No patron; V/ pattern. 
 
 Pstr \> pastor, 1 poster; 2 \ compositor, 1 pastry; 1 Xp pas- 
 
 "^ l/ture. 
 
 Pslmt ... \3 patient; \, passionate. 
 
 Pshns.... \O passions: v ~, patience. 
 
 V \ / 
 
 Pnr \ opener,' 2 pioneer: 11 / penury. 
 
 Pltr ^ plotter; 1 \/ pel>r; ^ I paltry, 1 poultry. 2 
 
 Plj \ pledge; v/ apology, pillage, 
 
 Pis ... V palace, 1 appeals,'- police: 3 \f) policy. 
 
 P'st-d Vj placed,- pleased:" ^^ placid. 
 
 Plshn ... Nj completion; \/ compulsion, compilation. 
 
 c c \ 
 
 Pint $ pliant. 1 ce.m- > planet, \^ plenty, X^ 7 opulent. 
 
 plaint/ 1 
 
 \/\o purpose; x. perhaps, propose. 
 
 NO 
 
 Prprt V approprl-\ /property, < ^\ x propri- \ XN pur- 
 
 X ate; ^/l X ety, ^ port, 
 
 Prprshn ^V appropriation, ^\ <-) pre- c\ proportion, 
 
 (x \) CV^^ paration, X.. 
 
 Prprshnt. \ proportionate, \ propor- 
 
 | tioned. 
 
 Prt.. \ part. 1 \^ apart; port/ \y\ party. 1 <\ pretty. 
 
 U'lrifiht. 1 jutrity- | 
 
 Prt-d-lishn c v_^ protection, >^ production/ prediction.
 
 104 
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 Prtv 
 Prtn 
 
 Prtnd 
 
 Prtns 
 
 Prtr 
 
 Prd 
 
 Prch 
 
 Prfkshn . 
 
 Prfr 
 
 Prvs 
 
 Prs 
 
 Prspr 
 
 Prst 
 
 Prskt 
 
 Prskshn . 
 
 Prsr 
 
 Prsn. 
 
 Prsnt 
 
 Prsl. 
 
 Prsh 
 
 Prshn 
 
 Prmnt . . 
 
 Pi-Is 
 
 Es 
 
 Bst 
 
 I^ndr . . 
 
 X 
 
 prettinessjX-^9 pertness, 
 
 r uprightness, 
 
 comparative, \Xl operative, 
 pertain; v^J appertain. 
 
 pretend, \/ s -' portend, 
 pretence; 
 
 <v_S> 
 
 portray; O operator; \-^. porter. 
 prude; N V paired; N/J jarcdy, 1 parade, 2 period, 
 approach, preach; \X7 parch, 1 perch, 2 porch.' 
 perfection, ^S provocation. 
 
 proffer; 
 
 prefer; 
 
 periphery. 
 
 previous; \/Vo pervious, ^vx prophecy. 
 
 ^ ^ peruse, \/) pursue. 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 praise; ^ 
 
 prosper; ' NP, perspire. 
 
 pressed. 2 \ v r> . \ f 
 
 priest- 3 ^x P oor est, \s purest, \xj pursuit. 
 
 prosecute; \^~ persecute. 
 
 . o -3 
 
 prosecution; \/~ persecution. 
 
 oppressor; \/0 pursuer, \^/ peruser. 
 
 O ^r- r^An I 
 
 prison; \/ ' > comparison, Parisian, 
 
 present; \^r^ * .' \/0 pursuant, 
 
 parcel, parsley; \ xb parasol, perusal, 
 Prussia; \X? Persia. 
 
 portion, apportion. 
 
 \> 
 
 \ 
 
 oppression, 
 operation; 
 
 prominent, 1 permanent; 2 ^\^^^, pre-eminent. 
 
 paralyze, 1 \ peerless. 2 X/^pearls 
 
 perilous; 2 ^S& powerless; 3 
 
 abase,* abuse, 3 \ bias. 
 
 biased, 1 best, 8 boast, 3 beast; 3 V> bestow, beset. 
 
 binder, 1 bender; 2 ^y/ bindery, 1 boundary. 2
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 105 
 
 Bndiit-d . ^_- abundant, ^ abandoned. 
 
 Brb \ bribe, VA barb. 
 
 Brt A bright,' <\ broad. 
 
 Brk \ break,- broke, 3 brick, 3 brook; 3 \/ bark. 
 
 Brtb ^ broth, 1 breath^ N/C. birth. 
 
 Brshn .... \i abrasion; \/ abortion, 1 aberration. 2 
 
 Brn o brain,- brown: 3 \s born, 1 barren, 1 burn. 2 
 
 Brnt-d.... J brand,' \s> burnt, < \^. brunette, C \*_-i brandy. 
 
 Brl ( \f~ k* 1 ^' 1 \/ barrel, V-y burial, N. barely. 
 
 Brr A^ ''"' ., A/' brewery; \^r barrier, borrower. 
 
 A Dl 
 \v bearer, borer. 
 
 Trtr "] traitor, i^torture, [/'^ tartar, [/[/' territory. 
 
 Trf 1j contrive: 1 [ trophy, [/tariff, \/\, terrify. 
 
 Trn |J train; \/^ turn, tornjl^^ attorney; t/" " tyranny. 
 
 Trnd .... Q trained; l^> torrent, tyrant; | v _^ eternity, truant. 
 
 i I 
 
 Dtr k auditor, 1 deter; J daughter, 1 debtor/* doubter; 3 
 
 ^ editor; p/'auditory, dietary. 
 
 Dtrmnt-d n detriment; k determined. 
 
 J)f n3 (j^ff defence, deafness: I defiance. 
 
 Dfr J defray, differ; (/^defer, [_ devour. 
 
 Rvrr J divers, adverse: [^divorce, diverse. 
 
 Dstn p destine, \ r -^ destiny: L destination. 
 
 T)ss-z .... d disease, disuse; 1 decease, dioce-s. 1 
 
 I . , I domination, 
 
 Dmnshn.. t O> damnation. 1 dimension^ [^ _. diminution. 
 
 Dltr V^" adultery; *\^\ idolirtry: TT idolater. 
 
 Drns X_o dryness, 1 dearness: ? \/ adorns, durance. 
 
 C'hrt 7 chart; / chariot: //\ charity.
 
 r 
 
 103 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 Jnt (/ agent; </, giant. 
 
 Jntl. </" genteel, gentle; yf. Gentile, gently. 
 
 Jns j/ joins; _Q genius; ^_^ agency. 
 
 J 
 
 Ktr actor, 1 cutter; 2 ^ catarfh; [/^actuary, coterie. 
 
 Ksprshn.. 6\^ expression; \^ > expiration. 
 
 Kst-d .... ^ cost, 1 kissed; 3 | caused. 
 Kskrt .... 6~ execrate; . o / excoriate. 
 Kstnshn. . P extenuation; (^-j extension. 
 
 Kips c ^^ eclipse, _/^\ collapse. 
 
 Kltr cj clatter, 1 culture; 2 /^~ collator. 
 
 Klk c clock, 1 cloak, 3 clique; 3 f colic, calico. 
 
 Klzshn . . . C_O collision, 1 conclusion; 2 /^coalition, collusion. 
 
 Krprl c t \^' corporal; CT ~\s1 corporeal. 
 
 Krt c cart, 1 accord, 1 court, 2 accrued; 3 / accurate. 
 
 Krtr c -j carter, 1 creature; 2 c ^| creator: /) curator. 
 
 Gd God, 1 good, 2 | guide, gaudy. 
 
 Grdn <r~ ^ garden, ^guardian. 
 
 Fvrt-d. . . V favorite; ^_ favored. 
 
 Fktr V_l factor; V factory. 
 
 Fns Vg fines, 1 feigns, 2 fence; l V_vg offense, affiance. 
 
 Fnrl \ funeral; ^^l funereal. 
 
 T" 
 Fir C floor, 2 flour; 3 <Z^/ flowery; \J^ follower, failure. 
 
 Frtn V_/W fortune, ^_^ frighten, V^) fourteen. 
 
 Frs ^o offers, 1 phrase, 2 freeze: 3 force- ^-^ furious> 
 
 Frm ( Vx-^. confirm, frame; V farm, 1 form, 2 affirm. 
 
 ^V*~> 
 Frns. ^-s^o furnace, 2 V^ conference, 1 \^^~~^ fairness.
 
 OF 
 
 Frwrd 
 
 Vlshn . 
 
 villainous, I ., 
 
 villallies . V. vileness. 
 
 Yrt 
 
 Sprt-d. 
 
 Sprst 
 
 St . .. 
 
 Std 
 
 Stshn . 
 
 Stin 
 
 Stu 
 
 Str 
 
 variety, verity. 
 
 Strn 
 
 Sds 
 
 Sst 
 
 Smtr ... .. 
 Sntr 
 
 Snr 
 
 Sltr. 
 
 Shrdl .... 
 Mi>shnt-d. 
 
 Mshn 
 
 Mshnr . . 
 
 frail, furl; Qj^~ furlough: 2 freely; 3 V. farewell. 
 forward; Q__ fro war.1. 
 >O valuation, convulsion; V^/^ violation. 
 V/ violence; V 
 C. over, convert; C virti 
 *\ spirit, 1 separate; 2 \f support, "X spread. 
 ^ suppress; N. sparse; \/ spurious; \// C 
 
 ret T '1 * 
 oity-a sat, 1 sight, 1 sought; set, 2 sit, 2 east, 3 seat. 3 
 
 | stead, staid: 2 steed, stood; 1 f /'']?.' / seated. 
 
 \j station: j situation; ) citation. 
 
 c/ Li 
 
 c?~^ stem, 1 steam: 2 V - asthma, 1 esteem. ? 
 
 J satin, 1 Satan; 2 <^^ stone, stain. 
 
 stray; J star, store; 2 cS story; 1 astray. 
 ) oyster, 1 easier; 2 X. austere, astir. 
 
 9 strain; ^ stern; ) eastern; ^s^ Saturn. 
 
 , J 
 P seeds, seduce: 3 ) acids. assiduous. 
 
 Q " -> ^ 
 
 ^ assist; j consist; .; essayist; J society. 
 
 6 ""s ^matter, 1 scyinitar;- <^/ cemetery, symmetry. 
 
 on o * 
 
 Q , centre, senator; j sentry; ^i/ / century. 
 
 <?__9 signs, 1 sense; 2 ) science, assigns,' assignees.* 
 
 p. sinner; / scenery; ^ sneer; .) assignor. 
 V-S <^_^ 
 
 slaughter; (^ solitary; f\ sultry. 
 9 shrewdly: )^- assuredly. 
 
 y- Y t 
 
 ^*J? impassioned, impatient; /-+^j impassionate. 
 S~-^ emotion, 2 motion, 2 mission; 3 ^) machine. 
 s)/' missionary, J machinery.
 
 108 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 monster, 1 ^75 . . . / Px 
 Mnstr .... ,, ^~CDniinister- 2 I minis ' ;r yj y monastery. 
 
 Mrtr-dr... c ^ martyr, 1 murder; s^/\ marauder. 
 Mrtrs-drs. C ^ mur A rg '.a b murderous; 1 murderess. 
 Xdkshn... ^ indication; | -, induction. 
 Ndfnt-d . . v \j_^ indefinite; ^^> undefined. 
 
