American Steam and Hot-Water Heating Practice. LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class AMERICAN STEAM AND HOT-WATER HEATING PRACTICE. FROM THE ENGINEERING RECORD. (Prior to 1887 THE SANITARY ENGINEER.) BEING A SELECTED REPRINT OF DESCRIPTIVE ARTICLES, QUESTIONS, AND ANSWERS. WITH FIVE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS. NEW YORK : THE ENGIXEERINQ RECORD, 1895. U GENERAL . Copyright, 1895, By THE ENGINEERING RECORD. PRKKACK. THE ENGINEERING RECORD (prior to 1887 THE SANITARY ENGINEER) has for sixteen years made its department of Steam and Hot-Water Heating and Venti- lation a prominent feature. Besides the weekly illustrated descriptions of notable and interesting current work, a great variety of questions in this field have been answered. In 1888 Steam-Heating Problems was published. This was a selection of questions, answers, and descriptions that had been published during the preceding nine years, and dealt mainly with steam-heating. The present book is intended to supplement this former publication, and includes a selection of the descriptions of hot-water, steam-heating, and ventilating installations in the different classes of buildings in the United States, prepared by the staff of THE ENGI- NEERING RECORD, besides a collection of questions and answers on problems arising in this department of building engineering, covering the period since 1888, in which the heating of dwellings by hot water has become popular in the United States. The favor with which Steam-Heating Problems has been received encourages the hope that American Steam and Hot-Water Practice may likewise prove useful to those who design, construct, and have charge of ventilating and heating apparatus. TABLE OF CONTENTS. HEATING OF RESIDENCES AND APARTMENT HOUSES. Alternate Steam or Hot- Water Heating of a Residence. Three Illustrations 8 Heating and Ventilation of a Philadelphia Suburban Residence. Five Illustrations 27 Hot-Water Heating in a Chicago Residence. Four Illustrations. . 3 Hot- Water Heating in a City Residence. Five Illustrations 25 Hot- Water Heating in a Country Residence. Three Illustrations 31 Hot- Water Heating in a Melrose, Mass. , Residence. Three Ilhistrations 24 Hot- Water Heating in the Office and Salesrooms of the Murphy & GJ.'S Varnish Works, Newark, N. J. Three Illustrations 10 Hot-Water Heating of a Store. Two Illustrations 9 Hot- Water Heating of a Suburban Residence. Four Illustrations 4 Hot- Water Heating Plant in a Brooklyn Residence. Six Illustrations 12 Hot- Water Radiators Below the Boiler Level. Two Illustrations 10 Indirect Heating in a Residence. Five Illustrations 32 Indirect Steam or Hot- Water Heating in a Massachusetts Residence. Four Illustrations 16 Remodeled Heating Plant in a City Residence. Four Illustrations 26 Unusual Piping in a Hot- Water Heating Apparatus. Three Illustrations 17 Ventilation and Heating of the Residence of Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt. Six Illustrations 20 HEATING OF CHURCHES. Heating and Ventilation of a Baltimore Church. Six Illustrations 43 Heating and Ventilation of a Rockford Church. Thref. Illustrations 45 Heating of the Temporary Chapel, Cathedral of St. John the Divine. One Illustration 41 Hot- Water Heating Apparatus in a Danbury, Conn , Church. Three Illustrations 39 Hot- Water Heating in a Church and Rectory. Eleven Illustrations 47 One- Pipe Hot- Water Heating of a Church. Three Illustrations 34 Hot-Water Heating of a City Church. Five Illustrations 53 Steam Heating in Trinity Church, New York. Five Illustrations 49 Steam Heating of a Brooklyn, N. Y. , Church. Two Illustrations 40 Steam Heating of a Church. Two Illustrations 52 Ventilation and Heating of St. Augustine's Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. Three Illustrations 3 ? HEATING OF SCHOOLS, Heating and Ventilating a Milwaukee School. Nine Illustrations 88 Heating and Ventilating in the Engineering Building of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Four Illustrations. 92 Heating and Ventilation of the Jefferson School, Duluth, Minn. Seven Illustrations 84 Heating and Ventilating of Vanderbilt Hail, Yale College. One Illustration 67 Hot-Water Heating in the Convent of the Visitation, St. Louis, Mo. Ten Illustrations 55 Hot- Water Heating in the New Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. Fifteen Illustrations 80 Steam-Heating and Ventilating Plant in the Irving School, West Dubuque, Iowa. Three Illustra- tions 79 Steam-Heating Plant in the Hill Seminary. Eleven Illustrations 68 Ventilation and Heating of a School Building. Three Illustrations .. 72 Ventilation and Warming of the New High School, Montclair, N. J. Ten Illustrations 75 Warming and Ventilating in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. Five Illustra- tions 62 HEATING OF THEATERS AND AMUSEMENT HALLS. Heating and Ve'ntilating the New York Music Hall. Seventeen Illustrations 100 Ventilation and Heating of the American Theater, New York. Eleven Illustrations 97 TABLE OF CONTENTS. HEATING OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Heating and Ventilation of the Suffolk County Court-house. Ninety-seven Illustrations 114 Remodeling the Ventilating Plant in a New York Court-house. Two Illustrations . . 112 HEATING OF HOSPITALS. Heating and Ventilating of a Reception Hospital. Four Illustrations 138 Heating and Ventilation in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md. Fifty-one Illustrations . . . 144 Heating and Ventilation of Mount Vernon, N. Y., Hospital. Six Illustrations 172 Heating and Ventilation of the Royal Victoria Hospital at Montreal. Four Illustrations , 168 Heating and Ventilation of the William J. Syms Operating Theater, with Tests of Efficiency of the Heating Coils. Eight Illustrations 163 Hot- Blast Heating of St. Luke's Hospital, St. Paul, Minn. Eight Illustrations 136 Hot- Water Heating at Santord Hall. Twelve Illustrations 140 Wet Air-screen for Ventilating Purposes 172 HEATING OF RAILWAY SHOPS. Heating and Ventilating a Roundhouse and Railroad Shop. Four Illustrations 182 Hot- Water Heating of an Elevated Railroad Station. Six Illustrations 183 Steam Heating in the Boston and Albany Railroad Stations at Springfield, Mass. Two Illustra- tions 1 80 Steam-Heating Plant for Northern Pacific Railroad Shops. Thirty Illustrations 173 Vacuum Circulation Steam-Heating System. Three Illustrations , 185 HEATING OF HOTELS. Steam Heating in the Holland House. Twelve Illustrations .' 207 Steam Plant in the New Netherland Hotel. Fourteen Illustrations ... 198 Steam Heating in the Plaza Hotel, New York. Thirty-eight Illustrations. 188 Ventilation of the New Netherland Hotel. Six Illustrations ... 204 HEATING OF OFFICE BUILDINGS. Heating and Ventilating the Walbridge Office Building, Toledo, O. Nine Illustrations 222 Heating and Ventilation of a New Haven Office Building. Two Illustrations 221 Heating in the Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Mo. Eight Illustrations 223 Heating of the Columbus Building in Chicago. Seven Illustrations 218 Power and Heating Plant, Manhattan Life Insurance Building. Eight Illustrations 212 Test of a Steam-Heating Flant in the Carter Building. One Illustration 217 MISCELLANEOUS HEATING INSTALLATIONS. Fire Under a Boiler-room Floor. Two Illustrations 238 Heating a Florist's Delivery Van. Two Illustrations 236 Heating of a Minneapolis Store. Four Illustrations 233 Heating of the Horticultural Building, World's Columbian Exposition. Four Illustrations 235 Steam Pipe Conduit. Six Illustrations 237 Utilization of Low-Pressure Steam for Heating and Elevator Service. Four Illustrations , 232 STEAM-HEATING NOTES AND QUERIES. BOILER PROPORTIONS. Figuring the Capacity of Steam- Heating Boilers 239 Heating a Swimming Bath 242 Heating Boiler Proportions 241 Horse-power of Heating Boiler _ 239 How to Proportion Radiating Surface 242 How to Find the Boiler Surface when the Radiating Surface is Known 240 Proportions of Boiler and Radiating Surface 239 Steam Heating of a Public Building. One Illustration 241 TABLE OF CONTENTS. CONDENSATION NECESSARY. Amount of Radiation in Indirect Stacks 243 Heating Surface Required to Heat Water in Tank 243 Proportioning of Radiation 243 Relative Condensation in Heating Apparatus 245 Rules for Estimating Radiatiug Surface for Heating Buildings. 244 Rules for Figuring Steam-Heating Surface 244 Steam Consumption for Heating in New York in Different Months 246 Steam-Heating Estimate Wanted 245 Steam-Heating Surface for Drying-rooms. 246 COST OF STEAM HEATING. Charge for Heating Surface ... . 