)05 '4h 103 MiBBES'S EMDySMI Ex Lib r is C. K. OGDEX ^V, ^:^i '-•i\ «^., .v-^-a^i^ '^ '""•>'' v-^^, '\^^' ''^' ^ THE f^^^ HINDUSTM MANUAL, UTTEITDED TO FACILITATE THE ESSENTIAL ATTAINMENTS OF COITfERSING WXTP FLUENCY, AND COMPOSING WITH ACCURACY, IN THE MOST USEFUL OF ALL THE LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN OUR EASTERN EMPIRE. PART I. A co:mpendioijs grammar of the LANGUAGE, WITH EXERCISES, USEFUL PHRASES, DIALOGUSS, ETC. PART II. A VOCABULAEY OF USEFUL TVOEDS, ENGLISH A>T) HINDUST.l:d, SHOWING AT THE SAME TIME THE DIFFERENCK OF IDIOM BKTVEE:» THE TWO LANGUAGES. By the late DUNCAN FORBES, LL.D. A New Edition, carefully revised By JOHN T. PLATTS, I.ATS UJSPKCTOB OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION tN THE CKKTRAL FEOVIirCK OF INDLA.. SIXTEENTH EDITION. L O X D X : SAMPSON LOW, MARSTOX & COMPAXT, Ltd., Publishers fo the India Office, 1903. PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LD. ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E.G. fK ^ FHMK EDITOR'S PREFACE. This edition of The Hindustani Manual will be found to differ but slightly from previous editions in the first or grammatical section ; but the alterations in the other sections are almost numerous enough to give it the character of a new work. It has not been deemed advis- able to change the arrangement in any way, but the structure of the Hindustani sentences, and the use of obsolete and provincial idioms and words, called for considerable revision, and this has been effected. An Urdu scholar who has lived in India will not need to be told that the Hindustani of Calcutta, Madras, and Bom- bay — and this is the Hindustani of a great part of the older editions of the Manual — departs considerably from the purity of the Urdu of Northern and North-western India ; and it is with the view of bringing the language of the Manual to this standard that the numerous corrections have been considered necessary. ^, new section on household matters has been added to the work, for the benefit, chiefly, of English ladies in India ; and in this the liberty has been taken of introducing a number of iv editor's preface. English words, although the corresponding Hindustani words for most of them exist. In this the Editor has been guided by the regular practice of servants in India. But the use of English words, it may be observed, is not con- fined to servants alone ; even educated natives of the country now freely use — not, it may be allowed, heef and mutton, and other similar words ; but — such words as appeal, judge, session, decree, council, scientific, pension, captain, etc., for which Urdu in some cases either has no equiva- lent, or which it would have to express by a periphrasis. Such words are on the increase, and most native scholars approve of their in- troduction ; — but the case is very different in respect of English idiom ; against this all Urdu scholars steadily set their face. Words once adopted are spelt as pronounced by natives of India (e.g. apil, jaj, pinshan, kaptdn), and in respect of gender, declension, etc., are treated like other Hindustani words. The Editor has to express his warmest thanks to M. Safdar'AlI, Extra Assistant Commissioner^ Jabalpur, and Pandit Ganpat Rao, District In- spector of Schools, Narsinghpur, for the valuable assistance they so kindly afforded him in the revision and correction of the work. London, Oct. a, 1873 PREFACE. In this new edition of the Hindustani Manual, I have greatly extended the materials for Exercise in Composition, being well aware, from long experience, that such a course contributes most to sound progress in the language. Another improvement will be found at the beginning of the volume, where I have given a complete tcble, showing the correspondence between the Roman and Oriental al- phabets. The work has been carefully revised throughout ; so that it may now approximate still nearer its original purpose, viz. to enable the student of Hindustani to con- verse in that language with fluency, to compose in it with accuracy, and to write it correctly in both the Persian and Devanagari characters. Several large impressions of the Manual have now been disposed of since its first appearance in October, 1845. This is a sufficient proof of its appreciation by the public ; and it is needless for me to say anything further in this place respecting its utility. I shall therefore content myself by briefly stating what it contains, and how it ought to be perus; '~"The First and Second Sections of the book contain a concise view of the grammatical principles of the language. In these I have confined myself solely to what is useful and necessary, without distracting the learner's attention by what is either unimportant or superfluous. Section I. treats briefly, but I trust clearly, ot the ele- ^ PKEFACR. menlary sounds of the language, and of its grammatical inflections. This portion may be advantageously perused when the student is learning the Oriental or Persi- Arabic alphabet ; so that when he knows his letters, he may at once commence reading and translating easy Selections in the proper character, with the aid of a Vocabulary. When he has read carefully ten or twelve pages of such Selections, he may proceed to the second section, and endeavour to turn every phrase and sentence of it into the Persian cha- racter, \\ath which by this time I suppose him to be familiar. Section II. embraces more especially those peculiarities of Syntax, of which I have, from long experience, observed learners to stand most in need. These I have reduced into a series of seventeen lessons, to all of which I have added copious Examples and Exercises, in order to impress them more thoroughly on the memory. These are followed (from p. 45 to p. 67) by a series of miscellaneous Lessons and Exercises, still of an elementary nature, all the words of which will be found in the Vocabulary. I have not deemed it necessary to touch upon those broad principles of Syntax which are the common property of all languages ; besides, the work is not intended to supersede the use of the larger grammars. Each phrase and sentence in this second section may be advantageously varied by the teacher, by changing the umber, person, and tense of the verb, also by presenting the same in an interrogative, negative, or conditional form. By this means the essential principles of the Grammar will make a lasting impression on the memory, which may be further confirmed by translating the Exercises from English into Hindustani. Those who doom their luckless pupils to waste weeks or months on the mere reading (or what they PREPACK. Vii are pleased to call learning) of a grammar, per se, without any reference to the language aimed at, ought to have come into the world many centuries back, when a puerile jargon of words without ideas passed for learning. The grammar of any language is to be learned only through the language, and the language by means of the grammar : but to learn, or rather to attempt to learn, the one without the other, is about as profitable a pursuit as the manufacturing of bricks from straw without clay, or from clay without straw, — * ' altera alterius auxilio eget. " In Section III. (from p. 68 to p. 105) I have given a selection of Useful Dialogues, etc. This section is in- tended for further exercise, adapted to the student's more advanced progress j and at the same time he should en- deavour to commit the whole to memory, so that when the English of any sentence is read to him, he may be able to give the Hindustani. It may be observed, that the subjects given for exercise become gradually more difficult, and ought not to be attempted till the student has read a con- siderable portion of the Bdgh-o-Bakdr and Baitdl Fachtsi, the works in which he will have to pass in India. Part II. of the Manual (commencing at p. 106) con- tains an extensive selection of Useful Phrases, so arranged as to serve as a reverse Vocabulary. Most of them are taken from a work printed at Calcutta several years ago, apparently with a view to teach the natives English. I have corrected numerous errors of the press, and not a few of judgment, which occur in the Calcutta book. I have also supplied the various quantities of the vowels, as well as the essential dots, etc. , of the consonants ; so that the whole may be readily turned into the Persian and Deva- nagari characters for additional practice. The English translation of these might have been perhaps more literal ; ▼iii PREFACE. but on due consideration I have allowed most of them to stand as they were. It is only for a mere beginner that a literal translation is allowable, and even then it ought never to be so literal as to become un-English. Of all the bad methods of teaching, the very worst is that which takes away from the learner the necessity of thinking. Any book, then, in which he is offered assistance for translating, by having presented to him word for word as it stands in the original, ought at once to be pitched into the fire : it is an admirable invention to flatter the student with imaginary progress, while at the same time it cloaks the ignorance or incapacity of the teacher. A considerable number of the sentences in the Vocabu- lary are highly idiomatic, and a careful perusal of theoi will give the learner no small insight into the freedom of expression he may frequently have to employ in order to make himself understood by the natives of India. One single example — an extreme case I confess — will tend to show what I mean : — For instance, under the word haste^ we have the sentence, " I write in great haste to save the post," which is expressed in Hindustani by saying, " The post-office is about to close, therefor<^ I have written the letter in (great) haste." I merely mention this as an instance of that degree of liberty which is allowable in this department of the test. By carefully perusing the Vocabulary, then, and comparing the actual translation with the literal, the student vnW gradually acquire a facility m expressing himself correctly, without adhering stiffiy to the very words of the English. Those who are destined to pass a portion of their lives in India may be divided into three classes ; —First, Her Majesty's Civil, Military, and Medical servants, all of whom must pass an examination in Hindustani ; and for the use of these the Manual is especially intended, as it will in no small degree assist them in qualifying themselves for passing a creditable examination, more particularly that part of the test which relates to composition and conversa- tion in the language. Another important class consists oi Clerical, Legal, Naval, and Mercantile gentlemen, and all European ladies, who have probably little time or inclina- tion to master the Oriental characters. The third class consists of all Her Majesty's European troops. To the latter two classes a knowledge of the language is essential ; and a thorough perusal of this Manual will enable them to hold intercourse with the people of the country on the ordinary affairs of domestic life. Their stock of words \A\\ increase by practice ; and, by knowing the general prin- ciples of the grammar, they will be enabled to express themselves in Hindustani like rational beings, and not as the jargonists of bygone days, who acquired a villanous smattering of the language, from the lowest of the natives, by the ear only, and set at defiance all the rules of grammar and propriety. I have only to add, that, to all those who wish to acquire some insight into the language through this little work only, without reference to the Oriental character, a few lessons on pronunciation will be all the assistance required ; and if that cannot be had, let it be remembered, as a general rule, that the vowels are to be sounded as in Italian or German^ and the consonants cts in English. D. FORBES. Burton Crescent, March, 1859. HINDUSTANI MANUAL. PART I, SECTION I. ON THE LETTERS AND PARTS OF SPEECH. I. — ^Throughout the extensive empire of India, from Cape Comorin to Kashmir, and from the Brahmaputra to the Indus, the Hindustan! is the language most generally used. It consists of two dialects : that of the Musalmans, commonly called the Urdu or Rekkic-., and that of the Hindfls, called Hindi. The former abounds in words and phrases from the Persian and Arabic ; the latter confines itseLf to words of native origin, or words borrowed from the Sanskrit. As the two dialects, how- ever, follow, in the main, the same grammatical rules, they are understood here to be both included under the general name Hindustani, which mea.ns, par excellence, the language of Hindustan, 2. — The following little work has two distinct objects in view : — first, to afford ample materials for exercise in speaking, writing, and composition, to those who have already made some progress in the language, and who have acquired a fair know- icdge of one or both of the oriental alphabets ; secondly, to enable those whose time and avocations do not permit them to Aiake a profound study of the language, to acquire at least a fair practical knowledge of it. The Roman character is used throughout as a mere matter of economy ; the same may b^ easily transferred into either of the oriental characters by th< aid of the tables to that effect given in pages 2, 3, &c. a THE PERSI-ARABIC ALPHABET. 3.— The Persi-Arabic Alphabet as apphed to the HiD- dustani : — COMBINED FORM. EXEMPLIFICATIONS. Final. Medial. Initica. alif he pe te a, ^x, I I P t td lIj t se iLJ s jlm ^ J die '(£. ch he Z. h khe t Ml dal J \ ^ J t- jr^ y. jri 9 r^ 'T^ 11. 9 >^ li' A j^'r issr. f 1 • V=< j^ j^ m 9 Iaj J^ THE PERSI-ARABIC ALPHABET. I. 2. Q 3- 4- COMBINED FORM. 5- EXEMPUFICATIONS. KAMB. 11 a POWER. 1 Final. Medial. Initial dd 3 4 :: n ;: ' J A3 J13 zal S z j^ J. i Ail^ jjj r^ re J r J J J J^ V r^ ra n J r J « J 8 9 te J % J J J ^ rJ^ -^ the A %h A J A J 4 i^. c^Ji ,<- sin U^ i u- .WJ> m) L^ j^ r"- shin i. sh lA A AM. A cAi 9 9 sdd u^ s L^ «2 «tf c^i A.C fdd J" ? U^ *6. *o u^* /^ Juj toe L t L L t ki c;^ J^ sioe li S li li t liijs- >^ y^ tHt PiERSI-ARABiC ALPHABET. t. 9. 3- POWER. 4- COMBINED FORM. 5. EXEMPLIFICATIONS. NAME. 1 i^'/Vfa/. Medial. Initial t ^a, Sfc. t * - t^ .1- ffhmn i Sk 4.. X ■^ t:^~ J^- J^ fi I i f t—d i i > ^' kaf (J k J A J5 J^ yL. si leaf CJ k cK .C ^ ^<:! .A J g^f ^ 9 ^< i r ^, A ff y lam J I J i 1 f jr h ^ tnim r m r ^^ ^ ^ ^'^ cr* nun u n ^ ^ i ^^ r^ wa,o 3 to, Sfc. 3 ^ J 9 J' >^j he » h i ■kr: ib <0 ^^ f j^ y^ ^ y, ^^c. L5 A I ^- Js-:». jj CORRESPONDENCE OF VOWELS. 5 In the preceding table, the first column contains the names of the letters as pronounced in India. The second column gives the full detached form of each letter as it is written at the end of a word, when preceded by any of the letters I, t), ^ } J i j * } rjf ^^3 > which, it may be obser\-ed, never alter in form, nor unite with the letter that follows. The third column contains the corresponding English letters, some of which are marked with a dot underneath, which dot or dots serve two purposes ; viz., in the first place they indicate that there is a slight difference of sound ; and, in the second place, they serve to point out, in the following work, the corre- sponding Persic letters. The fourth column gives the initial, medial, and final forms of the letters, when combined together in writing. Lastly, in the fifth column are given three words, with a view to show the different forms of the letter opposite. It is needless to say more about the alphabet in this little work, except that it is read from right to left, contrary to ours. 4. — A Table showing the correspondence of the vowels in the Persian, Roman, and Devanagari characters : — VOWELS. \ a ^ 1 • T \ u ^ T a W ^ INITIAL. <^\ ah '^^ ^\ is X^ {j^ \ us '^^ (^vwT as '^^ Lir.l oh ^^ J^\ ud ^^ jl^\ aur '^\ NON-INITIAL. JO lad ^^ jjj dm f^*T LiL-^ hut ^r! ^'b hat ^Trf y^ 80 ^ %j tu T^ > c- y nau •H OF THE CONSONANTS. VOWELS. INITIAL. NON-INITIAL. ^\ e- TJ lL^\ ek Ji^ ^. ^^ ^ -'1 ' t J^\ m k^ ^ «i ^'^ J\ at V. LujI aisCi ^^ J^ Jiai t These vowels and diphthongs are to be sounded uniformly as follows : a, unmarked, is ver}^ short, as in the word America, or like our u in the words sun and pun; — i, short, as in Jit, fin; — u, short, as in put, push, or our oo in foot; — a, long, as in far, father; — o, long, as in pole, mole; — zc. long, as in rule, fool ; — au, like our ou in sound, or the German au in haus, a house; — e, like our a in fate, or the French i in bite, tete ; — t, long, as in the words police, machine, or our ee in bee, see; and ai, hke our ai in aisle, or the German ai in Kaisar, a Caesar or emperor. The Arabic termination J5 is represented in the Roman character by a or d, according as its sound is short or long. 5. — A Table showing the agreement of the consonants, Persian, Roman, and Devanagari : — -gJ hli ^ d? t Z ^ th Z kJLJ S ^ r M ^ e i ^ ^ ./ ^ ■f=r J^ ^ J^J ^A V - t;A ^ n rf ^ (?y^A A ¥ n 6 z ^ r X JlN^ rli ^ 2 ^ r zh u^ u^ sh 11 OF THE CONSONANTS. u^ ? ^ c » ^ &c. ^ X-A ^ J gh ^ J ^ ^ ^ w ^ n •! &r 5 A f The consonants, with few exceptions, are to be pror^ounced as in English. It remains only to observe, ihatpA, th, or tji do not form a single sound as with us, the former havine: the sound of ph in up-hill, and the latter of th in hot-house. /Fhe letters / and d are softer and more dental than witli' us ; ch is uniformly sounded as in church, chin; kh and gh are best learned by the ear ; the former is forcibly uttered like ch in the Scottish word loch, or the German ch in the word buch, a book ; gh is less forcibly uttered, like the German g in sagen, wagen ; kh and gh without the dash beneath are to be sounded as they are in the compounds ink-horn and dog-house; g is uniformly sounded hard, as in go, give^ never like our g in gem, gentle ; zh is of rare occurrence, and is sounded like the _;' in the French words jour, jamais. In a few words from the Persian the letter w, though written, is not sounded ; in which case it is marked thus. w. A final n preceded by a long vowel has generally a nasal sound, as in the French words bon, ton , to denote which sound we shall »ise h. We may occasionally use n to 8 ARTICLE AND SUBSTANTIVE, denote the Arable niination, which may be met with in a few adverbs borrowed from that language ; as in the words kasdan, purposely, ittifdkan, accidentally. All the rest of the con- sonants not here specified are understood to be sounded as in English, or very nearly so. The apostrophe preceding or following a vowel denotes the Arabic letter 9 ; and the mark [,) between two vowels denotes the hamza. Lastly, a final short a unmarked denotes the weak or unaspirated ^ of the Persian character ; as in ^ j^ banda, a slave. From these brief hints the attentive student will be enabled, should he feel inchned, to transpose the following dialogues, &c., into either or both of the native characters, an exercise that will greatly contribute to his improvement. This much being premised, we now proceed to treat of the parts of speech, following the same arrangement that holds in the grammar of our own tongue. I. ARTICLE. 6. The Hindustani, like the Latin, has no word which cor- responds exactly with our definite article the : we occasionally, however, find the demonstrative pronouns >'//z, this, and wuh, that, employed as articles when great precision is required ; as will be seen hereafter. The place of our indefinite article a or an is suppHed by the numeral ek, one, or the indefinite pronoun io,t, some, a certain ; thus, ek ddmi ; or ko,i ddmi, a man, some man, or a certain man. n. SUBSTANTIVES. 7. Gender. — There being no neuter gender in Hindustani, all substantives are either masculine or feminine, except a few which are of both genders. Males are of course masculine, and females feminine ; but with regard to the genders of the inferior animals, and of all lifeless things, practice alone can determine. We may add as a general rule, however, that all abstract nouns, and Hfeless matter in general, ending in i are feminine ; those in t are also feminine, if derived from Arabic roots ; and those in ish, if derived from Persian verbal roots. As exceptions to this rule, we may mention /J«f, water, ghi, clarified butter, and moti, a pearl, which are mascuhne. All nouns in / and ish, not restricted as above, and all nouns in sh, are uncertain. ( Vide Gram. pp. 23-26.) 8. Declension. — The various relations called cases are ex- pressed in Hindustani bv means of certain terminatiortS, called SUBSTANTIVES. 9 postpositions, added to the substantive. These postpositions, so far as they extend, answer the same purpose as our prepo- sitions, or the various terminations of a Latin or Sanskrit noun. The following scheme will show all the postpositions in common use, together with their signification. As one example will suffice for all the substantives of the language, it is of course expected that the student will commit the same thoroughly to memory. Declension of a Hindustani Noun. Singular. Plural. Nom. tnard, man, the man mard, men, the men. Gen. mard-kd, -ke, -ki, of man mardoh-kd, -ke, -ki, of, &c. 'D.&.A.mard-ko, to man, or man mardon-ko, to, &c. Ablat. OT(7r^-j-^, from or with man mardoh-se, from, &c.' t^ . ( mard-men, in man mardon-vien, in, &c. g > < mard-par, on man viardoh-par, on, &c. J '*^ ( mard-tak, up to man tnardon-tak, up to, &c. Agent tnard-ne, by man mardoh-ne, by, &c. Voc. ai mard, O man ai mardo, O men. The above scheme or example is applicable to all the sub- stantives of the language, regard being had to the slight modifications or exceptions which we are about to notice. It will be obsen-ed that the nominative singular, mard, remains unaltered as a basis or root from beginning to end. The nom. plural is the same as the singular. In the genitive plural, the syllable on (which continues through all the oblique cases) is added between the basis and the various postpositions, the latter being the same as in the singular. The vocative plural always ends in o, having dropped the nasal k of the preceding cases. For the use of kd, ke, and ki^ vide the section on Syntax. a. Exccptioji I. — All feminine nouns are declined exactly like mard, except that they add the syllable eii in the nominative plural, or ah if the singular ends in f / thus, mez, a table ; nom. plural, mezeii ; roti, bread, a loaf, nominative plural, rotidh or rotiydh. In the oblique cases plural they add oh, as in the example already given ; thus, mezoh-ko, to the tables, rotiyoh-se, from the loaves. b. Exception 2. — Masculine nouns ending in a ox ah, if purely Indian, and many masculines ending in the unmarked a or imperceptible h (chiefly from the Persian, and often written with a long a), change their final vowel into e in the oblique •lases singular and nominative plural, and into oh for the obliaue lO ADJECTIVES— PRONOUNS. cases plural: this change is called an inflection, and such nouns are said to be inflected. Thus, kuttd, a dog ; gen. sing. kutte-kd, -ke, -ki, &c. ; nom.'plur.^«^/^/ gen. plur. &c. kutton-kd, 'ke, -kl; voc. plur. kutto. So banda, a slave ; gen. sing, bande- kd, -ke, -kl; nom. plur. baride ; gen. bandofi-kd, &c;' Masculine nouns in d, which are not purely Hindi, but borrowed from the Arabic, Persian, or Sanskrit, are not necessarily subject to this change or inflection, and such must be learned from practice. For example, ddnd, a sage, pitd, a father, are not inflected ; thus gen. sing, ddnd-kd, kc. ; nom. plur. ddnd; gen. plur. ddndpn-kd, 8:c. Again, rajd, a king, may or may not be inflected ; as, gen. sing, rdje-kd or rdjd-ka ; plur. rdjon-kd or rdjdfin-kd, &c., but the inflected form is now rarely used. III. ADJECTIVES. 9. — Adjectives are generally placed before their substantives, as in Enghsh. Adjectives ending in any letter except a, and a few that end in the unmarked or short a, are indeclinable. Those ending in a, if purely Indian, are subject to a slight change or inflection in the termination, which, as well as the mode of forming the degrees of comparison, will be noticed in the Syntax. { Vide paragraph 24.*) IV. PRONOUNS. 10. — The personal pronouns are thus declined : — Sing. First Person. Plur. Nom. main, I. ham, we. Gen. merd, mere, meri. ham-drd, -dre, -dri. D.&A. miijh-ko or mujhe. ham-ko, or -en, or -ohko, &c. Ab. mujh-se. ham-se, hamon-se. Loc. mujh-men, -par, -tak. ham-men, ox hamot'i-men, &c Agt. maif'i-ne. ham-ne, or hamoh-ne. Sing. Second Person. Plur". Nom. a or tain, thou. turn, you. Gen. terd, tere, terl. ium-hdra, -hdre, -hdrl. D.&A. tujh-ko or tujhe. tum-ko, or -hen, or -honko. Ab. tujh-se. tum-se, or tumhonse. Loc. tiijh-men, -par, -tak. tum-meh or tumhoh-men, &c. Agt. tu-ne or taih-ne. tum-ne, or tumhon-ne. a. It will be observed that the first and second pers. pronouns, ' I ' and ' thou,' have a declension pecuHar to themselves. • ITie student will observe that all references are made, not to the pages of this work, but to the number of the paragraph. When reference is made to my Grammar, the page is indicated. Norn. yih, he, she, it, or this Gen. is-kd, -ke, -ki. Dat. is-ko or is-e. Ac. yih, is-ko, or is-e. Ab. is-se. Loc. is-men, -par, -tak. PRONOUNS, 1 1 In the first place, the gen. sing, ends in rd, re, ri, and the gen. plur. in drd, are, drl, instead of the kd, ke, kloi the substantives. The other cases singular are formed by adding the requisite post- positions to the oblique forms or inflections Diujh and tujh: at the same time, the dative and accus. may optionally add ko or e. The cases denoting the agent sing, are formed by adding ne to the nom., as niain-ne and tain-ne oxtU-ne, and not mujh-ne, &c., as one would expect. II. — The rest of the pronouns are very simple in their declension ; all that is requisite is to remember the nom. and oblique form or inflection of each ; thus, yih, he, &c., inflect. is-kd, -ke, -ki. Sing. Third Person. Plur. ye, they, these. in-, ox ink-, oxinhoh-kd, -ke, -kl. in-, or i7ih-, or inhon-ko or inhen. ye, in-ko, or inhen, &c. in-, or ink-, or inhoh-se. in-, or inh-, or inhon-men, -par, -tak. in-, or inh-, or inhoh-ne. a. Exactly like yih are declined the four following pronouns, of which it will be sufiicient here to give the nominative and inflection of each, singular and plural. Nom. wuh, he, she, it, that. I we, they or those. Inflec. us-kd, -ke, -ki, &c. \ un-, unh-,ox unhoii-kd, -ke, -ki. Interrogative. Nom. kaun, \s\io'i \kaun,vA\o'i Inflec. kis-kd, -ke, -ki, &c. | kin-,kinh-,oxkinhon-kd,ke,-ki. Relative. Nom. jo, he who, &c. | jo, they who. Inflec. jis-kd, -ke, -ki, &c. | jin-,jinh-, ox jinhoh-kd, -ke, -kl. Correlative. Nom. so, that same. I so, those same. Inflec. iis-kd, -ke, -ki, &c. | tin-,ti}ih-,oxtinho?i-kd,-ke,-ki. b. The following interrogative is applicable either to the singular or plural. Nom. kyd, what ? (generally applied to lifeless things). Inflec. kdhe-kd, -ke, -ki, of what? &c. Obs. In pure Urdu, however, the oblique cases of kaun are used for those of kyd. The forms kdhe kd, and kdhe ko, may occasionally occur, but not the others. Agt. la rKONOUNS— VERB. c. The word dp, self, is indeclinable ; it gives, as a possessive adjective, ap-na, -ne, -m, of or relating to self, own. The word dp is also employed when addressing, or speaking of, a superior, in the sense of your honour, your worship, his honour, &c,, as will be fully explained in the Syntax, paragraph 37. d. The indefinites are ko^t and kuchh, some, a, any, — the inflection of both being the same — viz. kisi or kisii, of which kisu is the older form. The plural is ko^t, kaj, or ka;t-ek, some, several. To these may be added har, or har-ek, ever)', vhich has no inflection. Sab, ever)^ or all, when accom- panied by its substantive, is indeclinable ; but when used by itself, in an emphatic sense, it has sabhon for the oblique cases plural ; as, sab log kahte hain, all people say ; sabhoh ne kaha, by all it was said. The compound jo-ko,i, whosoever, has a double inflection, jis-kisi, -kd, -ke, -ki. V. VERB. 12. — The Hindustani Verb is extremely regular. The In- finitive or rerbal noun always ends in nd; as, girnd, to fall, also falling, — a masculine noun subject to inflection in the genitive, etc. ; as, girne kd, of falUng ; giT^te ko, to or for falhng. By striking off the syllable nd we have the root of the verb, which is also the second person singular of the imperative ; as, gir, fall thou. By changing nd into id we have the present participle ; as, girtd, falling. By leaving out the n of the infinitive we have the past participle ; as, gird, fallen, except when either of the long vowels a ot precedes the nd; in which case, in order to avoid a hiatus, the n is changed YsAo y\ as, Idnd, to bring, Idyd^ brought. From these three principal parts of the verb, viz. , gir, girtd, and gird, all the other parts are formed, either by the addition of terminations or by means of the following auxiliary tenses, which must, in the first place, be carefully learned. These auxiUary tenses are only two in number. ist. Present Tense. r. main hUn, I am. I ham hain, we are. 2. tu hai, thou art. turn ho, you are. 3. wuh hai, he, she, or it is. j wt hait'i, they are. 2nd. Past Tense. 1. main thd or thi, I was. 2. ta thd or thi, thou wast. 3. w«^/Aaor/y^f, heorshewas. ham the or thiii, we were. turn the or thin, you were. we the or thin, they were. A. In the first of the above tenses there is no distinction VBRB. 13 between the masculine and feminine genders, but in the second or past tense, the forms thd and the are used when the nomi- natives are masculine, and ihi and thtn when feminine. We may here observe, as a universal rule, that in all the tenses except the aorist and imperative, the verb must agree with its nominative in gender as well as in number; thus, the mascuUne singular is a, the feminine singular is f, the masc. plur. e, and the fem. plur. in (contracted for iydn). As a general rule, it is sufficient to add the nasal « to the last word of the feminines in the plural ; as, girti thin, not girtih thin ; the latter mode, though not incorrect, is nearly obsolete. 