-WWK.afc^dfSe «^'^l«^^^ ^ Normal Word Book; OR, STUDIES m SPELLING, DEFINING, WOED- ANALYSIS, AND SYNONYMS. FOR USE IN HIGH SCHOOLS, NORMAL SCHOOLS, AND THE HIGHEST GRADE IN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS. By JOHN SWETT, TBINCIFAL OIBLS' HIGH SCHOOL, SAN FSANCISCO. IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & COMPANY, NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. 1879. Copyright, 1879, by IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & CO. lOUCATlON DEPT Electrctyped by Smith & McDougal, 82 BeoUinan St. PREFACE. A KNOWLEDGE of words is quite as essential to the writing of good English as is a technical knowledge of grammar. As a groundwork for the study of composi- tion, rhetoric, and English literature, there ought to be, for students not pursuing a classical course, some system- atized course of word studies for the purpose of giving accuracy and force in writing, and for enabling pupils to appreciate the diction of the masterpieces of style. The vocabulary of most pupils, when admitted to High Schools or Normal Schools, is quite limited ; and, to judge from the result of teachers' written examinations, com- paratively few of the graduates of High or Normal Schools have been trained to discriminate the finer shades of signi- fication in the use of synonymous words, or even to give exact definitions. This condensed hand-book is designed to meet a want expressed by many teachers who feel the need of some definite study of the words of our mother-tongue. The only originality claimed for these exercises consists in their arrangement and limitation, 54 J 202 IV PKEFACE. Some of the leading features of this book are : 1. A resume of the rules of spelling. 2. The defining of words grouped under leading topics. 3. Exercises requiring pupils to collect, group, classify, and define words. 4. Exercises in training students in the habit of referring to the dictionary. 6. The practical treatment of Word Analysis. 6. A practical course of exercises in synonyms. 7. A full recognition of the' educational axiom, that pupils are educated mainly ly what they do for themselves and hy themselves. J. S. San Francisco, December^ 1878. PA.RT I. SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION ^>^00 RULES FOR SPELLING. I. Doubling the Final Consonant. Rule I. — MonosyllaUes, and oilier ivords accented on the last syllable^ ending icith a single consonant preceded hy a single voiuel^ double the last letter on taking a suffix begin- ning loith a voioel. Exampleg. Verb. Pres. Part. Past Part. blot blot-t-ing blot-t-ed drum drum-m-ing drum-m-ed admit admit-t ing admit- t-ed permit permit-t-ing Adjectives, permit-t-ed Positive. Comparative. Superlative. hot hot-t-er hot-t-est fat fat-t-er fat-t-est 2. Blank Book Work. 1. Collect 10 verbs of one syllable to illustrate the rule, and write out the principal parts. 2. Select 10 verbs of two syllables, and write out the principal parts. 3. Select 5 adjectives that double the final consonant in comparison. : FORMAL WORD BOOK. '3. Final Consonant not Doubled. Rule II. — Words not accented on the last syllaMe, and tvords ending with a consona7it preceded hy a diphthong, a digraph, or another consonant, do not double the final letter on taJcifig a suffix, Examples. cred'it credit-ing credit-ed benefit benefit-ing benefit-ed conceal' conceal-ing conceal-ed design design-ing design-ed profess profess-in g profess-ed 4. Blank Book Work. 1. Select 10 verbs accented on tbe first syllable, and write out the principal parts. 2. Select 10 verbs ending in a consonant preceded by a diphthong, and accented on the last syllable ; as, conceaV. 3. Select 10 verbs ending in a consonant preceded by another consonant. 5. Exceptions to Rule II. crys'tal crys tal-1-ize crys tal-l-i za'tion can eel can cel-ed can cel-la'tion hum bug hum bug-g-ed hum bug-g-ery met al me tal-l-ic met'al-1-ur gy wor ship wor ship-er or wor ship-p-er kid nap kid nap-er or kid nap-p-er tran quil tran quil-ize or tran quil-1-ize 6. Two Ways of Spelling. Note. — The derivatives of the following words, according to Web- ster, do not double the I : in England the old usage of doubling the I is retained to a greater extent than in this country. SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. Write the derivatives formed by -ing, -eel, and -er. bar'rel bev el car ol cav il chis el coun sel cud gel driv el du el e qual gam'bol grav el grov el jew el la bel lev el libel mar shal mar vel mod'el par eel pen cil per il pom mel quar rel rav el rev el ri val shov'el ebriv el sniv el tas sel tram mel tun nel trav el ap par el en am el 7. Dropping Final e. EuLE III. — TForc?."? ending in silent e, drop it on taking a suffix beginning with a voiveh Examples. be lieve be liev-ing be liev-ed con ceive con ceiv-ing con ceiv-ed a chieve a chiev-ing a cbiev-ed re ceive re ceiv-ing re ceiv-ed 8. Blank Book Work. 1. Collect and write out the principal parts of 20 verbs that end in silent e. 2. Add the suffix -able to five words that end in silent e. 3. Add the suffix 4Ue to five words that end in silent e. 9. Exceptions to Rule III. Words ending in ce or ge retain final e before -dble and •ons, on account of euphony. KORMAL WORD BOOK. exercise. Add -able or -ous to the following : change ef face' man 'age charge out'rage no tice peace cour age ser vice trace mar riage Other Exceptions, ad van'tage dye'ing shoe 'ing swinge'ing hoe ing singe ing mile age 10. Retaining Final e. Rule IV. — Words ending in e retain it before a suffix beginning with a consonant. Examples. large ly sense less re morse less hoarse ness whole some ad ver'tise ment peace ful pave ment Exceptions. dis burse ment aw ful WO ful lodg ment du ly wis dom nurs ling tru ly ar gu ment a bridg ment whol ly judg ment ac knowl edg ment li. Changing y into i. Rule V. — Final y after a consonant, is changed into i before all suffixes except those begiiining with i. I. Verbs. carry carry-ing carri-ed carri-es deny deny-ing deni-ed deni-es SPELLIIfG AJS'D PRONUNCIATIOI^. II. Nouns. army armi-es society societi-es dairy dairi-es anxiety anxieti-es J Til. Adjectives. busy busi-er busi-est busi-ness ready readi-er readi-est readi-ness 12. Exercises. I. Add -ingy -ed and -es to each verb. cry bury comply certify dry copy defy falsify fry fancy reply glorify try hurry satisfy purify n. Add -er and -cs-^, and a noun suffix when poesible. easy lucky noisy sleepy early lovely saucy speedy happy lazy silly worthy heavy muddy shady wealthy III. Form the plurals by adding -es. beny copy duty jury buggy city dowry party beauty county diary story baby country enemy study . 13. Blank Book Work. 1. Collect a list of 10 verbs to illustrate Rule V, and add to each verb the suffixes -ing, -ed, and -es. 2. Collect 10 adjectives, and add to each -er and -est. 3. Write the singular and the plural form of 20 nouns that change y into i, and add -es. 10 KORMAL WORD BOOK. 14, No change of y. Rule VI. — Final y, preceded by a vowel, is unchanged lefore a suffix. Verbs. convey convey-ed convey-s convey-ance enjoy enjoy-ed enjoy-s enjoy-ment Nouns. money valley money-s valley-s journey turkey joumey-s turkey-s pay + ed = paid lay + ed = laid say -f ed.= said 15. Exceptions to Rule VI stay + ed j staid, or I stayed day + ly = daily 16. Double Consonants. EuLE YII. — Words ending in douhle consonants generally retain loth consonants hefore a suffix or after a prefix. E^xamples. dull'ness will'ful fulfill-ing full ness enrollment fulfill-ed skill ful install'ment fulfill-ment • . 17. Compounds. Rule VIII. — In general, compounds retain all the letters of the words united. Exceptions. wel'come un til' al'most al though' wel'fare num'-skull al'so al read'y with al' Christ'-mas al'ways al might'y SPELLING AND PEONUNCLA.TION. 11 18. Euphonic k. Rule IX. — A few participles and adjectives formed from verbs and nouns ending in c, add kfor euphony. frolic-k-ing picnic-k-ing (k not added) traffic-k-ing colic-k-y physic-ist phjsic-k-ing panic-k-y physic-al mimic-k-ing phthisic-k-y physic-ian an'nual ar'gue ben'e fit com'bat can'cel crys'tal de claim' de f er' e quip' frol'ic hark in flame' plague re fer' sus tain' vile -cle. ar'ti cle par ti cle cu ti cle ob sta cle pin na cle au ri cle 19. Troublesome Derivatives. an nu al ly ar gu ing ben e fit ed com bat ing can eel ed crys tal lize dec la ma tion de fer ring e quip ped frol ick ing heark en in flam ma ble plagu ing re fer red sus tain ing vil'i fy bi en'nial ar gu mcnt ben e fi cial ly com'bat ant can eel la tion crys tal line de clam a to ry def er ence eq ui page frol ic some heark en ed in flam ma'tion plagu'y refer ence sus'te nance vil i fied 20. Troublesome Terminations. -cal* -kle. crit'i cal buck'le ver ti cal knuck le tech nical truck le prac ti cal speck le rad i cal freck le cyn i cal pick le 12 NOBMAL WOKD BOOK. 21. Troublesome Terminations. -ine. -in* -ain. des tine mar'gin cer'tain doc trine mus lin cur tain en gine pump kin moun tain fam ine glier kin plan tain san guine ur chin bar gain med i cine ver min cap tain 22. Troublesome Terminations. -urn* -om. -ome* ros'trum blos'som ful'some nos trum symp torn lone some stra tum free dom wel come ful crum wis dom glad some me di um king dom in come min i mum at om win some max i mum id i om out come 23. Troublesome Terminations. -age. -ege. -clge. nl'lage col' lege por'ridge til lage priv i lege par tridge icar riage sac ri lege car tridge mar riage al lege' knowl edge 24. Troublesome Terminations. -ar. -or. -er. -re. dol'lar doc'tor cen'ter or cen tre col lar au tlior lus ter or lus tre eel lar sail or sa ber or sa bre ce dar suit or som ber or som bre gram mar tu tor mea ger or mea gre SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 13 -ar. -or. -er. -re. mor'tar ma'jor spec'ter or spec'tre sug ar mi nor me ter or me tre beg gar sen ior the'a ter or the 'a tre pil lar jun ior ac cou'ter or ac cou'tre 25. Troublesome Terminations. -city. -city. -sity. -sity. a troc'i ty ra pac'i ty ver bos'i ty di ver'si ty fe roc i ty sa gac i ty bes i ty im men si ty pre coc i ty te nac i ty po ros ity pro pen si ty lo quae i ty du plic i ty per ver si ty u ni ver si ty ve rac i ty com plic i ty pom pos i ty ad ver si ty ca pac i ty sim plic i ty ne ces si ty cu ri OS i ty 26. The Suffix -ous. Words ending ir 1 'tious. cap'tious con ten'tious li cen'tious vex a'tious cau tious fa ce tious nu tri'tious con sci en'tious f ac tious fie ti tious pre ten tious ex pe di tious frae tious fac ti tious pro pi tious OS ten ta tious une tious fla gi tious sen ten tious BU per sti tious am bi'tious in fee tious se di tious sur rep ti tious 27. Words ending in -cious, a tro'cious fe ro'cious per ni^cious te na'cious ait da cious ju di cious pre co cious ve ra cious aus pi cious lo qua cious pug na cious vi va cious ca pa cious ma li cious ra pa cious vo ra cious ca pri cious men da cious sa ga cious cou tu ma^cioiis de li cious ofji cious sus pi cious per ti na cious a'que ous boun te ous cour te ous 28. Words ending in cu ta'ne ous spon ta ne ous ere ta ceous •eous, far i na'ceous ar gil la ceous ho mo ge ne ous 14 KORMAL WORD BOOK. gas'e ous hid eous pit e ous er ro'ne ous ex tra ne ous a7n pMhH ous con tu me'li ous de le te'ri ous gre gaWi ous hi la ri ous ig no min'i ous in vid'i ous crus ta'ceous her ba ceous out ra geous cou ra geous ad van ta'geous het er o ge'ne ous in stan ta'ne ous mis eel la ne ous si mul ta ne ous ex tern po ra'ne ous 29. Words ending in -ious. ma la'ri ous su yer ciVious mill tifa'ri ous sac ri le gious punc til'ious cen so'ri ous op pro hri ous no to ri ous ob nox ious u su ri ous pro dig ious vain-glo'ri ous re lig ious vi caWi ous 30. Two Ways of Spelling. The