248 Estimating Cost of Steam 246 COAL REQUIRED. Amount of Coal Required to Heat Water from 40 to 200 Degrees 249 Steam Required for Heating a Railway Train 248 METHODS OF HEATING. Direct-Indirect versus Indirect Heating for Large Buildings 250 Direct or Indirect Radiation for Schoolhouses 250 Heating by the Gravity System 249 High and Low Pressure Heating 249 ONE-PIPE SYSTEMS. Comparative Merits of the One and Two- Pipe Systems of Steam Heating 253 Defective Circulation in a One-Pipe Heating Job. Two Illustrations 252 One-Pipe System and Its Relief Pipes 252 One-Pipe System for Heating Two Rooms by Steam. One Illustration 252 Why do Steam-Heating Concerns Condemn the One-Pipe System of Steam Heating? 251 EXHAUST-STEAM HEATING. Heating by Exhaust Steam, Engine Horse-power, Sizes of Flues and Registers 258 Heat of Exhaust Steam. One Illustration 254 Method of Using Exhaust Steam to Warm Buildings. One Illustration . 256 Steam Heating at the Edison Phonographic Works, Llewellyn, N. J. Three Illustrations . 255 When is it Economical to Use Exhaust Steam for Heating?. . . . \ 2 ^5 ( '259 SYSTEMS OF PIPING. Butt Joints in Main Return Pipe Below the Water Line. One Illustration 260 By-pass Around a Steam Meter. One Illustration 262 Connecting Steam and Return Risers. One Illustration 266 Gravity versus Return Trap Systems of Heating by Steam 262 Heating Coils in a Steam Boiler Firebox. One Illustration 264 Overhead Steam Heating 260 Pump Governor Heating System. One Illustration 261 Pump Return System of Steam Heating. One Illustration 265 Radiator and Coil Connections Under the Mills System. Two Illustrations 261 Radiator Connections 259 Returning Water of Condensation to a Boiler. One Illustration \ ^^ Steam Returns Near the Water Level. One Illustration 263 Where to Place a Reducing Valve. One Illustration 263 EXPANSION OF PIPING. Expansion of Steam Pipes 267 Pipe Supports and Connections for a Boiler. One Illustration 267 TABLE OF CONTENTS. TROUBLE WITH APPARATUS. An Elevated Return and Water Level. One Illustration , . . . 269 Decreased Heating Power of Coils 270 Defective Circulation in a Steam-Heating Job. One Illustration 268 Failure in Steam Heating from Careless Management. One Illustration 272 Failure of Boiler to Heat Water 270 Faulty Arrangement of Cylinder Drips. One Illustration 270 Improper Arrangement of Drip Pipes in a Heating and Power System One Illustration 268 Noise Caused in the Mains of a Steam-Heating Apparatus by an Improperly Arranged Relief Pipe. Two Illustrations 271 Trouble with a Steam-Heating and Power Plant. One Illustration 270 Trouble with a Steam-Heating Plant. One Illustration 269 PIPE SIZES. Questions About Steam Heating. .. 273 Steam-Heating Problems. One Illustration 273 AIR VALVES Air Valve for Steam Coils. One Illustration , , 274 Can an Air Valve on a Radiator Syphon Water from a Boiler 274 Circulation in a Church Steam- Heating System. One Illustration 274 MISCELLANEOUS. About a Stop Valve on a Heating Main 277 Circulation in Heating Tanks 275 Cold Air from a Steam-Heating Radiator 270 Combustible Gas from a Hot- Water Heater , . 277 Continuous Use of Water in a Steam-Heating Boiler 276 Heat-Conducting Properties of Building Materials 278 Letting Cold Water into a Heating Boiler 280 Measuring Pipe in Forty-five Degree Fitting. One Illustration 276 Method of Regulating Draft by Expansion Tank. One Illustration 280 Objection to Three Lugs on a Boiler 276 Radiating Surface and Reduced Steam Pressures 278 Responsibility for Freezing of Steam Coils 275 Smead System for Schools 279 Steamfitter's Knock-Down Bench. One Illustration 278 To Prevent Rust in Heating Boilers During the Summer , 275 Trouble from Priming. Two Illustrations 277 HOT-WATER HEATING NOTES AND QUERIES. GREENHOUSES. Heating a Greenhouse. One Illustration 281 Heating Water for Watering Greenhouses. Two Illustrations 281 Hot- Water Heating of a Greenhouse. One Illustration 282 TROUBLE WITH APPARATUS. Impaired Circulation of a Hot- Water Heating System. One Illustration 283 Trap in a Hot-Water Heating Return Pipe. One Illustration 283 Trouble with a Hot-Water Heating System. One Illustration 284 ONE-PIPE HOT- WATER JOB. One-Pipe Hot- Water Jobs ~ 285 FUEL CONSUMPTION. Excessive Fuel Consumption in a Hot- Water Heater 285 TABLE OF CONTENTS, HEATING BELOW THE WATER LEVEL. Hot- Water Heating at the Boiler Level. One Illustration 286 Hot- Water Radiators on a Level with Boiler 287 Hot- Water Heating on Three Floors. One Illustration 286 Piping for Hot-Water Radiators on Boiler Level 287 EXPANSION TANKS. Connection to an Expansion Tank. One Illustration 290 Danger from Closed Hot-Water Apparatus. Three Illustrations 288 Expansion Tank Connection. One Illustration 289 Position of Expansion Tank in Hot- Water Heating Apparatus. One Illustration 290 METHOD OF PIPING. Hot- Water Circulation Question 293 Hot Water from the Return Pipes 295 Hot- Water Radiator Connection to a Steam-Heating Boiler. Two Illustrations 295 Increased Hot- Water Supply Wanted 293 Large versus Small Diameters for Hot- Water Heating Pipes 294 Pitch of Hot- Water Heating Pipes 293 Warming a Ja'l by Hot Water. Five Illustrations 292 Warming the Water Supply by Steam. One Illustration 291 MISCELLANEOUS QUERIES. Cleaning Out a Hot- Water Heater 298 Friction of Elbows in Hot-Water Pipe. . 298 Gas in Hot- Water Radiators 296 Heating a Carving Tabls. One Illustration 298 Heating and Ventilation of a Church. One Illustration 297 Heating by Steam from an Electric Light Plant 299 Temperature Observations of Hot- Water Pipes 298 To Prevent Hot-Water Radiators from Freezing When Not in Use 299 HEATING SURFACE. Efficiency of Hot- Water Radiators 300 Pipe Surface for Greenhouse Warming '. 300 VENTILATION NOTES AND QUERIES. LOUVERS. Damper to Prevent Back Drafts. Two Illustrations 303 Louver in Ventilator of Trainshed Roof to Let Out Smoke and Exclude Snow. Seven Illustra- tions 302 SIZE OF FLUES. Exhaust Ventilation Unused 303 Size of Chimney Flue for Boiler 304 Size of Ventilating Flue 304 SIZE OF REGISTERS. Allowance for Friction in Register Openings. One Illustration 305 Heating and Ventilating a Hospital. One Illustration 306 How Much Cold Air to Admit and How to Retain It When Warmed 3 o 7 Prison Ventilation 305 Ratio of Register Area to Radiating Surface 304 Simple Damper Regulator. One Illustration 308 Ventilating a Vault. Two Illustrations 3O 6 UNWISE HEATING CONTRACTS. Heating Guarantee and Zero Weather 309 Heating Guarantee and Zero Weather 31 y Required Heating of Buildings to " Seventy Degrees in Zero Weather " 310 HEATING OF RESIDENCES AND APARTMENT HOUSES. HOT-WATER HEATING IN A CHICAGO RESIDENCE. THE new residence of Mr. J. B. Earl, St. Louis Avenue and Adams Street, Chicago, 111., has recently been equipped with a hot-water heating apparatus arranged as shown in accompanying plans. Direct radiation is used throughout except in the reception room, hall, and library, which are heated by indirect coils in the basement. A hot-water heater ot a rated net capacity of 1,900 square feet operates the 1,192 feet of direct and 480 feet of indirect radiators, and is designed to maintain a temperature of 85 Fahr. in the bathroom and of 75 Fahr. everywhere else in the house. The general arrangement of pipes is of a 4-inch main riser (A, Figs, i and 2), which takes the hot water from the heater up through a vertical shaft or closets to the attic, where, in the triangular space (3, Fig. 2) between the attic ceiling and the ridge of the roof it distributes the flow through a horizontal main B B, from which branches C C, etc., for the different radiators are taken off, and follow- ing the pitch of the roof terminate in vertical drop risers D D, etc., which are carried through the par- titions to the basement. As they descend the hot water is supplied to the radiators, and passing through them is received at a lower point of the same pipe and taken as return water to the basement, where the bottoms of the risers are connected with horizontal mains to the boiler. Figure i is a diagram of the attic piping, showing the delivery of the hot water through riser A audits horizontal distribution through pipes B B and C C, etc. The expansion tank is of steel, of 30 gallons capacity, and all the branches C C, etc., have their connections made on the sides of main B B. All pipe in the attic is covered with mineral wool jacketing, as are all the risers in the outside walls. A sheet- iron shield is interposed between the pipes and the lathing, and tees are left in the attic mains to pro- vide for possible future connections. Figure 2 is a basement plan showing in heavy black lines the system of return mains from the bottoms of drop risers D D, etc., to the heater. The heater is a Gurney double crown No. i, style C, provided with an altitude gauge to show the height of water in the expansion tank, a thermometer in contact with the circulation, and a Butz automatic thermostatic regulator. I I are each 2o-section standard indirect radiators, which deliver hot air to the first-floor reg- isters, which are here indicated in dotted lines at R R R R. The small circles indicate the