13. — We shall now proceed to a few paradigms, or examples of the conjugation of a neuter or intransitive verb, suchas^z'r«a, to fall ; where it may be observed that the tenses naturally divide themselves into three groups oAhree tenses each, which tends greatly to assist the memory. Root, gir, fall thou ; pres. part, girtd, falling ; past part. gird, fallen. Tenses of the Root. Aorist. I fall, or shall fall, &c. ham gir-eh, we, &c. 1. main gir-uh, I fall, or shall faU. 2. tH gir-e, thou fallest, &c. 3. wuh gir-e, he falls, &c. turn gir-o, you, &c. we gir-eh, they, &c. The Future. I shall or will fall, &c. ; formed by adding to the aorist gd for the masc. and gi for the fem. sing. ; and ge masa and gin lem, plur. m. f. m. f. 1. main gir-Hh-gd 2. ta gir-e-gd 3. wuh gir-e-gd -gi- -gi- ham gir-eh-ge tum gir-o-ge we gir-en-ge -gin. -gin. -gin. Imperative. Let me fall, &c.; differing from the aorist only in the second pers. sing. Sing. 1. main gir-Hn, let me fall. 2. in gir, fall thou. 3. wuh gir-e, let him fall. Plur. ham gir-eh, let us, &c. tum gir-o, fall ye. we gir-€n, let them, &c Tenses of the Present Participle, The Conditional. Had I fallen, or (would that) I fell, &: 1. main ^irtd, or girii. 2. tu girtd, or girt i. 3. wuh girtd, or girii. ham gir-te, or tin, turn gir-te, or -tin, we gir-te, or -tin. Present. I fall, or am falling:, &c. m. ^ f. _ 1. main girtd hUn, or girti hUn. 2. ta girtd hat, or girti hai. 3. wuh girtd hai, or girti hai. Imperfect. ] m. f. I. main girtd thd, or girti thi. ta girtd thd, or girti thi. wuh girtd thd, or girti thi. m. f. hamgirte hai?i, or girti haih. turn girte ho, or girti ho. we girte haih, ox girti haih. was falling, &c. m. f. ham girte the, or girti thiii. tum girte the, or girti thin, we girte the, or girti thin. Tenses of the Past Participle, Past Tense. I fell. m. f. 1. main gird, or giri. 2. ta gird, or giri. 3. wuh gird, or giri. m. ham gire, or tum gire, or we gire, or Perfect. I have fallen. m. f. main gird huh, or gif i h uh. tu gird hai, or giri hai. wuh gird hai, or giri hai. ham gire, girt, tum gire, giri, we gire, giri. Pluperfect. I had fallen. f. girtn. girih. girtn. haih, &c. ho. Sac. haih, &c. m. f. 1. main gird thd, or giri thi. 2. tu gird thd, or giri thi. 3. wuh gird thd, or giri thi. m. f. ham gire the, or girl thin, tum gire the, or giri thin, we gire the, or giri thin. VERB TO BE. X5 14. — The next is a verb of very extensive use in the language, ind conjugated precisely like the preceding. Hand, to Be or Become. Root, ko, pres. part, hotd, past part, hiiid. Tenses of the Root. AoRiST. I be, or shall be, or should be, &c. r. main ho.un, or hon. tii howe, ho^e, or ho. wuh howe, ho.e, or ho. ham howen, hop'i, or hon. turn ho. we howen, ho.en, or hon. Future. I shall or will be, &c. 1 . main hofi.)'igd,ox hougd or -gl. 2. tii hozvegd, ho,egd, &c. 3. wuh howegd, ho^egd, Sec. ham howenge, &C, turn hopge, &c. we howenge, &c. Imperative. Let me be, &c. 1. maiii ho,iih, or hon. 2. iu howe, ho,e, or ho. 3. wuh howe, ho,e, or ho. ham howen, hop'i, or hot. turn ho. we howen, ho,eh, or ho?:. Tenses of the Presejit Participle. Indefinite. Had I been, or (would that) I had been. r. main "j 2. tu \ 3. wuh ) hotd or hoti. 1. ham 2. turn 3. we hote or hotlii. Prf:sent. I am, or become. 1. main hotd-, or hoti-hUh, 2. ta hotd-, or hotl-hai. 3. wuh fiotd-, or hotl-hai. 1. ham hote-, or hoti-haii 2. turn hote-, or hotl-ho. 3. we hote-, or hotl-haih. 1. mair'i \ 2. tu \ 3. wuh ) Imperfect. I was becoming. hotd thd, I. ham or 2. turn hoti ihi. .3. xvi } : hote the, or hoti thin. 16 VERB TO BE, ETC. Tenses of the Past Participle, Past Tense. I was or became. I. ntaih \ I. 2. tu \ hufl, or hu,i. 2. 3- wuh ) 3- 1. ham \ 2. turn > 3. «'^ i h.u/e^ or ku^n. Perfect. I have been or become. 1. main hu,d-, or hu,i-kun. 2. tu hufl.-, or hu,i-hai. 3. wuh hii,-d, or huj-hai. 1. ham hue-, or hu,i-hain. 2. /ww hufi-, or hu^i-ho. 3. zf/if /i///-, or hu,i-haih. Pluperfect. I had been or become. main tu n 3. M7/A hu,d thd, or ham tum we hu,e the, or hu.i thin. 15. — By the aid of the aorist and future of the verb hond we are enabled to add four more tenses, if required, to all other verbs. Thus, let us re-assume girnd, to fall, where we have— Additional Tenses of the Present Participle. Imperfect Potential. I may be falling, &c. 1. main girtd- or girti-hofiii or hon, &c. 2. tu girtd, &c. Howe, ho,e, ho. 3. wuh girtd, &c. howe, ho,e. ho, &c. hamgirte or girt i howen, ho^et'i. or hoii. tum girte, &c. ho. we girt e, &c. howefi, ho^n, or hoh. Imperfect Future. I shall be falling. &c. I, main girtd, &c. hofiitgd, or hoi'igd ox girtl ho iHiigi , &:c. a. ta girtd howegd, ho,egd, or hogd, &c. 3. wuh girtd howegd, howegd, hogd, &c. ham girte howenge, ho,enge, or honge, &c. tum girte, hoge, &c. we girte howciige, ho,a'ige, or hovge, &c. INTRANSITIVE VERB. «7 Additional Tenses of the Past Participle. Perfect Potential. I may have fallen. 1. main gird ox girlJw,un,8i.c. 2. ta gird or girl howe, &c. 3. wuh gird or giri howe, &c. ham gire or giri howen, &c. turn gire or giri ho, &c. we gire or giri howeh, &c. Perfect Future. I shall have fallen, or I may have fallen. 1. main gird ho fingd, %ic.. I ham gire howenge, Sec. 2. tu gird howegd, &c. 3. wuh gird howega, iS:c. tum gire hofige. Sec. / we gire howehge. Sec. 16. — In the following paradigm of the verb io/nd, to speak, all the tenses may be seen at one view. Infinitive. Boind, to Speak or Say. Root, iol, speak. Pres. Participle, do//d, speaking. Past, i>oid, spoken. Tenses of the Root. Aorist. Future, shall I speak, or speak, &c. I shall or will speak, &c. Impera. Let me speak, &c. main holUii, tic bole, &c. maif'i bola/i-gd or -gi, tU bole-^a or -gl, &c. I main bolHh, tU bol, Sec. Tenses of the Present Participle. Indefinite. Had I spoken, &c. Present. 1 am speaking. Imperfect. I was speaking. Imp.Poten. I may bespeaking, Imperf.Fut. I shall be speak- ing:. main bol-td or -//, tH bol-t.'. or -n, Sec. main bol-td or -tl huh, main bol-td-thd or bol-ti-thi. main bol-td or -ti ho fin. main bol-td hofihgd or bolti ho.ahgi. Tcfises of the Past Participle. main bold or boll, &c. main bold hUh or boll huh. maif'i bold thd or boll-thl. main bold-hofih or boli-ho,uh, main bold hofihgd or boli hoMngi. Past. I spoke, &c. Perfect. I have spoken. Pluperf. I had spoken. Perf. Pot. I may have spoken. Perf.Fut. I shall have spoken l8 VERBAL EXPRESSIONS. a. There are a few other verbal expressions that may be noticed here. ist. Every infinitive in the language will furnish the verbal noun of agency, by changing nd into ne, and adding ivild (subject, of course, to inflections) for the masculine, and K;a/f for the feminine ; thus, bolne-wdld, the speaker, or he who speaks ; bolne-wdli, the female speaker, or she who speaks : so likhnd, to write ; likhne-wdld, the writer ; likhne-wdli, the (female) writer. 2nd. There is an indeclinable participle, called the past conjunctive, of very frequent occurrence in the lan- guage, formed from the root: and, in fact, the mere root, with- out any addition, frequently suffices; thus, bol, or bol-ke, or bol-kar, or bol-karke, or bol-karkar, all denote having spoken. In a sentence this participle saves the use of the conjunction aur, 'and;' thus, instead of saying, he arose and spoke {wuh uihd aurbold), the Hindustani idiom is wuh uth [or tith-ke, &c.) bold, he having arisen spoke. 3rd. There is a kind of adverbial expression formed by changing the final td of the present parti- ciple into te, and affixing the syllable hi: thus, bolte-hi, on speaking, or on the instant of speaking. 4th. There is a sort of respectful imperative, or precative, formed by adding iye or iyo to the root when it ends in a consonant, andyzj, g' 2 ^ ID > o c3 B S '*J 6" ^ "5 (U r2 15 3|_ —'-' ■s rt ^ ^— A-^ '"■^ fti as ^-^' 1 'a < '^ ^3 Q ."3 <2 •S •^ Q •^ V •S •^s-^ •S, •'^ •^ ^ '-^ ■'^■~>. ? '^ O 1 1 ^ 0) Si- bo J2 '^ '5 o ^ 2 ^ 1 /» *»■> » Xi >= IS -1 'a i §"^" 5 ?3 ?s ?3 •~i ■<;) ••^ ^5 <^ ►^•^ «t< ►5 <« >«S << << -^ >, "S ■M -^ ■>-> >, O 2i ^ ^^ 1 $. I 1 - £ ■^ S . 0) 4> IH •?: c ^ ^ ;2 •^ rt ^5 .d "£ o c IS 3 r, a hundred /aMj, or ten millions. a. Above a hundred, the numbers proceed regularly ; thus, — ^/^ ja« ^>^, loi : cf4, a hundred thousand ; and karoj", ten miUions. But the most vexatious of all are the fractional numbers ; to make use of which requires some kind of mental arithmetic, as the following specimens will show ; thus — pdo, or chauth, chauthdfi .... tihd,i ddha pawan ox paund... f sawd i\ derh i^ afhdj. 2^ 3 36 NUMERALS. The word pautie prefixed to a number denotes one quarter minus the number ; a.s paune do, 2—\, or if. The word sawd denotes a quarter added ; as, sawd do, 2,\. The word sdrht denotes a half added ; as, sdrhe tin, 3^. The words derh, i\, and arhdfi, 2^, when used vfith collective numbers, as 100, 1,000, &c,, denote multiplication; as, der/i-sau, 1^ x 100 or 150 ; so, arhd,t hazdr, 2^ x 1,000 = 2,500. c. The Hindiis were the inventors of the ten numerical ciphers or figures of arithmetic. From India the invention found its way among the Arabs, and through these it reached Europe. The following are the three varieties of the ten ciphers : — European... 12 3456789 10 Arabian irTPclVA^ \* Hindu q^^8M^^CQ.«^0 These ciphers are employed from left to right, as among ourselves. Even the Arabs, who read from right to left, stiU WTite their numbers as we do ; thus — 1859= \Ae^ =<^^M(l The following are the days of the week in UrdQ and Hindi :— Urdu. /izodr or Shamha, Fir or Du-shamba, Mangal. Buddh. Jume'rdt. jfuma Sanichar. Hindi. Adityawdr. Somwdr. Mangalwdr. Buddh-wdr. Brihaspat-wdr, Skuktwdr, Saanisc/uir. »7 SECTION II. OF SYNTAX, OR COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES; Together with a Series of Familiar Phrases and Grammatical Exercises. Lesson i. 24. — We have already mentioned that adjectives generally precede their substantives, as in English. If the adjective ends in any letter except d or a, it is, as in Enghsh, indecHnable. Those ending in d, if purely Indian, will change into e or f, according to a simple rule. The termination d is used before a mascuhne noun only, and in the nominative case singular (or the accusative case, if under a nominative form, which is of very frequent occurrence, as we shall soon see). The termina- tion e is used before a substantive masculine, in any case sing^ar where a postposition or interjection is used or under- stood, or before any mascuhne in the plural number. Lastly, f is used always before a feminine noun. Thus, bard ghar, a large house ; bare ghar kd, of a large house ; plur. bare ghar, large houses ; bare gharou par, on the large houses. Again, kitdb, a. book, being feminine, we say, bari kitdb, a large book ; bari kitdb men, in a large book ; bari ki'tdbeh, large books, &c. Adjectives purely Arabic, Persian, or Sanskrit, ending in d, are not necessarily subject to any change or inflection, and in the apphcation of such, practice must be the main guide. a. In like manner, the genitive case of a noun or pronoun generally precedes the word which governs it ; and the use of kd, ke, ox ki; rd, re, ox ri ; and nd, tie, or ni, in the formation of such genitives, is determined by the same rule that regulates the d, e, and f of the adjective. Hence, in Hindustani, the application of all genitives, nouns and pronouns, is precisely that of the declinable adjective ; thus, mard kd is used when the noun belonging to it is masctihne, and in the nom. case singular ; as, mard kd betd, mard kd ghord, &c., the man's son, horse, &c. When the word belonging to mard is mascuhne, but not in the nom, singular, or the sing. ace. form without ko, then ke must be used ; as, mard ke bete ko, to the man's son ; mard ke beton ko, to the man's sons. When the word belonging to mard is feminine, in all cases kl is used ; as, mard kl joru, the man's wife ; mard ki beti ko, to the man's daughter. 28 b. In illustration of the preceding principles, which are really as simple as they are important, we shall here subjoin for the benefit of the student a collection of phrases and exercises. In Drder not to attempt too much at first, we shall confine our- selves to a limited number of substantives and adjectives. Substantives. man, father, husband, brother, son, child, boy, animal, horse, house, pen, dog, elephant, good, Masculine. mard, ddmi. woman, bap. mother, ( khdwind, -r \ shauhar, ddmi. ' bhdj. sister, beta. daughter, bachchd, larkd, -e. g^rl, larkd, -e, thing, jdnwar. mare, ghord, -t, table, ghar. book, kaiam. fox, kuttd, -e. cow, hdihi. Adjectives. Feminine. 'aurat. man. {joru, \ bibi. bahin, beti. larki. chiz. ghori. mez. kitdb. lomru i achchhd, -e, -t. \ bhald. -e, -I. (natkhat, sharir, bad, wicked < khardb, \ burd, -e, -t. great, large, bard,-e,-t. little, small, chhofd, -e, t. lazy, siist. wise(indecl.), ifa//a (for ra- tional beings); samajhddr^ hushydr (for animals). Ignorant, swift. nd-ddn. tezrau. { unchd,-e,-i. \ biiland. J khub-surat, \ hasin. bad-surat. high, lofty, handsome, ugly, c. To these we may prefix, when required, the adverbs bahut, much or very ; nihdyat or hadd-se, excessively ; as, bahut ach- chhd, -e, -i, very good. This collection of substantives and adjectives, together with the pronouns and the two auxiliary tenses of the verb ' to be,' will furnish ample materials for our first essay on composition. We shall further limit ourselves to employ the substantives only in the nominative arid genitive cases, singular and plural. d. It is needless to say that in English, when we use the verb ' to be,' in making an assertion, we put tba nominative OF ADJECTIVES AND SUBSTANTIVES. 99 first, then the verb, and lastly the thing asserted ; as, 'my father is wise;' 'that man is ignorant.' In Hindustani the rule is, first the nominative, then the thing asserted, and last of all the verb ; thus, merd bap ddnd hai, ' my father wise is;' so, wuA ddmi nd-ddn hai, ' that man ignorant is.' ; e. The student must bear in mind that the demonstrative pronouns, yih, this, and wuh, that, are used with nouns in the nominative singular ; and they become is and us respectively when the noun is in any obUque case singular. A laile precisely similar appUes to their plurals, ye, these, and we, those, which become respectively in and un in the oblique cases plural. EXAMPLES. this is my brother, yih merd bhdfi hai. that is your son, wuh tumhdrd betd hat. these are their houses, ye unke ghar hain. this is my father's house, yih mere bdp kd ghar hai. that is your brother's horse, wiih tumhdre bhd,i kd ghord hai. this is that man's mother, yih us mard ki mdii hai. that is your sister, wzth tumhdri bahin hai. thy sister's horse is swift, teri bahin kd ghord tezrau hai. this pen is very good, yih kalam bahut achchhd hai. that is a very good book, wuh bahut achchhi kitdb hai. ihe is a little woman, wuh chhoti 'aurat hai. nis father was a great man, uskd bdp bard ddmi thd. )rour sister was very handsome, tumhdri bahin bahut hasin thi. my brother's horses were ex- mere bhd,i ke ghore nihdyai tremely swift, tezrau the. i.heir children's books were very U7ike larkoh ki kitdbefi bahut good, achchhi thii't. Exercise. — I am that man's brother. This woman is my orother's daughter. That boy is my brother's son. This is my iister's book. That man is this boy's father. These houses ire very lofty. That girl's mother was very wise. Your father's norse was very swift. My brother's children are handsome. My sister's daughters are very good girls. That man's brother's A'ife was a very ignorant woman. That was a very handsome woman. This boy is very lazy. These girls are very lazy. These women were excessively ugly. The man's horses were very small. They are very bad husbands. She is a bad wife. They are very bad wives. 30 OF COMPARISON. L.ESSON' 2. 25. On the degrees of comparison. — In forming the compara- tive and superlative degrees of adjectives, the Hindustani is somewhat deficient. When two objects are compared, that with which the comparison is made is put in the ablative case (so far like the Latin) ; but there is no alteration made in the adjective : thus, to express in Hindustani the phrase 'this house is higher than that house, " they say yih ghar us gkar se unchi hai, ' this house than that house (or compared with that house) is high." Sometimes, however, the adverbs ziydda or aur, denoting more, are used as in our own language, which is certainly an improvement ; as, yih ghar us ghar se ziydda bnland'hai, 'this house is more lofty than that house.' To form the superlative degree, they merely make a universal comparison ; thus, to express ' this house is the highest,' they say, yih ghar sab se uhchd hai, ' this house is higher than all." Sometimes, to express an intensive degree, the adjective is repeated ; as, thajidl thandi haxvd,en, very cool (or refreshing) breezes. This will put the reader in mind of our own simple ballads, whtre we meet with such expressions as ' the red red rose,' 'the deep deep sea,' &c. EXAMPLES. the elephant is larger than the hdthl ghore-se bard hai. horse, the fox is smaller than the dog, lofnri kutte-se chhoti hai. the horses are swifter than the wuh ghore hdthiyoh-se tcirau elephants, haih. the elephant is the largest ani- hdthl sab jdnivaroh-sebard hai. mal of all, the elephant, the horse, and hdihi,ghord,aurkuttdsabaur the dog, are wiser than all jdnwaroh-se hushydr haih. other animals, Exercise. — The cow is more lazy than the horse. These men are more wicked than dogs. The boys are more ignorant than the girls. The horses and the dogs are handsomer than the elephants. My pen is better than your pen. This boy is wiser than that boy. My father's horse is swifter than your brother's mare. Our dogs are swifter than your horses. The men are worse than the women. The fox is wiser than the dog. This pen is the worst of all (worse than all). This woman is the handsomest of all (more handsome than all). That girl was much wiser than her mother. She was the wisest of all the girls (wiser than all the girls). rre INTERROGATIVES. gl Lesson 3. 26. — We shall now proceed to the formation of interrogative sentences, introducing at the same time a few additional adverbs and adjectives, together with the various tenses of the verb hand (par. 14), to be, and some of the numerals. a. In asking a question, the, Hindustani does not, like the English, invert the words ; and the tone of the voice alone marks the interrogation. There are, however, a few inter- rogative words, such as /^ father gave me an order for one thousand rupees. How much did you give to the man? How many rupees did he demand of you ? He demanded ten rupees, and I gave him three rupees and a half. Have you prepared breakfast ? Have you prepared a good dinner for two people ? Have you put the bread on the table ? Lesson 8. 31.— The subject of this lesson will be the peculiar applica- tion of two useful verbs, viz. saknd, to be able (to can), and chukna, to have done or finished. When these have occasion to govern another verb, the latter is used, not in the infinitive (as with us), but in the root, which is always placed first ; and the two together thus form a sort of compound verb. EXAMPLES. he can (or is able to) speak our wuh hamdri zabdn bol-sakt'i language, hai. are you able to read my writ- turn merd likhd parh-saktt ing? ho? no one will be able to read shvd,e tumhdre ko,i isko na this but yourself, parh-sakegd. he can speak a little English, wuh kuchh-kuchh (or, thord bahut) aj'igrezi bol-saktd hai. they have done eating, we khd-chuke hain. have you done writing? turn likh-chuke ho ? they had done reading when I jab main ivahdn pahunrhd, -ue arnved there, parh-chuke the. Exercise. — When he had done writing the letter, then I came away from the house. When you come [i.e. shall come) here to-morrow, I shall have done reading the book. Can you swmi across this river? I cannot swim at all, but my brother is an excellent swimmer. So great was the darkness that I could not see anything. The ruler of this village cannot speak English, but he can speak Hindustani well. I hope I shall be able to learn the language of this country in the space of six months. Lesson 9. 32. — ^I'he verbs lagnd, signifying to begin ; dend, to grant per- mission, or allow ; oxidpand, to get permission, or be allowed ; and sometimes saknd, to can, or be able, govern the infinitive a ano.ljer verb in the inflected state £hat is, ne instead of »a, 4 33 USE OF lagna and chahni as will be seen in the following sentences. We may notice here a well-known peculiarity in Hindustani in the use of the conjunctive participle ; as, Jd-kar, fd-ie, &c., having gone. It serves to throw two or more short sentences into one ; thus, 'Go to my room, and bring me quickly my sword," — mere kainare men jd-kar meritalwdrjaldildfi. [^Vidc par. i6, a.) EXAMPLES. he rose and began to say, wuh utji-kar kah?ie lagd. they began to read, we farlme-lage. you began to eat, turn khdne-ldge. he allows them to come into wuh unko ghar men dne-deta the house, hai. let him go, usko jdne-do. he is allowed to come, wuh dne-pdtd hai. he will allow us to do what jo ham chdhenge, so timh hdmko we like. kame-degd. Exercise. — He sat down, and began to tell this story. One man began to say, I shall not be able to eat this bread. Another began to say, I will not allow the children to read these books. He will give you leave to walk in tliis beautiful garden every day. The Honourable Company [Kampani Bahadur) will allow me to go to England for the space of three years and six months. My father is allowed to go to Calcutta on account of transacting (making") business. Go to my brother's house, present to him my comphments, and bring home my saddle. Strip off your clothes, swim across this river, and bring ihe boat to tliis side. Lesson io. 33. — The verbs chdhnd, to desire, to wish ; and karnd, in the sense of ' to make a practice of," ' to be in the habit of,' govern the past participle of another verb, instead of the infini- tive. The participle so governed is always in the simple form of the singular masculine in a. Thus, — EXAMPLES. he is in the habit of reading wuh har subh ko parhd-karid every morning, hai. he is in the habit of writing wuh har roz kuchh likhd-kartd something every day, hai. he used always to give (make) wuh hamesha shdgird ko yik Uui inj'inction to the scholar, tdkid kiyd-kartd thd. OF INTENSIVE VERBS, fq I wish to learn the Hindustani mai'/i Ilindiistdnl zabdn slkka language, chahta huh. what do you wish to say? turn kyd kahd-chdhte ho? \J2uh. I wish to write a letter, main ek chithi likhd-chdhta I wish to learn the Persian vuiit'iFdrsi zabdn slkhd-chdhtd language, huii. a. We may here observe that the form chdhiye of the verb chdhnd is frequently used impersonally, like the Latin ' decet,' 'oportet,' or the French ' il faut ;' as, chdhiye ki turn jdp, you must go, or it is necessary that you go. This form of chnhna is generally followed by the aorist, as in the preceding example, but it may also govern the past participle of the accompanying verb ; as, adab sikhd chdhiye, it is proper (necessary or desirable; to learn good manners. b. The verb chdhnd sometimes governs the inflected infinitive, Uke lagnd, Sec. (32) ; as, wuhparlijie chdhtd hat, he wishes to read Exercise. — I am accustomed every day to rise at the dawn He is in the habit of dining every day at two o'clock. We make it a practice to read three hours in the morning. I wish very much to learn the language of this country. Do you wish to read this book? It is necessary to learn the Persian language in order to speak and understand well the Hindustani. It is desirable to know the language of the country in which you are dwelling. Lesson ii. 34. — The Hindustani abounds in a species of compound verbs, called intensives. A verb is rendered intensive by eni- ploying only its root, to which some other verb is subjoined. The root of the principal verb continues invariable, and the subjoined or auxihary verb is fully conjugated in the usual way ; thus, mdrnd, to beat, becomes intensive by adding to its root the verb ddlnd or rakhnd, whereby mdr-ddlnd or rndr- rakhnd signifies 'to kill downright;' so, ddl-dend, to throw down ; bol-uthnd, to speak out ; mar-jdnd, to die ; baith-rahnd, to sit dovvn ; kho-dend, to lose ; tor-dend, to break to pieces, to smashv ^Although almost every verb may thus be rendered intensive, yet it is impossible to give any rule respecting the servile or second verb, which is usually employed for that pur- pose. The only course left for the student to pursue, is care- fully to observe the usage of the best authors, and whenever he meets with an intensive verb, let him endeavour to remember it. It is needless to add that the servile verb of an intensive has for the time laid aside its own primitive meaning. to OF INTENSIVE VERBS. EXAMPLES, who killed that man? kis ne us ddmi ko mdr-dali f he has placed all the things on us ne sab chizoh ko met par the table, rakh-diyd hai. lay my watch on the shelf, meri gharl idk par rakh-do. they liave eaten up all the dinner, wuh sab khdnd khd-ga,e. write a letter for me, mere liye ek chithl likh-do. he has cut down all the trees us ne bdgh ke sab darakht kdt- in the garden, dale haiit. Exercise. — Put all the things on the table. That man has killed my companion. Has he written out the two letters, as I told him ? The king said to the soldier. Cut off this man's head in my presence. Throw out the water from this basin. They all spoke out, saying. We will not sit down in your house unless you make an apology for this conduct. His father, mother, brothers, and sisters have all died. The goat has smashed the looking-glass with his horns. He has lost a great sura of money (very many rupees) in gambling. You will sit down in this room until I return from the king's audience [darbdr). The dog has eaten up the whole of the butter. Who has cut down that fine tree? Lesson 12. * 35. — Of the use of the possessive adjective pronoun ap-nd. \Vhen the nominative or agent of a sentence is followed in he same clause by a possessive pronoun belonging to itself, iuch possessive is in Hindustani rendered by apnd, -ne, -ni, never by the possessives nierd, mere, meri, &c. EXAMPLES. I read my book, maiii apni kitdb parhtd huh, thou readest thy book, tu apni kitdb parhid hai. he reads his (own) book, wuh apni kitdb parhtd hai. she reads her (own) book, wuh apni kitdb parhti hai. we have seen our father, ham ne apne bdp ko dtkhd hai. have you written your letter? turn ne apni chithi likhi hai f the goldsmith and carpenter sundr aur barha/i apne shahr went to their (own) city, men gay e. the women feed their (own) 'auratek apne bachchoh ko children, pdlti haih. X B. If, in the above examples, the words 'his,' 'her,' or ' their' refer not to the nominatives, but to somebody else, then ihey must be expressed by is- or us-kd, &c. USE OF THE PARTICLK Sft. ETC. 4I Exercise. — Did you see your father yesterday? Bring your dogs here to-morrow, that we may go a-hunting. Wait in this room till I shall have done writing my letter to your master. Give my compliments to your master and say that Mr. F. li not at home. Why do you beat your servants in that manner? In my country every man considers his own house as his castle. My friend is gone to his native country for the benefit of his health. The judge said to the plaintiff, Go and take your money from the woman. The plaintiff came back and said, Sir, I cannot get my money from this woman. Lesson 13. 36. — Use of the termination sd, se, st. The particle sd, se, or si (according to gender and number) added to a substantive, or the oblique form of personal pro- nouns, converts these into an adjective denoting similitude or resemblance ; as from Jjaiwdn, a beast, comes haiwdn sd, like a beast, beastly. When sd, se, or si is added to an adjective, it generally renders it intensive ; as, bard, large ; bard-sd. bare-se, or bari-si, largish, rather large, or very large. EXAMPLES. where did you find this dog-like yih kutid sd nd-pdk jdnwar unclean animal? turn ne kahdh pdyd f a wise man like thee, ti/jh sd 'aklmand ddmi, what-hke animals are these? ye kaise jdnwar haih f he took up a very large stone, us-ne ek bard-sd pathar uthdya. a fine-looking stag came in ek khiib-sjirat-sd bdrah singd sight, naznr dyd. a black woman like an ogress, ek kali bhutnl-si 'aurat. Exercise. — Her face was fair as the moon, her eyebrows were like a bow, and her hair (lit, hairs) black as night. Her form was straight as the cypress, her lips red as the kanduri (a beautiful red flower), and her feet delicate as the flower of the lotus. She was beautiful as Zulaikhd. and faithful as Lailt. The young prince was handsome as Yiisuf. The king was wise as Sulaimdn just as Naushtrwdn, liberal as Hatim^ and brave as Rustam. Lesson 14. 37. — Use of the pronoun dp The word f.p literally denotes self, and it is sc employed with ij:) of the persjiial prucouns ; as, inatn dp Jd,ungd, I will go ^ USE OF THE PRONOUN ap. myself. It may also be used in the same sense without the personal pronoun ; as, dp jd,egd, he himself will go ; dp dwe/ige, we will come ourselves. The word dp, however, is frequently employed in a very different sense, like our terms ' you sir,' ' your honour,' 'your worship,' 'his honour,' 'his worship,' &c., and the verb, in such cases, agrees with it in the third person plural. The words sdhib, master, monsieur, and hazrat or huzur, your highness, znd.jandbi 'dli, your majesty, are used in a similar manner when a person is addressmg, or speaking of, his superior in rank, or as a mere matter of politeness, by strangers of rank and respectability, when addressing each other. EXAMPLES. I shall see him myself, main dp usko dekhuiigd. will she herself come ? kyd wuh dp dwegi f will you come yourself to- kal dp dfige ? morrow ? will you, sir, come to-morrow ? dp kal d^a'/ge f how is the health of your dp kd mizdj kaisd hai f honour ? will you, sir, drink any wine ? dp kuchh shardb fiyeiige f may it please monsieur to sit baithiye sdhib. down, how is the health of your huziir kd mizdj i sharlf kaisd highness? haif Exercise. — I am going there myself this very day. Will you come yourself to-morrow? If he himself cannot give the money, perhaps his brother will be able to advance it for him. We do not wish to appear ourselves in this business. I am your worship's faithful slave. I have sought for the child in your honour's garden. Your worship's (master's) dinner is ready. Master's palki (vulg. palanquin) is now at the door. You, sir, are my father and mother ; there is no one in the world, except your honour, who will assist your poor miserable slave. Where is the native country of your highness ? Will your majesty ride on the white elephant to-day? Lesson 15. 