orthography preferred in Webster's Dictionary is given in the first column. That marked ° is obsolete in this country. aesthetic esthetic enroll enrol artisan artizan^ enterprise enter prize^ apothegm apophthegm . envelop {v) envelope atheneum athenceum envelope {n) envelop bigoted bigotted epaulet epaulette bazaar caliber bazar calibre eyrie e)/r> ) aerie catechise catechize^ fulfill fulfil center centre fullness fulness develop develope good-by good-bye diarrhea diarrhoea halloo holloa^ distill distil hostler ostler ecstasy extasy^ homeopathy homceopathy embalm imhalm hypotenuse hypothenuse empanel impanel imbitter embitter SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. u 31. Two Ways of Spelling. indorse endorse pretense pretence innuendo inuendo reverie revere/ install iiistal^ Sanskrit Sanscrit installment instalment siphon sypJion intrust entrust^ sirup syrup jewelry jeioelery skeptic sceptic licorice liquorice - skillful skilful manikin mannikin synonym synonyms mattress mattrass sergeant Serjeant mosquito musquito toweling toioelling opaque opahe traveler traveller offense offence trousers trowsers parquet parquette turquois turquoise peddler pedler unroll unrol phenix phcenix vedette vidette pommel pummel visitor visiter practice (v) practise {v) whisky whiskey 32. Notation of Vowel Sounds. As given in Webster's Dictionary. a in ille. i in it. a in arm. 1 in thirst. % in all. i(=e) in pique. h in add. in old. d in dir. 6 in add. 4 in ask. (=o"o) in prgve. a in what 6(=a) in form. e in eve. 6 (= u) in done. ^ in end. (= o"o) in wolf. & in hgr. u in use. e(= a) in prey. ii in us. 1 in Ice. u (= oo) in rude. IG IS^OEMAL WOKD BOOK. u (= do) in pull. db in tdbt u (= e) in urge. y in fly. do (= o) in moon. f in nymph. Note. — It is desirable that all advanced pupils should learn this notation in order to make a ready and an accurate use of the dic- tionary. Require pupils to write and sound the following scale : a, a, a, a, A, o, 0, Q, 6, 6, a, a ; e, o; u, u, e,. e, e; i, i, i, u, u, u ; 0-0, 0^0, y, .a\ Training. Concert Drill. I. a, a, a, a in a whisper. II. The same with moderate force. III. The same very loud. IV. The same in very low pitch. V. The same in yery high pitch. VI. The same in a shouting tone. 34. Concert Drill. In a similar manner take the following . I. e, ^, 1, i. III. u, u, II. o, 6, Q. IV. oi, ou. V. a, a, e, e, i, i, o, 6, u, 35. Notation of Consonant Sounds. As given in Webster's Dictionary. 9 soft in 9ede. s soft in has. € hard in €all. th sharp in thing. ch in child. th flat in thine. 9h (= sh) in 9haise. ng in sing. €h hard in €horus. n in linger. g hard in get. X (=gz) in exist. g soft in gem. ph(=f) in phantom s sharp in same. qu(= kw) in queen. SPELLIiTG AND PRONUNCIATION. 17 Exercise. Require pupils to collect, write, and mark five words to illustrate each sound. 36. Vowel Sounds. Italian a. Note. — The common error in pronouncing some of the following words is the flattening of the a to short 2, as in hat. Secure the correct sound of a, in arm, first, by concert drill after the teacher ; secondly, by requiring each pupil to pronounce singly. alms iiunt laugh'ter al'mond balm daunt daunt less gua no calm gaunt calf-skin gua va palm haunt path way pla za psalm jaunt hearth-stone ma guey' calf flaunt heart less a ga've half taunt laun dry so pra'no salve craunch jaun dice fi na'le bafh haunch gaunt let mo ha've path launch saun ter Mon ta'na wrath staunch half-way Ne va'da lath laugh fa ther Col ra'do 37. Sound of a in asTe. This sound is intermediate between a in arm and a in hat. The common error in many parts of our country consists in flattening the sound to that of short a. The true sound must be given by the teacher, and imitated by the class. aft shaft tusk vast staJff craft waft blast clasp chant daft ask cast gasp grant draft bask fast grasp pant graft cask last hasp slant haft flask mast rasp chance raft mask past chajff dance 18 NORMAL WORD BOOK. glance class basque cas'ket mas'tiff lance glass casque craft y pas ture prance grass draught fast er pas tor trance mass after ghast ly plas ter branch pass bas ket mas ter vast ness 38. Sound of a in ask. com mand / per chance' a ghast' ad van'tage de mand a 1 slant a vast ad vance ment re mand re past a las en chant ment en hance en graft dis mast com mand ment ad vance un mask un clasp en hance ment en trance en . chant un hasp mc ) las ses 39. Sound of o in move. Equivalents : do as in moon, and u after r, as in nide. move roof food who tru'ant prove rheum shrewd you tru ly lose route fruit do truf fle shoe wound truth two truth ful true school brute sure rude ness loose rule shoot tour rou tine' 40. Sound of long u. As in use, with its equivalents. fuse tune pure du'ty al lure' news newt cure mu sic en dure due feud lure pu pil a dieu cube dew fewer beau ty re sume suit view sure flu ent as sume mute lieu pure nui sance de lude tube lute glue stu pid con elude SPELLING AXD PRONUNCIATION. 19 41. Sound of u after r. As in rude, equivalent to q in prQve, and <55 in moon. rude bruise gru'el bru'tal rule cruise ruth less bru in crude brute tru ant dru id true fruit ru mor pru dence truce prune ru ral pru dish spruce prude ru in prim ing 42. Pronunciation and Spelling. Note.— Refer to the dictionary for definitions. ac qui esce' coch'i neal em pir'ic au'gu ry coun'ter feit e mol'lient ap pren'tice can'is ter en vel'op ar'mis tice can non ade' en'vel ope ab do'men car'at e'qua ble a dult' ca'ret or'u dite a dept' cer'e bral es ca pade' al lop'a thy com'bat ant for'mid a ble ac cli'mat ed du'te ous flac'cid aq'ui line du'ti ful fe'tich au re'o la dif fi dent fla gi'tious bat tal'ion dev'as tate gen'u ine ba rouche' ex cres'cence gos'sip ing bi tu'min ous ex cur'sion glu'ti nous 43. Pronunciation and Spelling. her'o ine im'pi ous jeop'ard y bys ter'ics in no va'tion lam'en ta ble im plfi'ca ble in sid'i ous mar'i time im'mi nent in oc'u late mol'e cule in im'i cal ju'gu lar mil'li ner y is'o late ^u'vc nile mis'cel la ny 20 NORMAL WORD BOOK. ma9'er ate pa la'tial suc'cu lence ob'se quies res'i due scur'ril ous or'i fice rev'e nue sal'i va ry po lo naise' ret'i nue suav' i ty pr5b'i ty ret'i cence tap'es try py ri'tes sen ten'tions u biq'ui tous punc tirious sat'ir ize va'ri e gate prg9'e dent su per sede' 44. Words Frequently Mispronounced. Correct. Incorrect. hX ter ca'tion al ter ca'tion aft er noon' al pac'a ab do 'men ar'mis tice al'ter nate are'tic cay enne' cem'e ter y cir cu'i tous con'ver sant def i cit dog'ile e'qua ble fi nance' df ter noon' al a imc'a ah' do men ar mis' tice aVter nate ar'tic hi an' cem'e try cir'hit ous con ver'sant defic'it do' die ^'qua hie fl'nance Correct. fau'cet Feb'ru a ry ful'some gla'mour in'dus try in qui'ry il lus'trate in'ter est ing i de'a in ter loc'u tor is'o late i so ther'mal irre me'diable ju'ven lie laun'dry Incorrect, fd'cet Feh'U a ry ful'some gldm'ur in dast'ry i7i'qui ry il'lus trate in ter est'ing i'de a in ter lo cu'tor I' so late IS ther'mal ir rem'i di a hie ju've nlle laun'dry Correct. leg'is la ture lam'en ta ble lic'or ice 45. Pronunciation. Incorrect, Correct. leg is la' ture lifer a ture la ment'a hie ly ce'um lik'er ish mu se'um Incorrect. lifer a chure ly'ce wn mu'se urn SPELLING AND PROKUNCIATION. 21 CoiTect. Incorrect. Correct. Incorrect. mag a zine / mag' a zine pa'tri ot ism pat'ri ot ism mis'cliiev ous mis chiev'ous pa'tri ot pdt'ri ot main'te nance main tdin'^ ance pred e ces'sor pred'e ces sor mas'cu line mm'cu line ped'a go gy ped a gog'y mau so le'um mau so'le urn per'emp to ry per emp'to ry moun'tain ous moun td'ne ous phdn'ics pho'nics na'tion al na'tion al p6st'hu mous post hu'mous neu ral'gi a neu raVi gi I po ta'to pii ta'tu bSs'i ty ht'si ty pre'sci ence pre'slience op po'nent op'po nent rd'tion al r a' lion al or'thO c py or tho'e py rd tion a' le ra tio nale' o'a sis a' sis rec'og nize re cog'nize 46. Pronunciation. ■vu^^^ Correct word. rronunciation. IVord. Correct Pronunciation, Asia a' she a spinach spin'ej Arab dr'db splenetic splen'e tic adult a dulV superficies su 2)er fish'ez arid ar'id surveillance sur vdl'yans column kol'um telegraphy te leg'ra phy engine en'jln vehement ve'he ment epoch ^p'ock allopathy al lop' a thy figure fig'yur comparable com' par a hie gherkin ger'kin combatant com'ha tant iron I'nrn complaisance com'pld zance leisure It'zhiir compromise com' pro mize nausea naw'she a domicile dom'l cile nauseous naiu'shus excursion ex cur' shun patent pat'ent exclusive ex cia'.sive pretty prxt'ty furniture fur'nl tUre raillery rdVlcr y ordeal or'de al %2 NOKHAL WORD BOOK. 47, A Dictation Lesson. Spelling and Defining. Note.— The following words in current use are frequently mis- spelled. Require both oral spelling and oral defining. T bil'ious gyp'sum let'tuce strych'nine bal'ance gey ser lus cious vine yard frig'id gun wale mat tress vis cid gau ger lieark en mor phine ven ue gud geon lac quer phthis ic wid ow gher kin liq nor scliot tish IL zeph yr be lieve' ex hort' re lieve' be siege' be nign ex ude re ceive be lief ca price ex haust re prieve de ceit ca tarrh im pugn tra peze re ceipt com prise in veigli ta boo a cliieve de mise ma lign tat too de ceive 48. Spell ing and Defining. I. ic cate al'co hoi des' ker'o sene an a lyz? den ti frice lau da num an tlira cite ec sta sy ob se quies aq ue duct far ( ci cal oph i cleide crys tyl line giyc ! er ine phos plior us oliryM a lis gut tur al II. pha e ton par'ri cide sep' a rate vac'il late par a site sac ri lege ver di gris sac cha rine sib yl line vis ce ra scin til late traf fick ing ven ti late sym me try tyr an nize ves i clc syn nym vac ci nate vi ti ate SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 23 as phal'tum ac quaint ance ba na na clair Yoy ance di shev el e lix ir bal'us trade col on nade' guar an tee mign on ette mill'ion aire 8u per sede' 49. Spelling and Defining. I. em bar'rass in i tial im brogl io mos qui to pa vil ion pneu mat ics II. ben'e fit ed cater pil lar mil li ne ry de bat'a ble ex on er ate ex hil a rate pro bos'cis ter rif ic tar pau lin to bac CO ve ra clous zy mot ic in del i ble in flam ma ble i SOS ce les re sus ci tate diph. the ri a pa ral y sis 50. The Suffix -able. Note. — The liability to misspell words like the following consists in the tendency to use -ible for -able ; in retaining final e when it should be dropped ; and in dropping e after c or g when it should be retained. Force of suffix : Capable of being. ad vis'a ble en dur'a ble a me'na ble in ef fa ble blam'a ble in sep'a ra ble change'a ble in com'pa ra ble charge'a ble in flam'ma ble con triv'a ble ir rep'a ra ble cur'a ble in ex'o ra ble dur'a ble in dis'pu ta ble de test'a ble in dis pen'sa ble dis pos'a ble il lim'it a ble de sTr'a ble in nu'mer a ble laud'a ble mov'a ble man'age a ble mar'riage a ble not'a ble prgv'a ble prob'a ble ne go'ti a ble re spect'a ble sal'a ble tam'a ble 24 NOEMAL WORD BOOK. e'qua ble ex cit'a ble ef face'a ble in a'lien a ble in ef face'a ble in con ceiv'a ble un lov'a ble ven'er a ble no'tice a ble au'di ble cred i ble ed i ble for ci ble fal li ble f ea si ble flex i ble hor ri ble plan si ble pos si ble ris i ble sen si ble ter ri ble tan gi ble 51. The Suffix -ihle. ad mis'si ble ac ces si ble cor rupt i ble con tempt i ble con vert i ble CO mes ti ble de du ci ble di gest i ble dis cern i ble e ras i ble el'i gi ble in tel'li gi ble in cor ri gi ble im pos si ble im pres'si ble in del i ble in ex haust'i ble in de fen si ble ir re sist i ble in ex press i ble im per cep ti ble OS ten si ble per cep ti ble per mis si ble re spon si ble re vers i ble re f er ri ble sus cep ti ble ab'sti nence cor pu lence con fi dence con fer ence com pe tence def er ence • dif fer ence ev i dence em i nence ex eel lence 52. The Suffix Be careful not to s prev'a lence pes ti lence prom i nence pref er ence prov i dence * pen i tence ref er ence con cur rence con ve ni ence de pend ence ^ence, pell with -ance. be nev'o lence be nef i cence CO in ci dence ex pe ri ence mag nif i cence mu nif i cence om nip tence sub ser vi ence ac qui es cence cor re spend ence SPELLING AN^D PROKUNCIATIOK 26 im'pu dence in do lence in fer ence in so lence ex ist'ence ex cres cence oc cur rence sub sist ence con va les'cence in do pend ence in con ve ni ence su per in tend ence 53. The Suffix -ance. Be careful not to spell with -ence. coun'te nance com plai sance main te nance pet u lance ra di ance res o nance rel e vance sus te nance suf fer ance sup pli ance tol er ance ut ter ance vig i lance al low'ance af fi ance a bun dance ap pli ance ap pear ance ad mit tance an noy ance at tend ance as stir ance ac quaint ance as sist ance al le giance ac cord ance con triv ance con niv ance m sur'ance mal fea sance ob serv ance re mem brance re sist ance re luc tance en dur ance re mit tance re pent ance re li ance con tin u ance ex or bi tance lux u ri ance in her it ance per se ver ance com'pe tent com po'nent con'fi dent de pend'ent de po nent de spend ent 54. The Sufffx -ent, C^ Be careful not to spell -ant. differ ent im pa'tient em i nent ex eel lent ex pe di ent ex po'nent im'mi nent im'po tent im pu dent in ci dent in hal'ent in her'ent in de pend'ent in ter mit tent prev'a lent re mit tent re pel lent re splen dent ZQ NORMAL WOED BOOK. 55. The Suffix -ant. Be careful not to spell -ent. as sist'ant at tend ant clair voy ant cog^ni zant com plai sant con fi dant {vL,) con ver sant con so nant con test* ant de fend ant de scend ant dis cord ant ex pect ant ex uher ant ex ult ant i tin er ant ig no rant lux u ri ant oh serv ant pet u lant re dun dayit re luc tant re pent ant re suit ant sti?n u lant sup pli ant tri umpli ant vig i lant 56. Abbreviated Expressions. Note.— The following contracted forms are allowable in poetry, in colloquial language, and in familiar letter- writing ; but they are to be avoided, in general, in grave or serious composition or conversation. Pupils should be required to give an oral or a written sentence to illustrate the use of each contracted form. ren't 3 ar' aren' can't couldn't didn't don't doesn't liadn*t hasn't he'll he'd rii I'd are not can not could not did not do not does not had not has not : he will he would or had ; I will I would or had isn't : mustn't : shan't : shouldn't: they'll : they'd : 'twill = wasn't : we'll won't : wouldn't : you'll : you'd is not : must not shall not : should not they will they would or had it will Avas not we will : will not : would not you will : you would or had SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 27 57. Latin Words in Current Use. a lum'm graduates of a college or university cur ric'u lum a course of study dic'tum a dogmatic assertion de sid er a' turn a thing to be desired fac-sim'i le an exact copy flo'ra the vegetation of a place fau'na the animals of a place iii'ter im intervening time lit er a'ti men of letters ra tion a'le a series of reasons se ri a'tim in regular order or series ul ti ma'tum a final proposition vi'a by way of vi'ce in place of ver ba'tim word for word 58. Short ad libitum, at pleasure. ad nauseam, to disgust. ad valo'rem, according to value. ad infini'tum, to infinity. ad interim, in the mean time. Wnafi'de, in good faith. de novo, anew. ex officio, by virtue of office. in terro'rem, as a warning. in to'to, entirely. in esse, in actual being. in pos^se, in possible being. post mortem, after death. terra firma, solid earth. Latin Phrases. si'ne di'e, without a day. in situ, in place ; fixed. ipse dixit, mere assertion. nolens volens, willing or not. per contra, on the other hand. pari passu, with equal pace. per capita, by the head. 2)er centum, by the hundred. per annum,, by the year. per diem, by the day. per se, by itself. pro and con, for and against, pro forma, mere form. pro rata, in proportion. vi'va vo'ce, with living voice. vox 2)02)' uli,\oiCG of the people. 28 N^ORMAL WOED BOOK. 59. Abbreviations of Latin Words and Phrases. ' * '^ * Y (exem'pU gratia), as for example. et al. (et alii or alia), and others. Ibid, or lb. {ibidem), in the same place. Id. {idein), the same [author]. i. e. {id est), that is ; as, The Empire State, i. e., New York. L. 8. {locus sigilli), place of the seal [on a legal paper]. N. B. {nota be'ne), note well ; take notice. nem, coti. {nem'ine contradicen'te), no one opposing. Pro Tern, {pro tem'pore), for the time being. q. V. {quod vi'de), which see, i. e., refer to. Q, E. D. {quod erat demonstrandum), which was to be proyed. ss. {scilicet), namely; to wit [used in law]. viz. {videVicet), namely ; as follows. vs. {versus), against ; as, Case of Brown vs. Smith, etc. {et cefera), and others ; and so forth. Pi^RT II. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. I. Language. linguist A person skilled in many languages. philologist One who has a scientific knowledge of lan- guage. grammar Treats of the use of words in sentences. letters Characters of a written language. hieroglyphics The sacred or picture writing of the an- cient Egyptian priests. idiom A form of expression peculiar to a language. vernacular Belonging to the country of one's birth; home-born ; one's native tongue. dialect A form of speech peculiar to a tribe or to a part of a country. provincialism A peculiar use or pronunciation of words in some particular part of a country. solecism A gross blundering in forms of expression. Sanskrit The ancient language of the Hindoos, in which are written the religious books of India. Greek The classic language of Greece. Latin. The language of the ancient Romans. 2. Speech. rhetoric The art of speaking correctly, elegantly, and forcibly. oration A formal speech delivered on some special occasion. 30 ]SrOEMAL WORD BOOK. harangue panegyric eulogium exordium peroration philippic Komanic Anglo-Saxon Teutonic The Classics A declamatory speech to a multitude. A public speech in high praise of some emi- nent person. A formal speech in praise of some person. The introductory part of a speech. The concluding part of a speech. A speech abounding in fierce invective. Pertaining to the languages which spring out of the Eoman, or Latin tongue ; also used as a general term to include the Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, etc. The term applied to the English language as spoken by the early Teutonic peoples of England. A general term, including German, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Gothic, Saxon, etc. The ancient Greek and Latin authors. 3. Rhetoric. ambiguity A double meaning involved in the construc- tion of a sentence. analogy A correspondence in certain respects be- tween things otherwise different. antithesis A contrast of thought or words. apostrophe A turning away from the subject to address the absent or the dead as if present. circumlocution A manner of expression in which more words are used than are necessary; a talking around. climax A manner of expression in which the parts of a sentence are so arranged as to rise in strength to the last. diction Choice of words ; manner of expression. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 31 epigram A witty, pointed saying. euphemism A soft or mild term used to express in a more pleasing way a harsh or disagree- able statement. hyperbole An exaggerated form of expression. irony A form of expression conveying the oppo- site of the ordinary meaning of the words. metaphor An implied comparison conveyed by trans- ferring to one object the qualities of an- other. metonymy The putting of one term or word for an- other. parody A burlesque imitation of a poem or compo- sition. period A sentence in which the complete sense is suspended till the end. personification The act of ascribing to anything the quali- ties of a person. pun A play upon words similar in sound but different in meaning. sarcasm A keen, biting, witty form of expression. satire The ridiculing of follies or vices. simile An expressed comparison. solecism A blunder in grammar. 4. Words. verbose Having more words than are necessary, pleonasm An allowable redundancy of words, tautology A needless repetition of the same words, or of the same ideas in different words. synonyms Words having the same general meaning, but differing in their application. etymology The true derivation of words ; grammatical inflections. 32 NORMAL WORD BOOK. orthography The correct spelling of words. orthoepy The correct pronunciation of words, vocabulary A collection of words. 5. Government. politics The science of government. politician A person actively engaged in the manage- ment of public affairs. statesman A politician well versed in the science of government. demagogue A politician who panders to the prejudices or passions of the common people. monarchy A government whose head is an hereditary sovereign. aristocracy A government in the hands of the nobility. oligarchy A government in the hands of a few persons. despotism A government in which the power of the monarch is not limited by a constitution. republic A government administered by representa- tives and officials elected by the vote of the whole people, for short terms of oJBfice, and under which the liberties of the people are guaranteed by a written con- stitution. anarchy Lack of government ; political disorder. rebellion An unsuccessful attempt by force of arms to overthrow the government. insurrection A sudden rising in arms against the gov- ernment by a part of the people. citizen A person in whom are vested certain politi- cal rights and privileges ; as. An Ameri- can citizen. subject A person under the protection of a mon- archy ; as, A British subject. WOEDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 33 elector naturalization election elective franchise poll-list canvass candidate nominee caucus convention 6. Elections. A legally qualified voter. The legal process by which an alien, or foreigner, becomes a citizen. The act of voting or balloting for public officers. The right of voting ; right of franchise. A list of the legal voters of an election precinct. A political campaign. A person offering himself for election to an office. A person named by some political conven- tion as a candidate for office. A preliminary meeting of political leaders for the purpose of considering political questions. A political meeting of elected party dele- gates for the purpose of nominating can- didates. 7. Words Relating to Courts and Law. court A tribunal for the administration of justice ; " the court " is also a term apj^lied to the judge in contradistinction to the counsel or the jury. judge A civil officer who administers justice in law courts. bench The seat where a judge sits; hence, "the bench " is a term used to denote all judges taken as a hodj. 34 NORMAL WORD BOOK. bar The place which counsel occupy in court ; hence, '* the bar " is a term used to denote the whole legal profession, or body of licensed attorneys-at-law. lawyer A person licensed to practice law. plea The defendant's answer to the plaintiffs declaration and complaint. plaintiff The party that brings an action or suit in court. defendant The party against whom the action is brought. client The party that employs an attorney-at-law. brief A condensed statement of a case in court. bail Surety given for a liberated prisoner's re- appearance in court. arraign To bring a prisoner before a court for trial. sentence The pronouncing of a penalty by the judge against a convicted criminal. judicial Belonging to courts of law, or to a judge. the judiciary The judges as a body. 8. Crimes in Law. misdemeanor A minor offence to which the law has not given a specific name. crime A specific offence against the law. indictment A written charge of crime made out by a grand jury. murder The intentional killing of a human being with malice aforethought. manslaughter The killing of a person in the heat of pas- sion without premeditation. homicide The killing of a human being by act of man. libel Defamation of the character of another by writing, pictures, etc. WORDS GROUPED AN^D DEFINED. 