B 3 SMt Tfll 
 
 VOL.IV 
 
 Maldon-^Brunnanbur, 
 
 Crow 
 
 mmmmKammmmammmammaam miwj} i »mtmmp^-i-:Mt^^^ 
 
 GiKN?^ Company 
 
MALDON AND BUUMANBURH 
 
 TWO 
 
 OLD ENGLISH 
 
 SONGS OF BATTLE 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 CHARLES LANGLEY CROW, Ph.D. (Gottingen) 
 
 Pkofessoe of Teutonic Languages 
 Weathekfokd College, Texas 
 
 GINN & COMPANY 
 
 BOSTON • NEW YOKK • CHICAGO • LONDON 
 
Copyright, 1897, by 
 CHABLES LANGLEY CROW 
 
 AliL RIGHTS RESERVED 
 99.12 
 
 tCl)t Scltljenaum Xivtei 
 
 (■INN \- I DMl'AN V • rUO- 
 PKIHTORS ■ liOSTON • U.S.A. 
 
TO 
 
 MY FRIEND AND FORMER TEACHER 
 
 5ames Blbert Ibarrison 
 
 364748 
 
ACKNOAVLEDGMENTS, 
 
 Of recent editions of one or botii of the poems, those by 
 Bright, Sweet, Wiilker, and Zupitza have been most useful 
 to me. Still I have followed no editor blindly. The chap- 
 ter on Prosody is based on Sievers' account of Old English 
 versification in Paul and Braune's Beitrdge. Zernial's Lied 
 von Bi/rhtnd'6^s Fall has been used freely. Cook's excellent 
 edition of Judith is full of suggestions to an editor. 
 
 My thanks are due to Professor Bright for courtesies ex- 
 tended me while looking up references in the Johns Hopkins 
 University Library, to Mr. L. M. Harris of the University 
 of Indiana, to Prof. Eobert Sharp of Tulane University, and 
 especially to Prof. Jas. A. Harrison of the University of 
 Virginia for valuable suggestions and criticisms. 
 
 C. L. Crow. 
 
 Norfolk, 1897. 
 
INTHODUCTIOK 
 
 HISTORICAL OUTLINE. 
 
 Both of the "Songs" celebrate battles fought during the 
 period of the Danish Invasions. With varying successes 
 the Danes made raid after raid upon the English. It was 
 not long before they held large possessions in the North, 
 whence, assisted by the Eritons and Scots and to some ex- 
 tent by their cousins in France, they carried on piratical 
 warfare against the Saxons. The vigorous policy of Ed- 
 ward reduced tliem for a short time to submission. The 
 whole of Northumberland, the Scots, and the Britons of 
 Strathclyde " chose him to father and to lord." But in less 
 than a year after Edward's deatli the North was in revolt. 
 The young king Aethelstan liastened into Northumbria and 
 in a short time gained a complete victory. In order to 
 make the Saxon rule more tolerable to the Danes, he made 
 the Danish nobleman Sitliric sub-king of the land, and gave 
 him his sister Editha in marriage. Then turning west- 
 wards he broke the league which had been formed between 
 the Britons of Strathclyde and the Scots, and forced them 
 to pay an annual tribute and to march in his armies. After 
 this he defeated tlie Britons of Cornwall, and compelled 
 them to submit to a like vassalage and to give up part of 
 their territory. 
 
 When Sithric died, liis sons Anlaf and Godric, basing their 
 claims on the riglitof their stepmother Kditha, claimed the 
 
INTRODUCTION. VU 
 
 throne of Northumberland without consulting Aethel- 
 stan. They were soon expelled, whereupon Anlaf fled to 
 Ireland and Godric to Scotland. Aethelstan demanded 
 that the Scotch king, Constantine, should give up the 
 exile, his son-in-law. This Constantine refused, but was at 
 length forced to promise. Godric, however, being secretly 
 warned, escaped, and spent the few remaining years of his 
 life as a pirate. Soon after Godric's escape, Aethelstan 
 declared war against Constantine because of his action in 
 regard to his son-in-law, and completely defeated him. 
 Smarting under this, Constantine entered into a conspiracy 
 with Anlaf, who had in the meanwhile put himself at the 
 head of a band of Danish pirates in the Irish Sea. Britons, 
 Danes, all who feared the growing power of Aethelstan 
 hastened to join the conspiracy. Anlaf's force appeared in 
 the Humber and, strengthened as it was, seemed strong 
 enough to overrun Saxon England. Aethelstan met and 
 completely destroyed the collected army at Brunnanburh. 
 Now at last the land seemed rid of the Danes, and, indeed, 
 there was no more trouble during Aethelstan's reign. 
 
 Aethelstan's death was followed by a Danish revolt. 
 The ensuing struggle resulted in reducing the kingdom of 
 Aethelstan to the limits of Alfred's time. Again Watling 
 Street separated Wessex from the Danes. But the states- 
 manship of Dunstan soon regained all that had been lost. 
 Then followed a long peace, broken only by the disturbances 
 of King Eadwig's short reign (955-8). The West Saxon 
 supremacy continued until the succession of Aethelred to 
 the throne. Then Dunstan withdrew to Canterbury, and 
 the artificial kingdom that he had built up fell to pieces. 
 The selfish aims of Wessex angered tlie other provinces. 
 Northumberland seceded, Mercia was in revolt, the Danes 
 renewed their hostilities. A hostile force landed in Essex, 
 destroyed the English forces at Maldon in spite of their 
 
Vlll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 chivalrous courage, and had to be bought off from further 
 devastating the land. The Danes were also permitted to 
 settle peaceably in the land. From now on, the power of 
 Wessex grew ever smaller, and her enemies became more 
 numerous and daring. Deeper and deeper she sank, until, 
 disgraced by the basest treachery and cowardice, her doom 
 was certain ; and in her fall she prepared the way for the 
 Danish supremacy in England and the Norman Invasion. 
 
 MANUSCRIPTS. 
 
 a) The "Battle of Maldon" was preserved in an unique 
 MS., described by Wanley in his Catalogus as follows : 
 
 MS. Otho A. XII. Cod. memb. et antiquus in Quarto, in 
 quo, post illud Asserii Menevensis exemplar, quo usus est 
 Dr. Matthseus Parker Archiep. Cant, statim sequuntur 
 Saxonice I. Exorcismus contra Melancholiam. II. Exorcis- 
 mus prolixior contra frigora et febres. III. Fragmentum 
 capite et calce mutilum, sex foliis constans, quo Poetice et 
 Stylo Caedmoniano celebratur virtus bellica Beorhtnothi 
 Ealdormanni Offae et aliorum Anglo-Saxonum, in prselio 
 cum Danis. 
 
 Although the beginning and the end of the poem were 
 wanting, it is probable that but few lines were lost. The 
 fragment was printed by Hearne in 1726. Five years later 
 the MS. was destroyed in the great Cottonian fire, so that 
 now we must rely on Hearne's edition. 
 
 The poem, as we have it, is prevailingly Late West Saxon. 
 Several words occur, however, which show Mercian peculi- 
 arities : ina'i'^ (jvear'6) 116; heorra (Jiearra) 204; heron 
 (iHtron) 67, and similarly wegon 98, also Kentish; ste'tSe 
 (st(r(!)e) 63, and similarly hrenimas 106, me<Sel 199, leg 276, 
 wrec 279, also Kentisli, and according to Cosijn, p. 11, vari- 
 
INTRODUCTION. IX 
 
 ants in West Saxon. According to Sievers t5e (t)]/) is also 
 Mercian. A comparatively large number of Norse words 
 are found in the poem : eorl, fri^, ceallian, dreng, grv6, 
 tvicliKj, — the last four, according to Vigfusson, appearing 
 here for the tirst time in a dated work. This early use of 
 Norse words, together with the examples showing dialectic 
 peculiarities, seems to justify the conclusion that the MS. 
 used by Hearne was a West Saxon copy of a Mercian origi- 
 nal. A further proof, if one be needed, that tlie MS. was 
 not an original can, I think, be found in the words in which 
 an ear for rhyme or association of sounds has led to mis- 
 take ; for example : gofol {gafol) 61 ; fohte {feohte) 103, cf. 
 tohte 104 ; randan (randas) 20, cf. standan 19, and other 
 words in the context ending in -an ; upgangan {upgang) 87, 
 cf. dgan 87, faran, fe'San, Iwdan 88. These mistakes may, 
 however, have been made by Hearne, and the last two may 
 be due to a change of declension in the use of the poet or 
 scribe. 
 
 Ettmliller thinks that the author would be known to us 
 by name if the poem had been preserved entire. Both he 
 and D. Conybeare call to mind the many benefactions of 
 Byrhtnoth to Ely, and suggest that a monk from that abbey 
 was probably the author. With the single exception of 
 Korner, who falsely takes Gaddes mceg to be one of the hos- 
 tile force, all the critics agree that the poem was written 
 immediately after the battle by an eye-witness or at least 
 by some one who was told of the occurrences by an eye- 
 witness. Sweet, in Warton's History of English Poetrij, says : 
 "It is even possible that the poet himself took an active 
 part in it (the battle)." We have seen that the poem was 
 probably w^'itten by a Mercian ; notwithstanding its martial 
 spirit, there is nothing in it to preclude the possibility of 
 its author having been a monk. Indeed, the religious tone 
 of part of it would be well in accord with such authorship. 
 
X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Is it not probable that the author was a monk who followed 
 Byrhtnoth from Ely (our hero came thence to Maldon), and 
 who was an eye-witness, if not a participant ? 
 
 h) The "Battle of Brunnanburh" was to be found in five 
 of the seven MSS. of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. One of 
 these, G, was almost entirely destroyed in the great Cot- 
 tonian fire; but, as Wheloc's edition of the Chronicle is 
 based on it, our loss is but slight. A half-page is left blank 
 in the MS. F before the prose entry for 937. 
 
 A = Parker MS., so called because it was given by Arch- 
 bishop Parker to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, It is 
 numbered 173 in Nasmith's Catalogue ; described by Wan- 
 ley, p. 130, by Sir T. D. Hardy, Catalogue of British His- 
 tory, i. 651. It is believed to be based upon a Chronicle now 
 lost which had its origin at Winchester. It belonged, how- 
 ever, to Christ Church, Canterbury, and it was here that the 
 later entries were made. The entries 925-978 are in various 
 hands ; from 978 to the end (1001) in the same hand. 
 
 B = Tib. A. vi. of the Cottonian Collection. It is also a 
 Canterbury book. Described by Wanley, p. 224, and by 
 Hardy, i. 655. In one hand. Ends with the year 977. 
 
 C = Tib. B. i. Described by Wanley, p. 219, and by 
 Hardy, i. ^b(j. Best designated from its probable place of 
 origin as the Abingdon Chronicle. In one hand. Ends 1046. 
 
 D = Tib. B. iv. Described by Wanley, p. 220, and by 
 Hardy, i. 657. Probably a Worcester Chronicle. In one 
 hand. Ends 1016. 
 
 G = Otho B. xi. Destroyed, with the exception of three 
 leaves, in 1731. It was in one hand of the eleventh century. 
 
 The relative value and mutual relations of these MSS. 
 have not been sufficiently investigated. Enough is certain, 
 however, to make possible the construction of a critical 
 text. G, even if not a copy of A, as is most probable, is 
 of no value to us. P) and C form a group (to which D is 
 
INTRODUCTION. XI 
 
 perhaps to be added) derived from the same original as 
 A and G. Of these, A and B have the greatest weight, 
 D has the least. 
 
 Xo tenable theory as to the authorship of the poem 
 has as yet been advanced. Whoever the poet was, he 
 tells us but little of the battle. "There is in the song 
 of Brunnanburh nothing like a story or legend, nothing, if 
 you strip it of its poetic language, beyond a few plain facts 
 which the writer might have put into three or four lines of 
 prose" (Freeman, Old English History, p. 158). It seems, 
 therefore, as ten Brink states, not to have been written by 
 an eye-witness. Its date of composition falls most prob- 
 ably within a year after the battle took place. 
 
 OTHER EARLY ACCOUNTS OF THE BATTLES. 
 
 a) Two of the Saxon Chronicles, E and F, have a prose 
 account of the battle of Brunnanburh. That in F is the 
 fuller : 
 
 937.^) Her ^Sestan cing (cind Eadmund his broker) 
 Igedde fyrde to Brunanbyri^. and ))ar gefeht wi6 Anelaf. 
 and Xpe fultumegende sige hsefde. (a7id j^ar ofslogan -v- 
 cingas and -viii- eorlas'^). 
 
 The battle is recorded further in Ingulph's, Ethelwerd's, 
 and ^lalmesbury's Chronicles. In Ethelwerd the date 939 
 is given. It is also celebrated in a Latin poem which has 
 been partially preserved (Langebeck, ii. 421). A much 
 curtailed paraphrase of the Old English poem is to be found 
 in Henry of Huntingdon. A detailed account of the battle 
 is in Egil's Saga (Johnstone, Antiq. Celto-Scandica>, p. 42). 
 
 1 The Latin gloss to F has at ^•. Ilic factum est illud magnum et fa- 
 mosum bellum in Brunnanbyri ; at ^ : comites. 
 
Xll INTIIODUCTION. 
 
 h) The oldest of the Chronicles, A, gives 993 as the date 
 of the battle of Maldon : 
 
 993. Her on Sissum geare com Unlaf mid |)rim aiid hund 
 nigentigon scipum to Stane, and forhergedon ]uf't on ytan, 
 and for $a ^anon to Sandwic, and svva Sanon to Gipes wic, 
 and ])cet eall ofer code, a7id swa to Maeldune ; aiid him ])seT 
 com togeanes ByrhtnoS ealdorman mid his fyrde, aiid him 
 wi(5 gefeaht. a7id hy ))one ealdorman ])3dv ofslogon, aiid wail- 
 stowe ge weald ahtan. aiid him man nam syftSan friS wi5, 
 a7id hine nam se cing sySSan to bisceopes handa. (Surh 
 Sirices lare Cantvvare biscpes, aiid JElfes^ges Winc3estrel5.) 
 
 The other MSS. and the Historia Ecclesio} Eliensis give 
 the date 991. As Byrhtnoth was a benefactor of Ely and 
 the monks would take special interest in him, and as four 
 Chronicles speak against one, this is to be taken as the 
 date of the battle. 
 
 991. Her wses G[ypes]wic gehergod. and sefter pam swit5e 
 rat5e wses Brihtnot5 ealdorman ofslsegen set Maeldune. and 
 on |)am geare man gergedde yvt man geald aerest gafol De- 
 niscan mannum. for pam mycclan brogan |)e hi worhtan be 
 |)am sse riman. ]nrt wses serest -x- |)usend punda. ))aene rsed 
 gersedde Siric arce'b. E. 
 
 The Historia Ecclesiw Eliensis gives the following account 
 of Byrhtnoth's death : 
 
 Deinde commendans se orationibus fratrum cum suis 
 properavit ad bellum. Quo perveniens nee suorum pauci- 
 tate movetur, nee hostium multitudine terretur, sed statim 
 eos adgreditur et per quatuordecim dies ardenter cum eis 
 congreditur. Quorum ultimo die, paucis suorum supersti- 
 tibus, moriturum se intelligens, non segnior contra hostes 
 dimicabat, sed magna strage illorum facta, pene in fugam 
 eos converterat, donee adversarii paucitate sociorum ejus 
 animati, tacto cuneo, conglobati unanimiter in eum irrue- 
 runt, ct caput })ugnantis vix cum magno labore secuerunt. 
 
INTRODUCTION. XIU 
 
 quod inde fugientes secum in patriam portaverunt. . . . Fuit 
 autem vir iste plus et streniius diebus Edgari, Edvardi re- 
 gis et martyris, et ^Edelredi, reguin Aiigloruin, et mortuus 
 est anno regni ipsius ^delredi decimo quarto, ab incarna- 
 tione vero Domini anno nongentesimo nonagesimo primo. 
 
 PROSODY. 
 
 I. General Rules. 
 
 1. 0. E. poetry is composed m ungrouped alliterative 
 lines without end-rimes. 
 
 2. A line consists of two half-lines, separated by a csesura 
 and united by alliteration. In its structure the half-line 
 is independent of its complementary half-line. The first 
 half-line admits of greater expansion than the second. 
 
 3. Each normal half-line contains two feet. The foot in 
 its simplest form consists of an accented part, called the 
 arsis, and an unaccented part, called the thesis. The foot 
 may, however, contain an arsis only, or be enlarged by the 
 addition of a part with a secondary accent. In certain cases 
 an arsis may fall on a part with a secondary accent. 
 
 4. The arsis requires, except under certain conditions, a 
 long syllable or two short syllables, which are, in metrical 
 value, the equivalent of one long syllable. 
 
 5. The first thesis consists of a varying number of un- 
 accented syllables, the second almost never of more than 
 two, and if it closes the half-line, always of one syllable. 
 
 6. Alliteration serves to unite the half-lines into a whole. 
 It is confined to metrically accented syllables. Any allit- 
 eration of unaccented syllables is due to chance, and is not 
 to be taken into consideration. Alliteration marks either 
 or both of the accented syllables in the first half-line, but 
 
XIV INTKODUCTION. 
 
 only tlie first in the second half-line. Consonant-alliterating 
 syllables begin with the same 'consonant, except that i (J) 
 and fj alliterate one with the other, and that sc, sp, st allit- 
 erate each with itself only. Yowel-alliterating syllables 
 begin with any vowel-sounds whatsoever. 
 
 7. Metrical accent and rhetorical accent coincide. 
 
 II. Types. 
 
 Every half-line in 0. E. poetry may be referred to one of 
 the five following types. The numbers following an ex- 
 ample tell how often this form occurs in the two poems : 
 the first number refers to M*, the second to M*', the third 
 to B*, the fourth to B^ ; if less than four numbers are 
 given, the order of reference is the same. 
 
 A. -L^\-LX 
 
 The rhythm in A is trochaic : 
 hors forlijetan, 2^ -^x |_^x 19,81, 9,18 
 
 With resolved stress : 
 
 guman to gupe, 94% yxx |.^x 6, 9, 1, 5 
 
 feorh genVede, B 36^ -^x j^xx _, 4, — , 2 
 
 cyning and se'Seling, B 58% s^x l^^x — , i, i, 1 
 
 With the first thesis expanded : ^ 
 
 hicgan to handum, 4% ^xx l^x 30,43,10, 9 
 
 beagas wis gebeorge, 31% xxxx |_^x 9, i. 2, 1 
 
 wacian get f am wige, 10''^, ^xxxx|^x 2 
 
 Frequent use is made of anacrusis, i.e. one, two, or even 
 more unaccented syllables may precede the first arsis : 
 «aes folces ealdor, 202% x\j_x |^x9, 1,2 
 
 and Uegen jnl b(^ornas, 182% x |^x x |_^x 0, 9, 1 
 
 1 From here on cases with resolved stress are iucUided with tlie 
 others of the same general form. 
 
INTRODUCTION. XV 
 
 ac w^iidon fram jnim wige, 193% x|xxxx |^x 4 
 
 ]>Si hwlle ))e he mid haiiduin, 14^x|_^xxxx|^x i, i 
 
 ne for feore miirnon, 259% xxi^x |^x «, ], 1 
 
 and hyra feore burgon, 194% xxxj^x |^x i, i 
 
 A syllable with a secondary stress may occur in the 
 thesis ; the second arsis is sometimes short when such a 
 syllable is long and directly precedes : ^ 
 s«m^n snelle, 29% ^xl^x — 5, 1, 1 
 
 bordweall clufon, B 5^, -^x I w x 
 
 faeges feorhhus, 297% -^^\-^x 10, 1 
 
 he bra^c )>one bordweall, 277% x |^x x |^$< 8, i, 1 
 
 her /E5elstan cyning, B 1% x | wx ^ | ^ x 
 
 se waes hateu Wulfstan, 75% x x |^x |x^ 2, 1 
 
 him wses ^scfer« nama, 267% x>^\-^x IwX 
 
 Where there is but one alliterative syllable in the first 
 half-line, this has the greater emphasis of the two stressed 
 syllables. If this be the second arsis, the half-line is often 
 expanded : 
 
 s^ge ]nnum feodum, 50% wx x x | ^ x 
 
 nu eow is gerymed, 93% ^ x x x | ^ x 8 
 
 swilce ])^r eac se froda, B 37% ^x x x x i_z.x 
 
 J>8et ])u ])ine leoda, 37% x u x x | x x 10 
 
 })a noldon set J)am forda, 81% x|_z.xxx |^x 16 
 
 be J>am man mihte oncnawan, 9% x|_^xxxx \j_x 2 
 f orjpan wearS her on f elda, 241% x x | _^ x x | ^ x 
 
 bsedon ])9et hi upgang, 87% ^ x x x \_Lx 2 
 
 gehyrde ic ])3et Eadweard, 117% x | ^ x x x | ^ ^^ 
 
 Quite irregular is : 
 feallan sceolon, 54% ^x | v:^ x 
 
 Total numbers in A: 151, 161, 31, 38. 
 
 1 The remaining cases with expanded thesis, if not otherwise men- 
 tioned, are included under the general form. 
 
XVI INTKODUCTION. 
 
 B. X ^ I X ^. 
 
 The rhythm in type B is iambic: 
 aDcl ealde swurd, 47^ x^|x^ 6, 2, 3, 2 
 
 The first thesis expanded, as e.g. : 
 })a |>aet Offan mseg, 5% x x^| x^ -v 
 
 Sa hwile Se he waepen maege, > 35, 54, 3, 14 
 
 235^, xxxxx_^|xwx ) 
 
 The second thesis may consist of two syllables, as e.g. : 
 wi« lat5ra gehwsene, B 9% x ji | x x wx x 
 
 otS pset he on hilde gecranc, >- 15, 14, 1, 1 
 
 324^, xxxx_^|xx_L ) 
 
 The second thesis has irregularly a secondary accent in : 
 |)a Byrhtn6« brSed, 162*, x ^ I x ^ 
 
 Total numbers in B : 57, 70, 7, 17. 
 
 C. x_^|^x. 
 
 The rhythm in C is iambic-trochaic : 
 on flot feran, 41% x^|_^x 2, 7, 2, 1 
 
 The first thesis expanded, as e.g. : 
 }>a he gemot hsef de, 199^, x x x ^ | ^ x 
 
 J)onne hit senig meets W8ere,195^ xxxxx^i^x 
 
 The second arsis may be short, as e.g. : 
 ofer ])one ford faran, 88% xxxx^i^x 4, 5, 2, 1 
 
 The second stress may be on a syllable with a secondary 
 accent, as e.g.: 
 
 «aes dsegweorces, 148% x^l^x | ^ 
 
 «ara 5e mid Anlafe, B 26% xxxx_^|^x^'' ' ' 
 
 The ending -eiide of the participle, and the derivative 
 syllables -lire, -ing, -ung and -er may bear the second stress: 
 )>ser com flowende, 65% x x ^ | ^ x 
 
 unwaclTce, 308% x^|2^x 5, i 
 
 «[er wear?) wTcin.Gfiim, 116% xxj^|:^x 1, 1 
 
 I 
 
 23, 2, 
 
INTRODUCTION. XVll 
 
 gy f hi ])a geearnimga, 196% x x x x ^ 1 1_ x 
 m he o])erne, 143% x x x | ^ x 
 
 The second stress on a short syllable, as e.(/. : 
 and se sesch^re, 69^, x x ^ | ^ x ^ 
 
 se (5e nil fram pis wigplegan, > 10, 3, 2, 2 
 
 316% xxxxx^l^x ) 
 
 The ending -671 of the past participle and the middle syllable 
 of verbs of the 2. w. conj. may have this secondary accent : 
 unbef ohtene, 57% x x ^ | ^ x 2, 
 
 pe wile gealgean, 52% xxx^l^x 3, 1 
 
 Total numbers in C : 46, 47, 13, 7. 
 