 Ndls. ~7^ endless; 2 v/ needless. 3 
 
 Njns **--^ ingenious; ^^^ ingenuous. 
 
 Nvt-d-bl v ^_ inevitable; V- unavoidable. 
 
 Nvshn. . . . <s \^jy innovation; ^^^0 invasion. 
 
 Lbrt-d . . . f\ labored; {T ill-bred; /^\/ elaborate. 
 
 Lt-td f\ latitude; /I. altitude. 
 
 Ltr /^*" latter, 1 lighter, 1 letter; 2 ^/ lottery; f\ ultra. 
 
 Lkl /^ likely, 1 local; 2 f~ luckily. 
 
 Lrnt-d. / learnt; 6^ learned; (j~^ learner. 
 
 Rprshn .. x^\J repression; X\X reparation. 
 
 - writer, v orator, /\ retire, 
 " tr / rather; \order; K rioter; 
 
 Rr. . . / rave, rove; /v_ review; \ arrive. 
 
 V 
 Rvl ^Xt rival, revile, revel; /Vj^~ reville; ^j arrival. 
 
 Rsm. s&~~\ resume; sr s reassnme. 
 
 R n( j X^"*' ruined; /^~~\ renewed. X^l (wronged.) 
 
 Rl r /" roller, 2 railer, 2 ruler; 3 ~V~^ earlier. 
 
 Wt-d ~> white, 1 weight, 2 weighed, 2 wooed; 3 J wet, 2 wit. 3 
 
 Wr (x /' wire, 1 wore, 2 we-are; 3 >^war; > wear, aware. 
 
 Wnt-d.... "5 wand, 1 wind, 1 waned, 2 wound; 3 ^ wont, ^ went. 
 
 HI 'y^~ hail, hale; i^' holy; fsf howl. 
 
 Ilr . . . : . . >^ hire, 1 her, 1 here; 3 (^^ hero, hairy, hurrah. 
 
 J
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 109 
 
 CONTRACTED WORDS. 
 
 In addition to the word-signs heretofore given, represent- 
 
 ed by the alphabetic signs, simple and compound, the follow- 
 
 ing contracted forms have come into general use. They 
 
 represent the more prominent consonants in each word, so 
 
 joined as to be most readily written, and at the same time 
 
 suggest the pronunciation of the word: 
 
 ' J acknowledge, 
 
 O circumstances, 
 
 example, 
 
 ~~7 acknowledged, 
 
 P circumstantial, 1 
 citizen, 3 
 
 /" exchange, 
 
 
 / advantageous, 
 
 3 county, 
 
 \ expect-ed, 
 
 ^^ agriculturc-al. 
 
 .cross-examine, 
 
 ^ expenditure, 
 
 
 
 *^> almost, 
 
 <f-x December, 
 
 ' ^ expensive, 
 
 vX * already, 
 
 (, defendant, 
 
 (^ extinguish, 
 
 ^-^^ anything, 
 
 ^_^ democratic, 1 
 deuic 
 
 ^/ extraordinary, 
 
 i astonished, 
 ^=^ astonishment, 
 
 ~ describe, 1 
 
 1^ extra^'agant, 1 
 
 
 V^ bankru pt-cy, 
 
 o 3 description, 2 
 
 V^^^^familiar'-'-ity, 1 
 
 O 
 
 because, 
 
 it destruction, 
 
 ^^ February, 
 
 \ become, 
 
 rl devclope, 
 
 V^^x financial, 
 
 v between, 
 
 Jt disadvantage, 
 
 r^\ Great Britain, 
 
 ^ brethren, 
 
 Jv-^ disappointment. 
 
 ^^^ immediate, 
 
 \ cabinet, 
 
 Jt discharge, 
 
 ^- >< ^/'i m med lately, 
 
 ^ capable, 
 
 C** / distinguish-ed, 
 
 "^*\ > imperfect-tion, 
 
 .-Til. Captain, 
 
 \~S efficient-cy, 
 
 "'^ impracticable, 
 
 \ catholic, 
 
 ^- endeavor, 
 
 ^*\ improbable, 
 
 o/ \__certlficate, 
 
 <^ especially, 
 
 \ incapable, 
 
 / change, ] charge, 2 
 
 <_ essentially, 
 
 I inconsiderate, 
 
 
 cr- characteristic, 
 
 \ establishment, 
 
 \J inconsistent, 
 
 V
 
 110 
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 ""^ independent, 
 x^/- indignant, 
 
 ^~"~ magazine, 
 " ^ manufacture-er 
 
 \/\ perpendicular, 
 -ity. 
 ^ plaintiff, 
 
 ^\ indispensable, 
 
 ^/ Massachusetts, 
 
 \ popularity, 
 
 _.T> individual, 
 
 s~^, memorandum, 
 
 No post-office, 
 
 v V_y inefficient-cy, 
 
 /^y-~^ Methodism, 
 
 \o~ 
 if preliminary, 
 
 ._ ... influence, 
 influential, 
 ^"va information, 
 
 , j, mistake, 
 "^ misdemeanor, 
 ^/ mortgage, 
 
 y privilege, 
 'No Presbyter'n-ism 
 \ probable-bility, 
 
 5 inscribe, 
 
 ^^ movement, 
 
 \proportion, 
 
 ?H-. inscription, 
 ._Q insignificant, 
 
 f natural-ly,- 
 v_> neglect-ligent, 
 ^~\^ never, 
 
 N public- sh, 
 \ publicaticn, 
 \^S^ phonographer, 
 
 ^C_y insufficient-cy, 
 
 ^^ New York, 
 
 Vj phonographic, 
 
 ^ instruction, 
 
 v^p/^no, sir, 2 
 
 V^ qualify, 
 
 ^ intelligence, 
 
 x_x X- ^ nothing, 
 
 115- quarter, 
 
 -J? intelligent, 
 
 "^^_ November, 
 
 /^ Rogular-ity, 
 
 ^ intelligible, 
 
 M^ notwithstand'ng 
 
 t/ religion, 
 
 1^ intemperance, 
 1 interest-ing, 
 
 \ object-ed, 
 ti observation, 
 
 ts relinquish, 
 .. re-mark, 
 
 l_ irregular, 
 
 ^^ -\ omnipotence, 
 
 '\ represent, 
 
 ^. irrespective, 
 
 "~ organize, 
 
 x^ \xrepresentative, 
 
 d< irresponsible, 
 f-~- January, 
 
 r organization, 
 ^x^ original, 
 
 x/Xji representation, 
 /^N republic-sh, 
 
 / junior, 
 
 c N y ^ parliamentary, 
 
 /\j respective, 
 
 s^/kingdom, 
 ^f knoweldge, 
 
 \ peculiar-ity, 
 \/\_ perform, 
 
 S\ responsible-y, 
 / resurrection, 
 
 if legislature, 
 
 X/Vp perform-ance, 
 
 /^L- Rev., revenue,
 
 HOLOGRAPHY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 f ( Human-Catholic 
 
 S surprise, 
 
 ^-^"^ unexpected-ly, 
 
 rt> satisfaction, 
 
 ^_^ sufficient -cy 
 
 ^->\^ nnfavorable-y, 
 
 J^ satisfactory, 
 
 em, 
 
 ^J uninflu,. 
 
 _9 selfish, 
 
 l^ temperance, 
 
 -^^^L/ uninfluential, 
 
 --^nr^. September, 
 
 -~^, testimony, 
 
 v_>*>-P uninteresting. 
 
 ^_ several, 
 
 T transcribe, 
 
 ^9 United Si 
 
 
 " \ 
 
 
 <5~N^- something, 
 
 jL_3 transgress, 
 
 ^_o/ unsatisfactury. 
 
 somewhat. 
 
 I tribunal. 
 
 / uniform, 
 
 \_ 
 
 ^/\_ Spelling Reform 
 
 L' unconstitu- 
 
 ^-^^ whenever, 
 
 
 vo tiiinal. 
 
 
 L stranger, 
 
 J undcrstanil, 
 
 <S\*. wheresoever, 
 
 ^ > subscription, 
 
 aaderatood, 
 
 ^ _^ longer, 
 
 V> substantial, 
 
 unexampled, 
 
 ^-& longest, 
 
 t/ suggestion, 
 
 
 
 BEPBESEHTATION OF FIGURES. 
 
 As a general thing numbers should be represented by the 
 ordinary Arabic figures, as in common writing. When care- 
 fully written they are more legible than shorthand, and near- 
 ly as brief, except in large round numbers. In rapid writing 
 the following notation may be employed: ^- limd-ril, 
 ( thousand, ,^ million, "~~ ' //< '///</, -^^^ - /<///, 
 
 million; thus: :>, =3,000; 5 -^=500,000; 2 *-*. = 2,000,000 ; 
 7^_ " = 700,000.000. The phonographic sign should be 
 written close to the figure, to indicate that it is part of the 
 number it is to reprc 
 
 In reporting sermons, indicate the Book or Epistle, Chap- 
 ter, and Verse, in ([notations from the Scriptures, thus: 
 Place the figure for the Book or Epistle in the first position, 
 for the Chapter in the second position, and for the Ycr>e in 
 the third position. By this method the book, chapter and 
 verse may be written in any order by means of the figures 
 only, and without danger of ambiguity.
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 COMPLETE LIST 
 
 VOWELS. 
 a, 1 an l 
 the* 
 ah!i 
 
 eh ? 2 aye 
 and, 1 (upward.) 
 on l 
 but 
 of 1 
 to* 
 
 should," 2 (upward.) 
 all 1 
 
 two, 2 too * 
 awe, 1 ought. 1 
 who 8 
 
 O, 1 oh, 1 owe; 1 I before. 2 
 I, 1 high, 1 aye. 1 
 how * 
 
 we, 1 (and J in phrases.) 
 with* 
 
 what, 1 ^_ whatever, 
 would * 
 beyond x 
 you * 
 
 yet* 
 
 year 2 
 
 OF 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 \ 
 No 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 s 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 WOED-SIGNS. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 happy, 1 hope, 2 put. 3 
 practice, 1 principal-le.- 
 apply, 1 people. 2 
 happen, 1 upon.* 
 spoke, 2 speak. 3 
 spoken. 2 
 possible-ly. 1 
 practiced, 1 oppressed. 1 
 surprise, 1 express. 2 
 
 experience. 2 
 
 (nity.s 
 part, 1 particular,! opportu- 
 
 complete. 2 
 
 spirit. 2 
 
 by, 1 be, 2 to-be. 3 
 
 remember-ed, 2 member, 2 
 number. 3 
 
 belong, 1 able, 2 believe. 3 
 
 combine, 1 been. 2 
 
 above. 2 
 
 subject, 2 \3 subjection. 2 
 
 objection.* 
 
 behind, 1 bound. 3 
 
 at, 1 time, 1 it, 2 out. 3 
 
 try. 1 truth, 3 true. 2 
 
 tell, 2 till, 3 until. 3 
 
 contain. 2
 
 OP PHoXuURAPHY. 113 
 
 Batiafy. 1 city. 2 
 
 /> 
 
 largely. 1 
 
 L 
 
 temptation. 1 
 
 j/ 
 
 general-ly, 2 join. 1 
 
 L 
 
 itself, 3 it is, 2 times. 1 
 
 / 
 
 Jehovah 2 . 
 