positions of the drop risers D D, etc., from the distributing mains in the attic. The short branches terminating with a cross are connections for first-floor radiators. Figures 3 and 4 are plans of the first and second floors, respectively, showing arrangement of rooms, position of drop risers D D, etc., and the location and connection to them of the radiators. There are FIG. I ATTIC PLAN HOT-WATER HEATING IN A CHICAGO RESIDENCE. THE ENGINEERING RECORD'S in all 22 direct " Perfection " radiators of the Detroit pattern, each furnished with an air cock and a nickel-plated, wood wheel, Detroit quarter-turn fin- ished valve on the return connection which drops through the floor before connecting to the return riser. Pis a t-inch pipe coil in the butler's pantry, having 10 feet of radiation for plate warming. The piping, indirect radiators and boiler satisfactorily endured a test of 50 pounds cold-water pressure applied by the Illinois Heating Company, Chicago, who installed the apparatus. Radiators shown thus HOT-WATER HEATING OF A SUBURBAN RESIDENCE. THE recently built residence of W. W. Green, Esq., at Englewood, N. }., is a bluestone and frame structure about 36x65 feet in ground size, three stories high. It is built in accordance with the plans of Berg & Clark, architects, of New York City. The house, which stands upon high ground, and is exposed to the northwest winds, contains about 60,000 cubic feet to be heated. The heating is by a hot-water system designed and installed by the CONSEVATORY Cig 2 FIRST FLOOR PLAN >// /& ~/oipe S/jiyA FIG. 2 BASEMENT PLAN erpendicularly into the closet room HOT-WATER HEATING OF AN ENGLEWOOD, N. J., RESIDENCE. THE ENGINEERING RECORD'S STEAM AND HOT- WATER HEATING PRACTICE. on the main floor, continuing close to the ceiling and then by a return bend passing back and downward to its rising point in the basement, and, full sized, to the point from which the 2^-inch branch is taken to supply the stacks heating the den, dining room and living room. Continuing, a 2-inch branch is taken off to the hall stack, the run terminating with a ij^-inch flow to the reception room stack. All of these flow pipes are on a gradual incline to the heaters, so that air or steam accumulating at any point in the system will travel to the highest point of the syphon in the closet on the main floor and thence by a ^-inch relieving pipe emptying into the air space of the expansion tank in attic. The re- turns of all the indirect heaters are assembled in a Fresh Air Ducts Indirect ffocfiafors Vertical We?// f/ues 3-inch pipe which passes under the floor to the boiler. The den and dining rooms are heated from a joint stack partitioned proportionately to their sizes. All of the indirect stacks are of the American Radiator Company's ' ' Perfection " pin style and are hung in two sections, an upper and a lower one, each of which has independent flow and return valves, so that either or both of the sections may be used as the season or service may require. The size of the several rooms is: On first floor, 10 feet high, hall, 15x20 feet; reception room, 14x14 feet; living room, 15x21 feet; dining room, 15x18 feet; den, 12x12 feet; butler's pantry, 9x13 feet. On second floor, 9 feet 6 inches high, bedrooms over hall, 14x14 feet; reception room, 15x17 feet; living FIG. I BASEMENT PLAN SERVANTS DINING- ROOM 2~ uo SCJU. ALTERNATE STEAM OR HOT- WATER HEATING OF A YONKERS, N. Y., RESIDENCE. (Seepages.) 8 THE ENGINEERING RECORD'S room, 15x20 feet; dining room, 16x20 feet; kitchen, 15x16 feet; front bathroom, 10x12 feet; rear bath- room, 7x11 feet. On third floor. 9 feet high, three servants' bedrooms, each 10x20 feet. The direct heating is in three sections, the flow and return pipes for which and their sizes are shown on Fig. i. The location of the radiators, which are of the American "Perfection" pattern, and their sizes are shown on the plans, Figs. 3 and 4. The ex- pansion tank of this job is of the closed pattern, to be run open in mild weather, but furnished with a safety valve to be set at 10 pounds in severely cold weather, so that the water in the system may be heated to a higher temperature than can be done by the use of an open tank. The expansion pipe for the tank is connected to one of the return pipes, close to the boiler. Although the house is in an exposed situation, as has been stated, the additional higher temperature of the water from the closed system, the double-decked indirect stacks, and the provision of a sufficiently large boiler, have served to furnish any range of heat required during the severe winter of 1892. boiler A is a i2-section cast-iron Gold's pattern, with close-built brickwork, and having all necessary appliances for a steam-heating job. The heating mains B, the sizes and runs of which are marked on the plan, are all pitched up from the boiler, and cor- responding return pipes C of the same size and lines are laid with a pitch down to the boiler. The foot of the risers D D D D, which supplies the direct radiators on the third floor, are dripped as shown in Fig. 2, each drip having the plug cock E. The safety valve F, water regulator G, steam gauge I, and damper regulator J have each a plug cock K, located as shown in Fig. 3. The stand-pipe L of the expansion pot, which is located in a closet on the third floor, has a plug cock marked M. When required for hot-water heating the cock M on the stand-pipe L, Fig. 3, is opened, tte cock E, Fig. 2, and all cocks marked K on Fig. 3 are closed. This puts all of the steam service appliances out of service, and prevents the circulation of hot water down the drip P, Fig. 2. Water is supplied to the system, and a pressure kept on it in the usual manner by a float valve in the expansion pot, at the FiQ.3 ALTERNATE STEAM OR HOT-WATER HEATING OP A VTONKERS, N. Y., RESIDENCE. ALTERNATE STEAM OR HOT-WATER HEAT- ING OF A RESIDENCE. THE residence of Mr. J. E. Andrews, at Yonkers, N. Y., the plans of which were made by R. H. Rob- ertson, architect, New York City, has a combination heatitg system which, during the milder weather at the beginning of the heating season, is used with hot water, and upon the advent of colder weather is changed to a steam heater, and changed back to hot water when the prevailing temperature is moder- ated in the spring. The house is of stone, three stories high with basement, covers a ground space of 92x84 feet, and has a large exposed surface on account of the bow, bays, and recesses which enter into its architectural composition. The heating was done by Gillis&Geoghegan, New York, and is mainly of the indirect system. The location of the boiler, pipe lines, heating stacks, hot- air flues and fresh-air ducts, with sizes of each, is shown on the accompanying basement plan. The top of stand-pipe L, the water supply to which is con- trolled by the cock Q on the cold-water pipe R. When required for steam heating the cocks M and Q are closed and the drip cock S is opened, which allows the water in the stand-pipe L to waste. The blow-off cock T is then opened, as are the air valves on the third floor, which allows the surplus water to pass off through the waste hose. The valves K on the water column U are then opened and the water allowed to waste until it has lowered to the desired level. The air valves on all the heaters having been opened and the water relieved from them, all the other cocks marked K, and the cock E are opened, and the system has been transformed to steam heating. Fresh air is introduced to the several indirect stacks by galvanized-iron ducts starting from the points marked V on the plan, and which are cross- connected so that the supply may be taken from either point if necessary on account of high or con- STEAM AND HOT-WATER HEATING PRACTICE. trary winds. With but few exceptions the hot-air registers are set in the walls, the connection to them being built in as the walls went up. The use of this combined system during the past severe winter has justified the judgment of the designers in its ease of management and great range of heating. HOT-WATER HEATING OF A STORE. IN the store of L. H. Biglow & Co. , in Broad Street, New York City, there has recently been installed a compact hot-water heating plant, designed under conditions which make the job one of especial interest. These conditions were, in general, such that pipes could be run neither above nor below the store premises occupied by the firm. The size of the store, location and size of boiler, radiator and pipes are shown on the accompanying floor plan, Fig. i. The elevation of the boiler, a No. 3 J. L. Mott Iron Works' " Sunray," the flow and return pipes, air valves, automatic water regulator, high-pressure and: expansion tank are shown on Fig. 2. To secure fireproohng, the boiler A was raised i foot above the store floor, upon a brick base, and placed about midway in