i/^. ^> s n J/o ^O^ Rg. 1. THE SEALS OF THE AISTIK FKIAUY AT LYNN. THE BOOK OF TTTE ILLUSTRIOUS HENRIES, BY JOHN CAPGRAVE. TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN HY THE REV. FRANCIS chahles hingeston, m.a. OF EXETER COLLEGE, OXrORD. LONDON LONGMAN, nUOWN, GREEN, LONGMANS, & ROBERTS. ISfiS. QQ ^T TO THE RIGHT HONOUEABLE SIE JOHN EOMILLY MASTEE OF THE ROLLS ETC. ETC. ETC. THIS WORK • IS " BY Hia KIND FEBHISSION § gcbicatcb BY HIS IIONOUE S MOST OBEDIENT AND TEKY FAITHFUL SERVANT FRANCIS CHAKLES UINGESTON. r.iryii^ CONTENTS. General Introduction. Kino's Lynn Sketch of the Life of Catgeave Of the Austin Friart at Ltnn The Seals of the Austin Friart Of the MSS. of this Work Page xi ib. XT xviii XX The Book of the Illustrious Henries : — Dedication to Henry VI. King of England Emperors of Germany : — Henry I. .... 7 Henry II. ... . 14 Henuy III. .... 19 Henry IV. . ... . 27 Henry V. . . . . 35 Henry VI. . . . 43 CONTENTS. Dcilication of rurt II. K1NO8 OK England: — IIknuv I. IlrCNUY II. IIenuy IU. Henry IV. IIenrt V. Henry VL Introduction to Part HI. Eric VI., King of Denmark . Henry I., King of France . Henry, Son of Richard, King of the Romans Henry, Count of Champagne . Henry, Archbishop of Sens . Henry, Duke of Lancaster Henry Bohun, Earl of Hereford Henry de Beaumont Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon . Henry, Archdeacon of Ghent Henry de Urimaria Conclusion of the Work Appendices : — Appendix I. Of certain Works by Capgravc Appendix II. Note on the Chronology . Pago 51 53 e,'J 88 102 125 144 165 167 171 175 180 184 186 192 194 198 205 209 212 217 221 235 General Index 241 INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. The town of L}Tin stands on the east side of the mouth of King's . . . Lynn, the Oiise. It has been called Lynn Kegis smce the time of Henry the Eighth : before, it had been called Lynn Episcopi, or Bishop's Lynn. It is a very interesting place, and still retains many proofs of its importance in the Middle Ages, in its five Churches, its noble old gates, and in the remnants of its once numerous Monasteries. Here, in April 1393, John Capgi-ave was born. This he Sketch of the life of tells us himself, in his Chronicle of England : ^ "in this Capgrave. 5ere," he writes, " in the xxi. day of Aprile, was that Frere bore whech mad these Annotaciones." Nothing is now known of his family or parentage, but it is clear that some of liis relations were, like himself, Augustinians, for he tells us, in the Prologue to his Metrical Life of S. Katharine : — " If ye wil wete what that I am, Myn cuntre is Northfolk, of the toune of Lynne : Oute of the world, to my profite, I cam. Stc p. 259. XIV TNTnonrfTioN, Ski'tch of Onto the brotlierliode \viclio I urn iiine. (Ill- life (if Capgravo. (rod yave me grace nevere for to blynne To folwe the steppes of my faderes before, Wichc to tlic rcidc (>{' Austyn were swore."' Capgrave appears to have spent his early years in his native town, devoting himself to his books, sticking to them — to use the words of Leland — like a limpet to its rock. In due time he was sent to Cambridge, where he completed his education. But he must have afterwards migrated to Oxford, at which University, Pamphilus says, he took the Degree of Doctor of Divinity, and expounded the Old and the New Testament publicly in the Schools. He entered the priesthood iu 1417, when he had attained his twenty-fourth year. Five years afterwards we find him in London, visiting probably his brother Augus- tinians, and engaged in the prosecution of his studies. " I heard," he writes, " the voice of the Churches, and the ringing of bells, when the birth of our King^ was made known in London ; for I was studying there, in the fourth or fifth year after I was raised to the priesthood, aiid the rejoicing of the people has not yet faded from my memory."^ After this, he appears to have returned to Ljmn, and to have spent many years iu the quiet retirement of the Austin Friary there, of which he was so long a distinguished ornament, devoting his time to the compilation of the annals of his country, and the preparation of Commenta- ' Sec tlic Chruuicle of Enylaml, I - Ilcnry VI. p. 353. ' ^ See p. 146. INTRODUCTION. XV ries on almost every part of Holy Scripture, for the use of theological students.^ But he was not suffered to remain long undisturbed in this state of comparative obscurity ; as early as the year 1445, he was chosen to fill the office of Provincial of his Order in England, and we still possess records of some of his proceedings in this capacity. The following is ex- tracted from Kennet's Parochial Antiquities '."^ — " Anno MCCCCLVI. ; 34, 35, Hen. VI. The Convent of Augustin Friars, built near the present site of Wadham College, in Sketch of the life of Capgravc. ' A list of those eight works of Capgravc of which MSS. are still extant will be found at p. 221 of the present volume. The names of the others are as follows : — 1. A Commentary on Exodus. 2. On Leviticus. 3., On Numbers. 4. On Deuteronomy. 5. On Joshua. 6. On the Books of Judges and Ruth. 7. On the Books of the Kings. 8. On the Psalter. 9. On Ecclesiastcs. 10. On Isaiah. 11. On Daniel. 12. On the Twelve Minor Pro- phets. 13. On the Gospels. 14. On the Ejjistles of S. Paul, in fourteen Books. 15. On the Kevelation. 16. A Manual of Cin-istian Doc- trine. 17. On the Canonical Epistles, in seven Books. 18. On the Followers of S. Au- gustin. 19. On tlio ycnlenccs of Peter Lombard. 20. Theological Conclusions. 21. Against Erroneous Positions. 22. Addresses to the Clergy. 23. Sermons for a Year. 24. Of certain Illustrious Men of the Order of S. Augustin. 2o. The Life of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. 26. Scholastic Lectures. 27. Ordinary Disputations. 28. Letters to several of his Friends. 29. The Life of S. Augustin. 30. The Life of S. Gilbert of Scmpringham. Tiiat these were all works of con- siderable learning and value we may safely infer from the others which still rcnuiin to us. Certainly they won for their Author great celebrity. "He was the most learned by far," Bale tells us, "of all the Augus- tinians, the princi])al jdiilosopher and theologian of his day, illustrious alike for his abilities, and for his great elo- quence." And Leland says that ho was "among the Augustinians, TToWuu dvTa|ioj &\\(iiv." ' See vol. ii. jip. 399-401, Bandi- nel's edition. XVI INTnODUCTION. Sketch of Oxford, liad been founded by the lil)erality and interest of tlio life of C'upgravc. Sir John Jlandlo, of liurstull, who had bequeathed his body to be buried in tljat place, and was reputed their founder. rpoii which title Edmund Rede, Esquire, the present lord of Borstall, proving his lineal descent from the said Sir .Tohn Handlo, was accepted as their founder and patron, and so recognised by John Stocton, Prior, and the brethren of that convent, with the consent of John Capgrave, Pro- vincial of their Order." The deed is then given in full : it is in Latin, and was witnessed by several of the autho- rities of the University and the Town.' A copy of another document, also under the seal of Capgrave when Provin- cial, is given in Appendix V. to the Chronicle of England, page 370, note. Beyond these few facts we know very little of our Author, and that little he tells us himself. In the English Chronicle we find nothing beyond the mention of the day and year of his birth. In the present work, vmder the year 1399,^ he writes (speaking of the marriage of the Princess Philippa, daughter of Henry the Fourth), " I saw the only daughter of this most excellent King, in the Town of Lynn, where she w^ent on board the ship in "which she left England, and went to be married to the Kang of Norway." He tells us, too, that when Henry the Sixth ' Their names were : — " Eobcrt, Prior of S. Frideswide, Oxford. " Kiehard, Master of the Hospital of S. John without the East Gate. " Master Thomas Chaundlcr, Warden of New College. " Master John Brcther, and Mas- ter Robert Abdy, Proctors of the University of Oxford. " Kobert Attewode, Mayor of the Town of Oxford. " Eichard Spragctt. "John Lowe." « See p. 117. INTRODUCTION. XVll laid the foundation-stone of the College at Eton, he was Sketch of the life of present, a witness of the King's devotion.* He was probably Capgrave. also present at the founding of King's College, Cambridge, and William Millington, its first Provost, he says, was one of his personal friends.'^ Again, in the account of Henry the Sixth's visit to the Austin Friary at Lynn, Capgrave was amongst those who received him, and, indeed, appears to have acted as spokesman on the occasion.^ The Beau- monts had large possessions in Norfolk, and seem to have been friendly to Capgrave. In his life of Henry de Beaumont,* he says that, chief among the illustrious Henries, it delights him to leave a record of those of the name of Beaumont, since he " was their servant, and bound to their race by special affection." Again in the Prologue to his Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles, he mentions that he once paid a visit to Eome, adding that he was taken ill during his stay there, and in his illness was very kindly treated by William Gray, Bishop of Lincoln, who happened to be there at the same time. And this is all : the records of the deeds of this great man, like so many of his works, have perished. Nor do we know much more of the " Place of the Hermit Friars of S. Augustin, at Lynn." Of its origin and gradual rise, Cap- grave gives us an account himself in the present volume,'^ and mentions the number of its inmates in 1446. It stood at the north end of the Town, on the south side of Hopman's Way,*^ which extends eastward from Lister-gate ' See p. 153. * See p. 154. » See pp. 158-lf>l. * See p. 196. » Sec p. 1 59. " Or Hogman's Lane, as it was sometimes called, and now Austin Street. INTRODUCTION. Skcti-h ol the life of CiH>grav(\ The Seals of the Au- giistiiiiaiis of L} nil. Street towards tlic East (Jrate, mikI not far from S. NicholaK ('Iiiircli. Hut Mic site is now divided among different owners, and the ancient buildings have all been swept away.' John Capgrave died at Lynn, on the 12tli day of August, A.D. 14G4, at the age of seventy years. '* He wa>s buried in the choir of the Church of his own Monastery. The Frontispiece contains exact representations of three out of the four ancient seals of the Augustinians of Lynn. They have been engraved from impressions, unfortunately somewhat mutilated, attached to two acquittances, or re- ceipts for money paid to the Prior and Convent, in the possession of the Town Clerk of Lynn,^ wdiich bear date 1382. Fisr 1. The Common Seal of the Convent, tw^o inches in ' With the exception of a frag- ment of the old gateway, now bricked up. The buildings arc stated to have been extensive and magnificent ; and they were ho- noured more than once by royal visits. Capgrave himself tells us of one — that of Henry VI. in 1446. "Among the notable events in the Annals of this Convent," says Tay- lor, in his interesting and useful work, on the Antiquities of Lynn, " was the entertainment given to King Heniy VII., his Queen, his Mother, and his eldest son. Prince Arthur, who, with a numerous reti- nue, visited Lynn in 1498, and were here lodged : the fact of its being chosen for this honourable distinc- tion proves that it must have been a sumptuous edifice." This house was surrendered to the King by the Prior and four Brethren on the 30tli Sept., 15.39, 30 lien. VIIL, by whom it was granted to John Eyre. — Dugd. Monast. vi. page 1594. (London: 1830.) - Pamphihis (who is followed in his error by Pits) states that he died in 1484, at the age of nmety, but there is no ground for supposing that he was alive in the reign of Richard the Third, and there can be no doubt tiiat the date given in the text, on the authority of Bale and Lelaiiil, is the correct one. ^ The facsimiles were made in gutta pcrcha by Mr. Ready, the well-known sigilliirist of Lowestoft, whose magnificent collection of Royal, Episcopal, Conventual, and Private Seals is well worthy of the careful investigation of every Anti- quary. The Editor is indebted to E. Lane Swatman, Esq., Town Clerk of Lynn, for some useful particulars relating to the Lynn Seals. INTRODUCTION. XIX length, by one inch and a quarter in width. Both ends of The Seals of the Au- the impression have been broken away.' It represents a gustinians at Lynn, boat, in which is a figure of S. JNIargaret, trampung upon a dragon, and holding a Cross in her right hand. On either side a monk is kneeling. The legend is as follows : — S. COMVNE ERMT .... SCI AVGI LENNE.^ Fig. 2. The Seal of the Provincial of the Order. It represents the Blessed Virgin, bearing in her arms the Holy Child, and surrounded by stars. On either side is an angel holding a censer. Beneath are kneeling monks, and above, the remains of a figure holding a book. The remains of the Legend are as follows : — .... NCIAL . . . AR . . . . OKDIS SCI AVGVS . . . .^ Fig. 3. This must have been a very handsome Seal, but the impression is much injured, and the Legend destroyed with the exception of two words — SCI AVGVSTINL It contains a Throne, on which is seated a Figure, intended to represent the Eternal Father, bearing on His knees the Crucified Christ. The princijjal Figure is much mutilated ; but the Crucifix (which is of small dimensions) is nearly ' TIic seals have been restored to their original size in the engravings : this, of course, was exactly indicated by the remains of tiic vesica in each case. The lines of the breakages arc, however, carefully marked. - The inscription, written in full, would be:— " 8IGILLIJM COM- MUNE EKEMITAKUM [ORDI- NIS] SANCTI AUGUSTINI LENNE. — The third word is doubtful : the letters appear to be EKMT., but they may he FKAT., which would stand for FKATliUM, and both readings arc e(jiially good. The last word also is not quite clear : it is prob.ably LENNE, but the fourth letter may bo an I, and the word LENIE. ^ The Legend in full would be : — SIGILLUM TATRIS PKO- VINCIALIS EREMITARUM OUDINIS SANCTI AUGUS- TINI. This seal is pceuli.arly in- teresting, as it was afterwards in the possession of Capgrave, and, with- out doubt, was continually uscil by liim when he was Provincial of the Order. INTHOnUCTION. The Seals perfect. The Throne is ornamented with a pretty diaper of the All- . /• M 1 -I J 1 pustiiiiiuis pattern, and beneath it, under a trefoil -headed arch, are ^ ' ' two figures of Monks kneeling, with hands clasped, as in prayer. 4. The Prior's Seal.^ This seal contains a kind of two- light window, with trefoil-headed lights formed by small circular shafts, with capitals and bases. In the small tra- cery opening is a human head. In one of the lights is a crowned figure of S. Margaret, trampling upon the dragon, and in the other a figure of a monk, kneeling to her in prayer. The remains of the Legend run thus : — S PEIOEIS . . . TA . . OR . . SCI AVa LENII. The MS. from which the Latin Text of the present Work is taken is preserved in the Cottonian Collection in the British Museum, Tiberius A. VIII. It is beautifidly wi'itten upon vellum, and richly illuminated, and is sup- posed to have been the Dedication Copy given to King Henry the Sixth. It consists of one himdred and one leaves ; but many of these were seriously damaged in the fire which destroyed so many MSS. of that collection.* Of the ex- tant MSS. of this work : — MS. Cot- ton. ' An outline sketch of this seal, and of Nos. 1 and 2, is given in Taylor's Antiquities of LjTin, which was published in 1844. It is the least ancient of all the seals, and probably of little earlier date than the document to which it is attached, yiz. 1382, as the perpendicular ele- ment is visible in the tracery. The other three are apparently coeval with the foundation of the monas- tery in 1294. The Legend of this seal is much mutilated. The se- cond word is PKIORIS, and the re- stored inscription would be : — SIGILLUM PRIORIS EREMI- TAltUM ORDINIS SANCTI AUGUSTINI LENIL For an account of the very handsome Town Seal, and the private seal of the Mayor of Lynn, see the notes to the Introduction to the Latin Text ; see also Taylor's Antiquities, where these and some other curious Lynn Seals are engraved. * A beautiful facsimile of one page cf this MS. is given as a Frontis- piece in the Latin Edition. It re- presents the page in which the account of the reign of Henry the Fifth commences, and the handsome illuminated letter at the beginning of the chapter contains a represen- tation of that Kintr. INTRODUCTION. XXI The words and sentences, however, which have perished MS. C. C. C. have been restored from the duplicate MS. which is pre- served among those given by Archbishop Parker to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. This is a small quarto, and imdoubtedly the Author's autograph, as will be seen on reference to some of the notes, especially those at pp. 209, 210, 214. The work itself is of considerable interest and value, and has never before been printed. One chapter, indeed, the ninth of the Third Part, and certainly one of the most curious and remarkable in the book, was published by Henry \Miarton in his Anglia Sacra ; and the greater part of the work was transcribed for Mr. Petrie, who had selected it for publication in his " Monumenta Historica Britannica." It is not necessary to enlarge in this place on the con- tents ' of this Chronicle or on the circumstances under which it was written : the reader will find the subject fully discussed in the Introduction to the Latin Text. Of its historical value, whether we regard it as a commentary on the writings of earlier Chroniclers, or as itself conveying to our knowledge new facts, the reader will be able with- I ■ Mistakes in fivcts are few : there is, however, one great blunder in the account of the reign of the Emperor Henry the Fourth, which requires explanation. Henry began to reign in 1056: Capgravc is, therefore, in error, when (see p. 28) he places in his time the Popes Benedict IX. (A.D. 1033), Gregory VI. (a.d. 1044), and Clement II. (a.d. 1046), and the events connected with the Great Schism. In couscqucncc of this mistake, he confounds Gregory VL (John Graziano, the Archpricst) with Grcgoiy VIL (Hildebrand), who was elected in 1073, and by whom Henry IV. was excommuni- cated (see p. 30), making thorn identical, and taking no account of the six Popes who held the Holy See between the resignation of Be- nedict IX., in 1048, and the election of Hildebrand iu 1073. XXII INTRODUCTION. MS. out difficulty to form his own opinion according to his own \^, \j» v^« view ; of its general interest as a good specimen of an his- torical work of the fifteenth century there can be no doubt. The Trans- In preparing to ofifer this work to the English reader in lutioii. an English dress, the Translator has endeavoured to avoid the opposite errors of being too literal on the one hand, or of using too much freedom on the other. His rule has been to render his book readable, by avoiding too servile an adherence to the stiffness of his author's style, and, at the same time, to preserve in some degree its characteristic quaintness and simplicity. The Notes and the very full Index will, it is hoped, be found suflficiently to explain all the obscurities of the original text. Among the former occur numerous quotations from the same Author's Chro- nicle of England, which are sometimes illustrative of, and sometimes supplementary to, the facts herein recorded, and which will, without doubt, be regarded as valuable additions to the interest and usefulness of the volume. Exeter College, Oxford: Juiie2Ath, 1858. THE HISTORY THE ILLUSTRIOUS HENRIES. ERRATA. Page 30, line 29, for Brescia, read Brixen. Page 153, line 21, fur does, read dost. JOHN CAPGRAVE'S HISTORY THE ILLUSTRIOUS HENRIES. DEDICATION.» To Henry, by the grace of God King of England and Dedication to Hcu. VI. France and lord of Ireland, his humble servant, Brother John Capgrave, the least of Doctors, and the meanest of the poor Brethren of Saint Augustin, firm power, pros- perous counsel, and settled rule. That Almiglity Word, which came from the royal throne,^ according to the Wise Man, is a stern opponent of those who, ruling with cruel mind, oppress and chastise their ' The Latin Text, of which tho present volume is a translation, is taken from a IMS. preserved in the Cottoniau Collection, in the British Museum, and collated with that in the Library of Corpus Christi Col- lege, Cambridge, the only extant MSS. of this work. In all cases of allusion to these MSS. in snlisciiucnt notes, the abbreviations " MS. Cot- ton.," and " MS. C.C.C," have been respectively used. ■^ Wisdom, xviii. 