 / 
 
 circumstantial. 1 
 
 </ 
 
 generation. 
 
 j 
 
 circumstance. 2 
 
 </ 
 
 gentleman, 1 -men. 1 
 
 q 1 
 Strong, 1 strength. 2 
 
 / 
 
 religious-ly. 2 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 tried, 1 treat-eel. - 
 
 
 
 can, 1 come.' 2 
 
 I 1 
 
 told. 2 
 
 c 
 
 Christian, 1 care, 2 cure. 3 
 
 1 
 
 had,' do. 2 
 
 c 
 
 call, 1 coal. 2 cool. 3 
 
 1 
 
 Ilr. 1 dear, 2 during. 3 
 
 
 equally. 3 
 
 dollar. 1 deliver-}-.* 
 
 -_ 
 
 question. 2 
 
 d deliverance. 3 
 
 
 describe,' Scripture. ' 
 
 I 
 
 advertise, 1 does. 2 
 
 c- 
 
 description. 2 
 
 I 
 
 advertised, 1 distinct. 3 
 
 
 
 act, 1 could. 2 
 
 [ 
 
 divine, 1 - differ-ent-ence. 3 
 
 -' 
 
 because, 1 comes, 2 accuse. 3 
 
 J 
 
 done, 2 down. 3 
 
 c- 
 
 called. 1 difficulty. - 
 
 1 
 
 consider, 2 1 considered. 2 
 
 c- 
 
 accord-ing, 1 court, 2 
 
 L 
 
 consideration. 2 
 
 
 
 cannot, 1 kind, 1 county. 1 
 
 i 
 
 did, 3 doubt-ed. 3 
 
 c_ 
 
 quite l 
 
 j 
 
 hadn't, 1 don't, 2 didn't. 3 
 
 i 
 
 go, 1 ago, 1 give-n. 2 
 
 I 
 
 condition, 1 addition. 2 
 
 
 degree, 2 grew. 3 
 
 , 
 
 much, 1 which, 2 each. 3 
 
 
 glory * 
 
 X 3 
 
 such. 1 
 
 
 
 began, 1 again, 2 "begin. 3 
 
 X 7 
 
 child, 1 / children. 2 
 
 _., 
 
 altogether, 1 together.'-' 
 
 / 
 
 chair, 2 cheer. 3 
 
 
 
 govern-or. 1 
 
 
 chief. 3 
 
 r, signify. 2 
 
 / large, 1 advantage. 2 
 
 r significance. 2 
 
 x' larger. 1 danger. - 
 
 r -> signification. 2 
 
 ^
 
 114 
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 Vo 
 
 \ 
 \* 
 
 i God, 1 good. 2 
 
 great, 2 agreed. 3 
 i glad, 1 gold. 2 
 
 half, 1 for, 2 if. 3 
 
 offer 1 , from, 2 free. 3 
 
 follow-ing, 1 full. 2 
 
 fine, 1 often, 2 phonography. 2 
 
 formation. 2 
 
 find, 1 found. 2 
 
 fast, 1 first. 2 
 
 fact, 1 after, 1 future. 3 
 
 offered, 1 effort. 2 
 
 friend, 2 frequent-ly. 2 
 
 have," 5 very, 2 view. 3 
 
 over, 1 every, 2 however. 3 
 
 Value, 2 evil. 3 
 
 heaven, 2 even-ing. 3 
 
 several. 2 
 
 thank, 1 think, 2 youth. 3 
 
 thought. 1 
 
 throw, 2 three, 2 through. 3 
 
 authorize. 1 
 
 authority. 1 
 
 third. 2 
 
 though, 1 they, 2 them. 2 
 
 other, 2 either. 3 
 
 their, there. 2 
 
 than, 1 then, 2 within. 3 
 
 c 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 r 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 those/- this, 2 these. 3 
 themselves,'' thig-is. 2 
 that, 1 without. 2 
 saw, 1 so, 2 us, 2 see. 3 
 sat, 1 sight, 1 set, 2 sit. 3 
 as, 1 is. 2 <$ has, 1 his. 2 
 was, 2 ease-y. 3 
 shall, 2 show, 2 she. 3 
 sure. 2 
 
 shine, 1 shown. 2 
 short, 1 shirt. 2 
 usual-ly. 2 
 
 pleasure. 2 
 
 law, 1 will, 2 allovr. 3 
 
 less, 2 lose. 3 
 line, 1 alone. 2 
 while, 1 well. 2 
 light, 1 let. 2 
 learn. 2 
 learnt. 2 
 
 or, 1 our, 3 hour, 3 
 her, 2 here, 3 hear. 3 
 
 herself. 2 
 
 are. 
 
 arise, 1 arose, 2 hours. 3 
 
 ourselves. 5 
 rise, 1 rouse. 3 
 sir," sour. 3
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 art. 1 
 
 heart, 1 hard.* 
 world, 2 ruled. 3 
 were, 2 where. '- 
 rely. 1 real/ rule. 3 
 reference. * 
 writer, 1 rather. 2 
 my, 1 may,- me.'-' 
 him, 2 whom. 1 * 
 myself, 1 > fc himself. 2 
 Misses, ^ Mrs. 2 
 siime, 2 similar-ity. 3 
 re-mark, 1 more, 2 Mr. 2 
 i most, 1 must, 2 missed." 5 
 mine, 1 man, 1 men. 2 
 mind, 1 amount, 3 
 might, 1 met. 2 
 
 rrm'l, 1 mde, 7 i mined iate-ljv" 
 
 tmportant-anoe,' improve- 
 
 meitt.- 
 sample,' *imj>le. 2 
 
 Mnents.'-' 
 in, 1 any, 1 no,- know.'-' 
 nor, 1 honor. 1 ' 
 when, 1 one. 2 
 whence,' once. 2 
 honest, 1 next. 2 
 opinion, 'known, 7 none. 2 
 influence. 1 knows. 2 
 
 r 
 
 C 
 6 
 
 / 
 
 ; 
 
 nation. - 
 
 notion, 1 
 
 hand, 1 end, 2 under. 3 
 
 not, 1 night, 1 nature. 2 
 
 .ent, 2 rent.-' 
 send, 2 sound. 3 
 
 want, 1 went. 2 
 
 long, 1 language, 1 thing. 2 
 
 singular. 3 
 
 why, 1 way, away, 2 weigh.'' 
 
 wear, 2 aware. 2 
 
 warning, 1 worn, 2 
 
 wine, 1 wano. 2 
 
 wind, 1 wound. 3 
 
 weight, 2 weighed. 2 wide. 1 
 
 ward, 1 word. 2 
 
 your. 
 
 use,- yourself. 3 
 yourselves.* 
 Ohio, 1 he.'-' 
 or ) house.-* 
 from their, 1 further. 2 
 latter, 1 letter. 2 
 order. 1 are there. 2 
 matter, 1 mother. 2 
 another, 7 neither 1 , 
 anger.' longer. 1
 
 116 
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 ALPHABETIC LIST OF SIGN-WOBDS. 
 
 The words in this list are the same as those in the preceding 
 four pages, and are given here as an exercise to be transcribed 
 into shorthand, and also for more convenient reference to see 
 if any words about which the student may be in doubt, are rep- 
 resented by brief signs. The iialic letters following each word 
 indicate how they should be written; but when there is an un- 
 certainty in the mind of the learner, he should turn to the 
 shorthand list. The figures indicate the position to the line of 
 writing which the words should occupy. 
 