 The rhythm in type D^ is monosyllabic-bacchic. 
 
 The syllable with the secondary accent is generally long. 
 This secondary accent may be borne by the participial end- 
 ing, by the derivative syllables -Itce, -in^, -ig, -eim, and by 
 the middle syllable of verbs of the 2. w. conj.: 
 
 beam ^If rices, 209% ^l^xx 2, 4, 1 
 
 brimllSendra, 27% ^l-^xX — , 2 
 
 f eaht f Eestllce, 254% ^ I -^ x x 
 
 garmittinge, B 50% ^l-^x x 
 
 guma ]S"ort5erne, B 18% wxi^^c x 
 
 gri« fsestnian, 35% -^l-^wX 1, 5,—, 3 
 
 grim guSplega, 61% -^l-^vlyX 2 
 
 With anacrusis and a short second arsis, as e.g. : 
 wis ])a fynd w^redon, 82^, x x x I ^ ^ x 1,4 
 
 The first arsis may be followed by an unaccented syllable^ 
 as e.g. : 
 
 eorlas Anlafes, B 31% 
 gehyrst |)u sselida, 45% 
 wiindum werige, 303% ^x|x^x i, _, _ , i 
 
 ^x 1^^ X > 
 
XVlll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The first arsis is followed by a syllable with a secondary 
 accent in : 
 By rhtwold ma}>elode, 309% -^ $< | wx $< x 2 
 
 Quite irregular are : 
 gr^digne guShafoc, B 64% ^x x \JLl,x (?) (x x x_^;:^x) 
 wodon pa weel wulfas, 96% ^xx|^^x(?) (xxx^^x) 
 hew8esonNor6hymbron,266% — X x |^x x 
 Oifa ]>one saelidan, 286% xx x x l^;:^ x 
 wyrcan ))one wlhagan, 102% Jixxxj^^i^x (?) (xxxx^^x) 
 
 The rhythm in D^ is monosyllabic-cretic : 
 har hilderinc, B 39% ^ I ^ x $< 
 
 In a succession of three words the second has a stronger 
 stress than the third. The third is somewhat subordinate 
 either logically or grammatically to the second : 
 
 earn seftaii hwit, B 63% > ^|_^x5< 0, 5, 2, 2 
 
 ord in gewod, 157*, ) 
 
 se flod ut gewat, 72% x\^\^x^ 1, 1 
 
 The first arsis followed by an unaccented syllable : 
 werig, wiges seed, B 20% ^x |^x $^ 2, i, 2 
 
 Total numbers in D : 28, 23, 19, 7. 
 
 E. ^><x|^ 
 
 The rhythm in type E is bacchic-monosyllabic : 
 lidmanna sum, 164% ^x x 1^ 10, 7, 3, 1 
 
 iESelredes card, 53% ^l>x\-L 2, i 
 
 With the secondary accent on a derivative syllable : 
 wicinga fir, 26% -^xX|-^ 3 
 
 ifcttrynne ord, 47% ^xXU 2 
 
 sii])erne gear, 134% ^x x |^ 
 
 ofstllce sceat, 143% ^x x |^ 1, 1 
 
 blodigne gar, 154% -^x^\— 
 
INTRODUCTION. XIX 
 
 With anacrusis, as e.g. : 
 ongunnon ly tegiau pa, 80% x x x | wx ;:^ x |^ 9, 1 
 
 The thesis expanded to two syllables : 
 wselraeste geceas, 113^ J-x^^\ — 
 
 With an unaccented syllable after the first arsis : 
 ealdorlangne tir, B 3% ^x^x\j_ 
 
 sdv him Wlgellnes beam, 300% x x | _^ x ^ x | _z. 
 
 In a succession of three words the third has a stronger 
 stress than the second. The second is logically or gram- 
 matically subordinate to the first or third : 
 aElfwine ))ca cw^6, 211% ^;:^ x x |_^ 2 
 
 ne Anlaf Sy ma, B 46% xi_^^x|^— , i, _, i 
 
 By the addition of a final thesis E becomes A (bacchic- 
 trochaic) : 
 Wulfmser se geonga, 155% ^^x\_lx 8, 8 
 
 This final syllable may have a secondary accent : 
 ^IfnoS and Wulfmser, 183% J-^x\_l^ 3 
 
 Total numbers in E : 41, 22, 3, 3. 
 
 1* and 172^ fail; 1^ is defective; B 38% being a foreign 
 proper name, was not included in the above. 90* is quite 
 irregular ; it may be treated as if an additional foot had 
 been added to a normal half-line. In the expanded lines 
 of the earlier writers such a foot is added before and not 
 after : 
 alyfan landes to f ela x | ^ x | ^ x | x wx 
 
 The same type is often found in a succession of lines, cf. 
 e.g. the first half-lines 7-15, 30-37, B 10-13 ; the second 
 half-lines 284-6, 167-71, B 21-5, 55-8. Occasionally the 
 exact same form is found in both halves of a line, as e.g. in 
 18, 199, B 10, 44. 
 
XX LNTKODUCTION. 
 
 III. Alliteration. 
 
 There are 172 cases in the first poem and 35 in the sec- 
 ond of double alliteration, 146 and 38 of triple. Several 
 of the lines with double alliteration have, however, a second 
 alliterating letter : 19, 30, 34, 68, 98, 151, 159, 170, 189, 
 197, 255, 256, 285, 320, B 33. Line 29 has one s in the 
 first half, two in the second ; Rieger suggests that it be 
 read : me s^ndon swm^n snelle to pe. 32 and 192 have 
 quadruple alliteration of (j ; 271 (st: s, s) and the defective 
 lines 1 and 172 are without alliteration ; 183 (w : tv) is very 
 doubtful. 
 
 In the first poem the labials are most numerously rep- 
 resented, 90 ; then come the gutturals, 68 ; vowels, 54 ; w, 
 45 ; dentals, 44 ; liquids, 18 ; nasals, 13. In the second 
 poem : gutturals, 19 ; vowels, 15 ; labials, 14 ; dentals, 11 ; 
 w, 6 ; nasals, 5 ; liquids, 4. The consonants are represented 
 as follows : MaLdon : /, 49 ; w, 45 ; ^, 40 ; h, 36 ; ^, 24 ; 
 m and s, 13 each ; I and 6, 12 each ; c, 8 ; st, 1 \ r, 6; o?, 5; 
 sc, 4 ; sp,2 ', p and t, 1 each. Brumianhurh : 7i, 8 ; /and s, 
 7 each; b, c, and w, 6 each ; ^, 5 ; Z, 4 ; m, 3; d, n, and sc, 
 2 each, hr seems to alliterate with h in 30 and 288 ; with 
 r in 161. 
 
 Strict rules for vowel-alliteration seem to require that 
 the vowels be different. The same vowel is found, how- 
 ever, in the following cases of double alliteration : 151, 196, 
 218, 222, 280, 314. Two of the three vowels are the same 
 in 53, 233, 238. 
 
 When one alliterative syllable is found in the first half- 
 line, this should be regularly at the first stress. Sixty-three 
 exceptions to this occur in the first poem, but only two in 
 the second. 
 
 Th(^ second arsis of the second half-line has the allitera- 
 tion in 45, 75, 288. The more strongly accented of the two 
 
INTKODUCTION. XXI 
 
 arses in 189^, which shows two alliterating letters, is the 
 second ; Eieger proposes to read : ye hia Jddford dhte. 315^ 
 has the important word a in the thesis. Kieger takes it to 
 bear an arsis and proposes to change the line to mcvg gnor- 
 nian d. The rule that the most important words should 
 have the principal stress is further violated in several other 
 cases in Maldon — most markedly in 7% 107^ (cf. 126) and 
 209^. Zernial notes that the pronoun never has the alliter- 
 ation in cases like 325% where one would expect se and 
 not GodrJc to have the stress, cf. Beowulf 506, Eai^t \u se 
 Beowulf. 
 
 Adverbs frequently bear the alliteration of the second 
 half-line in Maldon, thus : e.g., 5, 12, 20, 22, 25, 55, 57, 58, 
 60, 66, 84, 93, 97, 100 ; in Bruymanburh only four times : 
 33, 66, 69, 70. 
 
 The same alliterating letter is found several times in two 
 successive lines ; twice only in more than two : 51-3, 95-8. 
 First half-lines with one alliterative syllable also occur 
 frequently in succession, as e.g. 5-7, 35-7, 50-2. 
 
 IV. Rime. 
 
 Kime is an occasional ornament of O.E. verse. When the 
 riming words are found in the same half-line, the rime is 
 said to be sectional ; end-rimes serve to unite more closely 
 the two halves of the same line, or more rarely, any two 
 halves of adjacent lines. 
 
 In our poems suffixal masculine rimes are frequent, as 
 e.g. in 3, 4, 18, 19, B 22^. Other forms are less common, 
 no perfect rimes, not suffixal, being found in Brunnanburh. 
 
 a) Sectional, i) Masculine : 
 
 bord and brad swurd 15* 
 [earn aeses georn 107'^] 
 
XXll LNTllODUCTION. 
 
 bord ord 110^ 
 
 eorl to pfim ceorle 132^ 
 
 ii) Imperfect : 
 
 Myrce ne wyrndon B 24^ 
 wundiim forgruuden i> 43^ 
 
 iii) Etymological : 
 
 wigan wTgheardne 75*^ 
 wigan to wlge 235* 
 
 b) End. i) Masculine : 
 
 ord : swurd 47 
 
 fiod : froda B 36*-7* 
 
 ii) Masculine — suffixal : 
 
 ongan : trymian 17, 88^-9% 265 
 
 iii) Feminine : 
 
 gehealdan : wealdan 167*-8* 
 stunde : wunde 271 
 bro))or : oper 282 
 
 iv) Feminine — suffixal : 
 
 hafenode : ma?)elode 42, 309 
 
 v) Imperfect rime and assonance : 
 standan : randas 19*-20* 
 ahof : stop 130^-1^ 
 man : ))anc 147 
 cwaeS : sprsec 211 
 leofan m^n : licgan ))^nce 319 
 tungol : grundiis V> 14'-;")^ 
 soliton : ofercOmon B 71^-2^ 
 
INTKODUCTION. XXlll 
 
 V. Enjambement. 
 
 Zernial notes that in Maldon the verse and sentence end 
 together much more frequently than in Beowulf, or in other 
 words, that enjamhement is much less common : in 325 
 lines of Beowulf, from 194 on, there are only 75 cases j in 
 Maldoii, 260. Brunnanhiirh stands between the two, 32 
 cases being found in its 73 lines. 
 
 VI. Summary. 
 
 The metrical tradition is, as we should expect from the 
 dates of the poems, better preserved in Brunnanburh than 
 in Maldon. In both, the poets still know how to conform 
 to the old laws with no mean skill, and yet in both, and 
 especially in Maldon, traces of decay, or of development 
 into the Septenar, are plainly visible. 
 
 TESTIMONIES. 
 Battle of Maldon. 
 
 In the speeches of heralds and warriors before the fight, 
 in the speeches and single combats of the chiefs, in the loud 
 laugh and mock which follow a good death-stroke, in the 
 rapid rush of the verse when the battle is joined, the poem, 
 though broken, as Homer's verse is not, is Homeric. In 
 the rude chivalry which disdains to take vantage ground of 
 the Danes, in the way in which the friends and churls of 
 Brihtnoth die one by one, avenging their lord, keeping 
 faithful the tie of kinship and clanship, in the cry not to 
 
XXIV INTKODUCTION. 
 
 yield a foot's breadth of earth, in the loving sadness with 
 wliich home is spoken of, the poem is English to the core. 
 And in the midst of it all, like a song from another land, 
 but a song heard often in English fights from then till now, 
 is the last prayer of the great earl, when dying he commends 
 his soul with thankfulness to God. — Stopfobd Brooke, 
 Eriglish Literature, New York, 1877, § 14. 
 
 n. 
 
 Next in importance to these legendary poems are the two 
 historical pieces Byrhtnoth and Brunnanburg, the former 
 purely narrative, the latter showing a decided lyrical tinge. 
 Byrhtnoth is meagre in form, being in fact little better than 
 alliterative prose, yet shows considerable dramatic power, 
 and is animated throughout by a strong patriotic feeling. 
 . . . This historical character gives the poem its special 
 interest ; in it we recognize the epic song in its most i)rimi- 
 tive stage, unaltered and unadorned by tradition. — Sweet, 
 in Warton^s History of EnyUsli Poetry, 1871. 
 
 ni. 
 
 Although the poem does not show the high technical fin- 
 ish of the older works, it is full of dramatic power and warm 
 feeling. — Sweet, A. S. Header, 4th ed., p. 138. 
 
 IV. 
 
 The longest and grandest of our old songs. — Fkeeman, 
 Old English History, p. 191. 
 
 The exploits and death of tlio valiant Ealdorman were 
 sung in strains wliich rank among the noblest efforts of 
 Teutonic poetry. . . . 
 
LNTRODUCTION. XXV 
 
 [The] names and exploits [of Byrhtnoth's special com- 
 rades] are handed down to us in verses breathing the true 
 fire of the warlike minstrelsy common to Greek and Teuton. 
 — Freeman, Norman Conquest, i. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Inzwischen war die historische Dichtung im Volke nicht 
 untergegangen und im lebendigen Volksgesang lebte noch 
 echte Poesie. Ein kostliches Denkmal solcher Poesie, ein 
 Lied, aus dem unmittelbaren Eindruck des Ereignisses, 
 welches es feiert, hervorgegangen, hat uns die Gunst des 
 Geschicks, wenn auch nicht vollstandig, so doch zum gross- 
 ten Theil erhalten. . . . Yoll von dramatischem Leben und 
 von jener Wahrheit, die aus unmittelbarer Anschauung her- 
 vorgeht, tief empfunden und in klarer Zeichnung gewaltig 
 ausgefiihrt, gehort das Lied von Byrhtnoths Eall zu den 
 Perlen altenglischer Dichtung. In scharfem Gegensatz zu 
 dem Lied von Brunanburh, tritt das lyrische Element hier 
 viel mehr zuriick als sogar im Beow^ilf. Die Darstellung 
 ist einfach, markig, edel, mit der des Epos verglichen, 
 knapp, ja ntichtern ; was zum Theil aus der Verschiedenheit 
 der poetischen Gattungen, zum Theil aus dem Abstand der 
 Zeiten sich erklart. Der Grundzug des Kationalgeistes 
 aber ist sich gleich geblieben und damit auch der Grund- 
 charakter der nationalen Kunst. Wie die Ideen des Comi- 
 tats und des Heldenthums hier noch ihre voile Kraft und 
 Wirkung behaupten, so ist die Dichtung noch im Vollbesitz 
 der ^littel, die zu ihrer Darstellung nothwendig sind. — 
 Ten Brink, Geschichte der Englischen Literatiir, i. 117-8, 122. 
 
 VII. 
 
 This is but a fragment, though a large one, of a poem 
 which presents a vivid picture of Anglo-Saxon patriotism 
 and heroic sentiment, in an age more or less fraught with 
 
XXVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 evil to the nation from the incessant attacks of its Danish 
 enemies, [and] only makes us regret that it has not come down 
 to us entire. Byrhtnoth is a fine specimen of the warrior- 
 nobleman of the time and people, ready to peril his life in 
 the service of his liege lord. . . . The feelings to which the 
 "ealderman" gives utterance while lying on the "camp- 
 stede," apart from the generous courage that he has dis- 
 played against the "wicings," strongly interest us in his 
 fate ; while equally characteristic are the speeches attrib- 
 uted to his followers . . . when they resolve to perish on 
 the field, or avenge the death of their lord. — Klipstein, 
 Analecta Anglo- Saxonica. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 In einem grosseren Stile [als Brunnanburh] und bereits 
 im Charakter des Epos ist ein andres historisches Gedicht 
 verfasst. . . [Der] Tod des Fiihrers ist der Hohepunkt der 
 Dichtung, wo auch mit Recht die Darstellung am ausfuhr- 
 lichsten ist. . . . 
 
 So ist der letzte Abschnitt der Dichtung eine begeisterte 
 Verherrlichung der alten germanischen Vasallentreue, in 
 einer reichen und doch nicht ermiidenden Ausfiihrung. 
 Uberhaupt nimmt diese Dichtung, deren Stil auch durch 
 grossere Einfachheit und Keinlieit des Kolorits, mochte ich 
 sagen, und ein rascheres Fortschreiten von dem der alteren 
 Epik unterscheidet, unter den epischen Werken des Mittel- 
 alters eine hervorragende Stelle ein. Es zeichnet sie auch 
 eine schone Einheit und Gliederung der Composition, soweit 
 wir iiber dieselbe urtheilen konnen, aus : wie der ausftihr- 
 lich geschilderte Tod des Helden die Mitte bildet, so bereitet 
 der erste Theil ebenso auf ihn vor, wie. der dritte und letzte 
 die an dem Feinde genommene Blutrache als Folge des To- 
 des zuni Gegonstand h;it. Wenn des Helden Ubermuth, 
 der aber in seiner Tapferkeit wurzelt, seinen Untergang 
 
ESrTRODUCTION. XXVll 
 
 herbeifiilirt, so wird er gesiihnt durcli die Liebe seiner 
 Herdgeuossen, die sich in ihrer ihn raclienden Aufopferung 
 bewahrt. So ist Byrhtnoth audi ini itstlietisclien Sinne der 
 wahre Held der Dichtung. — Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte 
 der Literatur des Mlttelalters im Ahendlande, iii. 517. 
 
 IX. 
 
 It comes nearest to the Homeric standard of war-songs. 
 Dialogue and action blend ; the men encourage each other ; 
 challenge is answered by defiance. The whole is related with 
 a precision of style that is rare in Old English. — Brother 
 AzARiAS, Development of English Literature, N.Y., 1879. 
 
 X. 
 
 Eine Erscheinung ersten Kanges in der angelsachsischen 
 Poesie, obwohl eine der jlmgsten, ist das Bruchstiick von 
 ByrhtnoS's Fall. Die Ftille des dichterischen Stiles hat 
 hier schon abgenommen, aber kaum zum Nachtheil des von 
 dramatischem Leben erftillten Werkes, an dessen vaterlan- 
 dischem und selbsterlebtem Stoffe die Empfindung des 
 Dichters eine eigene Kraft und Inbrunst gewinnt. Es ist 
 so unmittelbar nach dem ungllicklichen Heldenkampfe von 
 Maeldun entstanden, dass sein Dichter noch keinen einzigen 
 der Eeiiide, die doch nachher langere Zeit und als Freunde 
 in England blieben, nicht einmal ihren Fiihrer Olaf zu 
 nennen weiss und, nach Art der Augenzeugen, von ihnen 
 nicht mehr sagt als man von der englischen Schlachtreihe 
 aus wahrnehmen musste. Dieses Denkmal ist das einzige, 
 das uns bezeugt, wie unsere alte nationale Dichtung Ereig- 
 nisse der unmittelbaren Gegenwart mit der vollen Wiirde 
 des Epos zu ergreifen wusste : ein Denkmal historischer 
 Gelegenheitsdichtung, neben dem sich die klosterhafte Ge- 
 mtitlichkeit des Ludwigliedes gar klaglich ausnimmt. — 
 K.IEGER, Alt- und Angelsdchsisches Lesebiicli, Giessen, 1861. 
 
XXVm INTIIODUCTION. 
 
 XI. 
 
 The finest of all [O.E. poems celebrating public or war- 
 like events] is the spirited and picturesque poem which 
 relates the fall of the brave chief Byrhtnoth at Maldon. — 
 Spalding, English Literature, New York, 1860. 
 
 XII. 
 
 It constitutes a battle-piece of spirited execution, mixed 
 with short speeches from the principal warriors, conceived 
 with much force, variety, and character : the death of the 
 hero is also very graphically described. . . . (The Editor) 
 conceives its merit to be such as to render any collection of 
 Saxon poetry imperfect in which it should not be included. 
 — Daniel Conybeare, in J. J. Conyheare's Illustrations. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Die Dichtung giebt ihrem Inhalte nach ein so lebendiges 
 Bild der echten Mannentreue, wie es kraftvoller und scho- 
 ner die germanische Poesie nicht aufweisen kann : den 
 trefflichsten Beleg fur das bekannte Wort des Tacitus^: 
 Turpe principi virtute vinci, turpe comitatui virtutem 
 principis non adaequare. Jam vero infamo in omnem vitam 
 ac probosum superstitem principi suo ex acie recessisse. 
 
 Demnach bewegt sich denn das Lied auf Byrhtnoth s 
 Fall auch nach dem Inhalt seines Stils ganz und gar in dem 
 Leben seiner Zeit : es giebt uns wenn auch ein enger um- 
 rahmtes Bild der damaligen Zustande im alten Angeln- 
 lande als das grosse Epos, so doch ein ebenso anscliaulich 
 wahres ; nicht minder nilhert es sich, wie wir friiher ge- 
 sehen, in der Form seines Stiles der vollen Wiirde des 
 eigentlichen Volksepos. So ist diese historische Gelegen- 
 hcitsdichtung, obgleich oine der jtingsten unter denen der 
 altesten Zeit, ein hervorragondes DtMikinal altgin-manischer 
 
 1 Gerinania, chap, 14. 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXIX 
 
 volkstiimlicher Epik, das den Grundzug des angelsachsi- 
 sclieu Nationalgeistes ebenso treu und wahr erkennen lasst, 
 wie er in den friihsten und grossten epischen Schopfungen 
 sich ausspricht, das aber auch den Grundcharakter der 
 nationalen Kunst in einem inhaltlich und formell echt 
 epischen Stile sich bewahrt hat, den iiberhaupt unter den 
 germanischen Stammen nur die Angelsachsen nach ihrer 
 Trennung von den andern Westgermanen als ihr eigenstes 
 Werk geschaffen haben. — Zerxial's Das Lied von Byrht- 
 noths Fall, Berlin, 1882, pp. 11, 24. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 yfe cannot but admire the pithy and straightforward story 
 in the poem, told without hesitation or redundance. . . . 
 
 It is one of our most direct and characteristic war-songs, 
 with short speeches from the chief warriors in an almost 
 dramatic style. " The poem approximates in the general 
 features of its composition to the battle scenes in Homer ; 
 if the names of Byrhtnoth and Godric could be substituted 
 for Patroclus and Menelaus .... it might be read like a 
 version of one of the military narratives of the great father 
 and fountain of poetry." — Eobinson, Early English Lit- 
 erature, London, 1885. 
 
 Battle of Brunnanburh. 
 
 I. 
 
 Das Gedicht scheint nicht von einem Manne herzuriihren, 
 welcher der Schlacht beigewohnt hatte. Wenigstens erfah- 
 ren wir daraus sachlich nur soviel als sich in einer kurzen 
 chronistischen Notiz hatte sagen lassen. Es fehlt dera 
 Liede an der epischen Anschaulichkeit und der unmittel- 
 baren Gewalt des Yolksliedes und eben so sehr an poetischer 
 
XXX INTKODUCTION. 
 