35 felony A crime of high grade punishable by death or imprisonment in the state prison, petit I The stealing of property of small value, larceny j constituting a minor offence, grand [ The stealing of property above a specified larceny j value, making a state-prison offence. arson The crime of wilfully setting fire to a building. burglary The crime of breaking into a house for the purpose of robbery, perjury The crime of purposely giving false testi- mony in court, forgery Fraudulently making, altering, or imitating a writing or the signature of another for the purpose of gain, peculation The act of any official in appropriating public moneys to his own personal use. embezzlement The act of taking for one's own use money or goods placed in his care, bigamy The crime of having two or more wives or husbands at the same time, mayhem The maiming of a person by depriving him of any of his members, such as the nose, ears,, etc. treason The crime of attempting to overthrow the government, or of aiding an enemy in time of war. mutiny Eebellion by soldiers or seamen against their officers. 9. Words Relating to Religion. religion Any system of faith and worship, mythology The science which treats of the fabulous divinities of the ancient nations. 36 25^0 RMAL WORD BOOK. paganism theism deism atheism pantheism monotheism polytheism renegade martyr fanatic dogma orthodox heterodox Bible Koran Vedas Christianity mohammedanism brahmanism buddhism materialism creed heretic The superstitious religious belief and wor- ship of uncivilized tribes and nations. Belief in the existence of a God. Belief in the existence of God, but not in revelation. A disbelief in the existence of God. A belief that the universe is God. A belief in only one God. A belief in the existence of many Gods. One who basely abandons his religion. One who suffers death on account of religion. One who has a wild and unreasoning faith and zeal in his religion. An authoritative statement of some part of a religious creed. Sound in the creed of the church. Dissenting from the church creed. The holy books consisting of the Old and the New Testament. The sacred book of the Mohammedans. The sacred writings of Brahmanism. The form of faith and worship based upon the Bible. The religion based upon the teachings of Mohammed and the Koran. A religion founded on the sacred books called the Vedas. A branch of Brahmanism, founded by Buddha. A disbelief in a future state of existence. Articles of faith of a church or society. One who disbelieves the religion of the church. WORDS GROUPED AXD DEFINED. 37 10. Literature. poetry Imaginative composition expressed in meas- ured cadence or in rliyme. rhetoric The art of prose composition. (See page 29.) oratory The art of eloquent and elegant public speaking. history A record of past events (with the philoso- phy of cause and effect in the progress of events). novelist A writer of fictitious literature. litterateur A person devoted to literary pursuits. literature The whole body of literary productions, usually excluding, however, those relat- ing to positive science. 11. Science. science Classified and systematized knowledge. mathematics That class of sciences which treats of num- bers and magnitudes and their relations. arithmetic That branch of mathematics which treats of numbers. algebra That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations of numbers or quantities by means of letters and other symbols. geometry That branch of mathematics which treats of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles. physics The science that treats of the material Avorld. botany The science that treats of plants. zoology The science that treats of animals. chemistry The science that treats of the composition of substances, both organic and inorganic. ornithology The science that treats of birds. ichthyology The science that treats of fishes." 38 KORMAL WORD BOOK. biology The science that treats of the different forces of life. sociology The science that treats of the laws and the development of human society. metaphysics The scientific knowledge of the laws and actions of mind. Oral Elxercise. Require pupils to name and define any other hrancJies of science that they tan think of. 12. Art. artist A general term applied to a painter, sculp- tor, engraver, etc. studio The working-room of an artist. cartoon A design of a large painting drawn on paper. caricature A drawing that represents with ridiculous exaggeration. fresco A method of painting on a freshly laid stucco ground of lime and gypsum. photograph A picture produced by the action of light on chemically prepared paper. statuette A small statue. intaglio Any figure cut into a material ; as, a seal. cameo A precious stone carved in relief. Require pupils to add and define 10 additional words relating to art. 13. Medicine. physician A person who practices the art of healing ; a doctor, druggist One who deals in drugs or medicines ; an apothecary. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 39 pharmacy The art of preparing medicines. therapeutics The art of discovering and applying me- dicinal remedies. nostrum A quack medicine. panacea A remedy for all diseases. regimen A course of living for the attainment of health. anodyne A medicine for alleviating pain. 14. Diseases. asthma A disease causing difficulty in breathing. pneumonia An inflammation of the lungs. diphtheria A disease chiefly afl'ecting the throat. phthisic A wasting away of the lungs. influenza A prevailing cold, or catarrh. bronchitis An inflammation of the bronchia, or tubes connected with the windpipe. neuralgia A disease of a nerve and its branches. paralysis A disease of the nerves, causing loss of voluntary motion. meningitis Inflammation of the membrane of the brain or the spinal cord. hydrophobia A disease caused by the bite of a mad dog. delirium ) A kind of madness brought on by long-con- tremens ) tinned and excessive use of spirituous liquors. epidemic A prevailing disease arising from a wide- spread cause. money specie 15. Business Transactions — Money. A circulating medium for the doing of business. Gold or silver coin. 40 NORMAL WORD BOOK. coin Gold, silver, or other stamped metal cur- rent as money. currency The money of a country ; as, "paper" cur- rency, " hard " or coin currency. bullion Gold or silver in bars or in the mass. " greenbacks " The popular name given to United States legal-tender notes. mint A place where specie currency is coined. bank-bills The paper currency issued by banks. inflation An excessive issue of paper currency, not redeemable in gold or silver coin. paper money Promises by a government or a bank to pay in gold and silver the sum specified on the face of the note or bill. resumption "Resuming specie payments" means re- deeming paper money with coin. capitalist One who possesses a large amount of money or stocks. usurer One who loans money at an exorbitant rate of interest. pawnbroker One who loans money in small sums on per- sonal property pledged in payment. 16. Business Terms. bank An establishment for the custody, loaning, exchange, or issue of money. draft Or Bill of Exchange — A written order for money, drawn in one place and payable in another. drawer The maker of the draft. drawee The party on whom the draft is drawn. bank-check A written order to the bank for the pay- ment of a specified sum of money. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 41 note A written promise to pay a certain sum of money, stock-broker A broker who deals in stocks, brokerage The commission paid a broker for buying or selling stocks for others. "bulls and ) *^ Bulls" are brokers that try to make a bears" ) rise in the value of stocks, and '* bears" are those who operate for a fall, interest The sum paid for the use of money, discount Or "per cent off," is a sum deducted from a bill or debt paid cash down before it becomes due. bonds Written obligations by corporations or by governments to pay specified sums of money at a certain time, with a certain rate of interest. 17. Real Estate. real estate Property in lands and buildings, as distin- guished from personal or movable prop- erty. title The legal right by which real estate is held. deed A written document, signed, witnessed, or attested before a notary public, making a legal conveyance of the title to real estate. mortgage A conveyance of real estate as security for the payment of a promissory note, to be- come null and void on payment of the note. lien A legal right to hold property until a claim upon it has been paid. Require pupils to collect and define additional ivords relating to real estate. 42 KORMAL WORD BOOK. 18. Agriculture. The cnltiyation of a farm ; agriculture. The cultivation of a garden. The cultivation of flowers. The cultivation of trees or shrubs. The cultivation of the silk-worm. A place in which different kinds of trees are cultivated. A greenhouse for the cultivation of exotic or tender plants. A glass-covered house kept warm for the cultivation of exotics. Capable of cultivation ; tillable. Require pupils to collect and define additional words under this head. farming horticulture floriculture arboriculture sericulture arboretum conservatory hot-house arable 19. Mechanic Arts. architecture The art of planning and erecting buildings. vestibule The porch or entrance into a building. buttress A support or abutment of a building. corridor A gallery around a building. rotunda A building that is round, both on the in- side and outside. amphitheatre An oval or circular building, having seats rising one above another all around the walls on the interior. renaissance A style of decorative art freer than the antique, but resulting from the antique. 20. Exercise In Defining. Define in your own tvords, or hy referring to the diction- ary, the folloiving groups of words: WORDS GBOUPED AND DEFINED. 43 J. Poetry. doggerel epic stanza rhyme blank verse lyric canto poet prosody sonnet couplet 11. Sculpture and fainting. rhymester picture statue bust statuette drawing intaglio cast cameo portrait model image III. Music. medallion overture oratorio organist flageolet symphony dirge pianist trombone serenade requiem vocalist ophicleide debtor creditor solvent capital stock 21. Exercise in Defining. I. Debts, liquidation assets insolvency surety bankrupt attachment II. Partnership, assessment insurance dividend policy suit dun receipt premium company 22. Exercise in Grouping Words. Teachers will require pupils to make out lists of the technical words used in the various industrial pursuits y such as : 1. Agriculture. 2. Mining. 3. Commerce. 4. Lumbering. 5. Stock-raising. 6. Dairying. 7. Dressmaking. 8. Shoemaking. 