15. 2 JOHN CAPORAVES Dedication subjncta witli a rod oi' iron. "J'liis the Psalmist declares in toIIcn.VI, llijit |tl;irc where he says : — " How terrible is He among all the kings of the earth.'* * But, yet, to those who have been brought up in the fear of God, and judge their peoples in truth, l)eing appointed among them as if of them, to them is fulfilled that same Word, in the prophecy of the holy patriarch Jacob : — "A fat bread yielding dainties unto kings." ^ And as, according to the desires of the people, our king hath, from his earliest days, flourished in inborn piety, so that of him may most truly be affirmed that saying of the blessed Job, — " Foras- much as from infancy pity hath grown up with me, and from my mother's womb bath gone forth with me,"^ he, rightfully, inebriated with the sweetness of the Word, will cast down those who are jealous of peace, and all good things will submissively and as of their own choice come to him, as to a true son of peace. For in this people are fulfilled that Avhich of old, when he was dying, Moses himself said should be fulfilled in the children of Israel : — " Let the Lord Grod of the spirits of all flesh," said he, " provide a man, who may be over this multitude, and who may go out and come in before them, and who may lead them out and bring them in, that the people of the Lord may not be like sheep without a shepherd." •* This prophecy of Moses, most glorious lord, we accept as sealed in thee, who from the very cradle hast received the government of a Kingdom and dost hold a sceptre-bearing power. To bring in or to lead out the people pertaineth ' Psalm Ixxvi. 12. i ' Job, xxxi. 18. * Genesis, xlix. 20. | * Numbers, x.xvii. IG, 17. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 3 to thy authority, who hast chosen the best rule of conduct, Dedication and hast abhorred the craggy ways of vice. Therefore to thy name I have consecrated this work, beseeching that, although this present labour may not be redolent of eloquence, yet that the fidelity of his soul who presents it may give thee pleasure. In order, then, to increase thy desire to follow in the steps of the best of men, I have published this little book, in which I have gathered together from the works of the ancients the praises of those who have chanced to bear thy name, so that thou, who art " croAvned with this name, mayest also imitate the virtue of the name. And although this name may not be found etymologised among authors, nor even expounded, yet I, investigating the singular appropriateness of the same, believe it to have derived its origin from the Hebrew language, which is the mother of all languages. For "Hen," as say the inter- preters, means " Behold the fountain," or " Behold the eye ; " " Ei " or " Kei," as used interchangeably in certain codices, is " My shepherd," or " jNIy pasture ; " and " Cus," " an ^Ethiopian," or " Dark." From these therefore, when they are brought together, is made such a meaning as this, that he who is crowned ^vitll this name, possesses a fountain which the hart, panting and renewing its youth, swiftly running, longs for. And cleans- ing also the eye of the mind from beam and mote, he will patiently await until it may be proclaimed to him as it was of old by the Lord to His Disciples : — " Blessed are the eyes which see the things which ye see." ' " My shep- ' St. Luke, X. 23. u 2 4 JOHN capgrave'*» Dpflicntion lionl " or " my pasture " is joined to this name in sufficiently to Hen. VI. snit!il)lc relationship, because our king is the leader of the whole flock, not only by reason of surpassing authority, but also by the exercise of good works, and the people de- voutly regarding this, devours it as food. Further, the iEthiopic darkness is referred alone to this, that I believe our king to be pure from the worst defilements, and there- fore innocent and exempt, and not stained with the smoky hue of any dark colour.' Let not this preamble, my lord, aggrieve thy modesty. For I dared not approach such a work without some little preface, lest, drawing near irreverently, I might be repelled from such honour. For thus it is written : " He who scans majesty narrowly will be overwhelmed with glory." '^ However, as a brief annotation, those things herein to be treated of I have distinguished thus : — The First Part treats of those famous men who, bearing this name, have flourished in the Empii-e. The Second of those who, with like name, have shone in regal honour in this Eealm. The Third of others following, here and elsewhere, whose names were worthy of remembrance. Therefore my lord the king will possess in his acts the best of rules ; in his faith the most firm assurance ; and in judgment the safest guidance, from those men, of kindred to himself both in name and blood, who have gone before him. ' See " Ilebraicorum Noniinum interprctatio," in Bedse 0pp. iii. pp. 427; 458; 407. (Ed. 1612.) - Proverbs, xxv. 27. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. May the Lord God preserve this our kiiifj in his own Dedication J i- o to Hen. VI. honour, as also in the glory with which his Parisian mother croAvned him, and his second and not less beloved London mother, to the glory of God, and the worthy memory of Eulers. For, as we piously believe, that first mother hath still in her bosom many sons well affected towards our king; nor less do we also believe that this his most famous mother will in time spew forth her foulness, and receive our king with glory. May God grant this in our time, that these two realms may live and rejoice together, according to that which the prophet Ezekiel foretold, saying : — " And there shall be one king ruling over all, and there shall not be any more two nations, nor shall they be any longer divided into two kingdoms." ^ May thy reign upon earth be ever established in peace. May there be also eternally prepared for thee a kingdom in the Heavenly Country, most excellent and most illus- trious lord king, to the praise of our Lord Jesu Christ, Who is King of kings, and Lord of lords. Amen.^ ' Ezekiel, xxxvii. 22. I at the end are obliterated, and only * The Cpttoiiian MS. of this | the few last words of the Dedication work was seriously damaged in the l remain. The text, however, has disastrous fire in 1731, in which so been made complete from the many of that collection were in- MS. C.C.C. jured or destroyed. ^luny portions I B 3 HISTORY THE ILLUSTRIOUS HENEIES. THE FIRST PART OF THIS WORK CONTAINS SIX CHAPTERS, ACCORDING TO TUE EMPERORS SUCCEEDIKG IN THE EMPIRE. Of henry the FIEST, Empekor. CHAriER I. About to indite imperial deeds, I hold that this is cliiefly The retiuired of me, — to implore His aid, the bounds of Whose vokes"tlic^' I'^mpire tlie Prophet records to be so far outspread, tliat Divine he says, — "His Empire, of wliich there sliall be no hig ^yuHi. end, shall be multiplied." For whosoever may be raised to the empire of the world, and is not admitted in the Empire of the Lord, or even opposes that Empire, he, although he may have authority in a few temporal things, cannot exercise it in the end, nor will good servitude be imputed to him, inasmuch as, either ignorantly or disdain- fully, he hath died, refusing to serve the Lord of Idids. For which cause those rulers of the world, wlio deserve also to be reckoned in the number of the illustrious ' Isaiah, ix. 7. B 4 8 JOIfN CAPG RAVES A i>. 918. A.D. 9 IS.' Henry I., The Towlcr. His marriage. His acces- sion. Henries, were not hlindccl witli tlic error of Paganism, nor witliout j)enitence called from the world, ];iit were most Christian men, firm in faith, peacefid in manners, and if, through the activity of the tempter, or the allurement of the flesh, they committed any evil, they were cleansed by salutary repentance. Of these the first, as well in time as in honour, is that man whose genealogy I deem it right first to describe. His father was Otho, a most valiant duke of Saxony, who subjugated to his rule the Hungarians, Sclavonians, and other nations. He had two sisters ; one was married to Otho, son of Athelstan, monarch of England ; and the other was married to Louis, prince of Aquitaine. For this is clear, that even in its commencement the empire was connected with the kingdom of England because of the matchless deeds of the kings of that same land. The venerable lady Matilda, daughter of Theodoric, king of Saxony, was wife to that brave, praiseworthy, and mag- nificent lord : of her was born his son Otho, who restored to the Franks the empire which had been long usurped by the Lombards, as their deeds recorded after a somewhat lengthy fashion testify. Thus, then, with friends of his own flesh and blood spread around in every direction, he reigned prosperously, governing \nth prudence his ovm affairs as well as his people. It has been said that on the death of Louis, who held the empire, all chose Otho, the father of this Henry ; who, weighed do%\Ti by the cares of age, declined the honour, rather choosing to serve Grod than the world. They then elected Conrad, at first, who, dying in the seventh year of his reign, appointed this Henry emperor. Henry, then, was raised to the empire in the year of our Lord 920 ; and reigned prosperously eighteen years. • It will be found that the Author has made several blunders in his dates, especially in the history of the Empire, all of which will be corrected in the margin. The chronology of the Second, and more important part of this work, however, is, in the main, precise and accurate. HISTORY OF THE HENUIES. 9 In the beginning of his reign he solemnly declared war a.d. 919, against the Hungarians and other peoples, and, aided by ^^'^ ^^^"^ "^ , ,. . . , . , , ,, Hungary. the divme protection and a just cause, conquered them all, and enjoyed peace. For peace in this present world is not to be acquired without war ; nor, indeed, is that of the future world, though after another manner. And Saint Augustiu declares in many of his treatises, that a war is never justly waged except it be for the sake of obtaining peace. This man also, in the third year of his reign, released a.d. 920. from their bonds, certain thieves, brigands, and imprisoned ^^? releases ° ^ prisoners, malefactors, giving them at once both arms and money, and arms and sent them as warriors against the foes of iustice and "^ , . ° '' against his of the empire. enemies. On which matter a question has arisen of considerable Quotatiou perplexity to us, — whether Christian kings, urged by ne- ^"^jnasi ces.sity, may lawfully release prisoners for the preservation reference of their kingdom's rights. And since my own authority ceedin"\"^^' is not great, we must look to the argument of Saint Thomas Aquinas, in his "Secunda Secundge," Question 67, Article 4,' at the end; where he says: — "It is to be affirmed, as appears from what has been already stated, that, as far as pertains to our proposition, there are two things to be considered concerning a judge, one of which is that he has to adjudicate between the accuser and the accused ; the other is that he does not himself deliver the judicial sentence as of his own, but as of public authority. By a twofold reason therefore the judge is debarred the power of absolving the guilty from punishment. In the first place, on the part of the accuser, to whose right it is undoubtedly essential that the guilty should be punished, to wit, on account of some injury inflicted on him, the relaxation of which punishment is not in the discretion of any judge, because every judge is bound to render justice ' See S. Thoniac Afiuin. Summa I p. 130. Ed. Cologne, 1604. Thcologia;, 2' 2', ([. Ixvii. art. iv. | 10 JOHN CAPOUAVES A.D. yjo. to every persoTi. On the other hand lie is debarred, (jn behalf of the State, the authority of which he uses, and to the benefit of which it is essential that evil-doers should be punished. But still there is in this respect a distinction between inferior judges and the judge supreme, that is to say, the Prince to whom the public authority is committed without restriction. For an inferior judge hath not power to absolve the guilty from punishment, contrary to the laws imposed on him by a superior. Wherefore Augustin saith on that passage in the 19th of John,' *Thou couldest have no power at all against Me, unless it were given thee from above;' — 'such a degree of power Grod had given unto Pilate, that he should be so far subject to Csesar, that he should not by any means be at liberty to release the accused.' But the Prince who has plenary power in the State, if he who hath suffered knows not how to forgive the injury,'* may lawfully absolve the guilty, if he perceive that this will not be hurtful to the public welfare." Such is the opinion of S. Thomas. We affirm, therefore, that our king, for the welfare of the realm, might release many prisoners, who by land and by sea might boldly resist the foe ; but under the charge of others. Nor is my lord ignorant concerning prisoners, what maimer of men they often are, how agile, how strong, and many of them, it is said, imprisoned for very trifling causes. We must believe then that this emperor — to revert to our original subject — did not thus act without the counsel of prudent men. A.D. 927. It is, indeed, related of this great man that he conveyed The Sacred to his imperial possession a spear of marvellous work- The Author commends the mea- sure. ' Verse 11. * ktioicsnot .... hijury.'] "Nes- cit remittere." By comparing these words with the original passage in the works of A(;[uinas, it will be seen that they are a mis-quotation for " velit cam remittere." Both read- ings make good sense, though that of Capgrave is the stronger of the two, as it ascribes the power of for- giving trespasses to the king, even when the person who has suffered the iiijuj-y refuses to acquiesce. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 11 manship, sanctified by the blood of the Lord Jesus. In a.u. 927. what manner, from the great Constantine to the present time, it has been handed do\vn and possessed by different persons, authors thus relate. Constantine on his death-bed gave it to Eodolph, king of Burgimdy. Rodolph, departing, gave it to Count Samson, from whom the pious king and emperor Henry extorted it by prayers, threats, and presents, giving him part of the province of Suabia; and he be- queatlied it to posterity as an ensign and protection of tlie empire. These things were done in the tenth year of his reign. Oh, how great the devotion of this soldier of Christ, who so ardently sought that weapon by which, through the open ark, peace flew forth, and again returning to it brought back the olive of peace ! For the door in the side of the ark which Noah made, signifies, as authors tell us, the wound in the side of Christ. It becomes kings, indeed, to seek and search out such ensigns as this, and to place them where they can be seen of all, for the increase of the Faith and the augmentation of piety. Now in what manner, or by what persons, this spear was preserved, or where deposited, cannot readily be discovered. But the writer who describes the troubles that took place in Jerusalem about the year of our Lord 1096, records that the spear of the Lord was found at Antioch, in the presence of that Count Godfrey, who afterwards was made king of Jerusalem. For he ^vrites as follows : * — "In this expedition," he says, " before the taking of Antioch, Saint Andrew appeared to a certain simple rustic, saying, ' Come, I will show thee the spear wherewith the side of Jesus Christ was pierced.' And the rustic, in the presence of the whole city, of Count Godfrey, and of his chaplain, assembled in the church of Saint Peter, on digging in the spot of which he had received revelation, found the spear. But when many doubted whether it were indeed the spear ' Sec "Martini I'oloni Cliionicoii." (Cologne, IGIG), Chap, tlxviii. 