EADERS. 
 
 SI 
 
 D. C. HEATH & CO, Publishers, BOSTON. 
 
(7 
 
IRature IReabers. 
 
 SEA-SIDE A.ND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 No. 1, 
 
 BY 
 
 JULIA McNAIR WRIGHT. 
 
 "Then Nature, the old nurse, took 
 
 The child upon her knee, 
 Saying, 'Here is a. story-book 
 
 Thy Father hath written for thee/ " 
 
 LONGFELLOW te AGASSIZ 
 
 BOSTON, U.S.A., 
 D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS. 
 
 1896. 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1887, 
 BY JULIA McNAm WRIGHT. 
 
 EDUCATION DEFT 
 
 TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. GUSHING & Co., BOSTON, U.S.A. 
 PRESSWORK BY ROCKWELL & CHURCHILL, BOSTON, U.S.A. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THIS Series of Nature Readers is intended for the use of 
 beginners in reading. The subjects chosen, and their treatment, 
 have been alike subordinated to this object. The Nature Readers 
 are not offered as text-books in natura 1 science, but rather as a 
 contribution to the idea that facts of real and permanent value, 
 may be made known, a noble taste may be cultivated, thought 
 may be developed, and the initiatory steos in an increasingly 
 popular study may be taken, wnile a child is learning to read a 
 certain number of English words. 
 
 Should not the first short, strong Saxon sentences be rather 
 used to convey scientific facts, than such trivial information as, 
 " The boy has a new hat," or, " I had a plate of green corn to 
 eat, on the fourth day of July " ? 
 
 Lessons fresh from the sea-shore and the field, where life is 
 seen, not in an abnormal state, as captivity, but in its own chosen 
 homes and natural development, cannot fail to have an educative 
 power of great value, even to minds of a very early age. 
 
 The real difficulty to be overcome has been to put these simple 
 lessons concerning the habits, homes, and anatomy of certain 
 animals, into such words as are usually found in the most elemen- 
 tary reading- books. To accomplish this, so that the series shall 
 reach the hands for which it was intended, has been the author's 
 chief concern. There is happily no uncertainty as to the scien- 
 tific accuracy of the work. Every subs^antyKB^taiement has been 
 
V PREFACE. 
 
 verified by the observation of the author, or of those whose com- 
 petency for such work is unquestioned. The practical value of 
 this series of Nature Readers must now be tried in the Homes and 
 the Schools. 
 
 Whether the pages have been discreetly broken into paragraphs 
 to catch restless and unaccustomed eyes, whether the words and 
 subjects have been fitly chosen, whether the individuality and 
 personality given to irrational animals shall succeed in attracting 
 the interest, and fixing the wandering thought of childhood, are all 
 questions rather to be answered by a trial of the book, than argued 
 in a preface. 
 
 We bring no cat and dog stories, no tales of inonkej' antics ; 
 but we have endeavored to impress upon the little Heir of life, 
 in one of its highest forms, a comprehension of, and a reverence 
 for, life, even in some of its lower manifestations. 
 
 This object has already been kindly commended, and generously 
 welcomed, by no small number of skilled teachers and scientists, 
 who have given valuable time to the reading of manuscript and 
 proof of this series. 
 
 To those parents and teachers who will give the books a 
 careful trial, and reinforce these simple instructions by their 
 own enthusiasm and experience, the Nature Readers are com- 
 mended by 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
TO THE BOYS AND GIRLS. 
 
 Do you know that there are cities on your path to 
 school, and under the trees in your garden? Do you 
 know that homes with many rooms in them hang in 
 the branches above your head ? Do you know that 
 what you call "little bugs " hunt and fish, make paper, 
 saw wood, are masons and weavers, and feed and guard 
 and teach their little ones, much as your papa and 
 mamma take care of you ? This sounds like a fairy 
 story, but it is a true fairy story. 
 
 In this book you will read of some of these won- 
 ders. And when you have read this book well, you 
 shall have one or two more. 
 
 These books will not try to tell you all that there 
 is to tell of these things. They are only to wake up 
 your minds, so that you will think and study and 
 notice these things for yourselves. 
 
 Your eyes will be worth many times as much to you 
 as they now are, when you learn to observe with care 
 
 and to think about what you see. 
 
 j. M. N. w. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 LESSON PAGE 
 
 I. MR. AND MRS. CRAB ...,,. 1 
 
 II. MR. CRAB AND HIS HODSE ..... 3 
 
 III. MORE ABOUT MR. CRAB 5 
 
 IV. MR. AND MRS. CRAB GET A NEW COAT ... 7 
 V. WHAT THE CRAB DOES ...... 9 
 
 VI. MR. CRAB AND HIS FRIENDS . . . 12 
 
 VII. SOME OTHER CRABS . . . , . .14 
 
 VIII. THE HERMIT CRAB .... .17 
 
 IX. THE CRAB'S ENEMIES . . .20 
 
 X. THE USES OF CRABS ... .22 
 
 XI. MRS. WASP AND HER HOME . .24 
 
 XII. WHAT MRS. WASP CAN DO . .26 
 
 XIII. A LOOK AT MRS. WASP . . .28 
 
 XIV. MRS. WASP'S YEAR . .29 
 XV. MRS. WASP AT HOME . . 31 
 
 XVI. REVIEW .... . .33 
 
 XVII. THE BEE AND THE MAN . . . . .35 
 
 XVIII. How THE BEE is MADE ...... 36 
 
 XIX. THE BEE AT HOME . . . . . .38 
 
 XX. THE BEE BABIES 40 
 
 XXI. THE BEE WAR .... .42 
 
 XXII. THE BEE'S WORK . 44 
 
 XXIII. THE WISE BEES 45 
 
viii CONTENTS. 
 
 LESSON PAGE 
 
 XXIV. EARTH BEES . . . . . . .47 
 
 XXV. OTHER BEES ... ... 49 
 
 XXVI. MORE ABOUT BEES 51 
 
 XXVII. THE SPIDER AND HIS DRESS . . . .52 
 
 XXVIII. THE SPIDER AT HOME ... .55 
 
 XXIX. THE LITTLE NEST 58 
 
 XXX. THE SPIDER AND HIS FOOD . . . . 60 
 
 XXXI. VERY QUEER SPIDERS 62 
 
 XXXII. REVIEW . . '.. ) ... . 65 
 
 XXXIII. OUT OF HARM'S WAY . . . . .67 
 
 XXXIV. SHELL-FISH . ... . . ,69 
 
 XXXV. THE STORY OF MR. CONCH x . ' . . .73 
 
 XXXVI. SEA-BABIES . 75 
 
 XXXVII. MORE ABOUT SEA-BABIES ... . . .77 
 
 XXXVIII. ABOUT MR. DRILL ... . . .79 
 
 XXXIX. THE STORY OF A WAR . . . . .81 
 
 XL. How SHELL-FISH FEED . * . ,84 
 
 XLI. REVIEW 86 
 
EA-SIDE AND 
 
 -SIDE. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 MR. AND MRS. CRAB 
 
 MR. AND MRS CRAB. 
 
 THIS is a picture of Mr. and Mrs. Crab. 
 Do you see the round hole ? 
 It is the door of their house. 
 Mr. Crab lives in the sand by the sea-side. 
 He has a smooth, flat shell on his back. 
 The crab has eight legs and two hands. 
 One hand is large ; the other hand is small. 
 He fights with the big hand, and takes his food 
 with the little hand, or with bo$. hands. 
 
2 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 Mr .'Drab digs^dut^kis house in the sand. He makes a 
 
 \ iplapp: lorj ja ji$l, bed-room, and a pantry. 
 Mrs. Crab does not dig. 
 Both her hands are small and weak. 
 She gets food to put into the pantry. 
 She never fights. 
 If she is in any trouble she runs home, or to a hole 
 
 in a rock. 
 
 See what queer eyes! 
 
 They are set on pegs ; some call them stalks. 
 The crab can push the eye-pegs out and pull them in. 
 Would you not look odd if you could make your eyes 
 
 stand out six inches ? 
 When crabs go into their houses, they draw down their 
 
 eyes and tuck in their feet. 
 Crabs are of many colors. 
 They are red, brown, green, yellow, and blue. 
 The claws are often of a very bright color. 
 The color on the shell is less bright ; it is in small 
 
 dots. 
 
 The color on some kinds of crabs is in lines. 
 No crab is clear, bright red when it is alive. 
 When it is boiled it takes a fine, red hue. 
 Why is this ? 
 We cannot tell why the heat makes it change color 
 
MR. CRAB AND HIS HOUSE. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 MR. CRAB AND HIS HOUSE. 
 
 THE water of the sea comes and goes in tides. 
 Twice each day the water rises then it is high tide. 
 After each high tide the water goes back then it is 
 
 ebb tide. 
 
 Each tide lasts six hours. 
 When the snow melts in the spring, or when much 
 
 rain falls, the water rises high in the brook. 
 In the dry, hot days the water is low in the bed of 
 
 the stream. 
 If the stream or brook were full and low twice each 
 
 day, the change would be like the high and low 
 
 tides of the sea. 
 
 When the tide is low, Mr. Crab digs out his house. 
 He scoops out the sand with his big claw. 
 Then he folds his claw to carry the sand, as you can 
 
 carry grass or leaves on your arm. 
 Some kinds of crabs carry the sand in three of their 
 
 feet, bent to form a basket. 
 Mr. Crab takes the sand to the top of his hole. 
 Then, with a jerk, he throws the sand into a heap. 
 The crab is very strong. 
 He can lift and carry things larger than his body 
 
SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 He digs out a long hall. 
 
 He makes rooms in his house. 
 
 Then he goes with his wife to look for food. 
 
 They keep near their home. 
 
 They eat flies, gnats, ants, lady-birds, and other little 
 
 insects. 
 
 They also eat sea- weed. 
 
 When beach-flies light on the sand or on sea-weed, 
 
 the crabs jump at 
 them, and catch 
 them as cats catch 
 mice. 
 
 But the cats do not 
 moye so quickly 
 as the crabs. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Crab put 
 the bugs they catch 
 into their pantry. 
 For six hours, while the 
 
 tide is high, they stay in their house ; and while 
 they stay in the house they eat insects and sea- 
 weed they have stored away. 
 
 The crab acts as though he knew about the tide. 
 He knows when it will be high over his house. 
 He knows when it will be low, so that he can come 
 out. 
 
 MR. CRAB MAKES HIS HOUSE. 
 
MORE ABOUT MR. CRAB. 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 MORE ABOUT MR. CRAB. 
 
 MR. CRAB RUNS AWAY. 
 
 I COULD, for a year, tell you queer things about Mr. 
 
 Crab. 
 
 Where are your bones ? 
 They are inside your body. 
 
 Your bones are a frame to hold up your soft flesh. 
 Mr. Crab's bones are on the outside of his body. 
 His bones are his armor, to keep him from being hurt. 
 The crab can live and breathe either in water or on 
 
 land. 
 
 You can live only on land. 
 He can both walk and swim. 
 Mrs. Crab lays eggs. 
 
 A lien, you know, lays eggs, one by one, in a nest. 
 She keeps them warm till the chicks come out. 
 
b SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 The crab's eggs are put in a long tube or, sack. 
 Mrs. Crab does not leave them in a nest. 
 She carries them tied on her legs, or under her body. 
 When the small crabs come out of the eggs, they 
 
 grow very fast. 
 When you catch a crab by his arm or leg, if you 
 
 do not let go, he drops off this arm or leg, and 
 
 runs. 
 
 He will first pinch you, if he can, with his big claw. 
 Could you run with one leg gone? 
 The crab has legs to spare. 
 Then, too, his legs will grow again. 
 Yours would not. 
 A crab's leg, or hand, will grow again very soon, 
 
 when one has been lost. 
 But if his eye-peg is cut off, it takes a whole year for 
 
 a new eye to grow. 
 