 A or an, 1 
 
 believe, bl 3 
 
 different, df Z 
 
 generation, jshn 2 
 
 able, 11 2 
 
 belong, bl 1 
 
 difficult, kit 3 
 
 gentleman, ./n< 1 
 
 above bv 2 
 
 beyond n 1 
 
 difficulty, kit 3 
 
 gentlemen, jut 2 
 
 according, krd 1 
 
 bound, bnd 3 
 
 divine, </<> 1 
 
 give-n, </ 2 
 
 account, lent 2 
 
 but, 1 2 
 
 distinct, dst 3 
 
 gld, </U 1 
 
 accuse, la 3 
 
 bv, b 1 
 
 do, d 2 
 
 glory, gl 2 
 
 act, kl 1 
 
 Call-ed, 11 1 kid 1 
 
 Doctor, rfr 1 
 
 go, 1 
 
 addition, dshn 2 
 
 can, k 1 
 
 does, ds 2 
 
 (rod, tffZ 1 
 
 advantage, j 2 
 
 cannot, knt 1 
 
 dollar, <tt 1 
 
 gold, flfZi/ 2 
 
 advertise, d.i 1 
 
 care, kr 2 
 
 do not, dnl 2 
 
 gone, jw 1 
 
 advertised, dst 1 
 
 cause, ks 1 
 
 done, dn 2 
 
 good, gd 2 
 
 after,/! 1 
 
 chair, chr 2 
 
 doabt-ed, </i 3 
 
 govern-or tjv 2 
 
 again, gn 2 
 
 cheer, chr 3 
 
 down, dn 3 
 
 great, grt 2 
 
 ago. <7 I 
 
 chief, cA/3 
 
 during <Jr 3 
 
 grew, jrr 3 
 
 agreed, grd 3 
 
 child, chid I 
 
 E:ich, c/t 3 
 
 Had d 1 
 
 a)i! 1 
 
 children, chl 2 
 
 ease-v, z 3 
 
 had not, dnt 1 
 
 all, \ 1 
 
 Christian, kr 1 
 
 effort", /r t 2 
 
 half, / 1 
 
 allow, I 3 
 
 Christianity, kr 1 
 
 eh? . 2 
 
 hand, nd, 1 
 
 alone, In 2 
 
 circumstance,*//)* 2 
 
 either, thr 3 
 
 happen, pn 1 
 
 altogether, glhr 1 
 
 circumstantial,irt2 
 
 end, wi 2 
 
 happv, p 1 
 
 ammnt, mitt 3 
 
 city, si 2 
 
 equal-ly *o 3 
 
 hard,'hrd 1 
 
 an, 1 
 
 coal, kl 2 
 
 experience, sprnsZ 
 
 hap, .v (circle) 1 
 
 and / (up) 1 
 
 combine, bn 1 
 
 express, sprs 1 
 
 have r 2 
 
 an^er, iigr 1 
 
 come, k 2 
 
 even -ing, VH 3 
 
 he, h 2 
 
 another, nthr 2 
 
 complete, pit 2 
 
 ever, tv 2 
 
 heart, hrt 1 
 
 any, n 1 
 
 condition, dshn 1 
 
 every, vr 2 
 
 heaven, vn 2 
 
 apply, pi 1 
 
 consider, sfir 2 
 
 evil, rJ 3 
 
 ler, // 2 
 
 are, r (up) 2 
 
 considerat'n sdrshn 
 
 Fact, ft 1 
 
 icrself, Ar* 2 
 
 arise, rs 1 
 
 considered, sdrd 2 
 
 fast, fst \ 
 
 ligh, V 1 
 
 arose, rs 2 
 
 contain, In 2 
 
 father, Jlhr 1 
 
 lim, Am 2 
 
 art, rt (down) 1 
 
 cool, kl 3 
 
 find, fnd 1 
 
 limself, hms 2 
 
 as, * (circle) 1 
 
 could, /,(/ 2 
 
 fine, / 1 
 
 iis (circle) 2 
 
 at, t 1 
 
 county, A-i 3 
 
 first, fst 2 
 
 honest, IA- 1 
 
 authority, tlirt 1 
 
 court, krt 2 
 
 follow ing fl 1 
 
 honor, nr 1 
 
 authorize, thrs 1 
 
 cure, */ 3 
 
 for, / 2 
 
 hour, > 3 
 
 aware, u-r 2 
 
 Danger, jr 2 
 
 found, fnd 2 
 
 hours, rs 3 
 
 away, to 2 
 
 deir, dr 2 
 
 friend, /rti 2 
 
 louse, Iis 3 
 
 awe, / 1 
 
 degree, </> 2 
 
 free, // 3 
 
 how A 2 
 
 aye, (ever) . 2 
 
 deliverance, dins 3 
 
 frequent-ly /rn/ 2 
 
 however, IT 3 
 
 Be, b 2 
 
 deliver-y, </Z 3 
 
 from, // 2 
 
 I V 1 
 
 because, ks 1 
 
 describe, skr 1 
 
 full, // 2 
 
 if,/ 3 
 
 been, bn 2 
 
 descripti'n,s&rsA2 
 
 further, /rt&r 2 
 
 imrnediate-ly, md?> 
 
 before, I 
 
 did, dd 3 
 
 future, ft 3 
 
 importance, -n>j> 1 
 
 l>-gan,<71, begin 3 
 
 did not, dn< 3 
 
 Gain, <7 2 
 
 important, mp 1 
 
 behind, bnd 1 
 
 difference, df 3 
 
 generai-ly, y 2 
 
 impossible, />* 1
 
 117 
 
 i:nprovi.-i !. >-,;i 'J mine, nn 2 
 
 set, .'/ fstroke *, 
 
 too, \ 2 
 
 nit-lit, IHJI- 
 
 nor, iir 1 
 
 half length) 2 
 
 toward, trd 2 
 
 in n I 
 
 lint. )(/ 1 
 
 
 treat-c (1. /r< 2 
 
 intluinee, n.t 1 
 
 number, br 3 
 
 shall, *A 2 
 
 tried, fr</, 1 
 
 ini innatiim, //i; 1 
 
 0, <>h, l 1 
 
 - 
 
 true, // 2 
 
 i->, t i circle; 2 
 
 (iliji-ftion, bshn 2 
 
 shirt, fltrl 1 
 
 truth, /r :j 
 
 ii, t 2 
 
 of \ 1 
 
 short, shrl 1 
 
 trv, tr 1 
 
 it is its, Is 2 
 
 c.ir, f i 
 
 should / (up) 2 
 
 two \ 2 
 
 it- if, /.v :; 
 
 olli-r, fr 1 
 
 show, sh 2 
 
 Under, nd 2 
 
 b, _/r 2 
 
 .. M 1 
 
 sliown, shn 2 
 
 
 join, >/ 1 
 
 oftrii,/;j 2 
 
 si^'hi, i^ (stroke. ,t, 
 
 up n, p 2 
 
 IVllld, / 
 
 Ohio, /i 1 
 
 half length) 1 
 
 us, g 2 
 
 know, n 2 
 
 on, 1 
 
 sifinii; 
 
 UM-. 1/3 3 
 
 k'lown, /<, 2 
 
 OLCC, u'lis 2 
 
 signification syslm'i 
 
 usui;i, /t 2 
 
 knows, .* 2 
 
 one, ic/i 2 
 
 signify, sy 2 
 
 Value, t7 2 
 
 L-inguap-, <7 1 
 
 iiiir's, ina 2 
 
 similaV-ity, n 3 
 
 very, v 2 
 
 / 1 
 
 dpon, pn 2 
 
 simple, i/;> 2 
 
 view, r 3 
 
 Jar.;, ly, j7 1 
 
 opinion, m ," 
 
 singular, </ 3 
 
 Wane, irn 2 
 
 larger, iV 1 
 latter, llr 1 
 
 opporl unity prt 2 
 or, r (ilowin 1 
 
 sit, xl (stroke s 
 half length) 3 
 
 want, < 1 
 ward, icrd 1 
 
 law, / 1 
 
 order, rtlr 1 
 
 so, 2 
 
 warning, urn 1 
 
 law... /, 1 
 
 other, thr 2 
 
 some, fm 2 
 
 was, 2 2 
 
 leavn, Jru 2 
 
 ought, / 1 
 
 soon, 311 3 
 
 way, w 2 
 
 learut, /// 2 
 
 - >und, tml 3 
 
 we, t 1 
 
 ],-.>. / 2 
 
 ours, r.v (dowi :'. ^our, i/- (down) 3 wear, 7'-;- 2 
 
 lU, // 2 
 
 ourstlves, rw ^ 
 
 speak, JT/> 3 
 
 weighed, ted 2 
 
 ktt.r, ?.Y2 
 
 on', / :i 
 
 spiiit, f^irt 2 
 
 weiplit, irt 2 
 
 Uglit, /' 1 
 
 over, rr 1 
 
 strength. 
 
 Well, U'l 2 
 
 line, /,* 1 
 
 ... 1 1 
 
 . str 1 
 
 went, / 2 
 
 loan, // 2 
 
 I'ait, ]>rt 1 
 
 suhjeet, <6 2 
 
 were, icr 2 
 
 lull:,', (i.y 1 
 
 part:cular. prt \ 
 
 subjection, sbslinl 
 
 what, 3 1 
 
 I.HI^ -r, Hgr 1 
 
 Piiunrjjnipliy, jn 1 
 
 sueh, *r.'j 2 
 
 w-hen, trn 1 
 
 Loi, 1 ., / .. f 'l 
 
 :] 'i 
 
 sure, */(/ 2 
 
 W'.ienco, trn* 1 
 
 1 is . ;., :; 
 
 piiin-ipul, pr 2 
 
 Tell, // 2 
 
 wheie, trr 2 
 
 M.ul, ni'l 1 
 
 poasibie-y, i>* 1 
 
 temptation, /iA 2 
 
 which, cA 2 
 
 mode, 
 
 practice, ]ii- 1 
 
 time, / 1 
 
 while, r/ 1 
 
 11 Kill, 
 
 practi<-e(l. ftrtt 1 tini s, Is 1 
 
 who, / 2 
 
 matter, mtr 1 
 
 prlncipl 
 
 than, thn 1 
 
 whom, 3 
 
 may, 
 
 put, p :! 
 
 tliai.k, t!t 1 
 
 whos--, f 2 
 
 rue, ni 2 
 
 :. 7:?j 2 
 
 that, tht 1 
 
 why, tr" 1 
 
 , ftr 2 
 
 nuiie, /;/(/ 1 
 
 the, . 2 
 
 will, (vei-10 1 2 
 
 men, //<,< 2 
 
 Ilather, ,t\f 2 
 
 their, Ihr 2 
 
 will (noun) ul 3 
 
 nut, tut 2 
 
 real, )/ 2 
 
 them, f.'i 2 
 
 wind, ')/ 2 
 
 might, 
 
 refrrcnce, rf 2 
 
 them.-e'ves, rt** 2 
 
 wine, 1 
 
 itiiijil, ?;ui(/ 1 
 
 religious Ji 2 
 
 then, ; 
 
 with, c 2 
 
 niin.', nt.i 1 
 
 rely, r/ 1 
 
 tl.r 2 
 
 within, /ftn 3 
 
 M>~. ms 2 
 
 remembered, 6r 2 
 
 /A* 3 
 
 without, llit 2 
 
 
 iijn i 
 
 th-.-y, th 2 
 
 won't, trnt 2 
 
 more, ;r 1 
 
 rous", rs i uji) 3 
 
 thii.-r, JK/ 2 
 
 word, u-rd 2 
 
 inothor, mthr 2 
 
 rule-il, rid 3 
 
 think, // 2 
 
 world, rll 2 
 
 Mi-., ir 2 
 
 :<, j//(/> 1 
 
 thii-l, tlir-l 2 
 
 worn, UTH 2 
 
 Mr*. ?/i r.v. 2 
 
 ke J, 
 
 this, //i.t 2 
 
 would, 3 2 
 
 niUL-h. ch. 1 
 
 half length) 1 
 
 those, tfis 1 
 
 wound, v -u<l 3 
 
 my, ))i 1 
 
 s-uiMy, << 1 
 
 thonah, /A 1 
 
 Year, w 2 
 
 myself, ins 1 
 
 saw, 1 
 
 thought, t/,t 1 
 
 yes, t/j 2 
 
 N.iti.m, i,slui 2 
 
 S<-:-i;iture, sl:r 1 
 
 thn-, thr 2 
 
 yet, ~2 
 
 nature, 7i/ 2 
 
 seal, .>?, H 
 
 throu-h, /Ar 3 
 
 you, 2 
 
 ni-ar, nr 2 
 
 secret, A-AT/ 2 
 
 t!iro\v, thr 2 
 
 your, y 2 
 
 ni'ither, 7/^/ir 2 
 
 see, t 3 
 
 till, 3 
 
 you s, t/* 2 
 
 uext, ?(.? 2 
 
 *n 2 
 
 to, \ 2 
 
 yourself, ;,-j 3 
 
 ni.^ht, nt 1 
 
 sen-1, sndZ 
 
 t"LT HKT, rjthr 2 
 
 yourselves, T/.* 3 
 
 no, n 2 
 
 sent, f>^ 2 
 
 toia, r// 2" 
 
 youth, th 3
 
 118 ECLECTIC MANUAL, 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE OX IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 The following, in the construction of sentences for the employment 
 of all the word-signs, was furnished for an early edition of Phonog- 
 raphy by the Rev. John Hope, an English clergyman. It should be 
 written and re-written, until every word can be put upon paper 
 without hesitation. The words connected by hyphens should be 
 written as phrases, without lii'ting the pen. 
 
 Establishments for improvement and-for knowledge in- 
 general, are important things in-a government ; and the more 
 so where it-is usual with-them to acknowledge good principles. 
 A-Phonographic organization in particular, is-an immediate 
 advantage to-every gentleman, lady, or child, who is-a mem- 
 ber of-it, and to all. According to general opinion, Phonog- 
 raphy is-a subject we could, and should have pleasure in; 
 without it, language is-not quite what it-should-be a remark 
 in-which there-is great truth, and to-which I-think-there can- 
 be no objection. Again, every one who-has thoughts which- 
 are dear to-him, or important to-thc world, is called-upon to- 
 care for-them and improve them, to-the full, when-he-has 
 opportunity. How, or on what principle can-we be good 
 without improvement. Remember, that-it-is thought that 
 every-thing is-an object of-importance that comes imder-it ; 
 and, beyond all, that-the sure word of-the Lord God was given 
 for improvement. Should there-be difficulties in-the-way of- 
 your improvement, and of-the subjection of-your nature to 
 God's truth, then 1 call-upon you, while you-can improve, to- 
 do-so. After what I-have told-you, are-there yet objections 
 to-it. Were there, an account-of-them would already have- 
 been given. Great and good things can-not come together 
 without improvement. But should I-be-told that-it might- 
 have-been so, from what I know of-the friendly spirit of-all, 
 I tell-you-the truth is-as I-have given it, nor can-you object 
 to-it. In-short, gentlemen and ladies, you ought-to establish 
 it as-your first principle, that-you will not give up; but-as 
 you-have opportunity, why not do ail-that can-be-done 
 towards improvement in every-thing in-this- world ; and 
 should it-be done well, you-will give pleasure not to-me alone, 
 but to all.
 
 OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 110 
 
 KXEKCISK ON IMI'KOVKMKNT. 
 For a by t'> t/ti-f E*t ri-iw , in uttiny, see page 118. 
 
 -.... 
 
 JUJLX. 
 
 I > \ a, 
 ^)- 
 
 5 
 , ^. s.
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 PIIKASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Phonographers who look forward to reporting, either pro- 
 fessionally or for their own satisfaction, should at once begin 
 to cultivate reporting habits, by the use of phraseography, 
 that is, the running of words together without lifting the pen. 
 This principle was introduced in $53, where the pupil was 
 taught to write of-the, to-the, in-a, for-a, if-he, lie-may, etc. It 
 is applied to the writing of all words of frequent occurrence, 
 and that generally come together in clauses or phrases; as 
 \^ I-kave, j^~ you-will, tb - as-yood-as, ^ as-well-as, 
 ) there-can-be, 'x-^_^o there-are-many-things. 
 
 186. In order to keep phrases from running too far below 
 the line, it is allowable to abbreviate word-signs, and some- 
 times entirely change their representation; thus \ been is 
 represented by the hook alone in such pnrases as: \^I-havc- 
 bcen, \^ you-hav:-bce>i, ) tltcrc-have-been; (^ than is represented 
 
 VJ 
 
 by the hook alone, in \y^ bctter-tJian, c/^ grcater-than; 
 c:s and is change to ) 2, in such phrases as ) (z-t) as-it, 
 )is-it, ) as-it-was, ) is-it-not; and s to is represented by 
 writing the preceding sign half-length, indicating t for to; 
 as \ ablc-to-do, *\*~^ able-to-tnakc. 
 
 137. In such phrases as U it-is-siid, Q_J? as-soon-as, the double 
 circle indicates the repeating of s, after is and as, in the follow- 
 ing word. The loop^sfr, represents as-there, 1 is-thcrt* 
 
 188. The first word in a phrase must always be written in its 
 
 own proper position, that is, in the first, second or third 
 
 position, with reference to the line of writing; thus; 
 
 \ can-be, _^^ could-not-be, ^\ cf-our. "After the first 
 
 word is written, however, the succeeding words may be writ-
 
 121 
 
 yotMXtn, it-it-nof, ^ 7-//</ir- 
 
 -sign, in a phrase, may be 'slightly 
 
 ten out i position; ; 
 
 //W. A iir.-t-]'D<ition word- 
 
 raised or louvivd, to indu-atc the position, (and the word) of 
 
 the next sign; thus: j I-lv.ul, vi I-do ; J / had-not, ^t I-did-not, 
 
 DOUBLE-LENGTH CURVES. 
 
 189. The double-length curved strokes, which represent 
 the addition of tr or thr to the single-length strokes, with the 
 8-circle and n-hook added, afford a useful series of phrases: 
 
 ^ for-their, V^^ for-there-is, V^^ for-their-own. 
 
 if-their, f v if-there-is, V if-their-own. 
 (* ' r^"*^ "^ r* 
 
 \ __ from-there, V^ from-their-own, V^^ farther-than. 
 
 ^ have-their, ^"^ have-there-been, (or, own.) 
 
 y_ over-there, *v over their own. 
 
 ( think-there, ( think-there is, ( thiuk-their-own. 
 
 V. \0 \J 
 
 ( though-there, ( though-there-is, Ah'-other-one. 
 
 j saw-their, ) saw-their-own; see-their-own. 
 s J 
 
 \ was-there, \ was-their-own ; was-there-an. 
 
 S> 
 
 ( lighter-than ; later-than; lay-their-own. 
 
 /^ 
 
 b siighter-than; saltier-than. 
 
 1 
 _^ show-their, wish-their, shall-there. 
 
 \ whiter, "^N whiter-than, wider-than. 
 
 ^ ^ may-there, s v may-their-own. 
 
 g s, some-other, ^J^-N^ some-other-one. 
 
 ^-^ another, ^^ another-one; neither-one. 
 
 s --- ' longer, x __ ? longer-than ; younger-than.
 
 r 
 
 122 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 190. In such phrases as if-there-are, though-there-are, know- 
 therc-are, tho curved stroke is written treble-length, to indi- 
 cate tho addition of are. 
 
 191. Some writers hold that the n-hook should be read be- 
 fore the addition of tr and thr; thus : \^^ fainter, or fan- 
 their, \^^ vender, ^^ known-their, ) shown-thdr. Cut 
 as in V ftr, ^ ' nthr, etc., the tr and thr are represented 
 by the additional length of the curves, we hold that it is 
 philosophical, when the n-hook is added, to add the sound of 
 the hook to the tr, and thr, and read the signs V^ Jtr-n, 
 
 ^, 2 nthr-n, etc. To do otherwise, would take from us most 
 
 of the above very frequent and useful phrases, and we would 
 gain nothing to compare with their loss. 
 
 192. Doubling the length of straight strokes, with an 
 n-hook, for the addition of tr and thr, &s\bn-thr, = kn-thr, 
 as practiced by some writers, is unphilosophical and objec- 
 tionable on many accounts. 
 
 193. OMISSION OF ()F-THE." The frequently recurring 
 phrase "of-the" is significantly represented by writing the 
 words between which it occurs near to each other, thus show- 
 ing by their proximity that the one is of the other; as: 
 < / '~^X love of the beautiful, \^\ subject of the work. 
 
 194. OMISSIOX OF "To." Many American writers omit the 
 word to nearl^ altogether, and indicate that it is to be read 
 by beginning the following word below the line of writing, 
 that is below where to would be placed if it were writ- 
 ten; thus: V to-be, I to do, /^j to write. It has never 
 received the sanction of the author of Phonography, (except 
 in the phrase to be, in which it is impossible to make an angle 
 between to and be,) and is not used by the best English re- 
 porters. There is very little gain in it, and much loss in
 
 A 
 
 1 I If M)(,r.APHY. 123 
 
 many words, by the pen being carried so far below the line. 
 I'.i.j. The words f/t>>, a, by, after, etc., and occasional syllables, 
 are omitted, for the sake of making easy phrases; thus: 
 ^-^* i/t-t/t> ->/'>,-/'!, '\^__ for-tln'-nnke-of, ^v for-instance, 
 \\day-by-day) jl day-nftcr-day, || from day to-day, j from- 
 tiuic-tn-time. 
 
 196. HOOKING OF DASH WORD-SIGNS. In the "Hand- 
 Book of Phonography," by Andrew J. Graham, a scheme of 
 writing the small hooks to all the dash word-signs, is pre- 
 sented. They are used to form phrases; thus: ^ of all, 
 S to-(iU, but-<dl, fl should-all; ^ of-our, ^ to-our, i but-our, 
 7 should-our, x> to-have, t bid-have, <t shontld-have, ^ and- 
 I-hnve^ all-have, ^ ouyht-to-have, who-have; /> ivho-will, 
 &c., &c. Other signs, of course, are attached to these to 
 represent additional words in longer phrases; as: r of-all- 
 f/i'tf, \^ef-<ntr-prmciple9, \^ougkt-to-hao&been. The use of 
 this whole scheme cannot be recommended ; the forms re- 
 quire too much care in writing, to be legible, and where the 
 alphabetic- signs will join together they may be more freely 
 written, and will not be confounded with the hooked half- 
 length strokes. A few of them, such as ^ of-all, ^ to-all, 
 C thould-have, ( bid-have, auyhi-to-have, and ^ I-have, may 
 sometimes be used to advantage. 
 
 The foregoing constitute the leading principles governing 
 the formation of phraseograms. There is scarcely any limit 
 to the extent to which they may be used. On the following 
 page we give a list of those generally employed in ordinary 
 writing. They should be studied and copied in connection 
 with the key; then read without the aid of the key, by cov- 
 ering it with a strip of paper; and finally you should write 
 them, over and over again, by having some one read them 
 aloud to you, until you can form them without hesitation.
 
 124 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 LIST OF COM? 
 
 ^-^ A few wordd 
 
 r a great deal 
 
 
 a short time 
 
 >v > able to make 
 So about such 
 
 ION PHRASES. 
 
 at once 
 V <P at their own instance 
 
 o~^~^ at the same time 
 - f 
 o because it is 
 
 (3 Because of its 
 V / because they were 
 \^o) by all means 
 \ by all that is 
 '* ^ by means of 
 ^__^ by their own 
 1 Can it bo 
 
 \ can there be 
 ~~5> can there not be 
 
 "~^^\ could not be 
 U^-^ Do you mean 
 ij do their duty 
 
 ^J does not this 
 
 I ^ 
 
 *~*j did you give them 
 
 V^ Q^I Every person 
 Vj every one_ 
 ^v ' everything else 
 ^^^'X For my part 
 >-\ s\ for the purpose of 
 
 \/ X3 
 
 Y. o^ for this reason 
 
 ' ~7~^ about which you arc 
 \ about which it is not 
 
 , all that is 
 
 Cp all that is said 
 )\ 
 Vv- all that has been 
 
 > 
 0> all that you 
 
 
 \^ and as if there 
 
 ]Q ...and as it is not 
 
 _....( and as to that 
 ..and is not 
 
 1 and though there is 
 _JL and whenever there is 
 
 ... .^ 
 X*. as far as - 
 
 ^ 
 
 oo as great as 
 
 (y as long as 
 Q R as soon as possible 
 ^^O as it could not be 
 
 \ ^ as it may b 
 
 < as it was 
 
 V
 
 OF PHOKOGRAFHY. 
 
 ^^ Gentlemen of the jury 
 
 ^A I have been 
 
 __ f~~\f give me the 
 
 \_v I have not been 
 
 ~~7 give them the 
 
 v ^, I have said 
 
 .J gi vc their time 
 
 ^ I have their own 
 
 p-> give their attention 
 |(o 
 O Had there been 
 
 \ ( ^/f I hope you are satisfied 
 >/^_I hope you will have 
 
 vj^v bad there not been 
 
 \^~ I know the}- will 
 
 \ he can be 
 
 ^ 
 
 I may as well 
 
 \ he can not be 
 
 V^v 
 
 \ I may be told 
 
 ^"\ he could not have been 
 
 v~s 1 
 ^ I may not be there 
 
 ^ lie has been 
 
 ^~\ I might not bo 
 
 ~^*^ he has not been 
 
 \ I must be 
 
 *-'V 3 he would not have been 
 
 "\^ I never 
 
 xA^ 
 
 A/ how are you 
 
 ^S I shall bo able to 
 V r 
 
 /, /\ how could you 
 
 v ^ I think it is impossible 
 
 /\S~^^^) how many of them 
 
 / ^ I think there is 
 
 1 ( 
 
 P-^ I admit 
 
 \o 
 \f Vj I w iH be sure 
 
 V 'C I am glad 
 
 \ I will not be there 
 
 v *v"\ , - . . 
 y I am sure of it 
 
 ^ I wish there 
 
 ^ ^ T am inclined to think 
 
 Xif ever there is 
 
 
 
 V- ^ i 
 ^^ V, [ am very glad 
 
 if ever you are 
 
 \ I believe that 
 
 v V^v 7 ^ .. .. , 
 ---^-y^ if it be 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 v)(. 
 