 Erfiiidung. Die patriotisclie Begeisterung aber, von der es 
 getragen wird, der lyrische Schwung, der es durchzielit, 
 verfelilen ihre Wirkung nicht ; der reine Versbau, der 
 glanzende Stil dieser Dichtung, in der die reichen von der 
 Nationalepik iiberlieferten Mittel so gliicklich verwertliet 
 werden, erregen Bewunderung. — Ten Brink, Gesclikhte 
 der EiKjlischeii Llteratur, i. llG-7. 
 
 II. 
 
 The king's victory at Briinnanburh sung in noblest war- 
 song. — Green, SJtort History of the English Feople. 
 
 III. 
 
 Dieses Lied, noch ganz erflillt von der alten, ecbt deut- 
 schen Freude am Kampfe, ist jedes Falles nicht lange nach 
 dem Kampfe gedichtet, wie sich daraus ergibt, dass die 
 Eindriicke der Schlacht noch ganz lebendig vor der Seele 
 stehen. — Ettmuller, Handbuch, 141. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Vivnm carmen et bellantium fortitudine, ut ita dicam, 
 repletum. Longe idcirco Theodiscum Hugbaldi carmen 
 superat, quo Hliidovici III. Francorum regis victoria de 
 Nordmannis anno DCCCLXXXII deportata collaudatur. — 
 Ettmltller, Scopas. 
 
 V. 
 
 The language and metre are dignified and harmonious, 
 but there is a perceptible tendency to bombast and over- 
 charging with epithets, while the finest passages have rather 
 the character of reminiscences from the common poetical 
 traditions tlian of original invention. Nevertheless as a 
 whole it is a noble ])oem, and stands alone in our literature. 
 — Sweet, in Wartou^s History of Enyllsli Foetry. 
 
LNTRODUCTION. XXXI 
 
 VI. 
 
 One [of the poems celebrating public or warlike events] 
 is a vigorous song on ^thelstan's victory at Brunanburh. 
 — Spalding's English Literature. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Most forcibly is the sentiment akin to the national feel- 
 ing told in the poetic efforts that run. through the latter 
 parts of the Chronicle. ... Of superior merit is the Battle 
 of Brunanburh. Passages in it recall the spirit of Beowulf 
 or the war-strophes of Cedmon. The poem must have been 
 the war-lyric of that day. . . . The alliteration, the constant 
 repetition of the same expression in short lines for sake of 
 emphasis — all remind one of the hammering of swords 
 that must have gone to make this war-play. It is a chaunt 
 that in its day must have been soul-stirring. Cunningly 
 did the poet weave into his lyric not only the event of 
 Athelstan's victory, but the fact of the conquest of the 
 chief part of the island of Britain. — Brother Azarias, 
 Development of English Literature, New York, 1879. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Das bedeutendste der Gedichte [der Chronik], das allein 
 wahren asthetischen Werth hat, ist das erste. . . . Es ist 
 ein Triumphlied, von patriotischem Stolze getragen. — 
 Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Liter atur des Mittelalters 
 im Abendlande, iii. 517. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Es giebt eine sehr lebendige Schilderung des Kampfes 
 und reiht sich den vorher genannten episehen Dichtungen 
 [Beoivulf u. a.] wiirdig zur Seite. — Grein, Grammatik, 
 Kassel, 1880. 
 
XXXll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 LIST OF SYLLABLES MARKED LONG 
 IN THE MSS. 
 
 I. 
 
 Battle of Maldon. 
 £fer 290 ; ea 63 ; god 315. 
 
 II. 
 
 Battle of Brunnanburh. 
 
 MS. A: 
 
 bee 68 ; eac 2, 19, 30, 37 ; ecgum 4, 68 ; f6r5 20 ; hafoc 64 ; hamas 
 10 ; har 39 ; on 29, 36, 41, 43, 49, 51, 54, 65, 66 ; secgas 13 ; tid 14 ; 
 tir 3 ; up 13 ; wiges 20. 
 
 MS. B: 
 
 gebgeded 33 ; bee 68 ; b6rdweall 5 ; brucan 63 ; c6m 37 ; Constan- 
 tiiius 38 ; eae 2, 37 ; flod 30 ; fioda 37 ; gar 50 ; hamas 10 ; bar 39 
 liord 10 ; hwit 63 ; lafum 6, laf 54 ; mare 65 ; mode 56 ; gemotes 50 
 padan 61 ; imrim 31 ; geslogaii 4 ; tid 14 ; tir 3 ; >6rfte 39 ; ut 35 
 gewat 35. 
 
 MS. C: 
 
 anlaf 46 ; arhwate 73 ; ^ses 63 ; bee 68 ; com 37 ; flot 35 ; bar 39 ; 
 bra 60 ; generode {mark over n) 36 ; on 35 ; sab 17 ; tir 3 ; to 17 ; J>§, 
 pi. 57 ; \>§bv 32, {over r) 37 ; l^^es 68 ; hy 46 ; Cmrim 31 ; us 68 ; ut 35 ; 
 gewat 35. 
 
 MS. D: 
 
 afaran 52 ; bee 68 ; cnear 35 ; eac 2, 19, 30, 37 ; e^r 26 ; flotan 32 ; 
 gar 50 ; gita 66 ; heafOc 64 ; laf 54, Anlaf 46 ; rinc 39 ; tid 14 ; unrim 
 31 ; ap 13. 70. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 I. BATTLE OF MALDON. 
 A. Editions. 
 
 1726. Johannis Glastoniensis Chronica sive Historia de Rebus 
 Glastoniensibus. Ed. Th. Hearnius. Vol. 2. Oxonii. 
 Pp. 570-7. 
 
 1834. B. Thorpe's Analecta Anglo-Saxonica. Pp. 131-41. 
 
 1835. Collectanea Anglo-Saxonica maximam partem nunc primum 
 edita et vocabulario illustrata a Ludv. Chr. Miiller. Hav- 
 nige. Pp. 52-62. 
 
 1847. F. W. Ebeling's Lesebuch. Pp. 85-93. 
 
 1849. L. Klipstein's Analecta Anglo-Saxonica. Vol. ii. 261-79. 
 
 1850. L. EttmiiUer's Scopas. Pp. 133-40. 
 1857. Chr. Grein's Bibliothek. Vol. i. 343-52. 
 1861. M. Rieger's Lesebuch. Pp. 84-94. 
 
 1876. H. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Reader. Pp. 133-44. 4th ed. 
 
 1884. Pp. 138-48. 
 1880. K. Korner's Einleitung in das Studium des Angelsachsi- 
 
 schen. 2. Teil : Texte. Heilbronn. Pp. 72-88. 
 1883. R. WtOker's Bibliothek. Vol. i. 358-73. 
 1888. F. Kluge's Lesebuch. Halle. Pp. 120-7. 
 1891. J. W. Bright's Anglo-Saxon Reader. New York. Pp. 
 
 149-59. 3d ed. 1894. 
 
 B. Manuscript, Collations, and Textual Criticism. 
 
 1705. H. Wanley's Catalogus. P. 232. 
 
 1865. Chr. Grein in Pfeiffer's Germania. Vol. x. 422. 
 
 1882. R.Wiilker's Kleinere angelsachsische Dichtungen. Pp. 55-65. 
 
XXXIV BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 C. Prosody. 
 1883. F. Kluge in Paul-Braune's Beitrage. Vol. x. Pp. 422-50. 
 
 Z). Translations. 
 ol) Complete : 
 1826. Conybeare, Illustrations. Pp. xc-xcvi. 
 1875. Freeman, Old English History. 199 ff. 
 
 Morley, English Writers. 
 
 W. R. Sims in Modern Language Notes. Vol. v. 275-86. 
 1880. Korner (German). 
 
 1882. Zernial (German), Das Lied von Byrhtnoth's Fall. Berlin. 
 1885. Robinson, Early English Literature. London. 
 1889. Garnett, Elene, Athelstan, and Byrhtnoth Translated. 
 
 Boston (of. Mod. Lan. Notes, v. 166-71 ; Eng. Studien,,^ 
 
 XV. 116 f£. ; Amer. Jour, of PhU., xi. 101-6). 
 
 h) Partial : 
 
 1836. Turner (after Conybeare), History of the Anglo-Saxons. 
 
 6th ed. 
 1842. Th. Wright, Biographica Britannia. I. 29 ff. (Anglo-Saxon 
 
 opposite.) 
 
 Arend (Dutch), Geschiedenis der Dichtkunst en Fraaije 
 
 Letteren. 
 
 1849. Klipstein. 418 ff. 
 
 1877. Ten Brink, Geschichte der Englischen Literatur. I. 118 ff. 
 
 E. Critical, Descriptive, and Bibliographical. 
 
 1847. J:ttmuller, Handbuch. 
 
 1850. Ettmiiller, Scopas. 
 
 1885. Wiilker's Grundriss zur Geschichte der Angelsachsischen 
 Litel'atur. 
 
 (See also the works cited in the Testimonies.) 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. XXXV 
 
 n. BATTLE OF BRUNNANBURH. 
 
 A. Editions.! 
 
 The poem is to be found in the several editions of the Chronicle : 
 1643. HistorifB Ecclesiasticse gentis Anglorum libri V . . . ed. ab 
 
 Abr. Wheloc. Cantabrigire. Pp. 555-7. 
 1692. Chronicon Saxonicum . . . edidit Edm. Gibson. Oxonii. 
 
 Pp. 112-4. 
 
 1823. J. Ingram's Saxon Chronicle. 
 
 1848. Moniimenta Historica Britannica . . . Vol. i. Published 
 
 by Thorn. Duff us Hardy. London. Pp. 383-90. 
 18G1. B. Thorpe's Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London. Vol. i. 
 
 Pp. 200-8. (AU the MSS. are copied.) 
 1865. J. Earle, Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel . . . ed. with 
 
 Introduction, Notes, and a Glossorial Index by John Earle. 
 
 Oxford, Clarendon Press. Pp. 112-5. 
 1889. Charles Plummer, Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel 
 
 (787-1001 A.D.) with Supplementary Extracts from the 
 
 Others ... on the Basis of an Edition by John Earle. 
 
 Clarendon Press. 
 The poem is further to be found in : 
 1703-5. Hickesii Thesaurus. Vol. i. 181-2. 
 1773. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum Medii 2Evi. Collegit Jac. 
 
 Langebeck. Vol. ii. 412-22. 
 1776. Tabulae parallelse antiquissimarum Teutonicse linguse dia- 
 
 lectorum . . . illustr. opera Car. Michaeler. Innsbruck. 
 
 1776. Pp. 228-40. 
 1801. EUis, Specimens of the Early English Poets. Pp. 14-31. 
 
 4th ed. 1811. 
 
 1824. Thomas Warton's History of English Poetry. A new 
 edition carefully revised (by Richard Price). London. 
 
 4th ed. 1871. Vol. i. 150-62. 
 
 1 This poem has been extremely popular with editors. Many of the 
 editions have, however, no value and are consequently not mentioned. 
 Works bearing solely on the mutual relationship, age, etc., of the MSS. 
 are omitted. 
 
XXXVl BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 1835. Mliller's Collectanea Anglo-Saxonica. Pp. 49-51. 
 
 1839. EttniuUer's Scopes vidsidh. Sangers Weitfahrt. zEdhel- 
 
 stan's Sieg bei Brunanbur. 
 1847. Ebeling's Lesebuch. 
 
 1849. Klipstein's Analecta Anglo-Saxonica. Vol. ii. 325-9. 
 
 1850. Ettmiiller's Scopas. 
 
 1853. Behnsch's Geschichte der Englischen Sprache und Literatur. 
 
 (Lines 1-20.) 
 1855 (circa). Th. Mliller's Lesebuch. 
 1857. Chr. Grein's Bibliothek. Vol. i. 352-4. 
 1861. M. Rieger's Lesebuch. 
 
 1880. Korner's Einleitung in das Studium des Angelsachsischen. 
 1883. Wtilker's Bibliothek. Vol. i. 374-9. 
 1888. F. Kluge's Lesebuch. 
 1891. J. W. Bright's Anglo-Saxon Reader. 3d ed. 1894. 
 
 B. Manuscript, Collations, and Textual Criticism. 
 
 1851. P. A. Munch, Bemerkungen iiber das Gedicht, in Xorsk 
 Tidskrift for Videnskab og Litteratur. Udgivet af Chr. C. 
 A. Lange. Femte Aargang. Also in Munch's Samlede 
 Afhandlinger . . . Christiania. 1874. 
 
 Sievers, Collationen angelsachsischer Gedichte. Ilaupt's 
 Zeitschrift f. d. Alterthum. Vol. xv. 462-3. 
 
 1874. Zupitza's Ubungsbuch. (All four MSS.) 
 
 1882. Wtilker's Kleinere angelsiichsische Dichtungen (readings 
 of the four MSS.). See also Widker's Bibliothek. 
 
 C. Translations. 
 
 Latin ones are to be found in the editions of Wheloc, Gibson, 
 
 Ilickesius, Langebeck, and INIichaeler. 
 German, in the editions of EttmiiUer (Scopes vidsidh), Korner, 
 
 and Behnsch (partial). Also in ten Brink's Geschichte 
 
 der Englischen Literatur, vol. i. 115 f. 
 French, in Chateaubriand's Essai sur la Litt^rature Anglaise. 
 
 Paris. 1836. Vol. i. 6!) 1". In Taine's English Literature 
 
 (livre i. ch. i. § v), ])artial and very free. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. XXXVU 
 
 Danish, by Joliannes Steeiistrup, N'ormanneriie TIT. Forste Ilefte. 
 Kjobeiibavii. 1879. (Also under the title : Danske og 
 norske liiger, etc.) 
 
 Dutch, by Arend, pp. 83-5. 
 
 English, in the editions of Thorpe, Ingram, Warton (by R. Price), 
 and Hardy. Further, in Geo. Ellis' Specimens of the Early 
 English Poets, London, 1801 (this contains a metrical 
 translation by Henshall) ; Turner's History of the Anglo- 
 Saxons ; Miss Gurney's translation of the Chronicle ; J. A. 
 Giles in his Venerable Beda's Ecclesiastical History of 
 England. Also the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, London, 1847 
 (based on Miss Gurney's translation) ; the first volume of 
 Morley ;VFreeman's Old English History, 4th ed., London, 
 1875, pp. 155 f • ; Knight's Popular History of England, 
 i. 126-7 ; Alfred Tennyson's works (based on a prose 
 translation by his son, Hallam, in the Contemporary Review 
 of November, 1876) ; Elene, Athelstan, Byrhtnoth, trans- 
 lated by J. Garnett, Boston, 1889 (see Mod. Lan. Notes, v."^ 
 166-71 ; Eng. Studien, xv. 116 f. ; Amer. Jour, of Phil., xi. 
 104-6) ; by A. B. Brown in Poet-Lore of January, 1891 ; 
 Thomas Miller's History of the Anglo-Saxons ; Robinson's 
 Early English Literature, London, 1885. \ 
 
 D. Critical, Descriptive, and Bibliographical. 
 
 Wtilker's Grundriss zur Geschichte der Angelsachsischen Literatur. 
 E. D. Green, Site of Battle of Brunanburh. Transactions of Roy. 
 
 Soc. of Lit. Vol V. (1889) ; cf. Liebermann in D. Zeit- 
 
 schrift f. Geschichtswissenschaft. Vol. vi. 161. 
 J. B. Davidson and H. Murphy, Site of Battle of Brunnanburh. 
 
 Athenaeum, No. 3023, 435. 
 Weymouth, Battle of Brunanburh. Athenaeum, 3016, 207. 
 T. C. Hughes, T. Hodgkin, and H. Norris, in Athenaeum, 3017, 
 
 239 ; 3020, 337 ; and 3020 respectively. 
 W. M. Brooks and C. S. Wake in the Antiquary, 12, 168 f. and 
 
 12, 286 f. respectively. 
 
 (See also works cited under Testimonies.) 
 
2 THE BATTLE OF MALDON. [22-49 
 
 pa he hsefde ))set/ulc /aegere getrymmed, 
 he Zihte ]>ii mid Zeodon, faer him Zeofost waes, 
 ])«r he his /ieor(5werod /ioldost wiste. 
 
 25 pa stod on s^aeSe, ^ s2^lSllce clypode 
 Mcinga ar, i<;ordum mielde, 
 se on beot a^ead Z>rimli))endra 
 ^rende ^ to |)am eovle, ])xt he on ofre stod : 
 "Me s^ndon to ]>& s^m^n snelle, 
 
 30 heton ^e s^Ggsm. fset fu most s^ndan rat5e 
 ^eagas witS ge^eorge, and eow ^^tere is 
 fset ge ))isne ^arrees mid yafole for^^yldon, 
 fonne ^ we swa ^earde Ailde ^ dselon. 
 Ne ])urfe we us spillan, gif ge speda}> to )>am : 
 
 35 we willat5 wi6 fam ^olde ^rit5 faestnian. 
 Gyf )>u })8et ^ geraedest, ])e her ricost eart, 
 faet ])u ])me Zeoda Zysan wille, 
 syllan s^mannum on hyra sylfra dom 
 /eoh wis /reode and niman /riS aet us, 
 
 40 we willa]> mid fam sceattum us to scype gangan, 
 on/lot/eran and eow/ri)>es healdan." 
 ^yrhtno^ ma))elode, iord hafenode, 
 w^and i^acne aesc, i^ordum maelde, 
 i/rre and «nri«d, ageaf him «ndsware : 
 
 45 " Gehyrst* J)u, seelida, hwaet ])is folc s^ge^ ? 
 hi willaS eow to ^afole <7aras syllan, 
 ^'ttrynne ord and ealde swurd, 
 J7a ^^regeatu })e eow aet /nlde ne deah. 
 ^ri mm anna />oda, a^eod ^ft ongean, 
 1 gersende. 2 j,o,i, 3 _ ui^e. * hat. ^ gehyrt. 
 
50-77] THE BATTLE OF JNIALDON. 
 
 50 s^ge Jnniim Zeodum miccle Zapre spell, 
 
 |)9et her stynt ?mforcriS eor\ mid his werode, 
 
 pe wile gealgean eSel Sysne, 
 
 ^jjelredes eard, tYddres mines, 
 
 /olc and /oldan : /eallan sceolon 
 55 Mel)ene aet Ailde. To Aeanlic me jnnceS 
 
 ])3et ge mid iirum sceattum to s^^ype gangon 
 
 unbe/ohtene, nu ge )ms /eor hider 
 
 on uTne eavd in becomon. 
 
 Ne sceole ge swa sof te sine gegangan : 
 60 us sceal ord and ^cg Wv geseman, 
 
 ^rim (/iiSplega, £er we f/SiioV syllon.'' 
 
 Het ])a Z>ord Z»eran, Z»eornas gangan, 
 
 fset hi on fam e^istet^e ealle stodon. 
 
 Ne mihte ]mv for z^aetere ?6'erod to j^am oSrum 
 65 ]7£er com/lowende /lod sefter ^bban, 
 
 Zucon Zagustreamas ; to Zang hit him fuhte, 
 
 hwgenne hi to^a^dere ^aras heron. 
 
 Hi ]>8er Pantan stream mid ^:>rasse bestodon, 
 
 ii'astseaxena ord and se cesch^ie ; 
 70 ne mihte hyra «^nig oprum dorian, 
 
 biiton hwa purh /lanes /lyht /yl gename. 
 
 Se /lod tit gewat ; ])a /lotan stodon gearowe, 
 
 t^'Icinga fela, ^^iges georne. 
 
 Het pa AseleSa h\eo /tealdan pa bricge 
 75 wigan imgheardne, se wses haten Pf^ulfstan, 
 
 cafne mid his cynne, pset wses Ceolan sunu, 
 
 pe Sone /orman man mid his /rancan ofsceat, 
 1 \)e gofol. 
 
4 THE BATTLE OF MALDON. [78-105 
 
 fe ))8er ^aldlicost on |>a ^ricge stop. 
 
 pter stodon mid Jrulfstane wigsm unforhte, 
 80 ^If^re and J/accus, modige twegen; 
 
 fa noldon aet J?am /orda /learn gewyrcan, 
 
 ac hi/sestlice wi6 t5a/ynd w^redon 
 
 ))a hwile ])e hi ^^tepna ^^ealdan moston. 
 
 pa hi ]?set on^eaton and ^eorne gesawon, 
 85 pset hi ]>SBV Z»ricgweardas bitere fundon, 
 
 ongunnon Zytegian ]>a Za^e ^ gystas : 
 
 bsedon pset hi wpgang^ «gan moston, 
 
 of er ])one /ord /aran, /epan l^dan. 
 
 Da se eorl ongan for his ofermode 
 90 a^yfan Zandes to fela Zapere 6eode ; 
 
 ongan ceallian ]>a ofer cald waeter 
 
 ^yrhtelmes &earn — Jeornas gehlyston : 
 
 "Nil eow is ge?*ymed, gaS ?*icene to us, 
 
 rjaiman to ^upe. 6^od ana wat 
 
 95 hwa ]mve ^«;selstowe i^ealdan mote." 
 
 Wodon ])a ^^selwulfas, for ^^^aetere ne murnon, 
 
 2^;icinga z^erod, -i^est^ ofer Pantan, 
 
 ofer A'cir waeter scyldas wegon, 
 
 Zidm^u to Zande Zinde biSron. 
 100 piSr on^/ean ^ramum ^/earowe stodon 
 
 i?yrhtno6 mid ^eornum; he mid ^ordiim het 
 
 wyrcan ]wne ?mhagan and ])?et /rerod healdan 
 
 /aeste wiS/eondum. pa wies/eohte* neh, 
 
 tiT vet getohte ; waes seo fid cumen 
 105 ))3et })yer/iege m^n /ealhm seeoldon. 
 
 1 lulSe. 2 upgangan. ^ pest. * fohte. 
 
10(>-133] THE BATTLE OF MALDON. 
 
 pger wear5 Aream aAafen, Aremmas ^ wundon, 
 earn teses georii : wses on eorpan cyrm. 
 Hi leton ])a of /olman /eolhearde speru, 
 ge^rundene ^/aras fleogan : 
 
 110 ^ogan wseron ^ysige, boid ord onf eng : 
 ^iter wses se Z^eadurOes, ^eornas feollon 
 on ge/iW8e6ere Aand, Ayssas lagon. 
 TFund wears 2 ^Fulfmger, zt'selrseste geceas 
 ^yrlitno(5es m£eg, lie mid Milium weart5, 
 
 115 his swuster sunu, swi'Se forheawen. 
 
 p£er wserS" ^mcingum idl^erlean agyfen : 
 gehyrde ic f>8et ^adweard anne sloge 
 swiSe mid his swurde, swinges ne wyrnde, 
 faet him set /otum /eoll /sege c^mpa ; 
 
 120 ]73es him his ^eoden y^anc gessede, 
 J)am ^urpene, pa he byve hsefde. 
 Swa si^emnetton s?^I6hicgeiide * 
 Aysas set Ailde, Aogodon georne 
 hwa pser mid orde ^rost mihte 
 
 125 on/eegean m^n /eorh gewinnan 
 
 -M^igan mid i^gepnum : ^^sel feol on eortSan. 
 AS2^odon si^sedefseste : 5?^ihte hi ByrhtnoS, 
 bsed ])set Ayssa ge^wylc Aogode to wige, 
 pe on Z>^non wolde c^oni gefeohtan. 
 
 130 Wod pa ?d;iges heard, iv^-pen up ahof, 
 
 Jord to ge^eorge, and wiS pses ^eornes stop ; 
 code swa anr^d eovl to pam ceorle : 
 ^gper hyra oSrum yfeles hogode. 
 