 I think he knows that ; he is very careful of his eyes. 
 The eye-pegs of one kind of crab are very long. 
 He has a wide, flat shell. 
 There is a notch in each side of his shell. 
 He can let his eyes lie in that notch. 1 
 How can he do that ? His eye-pegs are so long he 
 
 can bend them down flat to the shell and keep 
 
 them safe in the notch. 
 
 1 See Picture in Losson IX. 
 
MR. AND MRS. CRAB GET A NEW COAT. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 MR. AND MRS. CRAB GET A NEW COAT 
 
 SPIDER CRAB AND LITTLE PINNA. 
 
 YOUR skin is soft and fine. 
 
 As you grow more and more, your skin does not break. 
 
 Your skin gets larger as your body grows. 
 
 But Mr. Crab is in a hard shell. 
 
 The shell will not stretch. 
 
 It gets too tight, and what can Mr. Crab ao then? 
 
 What do you do when your coat is too small ? 
 
 Now I will tell you a strange thing. 
 
 When Mr. Crab finds that his shell is too small, he 
 
 takes it off, as you take off your coat. 
 He pulls his legs, his hands, and his back, out of his 
 
 shell. 
 
 He does that in his house. 
 You do not undress out cf doors. 
 You go to your room. 
 
8 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDL 
 
 So does Mr. Crab. 
 
 He slips out of his shell. 
 
 He pulls out his feet and hands, as if he took off his 
 
 boots and his gloves. 
 Then he is a poor, soft, cold thing. 
 But over all his body is spread a skin, soft as paste, 
 
 like glue and lime. 
 In a few days it gets hard. 
 
 It is as big as Mr. Crab, and just fits his shape. 
 It is a good, new shell ! 
 
 It has the right colors, blue, brown, red, or gold. 
 It has spots and rings. 
 When Mrs. Crab changes her shell, Mr. Crab stays 
 
 near, and tries to keep her from being hurt. 
 The young crabs have to change their shells often, 
 
 they grow so fast. 
 Crabs that live in dark mud have dark brown or green 
 
 shells. 
 Some crabs have sand-colored shells, 1 pale gray or 
 
 brown shells, with close, fine specks like sand on 
 
 them. 
 
 There are more kinds of crabs than you could count- 
 They live in all parts of the world. 
 This book tells you of only a few of them. 
 
 1 Sec- Lesson XXXIII. 
 
WHA1 THE: CRAB DOES. 
 
 9 
 
 LESSON V. 
 WHAT THE CRAB DOES. 
 
 FREE FIGHT. 
 
 THE crab is quick to get cross. 
 
 Are you? 
 
 He likes to fight. 
 
 In that he is like a bad boy. 
 
 When he sees some other crab near his house, he is 
 
 angry. 
 
 Then he stands high on his toes. 
 He pulls in his eye-pegs, for fear they will be hurt. 
 He spreads out his big arm. 
 Now he is ready to fight ! 
 He runs at his enemy ! 
 
 Each tries to hit the other with his big claw. 
 This big claw, or hand, can cut and pinch hard. 
 
10 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-blUt. 
 
 Sometimes one crab cuts off the hand or leg of the 
 
 other crab. 
 
 Or he bites the shell on his back. 
 If only a leg is cut off, the crab may keep on fighting. 
 But if his hand, or eye, or back shell is hurt, he must 
 
 give up. 
 He runs home to hide, until a new eye, or hand, or 
 
 leg can grow. 
 
 If your hand is cut off, will it grow again? 
 When a crab is afraid, he runs home. 
 But he is very brave, and does not much fear other 
 
 crabs. 
 He fears birds most ; for birds eat small crabs ; and 
 
 the crab cannot fight a big bird. 
 Swing a rag over a crab's head. 
 Up fly his eye-pegs! 
 Up comes his big hand! 
 There, he has caught the rag! 
 He will not let go. 
 You can lift him into the air by the rag; still he holds 
 
 on. 
 
 Once I saw a blue crab catch a dog's tail. 
 The crab held on fast. 
 
 The dog gave yelps, and ran up and down the beach. 
 We had to catch the dog, and pry open the crab's claw. 
 Let us look at this crab; he has let go the rag, and 
 
 has gone to dig in his house. 
 
WHAT THE CRAB DOES. 11 
 
 Lay this bit of shell on his hole. 
 
 See it shake ! 
 
 He has run up and hit it with his head. 
 
 Now he waits. 
 
 Watch well. 
 
 There, the shell flies up in the air! 
 
 He struck it hard as he ran, and made it fly up. 
 
 I have seen him try twice, and make the shell shake 
 
 before he found how hard he must hit, to get 
 
 it out of the way. 
 Some folks think he shuts the door of his house with 
 
 his big hand. 
 I do not think so. 
 He knows that the tide will wash a lump of sand over 
 
 his hole, for a door. 
 The tide shuts him in. 
 He watches the waves come near. 
 At the last wave he jumps through his door, for he 
 
 knows the next wave will close it. 
 He never stays up one wave too long. He gets in 
 
 in time. 
 
 He is shut in his house with Mrs. Crab. 
 He knows that the tide will pass, and he has bugs to eat. 
 When Mr. Crab has lost a leg or hand, and a new one 
 
 grows, it is small at first. 
 Then when he gets a new coat, the new hand or leg 
 
 becomes half as large as the one he lost 
 
12 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 The next new coat, the new hand or leg comes out 
 
 the full size it should be. 
 When crabs get a new shell we say they molt. 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 MR. CRAB AND HIS FRIENDS. 
 
 THE crab that has one large claw has many names. 
 Some call him the Fighting Crab, he is so cross. 
 Others name him the Calling Crab, because, when he 
 
 runs, he holds his big claw high, as if he called, 
 
 "Come! come!" 
 Most people call him the Fiddler Crab, and say that 
 
 his big claw is his fiddle. 
 I think that is the best name for him. 
 He can, and does, play a tune on that hand. 
 It is his violin, as well as his hand, his spade, and his 
 
 sword. 
 Do you see a row of little knobs on the inner edge of 
 
 his big claw? 
 He rubs those knobs on the edge of the shell that 
 
 covers his back, and the sound is his tune. 
 He uses that tune to call his mate. 
 Mrs. Crab thinks it fine. 
 
MR. CRAB AND HIS FRIENDS. 13 
 
 Mr. Crab has friends upon the beach, as well as down 
 deep in the sand and in the water. 
 
 When he walks along the sand, he meets big flies with 
 two wings. 
 
 He is glad to see them. Why ? 
 
 They put their grubs, or young ones, in the sand, and 
 Mr. Crab knows that he can find them to eat. 
 
 MR. CRAB AND HIS FRIENDS. 
 
 Mr. Crab also meets a great, green tiger beetle. 
 
 He does not fight him. 
 
 He knows that he shall find the beetle's grubs in the 
 
 sand and eat them. 
 While he is digging down below, he meets a little fat, 
 
 round crab, with big eyes, and a thin, gray shell. 
 He is glad to see him. 
 If the crab has not food enough to eat while the tide 
 
 is high, he will creep along in the sand, and catch 
 
 and kill this small crab for his dinner. 
 Mr. Crab also meets, deep down, long worms, green, 
 
 red, or brown. 
 
14 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 They are making houses for themselves. 
 
 He does not trouble them. 
 
 Out in the sea, Mr. Crab finds some small shell-fish 
 
 called limpets. 
 He likes them so much that he lets them live on his 
 
 shell. 
 They take fast hold on his back, and he does not pul] 
 
 them oft'. 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 SOME OTHER CRABS. 1 
 
 ALL crabs are not alike. 
 
 There are many kinds. 
 
 They differ in shape, color, and habits. 
 
 Some are not at all pretty. 
 
 Some are very pretty. 
 
 All are very queer. 
 
 The Spider Crab 2 has long, thin legs. 
 
 The front of his shell, which is over his head, is not 
 
 wide, but is a sharp point. 
 
 This is to help him dig his way into sand and mud. 
 Some crabs do not make a house in the sand; they live 
 
 in holes in the rocks. 
 Tlic Horse-Shoe Crab is of a chestnut color. 
 
 1 See Frontispiece. '* See Picture in Lesson IV. 
 
SOME OTHER CRABS. 15 
 
 Some call him the King Crab. 
 
 Look at his picture. 1 
 
 His shell is of the shape of the hoof of a horse, but it 
 
 has a long tail, with sharp points on the edges. 
 The tail is as hard as wood, and has edges like a file. 
 The Horse-Shoe Crab lives in sand and in mud. 
 He chooses the muddy banks where rivers or streams 
 
 run into the sea. 
 He pushes his way in the mud, with his big, round shell, 
 
 and scrapes the mud out with his many feet. 
 He eats the worms he finds in the sand and mud. 
 Why are the worms down there ? 
 Like Mr. Crab, they build a house in the mud. 
 Some time I will tell you about these worms. 
 Now and then, as Mr. Crab goes along under the ground, 
 
 he finds in his way a long, soft thing that looks 
 
 good to eat. 
 It is the long pipe or tube with which a clam takes his 
 
 food. 
 
 The King Crab puts out his claw to get it. 
 The King Crab can move his hand claw as quickly ar 
 
 your cat can jump or strike out her paw. 
 But the clam is far more quick than the King Crab, 
 
 and shuts his shell down on the King Crab's claw 
 Now is he held fast, like a rat in a trap! 
 He waits to see if the clam will let go. 
 
 1 See Frontispiece. 
 
16 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 No, he will not. 
 
 Then the crab drops off his claw, and goes away to 
 
 hide and grow a new one. 
 Do you see, in the picture, a crab in a shell made like 
 
 a curl? 1 
 
 That crab steals his house. 
 
 He finds an empty shell, and goes into it to live. 
 It is odd to see him run, with the shell he stole on his 
 
 back. 
 
 How does he live ? 
 By fishing. 
 
 All crabs hunt and fish. 
 I have told you how they hunt on the sand for bugs 
 
 and flies. 
 Did I not tell you how they hunt for grubs and worms 
 
 under ground ? 
 How do they fish? 
 
 Mr. Crab gets into a good place to fish. 
 He pops out his eyes to see all about him. 
 Then when things that he likes to eat float by, he 
 
 strikes out with his big hand. 
 He catches what he wants nearly every time. 
 Crabs are very greedy. 
 
 1 See Frontispiece. 
 
THE HERMIT CRAB. 
 
 17 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 THE HERMIT CRAB. 
 
 HE COMES OUT TO DIE. 
 
 Do you wish to hear more about the crab that steals 
 
 his house ? 
 
 Why does he do that? 
 
 His back is long and soft, and has no hard shell. 
 If he could find no hard cover, he could not, live. 
 All the other crabs would bite or pinch him. 
 So would many fish. 
 He is called the Hermit Crab. 
 As the Hermit Crab grows too big for one shell, he 
 
 finds another. 
 He never stays' outside of his shell until he knows 
 
 that he is about to die. 
 How does he know that? 
 I cannot tell. 
 
18 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 But he comes out, lies flat down by his house, and dies. 
 He wants his house to live in, not to die in. 
 When he needs to change his shell-house, he hunts for 
 
 one to suit him. 
 Then he puts in his long claw, to feel if it is clean and 
 
 empty. 
 
 Now and then he finds another crab in it. 
 Then the two fight for it. 
 If some small thing lives in the shell which the hermit 
 
 wants, he pulls it out with his long claw. 
 Then he brings the new shell near, and springs from 
 
 the shell he is in to the shell he wants, as you 
 
 would spring from chair to chair. 
 On the end of his long, soft tail he has a hook. 
 He twists his soft body into the new shell. 
 Then he clasps his tail-hook to a small, round post 
 
 in the top of the curl of the shell. 
 That holds him fast. 
 His horny legs hang out in front. 
 He can run and carry the shell. 
 He can draw back into the shell and hide. 
 There is a small, pink, sea-animal, like a flower, that 
 
 one kind of crab likes. 
 He wants it' to grow on his shell. 
 It may be that it helps him to catch food. 
 Or, it may be that he likes it to hide the door of 
 
 his shell. 
 