9. Printing, etc. u llfOKMAL WOKD BOOK. 23. Words Relating to War. campaign The time that an army keeps the field either in action, marches, or in camp. bivouac The watch of a whole army in case of danger. reconnaissance An examination of the position of an op- posing army, for military operations. armistice A temporary cessation of hostilities in time of war. cartel An agreement for the exchange of prisoners of war. conscription An act of the goyernment drafting citizens into the army. 24. Spelling and Defining. I. Arms. ammunition battery carbine shell powder mortar breech-loader bullet cartridge musket revolver saber ordnance rifle projectile knapsack II. Armt/. militia division company artillery regulars brigade infantry sharp-shooters volunteers regiment cavalry barracks III, Soldier. dragoon ensign general conscript grenadier lieutenant marshal deserter zouave captain veteran picket artillery-man major volunteer scout Require pupils to collect 25 additional words relating to arms, armyy or soldier. WOKDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 45 25. Commercial Terms. Commerce trade traflSc barter bargain jobbing speculation auction instruction learning knowledge teaching training schooling drilling merchant tradesman salesman clerk grocer broker peddler store-keeper house firm company concern merchandise goods wares commodities lesson lecture teacher instructor tutor preceptor 26. Education. school-mistress pedagogue professor educationist educator scholar school-master pupil 27. Generic Term, Change, warehouse depot office imports exports. dry-goods hardware breadstuffs school college university academy seminary institute kindergarten mutable Subject to change ; changeable. convertible Capable of being changed. vicissitude Eegular change or succession from one thing to another, reversal Change to the opposite, reversion The act of changing back, transmutation A change of one substance into another, transposition A change of position, migration A change of dwelling-place. innovation A change made by introducing something new. amendment A change for the better in manners or morals, reciprocity An equal interchange of rights or privileges. 46 NOKMAL WORD BOOK. commutation in statu quo metempsychosis vacillation erratic stable fickle oscillation A change of punishment ; a change in rates of fare ; as, a commutation ticket. Without change. The doctrine of the change of the soul of man after death, by passing into the body of some animal. The act of changing mentally from one side to another ; wavering. Changing irregularly ; wandering. Not subject to change. Changeful ; unstable ; inconstant. Act of moving back and forth. 28. Writing and Printing, chirography Handwriting. calligraphy Fine writing. transcript A written copy. autograph One's own handwriting. hieroglyphics The sacred writing of the priesthood of Egypt. telegram A written telegraphic despatch. orthography The correct writing of a word, manuscript Written by hand. amanuensis One who writes what another dictates. endorse To write on the back. escritoire A writing-desk with drawers. typography The art of printing. bibliography Knowledge of the history of books. Require pupils to collect and define additional words relating to writing and printing. 29. Generic Term, Name* nominal Existing only in name, noun The name of anything. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 47 surname pseudonym nom de 2)ktme anonymous cognomen misnomer nickname nameless nomenclature homonyms chronology anachronism antediluvian prehistoric epoch era eternal millennium contemporaneous procrastination hebdomadal quotidian ephemeral The family name. A fictitious name. The assumed name of a writer. Without a name, or name unknown. Family name ; surname. A misapplied name. A familiar or an opprobrious name. Without a name. A list of names. Words pronounced alike, but spelled dif- ferently. 30. taeneric Term, Time. The science of computing the dates of past events. An error in computing time by which events are misplaced in order of occur- rence. Existing before the deluge. Existing before the time of written his- tory. A point of time marked by some great event. A series of years reckoned from some fixed point of time. Existing without beginning or without end. A period of a thousand years. Existing at the same time. The act of putting oif until to-morrow or some future time. Occurring every seven days. Occurring every day. Existing only for a day. 48 KORMAL WORD BOOK. longevity Long life ; old age. transient Of short duration. chronic Lasting a long time. evanescent Fleeting ; passing away ; momentary. perpetual Lasting forever. perennial Lasting through the year ; perpetual. chronometer A clock or watch which keeps exact time. almanac A yearly calendar. coeval Of the same age. pristine Former ; belonging to the earliest time. quondam Former. superannuated Impaired by old age ; worn out. matutinal Pertaining to the morning. cable anchor grapnel hawser main-mast mizzen-mast fore-mast jury-mast carriage wagon coach chaise 31. Spelling and Defining. Sea Terms. binnacle top-sail larboard shrouds leeward spars windward yards helm canvas wheel oakum rudder rigging ballast starboard salvage square-rigged log-book phaeton buggy omnibus car 32. Vehicle. sleigh sled truck dray compass fathom knot cargo cabin keel deck bulwarks cart wheel-barrow ambulance stage-coach 33. Words Sometimes Confounded. can'yas Sails ; cloth ; as, the ship spread all her canvas, can'vass A political campaign ; to examine ; as, the Presi- dential Canvass ; Canvass the matter well. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 49 cur'rants cur'rents com'pliment com'jAement con'fident con'fidant told ) tolled \ desert' dessert' indite' indict' man'tel man' tie sta'tionary sta'tionery prin'cipal prin'ciple Fruit ; as, Currants are red and sour. Streams ; as, Ocean-currents. Praise ; as, The compliment was merited. Full number ; as. The ship has her comple- ment of men. Sure ; as, I was confident of success. Trusted friend ; as. He was my only con- fidant at school. " They went and told the sexton, and the sexton tolled the bell." — Hood. Forsake ; as, Never desert your friends. Our dessert consisted of delicious fruit. Compose ; as. Indite a sonnet to my lady's eyebrow. To charge ; as. Indict the criminal for murder. The mantel of Italian marble. The king's mantle was of costly furs. Fixed ; as. The cars were stationary for an hour. Stationers deal in stationery ; i. e,, writing materials, etc. Chief ; as, His principal ob'ject was money. Eule of action ; as, A principle of morality. 34. Class Exercise. Distinguish the following pairs of words, making a free use of the dictionary. au'ri cle a loud' cru'el cel'lar or a cle al lowed crew el sel ler ac ci dents borne ca ret can non ac ci dence honr7ie car at can on al tar cap'i tal ce re al cou ri er al ter cap i tol se ri al cur ri er 50 NOKMAL WORD BOOK. cel'e ry fel'low or'di nance serf sal a ry fel loe ord nance surf colonel flow er pal ate skull ker nel flour pal let scull dy iiig isle rad ish sweet dye ing aisle red dish suite eu lo gy in ge'nious root whetli er el e gy in gen u ous route weath er ex tent' lev'y stat ure wry cx'tant lev ee stat ue rye ge nus min er stake write ge ni us 7ni nor steak right 35. Words Distinguished by Accent. In the nouns or adjectives the accent is on the first syllable ; in the 'cerhs, on the last syllable. ac'cent ac cent' ab'sent ah sent' eon'cert con cert' con'tract C071 tract' en'trance en trayice' in'cense in cense' per'mit per mit' pr5d'uce pro duce' prdj'ect pro ject' Accent' the second word by placing the ac'cent on the last syllable. He was ab'sent without cause, but promised not to absent' himself again. We must concert' measures for acting in eon'cert. If you will contract' to do the work, I will sign the con'tract at once. The music will entrance' you on your en'trance into the hall. In'cense is perfume exhaled by fire ; hence, to incense' means to inflame or fire the feelmgs. The agent will not permit' you to enter the mills without a written per'mit. The farmers send all the prod'uce which they produce' to the New York market. To project' means to throw forward ; hence, a proj'ect is something planned, or thrown forward by the mind. ■WORDS GROUPED AKD DEFINED. 51 36. Class Exercise. Explain the difference, and illustrate by using in sen- tences. ab'stract con'vict fre'quent refuse ab stracV con vict' fre quent' re fuse' con 'duct des'ert im'port sub'ject con duct' de serf im port' sub ject' con 'sort es'cort im'press trans'port con sort' es corf im press' trans port' 37. Miscellaneous Words. Spelling and Defining. apli'o rism ap'o thegm au'top sy a nach'ro nism am a teur' aus'pi ces an'ti dote an i mad ver'sion a poc'ry phal al lu'vi al ad ven ti'tious ad o les'cence au rif er ous ar gen tif er ous a gra'ri an ism ab rig'i nes au tom'a ton an i mal'cule A short, pithy saying. A terse, pointed saying. Medical examination of a corpse. A misplacing of events in order of time. One who studies art, but not as a pro- fession. Patronage ; protection. A remedy for poison. Severe censure or criticism. Of doubtful authority or authenticity. Relating to deposits made by water. Accidental ; foreign ; casual. Age between boyhood and manhood. Bearing or yielding gold. Bearing or yielding silver. The doctrine of the equal division of lands or fields ; communism. The primitive inhabitants of a country. A self-moving machine. A little animal invisible to the naked eye ; plural, animal' cules. 6^ NORMAL WORD BOOK. 38. Spelling and Defining. an i maVcu la Little animals ; the plural of animal'' culum. AnimalculcB is incorrect. Ar cli^ ol'o gy The science of antiquities. ar'chives Government records. biv'ouac An encampment without tents. bi tu'men Petroleum ; coal-oil ; asphaltum. each in na'tion Loud laughter. com'plai sant Seeking to please by manners. com pla'cent Being self-satisfied. chi me'ra A vain, idle, unreal fancy. char'la tan A chatterer ; quack ; humbug. con nois seur' A critic of fine arts. cod'i cil An addition or supplement to a will. con'so nant Agreeing with ; a letter sounded with the aid of a vowel. 39. Spelling and Defining. car niv'o rous Feeding on flesh, cor'ru ga ted ^Yrinkled ; ridged ; furrowed, ca day'er ous Having the appearance of a corpse, cal ca're ous Having chalk or lime, con va les'cent Recovering from sickness ; getting well, cen trif 'u gal Tending to fly from the center, cen trip'e tal Tending to fly to the center, cha lyb'e ate Lnpregnated with iron, caout'chouc {koo'chook) India rubber, ca'per To skip like a goat ; to dance, ce ram'ic Pertaining to pottery, cha grin' A gnawing of the mind ; vexation ; mor- tification, com'pro mise A settlement by mutual agreement, con stel la'tion A cluster of stars. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 53 40. Spelling and Defining. cor us ca'tion A sudden spark or flash of light. cos mog'o ny Theory of the creation. co'te rie A small select company of friends ; a club ; a social set. cro chef Fancy knitting by means of a hook, crotch'et A whim or conceit, 'chi ca'ne ry Mean tricks ; petty wrangling, cur mud'geon (Corruption of corti-rnerchaiit) a mean, miserly person, cyn'o sure Center of attraction ; the north star, di shev'eled Spread loosely and disorderly, der e lic'tion The act of forsaking entirely, dec'a logue The ten commandments, de coc'tion An extract made by boiling or steeping anything. de lir'i ons des'ic ca ted di ag no'sis dis cern' dit'to (do.) dy nam'ic e lu'ci date et y mol'o gy ex or'bi tant el ee mos'y na ry ex trav'a sate em pir'ic al em pir'i cism 41. Spelling and Defining. Having a delirium ; wandering in mind ; insane. Dried up ; thoroughly dried. Judging of a disease by the symptoms. To perceive in all its parts. The same thing ; that which has been said. Relating to power or force. To make lucid or clear. The true derivation or origin of words. Excessive ; going beyond its usual limits. Relating to alms-giving ; charitable. To let out of the proper vessels, as blood. Founded on experiment alone. Quackery ; the practice of medicine with- out a regular medical education. 