12 JOHN CArORAVES A.u. 927. Submission of Charles III. of France. A.n. 934. War with Russia. of Clirist, a certain man, named Bartholomew, to whom Christ appeared and .certified the identity of the spear, passed rinluirt, bearing the spear, through the midst of a fire thirteen feet in length." This account is extracted from the author mentioned above. Of the aforesaid emperor it is also read that Charles, who was then king of France, yielded up himself and his kingdom to him in perpetuity ; and, as a sign and pledge of perpetual covenant, he sent him an arm of Dionysius the martyr,., inclosed in gold and gems. And since many persons deem it unseemly that the arms or limbs of the Saints should be cut off when they are dead and given away, we, following the example of the Fathers, think it proper enough, provided they be not sold, but be freely given to those who have great devotion towards those Saints. And hence we read of what in like manner Pope Leo the Fourth did: — "After previous fasting," he says,i " and long prayer, our lord the Pope gave to Charlemagne part of the Lord's Crown, and of the Thorn, which there- upon blossomed in his sight, and one of the nails of the Lord's Passion, and part of the Lord's Cross, also the Lord's napkin, and the Blessed Virgin's shift, and lastly an arm of Saint Simeon." If, then, it were not agreeable to the Saints that their several limbs should be transferred to various churches for the promotion of the Faith and the increase of holiness, I hold that those who sever, or give, or carry away those relics would not pass unpunished, espe- cially as we often see punishment fall on those Avho have robbed them of their temporal possessions. In the seventeenth year of this man's reign, Niger, king of Russia, came to meet him, and solemnly declared war against him. And when there was a large number of vessels on the enemy's side, the great Sovereign, the emperor Henry, burnt the vessels by throwing Grreek fire ' See Martinus Pulonus, chap. Ixxiv. HISTORY OF THE HEXRIES. 13 among them ; and the other, thus confounded and subdued, a.d. 934. withdrew. Of this Henry, Godfrey of Viterbo, in his Chronicle Godfrey of called the Pantheon,' writes as follows : — Viterbo quoted. " Henry, the Saxon king, is called to reign, [And legates sent to summon him ; but he] ^ Would not accept the empire duly given. They found him sitting like a veteran. Completing by the fowler's art his snares. That by deceit he might entrap some birds. And as before them he was but a fowler, . He thenceforth bears the surname of ' The Fowler." But when the world possessed this noble lord, WTien, further, he is sought to govern Eome, He swears that he will never wear a crown. Since his o\\ti riches are enough for him. Yet must he bear the title of a king ; As king, at length, be solemnly anuointed : But still no crown was placed upon his head. Only before him was the diadem borne. To make him mindful of his kingly oath ; And all the signs of royalty he wears. The first king Otho of this king is sprung, [Whose matchless deeds I fain would celebrate ;] Now of three Othos the Muse bids me tell." ' See "Rerum Italicanim Scrip - tores," vii. col. 431. * The lines enclosed in brackets, in tliis and subsequent extracts from the Pantheon, arc omitted in the text of Capgrave, ami have been supplied among the various readings in the printed edition. 14 JOHN CAPG RAVES Of the Reign of HENRY THE SECOND. CHAPTER II. A.D. 93C. A.D. 1002. Henry II., the Lame. Ilis treat- ment of rebels. Now when Henry the First was dead, there succeeded to him, in turn, three Othos, according to the Chronicles of Grodfrey of Viterbo,* and of Vincent of Beauvais.^ But Martin,^ in his Chronicle, places Lothaire and Berenger between this said Henry and the first Otho. And he states also that the said Henry was not emperor of Rome, but only of Germany, because he died before he could possess the Roman throne. But I have preferred to follow those learned men who reckon him as clearly the first emperor. \Mience they also affirm that in the year of our Lord 1003, Otho the Third dying without issue, Henry the Lame, son of Besilio, a Norican by nation, and King of Norica and Bavaria, was unanimously elected by all the princes of the kingdom. He was anointed by a religious man, the archbishop of Mayence, and he reigned twenty- two years. He began to reign, as has been stated, in the year of our Lord 1003. One of his first acts was to put do\vn some very powerful men of his kingdom, who were desirous to kindle war against him, and to make tributary the kings of the nations ' See " Rcruni Italicarum Scrip- tores," vii. col. 431. - See his "Speculum Historiale," (Venice, 1591,) Bk. xxiv. fol. 339, b. ^ Sec '• Martini Poloni Chroui- con." chapters Ixxxv. — Ixxxx. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 15 dwelling in the interior of Germany. For it is good and a.d. 1004. profitable for kings, in the commencement of their sove- reignty, to chastise rebels, lest by long toleration of the wicked, they may themselves harass, by force of numbers and by malice, the paths of justice, as long as they are not checked. And though, according to some writers, it most becomes kings to possess mercy, still it must not be of that kind which both spares and indulges open crimes. For it is a trite proverb, that " Justice without mercy is cruelty, and mercy without j ustice, folly." In proof of which, even the peaceful Solomon either punished with death those who conspired against his king- dom, and disturbed the peace, or compelled them to remain in their o^vn abodes, and not to wander about among the people. This appears from the third Book of Kings,^ (as I have more plainly declared there,) but now only refer to my literal commentary.'^ Adonijah, who had violated Abishag, the wife of David, that so he might aspire to the kingdom, was put to death vdih the sanction of Solomon.^ Abiathar, the priest, because he had borne the ark before his father when he was in exile, was deprived of the priesthood only, and commanded to dwell in Anathoth.* Joab was slain, holding the horn of the altar, because he had treacherously murdered the two princes, Abner and Amasa.^ Shimei was forbidden to pass the gates of Jeru- salem, that so, at the first opportunity, he might be slain.^ JNlany things ought to be noted here, did time permit, as to punishing the wicked, — the person, the time, and the circumstances. But, because my lord possesses suf- ficiently acute observation, and a most ready understanding, it is not necessary for me to dwell much on these matters. ' That is, the First Book of Kings, ch. ii. ^ ycc the List of Capgravc's works given in Introduction to the I'lintcd Edition of his English Chronicle. " 1 Kings, ii. 25. * Ihiii. ii. '2G. ^ lliid. ii. 34. ' Il)id. ii. 4G. If) JOHN CArORAVES A.D. 1003. S. Cuno- gund, wife of Hen. II. Anecdote of Gregory Nazianzen. Henry's munifi- cence to the Church. 'llw wife of this Henry, who was called 8aint Cunegimd, was (lesccTided from illustrious parents, and shone brightly with a character still more illustrious. For, by mutual consent, they remained virgins, occupied in holy duties ; and, since they remained virgins, in the church of Bam- berg, which they built and where they repose, they shine with glorious miracles. how pleasant is it to think of those glad days when such chastity was preserved between those who were not bound to chastity! And how grievous to behold those shameless ones who have thrown away all profes.sion of modesty ! how honourable the memory of Josaphath, Alexus, Crisantus, of whom one altogether shunned the embraces of women ; the second broke his girdle and ring, and delivered them up to his bride, submitting himself to a perpetual pilgrimage ; the other abhorred the kisses of women even as the bites of serpents, and all this not without reason, if they have attained true wisdom, who have loved the sister of Wisdom, especially since Wisdom and Chastity are tied together by an indissoluble bond. Hence also, in the Preface to the Apology of Gregory Nazianzen, it is thus recorded of him: — At the time when he was eminent at Athens for his philosophical studies, he saw in a dream two very lovely women, who seated themselves beside him, one on his right hand, the other on his left, as he was sit- ting and reading. And he, regarding them, demanded of them who they were, and what they wanted. But they embraced him very familiarly, and said : — "Be not annoyed, young man ; we are very good friends of thine ; for one of us is called Wisdom, the other Chastity; and we have been sent to dwell with thee, because thou hast prepared in thy heart an acceptable dwelling for thy God." These things are said in commendation of the chastity which shone forth so conspicuously in this man and his wife. He w^as zealous in the erection of holy places; for, besides many churches and monasteries which he founded, he erected one church and bishopric, as the records of his HISTORY OF THE IIENRIi:;?. 17 deeds testify, wherein is contained the following : • — " After a.d. ioo3. many wars," it states, " which he waged in Germany, Bohemia, and Italy, being desirous to serve God, as he was a most devout Christian, he consecrated a church and episcopate at Bamberg, wliere he gave himself up to fer- vent prayers and continual religious exercises." It was customary, in that age, for kings to construct churches, and to provide for the necessities of religious men; and they themselves then abounded affluently in all riches. Nor do we read that kings who were the founders of churches were ever smitten with poverty. The reader may recur to past times, and especially to kings of our nation, Edgar and Athelstan, and others, the first of whom is said to have erected forty churches for monks and nuns; while the other maintained such devotion towards the church, that once, when he was fighting, a sword from heaven was seen to fall into his empty scabbard.'^ The remembrance of these things might surely induce kings and princes to love churches, as this venerable Henry has afforded to them a manifest example, and not to rob them. Moreover, among other virtuous deeds, he gave his ^-^- ^o^?* sister in marriage to Stephen, king of Hungary; on which of Stepiifn occasion both Kincj Stephen and all his nation were con- ^- "' """' . gary. verted from the errors of Paganism unto the Faith of Christ. This Stephen, who is reverenced as a Saint among his own people to the present day, is held in such great veneration because he was the first of that nation that received baptism. From this circumstance a gi-eat lesson may be drawn for men in the present day, that if any king or prince desires to take a wife from another nation, he should do so for the sake of spreading the Faith, or of establishing peace and concord, forasmuch as these are just ' See Godfrey of Yitcrbo, the Pantheon, col. 437, E. = The reading in the MS. C.C.C. has been adopted for the words " Was seen to fall," etc. The read- ing in the MS. Cotton, is " vaKinnni snain vacuain Iradidisse visus ist." IH JOHN cAranAVE'.-i A.i). 1(124. motives, since, in hucIi cases, either tlio l^'aitli is exalted, or strife is turned into love. Extract The above-mentioned Godfrey of Viterbo thus in verse frcy".i>- 1030. eighty-ninth from Augustus, began to reim in the year of n*""""}' I"-. tlic Black. our Lord 1045,' and reigned sixteen years; in whom the imperial dignity, which during a long time had been banished, severed from the race of Charlemagne, was re- stored to it through his mother Gisilia. Now in what manner he came to the empire, and by His early what wonderful event he was elevated, authors thus briefly ^^^'^""y- state. In the time of Conrad the Third, a certain duke, named Leopold, who had broken the peacig, and feared the King Conrad, bidding farewell to all his riches, and taking a few necessaries, with his wife Gisilia, (who was descended of French race,) fled to a forest, and lay concealed in a certain subterranean cave. Now it happened on a sub- sequent day that the emperor entered into this forest for the purpose of hunting, and, night coming on, necessity compelled him to take up his abode in the same hut. And his hostess, the countess, who was pregnant and near to her time of delivery, prepared a bed for him as decently as she could, and ministered all things necessary. And, indeed, that same night she brought forth a son. And Conrad the emperor heard three times a voice coming to him, and saying: — "Conrad, this boy who is just born ' This date is incorrect ; Conrad I succeeded in the same year by Henry the Salique died in 1039, and was I III. c 2 20 JOHN TArOnAVES A.i«. lO.'iD. Extract from Godfrey of Vitcrbo. sli;ill lie lliy siiii-iii-Iaw mikI tliy Kiicccssor." The emperor rose early in the morning, and called his sqnires unto him secretly, and said, — ^"Go, and snatch away this young child by force from the hands of his mother, and when you have cut him in two, bring to me his heart." ]?ut when they saw that he was of most graceful beauty, they were moved with compassion, and placed the boy in a tree, that he might not be devoured by wild beasts : then they cut up a hare, which had been caught by their dogs, and bore its heart to the Emperor. And when the Emperor saw it, he returned with gladness. But on the same day, as a certain noble duke was passing by and heard a child crying, he followed closely in tlie direction of the voice, and found the child ; and, as he had no son, he took him to his wife, and causing him to he nursed, feigned that the child was his by his own wife, and named him Henry. Now the said Grodfrey introduces the following con- tinuation of this story in his Pantheon, partly in verse, partly in prose : — ^ " The duke says, — ' thou must feign this child is thine ; Feign labour, and confess him for thy son ; For I believe he is a gift from Heaven.' His lovely spouse heard gladly his request : ' Go hence,' she says, ' and quickly leave my chamber. And tell the story of the birth to all. Do thou obey my words, and grant this favour ; I, in due form, will feign the pangs of travail, [That all men may suppose he is my son. '] " When then the boy had grown up, and had attained his fifteenth year, he was of very beautiful form, well spoken, and a favourite with all. The Emperor, seeing him when he dined with the Count, longed to have him, and finally ' " Partim nietricc, ])artini pro- | the Pantheon ; the prose is Cap- saice." The verse only is found in I grave's. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 21 took him into his service. But tliis is more clearly de- a.d. 1039. scribed in the verses : — " When the boy Henry reached his fifteenth year, Men deem him worthy of a soldier's life ; [For all he did, and said, and was, pleased all.] One day the king came in ; the boy before him, Fair in his youthful form and golden locks, [Stood blushing like the rose. Then the king said, — ] ' What boy is this?' ' He is mine,' the duke replied. To wliom the Emperor, — ' He is most like Achilles : I must take him for mine own.' " For the Emperor, seeing him so beautiful and so dis- creet, besought him of his father ; and, though he resisted, caused him to remain at his court. But when he saw that the boy was a favourite, and was beloved and praised by all, he began to doubt whether he might not be destined to reign after himself, and whether he were not the child whom he had commanded to be killed. And wishing to be secure^ he sent a letter, in his own hand-writing, by the boy to his wife, in this form : " As my life is dear to thee, as soon as you have received this letter, slay this boy." WTience the verses : — " With anxious mind the king assail'd the youth : Forced him to name his father and his mother. ' I am the duke's,' he said ; ' his home is mine.' The king knew that the duchess long was childless, And deems that he is not indeed her son ; And, doubting, plans some evil in his breast. ' This must be he,' he thinks, * whom long ago I doom'd to death : what if he wear my crown ! ' And eagerly he seeks to slay the youth. With his own hand he writes the death-warrant, And makes the lad himself his messenger. Who — as, of (lid, riiah — goes with gladness. C 3 22 JOHN CAl'CiliAVE's A.u. 1039. Aix-la-Chapelle in seven days he reaches, Companionless, of all things destitute; A priest receives liim there, — so God had willM. Hungry and weary, on a couch he sleeps ; The priest meanwhile prepares a sumptuous feast, [And wonders at his young guest's comeliness.] " Now it happened that the bag, in which was the letter, hung from the boy's girdle, and the priest, led by curiosity, opened the bag, and seeing a letter secured mth the king's seal, he opened it without breaking the seal, and on reading it, was horror-struck at the meditated crime. And, cleverly erasing the words, " Slay him," he wrote : — " You shall give him our daughter to wife." And when the queen perceived that the letter was written by the em- peror, she convoked the princes and celebrated the nup- tials, and gave him her daughter to wife; and these nuptials were celebrated at Aix-la-Chapelle. The remainder of the story is given metrically in the following verses : — " The queen beholding sees a youth approaching. Admires his noble form and comely looks. He -comes and gives to her the royal letter. She reads, but hides its purport from the youth ; Her daughter blushingly looks on in silence. The mother bids her read her father's letter. [Hard though it seem'd, her husband's will, she knew. Must be a law to her who fear'd his Avrath ; And, after all, he was a comely youth.] They cannot disobey the king's commands : The bridal chamber is at once prepared. The princess makes her ready for the wedding. Ere long a second letter from the king : ' Has all my will been dutifully done ? ' She answers, — 'It is done as thou did'st send, HISTORY OF THE HENKIES. 