THE HERMIT CRAB. 19 
 
 
 
 This pink sea-creature can build more shell on the edge 
 
 of the one the crab lives in. 
 This makes the shell larger. 
 Then the crab need not move so often. 
 When he moves, he takes his friend with him. 
 He puts out his claw and lifts her off his old shell, 
 
 and sets her on the edge of the new one. 
 Then he holds her there until she has made herself 
 
 fast. 
 
 Then he slips in, tail first. 
 The fine red, pink, and white frills of the friend hang 
 
 like a veil over his door. 
 They keep fish and other foes away. 
 For this pink thing can sting. 
 Once I found a nice shell. 
 1 thought it was empty, and I kept it for eight or ten 
 
 days in a box. Then I laid it on a shelf. 
 One day I heard, clack ! clack \ clack ! 
 And there was my shell running up and down the 
 
 shelf ! 
 In the South Seas some of these* crabs do not live in 
 
 sea shells. 
 They live in cocoa-nut shells. They eat the meat of 
 
 the nuts. When it is all eaten they seek for 
 
 another shell. 
 Each night these crabs crawl into the water to get wet. 
 
 They leave their eggs in the water to hatch. 
 
20 
 
 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 THE CRAB'S ENEMIES. 
 
 HIS HOME IS ON THE SEA. 
 
 CRABS have many enemies. Fish and birds eat them. 
 
 Men eat some kinds of crabs. Crabs eat each other. 
 
 With so many enemies, crabs would soon be all gone, 
 if they did not lay so many eggs. Mrs. Crab, each 
 year, lays more eggs than you could count. 
 
 Crabs do not always have hard shells. 
 
 When they first come from the egg they have long 
 tails, four legs, and no claws. The crab's body 
 then has a thin cover. He can swim well. 
 
 A little pink crao, named Pea Crab, goes to live in the 
 shell of the oyster. The oyster does not seem to 
 mind it. 
 
 You may see this little crab in your oyster soup. He 
 
THE CRAB'S ENEMIES. 21 
 
 turns orange color when he is cooked. Pinna, 
 
 or Pea Crab has a very soft shell. 
 The Spider Crab has a brown shell, rough like 
 
 sand. Little thorns grow all over it. 
 This Spider Crab cuts off fine sea-weed with her little 
 
 sharp claws, and hangs it like ribbons on these 
 
 thorns or hooks. 1 
 Then she looks like a little green grove ! Who can 
 
 tell why she does that? Is it to hide? 
 Do you see the wide hind feet of the crab in this 
 
 picture ? 
 
 Those are his paddles, or oars. They are his swim- 
 ming feet. 
 His shell is wide and light. He can float on the waves 
 
 like a boat. He goes far out on the sea. 
 Some crabs can dig into the sand very fast. 
 They go in backwards. They slip out of sight like a 
 
 flash. 
 
 Or, they leave the tips of their heads and their eye- 
 pegs out, to look about. Sand-crabs do this. 
 Their shells are a pale brown or sand color. Their 
 
 shells are wide and round behind, and come to a 
 
 point in the front. 
 Their heads are in the narrow part of the shell. Their 
 
 shells are rough. 
 They are . swift runners. 
 
 1 See Picture in Lesson IV. 
 
22 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 Some hide in holes in the rocks. Some are sand-color, 
 
 and their color protects them. 
 When they are afraid, they lie flat on the sand, and it 
 
 is hard to see them. Some birds have long, thin 
 
 bills, with which to pick Mr. Crab out of his sand 
 
 house. 
 
 LESSON X. 
 THE USES OF CRABS. 
 
 How often does Mr. Crab get a new coat ? His coat 
 
 does not wear out. 
 But it gets too small. Then he changes it to get a 
 
 larger one. 
 
 The baby grows fast. You seem to see it grow. 
 You grow fast. They say it is hard to keep you in 
 
 clothes. 
 You cannot wear the coat you had last year. But 
 
 your papa can wear his coat for many years. 
 He will tell you that he is done growing. 
 It is so with a crab. 
 When he is very young, he grows fast. He needs a 
 
 new shell very often. 
 When he is older, he grows more slowly. Then he 
 
 gets a new coat every spring. 
 
THE USES OF CRABS. 23 
 
 At last he does not grow any more. He keeps the 
 
 same shell, 1 year after year. 
 It gets very hard and thick, and loses its bright color. 
 
 Very often it is nearly covered with limpets. 
 They fasten their flat or pointed shells to the crab's 
 
 back, and stay there. I cannot tell you just how 
 
 long a crab lives. 
 Of what use is a crab ? Have all things a use ? 
 
 MR. CRAB HAS A PICNIC. 
 
 Yes. God made all things ; and all things are of use. 
 Sometimes we cannot find out the use. Crabs are good 
 
 for food. 
 Some kinds are eaten by men, as fish and oysters are 
 
 eaten. Birds eat a great many crabs. 
 Some birds almost live on them. Fish eat many crabs. 
 There are many kinds of crabs so small that you could 
 
 hardly see them. Fish feed on them. 
 Men catch and eat the fish. Crabs help to keep the 
 
 sea and the sea-shore clean. 
 
 1 The large claw may be on either the right or left side of the crab. 
 
24 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 Crabs are greedy. They eat nearly all kinds of dead 
 things that would spoil and make a bad smell 
 if left on the sand. 
 
 They eat dead fish, dead animals that are thrown into 
 the sea, and grubs, flies, and worms. Do you ever 
 see men going about to clean the streets ? 
 
 The crabs help to keep clean the sea and the shore. 
 There are so many crabs, and they eat so much, 
 and so fast, that they can clean away much of 
 the dead stuff that lies on the shore. 
 
 LESSON XL 
 
 MRS. WASP AND HER HOME. 
 
 HERE is a round hole on the hill-side path. Is it a 
 
 crab's hole ? 
 No, it is too far from the sea for a crab. Mrs. Wasp 
 
 made it for her baby to live in. 
 Her name is Vespa. In her house she has a hall, a 
 
 room, and a bed. 
 In the bed her baby lies asleep. It is now a soft, white 
 
 egg- 
 
 When the baby wasp comes out of the egg, he will be 
 all alone. When Mrs. Wasp has laid the egg 
 safe in bed, she goes away. 
 
MRS. WASP AND. HER HOME. 
 
 25 
 
 She leaves 
 
 She shuts her door with a lump of mud. 
 
 her baby some food to eat. 
 The food is a pile of little caterpillars. When she 
 
 leaves her baby, she never comes back. 
 When he gets big, he digs his way out, and off he flies. 
 
 If he meets his mother he does not know her. 
 Mrs. Wasp makes her bed of fine sawdust. She cuts 
 
 the wood up soft and fine. 
 
 A WAYSIDE HOME. 
 
 She has two small, sharp saws with which to cut the 
 
 wood. She can make paper. 
 She saws the wood into a fine dust. Then she mixes 
 
 it with glue from her mouth. 
 When she takes it home, she spreads it out thin with 
 
 her feet. It dries into fine, gray paper. 
 With it she papers her house, to keep her baby warm 
 
 and dry. 
 Mrs. Wasp is cross, but she is wise. She has a long 
 
 sting. She kills, or puts into a deep sleep, the 
 
 caterpillars that she takes home. 
 She is never idle. 
 
26 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 LESSON XII. 
 
 WHAT MRS. WASP CAN DO. 
 
 How does Mrs. Wasp make paper ? First she finds a 
 
 piece of dry, old wood. 
 She cuts off bits of wood, like fine, .soft threads. She 
 
 wets these with a kind 'of glue from her mouth, 
 
 and rolls them into a ball. 
 
 Then, she stands on her hind legs, and with her front 
 . feet puts the ball between her jaws. She then 
 
 flies to her nest. 
 She uses her tongue, her jaws, and her feet, to spread 
 
 the ball out thin. On her hind legs she has flat 
 
 feet, to help her lay down the paper. 
 She lays one sheet of paper on the other, until it is 
 
 thick enough to make a nest. Some wasps hang 
 
 these paper nests in trees. 
 The nests are round, like balls, or are the shape of a 
 
 top. At the bottom of each you wi]l find two 
 
 doors. 
 Some wasps make paste-board. The wasp that builds 
 
 in a tree does not live alone. 
 She has in her home very many paper rooms. They 
 
 are like cells in a honey-comb. 
 
WHAT MRS. WASP CAN DO. 
 
 27 
 
 She can make wax. She puts a 
 
 wax lid on the cells. 
 She can make varnish, to keep the 
 
 cells dry. 
 
 One kind of wasp is a mason. 
 Her house is made of mud. She 
 
 brings mud in little balls, and 
 
 builds a house. 
 In the house, she puts a baby irasj . 
 
 She puts in little spiders for 
 
 him to eat. 
 A hornet is a kind of wasp. We 
 
 may call him Mrs. Wasp's cousin. 
 Hornets catch and eat flies. There 
 
 is a black wasp that is called 
 
 a mud-dauber. 
 She builds a little mud house. I 
 
 know a boy who broke one of 
 
 these mud houses thirty-two 
 
 times. 
 The wasp built it up each time. 
 
 One of these mud-wasps built 
 
 a house ten times on a man's 
 
 desk. Each time that he broke 
 
 it up, she built it again. 
 This kind of wasp does not leave her 
 
 baby alone. 
 
 A PAPER HOUSE. 
 
28 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 A LOOK AT MRS. WASP 
 
 MRS. WASP'S color is blue-black. She has yellow marks, 
 She has four ihin wings. Two are large and two are 
 
 small. 
 The front wings are the large ones. Her wings lie 
 
 close to her sides when her body is at rest. 
 The wasp looks as if she had two wings, not four. 
 The two under ones are hooked to the upper ones. 
 Her eyes are set close to her head. They are large. 
 They have a notch or dent in them. She has two 
 
 long wands, called feelers, on her head. 
 They are made in joints. She touches things with 
 
 them. 
 Her body is in three parts. The first part is the head, 
 
 with the eyes and mouth. 
 The next part is thick and short. The hind part is 
 
 long and slim. 
 These two join at a point. It looks as if the hind 
 
 part might drop off, but it never does. 
 Mrs. Wasp has a long, sharp sting in her tail. 
 
 The wasp's sting is like "two fine saws. 
 
MRS. WASP'S YEAR. 29 
 
 A drop of poison runs through it from a bag. 
 
 You need not fear Mrs. Wasp. She does not sting if 
 
 you let her alone. 
 She has six legs. The legs and wings are set on the 
 
 part of the body that is next the head. 
 She uses her front legs for hands. The body of the 
 
 wasp is hard, and made of rings like scales. 
 Mrs. Wasp uses her jaws to cut up wood for paper. 
 
 She does not need them to eat with. 
 She eats honey. When her baby eats spiders and 
 
 caterpillars, it does not chew them. 
 It sucks out their juice. 
 
 Wasps bite fruit and spoil it. They are cross, and fight. 
 They kill bees for their honey. 
 All wasps are not of the same color. 
 The wasp that leaves her baby alone is the hermit wasp. 
 There is a wasp of a rust-red color. 
 
 LESSON XIV. 
 
 MRS. WASP'S YEAR. 
 
 I WILL now tell you of a wasp that does not live alone. 
 
 This Mrs. Wasp takes good care of her babies. 
 
 She is called the social wasp. 
 While it is winter Mrs. Wasp hides. She does not 
 
 like the colcj. 
 
SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDfc, 
 
 ROOMS TO LET, 
 
 Most wasps die in the winter. Only 
 a few live to come out in the 
 spring. 
 
 The first thing Mrs. Wasp does in the 
 spring is to build a new house 
 She does not use an old house. 
 
 She puts her eggs into the house, 
 with some food. 
 When the young wasps grow up, 
 and come out, they help build. 
 
 More cells are put into the house. An 
 egg is laid in each cell. 
 
 The egg grows into a grub. The 
 wasps feed the grub. 
 
 They bring it honey. The -baby wasp 
 has no wings nor feet. 
 