 1 bremmas. ^ weard. '^ wserd. * sti'Shugende 
 
6 THE BATTLE OF MALDON. [134-162 
 
 iS^nde t)a se sserinc suj)erne gar, 
 135 paet ge?^'undod lueav^ i^igena lililford. 
 
 He scent pa mid (5am ^cylde, pset se sceaft tobaerst, 
 
 and ])ddt sjjeve spv^ngde, J>set hit sprang ongean ; 
 
 ge^r^mod wearS se ^ut5rinc : he mid ^are stang 
 
 i«;lancne i<;icing, pe him pa wuiide forgeaf. 
 140 T^rod wses se /yrdrinc, he let his /rancan wadan 
 
 ))urh Sses hysses Aals, /^and wisode 
 
 ))iet lie on pain /eersceatSan /eorli gertehte. 
 
 Da he operne ofstlice sceat, 
 
 paet seo ^yrne to^a^rst : he Avses on ^reostum wund 
 145 purh t)a Aringlocan, him set Aeortan st'od 
 
 (etterne ord. Se eorl wses pe blipra, 
 
 hloh pa ntodi ?/ian, saede J/etode pane 
 
 8aes tZsegweorces pe him Drihten forgeaf. 
 
 Forlet pa dr^nga sum • c^aroS of handa, 
 150 /leogan of /olman, paet se to fovt gewat 
 
 purh (Sone a^pelan ^))elredes pegen. 
 
 ^im be /tealfe stod Ayse unweaxen, 
 
 cniht on gecampe, se full caflice 
 
 Zried of pam beovne ^lodigne gar, 
 155 JFulfstanes beam, ^Fulfmser se geonga ; 
 
 forlet/orheardne /liran ^ft ongean : 
 
 ord in gewod, J^ait se on eorpan heg, 
 
 pe his y^eoden xv />earle geriehte. 
 
 Eode pa gesyrwed .s^cg tO pam eorle ; 
 IGO he wolde ])ies /^eornes /veagas gef^cgan, 
 
 ?'eaf and hringas, and gerenod swurd. 
 
 Da ^yrhtnoS ^ried ^ill of sceSe, 
 
163-li)0] THE BATTLE OF MALDON. 
 
 6rad and ^riln^ccg, and on jni />yrnan sloh : 
 
 to rape hine geZ^tte /idmanna sum, 
 
 165 |)a he ])aes eorles eavui amyrde ; 
 yeoll ))a to/oldan /ealohilte swurd, 
 ne niihte he ge^ealdan Aeardne mece, 
 w'gepnes ^realdan. pa gyt ]?8et z6"ord gecwaeS 
 Mr /alderinc, Ayssas bylde, 
 
 170 bsed ^angan forS r/6de geferan : 
 
 ne mihte ])a on /otum l^ng /aeste gestandan ^, 
 
 he to heofenum wlat 
 
 "Ic ge/^ancie^ pe, greoda Waldend, 
 
 ealra ]>£era wjnnsL ]>e ic on worulde gebad. 
 
 175 ^11 ic ah, milde Jietod, meeste |)earfe 
 ])8et ]?ii minum ^aste p'odes geunne, 
 |)3et mm sawul to 5e sit3ian mote, 
 on pm geweakl, peoden ^ngla, 
 
 mid /ri|?e /^rian ; ic eom /rymdi to pe, 
 
 180 J>8et hi A^lsceaSan ^ynan ne moton." 
 Da Aine /leowon /iseSene scealcas, 
 and 6egen pa, ^eornas pe him ^ig stodon, 
 MUno^ and TFulfm^r ^ bei^egen * lagon, 
 t5a onemn hyra/rean /eorh gesealdon. 
 
 185 Hi ^iigon ])a fram ^eaduwe pe pser ^eon noldon : 
 
 p3dv wurdon Oddan beam ^rest on fleame, 
 6^odrIc fram r/iipe, and pone ^odan forlet, 
 pe him /waenigne oft mear gesealde ; 
 he gehleop ))one eoh, pe dhte his hlaford, 
 
 190 on ])am gergedum, pe hit ?iht ne wses, 
 
 1 gestundan. 2 ge)jance (ic ge)>ancie). ^ Wulmser. •* begen. 
 
8 THE BATTLE OF MALDON. [191-218 
 
 and his bro^TU mid him, Z»egen serndon/ 
 6*odrinc '^ and 6'odwlg r/Qpe ne gymdon, 
 ac /6'^ndon fram j^am wige and ])one i^'udu sohton, 
 /lugon on ptet/sesten and hyra/eore burgon, 
 
 195 and manna ma ))onne hit aenig 7n^<S waere, 
 gyf hi pa geearnunga ealle gemundon, 
 fe he him to cZugupe gecZon haifde. 
 
 Swa him Offa on dseg cev astede 
 on })am mefelst^de, ]>a he ge??iot haefde, 
 
 200 l)8et ])8er model Ice ??ianega spr^con, 
 ))e ^f t set p earf e ^ /> olian noldon. 
 Da wears a/eallen paes /olces ealdor, 
 ^pelredes eorl ; eaWe gesawon 
 AeorSgeneatas pset hyra Aeorra laeg. 
 
 205 pa t5^r ?6'^ndon forf5 wlance pegenas, 
 ^^nearge m^n efston georne : 
 hi woldon pa ealle obev twega, 
 lii forZgetan^ of5Se Zeofne gewrecan. 
 Swa hi ^ylde forS ^earn ^Ifrices, 
 
 210 luigsi w;intrum geong ?6'ordum raselde, 
 ^Ifwine pa cwaeS, he on ^llen spraec : 
 " Ge??iunat5 ^ pa msela, pe we oft set ?«eodo sprsecon, 
 ponne we on />^nce Z>eot ahofon, 
 Asele'S on Aealle, ymbe Aeard gewinn ; 
 
 215 nu maeg cunnian hwa cene sy ! 
 
 Ic wylle mine rr^pelo f^^dhim gecypan, 
 pt^et ic wtes on JHfyrcon ?/accles cynnes : 
 wses min ecdda feeder Aalhelm hcaten, 
 
 1 serdon. 2 godrine. ^ ^y^^^yQ^ 4 forhetuu. '' geinuua. 
 
219-246] 2 THE BATTLE OF MALDON. 9 
 
 iws ealdorinan, w;oruldgesselig. 
 
 220 Ne sceolon me on peere />eode />egenas setwitaii, 
 
 ))3et ic of ■gisseyyrde /eran wille, 
 eard gesecan, nfi miii ertldor ligeS 
 for/ieawen aet Ailde : me is j^aet Aearma meest : 
 
 he waes ^egSer ^ min m^% and min hlaford." 
 
 225 pa he/ort5 eode, /eehSe gemunde, 
 fait he mid orde «nne gereehte 
 /lotan on fam /olce, pset se on /oldan Iseg 
 forz6'egen mid his i^'sepne. Ongan ])a ^6'inas manian, 
 /rynd and ge/eran, ))8et hi /orS eodon. 
 
 230 Offa gemgelde, (pscholt asceoc : 
 
 ^' Hwaet \% JS'lfwine, hafast ealle gemanode 
 pegenas to pearfe : nu ure peoden li$, 
 eorl on eorSan, us is eallum pearf 
 ))3et u^Q ^ghwylc oJ)erne by Ida 
 
 235 2i;igan to t^^Ige, |?a hwile pe he i^gepen msege 
 Aabban and /lealdan, Aeardne mece, 
 ^ar and ^od swurd. Us (rodric hsefS, 
 
 earh Oddan beam, ealle beswicene : 
 wende pses forniQni man, l^a he on 7?ieare rad, 
 
 240 on i^'lancan ])am i^^icge, ]).3et i^'^ere hit tire hlaford; 
 for })an weart5 her on /elda /olc totwaemed, 
 scyldburh to^rocen: a5reot5e his angin, 
 ])3et he her swa 7/ianigne man aflymde ! " 
 Xeofsunu gem^lde and his Zinde ahof, 
 
 245 Jord to ge^eorge, he ])am Z>eorne oncwse^ : 
 ^'Ic ]>aet geAate, j^set ic Aeonon nelle 
 1 segder. 
 
10 THE BATTLE OF MALDON. [247-274 
 
 /leon /otes tryiii, ac wille /urSor gan, 
 
 ?^recan on gemniie miune ?^inedrihten. 
 
 Ne purfoii me embe «S'^urm^re s/^^defaeste haeletJ^ 
 
 250 i<;ordiim setz^Itan, nu min z^;ine gecranc, 
 Jjset ic Alafordleas /iam siSie, 
 w^nde fram 2^Ige, ac me sceal z^aepen iiiman, 
 ord and 7ren." He ful yrve wod, 
 /eaht /aestlice, /learn he f orhogode. 
 
 255 /)iinnere ])a cwseS, cZaroS acw^hte, 
 ?morne ceorl ofer eaW clypode, 
 bsed ))9et />eorna gehwylc ^yrhtnoS wrsece : 
 " Ne maeg na wandian se )>e y^recan ))^ncet5 
 /rean on /olce, ne for /eore murnan." 
 
 260 pa hi /or« eodon, /eores hi ne rohton ; 
 ongunnon |)a Airedm^n /ieardlice feohtan, 
 ^rame ^/arberend, and (rod byedon 
 |78et hi moston get^^recan hyra i^inedrihten, 
 and on liyra/eondum /yl gewyrcan. 
 
 265 Him se yysel on^an ^eornlice fylstan : 
 he wees on Nor^hymbron /ieardes cynnes, 
 ^cglafes beam, him wses J5^scfer^ nama: 
 he ne t^andode na set ])am zmgplegan, 
 ac he/ysde/or(5 /Ian genehe : 
 
 270 hwilon he on ^ord sceat, hwilon />eorn t«sde; 
 
 iJefre embe stunde he sealde snme wunde, 
 
 ])a hwlle '8e he i^^aepna 'jreahlan moste. 
 Da gyt on ovde stod A^cKlweard se langa, 
 yearo^ and ^eornful, ^ylpwordum sprsec 
 1 hselae'S. ■^ gearc. 
 
275-302] THE BATTLE OP MALDON. 11 
 
 275 pittt he nolde /leogan /otmiel landes, 
 ofer bddc ^iigau, J)a his ^^tera leg : 
 he ^raec ))Oiie Z^ordweall and wiS 6a ^>eornas feaht, 
 ot5 |)8et he his sincgyfan on ])am saemannum 
 i^'urSlIce ?6'rec, ter he on ^^'gele laege. 
 
 280 Swa dyde ^j^erlc, ce]>e\e gefera, 
 /us and /ort5georn, /eaht eornoste 
 iSibyrhtes bro(5or and swit5e mgenig ofer : 
 clufon cellod bord, cene hi w^redon : 
 bserst Z'ordes laerig and seo &yrne sang 
 
 285 ^ryreleot5a sum. pa aet ^ut5e sloh 
 
 Offa pone stelidan, fset he on eorSan feoU, 
 
 and 'Seer Gaddes mseg ^und gesohte : 
 
 raSe wearS aet hilde Offa forAeawen ; 
 
 he haefde 6eah ge/orjiod paet he his/rean gehet, 
 
 290 swa he ^eotode eer wiS his Seahgifan, 
 ))8et h! sceoldon Z^egen on ^urh ridan, 
 Aale to /lame, o66e on A^re crincgan,^ 
 on ^raelstowe t^undum sweltan ; 
 he Iseg ^egenlice ^eodne geh^nde. 
 
 295 Da weart5 5orda geJraec : ^rimm^n wodon, 
 ^uSe geffv^mode ; ^ar oft )?urhwdd 
 /eeges /eorhhus. Fot^ ]>a^ eode Wistan, 
 purstanes sunu, ^ wi6 ]>as s^cgas f eaht ; 
 he wses on ge))range * hyra })reora bana, 
 
 300 ser him TFigelines beam on J^am i^sele laege. 
 pser waes sti^ gemot : s^odon fseste 
 -wdgan on gemnne, i^'igend cruncon 
 
 1 crintgan. * for'Sa. * suna. * ge>rang. 
 
12 THE BATTLE OF MALDON. [303-325 
 
 t^undum t^'erige ; ivsdl feol on eorpan. 
 
 Oswold and ^'adwold eaWe hwile, 
 305 begen ]>a, gebvopvn, ieoruas trymedon, 
 
 hyra i^inemagas t^ordon baedon 
 
 fset hi p3di set ^earfe />olian sceoldon, 
 
 un^f'aclice i^'sepna neotan. 
 
 i^yrhtwold mafelode, ^ord hafenode, 
 310 se wses eald geneat, cesc acw^hte, 
 
 he ful ^aldllce ^eornas Iserde : 
 
 '' Hige sceal ]>e Aeardra, Aeorte ]>e cenre, 
 
 mod sceal pe mare, ])e ure 7?i8egen lytla^. 
 
 Her li^ tire ealdor eall forheawen, 
 315 ^rod on ^reote : a mseg ^/nornian 
 
 se ^e nu fram fis ?6'igplegan ^t'^ndan ])^nce?. 
 
 Ic eom /rod /eores : /ram ic ne wille, 
 
 ac ic me be /^ealfe minum /Jaforde, 
 
 be swa Zeofan m^n Zicgan })^nce." 
 320 Swa hi ^})elgares beam ealle bylde, 
 
 (rodrlc to (jrii]>e ; oft he <7ar forlet 
 
 i^^selspere i^'indan on )>a u'lcingas, 
 
 swa he on ])am /olce /yrmest eode, 
 
 Zieow and hynde, 6^6 ^ ])8et he on Zdlde gecranc. 
 325 Nses })8et na se (rodrlc ])e t^a gu^e forbeah 
 
 iod. 
 
THE BATTLE OF BEU]Sr]N"A]SrBUEH. 
 
 5>*iC 
 
 An. DCCCCXXXVII. 
 
 M 
 
 Her ^pelstan cyning, eorla drihten, 
 ^eorna ^eahgifa, and his ^ropor eac, 
 ^admund (e])elmg, ealdorlangne tir 
 i^t4.Mx^v - geslogon set ssecce sweorda ^cgum 
 
 5 ymbe ^runnanburh : ^ordweall clufon, ,„ 
 
 Aeowon ^eat5olinda ^amora lafum 
 eaforan ^adweardes ; swa him geoefele waes 
 fram cneomagum, fast hi set campe oft 
 wi^ ZaSra gehwsene ^and ealgodon, 
 10 Ziord and /tamas. IT^ttend crungon, 
 Scottsi leode and scipflotan 
 Xc^e /^ege /eollon : /eld dennode 
 
 VII (emended from VIII) A, VIII B i 8eJ>estan B \\ cing B C \\ 
 dryhten A 2 i)eag- B, -gyfa C » ealdorlagne C || tyr D * geslogan 
 B II sake J5, secce D || swurda C || ecggum B ^ embe B C || Bmn- 
 nanburh {from Brunanburh) A, Brunanburh D || heord- D, -weal ^ D 
 II clufan A B D ^ heowan ^ J5 D 1| -Hnde A, -Hna B, -linda (/rom 
 Hnga) D || hamera D || lafan A ^ afaran J., aforan C, eoforan 
 
 D II -weardses D s from vl || -msegum J. C D || hie 5 ^ gehwane 
 B II ealgodan B, gealgodan D ^^ heted D \\ crungun A " sceotta 
 leoda A || scyp- C 12 feollan A B C \\ daennede {from dsenede) A, 
 dennade B C 
 
14 THE BATTJLE OF BRUNNANBURH. [13-31 
 
 5^cga swate, si|)J)an sunne tip 
 
 on ??iorgentid, msere tungol. 
 15 ^lad ofer ^rimdas, 6^odes caiidel beorht, 
 
 eces Drihtnes, o6 seo a^pele gesceaft 
 
 sail to setle, pser Iseg s^cg 111911 ig 
 
 ^anim ayetec^ ^ma NorSerne 
 
 ofer 5cyld scoten, swilce ^Scyttisc Gac 
 20 wQii^y wlgQ^ saed. W^esseaxe forft 
 
 andlangne daeg eoredcystum 
 
 on Zast Z^gdon ZatSum feodum, 
 
 ^eowon /i^reflyman Aindan j^earle 
 
 wecum ??iylenscearpiim. Jfyrce ne wyrndon 
 25 /leardes Aandplegan Aaelejja nanum, 
 
 J^ara pe mid ^nlafe ofer eargebland 
 
 on ^ides bosme Zand gesohton, 
 
 /sege to ge/eohte. i^Ife lagon 
 
 on ])am campst^de cyningas geoiige 
 30 sweordiim asw^fede, swilce seofeiie eac 
 
 eorlas ^nlafes, wnrlm h^rges, 
 
 18 secgas hwate A \\ upp B C ^^ condel A ^^ o^ sio ^, t seo B, 
 0^ se D 1'' saetle I) || msenig A^ manig B ^^ forgrunden B \\ 
 
 guman B C D \\ norherna A, norhserne D ^^ scild A \\ sceoten 
 
 swylce B D || scittisc A 20 wigges B C || rfed D || westsexe JS, and 
 wessexe C 21 ondlongne A^ and langne D || eorodcistum A 22 jeg- 
 dun A, laigdon D \\ Seodon C 23 heowan herefleman y1 -•* mylen] 
 mycel D || scearpan A 25 he eardes A || bond- ^ || nanum {from 
 namum) C ^ ^aera \>e D, hse ^ || ear] sera A 27 iij,es C || gesohtun 
 ^, gesohtan B 28 fage- D || feohte D \\ Ifegun .1 29 Saem B || cyn- 
 inges A, ciningas B, cingas C \\ giunge A, iiinga D ^o aswefde C \\ 
 swylce D || seofone B, VII C ^i and u- C || lieriges ^ 
 
32-50] THE BATTLE OF BRUNNANIiyKH. 15 
 
 .vJL 
 
 /lotena and Scotta. pier ge/lymed wearS 
 iN'orSmaiiiia brego, n^de gebSded 
 to Zides stefne /ytle weorode ; i ^ 
 35 cread ciiear on flot ; cyning ut gewat 
 on /ealone /lod, /eorh gen^rede. - -'• • - 
 Swilce ]mY eac se /Voda mid /leanie com 
 on his cy]>])e norS Constantmus, 
 
 V^-- hdv /alderinc, Areman ne ])orfte U^ 
 
 c 
 
 J 40 //ieca ge?/ianan : he wses Ms maga seeard, '->'- 
 /reonda ge^ylled on /olcst^de, 
 i^- y be^laegen set ssecce, and his sunii forlet 
 on ^raelstowe i/;undum forgrunden, 
 ^eongne set gvi6e. G^ylpan ne porfte 
 
 45 fteorn Wandenfeax Z-illgeslihtes, 
 eald mwitta^ ne ^nlaf ))y ma; 
 mid heora A^relafum Alihhan ne ])orfton 
 |)8et hi ^eadoweorca ^^teran wurdon 
 on campst^de cumbolgehnastes, •- ; , 
 50 ^armittinge, ^imena gemotes, 
 
 32 flotan all \\ sceotta A \\ geflemed A ^ bregu A || neade C D || 
 gebeded A 34 staefne D || Htle A \\ werode C ^ creat D || cnea ren 
 A 35-36 flot- fealone fails D ^ cing B, cining C '^ fealene A || 
 generode CD ^~ swjice BD 38 costontinus A 39 j^al hylde D \\ -ring 
 A li hryman D ^''> msecan A^ mecea B, mecga D \\ he] her B C \\ msega 
 AD ^1 o. his f . C 42 beslagen A , f orslegen B, beslegen C || sace B, 
 ssecge D || forlset D *3 wundun f er- A ^ giungne A || gelpan A 45 .f ex 
 B C II bil- A II geslehtes A, geslyhtes B -^ inwidda A, inwuda D \\ >e 
 5 D II 47 hyra CD 1| -leaf urn D || hlehhan J., hlybbanD || >orftun J. C, 
 ^o^ftan B D *^ heo ^, hie B II beadu- ^ || wurdun A, wurdan B 
 *• culbod gehnades {in later hand, vel cumbel) A ^'^ -mittunge D 
 
16 THE BATTLE OF BRUNNANBUKH. [51-66 
 
 -i^'sepengewrixles, \>dds hi on i^'selfelda 
 
 wij) ^adweardes eaforaii plegodon. 
 
 Gewiton him j^a iVbrSm^n 7i8egledcnearrum, 
 ^v«.^ « dreoTig </arot5a hif, on Dinges m^re 
 55 ofer ^Zeop wseter i>yflin secan, 
 
 ^ft /raland, (ewiscmode. 
 ^ Swilce pa gehrolSor ^egen setSQmne, 
 
 cyning and aepeling, cy\>]>e sohton, 
 
 , ^esseaxna land, wiges hremige. 
 60 Leton him beAindan Ara bryttigan 
 
 salowigpildan, pone sweartan hrsefn, 
 
 Ayrnedn^bban, and pone Aasopadan 
 *' earn ccf tan Wit, , ^ ^ses brucan,*^ "^ ' 
 C4 v>^^ ^rsedigne ^iit5haf oc and pset f/rdd^ deor, 
 65 ?/;ulf on i^ealde. Ne wearS tvddl mare 
 
 on pys ^glande ^fre gyta 
 
 61 hie B, \>e hi D ^2 afaran A D, aforan C || plegodan A B ^ ge- 
 witan J. B || hym C || |? in norSmen above line {in later hand?) -4, 
 -menn B C \\ nsegled- (frojn negled) in later hand A, negled- C, d?eg 
 gled ongarum D ^■^ dreori C \\ dara'Sa A, dareba C D \\ dynges B, 
 dyniges D ^^ ofe deopne D \\ difelin A, dyflen B, dyflig D \\ secean 
 B &s and (above line in later hand) e. A || hira A, yra CD ^^ svvylce 
 B D li gebrober A, bro^or C \\ bege D || setsarane A, set runne D 
 68 cing B C II ea'Seling D \\ sohtan B ^^ wesseaxena A, westseaxna 
 B i», wessexena C \\ wigges B C \\ hremige (first e over scratched a) 
 A 60 letan A 7?, lajton I) \\ hym behindon C || hr?ew (in later hand 
 from hrae) A, hraw i^ || bryttian A, bryttigean 7>, brittigan C, brittiiiga 
 D 61 saluwig- ^ II href n C 62 hyrnet- D || bane ^ || hasewan- A , 
 hasu- C D 68 jeses (from seres) D 64 cuiS heafoc D || grege D 
 66 )>is ^1, )>isne D \\ eig- A^ eg- B || £efer ^ || gieta A, gita D 
 
67-73] 
 
 THE BATTLE OF BRUNNANBURH. 
 
 17 
 
 /olces ge/ylled 
 sweordes ecgum, 
 ealde 2<5witan, 
 70 -E'ngle and Seaxe 
 ofer ^rade irimu, 
 i6'lance ?6*igsmi))as 
 eorlas «rhwate 
 
 be/oran pyssum 
 J)8es pe us s^cgaS bee, 
 
 sij)])aii eastan hider 
 wp becomon 
 ^rytene sohton, 
 TFealas ofercomon, 
 
 eard be.sreaton. 
 
 ^"^ afylled B \\ )>issura A ^8 swurdes C ll secggeaj? B ^^ sy^Jjan B 
 "^ sexan 5, sexe C || upp B C || becoman A B 'i brad A || bretene 
 C, britene D || sohtan A B '''^ weealles A II -coman AB "^^ -hwsete 
 D II begeataN A 
 
NOTES 
 
 MALDON. 
 