38. — Use of the Infinitive. The Infinitive, or verbal noun, in Hindustani, is applied in a v.-^j-ieiy of ways different from what it is in English or Latin. In the first place it is used, like the Latin gerund, to express USE OF THE INFINITIVE, ETC. 43 obligation ; thus, tum-ko wdhah jdna hogd or paregd, you must (or will have to) go there. 2nd. It is sometimes used as an imperative ; thus, hargiz kasam na khdnd, swear not at all. Lastly, the inflected form of the infinitive, followed by kd, ke, or kl, is used, like the Latin participle in ' turus,' to express a future intention ; as, main nahin jdne-kd, ' non sum iturus,' 1 will not go ; wuh nahin likhne-ki, she does not intend to write. For a full account of the various uses of the infinitive, viJe Hind. Gram. p. 129. EXAMPLES. you must go home, tumko gharjdnd hogd. 1 must buy a good horse, mujhko ek achchhd ghord kha- ridnd hogd. do not commit such folly, aisi be-wukiift na karna. do not go to that country, us mulk men mat jdnd. I do not now intend to go to ab main Irdn men nahin Persia, jdne-kd. Exercise. — We nmst not do evil to the end that good may result. That wounded soldier must not eat so much fruit. You must read three pages of this book every day. Do not speak more nonsense. Never strike your horse on the head. Do not strike your dog in that manner. Do not drink any of the foul water of that river. When do you intend going to Europe ? He is about to travel in Persia [Fdrs\, Arabia {Arab), and Turkey [Rum). She does not mean t« remain in this country after the cold season. The officers do not intend to go to the tiger-hunt. Lesson i6. 39. — Use of the Relative and Correlative. Strictly speaking, the Hindustan! language does not possess a relative pronoun corresponding to the Latin qui, qucB, quod, or to our 'who,' 'which,' and 'that.' For example, vir sapit qui pauca loquitur, the man is wise who speaks little, is ex- pressed in Hindustani as follows:— /b shakks ddnd hai so (or wuh) kam boltd hai; literally, ' whatever man is wise, the same speaks little.' Here the word jo is called the relative, and so the correlative. We need not here enter on an elaborate description of this peculiarity of the language, both as regards relatives and correlatives in general, which will be much better understood by the following <4 ON ORIENTAL PriKASEOLOCi*. EXAMPLES, that which you say is all true,- jo turn kahte ho, so sab sack hai. speak plainly whatever comes jo kuchh ki iumkdre dil men into your mind, awe, so sdf kaho. the man whom you saw in jis shakhs'-ko tum-ne kal shahr the city yesterday died this men dekhd, so dj fajr ko mar- morning, g'^yci. the letter which you wrote to jo chithl tum-ne mujhe likhi me has not arrived, thi, so nahin pahujichi hai. where there is a rose, there is jakdh gul hai, tahdh khdr bhi also a thorn, hai. as you act, so will you expe- jaisd karoge, waisd pdpge. rience, wherever you go, thither will I jidhar tumjdpge, tidhar main also go, bhi jd,iingd. as the master, so will be the jaisd ustdd waiseki shdgird scholars. honge. Exercise. — Tl:at ver}' foolish young man has lost in play all the money that his father had given him when he left home. They broke to pieces all the furniture which they found in the people's houses. The king highly approved of the horses which you s(?nt to him last year from Arabia. Why have you not done what I told you? The officer rewarded the soldier who saved his life. Have you made a copy of the petition which the villagers brought to me yesterday ? At the root of the very tree under which you are now standing there is buried a potful of ashrafis. The ser\-ant whom you recommended to ine is a great rascal. Lesson 17. 40. — On Oriental Phraseology. The phraseology of the Eastern languages in general is more dramatic than ours. As a rule, when reference is made to the words or actions of a third person, that pronoun must be used which the person himself would make use of on such occasion. This peculiarity completely alters the whole structure of an Hindustani sentence compared with the corresponding English. For example, ' The prisoner told me that he would kill Shaikh Hasan if he saw him ;' kaidi ne mujh-se kahd ki main Shaikh Hasan ko mdr-ddiUngd agar usko dekhtin, literally, ' ^'zr pn- soner iaid to me thus, I will kill Shaikh Hasan if I see r.-jn. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 45 EXAMPLES. my brother said to me that he mere bhd,i-ne mujh-se kahd ki was going to Calcutta next main Kalkatte ko kal jd,- day, uiigd. he told me to go home? usne mujh-se kahd ki ghar jd p. did he not tell you that he had kyd usne turn se na kahd thd lost all his money at play? ki main ne apne sab mdl ju,e men hdr-diyd f he says that his parents have wuhkahtd hai ki mere md-bdp died, mar gaye haih. ask him whether that horse be us-se pUchho ki dyd yih ghord his own or not, tumhdrd hai ki nahth. he says it is assuredly his kahtd hai ki albatta ?nerd-fu own. hai. Exercise. — My master sends you his compUments, and desires me to say that he cannot come to see you to-day, as he is busy writing. I told him, that if he would prove to me that he did not charge me more than the market price (or price current) for the grain, then I would give him the sum he asked. I wrote to my friend this morning, and told him that I would send him the book in a day or two, if he did not require it sooner. He told me that he had suffered great hardships on the journey ; that he liad been robbed of part of his property, and obliged to sell the rest in order to pay his expenses during his way home. He wished to come here this morning to see you, but he told me that his horse was dead, and therefore he could not come. Lesson i8. N.B. — The remaining Exercises in this Section are of a mis- cellaneous description, and not, as hitherto, limited to a par- ticular rule of Syntax. The student, at every step, must bear in mind the preceding principles of Grammar, and by the time he has finished the Section, he will find himself well qualified to converse on all ordinary subjects with neatness and pro- priety. Of course his stock of words must be as yet but scanty ; but that will increase daily by practice. bring breakfast, hdziri Idp. bring dinner, khdna Idp. bring bread, roti lap. bring milk, dudh ld,o. give sugar, shakar do. it> PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. eat your dinner, * drink milk, light the lamp, light the candle, bring the shade, put out the candle, raise the shade, don't forget, come here, come near, where do you come from ? where are you going ? make ready the tea, turn to the right, turn to the left, go home quickly, apnd khdnd khdfi^ dudh piyo. chirdgh jaldfi. battl bdlo. fdnus lap. batti bujhdf,, /anus uthdfi. bhuliyo mat, idhar dp, nazdik dp. kahdh se d,e ho f k idhar japge ? chd band p. ddhine phiro. bdpn pk iro. ghar-ko jaldl jdp. Exercise. — Who is bringing the breakfast ? Sir, I have brought the breakfast. What is there to-day for dinner? They eat good bread and drink fresh milk. Have you liglited tlie candles? Bring us some tea, sugar, bread, and milk very quickly. Where have all the servants gone to ? Sir, they have all gone home. When will they come back? When you go there, you will first turn to the left and then to the right. .Ask these soldiers of what regiment they are. What is the name of the officer ? At what hour to-morrow morning will they march for Dihli ? Lesson 19. sidhe dge clialo. \buldp. motiyon (or, hammdloTi) ko vicz lejdp. asbdb uihnp. mez tithdp. khabar-ddr ho. dp kd hukm kyd hai t gdrl taiydr karo. kuchh muzdyaka nahlh. turn kofursat hat f mujhe inu'dfkijiye. thori roti Id p. bichhaund bichhdyd hai f darwdza band karo. vir hurhe htiin. move straight or, call the porters, take away the table, take away the thmgi, raise the table, be careful, what is your command 7 get ready the carriage, it is of no consequence, are you at leisure ? be pleased to forgive me, bring a little bread, have you made the bed ? fasten the ioor, they are old. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 47 this is a misfortune, yih kambakhti (or, dfat) k li. they are ignorant, wc jdhil hain. bring my book, meri kitdb lap. bring my shoes, meri Juti lap. go to the marlcet, tu7n bazar jdfi, bring a little meat, tJiord gosht lap. Exercise. — Sir, all the porters have come. Tell thera to put the things in the carriage. Have you fastened the door of the house ? When I shall be at leisure I shall see him. Has the servant brought the meat from the market ? Have you put my books on the table ? Sir, pray forgive me, I had forgotten. Well, do not forget again. What a great misfortune this is 1 Sir, I have brought your shoes, I am not at leisure to see him to-day, tell him to come early to-morrow. Who is that old man who is standing near the door? Lesson 20. who are you ? turn kaunhof why are you come ? kis wdste d,e ho f you will say something to me, mujhe kuchh kahogs. don't be troublesome, dikk mat karo. call my house steward, mere khdtisdmdt! ko buldp, order dinner, khdne kd hukm do. I will go out, main bdhir jdfiiiga. bring my clothes, mere kapre Idp. please come quickly, dp jaldl d,iyegd. repair the warehouse. kothi marammat kan . bring the newspaper, akhbdr Idp. is this the very thing ? yih wuhi hai f they are all there, wahdn sabhi hain, who is he? 7vuh kaun hai ? is any one there ? wahdn ko,i hai f say that again, wuh phir kai'o. how are you? turn kaise ho ? we shall go to-morrow, ham kaljd,enge, move this way, idhar ko chalo. move that way, udhar ko chalo, nas the gun fired ? kyd top dag ga,i f Exercise. — Who is that man, and why has he come here? Is the newspaper come to-day ? Where have you put my clothes ? Has the k/idnsd man yet returned from the market? Tell me when he comes back. Sir, the khdnsdmdn says there is no good lr> PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. meat in the market to-day. Carry the books and newspapers to the warehouse. Wliat will he say to you to-morrow ? How is he to-day? He says that he is now much better. The gun in the fort is fired every morning at dawn, and also at the end of evening twiUght. Such is the custom of this country. Lesson 21. send for the palanquin quickly, pdlkl jaldi marigdft, has the master risen ? sahib uthe haih ? this is a very fine fruit, yih bahut khiib tnewa hat. this is wonderful news, yih ' ajib khabar hai. we are hungr>' and thirsty, ham bhtikhe piydse haih. he is a careful man, wuh hushydr ddmi hai. they are great rogues, we bare daghdbdz haih. the whole land is level, sab zamJn bardbar hai. his heart is grieved, us kd dil ranjida hai. \hai 1 isyourbusinessnowcomplcted? tumhdrd kdm ab tamdm hiifi is the proof of it strong ? uski dalil mazbQt hai f she is very impudent, wuh bari gustdkh hai. the sky is quite clear, dsmdn khub sd/hai. these are mischievous children, we larke natkhat haiiu he received great punishment, us ne bari saza pd,i. tliey all remained hidden, we sab chhipe rahe. his heart is restless, us kd dil bckardr hai. lie is a fool, wuh bnvuku/hai. this paper is moist, yih kdghaz tar hai. who is making a noise ? kaun shor kartd hai f what are you saying ? iuvt kyd kahte ho f Exercise. — Sir, the palki is ready. Bring me some paper, that I may write. Ask that man if his master has yet risen. What is the name of this fruit ? Is there much fruit on that tree ? I shall come home when I have completed my business. Do not make so much noise there. You said that these men were great liars. You say that you are very careful. The fool says everything that comes into his heart ; but whatever comes into the heart of the wise, the same remains hidden. The news from the army this week is by no means favourable. The man who brings the news is a very great rogue, and those who believe him are fools. Lesson 22. speak easy Urdu, ?Ali^. Urdu lolo. \and had f ) whence are you come? kahdh se d,e ho f (or, kahdv se go away, you have leave, ihaiejd,o tumhch rukhsat hui. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. go not there again, put us on shore, who lives there ? go on straightforward, bring some wine and water, cool the water well, the dinner is on the table, what is your name? he is very clever, wake me very early it is fair to-day, he has made confession, make a signal for coming here, have patience a Uttle, send them to my house, sprinkle a Uttle water, turn back that leaf, tie their hands and feet, wahjf'i phir mat jand. hamen kindre par uidro. wahdn kaun rahtd hat f sfdhe age chale jap. kuchh shardb aur pdni Id/a pdni khiib Iha7tdd karo. khdnd rnez par dyd. tumhdrd nam kyd hai f wiih bahut clidldk hai. mujhe bari fajar jagdiO, dj din sd/hai. us ne ikrdr kiyd hai, yahdh dne kd ishdra karo. zarra sabr karo. u?iko hamdre ghar bhej do. thord pdni chhirko. us warak ko ultdp. unke hdth pdph bdndho. Exercise. — You say that the Hindustani language is very easy. He put them all ashore there yesterday. Have you well cooled the wine and the water? Tell me when the dinner is on the table. Why did you not wake me very early, as I told you? If you forget another time, then you will get great punishment. Have they seen our signal for their commg here ? Send the wine and water to my house. We do not Hve there. These boys are verj' clever. He has made no confession as yet. Who has torn the leaf from my book ? The magistrate caused the prisoners to be bound hand and foot. Lesso put those rupees in the bag, there is a fakir at the doer. he is very intelligent, this is very pood bread, come b.ick this way, move a little slower, come, take off my boots, come out of the house, wash your hands and face, he has many friends, what benefit will there be in that ? they have suffered much sorrow. ko thaili tneh N 23. vn rupaiyoh bharo. darwdze par ek fakir hai. ivuh bar a 'dkil hai. yih bahut achchhi rati hai. isi ta rf lautiye. zarra aur dhista chalo. dp moze utdro. ghar se riikal dp. apne hdth munh dJw io, uske bahut dost hain. us men kydfd,ida hogd f unhoh ne bahut ranj uthdyd. 5° PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. he has got a long beard, what bird is this ? he is a great drunkard, they are decidedly guilty, whose field is this ? there are many flies here, they have great prudence, how many people were present ? uski bari ddrhi hat. yih kya chiriya ha if wuh bard shardbi hat. wuh yaklnan gunahgdr hain. yih khei kis kd hai ? yahdfi bahut mahkhiydn hain. unko bari dur-andeshi hai. kitne ddmi hdzir the f Exercise. — How many rupees are there in the bag? Bring water, that I may wash my hands and face. I have suffered much sorrow on your account. What is the name of this fine bird ? These flies give me much trouble. That fakir has a very long beard. Give him a rupee and tell him to go away. Tell him that if he makes such a noise another day, I will punish him severely. Where do your friends live ? Are all the people present to-day ? His friends afford him one hundred rupees a month. That man is quite innocent. There are many very fine trees in that field. These men never speak the truth ; I cannot place any reliance upon what they tell me. Lesson 24. there is no oil in the lamp, pray give me a sample, this is a mere stratagem, where is his shop ? have you got a rope ? the king sat upon the throne, his voice is good, what sort of animal is this ? what is your advice ? what is your age ? send the palki near me, give me the whip and hat, bring water for washing the hands, how is your health ? give me the tooth-brush and powder, bring a suit of clothes, bring ink, pen, and paper, whose horse is that ? who is that European ? chirdgh men iel nahin. mujhe ek namUna dijiye. yihfakat hila hai. uski dakdji kahdf'i hai , tumhdre pds rassi hai ? bddshdh takkt par baii-fiil. uski dwdz achchhi hai. yih kaisd jdnivar hai f tu77ihdri kyd saldh hai ? tumhdri 'umr kyd hai f pdlki mere pds bhejo. chdbuk aur topi do. hath dho7ie ko pdni lap. mizdj dpkd kaisd hai f •nisu'dk aur manjan do, ek jord kaprd lap. dawdt kalam aur kdgnat lifl, ■wuh kis kd ghord hai f wuh gord kaun hai 9 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. s« Exercise. — One day, in the summer season, a king and his son went a-hunting. When the air became very hot, then they placed each his cloak on the back of a certoin jester. The king, having laughed, said, "Now, O jester, there is ar ass's burden on thy back." The jester gave answer, " Verily your majesty, I bear the burdens of two asses." whose house is this? this soil is barren, they are verv- avaricious, this rupee is adulterated, its shape is bad, the English language is difficult, brush off the spider's web, what fault has he committed ? Lesson 25. yih kis hd ghar kai f yih zamin usar hai. we bare hirst hait'i. yih rupiyd khotd hai. uski shakl bad hat. angrezJ zabdn mushkil hai. makrl kd jald chhnrd-ddlo. usne kyd taksir kl hai f there is much dew on the grass, ghds par bahut shabnam (or, OS) hai. ab rve bahut Idchdr haih. turn kyd kdm karte ho f uske bakwds kl intihd nahik. now they are very helpless, what business are you doing? there is no end of his chat- tering, they made much apology, my parents have gone to their house (other people's house), there are many fruits in that garden, I have a headache, where did you hear this news? it is late, let us depart. Exercise. — They thus say, that in a certain house a tiger and a man saw a picture, in which the man was drawn as victorious, and the beast subdued. The man said to the tiger, "Dost thou, see the bravery of the man, how he has overcome the tiger?" The tiger gave answer, " The painter was a man ; if a tiger had been the painter, then the drawing would not liavp been i:i this manner." unhoii ne bahut 'uzr kiyd. ■mere md bdp unke ghar ga,e hain. us bdgh met'i phal bahut haih. miijhe dard-i-sar hai. turn nekahdhyih khahar suni f der ht'ij, ham ruk'isai hon. Lesson 26. he has a liver complaint, this is a fine season, sow that seed in the gar len, he has a toothache, us ko jigar kl bimdrl hai. yih achchhd mausam hai. us blj ko bdgh met'i bo. us ke ddht ntf'' dnrd kiii. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. Ihere are many playthings in the bazaar, what is your occupation ? this translation is very good, his case will come on to-day, your watch goes well, this is a wax candle, how much is the fare of the boat? what o'clock is it ? brush my hat and coat, what is the fare for a day ? lift up the bUnds, take away the dishes, place my watch on the table, this fruit is very acid, why are you angry ? bdzdr men bahut khilone hain tumhdrd kyd peshd hat f yik tarjuma bahut khub hat. us kd mukaddama dj hogd. tumhdri ghari achchhi chalti yih mom ki batti hat. [hai. ndfi kd kitnd bhdrd hai t ka,i baje ha in ? merl topi aur kurti jhdro. ek din kd bhdrd kyd hai f jhilmil uthdfi, bartan lejdfi. hayndrl ghari mez par rakkho. yih phal bard khattd hai. tum kyoh ghusse hote ho f Exercise. — One day, a stag, from fear of the hunters, having fled, entered within a certain cave. There a large tiger having gone, seized and began to eat the stag. At the time of dying, that helpless animal said, in his own heart, "Alas, what a great misfortune is mine ! I fled hither from fear of man, and now I have fallen into the claws of an animal whose cruelty is even greater than man's." Lesson 27. this is a very difficult business, they are very artful, that is a very beautiful garden, this cloth is very coarse, are you fit for the business? it is colder to-day than yester- day, I this line'ls better, his heart is very sorrowful, she is dumb and deaf, this story is all a lie, these are fine raisins, he has a large house, this room is well lighted, this room is very lofty, how long is this cloth ? these are very wicked children. yih bard muskkil kdm hai. we bare hile-bdz hain. wuh bahut khub surat bdgh hai . yih kaprd bard tnotd hai. kyd, tum us kdm ke la^ik ho f kal se dj sardi ziydda hai. yih satar bihtar hai. uskd dil bard ghamgin hai, wuh gungi aur bahri hai. yih kissa bilkul khildf hai. yih bahut khub munakkd hai. uskd bahut bard makdn hai. yih kamard khub raushan hai. yih kamard bahut Unchd hai. yih kaprd kitnd lambd hai f we bahut sharir larke hain. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. S3 iskd mizdj be-rahm hai. we sust aur ghdfil haih. •we bare sakht-mizdj lum his disposition is cruel, they are lazy and negligent, they are of a very stern dispo- sition, Exercise.— \ii a dark night a blind man, having taken a lamp in his hand, and a jar on his shoulder, was going along in the market. Somebody said to him, " O fool ! in thy eyes day and night are alike ; of what use is a lamp to thee?" The blind'inan, having laughed, said, "O you great blockhead ! do you imagine that the lamp is for my benefit? No, it is entirely on thy ac- count, that thou mayest not break my jar amidst the darkness." Lesson 28. this pen is too soft, this paper is very coarse, this letter is ill-shaped, you speak very slowly, can you speak English ? descend, otherwise you will fall, you must go with me, take away this bundle, it is cloudy, yea it rains a little, see, has it cleared up a little ? we know it all, they know a great deal, he gave me much trouble, why do you laugh without cause ? they have annoyed us very much, this is not my house, allow me to smell that tlower, apply oil to that chair, open the lock of that door. yih kalam ziydda-tar narm hai. yih kdghaz bahut moid hai. yih harf bad-surai hai. turn bahut dhista bolte ho. turn angrezl bol-sakte ho f utro, nahu'i to giroge. hamdre sdth tumhenJdndhoL:d is ga thri ko le jdp. \hui . badli hai, balki kuchh barasia dekko, dsmdn kuchh kkuld hai T ham yih sab jdnte haiv. we bahut kuchh jdnte haih. usne ham ko barl taklif di. be-sabab kyuh hahste ho f unhoh ne ham ko bahut dikk kiyd hai. yih ghar merd nahiii hai. wuh phiil jHiijhe sfinghne do. us chauki meii rauphan mala. us darwdze kd kufl kholo :ugnc, ijlkh Exercise. — A very poor man went to a verj'.rich man and said, "We two are sons of Adam and Eve {Adam Hawd), therefore we are brothers ; you are very rich and I am very poor ; give me a brother's share." The rich man, on hearing" this, gave to the poor man one kauri. The poor man said, ' ' Oh, sir ! why do you not bestow upon me a brother's share?" He replied, "Be content, my good friend; if I give all my poor biotliers one kauri each, I shall not have any remaining." PROGRESSIVE LESSON'S AND EXERCISES. Lesson 29. some of our soldiers have been wounded, beat that lazy boy, dig up that underwood, having said this, he departed, wring the moisture from the clothes, they sleep carelessly (soundly), what is the amount of your bill? a wasp has stung me, da'ze sipdhi hamdre zakhml hufi. us sust larke ko mdro. us jangal ko khod ddlo. yih kahkar wuh chald gnyd. kapre kd pdni nichor-ddlo. we be-khabar sote ha in. tutnhdrd hi sab kitne kd hai f tniijhe ek barnedank-mdrdhai. what isthetonnageof thisship? is jahdz vieh kitne bojh ki sanidj hai f what need is there of so much iini ihtiydt ki kyd hdjat f care? what is the price of these things? in chir.on kl kyd kimat hai f what is the depth of this tank ? yih tdlab kitnd gahrd hai f what is the difference between in donoh men kyd /ark hai f these two ? Exercise. — A person went to a scribe, and said unto him, "Write a letter for me." He said, "There is a pain in my foot." The man said, " I do not wish to send you any^vhere, why are you making this unreasonable excuse?" The scribe replied, "You are speaking the truth ; but when I write a letter for any person, then I am always sent for to read it ; for nobody else is able to read my handwriting." Lesson 30. this army does not know i'-s yih fauj kawd'id se wdki/ exercise, nahii'i. between you two what fighting turn donoh men kaisi lard^i is there? hai f in this book how many chapters is kitdb men kitnifasleh haih ? are there ? on these goods is there any is asbdb par kuchh dasturi discount ? hai f the drum beats ever)' day in the tarnbUr kila men hay roz bajtd fort, hai. this boy is much loved by us, yih larkd hamdrd bahut piyard hai. la this t;uik are there any fish? is tdldb men kuchh mickklin haih f PkOGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 55 make a hols here in the earth, yahdfi zarnin me/'i ek suri/tj karo. I caught a fish with a rod, ham 7ie bansl se ek machhii pakri. this cow has no horns. is g^J-ie ke sing nahfii haih.' of what kind is this cloth? kis kism kd yih kaprd hai f do you intend going to Europ)e? wildyatjdne ko tumhdrd irdda half hang up this lamp in the hall, yih chirdgh ddldh tnefi latkddo. do you go by land or by water? tian khushkl jdfige yd taii ? Exercise. — A certain hare having gone to the presence of the tigress, said to her, "O tigress, of me every year there are many young ones, but of you, during the whole of your life, tliere are no more than two or three." The tigress, having smiled, replied, "What you say is very true: of me, indeed, there may be only one young one in all my life, but that one is a tiger." Lesson 31. there is no lock to your box, tumhdre sandUkche men ku/i nahih hai. there is much mud on the river datyd ke kindre-par bari side, kichar hai. how many passengers were in kitnemusdfirusjahdzmei'tthef that vessel? the whole room was scented, sdrd kamrd khushbo se 72111 at- tar ha, a. are you the owner of this house? tuyn is ghar ke nidlik ho f from idleness is loss, susti se ziydh hai. such as you will do, so will you jaisd karegd 7vaisd pdzvegi. find, resignation is the best com- bihtar sdthl sair hai. panion, the world ib ihe house of deceit, dunydfareb kd ghar hai. the fruit of rashness is repent- jaldl kd phal pashemdni hai. ance, patience is an excellent quality, sahr achchhl khaslat hai. temperance is excellent physic, parhez barl dawd hai. hearing is better than speaking, sun fid bihtar hai kahne se. from labour results greatness, mi.hnat se bard J milti hai. Exercise. — A certain old woman had a goose which every d.iy used to lay an Q'g^ of gold. One day the old woman thought in her own mind, thus : " If I increase the food of this g-'>os<^, $6 FAOGKESSTVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. then she will every day give two golden cgj;s." Having thuo determined, the old woman began to give the goose e\ery day as much food as she could eat. Now, after some days, the goose having become very fat, gave no more eggs. Lesson 32. such as you speak so will you j'aisd kahoge waisd sunoge. hear, this world is the har\'est for the next, contentment is the key of re- pose, to be ignorant is death to the hving, moderation in ever}'thing is best, to the wise a hint is enough, death laughs at expectations, assist your brother in distress, dunyd dkhirat ki kheti hat. kaud'at dram ki kunji hdi. ke liye jihdlat maui bihtar zindoh kai. tawassut har chiz kd hai. 'dkil ko ishdra bas hai. ummed par maut haristi hai. tahgi men apne bhdj ki ma- d.-td kar. aksar atikdt dawd bimdrl hai. khitdd rdst aur pdk hai. ddmi chalan se pahchdnd jdtd hai. mafi karne se chdh barhii hai. ddndi se rozi nahlh barhti. very frequently medicine is sickness, God is upright and holy, man becomes known from his conduct, from prohibition desire in- creases, fortune does not increase with wisdom. Exercise. — One day a large bull was grazing in a field, when a conceited fly came and sat on one of his horns. The fly began to say in her own mind, "I am very heavy, and if 1 remain here, assuredly the bull will not be able to lift his head from the ground." Then the fly said aloud, "O bull, I am afraid I am giving you great inconvenience ; if so it be, then speak out, and I will immediately depart." The bull answered, "O fly, be not uneasy on my account, for I was not in the least aware of your being there till you spoke to me." Lesson 33 during this month much rain is mahine men pan! bahui fell, barsd. send a servant there, ek naukar wahdn bhej-do. ut under this tree. is daraklit ke tale baitho. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 57 what is the price of these pearls? how heavy will this stone be, what is the name of this village? bring the riding-horse, brush the curtains well, so that no mosquito may remain, clean the shoes well, we ought to be benevolent, we have fallen into great diffi- culties, many ships have been damaged by the storm, he every day drinks new milk, to sit still is better than quar- relling, grind this wheat in the mill, do you know who is his agent? in motiyon ki kyd klmat hai f yih p at t liar kihid bharl hogd f is gdtiw kd nam kyd hai ? sazvdri ke ghore ko hdzir karo. masahrt khub jhdro ki ko,i machchhar na ra'he. ; jilti achchhi tarah sd/ kxiro. ham ko chdhiye ki rahm-dil hon. ham barl mushkiloh men part haih. tufdn se hahut jaJidz tabdh hUiC wuh harroz tdza dUdhpltd hai. chupke baithnd bihtar hai larne se. chakki men in gehuph ko piso. turn jdnte ho uskd gumashta kaun hai f Exercise. — A man went, for the purpose of seeing a cenain person, to his house, at the time of midday. That person, from his own house, saw the man coming, and said to his servants, "When he asks where the master of the house is, you will say that he is now gone to dine with some one." In the meanwhile, the man having arrived, asked, "Where is the Jnaster of the house?" They said, "Our master is gone out." The man said, "A great fool he is to have gone out of his house in the midst of such heat." The master of the house, baving put his head out of the window, said, "You are a very great fool to wander about at this time : for I have been all day in my own house." Lesson 34. buy two candlesticks for me, ±,is cat has large claws, take away this counterpane into the other room, is this place in the district of Calcutta? I will show you a beautiful picture, do sham'ddn mere waste mol- lo. is billi ke bare bare changul haih. diisre kamre men is palang- posh ko le jdfi. yih jagah Kalkatte ke zile men hai ? main turn ko ek khubsurai taswir dikhd,utigd. 