the store. The 2^-inch riser B was connected into a branch tee supplying the two 2-inch flow pipes C C, which at this their highest point were 12 inches below the ceiling. The float air valve D was placed close upon top of the riser tee and served the purpose of an air escape. The flow pipes C C gradually descended to the down pipes E which entered the tops of the radiators, each having an angle valve to regulate the flow. The return pipes F were of the same size as the flow pipes, and were returned to the boiler between the floor joists. Upon the top of the expansion pipe G was placed the automatic water regulator H, its water level I being but 3 inches above the highest point of C, or just enough to close the float valve D. The regula- tor H is connected by the pipes J J to the horizontal tank K. With the city water pressure turned on at the cock L, the float M closing against the inflow when the water level I is reached, the float air valve N on the top of the regulator allows the escape of air as the heated and expanded water rises in the pipe G. When the water has raised in the regulator and tank so as to float the valve N to a seat, the air is then confined and compressed above the water level O in the tank making it a closed system. Upon the top of the tank K is set the safety valve P set to 10 pounds pressure. When this pressure has been passed the safety valve opens, releasing the air or water if it should rise to that point, passing off and down through the relief pipe Q to a closet tank. When the water has cooled and contracted sufficiently to allow the float valve N to drop, air enters, leaving the system an open one. Should water enough have been wasted to drop below the original water level I the regulator M performs its functions and supplies the defi- ciency. The work was planned and installed by the Blackmore Heating Company, New York City. 10 THE ENGINEERING RECORD'S HOT-WATER RADIATORS BELOW THE BOILER LEVEL. FROM sketches made during a visit to Washing- ton, D. C., we herewith illustrate the arrangements in adjacent buildings on Eleventh Street, in that city, to secure hot-water circulation throughout the heating systems when some of the radiators were necessarily below the level of the boiler , or required the return pipes to fall below that level. Both buildings were three stories high above the base- ment. Figure i shows the sytems in Johnson & Morris' office and shops on the basement floor. A is a Rich- ardson & Boynton Co. No. 2 "Perfect" hot- water boiler, and B and C ar i-inch Box coils, and D is a Bundy radiator set on the same floor. Both the return pipes E and F are below the level of the bot- tom of the boiler, pipe F being on the floor and pipe E under the floor. G and H are radiators on the second floor, and I is the expansion tank. The over- flow takes place through the horizontal branch J, which is connected to discharge pipe K by a tee L, open at the top. M and N are vent pipes and O is a supply branch to the city pressure. P is the attached thermometer. Figure 2 is a diagram of the system next door to that shown in Fig. i. A is a Boynton No. 4 " Per- fect " boiler. F is its smoke flue, and G is its ther- mometer. BCD are radiators in the basement stove. E is a 2-foot single coil, warming a rear printing office at a slightly higher level, and I and J' are riser lines, each to a second and third floor radiator. V is a petcock. L is the expansion tank, connected by pipe M with the summit of line J , and overflowing through P. The latter is connected to discharge pipe Q by a tee R, whose upper branch is open. N is a cold-water supply. Radiators B, C and D are set on the same floor with the boiler A, and their return pipe H is below this floor. Therefore, to promote the circulation, a is-foot vertical loop S K was put on their supply main T, and provided at its summit K with an air- vent pipe O, connected to the overflow P. Both of these systems have been in operation more than a year and are said to give good satisfaction and to keep ail the radiators at the same tempera- ture. Both systems were put up by Johnson & Morris, of New York, and were described and exhibited to our representative by their Manager, Thomas Eagan. HOT- WATER HEATING IN THE OFFICE AND SALESROOMS OF THE MURPHY & CO. VARNISH WORKS, NEWARK, N. J. THE accompan^ ing illustrations, Figs, i, 2, and 3, show the hot-water heating apparatus put into the office and salesrooms of Murphy & Co., in Newark, N. J., by the H. B. Smith Company, of New York, from plans by their engineer, Mr. Andrew G. Mer- cer, who has furnished us with the particulars of his work, giving the quantities of surface used, the size of pipes, both flow and return, the method of running them, the size of the boilers used and their connec- tions. The illustrations made in our office from the working drawings furnished the foreman in charge of the work^give all the data needed. We refer there- fore, incidentally, to the general arrangement of the apparatus for the benefit of such of our readers as- are not accustomed to the interpretation of plans. STEAM AND HOT-WATER HEATING PRACTICE. Zf Figure i shows the ground-floor plan, there being no basement excepting the boiler room, which is about 6 feet below the common floor level. Two lo-section " Mercer " boilers are used, the total heat- ing surface being 240 square feet and the grate sur- face 1 2 square feet. A 3 -inch flow-pipe leaves the top manifold of each boiler as seen in plan, Fig. i, and also in the sketch, Fig. 3. which latter gives a general idea of the appearance of the boilers as set, and their connec- tions as they appear when viewed from the platform at X, Fig. i. The two 3-inch boiler connections join with a 5 -inch flow main, which rises to near the level of the ceiling, so that when it passes through the wall at C, it is close to the ceiling of the first story or tank rooms, where the varnish is stored. At d it is divided into two 3^-inch flow pipes, going right and left, so that at e f and g respectively they again divide into smaller branches, the sizes of which are plainly shown. The pipes ABC and D are i #-inch wall-coils, six pipes high, and of the lengths shown. The supply pipes to these coils drop from the main flow pipe (as shown by the full black lines) and the return pipes from said coils return on the floor to the boiler room. &TORY HOT- WATER HEATING IN MURPHY & CO.'s VARNISH WORKS, NEWARK, N. J. THE ENGINEERING RECORD'S as shown by the broken lines. The detail of this is seen in Fig. 3. The radiators on the second floor (Fig. 2) are sup- plied from the same flow main, as shown by the full black lines, and the return from these radiators is carried back to the boiler overhead, as shown by the double line, and on the same alignment as the main flow pipes. Usually the flow and return pipes of a hot-water apparatus are of the same diameter; here it will be noticed, however, they are not, for the reason that each floor has its separate return pipe. The points g and f on the main are the highest, all pipes having a uniform ascent as they approach them. From the top of each point an open vent is carried to the expansion tank on the second floor. The second story, Fig. 2, which is the office floor, is warmed by "Union" radiators, the surface of each of which is shown in square feet on the plan. The cubic contents of the rooms is also shown, and an approximation can be made of the wall and win- dow surface by those who desire to formulate data from these plans. HOT-WATER HEATING PLANT IN A BROOKLYN RESIDENCE. THE residence of Mr. I. S. Coffin, Remsen Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., has been recently remodeled under the plans and supervision of Mr. William B. Tubby, architect, New York Citv, and the new heating plant was designed by Mr. L. R. Blackmore, of the Black- more Heating Company, New York, who installed the work. In the cellar is placed a No. 7 Sunray water heater, with a rated capacity of 2,000 square feet, and supplying 1,000 square feet of indirect radiation in six stacks, and 350 square feet of direct radiation in seven Ornate radiators, placed to heat the various rooms as shown by the plans and the accompanying schedule. The dimensions of the building and heating plant are in accordance with the accompanying illustra- tions (page 16), which are prepared from data secured from the working drawings. The house is a typical city residence facing north, about 25 feet front, 46 feet deep, and four stories high above the basement and cellar, and having a two-story extension. Only two main lines of flow pipes are taken off from the heater. One goes immediately into a syphon 10 feet high, and returning to the cellar is divided into two branches that respectively supply the indirect stacks, which are arranged in two remote groups, one at the front and one in the rear end of