 It has to be shut up, to grow into a 
 true wasp. When the time comes, 
 the wasps put a wax lid upon the 
 cell. 
 
 At last the new wasp eats off the lid, 
 and comes out, a full grown wasp. 
 Wasps work hard all the time. 
 
 They fly about for food, and for stuff 
 to make paper, wax, and varnish 
 and glue. They have homes to 
 build, and little wasps to rear. 
 
MRS. WASP AT HOME. 31 
 
 They seem to know they must nearly all die, when 
 
 frost comes. When the cold begins, the old wasps 
 
 look into the cells. 
 They kill all the eggs, grubs, and half-grown wasps that 
 
 they .find there. Why do they do that ? 
 Do they not seem to love the baby wasps? Yes. 
 They kill them quickly to keep them from dying of 
 
 hunger and cold. Is not that a queer way to 
 
 show love? 
 Some wise people do not feel sure that the wasps kill 
 
 the little ones in this way. 
 Do not forget that the wasp does not grow after it 
 
 gets its wings and leaves its cell. When it comes 
 
 out it is full grown. 
 When it is a fat, round, wingless grub it is called a 
 
 larva. When it has changed its shape, and has 
 
 wings, it is called a pupa. 
 Some call the pupa a nymph. Are those very hard 
 
 words ? 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 MRS. WASP AT HOME. 
 
 THERE are many kinds of wasps. There are mud 
 
 wasps, which make mud houses. 
 Lonely wasps build alone in the ground, and dig 
 
32 
 
 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 " 
 
 RQCK-A-BYE BABY. 
 
 holes in the sand. They throw 
 the sand back between their 
 hind legs. 
 
 Did you ever see your dog dig a hole ? 
 The wasp digs in the. same way 
 as the dog. 
 
 Sand wasps make tiny earth houses 
 on walls and fences. Tree wasps 
 hang great paper houses upon 
 the branches or twigs of trees. 
 
 Rust-red wasps do not build houses 
 for their cells. They make fine 
 paper cells, and hang them with 
 the open part down, in some 
 safe place. 
 
 They varnish the cells to keep them 
 dry. In a cold land, the wasps 
 build in barns, attics, hollow 
 trees, or in the ground. 
 
 In warm lands, they hang a bunch 
 of cells out in the open air, on 
 trees or vines. One day I found 
 a wasp's nest in an old tin can. 
 
 There had been paint in the can. The 
 wasp had made a stem of paint. 
 
 She used her feet to twist it into a. 
 
REVIEW. 33 
 
 stiff rope. Upon that, for a stem, she built a nest 
 
 like a white flower. 
 She put a cell upon the stem, and six cells around that 
 
 one. In each cell was a wee, white egg. 
 The eggs grew to fat grubs. They had black heads. 
 Then Mrs. Wasp fed them. She went from one cell to 
 
 the other, and fed her grubs, just as a bird feeds 
 
 its young. 
 Mrs. Wasp also makes a pap of bugs and fruit, and 
 
 gives it to her young. 
 Wasps are very neat. They keep their nests clean. 
 
 They use cells more than once. 
 But they make new nests each year. One kind of 
 
 wasp is called the White Face. 
 Every wasp has a clean, shining coat, a'nd a fierce 
 
 look. 
 Wasps do not bite or chew food ; they suck out the 
 
 juices of fruit and insects. 
 
 LESSON XVI. 
 REVIEW. 
 
 WHERE, and how, does Mr. Crab make his house ? 
 
 Where are Mr. Crab's bones ? 
 Where are yours ? Will you tell me how Mr. Crab 
 
 gets on his new coat? 
 
34 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 Tell me some of the kinds of crabs that you know of 
 
 What do crabs eat ? 
 Why does one kind of crab steal a shell? Tell me 
 
 about a crab's eyes. 
 How is the crab made, which likes to swim on the deep 
 
 sea ? What is a sea tide ? 
 How many tides are there each day? How do little 
 
 crabs grow ? 
 Where do crabs hide, when they are afraid ? What 
 
 animals catch and eat crabs ? 
 Of what use are crabs ? Did I tell you that some crabs 
 
 eat sea-weed ? 
 What is a wasp ? How many legs and wings has Mrs. 
 
 Wasp? 
 How is her body made? Why do her two wings on 
 
 each side seem one ? 
 Tell me what kind of houses wasps build. What can 
 
 wasps make ? 
 How do baby wasps grow ? Tell me how wasps make 
 
 paper. 
 What else do you know about crabs and wasps? What 
 
 can you say about a wasp's sung ? 
 How does the wasp eat ? 
 
THE BEE AND THE MAN. 35 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 THE BEE AND THE MAN. 
 
 DID you ever see a hive of bees ? Are you afraid of 
 
 bees ? You need not be afraid of them. 
 They do not often sting those who let them alone. 
 
 There are some people whom bees never sting. 
 
 Do you see how small the bees are ? 
 Do they not move very quickly ? Are not their cells 
 
 very small ? Now I will tell you a strange thing. 
 The man who knew most about bees was a blind man ! 
 
 His name was Huber. He lost his sight when he 
 
 was a boy. 
 
 He loved to study. Most of all, he loved to study bees. 
 From a boy, he had a friend. She was a kind girl. 
 
 She, too, loved to study. When she grew up, she 
 
 became Huber' s wife. 
 Huber was not poor. He had a nice home of his own. 
 
 He had a man to live with him and' wait on him. 
 Huber, and his wife, and the man, would go and sit 
 
 by the bee-hive. They read to Huber all the 
 
 books about bees that had then been made. Then 
 
 they would watch the bees, to see if they did the 
 
 things that were told in books. 
 
36 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 When they saw the bees do other things, they told 
 Huber. Then they caught bees, and studied the 
 parts of their bodies. Ask your teacher what 
 kind of a glass they used l to see the bee with. 
 
 The wife and the man told Huber all that they saw. 
 He thought it all over. They watched the bees, 
 year after year. 
 
 Huber worked fifteen years. Then he made a great 
 book on bees. He told his wife what to write. 
 
 He lived to be very old. 
 
 It is both from books, and by your own eyes and 
 thought, that you may learn these things. You 
 must watch if you would know. Give time and 
 work to this study. 
 
 LESSON XVIII. 
 HOW THE BEE IS MADE. 
 
 THERE are many kinds of bees. The chief of them all 
 
 is the hive bee. What does the hive bee make for 
 
 you to eat? 
 In each hive there are three kinds of bees. The queen 
 
 bee is the first. She rules all, and she is the 
 
 mother of all. 
 
 1 The inside of a gold watch-case, held at angle 45, is a good magnifier. 
 The teacher should explain a Httle about the microscope. 
 
HOW THE BEE IS MADE. 
 
 37 
 
 The queen bee does no work. She lays eggs in the cells. 
 
 The father bee is called the drone. He does no 
 
 work. 
 Who, then, builds so many fine cells ? Who lays up 
 
 so much honey ? Who feeds the baby bees ? 
 The small, quiet, brown work bees do all that. 
 In each hive there is one queen bee to lay eggs. 
 And there are the drone bees, who hum and walk 
 
 about. And there are more than you can count, 
 
 of work bees, to do all that is done. 
 
 WORK AND PLAY. 
 
 How does a bee grow? 
 
 Like the wasp, the bee is first an egg. Then it is a 
 grub, or a worm. Then, shut in a cell, it gets legs 
 and wings, and turns into a full grown bee. 
 
 The bee is formed of three parts, as a wasp is ; but 
 the body is not so slim. The parts are put close 
 to each other. The bee has six legs, and four 
 wings, and many eyes* set close like one. 
 
 The bee has many hairs on its legs and body. These 
 fine hairs are its velvet coat. 
 
38 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- 
 
 Part of the bee's mouth is a long tongue. 
 
 It can roll this up: it uses it to get honey from flowers, 
 
 The body of the bee is made of rings. The drone 
 
 bee has a thick body, a round head, and no sting. 
 The queen bee has a long, slim body. Her wings are 
 
 small. She can sting : s6 can the work bee. 
 The work bee is not so large as the other two, but it 
 
 has large wings. The work bee must fly far for 
 
 food or wax. The queen bee stays at home. 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 THE BEE AT HOME. 
 
 LET us look at a work bee. There are two kinds of 
 work bees. Nurse bees take care of the baby 
 bees. 
 
 The wax bees build the house. Let us look well at 
 the wax bee. See its body. 
 
 Here are the rings, and here are the scales of wax on 
 each ring. The wax is made in the bee from the 
 honey or sweet food that the bee eats. 
 
 In the bee's body are two bags. 
 
 [nto one bag it puts the honey that it gets from flowers. 
 It takes this home and" puts it into the cells. What 
 goes into the other bag feeds the bee and makes wax. 
 
THE BEE AT HOME. 39 
 
 Look at this bee's legs. On each leg is a basket, a 
 brush, and a tool with which to pinch and press 
 the wax into the cells. 
 
 When the bee goes into a flower, it gets covered with 
 dust. The brush on its legs takes off this dust 
 from the bee's coat and puts it into the basket. 
 That dust is to feed the young bees. 
 
 With the tool it strips the scale of wax from the 
 
 SWEETS TO THE SWEET. 
 
 rings on its body. Then it takes the wax in its 
 mouth and lays it to build the wall of the cells. 
 Did you ever see a man lay brick on a wall? 
 
 The bee builds her walls very much as the man builds his. 
 
 When the work bees make cells, they first lay down a 
 thick sheet of wax. Then they build upon this 
 little wax boxes, each with six sides, set close to 
 each other* When the boxes are as deep as they 
 wish them to be, the bees fill them. 
 
 Let us see what they do with the cells. Some of the 
 
40 StA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 cells are for the dust, or food, called bee-bread. 
 
 Some cells are for the baby bees to lie in. 
 Some cells are for honey. The queen puts eggs in all 
 
 the cells that are for bees. The nurse bees put in 
 
 flower dust for the baby bees to eat. 
 The wax bees build the cells and get honey. The wax 
 
 bees have pockets for wax. The nurse bees have 
 
 only small pockets. 
 The queen bee and the drones have no pockets. 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 THE BEE BABIES. 
 
 A BEE does not live more than three or four years, 1 
 The work bees know that some of the grubs must 
 grow to be queens, others to be drones and others 
 work bees. They make for the baby queen bee a 
 large, round cell. 
 
 In each hive there are five or six cells for these baby 
 queens. Then the nurse bees feed the grubs. 
 They give the baby queens all they can eat of 
 very nice food. 
 
 The baby work bees get only plain bee-bread. The work 
 babies are in small cells. The grub of the new 
 queen bee grows large, and eats as much as it wants. 
 
 1 Some claim that the life of a work bee is never longer than six months. 
 
THE BEE BABIES. 
 
 41 
 
 The grub of the work bee gets little food, and is then 
 shut in its tight cell, to turn into a bee. After 
 a time the grubs shut in the big cells turn into 
 queen bees. They begin to sing a song. 
 
 The queen bee hears it. She knows that more queen 
 bees will come out. That makes her angry. 
 
 She runs at the cells, to try to kill the new queens. 
 The work bees all stand in her way. They will 
 not let her kill the new queens. 
 
 BATTLE ROYAL 
 
 But there can be only one queen in a hive at one time 
 
 So the old queen says, " Come ! I will go away f 
 
 I will not live here any more!" 
 Many of the old bees say, " We will go with our queen." 
 
 Then they fly out of the hive in a cloud. They' 
 
 wish to find a new home. 
 Did you ever see bees swarm ? They may fly far 
 
 away, or they may light near by. 
 They hang on a vine, or branch, or stick, like a bunch 
 
2 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 of grapes. Can you put them into a new hive ? 
 
 Yes. 
 Drop them softly into a new hive where there is a 
 
 piece of honey-comb. In a few hours they are 
 
 calm. Then they go to work. 
 The work bees begin to make cells. They spread wax. 
 
 They build walls. 
 If a young bee lays a bit of wax wrong, some old one 
 
 takes it up and lays it right. 
 