58 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. your signature is necessary to this bond, to-day there is a guest in their house, r who is this ooy's governor? it is very late, permit us to go home, in this affair there is much cruelty, tliey commit oppression of every sort, we have at present a long journey, is tamassuk par tumhdt i dast- kliat zarur hat. dj unke ghar men ek viihmdn hai. is larke kd murabbi haun hai. bahut der hu,i ham ko ghar Jane do. is kdm men bari be-murUwati hai. we har tai'ah kd zulm karti hain. hame/i is wakt dur kd safar darpesh hai. Exercise. — A certain feeble old man having gathered a load of wood (literally sticks) in a forest, was carrjing it to his owm house. After having gone some distance, the old man became ver)"- tired, and having thrown down the burden from his shoulder on the ground, he began to cry out, "O Angel of Death, deliver me from this miser)'!" At that very instant the Angel of Death stood before him, and said, "Why have you called me, and what do you want with me?" On seeing this frightful figure, the old man, trembling, replied, "O friend, be pleased to assist me, that I may lift once more this burden upon my shoulder: for this purpose only have I called you." Lesson 35. have you a glass for holding the medicine? man has reason, a brute none, please give me a letter of in- troduction, why do you write with a bad pen? of these two which is the best? I will take tlie business from you and give it to him, your goin^ there is not neces- sar>', he IS well versed in science, tumhdre pas shishi dawdj rakhne ki hai f 'akl ddml ko hai^/dnwar ko nahlh. ek sifdrish kd khaft vitijht 'indyat kijiye. turn kis 'ivdsie bare kalain se likhte ho f un donoh men se kaun achchhd haif main turn se kdm liit'igd aur 7ise dUngd. tumhdrd jdnd wahdii kurkh zarHr nahu'i. 'ilm se wuh kf^itb wdkif hai. PROGRESSrVR LESSONS AND EXERCISES. wuh bard ddnd aur 'ahlmand hai. yih sab se bihtar hogd. kaho to wuh kyd kahtd hai. sd^isse kaho gnord taiyar kare. he is very learned and intelli- gent, this will be best of all, tell me what he is saying, tell the groom to get the horse ready, Exercise. — In the country of Kashmir a certain merchant had an Abyssinian slave whose skin was as black as charcoal. One day in the winter season the slave took off his clothes, and having taken up some snow, he began, with great labour, to rub it on his body. During this, his master came that way, and having seen this curious circumstance, said, ' ' What are you doing here?" The slave answered, " I am rubbing my body with snow, so that I may become white Uke the people of this country." His master, laughing, said, "O fool, do not labour in vain ; your body may, indeed, dissolve the snow, but your skin will not thereby become white." Lesson 36. I also wish to go out, why do you climb the tree? when will you be able to depart? is the saddle on the horse or not? we will return in a few minutes, if dinner be ready, bring it, give my compliments to your master, do you know this man ? he has acquired much science, he has amassed much wealth, come, let us two have some talk, will one horse be able to draw so great a weight? you go on, we are coming, these things are corne from Europe, where shall we pass the night ? we have no time to play at present, main bhi bdhir jdnd chdhtd ha II. darakhjt par kyon charhie ho f turn kab tak chal-sakoge ? ghore par zin bdndhd hai ki nahin f kOfidam tnetl ham phir dwe/ige. jo khdnd taiyar ho to Idfi. hamdrd saldm apne sahib se kaho. is ddmi ko turn jdfite ho f usne bahut 'ilm hdsil kiyd hai. usne bahut daulat jam' ki hai. d,o, ham turn kuchh bdt chit karen. ek ghord itnd bojh khaiiich-sa- kegd f _ r turn age jap ham dte hain. ye chizeh wildyat se d,i hain. dj ki rdt ha?n kahdh rahenge f ham ko fursat abhl khelne ki nahih hai. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. Exercise. — One day an ox was grazing in a field in which several young fro^s were playing. By chance one of the young frogs was crushed under the foot of the ox, and died. The other frogs having seen this, went home, and having told their mother what had occurred, they then said, ' ' O mother, we never before saw so large an animal.' On hearing this, the old frog, having distended her belly ver} much, said, "Is he as large as this?" The young ones replied, "Assuredly, he is much larger than that." She then, having distended herself twice as much, said, " Is he so large?" They answered, " O mother, he is a thousand times larger." The old frog, how- ever, through pride, continued to distend her body more and more, till at last her skin burst, and she died. Lesson 37. he has scalded his foot, all these knives are rusty, uskd pdnwjhulas gayd. yih sab chhuri zang-dluda hain. ye larke tamdm din chilldya ka>te hain. ham isko tamdm din dhu/'idie the. turn ne apne kJiatt par mnKr ki hai ? hamdrd ghar darakhton kt sdye men hai, pdni barastd hai, ham ko pan ah do. •wahdh barhke jdfi aur khare raho. pdlki meh-se ye chizeh uthd. ld,o. b aland dwdz se bolo to main sun till. usko Hindi zabdn men kyd kahte ho f these children are screaming all day. we were seeking for this all day, have you sealed your letter ? our house is shaded wi'h trees, it is raining, give us shelter, go forward there, and stand still. bring out these things from the palkl, speak loud, then I shall hear you, what do you call that in Hin- dustani ? Exercise. — In the house of a certain person, a bag of rupees was stolen. The owner of the money gave information to the judge of that city. The judge immediately called before hiiu all the people of the house ; but atier much investigation he was unable to detect the thief. At last he said to them, "This night I will give each of you a stick one cubit in length, and it will so happen that the stick of him who is the thief wiU PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 6l become one inch longer than those uf the rest." Having thu.s spoken, the judge gave each a sfick, and dismissed them. During the night, the tlhef, being afraid, said to liimself, "If I cut off one inch from my stick, in the morning it will be of the same length with the rest." Thus, having considered, he cut ofTan inch from his stick, and next day attended, along with the others The judge, having looked at the sticks, thus discovered the thief. Lesson 38. set up something as a shelter kuchh dhup kt dr ki waste f.'om the sunshine, khard karo. yhai. he agreed with me this time, iswaktwzih 7neresdth muttafik you exercise yourself in writing turti likline aur parJutc ki and reading, mashk karo. on hearing this news they were yih khabar sunke we bahiit much frightened, dar -ga^e. !iow much indigo will this chest kiind nil is sandHk men samd- contain? fg'i'^ they are all offended with one we sab ek diisre se khafd haih. another, tell the coachman not to drive gdribdn se kaho ki Una jald na so quick, hdiike. wehaveescapedfromthehands ham dushman ke hdth se bach- of the enemy, ' g to the diet h^> uses, he will say, ' Rice and milk ;' to which 1 shall answer. May it do you much service.' I shall after- wards put the question, * Pray who is your physician?" he will of course tell me ' Dr. such a one is," and I may safely say, ' May God prosper his hands in the accomplishment of his work.'" At length, having settled his plan, the deaf man reached the house, and after the usual compliments {sd/dm 'alek ki bad) he seated himself near the patient. "My friend," says he, "how are you?" The sick man replied, "Do not you see that I am dying of a fever?" On hearing which he ob- served, "Excellent, I hope God will keep you so." The poor patient was already peevish enough with his disease, but thi^ made him much more so. The deaf man next asked, " What is your diet, my friend?" and was answered, "Blood and ashes !" * " May they do you much good," the other rejoined. His visitor then inquired thus: "Do tell me who is your doctor." Boiling with indignation, he cried, " His worship Dr. Death." " I give you joy," quoth the deaf man ; "he is a most effective practitioner, and may the Lord speed his prescrir>tions." SECTION III. The Exercises in this Section become progressively more difiicult than any of the foregoing. As a preparatory step, the student ought to have read at least one quarter of the Bdgh Bahdr and Baitdl Paclusi, in addition to my Hindu- stani Grammar and Selections. For further materials in this useful department, he may have recourse to any amusing oriental tales, such as those of the Arabian Nights Entertain- ments, &c.. &c. It is to be presumed, also, that he is possessed of my Dictionary, in case all the words should not be found in Part II. at the end of this work. Lesson 43.— Ox Breakfast. get the breakfast equipage hdzri kd sdmdn taiydr karo. ready, toast some bread, and butter it properly, does the water boil? give me a clean cup and saucer, give that gentleman another cup of tea, make it strong enough ; and by putting in it plenty of milk and sugar you will always make it good, provided the water be actually boiling, bring the cold meat, fowl, ham, tongue, salt fish, mango- fish, rice, and split pease in the twinkling of an eye, give me a cup of coffee and a little more sugar, boil some eggs, but do not let them get hard, set the egg-cups and salt-cellar on that side, and the tea-pot and coffee-pot here. kuchh roti seit.ko, aur us par achchhi tarah makkhan lagdfl. pdnf khaiiltd hai f [do. ek sdf piyala aur thdli mujhe ek aur piydla chd kd us sahib kodo. jaisi ckdhiye use kari karo, aur us men bahut sd dadh aur misri mildne se hamesha achchhi banegi, basharte ki pan I khiib kliaultd ho. thandhd gosht, murghi, ran, jibh, nam kin-mac hhli, tapsi- viachhli, kJiushka aur ddl, pal-mdrte Idp. ek piydla kahiva mujhe do aur thori si shakkar ziydda do. kuchh ande uhdlo, par unhen sakht hone tta do. andoh ke piydle aur namak- ddn us taraf rakkho. ch.i ,e- ddn aur kahwe-ddn yakan. MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 6q vhat a blockhead you are to require repeated orders for such things ! bring bread, biscuit, sweet- meats, cake, &c., you know I cannot drink tea without cream, the bread is very bad, and full of sand, discharge the baker if he ever dare to send such bread here, the water with which this tea is made has not been boiling ; it has no taste at all, these eggs are not fresh ; from whom have you brought them ? Never bring any to the table but those that are laid at home, turn kyd ahmak ho/ ki aisi chizoh ke wds,(e turn ko bdr- bdr hukm chdhiye. i'-* rati, biskut, mithdj, kek, wa- ghaira Idfi. turn jdnte ho ki tnain mald,i baghair chd na pi-saktd. roti nihdyat buri, aur bdlu bhari liu,i hat. }idn-bd,i-ko jawdb dijo agar kabhl wiih aisi roti bhejnt ki jur,at kare. jis pdni se yih chd band,i ga^i zvuh khaultd na thd ; is men lazzat mutlak nahih. ye ande tdze 7iahin, kis-se tu?n- ne liye hai/i ? gharailti kt siwd^e aur kuchh kabhi mez- par mat Idfi. Exercise. — One night a ^afi" found in a book that whoevei has a small head and a long beard is a fool. The kdzi, having a small head and a long beard, said to himself, " I cannot mcrease the size of the head, but I will shorten the beard." He sought for scissors, but could not find them. Having no other course, he took half his beard in his hand, and carried the other half towards the lamp : when the hair took fire, the flames reached his hand ; upon which, letting go his hold, the beard was entirely consumed, and the kdzi overwhelmed wiih shame, as it verified what was written in the book. Lesson 44. — On Dinner. tell the cook to have the dinner ready at three o'clock, sir, dinner is ready, where is the soup and the soup- spoon ? bring a hot-water plate, some bread, potatoes, greens, asparagus, cabbage, cauli- flowers, turnips, carrots, cucumberSji bdwarchi se kaho ki tin bajt khdnd taiydr howe. sdhib, khdnd taiydr hai. shorbd kahdh hai, aur shorba pine kd chamcha f garm pdni kd bdsan Idfi. kuchh roti, dlu, sdg, ndgdcune, karm-kalla, phul-kobi, ^al- gham, gdjar, khire. 70 MISCKLLANEOUS A'i.CLOGUES AND EXERCliES. let me have a clean plate, knife, fork, spcon, salt, mustard, vinegar, pepper, horse-ra- dish, oil, sauce, anchovies, and everything of this sort, let me have of every sort of vegetable on the table, and tell me the name of each, what do you call that vege- table? ''^ get one dressed for me every day, and tell me the name of each as I eat it, till you see I can call for everj^thing of this sort by its proper name, do so with everj'thing else, as this will be a capital plan for learning and digesting this useful tongue, being at once a meal and a lesson, brini, some beef, mutton, veal, fish, fowl, and venison, can you dress Hindustani dishiis well ? what fruits are in season now? bring me some of each sort, to-morrow we shall dine in the country, send ever>-thing in time, will this meat keep so long in this weather? now you may all depart, you have leave. Exercise. — A person said to liis servant, "If you see two crov.-s together early in the morning, apprize me of it, that I may also behold them, as it will be a good omen, whereby I shall pass the whole day pleasantly." In short, the servant snw two crows in one place : he informed his master ; but wlien the latter came, he saw only one, the other lia^.-ing flown ek sjlf rikdbi, chhuri, kantd, ckamcka, namak, rd,i, sirka., mink, saliajnd, tel, chaini, viachhli-knucliar, aur sab cJiizeii isi (tzra/j-kf mujhc do. mezfarharek larah kltarkdri kuchh kucrik rakhc, aur ek- ek kd 7idm mujhe batdfi. us tarkdri-ko kyd kahte ho f iiar roz mere liye ek '^jkdnd, aur Jab maift khd^iiu tab har ek kd Tidm viujhe batdtul jabtak ki turn na jUio ki har ek aisl chiz ke niaii'i asl nam batd-sakfih. harek ckizmen bhi aisd hi karo, kyQhki is muftd zabdn sikhtie kd aur ydd karne kd yih achchhd taur hai. ki ssbak fabak dorm) hi haifi. kuchh gde kd goshi ld,o, bher ka gosht, bachhre kd gosht, machhli, muyghi, hi raft kd gosht. Hitidiistdnl khdnd turn ach- chhd pnkd-sakte ho f kis kis mewe ki ab /a§l hai f harkism se thord thora mere pas Idfl. ham kal dihdt men khdnd kkd,enge, sab chizeh bar- ivakt bhejo. is mausam men yih gosht itni der ^iza rahegd f ab turn sab jdfi, rukjisat hai. MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEkCISES. 7I away. He was very angry, and began to beat the servant ; at which time a friend sent him some victuals. The servant said, "O my lord! you saw only one crow, and have obtained victuals ; had you seen two, you would have got a beating." Lesson 45.— On Naming, Telling, Speaking, &c. what is the name of this? what do you call this thing? what do they call that in Hindiistani? can you tell me where Mr. lives ? tell me the name of this in your own language, do not tell any one what I said to you about that book, he would not tell rne which of the two was yesterday's or to-morrow's lesson, your servant does not mind what you say to him, tell him he is a great rogue, and that he is always telling his master no end of hes (Ut. he is opening bags upon bags of lies), well, I will not speak to him, as I may get angry and beat him ; but give him his wages and dismiss him, what did he say when you told him to remain till I returned ? he said he had business, and •::ould not possibly remain, did you ask him of what nature the business was ? yes, I did ask ; but he said it was an affair of secrecy which be could not divulge, , iskd kyd nam hat ? is chiz ko kyd kahte ho f usko Hindustani zabdn men kyd kahte haiii ? turn kah-sakte ho ki sahib kahdh rahtd hai f turn apnt zabdn meti iskd nd?n to batdfi. us kitdb ki bdbat jo turn se main ne kahd, so kisi se kuchh 7ia kahnd. uski marzi na tht jo mujh-se kahe ki in donon sabak men kaun kal-kd hai, aur kaun kal-kd hogd. turn apne naukar se jo kahte ho, so wuh nidntd nahm. us se kaho ki tu sakkt daghd- bdz hai, aur apne khdwind ke sdnih7ie hamesha jhUth ki patoh ki pat kholtd hai. achchhd, main us-se na bolfingd ki shdyad main ghusse ho- jd,iln to mdrUngd, lekiJi use talab dekar rukhsat kar-do. jab tum ne mere phir dne tak usse kaha ki raho, tab usne kyd kahd f usne kahd ki mere hdth men kdm hai, main hargiz rah- na-sakHrigd. kyd tunine us sepHchhd ki wuk kdm Ms iarafi kd hai f hdn,pu,chhd thd, par usne kahd ki wuh bhed ki bdt hai uska Piairi bay an na kar'sakiihgd-^ jr MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. we dpas men arigmi bolte AaiA aur luim-sc iUndiistani. 7ve use pardesijaneiige, agarchi wuh Hindustani bahiit bd- kaida boltd hai. agar main Hindiisfdni zabdn bolsaktd, to ^nsht se boltd, par afsos hai! ki us zabdn men main do jumle mildnd nahin sakld hut). tutn ka,i mahine men bol sakoge, aur Idzim hai ki aise har ek ddml se bold karo ki jo achchhe taur bolnt ke bald sake. main kitnd pachhtatd huii ki Hindustani zabdn meii jo bolte so mait'i samajh-nahih saktd. gustdkhi mudf main tum-st kahtd hafi ki mashk ke sirvd. aurkisi chiz se hone kd nahin ki tarrdrl se bol sako. Exercise. — A poet went to a rich man, and bestowed great praises on him; at which the latter, being pleased, said, "I have not any money at command, but a large quantity of grain : if you come again to-morrow, I will give you some." The poet went home, and early the next morning went again to the rich man, who asked him why he was come. lie answered, "Yesterday you promised to give me some grain, and 1 am now come for it." The other replied, "You are an egregious fool ; you delighted me with words, and I have also pleased you; why, therefore, should I give you any corn?" The poet went away asliamed. Lessok 46.— On Visiting, Shopping, &c brin^i the palki near me, iake me to Mr. 's. they speak English among themselves and Hindiistani wrth us, they will kiiow him to be a foreigner, though he speaks the Hindiistani very gram- matically, could I s]>3ak the Hindustani I would u ith pleasure ; but, alas, I cannot join two sen- tences together in that tongue, you will be able to speak it in a few months, and you ought to practise speaking it with every one who is able to tell you how to speak it w ell, how much I regret not to be able to understand what they say in Hindustani, take the liberty to inform you that nothing but practice will enable you to speak with fluency, send the footman on before to ice if the gentleman be at isome or not. pdlki mere pds Id p. mujhe sdhib ke hah It- jdp. piydde ko age bhej-do ki dekht }dhib ghar men h.iin it nahin. MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 75 bring the palkl close to the door, go as fast as you can, ask if the gentleman has gone out, and when he will return, give my compliments to your master, and give this note to him when he returns, f ou have lost the road to Mr. 's house ; this is not it. ask the people in that house to show you the way, go to the China bazar, [side, keep on this side or on that take care you do not go near that bull, keep clear of that dust on the road, let that chair go on before, keep behind my brother's chair, why do you pass any gentle- man's chair in that way ? bring the umbrella to this side, do not go near the carriage, put down the palkl, stop, I am going to this shop, what is the price of this book ? I will not give so much, I won't give half the price you ask, I do not want the book, but if you give it very cheap I may purchase it, I have no cash about me, but if you will follow me you will receive your money at my house, palkl darwdze S'. bhird do. jitni jaldl jd sako jap. puchho ki sdhib bdhar ga^e hain ki nahu'i, auf ".ab phir dwefige. turn apne sdhib se merd saldtn kahnd, aur yih chithi unka dijo ja b we phir a ~ven. turn ne sdhib ke ghar ki rdhgum ki, yih rdsta nahih. us ghar ke ddmiyoh-se kaho ki we tumko rdh dikhd den. Chind bdzdr kl rdh lo. is tara/ raho, yd us faraf. khabar-ddr, us sdhd ke pds mat jdft. rdste ki us gard se bacho. us jhappdn ko age jdne-do. mere bhd/i ke jhappdn ke plchht raho. kisi sdhib ke jhappdn se kyfiii turn is taur se dge barhte ko f chhdtd is tara/ Id /j. gdri ke pds mat jdp. pdlki niche rakho. [hun. raho, main is dUkdn men jdid is kitdb ki kimat kyd hai f main itnd na dUhgd. turn jo mdhgte ho, uski ddhi bhi kimat na dUhgd. main kitdb ko nahiii. chdhtd hah, lekin agar bahut sasti becho, to main use mol le- saktd hah. mere pas nakd nahih hai, par jo turn mere pichhe dp, to mere ghar par tumko rupa,e milehge. kitdb ko apne sdth Id fly o, tab uski kimat lijo. bring the book \\'ith you, and then receive its price. Exercise. — One day a tyrannic king having gone out of the city liiiattended, saw a person sitting under a tree, of whom he 74 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. inquired, " WTiat is the character of the king of this country ? is he oppressive or just?" He answered, " He is a great tyrant." The king said, " Do you know me?" He answered, " No." The king rejoined, " I am the monarch of this place." The man was terrified, and asked, " Do you know who I am?" The king said he did not. He rejoined, " I am the son of such a merchant ; three days in every month I lose my senses, and this is one of those three days." The king laughed, and ended the conversation. Lesson 47.— On Walking, he is gone out somewhere to walk, I shall go out also, and walk round the fort, in my country', people walk a g^eat deal, can you walk much ? I like walking on foot very much, and, were I not lame, I would walk out with you, walking in the open field wherv it is cool is highly beneficial to health, do not walk among that grass, lest you tread on a snake, 13 the horse ready ? put the saddle well on, hold the bridle till I be fairly mounted, take up the stirrup one hole, see that the reins are strong and kepu vn constant repair, here, you groom, hold the horse, I must dismount for a little, take care, he will get out of your hands, see is that ground proper for the horse to go over, Riding, &c. wuk phirne ko kahtn bdhar gay a hat. main bhi bdhar jdiiifigd aur kil'e ki chdroi'i taraf phir- ■unga. mere mulk m.en log bahut paidal chalte hain. turn bahut chal sakte ho f m.aih pdiiw chalnd bahut pa- sand kartd huh, aur agar langrd na ho id to dp ke sdth bdhar jdtd. tliande wakt maiddn men phirnd tandurusti ko bahut mufid hai. us ghds par mat phiro, mabdda kisi sdr'ip par pdnw pare, gfwrd taiydr hai ? achchhi tarah zin bdndho. lagdm thdhbo jab tak main achchhi tarah sawdrna huh. rikdb kd ek ghar charhdp. dekho ki bdg mazbUt hain ki nahih, aur hamesha unheh thik thdk rakho. sa,ts, idhar d, ghord pakar, zarra m^iijhe utarnd hai. khabarddr ! wuh tumhdrehdth se chhut-jd,egd. dekho to wuh zamin ghnrg ke chal-nikalne kt L\tk 'tui ki nakik. MISCELLANEOU'S DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 75 coax him that he may not be restive, put a cloth over the horse's eyes, where is the saddlecloth, crupper, the bit, bellyband, martingale, &c. examine the place carefully, and see how far the water comes up, ;^ you must not give the horse water now whilst he is so very warm, is this a quiet horse for the road? does he stand fire ? walk him about, rub him well down, and take care, at your peril, that he does not catch cold, use chumkdro hi shokh na ho. ghore ke mufih par andheri dalo. zin-posh, dumchi, dahdna, peti, zerband ivaghaira kahdii hai ? us jagah ba khubi jdncho, aur dekko ki pdni kahdn tak dtd hai. ghore ko pdvl na dend chdhiye jab tak ki wuh aisd garm rahe. rdste ke liye yih gharib ghord hai f top aur banduk ke chhUtne se, bharaktd to nahih f usetahldp, achchhi tarah malo, aur turn jdno agar use sardi "] pahunchi. Exercise. — A learned man used to attend a mosque, and preach to the people. One of the congregation wept con- stantly. One day the preacher said, " My words make a great impression on this man's heart, which is the reason of his crying so much." Others observed thus to the man who wept : " The learned man does not make any impression on our minds ; ■what kind of a heart must you have to be always in tears?" He answered, " I do not weep at his discourse, but I had a favourite goat, of which I was exceedi-ngly fond. When the goat grew old he died : now, whenever the learned man speaks and wags his chin, the goat comes to my remembrance, for he had just such a long beard." Lesson -On Sporting. is there much game in this neighbourhood? there are wild buffaloes in abundance, a few tigers, and all kinds of smaller game. is gird-nawdh men bahut shikdr hai ? arne to bahut haih, aur kaj sher bhi, aur har tarah kt Mr an aur chhote ckh' people, take a good aim. do not be confused, but lodge the ball in the tiger's head, other- »-ise we are all dead men. har ek khet men titar aur batereh haih, aur wuh jkil cliahiyon aur- murghabiyon se bhari hat. sab banduken achchhi tarah sdf karo, aur kuchh goliydn bhi bari baiidiikoh ke liye rakho. ka ,i ganwdron ko buldp, ki di- khd-den kahdii ak^ar shikar rahte hain. us jhdri ke pichhe da arne hain; turn bd,eh taraf ke ek par goli chaldfi, main dUsre par. turn ne nishdnd mdrd kai,par main chUkd hUn. kitni chahiydh turn ne marl hain ? turn jdnte ho ki yahdn shikar hai, yd ko ,i-darinda jdnwa r f Jab shdm-ko kiichh thandhd ho, tab ham tis jatigal men jdfihge, shdyad kuchh na kuchh nazar dwe. agar turn pair-sakte ho, to us bat ko aur iin donon hdnsor'i ko Idft ; bat ne to cfubki mart, lekin phir wuh abhc nazar divegi. there se chhote chharre mujhe do, aur pech-kash; is bdrUt men sardi pahunchi hat, zarra dhup dikhdp. logon ko sdth lo, aur jangal achchhi tarah jhdro. wahdh chhipe raho, us jhdri ke pds ek sher nazar dtd hai. kyuh us tarah be-khabar ban- duk chaldte ho f gahwdron ko ghd^il karoge. achchhi shast bdndho, ghabrdft- mat, par goli sher ke sir men bithdp nahih to ham sab MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 7? have you brought the fishing machhll mdrne kd. asbdb turn apparatus with you ? there apne sdth ld,e ho f Ydhdn are some good fishing sta- machhli mdrne ke ka,i ach- tions here, chhe thikdne haih. Exercise. — A woman was walking, and a man looked at "her, and followed her. The woman said, ' ' Why do you follow me ? " He answered. • ' Because I have fallen in love with you." The woman said, "Why are you in love with me? my sister is much handsomer than I am ; she is coming after me'; go and make love to her." The man turned back, and saw a woman \vith an ugly face. Being greatly displeased, he went again to the other woman, and said, " Why did you tell a falsehood?" The woman answered, " Neither did you speak truth ; for if you are in love with me, why did you go after another woman ?" The man was confounded, and went away in silence. Lesson 49.— On Travelling. how many stage? is Delhi from this town ? is your boat ready ? are all your people ready to go a voyage to Benares ? what is the hire of this boat for two months ? at which hour does the tide serve to go up the river to-day? as soon as the tide serves, let the boat be taken above the shipping to such a ghdt, where we will embark in the evening, we must not commence such a journey without being pro- ' vided with every necessary and comfort, few of which are procurable on the way, both to avoid expense and in- convenience, we must reduce our baggage to as small a qviantitv as possible. kai is shahr se Dihli iak manzil hah'i ? tui7ihdrt kishtl taiydr hai f tumhdre log sab tayydr hain ki daryd kd safar Bandras tak karen f is kishtl kd kirdya do mahine ke waste kitnd hogd ? dj kis wakt jawdr hogl jo ham charhdfi ki tarafjd^eh f jawdr hote hi, kishtl jakdz ki bahr ke dge fuldne ghdt par lejdnd, wahi/i ham sham ko sawdr ho/'ige. hameii aise safar meii har ek zaruri lawdzim aiir ardm kt sdmdn sdth liye bnghair chalnd na chdhiye ki aist {lawdzim waghaira) raste fneii kam milte haih. kharch aurmushkildt se bachne ke waste ham ko chdhiye ki makdur bhar asbdb ham- iarrii. MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 78 3 am not going by water, I prefer going by land, we must have everything well packed, to guard against all accidents, which occur fre- quently by the carelessness of servants, independent of those common to all travel- lers. (some, chairman, in whose service are you, and when did you arrive in Calcutta? hoTv many other chairmen are with you? desire the people always to pitch the tents near water, and, if possible, under trees. are they all your countrymen only, or your relations ? what tribe of chairmen is there here who make more money than the rest ? what district is this ^^llage in, and who is the magistrate of it ? how very highly cultivated the country is, through which we passed to-day ! tell the proprietor of that village to send some of his people in the evening to beat up the game for us, take carethateverj-thingispaid for, and that no violence be used against the villagers, main tari ki rah se na jd^uf'igd, khushki ki rah bihtar hogi. hamen chdhiye ki 'aldive un 'dm hddisoh ke jo sab musd- firoh ko Idhik hote haih, khds naukaroh ki gha flat se bhi bachne ke liye sab chlzoh ko achchhi tarah se bandh- wd-leh . kyUh mahre, turn kis ke hah kahdri karteho aur Kalkatte mefi kab se d,e ho ? tumhdre sdth kitne aur kahdr haih f logon se kah-do ki hamesha pant ke nazdik khaima khard kareh, aur agar ho- sake, to darakhfoh ke tale. we sab nire tumhdre des bhd^i haih ki ndte rishte ke ? kaunsi zdt kahdroh kt aisi hai ki ziydda rupa,e auroh se yahdh kamdwe f yihgdhw kis pargane men hai f aur yahdh kd hakim kaun hai f jis sarzamln ko dj ham tai karke dye, wahdh ki kheti kyd khub hai I us gdhw ke zamlhddr se kaho ki shdfn ko apne ddmiyoh meh se ka'i bheje, ki hamdre ZL'dste shikdr gher-ldweh. khabarddr ki sab chlzoh ki klmat di-jd,e, aur gaj'iwaroh par kuchh zulm na ho. Exercise. — A miser said to a friend, " I have now a thousand rupis, which I will bury out of the city, and I will not tell this secret to any one besides yourself." In short, they went out of the city together, and buried the money under a tree. Some days after, the miser went alone to that tree, but found no signs of his money. He said to himself, "Excepting that fnsnd. nn other has taken it away ; but if I questioD him. hrtt;s a month. Housekeeping. (khdr'isdmdn /) turn {bdwarchi) ld,e ho f hdf't (mem-sdhib), dj ek dyd iiai ; yih hdzir hai. turn {khdnd pakd-) sakte f hdf't mem-sdhib, bis pacliis [bar- tan) taiydr kar saktd htiri. tumhdre pds [chitthi) hai f hdii sdhib, das bdrah [sahib- logon) ki chitthi,dn haiii. tumhdri chitthi, dh to achchhi haih, par abhi ham [itiit tankhwdh) na deiigin. [huzfir vidlik haih); pahle kdni dckhien ; pasand hogd to [mere pet ko dp hi dengi^'i). ek mahine ham [tumhdrd kdm dekheiigih), tab tak sdt riipa,t deiigiii, pichhe kdm achchha hogd to das rupa,e dehgtn. ON HOUSEKEEPING. 