the house. Each line is commanded by a valve that enables it to be cut out of circulation while the other is being operated alone, or any of its individual stacks may be separately turned on or off by their supply valves. All the supply pipes are hung from the cellar ceiling and are graded toward the stacks. The returns are run along the cellar wall near the floor and are graded toward the heater. As each. HOT-WATER HEATING IN MURPHY & CO.'s VARNISH WORKS, NEWARK, N. J. STEAM AND HOT- WATER HEATING PRACTICE. Warm SlirFlue 8"* I Coal Cellar FIG. THE ENGINEERING RECORD branch is taken off for the various risers, main and drip valves are provided so that any riser may be cut off and drained out independently. The cold fresh air for the indirect stacks enters through two inlets at opposite ends of the house and is conducted to the various stacks by galvanized- iron ducts, No. 24 gauge, hung from the cellar ceiling. The entrances are provided with galvanized-iron wire screens of ^-inch mesh and dampers of the full area of the ducts. Each stack is cased inde- pendently with galvanized iron, No. 24 gauge, with CELLAR * Fresh Air Supply DETAILS, HEATING IN A RESIDENCE. a io-inch space under the stack for cold air and a 10- inch corresponding space for warm air over the stack. A mixing damper is provided at the end of each stack as shown in Fig. 6. All the hot-air flues are made of IX tin and are built into the walls, except flues for the hall and dining-room, which are carried outside the wall in basement. The size and dimensions of flues are shown on the plans. The heater is furnished with a thermometer and altitude gauge. The plant is supplied with water by a 2^-inch lever handle stop-cock at the side of the boiler. The altitude gauge registers the exact height of water in the expansion tank, so that the engineer will not have to go to the expansion tank on the top floor in order to keep his plant filled with water. The altitude gauge has a fixed red index set to show the standard height required for the water (i. e., the tank about half- full) and a movable white index that indicates on the same dial the fluctuating height of water in the system. Figure 4 shows the connections of the syphon (Fig. i) to the expansion tank in the fourth story, which has an inverted overflow opening freely to the roof. Figure 5 shows the special arrangement of a flue radiator under the divan seat in the bay window of the second-story boudoir, Fig. 2. Particular care was taken to leave a narrow opening between the seat and the wall, below the window-sill, for an up- ward current of hot air to pass through and warm 14 THE ENGINEERING RECORD'S the cold air that would otherwise descend from the window surface and fall upon the seat. Figure 6 shows the arrangement of indirect stacks S S, etc., Fig. i, in the cellar, and the control from the room heated of the mixing valves. The stacks are made with locked and bolted joints and their interiors are accessible by two slide doors in each, one to the hot-air and one to the cold-air chamber. Fresh cold air is always freely admitted when the main damper in the supply duct (Fig. i) is open, and may pass through the wall duct A and be delivered from the register at any desired temperature up to the maximum power of the radiator by operating the mixing valve V, which can be set so as to close port B and open port F so as to have all the fresh air fully heated or so as to close F and open B so a& to have none of the fresh air heated. Or it can be set at any intermediate position, as shown, so as to mix any required proportions of hot and cold air, the actual delivery of cold air in the room being of THE ENGINEERING RECOUP IS' HOT- WATER HEATING PLANT IN A BROOKLYN, N. Y., RESIDENCE STEAM AND HOT-WATER HEATING PRACTICE. Schedule. 13 Rooms. Width. ,c tl H! Height. Cubic Feet. .2 "3 i Square Feet. Direct. Square Feet. Indirect. Number of Settings. State of Radiation. Temperature. BASEMENT. Billiard-room . .... 16' 67 ; Laundry ... ...... 8' i*' FIRST FLOOR. Parlor .. . ...... 1 6' 38'6* 8 62 1 Dining-room . ...... i4'6' 2-'6* Butler's pantry 8' j' 1,568 Hall first 6'6" -r' Hall, second ..... ... 7 ' i go Hall, third ',' %> o' SECOND FLOOR. Parlor chamber i5'6' i 7 ' l' 2,530 1 1 sections, Perfection Pin. Dining-room chamber Hall chamber '' ' 14' l' l' 2,O46 1,078 0.034 0.04^ 47 70 i t 16 sections, Perfection Pin. 13 sections, 13 inches high, Detroit flue. 70 Bathroom / ' l' 0.035 33 i 8 sections, Detroit corner radiator. THIRD FLOOR. Parlor chamber is'6 P i6'6' o' 9 sections, Perfection Pin. Dining-room chamber Bathroom .. ....... IS'6' )' '^ 12 o' o' 2,640 840 0.0345 o 037 31 90 i Included in second-floor stack. 7 sections, 38 inches high, Ornats. 7 FOURTH KLOOR. Hall 16' 22' 9' 3,l68 0.03 99 i 22 sections, 38 inches high, Ornate. /O Total number of settings, 13. Total number of square feet direct radiation... Total number of square feet indirect radiation. Fifty per cent, added for boiler power Total Boiler power of No. 7 Sunray, 2,000 feet. - 35 1,000 .... 500 1,850 FOURTH FLOOR HOT- WATER HEATING PLANT IN A BROOKLYN, N. Y., RESIDENCE. 16 THE ENGINEERING RECORD'S course dependent on the available circulation created by the fireplace system of ventilation. The combined openings in ports B and F are always constant, it being impossible to close both at once. The valve V is cpnveniently operated by a bent arm, which is worked by a chain C, led over suitable sheaves and through the duct, up to a drum of small diameter, which is commanded by a crank at the register face. The damper closes port F by falling by gravity, but the diameter of the spool on which its chain is wound is so small that it cannot overhaul accident- ally, but stays as left, and must be turned by hand to operate in either direction. The spool or drum was made of an ordinary piece of round iron, with a couple of washers slipped on for heads, and its small diameter enables its operation to easily and accu- rately control the mixing valve, since it takes sev- eral revolutions of the knob to completely reverse the damper. INDIRECT STEAM OR HOT-WATER HEAT- ING IN A MASSACHUSETTS RESIDENCE. THE new residence of ex-Gov. Oliver Ames, 2d, at North Easton, Mass., is built in an exposed situation on high ground, and the severe requirements for heating it in the cold and windy climate of the local- ity required consideration, as did also the special architectural features of the house. The building is long and has a comparatively narrow area. The I CTj Chamber Chamber T 2T30-C.F. 2520-C.F. \ Chamber [f If HaJJ 1840-C.F. f U30-f.F. ^s. r U- Sown" [ 1 X^ FIG.4 Sitting Upon? 3592-d.F. Dipipg I^oon; 3600 (?.F Hall 4716 -d.F. 50' "ST" THIRD FLOOfl FIG.2 FIRST FLOOR Scale of Feet. Kitchen Rear Hall 60 " W.C. 2i6 tr 1 Chan\b0r 3654-d.F. 1 1 Chamber ,. _ r [ 1-lti.D . 1 or/^/iA/n / /I/ID D ^5J' 660r- 3ath ]\oom 1=> <== I 470 Iff UraL ^ y hamber ?iroC.F r Trunk I\oom /asorj? i?3^-^r jff fl\\ // . Ib I ~tf Hall U j7 ' i? /2<5tf C.F jjp [ x. ' ~ r> fff^j lOBO-dF \ fa. r?^' II i ' LfiJ i IIIII'-'I'-MI1 1 HOT-WATER HEATING IN A CITY RESIDENCE. (For text see page 25.) STEAM AND HOT-WATER HEATING PRACTICE. 17 house contains nearly 40 rooms beside the halls and has a very large volume of air to be warmed and renewed. Provision had also to be made for widely differing conditions to be met with in the family, private, guests' and servants' rooms in so large a household. A careful study of the conditions and requirements resulted in the adoption throughout of a system of indirect radiators, fireplaces and wall flues for ventilation. The radiators are all incased in galvanized-iron stacks, of which there are seven separate ones suspended from the basement ceiling and containing a total (rated) surface of 2,600 square feet of the Gold's pin type in i6-foot sections, and all of them connected up so that, in the fall, before the maximum efficiency of the apparatus is required, they can be operated by hot water, which can be drained off and the whole system put under steam pressure when colder weather demands a higher ser- vice. It can again be converted into a hot-water plant in the mild spring days when only a little heat is needed. All these operations are conveniently effected by two valves, and it is claimed that a con- siderable economy is attained by omitting steam for low duty. Figure i is a basement plan showing the arrange- ment of stacks and flues to serve a floor area about 140 feet long by 46 feet in extreme width, and show- ing the size and location of the steam main, which is 'hung from the ceiling and connected with a parallel retuinpipe (not here shown) of corresponding size throughout. Fresh external air is received through three screened inlets III and drawn, as indicated by the full arrows, to the radiator stacks S S, which warm it and deliver it to the first, second, and