23 Thy letter, at thy stern commaDd, I read, ^-d- 1*^^^- And, for I fear'd to contradict my king, I have done all things that thou bidd'st me do. Our child is married ; the espousals o'er. The court rejoices, great solemnities Await her : she rejoices in her spouse.' CiEsar, astonished, thinking all a dream. Urges his horses, hastening on his way, [And reaches, \\ath distracted mind, his home.] Daughter and mother, with their retinue. Meet him ; they bring with them his son-in-law. The lovely hride leading him by the hand. Swelling with wrath, he knows not what to say. His anger rages, and he bums with fury : INIadness and reason struggle in his breast. Rage checks the kindly dictates of his heart ; Wliilst reason, friend of pity, strives against it. His son-in-law sees instant death at hand. Daughter and mother, whilst his fierceness burns. Sink, full of fear, before his threatening brow ; Death and life struggle for the mastery there. His wrath impels him to the deed of death : Nature implores : ' Spare, pardon thine own child ! By Nature's prayers he is subdued at once. Wliilst the fierce struggle rages in his mind. Reason assumes its sway, and anger flies. With joy he views his wife, as was his wont : He says to her, * God's will may not be changed : That which I will'd I could not ; He forbade : WHiom God hath given to us let us receive.' She answers, — ' It is He who this hath done. Whose wisdom, hidden from the wise of earth. Rules all things,— then submit thy will to Him. If Nature marks him as her noblest child. Our daughter's fate will bring no loss to us. If it be otherwise, will bring no joy.' c 4 24 JOIfN cai'Oiiave's A.D. 1031). On this the duke confesHes all liis (Ujod ; l[is st^rvants are constrain'd to tell the tnitli ; The count is summoned from his forest-hoim*. The count comes trembling lest his doom be nigh, — The father recognises his dear son. That son is now the adopted of the king. WTien the king knows his noble parentage, At once he wins thereby the royal favour : The king says, — 'He shall be my friend, my son.' When he perceives that he had broken faith. He praises him whom God had saved and loved. ' Thou shalt be even as my o^vn son,' he says, And yields him to his fate. The new-made prince Is praised all round, and sits at the king's board. So rapidly doth Fortune's wheel revolve. That place of groves, where this great man was born. Is hallow'd now : a noble church stands there ; There solemn vows are oifer'd up to Grod." These things, as we have already said, are written concerning the Avonderful elevation of this man to the empire. Death of On the death of Conrad, then, this man assumed the Conrad and crown. He is said to have been equal to his predecessor, accession . .... t i i • • of Henry, and even superior to him, m virtues. In the beginning of His con. h^s reign he reduced to subjection the Duke of Bohemia, quests. .^lYid subdued the Yindelici, who even to this day worship Fortune. They fix her idol in a very public place, and on its right afiix a vase full of that drink made of water and honey, which they call Hydromel. That the Egyptians, and almost all the Oriental nations did the like is affirmed by Saint Jerome, in his Commentary on Isaiah. Therefore, on the last day of November, sitting together, they taste, and if they should happen to find the horn full, with great uproar they rejoice that in the coming year full horns of HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. plenty are promised unto all ; but if the contrary is the case a.d. 1039. they loudly lament.' These nations Henry made tributary, so that in the midst of all those ceremonies with which he was crowned, four of their kings bore on their shoulders to the kitchen a cauldron, in which flesh was cooked ; carrying it by means of two bars passed through rings. After this, he graciously befriended Peter, King of a.d. 1045. Hungary, who had been expelled and exiled from liis U»^ assists 11 . -iiTT • 1 1 I'ctcr of realm ; and wagmg war with the Hungarians, he routed Hungary. an innumerable multitude of them, entered Pannonia, and restored Peter to his kingdom. After the death of his first wife, he took to wife Agnes, [a.d. 1043.] sister of William, a most noble prince of France, and duke ^^'^ second 1 . T marriage, of Poitou and Aquitaine. And when in regal manner he celebrated the nuptials, he suffered all the jesters, whom he detested, to depart unemployed, and gave their accus- tomed largess to the poor. In the time of this emperor, there was found at Rome Legend. the undecayed body of a certain giant whose name was Pallas ; the opening of whose wound, in the place where he had been struck, measured four feet and a half. And the body exceeded the wall in height. And at his head Avas found a lantern still alight, which it was not possible to extinguish, either by wind or water ; but when a hole had been made with a style beneath, the flame was extinguisheil. It is said that he was killed by Turnus. And this was his epitaph : — "Pallas, Evander's son, whom with his lance Tiie warrior Turuus slew, lies buried here." ^ Tliis King once kept the feast of Whitsuntide at Hcnry ' Sec tlic Vcron. Edition of S. Jerome's works, vol. iv. col. 782, B. * " Filius Evandri Pallas, quern lan- ccu Turn! Militis occidit more suo, jaect hie." 26 JoifN capguave's A.n. 1045. Mayence. And wiiilc they were l)eginning the solemnities spends ,,f tiie Mass there arose a remarkable contention between tide lit the Archbishop's chamberlains, and the monks of the Maycncc. Abbot of Fulda, as to which of them should sit on the King's right hand. And some indeed, said that the bishop was the more worthy, both on account of his rank, and because he was in his own church ; whilst others gave the preference to the Abbot, because he was wont to send to the emperor in his expeditions sixty thousand armed men. After words it came to blows, so tliat the blood of many flowed on the pavement. At length, when the people were pacified and the church had been cleansed, they proceeded to celebrate the Mass ; and, at the end of a Sequence, while they were singing, — " Thou madest this day of glory," ^ a voice was heard in the air saying, — " This day of strife." ^ But the pious emperor perceiving the voice of an enemy rejoicing in discord, cried, — " Thou liest, Satan, for before we retire, we shall have a glorious day." And so, at length, all things being amicably settled, the Mass was celebrated and completed in the Lord. Let these things, as many as have been now said, suffice concerning this most noble emperor. I intend to proceed with brevity. ' "' Hunc diem gloriosum fecisti.'" - "Hunc diem bellicosum." HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 27 Of HENKY the FOUKTH, Emperor. ch.U'ter'iy. Henry the Fourth began to reign in the year of our a.d. io56. Lord 1062.' Henry IV. Of liis genealogy authors do not treat, but, because he His gene- was the successor of the aforesaid Henry, he is therefore " ^°^' supposed to have been of his blood ; notwithstanding that the emperors then, as now, were appointed by election. This Henry, a most victorious general and king, was cro\\Tied on Christmas day by Pope Clement, and was the ninetieth from Augustus who had received the imperial dignity. Then when he had led his army through Apulia, he returned with honour to his country. Not long afterwards, Peter, King of Hungary, who by a.d. loeo. Henry, the predecessor of this Henry, had been restored to j^*^ tlefends his kingdom, was deprived both of his eyesight and of his Hungary, kingdom, by a certain retainer of his, whose name was Andrew. But when the most pious Emperor heard this, benignantly compassionating him, he entered Pannonia, and traversing all the districts of that country, he pursued Andrew. But the inhabitants of the land everywhere con- cealing themselves, and all the food in Hungary being either hidden, or contaminated, or infected with poison, he was unable to sustain his army there ; and so, after having ravaged Pannonia, he returned. ' This date is incorrect. Henry's accession is usually calculated IVom the year 10.56, in which his father died. He did not become Emperor, indeed, till the year in84, but he was crowned King of Germany ai* early as 10j4. 28 JOHN CAPGRAVE8 Aj). lor.i. I')nt ill tli(> following year be entered Pannonia witli an He entiTs hostile ;uiiiy, taking with him Pope Leo; and he put aimoiiiiv. ^j^jj.g^y ^^^ flight, and settled all thingH prosperously. And if, according to the Wise Man, " a brother who is helped by a brother is as a strong city,"' ' much more firmly endures a kingdom when it is joined unto a kingdom. P'or that very charity which we are commanded to extend to a neighbour, ought to be extended also to the community, especially when the head, or prince, of any district is unjustly oppressed. Hence it was that, in great and imminent danger, the Kings of Judah were often called in to aid the Kings of Israel, and the reverse. Indeed the books which have been composed concerning the govern- ment of princes are full of those matters of which we now treat ; but our purpose has reference solely to this, — that we may give to the world an account of those illustrious men who have borne this name. And although there may have been some among them whose reputation has been defamed through certain deeds of theirs, yet it is to be considered that they made a good end. [a.d.1044,] For, to descend to particulars, this illustrious man, The Great although he did many things excellently and well, during the lifetime of Saint Leo the Pope, as for instance in obtaining the patrimony of Saint Peter, also in assisting Peter, King of Hungary, in assuming the Cross and going to the Holy Land, and many other things, still on account of a schism which sprung up, he died excommunicate, as they say, though possibly he himself might imagine that what he had done was right. For in his time there arose a serious confusion in the Eoman Church, three intruders at the same time occupying that see, one of whom was called Benedict; and, that the accumulation of misery might be still greater, the patriarchates and their reve- nues were divided amongst them ; one of them occupying Saint Peter's, the second Saint jNIary Major, and the third, ' Proverbs, xviii. 19. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 29 tliat is to say, Benedict, the palace of the Lateran ; and all, [a.d.io44.] as we are told, led shameful and flagitious lives. Then, a certain priest, whose name was Graziano, taking Graziano is compassion on God's Church in its confusion, went to the pope. three before-mentioned, and, by means of bribes, persuaded them to withdraw from the Holy See ; leaving to Benedict, who appeared to be the most powerful among them, the revenues of England, as the price of peace. For which cause the Romans with one consent elected this priest Graziano, as the liberator of the Church, to the chief Pontificate, and styled him Gregory the Seventh.' But the emperor, hearing these things, hastened to proceed to Kome ; where Graziano met him graciously and paternally, and bestowed on him a valuable crown, that so he might win his favour. The emperor graciously received him at [A.D.i04f).] that time : but afterwards, in an assembled synod, on ^"'' '^ ^"°" ^ . , . ^ ,,. deposed, account of a charge of simony, he induced him to give up the dignity, and, with the consent of the Church, substi- tuted for him, Suidger, bishop of Bamberg, whom it pleased him to name Benedict.^ From that time to the present the canonical election of the Roman Pontififs is said to have been stopped, so that this Benedict and Hildebrand and four others following in succession, who were appointed by the emperor, are not found recorded in the Catalogue of Roman Pontiffs. But Martin ' states that this Cardinal Hildebrand, who Anccciotc was afterwards called Gregory,"* when he was a legate in ^rm,j^*^' France, and was proceeding in council against many simoniacal bishops, and wished to proceed against one bishop, who was much spoken against, and had with money corrupted the witnesses who had accused him, as legate, said in the council : " Let human judgment cease ; ' This is a mistake for Gregory the Sixth. - Clement II., who was elected in 104G. ' See his Cln-onieie, cli. xevi. * Gregory VII. Sec tlie Intro- duction. 30 JorrN CAPfiRAVKS quarrels with Henry. [a,i>.1046.] let tli(! DiviiK- Oracle be made known aiiionf^st us; since it is certain that episcopal grace is a gift of the Holy Ghost, anil that whosoever purchases the episcopate does despite to the Holy Ghost. If, therefore, thou hast not done despite to the Holy Ghost, say, — ' Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost ;' " and when he began boldly, and had said, — " Glory be to the Father, and to the Son," he could by no means say '• and to the Holy Ghost," though he frequently repeated the attempt ; but when he was deprived of his bishopric he at once said it fully. AD. 1076. This Hildebrand, afterwards created Pope, with the Hildebrand name of Gregory, was incensed against the Emperor Henry, because he effected a schism in the Church. For the Emperor, at Worms, where a council of twenty-three ' bishops and of numerous nobles were assembled, ordered all Gregory's decrees to be quashed. WTiereupon Gregory excommunicated the Emperor, and absolved all his adhe- rents from their oath of fidelity. And the Emperor, as far as he was able to do so, deposed Pope Gregory from the papacy at Mayence, and appointed in his place Guipert, bishop of Ravenna. But the aforesaid Gregory the Seventh, in a council of ninety ^ bishops, excommunicated the Emperor Henry, because he had desired to destroy the unity of the Roman Church. But, afterwards, the same Henry came into Lombardy, and standing with naked feet on snow and ice for many days, wdth difficulty obtained his absolution. After this again, many excommunicated bishops and promoters of sedition assembling at Brescia, elected Guipert, bishop of Ravenna, to be Pope, and called him Clement, and to him Henry, prostrate on the earth, ^\^th all the others, immediately did homage. And from the A.D. 1080. ' Tims in the MS. Cotton. The MS. C.C.C., and the printed text of the Chronicle of Martinus Polonns, have " twentv-four." * Thus in both MSS. The printed Chronicle has ex. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 31 same Clement, on faster day, he received the imperial a.d. io80. crown, whilst keeping Pope Gregory and his cardinals besieged in the Castle of Saint Angelo ; but when the Emperor heard that Guiscard was coming from Apulia to the help of our Lord the Pope, after destroying the Leonine city ^ and the capitol, he fled with his o\vn Pope to Siena. After these things, at Mayence, where he had kept the -^d- 1102. festival of Christmas, Henry appointed his son Henry, the Fifth of that name, to succeed him on the throne of Germany, and devoted himself to a pilgrimage to Jeru- salem ; of which also he made public proclamation. In the second year after this, when the Emperor was a.d. 1104. again at JNIayence, Henry his son, by the persuasion of the Rebellion Bavarians, plotted rebellion against his father at Ratisbon, Emperor's taking occasion by the fact that he was looked upon as ^*"'- excommunicated by the Sovereign Pontiff. And when he had joined unto himself certain princes, he entered Saxony, a country easily excited against the empire, where- upon all the Saxons consented to his wish. Then Ruthard, Archbishop of ISIayence, who had for some time been excluded from his see by the Emperor, joined the party of his son Henry, and excommunicated the Emperor as a schismatic, in a Council held at the to'wn of Northausen. Also Henry, who had been elected to the see of Magdeburg, but had been rejected by the Emperor, he consecrated, and arranged for his return to INIayence by the help of his son. But his father remained there with his forces, and defeated the project, L^pon this the younger Henry moved his own army forward against his father, who also advanced to meet him : both armies were stationed on the banks of the Rhine, the river running between them. His Father's greatest strength lay in the troops of the Bohemians, and in Leopold, Marquis of Austria. But when the son ' II nor. 1104. (iisoovorcd tliis, lie contrived by promises to draw away not only tlie Marqui.s Leopold, hut also Rorzivoi, the duke of Bohemia, froiu the side of his father, who was so weakened by this loss that he was compelled to retire. After this the fatlier and the son had a meeting at Ping3rve, at which t?ie latter warned the former that he should obtain from the Pope a release from his excommunication. The father requested that there should be a general assembly of the Princes at Mayence ; which took place accordingly. The father and his son were presented to all the Princes ; and, before the legates of the Apostolic See, the Emperor was pronounced excommunicate. Upon this he was placed in a certain castle in close custody, where the Princes, on his asking for an audience, managed to get the better of him, and in some way or other forced him no longer to put off resigning to his son the ensigns of royalty : and this he did in the fifty-second year of his reign, and the fortieth from the year in which he was made Emperor. The Princes therefore returned from the father to the son, bearing with them the ensigns of royalty, and, having told him that he had then been elected by his father, they made him Emperor by the hands of the Roman legates. He was the ninety-first from Augustus. ITcnry re- But the Emperor Henry the Fourth, reduced to poverty. Empire. having resigned all the ensigns of royalty to his son, and having lost the support of all the Princes, had gone do'svn the Rhine to Cologne, where he was received by the citizens, not as an exile, but as if he were still Emperor. From thence he proceeded to Liege, where he gave every one to understand, as well by word of mouth as by his letters, that he had been deceived by the Princes, and compelled to resign. A.D. 1106. And after a short interval he died at Liege, and was His death, jju^ied there as became a monarch. But afterwards, by command of the Roman Pontiff, his "body was dug up, and cast out of the cemetery. A warning is afforded in the life of this Kinw to all HISTORY OK THE HENRIES. 33 sovereigns, that, in case of a schism ever arising in the a.d. iioe. Church, they should not hastily incline to either party, but should carefully ascertain where the truth lies, and should give that side their countenance. For I suppose that, by the permission of God, this venerable Emperor was, on accoimt of his error in this particular, smitten with penury, and punished in this world by the ingratitude of his son, and that at the last he bore all these sorrows patiently. In reference to these events, the said Godfrey, in his Pantheon,^ makes meation of him in verse as follows : — " [He died at Liege, where he had wished to lie :] His clergy duly honour'd his remains, And laid him like a monarch in his tomb. [But he who erst had cursed him while alive,] Now bade them drag his body from the grave,— Laid on the city his anathema. And sought to tear the corpse from holy ground. The son could not endure to leave his sire To lie with the accurs'd, but bore him thence Far off to Spires, where the Rhine girds the shore ; And cursed the mute corpse in his great rage : A she-sroat's skin receives his father's bones. Translated thus, and placed in a new bier. Five years he Jies unburied, unto all A spectacle of woe, condemn'd to shame. The son bewails this treatment of his sire : Mourning, he brings again the funeral bier, While he lies buried far from holy ground. The Pope debars him from the sacred rite, Till he receive again the ring and staff, WTiereby he once had sold his patronage, [For he was ever given to simony, — That brand which Heavenly Wisdom hath forbidden,- And still his mind is bent on hoarded gold.] Extract from the Pantheon. ' See col. 452. C. 34 JOHN capqrave's A.D. 11 Of.. Henry succeeding to his father's throne. The Pope forbids to keep or staff or ring, — [That such a thing should be, no law permits.] Henceforth the King the Pontiff cannot sell, — That such a thing should be, all law forbids, — And all should shun the charge of simony. Thus, in a strait, and fetter'd on all sides, The Emperor, beset without, within, Yields to the Church, and, forced to give, gives all. Thereby the churches, who had suffer'd long His burning wrath, he persecutes no more. War ceases, and returning peace brings rest. The ring and staff fall to the Pontiff's lot. The Emperor must rule the things of time ; Thus all things on an equal footing stand. The old king lies in consecrated ground ; A golden monument yet marks his grave In sacred Spires, his final resting-place." HlSTOllY OF THE HENRIES. 