 Y ^ I do not know 
 
 k__ if it be not 
 
 p. I do not think 
 
 o 
 
 i if it is not 
 
 Jtzr^. I expect 
 
 \,j if it is said 
 
 \ 
 Nr /^V-T fear you will have 
 
 A__ if there is to be 
 
 x^.
 
 126 
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 -^ 
 
 in all particulars 
 
 , 
 
 it is said that 
 
 ^-^x/xj 
 
 in all respects 
 
 A 
 
 it is well known 
 
 Y 
 
 in as much as 
 
 \(-? 
 
 it seems to me 
 
 v-o 
 
 in consequence 
 
 ^ 
 
 it will be said 
 
 
 in my opinion 
 
 < 
 
 it will not be 
 
 ^^S> 
 
 in reference to 
 
 k 
 
 it would not be 
 
 ^"^ 
 
 in regard to 
 
 ^ 
 
 Just as good as 
 
 ^tT 
 
 in relation to 
 
 < 
 
 just been 
 
 k 
 
 in respect to 
 
 y* 
 
 just as well as 
 
 v -\ 
 
 \n 
 
 in the first place 
 
 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen 
 
 o ^o 
 
 in the next place 
 
 t* 
 
 less than 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ND 
 
 in the second place 
 
 ^ 
 
 let us be sure 
 
 ^~to-y/ 
 
 in this country 
 
 ^Y 
 
 Manner in which 
 
 X 
 
 in your place 
 
 S" Vi . ** 
 
 many circumstancs 
 
 (^ 
 
 in your opinion 
 
 ^t 
 
 many think 
 
 Q 
 
 is not 
 
 "7 
 
 
 \-S- 
 
 
 So 
 
 may not have been 
 
 & 
 
 is this not 
 
 
 might not have 
 
 ;c/ 
 
 is it not 
 
 ^X 
 
 Mr. Chairman 
 
 *A/ 
 
 is it not better 
 
 ^ 
 
 > Mr. President 
 
 
 is it not possible 
 
 f^<-^ 
 
 more and more - 
 
 -~N 
 
 it could not be 
 
 r^~ 
 
 " most likely 
 
 T^ 
 
 it has been 
 
 /^ 
 
 much more 
 
 7S 
 
 
 
 
 <r~b 
 
 it is impossible 
 
 ^ 
 
 must have been 
 
 <hr^ 
 
 it is most important that 
 
 ^A 
 
 X. 
 
 ) my dear brother 
 
 J-v^ 
 
 it is my opinion 
 
 "^ 
 
 my dear friend 
 
 tpX 
 
 it is necessary that 
 
 sf 
 
 my dear sir 
 
 V
 
 OF PHOSTOGRAPHY. 
 
 127 
 
 ^ 
 
 Neither of them 
 
 Quite lil:e'.y 
 
 ^ 
 
 New York City 
 
 quite certain 
 
 X 
 
 no such thing 
 
 C/^ Kailroad 
 
 c ' 
 
 not only 
 
 i/v railroad station 
 
 ^ 
 
 . P 
 
 Of course it is 
 
 es railway 
 
 N r 
 
 x x 
 
 of course it must be 
 
 /") 
 
 ^ev 
 
 
 s V rather than bo 
 
 > 
 
 of whicli 
 
 X 
 
 / 
 \ 
 
 
 ~ rather than give 
 
 ^x 
 
 of which it might be 
 
 /") 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \_^. rather than have 
 
 V 
 
 of great advantage 
 
 VD render themselves 
 
 ..)c^._ 
 
 of sonic kind 
 
 /\ _ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ^7"' reporting stylo 
 
 V 
 
 of those who are 
 
 ( 
 <5C\^ Seems to bo 
 
 i 
 
 of which you are 
 
 ' Senate of the U. S. 
 
 ^ 
 h/ 
 
 on account of 
 
 ^ shall bo 
 
 I/ 
 
 on the contrary 
 
 <O^ shall not be 
 
 A 
 
 on their part 
 
 ^ shall have 
 
 <C 
 
 on this account 
 
 /jv should be able to 
 
 ? 
 
 on this side 
 
 /^-'^k should not be 
 
 4^ 
 
 on this occasion 
 
 /i -should have been 
 
 <L~ 
 
 on the one hand 
 
 v 
 Q) so as to bo 
 
 f 
 
 ought not to think 
 
 J so as to give 
 
 < 
 
 ought not to have 
 
 (^^-^ so that you may 
 
 S 
 
 ought to be done 
 
 so there may bo 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 out of the way 
 over and over 
 
 <7~->^J2 something has been 
 
 /o ^ 
 /s^s such a man 
 
 cT 
 
 Peculiar circumstances 
 
 a such as are 
 
 V 
 
 point of view 
 
 cr - such as can
 
 128 ECLECTIC 
 
 MANUAL - 
 
 Va That has been 
 
 ...__-ij to do something 
 
 V that it is 
 
 ^.^^>^f> to some extent 
 
 v> (~\/ that is not necessary 
 
 X i i 
 
 
 -y?-- to which you are 
 
 V that it may be 
 
 X< 
 I Was it 
 
 vv/ that there are 
 
 ^ was not 
 
 S that which has been 
 (ft/_ that you are 
 
 ) was there not 
 J we do not know 
 
 
 ^_^-* 
 
 ^/ there can be 
 ) therefore you will 
 
 5 we did not know 
 S we did not think 
 
 J there has been 
 
 ^^j we have been 
 
 & 
 
 ^ there is another 
 
 we think there may be 
 
 o_yv there is no objection 
 
 /^-^ we are no ' 
 
 n ^^^ 
 
 . S^ 
 
 /-^^i there must always be 
 
 C/ we are rather 
 
 r\ ^" 
 
 <y~~S>*. there sceuis to be 
 
 ^/ ' we are ready 
 
 ) 
 
 A-. there are some 
 
 c f~ >< V we may be 
 
 / 
 
 \s they may as well 
 
 <r ~ A^ we might not be 
 
 
 y ^/ we were 
 
 they may not be 
 
 
 
 C s~) we were there 
 
 1 XT_ 
 
 V^- they will most likely 
 
 
 (p this is a matter 
 
 ^\ we will be 
 
 ^ this is not 
 
 (_, V) we will be sure 
 
 ( Q __ this question 
 
 ^ 1 we W 'H try 
 
 C, . those who are 
 
 (_/^ were I 
 
 V, those who have 
 
 C/V were they 
 
 \ to be sure 
 J? 
 
 (^/^_^ were there not 
 
 \ to be there 
 
 (^/^ were we 
 
 V * to be worthy 
 
 ^-\> 
 C/ were you 
 
 ^^ 
 
 J
 
 OF rnoxoGKAPiiY. 
 
 1:29 
 
 (_^^ \ whoro arc they 
 
 (s while there is 
 
 (^r where arc we 
 
 /^~L/ ... 
 
 C while we are 
 
 / ,-j whore can it 
 
 (^ while you are 
 
 (/ where will they 
 // where shall 
 
 y' who are 
 
 < who are not 
 
 ^^\, what are you 
 
 f- ^ who can be 
 
 \ what can be 
 
 o^ who has been 
 
 \ what cannot bo 
 ^/ what shall be 
 """ V^r, whon have you 
 
 v who have been 
 / who is it 
 ^ who was it 
 
 V whenever there is 
 
 1 l 7 ^^ who will not be 
 
 when there is 
 
 ^_- who would not be 
 
 ~~^^ when there has been 
 
 />v will be found 
 
 ^_ when wo have 
 *^ when wo were 
 
 /^*\ will yon be 
 f with which 
 c with which there 
 
 .7 which are 
 
 c7 
 
 N with me 
 
 </_^^ which are now 
 /_ in bo 
 o^ which has been 
 
 C/^Vo w i'' a reference to 
 (^/\ with respect to 
 
 -./ which it i.s not 
 D which would have been 
 ^^ which may not be 
 
 would become 
 T would have been 
 t^^ You are 
 
 which you could 
 
 ,3 you are not 
 
 / which will be 
 
 f ^ / ^\ >f , you will be sure 
 
 /* which will make 
 
 , jj. von must be 
 
 \ which will not bo 
 
 v' &~-^>. you must not be
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 CONCERNING CONVERSATION. 
 
 i 
 For a Key to this article, see follmving opposite pages. 
 
 1 ^ v ^ 
 
 C"" X ^(>L *1f S 
 
 V j Vo o 
 
 -v, L X^ ^> ( ,. V c 
 
 <o. ' r C ). ^ 
 
 r c i i 
 
 \ 
 
 x CL 
 
 f (' 
 
 x 11. 
 
 t^S * 
 
 _- 
 77s X 
 
 c 
 
 c
 
 OF PIIoMHIKAPIIY. 131 
 
 < '( >_\ri;KMXG CONVERSATION. 
 
 BY DUC DE LA ROCHFOUCAULD. 
 To be icriftcn in Shortltand. mid Compared with the Opposite Page. 
 
 1. The reason why so few persons are agreeable in conver- 
 sation is, that each thinks more of what he desires to say, than 
 of what others say, and that we make bad listeners when we 
 want to speak. 
 
 2. Yet it is necessary to listen to those who talk ; we should 
 give them the time they want, and let them say even senseless 
 tilings. 
 
 3. Xever contradict or interrupt them; on the contrary, 
 we should enter into their mind and taste, illustrate their 
 meaning, praise anything they say that deserves praise, and let 
 them see we praise more from our choice than from agreement 
 with them. 
 
 4. To please others we should talk on subjects they like, 
 and that interest them: avoid 1 disputes upon indifferent 
 matters, seldom ask questions, and never let them see that 
 we pretend to be better informed than they are. 
 
 5. We should talk in a more or less serious manner, and 
 upon more or less abstruse subjects, according to the temper 
 and understanding of the persons we talk with, and readily 
 give them the advantage of deciding without obliging them 
 to answer when they are not anxious to talk. 
 
 G. After having in this way fulfilled the duties or polite- 
 ness, we can speak our opinions to our listeners when we find 
 an opportunity without a sign of presumption.
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 CONCERNING CONVERSATION, CONTINUED. 
 
 N. Vx. ''Y^ E ^b-' 
 
 c 
 
 > e l~ 
 
 Cr c. ,_^ L_ , 
 
 \ 
 
 
 C 
 
 D C
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. 133 
 
 CONCERNING niNVKII-ATlo.N. CONTINTED. 
 
 7. A hove all tilings we should avoid often talking of our- 
 selves and giving oursc-lvcs as an example ; nothing is more 
 tiresome than a man who quotes himself for everything. 
 