third stories through cylindrical or rectangular galvanized iron ducts, as indicated by the dotted arrows. There is no direct radiation except that of the coil C in the laundry clothes-drying room. The boiler is of the tubular pattern ot 34 horse-power, with 12 square feet of grate area, and is set in brick walls and fitted with a Locke safety valve and an automatic damper regulator. Figures 2,3, and 4 respectively, are plans of the first, second, and third floors, showing the location and size of registers. This heating and ventilating system was installed by A. A. Sanborn, of Boston, in accordance with the plans and specifications of Messrs. Rotch & Tilden, architects, also of Boston. The entire cost of the system was about $3 ,000. Pro- vision has been made for the future control of the hot-air supply by electric thermostats. UNUSUAL PIPING IN A HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS. THE plans accompanying this description (page 19) show the hot-water heating apparatus in the resi- dence of Mr. S. F. Requa, at South Evanston, 111., as it was installed by the Illinois Heating Company, of Chicago, 111. The building covers a rectangle 75x35 feet, and contains, beside the basement, a first and second story. The cubical contents of the building are about 30,000 cubic feet, and this is warmed by 1,153 18 THE ENGINEERING RECORD'S square feet of hot- water radiating surface. With the exception of one indirect radiator of 180 square feet of surface warming the front ball, the building is warmed by direct radiation, there being 22 direct radiators located as shown on the plan. The designer of this plant has departed from the usual method of running the flow and return pipe of a hot-water apparatus. The more common practice would locate the boiler in the central part of the base- ment and run lines of pipe in different directions and branches from these to the base of the risers supplying the radiators. The returns often parallel the flow pipes, so that the water for the radiators near the boiler would have to travel in such a system through a much shorter length of pipe than the water for radiators at a more distant point in the basement. Occasionally plants piped upon this system have given trouble, more generally, we believe, because of too small pipe sizes causing sufficient friction to prevent a proper circulation in the more distant radiators, rather than any inherent defect in the system. Another point of ad vantage claimed for this system over the one more commonly used is that in the latter the water, when the apparatus is started, will pass through the nearest radiator and then return directly to the boiler through the vertical return pipe FIG. 2 at the boiler at nearly the same temperature at which it leaves the boiler, and as a consequence reduces the weight of water in the return pipe and thus diminishes the motive power of the entire apparatus. In the system installed in Mr. Requa's residence the first radiator on the flow pipe, the designer claims, is the last to have its return water enter the boiler, thus keeping the vertical return pipe cool until the last radiator on the line is full. In the plant under description the designer has sought to overcome any chance of failure in the more distant radiators by making the sum of the lengths of the flow and return pipes to and from a radiator a constant quantity and proportioning the diameters of the pipe to the quantity of water that is to pass through them. This is done in the following manner: A No. i Humbert heater is used. It will be noticed that the flow pipe from this, marked A, is carried entirely around one end of the basement, dropping as it leaves the boilers until it enters the boiler at the rear and the bottom. From the first radiator B on this main a return pipe runs into a return main C, beginning at that point. This runs parallel to the supply main, and is also carried around the basement, receiving the returns from various radi- ators and returning the water to the boiler. FIG. 4 THIRD STORY INDIRECT STEAM OR HOT-WATER HEATING IN A MASSACHUSETTS RESIDENCE. -SECOND FLOOR PLAN- T " " UNUSUAL PIPING IN A HOT-WATER HEATING APPARATUS. THE ENGINEERING RECORD'S In the case of the first radiator the water flows to the radiator and then passes entirely around the basement to the boiler. The same course is taken with the second radiator, etc., so that the water for each has to travel the same distance in making the circuit. The return main increases in size as the flow decreases. The other end of the building is supplied by a similar system. VENTILATION AND HEATING OF THE RESI. DENCE OF MR. CORNELIUS VANDERBILT. PROMINENT even among the palatial private resi- dences in New York City, the recently enlarged and remodeled residence of Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt attracts much attention by its beautiful and impos- ing exterior. It is situated in Fifth Avenue occupy- ing the block between Fifty-seventh and Fifty- eighth Streets. In its engineering service, provid- ing for water supply, drainage, ventilation, heating, and lighting, the residence is notably complete. The water supply has been described and illustrated at length in THE ENGINEERING RECORD of January 12, 19, and 26, 1895, and the extensive and elaborate sys- tem of ventilation of the large ball-room, salon, banquet hall and living rooms is worthy the atten- tion of all who have made a study of the ventilation and heating of large buildings. The architect of the KEY A Top Register B Bottom Register First Floor Plan VENTILATION AND HEATING OF THE RESIDENCE OF MR. CORNELIUS VANDERBILT. [Figures marked "cub. ft." in the middle of each room indicate the cubic feet of air supplied per hour.] STEAM AND HOT- WATER HEATING PRACTICE. 21 KEY iyjiv,>;';^'yM'W',,'U'.Ti OvCtS mjrtrfff tfluS. if>($C4te t/Wt thf [,_',' J -'....i.. -.'..; ;.-.] duel teda lo was exhausted by fans jiofifl(e/w. r Boiler Room TIM E.c,. t t.,.c RECOUP VENTILATION AND HEATING! OF THE RESIDENCE OF MR. CORNELIUS VANDERBILT. THE ENGINEERING RECORD'S building was Mr. George B. Post, of New York City, while Mr. Alfred R. Wolff, consulting engineer, was the designer of the heating and ventilating system. To these gentlemen we are indebted for facilities given us in the preparation of this article. In this part it will be endeavored to give as far as possible the details of the heating system, and in a subse- quent issue the method of calculating the amount of heating surface, size of ducts, etc., to give the re- quired amount of air will be shown, this data having been placed at our disposal by Mr. Wolff. The building occupies the whole Fifth Avenue front of the block, and extends down the side streets for a distance of 150 feet, thus making the lot upon which it stands 125x150 feet in size. The residence consists of a cellar, basement, ground, first, second, third, and fourth floors. The cellar contains the boilers, heating coils, ducts, etc., of the heating sys- tem, the electric switchboard, and the filters, tanks, etc., for the water supply of the buildings. On the basement floor will be found the kitchen, laundry, storerooms, and servants' quarters. The residence has two entrances to the ground floor, the one on Fifty-seventh Street that is more usually used, and one on the Fifty-eighth Street side facing the en- trance to the Central Park. The latter is used only upon state occasions, and leads from a carriage porch into a hall situated on the basement floor. On either side of this hall are located the dressing-rooms for the ladies and gentlemen, and from it a broad stairway leads to the reception hall on the first floor, large sliding doors lead from this to the salon and to the ball-room. The ball-room is 65 feet long and 50 feet wide, and connected with it are the dining and smoking room, as will be seen from Fig. 2, the first- floor plan. The dining-room contains the valuable collection of paintings owned by Mr. Vanderbilt. On entering the Fifty-seventh Street entrance one finds the hall, enriched with elaborate carvings in Caen stone, from which doorways lead to the library, breakfast-room, parlor, etc., which are more generally used. The plan of the second floor shows, beside the arrangement of the bed chambers, boudoirs, etc., the location of the ventilating ducts that extend around the space above the hanging ceilings of the salon, ball-room, and smoking-room. The building is warmed entirely by hot water and is ventilated partly by what is known as the indirect system, and in some cases the currents of air are stimulated by exhaust fans, but in no case is the air forced into any part of the building under press- ure. Ninety-seven indirect stacks, of a total heat- ing surface of 19,565 square feet, serve to warm the building. To supply the hot water three horizontal return-tubular boilers are provided, each