9» very well, madam! I will work, very well ! then go and take over charge from the cook's mate, butler ! tell this man that v/e want the little breakfast c3.t\y every day, at seven o'clock, breakfast at eleven, tifin at three, and dinner, m the evening, at eight o'clock, Breakfast is on the table, the curry is good, but the cutlets are spoiled, if he remain a short time, he will learn what kind of food you eat, two outsiders will dine here to- day ; get whatever is re- quired from the market at once, bring a roasting fowl ■^^ti^ some chickens, the butcher has not brought muttoti to-day, has not the baker come yet ? make two or three toasts, the master and mistress both dine out to-day, the butter-man has not come yet, and breakfast-time is at hand / let some one go quickly, and bring the butter soon, the tinyting of the cooking- utensils is all off, send for the tin-man, the cooking-ingredients also are over, nurse ! bring baby ; the master is going out, and wants to kiss it, nurse, see what the child is domg 1 [achchkd huzHr), main karn karungd. achchhd, to jap {mash' alchi) sc {kdm lo). khdnsdmdn / ise ba id-do ki saw ere roz sdi baje {chhotz fjdzirl), gydrah baje [barf hdziri), tin baje [tifan), aur sham ko dth baje {khdnd} ha7n mdngte haih. [hdziri) mez par hai. kdri to achchhi hai, par [latlis bigar gayd). thore din rahegd to [jdn jd'egd) ki dp [kaisd khdnd} khdte hain. dj [bdhar ke do sdhibon) kd khdnd hogd ; [jo chdhiye} abhi bdzdr se mot le dfi. [kabdbi mtirghi) dur kuchh chikan Id p. dj [bUchar] [matan) nahin Idyd. roti-wdld ab tak nahth dyd ? do tin [tost) ban dp. dj sahib aur mem [donon kd khdnd bdhar hai). makhaniydh ab tak nahih dyd, aur hdziri kd wait [dyd). (ko/ jald jd,e) anr makkhan [daur-kar) ld,e. bartanoh par [kala ,i) nahit't rahi, [kala\i-gar) buldp. (masdlih) bhi chak gayd hai> [dyd!) bdbd ko Id'o fdhib bdhar jdtd hai, (kisi dend} mdng/d. dyd, dekho [bdbd] kyd kariii hai / ON HOUSEKEEPING. tell the groom to get the buggy ready, the master is going out, let him get the phaeton ready at four o'clock ; we shall go oyx\ for a drive, groom ! bring the horse quickly, I am saddling it, sir ! the captain s horse goes both in the saddle and in a carriage, I always prefer riding on horseback, this horse is very vicious, the horse has dropped a shoe ; send for the furrier, shoe the horse, have the saddle mended, sweeper / sweep the place, sweeper ! come here ; see how filthy this room is, madam ! I have bid just swept it ; the children have messed it again, washerman ! what sort of clothes have you broi/ 'ht, sir ! now-a-days the w:^cr is dirty, why don't you clear it with alum f I do, sir, and yet it remains dirty, you are very careless ; you have not even done the ironing well, tailor/ how have you sewn this ? stitch 7iiccly sew the master's shirt soon, bearer ! take a letter and post it, and if any letters for ir.e have arrived, bring them viin yoa, sa,ts ko bolo {bagghf taiyar kare), sahib bdhar jdtd hai. char baje [fttan) taiyar kare, ham \hawd khdne) jdfihgt. sa,is ! ghord jaldi Id p. sahib [zi7t khinchtd) hilh, [kaptdn-sdhib) kd ghord {ztn- sawdri bhi deta) aur gdri me/'i bhi lagtd. ham hamesha (zzn-sawdri) pasand karte hain. yih ghord bard {fiatkhat) hai. ghore kd 7ia I gir-gayd \tia I' band ) ko buld'o. ghore ke {na'l lagd'o). zin ki [maratnmat kardfi), {mihtar /) jhdru do. mihtar I yahdri dp dekko yih [kamard) kaisd maild hai. mem sahib (abhi to jhdr gayd thd) bdbd logon ne phir {maild kar diyd). {dhobi /) turn kaise kapre ld,e hof sahib [dj-kal) pdni maild hai. turn {pkitkiri) se kyofi {safd) nahifi karte. sahib I [kartd to ht-n't), (phir bhi) 7naild rakid hai. tum bard {sust) hai; {istri) bhi achchhl 7iahi7i ki, {darzi /) yih tum ne kaisd siyd hai f tum {bakhiyd achchhd lagdyd karo). sahib kd {kamis) jald {sT,o). berd ! chittjii le jdp {dak m.en ddl dfi), aur hamdri chitthi d^i hoh, to lete dfi. ON HOUSEKEEPING. 93 I have posted the letter, sir ! The English mail has not yet arrived ; the post-master said it would arrive late to day, who is going round the bunga- low f { what gentleman's ^c>?^j^ is that? bring some fire and a cheroot, bearer ! get ready water to wash with, see who that is coming in a phaeton, it is the major, let the gentleman come in, g^ve him my compliments, bring a chair, and some tea for the gentleman, tell the peon to remain in attendance, where is Xhe fan-puller gon&7 tell him to pull the fan. who brought the major's letter? he is present there, sir ! tell him to give my best com- pliments to his master, the water-man has not put vrater in the bath-room to- day, give the munshl my compli- ments, well, mtinsM! where were you yesterday? sir ! there was a great deal of *^ain yesterday, / was unable to come, never mind ! at what rate does grain sell now-a-days? wheat sells at twenty seers, and grain at twenty-two, sahib, chitthi dal-dyd {wildyat ki dak) abhi nahih d.,i, post- mdstar kahtd thd ki dj der se dwegi, {bangle) ki {chdroh tarf) kaun ghUmtd hai f wuh kis sahib ki {kothi\ hai f dg Idfi, aur {churut). herd \pdnt lagdfi) dekho to {fitan par) kaun dtd hai. {mejar-sdhib) hain. ■ sahib ko dne do {saldm bold). kjirsi lap, aur sahib ke Itfi (chd) IdjO. {chaprdsi) se kaho hdzir rahe. (pankhe-wdld) kahdn gay a bolo pankhd khiitche. mejar-sdhib ki chitthi kaun Idyd hai? htiziir, wuh hdzir hai. bolo, sahib ko {bahut bahut saldm) bolo. bhishti ne dj {ghusl-khdne) men pd7ii nahin bhard. [munshl) ko hamdrd saldm do, [munshl ji !) kal turn kahdA thef sahib! kal [pdnl bahut) tha \d na sakd). kuchh parwd nahift. dj kal [andj kd kyd bhdfi haif). {bis ser) gehfifi aur bd,u ser Ichandj biktd hai. 94 ON GENERAL BUSINESik. Lesson 57. — On General Business. sarkdr hundi lejdp auf ru- paiye jald Idfi. kya karnd hogd f abhi gydrah baje hain. jaldi jdfl, ki mujh ko wakt par rupaiye milen. do baje tak mere pas hdzirharo. daftar-khdne men jdkar bare sarkdr se kaho. sarkdr se kaho ki bank-lot lekar hundi ke rupaiye add kare. rUpae abhi fuldne sdhih ko bhejne fior'ige. fuldne sdhib se 'arz karo, ki tin iaje se pahle bdki rupae add karat, turn kabhi fuldne sahib ke bdgh men ga,e thef ai sdhib, main har roz us rdh jdtd hah. turn ivahdh isi wakt jap, nahin to kuchh na hogd. sarkdr ko ek kishti kirdya karne ke liye bhcjo. main dj Chauringi jdfihgd. China bdzdr jdkar do gol Id I ten mol-ldfi. kaun til kd rUpaiya wusul karegd f Exercise. — There was a king, who had no son ; he tried many remedies and expedients, but derived no advantage whatever from them ; he was, therefore, greatly dejected, but would not discover the cause of this to any one. By chance, a strolling mendicant arrived ; he then disclosed this his affliction to him, on which the holy man wrote out a charm, and thus prescribed : "After dissolving this in rose-water, you must drink it along with your queen ; and on your haNnns^a son, you must call him ^lihr Munir, bestowing on him every science, and all sorts of accomplishments ; but beware of marrying him against his consent." Having thus directed, he wandered away. This sarkar, take the draft and bring the money : be quick what must be done ? it is now eleven o clock, ' ; be quick, that I may have the money in time, let me have it by one o'clock, go to the counting-house, and speak to the head sarkar, tell the sarkar to take bank notes, and pay the amount of the draft, the money must now be sent to Mr. request Mr. to order what remains to be paid in before three o'clock, have you ever been to Mr. ^'s garden ? sir, I go that way every day, you must go there immediately, else nothing will be done, send a sarkar to hire a boat, I will go to Chauringi to-day, go to the China Bazar, and buy a pair of globe lanterns, who will collect the bills ? ON GENERAL BUSINESS. 95 dMne prescription being dissolved in rose-water, the king and queen drank it off, and by its blessed influence, they had at last a fine healthy boy. Whatever the pilgrim had enjoined re- specting him, was all put in practice. Lesson 58. — In continuation. Aghajan is clever in coUectin bills A gh djdn Ml ke rupa,e wusiit karne men khub wdkif-kdr hai. it is very difficult to get money fuldne sahib se rfipaiya milna of such a one, I have been to the bazar : sugar is now 3|- seers a rupee, it will be better to wait a few days, and then buy the cloth, of what use are such people ? they know nothing of busi- ness, I understand business — I am not easily imposed upon, raisins are six seers for a rupee, buy about one thousan d rupees' worth, there is no understanding the bazar prices, in Calcutta, the bazar rate is scarcely for two hours alike, I made a deposit ; to-morrow I shall see them weighed, see that you are not imposed upon, have you compared them with the sample ? do they agree ? two or three packages are superior, go and procure a pass for the things that are ready, bahut mushkil hai. main bdzdr gayd thd, chlni ab fi riipaiya sdrht tin ser hai. thore dill sabar karke kaprd mol lend bihtar hai, aise ddmi kis kdm ke haih f we kuchh kdm nahln jdnte. main kdrbdr jdntd hun, mujhe fareb dend dsan nahih. kishmish fi riipaiya chha ser hai. hazdr ek rUpaiye ki mol le lo. bdzdr kd nirkh thik ma'lHtn nahih ho-saktd. Kalkatte men bdzdr kd nirkh do ghari eksdh nahih rahtd. main ne bai'dna diyd hai, kal chizeh wazn karuhgd. khabarddr, turn fareb na khdnd. turn ne usko namilne se mild- liyd hai ? wuh milte haih f do yd tin baste sab se bihtar haih. jo jo chizeh tc:)ydrhaih,jdft, aur unke waste rawanna le-dft. Exercise. — When the prince became a man, he one day took leave of his father and went away to enjoy the chase, where a beautiful deer came in sight, grazing on a plain, with a golden collar round its neck. He then gave these orders to the people who were with him ; — " You must manage to catch this fawo ON GENERAL BUSINESS. aljve, — surround it on all sides ; if we thus get it, so much the better ; otherwise, the person over whose head she bounding escapes, must put his horse to full speed after it." just as they nad completely encircled it, the deer all at once made a spring over the prince's own liead ; the rest checked their horses' reins, while he spurred his horse hard at its heels. She bounded away at such a rate as to leave the attendants many miles beiiind, and at last outrunning him, vanished from his sight. He then stopped in amazement, himself he knew not where, and his followers far away ; neither had he a place to lodge in, nor enough of the day left to return. Lesson 59. — In get a boat, and send them on board the ship, sir, the captain's sarkar said the goods cannot be shipped to-day, don't mind what the sarkar says, but mind what I say, sir, as you bid me, I am going, go and ask the head sarkar when the ship sails, and bring me word, piyada, call the cashier, how much was collected yes- terday ? keep the money by you, don't pay away any, what is the discount on the Com- pany's papei in the bazar? if you purchase the Company's paper of six per cent, in- terest, the discount is two rupees six annas ; if you sell, it is two rupees eight annas, take these four thousand ru- pees, ■with what money has been received for bills, and buy Company's paper, sev.d these letters as directed. continuaiion. ek kishti kirdya karke unheh jahdz par bhej-do. ai sahib, kaptdn ke sarkar ne kahd, ki dj jahdz men ye chizen. lad na sakdiglii. sarkdr jo kaktd hat use mat vidno, main jo kaJitd hun use suno. aisdhib, ap ke hukin se main jdtd huh. jdft aur bare sarkdr se puchho jahdz kab khulegd, aur mujh ko khabar karo. piyddc, tahwilddr ko buldp. kal kitnd rupiyd jama hUd thd f rUpaiye apne pds rakho us se kuchh kharch mat karo. bdzdrmcii Kampanike kdghaz par kyd battd lagtd hai f agar turn ch'ha rupa,e schkre sUd kd Kampani kd kdghaz kharldo to do rupa,e chha due battd lagegd, aur jo becho to derh rupiyd. yih chdr hazdr rupaiye aur tamassuk ke rUpaiye sab lejdkar Kampani kd kdghaz mol Idfl. ye chitkiydn thihdtts ke mu- wd/ik bhej-do. ON GENERAL Bl SINESS. 97 Exercise. — While in this perplexity, the eyes of the prince lighted on a dwelling, and thinks he, "Well, let me at least learn to whom this house belongs." He then beheld a vener- able aged darwesh seated there, to whom, after salutation, he observed, "With your leave may I remain all night here?" " By all means, my child," replied the venerable man, "the house is at your service." Having quickly given the necessary directions for his guest's repast, as well as the horse's grain and fodder, when done also with entertaining him, he asked, " Pray who are you, young gentleman, and why have you come here?" He then related the whole of his late adventure. In the mean time, what does he see ? Lo ! on a splendid throne, four fairy queens, exquisitely beautiful, clad in rich brocade, and covered from head to foot with jewels and precious stones, suddenly descended, who, having alighted, made their obeisance to the reverend sage, and seated themselves respectfully in his presence. Lesson 6o. — In continuation. bring those goods in carts from the custom-house, joumust attend to everything, j)ut the godown No. 2 into order, and see that there is no damage, if you don't look to everything, who else will ? I am going out, let me see everj'thing ready when I come back, iarban, are the counting-house sarkars come? who is at work in the iron- factory ? sir, nobody is yet come, how is this ? not yet come ! what time of day do they mean to come ? this is the case every day, and therefore Mr. 's work is not yet done, parmit-ghar se we chizeh gdri- yon men le d,o. tumheh sab baton kifikr karni paregi. dusre nambar ka goddm durust karo, aur dekho kuchh nuksdn na hone pdfi. agar turn sab chizoh ki kha- barddri na karoge, to kaun karegd ? main bdhar jdtd hUh, ^habar- ddr, ki jab main lautkar d,iih to sab chizeh taiydr pdiUh. darbdn, daftar-khdne ke sar- kdr sab d,e haih f luhdr ke kdrkhdne men kaun kdtn kartd hai ? aisdhib, ko^iabhitak nahlh dyd. yih kaisd hai f we abhi tak nahih d,e — wuh kis wakt and chdhte haih f har roz yihi hdl hai, ist wdstt fuldne sdhib kd kdm abhi tak nahlh ho chukd. 98 ON GENERAL BUSINESS. when they come to-day, we jab we dj dwenge, to ham unse will settle this business, yik bat samajh lenge. Mr. is speaking to me fuldna sahib har roz is kdm ke daily about this work, liye mujhe kahtd iiai. when they come, send them jab we dwen to unko mere pas to me, bhej do. Exercise. — The sage remarked, "Well, this was not your visiting-day here, pray tell me on what account you have come." They rephed, "Worshipful saint, there is a princess named Badar Munir ; we intended to pay her a visit, this is the road, and we could not find it in our hearts to pass by without first paying our respects to you." He then said, " Good, do take this prince also along with you ; he will at all events see whether Badar Munir is more lovely than the ladies of his palace, or they fairer than she." To this the fairies agreed, and, having handed him to their throne, flew away, and in the twinkling of an eye reached the palace of Badar Munir. The instant that Mihr Munir discovered that angel's face, bright as the moon, he became enamoured with her, while she also admiring his radiant countenance, and flushed by love's magic bloom, shone resplendent with the charms of a damask rose. Lesson 6i. — In continuation. how long are those Europe goods to he at the custom- house ? sir, without an invoice to know what they are, how can I bring them? different sorts of goods pay different rates of duty, by opening tlie boxes and seeing their value, you will be able to understand, sir, I cannot myself open the packages, in opening the packages, the goods may be injured. sarkar, take the invoice and go directly, sir, I am going ; please to give me the invoice, kabtak we wildyati cklzeh parmit-ghar men pari ru- hehgiii f ai sdhib, baghair chaldnkyiin- kar asbdb kjuilds kar lane saktd hiih f har ek chiz kd judd judd mah- sal hai. un sandukoii ke kJiolne, aw kimatdekhnese, turn ma'lum kdr-sakoge. ai sdhib, Tnaih akeld baste khoi nahih saktd. basta kholne se shdyad chizen khardb ho jdweh. ai sarkdr, chaldn lekar isi wakt wahdhjdp. ai sdhib, main jdtd hu:i, cha- ldn mujhe dljiye. ON GENERAL BUSINESS. 99 do baje parjnit-ghar ke sdhii ne dkar sanditk khulwd,e. jab main sab chdlai7on par sahih kar chukilngd to sar- kdr ko nakl karne ko dungd; phir tumhdre pas bhej dungd. ai kirdnf, nakl karke piydde ke hawdle kar-do. luhdr ko buldkar , sanduk khul- wdkar, asbdb ki ti'ddd aur kimat chdldn ke mutabik karke pher band-karo. at two o'clock the custom- house officer came and opened the boxes, when 1 have signed each in- . voice, I will give them to the sarkar to be copied, and then send them to you, kiranl, copy these, and give them to the sergeant, call a blacksmith, and open the boxes ; compare the value and quantity of the goods with the invoice, then make them tight again, Exercise. — Three watches of the night glided away in such pleasure, harmony, and dehght, as human tongue cannot •express. When these four fairy damsels were about taking leave, they addressed the prince thus : "Come along." He "being pierced to the heart with the arrow of love, replied, " I will not go ; if you must set off, by all means depart." On representing this to Badar Munir, that she might persuade him to take leave, they perceived that she also had no desire to let him go away. In this perplexity they obsen-ed, " Now what is to be done? if we leave him, how shall we show oiur faces to the holy man? and if we convey him hence in the present posture of affairs, she will be offended ; the best advice is to wait a little longer, till both begin to slumber." After this, with the fatigue of sitting up, both got a-nodding ; they then gently and artfully raised him on the throne, and with some philter lulling him asleep, flew off with him. Lesson 62. — In continuation. sergeant, when you have signed your name, give them to the cashier, the officer having entered the particulars of every case in his book, and the duty on each article, WTote the amount, taking the invoice, I had to go again, and show it to the head officer, haivalddr, jab apni taldshi ki sahih kar-chuko, to tahwil- ddr ko do. khazdhchi ne sab sanduk ki ajnds tafrik karke, har ek chlz kd mahsiil judd judd lagdkar jam likh-dl. wuhi chaldn lekar phir par- mit-ke sdhib ke huzur men jdna ha A. lOO ON GENERAL BUSINESS. having done all this, it had yihi karte k.irte char hij-ga^^ struck four o'clock, and the tab parmU-ghar band hu,i. custom-house was shut, the next day I delivered the dilsre roz mait'i 7ie chaldn lekar invoice to the officer, sahib ko sonp-diyd. haN-ing examined the value of sab asbdb ki klmat atir tnahsul the articles, and their duty, jdhchkar us ne sahih ki. he signed it, after.vards paj-ing the duty tahwTlddr ko mahsul dekar, to the cashier, ha\ing got aur ra-wdna lekar, sandukon an order for a pass and ko wahdj'ise khalds karwdkar cleared the cases, I hired mazduroh ke sir par liwd- coolies, and brought them Id^e. away, sarkar, I will not give a kauri ai sarkdr, main parmit-ke aur to the custom-house people ghdt ke ddmiyoh ko in dm. or the chaukldar at the men, ek kauri nahin dUnga. wharf, sarkar, why did you not go to ai sarkdr, turn thdne ko jdkar the police-office and get a khaldsi-ndma kyuh nahin pass ? likhwd ld,e f Exercise. — On their arrival, they delivered him to the good father, and \\ith his permission returned to their own mansions. By da\\'n of day, when he (the prince) awoke, neither the sparkling dome nor its refulgent orb was there ; he heaved a deep sigh, and calling, " A\s.s, Badar Munir /" again fellinto a doze, from the effects of the potion upon him. iSoon after, when a watch and a half of the day had elapsed, on the appearance of a crowd, the danvesh from circumstances guessed that these must be his attendants, and having called them, he consigned him to their charge. His companions were of course gratified by finding him ; but noticing his condition, they got alarmed about what reply they should give the king, and thus interrogated the good anchorite : " Please your reverence, why is our prince thus distracted ?" " Ask himself," said he. On hearing this, they accosted the prince in the following words : " Son of our sovereign, why are you thus beside yourself? " Lesson 63. — In continuation. sir, what can I do ? for two or ai sdhib, main kyd karun f do three days I have not had a tin din se mujhe fursat moments leisure, one can't nahin; aur kachahri men get a thing done at once at jane se kdm tamdm nahin the court, hold. ON GENERAL BUSIXESS. lOX {{ I don't go myself, nothing is done, sir, I know, five days ago, you wrote to Patna that the things would be forwarded to-morrow or next day, and no pass is obtained, how can they go ? they can't be sent without a pass, is the order for screws gone to Kashipur factory ? they promised to send them to-day, if they don't come this evening, you go there before gun-fire, for want of these screws the bales of cotton are lying loose, no one knows when the vessel will sail, have you collected the bills I gave you yesterday ? sir, I have given in the money for all you gave me, ba gh air mere jdiie ke kuchh 7iahih kotd. ai khuddwand, pdnch din guzre ki huzur ne likhd thd, ki kal Patne ko chizen ra- wdna hongin, aur abtak khaldsi-ndma nahift mild, we kyonkar jd sakte haih f we pds baghair bhijwd,i nahin jd saktin. KdshipUr ke luhdr-khdne men peek bandne ko hukm bhejd gayd hai ? unhoh ne dj bhejne kd wada kiyd hai. agar we dj sham tak na dwen to turn top ke dgejdnd. in pechoh ke 71a hone se, sdri ru.ike baste khuleparehain. malum nahin jahdz kab khulegd. kyd turn un tamassukon kd rupiya wusUl karchuke, jo main ne kal tumheh diye thef khuddwand, jitne fardeh ta- massuk ki dpne ba?ide ko hawdle kin thin, sab_ ki rUpaiya Id diyd hai. Exercise. — The prince neither distinctly articulated with his mouth, nor opened his eyes, ail that he raved being, "Alas, Badar Munir 1" In short, they placed him in the palkl, and conveyed him with fear and trembling to the king, to whom they stated the matter so: "May it please your majesty, yesterday afternoon a lovely fawn came in sight, and tlie prince, after forbidding us, set his horse after it himself at full gallop ; we nevertheless followed at a respectful distance. She took shelter in so wild a wood, that the prince escaped our sight entirely, thougli we were all following him with our eyes ; besides which, darkness overtook us, and we being helpless, passed the whole night in that place ; but rising by daybreak we continued our inquiries ; at last we found him ON GENERAL BUSINESS. In this distracted condition, at the lodge of a hermit there. WTien we inquired of him, he also gave us no information whatever, though we naturally conjecture that the person's name which is mentioned must be one with whom the prince is in love." Lesson 64. — In continuation. do you know where Najamud- din is? sir, I heard he is not cominsf to-day ; his brother says he has a fever, how does he mean to do his work ? he has a fever daily, was the cloth examined yester- day, and placed to Muham- mad AU's account ? sir, it is entered in the waste- book, not in the ledger, why so, if he objects to the brokerage, how is it to be settled ? sir, I \\\\\ thank you to settle it with him ; he does not mind us in the least, turn jdrtte ho Najamuddln kahdh hai f sahib, main ne sund hai ki wuh dj nahih dzvegd ; us ke bhd,i ne kahd ki us ko tap d,i hai. wuh kyu/'ikar naukari karegd f us ko har roz tap dti hai. kal kaproh kd nirkh darydft kar Sluhammad 'Alike nam men Jam'-kharch kiyd gay a hai, yd nahih f sdhib dj jdhkar ki bahl men likhd gayd hai, lekin khdte men mundarij nahih hufl. aisd kyuh hH^d f agar wuh dalldli ki dastUri kd'uzr rakhtd hai to kyUhkar mu- karrar hogd f ai sdhib, dp us ke sdth yih bdi tnukarrar faisala kareh ; wuh hanidri bdt kuchh bhi nahih mdntd, make out the account of what jo kaprd is wakt tak us ne mol cloth he has purchased up to this time, balance the account, leaving out the cloth bought yester- day, the account ought not to re- main unbalanced, liyd hai us kd hisdb karo. kal kd kaprd amdnat rakk- kar, agld hisdb karo. , tntzdn diye bagkair hisdb para na rah tie dend chdhiye. ' Exercise. — The king then tenderly began : " My child, if you w!ll discover your affliction, we shall then consider of a remedy for it." After much entreaty, he returned, " O, my dear father, the only specific I want is Badar Munir ; possessed of her I would recover." They next interrogated about her address and residence. The prince sorrowfully said, "I know not. ON GEVRRAL BUSINESS. 103 Indeed. " He rejected all food , continued day and night heaving deep sighs, and weeping bitterly. Witnessing this distress, his parents also were sorely afflicted, and kept beating their breasts in such anguish for their son, that the affairs of the state were running fast into disorder and confusion. The minister was a prudent man, and thus remonstrated to his majesty : " Let not your highness be so woe-begone, but attend as usual to the interests of your kingdom ; your slave is dis- patching messengers in every direction ; should a princess of the name be found anywhere, we may then get the prince married to her ; if the parents agree with a good grace, all is well ; if not, why, let us force them." Lesson 6<. — /« continuation. the account of shawls, hand- kerchiefs, baftas, &c., which have been agreed for, is ail settled, there is nothing else due to him ; if you please to com- pare Dr. and Cr. you will see, Panchu sarkar, what are you doing ? see that the accounts are correct, I am afraid there are errors in Captain Leyden's last year's account, I can't make out what sugar," coffee, sugarcandy, and rai- sins have been purchased, s.\r, here is nothing without a written order ; the accounts agree with what is written, that's not what I mean. I say it's not clear what belongs to each account, sir, there is no fear about that — I have by me the accounts of sales and purchases, hisdb shdl, riimdl, aur bd/ti ivaghaira kd, jo thahar gayd thd, sab bebdk ho gayd. us kd aur kuchh bdkt nahin ; agar dp jam kharch k.i mukdbala kareh to ma'lui^. karehge. at PdhchU sarkdr, kyd karfe ho f dekko ki hisdb kitdb me/i ghalati na ho. mujhe shakk hai ki Kaptdn Leden sdhib ke sal-guzashte ke hisdb kitdb men g/ialjiydn hain. main nahin mal&m karsakid ki kitni shakar, aur kakwa, aur Tnisri, aur kishmish kharidi ga,i hai. sdhib, baghair tahrtrt hukm ke yahdh kuchh nahin hai ; hisdb tahrir se miltd hai. yih merd mat lab nahin. Main kakid hah ki har ek ke hisdb men kitnd hogd, yih sdf ma lum nahin hotd. sdhib, us kd kuchh andesh.i nahin — mere pas kharid aur farokht ke hisab ha in. I04 ON GENERAL BUSINESS. tell me what Is the amount of kaho ki Kaptdn Rdbinsan Captain Robinson's account sahib ke hisdb kdjumla aur — what quantity and kind of mikddr, wa kism ajnds ki articles, kyd hain. Exercise. — This plan was applauded by the sovereign, and scouts were accordingly sent to all quarters, with a requisition in due form. One of these emissaries found his way to Badar Mumr's country, and on making the requisite inquiries there, he learned that her situation was still more deplorable, by pining at the absence of her lover. On this the fleet envoy, quite overjoyed, entered the presence of her illustrious father, and presented the formal request to him ; who, though drooping with sorrow for his daughter, on reading the contents of the paper, became much exhilarated. He instantly, -without loss of time, preparing an answer, delivered it to the messenger, \*-ith this injunction, " Do you quicklv proceed by night and by day till you dehver this from me." 1 he purport of it was thus : " The friendly epistle hath reached us, in which you solicit my daugliter Badar Munir's hand for your son Mihr Munir, to which I have consented : it is now incumbent on you to reflect, that the sooner you arrive for the nuptials, so much the better : you will therefore be pleased to make no delay, nor take any txouble about the bridal preparations." Lesson 66. — In continuation. sir, wait a moment, the articles idhib, zarra sabr kiHye, ajnds had on the 4th iastant are tdrtkh chauthi rndh hal ki not entered, darj hisdb nahih haih. Mr. Smith will sail to-morrow ; Ismit sdhib kal jahdz par char- is his account ready ? hef'tge; unkdhisdb taiydrhaif it is here, sir ; the amount due maiijiid hai, sdhib, un par from him is 56,411 rupees, 56.411 rupaiya nikaltd hai. give me the account ; I will go hisdb iniijhe do, main jahdz on board the ship, settle it, par jd^Hugd aur raf' karke and get the money, rilpaiya wiirul karui'igd. you come with me, then I shall turn mere sdth chalo, to mujht have no trouble in explain- hisdb kesamjhdne men kuchh ing, dikkat no. ho^i. Kudrat-Ulla. bring the waste- Kudrat-Ulldjdnkarbaht, aur book, journal, and ledger roz ndmcha, aur hisdb bahi, with the book of sales with na bechne ki bahi ne le dfi. you, ON GENERAL BUSINESS. lOj show me the amount of what dekhd,o ki har ek dukdnddr kt is due to and from each of iyd de/id yd us se kyd pdnj the shopkeepers, hai. it appears to me all the ac- mujhe malum hold hai, ki sai counts are in confusion, ^isdi men khalal hai. sarkar, are all my things sarkdr, meri sab chizeh taiydr ready ? haih ? sir, the sarkar has taken ai sahib, sarkdr unke liyi money for them ; no doubt riipaiya legayd hai; aur they will be here by two mukarrar dobaje tak chizen o'clock, yahdt'i pahuiichehgin. when they come, send them jab we dwen usi dam Na,t immediately to Naya Ghat, Ghat par bhej dend. it is now high water, I can't ab bhdihd hai, main aui wait longer, thahar nahih saktd. Exercise. — When the bearer of such cheering intelligence delivered the letter into the minister's hands, he forthwith conveyed it to the emperor's court ; and when his majesty casl his eyes over the Unes, he felt his heart glow with renovated vigour. In short, he was supremely happy, and accordinglj ordered a reward for the bringer of these glad tidings. That day, in every house over the whole city, there were great rejoicings, and the king thus instructed the minister : "I will set out on such a day to celebrate the auspicious marriage of Mikr Munir ; in the mean time, get all the equipage imme- diately ready for the royal nuptials, as well as the necessaries for our journey." In that period every requisite was prepared, and the king set forth in great pomp and splendour, along with his army, with a retinue and procession so numerous and resplendent, that a detail here would prove too tedious. In a few weeks he entered the other's territories \^ith becoming grandeur and dignity, with flying colours and bands of music, and thence, having accomplished the object of his journey, he returned to his own capital in a very splendid manner, bringing with him his son and daughter, attended with melody, pleasure, and "flight. " HINDUSTANI MANUAL. PAr.T II. A PRACTICAL AND PHRASEOLOGICAL VOCABULARY, ENGLISH AND HINDUSTANI. The following copious selection of phrases will be found to answ('r two distinct purposes : ist, To exercise the student in readily turning into Hindustani even.' possible variety of English expressions ; 2nd, To ser/e as a vocabular}' of useful words, each sentence containing a leading word printed in itahcs, arranged according to the order of the alphabet. The Hindus- tani word or words in each sentence corresponding to the EngUsh word printed in italics, is included within a parenthesis, This plan of a vocabulary \\ill, it is presumed, have a great advantage over a mere dry list of words, as the student will, in every instance, see the manner in which the word is employed. Finally, the same word is occasionally repeated twice, or even thrice, when it happens to have more than one signification, or when it denotes diflerent parts of speech, as substantive, adjec- tive, or verb. A. abandoned — absent. The crew having abandoned jahdzi (or tnallah) jahd$ ko the ship, had run away, {chhorkar) bhdg-ga,e the. He does not abate me one tnujhe wuh ek paisd nahih pice, ghatdtd. Abide with me a few days, mere sdth chand roz {raho). He possesses great ability, wuh khub (kabiliyat) rakhtd hat. He is an able man, wuh {laik) ddml hat. Are you able to do this? turn yih [kar-sakte ho) ? I havetveen absent ten days, tvain das roz se [ghair-hdzir) abstain — addition. 