 LESSON XXI. 
 THE BEE WAR 
 
 AFTER the old queen goes out in a rage, what do the 
 
 rest of the bees do ? They all keep still, but they 
 
 look to the cells where the new queens sing. 
 
 Then one new queen breaks off the lid of her cell 
 
 and comes out. 
 She lifts her head, spreads her wings, dries her legs. 
 
 Her legs are like gold. Her dress is velvet and 
 
 gold. 
 She is fine ! The bees fan her and feed her. But just 
 
 then a cell near by opens, and out comes one 
 
 more new queen ! 
 This will not do. Two queens do not live in one 
 
THE BEE WAR. 
 
 43 
 
 hive. When the two queens see 
 each other, they rush together 
 and begin to fight. 
 
 If they stop the fight to rest, the work 
 bees make them keep on. At 
 last one of them stings the other 
 near the wing, and kills her. 
 
 Then this strong queen runs to the 
 other cells, where the baby queens 
 lie. She tears off the wax lids 
 and stings each new queen bee. 
 Then it dies. 
 
 Now the strong queen is the one true 
 queen of the hive. Her rage is 
 at an end. The bees come to her 
 and touch her. 
 
 They are proud of their fine, new 
 queen, and love her. They carry 
 out all the dead bees from the 
 hive, and in great joy build new 
 cells. The queen bee leaves the 
 hive but twice. 
 
 A few weeks after she is made queen, 
 the work bees let her go out once 
 into the sun and air. But her 
 wings are very small. She can- 
 not fly far. 
 
 FIRSV FLIGHT. 
 
44 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDt 
 
 She has no bag for dust. She does not need to get 
 
 honey. All she need do is to come home and lay 
 
 eggs. 
 She does not go out again until the next year. Then 
 
 she leads off a swarm of old bees, and leaves the 
 
 hive to the next new queen bee. 
 
 LESSON XXII. 
 THE BEE'S WORK. 
 
 You know how the new queen bee is made and how she 
 
 lives. Now let us see how the work bee gets on. 
 
 The work bee in its small cell does not grow so 
 
 large as the queen bee. 
 But it has larger wings. When it is a true bee, it 
 
 pulls or breaks off the cap of its cell and comes 
 
 out. It is wet and cold and weak. 
 But near by is a cell, open, and full of honey. The 
 
 new bee takes a nice meal. Then it goes out of 
 
 the hive into the sun. 
 The other bees come to it, and touch it with their 
 
 feelers. They lick it with their tongues, to smooth 
 
 its brown coat, and help it to spread its wings. 
 Then off it goes to get honey and flower dust. It 
 
 knows how at once. It does not need to learn. 
 It finds its way. It knows the right flowers. It tries 
 
THE WISE BEES. 45 
 
 to keep out of the way of things that will hurt 
 
 it. 
 What color do the bees like best ? They like blue best, 
 
 and red and purple next best. They like flowers 
 
 of a sweet smell, and all flowers that have honey. 
 They bring home dust of flowers, honey, and a kind 
 
 of gum. The gum is to line the cells and to help 
 
 make them strong. 
 If a queen bee dies, and all the baby queens are also 
 
 dead, what can the bees do? 
 They take a baby work bee and make a queen. Can 
 
 they not live if they have no queen? No, not 
 
 long, there will be no eggs laid. 
 How do they make a queen of a work bee ? They pick 
 
 out a good grub. They put it into a round queen 
 
 cell. 
 They feed the work grub the queen food, or " royal 
 
 jelly." When it grows up, it is not a work bee, 
 
 but is a queen. 
 
 LESSON XXIII. 
 
 THE WISE BEES. 
 
 IN the bee-hive all is not peace and joy. Foes come in 
 
 and try to kill the poor bees. Who are these foes ? 
 
 A caterpillar may come into the hive to live. The 
 
46 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SlDt. 
 
 bees do not like him. He is not clean ; he is in 
 
 their way. 
 Slugs also come in. Snails and moths also come to 
 
 steal the honey. When the foe is a small fly or 
 
 slug, the bees kill it and take it out. 
 But a large worm or slug they cannot take out. What 
 
 do they do then ? They kill it, if they can, with 
 
 their stings. 
 Then they build over it a tomb, or grave, of wax and 
 
 A FOE AT THE GATE. 
 
 gum. That is to keep the bad smell of the bug 
 from the cells. If a snail comes in, they take 
 this same strong gum and glue him to the floor. 
 
 Then he must die in his shell. If a strange queen flies 
 in, they will not sting her. 
 
 But she must not stay. So the work bees form a ball 
 about her, until she dies for lack of air. 
 
 I have told you how wasps kill bees. Birds eat bees. 
 
 Some birds break into the hive to get honey. Bears 
 like honey. They break up wild bee?' nests. 
 
EARTH BEES. 47 
 
 Hens and toads eat bees. Moths make the worst 
 
 trouble in bee-hives. 
 
 In June or July, the work bees kill all the drones. 
 They do not wish to feed them when it is cold. 
 Bees lay up honey to eat when the flowers are dead and 
 
 gone. 
 In the winter, bees sleep most of the time. They need 
 
 some food to eat when they rouse. As soon as 
 
 spring comes, they come out and go to work. 
 
 LESSON XXIV. 
 EARTH BEES. 
 
 Do all bees build in hives? No. Wild bees like to 
 build in hollow trees. 
 
 In hot lands, some bees build in holes in the rock. 
 Swarms of bees that leave hives find odd places 
 to live in. I knew of a swarm that found a hole 
 in the roof of a house. 
 
 Tne bees got into the roof and lived there five years. 
 When a man took them out, they had two big 
 tubs full of comb. Is it not odd that bees can 
 make so much wax from their small wax-bags ? 
 
 Did you ever find in the earth the nest of a humble- 
 bee ? The humble-bee queen works. Humble- 
 bees dig holes in the earth with their front feet. 
 
SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 A CITY IN A TREE. 
 
 When they have made a hall and a 
 room, they make a nest. It is of 
 grass, or leaves, or hay, cut fine. 
 They lay eggs in the nest. 
 
 They make honey in large combs. 
 The combs are more soft and 
 dark than those which the hive 
 bee makes. Field mice and moles 
 eat these bees and their combs. 
 
 One little bee, that lives alone, saws 
 out a nest in a post or tree. She 
 makes one room over the other. 
 In each she puts an egg and food. 
 
 She seals the door up with a paste 
 made of sawdust. Then she 
 goes off and dies. The next 
 spring out come the new bees. 
 
 They know how to get food and 
 make homes, just as the mother 
 did. One kind of bee makes a 
 house much like an ant-hill. 
 She makes a long hall. 
 From the hall she opens small rooms. 
 In each room she puts food, in a 
 ball like a pea. Then she lays 
 an egg by it, and leaves the 
 small bee to grow up alone. 
 
OTHER BEES, 49 
 
 LESSON XXV. 
 OTHER BEES. 
 
 ONE bee is called a mason bee. She takes fine mud or 
 clay, to make a cell. The cell is the shape of an 
 urn. Now and then, she builds this urn in an 
 empty snail shell. 
 
 One kind of the mason bees is of a dark green color. 
 Mason bees are very small. Some mason bees 
 live in holes in the ground. In the hole they 
 make a clay cell like a box. 
 
 But they are so neat that they do not like to see a 
 mud wall. What does the bee do to her wall ? 
 She cuts out bits of nice, soft leaves, and lines her 
 cell ! Some bees take bits of green leaves, as of 
 the plum tree. 
 
 But they like bright color best. One kind of bee lines 
 her cell with the petals of roses. When she has 
 glued them all over the cell, she then puts into 
 it some food and an egg. 
 
 Do you not think the new bee will like its gay, pink 
 cell ? One kind of bee likes red poppy leaves 
 best. She cuts the bits of leaf quite small. 
 
 There is a bee in Brazil, which makes a large nest, like 
 
DU 
 
 StA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDt. 
 
 ^ V 
 
 K 
 
 
 JACK OF ALL TRADES. 
 
 am sure I did not like that. 
 
 a great bag. It is full of round 
 balls. The balls are full of 
 honey. The wax and honey of 
 this bee are of a dark color. 
 One kind of bee has no sting. Would 
 you like that bee best ? 
 
 The tree bee is also called the wild 
 bee. This bee takes an old tree 
 with a hollow trunk. It cleans 
 out more and more of the old, 
 dead wood, and builds nice 
 combs. 
 
 A tall tree may be full of combs, 
 from root to top. In such a 
 tree, more than one swarm will 
 live and work. Each swarm 
 has its queen, and keeps in its 
 own place. 
 
 Smoke makes bees fall, as if dead. 
 People drive bees off with the 
 smoke from a fire of wood or 
 paper. 
 
 When I was a little girl, our bees 
 sometimes swarmed on the 
 fourth of July. I had to stay 
 home and watch them, and I 
 
MORE ABOUT BEES. 
 
 LESSON XXVI. 
 
 MORE ABOUT BEES. 
 
 WOULD you like to own bees ? Once I knew a boy 
 who had some bees. He kept them in a room, 
 at the top of his house. He left the window 
 open, and the bees came and went as they chose. 
 
 A swarm of bees costs about five dollars. Each year it 
 may gain for you five dollars, or more, by honey, 
 and a new swarm. 
 
 If you live in the city, you cannot so easily keep bees. 
 Why not? 
 
 They could not find the right food. 
 
 They need to fly in the field 'or in a garden, so that 
 they can get the honey and the yellow dust of 
 flowers. They need to fly where they can get the 
 thick gum from trees to line their cells. 
 
 If you have a hive of bees, you should learn to watch 
 them well. Like Huber, you may find out some 
 new things. We do not yet know all about bees. 
 We could learn more than is now known about 
 drones. 
 
 If you stand by a hive, the bees will not hurt you 
 
52 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 if you keep still, and do not get in their way to 
 the door as they go in and out. 
 
 Bees lay up for winter more honey than they need. So 
 the bee-keepers take out much of it to eat or to sell. 
 
 They must leave some for the bees. If too much 
 comb is taken out, the bees must be fed. You can 
 give them sugar or some sweet stuff. Bees like 
 flour made of peas. 
 
 They cannot feed young bees if they do not have sweet 
 dust or flour. They cannot make wax if they have 
 no sweet food. They cannot line their cells, nor seal 
 them well, if they have no strong gum from trees. 
 
 I know some people who think bees like to hear a 
 song, and so sit near the hives and sing to them. 
 But bees, really, love color, and sweet smell, and 
 nice tastes, and do not care much for any noise. 
 
 LESSON XXVII. 
 
 THE SPIDER AND HIS DRESS. 
 
 FLIES, wasps, bees and ants are insects. Insects ' have 
 six legs, and their bodies have three parts. An 
 insect is at first a tiny egg. From the egg comes 
 a grubj and the grub turns to a full-grown wasp, 
 or fly, or bee. 
 
THE SPIDER AND HIS DRESS. 
 
 53 
 
 When it first gets its legs and wings, and comes out 
 of its cell or case, it is as large as it ever will be. 
 Insects do not grow after they get wings. . The 
 small fly does not grow to a big fly, nor the small 
 bee to a big bee. The first size they have when 
 they come out is the size that they keep. 
 
 The spider is an insect of another kind. It lays 
 eggs, and out of the eggs come little spiders. 
 
 A CHAIN OF EVENTS. 
 
 
 
 They grow to be big ones. The spider changes 
 
 its size, it grows. It molts its skin. 
 The body of the insect is hard, and is made in rings. 
 
 It cannot pull its coat off to get bigger, as a crab can. 
 The spider's body is soft. Its skin is tough ; it changes 
 
 its skin often when it is very young. 
 The spider has eight legs instead of six, and most 
 
 spiders have eight eyes. The spider's body is in 
 
 two parts. The poison is not in a sting in the 
 
 tail. It is in the base of the two jaws. 
 
54 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 The spiders are somewhat like crabs ; somewhat like 
 other insects, as the daddy-long-legs. The real 
 daddy-long-legs is a fly with long legs. A spider 
 that has just such legs is also called a daddy-long- 
 legs. 
 