containing 1,244 square feet of heating surface. Each boiler is 54 inches in diameter by 16 feet in length and con- tains 90 3-inch tubes 16 feet long. The boilers are located under the sidewalk at the northeast corner of the building, as it was inconvenient to put them in a central position in the cellar. As it was thought that there might be trouble in obtaining a proper circu- lation in the more distant stacks, the piping is run in a different manner from the ordinary practice. A large 1 2-inch main is carried overhead to a large distributing tank 3 feet in diameter and 8 feet long. This is suspended from the ceiling at a point near the center of the cellar and from it 14 heating mains radiate to the different parts of the basement to supply the indirect stacks. The pipes are so pitched as they leave this tank as to cause any air that might find its way into the system to flow towards the stacks, and then leave the system through an air valve. The return pipes from each stack are carried as far as possible in con- duits under the cellar floor, these being covered with iron plates. The return lines lead back to what might be called a collecting or receiving tank sim- ilar in size and placed under the distributing tank. The receiving tank is under the cellar floor, and a 12-inch return main leads from this to the boilers. Another advantage of this system is that each sec- tion of the heating system, as for instance the coils for the ball-room, those for the dining-room, smok- ing-room, etc., is supplied by one supply and return main independent of the others, and controlled by valves close to the distributing and collecting tank, so that each system can be controlled from a central point. Turning now to the ventilation of the building it will be noticed from Fig. i that the ducts for sup- plying fresh air to the indirect stacks are divided into four general classes by a difference in the shading. The four classes are as follows: First, ducts supplying air to rooms which are exhausted by fans not in the cellar; second, ducts leading to rooms not exhausted by any fans; third, ducts ex- hausting air from rooms by means of fans located in the cellar; fourth, ducts supplying air to rooms exhausted by the last-named fans. Probably the most important, and certainly the most interesting, is the part of the plant that ventilates the ball-room, salon, and those parts of the building that are used on state occasions. The ducts for this system come under the first head, and they can readily be found on Fig. i by means of the key in the corner. The cubic contents of the ball-room is about 103,700 cubic feet, and it was supposed that it would at times contain 400 persons, and hence provision was made for supplying 14,000 cubic feet of air per minute, or 35 cubic feet per capita. The cold air for the ball-room enters the building on the north side through a duct, which for convenience of reference we have marked A. Branches from A convey the air to the nine indirect stacks, each of which con- tains 182 square feet of heating surface. An 8x24- inch duct leads from each to a nx3o-inch register discharging air into the ball-room. The registers, are located at a point about n feet above the floor. On the Fifth Avenue side of the building there will be found a duct marked C, shaded in a similar manner to A. This supplies four indirect stacks of 169 square feet of surface each, that warm the air for the salon. Two of the registers for the salon are slightly different from those in the ball-room, as they are placed behind divans within 6 inches of the STEAM AND HOT-WATER HEATING PRACTICE. floor. Each of the registers so placed is 9 feet wide and 6 inches in height, distributing the air at a low velocity and over a large area. An i8x48-inch duct B, starting close to C, supplies three stacks of 416 square feet of surface each for the main hall. Again, on the north side of the house will be noticed a duct D, supplying three stacks, each also of 416 square feet of surface, and which furnishes air for three registers in the dining-room. The registers contain 400 square inches each. Four stacks of 260 square feet warm the air for the smoking-room, this being also supplied with air from the duct D. Second Floor Plan ttnlrroaiSaien Veri from BUlSOom c fling ^\ Ball Room FiG.4 i VerticalSectionMiLmeMNFig.3 RECORD VENTILATION AND HEATING OF THE RESIDENCE OF MR. CORNELIUS VANDERBILT. 24 THE ENGINEERING RECORD'S From what has been stated it is evident that each of the rooms mentioned is supplied by an entirely separate system. One 5-foot fan, however, located in a specially constructed fan chamber on the roof over the dining-room, serves to ventilate all of these rooms. If any single one of these larger rooms be not in use, the main vent duct leading from it to the the fan may be closed by a damper controlled from the basement and the speed of the fan reduced, as it is driven by an electric motor. Beginning now with the salon on Fig. 2, the plan, it will be noticed that the room in question contains two vent registers, each 9 feet long by 6 inches in height. On Fig. 3 will be noticed a dotted duct which is carried around over the salon between the arched cornice and the floor above, as will perhaps be more clearly seen by Fig. 4, which is a vertical section through the building. The latter drawing shows the manner in which the two bottom vent registers are connected to the duct, as well as the manner in which the vitiated air leaves the salon through the opening between the cornice and the hanging ceiling and into the duct through openings provided for the purpose. The ball-room is venti- lated by a similar duct passing around over the ceil- ing of the ball-room, but in this instance the air enters the duct through a slot in the bottom of the duct. At a point farthest from the fan this slot is 3^ inches broad, and it decreases to i inch in size at a point where the duct leads to the fan. Still another duct, which is carried around in the space over the hanging ceiling, is provided to draw the air from the four bottom vent registers, each of these being 6'xo" and located close to the floor. The smoking-room is vented by a similar system. The dining-room is vented by means of the glass diffuser under the skylight, which is raised several inches. The space between the diffuser and the skylight is connected to and exhausted by the exhaust fan. Turning again to the basement, the ducts which supply air to the flues leading to the bedrooms, boudoirs, etc., on the upper floors of the building will be recognized by their being sectioned as shown in the second convention of- the key in the corner of the drawing. The rooms supplied by these ducts generally contain fireplaces and are vented by them. There remain but two other systems of ducts in the basement those exhausting air from rooms by a fan and the ducts which supply air to these rooms. There are four vent fans in the basement, E E E E, and to aid in finding them the letter used to designate each fan is marked opposite the fan along the left-hand border of the drawing. These fans are used solely to ventilate the kitchen, laundry, and servants' quarters in the basement, and the ducts which supply air to these rooms can be easily determined by means of the key. There will be noticed on Fig. i on each fresh-air due*, at a point near the indirect stack it supplies, a rectangle with two diagonal lines. These indicate the location of the switch dampers which regulate the temperature of the air. Figure 5 shows a sketch of a typical indirect stack with the sheet-ir jn connec- tions, switch, etc. The dampers are shown as being down in the sketch so that the air flows under the coils, and turning, comes up through them to the short duct leading to the base of the flue. The switch or by-pass allows a constant flow of pure air. The dampers are operated by a chain connected to levers, the other end of the chain being connected to a specially designed nickel-plated regulate 1 - (Fig 6), FIGS FiG.6 THE ENGINEERING RECORD, either placed at some central point where it can be operated by the engineer or else it is located in the room to which the air supply it controls leads. Baker, Smith & Co., of New York City, were the contractors for the plant. HOT-WATER HEATING IN A MELROSE, MASS., RESIDENCE. THE method of installing the hot-water heating apparatus in the residence of Mr. John A. Fish, at Melrose, Mass., is shown by the accompanying drawings. The system of piping is simple. But one main circuit pipe is used in the basement, which not only supplies the radiators, but receives the return pipes also. The main circulating pipe in the base- ment is carried as closely as possible to the radiators in order to shorten the horizontal branches to the several radiators and risers. It will be observed that the flow pipe connected to the