107 We ought to abstain from committing evil, It is absurd to speak thus, Take as much as you please ; I have abundance. That is an Abyssinian slave. He goes to an acadeiny daily, Do you accede to what I pro- pose, or not ? I still retain my Hindustani accent, The book you sent me was acceptable. He immediately accepted my offer, Except you accompany me, I will not go, I was not able to accomplish my wishes, Have you an account with him? He is accused of robbing his master, Accustom yourself to read and write, This fruit is very acid. He has many acquaintances, I am acquainted with all, He has acquired great know- ledge. He has been tried axidacquitted, A good action, deserves our praise. He is exceedingly active in that business, The angel of God expelled Adam and Eve from para- dise, The angel 0/ death seizes upon all men, He has received an addition to his salary, hamen chdhiye ki badi se [bdz rahen). aisd kahnd \^abas!) hai. mere pas (kasrat) se hai ; jis kadr chdho lo. wuh (Habshi ghuldm) hat. wuh [madrase ko) har roz jdtc' hai. jo main kahtd hUh, turn vs ko [kabUl karte ho) yd nahih f main abtak Hindustani zabdn kd {lahja) rakhtd hUh. turn ne jo kitdb m.ujhe bhejl wuh mere ( pasand d,i\. us neji-l-faur meri bdt {kabul ki). tumhdre [hamrdh liye) baghair main nahih jdne kd. main apni murdd [hdsil na kar-sakd). us ke sdth kuchh {hisdb kitdb') rakhte ho f ustdd ki chiz chttrane ki [tvh- mat us par hai). likhne parhne kd {rabt karo). yih phal bahut [khattd) hai. us ke bahut (dshnd) haih. main sab se \wdkif hUh). us ne bahut 'ilm {hdsil kiyd hai). had tahkikdti mukaddama wuh {rthd kiyd gay d). nek (kdm) Idjk ta'rif ke hold hai. wuh us kdm men nindyat (chdldk) hai. khudd ke firishte ne {Adam o Hawd ko) firdaus se nikdl" diyd. [malak-til-maut) sab ddmiyon ko giri/tdr kartd hai. us ki tankhwdh kd {izdfa) ha, A hai. Io8 address — afford. Pray can you tell me his ad- dress ? To-day's meeting is adjourned till ]\Ionday next, Let us first adjust this matter. This is admirable wtiting, 1 greatly admire him for his great leammg, I do not admit of what you say, May a stranger be admitted? A school has been opened for adult persons, Can you advance me this sum ? The enemy had advanced as f.ir as Dihli, Of what advantage will that be to me? She has long been in adver- sity, You had better advertise the sale, What is your advice in this affair? Do you think it advisable to do so? He affected a great show of kindness, This history is affecting. He shows great affection for the people, He affirmed this to be a certain fact, He on hearing the news became greatly afflicted. They have suffered great afflic- ti>fn, ( ajn afraid to go there, J cannot afford to give so much monthly wagel, az rdhi mihridnt dp uskd (patd) batd sakte hain. dj ki ma/ifil, Fir ke roz tak {mauka/ ox multawi rahi). pahle ham is amr kd {tasffya karen). yih kkatj bahut [achchhd) kai. main us ke kamdl 'ilm ke liye use bahut pasand kartd huh. tumhdri bat main nahit'i [kabul kartd). ghair shakks [ddkhil ho saktd hai) f ek madrasa [nau jawdnon) ke liye jdri ha^d hai. mujhe itnd rupaiya (peshgi de sakte ho) ? dushman Dihli tak {pahunch gayd thd). ivuh mere kis [fd,ide) kd kcgd f wuh muddat se [musibat] men giriftdr hai. bihtar hai ki turn nildm kd {ishtihdr do). is kdm men tumhdri kyd {saldh) hai ? tumhdre nazdik aisd karnd [mundsib) hai f is ne zdhird bari khdtir-ddri (dikhld,i). yih kissa {dard-dmez) hat. wuh logon se bahut {dosti) rakhtd hai. us ne {ikrdr kiyd) ki yih sach hai. wuh khabar sunke bahut {dzurda hie, a), unhoh ne bahut {ranj) uthdyd, main wahd/i jdne se darid hah. itnd mahind main nahln {de saktd). afford — ancient. 109 Pi ay afford me your assistance, I do not wish to affront him, Her a^^e is not more than ten years, Do you know who is his agent f Standing before the court, he began to be much agitated, I agree to what you say, His company is very agreeable. What agreement had you with him? The airoi this country is very unfavourable, Alas I it is all true, The two are perfectly alike, I saw an alligator in the Ganges, Allow me to go with you, He made me an allowance of ten rupees, Have you got this year's almanac ? I have not yet learned the alphabet. Speak aloud, that 1 may hear you, What alteration shall I make ? It is now done, and can't be altered. He has amassed great wealth, The bill will amount to 500 rupees, What is the amount of your biU? I was amazed at the amount. Amuse yourself Si\,-h.i\Q in the garden, Dihli is an ancient city, ba rdhi mihrbdni {meri madad kljiye). main us ko {ni-rdz karnd) nahin chdhtd. us kl {'zanr) das baras se zi- ydda nahh'i hai, tumjdnte ho us kd [gumdshta) kaun hai f 'addlat men khare hone par wuh bahut (kdiipne) lagd. jo turn kahte ho so main (kabUl kartd hah), us ki suhbat nihdyat {dil- chasp) hai. us '.e turn tie kyd {ikrdr) kiyd thdf is mulk-ki {hatvd) bahut nd- muwdfik hai. \afsos,) sab sach hai. donoh bi-l-kull {yaksdr'i) hain. main ncek (magar) Gangd men. dekhd. apne sdth mujhko chalne [do), us ne mujh ko das rupaiye (dasturi) di. tuinhdre pds is sdl ki (Jantri) hai f ab tak main ne [alif-be] sikhi nahih. {bula?id dwdz-se) kaho ki mM.ih sunun. main, kyd [tabdil karHh) f ab -wuh ho chukd aur [tabdil nahih ho saktd). usnebahutdaulat[jam' kihai). hisdb ki jam' pdn sau rupiyd [hogi). tu7?ilidre hisdb ki kyd [jam') hai f hisdb kl jam dekhkar mujhe [ta'ajjub hu.,d), thore 'arse tak bdgh meh [ail bahldp). Dihli [kadim) shahr hai. no tgry — arrested. Does this make yon angry f Do you know this animal's name? Can you g^ve an answer to this question ? This will answer my purpose, I am very anxious to get there, I have not seen him anywhere. He made no apology for his misconduct, He made an appeal to Govern- ment, He will not appear personally in this business, It appears to me very strange. He made an application to the judge, His goods will be appraised and sold, I apprehend you have made a mistake, He was apprehended and put into prison. He has appropriated all his property to this purpose. Do you approve of what I say? He teaches the Bengali, San- skrit, Hindustani, Persian, and Arabic languages. There are five arches in the veranda, This is an ar^«d?«jundertaking, Let us argue the point together. He uses very strong arguments, I am now learning arithmetic. The king was at the head of his army. He was arrested for debt by Babu Ra.c Chandar. kya turn is se {ghusseS hott Ka f turn is {Jdnwar) kd nam jantt ho? is sawdl kd {jawdi) de sa/ite hof is se [merd ijrd,e kdr hogd). wahdn pahunchne ke liye man} bahut (muta/akkir) hUt'i. main ne use {kahin) nahin dekhd. us ne ap7ie fi l-i-iad kd kuchh ('uzr) na kiyd. us ne sarkdr men [apil ki), wuh khwud is kdm men [zdhif na howegd). mujh ko bard ta'ajjub (malum hold hai). us ne hdkim se {'arx) ki, us ki chizen [kimat tajwiz hokar) bechi jdwengiii. main [samajhtd huh) ki turn ne khatd ki hai. wuh [giriftdr hokar) mukaiyad hti,d. us ne apni sdri daulat is kdm ke liye [maklisus ki hai). jo main kahtd hUh, so turn {pasand karte ho) f ivuh Bangld, Sanskrit, Hin- dUstdni, Fdrsi aur {'AraH) sikhdtd hai. bardmde men pdhch [mihrdi] haih. yih bard [muskkil) kdm hai. ham bdham is bdt par {mu bdhasa kareh). wuh {dald,il) kawi Idtd hai. fi Ihdl main (hisdb) sikhtd hUn, bddshdh apne\lashkar) kdpesh- wd thd. Bdba Rd,e Chandar ne usko karz k: ^'ds'e L^ri/tdr kiyd). arrival — attenaance. Have you heara ihe news of liis arrival f I am no^ acquainted with that art. They are very artful, They deal in various articles. Has he repaired the carriage as I told him ? Let us now ascsnd the moun- tain, Ask him what is his name, To whom does that ass belong? The people of the villages assembled, I saw a great assembly of people, I assent to your proposal, He asserted that it is so, We ought to assist each other, Why do you associate with evil company? I assure you there is no danger in that matter, Assuredly this is true. He manifested great asionisk- ment on his part, Are you acquainted with the science of astronomy f How shall I atone for this conduct ? The enemy's cavalry attacked us, He never pttempted to learn, Let us attend to our studies, I have received notice to a//«ii rhe court at ten o'clock, Vour attendance there is re- quired, tujn ne us ke {panuhchne) ki k_habarsunif main us {hunar) se wdkij nahiii hUh. we bare [hile-hdz) h&in. 7ve har kism ki [chizon) ki fijdrat karte hain. {viuwdfik) mere kahne ke usne gdri ki marammat ki hai f ab ham pahdr par [charheh). us se {puch/io) ki tumhdrd nam kyd hai f wu'h kiskd {gadhd) hai f gdnwon ke ddmi (jam' hu^e). main ne ddmiyon ki bari {j'amd'at) dekhi. main tumhdri bdt {kabiil kartd hUn). MS ne [kahd) ki yih aisd hai. hameii chdhiye ki ek dUsre ki {madad kareii). bad suhbat men kyoh [rahte ko)f' {yakin rakko) usmu'dmalemen kuchh khatra nahiii hai. {yakinan) yih sach hai. us ne apnd xihdyat [ta'ajjub) zdhir kiyd. turn {'ilmi hai,at) men dakhl rakhte ho f hamdri is takstr kd {kafdra) kis tarah ho saktd hai f dushman ke sawdron ne ham par (hamla kiyd). is nestkhne men kuchh {koshish na ki). ham sabakpar apnd [dil lagd wen), mujhe kachahri men das baje hdzir honekiittila milihai. wahdn tumhdri [hdziri) za- rUr hai. attention — bankers. She/oyj attention to learning, Do you mean to attend the auction f I believe the information is authentic, Who is the author of this book ? By whose authority do you do 'this ? There is no end to his avarice, He is extremely avaricious, What is the average of attend- ance at your school ? I cannot avoid going, AwakevciQ early in the morning, I was not aware of this, How inexpressibly awful is the state of those who despise God ! He is awkward at his work. This is an awkward circum- stance, Bring an axe, and chop this wood, wuh parhne men {dil lagdH) hat. [mldm) men dp jdfige f main is khabar ko [sack) jdntd hun. is kitdb id {musannif) kaun hai f turn kis ke {hukm) se yih kdm karte ho f us kd {Idlach) Id-intihd hai. wuh bard {bakhil) hai. tumhdre maktab ki (ausat) hdziri kyd hai f main jane se {bdz) nahin rah sakid. tarke mujh ko {jagd-do). main is se {wdkif) na thd. jo log khudd ko hakir jdnte haih, un kd hdl kaisd hi {haulndk) hai f wuh apne kdm men. {andri) hai. yih {be-dhab) mdjard hai. {kulhdri) Idfi, aur is lakri ke tukre karo. B. Is he still a bachelor f VVliat has he got on his back f Put this money in the bag. The soldiers departed this morning with their baggage. Are you willing to become bail for him? What is the balance of my account ?, Open the bale of cotton. That vessel has come in ballast. We may now banish our fears, They are bankers in Calcutta, kyd wuh abtak {kuhwdrd or mujarrad) hai f uski [pith) par kyd hai f is rupaiye ko {thailt) men bharo, sipdhi dj fajr apnd (asbdb) lekar kuch kar-ga,e. tum us ki (zdmni) dene ko rdzi ho f mere hisdb kd kyd bakdya hai f ru,f kd (tdiigar) kholo. wuh jahdz ( khdli) dyd hai. ab ham dahshat {dur karen). we Kalkatte men {sarrdf) haih. da nkrupt — ie lints. He Is lately become a bank- rupt, We sat on the bare ground, You have made a bad bargain, This dog barks at everybody, I have sold my 20 barrels of flour, This land is entirely barren, Alas ! what base conduct am I guilty of? Bring some water in a basin. Put these things in a basket, I saw numbers of people bath- ing in the Ganges, He bears this load on his head, You bure it very patiently, I have beaten him twice in learning, The master has ihoroughly beaten the slave. Is that a man or a beast f This is a beautiful garden, The ship was becalmed four days. Beckon to him to come here, He has lately become very proud. He is ill, and confined to his bed, I have been stung by a bee, I beg your pardon for what I have done, There is a beggar at the door, I have begun to speak English, It has neither beginning nor end. He believes whatever people tell him, "3 wuh thore dinoh se (dewdliyd) ho gay a. ham. \khdlt) zamin par baitht, turn, (saude) men thaga,e ga,e. yih kuttd sab par [bhauhktd hai). main ne apne ate he bis {pipe) beche hain. yih zamin bi-l-kull [Usar) hat. afsos I kyd (bad) kdm mujh st sarzad hu,d ? zarra sd pdni [tasht) men Id p. in chizoh ko (tokre) men rakho. main ne bahut ddmiyoh ko Gangd men [ghusl karte) dekhd. wuh apne sir par yih bojh [dhotd hai). turn ne bahut sabr ke sdth [barddsht kiyd). main ne parhne jneh us par do martaba {sabkat hasil ki). mdlik ne ghuldm ko (khub mdrd) hai. wuh insdn hai yd (haiwdn) t yih bahut {khwush-numd) bdgh hai. jahdz [baghair hawd ke) chdr din thahrd rahd. yahdh dfie ko use {ishdra karo). thore din se wuh bahut maghrur {ho gay d hai). wuh bimdr aur {bistar) par pard hai. [mdrd. {bhahwar) ne mujhe dahk- jo main ne kiyd hai {mud/ ki- jiye). darwdze par {fakir) hai. 7naiti ne angrezi bolnd {shurii kiyd hai). na us kd {awwal) hai na dkhir. jo kuckk ki log use kahte haim ■wuh {bdwar kartd hai). «14 Does this knife belong to you? The ears of com, being ripe, bend to the ground, Has the medicine afforded yc t benefit f I have been three years in Bengal, I beseech you to pay attention, He is beset on all sides with business, I am going to the shoemaker's to bespeak a pair of shoes, I think it will be best to do so, I am a poor man, be pleased to bestow one rupee. Mine is better than yours. Beware of idleness and igno- rance, Why do you bid me do this ? How big is the book you speak of? Give me yoiu" 3/V4 I will pay it, Bind him hand and foot. He has bound up the parcel. What bird is this ? He was bitten by a jackal. This fruit is very bitter. Am I blameable in this ? The blame rests only upon me, No, without doubt you are blameless, After being bled, he recovered, I have cut my finger, see how it bleeds, By the blessing of God I am belter. belong — blessing. yih chhurt (tumhdri hai) f andj ki bdleh pukhta hokar zamin par [jhukti ha in), turn ko is dawd se kuchh {fd,ida) hdsil hu,d f „ main {Bangdle) men tin barai se hUn. main {iltimds kartd huh) ki dp tawajjuh farmdweh. wuh chdroh taraf se kdm men (ghird) hai. main mochi ki dukdn par ek jorijutd (banwdne ko kahne) jdtd huh. Tnere nazdik aisd karnd [achchhd) hogd. main muhtdj huh, apni mihr- bdni se ek riipaiya {^indyat kijiye). tumhdrese merd {achchhd) hai. susti aur ndddni se {hushydr ho), turn kis wdste mujhe yih kdm karne ko {kahte) ho f wuh kitdb jis kd zikr turn ne kiyd kitnl (barf) hai f turn apni [hisdb ki fard) ld,o, main add karuhgd. us ke hath pdhw [bdr'idho). us ne gathri ko {kasd hai). yih kaun (chiriyd) hai ? us ko ek gldar ne \kdtd). yih phal bahut {karwd) hai. kyd main is men (taksir-wdr) hah f t^ \kai. is kd [ilzdm] mujhi ko lagtd nahii'i, beshakk turn (be-kusur) ho. bad (fasd khuldne) ke wuh chahgd ho gayd. main neapni uhglikdti, dekho kyd [kJiiin bahtd hai). ^udd ke faxl se main biktjr huu. blind — bravery. "5 He is DOW quite blind. He led him blind/old through the city, He is a blockhead, Wliere there is blossom we ex- pect fruit, TTiis plant will soon blossom, He blotted the whole of his papers, Blow the dust off your book, Vou blunder continually. This knife is very blunt. He does not suffer much pain in the body, He is bolder than I, Fix a bolt on the window, He wishes to have a bond for this amount, The dog has a bone in his mouth, I have been to the bookseller's shop, He was bom before you, I want some money, from whom can I borrow f Put this oil into a bottle, Read to the bottom of the page. Having made a bow, he sat, Bows and arrows were formerly used in war. What shall I put in this box f That lady wears bracelets. That tree has many branches, Don't you know brass from copper ? His soldiers are very brave, \VTiat bravery have they dis- played? wuh ab bi-1-kull {andhd) hat, wuh uski [drtkh band karke} use shahr men liye phird. wuh {ahmah) hai. jahdh {gul) hai, wahdh ummed mewe ki hai. yih darakht jald {phulegd). us ne apne sdre kdghazon par {siydhi ddl-di). apni kitdb par se gard (phiink ddlo). turn hamesha [ gha latikarteho). yih chhuri bari {kund) hai. us ke [badan) men bahut dard nahih hai. wuh mtijh se {ziydda shujd'} hai. (hurkd) khirki m.eh lagd-do. wuh in rUpaiyoh kd {tamassuk) chdhtd hai. us kutte ke muhh men {ek haddi) hai. main {kitdb-farosh) ki dukan par gay d thd. wuh tum se peshtar {paidd) hii^d. mujh ko thore rUpaiye ki dar^ kdr hai, kis se {karz lUn) f is iel ko [shlshe] men rakho. is sa/he ke {niche) iak parho. wuh (saldm) karke, bait'hd. tir aur {kamdn) peshtar lard,- iyoh men isttmdl kiye jdte the. is [sandakche) men main kyd rakhUngd f wuh bibi {kare) pahar.ti hai. us darakht ki bahut si {ddli- yah) haih. turn {pit a I) aur tdhbe men imtiydz nahin kar sakte f us ke sipdhi bare {shujd) haih. unne kaisi hhujd'at) dikhld^ hai f fi6 braying — burst. The ass is braying. What is the breadth of that cloth ? Can you break this cocoa-nut ? He has broken it in pieces, { have run to such a degree that I am out of breath, I cannot breathe. These insects breed in the rice, He bred up his children in the best manner, He was bribed to commit that wicked deed, Bricks are made of this kind of earth, I saw both the bridegroom and bride. He has a horse, but no bridle, Do you observ'e that bright star? How broad shall I make this mat ? He is by trade a broker, What colour shall I make it ? black, white, red, green, brown, or blue? Here is a brush, where is the paint? These trees are beginning to bud, I am going to build a house. Are you not afraid of that bull f Where shall I put this bundle f The whole burden rests upon me. Burn this waste paper, They drank so much that they almost burst. He burst open the door, gadhd {renktd) hat. us kapre kd kyd {'arf) hat 7 turn yih ndriyal {fhor) saktt hof us ne uske tukre tukre (kar ddld). main is kadr daura ki (be dam) ho gay a hun. main (dam lene) nahih sakta. ye hire chdwal men {paida hote) haih. us ne apne larkon ko bahut ach- chhi tarah {tarbiyat kiyd). yih burd kdm karneke liye use {rishwat di ga,l thi). is kism ki mitti se {inteh) banti hain. main ne (dulhd)aur (dulhan) donoh ko dekhd. us ke pds ghord hat, magar {la gam) nahih. us {raushan) sitdre ko turn dekhte ho f main is chatd^i ko kitnd {chaurd) karHh f us kd pesha {dalldli) hat. use kaunra ng ( ra ng Hh ) f siydh sufed, surkh, sabz, {khdki'\, yd dsmdr^i f [fnH-kalam) naujQd hat, rang kahdh hai f in darakhtoh men {kaliyaft ni- kalne) shurii hH^ih. main makdn (ta'mir kard^- ungd). turn us {sdhd) se nahih dartef is (gathri) ko kahdh rakhiiii f tamdm (bojh) mujh par hai. is raddi kdghaz ko {Ja Id-do), unhoh ne ttnd piyd karib thd ki {pet phat-jd,e). *ts ne darwdza {torkar kkola). bury — cat. \rt He is gone to bury his father, He is come on business. He is now very busy, and can- not speak to you, I am going to the bazar to buy paper. wuh apne bap ko {gdrne) gctyi hai. wuh (kdm) ke liye dyd hai. wuh is wakt khub kdm men (mashghul) hai, turn se bat nahih kar saktd. main kdghaz {khartdne ko) bdxdrjdtd huh. C. That ship has lost her anchor and cable, ■\h\s cage is to keep birds in, Where did you get that cake ? This will be to them a great calamity, Have you made a calculation of the cost ? The cow and ^a^were together, The sea was quite calm. Buy me two candlesticks, Where did you buy this canvas} Re is a person of great capacity, Where is the ship's captain f He has sent me a card of invitation, I have no care on that account, He is a carpenter, I saw him carrying a load on his head, Have you no case for your razor? This is a very difficult case. In cash and notes I have 500 rupees. Put these things in a cask, Cast away this clothing. He lives near the castle, This cat has very large claws. us jahdz ka [rassd^ aur langar gum ho gayd. yih [pinjra) chiriydh rakhne ke liye hai. yih {kullcKo) turn ne kahdh pdydf unhehyih sakht {d/at) hogi. \kharch) kd (anddz) kiyd hai turn ne ? gd,t aur {bachhrd) sdth the. samundar bi'lkull {sdkin)thd. do {sham' dan ) mere liye mol-lo. yih (tat) turn ne kahdh mol- liyd'f wuh bari {liydkat) kd ddmi hai. jahdz kd {ndkhudd) kahdh hai. us ne da'wat kd (ruk'a) mujhe bhejd. vs sabab se mujh ko kuchh {fikr) nahih. wuh {barha,i) hai. us ko main ne sir par bojh {lejdte) dekhd. kyd tumkJire usturekd {khdna) nahih hai ? yih bari mushkil (bdt) hai. (nakd) aur lot mildkar mere pas pdhch sau rUpaiye hait'i. in chizoh ko {pipe) men rakho. yih kaprd ( pkehk do), wuh (kil'e) ke pds rahtd hai. i5{billi) ke bare barepanje hatn Il8 catalogue — chickens. Have you seen to-day's cata- logue of the sale ? Catch that bird, Do you know the cause of this? What need of all this caution ? We ought to be cautious, and not to giv^ offence to any, When will you cease talking ? He is a very celebrated poet. Place this in the centre. This house has been built a century, i am certain of it, I have received from him a certificate of my capacity and good' conduct, Here is plenty of chaff, but no wheat, Is this chain made of iron? Take a chair, and sit down, He writes only with chalk. He is gone there for change of climate, I must change my clothes, His mind is changeable. What chapter shall we read ? He is highly respected. She draws pictures with char- coal. He charges very high, They are very charitable to the poor. He bestows a great deal in charity. That is a charming song. These articles, I think, are cheap. They cheat whom they can, This cheese is not good, I saw a hen with ten chickens. dj ke nildm ki (Jard) dekhl half us chiriyd ko {pakro). turn is kd {sabab) jdnte ho f itni {khabarddri) kyd zarir f ham ko chdhiye ki {ihtiydt se rahen), aur kisi ko aziyat na den. kab bolnd {band karoge) f vjuh bard(mashh22r) shd'ir hat. is ko {markaz) men rakho. yih (ek sau baras) kd ghar hai. mujhe uskd (yakfn) hai. us se main ne kdbiliyat aur nek chalan kd {liydkat-ndma) hdsil kiyd hai. yahdh {bhusi) bahut hai, magar gehUfi nahlh. kyd yih [zanjir) lohe ki hai f (chaukt) lo aur baitho. wuh sir/ (jkhariya se) likhta hai. tmih db-o-hawd ki {tabdil) ke live wahdn gayd hai. mujh ko kapre (badalnd) hai. wuh {talawzvun-mizdj) hai. ham kaun {bdb) parhehf is ki bari >(izzat) hai. wuh \ko,ele) se taswireh khainchti hai. wuh bari kimat letd) hai. we gharihor'j ke hakk men bare (mukhaiyir) hain. wuh bahut {khairdt) kartd hai. wuh {khwush) naghma hai. main in chizoh ko {arzat'i) samajhtd hUh, we {thagte hain) jinheh ki we thag sakte hain. yih (panir) achhchhd nahin. main ne ek murghi ko mxi dat {chiizon) ke dekht. t^^y chief reason for coming here was to see you, I have known him since his childhood. These are but childish employ- ments, He has lately come from China, Why are all these chips here ? taJce them away. Cut this stick with a chisel. It was his own choice to do so, Choose which of these two you please, Mix some cinnatnon with the other spices. They all sat in a circle, He is now judge of circuit. They have circulated notices in all directions, Has this coin been long in circulation f This is a curious circumstance, He is one of the Company's civil servants. He is civil to every one, He received us with great civility, Have you any further claim on that gentleman's estate ? The claws of that animal are very sharp, Bricks are made of clay, She is more cle^jsr than he, The attorney has written to his client, The climate of Europe is very fine, He was climbins a tree, chief— climbing. n^ merd (asl) matlab yahdh dnt se tumhdrd dekhnd tad. main use {larakpan) se jdntd hah. yih fakat {tijldna) shaghl haih. thore din hii,e ki wuh {Chin} se yahir'i dyd hai. yih sdrd {kurkut) yahdh kyuh pard hai ? use le-jdo. is lakri ko [rukhdni) se kdto. us ne apni [razdmandi] se yih kdm kiyd. in donoh men se jise chdho {lo} aur masdlihoh ke sdth (ddr- chini) mildp. we sab {halka) bdhdh har baithe. ab wuh [ddfirdd^ir) hajdj hai. unhoh ne har taraf ishtihdr {jdri kiye haih). is sikke kd {chalan) bahut din se hu,d hai f yih 'ajab {mdjard) hai. wuh Kampanl ke {mulki) ahli kdroh men se hai. wuh har ek se [akhldk ke sdth) pesh dtd hai. us nehamsesdth bari^tawdzu') ke muldkdt ki. tum us sdhib ke mdl par aur kuchh {da'wi) rakhte ho f us jdnwar ke {changul) bahui tez haih. ii'it {mitti) se banti haih. wuh larki is larke se (zahfn^ hai. wakil ne apne {muwakkil) ko likhd hai. Farahgistdn kl (ab-o-hawd) bahut achchhi hai. wuh ek darakht tar {charktd} 1 ehd. clings— company. That child clings to its mother, Leave your cloak in the hall, What is the time by the church clock f It is near hvo o'clock, Th^y clothe the naked, and feed the hungry, There are many clouds, it will rain heavily, Some people ride in coaches, others go on foot, This cloth is very coarse. Sweep away that cobweb, I feel very cold, A great crowd was collected, He is now collector of Hughll, Have you seen the new college, "VVliat is the Enghsh name of this colour, Take a comb, and comb your head, This affords me comfort in my trouble, He commanded me to go in- stantly, Let us v\n^ commence our work, I commend your prudence, Calcutta is a first-rate seat of commerce. He was committed to prison, The com mon people speak thus. Communicate this to him. He appears to be very com- municative, I have no companion, •I ann glad to be in his company. wuh larkd apni md se {lifta rahtd hai). apnd {labdJa) ddldn-men rahne-do. girje kl {ghari) men kyd bajd haif karlb {do bajne) ke hat. we nangon ko kapre (pahindte) aur bhakhoh ko khdnd khi- Idte haih. bard {abr) hu,d hai, pdni khab barsegd. baze (gdri) men sawdr hote haih, baze paidal chalte haih. yih kaprd bard {moid) hai. wuh{ makyi kdjdld ) jh dr-ddlo. mujhe (jdrd) bahut lagtd hai. bahut ddmt [jam') hU^e. wuh ab Hughli kd {tahsilddr) hai. [hai f turn ne nayd {mad rasa) dekhd attgrezi men is {rang) kd nam kyd hai f {kanghi) lo, aur bdl Hhchha, mere ranj men yih {tasalli) detd hai. us ne mujh ko fauran jdne kd {hukm diyd). ab ham kdm {shurU' kareh). main tumhdri pesh-bini ki {ta'rifkartd huh). Kalkatta {sauddgari) kd ek 'umda makdm hai. wuh kaid-khd7ie ?neh [bhejd gayd). {'awdmm) aisd kahte hain, yih us se {baydn karo). wuh (ziydda-go) malum hotd hai. merd ko,i {sat hi) nahih hai, us kl {musdhabat) men main iahut tku-'ush huh. compare — conjiden ce. Let ns compare my writing •with, yours, A ship sails by the compass, Why act thus? have you no compassion f Are you competent to the work ? I have long complained of his conduct, He is always coming with complaints. He is complete master of this language, Sir, Mr. sends his com- pliments to you, Unless you comply, what can I do? He is now composing a gram- mar, I don't exactly comprehend this, I cannot conceal this matter, Let us not indulge conceit. That man is very conceited, I conceive you are in the right. This business does not concern you. This has caused her much con- cern, Jt is time to conclude, This is the conclusion of the chapter, I saw a g^rcat concourse of people. My condition is better than his, His conduct is to be com- mended, Who will conduct us thither? I confess my conduct has been amiss, I place no confidence in what they say, ham apnd likhd tumhdre se [mildwen). (kutb-numd se) jahdz chalta hai. kyoh aisd karte hof tumheh {rahm) nahih dtd hai f turn is kdm ke {ld,ik) ho f main us ke af'dl kr* bahut din se {shdki hail), wuh hamesha (ndlish) karta dtd hai. wuh is zabdn men {kdmil) hai. sdhib, fuldna sdhib dpko (saldm) kahtd hai. agar turn [rdzi) na ho, to main kyd karUii f ab wuh sarf o nahw ki kitdb {tasnif kartd hai). main yih khub nahin{samajh) saktd. is mukaddame ko main [po- shida nahih rakh saktd). ham sab {dimdgk) na karen. wuh ddmibard ( maghrHr) hai. main [khiydl kartd hah) ki hakk tumhdri tarafhai. yih kdm tum se ('aldka) nahin rakhtd. isi se us ki bahut {fikr) hu,%. {tamdm karne) kd wakt hai, yih bdb kd [dkhir) hai. main ne bahut ddmiyoh ki (jamd,o) dekhd. merd (hdl) us se bihtar hai. us kd Xkdm) ta'rifke ld,ik hai. v:ahdn ham ko kaun {leja^egd) f main {ikrdr kartd huh) kimere afdl khardb hu,e. un ke kahne par main [ttildr) nahih kartd. confin ed — cooks. \ ie is now confined in jail, Is the news confirmed or not ? You have confused my work, There is no connection in these sentences, He conquered the whole coun- try. I am not conscious of having said so, Doyoufc«j', Whose are these ducks and geese? That note falls due to-morrow. She is both dumb and deaf, He has learned so long, yet he Is a dunce ^ Real and durable happiness is not attainable on earth. Do these articles pay duty f A dwarf is one who is httle in stature, Dwell where he may, he is unhappy, main ne ek kit diwdr men igdri), kil'e men (nakkdrd) har rot bajtd hat. wuh bard {matwdld) hat. yih ghar bahut {sukhd) hai. ye {batak) aur hans his Ce haih f us hundiki ( midd) kal tamdm hogl. wuh {gungi) bahirf hai. itne din parhd tau bhi (6e- wuku/} hai. dunyd men kkivushi sachchi aur {pa,eddr) kisi ko milni nahih. is jins kd {mahsUl) lagtd hai f (baund) wuh hai jis kd kadd chhotd ho. chdhe kahin (rahe) nd-khwush hai. He is eager to undertake the business, He shows great eagerness to learn, You deafen one's ears by your noise. In this way I can earn ten rupees a month, You are not in earnest in what you say, you only jest, I gave ten rupees earnest money, They manufacture earthen ware. An earthquake was felt lately in this neighbourhood. Do you travel ^aj/, west, north, or south ? I will set you an easy lesson, rhe tide has besrun to ebb. kdm uthdne ko wuh hard (dr- zumand) hai. wuh sikhne ki bari {khwdhish) zdhir kartd hai. turn aisd shor machdte ho ki jis se [kdn) pha/te hain. is tarah se main das rupaiye mahina (kamd) saktd huh. turn {sach much) to nahih kahte, fakat hahste ho. main ne das rupaiye kd (bat ana) divd. we (matti ke) barian bandte haih. there din h H^e ki is nawdh men {bhuchdl) hUjd thd. {mashrik), maghrib, janUb, yd shimdl kd safar karte ho f main turn, ko {sahl) sabak dahgd. ab (bhdthd) shurU' hai. tcitpse — engaged. There will soon be a solar eclipse, I saw him sitting on the edge of the river, ^' WTio is the editor oi this news- paper ? She has written a book on education, He has sold all his effects, I gave him medicine, but it had no effect, I saw a bird's nest with four eggs. Give this book to your elder brother, Hers is an elegant house, He is very eloquent, China is a large empire. What is your employment f Who is your employer f Who will employ such people ? This house is empty, it has no tenant, Enclose my letter in yours, Your former kindness encou- rages me. This affords me encouragemen t. There is no e?td to his talking, I must endeavour to see him to-day. This note wants your endorse- ment, The cat is the enemy of the mouse. He goes to work with great energy, I have an engagement this evening, and therefore can- not accept your invitation, I have engaged hina as my servant, tkore din men {suraj-gahan) hogd. main ne us ko daryd {kindre) par baithd dekhd. is akhbdr kd {^mu,allif) kaun haif us ne {tarlki ta'lim) par eh kitdb likhi hai. us ne apnd sab (asbdb) bech- ddld. main ne us ko dawd di, par ui kd kuchh (asar) na hu,d. main ne ek chiriyd kd gkohsld, aur chdr {ande) dekhe. apne {bare) bhd,i ko yih kitdb dend. us kd gharbahut {suthrd) hai^ wuh bard {/asih) hai. Chin bard (mulk) hai. tum kyd (kdm) karte ho f tumhdrd {dkd) kaun hai f kaun aise logon ko ( kdm degd) f yih ghar (khdli) hai, is men ko,i kirdyaddr nahiii hai. merd khatt apne khatt men [rakh do), tumhdyi agli mihrbdni meri [dil-dihi karti hai). yih mujh ko [tasalli] detd hai. us ke bakne kd [intihd) nahih. dj us ki muldkdt kd mujhe (kasd) karnd chdhiye. is hundi par tumhdri (sahih) zarur hai. chahe kd {dushman) billi hai, wuh bare {zor) se kdm \irtd hai. meri dj ki rdt ek jagah {mih- mdni) hai, is liye main tum- hdri da'wat kabul nahin kar saktd. main ne is ko naukar (rakkAd} kai. 13a England — example. Have you ever been in Eng- land f Send for an engraver, I enjoy this season of the year. Who will enter this cave f That news is entirely false, Is your writing equal to mine? Envy is hateful. He went there, but forgot his errand, It is incumbent on us to for- sake erroneous opinions, 00 you see any error in this writing? f hey escaped from prison, This is a matter of especial moment ; the rest is by no means essential. This law has lately been esta- blished. He left all his estate to his eldest son, They who fear God will obtain eternal happiness. Draw two even Unes, They are gune, every one of them, It is evident you are mistaken, 1 expect to see him this even- ing. This is a melancholy event, By the evidence produced in court, his guilt was proved, His coming caused much evil to many, Eurcpean articles are now plentiful. In this world evil and good are found, That lady is an example to all around her. turn kabhi {Ingland) ga.ehof {muhr-kan) ko buldfi. main is mausim ka [hatt uthdtd hUn). kaun is{ghdr) men [paithegd) \ wuh khabar [bi-l-kull) darogh hai. [hai t iumkdrd merd likhu \bardbar) {Aasad) buri chiz hai. wuh wahdn gayd, lekin apna ipaighdm) bhul gayd. ham ko Idzim hai ki {jhHthe) kkiydlon ko chhor-den. tum is likhne men kahih {ghalati) dekhte ho f we kaid-khdne se {bhdg-ga^). yih mukaddama jkhdss) zaru- ratkd hai, bdkikikisi tarah [zarHrat] nahln. yih d,tn thore din se[mukarrar hu,d hai). us ne sdrd (asbdb) bare bete ko diyd. Jo khudd se darte hain we [abad tak) kkzyush rahenge. do khatt [bardbar) khehcho. we {sab ke sab) ga,e hain. [par ho. sdf{zdhir) hai ki tum ghalati main, dj ki (rdt) us ki muldkdt kd mtintazir hUfi. yih bar I ghamgini kd {itti/dk) hai. 