54 KOEMAL WORD BOOK. el'i gi ble es'pi on age eb ul li'tion e phem'e ral ef flo resce' ef fete' e lim'in ate e lix'ir es'cu lent eu'plin ism ex u da'tion fe'briie 42. Spelling and Defining. Fit to be elected or chosen ; suitable ; desirable. Practice or employment of spies ; a close watch. The act of boiling. Existing only for a day ; short-lived. To blossom out. Worn out with age. To turn out of doors ; to leave out. The quintessence of anything. Fit to be used for food by man ; eatable ; edible. A high-flown or stilted expression. An oozing out through the pores. Pertaining to fever. 43. Spelling and Defining. flag el la'tion The act of whipping, flogging, or scourg- ing. fa ce'tious Witty ; humorous ; funny ; droll. far'ci cal Eclating to a farce ; ludicrous. fer'rule A metal ring on a staff to keep it from splitting. fer'ule A wooden rule. fil'i gree Ornamental work of gold or silver wire. fis'cal Pertaining to the public treasury or rev- enue. fri'a ble Capable of crumbling. frip'per y Useless trifles. flum'mer y Anything worthless, light, or insipid ; nonsense. f iil'min ate To hurl lightning ; to explode. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 55 44. Spelling and Defining. guer'don A reward or recompense. guer ril'la An irregular soldier. gran'ite A rock composed of grains, quartz, feld- spar, and mica. sy'e nite A species of granite in which homhlende takes the place, of mica. hy poc'ri sy Feigning to be what one is not. hy'gi ene The science that treats of health. hal lu ci na'tion A wandering of the mind ; delusion. hom'o nym A word having the same seund as an- other, but a different meaning. hy drop'a thy The treatment of diseases by cold water. hy per'bo le An exaggerated form of expression. hi a'tus ^ A gap ; an opening ; a defect ; a pause. i ras'ci ble Easily irritated or provoked. ir rep'a ra ble Not capable of being repaired. 45. Spelling and Defining. ir rev'o ca ble Not capable of being revoked or altered, in cor'ri gi ble Not capable of being corrected or re- formed, ir re triev'a ble Not capable of being retrieved, in ef'fa ble Not capable of being spoken, in su'per a ble Not capable of being overcome, in de fat'i ga ble Not capable of being fatigued, in scru'ta ble Not capable of being searched into, in noc'u ous Not poisonous ; harmless, in dig'e nous Native, bom, or originating in a country, in nu en'do An indirect allusion, is o la'tion State of being alone, in ter'po late To insert a spurious word or passage, in ter ne'cine Mutually destructive. 56 NORMAL WORD BOOK. id i o syn'cra sy id'i om ig no ra'mus im pe cun'i ous in fin i tes'i mal in fu so'ri a in yei'gle i so ther'mal i tin'er ant in ex'pli ca ble lu gu'bri ous lab'y rintli lit i ga'tion 46. Spelling and Defining. Peculiarity of temperament. A form of expression peculiar to a lan- guage. An ignorant person making a pretence to knowledge. Having no money. Infinitely small. Microscopic animals in water. To entice ; to delude. Having an equal degree of heat. One who travels from place to place. Not able to be explained. Mournful ; sad. A place full of winding passages. The act of carrying on a lawsuit. ma raud'er men ag'e rie mer e tri'cious mu nic'i pal mon ma'ni a ma la'ri a mal'con tent mal'le a ble mel lif 'lu ous me trop'o lis mer'ce na ry mag nan'i mous mag niro quent me di o'cre 47. Spelling and Defining. One who is in search of booty or plunder. A collection of foreign or wild animals. Having a gaudy appearance ; false. Pertaining to a city or town. Insanity on one subject. Bad air ; noxious exhalations causing fever. One who is disaffected. Capable of being hammered out. Flowing as with honey ; sweet-flowing. Chief city of a country. Hired for money ; selfish. Grreat-souled ; noble. Speaking in a pompous or bombastic style. Middling, or moderate. WOEDS GROUPED AKD DEFINED. 67 48. Spelling and Defining. mol'e cule A little mass; a minute joarticle of matter. mon'o lith A shaft of a single stone. mo nop'o ly The sole power of dealing in anything. mu nif'i cent Present-giving ; liberal ; generous. my thol'o gy The science of myths. ne crol'o gy A record of deaths. nec'ro man cy The art of revealing future events by a pretended communication with the dead, ne fa'ri ous Wicked in the extreme, nem'e sis Eetributivc justice, nep'o tism Fondness for nephews ; favoritism to one's relatives. non cha lance' Coolness ; self-possession ; indifference, nu mis mat'ics The science of coins and metals. na ive te' nup'tial om niv'c os'cil late os'si fy o dor if 'er ous o bes'i ty ob'so lete ob so les'cent oc'ci put oc cult' oc to ge na'ri an oph thal'mi a op pro'bri um 49. Spelling and Defining. l^ative simplicity ; artlessness. Pertaining to marriage. Peeding on all kinds of food. To swing to and fro. To change into bone. Diffusing a sweet odor. Extreme corpulence or fatness. Gone out of use. Going out of use. The back part of the head or skull. Covered over ; hidden ; unknown. One who is eighty years old. Inflammation of the eyes. Contemptuous reproach ; disdain. d8 NOEMAL WOED BOOK. 50. Spelling and Defining. op'ti mist One who holds that everything is for the best. or'gies Drunken nocturnal revelry, ob se'qui ous Basely submissive ; cringing ; fawning, os'tra cize To banish from society, pres'tige Influence arising from past conduct, par'a phrase A loose or free rendering, phleg mafic Not easily excited ; sluggish ; dull ; cold, pan'to mime A representation by mute action, par'ri cide The murder, or the murderer, of a parent, par'a site One who feeds upon another ; a hanger-on. pro pi'tious Disposed to be favorable, pet'ri fy To change into stone. pu'tre fy pla'gi a rism per tur ba'tion pe des'tri an pre di lec'tion pug na'cious per ti na'cious pu sil lan'i mous ped'ant ped a go'gics per'i phrase per ni'cious per pet'u al per spi cu'i ty 51. Spelling and Defining. To become rotten. Literary stealing. Disturbance ; confusion. One who goes on foot. A liking or preference beforehand. Inclined to fight ; quarrelsome. Thoroughly tenacious ; holding obsti- nately to anything. Mean-spirited ; little-soul ed ; cowardly. One who makes a vain display of learning. The science of teaching. A roundabout way of speaking ; circum- locution. Killing utterly ; exceedingly destructive. Continuing indefinitely ; never-ceasing. State of being clear ; free from obscurity. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 59 pes'si mist par a pher na'li pet'ti fog ger phle bot'o my pre co'cious pre da'ceous pre yar'i cate psy chol'o gy quer'u lous quan'da ry ram'i fy ric o chef ra pa'cious 52. Spelling and Defining* One who complains of everything as being for the worst, a Ornaments ; trappings ; appendages. A lawyer who practises only in petty cases. The act of cutting a vein ; blood-letting. Ripe before the natural time. Living by prey. To evade the truth ; to quibble. The science of the mind. Habitually fretful or complaining. Doubt ; uncertainty ; perplexity. To separate into branches. A rebounding or rolling along. Seizing by force ; subsisting on prey ; ravenous. rec i proc'i ty re cou'nais sance ra ti oc in a'tion re sus'ci tate re cip'ro cal rem i nis'cence ren'dez vous rep ar tee' re spond'ent sol'e cism sub'tle ty sac'cha rine 53. Spelling and Defining. A mutual obligation, advantage, or right. A preliminary survey. The act of reasoning. To bring to life again after apparent death, as by drowning. Done by each to the other ; given and received ; mutual. That which is recalled to mind. An appointed place of meeting. A smart, witty, and ready reply. One who responds or answers. A gross deviation from the rules of grammar. Acuteness ; sharpness. Having the quality of sugar. 60 N^ORMAL WORD BOOK. scin'til late sar copli'a gus sym met'ri cal si miri tude syn on'y moiis soph'is try su per cil'i ous su per fi'cies su per'flu ous su per sede' sur veil'lance tal'is man ter gi ver sa'tion tur'pi tude tes'sel la ted tel'e gram tel'e phone 54. Spelling and Defining. To emit sparks ; to sparkle. A stone coffin. Proportional in all parts. Likeness in all parts. Similar in meaning. Specious or fallacious reasoning. Lifting of the eyebrows ; disdainful. The upper face or surface. Overflowing ; more than enough. To take the place of. Inspection ; watchfulness. Something superstitiously used as a charm. A turning of the back ; a subterfuge ; an unexpected change ; fickleness of con- duct. Extreme depravity. Formed in squares of mosaic work. A message sent by telegraph. An instrument for conveying sound to a distance by means of electricity. I>J»lRT III. ETYMOLOGY. — »oJ« regular tr rigate op pose' joar'don jowr'pose suf fuse' swm'mon swr'name 8. Blank Book Exercises. I. Collect and write 20 words to illustrate any of the euphonic changes of the prefix ad-. II. 20 words to illustrate the prefix in-. III. 20 words to illustrate con-. 9. Greek Prefixes. Prefix. Force. examples. an-, a- not, without. an-archy without rule. ana- away, from. ana-t'omy, a cutting atvay. anti- against. anti-p'athy, a feeling against. amph- loth, around. amphi-theater, a double theater. apo- from, asunder apo-s'trophe, a turning atvag. cata- doiun. cata-ract, a rushing down. dia- through, two. dia-m'eter, measure through. dis-, di- ttvo, twice. di-ph'thong, two sounds in one. dys- (dus) ill, difficult. dys-pepsia, diffictdt digestion. ETYMOLOGY. 66 Prefix. Force. Examples. en hypo- meta- on, ill. em-phasis, stress upon, epi- upon. epi-taph, upon a tomb. eu- well eu-phonic, sounding well hyper above, over, hyper-critical, 02;e /--critical. , , . { that which is under. hypo-th'esis, | ^■^^^i^,^„, i after y wi i, J jngta-morphosis, change of form. { change. ) i heside, con- ) „ , j Uside one an- P"'^ { traryto. ( P""^"""^'' 1 other. peri- round, ivith. peri-m'eter, measure round. pro- before. pro-logue, what is said J -putting together . 10. Blank Book Work. 1. Collect and define 5 words having the prefix ant- or anti-. 2. Define the word ambidextrous. 3. Collect and define 5 words having the prefix cata-. 4. Five words having the prefix meta-. 6. Five words having the prefix syn-. SECTION II. — SUFFIXES. II. Teutonic, op Anglo-Saxon Suffixes. Defining Model. — hegg-ar, one who begs SufRx. Force. Examples. -ar 07ie ivho. begg-ar li-ar -ard OTie who. drunk-ard slugg-ard j state of being. f ree-dom wis-dom I dominion. king-dom earl-dom 66 NORMAL WORD BOOK. Suffix. Force. examples. ' to mahe. hard-en fast-en made of, like. wood-en carth-en -en past part. writt-en driv-en • impudence. e-lect, to choose out. to select for office. ec-centric. out of center, odd, singular. em-bellish. to make beautiful. to adorn. in-dent. to put the teeth into. to mark. in-dorse, to put on the back. to sign. in-fringe. to break into. to yiolate. in-flate, to blow into, to puff up. im-mure. within walls. to shut up. 74 NORMAL WORD BOOK. AVord. im-pede, in-stigate, in-constant, in-correct, in-dependent, im-politic, im-pugn, im-plicate. Root Def. to put the feet into, to prich on, not standing together, not straight together, Syn. Def. to hinder, to set on. changeable, wrong. not hanging upon others, free, bold. not politic, imprudent. to fight against, to call in question. to fold into, to involve. im-pudent, inter-cept, inter-dict, inter-sect, inter-rupt, inter-rogate, ob-viate, oc-casion, ob-stacle, ob-vious, op-pose, op-po'nent, per-secute, per-ceive, per-ennial, per-manent, per-plex, post-erity, pre-destine, pre-fer, pre-sent, 28. Latin Prefixes. lacking shame, to take between, to speak between, to cut between, to break in between, to ask betiveen, to meet i7i the ivay, that which falls against, that which stands in the way, meeting in the luay, to place against, one luho opposes, to pursue thoroughly, to take thoroughly, through the year, remaining through, 29. Latin Prefixes. to interweave thoroughly, those coming after, to destine beforehand, to take before, to set before, brazen-faced. to stop by the way. to forbid. to divide. to stop. to question. to remove. opportunity. impediment. evident. to resist. an adversary. to harass. to understand. perpetual. lasting. to puzzle, descendants, to preordain, to select. to offer. Word. ETYMOLOGY. Root Def. Syn. Def. pre-text, tvoven before. a pretence. pre-vious, on the way before, former. pre-posterous, the back in front, absurd. pro-claim. to call forth, to announce. pro-fuse. jjouring forth. extravagant. pro-ject. to throw forward. to plan. pur-pose. to set forth, to propose. pur-sue, to folloio onivards. to chase. re-deem. to buy back. to ransom. re-flcct. to bend back, to think over. re-lapse. to slip back, to fall. re-side. to sit back. to dwell. re-vcal, to put back the veil, to disclose. re-trieve. to find again, 30. Latin Prefixes. to recover. retro-grade, to^step backwards. to become worse. se-clude. to shut apart. to keep apart. 