 Maldon is situated iu Essex, niiie miles east of Chelmsford. " The 
 town lies on a hill ; immediately at its base flows one branch of the 
 Blackwater, or Panta, while another, still crossed by a mediaeval 
 bridge, flows at a little distance to the north. The Danish ships seem 
 to have lain in the branch nearest to the town, and their crews must 
 have occupied the space between the two streams, while Byrhtnoth 
 came to the rescue from the north. He seems to have halted on the 
 spot now occupied by the church of Hey bridge, having both the 
 streams between him and the town" (Freeman). It was fortified by 
 Edward in 913, strengthened in 920, and in 921 was the scene of a 
 victory over the Danes. Byrhtnoth also had gained a splendid victory 
 here. 
 
 2. The implied subject of het is Byrhtno'S. Of the four words for 
 horse used in the poem, eoh^ hors, mearh, and loicg^ the last two seem 
 to designate the nobler animal (Zernial). E. ear-wig ? 
 
 6. se eorl, i.e. Byrhtnoth himself, to whom alone the poet applies 
 the title eorl. — yrhSo, " cowardice " on the part of his men. 
 
 8. Notice this early mention of falconry. 
 
 10. Hearne has without doubt used too many dots to represent the 
 missing letter ; so also in 1. 33. 
 
 11. Ettmiiller, erroneously, introduces the line by ac (instead of 
 eac) and identifies Eadr'ic with Offan mZeg. — Eadric : the only per- 
 sonage by this name I have been able to discover, was the one sur- 
 named Streona. He was of low birth, but became JESelred's chief 
 favorite. The latter made him Earl of Wilts and gave him Princess 
 Edith in marriage. He afterwards became a deserter (1015) and was 
 killed by Cnut, his new master, in 1017 (cf. Freeman). 
 
 12. beran, cf. 62, 67, 99. 
 
 13. Byrhtnocy, Duke of the East Saxons, besides being a chivalrous 
 military leader, was a great patron of the church. He upheld espe- 
 cially the interests of the newer orders of monks, who believed, among 
 
20 NOTES. 
 
 other things, in the celibacy of the priesthood. King Edgar favored 
 these new orders, and during his reign they increased greatly in 
 strength and numbers. On Edgar's death (957), however, Alfere, 
 Duke of Mercia, expelled the members of the celibate orders from all 
 the monasteries in his jurisdiction ; but iElfwine, Duke of the East 
 Angles, and Byrhtnoth protected them and insisted upon the execu- 
 tion of the laws enacted by Edgar in their favor. — ( )n the first notice 
 of the invasion of Essex, Byrhtnoth collected his army and hastened 
 to give the enemy battle. His first halt was made at Ramsey, where 
 he was not well received. From Ramsey he marched to Ely and was 
 hospitably entertained. In the morning after his arrival, he entered 
 the chapterhouse and gave the monks six manors for their hospitality 
 and nine others on condition that, if it were his lot to fall in battle, he 
 should be buried by them in their church. After this he proceeded to 
 Maldon, where he found the enemy. In spite of their superior num- 
 bers he foiled their attempts for fourteen days. The fifteenth and last 
 day is the subject of our poem. — Byrhtnoth was buried in Ely, with a 
 ball of wax in the place of the head, which had been carried off by the 
 Danes. The tomb was hung about with tapestry celebrating his deeds, 
 and said to have been wrought by his widow, ^ESelflsed. 
 
 The appreciation of the monks is shown in the following extract : 
 Itaque vir iste nobilissimus Northanymbrorum dux fortissimus fuit, 
 qui ob mirabilem sapientiam et corporis fortitudinem, qua se suosque 
 viriliter protegebat, Anglica lingua Alderman . . . . ab omnibus cog- 
 nominabatur. Erat sermone facundus, viribus robustus, corpore 
 maximus, militia et bellis contra hostes regni assiduus, et ultra modum 
 sine respectu et timore moris animosus . . . totus in hoc desiderio posi- 
 tus, ut magis moreretur, quam inultam patriae injuriam pateretur" 
 {Ecclesioe Hist. Eliensis, lib. ii. cap. vi.). 
 
 23. " An English king or ealdorman used his horse only to carry 
 him to or from the field of battle ; in the actual combat the first in 
 rank was bound to share every danger of his lowlier comrades " 
 (Freeman's Norman Conquest, i. 269). 
 
 27. brimluTeiKlra : How intimately connected with the sea the life 
 of the English was we may infer from the number of synonyms for 
 'sailor.' In this poem we find : briinUiSend, brinnnan, flota, ll^man, 
 sailda, samian, sWrinc. 
 
 28. he, i.e. the herald. 
 
 34. speda]? to pmn : Skeat suggests that this phrase is equivalent 
 to "be good for an amount," the whole passage signifying " we need 
 
NOTES. 21 
 
 not destroy one another, if you are rich enough for it" (viz., paying 
 what we demand) (Sweet). 
 40. us, reflexive dative. 
 
 45. The ideas of ' nation ' and ' army ' were in early times convert- 
 ible. Cf. 241. 
 
 46. Bright notes that there is a close parallelism to this reply in 
 Marlowe's Jew of Malta, act ii. sc. 2 • 
 
 Gov. So will we fight it out ; come, let 's away : 
 Proud, daring Calymath, iiisteail of gold, 
 We '11 send thee bullets wrapt in smoke and fire : 
 Claim tribute where thou wilt, we are resolved, 
 Honour is bought with blood and not with gold. 
 
 In this very year, however, ^Selred bought off the invaders with 
 10,000 pounds. 
 
 47. ealde swurd, i.e. swords handed down from our (hero) fathers. 
 59. Although sc, st, sp do not in the best O. E. verse alliterate with 
 
 s, it is possible that the sc in sceole bears the alliteration. 
 
 68. prasse : This obscure word occurs twice in ^Ifric'^s Lives of 
 the Saints (edited by Skeat. E. E. T. S., 1881, 1894). He }>a Decius, 
 se casere, \>a, he for into Efese mid )>rymme and mid prasse, he ^a his 
 heortan ahof swa upp ofer his mse^e swilce he God wsere (106). Hwait 
 ^a Lisinnius mid swiSlicum prasse ferde, o\> ]?set he to >sere byrig com 
 \>3dr se bisceop on wses (165). It is used once by Wulfstan : liwser ys 
 heora ricetere and heora prass and orgol, buton on moldan bel^eaht 
 (148, 32). 
 
 69. se aesch^re, i.e. the forces of the Northmen, the 'ship-army.' 
 74. haeleSa hleo, i.e. Byrhtno'S. 
 
 79. You will see how exactly Wulfstan is like Horatiiis, and ^Ifere 
 and Maccus like Lartius and Herminius in the Lays of Ancient Rome 
 (Freeman, 0. E. Hist. 195). 
 
 80. Maccus is not an O. E. name. Can this be the Maccus, King 
 of the Isles, who is said to have paid homage to King Edgar in 973 ? 
 Cf. 0. E. nist. 175. 
 
 92. Byrhtelmes beam, i.e. Byrhtno^. 
 
 106. The raven, the eagle, and the wolf are in 0. E. poetry the con- 
 stant attendants of the battlefield. Cf. -B. 60. 
 
 113. Wulfmser, the son of ByrhtnoS's sister. Among all the Teu- 
 tonic nations, a sister's son was held to be almost as near to a man as 
 his own children (0. E. Ilist. 179). 
 
 120. 9eoden, i.e. Byrhtno'S; cf. 158. Korner thinks, however, that 
 
22 NOTES. 
 
 ByrhtnotS could scarcely have had an opportunity of expressing his 
 thanks and that ^eoden refers to the king. 
 
 125. feorh ge-wiiinan, cf. 142, reach the life, kill. 
 
 130. nages heard, i.e. one of the Northmen. 
 
 131. beornes, i.e. ByrhtnoS. 
 
 134. sujjcrne giir, a southern dart, i.e. a dart from the south. Cf. 
 note on Maldon. 
 
 172. For the missing half-line Korner suggests hleoi^rode eorl. 
 
 179. This intransitive use of ferian is, according to 8weet, very 
 doubtful. He thinks we should probably read feran. There are other 
 examples of this use ot ferian. Cf. Grein, Sprachsch. 
 
 181. Zernial draws attention to the similarity of the last scene in 
 Beowulf's life to that in ByrhtnoS's. Cf. Beo. 2845-53. 
 
 180. Oddan beam, i.e. Godrlc, Godwine, and Godw'ig. A similar 
 incident occurred two years later when the Danes harried the northern 
 part of Lincolnshire. The people withstood them bravely, but their 
 three leaders, Frsena, FriSegist, and Godwine took flight. 
 
 202-325. Cf. "Death of Patroclus," Iliad, xvii. 
 
 207. oSer t\vega = one of the two. 
 
 209. Bright says : " It is possible that this was ^Ifric, the ealdor- 
 man of Mercia " (Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest, vol. i. p. 
 272, note 4, and Green, Conquest of England, pp. 372 f.). The father 
 of the traitor ^Ifric, ealdorman of Mercia, was -^-Elfhere, whereas the 
 father of the iElf ric of our text was, if ealda f aider mean grandfather, 
 Ealhelm. Bright's conjecture is therefore very doubtful. The^lfric 
 was possibly the one mentioned by Freeman, 0. E. Hist., p. 230: 
 ' ' There (fighting against Cnut) died many and good men . . . jElf ric 
 the Alderman." 
 
 224. Zernial makes CBg'^er, and bear the alliteration. 
 
 244. Cf, 42, 255, and 309. All three parallel expressions are with- 
 out and. Krirner suggests that and is to be struck out here. 
 
 240. Stiinn^re: Leof sunn's home; "a lake or fen in Essex" 
 (Freeman), more probably the mouth or estuary of the Stour (Korner). 
 
 255. Diinnere: Freeman notes that although bom a churl D.'s 
 rank is spoken of without contempt and that his words and deeds 
 place him on a level with the 'noblest of his comrades. 
 
 265. gysel: K()rner asks how ^EscferS can be called a 'hostage,' 
 seeing that Northumberland had been subject to Southern England 
 since 055. 
 
 209. The second e in genehe is probably long ; cf., however, 1. 54. 
 
NOTES. 23 
 
 287. Gaddes ni*g, i.e. Offa. Komer erroneously believes that 
 Gadd was one of the foe ; Zernial suggests that the order of the lines 
 287 and 288 be transposed. The punctuation adopted by Bright re- 
 moves all difficulty. Still Gadd is probably a foreign name. 
 
 300. Wigelines beam, i.e. Wistan; Wigelin (or perhaps Wigeling) 
 being another name for )?urstan. — him, ethical dative, ' for them.' 
 
 304. Oswold : Perhaps Uswold, Archbishop of York. Cf . A. S. 
 Chronicle, 963 and 992. 
 
 320. JE'Sels^r : Father of the brave Godric, and perhaps the abbot 
 mentioned in the A. S. Chronicle (963), who was appointed Abbot of 
 Niwan Mynstre in 964, made bishop in 980, and who succeeded Dun- 
 stan in 988. 
 
 brun:n^anburh. 
 
 2. beah : cf . Wright's OeW, Roman, and Saxon, chap. iv. 
 
 5. Brunnanburh (this spelling for metrical reasons) : The site of 
 the place is still a matter of contention. Ingulph's Chronicle gives a 
 minute account of the battle and locates it at Brunford in North- 
 umbria ; Ethelwerd's Chronicle gives the date 939 and calls the place 
 Brunandune ; Malmesbury's Chronicle calls it Bruneford ; Giles in 
 his Six 0. E. Chronicles gives Brumby in Lincolnshire as the site ; 
 Camden locates it at Broomridge in Northumberland; Florence of 
 Worcester places it on or near the Humber; Thierry {Norman Con- 
 quest) calls it Bamborough ; others place it at Bromborough in 
 Cheshire; Bosworth-Toller's Dictionary locates it "about five miles 
 southwest of Durham, or in the plain between the river Tyne and 
 the Browney "; while Green, Freeman, and Stubbs speak of the "un- 
 known field of battle." Notwithstanding the reasons advanced for 
 Broomborough, — that it is mentioned as the site of a battle between 
 iE^elred and the Danes in 937 and that it is close to the water and so 
 admits of a ready retreat to Dublin, the Danes' place of refuge, — I 
 am inclined to hold with the earlier authorities that it was in North- 
 umbria and near the Humber. Some of the earlier authors call the 
 place Wendune. 
 
 6. liifum : Cf. Scotch lave ; hamora lafum = what is left after the 
 hammers have been at work, sword (Skeat). 
 
 8. oneo= (1) knee, (2) degree of relationship reckoned by 'knees' 
 or limbs. Cf. Schmid, Gesetze der A. S. 548 : In bam briddan 
 cneowe mid Grecum mot man wif niman. 
 
24 NOTES. 
 
 12. feld dennofle : ' The field became slippery with the blood of 
 warriors.' Korner reads dynnede ^ {das Feld) fiirbte sich dunkel; 
 Rieger has /. dynnede s^cga sweotum = the field resounded under the 
 troops of soldiery, i.e. under their movement ; Zupitza would connect 
 it with Mod. Engl, den, and make it = hide, cover. 
 
 24. Myrce ; The Mercians were on JESelstan's side. 
 
 29. cyningas, i.e. under-kings or princes. Cf. Freeman, Growth of 
 the English Constitution., chap. i. 
 
 35. cread : Cf. Paston Letters, iii. 215 : crod in a barwe = pushed 
 along in a wheelbarrow. Cf. also Chaucer's "Man of Law's Tale," 
 296 and 299 (Skeat). 
 
 38. cypjjc : Cf. neither kith nor kin. 
 
 54. Dinges as a proper name is doubtful. Korner translates it 
 dunkel, Jinster. 
 
 55. Dyfldn : Dublin is spelt Devilling in Barbour's Bruce (Skeat). 
 
GLOSS AEY 
 
 [3 and \y appear as tJ ; ae follows a ; <y, t. The normal forms given are 
 taken directly from the text. — means that the word occurs in its glos- 
 sary form. B refers to the Battle of Brunnanburh. Other abbreviations 
 do not require explanation.] 
 
 A. 
 
 a, av., always, ever: 315. 
 a-beodan, sv., announce, declare: 
 
 imp. sg. abeod 49 ; pret. 3 sg. 
 
 abead 27. 
 a-breoSan, sv.,fail: opt. pres. 3 
 
 sg. abreo'Se 242. 
 ac, cj., but : 82, 193, 247, 252, 269, 
 
 318. 
 a-cw^cean, wv., shake: pret. 3 
 
 sg., acwehte 255, 310. 
 a-feallan, rv. , fall : pp. af eallen 
 
 202. 
 a-flyman, wv. , put to flight : pret. 
 
 3 sg. aflymde 243. 
 a-fysan, wv., hasten forth {drive 
 
 away ?) : inf. — 3. 
 agan, anv. , own, have : inf. — 87 ; 
 
 pres. 1 sg. ah 175 ; pret. 3 sg. 
 
 ahte 189. 
 a-getan, wv., destroy, kill: pp. 
 
 ageted B 18. 
 a-gyfan, wv. , give, return : pret. 
 
 3 sg. ageaf 44 ; pp. agyfen 116, 
 a-h^bban, sv. , raise : pret. 3 sg. 
 
 ahof 130, 244 ; 1 pi. (beot) 
 
 ahof on (=boasted, made boast) 
 
 213 ; pp. ahafen 106. 
 
 a-lyfan, wv., allow, grant: inf. 
 
 — 90. 
 a-myrran, wv., mar, wound: 
 
 pret. 3 sg. amyrde 165. 
 an, num. aj., (1) one: asm. anne 
 
 117, 226; (2) (weak) alone: 
 
 nsm. ana 94. 
 and, cj., and. 
 and-lang, aj., livelong, entire: 
 
 asm. andlangne B 21. 
 and-SAvaru, sf . , answer : as. and- 
 
 sware 44. 
 an-gin, sn., undertaking, enter- 
 prise : ns. — 242. 
 an-raed, aj., resolute: nsm. — 44, 
 
 132. 
 ar, sm. , messenger : ns. — 26. 
 ar-hwaet, aj., eager for glory, 
 
 ambitious : npm. arhwate 
 
 B 73. 
 a-sceacan, sv. , shake, brandish : 
 
 pret. 3 sg. asceoc 230. 
 a-s^cgan, wv. , say, tell : pret. 3 
 
 sg. as«de 198. 
 a-sw^bban, wv., put to sleep, 
 
 quiet, kill : pp. aswefede 
 
 B 30. 
 
26 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 aefre, av., ever: 271, B 66. 
 aeftan, av., behind : B 63. 
 sefter, prp. w. dat., after: 65. 
 seg-hwyle, prn., each: nsm. — 
 
 234. 
 aegtJer, 1. -prn., each: nsm. — 133. 
 
 2. cj.jSg^er . . . and, both . . . 
 
 und: 224. 
 ^nig, prn. aj., any : nsm. — 70; 
 
 nsf. — 195. 
 ger, 1. comp. av., sooner, before: 
 
 60, 158, 198, 290. Supl. ^rest 
 
 5, 186; ^rost 124. 2. cj. w. 
 
 opt., ere, before that: 61, 279, 
 
 300. 
 aerende, sn., message: as. — 28. 
 sernan, wv., cause to run, ride, 
 
 gallop: pret. 3 pi. asrndon 191. 
 ges, sn., food, carrion: gs. ieses 
 
 107, B 63. 
 aeso, sm., asJi, spear: as. — 43, 310. 
 aesc-h^re, sm., spear-arnuj, ship- 
 army : ns. — 69. 
 sesc-holt, sn. , spear-shaft : as. — 
 
 230. 
 aet, prp. w. dat., (1) at, in: 10, 
 
 48, 55, 81, 104, 119, 123, 145, 
 
 201, 212, 223, 268, 285, 288, 
 
 307, B 4, 8, 42, 44; (2) of, 
 
 from : 39. 
 aet-foraii, prp. w. dat., before, 
 
 close by : 16. 
 aet-s9mne, av., together: B 57. 
 aetterne, aj., poisonous: nsm. — 
 
 146 ; asm. jittrynne 47. 
 aet-witan, sv. , tiuit, reproach : 
 
 inf. — 220, 250. 
 aeSele, aj., noble: nsm. — 280; 
 
 asm. (w) ae^elan 151 ; nsf. (w) 
 
 — B 16. 
 
 aetJeling, sm., noble, prince: ns. 
 
 — B 3, 58. 
 
 aet^elo, sf. (indecl. insg.), nobility: 
 as. — 216. 
 
 se\visc-mo(l, aj., ashamed, hu- 
 miliated : npm. iewiscmode 
 B 50. 
 
 baldlice, av., boldly: 311. Supl. 
 
 baldlicost 78. 
 bana, wm., murderer: ns. — 299. 
 baee, sn., back: as. ofer — = 
 
 backwards 276. 
 be, prp. w. dat., by: (1) local 
 
 152, 318, 319, big 182. (2) 
 
 causal 9. 
 beadu, sf., battle: ds. beaduwe 
 
 185. 
 beado-weoro, sn., warlike deed: 
 
 gp. beadoweorca B 48. 
 beadu-rjes, sm., rush of battle, 
 
 onset: ns. — 111. 
 beah, sm., ring, bracelet, collar: 
 
 ap. beagas 31, 160. 
 beah-gifa, wm., ring-giver, lord: 
 
 ds. beahgifan 290, ns. — B 2. 
 beam, sn. , child, son : ns. — 92, 
 
 155, 209, 238, 267, 300, 320; 
 
 np. — 186. 
 be-ciiinan, sv., come, pass : pret. 
 
 2 pi. bccomon 58. 
 be-foraii, prp. w. dat., before: 
 
 B 67. 
 begen, num. aj., both: npm. — 
 
 191, 291, 305, B 57 ; apm. — 
 
 182. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 27 
 
 bc-giotau, sv., get, obtain: pret. 
 3 pi. begeaton B 73. 
 
 be-hiiidan, prp. w. dat., behind: 
 B GO. 
 
 b^no, sf., bench: ds. bence 213. 
 
 beon, irrv., be: inf. — 185; 
 eom, I am : 179, 317 ; 2 sg. 
 eart 30; 3 sg. is 31, 223, 233; 
 opt. pres. 3 sg. sy 215; pret. 3 
 sg. waes 23, 75, 76, 103, 104, 
 107, 111, 140, 144, 146, 190, 
 217, 218, 224, 266, 267, 299, 
 301, 310, B 7, 40; pi. WEeron 
 110; opt. 3 sg. wiere 195, 240. 
 
 beorgan, sv., save, protect, pre- 
 serve (w. dat.) : pret. 3 pi. 
 burgon 194, 
 
 beorht, aj., bright: nsf. — B 15. 
 
 beorn, sm., man, retainer, prince: 
 ns. — B 45; gs. beornes 131, 
 160 ; ds. beorne 154, 245 ; as. — 
 270 ; np. beomas 92 ; gp. 
 beorna 257, B 2 ; dp. beornum 
 101 ; ap. beornas 17, 62, 182, 
 277, 305, 311. 
 
 beot, sn., boast: as. — 15,213; 
 on beot = boastfully 27. 
 
 beotian, wv., boast, vow: pret. 3 
 sg. beotode 290. 
 
 beran, sv., bear, carry: inf. — 
 12, 62 ; pret. 3 pi. baron 99 ; 
 opt. pret. 3 pi. beron 67. 
 
 berstan, sv., burst: pret. 3 sg. 
 bserst 284. 
 
 be-slean, sv., cut off, deprive: 
 pp. beslsegen B 42. 
 
 be-standan, sv. , stand by, beside, 
 near: pret. 3 pi. bestodon 68. 
 
 be-swlean, sv., deceive, betray: 
 pp. pi. beswicene 238. 
 
 b^tora, see god. 
 
 be-\vegan, sv., kill, slay: pp. 
 
 bewegen 183. 
 biddan, sv., pray, beseech, en- 
 treat : pret. 3 sg. bad 20, 128, 
 
 170, 257 ; pi. biedon 87, 262, 
 
 306. 
 big, see be. 
 bill, sn. sioord : as. — 162 ; dp. 
 
 billiim 114. 
 bill-gesliht, sn., clasJdng of 
 
 swords, battle : gs. billgeslihtes 
 
 B45. 
 biter, aj., bitter, fierce : nsm. — 
 
 111 ; apm. bitere 85. 
 blanden-feax, aj., gray-headed: 
 
 nsm. — B 45. 
 bliSe, aj., blithe, joyful : comp. 
 
 nsm. bliSra 146. 
 blodig, aj., bloody: asm. blodigne 
 
 154. 
 boc, sf., book: np. bee B 68. 
 boda, wm., messenger, herald: 
 
 vs. — 49. 
 boga, wm., bow: np. bogan 110. 
 bord, sn., shield: ns. — 110; gs. 
 
 bordes 284 ; as. — 15, 42, 131, 
 
 245, 270, 309 ; gp.borda 295 ; 
 
 dp. bordum 101 ; ap. — 62, 283. 
 bord-weall, sm. , ivall of shields, 
 
 testudo, phalanx : as. — 277, 
 
 B5. 
 bosm, sm., bosom: ds. bosme 
 
 B 27. 
 brad, aj., broad : asn. — 15, 163 ; 
 
 apn. brade B 71. 
 breoan, sv. , break : pret. 3 sg. 
 
 brsec 277 ; pp. brocen 1. 
 bregdan, sv., draw, pluck: pret. 
 
 3 sg. bried 154, 162. 
 