35 Of the Reign of HENRY THE FIFTH. CHAPTER V. Henry the Fifth, the son of Henry the Fourth, reigned, a.d. hog. accordinor to some authorities, fifteen, accordinjc to others, H^"'')' ^^^ ° ' ' o ' Emperor. nineteen years. On the death of his father he gathered a very large a.d. iiio. army, and, three years after he died, crossed the Pyrenees ' He invades by Montjui on his way to Rome. And when, having encamped on the banks of the Po, he had ordered his army to be reviewed, there were found to be thirty thou- sand soldiers, over and above all those who had joined him from different parts of Italy. Groing thence, he crossed the Apennines, and destroyed the town of Pontremoli, which was well fortified with towers and walls, because the gar- rison tried to prevent the advance of his army. From thence he proceeded through Tuscany as far as Arezzo, and destroyed that city. After these exploits he advanced to Rome, and there was received by Pope Paschal and the Cardinals, on the steps of S. Peter's, with crosses and a procession, dancing, and great manifestations of joy. But the emperor made Pope Paschal his prisoner, having a.d. 1 1 1 1. ' There were mountains bearing this name between Germany and Ital)', far eastward of the great chain which forms the boundary between France and Spain. Herodotus (ii. 33, quoted in Smith's Classical Dic- tionary) speaks of a city Pyrenc be- longing to the Celts, near wliich the Istcr rises. Capgravc has altered "transiit I'yrenieuni," which is found in the Pantheon, (see col. 455, A.,) into " transiit Pirenum." 3G .lOHN CAl'OnAVE'i^ A.i>. 1111. been advised to du so by certain wicked counsellors, and and takes ud Sutriuui) 1) 3 43G114 38 JOHN CAPGUAVE8 A.I). 1122. Ue is ab- solved by the legate Lambert. The emperor, perceiving that his power was gradually waning, and considering in his mind the example of his father, being moreover pressed down by fear of the anathema under which he lay, assembled a general council at Worms, and publicly resigned the right of investiture of bishops, viz. the ring and the staff, to Lambert, the legate of the Holy See, who was afterwards Pope Honorius,* and was by him loosed from the anathema. The Pope also granted this privilege to the emperor, that all bishop.s, as well those within the Alps as those without, should not be consecrated until they had been invested with the ensigns of authority by the hands of the emperor. But the emperor, longing to be avenged on Kome, hastened with all speed to Italy, and besieged the city. And when some went out to meet him incautiously, he put out the eyes, or cut off the noses ^ of nearly all of them. After this he returned to his own country, where he was taken suddenly ill, and died at Spires, in which city he had entirely built and endowed a church of magnificent workmanship. He was buried by the side of his father, his grandfather, and his great-grandfather, in the fifteenth year of his reign according to Martinus ;^ according to the Polychronicon,* in the nineteenth. And the latter adds : — " We read that Henry was buried with his ancestors at Spires, and on his tomb the follomng epitaph is inscribed : " ' Son, father, grandsire, and his sire lie here.' " Extract But Griraldus Cambrensis,* (in his Itinerary,) seems to hold dus Cam- ' *^® truer view ; for he says that this Henry, " at length brensis. imbued with penitence, went into voluntary exile, having He besieges Rome. A.D. 1125. His death. ' Lambert, bishop of Ostia, became Pope as Honorius II. in the year 1124. * Dcnasavit. This is the reading of the Pantheon. Both MSS. ot Capgrave read " devastavit," which is evidently a mistake. ' See Martini Poloni Chronicon, ch. xcvii. * See Higden's Polychronicon, lib. vii. cap. 14. ^ See Camden's Edition of Giral- dus Cambrcnsis, p. 874, 22. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 39 privately put away his ynie, Maud, the daughter of the a.d. 1125. king of England, and led a holy life at Chester, in the monastery of Saint Withburga. And going thence barefoot, he lived in narrow circumstances for the space of ten years ; and, lest while he lived he should be recognised by any one, he called himself Godescall, which means ' called by God.' But before he departed, he came to himself, and when he had resigned the right of investing bishops to Pope Calixtus, he granted permission that canonical elections should be holden in all churches throughout the whole empire, and the possessions and ensigns of authority belonging to S. Peter, which had been alienated by reason of discords caused by himself or any other, he restored to the Koman Church. The possessions also of other churches, and of other persons as well clerical as lay, which had been taken away by reason of the quarrel which he had caused in the church, he ordered to be faithfully restored." Of the mutual complainings and revilings of the church Extract and the empire, Godfrey of Viterbo thus writes in verse : ' — frey of Viterbo. " Why is the Pope, they ask, still kept in chains ? Men answer, — for that he hath sought to rob The empire of its rights over the church. For the church goods, which he now strives to grasp, The empire gave ; the empire may retain ; Henceforth he holds it but as Ctesar's gift. The ring and staff are in our right alone : Pontiffs are laden with the gifts of kings. How should they seek to wield the sceptre too ? " The answer of the church to the emperor : — "The church replies, — If we must speak the truth. The ring and staff are not of Caesar's gift ; Sec tlic r.iiilhcoii, (ul. 4.t6, 1). I> 4 40 JOHN capgrave's A.D. 1125, For God hath given them to His church from Heaven. All tliat the kings in times gone })y liave given Are tlieirs no more, but hers to whom they gave [^Tiat Grod's law and thine own forbid thee take]. Tliou art our king, the guarrlian of our laws ; Thou sett'st a bad example to all time. While raging thus against God's holy things : The fount of rights should not set rights aside ; As thou dost those of God and man alike. Afflicting us, as thou shalt one day suffer. Shame that the source of laws should break the law. And basely set at nought the King of Heaven : [Sorrowful is the rule of godless kings.] Why should a layman covet sacred gifts ? As God decrees, the elections of the church By Heaven's high sanction ever shall be free. Ask back the things which thou hast given to us, — The things thou hast not given why wouldst thou seize ? 'T is well to give ; to plunder is not good. If reason bids all gifts to be recalled. Let thine be taken away ; give us our own ; If thou wilt this, we pray it may be so. We gave thee empire ; thy gifts are small. By the chief Pontiff's aid thou boldest sway ; How dost thou, therefore, cast him into chains ? " On this the Emperor Henry, setting their answer at nought, took with him the rings and staffs, and all things wdiich appertain to the Pontifical dignity, and departed. To continue in verse : — " The Pope laments ; and, summond by his Bull, The whole church hastens to the Holy City : [He tells them of the doings of the Caesar], And says, ' Fathers, mark ye well his message. And on this matter, as ye will, decree. Command that I the Popedom shall resign : HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 41 Your woes, I mark, have all their source in me, a.u. 1125. And I am worthy now to be deposed ; Nay I depose myself, lest ye fare worse.' He spake, and cast mitre and mantle ^ by, * Decree,' he said, ' whatever seemeth good ; In the chief Pontiff's stead judge for yourselves.' They read the message ; — the king claims their rights ; The ring and staff belong alike to him. With one consent they cry, — ' It shall not be.' This rescript, the terms of which had been unreasonably extorted from the Pope by the emperor, was immediately burnt, and the clergy, sjnnpathising with the Pope, restored to him the mitre and mantle. Then the church began to take steps against the emperor, laying him under a curse, as well as all the dukes and nobles who had supported him in this proceeding. "WTien Paschal died Calixtus succeeded him. Thereupon also a great contention arose between the courts of the Pope and the emperor, which the same author thus describes in verse : — " The papal and imperial courts contend. Whether the two may be compared, or not And thus the courtiers of the king declare : — * Father, thou art spirit veil'd in flesh : Who dares to treat thee as a thing of earth ? How shall this lower world with Hea,ven compare ? Thou art as God, the skies are given to thee, To bind and to set free, as thou seest good : Exiled in flesh, thy spirit grasps the stars. And Caesar is a living law to kings ; Under one living law all rights are given ; That law chastises, liberates, enchains. He is the fount of law ; no law binds him. And yet he yields him freely to the law : And that is law, whatever pleases him. ' The "iniintum " wiis a vcstiucnl fornicrly worn by the I'oiic at tlic time of his inveslitiirc. Du Cungc. 42 JOITN C^lPORATE-S A.u. 1125. God gave him to the world to bind and loose ; Divides with liim His universal sway, — Himself keeps Heaven ; gives all thing else to him.' " The Papal Court replies : — " And thus unto the court the Pope makes answer: — ' If thou dost yield to Peter, thou mayest reign ; The right in both Christ giveth unto us. Body and soul are subject unto me. My body sways the earth, my soul the Heavens ; By ruling there, I bind and loose things here. I climb the skies, and reach the things of God, To give, to take, — to chain, set free, are mine : The Old Law and the New both honour me. The ring and staff, though they be things of earth. The things they signify belong to Heaven : Kespect the rights of God, and yield to Him.' " The emperor yielded to the Church : — " Then gives he to the Pope whate'er he ask'd. Restoring all that he had taken from God : Peace smiles, and all are happy in their rights." HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 43 Of the IvEIGN OF HENRY THE SIXTH. CHAl'TER VI. HevNry THE Sixth began to reign in the year of our Lord ad. 1190. 1 1 90. P^or after the death of the emperor Frederic and Henry VI. Emperor, his eldest son, his second son Henry succeeded to the empire of Germany; and he reigned eight years. He was crowned at Rome, in the month of April, shortly after Easter. In the same month he entered Apulia with a large lie enters army ; and at the same time he delivered the Tusculan ^'" "^ kingdom to the Romans, which was destroyed by them. And in the same year the sun was eclipsed on the ninth The sun day before the kalends of July,' from nine in the morning ^*^ ^^^^ till three in the afternoon. This emperor reigned seven years under the Popes Ce- lestine'^ and Innocent;' according to others he reigned seven years and four months. In the first year of his rule he invaded the kingdom of His ilis- Sicily, and conquered the country as far as Naples in the "ri.f^'"tYj^' space of three months. But while he was there so fatal a Sicily, mortality attacked his army that nearly all his soldiers died, insomuch that he had to retreat with but a few men. He married Constance, the daughter of the king of Sicily. In the fourth year of his reign, however, he subdued a.o. 1193. ' June 23. j * Innocent II. (Gregory dc Tapi). • Cclestinc II. (Guy da CaMm). 1 44 JOHN CAl'OllAVKS A.v. ll'.i;J. Captivity of Richard I. i)f Entrlaiid. Extract from the Pantheon. the whole kingdom of Apulia, and inflicted divers punish- ments on many rcltels tliere. Tuncred, son of Tailored king of the ►Sicilians, with liis mother Margaret, and the king of the Epirots he led captive with him into Germany. Of this man tlie Polychronicon' relates tliat " because he refused to release Kichard, king of England, who was returning from the Holy Land, from prison, even when a large sum of money had been paid to him, he was excom- municated by Pope Celestine. And dying in this resolve he was not allowed to be buried, unless either the money which had been received were restored to king Richard, or Richard's consent were obtained for his burial." Of this emperor also Godfrey of Viterbo says in his Pantheon,^ bringing his chronicles to a close : — " Of Henry the Sixth, the son of the Emperor Frederic, and still a youth, we have no deeds to relate ; but we see his graceful form, his warlike bearing, his courage, his liberality, his benevolence, his justice, and his piety, and all those royal virtues which we are able to look for in a youth of his years. And although by education and by nature he seems to surpass all his compeers in wisdom and exquisite feeling, nevertheless, with all due reverence to his ma- jesty, we meditate offering him some few pieces of advice, whereby his character may be formed according to praise- worthy manners, and judgment, and justice, and he may himself be animated to the attainment of these royal virtues, by the means of which he may, God helping him, govern his empire for the future with glory and honour : — " Now the Sixth Henry wears the Imperial Crown, Oh, may his sire be present at this feast, [And I will sing the praises of them both.] ' See Iligdcn's Polychronicon, lib. vii. cap. 24. - Sec the Pantheon, col. 4G7, A. HISTORY OF Tin: IIENIUES, 45 Henry, the diadem of Rome is thine, — a.d. ii93. Heir of an ancient line of mighty kings. Thou boldest, in our day, their olden state. On thee the stars of heaven look smiling dowTi, — For thee thy faithful bard now tunes his lyre, And tells thee how to rule thy people well. Youth of youths. Flower of the Earth, of kings [The glory, and the praise of every time,] List to the counsels which I give to thee : Beware of friends whose life is stain'd by guilt. Be just to all, and punish those who sin, — And, whatsoe'er thou doest, * Know thyself.' 'Twere better thou shouldst learn to rule thyself Than conquer many nations, and their kings, — [King of thyself — thou art a king indeed !) But if thou canst not honour public rights. How can'st thou dare to call th3'self a king ? — Govern thyself or cease to govern me ! Great Alexander in his youth was taught To follow wicked courses without shame. And lived to mourn the lessons he had learn'd. Darius he could conquer ; Babylon fell Before him, but himself he could not tame ; — ' The jar once stain'd will be so to the end.' Now, in thy youth, look well if thou art dyed With guilty stain, and wipe it quick away, — Vice of old standing knows not to depart. All things are lawful to thee, — seek not all, For lawful things have often power to hurt, [And often things permitted bring a curse.] Holding the reins, rein thyself bravely in ; Spare others more, and spare thyself the least ; Fear no one ; to thyself a terror be. liCt Pharaoh's life — fell Nero's bloody deeds — Solomon's wavering course — be proofs to thee That evil is the lot of those who sin. 46 .lOIIN rAPOUAVE's A.D. 1193. Thos(» old examples I propound to thee, That thou uiay'st make a guide of Holy Writ, — So shall thou learn to rule thy empire well. Honour the sacred places of thy land : Lal)Our for peace, and root the wicked out, 80 peace shall come to thee, and not delay. Nourish the church ; in her adversity, Ever extend to her thy sheltering hand ; Her prayers are the true safety of thy crown. If thou would'st win the King of Heaven's behests, Learn of His ministers His righteous laws ; So shalt thou daily please Him more and more. Show pity to the poor ; and from the cry Of the lone widow turn not thou aside ; Eegard the judgment of the fatherless. The rights of Heaven, the rights of earth, observe, That Eight may vanquish all things in thy time ; Strike evil at its root ; forbid the wrong. Eemit at times the sentence of the law, Nor let the clemency of rulers fail : God often wills to give the sinner life. And may'st thou so unto thy people give Eather forgiveness than avenging wrath, That they may learn to love thy chastenings. Judge, in judgment, so restrain thyself, That never may thy looks anticipate Thy sentence, or the punishment at hand. Let even-handed justice be to all, — To thine own subject and the foreigner ; Do not pollute thy hand with secret bribes. Let every action by the self-same rule Be tried, nor let the rich oppress the poor ; [Let all disputes be settled by the judge. 