 8. We can not give too great study to find out the manner 
 and the capacity of those with whom we talk, so as to join in 
 the conversation of those who have more than ourselves, with- 
 out hurting by this preference the wishes or interests of others. 
 
 9. Then we should modestly use all the modes above men- 
 tioned to show our thoughts to them, and make them, if possi- 
 ble, believe that we take our ideas from them. 
 
 10. We should never say anything with an air of authority, 
 nor show any superiority of mind. 
 
 11. We should avoid far-fetched expressions, expressions 
 hard or forced, and never let the words be grander than the 
 matter. 
 
 12. It is not wrong to retain our opinions if they arc rea- 
 sonable, but we should yield to reason wherever she appears, 
 and from whatever side she comes. 
 
 13. Reason alone should govern our opinions; we should 
 follow her without opposing the opinions of others, and with- 
 out seeming to ignore what they say.
 
 13-1 
 
 ECLECTIC MANUAL 
 
 CONCERNING CONVERSATION, CONTINUED. 
 
 > n 
 
 V 
 
 J, ' ' 
 
 , 
 
 s \ vf j \L 
 
 
 , 9 fc , ' 
 
 \
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. !")"> 
 
 CONCERNING CONVERSATION, CONTINUED. 
 
 14. It is dangerous to seek to be always the leader of the 
 conversation, and to push a good argument too hard, when we 
 have found one. 
 
 15. Civility often hides half its understanding, and when 
 it meets with an opinionated man who defends the bud side, 
 spares him the disgrace of giving way. 
 
 16. We are sure to displease when we speak too long and 
 too often of one subject, and when we try to turn the con versa - 
 sation upon subjects that we think more instructive than others. 
 
 17. We should enter indifferently upon every subject that 
 is agreeable to others, stopping where they wish, and avoiding 
 all they do not agree with. 
 
 18. Every kind of conversation, however witty it may be, 
 is not equally fitted for all clever persons; we should select 
 what is to their taste and suitable to their condition, their sex, 
 their talents, and also choose the time to say it. 
 
 19. We should observe the place, the occasion, the temper, 
 in which we find the person who listens to us, for if there is 
 much art in speaking to the purpose, there is no less in know- 
 ing when to be silent. 
 
 20. There is an eloquent silence which serves to approve 
 or to condemn; there is a silence of discretion and respect.
 
 ISO 
 
 ECLKCTIC MANUAL 
 
 CONCERNING CONVERSATION, CONCLUDED. 
 
 % H J-,' *>,' *-. ' <^* 
 
 -* ( - ) 
 
 x > 
 
 s. "f 
 
 o a . 
 
 ? 5 
 
 G , 
 
 *> K 
 
 c, 
 
 C, 
 
 < r- - -
 
 or PTIoXCXiUAPHY. 137 
 
 CONCI;I;NIN<; CONVERSATION", CONCLUDED. 
 
 21. In a word the- re is a tone, an air, a manner, which 
 render everything in conversation agreeable or disagreeable, 
 refined or vulgar. 
 
 22. One of the reasons that we find so few persons rational 
 and agreeable in conversation is, there is hardly a person who 
 does not think more of what he wants to say than of liis 
 answer to what is said. 
 
 23. The most clever and polite are content with only 
 seeming attentive, while we perceive in their mind and eyes 
 that at th; 1 very time they are wandering from what is said 
 and desire to return to what they want to say. 
 
 24. Instead of considering that the worst way to persuade 
 or please others is to try thus strongly to please ourselves, and 
 that to listen well and to answer well are some of the greatest 
 charms we can have in conversation. 
 
 2~>. It is oftener by the estimation of our own feelings 
 that we exaggerate the good qualities of others than by 
 their merit, and when we praise them we wish to attract 
 their praise. 
 
 26. But it is given to few persons to keep this secret well. 
 Those who lay down rules too often break them, and the safest 
 we are able to give is, to listen much, to speak little, and to say 
 nothing that will ever give ground for regret.
 
 American Phonetic 
 
 Alphabet, 
 
 Each letter has the sound of the italicised letter 
 or letters in the illustrative words. 
 
 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 
 F.XPLODENTS. 
 
 Letter. 
 
 Sound. Name. 
 
 Letter 
 
 Sound. Name. 
 
 fl 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 as in arm 
 
 . . ask 
 
 a 
 
 P 
 
 r> 
 
 p 
 b 
 
 . . pole 
 . . iowl 
 
 ii 
 
 & 
 
 1 
 
 . . . an* 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 
 
 t 
 
 . . . foe 
 
 tb 
 
 A 
 
 R 
 
 ... at 
 
 a 
 
 D 
 
 d 
 
 . . . <foe 
 
 db 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 . . . ale 
 
 a 
 
 G 
 
 9 
 
 . . cheer 
 
 qa 
 
 g 
 
 e 
 
 . . earn 
 
 e 
 
 J 
 
 j 
 
 . . jeer 
 
 ja 
 
 E 
 
 e 
 
 ell 
 
 e 
 
 K 
 
 k 
 
 . . /ring 
 
 ka 
 
 L 
 
 i 
 
 '. '. field 
 
 i 
 
 G 
 
 g 
 
 . . ^rame 
 
 ga 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 . . . fill 
 
 i 
 
 CONTINUANTS. 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 .... or 
 . . .odd 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 F 
 
 f 
 
 . . ./ear 
 
 ef 
 
 O o 
 U u 
 lUra 
 U u 
 
 . . oak 
 ... up 
 . . true 
 . . full 
 
 
 
 u 
 ra 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 7 
 
 V 
 
 t 
 d 
 
 s 
 
 7. 
 
 . . veer 
 . . thigh 
 . . . thy 
 . . seal 
 . . zeal 
 
 \b 
 it 
 da 
 es 
 
 Zb 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 f 
 
 J 
 
 . . shall 
 
 ij 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 . . . ice 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 . vision 
 
 ga 
 
 a 
 
 9 
 
 . . . oil 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 LIQUIDS. 
 
 
 ~^C 
 
 -y 
 
 . . . owl 
 
 T$ 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 . . mule 
 
 n 
 
 Jl 
 L 
 
 r 
 1 
 
 . . rare 
 . . . lull 
 
 ur 
 el 
 
 
 SEMI-VOWELS. 
 
 
 
 XASALS. 
 
 
 Y 
 
 y 
 
 . . . yea 
 
 ya 
 
 Mm 
 
 . . maim em 
 
 W 
 
 \\- 
 
 . . waywa 
 
 N 
 
 n 
 
 . . wone 
 
 en 
 
 BP.KATIIING. 
 
 T.r 
 
 I) 
 
 . . sing 
 
 irj 
 
 II 
 
 h 
 
 . . . /*ay 
 
 ha 
 
 ii (/>.) nearly 
 
 B
 
 OF PHONOGRAPHY. ];;<.( 
 
 \V( "MAX I! I'D. 
 
 It iz not trm, az haz ot'n bin sod, (hit everi woman wonts a 
 muster, and Y/, az forlorn az a mastorle* dog. ]t iz a gnit dil 
 trmor dat a man iz az forlorn as a masteries dog Invcii no 
 unman kqrz for him. Luk at dr homz wimen mi;k for dem- 
 selvz; h^; nit. h>~ l>rj_t ami kozi, and don Ink at dr old bafjel- 
 or den/. Wimen kan gi-t alon a grat dil brtor \>[ demsflvz 
 dan men kan. !< laliv it iz wuman hiu hold/ fcfi in dis wurld 
 it iz woman bihjnd dr wol kastin oi on de fjr dat burn/ 
 brjter and brjter, tlis wurld has elwoz bin bixi in Jutir) aid 
 l>.)kii) ovori dor trm hwiq o woman kud stop intu welt, eks- 
 o]it d- <lor ov marij. 91 rior er enerji, Bug az inon jaiti'uit 
 tu obten dis golden kt ov bf, iz kondemd and sk-sted az un* 
 fominin, and o woman ov at u|ior klaoz lnu nndortdks tu 
 pet woltbj her on onest egzerj'on orindustri iz kondomd 1 j a 
 t>'zand vivsez. Xirli ol wimen wont sumtip ov dtir on. Ia 
 wont a horn ov dc^r on, da wont n wurk wurt dmin, and da 
 wont muni dat da kan yuiz az da pliz, dat da kan giv or widhold 
 and dispoz ov az absolijtli dqrz. and not anuder'z, but ol de 
 wurid simz aranjd so az tu hinder a woman from getir) it. 
 
 It simz to ml dat sr seks iz tnuf wcted bj natin 1 , and dnt, 
 da.rfor, ol dc loz and institijjonzov sosjeti ot tu akt in just dr 
 kontrori direkjon, and tend tu hold us up tu wj^den r WG, 
 tu enkut-GJ ur eforts, bikoz wi> qi- 'di- wtkor pqrti and nid it 
 most, clc wurld iz n>- are.njd for dc stron, and j tink it ot tu 
 lib riarnnjd for de wtk for doz hiuz Ijvz burn domselvz t in 
 hw^t ajozin ^jlons and riprojon. X-s it apirz tu mi> dat de 
 takig for gran tod dat ol wimen, wichst rtspekt to test or tem- 
 perament, must hav no sfer or opnirj for dqr fakultiz eksept 
 domostik Ijt', iz az grot an absurditi in -sr modern sivilizcjon 
 az de stupid kustom ov hqf-ftiviljzd ncjonz bj hwiq everi sun. 
 no mator hwot hiz karaktor, mu^t konf^n himself tu de trad 
 ov biz fqdor. Xo woman ot tu enter marij for provi^on, er 
 stajon, orsuport. or wurldli pozijon, bnt simpli and onli from 
 dr mo<tholi at'okjon. And mj tiori ov Ijf wud bi> tu hav 
 sosj^oti so aranjd dat woman wod hav everi fasiliti for dtvel- 
 opin her mJDd and perfektin herself dat man ha/, and everi 
 oportimiti forakwjrin and holdiij properti, for stkiirirj an in- 
 fhjt-ns, pozijon and fam, just az man duz. 
 