 The front part of the spider's body is not so large as 
 the hind part. The front part has all the eight 
 legs and the head. 
 
 The spider has no wings, but he has two small front 
 legs, or hands, with five joints. He uses them 
 to feel with, and to take his food. 
 
 You will see on the head of the spider two short fangs. 
 They are its jaws. They have the poison in them. 
 They are used to bite. 
 
 The claws on the eight feet of a spider are very much 
 like a lion's claw. The claws have a brush of 
 hairs on them. 
 
 The spider can walk up a wall. The brush on his feet 
 will not let him drop off. He uses his legs to jump 
 and to walk, and to guide his thread when he spins. 
 
 Spiders spin webs. The hind part of the spider is 
 large and round. It has six small, round tubes. 
 Each of these tubes is made of many very small 
 tubes. What are they for ? They are to spin 
 this web. What is the web ? 
 
 In the tube is a kind of glue. When it is drawn out 
 into the air, it gets hard. It is then a fine silk. 
 
THE SPIDER AT HOME. 55 
 
 and as it comes out it is woven into a net which 
 we call a web. All spiders spin webs. 
 
 Spiders are of all colors. "Their dress is like velvet. It 
 is black, brown, red, and gold. It is in stripes and 
 spots. The spider is like a king in his rich dress. 
 
 The eight eyes of the spider cannot move. They are 
 set so that they -can see every way at once. 
 
 While the spider is growing, he pulls off his dress as 
 Mr. Crab does. The crab's bones are his coat. 
 The spider has no bones, but his skin is hard and 
 tough, and before the baby spiders are two months 
 old, they shed their coats three or four times. 
 
 We say they molt when they do this. They spin a 
 bit of line to take firm hold of. Then the skin on 
 the front part of the body first cracks open ; then 
 after this the skin on the hind part falls off ; 
 and by hard kicks they get their legs free. 
 
 The new skin is fine and soft but soon grows firm and 
 tough. 
 
 LESSON XXVIII. 
 
 THE SPIDER AT HOME. 
 
 THE spider, like the wasp, is busy all the time. It 
 is not cross like a wasp. The bite of a spider 
 does not do a man or a child much harm. A 
 
56 
 
 SLA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 weave 
 Some 
 
 can 
 
 build 
 
 rafts, and others make mud houses. 
 
 Their webs are to live or lie in. 
 
 The nests are for baby spiders. The snares are to catch 
 food. The silk of the web is very fine, but it is 
 very strong. It will hold up a big, fat spider. 
 
 It will hold fast a wasp or a bee. Do you see the 
 spider on his thread ? It is his swing. He can 
 swing as the boy does in his rope swing. 
 
THE SPIDER AT HOME. 57 
 
 Do you see the spider lie at rest in his web ? Do 
 you see the child rest in a web made of string? 
 
 How does the spider make his web? 
 
 First he finds a good place. He presses the end of 
 the tube he spins with, and makes a drop of glue 
 fast to a wall, or leaf, or stem. Then he drops 
 away; and as he goes, the glue spins out in 
 many fine streams, which unite into one, and turn 
 to silk-like thread. If he does not find a good 
 place to make his web fast, he can climb back ! 
 
 How can he climb back ? He runs up his line as fast 
 as he came down. If you scare him, he drops 
 down on his line like a flash. It will not break. 
 
 If you break it, he winds up the end quickly. Then 
 he runs off to find a new place to which to make it 
 fast. 
 
 The long lines in the web are called rays. The spider 
 spins the rays first. The rays are spread out like 
 the spokes of a wheel. 
 
 Webs are of many shapes. You often see the round 
 web. 
 
 The spider guides the lines with his feet as he spins. 
 He pulls each one to see if it is firm. 
 
 Then he spins a thread, round and round, from ray to 
 ray, until the web is done. 
 
58 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 LESSON XXIX. 
 THE LITTLE NEST. 
 
 THE web of the spider is made of two kinds of silk. 
 
 The silk of the rays is smooth. The silk that 
 
 goes across the rays has tiny drops of glue on it. 
 
 This makes the line stick to the rays. 
 Mrs. Spider begins her lines at the outer edge. They 
 
 are laid nearer to each other as she gets to the 
 
 centre of the web. When all is done, she is in 
 
 the centre, and does not need to walk on her new 
 
 web. She has a nest near her web. 
 From the nest runs a line. Mrs. Spider can sit in the 
 
 door of her nest, and hold the line in her claw. 
 
 When a bug or fly goes on the web, the web shakes. 
 
 She feels her line move. She runs down the 
 
 line and gets the fly or bug, and takes it to her 
 
 nest to eat. 
 Before she takes the prey to her nest, she kills or 
 
 stuns it. Then she winds some fine web about 
 
 it. She makes a neat bundle of it, and then 
 
 carries it off. 
 You can make Mrs. Spider run down her line if you 
 
 shake the web a very little with a bit of grass 
 
THE LITTLE NEST. 
 
 59 
 
 or stick. She will run out to 
 see if she has caught a bee or a 
 
 % 
 
 The nest of the spider is made of 
 close, fine silk. It is like soft, 
 nice cloth. 
 
 In shape it is like a ball, or a horn, 
 or a basket. Each kind of 
 spider makes its web in the 
 shape it likes best. In the nest 
 the spider lays her eggs in a 
 silk ball. The eggs, at first, 
 are very soft. After a time 
 they grow harder. 
 
 More than two spiders never live 
 in a nest. Often a spider lives 
 all alone. Spiders are often 
 apt to bite off each other's legs. 
 A spider can live and run when 
 half its legs are gone. But it 
 can get a fine new leg as a crab 
 can. 
 
 When the baby spiders come out of 
 the egg, they must be fed. The 
 mother takes good care of them. 
 
 They grow fast. When they are 
 grown, they go off and make 
 
 -in 
 
 TRAPS AND SNARES. 
 
60 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 their own webs. Sometimes the eggs are left in 
 the silk ball all winter. The baby spiders come 
 out in the spring. 
 
 Then the old ones are dead. But the young ones know 
 how to hunt and to spin. The very young spiders 
 do not have so rich a dress as the old ones. The 
 hairs of their coat are not so thick at first. 
 
 The soft, silk-like coat, with its rich color, is the only 
 beauty a spider has. People do not like his long 
 legs and his round, soft, bag-like body. Still, 
 some people who watch spiders learn to like them 
 very well. 
 
 LESSON XXX. 
 THE SPIDER AND HIS FOOD. 
 
 SOME people say that they hate spiders. Why do they 
 hate them ? " Oh," they say, " they are so very 
 greedy ! " Well, a spider must eat a great deal, or 
 he cannot spin his web. 
 
 His food makes the glue that makes the web. Spiders 
 work hard. So they must eat much. 
 
 "But they bite." They will not bite you if you do 
 not hurt them. If they do, the bite will do you 
 no harm. They bite insects to kill them. 
 
THE SPIDER AND HIS FOOD. 
 
 Do you not eat fish, meat, and birds ? 
 Who kills this food for you ? 
 
 "But the spider is not pretty." True, 
 his shape is not pretty, nor are 
 his long hairy legs pretty. Just 
 see his fine black or gold coat ! 
 
 If he is not pretty, he is wise and 
 busy. Webs are very pretty, if 
 spiders are not. 
 
 Spiders eat flies and all kinds of 
 small bugs. When a fly is fast 
 in a web, he hums loud from 
 fear. 
 
 The spider will eat dead birds. One 
 kind of spider kills small birds 
 to eat. 
 
 There is a spider that lives on water. 
 He knows how to build a raft. 
 
 He takes grass and bits of stick and 
 ties them up with his silk. On 
 this raft he sails out to catch 
 flies and bugs that skim over 
 the water. 
 
 There is a spider that lives in the 
 water. She can dive. Her nest 
 is like a ball. It shines like 
 silver. Her web is so thick 
 
 
 HIS DIVING-BELL. 
 
62 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SI Ut. 
 
 that it does not get wet. Her velvet coat keeps 
 
 her as dry as a fur coat. Her eggs are of the 
 
 color of gold. 
 When spiders eat, they do not chew their food : they 
 
 suck out the juice. 
 
 Spiders are very neat. They hate dust and soot. 
 They will not have a dirty web. If you put a bit of 
 
 dirt or leaf on the web, Mrs. Spider will go and 
 
 clean it off. 
 She shakes her web with her foot until all the lines 
 
 are clean. If the dirt will not shake from the 
 
 web, the spider will cut the piece out, and mend 
 
 the web with new lines. 
 
 LESSON XXXI. 
 
 VERY QUEER SPIDERS. 
 
 I HAVE told you of the spider that dives. I also told 
 you of the spider that makes a raft. The one 
 that makes the round web is the garden spider. 
 
 There is a spider that runs on water. How can she do 
 that? Have you seen boys dash about on ice with 
 skates on their feet? Did you ever see a man 
 walk on snow-shoes? This spider wears shoes. 
 
 They are shoes made for walking on the water. 
 
VERY QUEER SPIDERS. 63 
 
 What are they like ? They are like bags of air. 
 
 It is as if she had a wee toy-balloon on each of her 
 
 eight feet. She cannot sink. 
 There is one spider called a trap-door spider. She 
 
 lives in the ground. She digs a tube down, and 
 
 makes her nest deep in the earth. 
 Then she makes a door. It is a nice door at the top of 
 
 the hole. It has a hinge. It will open and shut. 
 It is like the lid of a box. How does she make this ? 
 
 She spins a thick, round web. She fills it with 
 
 earth. 
 Then she folds the web over, to hold the dirt in. She 
 
 makes a hinge of web. This trap-door will open 
 
 and shut. It is firm and strong. 
 But the odd thing is, that the spider plants moss or 
 
 small ferns on this door ! She digs the moss up, 
 
 sets it on her door, and it grows well. These 
 
 trap-door spiders eat ants and worms. When they 
 
 come out of their holes, they leave the door wide 
 
 open so that they can go back. 
 Once a man put a lady-bird at a spider's trap-door. 
 
 She took it in to eat. She found it had too hard 
 
 a shell to bite. So she took it back and laid it 
 
 out by her door. 
 Then the man put a soft grub by the door, and the 
 
 spider took that to eat. She did not bring that 
 
 back. She ate it. 
 
t)4 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 Spiders now and then eat other spiders, but not always. 
 One kind of spider makes a tent of leaves. She ties 
 
 the leaves down with silk. She lives in the tent 
 
 and keeps her eggs there. 
 One garden spider makes a nest in the shape of a pear. 
 
 One ties a little ball to stems of grass. 
 The young spiders have not their thick coats at first. 
 
 Small spiders will stay by their mother and sit 
 
 on her back. They act like the small chicks with 
 
 the hen. Most spiders live only one year. Some 
 
 live two. Some live over four. 
 There are some mason spiders. When a man is a 
 
 mason, what does he do ? In what does he work ? 
 
 There are mason wasps, and mason bees, and 
 
 mason worms. Mason spiders make a nest of 
 
 clay. 
 They take the clay in small bits and build a clay mug. 
 
 It is six inches long. They line it with thick silk. 
 
 The door is like a box lid. It has a hinge. 
 Some spiders are so small you can hardly see them. 
 
 One of the very wee ones is clear, bright red. 
 
 Some are very big. 
 The big ones are black, with spots and stripes, and 
 
 have thick coats like fur. If you could find a 
 
 tower spider, or a trap-door spider, and sit down 
 
 to watch it build or catch its food, I think you 
 
 would be happy for a whole day, or for many days. 
 
REVIEW. (55 
 
 The tower spider builds over her hole a neat tower 
 two or three inches high ; she sits on her tower. 
 She has as many as fifty baby spiders at once. They 
 sit on her back for four or five weeks, until they 
 molt two or three times. They do not fight with 
 each other. When Mrs. Spider gets a fly or bug 
 for the little ones to eat, she crushes it, and the 
 baby spiders come and suck the juice, as she holds 
 the food for them. 
 