28 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 brego, sm., chief, prince: ns. — 
 B 33. 
 
 breost, sn., breast: dp. breos- 
 tuni 144. 
 
 bricg, sf . , bridge : as. bricge 74, 
 78. 
 
 brirg-woard, sm., bridge-guard : 
 ap. bricgweardas 85. 
 
 brim, sn., wave, sea: ap. brimu 
 B 71. 
 
 brim-liSend, sm., seafarer, pi- 
 rate : gp. brimUSendra 27. 
 
 brim-man, sm., sailor, seaman: 
 np. brimmen 295 ; gp. brim- 
 manna 49. 
 
 brother, sm., brother: ns. — 282, 
 B 2 ; np. broSru 191. 
 
 briicaii, sv., use, enjoy (w. gen.): 
 inf. — B 63. 
 
 brun-^ceg, aj., brown-edged: asn. 
 
 — 163. 
 Brunnaii-burli, sf., pr. n.,Brun- 
 
 nanburh (Uurliam?) : as. — B 5. 
 Bryteii, sf., pr. n., Britain: as. 
 
 Brytene B 71. 
 bryttigan, wv., tear, rend: inf. 
 
 — B60. 
 
 bugan, sv., boto, turn, flee: inf. 
 
 — 276 ; pret. 3 pi. bugon 185. 
 burh, sf., city, fortress: as. — 291. 
 bOr-'den, sm., chamberlain: ds. 
 
 burSene 121. 
 bfiton, cj. w. opt., unless: 71. 
 byldan, wv. , encourage, embolden: 
 
 pret. 3 sg. bylde 169, 209, 234, 
 
 320. 
 byre, sm., opportunity: as. — 121. 
 byrne, wf., corselet, coat-of-mail: 
 
 ns.— 144, 284 ; as. byrnan 163. 
 bysig, aj., busy: npm. bysige 
 
 110. 
 
 caf, aj., bold, brave: asm. cafne 
 
 76. 
 caflice, av., bravely, stoutly: 153. 
 cald, aj., cold: asn. — 91. 
 camp, sm., battle: ds. campe B 8. 
 camp-st^de, sm., battle-field: ds. 
 
 — B 29, 49. 
 
 candel, sf., candle: ns. — B 15. 
 ceallian, wv., call: inf. — 91. 
 celled, aj., curved, hollow: asn. 
 
 — 283. 
 
 c^mpa, wm., loarrior : ns. — 119. 
 cene, aj., keen, bold, fierce: nsm. 
 
 — 215 ; apm. — 283 ; comp. 
 nsn. Genre 312. 
 
 ceorl, sm., freeman, man : ns. — 
 
 256 ; ds. ceorle 132. 
 cleofan, sv. , cleave : pret. 3 pi. 
 
 clufon 283, B 5. 
 clypian, wv., call, cry out: pret. 
 
 3 sg. clypode 25, 256. 
 cnear, sm., ship, galley: ns. — 
 
 B35. 
 cneo-mSg, sm., kinsman: dp. 
 
 cneomagum B 8. 
 oniht, sm., youth, knight: ns. — 
 
 9, 153. 
 creodan, sv. , crowd, press : pret. 
 
 3 sg. cread B 35. 
 crincgan, sv., cringe, yield, fall, 
 
 perish: inf. — 292, pret. 3 pi. 
 
 crungon B 10, cruncon 302. 
 oilman, sv., come: pret. 3 sg. 
 
 com (')•") ; pp. cumon 104. 
 oumbol-gohnast, sn., conflict of 
 
 banners, battle: gs. cumbol- 
 
 gehnastes B 49. 
 cnnnian, wv., prove, try: inf. — 
 
 215. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 29 
 
 cweSan, sv., speak: pret. 3 sg. 
 
 cwseS -211, 255. 
 cyning, sm., king : ns. — B 1, 35, 
 
 5b ; np. cyningas B 29. 
 cyiin, sn., kin, family: gs. cyiines 
 
 217, 200; ds. cynne 70. 
 cyrin, sin., noise, shout, uproar: 
 
 ns. — 107. 
 cyiWu, sf., place, native land: 
 
 as. cy-SSe B 38, 58. 
 
 D. 
 
 darotf, sm., dart, spear: as. — 
 
 1411, 255 ; gp. daroSa B 54. 
 daeg, sm., day: as. — li>8, B 21. 
 daeg-weorc, sn., day''s work: gs. 
 
 dsegweorces 148. 
 deelan, wv,, deal, dispense: opt. 
 
 pres. 1 pi. d^lon 33. 
 D^ne, pr. n., Danes: dp. Denon 
 
 129. 
 dennian, \w., become slippery {?): 
 
 pret. 3 sg. dennode B 12. 
 deop, aj., deep : asn. — B 55. 
 deor, sn., (wild) animal: as. — 
 
 B64. 
 dorian, wv., harm, injure (with 
 
 dat.): inf. — 70. 
 Ding, pr. n. : gs. Dinges B 54 ; 
 
 dinges mere, sea of dashinq. 
 dom, sm., (1) judgment, choice: 
 
 as. — 38; (2) glory, honor: 
 
 as. — 129. 
 don, irrv., do: pret. 3 sg. dyde 
 
 280 ; pp. gedon 197. 
 dr^ng, sm., warrior: gp. drenga 
 
 149. 
 dreorig, aj., dreary, sad: nsf. — 
 
 B64. 
 
 drihten, sm., lord, God: ns. — 
 148, B 1 ; gs. Drilitnes B 10. 
 
 dugan, anv. , avail : pres. 3 sg. 
 deah 48. 
 
 dugu'S, sf., benefit, advantage, 
 honor: ds. duguSe 197. 
 
 Dyiiin, pr. n., Dublin: as. — B 55. 
 
 E. 
 
 eao, av., also, moreover : 11, B 2, 
 19, 30, 37. 
 
 eafora, wm., son: np. eaforan B 
 7 ; ap. eaforan B 52. 
 
 eald, aj., old: nsm. — 310, B 40 ; 
 nsm. (w) ealda faeder = grand- 
 father (ancestor ?) 218 ; npm. 
 ealde B 09 ; apn. ealde 47. 
 
 ealdor, sm., prince, lord : ns. — 
 202, 222, 314 ; gs. ealdres 53 ; 
 ds. ealdre, 11. 
 
 ealdor-lang, aj., lifelong: asm. 
 ealdorlangne B 3. 
 
 ealdor-nian, sm. , alderman, mag- 
 istrate: ns. — 219. 
 
 ealgian, wv. , defend : pret. 3 pi. 
 ealgodon B 9. 
 
 eall, aj., all: asn. — (ofer — , 
 everywhere) 250 ; asf. ealle 
 304 ; npm. ealle 03, 203, 207 ; 
 gpm. ealra 174 ; dpm. ealliim 
 210, 233 ; apm. ealle 231, 238, 
 320; apf.eallel9e. av.,aZ/;314. 
 
 eard, sm., home, land, country : 
 as. — 53, 58, 222, B 73. 
 
 ear-gebland, sn., wave-mingling, 
 ocean : as. — B 20. 
 
 earh, aj., cowardly : nsm. — 238. 
 
 earm, sm., arm: as. — 105. 
 
30 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 earn, sm., eagle: ns. — 107; as. 
 
 — 13 03. 
 eiistan, SiV., front the east: B G9. 
 ea-ste(5, sn., river-brink : ds. ea- 
 
 ste«e 63. 
 East-seaxe, sm. pi., pr. n., East- 
 Saxons : g. Eastseaxena 09. 
 ^bba, \vm., ebb: ds. ebban 05. 
 ece, aj., eternal: gsm. eces 
 
 B 10. 
 ^cg, sf . , edge, sword : ns. — 60 ; 
 
 dp. ecgum B 4, 08. 
 efstan, wv., hasten: pret. 3 pi. 
 
 efston 200. 
 ^ft, av., again, afterwards: 49, 
 
 150, 201, B 56. 
 ^llen, sn., valor, courage: as. 
 
 on ellen, boldly 211. 
 embe, vid. ymbe. 
 ^ngel, sm., angel: gp. engla 178. 
 :^ngle, sm. pi., pr. n.. Angles: 
 
 np. — B 70. 
 code, vid. gan. 
 eoh, sm., horse: as. — 189. 
 eored-eyst, sf . , troop : dp. eored- 
 
 cystum B 21. 
 eorl, sm., (1) Danish title equiva- 
 lent to ealdorman : np. eorlas 
 B 31. (2) used of an ealdor- 
 man: ns. —6, 51, 89, 132, 
 146, 203, 233 ; gs. eorles 105 ; 
 ds. eorle 28, 159. (3) warrior: 
 np. eorlas B 73; gp. eorla 
 Bl. 
 eornoste, av., earnestly: 281. 
 eor'ffe, wf., earth: ds. eorSan 107, 
 157, 2.33; as. eorSan 126, 286, 
 303. 
 eSel, sm., native land: as. — 52. 
 
 F. 
 
 faran, sv., go: inf. — 88, 156. 
 faeder, sm., father : ns. — 218. 
 faege, aj., doomed, fated : nsm. 
 
 — 119; gsm. f*ges297; dsm. 
 fiegean 125 ; npm. — 105, B 
 12, 28. 
 
 fa>gere, av., fairly, well: 22. 
 fiChg, st, feud: as. fahtSe 225. 
 faer-sceada, \vm., sudden enemy : 
 
 ds. fierscea'San 142. 
 faiste, Siv., firmly, fast : 21, 103, 
 
 171, 301. 
 faesten, sn., fastness, fort: as. — 
 
 194. 
 faestliee, a,\., firmly, bravely: 82, 
 
 254. 
 faestnian, wv. , confirm : inf. 
 
 — 35. 
 
 feallan, red. v., fall: inf. — 54, 
 
 105 ; pret. 3 sg. feol 126, 303 ; 
 
 feoll 119, 166, 286 ; pi. feollon 
 
 111, B 12. 
 fealo-hilto, aj., fallow-hilted, 
 
 golden-hilted : nsm. — 100. 
 fealu, aj., falloio, dusky, dark: 
 
 asm. fealone B 30. 
 fela, indecl. aj. w. gen., much, 
 
 many: 73, 90. 
 feld, sm., field: ns. — B 12 ; ds. 
 
 felda 241. 
 feoh, sn., [cattle], money, riches: 
 
 as. — 39. 
 feohte, vft, fight: ns. — 103. 
 foohtan, sw, fight : inf. — 10, 261 ; 
 
 pret. 3 sg. feaht 254, 277, 281, 
 
 208. 
 feol-hoard, aj., hard as a file: 
 
 apn. feolliearde 108. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 31 
 
 feond, sm., enemy: ap. fynd 82; 
 
 dp. ft'ondum 103, 20-1. 
 feor, av., far: 3, 57. 
 feorh, sm., (1) life: gs. feores 
 
 200 ; ds. feore 194, 250 ; as. — 
 
 125, 142, 184, B 36 ; (2) spirit, 
 
 soul : gs. feores 317. 
 feorh-hus, sn., body: as. — 
 
 297. 
 feraii. vrv., go: inf. — 41, 221. 
 f^rian, wv., go (?) : inf. — 179. 
 
 Generally carry. • 
 feSa, wm., band of infantry , 
 
 troop : ap. fe-San 88. 
 fif, nnm.., five: npm. fife B 28. 
 findan, sv. , find : pret. 3 pi. fun- 
 don 85. 
 flan (fla), sm., arroiv : gs. flanes 
 
 71 ; ap. — 269. 
 fleam, sm., flight : as. — 81, 254; 
 
 ds. fleame 186, B 37. 
 fleogan, sv.,(l);?y; inf.— 7, 109, 
 
 150; (2) flee: inf. —275. 
 fleon, sv.,flee: inf. — 247 ; pret. 
 
 3 pi. flugon 194. 
 flod, sm. , flood, flood-tide : ns. — 
 
 65, 72 ; as. — B 36. 
 flot, sn., sea : as. — 41, B 35. 
 flota, wm., sailor, pirate: as. flo- 
 
 tan 227 ; np. flotan 72 ; gp. 
 
 flotena B 32. 
 flowan, Tedy.,flow: ptc. flowende 
 
 65. 
 flyht, sm., flight: as. — 71. 
 folc, sn., folk, people, nation, 
 
 army : ns. — 45, 241 ; gs. 
 
 folces 202, B 67 ; ds. folce227, 
 
 259, 323 ; as. — 22, 54. 
 folc-st^de, sm., folk-place, battle- 
 field : ds. — B 41. 
 
 folde, wf., ground, land, country: 
 
 ds. foldan 227 ; as. foldan 54, 
 
 166. 
 folme (folm), wf., palm, hand: 
 
 ds. folman 21, 108, 150. 
 fon, redv., seize, grasp: pret. 3 
 
 sg. w. to, feng 10. 
 for, prp. w. dat., for, on account 
 
 of, because of: 64, 89, 96, 259. 
 
 — Sun, therefore 241. 
 for-bugan, sv., avoid, escape 
 
 from, shun: pret. 3 sg. for- 
 
 beah 325. 
 ford, sm. , ford : as. — 88 ; ds. 
 
 forda 81. 
 for-glfan, sv., give, vouchsafe, 
 
 inflict : pret. 3 sg. forgeaf 139, 
 
 148. 
 for-grindan, sv., grind to pieces, 
 
 mangle, destroy : pp. forgrun- 
 
 den B 43. 
 for-gyldan, sv., requite, pay off: 
 
 opt. pres. 2 pi. forgyldon 32. 
 for-heard, aj., very hard: asm. 
 
 forlieardne 156. 
 for-heawan, redv., cut down, 
 
 slay : pp. forheawen 115, 223, 
 
 288, 314. 
 for-hogian, wv. , despise : pret. 3 
 
 sg. forhogode 254. 
 forhtian, wv., fear, be afraid: 
 
 opt. pret. 3 pi. forhtedon 21. 
 for-l«tan, redv. , let, let go, give 
 
 up, forsake, abandon: inf. — 
 
 2, 208 ; pret. 3 sg. forlet 149, 
 
 156, 187, 321, B 42. 
 forma, supl. a,j.,flrst: asm. for- 
 
 man 77 ; nsm. fyrmest 323. 
 for-mQiii, aj., very many a : nsm. 
 
 — 239. 
 
32 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 forS, av., forth^ forwards, on- 
 wards, still : 3, 12, 150, 170, 
 205, 209, 225, 229, 260, 269, 
 297, B 20. 
 
 for(5-georii, aj., eager to advance, 
 impetuous: nsm. — 281. 
 
 for-wegan, sv., kill, slay: pp. 
 forwegen 228. 
 
 f 6t, sin. , foot : gs. f otes 247 ; dp. 
 futum 119, 171. 
 
 fot-mail, sn., space of a foot: 
 as. — 275. 
 
 fram, prp. w. dat. & inst., from, 
 away from : (1) dat.: 185, 187, 
 193, 252, B 8. (2) inst. : 316. 
 
 fram, av., away: 317. 
 
 franca, wm., javelin, lance: ds. 
 francan 77 ; as. francan 140. 
 
 frea, wm., lord: ds. frean 12, 16, 
 184, 289 ; as. frean 259. 
 
 freod, sf., good-will, peace, truce: 
 ds. freode 39. 
 
 freond, &m., friend: gp. freonda 
 B 41 ; ap. frynd 229. 
 
 fri?J, sm (n)., peace: gs. fri'Ses 
 41 ; ds. friSe 179 ; as. — 39. 
 
 frod, aj., wise, prudent, skillful, 
 old: nsm. — 140, 317 ; nsm. 
 (w.) froda B 37. 
 
 ivy u\i\\,?i]., suppliant :r\Bva.. — 179. 
 
 full, av., full, perfectly, very: 
 153 ; ful 253, 311. 
 
 fur?Jor, av., further, forwards: 
 247. 
 
 ffis, aj., ready, eager: nsm. — 281. 
 
 fyl, sm.,/aZ;, death: as. — 71, 204. 
 
 fylstan, wv. w. dat., help, aid: 
 inf. —265. 
 
 fyrd, sf., campaign, military ex- 
 pedition: ds. fyrde 221. 
 
 fyrd-rine,sm., soldier: ns. — 140. 
 fyniiest, see forma. 
 fysan, wv., speed {an arrow), send 
 forth: pret.3sg. fysde 269. 
 
 gafol, sn., tribute: ds. gafole 32, 
 
 46 ; as. — 61. 
 gan, irrv., go, come: inf. — 247; 
 
 imp. 2 pi. ga'5 93 ; pret. 3 sg. 
 
 eode 132, 159, 225, 297, 323; 
 
 pi. eodon 260 ; opt. 3 pi. eo- 
 
 don 229. 
 gangan, sv., go, march, betake 
 
 one' s self : inf.— 3, 40, 62, 170; 
 
 opt. 2 pi. gangon 56. 
 gar, sm., spear, javelin : ns. — 
 
 296 ; ds. gare 138 ; as. — 13, 
 
 134, 154, 237, 321 ; ap. gilras 
 
 46, 67, 109 ; dp. garum B 18. 
 gar-berend, sm., spear-bearer, 
 
 soldier : np. — 262. 
 gar-niitting, sf., meeting of 
 
 spears, battle: gs. garmittinge 
 
 B50. 
 gar-rais, sm., spear-encounter, 
 
 battle : as. — 32. 
 gast, sm., spirit, soul: ds. giiste 
 
 176. 
 g(e)-ealgean, wv., defend: inf. 
 
 — 52. 
 
 gearo, aj., ready, equipped: nsm. 
 
 — 274 ; npm. gearowe 72, 100. 
 ge-ae<5ele, aj., batting noble birth : 
 
 nsn. — B 7. 
 
 gOi-ba'dan, ^^T., compel, con- 
 strain: pp. gebj^ded B 33. 
 
 go-boorg, sn., defence, safety: 
 ds. gebeorge 31, 131, 245. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 33 
 
 ge-bidan, sv., experience^ meet 
 with: pret. 1 sg. gebful 174, 
 
 go-brtec, sn., breaking^ crashing: 
 ns. — 295. 
 
 ge-bro'ffor, sm., pi. taut., broth- 
 ers: n. — B 57, gebroSru 305. 
 
 ge-camp, sm., battle: ds. ge- 
 campe 153. 
 
 ge-ceosan, sv. , choose : pret. 3 sg. 
 geceas 113. 
 
 ge-crinean, sv., cringe^ fall: 
 pret. 3 sg. gecranc 250, 324. 
 
 ge-cwecJan, sv., speak: pret. 3 
 sg. gecwse'S 168. 
 
 ge-cy(5an, wv., make known, de- 
 clare: inf. — 216. 
 
 ge-earnung, sf., earning, desert 
 {service, favor 9) : ap. geear- 
 nunga 196. 
 
 ge-f?cgan, wv., take, seize: inf. 
 — 160. 
 
 ge-feoht, sn., fight, battle: ds. 
 gefeohte 12, B 28. 
 
 gefeohtan, wv. , win, gain by fight- 
 ing : inf. — 129. 
 
 ge-fera, wm., companion, com- 
 rade : ns. — 280 ; ap. geferan 
 170, 229. 
 
 ge-flyman, wv. , put tofiight : pp. 
 geflymed B 32. 
 
 ge-fortJian, wv. , accomplish : pp. 
 gefor«od 289. 
 
 ge-fyllan, wv., deprive of (w. 
 gen.) : pp. gefylled B 41. 
 
 ge-fyllan, wv., accomplish, effect: 
 pp. gefylled B 67. 
 
 ge-gangan, sv. , obtain : inf. — 59. 
 
 ge-gr^mian, wv., excite, enrage: 
 pp. gegremod 138, gegremode 
 296. 
 
 ge-grindan, wv., grind, s?iar]jen: 
 
 pp. gegrundene 109. 
 ge-hatan, redv., promise: pres. 
 
 1 sg. gehate 246 ; pret. 3 sg. 
 
 gehet 289. 
 gehealdan, redv. , hold : inf. — 167. 
 ge-h^nde, prp. w. dat. , near, by : 
 
 294. 
 ge-hleapan, redv., leap upon (a 
 
 horse), mount: pret. 3 sg. ge- 
 
 hleop 189. 
 ge-hlystan, wv., listen: pret. 3 
 
 pi. gehlyston 92. 
 ge-hwa, prn., each: asm. ge- 
 
 hwaene B 9. 
 ge-hwae?fer, prn. aj., either, both: 
 
 ds. gehwse'Sere 112. 
 ge-hwylc, prn., each, every one: 
 
 ns. — 128, 257. 
 ge-hyran, wv. , hear : pres. 2 sg. 
 
 gehyrst 45 ; pret. 1 sg. gehyrde 
 
 117. 
 ge-laestan, wv., (1) accomplish: 
 
 pret. 3 sg. gel£este 15; (2) help, 
 
 serve (w. dat.) : inf. — 11. 
 ge-l^ttan, wv. , hinder : pret. 3 sg. 
 
 gelette 164. 
 ge-mana, wm. , intercourse, join- 
 ing : gs. gemanan B 40. 
 ge-nianian, wv., admonish, ex- 
 hort: pp. gemanode 231. 
 ge-maelan, wv. , speak : pret. 3 sg. 
 
 gemgelde 230, 244. 
 ge-mot, sn., meeting, assembly, 
 
 concourse: ns. — 301; gs. 
 
 gemotes B 50 ; as. — 199. 
 ge-miinan, anv., remember, bear 
 
 in mind: imp. 2 pi. gemuna'S 
 
 212 ; pret. 3 sg. gemunde 225; 
 
 opt. 3 pi. gemundon 196. 
 
34 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 ge-neat, sm., companion: ns. — 
 
 ;uo. 
 
 ge-nehe, ?iY . ^ frequently : 209. 
 ge-ii^riaii, wv., save: pret. 3 sg. 
 
 geiif^rede B oO. 
 ge-uiiiian, sv. , take^ receive : opt. 
 
 pret. 3 sg. gename 71. 
 geong, aj., young: nsm. — 210, 
 
 (w) geonga 155 ; asm. geongne 
 
 B 44 ; npm. geonge B 29. 
 georii, aj. w. gen., eager for ^ de- 
 sirous of: nsm. — 107 ; npm. 
 
 georne 73. 
 georne, av., eagerly : 84, 123, 200. 
 geornful, aj., eager ^ zealous: 
 
 nsm. — 274. 
 geornlice, av., eagerly: 205. 
 ge-rtecan, wv. , reach : pret. 3 sg. 
 
 gerShte 142, 158, 220. 
 ge-r^dan, wv., advise, counsel: 
 
 pres. 2 sg. ger*dest 30. 
 ge-rfcede, sn., harness, trappings: 
 
 dp. ger^diim 190. 
 ge-renian, wv., adorn: pp. ge- 
 
 renod 101. 
 ge-ryman, wv. , open up (a way) : 
 
 pp. gerymed 93. 
 ge-sceaft, sf., creature: ns. — 
 
 B 10. 
 ge-secan, wv. , seek : inf. — 222 ; 
 
 pret. 3 sg. gesohte 287 ; pi. 
 
 gesohton B 27. 
 ge-s^cgan, wv., say : pret. 3 sg. 
 
 gesJbde 120. 
 ge-s^llan, wv., give, give up: 
 
 pret. 3 sg. gesealde 188; pi. 
 
 gesealdon 184. 
 ge-seman, wv., reconcile: inf. — 
 
 00. 
 ge-seon, sv., see: pret. 3 pi. ge- 
 
 sawon 203. 
 
 ge-slean, sv., win, gain by fight- 
 ing : pret. 3 pi. gesldgon B 4. 
 ge-staiidan, sv., stand: inf. — 
 
 171. 
 ge-syrwan, wv., arm, equip: 
 
 pp. gesyrwed 159. 
 ge-toht, sn., battle: ds. getohte 
 
 104. 
 ge-trymman, wv. , prepare, array, 
 
 draw up: pp. getrymmed 22. 
 ge-Sane, sn., thought, purpose: 
 
 as. — 13. 
 ge-(k)lian, wv., suffer, allow: 
 
 inf. — 0. 
 ge-Srang, sn., throng, crowd: ds. 
 
 ge^range 299. 
 ge-unnan, anv., give, grant (gen. 
 
 of thing, dat. of pers.) : opt. 
 
 pres. 2 sg. geunne 170. 
 ge-wadan, sv., go: pret. 3 sg. 
 
 gewod 157. 
 ge- weald, sn., power, keeping: 
 
 as. — 178. 
 ge-wlnn, sn. , battle, contest : ds. 
 
 gewinne 248, 302 ; as. — 214. 
 ge-winnan, sv., win: inf. — 125. 
 ge-'\A'Ttan, sv., go, withdraw, re- 
 treat: pret. 3 sg. gewat 72, 
 
 150, B 35 ; pi. gewiton B 53. 
 ge-wrecan, sv. , avenge : inf. 208, 
 
 203. 
 ge-wundian, wv., wound: pp. 
 
 gewundod 135. 
 ge-Avyrcan, wv., work: inf. — 
 
 81 {— ncixiu = take flight), 2CA. 
 glidan, sv., glide: pret. 3 sg. 
 
 glad B 15. 
 gnornian, wv., grieve, mourn: 
 
 inf. — 315. 
 God, sni., God: ns. — 94; gs. 
 