88-crete, to put aside. to conceal. sub-vert, to turn from beneath. to overthrow. sub-jugate, to put under the yoke, to enslave. sug-gest, to carry up. to hint. sup-plant. to trip up on^s heels. to undermine. sus-pect. to look under. to mistrust. sus-pend. to hang beneath. to delay. super-sede. to set above. to displace. super-fluous. flowing over, abundant. sur-vey, to look over, to inspect. sur-vive. to live beyond, 31. Latin Prefixes. to outlive. tran-scilbe, to write over again, to copy. trans-late, to carry across, to interpret. 75 76 NORMAL WORD BOOK. Word. tran-spire, tran-scend, trans-verse, trans-fer, trans-ient, Root Def. to breathe through, to climb beyondf turned across, to carry over, going across, Syn. Def, to become known, to excel. to transport, passing. 32. Defining Lesson. Greek Prefixes. a byss', ivithout bottom, a deep pit. an' ar cliy, without rule, confusion. a mor'plious, without form, shapeless. a non'y mous, tuithout signature, nameless. am big'u ous, driving tivo ways, equivocal. a nal'y sis, a loosening away. separation. a nat'o my, a cutting up, dissection. an tith'e sis. a placing against. contrast. a pol'o gy. a speaking out of. • an excuse. cat'a logue, a counting down. a list. . j from comer to ( corner. di ag'o nal. through the angle. en'er gy, inherent power for work^ > vigor. ep i dem'ic. among the people. contagious. e clipse. a leaving out, darkness. e clip tic, the line on which eclipses take place. hy per'bo le, a throwing beyond, exaggeration. hy potli'e cate. to place under. to mortgage, mental philoso- phy. met a pliys'ics, after physics. par'a dox. against opinion, ( apparent con- I tradiction. per i cra'ni um^ , around the skull. the membrane. syn op'sis. a seeing together, a summing up. sym'me try. measurement loith, proportion. ETYMOLOGY. 77 33. Dictionary Lesson. Define the following words : an'te date di'a gram a pos'tro phe en thu'si ast a phel'ion cat'a combs en CO mi um em po'ri um ep i der'mis liy pot'e nuse par'a digm pa ral'y sis 34. Latin and Greek Suffixes. Note. — Require each pupil to select and define, orally, one addi- tional word under each sufl&x. ar'able dnr'able li'able respect'able leg'ible flex'ible mar'ri-age cart'age car'ri-age fo'li-age her'it-age gramma'ri-an Itali-an friig-al diurn'al contriv-ance main'ten-ance sus'ten-ance vig'il-ant exult'ant Fit to he ploughed ; tillable. Capable of lasting ; enduring. Capable of being bound ; responsible ; sub- ject to. Worthy to be respected. Capable of being read ; distinct ; clear. Capable of being bent ; pliant. Act of or state of being married. The act or cost of carting or carrying. Act of carrying ; vehicle. A collection of leaves. That lohicli is inherited. One tvho is versed in grammar. Pertaining to Italy ; a native of Italy. Belonging to fruit ; thrifty ; temperate. Pertaining to a day ; daily. Act of contriving ; invention ; plan. 35. Latin and Greek Suffixes. Act of maintaining or supporting. TJiat which sustains ; provisions. Keeping watch ; watchful. Ilavitig exultation ; exulting ; triumphant. 78 NOKMAL WORD BOOK. complain'ant con'fid-ant an'nul-ar regul-ar plen-ary milit-ary statu-ary api-ary incen'di-ary leg'is-late del'eg-ate fortun-ate delica-cy refer-ee mortgag-ee conflu-ence refer-ence confer-ence ferv-ent ag-ent resid-ent rust-ic arct-ic etli-ics mathemat-ics opt-ics orthograph-ical yiv-id vir-ile Ojie who brings a suit in law. One tvJio is confided in, or trusted. Having the form of a ring ; ring-like. According to rule ; orderly. Having full powers. Pertaining to soldiers ; warlike. A collectio7i of statues. A place luhere bees are kept. One ivho sets fire to property. To mahe laws. Oyie who is sent by others. Having good fortune ; lucky. State of heing delicate. One to whom something is referred. 36. Latin and Greek Suffixes. One to whom a mortgage is given. State of flowing together. Act 0/ referring.' Act of conferring ; meeting. Having fervor ; boiling ; warm. One tvho does something. 07ie who resides in a place. Belonging to the country ; a countryman. Relating to the constellation of the Great Bear; northern. The doctrines of morality. The scieyice of quantity. The science of vision or light. Pertaining to correct spelling. 37. Latin and Greeic Suffixes. Having life ; lifelike. Pertaining to a man ; strong ; manly. ETYMOLOGY. 79 feb-rile Pertaining to a fever, doc-ile Capable of being taught ; teachable, can-ine Pertaining to dogs, fel-ine Pertaimrig to cats, mascul-ine Pertaining to the male sex. femin-ine Pertaining to the female sex. probat-ion Act of proving ; trial. suspic-ion Act of looking under ; mistrust, cynic-ism State of being like a cynic, or dog ; snarling, critic-ism TJie act of criticising, or judging, athe-ist One who does not believe in God. favor-ite One who or that tuhich is favored, persuas-ive Having the power to persuade. 38. Latin and Greek Suffixes. nat-ive One who is born in a place ; from or by birth. adject-ive That which is joined to a noun. narrat-ive That which is narrated or told ; story. util-ize To nmhe useful. vital-ize To make vital, or full of life. testi-mony TJiat which is testified ; proof. ali-mony TJiat which is allowed for food, or for sup- port. legislat-or One ivho makes laws. laborat-ory Place where chemists work. dormit-ory Place for sleeping. dubi-ous Having doubt ; doubtful. coma-tose Having a deep sleep ; drowsy. forti-tude Quality of being strong ; power of endur- ing pain. legislat-ure The body luhich makes laws. literat-ure The science of letters. 80 NORMAL WORD BOOK. SECTION IV.— ROOTS AND COMPOUNDS, I. TEUTONIC OR ANGLO-SAXON WORDS. 39. Teutonic Roots. The suffix -an in the root-verbs denotes the present mfinitive. Boot. Force. Derivatives. bugan to bend. bough bight bow buan to till boor boorish neighbor cunnan to hnoiu. ken cunning ceapian to luy. cheapen chaffer cheapness cleofan to sjjlit. cleave cleft cleaver cim race. kin kind kindred cnjrtan to tie. knit knot deman to judge. deem doomsday ■ freedom dragan to pull. drag draw drudge faran to go. fare farewell ford Avelfare ferry thoroughfare fion to hate. fiend foe fliogan to fly, oxflee . fleet flit flag frean to love. friend freedom frohc grafan to dig. grave groove graft gyrdan to hind. girdle girth habban to liold. have haft happy halig whole, holy. heal hail hallow healdon to hold. hilt halter halt slagan to kill. slay slaughter sledge steoran to guide. steer stern starboard stede place. homestead bedstead stead sceran to cut. scar share shear screopan to nib. scrape scrap scraper stician to make fast. stick stake stock ETYMOLOGY. Root. Force. DerivatiTes. teogan to pull. tug tight tough thirlian to bore, drill. thrill thrall wendan to (JO. went wend wander witan to knoiu. to wit wise wizard writhan to tivist. writhe wreath wrath wefan to weave. web wife woof 81 40. Anglo-Saxon Compounds. The following compounds illustrate the formation of English words from Teutonic words. I. answer zr: and-swarian, to speak against. acorn = aeC'Cern. oak-corn, or kernel. barn = here-ern. barley house. brimstone =1: hryne-stone. burn-stone. bridegroom =: bryd-guma. bride-man. daisy = daeges-aege, day's eye. fulsome zzz fulsome, foul-somp gospel = god-spell, good-story. gooseberry = gorse-berry. rough-berry. husband = hus-boda, house-master. homestead = home'Stede, home-place. icicle ^ 11. ises-gicel, ice- jag, or cone. neighbor z= neah-bur, nigh-dweller, or boor. righteous = riht'ivys, right wise. step-child = sfeop-cild, bereaved child. stirrup = stige-rap, climbing rope. walnut = tueahl-hnut, foreign nut. wiseacre = welse-sagaUf a wise sayer. 82 KOKMAL WORD BOOK. Sunday- Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 8unnes-daegy Monan-daegy Tuies-daegy Wodnes-daeg , Sun's day. Moon's day. Tuisco's day. Woden's day, = TJmnres-daeg, Thor's day. = Frige-daeg, Fria's day. 41. Word Exercise. 1. Make out a list of the compounds formed with man; with self; with sea. 2. Make a list of the compounds of house ; of home ; of school. 3. Form as many compounds as possible with steam ; all; white; hand; head; horse. 42. English Compounds of Teutonic Origin. Note. — The following lists of compound words sliow liow largely the Teutonic or Anglo-Saxon words enter into the vocabulary of English speech. These compounds are written and printed without a hyphen. back'bone back slide back bite back ground back side bare foot bed stead bed side bed room birth day birth right black bird black'smith black board black leg block head blood shed blind fold boat swain bond man bow sprit bow string bird's nest brake man break'fast bread stuffs break down broad sword broad cast brow beat broom stick brides maid bride groom brow beat brim stone buck wheat cling'stone corn field cow hide day break dead head dooms day down right down fall drum stick draw back draughts man dum found ETYMOLOGY. 43. English Compounds. eaves'drop freed'man ground'work hearth'stono earth quake free hold grey hound helms man eye brow free stone hail stone hear say eye lash fur long hand cuff help meet eye lid god son hand maid hence forth' eye sight god send hang man here in' foot fall gos pel hard ware here with' foot hold gos sip head land hind most foot path gold smith head long home spun foot man green house heads man home stead foot step green stone head stone home sick foot stool green wood head stall horse back fort night green sward head strong horse man fare well grind stone head wind horse shoe free man grooms man head w^ork horse whip 44. EnglisI li Compounds. house'hold land'mark mid'rib noth'ing house wife lands man mid ships noon day high land land lord mid land noon tide hedge hog land slide milk man num skull hogs head land scape milk sop out break hood wink life long milk weed out bid' haw thorn live long mil dew out cast ice berg lock smith moon beam out come is land log wood moon shine out crop jaw bone low land moon light out cry keep sake lime stone moon struck out let kins man lukc warm neigh bor out set king craft man kind' night fall out growth kins folk marks man night marc out lay knap sack mid night night shade out look 83 m KORMAL WOED BOOK. 45. English. Compounds. oat'meal oars man patch work play thing plough share plow share quick sand quick lime quick step red wood road stead sand stone scare crow scarf skin sea man seeds'man sheep fold shep herd sheep skin ship board ship mate ship wreck ship Wright skin flint sky light sky lark slip shod snow drop snow ball steel yards spokes 'man steam boat steam ship stead fast sweet meats sweet heart swords man sun rise sun set sun shine sun stroke sun light sun beam tell tale thread bare there by' there of there with' to-^Tis folk towns man toad stool tip toe work man work shop wed lock wood bine wood land wood man work folks wel fare. 46. English Compounds. wind'fall witch craft Avheel Wright whirl pool whirl wind white wash whet stone ware house wrist band an'y thing an'y body after noon after thought be fore hand be hind hand bus'y body bar'ley corn bed'fel low ev'e ry bo dy ev e ry thing ev e ry where ev er green fore hand'ed fool hard y goose ber ry hon ey moon hus band man house keep er hon ey suck le land hold er land'la dy man slaugh ter now a days nev er the less there a bout' there after thence for ward weath'er wise where with al' where'a bouts where up on' where so ev er who ev er which ev er whom so ever ETYMOLOGY. 