 LESSON XXXII. 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 WHAT is an insect ? 
 
 Name some kinds of insects. 
 
 Can you tell me how an insect's body is made ? 
 
 How many legs, wings, and eyes do" insects have ? 
 
 What three kinds of bees live in each hive ? 
 
 Tell me what the queen bee does. 
 
 What does a drone bee do, and how does he look ? 
 
 Which bee makes cells ? 
 
 How do bees get honey and wax ? 
 
 Tell me how nurse bees take care of bee babies. 
 
 How can nurse bees make a new queen bee ? 
 
 Why do the queen bees fight ? 
 
66 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 Tell me about the fight of the queen bees. 
 
 Why does a swarm of bees leave the hive ? 
 
 What do bees eat ? 
 
 What do they make ? 
 
 Tell me of odd places where bees live. 
 
 What things eat the bees and steal their combs ? 
 
 How must you take care of bees, if you have them ? 
 
 What colors do bees like best ? 
 
 Tell me about ground bees. 
 
 Tell me about mason bees. 
 
 Do all bees make combs with cells that have six sides 
 
 Is a spider an insect ? 
 
 In what is he not like other insects ? 
 
 What can a spider make ? 
 
 How does the spider spin a web ? 
 
 Tell me about the spider's eyes. 
 
 How does a spider tend its young ones ? 
 
 Tell me about the water spiders. 
 
 What can you tell about other queer spiders ? 
 
 What does a spider eat ? 
 
 What good things can you say for the spider ^ 
 
OUT OP HARM'S WAY. 67 
 
 LESSON XXXIII. 
 OUT OF HARM'S WAY. 
 
 BY this time I am sure you think that all the small 
 
 bugs, flies, spiders, and crabs must soon be dead. 
 You have found how cold kills them. You have heard 
 
 how they kill each other. You know that men 
 
 and birds and beasts kill them. 
 How can any live? What is there to save the poor 
 
 things ? 
 The two chief things that save them are their shape 
 
 and their color. 
 Why, how is that ? 
 Let us see how this is done. 
 On the sand by the sea the crab that lives mostly out 
 
 in the air is of a gray color. It has fine red spots 
 
 like sand. The shell of this crab looks so like 
 
 sand that, if he lies flat and still, you can scarcely 
 
 see him. 
 The crab that lives on the sea-side mud is black-green 
 
 like the mud. Birds cannot see him very well, he 
 
 is so like the mud that he lies on. 
 The spiders that live in the woods are of much the 
 of a dead leaf. 
 
68 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 Some of them, as they lie in their webs, fold up their 
 legs and look like a dead leaf. One spider puts a 
 row of dead leaves and moss all along her web. 
 She lies on this row, and looks like part of it. 
 Birds cannot see her, as she lies in this way. 
 
 One small bee that lives in trees is green, like a new 
 leaf. The bees, in brown, black, and gold, look 
 like parts of the flowers on which they alight. 
 
 Birds and beasts that live in snow lands, are often 
 white, as the polar bear and the eider duck. 
 
 Snakes that live on trees, or on the ground, are often 
 brown or green. They look like the limbs of trees. 
 
 Little lizards in Walls are gray like stone. In woods, 
 they often are the color of a dead twig. These 
 things can fold up, or- stretch out, and look like 
 twigs, or leaves, or balls of grass or hay. 
 
 All this will keep them from being seen by animals 
 that would kill them. 
 
 Some of them you know have hard shells to shield 
 them. Did I not once tell you how fast they 
 move? They dart and run and jump, quick as a 
 flash of light. That helps them to get out of the 
 way. 
 
 Did I not tell you, also, how the crab has his eyes set 
 on pegs ? He can turn them every way to see 
 what is near him. 
 
 The insect and the spider do not have their eyes on 
 
SHELL-FISH. 69 
 
 long pegs. Some kinds have six or eight eyes. 
 These eyes are set in a bunch, and some face 
 one way, some another. They can see all ways 
 at once. 
 
 Then, too, so many small live things grow each 
 year, that they cannot all be put out of the way. 
 
 Each crab will lay more eggs then fifty hens. One 
 spider has more baby spiders than you can count. 
 One bee has more new bees in the hive each year 
 than there are people in a large city. In a wasp's 
 big nest there are, no doubt, as many wasps as 
 there are leaves on a great tree. 
 
 Of the creatures which it is most easy to kill, very 
 many are made. And so, while many of them 
 perish each day, many are left to live. 
 
 LESSON XXXIV. 
 SHELL-FISH. 
 
 HAVE you not all heard the song, "Rock-a-by Baby 
 upon the Tree-top"? What babies live in tree- 
 tops ? You will say, " Bird, wasp, bee, and spider 
 babies swing in the trees." 
 
 Do you not know that there are small cradles that rock 
 all day long on the waves ? 
 
70 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 Up and down, in the sun, on the water, rock the cradles 
 
 of many shell-fish. 
 What are shell-fish? 
 
 They are soft animals that live in hard shells. 
 But you must know that these are not true fish. A 
 
 true fish is an animal that lives in the water, 
 
 and has a back-bone. The back-bone of a fish 
 
 is very much like your back-bone. 
 All fish can swim. Most of them have fins and scales. 
 
 Very many of them have long, slim, smooth bodies, 
 
 that will glide easily through the water. 
 All of you can see fish, in the ponds, lakes, or brooks 
 
 near your home. You often have them to eat on 
 
 your table. 
 If you live in the city, you can go to the place where 
 
 they sell fish and look at them. 
 In some other book I may tell you a little about the 
 
 true fishes. 
 In this book I shall now tell you a very little about 
 
 what are called " shell-fish/' 
 This is not a very good name for them, but we will use 
 
 it, because you will hear it from many people, and 
 
 will often see it used in books. 
 The right name for these shell-fish is a hard word, 
 
 which means " soft body " or "soft thing." That 
 
 suits them very well, for they are all soft bodies, 
 
 they have no bones. 
 
SHELL-FISH. 71 
 
 There are in the water soft-bodied things that have no 
 shells to cover them. In the next book we will 
 tell you of some of them. 
 
 These soft things that live in shells are mostly of a 
 round or a wedge shape. Their shells serve them 
 for houses to live in, for ships to sail in, for coats 
 to cover them, for bones to keep their soft bodies 
 in shape. 
 
 The shells of these soft things are of many forms. 
 
 Some are all in one piece, like a twist or curl. Some 
 have two parts, like the covers of a book. These 
 two parts are held by a hinge. And some shells 
 are made in many pieces or scales. 
 
 There are three kinds, or orders, of shell-fish. One 
 kind has a head on its foot. Another has a 
 head much like that of the snail? Still another 
 kind, or order, has no head at all ! 
 
 "Well ! That is a queer thing, to have no head ! 
 
 Let us learn first about the shell-fish with a head and 
 a foot. 
 
 There are many kinds of shell-fish of this order. They 
 differ in size, color, shape, and way of life. But 
 if we learn about one, we shall have an idea of all. 
 
 i r ou know that the hermit crab steals a shell to live in. 
 It is often a long shell, like a curl. That is the 
 sort of shell that shell-fish with heads live in. It 
 is a shell all in one piece. 
 
72 
 
 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 These shells are very hard and thick. Why is that ? 
 The fish in them is soft. It has no bones. 
 
 If these soft things had no hard shells, they could not 
 live. The waves would kill them. The crabs, 
 fish, and other animals in the sea, would eat them 
 at once. 
 
 us see how a shell-fish is made. The conch, or 
 winkle, is the largest shell-fish you will be likely 
 
 Let 
 
 
 HEADS AND NO HEADS. 
 
 to find. His body is soft but tough. It runs to a 
 point. 
 
 That back part takes fast hold of the post in the shell, 
 so that Mr. Conch will not drop out. On one side 
 of his body he has a hook like a thumb. That is 
 to pull him back into his shell when he wishes to 
 hide. 
 
 The front end of the conch is wide and thick. Here 
 we find his mouth. Near his mouth he has two 
 feelers, such as insects have, to touch things. 
 
THE STORY OF MR. CONCH. 73 
 
 Where the feelers join his head he has two 
 
 eyes. 
 His foot is flat, and is as big as all the rest of his 
 
 body. It is just the size of the open part of his 
 
 shell. Why is that ? 
 The shoe on his foot is hard, like horn. When he 
 
 draws back into his shell, that shoe is his door. 
 
 It fits close. It shuts him in safe in his shell. 
 
 LESSON XXXV. 
 THE STORY OF MR. CONCH. 
 
 THE conch or winkle does not like to live in sand, 
 or on hard rock. He likes deep water, where he 
 has some sand and some rock. When the wind 
 blows, and the sea is very rough, he digs his stout 
 foot into the sand near a stone, and holds fast. 
 Then he will not drift on shore. 
 
 If he is cast on the shore, he will die. Mr. Conch can- 
 not live out of water. 
 
 Mrs. Conch likes some soft sand for a bed for her 
 babes in their queer cradles. 
 
 What does Mr. Conch eat ? 
 
 He eats other shell-fish. He likes to eat oysters. How 
 does he get them ? 
 
74 
 
 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE, 
 
 He goes off to the oyster beds. 
 
 He liKes the nice young oysters. He picks one up with 
 
 his foot. You see he uses his foot for a hand as 
 
 well as for a door. He can spread his foot out 
 
 very wide. It is very, very strong. 
 When he has the oyster in his grip, he draws his foot 
 
 close, as you would shut your hand tight. That 
 
 CAST AWAY ON AN ISLAND, 
 
 breaks up the shell of the oyster. Then Mr. Conch 
 
 sucks up the oyster at his ease. 
 The men who own oyster beds do not like him, for he 
 
 eats many oysters. 
 Mr. Conch lives a great many years. No one can hurt 
 
 him in his hard house, and he has all he wants 
 
 to eat. 
 His shell is the shape of a large pear. It has a little 
 
 point at the top, and a long end like a stem. 
 
 The stem end has a groove in it. His shell 
 
 has a turn or twist in it, three or four times 
 
 round. It of a sand-color, or pale yellow, outside. 
 
SEA-BABIES. 75 
 
 Some shells have dark stripes. Inside, the shell is 
 very smooth, and shines, and is of a fine, bright 
 red, or pink, or yellow. It is a very pretty shell. 
 
 How does the conch grow ? The conch grows from an 
 egg. Most fish lay eggs. The eggs of the conch 
 are in a string. They are left lying on the sand 
 to grow. 
 
 What is the conch good for ? In some places people 
 like them to eat. Fish and crabs eat the conchs' 
 eggs and the young conchs. The shells are made 
 into buttons and breast-pins. 
 
 The Indians used to make money from the pink part of 
 these shells. They also used the purple part of 
 the round clam shell for money. 
 
 LESSON XXXVI. 
 SEA-BABIES. 
 
 Now we must learn more about that string of eggs that 
 Mrs. Conch left on the sand. First it was like a 
 thread with knots tied close together on it. Then 
 it grew to be a yard long. It grew very fast. 
 
 The knots grew into little cases, or pockets. They 
 were set close to each other. At the two ends of 
 the string the cases were small, but after three or 
 
76 
 
 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 four small ones, the others were of the size and 
 
 shape of big Lima beans. 
 Once I was out on the sand with a boy. 
 We found a string of this kind. It had been cast 
 
 up by the waves. It was of a pale straw-color, 
 
 and like a long curl. 
 The boy said, " It is a sea-weed." 
 I said, " No." Then he said, " It is some kind of a 
 
 OUT IN THE COLD. 
 
 bean or seed. I said, " It is fish seed." Let us 
 
 look at it. 
 Each case, or pocket, is flat, and has a rim. The rim 
 
 has lines in it. In the front edge is a small, 
 
 round spot, where the case is very thin. This 
 
 is the door of the case. 
 The sides of the case are very tough. Let us cut one 
 
 case open. It is full of white gum, or jelly. * 
 I see in it specks like grains of sand. Here is one 
 
 more string, far up on the sand. This one is dry, 
 
 hard, and light. The little thin places are real 
 
 holes now. 
 