 Codes B 15 ; as. — 202. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 35 
 
 god, aj., good: nsm. — 315 ; dsin. 
 
 godum 4 ; asm. (\v.) godan 187 ; 
 
 asn. — lo, 237 ; apm. gode 
 
 170. Comp. betera: nsm. — 
 
 (lord) 27(3 ; nsn. betere 31 ; 
 
 npm. beteran B -48. 
 god, sii., good, benefit, happiness: 
 
 gs. godes 17(3. 
 gold, sn., gold: ds. golde 35. 
 gram, aj., fierce, hostile: npm. 
 
 grame 202 ; dpm. gramum 100. 
 griedig, aj., greedy: asm. gr^- 
 
 digne B (34. 
 graeg,aj., gray: asn. (w.)gr^ge B 
 
 64. 
 greot, sn. , dust, earth : ds. greote 
 
 315. 
 grim, ?i]., grim, fierce: nsm. — 61. 
 gri?f, sn. , peace : as. — 35. 
 grund, sm. , ground, plain, earth : 
 
 as. — 287 ; ap. grundas B 15. 
 gryre-Ieo'5, sn., song of terror: 
 
 gp. gryreleo'Sa 285. 
 guma, wm., man: ns. — B 18 ; 
 
 vp. gum an 94 ; gp. gumena 
 
 B50. 
 gfi^f, sf., war, battle: gs. gu'Se 
 
 192 ; ds. gu«e 13, 94, 187, 285, 
 
 296, 321, B 44 ; as. givSe 325. 
 gu^-hafoc, sm., warhaivk, eagle: 
 
 as. — B 64. 
 gu3-ploga, wm., war-play, battle: 
 
 ns. — 61. 
 gfu3-rinc, sm., warrior: ns. — 138. 
 gjrf, cj. w. ind., if: 36, 196; 
 
 gif 34. 
 gylpan, wv. w. gen., boast: inf. 
 
 — B44. 
 gylp-Avord, sn., boastful word: 
 
 dp. gylpwordum 274. 
 
 gyman, wv. w. gen., care for: 
 pret. 3 pi. gymdon 192. 
 
 gysel, sm., hostage: ns. — 265. 
 
 gyst, sm., guest, stranger: np. 
 gystas 86. 
 
 gyt, av., yet, still: 168, 273. 
 
 gyta, av. , yet : B 66. 
 
 H. 
 
 habban, wv. , have : inf. — 236 ; 
 
 pres. 2 i^g. hafast 231 ; 3 sg. 
 
 hsefS 237; pret. 3 sg. lia^fde 
 
 13, 22, 121, 289. 
 hafenian, wv., raise, lift: pret. 3 
 
 sg. bafeuode 42, 309. 
 hafoe, sm., hawk: as. — 8. 
 hal, aj., sound, safe: npm. bale 
 
 292. 
 hals, sm., neck: as. — 141. 
 ham, sm. , home : ds. hame 292 ; 
 
 as. — 251 ; ap. liamas B 10. 
 hamor, sm., hammer : gp. liamora 
 
 B6. 
 hand, sf.,(l) hand: as. — 141 ; ds. 
 
 lianda 149; dp. handum4, 14; 
 
 handon 7; (2) side : ds. — 112. 
 hand-plega, wm. , hand-play, 
 
 battle : gs. handplegan B 25. 
 bar, aj., hoary, gray: nsm. — 
 
 169, B 39. 
 baso-pad, aj., having a gray gar- 
 ment: asm. (w.) basopadan 
 
 B 62. 
 batan, redv., (1) order, command: 
 
 pret. 3 sg. bet 2, 62, 74, 101 ; 
 
 pi. beton 30; (2) call, name: 
 
 pp. baten 75, 218. 
 ba'le(5, sm., man, warrior, hero: 
 
 np. — 214, 249; gp. bsele-Sa 
 
 74, B 25. 
 
36 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 hse^en, a,j.yJieatJien : npm. bajSene 
 
 55, 181. 
 he, heo, hit, 3 pers. prn. , he, sfie, 
 
 it: nsm. he 7 ; gs. his 11 ; ds. 
 
 him 7 ; as. hine 164, 181 ; up. 
 
 hi 19; gp. hyra 70, heora B 
 
 47 ; dp. him 60, 197, 198, 265 ; 
 
 ap. hi 127, 209, 320 ; asf. hi 
 
 180 ; nsn. liit 60, 137. 
 healdan, redv., hold, keep, pre- 
 serve: hif. 14, 19, 74, 102, 236 ; 
 
 opt. pret, 3 pi. heoldon 20, — 
 
 \v. gen. inf. — 41. 
 healf, sf., half, side: ds. healfe 
 
 152, 318. 
 heall, sf . , hall : ds. healle 214. 
 heanlic, aj., shameful, disgrace- 
 ful : nsn. — 55. 
 heard,- aj., hard, sharp, severe, 
 
 dire, bold, stout: nsm. — 130; 
 
 gsm. heardes B 25 ; gsn. 
 
 heardes 266 ; asm. heardne 
 
 167, 236; asf. hearde 33; 
 
 comp. nsm. heardra 312. 
 heardlice, av., bravely, stoutly: 
 
 201. 
 hearm, sm., harm, grief: gp. 
 
 hcarnia 223. 
 heaO'o-lind, sf., war-linden, 
 
 shield: ap. hea'Solinda B 0. 
 heawan, redv., hew, cut, slay: 
 
 pret. 3 sg. heow 324; pi. 
 
 heowon 181, B 0, 23. 
 h^l-scea(5a, wm. , hell-fiend, devil : 
 
 np. h^lsceaSan 180, 
 heofon, sm., heaven: dp. heofen- 
 
 um 172. 
 heoiioii, av., hence: 240. 
 h<'(>rra, wm., lord: ns. — 204. 
 heorto, wf., heart: ns. — 312; 
 
 ds. heoitan 145. 
 
 heor?J-geneat, sm., hearth-com- 
 panion, retainer: np. heorS- 
 geneatas 204. 
 
 heorS-werod, sn. , band of hearth- 
 retainers : as. — 24. 
 
 her, av., here, at this time: 30, 51, 
 241, 243, 314, B 1. 
 
 h^re, sm., army (Danish) : ds. — 
 292 ; gs. herges B 31. 
 
 h^re-flyma, wm., fugitive from 
 battle, deserter : ap. hereflynian 
 B 23. 
 
 h^re-geatu, sf., military equip- 
 ment, arms : as. — 48. 
 
 h^re-laf, sf., remnant of an army: 
 dp. herelafum B 47. 
 
 h^ttend, sm., enemy: np. — B 10. 
 
 hiegan, wv., think, trust: iiif. — 4. 
 
 hider, av., hither: 57, B 09. 
 
 hige, sm., heart, mind: ns. — 
 312 ; ds. — 4. 
 
 hild, sf., battle: ds. hilde 8, 48, 
 55, 123, 223, 288, 324 ; as. 
 hilde 33. 
 
 hilde-rinc, sm., warrior: ns. — 
 109, B 38. 
 
 hiiidan, av.,/ro?n behind, behind: 
 B 23. 
 
 hirediiiaii, sm., household retain- 
 er : np. hiredmen 201. 
 
 hlaford, sm., lord, ruler: ns. — 
 135, 189, 224, 240 ; ds. hlaforde 
 318. 
 
 hliiford-leas, aj., without a lord: 
 nsm. — 251. 
 
 lUeo, sn., (shelter) protector: ns. 
 — 74. 
 
 hiihhaii, sv., laugh: inf. — B 47 ; 
 l)rct. 3 sg. Idoli 147. 
 
 hogiaii, wv., (1) think, consider.-' 
 pret. 3 pi. hogodon 123 ; opt. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 3T 
 
 pret. 3 sg. hogode 128 ; (2) w. 
 gen., ivish: pret. 3 sg. hogode 
 
 133. 
 hold, a]., faithful, devoted: asii. 
 
 (supl.) lioldost 24. 
 holt, sn. , loood, grove : gs. holtes 8. 
 hord, sm. (n.), hoard, treasure: 
 
 as. — B 10. 
 hors, sn., horse: as. — 2. 
 hra, sm.(n.), corpse: ap. — B60. 
 hraefn, sm., raven: as. — B 61; 
 
 np. liremmas 106. 
 hream, sm., cry, noise, tumult: 
 
 ns. — 106. 
 hrem, see hraefn. 
 hreman, wv., w. gen., boast, ex- 
 ult: inf. — B 39. 
 hreniig, aj., exultant, boasting 
 
 (w. gen.) : npni. liremige B 59. 
 hring, sm., ring: ap. hringas 
 
 101. 
 hring-Ioca, wm. , corselet (formed 
 
 of rings) : ap. hringlocan 145. 
 hii, av., how: 19. 
 hwa, hwaet, pm., (1) interr., loho, 
 
 what: nsm. liwa 95, 124, 215 ; 
 
 asn. hwset 45; hwset, interj., 
 
 to ! what I 231. (2) indef . , some 
 
 one, one, certain one: nsm. 
 
 hwa 71 ; asm. hy\^8ene 2. 
 hwsenne, av., wJien: 67. 
 hwn, sf., while, time: as. hwile 
 
 14, 83, 235, 272, 304 ; dp. as 
 
 av. hwilon 270. 
 hwTt, aj., white: asm. [!] — B 63. 
 hynan, \r^^, (1) afflict, ill-use: 
 
 inf. — 180 ; (2) fell : pret. 3 sg. 
 
 hynde 324. 
 hjTned-n^bb, aj., horny-beaked: 
 
 asm. (w.) hyrnednebban B 62. 
 
 hyse, sm., boy, youth, warrior: 
 ns. — 152 ; gs. hysses 141 ; 
 np. hysas 123, hyssas 112 ; gp. 
 hyssa 2, 128 ; ap. hyssas 169. 
 
 ic, 1 pers. prn., 7; ns. — 117 ; gs. 
 
 min 177, 218 ; ds. me 55 ; as. 
 
 me 29 ; np. we 61 ; gp. ure 
 
 234 ; dp. us 39, 93 ; ap. us 34, 
 
 60. 
 ig-land, sn., island: is. iglande 
 
 B m. 
 
 in, av., in: 58, 157. 
 
 m-^\dtta, wm,, enemy, foe: ns. 
 
 — B46. 
 
 ira-land, sn. pr. n., Ireland: as. 
 
 — B56. 
 
 iren, sn. , iron, sword : ns. — 253. 
 
 laf, sf . , remnant, rest : ns. daro^a 
 laf , ' leavings of darts, surviv- 
 ors,' B 54 ; dp. hamora lafum, 
 ' leavings of hammers, swords,' 
 B6. 
 
 lagii-streain, sm., ocean-stream, 
 river : np. lagustreamas 66. 
 
 land, sn., land, country: gs. lan- 
 des 90, 275 ; ds. lande 99 ; as. 
 — B 9, 27, 59. 
 
 lang, aj., long, tall: nsn. — 66; 
 m.(w.) langa 273. 
 
 lange, av., long: comp. leng 171. 
 
 last, sm. , track, footprint : as. — 
 B22. 
 
 la?J, aj., hateful, hostile: dsf. 
 latere 90 ; npm. la'iSe 86 ; gi^m. 
 la«ra B 9 ; dpni. la^"um B 22 ; 
 comp. asn. la'Sre 50. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 Ifcedan, wv., lead: inf. — 88. 
 liBran, wv., teach, ezhort: pret. 3 
 
 sg. lierde 311. 
 lierig, sm., border, rim (of a 
 
 sliield) : ns. — 284. 
 l^tan, redv,, let: pret. 3 sg. let 
 
 7, 140 ; pi. letoii 108, B 60. 
 l^cgan, \w., {lay) follow (w.dat.): 
 
 pret. 3 pi. legdon B 22. 
 l^ng, see lange. 
 leoda (leode), sf. pi., people: np. 
 
 leode B 11 ; dp. leodum 50, 
 
 leodon 23 ; ap. leoda 37. 
 leof, aj., dear, beloved, favorite: 
 
 dsni. (s.) leof an 319; asm. 
 
 leofne 7, 208; nsn. supl. 
 
 leofost 23. 
 licgan, sv. , lie, lie dead : inf. — 
 
 319 ; pres. 3 sg. lige^ 222, li« 
 
 232, 314 ; pret. 3 sg. Iseg 157, 
 
 204, 227, 294, B 17, leg 276 ; 
 
 pi. lagon 112, 183, B 28 ; opt. 
 
 pret. 3 sg. l«ge 279, 300. 
 lid, sn., ship: gs. lides B 27, 
 
 34. 
 lid-man, sm., sailor, pirate: np. 
 
 lidmen 99 ; gp. lidmanna 164. 
 lif, sn., Ufe: as. —208. 
 lihtan, wv., alight: pret. 3 sg. 
 
 lihte 23. 
 lind, sf., linden-shield, shield: as. 
 
 linde 244 ; ap. linde 99. 
 lucan, sv., intertwine, close up: 
 
 pret. 3 pi. lueon (jG. 
 lysan, wv., redeem, deliver: inf. 
 
 — 37. 
 lytegian, wv., dissemble, act cun- 
 ningly : inf. — 86. 
 lyt<'I, aj., little, small: isn. lytle 
 
 B34. 
 
 lytlian, vrv., become less, dimin- 
 ish: pres. 3 sg. lytlaS 313. 
 
 M. 
 
 ma, comp. av., more: B 46 ; in- 
 decl. comp. aj. w. gen., more: 
 n. — 195. 
 
 magan, anv., may, can, be able: 
 pres. 3 sg. mseg 215, 315 ; pret. 
 3 sg. mihte 9, 14, 64, 70, 124, 
 167, 171 ; opt. pres. 3 sg. mgege 
 235. 
 
 man, sm., man: ns. — 147, 239 ; 
 ds. men 125, 319; as. — 77, 
 243 ; np. men 105, 206 ; gp. 
 manna 195 ; indefn. one : ns. 
 
 — 9. 
 
 manian, wv., exhort, warn: inf. 
 
 — 228. 
 
 manig, aj., many, many a: nsm. 
 
 mtenig 282, mi^tnig B 17 ; asm. 
 
 manigne 243, maenigne 188 ; 
 
 apn. nianega 200. 
 niara, see miccel. 
 maiJelian, wv., speak, harangue: 
 
 pret. 3 sg. mat>elode 42, 309. 
 maeg, sm., kinsman: ns. — 5, 
 
 114, 224, 287 ; gp, maga B 40. 
 maegen, sn., strength, force: ns. 
 
 — oio. 
 
 m*l, sf., time speech: ap. msela 
 
 212. 
 mteldan, wv., speak: pret. 3 sg. 
 
 mSldc 26, 43, 210. 
 mtere, aj., glorious, splendid: 
 
 nsm. — B 14. 
 niiT'st, see miccel. 
 ma'fl', sf., due measure, right: us. 
 
 — 195. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 39 
 
 mearh, sm., horse: ds. nieare 
 
 239 ; as. mear 188. 
 mece, sm., sivord: as. 167, 236; 
 
 gp. meca B 40; dp. mecuin B 24. 
 nieodii, sn., mead: ds. iiieodo 
 
 212. 
 m^re, sm., mere, sea: as. — B 54. 
 Metod, sm., Creator, Lord: vs. 
 
 — 175 ; ds. Metode 147. 
 metJel-st^de, sm. , place of asseiii- 
 
 bly: ds. — 199. 
 
 miecel, aj., great: gsn. miccles 
 217 ; comp. mara : nsn. mare 
 B 65 ; supl. miest : nsn. — 223 ; 
 asf. mffiste 175. 
 
 micele, av., much: 50. 
 
 niid, prp. w. dat., ivith, together 
 with (nearly equivalent to 
 and) : 51, B 47 ; along with, 
 together with: 76, 79, 191, 
 B 26 ; among : 23 ; with (of 
 things) : 40, 56 ; forming adv. 
 expressions of manner: 68, 
 179, B 37 ; expressing instru- 
 mentality, by, through, with: 
 14, 21, 32, 77, 101, 114, 118, 
 124, 126, 136, 138, 226, 228. 
 
 milde, aj., mild, merciful: vsm. 
 
 — 175. 
 
 pm. a]., my, mine: gsm. 
 
 mines 53 ; dsm. minum 176, 
 
 318 ; asm. minne 248, asf. 
 
 mine 216. 
 mod, sn., mood, courage: ns. — 
 
 313. 
 modelice, av., boldly, bravely: 
 
 200. 
 modig, aj., spirited, resolute, 
 
 brave: nsm. modi 147; npm. 
 
 morgen-tid, sf., morning-time: 
 
 as. — B 14. 
 motan, anv., be allowed, may, 
 
 must : pres. 2 sg. most 30 ; 3 pi. 
 
 moton 180 ; pret. 3 sg. moste 
 
 272 ; pi. moston 83, 87, 263 ; 
 
 opt. pres. 3 sg. mote 95, 177. 
 murnan, sv., care, mourn (w. for): 
 
 inf. — 259 ; pret. 3 pi. nuirnon 
 
 96. 
 mylen-scearp, aj., ground sharp: 
 
 dpm. mylenscearpum B 24. 
 Myrce, pi. pr. n., Mercians: n. 
 
 — B 24 ; d. Myrcon 217. 
 
 na, av., no, not, nor (strengthens 
 
 ne) : 21, 258, 268, 325. 
 nama, wm., name: ns. — 267. 
 nan, prn., not one, none: dsm. 
 
 nanum B 25. 
 naegled-cnearr, sm., nailed ship: 
 
 dp. nsegledcnearrum B 53. 
 nses = ne wees, was not : 325. 
 ne, av., not: 21, 34, 48, 59, 70, 
 
 etc. 
 ne, cj., nx)r: 259, B 46. 
 nede, av. , of necessity : B 33. 
 neh, av., near, at hand: 103. 
 nellan = ne willan, wv. , will not, 
 
 be unwilling : pres. 1 sg. nelle 
 
 246; pret. 3 sg. nolde 6, 9, 
 
 275 ; pi. noldon 81, 185, 201. 
 neotan, sv., w. gen., use: inf. — 
 
 308. 
 niman, sv., take, take away: inf. 
 
 39, 252. 
 nor9, av., north: B 38. 
 NorSerne, aj.. Northern, Danish : 
 
 nsm. B 18. 
 
40 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Nor(5-hynibre, sm, j)!., \)V. n., 
 
 Northumbrians: d. NorShyiii- 
 
 bron 200. 
 NorTf-man, sm., pr.ii., Northman^ 
 
 Bane: up. Noi-Siiien B 53 ; gj?. 
 
 NorSinanna B 33. 
 nil, 1. av., now: 93, 175, 215, 
 
 316 ; 2. cj., now that, since: 
 
 57, 222, 232, 250. 
 
 O. 
 
 of, prp. w. dat., o/, from: 7, 108, 
 149, 150, 154, 162, 221. 
 
 ofer, pip. w. ace, over: 88, 91, 
 97, 98, 256, 276, B 15, 19, 26, 
 55, 71. 
 
 ofer, sm., shore, hank: ds. of re 28. 
 
 ofer-cuiiian, sv., overcome: pret. 
 3 pi. ofercoinon B 72. 
 
 ofer-mod, sn., over-confidence, 
 courage: ds. ofermode 89. 
 
 of-sceotan, sv. , shoot down : pret. 
 3 sg. ofsceat 77. 
 
 ofstlice, av., quickhj, hastily: 143. 
 
 oft, av., oft, often: 188, 212, 296, 
 321, B 8. 
 
 on, prp. \v. dat., ace, inst., on. 
 (1) dat. denoting rest upon, on: 
 25, 28, 63, 107, 112, 153, 157, 
 213, 227, 233, 239, 240, 241, 
 279, 292, 293, 300, 315, B 27, 
 29, 43, 49, 51, and with inst. 
 B 06 ; place, etc., in, at: 144, 
 174, 186, 190, 199, 214, 248, 
 273, 299, 302, 324, B 41, 65; 
 among: 217, 227, 260; w. 
 verbs of gaining, depriving, of, 
 from: 125, 129, 142; subject 
 against which action is direct- 
 ed, upon: 269, 264, 278 ; form- 
 
 ing av. of manner: 171. (2) 
 ace. expressing motion, on, 
 upon, to: 41, 78, 126, 163, 194, 
 270, 286, 303, 322, B 22, 35, 
 36, 54; into: 58, 291, B 38; 
 into (one's power): 178; of 
 time, on, in, at: B 14 ; accord- 
 ing to : 38 ; forming av. of 
 maimer: 27, 211 ; of time: 198. 
 
 on-cna^van, redv. , know: inf. — 9. 
 
 on-cwe<5an, sv., reply i answer: 
 pret. 3 sg. oncwseS 245. 
 
 on-emn, prp. w. dat., besides, 
 near: 184. 
 
 on-findan, SY.,find out, discover, 
 learn : pret. 3 sg. onfunde 5. 
 
 on-fon, redv., receive: pret. 3sg. 
 onfeng 110. 
 
 on-gean, prp. w. dat., against: 
 100. 
 
 on-gean, av,, back, again, in re- 
 ply: 49, 137, 156. 
 
 on-ginnan, sv., begin, attempt: 
 pret. 3 sg. ongan 12, 17, 89, 
 91, 228, 265 ; pi. ongunnon 86, 
 261. 
 
 on-gitan, sv., perceive: pret. 3 
 pi. ongeaton 84. 
 
 ord, sm., (1) point (of a weapon) : 
 ns. — 60, 146, 157, 253 ; ds. 
 orde 124, 226 ; as. — 47, 110. 
 (2) front, line of battle : ns. — 
 69 ; ds. orde 273. 
 
 o<5, cj., until: B 16 ; o'S -Sset 278, 
 324. 
 
 o'fl'or, prn., other, another: nsm. 
 282 ; ds. oNrum 64, 70, 133 ; 
 as. oSerne 143, 234 ; either 
 (one of two) : asn. — 207. 
 
 o'ffiJe, cj., or: 208, 292. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 41 
 
 Panta, wm.,pr.n., Panta, Black- 
 water (Essex) : as. Pantan (38, 
 97. 
 
 plegian, \vv., play, fight: pret. 3 
 pi. plegodon B 52. 
 
 prass, sin., pomp, proud array 
 (?) : ds. prasse 68. 
 