radiator is the first pipe taken off the circuit, the tee being turned upwards, while the return pipe is taken into a tee on the circuit main, entering on its side. These connections are shown on the sketch. It is desirable in erecting piping on this principle that the flow and return pipe enter the circuit as shown that is, the flow out of the top and the re- turn pipe entering the side. The main circuit pipe as it leaves the heater is supposed to be perfectly level, with the exception of that part of it running back and dropping down into the return header at the bottom. This pipe has a slight incline towards the heater for the purpose of draining. All the piping in the cellar is covered with asbestos material. A No. 303 Gurney hot- water heater and 330 square feet of radiation form the apparatus for the house, the conservatory being heated by a coil containing loo feet of i^-inch pipe. The heating plant was STEAM AND HOT-WATER HEATING PRACTICE. laid out by Mr. John A. Fish, of the Gurney Hot- Water Heating Company, of Boston, Mass., and has worked satisfactorily and warmed the house perfectly in very cold weather. PLAN OF CELLAR FLOW PIPE RETURN Scale of feet * * HOT-WATER HEATING IN A CITY RESI- DENCE* THE accompanying drawings show the hot-water heating apparatus in the residence of Mr. M. Thal- keimer, of Richmond, Va. A No. 60 "Spence" heater supplies hot water for about i ,020 square feet of surface in radiators. Three of these are of the indirect system, while all the others heat by direct radiation. The air for the indirect radiators enters the building through a 3&xi2-inch duct in the base- ment. This divides into three branches, each of 150 square inches in section, which supply the regis- ters on the first floor with air. Each indirect coil contains 150 square feet. As the indirect coils are on the same floor as the heater a syphon is introduced to maintain a circulation of water. In the case of the coils A and B the supply is run in a vertical direction and then dropped to the radiating coils, an air valve being placed at the highest point. In the case of the coil C the method is somewhat different. The pipe supplying that coil is carried to the third floor and supplies radiators on the second and third floors. A detail of their connections is shown by Fig. 5. It will be seen that in order to have a con- stant circulation through the indirect coil in the base- ment it would be necessary to have either one of the radiators on the riser open, and to permit both of them being closed at the same time a by-pass was introduced as shown in the figure. The piping is \y z inches up to the by-pass and 13^ inches beyond, so that at all times a part of the hot water rising in the supply will go through the by-pass and meet tha other part which has been cooled by passing through the radiator, and thus give a mixture that will con- * S_-e also page 16 for Figs. 2, 3, and 4. HOT- WATER HEATING IN A MELROSE, MASS., RESIDENCE . 26 THE ENGINEERJNG RECORD'S tain a sufficient amount of heat for the needs of the indirect coil C in the basement. At D, third-floor plan, is shown the method of connecting the expansion tank to the riser and return marked E in Fig. i. the foundation plan. The plant was laid out by Mr. Percival H. Seward, of the American Boiler Company, of New York, while Messrs. West & Branch, of Richmond, Va., were the contractors for the work. REMODELED HEATING PLANT IN A CITY RESIDENCE. THE accompanying plans show the heating appar- atus as it now stands in the residence of Mr. T. J. Hayward, of Baltimore, Md. The building is located upon a double lot facing west and is exposed on the south and east. The lot upon which the building stands being about 60 feet wide, an open space is left between it and the next house south; this forms an open passage for the circulation of air coming from any quarter. A strong wind from either the east or north beats against the walls of the adjoining house at the south and rebounds against the south wall of Mr. Hayward's residence. On account of these con- ditions the supply of air for the indirect radiation is taken from the south with nearly the same results as though taken from the north and western direc- tions, as would be the proper practice if the house stood exposed on all sides. At the time of Mr. Hayward's purchase the house was fitted with two sets of indirect steam-heating apparatus, the front one located at B with an auxiliary stack of radiators at D intended to heat the front hall, the parlor and back parlor, and the rooms over the same. The rear apparatus was located at A, with an auxiliary stack at E, the stack at A being intended to heat the dining and smoking rooms and the rooms over them, while the auxiliary stack at E was to heat through one flue the rear chamber, con- servatory, and bath on the second floo'r and two rooms on the third floor. As the amount of radiation was insufficient to properly heat the house, the arrangement o tne rear part being especially unsat- isfactory, and heat was required in the two small rooms over the front hall, the rear heater was re- moved and a hot-water apparatus installed in its place, and at the same time adding to it the two un- heated rooms and also the indirect radiator supply- ing heat to the front hall, this being done to relieve somewhat the front apparatus. The following season the steam apparatus at the front was removed, and the entire apparatus made over to warm the building by hot water. A Chesapeake boiler was installed at B, and the hot-water boiler in the rear removed, its supply and return pipes, however, con- nected with the new mains in the front part of the building. The building contains three stories besides the basement, but only the basement, first, and second floors are shown, these answering the purpose of this description. The building contains approxi- matelv 77,000 cubic feet of space, and this is warmed STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATING PRACTICE t>y 1,450 square feet of indirect and 928 square feet of direct radiation. The distribution is shown on the plans. The indirect stacks at B are located in the space above the boiler, they being inclosed in brickwork and. connected to the outer air by the duct C, which also supplies air to another cluster of stacks as shown. Sectional views are given (page 28) of the Chesa- peake boiler, which was designed by Mr. Charles W. Newton, of Bartlett, Hay ward & Co., that firm install- ing the heating apparatus. The boiler consists, as will be seen, of two cast-iron manifolds connected by i i^-inch pipe as shown. The lower manifold, which is cast with a right or left return pipe connection, is rectangular in shape, the larger faces being bored to receive the i>-inch pipes which form the greater part of the heating surface of the boiler. The sides of the lower manifold contain a web or fins that ex- tend out as far as the brick setting. The manifold also serves as a baffle-plate, compelling the products of combustion to pass up between the tubes and then drop in the rear of the smoke connection. The boiler is fitted with a rocking grate, a rib on each grate bar being connected to the rocking bar by pins as shown. The general method of construc- tion of the boiler gives, the makers claim, a boiler that is easily cleaned, economical as to cost of con- structing and operation, and one that will not be liable to injury by expansion. The boiler can be made of less or greater capacity by increasing or de- creasing the length of pipes and grate surface. Its small height makes it desirable for use in cellars with low ceilings. HEATING AND VENTILATION OF A PHILA- DELPHIA SUBURBAN RESIDENCE. THE accompanying illustrations show details of the heating and ventilating system designed by the Onderdonk Heating and Ventilating Company for Charles S. Onderdonk, and installed in his house at Wyncote, Pa., of which Wilson Brothers & Co., of Philadelphia, are the architects. The system is one of indirect hot water, with ventilation of every room into a central stack 25 inches in diameter in theclear, the draft in which is induced by a lo-inch smoke pipe from the boiler. All rooms in the front part of the house are connected to this central stack either directly where it passes through such rooms or adjacent to them, or by means of flues, which are located in the partitions, proceed to the cellar and are then led by means of horizontal ducts into the base of the stack. The kitchen or frame part of the building receives its ventilation by means ot a brick stack J, Fig. 2, 18 inches in the clear, in which an 8-inch cast-iron pipe is placed, which induces the ventilation in that stack. An opening is made immediately over the kitchen J%[WWr SECOND TLOOR PLAN FLOOR PLANS, HEATING PLANT IN A BALTIMORE RESIDENCE. THE ENGINEERING RECORD'S Longitudinal Section THE CHESAPEAKE BOILER.