85 47. Hyphenized Teutonic Compounds. Note. — The following corapoond words are generally written and printed with a hyphen, though there is a tendency to fuse many of them into one word, omitting the hyphen. bird's-cyo day-book dry-goods good-day blood-hound dead-light dog-days grave-stone book-mark dead-weight ear-drop grave-yard book-shelf dear-bought fast-day gi'ound-nut bulk-head death-bed first-born hair-breadth by-gone death's-head fish-hook half-blood by-word death-knell flag-staff half-breed cheek-bone death-stroke fly-leaf half-moon club-foot death-blow fly-wheel hand-book club-room door-stone full-moon hand-breadth corn-bread door-sill gold-dust hard-fought corn-stalk door-nail gold-leaf hang-dog cut-off door-way gold-fish head-first cut-throat drift-wood good-by head-stone day-dream dray-horse good-night head-gear i (8. Hyphenized English Compounds. head-wind heart's-eas3 life-like nest-egg hearth-stone horse-block loop-hole rough-shod heart-sick horse-laugh love-lorn rough hew heart's-blood horse-flesh love-knot sea-shore herd's-grass house-maid love-sick sea-breeze high-born house-dog milk-tooth sea-sick high-flown house-room milk-pan sea-girt high-strung house-top milk-pail sea-room home-made knee-pan milk-white sea-king home-brewed life-boat night-gown sea-fight home-like life-blood night-sweat sea-shell 86 NORMAL WOKD BOOK. shell-fish, skim-milk small-pox snow-plough snow-shoe snow-white snow-bird snow-drift snow-flake snow-storm spruce-beer steam- tug stone-wall stone-ware stone-work stone's-throw 49. Hyphenized English Compounds. sweep-stakes sweet-fern sword-fish town- house true-blue twin-born wash-house wash-tub well-spent well-sweep wood-house wood-work word-book work-house work-box half-wit'ted hard-fist'ed hard-heart'ed heav'en-born har'vest-moon short-sight'ed short-com'ings short-breathed' wa'ter-wheel wa'ter-spout wa'ter-works wa'ter-mark whif'fle-tree win'dow-blind thor'ough-bred step'-fa ther step'-moth er step'-son step'-daugh ter step'-child half-broth er half-sis ter moth'er-in-law father-in-law brother-in-law sister-in-law son-in-law daughter-in-law out-of-door man-of-war SECTION v.— LATIN ROOTS. I. VERBS. Note. — The present infinitive of the verb is put in black letter; the supine, in common type, and the signification in italics. Teachers should first require pupils to give, orally, the prefix or suflBLx, with its force ; then the root, with its force ; next, the literal or root definition ; and finally, the secondary meaning, or current signification. Afterwards, the exercises may be written. Pupils should be encouraged to make a free use of the Unabridged School Dictionary. An Alphabetical Reference List of Prefixes and Suffixes will be found in the Appendix. ETYMOLOGY. 87 50. Models for Preliminary Oral Exercises. 1. Discretion. The prefix dis-=from; the suffix -ion = act of; the root cret comes from cj-etum, the supine of cer'ne-re, mean- ing fo sift J to separate. Dis-cret-ion = the act of sifting from ; hence, cautious judgment, 2. Concurrence. con = ivithf or together ; -ence = act or condition of; 'Curr- comes from cur' r ere = to run. Definition. — The act of running together ; hence, agree- ment. 3. Circumvent. circum := around ; the root vent comes from ventum, the supine of veni're = to come.' Def. — To come round; hence, to outioit, to deceive. 4. Profusion. pro- = forth ; -ion = state of; root fus comes from fusum, the supine oifun'dere, to pour. Def. — The state of being poured forth; hence, great abundance. 5. Irrepressible. ir- from in = not ; re- = back or down ; -ible = capable of being ; press, the root, comes from pressum, the supine of prem'erCf to press. Def. — N^ot capable of being pressed doivn or back. 6. Incision. in- = into ; -ion = act of; cis, the root, is from cced'ere, to cut. Def. — The act of cutting into. 7. Kecreation. re- = again ; -ion = act of; crea're = to create. Liter- ally, the act of creating again ; hence, recreation is applied to amusements that renew our strength. S8 I^ORMAL WORD BOOK. 51. Roots and Derivatives. Verbs. Derivatives. a'gere ] = to do act-or en-SLct actum ! Sbg-enf act-ion re-act audi're — to hear audit-or audit-ory audi'tum iiud-ible audi-ence in-aud-ible auge're i = to hi crease auth-or avL-tumn auc'tum i siug-?nent auct-ion auxili-ary cad'ere j = to fall de-csid-ence eas-cade ca'sum ) cad-ence oc-csiS'ion casn-al cred'ere = to believe credul-it^/ in-CYcd-ible cred'itum cved-ence credul-o?^s CYedeiit-ials csed'ere _ to cut de-cide' in-cis-ive cas'sum ' ~ to hill de-cis-io7i homi-cide 52. Roots and Derivatives. cap'ere = to tahe capt-m ex-ceipt-ion captum capt-or capt-wre ac-ce^t-able ced'ere = to go se-cede suc-cess-ion cessum pre-cede con-cede ac-cess-ible cer'nere i = to sift dis-eret-ion con-ccYU. cretum J dis-cern se-cret-ion ex-CYete clama're ^ = to call ac-elnmat'ion 6?e-claim clama'tum clam-or pro-clameit-ion re-claim clau'dere j = to shut in-clns-ive se-clud-ed clausum i pre-clude ex-c\us-ion i7i-c\os-ure cres'cere j = to grow ciesc-ent in-CYcase cretum 1 r/e-crease con-cret-ion ac-CYue 53. Roots and Derivatives. cur'rere ) =: to run cviTY-ency cuYs-ory cursum ) cvLYY-ent con-cuYT-ence couY-ier di'cere ) = to speah cojitra-dict j?3re-dict dictum i diet-ate inier-dict c-dict ETYMOLOGY. Derivatives. to give ad-^\i-ion e-dit-ion dat-flj con-^\i4on e-dit-or to lead e-(\\\(z-ate re-duce c?e-duct in-^uct-ion con-dnce to mahe iaci-ory in-iGci-ious fact-or per-tect ef-tect-ive to pour con-fuS'lon dif-ins-ive to melt in-fus4ble in-tvis-ing 54. Roots and Derivatives. to hear of-fev trafis-ter to carry col-Vdte pro-^er to flow tVi'flux af-M-ence ^\x-ent e/'flux co7i-M-e7ice to bend ^e-flect rc-flect ^ex-ible i7i-^ect-ioti circum-^ex to break tract-io7i re-trsLct tvag-ment trag-ile iji-lrmge to step de-grside di-gress-ion e-gress gradu-ate traiis-gresa to have abil-% ^m-able able ^i5-able in-ahil-ity to throio e-ject de-ject-io7i m-ject pro-ject ob-ject-io7i to join co7i-junct-ion sub-^oin ]\mci-ion dis-jnnct-ive «fl?-junct 55. Roots and Derivatives. to sioear jur-y cow- jure jur-or ab'^iire ad-jiire to read \eg-ible c-lect' to gather col-lect se-\ect-ion 89 90 NORMAL WORD BOOK. Verbs. Derivatives. leva're ] _ — to raise lev-e? e-levat-iow leva'tum 1 le^Y-en loY-er lev-y liga're = to bind ob-lige ligsi-ment ligatum '. ob'lig-ate al-Wance ligat-ure lo'qui = to speak col-\oQ[ui-al loquaci-otis locu'tus e-loqu-ewce loquac-?Yy soU-loquj mit'tere ] = to send re-miss-^o?^ re-mitt-ance missiim ' miss-iV6 dis-m.\?>^-al inter-miii-ent move're j _ r= to move Tn.6b-ilG re-moY-al mo'tum ! mot-ion mom-ent e-mot-ion 56. Roots and Derivatives. muta're == to cha7ige im-mut-able trans-mwte muta'tum mviidJi-ion com-mntsit-ion 7;er-mntat-io?i nas'ci ] = tobe born nu.t-ion nas-cent na'tus 1 Yi^i-ive nat-al ^co-g-nate nec'tere ] = to bind an-nex-ation con-nect-ion nexum J an-nex con-nect . dis-co 7i-nect-ive nos'cere = to knoiu notoii-OKs *recog-mze notum noi-ion notice-able *recog-mt-ion ora're j = to speah omt-ion ad-ove ora'tum ! orat-or ova-cle ad-oY-able ori'ri j = to rise ovi-gin ori-ghi-al ortus ) ori-eht ovi-ent-al oii-gin-ate pan'dere ] = to spread e3;-panse corn-pass pansum ! eic-pand ex-^im-sion s^ir-pass para're j = to make ready jore-pare re-pair para'tum ! ipar-ade co;?z-pare se-ipsiY-ate periere j = to drive ex-^\\\^-ion re-pel pulsiim ! dis-^Ql com--pnls-ion pro-ipell-er * Old forms, gnosci and gnoscere ; hence con becomes co. Verbs. pende're pensum pen'dere [ pen'sum \ pet'ere ) pet i 'turn ) plica're ) plica'tum f ple're ) pletum ) pon'ere ) pos'ituni ) porta're ) porta'tum f }= ETYMOLOGY. 91 57. Roots and Derivatives. Derivatives. fo hang up im-i^end stis-pens-ion to weigh ap-'pend com-pend-ium to pay; to think ■pens-ive eaj-pend pens-?'o?i pens-ion dis-peiise to seek petit-ion re-peat to ask com-pete com-pctit-or to fold com-plj du-p\ic-ate tri-i[)\e ap-ply com-p\ic-at-ed to fill com-plet-ion com-ple-ment de--p\ete re-p\et-io7i iii-com-plct-ed to place sup-pose ap-pos\t-ion posit-{o;i oj9-pose com-posit-ion to carry ear-port' trans-port^ port'er im-port^ re-port' 58. Roots and Derivatives. pos'se po'tens proba're probatum pun'gere punctiim puta're puta'tum prehen'dere prehen'sum prem'ere prcssum quser'ere quaesi'tum }= to be able pot-ent to prove proh-able to prick pwng-ent to think to reckon to seize prehens-i7e to press press-ure to seek to ask potent-ial pot-e7icy pvohat-ion «/;-probat-io?i punct-^^re e2:-punge im-pMte' com-pute' a/?-preliend com-prehend com-pxess i/?? -press quer-is^ quer-y poss-ible im-poss-ible ap-pvo\-al dis-ap'pvoYO p\xnctuiJct-ion poign-ant putat-n'e «c-count re-preliend ap-preiit-ice xe-press-ion ex-pvess-ive w-quire «w'-quest 92 KOEMAL WORD BOOK. 59. Roots and Derivatives. Verbs. Derivatives. rap'ere ) = = to snatch rapac-iV^/ THY-ish rap'tum f mip^i7ie rapa-ciows rapt-wre reg'ere — : to rule re-gion ^i-rect rec'tum YQg-ent reign e-rect ride 're ) - r to laugh lis-i-ble de-ride ri'siim f vid-i-cule xi-diG-U'lous de-ris-ive roga're | - : to ash inter-voga^tive ar-rog-ate roga'tum j inter'iogate ! inter-vog'sut-ive ! super-er^oga-tio} rump'ere ) = z to hreah e-rvi^i-ion ab-ruipt rup'tum j rupt-wre dis-YVi^i-ion bank-rni^t scan'dere ) scan'sum f = : to climb t?g-scend' descend-ant a scend' ifr«w-scend transcend-ent sci're ) = : to hnow sci entific Oin-ni'sci-ent sci'tum ) sci-ence co?i-sci-ence presci-ence scrib'ere = : to write siib-scvibe postscri-pt scrip'tum f script-VLve proscribe circu7nscribe 60. Roots and Derivatives. seca're \ = to cut dissect^ ^Vi'-sect sec'tum \ sect^'ion bisect^ intersect sede're \ = to sit sess'ion supersede ses'snm \ preside as-sess-or sed-ent-ary sen ti're \ = to feel dissent as-sent sen'sum \ = to think consent sens-ible sequi \ = to folloio sequ.-el consecut-ive se cu'tns f sequ-ewce conseqvi-ence subseqn-ent ser vi're ) = to serve serv'-i7e subserY-ient ser yi'tum f sexY-ant serf serY-ing ser va're ! = to save j9r^-serve conserY-atory ser va'tum re serve conserxe ob-serv-sitorj sol've re ■ = to loosen Ji5-solut-ion absolYC so lu'tum dis-solxe re-solye solu-ble ETYMOLOGY. 93 61. Roots and Derivatives. Verbs. Derivatives. sis'tere ) =to stand consist persist sta'tum ) assist insist re-sist sta're \ = to stand stdit-ute stat-ion sta'tum ) storble stat-wre constant spi ra're ) =to breathe ex-^ire persipire spira'tiim j in spire «s-pire transipire strin'gere 1 =: to draw tight strict-wre constrain stric'tum i stT'mg-e7it re strain rc-strict stru'ere = to build o^-struct struct-wre struct'um construct instruct i7istruct-ion su'me re ) = to take re-sume presume sump'tum ) assume consume presumipt-ion 62. Roots and Derivatives. tan'gere ) =to touch tdug-ent in-tact' tac'tum ) t'dug-ible con-t'dct con-tag-ious ten'dere ) =to stretch dis-teudi pr e-tend ten 'sum ) e.r-tend teus'ion or^-tend-ant tene're = to hold ten-able sus-tain ten'tum ten-ant re-tain con-tain tra'here \ = to draw dis-tract con-tract trac'tum ) trdct-able snb-trsict