'addlat men jo {gawdhi) di ga,i us se uski taksir fdbit hHji. us ke dne se bahut logon ko bari [kabdhat] pari. (JVildyati) jins is wakt bahut hai. is dunyd men [badi) {neki] pd,ijdti hain. Tvuh bibi sab bibiyoh ke wasit ck inamuna) hai. exceeds — expressed. »33 He exceeds every one in intelli- gence, This is most excellent fruit, What you propose, I think, Is exceptionable in one par- ticular, I will g^ve you tnis in exchange for that, The exchange is a place where merchants meet to transact business, I have no desire to exchange situations with you, Let us excite each other to study, Pray excuse my not having formerly written to you, They made many excuses. Who is the executor to his estate ? Three men were executed for murder last Monday, Do you expect to see him shortly ? The king expelled him from the land. What will be the expense of doing this ? House-rent is very expensive in Calcutta, He has experience in business, If you ask, he will explain any part which you do not imderstand. Much indigo was exported last month. These articles are for exporta- tion, I don't know how this phrase is expressed in English, luuh ddnd,i men harek se {bard> hai. yth mewa bahut (kkab) hai. tneri dan ist men, jo turn tajwix karte ho, ek khdss bat men kdbili i' tirdz hai. us ke [badle) main turn ko yih \ dtihgd. {mandi), wuh jagah hai jahdn sauddgar tijdrat karne ko ikatthe hote ha in. \ main apni hdlat ko tumhdre \ hdl se [badal karne) ki khwdhish nahin raklitd. ham ek dUsre ko sikhne ki [targhib den). \ jo main ne dge khatt na likhd \ yih kusUr mihrbdni se \ [mu df kijiye). \ we bahut ('uzr) Idye. us ke mdl kd kaun {wast) hat f ga,e dUshambe ko tin ddmi kJmn karne ki 'illat men , {phdnsi diye ga,e). {tumhen ummed hai) ki use jald dekhoge ? ; bddshdh ne usko des {nikdld \ diyd). is kdm karne ineii kyd [kharch) \ hogd f Kalkatte men ghar ka kirdya , bard[girdn)hai. \shdkk)hai, wuh kdr-o-bdr men \mash- agar tumpHchho, to jo turn na samajhte ho wuh tumhen ^ {saiKJhd-degd). bahut nil pichhle mahine men {rawdna hu.,d). J ye asbdb {dUsre 7nulk ko bhejne ■ ke liye) haih. \ main nahin jdntd yih bat \ Ahgrezi men kis ^arah {bolt I jdti) hai. I «34 exteni^atherless. This is the extent of their learning, I showed you an extract from this letter, This is extraordinary news. His children are extravagant, Her eyebrows are black, How can you write if you shut your eyes f un ke parhne kJ {hadd) yiki hai. main ne is khatt kd [intikhdb) tumheh dikhdyd. yih {'ajtb) khabar hai. us ke larke {fuzul-kharch) haih. 7iski [bhawen) kali haih. turn {dhkh) band karke kyuh- kar likh sakte ko f F. This is a book oi fables ^ Her /ace is /air, Formerly there was an indigo /actory here, Had it not been for his assist- ance, I should hdiVQ/ailed in my purpose, From fatigue and hunger they /ainted away. It is novf /air, you can go, Have yon /aith in what they say? He is an old and faith/ul servant, He was killed by a /all from his horse, Be assured that the report is /alse. He has a \a.Tge/amily, So scarce was corn in that city, that it was feared there would be a./amine, It is now cold, what need have you of a./an f She hasenvvely/ascinatedmy heart, Have you /asiened the saddle on the horse ? Are these sheep ya/ or lean? He died there, leaving a widow and iky^/atherltss children, yih (kissoh) ki kitdb hai. uskd[muhh) khzvush-numd hai. pahle yahah nil kd {kdr- khdna) thd. us ki madad agar na hoti, to merd kdm [anjdm na) pdtd. we mdndagi aur bhUkh se [ghash men d ga,e). ab dsmdh {sd/) hai turn jd sakte ho. ky.l turn un ke kahe par {yakin) karte ho f wuh purdnd aur (imd?iddr) naukar hai. wuh ghore se {girke) mar g^yd. turn khdtir jam rakho ki yih khabar { j hilt k) hai. wuh bard {'iyal-ddr) hai. us shahr men aisi andj ki killat thi ki sab ko khaiif [kaht) kd thd. ab jdrd hai, {pajtkhe) ki kya darkdr ? us 7ie bi-l-kull mere dil ko (moh liyd) hai. turn ne ghore par zin koifidhdh- diyd) hai ? [dubli f kyd ye bhereh {moti) haih yd wuh ek bewa aurpdnch (yatim) larke chhorkar ■wahdh mar" gayd. fa tiguid— fight. »3S I am very much fatigued with walking, Those things are not yet ready, v/hosQ fault is it ? Who is there that is faultless f The wind on the river is favourable for going up the country, ^ray favour me with your ad- dress, This httle boy is vay favourite, We ought to fear God more than man, I would have gone there, but I went not, ivomfear of its being too late ere I arrived, To-day there is sl feast at his house, This feather is very beautiful, The features of these two are alike. He is now very feeble ; he is unable to stir from home, The squirrel /^f^j chiefly upon fruit, Ifeel a pain in my side, what shall I do ? I saw several kinds of birds, a pair of each kind, male and female, There is a ferry-boat at this place. The whole soil of that country is fertile, Go, fetch some fruit out of the garden, I know not if many or few were there. To whom does this field belong? It is better to sit still than to main sair karne u bahut (fndnda) ho gay a. we chizeh jo abtak taiyar nahui, to kis ki (taksir) hai f kaun [be-taksir) hai ? charhdp ki tarafjdne ko daryC ki hawd (muwdfik) hai [mikrbdni karke) apne ghar kd thikdtid {farmd,iye). yih larkd merd bahut {'aziz) hai. ham ks chdhiye ki ddmi ke banisbat khudd se ziydda {daren). main wahdh jdtd lekin is {dat se) na gayd ki wahdii pa- huhchyie men der hogi. dj us ke ghar ek [ziydfat] hai. yih ( par) bahut khub-sHrat hai. in dono ki {shakl) milti hai. ab wuh bahut {za'if) hai, ghar se bdhar nikal nahth saktd. gilahri khdss-kar mewa hi {khdti) hai. meri pahlil men dard {ma'lUm hold hai), main kyd karHhf m.aih ne bahut kism kichiriydn dekhih, har har kism kd ek jord, ya'ne nar aur (mdda). is makdm par ek (dohgi) hai, us mulk kisdrizamin [zarkhez) hai. jdft, bdgh se thord mewa {Idfi). main nahin jdntd ki wahdh {thore) the yd bahut. yih {khet) kis kd hai f chupke baithe rahnd (larne) u bihtar ha.i. 130 figurative— fl(Kk. This is ^figurative mode of speaking, File the screw, File these papers, Fill this tub with water, The _;f«a/ dividend on his es- tate will be paid to-morrow, I have lost my pen, see if you cdiafind it, l/oundii underneath the table, If you do so again, you must hefined, Help me \o finish this letter, What is now theyfrj/ thing to be done ? I saw some fishermen laying their net, He is not at all fit for this work, What day have you_/fjr^^upon to go there? I have seen s-fiag at the Fort, WTiat is the shape of the earth, round, fiat, square, or oval ? WTiy do yo\x flatter me so? We ought not to hsten to the words of flattery. Why should wt flee f there is no danger. What flowers are these ? fling them away, Fire is produced hy flint and steel, [t is high water, the vessel will now float, { saw there a flock of sheep, yih [majdzi) taur ki gtifi-o-g-i hai. is pehch ko [reti se reto). un kdghazoi'i ko [natthi karo). turn is kathre ko pant se {bharo). fuldne ke mdl ki {dkhiri) kist kal di jd,egi. merd kalam kho gayd hai, dekho agar {mil sake). main ne usko mez ke niche [pay a), agar phir turn aisd karoge to turn par [jurmdna kami par ego), is khatt ke [tamdm karne) men meri madad karo. ab pahile kyd karnd chdhiye. main ne {machhu^on) ko jdl ddlte dekhd. wuh hargiz is kdm ke {ld,ik) nahin hai. wahdh jane ko turn ne kaun sd din [mukarrar kiyd hai) f main ne kil'e men ek (nishdn) dekhd. zamin ki shakl kyd hai, got, (chapti), chaukhuhti, yd baizawi f turn Tneri is far ah kyon [khwushdmad karte) ho f [khwushdmad ki baten) hargiz na sunnd chdhiye. ham kyuh [bhdgeh)f kuchh khatra nahih. ye kaise phul haih f {phehk) do. dg (chakmak) aur fUldd st nikalti hai. jofir bharpQr hai, jahdz ab pdni par (chalegd). ek [galla] bheroh kd main ne wahdn dekhd. floor— form.. The floor of this room wants repairing, Bread is made oX flour. You must not pluck these flowers. He can play upon Wxq flute, There are a number oi flies, He cut *he parrot's wing, lest it shouMy/y away. In the morning there is a thick fog here, Fold these things in paper, You go before, I vi\\\ follow, I am not at all fond of that fruit. What sort of food is this ? He is a great fool. To be angry without a cause \% foolishness. Look at the horse'syO.?/, Why did you forbid him to come? The stream now runs with gxe.'aX force. He fell down and cut hisy^r<;- head. He is gone to a foreign country. She possesses vs\-\X(^ foresight. Who can foretell what will happen on the morrow ? For doing this you mnsiforfeit a rupee, Don't forget to tell him what 1 said to you. If he had acknowledged his fault, I should \iZ.\Q forgiven him, 'DxQ.form of the cypress-tree is quite straight. is kamre ki {zamin) tnaram. mat-talab hat. {ate) ki roft banti hat. in [phuloh) ko mat nocno, wuh {bdnsli) bajd jdntd hat. yahdh bahut {makkhiydn) hain. us ne tote ke par kdt ddle, td na [iir-jd^e). is jagah subh ko (kuhdsd) bahut hold hai. in chizon ko kdghaz men [lapeto). ■ turn dge jdfi, main {pichke d,ur)gd). wuhphal mujh ko kuchh nahin (bkdtd). yih kaisi {kh-vurdk) hat f wuh bard [ahmak) hai. be sabab khafd hond (nddani) hat. ghore ke ( pdnw) dekho. turn ne use kyiih dne se {mafi) kiyd f dhdr is wakt bare (zor) se bahti hai. wuh gir pard aur [peshdni) us ki kat ga,i. wuh {pardes) gayd hai. us ki bari {dur-andeshi) hai. kaun (kah-saktd hai) ki kal kyd hogd ? aisd karyie se tumhen ek rUpaiya {jurmdna ) dena paregd. jo main ne turn se kahd hai, so us se kahnd, mat {bhUljdnd). agar wuh apni taksir kd ikbdl kartd, to main use (mu'df kartd). (sarv) ki {shakl) bil-kull [^sidhi) hai. former — furntsa. Which part of his letter do you think the best, \he former or the latter? The objections you make to my plan are indeed formidable, Let us wot/orsake our friends in their distress, He has made a XsxgQ fortune, The foundation of the house was laid, There are fountains of water everywhere. Whose are those fowls in the garden ? You are free to do as you please, It is so cold to-day, I think at night it \\i\\ freeze, I have engaged the whole of this vessel's freight. Is \h\s fresh milk ? These greens are fresh from the garden, I have frequent opportunities of seeing it. What shall I do ? I have no friend, I am now ent'nely friendless, I have seen a mosi frightful figure. In India the frogs are very large. How does he manage his household affciirs ? is he frugal or extravagant ? Is this cask empty ox full f The purpose for which you sent me has been fulfilled. How soon can you furnish these things? us ke khatl jneh kaun hissa tumheh pasand dta, hai, {pakld) yd pichhld f jo i'tirdz turn meri tajwit par karte ho so bahut [sakht) hai, ■> be-kasi ki hdlat men ham ko chdhiye ki doston ko na [chhor-deii]. us ne {mdl) bahut jam' kiyd hai. ghar ki [bunydd) part. sab jagahyahdhpdni ke [chash- me) haih. is b dgh men kis ki (murghivan ) hain f turn ko ko,t [mdni' nahin), jo chaho so karo. dj aisi sardi hai shdyad kt rdt-ko {barf ) pare. is sdrejahdz ki (naul) kd main ne tkrdr kiyd hai. kyd yih [tdza) dudh hai ? yih bdgh ki \tdzi) tarkdriydn haih. is ke dekhne kd [aksar) mauka miltd hai. main kyd karHh f ko,t merd (dost) nahih hai. merd is wakt ko^i [dost nahih). main ne bari bari [kjiaufndk) (sural) dekhi hai. Hifidustdn men [mehdak) ba- hut bare haih. wuh apne ghar kt kharch men kis tarah chaltd hai f [kif'd- yat se), yd fuzHl-kfyirchi s* f yih pipd kjidli hai yd [bhard] f jis murdd ke liye turn ne mu/h" bhejd thd, wuh (ptiri hu,i hai). turn ye chiteh kitni jaldi (fat- ydr) kar-sakte ho f furn iture — Governor. t39 Ho makes all kinds of furni- ture. We cannot see mio futurity, wuh har kism kd {asbdb) taiyar kartd hai. [jdnte. {dyanda ki bdt) ham nahin Gather up the crumbs, Do you expect much_^az«from this trade ? WTiy have you left the garden gate open? There are no limits to his generosity. He is very generous and gentle. Are you acquainted with that gentleman f He has composed a book on geography, Can you get me another book like that ? You have got many books — give me one, Do you know how to gild paper ? He showed me a gilt picture- frame, He has five children, three boys and xwo girls, Are you glad or sorry on this occasion ? Take care, this will easily break, it is made of glass, I have bought a pair oi gloves, Tell the carpenter to glue these two boards together, Is this chain made oi gold, sil- ver, iron, brass, or copper ? Have the goodness to inform me, Every one does not know how \o govern. He is now Governor of Chan- dernagore. roti ke tukre {jam kars). kyd tumheh ummed hai ki is kdr-bdr se bard {/d^ida) uthdpge. [bdgh) kd darwdza kyiin khula rahne diyd f us ki [sakhdwat) ki intihcL nahin. [hai. wuh (narm-dil) aur sakhi turn us [sahib) ko jdnte ho? us ne {jugrdfiya) men ek kitdb tasnifki hai. mere liye us ke muwdfik^ dUsri kitdb (le-d) sakte ho f turnhdre pds bahut kitdben [hain), ek mujhe do. tum jdnte ho kdghaz kyUnkar [a/shdn) karte hain f us ne mujhe taswtr kd ek sunahri ghar dikhdyd. us ke pdhch larke, tin bete do [befiydn) hain. tum is jihat se (khwush) ho yd nd-khwush f khabarddr. yih sahl men tut jdfigd, {shishe) kd hai. main ne ek jord (dastdna) mol liyd hai. yih do tatAte {saresh se jorne) ko barha,i se kaho. yih zanjir (sone), rape, lohe, pital, yd tdhbe se bant hai * dp [mihrbdni karke) khabar ki- jiye. har ek [bddshdhai karnd) na- hin jdntd. wuh ab Chandar-nagar kd bard [hdkim) hai. 140 In this province much grain is produced, WTiose grand house is that ? Sir, be pleased \o grant me this request, I am grateful for your kind- ness. Seeing such a school, I am much gratified. The horses sjq grazing on the plain, You have done me a very great favour. He has caused much grief to his father, This is a grievous calamity, Grind this wheat in the mill, \S'hat is the ground-rent of this house? Many flowers grow in the Babu's garden, You have groxvn very tall since I saw you last, WTjo is the guardian of this child? Can you guess the meaning of what I say? I went without a guide, though I had never been that road before. grain — handsome. is sabe men bahut (gkalla) kotd hai. [hat f wuh kis ka {d'lishdn) makdn at sahib, Jo main 'arz kartd hfih mihrbdni se mujfu [dtjiye). maiii dpki mihrbdni kd {shukr- guzdr) hiih. aisd maktab dekh-kar maiA bahut {kjnvush) hH^. ghore inaiddn par [charti\ haih. dp ne mujh par [barf) mihr- bdni ki. us ne apne bdp ko bahut {ran/) pahuhchdyd. yih [sakht) dfat hai. chakki men yih gthuh {pts(}). is ghar ki {za7nin kd kirdya) kyd hai f bdbu ke bdgh men bahut phal {hote) hain. jab se main ne tumhen dekhd thd turn bahut {barh-ga,e). is larke kd {murabbt) kaun half jo main kahtd hUn us kd m.atlab turn ( pate") ho f main bidun (rah-bar) ke gayd, agarchi dge kabhi us rdste na nikld thd. H. He is in the habit of walking out early. His hair is white. The house has a /^a// and three rooms, Take hold of his hand, Grve me a handkerchief The handle of this drawer is broken, In his appearance he is hand- us ko subh ke phirne kf {'ddat) hai. uske {bdl) sufaid hain. is ghar men ek (ddldn) aur tin kamre hain. uskd {hath) pakar lo. ek {rumdl) mujhe do. is dardz kd (dasta) tUt-gayd hai. wuh shakl men {khUbsiirat) hai. Hand-wnting — heaven. Do you know whose hand- writing this is ? Hang the keys upon the nail, When did that happen f In this world no one enjoys perfect happiness. They who fear God here, will be happy hereafter, Is the lesson you have given me hard or ssasy ? This is a great hardship. The hare is a very timid animal. Is there any harm in doing this? I write in great haste to save the post, They hastened away as fast as possible. You must try to hasten his coming, To act in a hasty manner is not wise. On entering the room he took off his hat. Let us hate nothing but sin. Have you any acquaintance with that gentleman ? I have got a pain in my head. His wound is now healed. His hialth is sound, Here is a heap of papers, put them away. Heat what I say, then give an answer, The heart of man is inchned to evil. To-day the heat is very great. In heaven is unspeakable hap- piness, in hell unutterable woe 1 14 » turn jdnte ho ki yih kiskd (khait\ hai f khan ti par kunjiydn [latkd) da. wuh kab [wdki ha^d) f is dunyd men kisi ko kamil [kJnvusht) nahtn hai. JO dunyd men khudd se darte haihwuh'ukbd men [khwush) rahenge. turn, ne jo sabak Tnujh ko diyd hai {tnushkil) hai yd dsdn f yih bari {sakhtt) hai. {kkargosk) bahut buz-dil jin- war hai. kyd is kdm. karne men kuchh {nuksdn) hai f main bahut {jald) likhtd hUh ki dj ki dak par chaldjd,e. we apne makdUr bhar bahut {jald)ga,e. us ke [jald) dne ke liye tum- het'i sat karnd hogd. [jaldi) kdm karnd be-wukufl hai. kamre ke andar die-hi us ne (topi) utdr It. ham siwd gundh ke kisi se {no,- frat na karen\. tumhdri us sahib ke sdth kuchh mtddkdt [hai) ? mere {sir) men dard hai. is kd zakhm ab {achchkd) ha, a hai. uskd (mizdj) durust hai. yahdh kdghaz kd {dher) kai, use ek tara/rakh do. jo jo bdten main kahtd hun {suno), bad us-ke jawdb do. ddmi kd [dil) bad% k. laraf md,il hai. dj shiddat ki {garmi) hai. [bihiskt) men nd-gtiftani khwu- shi hai, aur {dozakh) men aisd 'azdb jo baydti se bdhir hai. I^ htavy — hot. This box is very heavy, how can 1 carry it ? When walking, I trod upon his heel with my foot, What is the height oi this wall? This large estate is without an heir. Can you afford me any help in this affair of mine ? He is very helpless. They live only upon herbs. The crows steal, and afier- wards hide what they can, There are few kills in Bengal, You can just give him a hint of this affiiir, To go there I must hirt a palankeen and boat. Have you read the history o( England? He hit me a very hard blow on the head. He holJs his pen in the left hand, ^lakeahole in the ground here, It is late, let me now return home, I eat some honey out of the honey-comb. He has obtained much honour, I hope to have an interview with you very soon, This cow has no horns. An hospital is about to be built there. They show great hospitality, Bring iow het ws,ter. yih sandak bard {bhart) hai, is ko main kyUnkar lejd,u?igd f chabie men merd pdnw us kt {cri) par par -gay d. is dlwdr ki kitni (unchd,f- hai f is bhdrt milkiyat kd ko,i (zudris) nahih. turn mere is kdm men kuchh (madad) kar sakte ho f wuh bahut (Id-chdr) hai. ive fakat (tarJtdri) khd-kar jite haih. iaunve, khdnd churdte hain, aur pichhe jo kuchh ho saktd hai {chhipdte) hain. Bangdle men (pahdr) bahut ham hain. turn is bdt kd {ishdra) use kar sakte ho. wahdn pahuiichne keliyemujhi ek pdlki aur kishti {kirdya) kami hogi. turn ne Inglistdn ki (tdrikh) par hi hai f us ne tare zor se mere sir men mukkd (mdrd). wuh bd,en hath se kalam [pa- kartd) hai. yahdh xamin m.eh {^surdkh^ karo. bahut der huj ab mair'i (ghar) jd,uh. main ne makkhiyoh ke chhatii se (shahd) khdya. us ne bari {'izzat) pd,i. mujh ko yih [ummed) hai ki jaldi turn se muldkdt hogi. is gd,e ke [sing] nahih. ek (ddru-sh-sha/a)wahdhbanne ko hai. we bare (mihmdn-ddri) karte hain thord igarm) pdni li,0. holy — impart. M3 God is holyt just, and pure, Do you know what hour it is ? He is a man of a very humane disposition, and humble in his own esteem He possesses great humanity as well as humility, I am both hungry and thirsty, The^ hunter is gone a-hunting. It hurts his mind to see such wickedness, khudd {kuddus), aur 'ddil aur pdk hai. turn jdnte ho kyd (bajd) hai f wuh mizdj men bard {rahm- dil), shakhs aur apne khiydl men {hakir) hai. us men bari {admfyat) aur (faro-tani) hai. main [bhUkhd) piydsdhuh. (shikdrt) [shikdr-ko) gayd kui. aisi burd,iyoh ko dekknd us kd dil {dukhdtd hai). I. I had no idea that you would come to-day, They spend their time in idle- ness, They are ignorant and idle. Such a sentiment is illiberal, It is not good always to asso- ciate with illiterate persons, How long have you had this illness f There is an image in that temple. Whence arose this imagina- tion f How do you imagine that I should agree to this ? This is of wood, in imitation of stone, You must go there imme- diately, the undertaking is likely to be attended with immense expense, The body is mortal, the soul immortal. They are immovable in their opinions, It is our duty to impart know- ledge. mujhe kuchh {khiydl) na thd ki turn dj dfige. we {sustl) 7nen apniaukdt zd'i' karte haih. we bare {ndddn) aursust hain. aisd khiydl {kamina) hai. {nd-khwdndoh) ke sdth hame- sha suhbat rakhnd khub nahij'i. kitne din se turn koyih (btmdri) hai f us but-khdne men ek {but) hai. yih {khiydl) kahdn se paidd hUfl ? turn kyiinkar [gumdn) karte ho ki maiii yih kabul karungd f yih patthar ki {mdnind) lakri se bandit hai. tumko (/auran) wahdn jdni hogd. ma' lUm hotd hai is kdm men {bahut) kharch paregU jismfdnl aur rUh (bdki) hai. we apnitajwiz men {mustakill) haih 'ilm kd {phaildnd) ham par ^djib hai. impartial — inclination. 144 An upright judge will be im- partial, These mountains are impass- able, having on all sides impenetrable forests, Everything in this world is imperfect, '^ His behaviour is impertinent. It is very important to attend to this, Have you seen the exports and imports f They impose on whomsoever they can, They practise every kind of imposition. How can I believe an impos- sibility f It is impossible for me to comply with what you say, He is a notorious impostor, What he said made an impres- sion on me, What he tells me appears very improbable, To act thus would be highly improper, and therefore im- prudent, Can you improve what he has written? Nothing impure will enter heaven. This has arisen solely from your inattention. We have lately had incessant rain. Mad this piece of wood been an inch longer, it would have done very well, He feels no inclination to «tudy, rdstbdz hakim {be-tara/ddr] hogd. ye pahdr {be-guzdr) hain, isliye ki un ki chdroh taraf jangal {dushwdr-guzdr) haih. jitni chizeh dunyd men haim sab (ndiis] hain. is kd chdl chalan {adab se Mali) hai. bahut (zarur) hai ki ham is bdt par ghaur karen. turn, ne (dmdanf) aur raftani kd asbdb dekhd hai f /is se we {daghJ) kame sakte hain, karte hai it. we sab tarah kd [rnakr) karte haih. kyUnkar main {muhdl) ko bdwar karHh f yih [mumkin tiahih) ki tum- hdre kahne par main 'amal kari/h. wuh (makkdr) mashhUr hai. us ke kahne ne mere dil men {tdiir) ki. jo wuh farmdtd hai mujhe (khildf-kiyds) malum hold hai. aisd kamd az hadd nd-mund- sib, aur is liye {beAuda) hold, JO usne likhd hai, turn use isldh kar sakte) ho f ko,i (nd-pdk) chiz bihisht men ddkhil na hogi. yih sir/ tumhdri (kam-ta- wajjuhi) se hii,d hai. there din se {lagd-tdr) pdni barsd hai. yih lakrf agar ek {inch) aur bari hoti, tois se kdm khub nikaltd. wuh parhne ki kuchh [kh-wdk- wA) nahih rakhtd. income — information. I4S Do you know what is his income f This is incomparable writing, Your book is incomplete. Will my staying here till the first of next month be any inconvenience to you? It will be inco?ivcn'iC w«r this bucket into the well, Theirs is a lucrative employ- ment, Put this luggage in the boat, He is now grown very lusty. ^-li yih kothrl bahut {-ilchi) hat. wuh bahut {thort) kimat mdfigtd hai. is dot ko ku^e men niche [ddlo). uK-ke kdm men bard (na/) hai. is [asbdb) ko kishti men rakho. wuh bahut {moid) hii,d hai. M. What is the name of this machine f He was bit by a mad dog, He made me write the letter directly, Having made a pen, he began to write, These are magnificent apart- ments, He has two maid-servants. Make haste and write the letter, Who manages his affairs ? We ought to love all mankind, He spoke to us in this manner, This garden needs some manure. Show me a map of Bengal, This floor is paved with marble. The regiment will march to- morrow, Put a mark on the paper that is yours, I have been to the market. When will their marriage take place ? He is a very kind m.aster{mea.n- ing teacher ox preceptor), Who is the master (meaning t:n en t— plastered. His answers ^^ pertinent. You must make a petition to the merchants, Have you a fhial for the medicine? This phrase is very common, I am not fond of taking /A/JzV, Do you know what physician attends him ? I will show you a beautiful picture, Give me a small//V^^ of paper, He is a person of great piety. The pilgrim is gone on pil- grimage. His house is ornamented with pillars, I want a pair of pincers from tliem, Whose is that pinnace now passing? I was near falling into a/i7, The afflicted should excite our What a pity you did not tell me this ! What is the place called where he lives? ThQ plague of this business is endless, This writing is plain and easy to be read, Who is the plaintiff in tliis affair? Have you seen the plan of the building ? Smooth this board with a plane. Are these //j«/tj for sale? The inside walls are plastered with lime. is-kd j'awdb {shdjstd) hai. turn ko chdhiye ki sauddgar sdhiboh ko (arzi^ karo. tumhdre pds dawd rakhne be {shishi) hai f yih {bdt) to 'dm hai. main (dawd) khdne-kd shd,ik nahih. turn jdnte ho kaun (hakim) ui ki dawd kartd hai f main tum ko ek bahut achchhi (iaswir) dikhd,ungd. mujh ko ek chhotd (tukrd) kdghaz do. wuh bard (dtnddr) hai. wuh (hdji) (hajj ko) gayd hai. us-kd ghar (satunon) se drdsta hai. main ek (sanddsi) un se chdhtd hah. yih (bajrd) jo jdtd hai kiskd haif karib thd ki main (garhe) men gir partd. ham ko chdhiye ki musibat- zadoh par (rahm) karch. kyd hi (a/sos) hai ki tum nc m7tjh se na kahd ! us jagah-kd ndm kyd jahdk wuh rahtd hai f is kdm men (dikkat) be-intihi hai. yih khat (sdf) hai, aur ba» dsdni par/id jdtd hai. is mukaddame men kaun {mudda'i) hai. is ghar-kd (naksha) tum ne dekhd hai f (rande) se is takhte ko sd/ karo. kyd ye (takhte) bikd^o hain f andar-ki diwdroh men [gachk- idri) hu.i hni. piay—pQvet^y, 163 We have now no time to play. If he had informed me of this before, I should have been heitQX pleased, I pledge my word to act in this manner, This kind of fruit is plentiful, I have an excellent //oz^^/i and one pair of oxen, When the rains arrive, I shall plough this field. He is a poet; have you seen his last poem f This needle has no point. She has been at the poi7it of death, Had you asked, I could have pointed out to you in what manner to act, He received us Mith great po- litems s. He rides out every morning on his pony, He is now become /^(7r, Calcutta is a very populous city, I have his portrait in my possession. Had I studied earlier, by this time I might have -possessed much learning, There is no possibility of your getting there to-day. If the letter goes by to-day's post, you must send it to the post-oMce now, Wh; ' ' - ^hat will be the postage ? I have sent word to the post- master, .' Why do you :sit in ihsX posture f What