1 If witnesses are call'd on either side. Lest guile creep in, strictly examine all ; Let the yoimg Daniel's fate a warning give. IIISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 47 Cut short the suit on written evidence, *-°- ^^^■'^• If it be false, then spare thou not, nor seek The praise of man by falsehood, fraud, or guile. If reason bid thee to avenge all wrongs. See that thou do it quickly, — 'tis a sin To slacken j ustice, and doth gender ills. If my first crime had met its meet reward. No second capture had brought grief to thee ; The king's displeasure can prevent the sin. Look well unto the praise men heap on thee ; I would not have thee haughty with the proud ; A haughty spirit is the subject's bane. WTiat if their praise should make thee think thyself Equal with God ! king, be not deceived. For dust thou art, and shalt to dust return. "VVTiile on this earth, see that thy life be such That thou may'st share the poor man's happy end ; The beggar and the king one death awaits. THE SECOND PART. THE BEGINNING THE SECOND DIVISION, Of Six KINGS op ENGLAND of the NAME of HENRY, MEN OF RENOAVN AND WORTHY OP ALL HONOUR. Since the the royal approval is always much to be desired Dedication of Piut IL by those persons who take in hand to describe the acts of kings, and the incidents of their reigns, so, at the outset of my present work, I appear as an urgent suppliant before my King, beseeching him that he will at least look with an approving eye upon this slender undertaking of mine, in order that its author, gladdened by the light of his benign countenance and the expression of his sanction, may pro- ceed to his other works with greater freedom and increased alacrity. For those of whom 1 treat have been the Lawgivers of this realm, and the guardians of our nation ; and of such I have already given my advice that tlieir example is to Ije followed when it is good, and wlirn it is bad to lie shunned. Yet even now it pleases me to repeat, that we ought not to E 2 52 JOHN capgrave's Dedication hesitate to follow the steps of kings whenever we read of ofraitll. their good actions ; and in cases where I have related that they have repented of their evil deeds, they should be an example of penitence to rulers. F'or S. Ambrose in his " Apologia David " asserts that the many are rather prone to follow kings in their glory than to imitate them in their humiliation. " David," he says, " sinned, as kings are wont to do; he repented with tears and groanings, as kings are not wont to do: confessing his crime, craving forgiveness, stretched on the earth, he bewailed his misery, he fasted, he prayed, and publishing to the world his sorrow, he handed down the testimony of his confession to future ages." * These words of the Blessed Doctor, most high and noble King, have emboldened me to relate to your Majesty not only the good deeds of your predecessors, but also those deansings from their sins, which by their worthy and bitter weepings, they have merited, to the praise of the Lord, and their own eternal glory. In honour of the same Lord I hasten to begin this Second Part. ' See S. Ambrose's Apologia David Trima ; ch. iv. i. 631, M. (Ed. Paris, 1586). HISTORr OF THE HENRIES. 53 Of king henry THE FIRST. CHAPTER I. Henry the First, King of England, the tliird son of a.d. iioo. William the Conqueror, Lejjan to reign in the year of our Ht-nry I. ^ ' ^ =" "^ King of Lord 1100. England. For the said William, when he was dying, bequeathed The suc- the kingdom of England to his son William ; to Robert, disputed, his eldest son, he granted the duchy of Normandy, while to his son Henry, called Beauclerc, he left a large amount of treasure. Now William, surnamed Rufus, was crowned in England, and reigned thirteen years. When his brother Robert heard of these things, he Robert landed at Hampton, intending to claim the kingdom of ki'„,rdoni,^ England. But king William sent messengers unto him, who said, — "Thy brother William does not style himself king, but vice-ruler, and that by thee and under thee, in- asmuch as thou art greater, and braver, and older than he. For, if it please thee, he did not usurp that which he only took for the time being, in consequence of thy absence. And because it has so happened that he has been cro\vned, he begs thee to accept of him, while he nevertheless con- tinues to reign under thee, an annual tribute of three thousand marks, on condition that the one of the two who shall survive the other shall inherit the honours of both." And Robert, consenting to this unexpected counsel, dis- missed his army and returned to Normandy, carrying back with him nothing l)ut promises. Now tin's same Robert, when he had heard of the death of his brother William, returned from thr Holy lianil E 3 54 JOHN cArnnAVEs A. II. I 100. A.i). 1102. Kohort invades Eu;rl;viul. A.D. 1106. l()<,f('tlior wifli Ill's wife whom Ik; li.'ul espouBed in Sicily, lie .spumed the govenuneiit ol" .leniHaleiii, j)r('ferriiiir, if he could, to possess the realm of Elngland, rather than to hold sway in the Holy Land, on which account it happened tliat he was never afterwards fortunate in war. Now in the year of our Lord 1102, Ealph, bishop of Durham,' dexterously escaped from his imprisonment in the Tower of London,^ crossed the sea, and persuaded Eobert, duke of Normandy, to invade England with a hostile army. And many of the nobles of England, by their letters and messengers, entreated him to do the same. Accordingly he immediately collected a vast army, and landed at Portsmouth. Nevertheless, through the mediation of the more prudent men of the realm, peace was re-established between the brothers on this condition, that three thousand silver marks be paid every year to Robert, and that those lands should be restored to his par- tisans which had been taken away from them, and that he Avho lived the longer should be the heir, provided that the other died without male issue. And twelve of the more illustrious nobles of either party sw^ore to observe this. Eobert thereupon remained in his brother's king- dom until the feast of S. Michael,^ and afterwards returned to his own country. In the sixth year of king Henry's reign, Eobert, duke of Normandy, came to the king, his brother, at Northamp- ton, demanding of him, in a friendly manner, that he would in a like friendly spirit restore to him the things which had been taken away from him. But when the day of reconciliation between them did not shine auspiciously, the duke returned in anger to Normandy, whither the king speedily followed him. Now the duke, trusting in his strength and in the bravery of his troops, did not ' Tlalph Flambard, Lord Trea- surer, and Lord Chief Just iee. He held the Sec from May 2'Jth, lO'JO, to September. 1128. ^ He had been imprisojicd from the 14th of September iu the previous year. ' September 29. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 55 scruple to take possession of the dukedom of Normandy, a.d. iioe. though he had given it in pledge to his brother Henry, as the sum of money had not been paid, in violation of the agreement which, to no purpose, had been made between them. And when he had compelled the cities, the for- tresses, and the towns to surrender, he forcibly expelled and drove away the officers of his brother king Henry, and took entire possession of the revenues of the said dukedom. As soon as king Henry heard this, on the invitation of some of the Norman nobility to whom duke Robert had become an object of fear and of hatred, he passed over from England into Normandy, and began to collect an innumerable company of paid soldiers to assist him, sup- plying them sufficiently with pay from the money of which he had abundance, and he declared war, on a certain day and place, against his brother, who had forfeited his good faith. In the meantime, when king Henry had laid Battle of siege to the fortress of Tenechebray, came the duke of Nor- ^,l!;^„_ mandy, and with him Robert de Belesme,^ and the earl de ISIortaigne, and all his partizans. But the king, who was well supported, had on his side the nobles of Nor- mandy, and the strength of England, and of Anjou, and of Britanny. When therefore the trumpets had sounded with hoarse voice, the duke of Normandy with his scanty followers most bravely attacked the host, and, being accustomed to the wars of Jerusalem, courageously and terribly drove before them the royal lines. Moreover William, earl of Mortaigne, troubled the English troops, and drove them from place to place. But the men of Britanny opposed him. Now the king, and the duke, and the other troops, ' Robert dc Belcsmc, carl of Slirewsbury, had been exiled from England in the year 1 102, and some of his possessions were given to Jor- wertli of Wales, beeause he had for- tilicd his ciistlcs on behalf of Robert, duke of Normandy. William, carl of IMortiii^'Mc, who was also a jmr- tizan of the duke' of Normandy, shared his fate in 1104. Jle died in jirison, and his earldom was given to Stejihen of Biuis. E 4 5« joirx CArr;iuvF/.« A.u. HOC. were on foot, in onlc^r tliat they might fight the more Rtea- (lily. ]iut the king, drawing out tlie forces of tlie duke over against him, suddenly overwhelmed them by the mere force of numbers, and in this way the duke's line was broken and defeated. But when Robert de Belesme saw this, he provided for his own safety by flight. Thereupon the most brave duke was taken prisoner, and so was the earl of Mortaigne. And the Lord punished duke Robert, because, when He had rendered him glorious in his deeds at Jerusalem, he refused the kingdom of Jerusalem, which was offered to him, and chose rather to give himself up to inactivity and idleness in Normandy, than to the service of the Lord of lords in the Holy City. Therefore God con- demned him to continual idleness, and a prison all his days. A comet appeared, for a sign of this event, in the same yeai', namely, in the year of our Lord 11 06. On the Friday in the first week of Lent,^ about eventide, a star of unusual appearance appeared shining between the southern and western quarters of the sky, and it continued to appear at the same hour for twenty-five days. And a great beam seemed to meet it, coming out of the east. After this, on Maundy Thursday,^ there appeared, a little before day, two full moons, one in the east, the other in the west. And in this year, indeed, these aforementioned events took place ; and in that same year, moreover, there arose Henry IV. an impious dissension between Henry the emperor and Henry his son, of which we have spoken above,^ so that the son imprisoned his father. The king, then, having overcome his enemies, settled Ci)iiiet. liiipiison- iiK'iit of the Emperor ' That is the 9th of February in the year 1106. In both MSS. of Capgrave the chronology is some- what confused in consequence of his having neglected to count the lirst regnal year of Henry 1. The chronology has been set right in tlie margin throughout, and every devi- ation of importance will be pointed out among the notes. ■^ Aj)ril (itii. ' See p. 31. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 57 the affairs of Normandy after his own pleasure, returned a.d. iioe. into England, and consifmed to the gloom of a dungeon II^''"T ri:- duke Eobert his brother, and the earl of Mortaigne. England. Therefore, cro^vned with victory, and then for the first time firmly established as king ^ he held his court at Easter ^ in Windsor, at which the nobles of England, as well as those of Normandy, were present in fear and trembling. For previously, both while he was yet young, and even after he had become king, he was held in very great contempt; but God, Who judgeth far otherwise than the sons of men. Who exalteth the humble and putteth down the mighty, deprived Robert, whose renown was very great, of all liis popularity, and ordered that the fortunes of the despised Henry should be famous throughout the whole world. And the Omnipotent Lord freely gave unto him three things, wisdom, victory, and riches. In the beginning of his reign he was consecrated king iiis toio- by Maurice, bishop of London, for Anselm, archbishop of "*"'""• Canterbury, was at that time in Normandy. But when Anselm heard that the king had been crowned. His he returned into England, and betrothed to the newly "^ "'^°*^' chosen king Henry Maud, the daughter of Malcolm, king of Scotland, and of Margaret his queen. In the eighth year of Henry, a council was held in a.d. ikis. London, at which it was determined, with the king's con- sent, that never for the future should the king, or any other lay person exercise the right of investiture with the delivery of the ring and pastoral staff. At this time, also, Gerard, archbishop of York, liaving GiTJird, laid his hands upon the hands of Anslem, rendered homage \,-^Xo\) of and obedience to him in the following words: — "I Gerard, York, archbishop of York, about to be consecrated Metropolitan, f,J,nn;,'o to profess subjection and canonical obedience to the holy ^'"^ ^*^^' "^ buiv. • " Tunc primnm rex foHis." The reader will be niitiirally rcmiiuled of the expression used hy Livy (Hk. i. ell. 42) of IServius Tiillius : "luvud dnbins rex, scu Patnim, sen plobis aiiiniospericlitaretur, Koniani rediit."' ■ Easter Day fell on Maicli •2:)lh in the year I IWi. 58 .lOHN CAPaRAVE's A.I). 1IU8. A.i>. 1109. Puiiish- iiients of suiulry crimes. A.D. 1110. Sue of Ely founded. A.u. 1114. Thurstan, Arch- bishop of York, re- fuses to do liomage to Ralph, Arch- bishop of Cauter- bury. clmreh of Canterbury, and to AuhcImi the canonically electetl I'riniatc of the said cliurch, and to hi.s KueceKSors canoniciilly appointed, saving the allegiance due to our lord Jlt'nry, king of England, and saving also the obedi- ence to be observed on my part which Thomas my prede- cessor on his part professed to yield to the holy Roman Church." In the ninth year of king Henry, the said king ordained that thieves should be hung, and that coiners of false money should lose their eyes and their manhood. But, forasmuch as pennies, when they w^ere taken out and bent, were liable to be broken, on that account he ordained that pennies and halfpennies should be made round. In the tenth year of his reign ^ this king founded a bishop's see at Ely, and placed there Hervey, who had lately been bishop of Bangor. And because he cut off a portion of the Diocese of Lincoln by transferring Cam- bridge to the See of Ely, he on that account gave to the bishop of Lincoln hi^ royal Vill of Spalding. In the fourteenth year of his reign the said king built anew the Monastery of Hide, without the walls of Win- chester ; but formerly it had stood within the city. In the same year also Thurstan was elected archbishop of York ; and he, though he had been often admonished by the king that he should yield canonical subjection to the archbishop of Canterbury, chose rather to resign his dignities than obey the archbishop of Canterbury. But while he remained deprived of his see and stripped of his accustomed honours, sick at heart with ambition, he re- pented of his deed, and followed the king beyond the sea, wdien Pope Paschal, through the influence of Thurstan's clergy, despatched a letter to the king demanding his re- ' The date of the foundation of the Sue of Ely is generally fixed one yciU' earlier, in 1109. llervcy, who is here recorded to have been its first bishop, had been forcibly ex- pelled in a previous year by the Welsh from the Sec of Bangor. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES 59 * storation. But when he had returned to his see, and still a.u. iii4. held back from 3delding obedience to the archbishop of Canterbury, the former strife was renewed. Both sides agreed to meet in council at Rheims in order to decide the matter ; and there in the first place the Pope promised king Henry and Ralph,' archbishop of Canterbury, that he would ordain nothing injurious to the dignity of the See of Canterbury ; on the contrary he seemed willing to grant such a privilege as this: — "All the original privileges which your church has, and those Avhich have been granted by our predecessors, these we by no means diminish, but desire that they be observed inviolate." If our lord the Pope had added here, — "And these dignities your church possessed," he would have put an end to the con- troversy; but, as it was, he left it undetermined. So well does the crafty humour of the Romans know how to betake itself to the subtleties of orators, in order to protract by continual evasion the things which it wishes to make void, not sparing the labours of others, provided only that it is able to consult its own profit. "WTierefore our lord the Pope, on the departure of the king's messengers, un- influenced by favours or gifts, and more craftily than became so great a man, consecrated Thurstan,^ investing him \vith the pallium, in contempt of the precedents of aiiticiuity. And although king Henry, full of indignation at this, laid Thurstan under prohibition, nevertheless he was frightened by an apostolic letter, in which was con- tained a decree that either the king should accept Thurstan, or himself lie under a curse, and that the Pope would deprive the See of Canterbury of the dignities of its office. WHiercfore the king, being compelled to do so, at length accepted Thurstan. ' llalpli or Kodoliih, translated ] ' Tlie coiis^coratioii tuuk place uii IVoni the Sec of Kueliester in the j the I'Jtli of October, lll'j. year 1114. Anselin died on the 2ist uf Aiail, A.I). no'J. I ()() JOHN CAranAVE's A.l). 1111. A.D. 1119. AVar with France ; Battle of Breiiville. After this, Kul{)li, wlio was very 8u1)ject to fits of choler and ])aralysis, on tlio day in wliicli king ILcnry, after tlie death of his first wife, the good queen Maud, married tlie daughter of the duke of Louvain, compelled the Inshcjp of Salisbury,' who was clad in his sacred robes, and wishing to perform that office as if within his own diocese, to take off his ornaments and to give place, and he delegated this office to the bishop of Winchester,^ guarding the rights of his successors. But on the following day, when he had seen the king crowned, without his acquiescence, he approached the king and said : — " Thou art crowned un- lawfully ; either, therefore, thou wilt keep thee from the cro-\\Ti, or I from offering Mass." And the king answered him : " Father, that which has been done wrongfully, do thou correct." And scarcely, by the entreaties of the nobles, was Ealph dissuaded from dashing the royal cro"\vn from the king's head. In the nineteenth ' year of his reign king Henry fought gloriously against the king of France.* Louis, the French king, indeed, had set in the front the troops which were commanded by William, the son of duke Robert, Henry's brother. But Louis himself fought vigorously in the ' Roger, Lord Chief Justice, and Lord Treasurer. He hekl the See of Salisbury from April 13th, 1102, to Dec. 4th, 1139. 2 William Giffiird, Lord Chancel- lor. He held the See of Winchester from August 11th, 1107 to January 25th, 1129. ^ Our author confines his account of the important events in France and Normandy which took place at this period to the description of a single battle. Hostilities appear to have been renewed about five years after the battle of Tcnechebray, in the year 1111, when King Henry entered Xormandy, partly on behalf of Richard Braioise and others whose lands had been seized. He accom- plished their restoration in the fol- lowing year and returned to England, but still found his presence in Nor- mandy continually necessary. In the year 1117, he committed the management of the Kingdom to Roger, bishop of Salisbury, and re- mained nearly tln'ce years in Nor- mandy, engaged in continual strug- gles with the king of France, whom he finally defeated at Brenville. Queen Maud died during his absence in May, 1118. * Louis VL le Gros. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 61 second line. Now king Henry had placed his nobles in a.d mo. the first rank, while he himself with his own attendants remained on horseback in the second. But in the third he had placed his sons on foot \vdth the great body of his troops. The foremost line of the French speedily un- horsed the band of the noljles of Normandy, and was dispersed. The royal lines mutually attacked eachTather, and the battle raged fiercely: all the spears were broken and the fight was carried on with swords. In the midst of the fray William Crispin twice struck the king's head with his sword. And, although his helm was impenetrable, nevertheless, by the force of the blows, the helm itself was driven slightly into the king's head, so that the blood burst forth. But the king with his sword dealt his assailant such a blow in return, that, although his helmet was impenetrable, yet by the weight of the stroke he laid low both the horse and his rider, and the latter was pre- sently taken prisoner before the king's feet. But the line of infantry, in which the sons of the king were, having not yet struck a single blow, but prepai-ed shortly to do so, rose against them in the opposite direction with their spears presented. And when the French saw this they were terrified at the unexpected alarm, and fled. But the most victorious king Henry remained on the battle-field until the chief men among his enemies had been captured, and brought into his presence. And, having returned to Kouen amid the blasts of trumpets and the chanting of the clergy, he gave praise unto God and our Lord. Of this glorious victory one has thus written : ^ — " Henry, the glory and the praise of Kings, Strikes terror to the hearts of the French host ; A mightier Prince conquers a mighty King. Flight they prefer to war, the spur to darts, Headlong their course, — while praise eternal crowns, As with undying bay, the Norman's brow. 02 JOHN CAlTrRAVKM V.I), in;». Tims did our Kinj^ — their haughty soiilf? press'd dowii- Fi)r('(> llicir jnoud lips to mntt(!r in despair."' Conforcnce witli I lie Pope at Gisors. \.n. 1120. In the same year also king Henry espoused William, lii.s first-born son, to the daughter ^ of the count of Anjou ; and made peace with the king of France on this condition, that his first-born son William should hold Normandy of the king of France. Also in the same year Pope Calixtus came to Grisors, and Henry, king of England, went thither to meet him, and hold a conference with him.^ Among other things, the king demanded from the Pope that he would grant to him all those privileges which his father had enjoyed in England and in Normandy, and especially that he would never permit any one at any time to exercise the office of legate in England, unless he himself on the pressure of some especial complaint, which could not be finally settled by the bishops of his own realm, should demand that this should be done by the Pope. In the twentieth year of his reign, when all in France had been reduced to peace and subjection, king Henry returned with great joy into England ; but in the pas.sage across the sea, two of the king's sons, William and Eichard, and one of his daughters, and his niece, and many nobles, the stewards, chamberlains, and cupbearers of the king, and also Richard, earl of Chester, were shipwrecked"* ; all. • Sec Henry of Huntingdon in Savilc's " Scriptores post Bedam," page 381, 15. ^ Her name was Matilda. After the Prince "William, her husband, bad been drowned on his passage to England, the Count, her Father, demanded her dower of the King of England ; and, when it was refused, be joined himself to William, son of Robert, Duke of Noi-mandy, giving him one of his daughters in marriage, and aSbrding him all the assistance he could. ' One object which the Pope had in view on the occasion of this con- ference, was the restoration to liberty of Robert, Duke of Normandy: Ca- lixtus pleaded that he might be per- mitted to go into Palestine on a pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulchre, but without avail. The conference began on the 20th of November. * The wreck took place on the 2.5th of November. Prince "\Villi;uu was the King's only legitimate son : among his illegitimate otlspring were Richard, who is here mentioned as one of those who perished, Reynald, carl of Cornwiill, and Robert, carl HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 63 or nearly all of whom are said to have been implicated in A.n. 11-20. the sin of sodomy. Among them was the archdeacon of Hereford,' and many other nobles to the number of one hundred and forty in all, none of whom escaped save one ignoble rustic. On the following day they found much treasure on the sands, but none of the bodies of the dead ; of whom the poet thus writes : — " The sons of Normandy — the French o'ercome — Hasten to English shores, but God forbids. And, while their fragile vessel skims the sea. Brings up a lowering tempest o'er the deep. Blindly they hurry on their devious track And dash on hidden rocks ; the raging waves Sweep the high decks, — the royal seed goes do^vn — Lost in the barren sea the world's renown." ' In the same year, at Christmas, the king was at A.n. 1121. Brampton, together with Theobald, count of Blois. And after this,^ at Windsor, he married Adelais, the Henry daughter of the duke of Louvain, on account of her gi-eat Adlhiis of beauty. And he and his new queen were cro\vne(l in Louvain. London at Whitsuntide.'' Now of the beauty of the afore- said queen one has thus written : — " Adelais, England's beauteous Queen, To sing of thee trembles the Muse divine : What gem-starr'd diadem, what glittering sheen — Can give thee light? — they lose their own in (hiiu-. Take graces from thee, — Nature's grace remains. Nor can aught add unto thy loveliness ; of Gloucester, the two last of whom sup])orte(l the empress Maud, tlicir sister, against the usurper Stephen. ' Ilis name was Geofi'rey. - Sec Henry of Huntingdon in Savilc, page .381, 3r,. ' " After t/iis," i.e. in the following spring. The marriage was solrin- niscd on the 2nd of Fchniary, a. )>. 1121. Whitsunday fill on tlic 29lii of ]\Iay in the year II 'J 1. CA JOirN rAPGRAVK s \.i.. 1121. Thy glancing eye the glimmering gem disdains ; — Fling it away, — thou wilt not shine the less. 'Tis my chief joy to celebrate thy praise ; And, lady, do not spurn my humble lays.' A.i). 11 25 Tlic Kin- In the twenty-fifth year of his reign the empress Maud came to visit her ftxther Henry, bringing with her the in- |ircS.S visits •■, ^ i icoit ia j-1 !!• •! lier Fiulier. corruptible hand of fc». James the Apostle, and the imperial crown. And king Henry, for joy thereof, founded the noble abbey of Reading, and placed in it the hand of S. James the Apostle. This Maud was the wife of the emperor Henry the Fifth, after whose death she was married to Greoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou ; and of her the said Greoffrey begat Henry, who was destined to be the second king of England of that name. King Henry, therefore, providing for the future fate of his kingdom, the condition of which through the failure in the succession was as it were hanging in a balance, because he had no heir-male of his own body lawfully begotten who could succeed him in the kingdom by here- ditary right, summoned^ the nobles of his whole realm, and caused them to swear allegiance to his daughter, the empress Maud, and the heirs that should be born of her, though as yet' she had given birth to no children. Amongst others who took the oath, the first'* and fore- most was Stephen, Count of Boulogne and Blois, king Henry's sisters son, who not only in his OAvn person pro- nounced the oath of allegiance, but also prepared the form of takins: the oath in the case of the other nobles of the realm.^ For the said Stephen, the eldest son and heir of Stephen of Blois swears iciilty to her. ' See Henry of Huntingdon in Savilc, page 381, 50. * This took phice on the 25th of December, 1126. The oath of fealty was renewed at Northampton in September, 1131. ^ Henry the Second was born at Le Mans, in Maine, in the year 1 133. * The king of Scotland, the uncle of Maud, was the first to swear fealty ; he was followed by Stephen, and then by Robert of Caen, natural son of the king, her father, by Nesta, princess of Wales. * " At whcch swering Stevene erl of Boloyn, or of Blescns, as othir niSTORY OF THE HENRIES. 65 the elder Stephen, count of Bouh^gne, had, through the a.d 1126. influence of king Henry, his uncle, married the only daughter and heiress of the count of Blois. And so it happened that by succession on his father's side he hecame count of Boulogne, and through his wife, of Blois likewise. In the thirty-third year of his reign, died' Robert, a.d. 1133. formerly duke of Normandy, and surnamed " Curthose," the j^obcrt^of brother of king Henry, whom the said Henry had thrown Normandy, into chains, and had p\it out his eyes with a heated basin. Now he died at Cardiff Castle, in Wales. But there is a legend concerning the said Robert that, when king Henry had caused robes of one pattern to be prepared against Christmas for himself and the said Robert, and, first of all, of two head-dresses which he tried on, had reserved the one which fitted best for himself, and had sent the other to his brother, the said Robert, hearing from the chamber- lain who brought him the splendid dress that he was broader across the shoulders than his lord the king, and that on that account the king, having tried on both head- dresses, had sent the larger to him, is said to have an- swered : " Now I have lived too long, since my younger brother has sent me to Avear the old clothes which he had left off." And such was the strength of his resolution, that he refused to eat or drink thereafter. Now in the thirty-fifth '^ year of his reign, the said Henry a.t>. 1135. began to reside continually in Normandy ; but he often Henry I. proposed to return into England, and would have done so wryte, was principal ; and he mad the forme and Uie mancre of swer- ing." Capgravcs Chronicle of Eng- land; page 134. ' The date usually given for the death of Duke Robert is the year 1134, one year later than the period assigned by Cnpgr.nve. He died in the beginning of February. He had been twenty -eight years in captivity, but, though he was without doubt cruelly and unjustly treated, there seems to be some uncertainty as to the truth of the story of his having been blinded l)y his brother's in- strumentality. * Henry went to Normandy in 1133, and contiinied there during the two remaining years of his life. 66 JOHN rApaiiA\T/M Au 1135. li.'id lie not been detained hy Ids daughter on account of the continual ([uarrels which arose from different causes between the king and the count of Anjou, through the artifices of his daughter. And by these excitements the king was roused to anger and crossness of disposition, which are said by some to have been the natural cause of the chill he took and afterwards of his death. For when the king had returned from hunting at S. Denys, in the wood of Lions, he partook a1)undantly of lampreys, which always did him harm, though he always enjoyed them. But, when his physician forbade him to partake of this dish, the king did not acquiesce in the judicious counsel, according to the saying : — " We are always striving after that which is forbidden, and that which is denied us we desire." ^ This meal, therefore, by introducing noxious humours, and by powerfully arousing sympathetic action, affected his aged body with a deadly chill, and caused a sudden disorder. And, nature struggling against this, it produced a severe fever, in the effort to digest the injurious sub- stance. And when he could by no means recover, this great king died on the first day of December, after a reign of thirty-five years. And concerning his death Henry of Huntingdon gives us the following memorial lines : — King Henry dies, our glory once, and now Our sorrow, — the gods weep their fellow-god. JNIercury's eloquence, Apollo's wit, Jupiter's power to rule, the might of Mars, The providence of Janus, and the strength Of Hercules, Minerva's art, — all, all, Lament together ; and in ruin falls The land whose sceptre he so nobly bore ; ' " Nitimur in vctitum semper, cui)iimisquc iiegata.'' See Ovid. Amor, iii, 4; 17. HISTORY OF THE IIEXRTES. C)7 And Normandy, bereaved of her lord, a.d. in">. Weeps for the King whom she in youth had nurs'd.' As soon, then, as the great king Henry was dead, the His chu- opinions of the people concerning the deceased began, as ^^*^ is commonly the case, to be freely uttered. Some asserted that he had been distinguished for three glorious qualities, — for wisdom, because in counsel he was esteemed most profound, conspicuous for foresight, and remarkable for eloquence ; for success in battle, because he had overcome the French king in open warfare, besides other victories which he won ; and for his riches in which he had to a very great degree excelled all his predeces-sors. Others again declared him guilty of three vices, viz. of avarice, because, as all his fathers had done, by greedily laying tributes on his people, and making exactions, he had entangled the poor on the hooks of the informer ; of cruelty, also, because he had throAVTi into prison his kinsman, the count of Mortaigne, and had deprived him of sight, and so horrible a crime could not become knowTi until death revealed the secret deeds of the king. He had also caused his brother Eobert, duke of Normandy, to be blinded with a heated basin. They accused him also of a luxurious mode of life, because, after the example of Solomon, he was always subject to the rule of women. So the body of the dead king, after the entrails and brain had been taken out, was abundantly sprinkled with salt, with a view to prevent the foul smell, because it had already injuriously affected very many. At length it was sewed up in a bull's liide, but not even by this means could the poisonous humour be kept in. His liody was carrie(l to Rouen, and there his entrails and brain and eyes wt're buried togetlier. From thence the kiuj^'s attendants car- ' Sec Henry ol' numiii;;iloii, in Savilc, page 38 j, 34. F 2 68 JOHN cai'orave's A.n. II 3:). ried his body to Caen, where it was placed for a long time in the church ' in which his father had been buried. ITc is At length the remains of the king's corpse were brought KciuTiii'" ^"^"^ England, and were buried in the Abbey of Reading. Abbey. See, then, whosoever thou art that readest, how the corpse of this most mighty king, whose neck had gleamed with a diadem, with gold and gems as with the splendour of the day, whose hands had both glowed forth with jewels, whose whole person had been radiantly clad in cloth of gold, whose mouth was wont to feed on the most delicious dainties, whom all men used to greet with reverence, all to dread, all to receive with gratulations, all to admire, — behold, I say, to what a condition that body has been re- duced, how wretchedly it has been hidden from sight, how miserably it has been cast away ! ' Saint Stephen's Minster. HISTORY OF THE 1IENRIE5. 69 Of henry the SECOND, King of England. chapter ii. Henry the Second, king of England, the son of Geoffrey, iicnry IT. Born A.V. 1133. count of Anjou, and INIaud, daughter of Henry tlie First, ^°'"" and formerly empress, was born in Anjou,' about tlie year of our Lord 1133, and to him the kingdom of England belonged by hereditary right. Nevertheless, Stephen, count of Boulogne and Blois, seized Stephen's on the kingdom, notwithstanding the oath with which he had been bound in reference to this matter. But as to his reign, and the number of years during which he held the kingdom ; the battles also which were fought between him and the said Maud, in which either he was conquered himself, or else was conqueror, it forms no part of my pre- sent business to describe them, since I have undertaken to commemorate in this little treatise only those illustrious kings who bore the name of Henry. Maud, then, the empress, and now countess of Aujcju, Maud as soon as she had heard of her father's death, divesting j"^,"j'^']'^j| herself of womanly feeling, and putting on a manly spirit, a.u. ii39. not fearing tlie perils of the pathless sea, took with her her son, who was as yet a mere child, and crying, as it were, in his cradle, and with the consent of her husband, the count of Anjou, who decided that it would not be safe for him to cross the sea with lier, and so leave his own ' Capgrave says, "circa, Hnntiin l rather wide of the mark : llcnrj Domini M.CXXXVIII.," bui hu is [ was boru in llic jtar 1133. f 3 JOHN rArOIIAVKsS A.I), ii.ti». ('(luiitry Miij)i 4 JOHN CAPOUAVES A.l>. ll.-)!. A.D. 1153. A.T). 1154. Death of !Sti'}>hcn. Henry II. succeeds him. tates of the world. These ample possessions Henry re- tained and foiitimu'd to hold, as did also his pr)sterity, until the time of .John, who, when inntunerahle troul)le8 were thickening around him, lost them all through his own indiecile conduct. In the year of our Lord 1154,' judgment looked down from Heaven, and king Stephen, deprived of every ray of hope, through the intercession and intervention of the nobles of the land so far* came to terms of agreement with the duke Henry that he acknowledged, in an assembly of the nobles of England, that the duke Henry had an here- ditary right to the kingdom of England. And the duke generously permitted king Stephen to retain the kingdom in peace for the remainder of his life. Nevertheless the agreement was confirmed in such manner that the king himself and the bishops who were then present, as well as the other nobles of the realm, swore that duke Henry, after the death of Stephen, in case he should survive him, should obtain the kingdom without gainsaying. And with a view to preserving this compact inviolate, a formal deed was drawn up, and ordered to be kept in as secure a place as possible. On the death of Stephen king Henry the Second began to reign. And in his first year was born at London his son Henry,^ heir apparent to the throne. ' This is the date given in the M3. Cotton. The MS. C.C.C. has M.CLIIL, which is the correct date. - This treaty was made on the 7th of November, 1153. in consequence of the death of Eustace, Stephen's eldest son, and the lieir to his throne, on the 18th of August, in the same year. Stephen himself died about twelve months after, and was buried in the Abbey Church of Feversham. ' William, Henry's eldest son, Mho was born in 1 152, was acknowledged heir to the throne in 1156. but he died soon afterwards, and was buried in Reading Abbey. Henry, his second son, was bom in 1155, and maiTied when very young to the daughter of Louis VII. On the 1 5th of June, 1170, he was crowned at Westminster by Roger, Archbishop of York. This was done by his Father's wish, but in 1 1 83 he trca- eherou!