MURE ABOUT SEA-BABIES. 77 
 
 The cases are quite empty. Here is one more string. 
 
 This, too, is light and dry. But the holes in front 
 
 are not open. 
 
 Shake it. Does it rattle ? Yes. Cut a case open. 
 Why ! Each case is full of wee shells ! Each shell is 
 
 as small as a grain of rice ! See how thin and 
 
 white these shells are. 
 
 LESSON XXXVII. 
 MORE ABOUT SEA-BABIES. 
 
 Now in these strings you have the whole story. First, 
 the tiny string Mrs. Conch left on the sand grew 
 to be a big string with large cases like these. The 
 small specks in it were to become shells, and the 
 jelly was to be the food of the baby conchs while 
 in the case. There are very many in each case. 
 
 They grew and grew. They ate up all the jelly. 
 They were true shell-fish, only very small. Then 
 it was time for them to go out. 
 
 They saw the thin skin over the small, round hole. 
 They felt sure that this was their door. They ate 
 off the thin skin, and went into the sea. 
 
 The conch lays its egg-strings from March to May. 
 
 It lays a great many. In the egg-case the *ba,by shells 
 rock up and down, not on a tree, but on the sea. 
 
78 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 This dry string, still full of shells, is one in whicV- the 
 shells are all dead. It was cast on shore when 
 the little fish were too young to come out. That 
 made them all die. 
 
 These little things have a hard time to grow up. But if 
 they can live until they are of a good size, they 
 will have a thick shell. Then they will be out of 
 harm's way, and will live a long time. 
 
 But how do these shell-fish grow? Do they pull off 
 their shells when they are too tight, as crabs do ? 
 
 No. All these shell-fish wear a cloak, or veil. It is by 
 their cloak they grow. Why, how is that ? This 
 cloak, or veil, is fine and thin. It is part of the 
 body of the fish, and folds all over it. 
 
 This fine cloak takes lime out of sea-water, and with 
 it builds more shell. As the animal needs more 
 room, it spreads out this veil over the edge of 
 the shell, and builds with it new shell. You can 
 see the little rims where the cloak built each new 
 piece. The color and the waved lines on the shell 
 are made by this veil. 
 
 So the shell-fish need not change his house. He just 
 on more room as he wants it. 
 
ABOUT MR. DRILL 
 
 79 
 
 LESSON XXXVIII. 
 ABOUT MR. DRILL 
 
 HERE is a small shell-fish. He looks like Mr. Conch, 
 but is not so large. He is quite small. His 
 real size in the sea is not much larger than he is 
 in this picture. His name is Mr. Drill. 
 
 His color is dark brown. His shell has ridges on it. 
 
 THE LITTLE ROBBER. 
 
 The body of the drill is dark green. It has a long 
 
 tail to twist round in its shell. 
 The drill does not live alone in a place by himself. A 
 
 whole host of them live near one another. 
 The very strangest thing about the drill is his tongue. 
 
 It is from his tongue that he gets his name. 
 Did you ever see a man use a file ? With it he can 
 
 cut a hole in a piece of iron or stone. The tongue 
 
 of the drill is like a file. How is this tongue made ? 
 
80 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 It is a little soft band that will move in any way, or 
 roll up, or push out. In this fine band are set 
 three rows of teeth. There are many teeth in 
 each row. The teeth are fine and as hard as the 
 point of a pin. We could not see them if we 
 did not use the glass that you were told of. 
 
 With this fine tongue the drill can cut or saw a hole in 
 a thick shell. 
 
 The drill is very greedy. He eats many kinds of shell- 
 fish. He likes best of all to eat the oyster. 
 
 How does he go to work ? He cannot break the shell 
 of the oyster as the conch can. No. The way 
 he does is this. 
 
 With his tough foot he gets fast hold of the oyster- 
 shell. He picks out the thin, smooth spot called 
 the eye of the shell. Then he goes to work to 
 file his hole. It will take him a long time. 
 
 Some say it will take him two days. But he is not 
 lazy. He keeps fast hold and saws away. At 
 last the hole is made clear through the shell. 
 
 It is small, smooth, even ; no man could make a neater 
 hole. Then he puts into the hole a long tube 
 which is on the end of his cloak or veil. He can 
 suck with that, and he sucks up the oyster till the 
 poor thing is all gone. 
 
THE STORY OF A WAR. 81 
 
 LESSON XXXIX. 
 THE STORY OF A WAR. 
 
 WHEN the drill gets on the back of an oyster, what 
 can the oyster do? Nothing. The poor oyster 
 cannot help himself. Does he hear hour after hour 
 the file of the drill on his shell ? Yes. 
 
 He knows the drill will get in and kill him, but all 
 that he can do is to keep still and wait. 
 
 The oyster is not the only kind of shell-fish that the 
 drill eats. When the drill goes alter the poor 
 shell-fish that have no heads, he eats them at his 
 ease. 
 
 They cannot help themselves. They do not know 
 how to get away from Mr. Drill. The shell-fish 
 that have no heads live in slulls made of two 
 parts, like the covers of a book. The two parts 
 are held to each other by a hinge. 
 
 It is a bad thing, it seems, to have no head. Without 
 a head who can take care of himself ? 
 
 But let us see Mr. Drill try a fight with a shell-fish 
 that has a head. Now he meets his match ! 
 
 He goes to the top o.? the shell. He makes fast, and 
 
82 
 
 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 begins file, file, file. The fish inside hears him. 
 " 0, are you there, Mr. Drill?" 
 
 What do you think the shell-fish does ? He draws 
 his body out of the way, and builds up a nice 
 little wall ! So, when Mr. Drill gets his hole 
 made, and puts in his tongue no fish, only a 
 hard wall! Then Mr. Drill also moves along. 
 
 He picks out a good place. Once more he goes to 
 work file, file, file. " 0, here you are, Mr. 
 
 SEA-SIDE COTTAGES. 
 
 Drill ! " And the shell-fish with a head once more 
 pulls his body put of the way, and makes a new 
 wall. 
 
 Then Mr. Drill has the same luck as before. Some- 
 times he gets tired of the war and goes off. Now 
 and then, as he too has a head, he finds a spot 
 where there is no room for the wall. There he 
 makes his hole and sucks out the animal. 
 
 You will find very many of the shells on the sea-beach 
 
THE STORY OF A WAR. 83 
 
 with these pin-holes in them. The holes were 
 made by Mr. Drill on his hunt for food. 
 
 But you will now and then find shells, as the thick 
 clam shell, full of holes, like a network. This 
 is not done by Mr. Drill. 
 
 Shells and bones are made of two kinds of stuff. One 
 is lime, which is hard like stone. The other is not 
 so hard ; it is more like dry glue. 
 
 These shells with so many holes are old shells, long 
 dead, and the glue part has gone out of them. 
 
 How did it get out ? It was bored out by a kind of 
 sponge. Only the lime part is left, like a fine net. 
 
 When bones or shells have only the lime part left, 
 they will break and crack like glass. If they 
 have too little lime, they will bend* 
 
 For all Mr. Drill has a head, he is not so wise as at 
 first he seemed to be. 
 
 He will sit down and make a hole in an old dead shell 
 where no fish lives. Now and then he makes 
 a hole in an old shell, long ago turned into 
 stone. He will spend two days on such a shell 
 as this ! 
 
 Did you know that bones and shells and plants some- 
 times turn to stone ? 
 
 You will some day learn about that strange fact. 
 
84 SEA-SIDE AND WAY-SIDE. 
 
 LESSON XL. 
 HOW SHELL-FISH FEED. 
 
 Do the shell-fish all feed on other shell-fish ? Oh, no. 
 
 Some of them live on sea-weed. Some of them 
 
 live by fishing. They catch, from the water, small 
 
 bits of food, as small as grains of sand. 
 The shell-fish that live on sea-weed have a long, slim 
 
 tongue. It is somewhat like that of the drill. 
 
 The tongue is like a tiny strap. 
 The teeth are set on it, three or more in a row, like 
 
 the points of pins. As the teeth wear out from 
 
 work on the tough weed, more grow. 
 These shell-fish walk along on their one big foot. 
 
 First one side of the foot spreads out, and then 
 
 the other. 
 That pulls them along. Is it not very slow work ? 
 
 But what of that ? All they have to do is to 
 
 move about and find food. 
 They can take all day for it. They have no house to 
 
 build and no clothes to make. 
 They creep along to a good bed of sea-weed. Then 
 
 they put out the fine, file-like tongue. 
 
HOW SHELL-FISH FEED. 
 
 85 
 
 They 
 
 It cuts off flakes of sea-weed for them to eat. 
 
 are never tired of that one kind of food. 
 Even that queer limpet, who sits on a rock and has a 
 
 shell like a cap, has a head, and a foot, and a 
 
 tongue that is like a rasp. And he can walk 
 
 along the floor of the sea. 
 He can climb up the rocks. The limpet has his own 
 
 rock and his own hole in the rock. He goes back 
 
 AT LOW TIDE. 
 
 to his rock when he has had all that he wants to 
 eat. 
 
 The world of the sea is as full of life as the world of 
 the land. There is one nice little shell-fish, about 
 as big as a pea. He lives in the sea-weed that 
 grows on rocks. He is brown, or green, or black, 
 or red, or dark yellow. 
 
 He can live in the damp weed in the hours when the 
 tide is out, and has left the rocks dry. He eats 
 sea-weed. Let us look at him. He has two little 
 feelers. 
 
86 SEA-SIDE AND WAY- SIDE. 
 
 He lias two wee, black eyes. He has a little snout, like 
 a tiny pig. At the end of this snout is his little 
 mouth. His small, dark foot has a dent in it. 
 
 He puts out his wee, file-like tongue, and laps it out 
 and in, as a dog does when he drinks water. The 
 sharp teeth cut off little scales of weed for him to 
 eat. Take ten or more'of these little shells in your 
 hand. Each tiny animal draws in his wee foot. 
 
 As the little animals hide in this way, put down your 
 ear, and you will hear a faint squeak. It is made 
 by the air in the shells. 
 
 LESSON XLI. 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 WHAT is a shell-fish ? 
 
 What three great orders of shell-fish are there ? 
 Did you say there are many kinds ? 
 Name some of the kinds. 
 What kind of shell do the fish with a head and a fool 
 
 live in? 
 
 Tell me how these shell-fish grow. 
 Tell me about the conch cradles. 
 Where do these fish like to live ? 
 Why do they need to wear these hard shells ? 
 Do they change their shells ? 
 
REVIEW. 
 
 87 
 
 How, then, do they grow ? 
 
 Why are not more blown ashore ? 
 
 Tell me what they eat. 
 
 How do they kill and eat other shell-fish ? 
 
 Do all fish lay eggs ? 
 
 How da shell-fish eat sea-weed ? 
 
 What are shell-fish good for ? 
 
 What shell-fish is most eaten ? 
 
 What did the Indians make out of the shells ? 
 
 Tell me about the veil, or cloak, of the shell-fish, 
 
 Tell me more about the foot. 
 
 Tell me how Mr. Drill makes war. 
 
 Of what are shells and bones made ? 
 
 How is Mr. Drill's tongue made ? 
 
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NEW AND HELPFUL BOOKS FOR TEACHERS, 
 
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 together with many excellent suggestions for increasing the interest of pupils by object lessons 
 and language work in geography. It will be found a practical and useful guide, containing a 
 yast deal of information concisely stated. A list of books for reference, including many 
 interesting and reliable tales of travel is added. 
 
 Price to Teachers, 65 cents. When introduced into classes, the price paid for sample 
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 A Manual of Geography. Modern Facts and 
 Ancient Fancies in Geography. 
 
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 the use of teachers. A chapter on Out-of-door lessons shows what may be observed in the 
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. How we know that the Earth is Spherical; II. How we 
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WHITING'S 
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THE NATURAL SYSTErt OF 
 
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 Some of the special merits of our system are : 
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 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
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