is there in this pot ? Though in great poverty, she is happy, ham ko ab {khelne)-kt fursat nahih. agar wuh peshtar mujh se kahtd, to main ziydda [khzpush) hotd. main haul {detd hah) ki main yHi'i karungd. is kism-kd phal [bahtit] hai. mere pas ek achchhd {hal) aur bailoh-H ekjori hai. jab barsdt dwegi, to main is khet ko {jotahgd). wuh {skd'ir) hai, us-ka dkhir {shi'rj turn ne dekhd hai f is sH^i-ki [nok) nahih. wuh marne-ke{karib)pahuhehi ihi. agar turn pUchkte, to main kdm karne-kd taur [batd '" saktd). wuh bare akhldk se hamdre sdth pesh-dyd. wuh (tattu) par har subh ko sawdr hotd hai. wuh ab ( gharib) ho gay d. Kalkatta bard {dbdd) shahr hai. {mere pas) is-ke [chihre-ki tas- wlr) hai. agar main age parhtd, to shdyad ab tak bard i^dlim ho gay d hotd). miimkin nahih ki turn aj wahdh pahuiicho. agar turn dj-ki {ddk) par khatt bhejo, to abhi [ddk-ghar] men bkej?td chdhiye. {ddk-kd mahsul) kyd hogd f main ne (ddk munshi) ko kahla bhejd hai. turn kyUh is {tarah) baithte ho f is (lote) men kyd hai ? wuh sakht m,ujlisi men ihi khwush hai. i(>4 power — -f resume. It is beyond my power to understand this, What you purpose, I think, is not practicable. Whence arose this practice ? He is an effective practitioner and a competent physician. We ought not to praise the undeserving, Her health is \ try precarious, In the book which you gave me are many excellent pre- cepts, We cannot predict what will happen on the morrow, Your prediction has been ful- filled, I prefer your house to my own, Which of these two is prefer- able f We ought to get rid of preju- dice, He received ?i premium of loo rupees. They are preparing to go to England, The doctor wrote this prescrip- tion, He said so in my presence. The Naw\\ab of Lakhnau sent this elephant to the Gover- nor-General as a present. By your kindness my hfe was preserved, Are you fond of presences f Who is the president of that society? I presume, sir, you have lately arrived in this country. is-kd samajhnd mere [mal iur^ se bdhir hai. jo turn irdda karte ho mere nazdik {nd-mumkin) ma lum hot a hai. kahah se yih {'ddat) hHJil.iif wuh [jarrdhi kdmil) jur [hakimi kdbil) hai. buroh-ki {madh karnd) ha:'-* ko Idzim nahlh. is-ki tan-durusti-kd [thikand nahin) hai. jo kitab turn ne nijtjk ko di, us men bahut achchhi [nasih ,'/) hain. ham [paklese nahin kah sakfel) ki kal kyd hogd. tumhdrd {peshih-go,i) pu.'i hui. main apne ghar se tumhdt j ghar ko {bihtar jdntd hUh). in dono men se kaun {pasand) haif ham ko chdhiye ki [ta'assub) chhor den. us ne sau rupaiye-kd {in dm) pdyd. we iVildyat jdne-kl [taiydri kar rahe haih). hakim ne yih [nuskha] likhd hai. us ne mere {sdmhne) aisd kahd. Lakhnau-ke Nawwdb ne yih hdthi Gavarnar janrel bahd- dUr ko ba tariki {tuhfa) bhejd. tumhdri 'indyat se meri jdn {bachi). tumheh (murabbd) bkdfi hai f us jamd'at-kd [miri majlis) kaun haif sdhib, main {ismajhtd) hUn ki dp yahdn thore 'arse S4 d^ hain. pretence— pronounce. iGS Tliis is merely a pretence, These are very pretty flowers, 1 could not prroail upon him to remain here longer, This disorder is at present very prevaleyit, I thought you might have^r^- vented their going away, You went previous to my arrival, What is the price of this ? Is that really the market price (or price current) ? We ought to shun pride. Who is the principal in the business? The book will shortly be printed, How many prisoners are in jail? They held Sl private conversa- tion, Is there a probability of my seeing him ? That is not at all probable. Where can I procure a budge- row? Those articles are the produce of this country. This garden produces nothing but weeds, They use only profane lan- guage, I promised to call upon him to-day, By this our happiness will be promoted, Man is prone to err, Let me hear you pronounce this word, yihfakat (bahdnd) hai. ye bahut [khubsHrat) phal hain. main un par {ghalib) na ho sakd ki unko yahdh ziydda 'arse tak rakhtd. yih bimdri bilfi 7 bahut (phaili) hai. mujhe khiydl thd, ki turn unheit jane se {rok sakte ho). mere dne se (peshtar) turn chale ga,e. is-kl {kimat) kya hai? thlk thik wuhi [bdzdr-kd nirkji) 'hai f ham ko chdhiye { gh arur) se parhez kareh. is kdm-kd {asl mdlik) kaun hai f yih kitdb jald [chhdpi) jd,egi. kaid-khdne men kitne [kaidl] haihf unhoh ne kuchh {poshtda) bat-chit ki. kyd ? (ghalib hai) ki main use dekhah f wuh {ghalib) to b'ilkull nahin. mujhe ek bajrd kahdh [mil ego.) f we sab chlzen isl mulk-kd {paidawdr) hain. is bd gh men khardb ghds-ke siwd,e aur kuchh nahin [ugtd). we fakat [burt) bdten kahte hain. main ne 7is se {wa'da kiyd) ki dj tumhdre pas d^uitgd. is se hamdri khwushi [ziydda) hogi. ddmi gundh-ki taraf {md,il) hai. is lafz-kd (talaffuz) mujfu sundfi. io6 pron unciaiion^>rovision. Is my pronunciation correct? What proof can you give of this? If you take away this prop, the roof may fall, This doctrine is propagated ever^'^vhere, Do you conceive this to be proper ? He is a person of property, You will have your proportion of profits, I propose that we share the loss between us, Are you the proprietor of this house ? Will you prosecute him for his offence ? He is now in great prosperity, His affairs are now very pros- perous, In whatever he undertakes he prospers. It is a prince's glory to protect his people, Tliey fled to the king iox pro- tection, They who are /rcwaf have little sense, I C2^\ prove this to be true, This is a common prcoerb. Being in senice all the time, have you not provided for your family ? Providence directs all things, This disease affects the whole province. Make provision for your jour- ney, merd {talaffuz) durust hit? turn is-ki kyd \iubiit) dete ho f agar turn is {situn) ukhdr- ddloge to chhat gir paregi. yik masala har jagah men {miiraivwaj) hai. turn samajhte ho ki yih thik hai f [hat, iimh bard {daulatmand) ddmi nafa' men turn apnd pUrd {hissa) pdfige. main [kahtd hUn) ki jo kuchh nuksdn hii,d hai, hamdonon us mer'i sharik hon. turn is ghar-ke {mdlik) ho f is-kt takstr-ke sabab kyd turn uspar [ndlish karoge) f in dinoh us-kd bard [nastb) hai. is 7vakt us-ke kdm men khub [tarakki] ho raht hai. jo kam vcuh kartd hai, us men {kdmydb hotd hai). bddshdh-ki buzurgi is men hai ki wuh apni rdiyat-ki hifdzat kare. we (pandh)-ie liyt bddshdh-ke pds bhdge. jo (maghrur) hain kam 'akl rakhte hain. maiti {sdbit) kar saktd htin, ki yih sack hai. yih mashhUr (masal) hai. Itne dinor'i tak hardbar naukar rahe aur phir bhi bat bachchor'i-ke liye kuchh [jam') na kiyd f (Parwardigdr)-ke hukm st sab chiz jdri hai. yih bimdri tamdm [mulk men) phaili hai. turn {tosha) safar-kd taiydr karo. provoke — quantity. 167 He does everything he can to provQke me, She is a wise and prudent woman, hpuffoi wind will upset this boat, We must pull the boat along with a rope, Let me feel your pulse. You may expect to be punished for this, I am reading a dialogue be- tween a pupil and his pre- ceptor, If I had had sufficient money, I should have purchased the house. There were few purchasers, God only is pure, that is, free from sin, Can you inform me how the heart may be purified ? I purpose to consider this sub- ject, For what purpose do you make this? He found a purse with five ashraf is in it, Our soldiers pursued the enemy sixty miles. Your pursuit of pleasure is fruitless, He/2<:^ all his savings into the bank, Q He has many good qualifica- tio:%s, Lre you qualified to do this worV? |)f wliat gu.ility is this cloth ? What quantity do you wish for ? wuh apns makdur hhar merd {ghussa di'lwdne) ko kdm kartd hai. wuh barl 'aklmand aur {chaturd) 'aurat hai. hawd-ke ek {tamdnche) se yih kishti dtib-jd,egi. hamen n dp gun se {khihchnd) paregd. main tumhdri {nalz) dekhUn. turn samajh rakho ki tumheh is-ke liye [sazd milegi). main (usidd) aur {shdgird)-ke sawdl jawdb parhtd hUh. agar mere pas us kadr rupayd hotd to wuh ghar kharidid. [khariddr) bahut thore the. fakat khudd {pdk) hai, ya'ne be-'aib. turn mujhe batd-sakte ho kidi'l kyunkar {sdfho saktd hai) f main [irdda rakhtd hUn) ki is mukaddame-ki tajwiz kanun. kis {irdde) par yih bandie ho? us ne pdhch ashrafiyon ki {thailt) pd,t. hamdre sipdhiyoh ne dushman kd sdth kos tak {pichhd kiyd). tumhdri [^ aish-ju. ,1) befd,ida hai. us ne apni sari bachat bank men {jam' ki). wuh bahuteri achchhi {liydka^ ten) rakhtd hai. turn is kdm karne-ke {ld,ik) hof yih kis {kism)-kd kaprd hai f turn kis [kadar) chdhte ko f z68 qua rreh — reach. They appear to be fond of quarrels, Why do you quarrel one with another? Is the work printed in folio, quarto, octavo, or duo- decimo? The king and Queen were both present, Take some water to quench your thirst, That vessel came quick. We must quicken our pace, if we wish to arrive there this evening. Give me a quill and a quire of paper, Wiien do you mean t^ quit this house ? This is a quotatioii from some other book, malum hotd hat ki {jhagra) unhen achchhd lagtd hai. turn dpas men kyoh [larie) ho f yih kitdb pari takhti par chhapi hai, ya {du-warkd], ya chau warka yd jx-warkd t hddshdh aur {malika) wahdn donon kdzir the. apni piyds [bujhdne ko) thord pdnl piyo. wuhjahdz (j'ald) dyd. agar ham dj sham ko wahdn pahunchd chdhte hairi to hayneh kadam [barhdkar chalnd) chdhiye. ck {kalam) aur ek {dasta) kdghaf 'indyat kijiye. turn is ghar-ke {khdlt karne) kd kab irdda karte ho f yih kisi aur kitdb se {mun- takhhib) hai. R. Paper is made of rags. Some of the garden rails are broken. It rains very fast. Are you fond of raisins f What is his rank in the army? The stream is very rapid in the rainy season. This is a very rare plant, He is ver}- rash in his conduct, He is a great rascal, At what rate do you buy this cloth ? It is not good to eat rice raw, I cannot rtach ^o high. (chithron) se kaghaz bantd hai. bdgh-ki (bdri) kuchh tut ga,i hai. mehh khub {barastd) hai. {iishmish) tumheh bhdti hai f fauJ7neh us-kd kyd {^uhda) hai f barsdt-ke tnausijn men is daryd-ki dhdr bahut (tez) hoti hai. yih bahut hi i^ajUba) paudhi hai. wuh apni chdl mcfi bard {j'ald- bdz) hai. wuh bard {hardmzdda) hai. is kapre ko kis [bhdfi) par kharidie ho f kachd chdwal {khdna) khab Mahin. main itnd tinchd nahiA {pa' hunch) saktd. readt — referenci. 169 He reads eight or ten hours every day, Sir, the carriage is ready, This is all real, not show merely, Man has reason, the beasts have it not. What is the reason you cannot be silent ? What you say is reasonable, That house has been rebuilt, I received your letter, dated ist March, Give me a receipt for the money, Is this intelligence recent? Tell me the recipe for this medicine, Have you reckoned what these things will come to ? I now recollect what you told me, I have no recollection of his telling me it, Sir, be pleased to g^ve me a letter of recommendation to that gentleman, I desire no recompense for serving you. They two are now reconciled, Have you any expectation of recovering your property ? If there be any mistakes, rec- tify them, I have very much reduced my expenses, To what do these words refer f Can you give me a reference to any one ? wuh har roz dih das ghantt [parhtd] hai. sahib, gdri [laiydr) hai. yih sab [hakikl) hai, na tamdshd. ddml ( 'akl) rakhid hai, jdnwar nahih. kyd {sabab) hai ki turn ckup nahlh rah sakte f JO turn kahte ho wuh {rnakUl) hai. wuh ghar {phirkar taiydr kiyd) gayd hai. tumhdrd khatt m.u arrakha yakum Mdrch-kd {mujhe pahunchd). un rupaiyoh-ki (rastd) mujke do. yih khabar {jadid) hai ? is dawd-kd {nuskha) mujhe batdfi. turn ne [hisdb-kiyd) ki in chizon ki klmat kyd hogi f jo turn ne mujh se kahd thd, so mai?i abhi {ydd kartd hun). mujhe {ydd) nahih ki is ne mujhe yih kahd. sdhib, ek [sifdrish-ndma) fu- Idne sdhib-ke ndm men 'indyat kijiye. main tumhdri khidmat-guzdri kdkuchh [ajar) nahih chdhtd. we dono ab {muttafik) hii^e haih. apnd [mdl)pdne-ki turn kuchh ummed rakhte ho f agar is men kuchh ghaliiydh, hoh to [durust) kijiye. main ne apnd kharch bahut kuchh [ghatd diyd hai). ye bdien kis-ke [kakk men haih)f aisd ddmi batd sakte no jo tuiTt se {wdkif) ho f IS C70 rejlect — reply. The more I refuci apon this circumstance, the more I regret it, I feel much refreshed by the air, He will be obliged to refund this sum, He has refused what advice I offered, I bear him very great regard. You ought to have regarded my advice. His regitnent is gone to Ca\vn- pore, 3 regret I did not follow your advice, I shall rejoice to see him, These matters need to be regu- lated, The business proceeds \\\\h regularity. There is no ready money re- maining, I \nsh to rene-ju the lease of this house. The monthly rent of this hctise is fifty rupees, Your house needs repairs. Can you lend me two hundred rupees ? I will repay you in ten days, I now repeat what I told you before. Hereafter our repentance will be useless, Had I acted as they advised me, I should have repented of it very much, This is a repetitu-n of what was said before. What reply do yoo make »o 'Oy question ? is mukaddame iten jitnd (ghaur kartd hUji) utnd hi mujhe ranj hotd hai. mujh ko is haw a, se bari [tdxagi hdsil hai). itne rUpaiye us ko (pher-den.-' _ hohge). jo nasihat main neki, so MS ne [na mdni). [hUn. main usko bari {t'asi?n) kartd meri nasihat {mdnnd) zarur thd. uski {paltan) Kdhhpiir ga,i hat. main {pachhtdtd huh) hi main ne dp-ki nasihat na mdni. us-ke dekhne se main {k/nvusk huhgd). in mu dmaloh-ke liye{intizdm) darkdr hai. yih kdm bari {durusti) se chaltd hai. kuchh nakd {bdki) nahih. main is ghar-kd kirdya-ndma pher likhdyd chdhtd hUh. is ghar-kd mdhiudri (kirdya) pachds rUpaiye haih. tumhdrd ghar [marammai)- talab hai, turn do sau rUpaiye mujhe karz de sakte ho f to main das r^a ba'd (add karUhgd). jo main ne turn se pahle kahd, wuhi {phir kahtd hun). pichhe hamdre [tauba) karne se kuchh fd,ida na hogd. agar jnaih. un-ki saldh par chaltd to main bahiit i>achh- idtd. jo pahle kahd gayd thd usi-kd [duhrdnd) hai. mere sawdl-kd kyd {Ja-ujdh) dete ko f report — result. 171 I have made a retjrt to Mr. . It is so reported, I will represent the subject to him, His conduct was reproached by many, Their conduct deserves reproof, He reproved them very sharply, What request did they make ? I request of you only this one favour, These two very much resemble each other, You will reserve for me three copies of your book, Where do you reside f Is that the place of your resi- dence f He has resigned his former office, You cannot resist his claim, The enemy fled without resist- ance, They are resolute in their pur- pose, To do this requires resolution, I am resolved to do so no more, He is everywhere respected, I pay great respect to what he says, I had no rest last night, I have restored more than I took away. What was the result of your daliberation? fuldne sdhih ko main r.t {k ha bar) di hat. afwdh to yHh hai. main yih mudmala us st ('arz) karu7igd. uski chdl par bahuton nt {maldniat ki). un - ke af'dl {sarzanish ) - kt ld,ik hain. us ne un ko khub {dhamkdyd). unhoh ne kyd {darkhwdst) kt ? main turn se fakatyih 'i7idyat [chdhtd huh), ye donon dpas men bahut {ham-shakl) hain. turn tin jildeh apnl kitdb-ki, mere liye [rakhnd). turn kahdh {rahte ho\ f kyd yih tutnhdri (rahne)-kf jagah hai ? •vuuh apne pahle 'uhde se {mustau/i) hu^d. turn us-kd ddwd (daf na kar sakte). dushman baghair [mukdbale)- ke bhdg-gayd. we apne irdde par (kd^im) hain. is-ke karne ko {pakkd irdda) darkdr hai. viaih ne {kasd kiyd hai) ki phir aisd na kariingd. us-ki sab kahin {ta'zim hoti hai). main uski bdt-kd bard {adab) kartd hah. kal-ki rdt main ne kuchk {drdm) na pdyd. fitnd maih ?ie liyd thd, us se ziydda (add kiyd hai). tumhdre soch bichdr-ka {natija) **»i nikld. 172 result — rooms. From this measure many bene- fits will result. Can you retain this in your memory ? At ten o'clock the company began to retire, \Vhen do you propose to return f I have revised what I had written, Trade is now beginning to rruive. The General reivarded the soldiers, Tie this with a riband, Tnat merchant is very rich, WTiat are riches to him who has no heart to make a right use of them ? Can you tell the meaning of this riddle ? He 7'idcs on horseback every morning, They ridicule serious counsel. She has lo^t her diamond ring. The bell rings daily at twelve o'clock, This fruit is beginning to ripen. If you wish to be a good scholar, rise early every day, The price of indigo has risen lately, The sea roars loudly, He has been robbed of all his plate, The ship ran upon a rock, and was lost, The roof of the house fell in. How many rooms a^v there in the house? is bdtse hahutfj.,idt {niklenge). turn is ko ydd {rakh) sakte ho f das baj'e maJifil {barkhdst hone) lagi. turn kab [wdpas dne)-kd irdda karte ho f maifi ne jo likha thd uspar nazari sdni ki hai. sauddgari ab phir [chamakne) lagi. faujddr ne sipdhiyoh ko (in dm diyd). is ko {/ite) se bdndho. wuh sauddgar bard {daulat- mand) hai. us-ke live {daulat) kyd jo usko thik baratne ko dil nahih rakhtd, is (chfstdn)-ki mdni turn kah- sakte ho f wuh har roz subk ko ghore par {sawdr hold hai). we nek saldhpar{hanste hain). us ne apni almds-ki [anguthi) kho-ddli. ghantd har roz do pahar ko (bajtd) hai. yih me-wa (pakne) pardyd hai. agar tumfdzil hu^d-chahte ho, to har roz bari fajr {uthd karo). thore din se nil-kl kimat [barh-ga,i hai). samundar bard {shor) kartd hai. us-ki sab rikdbiydn (chori) ga,ih. wuh jahdz kisi (chatdn) par charhkar tabdh hu^d. ghar-ki [chhat) gir-pari. us ghar men kitne (kamre) hath f roots — satisfied. 173 Those trees were dug up by the roots, Make the boat fast with a rope. Rub your hands with this leaf, The vessel ran upon a sand- bank, and lost her rudder. By these deeds he will in the end be ruined, "VVTiat ruU do you observe in study? God is the ruler of the universe, Run after him and call him back. This knife is covered with rust. we darakht {jar) se khod-daJ' j ga,e the. kishtl ko {rassi) se bdiidh-do, apne hat ho h ko is patte sz {malo). jahdz reti-ke tile par charh gayd aur us-ki (patwdr) tat-ga/i. in kdmon se dkh.ir ko wuh [khardb hogd). mutdld e metl turn kyd {dastur) rakhte ho ? 1 hhudd jahdh-kd [hakim) hai. us-ke pichhe {dauro) aur use phir buld-lo. yih chhuri [zang)-khurda h9 \ ga,i hai. \ This is indeed a sad misfortune. He is used to ride without a saddle, I heard of his safe arrival in London, We may live here in safety, This boat has neither mast nor sail, Sailors visit different parts of the globe, His salary is 500 rupees a month. There will be a sale of salt to-morrow, These articles are not sale- able, Yoors and mine are both the same, Show me a sample of the rice, This rice is full of sand. Your book has afforded me much satis/action, They are never satisfied. yih hakikat mer'i ek {bari) musibat hai. us ko baghair [zin) sawdr hone ki 'ddat hai. main ne sund ki wuh [sahik saldmat) Landan pahuhchd. hajn yahdf'i [saldmati] se raheh. is kishtl men [pal) aur mastul nahih . [malldh) dunyd-ke mukhtalif mulkoii-ki sair karte hain. us-ki [tantlro-'dh) pdn sau rUpaiya hai. kal (namak)-kd [nildtn) hogd. yih asbdb kdbil (/arokht)-ke nahifi. tumhdri aur meri dono-ki {yak sail) kai. mujke chdwal-kd (nafnuna) dikhdfl. yih chdwal (bdlu) se bnard hai. tumhdri kitdb parhne se mujh ko bahut [kjiwushi) hHJ. we kabhi {ser) nahih hote. 174 save- Save this for to-morrow, I have saved my friend from a very great danger, Tell the carpenter to saw this board in two, This is an old saying, These articles are now scarce, 5^i2//^r this seed on the ground, I have bought a score of sheep, He treated my advice wth scorn, Scrape the ink off your pen, I have scratched my finger with a nail. Why do you scrawl on my paper ? These children scream all day, This lock is fastened on with scrczL's, This is the village scribe, The ship will go to sea to- morrow. What did you give for that sealt Have you sealed your letter ? Tlierearenoj^jz^iinthis cloth, I had a long search to no pur- pose, I liave been searching for this all day. This is a pleasant season of the year, We walked by the sea-shore, They keep all things secret, You will find this in the fourth chapter, fifth section. You may remain here secure, I see, the trouble I take to teach you is useless, is ko kal-ke waste [rakho). main ne apne dost ko bahut bare khatre se {bachaya) hat. barha,t se kaho, ki [are) sf- is takhte ko do kar-dale. yih purani [kahdzvat) hat. ye chtzen bilfi'l (kamydb) haih. yih tukhm zamih men {bo-do). main ne ek [kort) bhereh mot lih. us ne meri nasihat ko (halkd) jdnd. kalam se siydht (pOKchhv). main ne apnt uhgli ek kil se [chhll-ddli). mere kaghaz parky Hh [lakiren) karte ho f ye larke tamdm din [chilldyd) karte haih. yih kufl (pech) se lagdya gaya hai. yih gdhw-kd [kdtib) hai. kal jahdz (samundar) men jd,egd. turn ne us {muhr)-id kvd diyd f [kt kai) r turn ne apne khatt par {muhr is kaprc men [siwan) nahih hai. main ne der tak be-Ja,ida (taldsh) ki. main din bhar uski taldsh men rahd. baras bhar men yih (mausim) bahut achchhd hai. ham ne (daryd kindre) sair ki. we sab bdten (poshida) rakhte ha in. us ko chauthe bdb-ki pdhchwin (/asl) men pdfige. tum yahdh (kkair se) raho. main {dekhtd) hUn, ki mert mihnat tumhdri ta'lim men ie-sad hai. seed — shade. 175 Sow this seed in the garden, If we seek for knowledge, we shall find it, The police-officer seised him, Select what things you choose, I intend 'to sell my old books and buy new ones, I send my servant to Calcutta once a week, The king said, Send for the executiotier, He is a sensible man, She possesses much sense and judgment, It behoves us to keep our senses under control, This sentence has no beginning or end, My sentiments agree with yours, How long is it since their sepa- ration ? They live in separate houses, The sky is serene and clear, Are you serious in what you say? Send a servant, Ivory serves for various pur- poses, I have been in his service ten years, I set off to-day for Murshid- abad, I have set the trap in the place you told me, I will now settle my account, He was punished snerely, Sevj these two together, Sit in the 'Jiade of this tree, is [bij] ko Id gh men bo. agar ham 'ilm {dhundhen), to a lb ait a pdwefige. kotwdl ne use [pakar-liyd). turn jo jo chiz chdhte ho [chun lo). merd manshd hai ki apni purdni kitdbeh [bech) ddlUn aur na^i khariduh. main apne naukar ko hafle men ek bdr Kalkatte (bhejta) hu7i. bddshdh ne kahd ki [jalldd ko) {buldfi). wuh i^aklmand) ddmi hai. wuh bart{'akl) aur rd'e rakhti hai. ham ko chdhiye ki apne {hawdss) zabt, men rakheh. is {jumle)-kd na awwal hai na dkhir. is men mert{rd'e) dp se muwdjik hai. kitne roz se un men {judd,f) haif we {jude jude) gharoh men rahte haih. [hai. dsTndn khub (sd/) aur nxdrdni jo turn kahte ho (sack) hai f ek [naukar) ko bhejo. hdthi-ddnt tarah tarah-ke kd- mon men (dtd hai). main un-ki {khidmat) men das baras se hu?'i. main dj Murshiddbdd [jdtd hun). jis jagah tum ne mujne kahd, main ne jdl [bichhayd), main ab apnd hisd'b {be-bdk kariihgd). us ne {barf) sazd pdj. in dono ko mildke {siyo). is darat-ke {sdye) men baiiho. 176 shaded — sign :/.:s. My house is shaded with trees, Shake the boughs of the tree, Shake off the dust on your clothes, What, have /ou no shame f Do you know what shape the earth is ? He has received his own share out of the property, Is your knife sharp f I am just going to shave. The sun shed his beams over the earth, Give me a sheet of paper, I have found a beautiful shell, It rains fast, let us shelter ourselves, The sun shines with great power to-day. Do you know how to shoot with arrows ? Whereabouts is his shop f Can you shorten this ? He shot at the tiger twice, but missed him. He has an epaulet on his shoulder. Please shozo me the book you spoke of. Shun the company of the wicked, Shut the room door, there is such a noise, He has been sick {or ill) a long time, WTiy do you sigh f This is a sign of rainy weather, Please to sign this paper, It signijies little what they merd ghar darakhtoh se {saya- ddr) hai. darakjit-ki tahniydn [hiLi^o). apne kaproh par ki gard {jhdr ddlo). ' kyd tumhen [skarm) nahth f turn jdnte ho ki zamin-ki [shakl) kaisi hai f us mdl se usne apnd (hissa) liyd. tumhdri chhuri [tez) hai f main (khat bandne) jdtd huh. sHraj-ki dhup sari zamin par {phailf). ek (takhta) kdghaz niujhe do. 7naih ne ek khUbsurat {stpi) pd,i. pant barastd hai, dfi ham {pandh leh). dj suraj-kl [dhap) bahut sahht hai. turn tir Ichaldne) jdnte ho f us-ki {dukdn) kahdh hai f turn ise {chhotd kar-) sukte hof us ne sher par do bdr {goli lagdi) lekin kjiatd ki. uske (kdhdhe) par ek nishan hai. jis kitdb-kd dp ne zikr kiyd, so mujhe dikhd,iye. bad ddmiyoh-ki suhbat se [parhcz karo). kamre-kd danvdza {band karo), bard shor hotd hai. wuh bahut dinoh se (bi'mdr) hai. turn kyah {thandi sdhs) bharte hof yih bdrish-ki {nishdni) hat. mihrbdni se is kdghaz par (sahih) kijiye. jo we kahte hair) kuchh (Tnutd- yaia) nahin. nlence — 5n(yw, ^Tt for the foolish silence is best. They all remained silent. This is a silk manufactory, What can be greater silli?iess than to think thus? My case is similar to yours, His love towards us is sincere. He is a man of sincerity, She sings very sweetly, Their religious opinions are sittgular. The boat is sinking. No man is so just that he sins not, Sit down, and see if you can understand this or not, What size is the book you speak of? Here is a sketch of the village, He has much skill, He is a skilful physician, The sky is overcast, I had no sleep all last night, He sleeps every morning till eight o'clock, The cut in my hand smarts very much, Let me smell that flower, These flowers are without JOT^//, Why do you smile f The house is full of smoke, This is smooth paper, These dogs snarl at one another. He snatched it out of my hand, Vou sneeze, because you have got a cold, Snow is while, be-wuku/on ko [khdmoski) bih- tar hai. we sab {chup) rake, yih {resham)-kd kdr-khana hai. aisd khaydl karne se barh kar aur katai si (Jiimdkat) ho saktt hai ? merd hdl tumhdrd {sd) hai. us-ki mahabbat hamdre sdth {dill) hai. •wuh bard [rdst-bdz] hai. 7vuh achchhd [gdti hai), unke mazhabi khaydldt {ano- khe) haih. ndft {dabi-Jdtl) hai. ko,i ddmt aisd thik nahih ki {g7i?idh na kare). [baifh jdft) aur dekho ki turn, ise saniajh sakte ho yd nahih. jis kitdb-kd turn ne zikr kiyd, wuh kitni (bari) hai f yih us gdhw-kd {naksha) hai. wuh bard {hunar) rakhid hai. ivuh bard [kdbil) hakim hai. (dsmdn) par badli child ^i hai. kal main tamdm rdt nahin {soyd). wuh har subh dth baje tak [sold) hai. mere hdth-kd zakhm bahut {dard karid hai). wuh phal mujhe {sUhgliJie do), in phalon men {khwush-bo) nahih. turn kyuh [hahste) ho f ghar {dhii,dh) se bhard hai. yih (chiknd) kdghaz hai. ^ye kutte ek dusre par {gurrdte) haiii. us ne ise mere hath se {chhih ^^y^)- r . ■ ,. turn ko zukdm hu,d hat, is hye {chhihkte) ho. {par/) sufaid fiat. soap—iptll. Ha*-e 70U bought any soap f This pen is very sq/i, This soil is fertile, May I solicit, sir, this one favour,- I \^^shed to tell you something, but have forgot what. This occasions me much sorrozu. He appears very sorrozv/ul, I am sorry for my offence. Sort these papers, Is this the sort you wanted ? The soul must be happy or miserable, I hear the sound of music, That fruit is sour, don't eat it, Sozc these flower-seeds in the gard-en. Leave more space between the bnes, In the space of three months, He besought them to spare his hfe, A spark of fire may set in flames a whole village. He speaks the Bengali lan- guage well, Show me a specimen of your writing. They wear spectacles. He spends his money as fast as he procures it, They trade in different kinds of spices. Take care you don't spill the mk. turn ne kuchh {sdbun) mol-liyj hat f yih kalam bahut (narm) hai. yih {zamih) ser-hdsil hai. sahib, agar ijdzat den, to main ek ('arz karun) f main { kuchh bat) turn se kaha chahtd thd, lekinbhUl-gayd, yih mujh ko bahut {dukk) deth hai. wuh bahut [dilgir) ma'lUm hota hai. main apni taksir-ke mart (ranj'ida) hUn. in kdghazoh ko {iism-wdr chhdnto). yih ■wuhi (iism) hat jo turn chdhte ho'f [rUh] zarHr yd to sukh men rahegi, yd dukh men. main rdg-kl [divdz] suntdhH?). wuhmewa (khaftd)hat, use mat khdfi. is phdl-kein bijoh ko bdgh men sataron ke blch ziydda jagah [chhoro). tin tnahtne-ke {'arse) men. us ne un se apni jdn [bakhshi) chdhi. ek {chingdrl) sdre gdhw ko chdhe to phiihk de. wuh Bangld khab (boltd) hai. apne khatt-kd ek (namuna) di- khdfi. we (ainak) lagdte hain. jaisd wuh jald pdtd hai, waisd-hi apni daulat ko jald [kharch kartd hai). we tarah tarah-kd (masdlih) bechte hain. ^abarddr roshnd,{ aa (gi- rdnd). spite — iting^ 179 He feaa done this merely out of spttt. Having split the cocoa-nut, his friend and himself drank the milk, You have spoiled my paper, There is a spot of ink on your clothes, Spread this mat upon the floor, Having spread a net at night, he caught many birds, The weeds spring up very fast here, Sprinkle a httle water, That is a stag of twelve tine, He was sitting on the stairs. When you read, stand in your proper place, They all stared to see me, The people were nearly starving, He is a person of high station. She intends to make a long stay there, He still continues steady to his purpose, The jackal steals what he can lay hold of, The bank of this river is very steep. Can you steer a vessel ? Stick these papers together with paste. He walks with a stick. He is gathering wood (literally sticks) in the forest, This paper is too sti_ff Cannot you be still for one moment ? This fly has no sting. yih us ne fakat [dushmant) st kiyd. ndriyal ko (torkar) luuh auf uskd dost uskd dadn pi gafi, tnerd kdghaz turn ne (ikardd) kiyd. tumhdre kapron par siydhi-ka [ddgh) hai. is saff ko zamin par (bichhd- do). us ne rat ko jdl {bichkd-kar) bahut chiriydh pakrih. khardb ghds yahdh bakut jald {barhti) hai. thord pdni [chhirko). wuh bdrah-singd hai. zuuh [sir hi) par batthd tki. jab turn par ho, tab ap*ii jagah (khare raho). we sab mujh ko dekhkar [tdkte the). we admi (bhukA)-ke mare (marfie) par the. wuh bare {rutbe)-ka. ddmi hai, wuh bahut der wahdn (rahne) kd irdda kartl hai. abtak wuh apne irdde par [viukirr) rahtd hai, gldar jopdtdhdi, [churd leJS.'i hai). is daryd-kd kindra ba^d {uhchd) hai. turn jahdz [chald) sakte ho f in kdghazon ko le,i se {chip id do), wuh [ldthi)pakarke phirtd ha i, wuh ja?igal men [laLriydr"\ chuntd hai. yih kdghaz ziydda-tar as kadd {sakht ) hai. turn ek dam (chup) nahih riM sakte f is makkhi-kt {dank) nahiii. xSo itir — ruccessor. I am now so weak I can scarcely stir. He has great store of learning, I did not hear that j^• V' W.^ J ' • ,* ' 9- . 'Mar. Jt^.^^' ^^"U *>•?:" i;^. 1* jrc;ojTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 018 462 2 ir.p .^'^