 If loz qr to mak eni diferens bitwin de tra seksez, da ot tu 
 help and not hinder de wi.kor pqrti. J[en a man m^t ftl dat 
 hiz w^' kam tu him from de pin-est and hjest kjiK.1 ov luv
 
 140 ECLECTIC MAXUAL 
 
 not drivn tu him az a refiy struglin and strjvirj tu brin her 
 mjnd tu him bikoz Jb must mari sumbodi ; but cjrazin him in- 
 telijentli and frili bikoz hi iz de wun mor tu her dan el de 
 wurld bisjdz. Q sqpirior wuman, gifted wid personal atrak- 
 Jonz, hiu iz forgetin. herself in de enti)ziazm ov sum kolin or 
 profejon, never bikumz an old mod Jb duznot wider Ji ad- 
 vansez az Ijf goz on, and ofn kips her qqrmz longer dan de 
 matron, egzosted bj famili kqrz and muderhud. If yui apil 
 in dis mater ov seks, da/ iz de t'imal eliment in grand, pserful 
 formz, az wel az in jentl and dipendent wunz. cle fimal Ijon 
 and tjp:er qr mor teribl and untamabl dan de mal. Grik mit- 
 olqji woz a perfekt riflekjon ov netur. It didn't fit everi 
 wuman for wun tjp, but klodd wuman wid majesti and pser, 
 az wel az gres. Minerva iz klad in silestyal qrmor, lidin de 
 forsez ov de Griks tu bail, claj* iz vigor in dqr impersonajoii 
 ov Diana, de wuman stron in herself, skornin f izikal pajon, and 
 teribl in her radient bqti; self-sufijent, viktorius, and kapabl 
 ov a grand, fri Ijf ov her on, not nidin tu dipend on man. 
 <Ia olso had dqr plump litl Afrodjt, and da_r god-ljk Yinus; 
 and d^r woz dqr Juno, de hsskiper and domestik kwin. In 
 Jort, da Griks konsivd a varjeti ov sfirz for wumanhud, but 
 wi in modern tjmz hav rulqst el tu wun de vjn dat twjnz; 
 az if da_r wer not fimol oks and pjnz az wel az mal. It taks 
 el sorts ov pipl tu mek upde wurld, and da_r ot tu bi provi^on, 
 tolerojon and fri kors tu el sorts. Pipl don't rial j/, hwot it 
 iz tu stqrv fakultiz. cla understand fizikal stqrvojon, but de 
 slo fantii) and djii) ov dizjrz and kapabilitiz for wont ov eks- 
 ersjz iz hwot da dm not understand. It simz tu mi that wun 
 oz it tu God and de wurld tu bikum el dat wun kan bi, and 
 tu dui ol dat wun kan dm, and dat a bljnd and unriznin etor- 
 iti dat forbidz dis et tu bb rizisted. 
 
 I' dui not tink de kez ov wuman wil bi advanst in dis wurld 
 az inuq bj mitin tugeder and tokin abst ii az bj iq individual 
 wuman propo/ii) tui herself sum gud wurk and sotig abst it 
 pojentli and kwjetli. cle Ijvz ov gtrlz, from de tjm da liv 
 skml til de da ov dqr marij, Jud not bi suq a west az it iz n>. 
 cTe gerlz wil bqr biin mod a grot dil mor self-sustanin dan da 
 qr er ever hav bin. f am not dispozd tu insist on de imidiet 
 grantin ov politikal rjts tu wuman. 3< wud a grat dil roder 
 kum tu dat bj gradual evolnfon dan bj distruktiv revoh|Jon. 
 Wimen et not tu hav de balot until da wil dui demselvz kred- 
 it and impruiv sosjeti bj it. $ am perfektli wilig tu wat 
 and hav it kum tu dem in de wa and at de tjm dat wil bb 
 best for dc jeneral gud.
 
 PHONETIC 
 
 OBJECTS. 
 
 Phonetic Science treats of the sounds of human speech, their 
 .. [ration, nomeiiclature, and representation by written und printed 
 symbols. 
 
 Tbe American Phonetic Association is an organization of 
 those who have paid more or less attention to this important branch of 
 knowledge-, and who are especially interested in that application of Pho- 
 netic science exhibited in the arts of Phonography, Phonetic Longhand 
 and Phonotypy, originated by ISAAC PITMAN and ALEXANDER JOHN ELLIS, 
 of England, and developed to their present state of comparative perfection 
 by the originators, aided by the co-operation of the members of the English 
 and American Phonetic Associations. 
 
 Phonography is a system of representing the sounds of language by 
 the briefest signs; by which words are written in accordance with their 
 correct sounds in one-sixth of the time required by the present longhand. 
 
 Phonetic Longhand provides script, or longhand letters, for the 
 representation of the sounds of English speech ; all the useful letters of 
 the ordinary script alphabet being retained, and additions made for those 
 sounds which have not heretofore been provided with written signs. 
 
 Phonotypy, or Phonetic printing, provides a full and complete alpha- 
 bet of printingL representation of the sounds of the English 
 
 language. All the letters of the Roman alphabet (now used for the Eng- 
 li.-h language), are employed, except c, gand x; and new forms, of the 
 Roman ty; 1 for the representation of the twenty single and 
 
 doublesounds (diphthongal glides) which in the existing system have no 
 proper and uniform representation.
 
 ADVANTAGES OF THE PHONETIC ARTS. 
 
 First, A brief and philosophical Shorthand, whereby speech maybe 
 Written with the ease and speed of utterance; a system combining more 
 than the brevity of shorthand, with at least the legibility of longhand. 
 
 Secondly, A Phonetic longhand of easy acquirement, especially by 
 those who can write the present longhand, by which speech maybe indi- 
 cated with philosophic accuracy, with greater distinctness, but less briefly, 
 than by Shorthand. By the omission of silent and double letters, it is much 
 briefer than ordinary longhand 
 
 Thirdly, A Printing Alphabet, by the use of which children, foreign- 
 ers, and uneducated adults, after becoming acquainted with the powers of 
 the forty-three letters of the complete English alphabet, correctly pro- 
 nounce, and read with ease every word in the language. Incidentally, but 
 not unimportant in an educational view, the Phonetic system furnishes, 
 as has been proved by a thousand times repeated experiment, the easiest, 
 speediest and pftasantest aid to a practical knowledge of the existing sys- 
 tem ; an effect due to the general resemblance between the phonetic and 
 common spelling. The acquirement of reading by the Phonetic method 
 necessarily includes an elocutionary training in the elementary sounds, 
 by which pupils attain an accuracy and distinctness of utterance unknown 
 to those whose knowledge of sounds has been confined to naming the 
 twenty-six letters of the Roman alphabet. 
 
 Tbe Deficiency of tbc Roman Alphabet to represent the 
 sounds of the English speech, the necessary inconsistencies in English 
 orthography (so-called) L and the consequent difficulty and waste of time 
 attending the acquirement of reading and spelling, are too generally 
 known to call for illustration here. For proofs of the philosophy and prac- 
 ticability of the Phonetic arts, and the eminent success and advantages 
 attending their adoption, the inquirer is referred to the various works pub- 
 lished in the interests of this reform. 
 
 Tbe Object of the American Phonetic Association is the 
 
 union and co-operation of the friends of Phonetic writing and printing in 
 the United States, the Territories and British Provinces, for the encourage- 
 ment and spread of Phonetic writing and printing. The Association con- 
 sists of a President, Secretary, Treasurer, Council and members. The mem- 
 bers are divided into the following classes:
 
 Class 1. Phonogniphers who tench the arts professionally or privately, 
 and who ure willing to an.-wrr letters of inquiry, or letters of Phunognv- 
 - soliciting advice or information on mutter's connected with Phonog- 
 raphy or Phonetic spelling. 
 
 lass 2. Pin., who generously volunteer to correct thecxer- 
 
 eix's of learners, through the. nu.il. 
 
 CTiss a. Phonographers who do their utmost to spread a knowledge of 
 the Phonetic arts in private, but who are prevented by other duties from 
 answering letters, or attending to the correction of exercises. 
 
 Class 4. Phoneticians who do not write Phonography, but who cm- 
 ploy phonetic longhand whenever they think it, will promote an interest 
 in the subject. 
 
 Class 5. Honorary members. 
 
 Phonographerg of either class who write <it the rate of 100 or more 
 words per minute, are indicated li.'the abrevlation Rep. 'Reporter.) 
 
 I'honograplicrs who wish to cultivate a correspondence in shorthand 
 with members of kindred sentiments, are indicated by the abbreviation 
 Cor. (Correspondent.) 
 
 Honorary Members are indicated by the abbreviation IFon. 
 
 Phonog-rnphcrs under sixteen years of ago, are indicated by the 
 letters Jr. (Junior.) 
 
 The President, Council and officers are elected annually by the members 
 of the Association, on the 1st of January of each year. 
 
 The Council consists of fifty (inclusive of the President, Secretary and 
 Treasurer), of those who arc regarded :is the must intelligent, earnest and 
 reliable American Phonographers and phoneticians, to whom are sub- 
 mitted all questions of doubt, and all matters of theory and practice on 
 Which mi intelligent opinion maybe desired, but on which the opinions 
 of Phonogrnphers might be divided. The Council has no power to control 
 the action of any memberof the Association, nor to decide the fate of a:iy 
 measure; but consisting ;:s it does, of t!ie collective wisdom of thu Pho- 
 nitic Republic, it boa an opinion and exercises an influence which Pho- 
 nographers are disposed to reject. 
 
 Persons of learning and distinction to be requested to become Honorary 
 members. Such members may not in all cases, be familiar with the details 
 of Phonetic writing and printing, but being convinced of the advantages lit 
 be secured by thcudoption of the Phonetic arts, Ic-nd their names and in- 
 fluence to further their extension. An;- six members of the Council have 
 the power to elect any Honorary member. 
 
 Phonographers in the United States, the Territories and British Prov- 
 inces, and writers of Phonetic longhand 1,111 the American or any other 
 alphabet), are eligible for membership on making a written application. 
 No entrance fee; no subscription. Dona ions voluntary. Membership 
 renewed annually. 
 
 P'.ionographer.sand Phoneticians wishing to become members, to address 
 the Secretary, stating occupation or profession, und naming the C'la.-s in 
 which they desire to be enrolled. E. LONGLKY, Xicy, Cincinnati, O.
 
 FORM OF APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP 
 
 To THE SECRETARY OF THE A. P. A. : 
 
 Dear Sir I wish to become a member of the AMERICAN 
 PHONETIC ASSOCIATION, CLASS ......... (1,2, or 3.) 
 
 In order that yuu may judge of my qualifications, I enclose 
 a specimen of my Phonographic writing (or reporting, as the 
 case may be.) I am able to write in this style at the rate 
 of ......... words per minute. 
 
 (If the applicant is not practically familiar with Pho- 
 nography, he or she will enclose a specimen of Phonetic 
 longhand writing, in accordance with any reformed alphabet.) 
 
 I herewith send, also, $ ........ (or ......... cts.,) as my annual 
 
 contribution to the funds of the Association, for which you 
 will please send me a package of tracts for distribution, and 
 the Annual List of Members, when published, in January. 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 (Address in full,) 
 
 EXPLANATORY REMARKS. 
 
 Although the Constitution says, " Donations voluntary," it is expected 
 that every i.ieuiber will contribute something (and nil who can afford to, 
 liberally), towards paying the expenses of printing and distributing tho 
 Annual List of Members, and such tracts and documents as are necessary 
 lr carrying on tho Reform. The publication in the PHOXKTIC EUUCATOU 
 of the names and posiofrice addresses of "Phonographers who teach the 
 art professionally or privately," and of Reporters, is an advertisement 
 that will be worth to them more than the amount they contribute. Their 
 names will first appear in the EHUCATOR, as soon as received by the Sec- 
 retary, and in pamphlet form at the end of each year. 
 
 The names of prominent Teachers, Professors, Ministers, Judges, Gov- 
 ernors, etc., should be solicited by the friends of Phonetics. They may 
 bo bent in without auy formal application oil their part. 
 
 JULY. 1879. ELIAS LOXGJLEY, Sec.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 Form L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 
 
 UNIVERSITY ot CALIFORNIA 
 
 AT 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 LIBRARY
 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 A 000 576 260 4 
 
 L86a 
 1879