 R. 
 
 rand, sm., border, shield: ap. 
 
 raudas 2S). 
 (h)ra<5e, av., quickly: 30, 164, 
 
 288. 
 r^daii, wv., advise, counsel: pret. 
 
 3 sg. riedde 18. 
 reaf, sn., raiment, armor: ap. 
 
 — 161. 
 recan, wv., reck, care for (w. 
 
 gen.) : pret. 3 pi. rohton 260. 
 rice, aj., rich, powerful, mighty : 
 
 supl. nsm. ricost 36. 
 ricene, av., quickly, at once: 93. 
 ridan, sv., ride: inf. — 291; pret. 
 
 3 sg. rad 18, 239. 
 riht, aj., right, proper: nsn. — 
 
 190. 
 rilite, av., rightly: 20. 
 rinc, sm., man, warrior: dp. rin- 
 
 cum 18. 
 
 S. 
 
 sacu, sf., strife, war, battle: ds. 
 
 ssecce B 4, 42. 
 salowig-pad, aj., dark-coated: 
 
 asm. (w.) salowigpadan B 61. 
 sawul, sf., soul: ns. — 177. 
 seed, aj. w. gen., sated, weary: 
 
 nsm. — B 20. 
 
 sai-lida, wm., seafarer, pirate: 
 
 vs. — 45 ; as. sSlidan 286. 
 s^-nian, sm., seaman: np. ssb- 
 
 men 29 ; dp. saimammin 38, 
 
 278. 
 sse-rinc, sm., seaman, marine: 
 
 ns. — 134. 
 sceaft, sm., shaft: ns. — 136. 
 scealc, sm., man, rogue: np. 
 
 scealcas 181. 
 seeard, aj., w. gen., deprived of, 
 
 bereft of: nsm. — B 40. 
 sceatt, sm., treasure, tribute: dp. 
 
 sceattum 40, 56. 
 sceotaii, sv., shoot: pret. 3 sg. 
 
 sceat 143, 270 ; pp. scoten B 
 
 19. 
 see3, sf., sheath: ds. sce'Se 162. 
 scip-flota, wm. , sailor : np. scip- 
 
 flotan B 11. 
 scir, aj., bright, limpid, clear: 
 
 asn. — 98. 
 Scottas, sm. pi., pr.n., Scots: gp. 
 
 Scotta B li; 32. 
 scufan, sv. , shove, push : pret. 3 
 
 sg. sceaf 136. 
 sculan, anv., shall: pres. 3 sg. 
 
 sceal 60, 252, 312, 313 ; 2 pi. 
 
 sceole 59 ; 3 pi. sceolon 54, 
 
 220; pret.' 3 sg. sceolde 16; 
 
 pi. sceoldon 19, 105, 291, 307. 
 scyld, sm., shield: ds. scylde 136 ; 
 
 as. — B 19 ; ap. scyldas 98. 
 scyld-burh, sf . , shield-defense, 
 
 testudo, phalanx : ns. — 242. 
 seyp, sn., ship: ds. scype 40, 56. 
 Scyttisc, aj., Scottish: nsm. — 
 
 B 19. 
 se (se), seo, <5aet, dem. prn. and 
 
 def. art., this, that, the, he. 
 
42 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 she^ it: nsm. se 6, 9, se 27, 75, 
 
 etc. ; f . seo 104, 144 ; n. -Sset 76, 
 
 223, 325; gsm. -Saes 131, 141; 
 
 f . 'Sffire 95 ; gsn. "Sses 8, 148 ; 
 
 dsf . «£ere 8, 220 ; n. "Sam 10, 34, 
 
 35, 03, 64 ; asn. -gone 19, 77 ; 
 
 f . «a 14, 48 ; n. ««t 22, 102 ; 
 
 inst. -Se 146, 312, 313, -Sy B 46 ; 
 
 npm. Sa 72, 96 ; gi^m. -Sara B 
 
 26 ; f . -Sgera 174 ; dpm. -Sam 40, 
 
 278 ; 11. 100 ; apin. "Sa 82, 145 ; 
 
 f. 106. Sses, cj., since^ after: 
 
 B 51 ; «ses 'Se, as far as B 68. 
 Seaxe, sm., pi. pr. n., Saxons: 
 
 n. — B 70. 
 secan, wv. , seek : inf. — B 55 ; 
 
 pret. 3 pi. sohtoii 193, B 58, 71. 
 s^cg, sm., man, warrior, hero: 
 
 ns. — 159, B 17 ; gp. secga B 
 
 13 ; ap. s^cgas 208. 
 s^cgan, wv., say, tell, ascribe: 
 
 inf. — 30 ; pres. 3 sg. sege-S 45 ; 
 
 pi. secga'S B 68 ; pret. 3 sg. 
 
 s£ede 147 ; imp. 2 sg. sege 60. 
 s^ndan, wv., send: inf. — 30; 
 
 pret. 3 sg. sende 134 ; pi. 
 
 sendon 29. 
 seofon, num., seven: npm. seof- 
 
 ene B 30. 
 sell, sn., seat, throne: ds. setle 
 
 B 17. 
 sigan, sv., sink: pret. 3 sg. sah 
 
 B 17. 
 sine, sn., treasure: as. — 59. 
 sinc-gj'fa, win., giver of treasure, 
 
 patron, lord: as. sincgyfan 278. 
 singan, sv., sing: pret. 3 sg. 
 
 sang 284. 
 sr<!(iaii, wv., go: inf. — 177 ; opt. 
 
 pres. 1 sg. sIcNie 251. 
 
 sitrUan, cj., after, since: B 13, 69. 
 slean, sv., slay, smite, strike: 
 
 pret. 3 sg. sldh 163, 285 ; opt. 
 
 pret. 3 sg. sloge 117. 
 snell, aj., active, bold: npm. 
 
 snelle 29. 
 softe, av., softly, easily: 59. 
 spedan, wv., accede, agree: pres, 
 
 2 pi. spedaS 34. 
 
 spell, sn., story, message: as. — 
 
 50. 
 spere, sn., spear: as. — 137 ; ap. 
 
 spern 108. 
 spillau, wv. , destroy : inf. — 34. 
 sprecan, sv., speak: pret. 3 sg. 
 
 sprsec 211, 274 ; pi. spr^con 
 
 200, 212. 
 spr^ngan, wv., cast, hurl: pret. 
 
 3 sg. sprengde 137. 
 springan, sv., spring, bound: 
 
 pret. 3 sg. sprang 137. 
 standan, sv. , stand : inf. — 19 ; 
 
 pres. 3 sg. stynt 51 ; pret. 3 
 
 sg. stod 25, 28, 145, 152, 273 ; 
 
 pi. stodon 63, 72, 79, 100, 127, 
 
 182, 301. 
 sta;(5, sn., shore, bank: ds. stae^e 
 
 25. 
 st^do, sm. , stead, place : as. — 19. 
 st^dc-ftest, aj., steadfast, firm: 
 
 npm. stedefcEste 240, stsede- 
 
 faeste 127. 
 stefta, sm., prow : ds. stefne B 34. 
 stemnettan, wv., resist, stand 
 
 firm: pret. 3 pi. stemnetton 
 
 122. 
 st^ppan, sv., step, go: pret. 3 sg, 
 
 stop 8, 78, 131. 
 stilitan, wv., incite: pret. 3 sg, 
 
 stihte 127. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 43 
 
 stingan, sv., sting, stab, pierce: 
 
 pret. 3 sg. stang 138. 
 sti(>", aj., severe, fierce : iisii. — 301. 
 sti'd-hicgeiid, aj., fierce-minded : 
 
 npm. stiMiicgeiide 122. 
 stTfflice, av., boldly, fiercely : 25. 
 stretim, sin., stream, river: as. 
 
 — 08. 
 stund, sf., time, period: as. 
 
 stuiide 271. 
 sum, iiidef. pni., some, some one, 
 
 certain one: nsiii. — 149, 164 ; 
 
 asn. — 285 ; apf. sume 271. 
 sunne, wf., sun: lis. — B 13. 
 sunu, sm., son: lis. — 76, 115, 
 
 298 ; as. — B 42. 
 su?Jerne, aj., southern: asm. — 
 
 134. 
 swa, 1. S.Y., so,thus: 33,59,122, 
 
 132, 198, 209, 243, 280, 319, 
 
 320,323. 2. cj.,as; 290, B 7. 
 swat, siu. , sweat, blood : ds, swate 
 
 B 13. 
 sweart, aj., swarthy, black: asm. 
 
 (w.) sweartan B 61. 
 sweltan, sv., die: inf. — 293. 
 sw^ng, sin., stroke, blow: gs. 
 
 swenges 118. 
 sweord, sn., sword: gs. sweordes 
 
 B 68; dp. sweordum B 30; 
 
 gp. sweorda B 4 ; ns. swurd 
 
 166 ; ds. swurde 118 ; as. swurd 
 
 15; ap. swurd 47, 161. 
 swilce, av., moreover, also: B 19, 
 
 30, 37, 57. 
 swi(5e, av., very, severely, stoutly: 
 
 115, 118, 282. 
 swuster, sf,, sister: gs. — 115. 
 sylf, prn., self, own: ginn. sylfra 
 
 38. 
 
 syllan, wv., give, infiict: inf. — 
 38, 46 ; pret. 3 sg. sealde 271 ; 
 opt. pres. 1 pi. sylloii 61. 
 
 tfcecan, wv., teach: pret. 3 sg. 
 teehte 18. 
 
 taesaii, wv., tease, wound, pierce : 
 pret. 3 sg. tiesde 270. 
 
 tid, sf., tide, time: ns. — 104. 
 
 tir, sill. , glory, honor : ns. — 104 ; 
 as. — B 3. 
 
 to, prp. w. dat., to: motion, to, 
 towards : 8, 13, 29, 40, 56, 64, 
 93, 94, 99, 132, 159, 166, 172, 
 177, (hame) 292, B 17, 34; 
 place where, at, in: 12, B 28 ; 
 condition, at, in: 232 ; for, as: 
 46, 131, 197, 245; figurative 
 direction, to : 10, 28, 34 ; direc- 
 tion of thought, purpose, to: 
 128, 179, /or; 235, 321. 
 
 to, av., too: 55, m, 90, 150, 164. 
 
 to-berstan, sv., burst, burst 
 asunder: pret. 3 sg. tobserst 
 136, 144. 
 
 to-brecan, sv., break, break 
 through : pp. tohrocen 242. 
 
 to-gaedere, av., together: 67. 
 
 to-twaeman, wv. , separate, divide: 
 pp. totwgemed 241. 
 
 trym, sm. , distance, step : as. — 
 247. 
 
 trymian, wv. , aniviate, encourage : 
 inf. — 17 ; pret. 3 pi. trymedon 
 305. 
 
 tungol, su., star: ns. — B 14. 
 
 twegeii, num., two: npm. — 80 j 
 gpii. twega 207. 
 
44 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 D. 
 
 3a, av., then^ when, while: 2, 10, 
 12, 16, 25, C2, 74, 89, 103, 108, 
 121, etc. ; ^a . . . Sa, correla- 
 tive 5-7, 22-3, 84-6. 
 
 <5anc, sm., thank: as. — 120, 147. 
 
 <5air, av., ^/iere, ivhere, then, when: 
 23, 24, 28, 64, 65, 68, 78, 79, 
 85, 100, 105, 106, 116, 124, 
 185, 186, 200, 287, 301, 307, 
 B 17, 32, 37. 
 
 iffget, cj., that, so that: 6, 9, 20, 
 30, 32, 37, 51, 56, 63, 85, 87, 
 105, 117, 119, etc., B 8, 48. 
 
 <ye, rel. part., 14, 36, 48, 52, 77, 
 78, 83, 129, etc. ; \>e hit 190 ; 
 se «e, he who, 258, 316 ; 'Sara 
 «e, B 26 ; «8es «e, see se B 68. 
 
 tfeah, av., though, however, never- 
 theless: 289. 
 
 Searf, sf., need: ns. — 233 ; ds. 
 «earfe 201, 232, 307; as. 
 'Searfe 175. 
 
 ISearle, av., severely, cruelly: 158, 
 B23. 
 
 tJegen, sm., thane, warrior: as. 
 — 151 ; np. iSegenas 220 ; ap. 
 «egenas 232. 
 
 iSegenlice, av., as b^ts a thane, 
 faithfully: 294. 
 
 t^^ncan, wv., think, intend: pres. 
 1 sg. 'Sence 319; 3 sg. ^eiice^ 
 258, 316. 
 tJeod, sf., people, nation: ds. 
 -Seode 90, 220 ; gix Seoda 173 ; 
 dp. Seoduiu B 22. 
 (fJeodoii, sni., prince, lord: ns. — 
 120, 232 ; ds. — Neodne 294 ; 
 vs. Deodeii, Lord 178 ; as. — 
 168. 
 
 ?Jes, 9eos, ?fis, dem. pm., this: 
 
 iisii. (Sis 45 ; dsm. tSyssum B 
 
 67 ; dsf. 'Sisse 221 ; asm. "Sisne 
 
 32, -Sysne 52 ; isn. "Sis 316, "Sys 
 
 B 66 ; apm. Sas 298. 
 "Sin, prn. aj., thy, thine: dpf. 
 
 "Sinum 50 ; apf. ^iiie 37. 
 tJincan, wv., imp., seem, appear: 
 
 pres. 3 sg. -Since^ 55 ; pret. 3 
 
 sg. tSiihte 66. 
 tSoWixn, wv., endure, suffer: inf. 
 
 — 201, 307. 
 Sonne, av., then, when: 213. — 
 
 w. comp. than: 33, 195. 
 (Jri, num., three: gpm. ^reora 299. 
 (Ju, 2 pers. prn. , thou : ns. 30, 36, 
 
 37, 45, 176, 231 ; ds. "Se 29, 30, 
 
 173, 177, 179 ; np. ge 32, 34, 
 
 56, 57, 59 ; dp. eow 31, 46, 48, 
 
 93 ; ap. eow 41. 
 Surfan, an v., need, have occasion: 
 
 pres. 1 pi. «urfe 34; 3 pi. 
 
 ^urfon 249 ; pret. 3 sg. Sorf te 
 
 B 39, 44 ; pi. 'Sorfton B 47. 
 <$urh, prp. w. ace, (1) through: 
 
 141, 145, 151 ; (2) by means of: 
 
 71. 
 Surh-wadan, sv., penetrate, go 
 
 through: pret. 3 sg. 'Surhwod 
 
 296. 
 ?Jus, av., thus: 57. 
 
 U. 
 
 un-be-fohten, (pp.) aj., unop- 
 posed: npm. nubefohtene 57. 
 
 un-earli, aj., brave: npm. im- 
 earge 206. 
 
 un-for-ru'«5, aj., excellent, noble, 
 hravL' : nsm. — 51. 
 
 uii-forlit, n}., fearless: npm. un- 
 forhte 79. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 45 
 
 un-orne, aj., old: nsm. — 25(5. 
 un-rim, sn., countless number: 
 
 ns. — B 31. 
 un-waelice, av., stoutly: 308. 
 un-weaxen, (pp.) aj., ungroion, 
 
 young: iism. — 152. 
 up, av., up, upwards: 130, B 13, 
 
 70. 
 up-gang, sni., approach, ivay up: 
 
 as. — 87. 
 lire, prn. aj., our: asm. iirne 58 ; 
 
 dpm. urum 56. 
 ut, av., out: 72, B 35. 
 u(5-wita, wm., sage, philosopher : 
 
 np. u^witan B 69. 
 
 W. 
 
 wac, aj., weak, slender: asm. 
 
 wacne 43. 
 •wacian, wv. , become weak : inf. 
 
 — 10. 
 
 wadan, sv., advance, go: inf. — 
 
 140 ; pret. 3 sg. wod 130, 253 ; 
 
 pi. wodon 96, 295. 
 waldend, sm., ruler : vs. — 
 
 173. 
 wandian, wv. , hesitate : inf. — 
 
 258 ; pret. 3 sg. wandode 268. 
 wael, sn., (1) slaughter, carnage: 
 
 ns. 126, 303, B 65 ; {2) field of 
 
 battle: ds. wsele 279, 300. 
 wael-feld, sm., battlefield: ds. 
 
 wselfelda B 51. 
 wael-raest, sf., bed of slaughter: 
 
 as. wselrseste 113. 
 wael-spere, sn. , deadly spear : as. 
 
 — 322. 
 
 wael-stow, sf., battle-field: gs. 
 wselstowe 95 ; ds. waelstowe 
 293, B 43. 
 
 walwiilf, sm., battle-wolf, pirate: 
 
 np. wselwulfas 90. 
 waepeii, sn., weapon: ns. — 252; 
 
 gs. wiepnes 168 ; ds. w^pne 
 
 228 ; as. — 130, 235 ; gp. 
 
 wSpna 83, 272, 308; dp. 
 
 w^pnum 10, 126. 
 wgepen-gewi-ixl, sn., exchange 
 
 of weapons, confiict: gs. \v£ep- 
 
 engewrixles B 51. 
 waeter, sn., water: ds. wsetere 
 
 64,96; as. —91, 98, B 55. 
 weald, sm., forest: ds. wealde 
 
 B65. 
 wealdan, sv. w. gen., loield, rule, 
 
 control: inf. — 83, 95, 168, 
 
 272. 
 Wealh, sm., pr. n., Welshman, 
 
 original inhabitant of England 
 
 {foreigner) : ap. Wealas B 72. 
 wegan, sv. , bear, carry : pret. 3 
 
 pi. wegon 98. 
 wenan, wy. w. gen., ween, think: 
 
 pret. 3 sg. wende 239. 
 w^ndan, wv., turn, go, desert: 
 
 inf. — 316 ; pres. 1 sg. wende 
 
 252 ; pret. 3 pi. wendon 193, 
 
 205. 
 weorod, see werod. 
 weor9an, sv., be, become: pres. 
 
 3 sg. wear« 106, 113, 114, 135, 
 
 138, 202, 241, 288, 295, B 32, 
 
 65, wser'S 116 ; pret. 3 pi. wur- 
 
 don 186, B 48 ; opt. pret. 3 sg. 
 
 wurde 1. 
 w^rian, wv., defend, protect {re- 
 
 flex) : pret. 3 pi. weredon 82, 
 
 283. 
 w^rig, aj., weary, exhausted: 
 
 nsm. — B 20 ; npm. werige 303. 
 
46 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 werod, sn., hand, army, host: ns. 
 
 64, 97 ; ds. weiode 51 ; is. 
 
 weorode B 34 ; as. — 102. 
 Wesseaxe, sm. pi., pr. n.. West 
 
 Saxons : n. — B 20 ; g. Wes- 
 
 seaxiia B 50. 
 west, av., ivestwards : 97. 
 •wiog, sn., horse: ds. wicge 240. 
 wicing, sm., viking: as. — 139; 
 
 gp. wiciiiga 26, 73, 97 ; dp. 
 
 wlcingum 116 ; ap. wicingas 
 
 322. 
 wig, sn., battle: gs. wiges 73, 130, 
 
 B 20, 59; ds. wige 10, 128, 
 
 193, 235, 252. 
 ■wiga, wm., warrior: ns. — 210 ; 
 
 ds. wigan 126 ; as. wigan 75, 
 
 235; np. wigan 79, 302; gp. 
 
 wigena 135. 
 wigeiid, sm., warrior: np. — 302. 
 wTg-heard, aj., valiant: asm. 
 
 wigheardne 75. 
 w^g-plega, wm. , battle-play, com- 
 bat : ds. wigplegan 268 ; is. 
 
 wigplegan 316. 
 wig-smiS, sm., warrior : np. wig- 
 
 smi'Sas B 72. 
 wi-haga, wm., battle-hedge, pha- 
 lanx: as. wihagan 102. 
 wlllan, anv., ivill: pres. 1 sg. 
 
 wille 221, 247, 317, wylle 216 ; 
 
 3 sg. wile 52 ; 1 pi. willa« 35, 
 
 40 ; 3 pi. willaS 46 ; pret. 3 sg. 
 
 wolde 11, 129, 160 ; pi. woldon 
 
 207 ; opt. pres. 2 sg. wille 
 
 37. 
 wlndan, sv., (1) wind, brandish: 
 
 pret. 3 sg. wand 43 ; (2) circle, 
 
 fly: inf. —322; pret. 3 pi. 
 
 wuudon 106. 
 
 wine, sm. , friend, lord : ns. — 
 250 ; ap. winas 228. 
 
 wine-drihten, sm. , friendly lord, 
 chief: as. — 248, 263. 
 
 wine-maeg, sm., friendly kins- 
 man : ap. winemagas 306. 
 
 winter, sm., winter, year: dp. 
 wintrum 210. 
 
 w^s, aj., wise: nsm. — 219. 
 
 wisian, wv., guide, direct: pret. 
 3 sg. wisode 141. 
 
 witan, w\\, know: pres. 3 sg. 
 wilt 94 ; pret. 3 sg. wiste 24. 
 
 wi<5, prp., (1) w. gen., to, towards: 
 8, 131, 290; (2) w. dat., for, 
 in exchange for: 31, 35, 39, 
 over against: 103 ; (3) w. ace, 
 against : 82, 277, 298, B 9, 
 52. 
 
 wi<5er-lean, sn., requital, retribu- 
 tion: ns. — 116. 
 
 wlano, aj., proud: asm. wlancne 
 139; dsn. (w.) wlancan 240; 
 npm. wlance 205, B 72. 
 
 w^litan, sv., look: pret. 3 sg. 
 wlat 172. 
 
 word, sn., word: as. 168; dp. 
 wordum 26, 43, 210, 250, wor- 
 don 306. 
 
 wonild, sf., world: ds. worulde 
 174. 
 
 ■woruld-gesaBlig, aj., worldly- 
 prosperous, rich, happy: nsm. 
 — 219. 
 
 wrecan, sv. , avenge : inf. — 248, 
 258 ; pret. 3 sg. wrec 279 ; opt. 
 pret. 3 sg. wriece 257. 
 
 wiidu, sm., wood, forest: as. — 
 193. 
 
 wulf, sm., ivolf: as. — B 65. 
 
GLOSSAKY. 
 
 47 
 
 wund, sf., wound: as. wunde 
 139, 271 ; dp. wunduin 293, 
 303, B 43. 
 
 wund, aj., loounded: nsm. — 
 113, 144. 
 
 ^vll^<yllce, av., luorthilij^ honor- 
 ably : 279. 
 
 w^^nn, sf., jo?/, pleasure: gp. 
 wyima 174. 
 
 wjTcan, wv., work, make, form: 
 inf. — 102. 
 
 wyriide 118; pi. wyrndou B 
 24. 
 
 Y. 
 
 j^el, sn., evil, harm, wickedness: 
 
 gs. yfeles 133. 
 ymbe, prp. w. ace, around, 
 
 about: 214, B 5, embe 249, 
 
 271. 
 jTh'So, indecl. f., cowardice: as. 
 
 — 6. 
 
 wyrnan, wv. w. gen., refuse, de- yrre, aj., angry, enraged: nsm. 
 dine, withhold: pret. 3 sg. ■ — 44,253. 
 
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