-ly assisted his brother Geof. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. i 3 About the same time, namely in the year of our Lord a.u. 1155. 1155, he sent special ambassadors to Rome, and asked Pope Adrian ' (who had been but recently elected, and whose favour he confidently expected to secure, seeing that the said Pope was an Englishman and born at S. Alban's,) to give him leave to invade Ireland with a hostile army, and to bring it under his own rule, and, as was right, to recall its wild inhabitants to the Faith of Christ, and with all due fidelity to attach them to the Church of Rome. In this the Pope gladly consented to the king, and moreover confirmed to him his sanction by a Bull. Now the tenor of the Bull granted to Henry the Second The Bull of by Pope Adrian in reference to the expedition for the con- quest of Ireland, was as follows : — "Adrian, Bishop, the Servant of the Servants of God, to his beloved son, Henry, the illustrious King OF England, health and the apostolic benediction.* "Worthily of all praise and profit doth thy ^lujesty meditate the spreading of the knowledge of the (ilorious Name on earth, and the multiplying of the reward of eternal happiness in the Heavens, whilst, as a Catholic Prince is bound, thou labourest to extend the borders of the Church, to declare the verity of the Christian faith among an irreligious and ignorant people, and to root out from the Lord's heritage the plants of vice; and to the better attaining of this end thou demandest the counsel and sanction of the Apostolic See. frey in his disgraceful contest with the King and their brother Richard ; he died on the 11th of June in the same year. ■ Adrian IV. (Nicholas Brcak- spere.) The King did not avail himself of the permissions of the I'apal Bull till many years after. His authority in Ireland was ac- knowleilRcd in 1175 by Uoderic, the King's youngest son, was made " Lord of Ireland ; " but it appears that the English power in that island was merely nominal until, after the lai)se of about two huiidreil years, it was nominally annexed in the reign of Edward III. a.u. 1357. [31 Ed. iii. 4. ch. 1—19.] ■' See Rymer's Focdera, i. 19 ; Wilkins' Concil., i. 26. See also King of Connaught, and other Irish Mansi's " Conciliorum Nova Col- chieftains. Two years later John, lectio,"' xxi. 788. 74 JOHN CAPORAVES A.i>. iir.r). "And ill this matter the wiser tlie a. iir.fi. A.I). 1170. DciiMi of Bcckct» A.n. 1171. Warn ings Sivcii to tlic Killer. from FiOmloii hut from tlio whole re.-ilin. About the Kamo period the bisliops of EMgland went over to the ki life's si(k', and became, in the support they gave to hi.s cause, persecutors of the blessed Thomas. Moreover, after he had been in exile seven years, he came into England, and was martyred there, as many say without the king's knowledge. For after his martyrdom king Henry sent special messengers to Pope Alexander in reference to the violent death of S. Thomas, who solemnly, on his behalf, on their oath, declared him innocent of the deed. But Pope Alexander, when he had received the ambassadors in the Tusculan city, and had heard what they had to say, sent two cardinals into the land of France,* to inquire into the king's innocence. And the king swore in their presence that neither by his advice or command had he been slain; but forasmuch as he had been killed on the occasion of a disturbance which he had stirred up against himself, in consideration of that he forthwith offered that two hundred knights should remain in the parts beyond the seas every year, and that he himself would assume the cross and join them within the space of three years. In the eighteenth year of his reign, certain revelations began to be made to him, warning him especially to cor- rect his life. First of all, by a certain old man at Cardiff Castle, in Wales, on the Sunday in the octave of Easter,^ where, after hearing mass, while the king was hastening to mount his horse, there suddenly appeared to him a certain old man with yellow hair and a round tonsure : thin he was and tall, clad in a white garment, and barefooted, and he addressed the king in the Teutonic tongue, as follows : — ' Tliey doclareil tlie King inno- cent, but ctHuU'nineil Brito, Firzurso, l)c Moreville, and Tracy, assigning thcni, as a penance, a pilgi image to the Holy Land, where they all ('ied within a short time. - April 4. Easter Day fell on the 28th of March in the year 1171. niSTOUY OF THE HENRIES. /9 "Good holde, knyth:' Christ salutes thee, and so do his ad. iiTi. blessed Mother, and John Baptist, and Peter who wields the Keys, charging thee that throughout all thy domi- nions there be no traffic carried on, or any servile work done on Sundays, those labours only excepted which pertain to the use of food. This if thou shalt do, whatsoever thou shalt take in hand thou shalt bring to a prosperous issue." Then said the king in French to the knight who held his reins, " Ask the rustic whether he dreamed that." And while the knight was interpreting this in English, the other added in the language he had used before, " AMiether I have dreamed it or not, remember what day it is to-day, for unless thou shalt do these things and shalt amend thy life, thou shalt hear such tidings within this present year that thenceforth thou shalt grieve even to the end of thy days." And when he had thus spoken, the man disappeared. And within that year the king's three sons, Henry, Geoffrey, and John, took the part of the king of France^ against their father; the king of Scotland' also, and the earl of Chester,"* revolted against the king. And many other warnings were sent to him from Heaven, but all these had but little effect. In the second place, namely, a certain Irishman admo- nished him, adding, moreover, secret signs. In the third place a certain kniglit, Philip de Esterby, crossed the Channel into France, and laid before the king, ' Gmd holde, Knyth. ] See page 38 of the "De Iiistructionc I'riii- cipuiii" of Giral. 1189. Cliaraetor of Hen. II. prayers, some things nevertheless happened to him as by an Cliaraetor evil fate, to his own humiliation, except he became peni- tent ; but in case of his continuing obstinate the persecutor would have trouble in his own flesh. For instance, (and this was his chief crime,) he wrongfully divorced from Louis, her lord, Eleanor, the queen of France, and ac- tually married her, though he could not lawfully do so. And concerning her, Geoffrey of Anjou, his father, alto- gether prohibited him from touching her, on the ground that he had himself known her when he was seueschall of the king of France. By her, nevertheless, the king had four sous,' Henry, Geoffrey, Richard, and John, and His child- six noble daughters, the eldest of whom, Matilda,^ he married to the duke of Saxony;^ the second, Eleanor,^ to the king of Spain;® the third, Joanna,^ to the king of Sicily.^ And let what we have said concerning this king^ suffice, for we do not read that his other daughters were married. * He had five sons: William, born in 1152, who died in his yonth; Ilcnry, born in 1155; Richard, born in 1157, who succeeded his father; Geoifrey, born in 1158, and acci- dentally killed at Paris in 1186; and John, born in 1166, who was afterwards King. * She was Ixtrn in 11 56, at London, and died in 1189. ' Henry, surnanicd the Lion. * Born in Normandy, in the year 1162. * Alphonso III. King of Castile : she died in 1214. * Born at Anpcrs, in the year 1165: she died in 1199. ' William, called " the Good." Ilcr second husband was llaymond VI., Count of Toulouse. ' Of the numerous illegitimate children of King Henry, the most famous were William Longesijce, who greatly distinguished himself for his valour in France, in the reign of his brother John, and died in the year 1226; and Geodicy, Archbishop of York, who was a great favourite of Henry, and was alone of all his sous present at his death. O 4 S8 JOHN ("A1'(;UAVKS> Of HENKY the THIRD, King of ExNGL.\js'd. CHArTER III. Iienrjill. Henijy THE Third, king of England, the son of king A.D. 1-21G. John, received the crown, indeed, when quite a child, but not in the accustomed place, because of liOuis, the son of the kins of France,^ who at that time held London and the adjacent provinces. Now as to the title and his pros- pect of success, on which the said Louis based his claim to the kingdom, by forming one inference from many opi- nions, we make a statement of the case as briefly as pos- sible. Louis. On the death of prince Henry, the eldest son of Henry ljau;iliin ^|^g Second, before his father, the father himself being also or i ranee, ' • i • j i claims tlie dead, reigned Eichard, that most victorious kmg, and he, ciou-ii. ^^ j^-g jgcease, left Arthur as his heir, the son of his younger brother Geoffrey, called Plantagenet, and count of Anjou. But John, his youngest brother, seized on the kingdom, and imprisoned Arthur, and put him to death. Now the said Louis had married Arthur's sister. When^ theref(M-e, the nobles of this fair kingdom could not en- dure the tyranny of John, they offered the kingdom to this Louis, while the said Henry the Third was yet a child. Now the said Henry was born in the year of our Lord 1208, in the tenth year of the reign of John, about the ' rhilip IL HISTORY OF THE UENKIES. 89 time of the commencement of the interdict which lasted a.d. i-21g. iSeven years. And in the year of our Lord 1216, on the death of J(jhn, Coronation the legate Gualo and many of the nobles of England met jl/^al"^^ in council at Gloucester. And forasmuch as Westminster, dluucestcr. which is the place generally assigned for the coronation of our kings, was at the time being besieged by his enemies, with Louis at their head, on that account the said Henry, the eldest son of king John, was anointed king, and solemnly crowned, before the high altar in tlie Conventual Church at Gloucester. For the nobles who dwelt in the north of England, and in the Marches of Wales, together with the other faithful men who detested the party of Louis, and aimed at establishing peace and tranquillity in the realm, chose Henry, the son of John, as being the rightful heir, and conducted him to Gloucester. And there the afore- said barons, not waiting for the presence of the archbishop of Canterbury, • placed a kind of chaplef^ upon his head instead of the royal diadem, and in the presence, and witli the assistance of the archbishop of Dublin, and Gualo, the legate of the Apostolic See, (who nevertheless did not lay their hands upon him, lest their doing so should be to the prejudice of the See of Canterbury,) elevated him to the throne with all the solemnity they could. And the king by public edict caused it to be proclaimed throughout all England, that no lay person, either male or female, should go out of their house for a whole month, unless they wore a chaplet^ upon their head, in token to the whole realm of the coronation of the new king. This coronation took place on the fifth day before the kalends of November,* from which day the dates were computed in the briefs of king Henry as long as he lived. From that time forth, many nobles of the land deserted ' StejihenLanpton. Hcw:isArcli- hislii.p from the 17tli of June, 1206 (or l:i07), to tlic 'Jtli ol July, [SJS. ^ ScTtum. ' Scitiiliim. ' October 2i<. 90 JOHN capgiiave's A.I). 121 r,. liouis, Hiid Hurrendered themselves to kin<^ Henry; and that accordiiiLf to tlie law of the land which provides that, " when a man's father dies posses.sed of any pn>i)erty, his son should receive his inheritance dejure." And there was another reason, namely, that Louis, on the death of Jr)liii, had already shown himself to be of a hateful and pnjud spirit, and he ravaged their fortresses and lands, setting the English, and the treaty which he had confirmed with them, at nought. Accordingly, the nobles of the land gave their faithful allegiance to the youthful Henry, who had done nothing towards them worthy of blame. A.D. 1:^17. In the year, then, of our Lord 1218, the third' of Henry's Siege of reign, Louis, holding in contempt the coronation of the new king, on accoimt of his tender years, and judging that by reason of his extreme youth he Avould be powerless against his efforts, resolved to make a bold attempt ; and, trusting in the number of his partizans, he left the city of London, and, proceeding northwards, made a sudden attack on the most noble city of Lincoln, with a view to reducing it also, as he had already reduced London, to his dominion. But contrary to his expectations the attempt was unsuc- cessful. For when Louis came, accompanied by a count- less host of warriors, to besiege the city on the southern side, where the entrance is, those nobles of England who had joined themselves to the new king, came from the northern quarter against him, quite a match for him both in strength and numbers, and, immediately engaging the French, captured or slew almost all of them. The count of Perche, in whose bravery the French especially trusted, was there taken captive. WTien Louis saw this, he begged for the things which make for peace. Accordingly, as soon as the legate Gualo, ' the third.'] Capgrave has written I The siege of Lincoln took place in " the first "( ;»HHo) in his own copy, the )'car 1217; according to Cap- and in this blunder the Scribe of the grave's date, 1218, he should have Cottonian MS. has I'olluwcd him. ' written "anno tertiu.' HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 91 Peace is establitihcd. with the bishops and clergy, and William Marshal,' the a.d. 121 guardian of the kingdom and of the king's person, had assembled together, tliey treated concerning peace. And in a certain wood near Kingston-upou-Thames, peace was established between the king and the said Louis, on the Eve of tlie Exaltation of the Holy Cross, '^ Louis himself having been first absolved from the sentence of excom- munication by which he was bound, on the condition that he and his partizans should swear on the Holy Gospels to abide by the decision of tlie Churcli, and he shouhl himself depart with all liis followers from the reahn of England, never to return, or to seek to lay any blame on the barons of England, whom he had deceived Ijy lies. jNIoreover, he was, without feigning, to do all he could to induce his fatlier to restore to king Henry all that belonged to him, and to give up all claim to the same without raising any difficulties, whenever he should himself succeed to the tlirone of France.^ And afterwards king Henry swore, as ' llichard do Clare (surnamed Stroiif^how), Justice of Ireland, the son of Gilbert de Clare, first Karl of Pembroke, died in the year 117G, without male issue. His daughter and iicircss, Isabel de Clare, married William Marshal, who thereby ac- (juired the Earldom of Pembroke in the year 1 189. He was Marshal of England, and the father of William Marshal, one of the twenty-five Barons who were appointed to en- force Magna Charta, '^ Scptendjcr 13. * Capgravc says nothing here of the sum of money which was paid to I^ouis. The account given in his Chronicle of KiKjIdud is as follows : — " Sone aftir that, be mediacion of the legat (juallo, the jjartics were gadered in a wood fast be Kyngston upon Temse, and there was a trety of ])cs. And, aftir mech thing re- hersid, Lodewyk was bowude be his oth that alio the londis wlicch the Kyng of Ynglond had sunitynmie in his possession, as Norinandie, Gyan, and swcch othir, schuld be restored agcyn to King Ilerry, and that he schuld laboure to his fader that he schuld consent thereto. Thus were thei acorded; and Loijewyk went horn into Frauns. The cite of Lon- pronounce his decision on the matter before a.d. i2'')'j. Easter,' On the third day in Christmas week the king of The K nc: England proceeded into France that he might be present Ban.ns ;:o at the arbitration. And the barons sent into P>ance on ^" i'rance. the same business lord Adam de Xewmarch, lord William le Elund, and a few others, to answer in the stea 1 of all. Accordingly on the day after the feast of S. Vincent ^■'"- I2r.4. the Martyr 2 when tliey had asseml)led at Amiens, Louis J;7.",-\';"" the king of France solemnly declared his decision in favour the Kmj,'. of the king of England, against the barons, and confirmed his arbitration by the authority of the Pope.' He restored the king of England to his former power, and abrogated utterly and quashed the Provisions (or Statutes) of Oxford, deciding that the king should appoint whomsoever he should choose to the offices of lord chief justice, lord chancellor, lord treasurer, and to be sheriffs, bailiffs, coun- cillors, and officers. And the king returned home, ren- dering the barons as sorrowful and confounded, as he was himself overwhelmed with joy. On many different occasions king Henry was hardy enough to enter the city of Oxford, making light of that ancient superstition according to wliich it was commonly reported that the blessed virgin Frideswide had by her prayers obtained from God that no king should ever be able to enter the said town without risk of bodily injury. Now when it came to the king's ears that a great body The Barons of the barons had seized upon the town of Northampton f^,,j,^.,] ^^^ and the adjacent castle by force, relying on the bold daring Norilia.ni.- of his son, prince Edward, he attacked the town with a considerable army, and coini>elled it to yield to him on the fifth day of April. And there many of the barons were taken prisoners, namely Simon de Montfort the younger, the son of the earl of Leicester, Baldwin Wake, I April I. ( * Urban IV. ' Jumiiirv 2.T. , 100 JOIIX CArOUAVE'.S A.I>. \2tH. Do Mont- fnrl :itt;ick.s llDcIicsttr. lvul|)li Basset, Peter de Montfort, and other noliles who bore standards. About a hundrei-nxh of the Lord, in the sixty-fifth year of his age, on the day of S. ' ■ " Edmund the King,' in the fifty-fifth year of his reign. JJut some say,^ however, that he died on a Wednesday, on the least of S. Edmund the Bishop^ and that on the fol- lowing Sunday, namely, on the feast of S. Edmund the King, he was buried in the abbey church of Westminster, — which he had himself built from the foundation on a sumptuous scale, — the nobles of the realm affording him due obsequies, and paying him all becoming honours. And of a truth his corpse, adorned as it was with the most precious robes and the regal diadem, while it was borne to the grave on a bier by the nobles of the realm, shone forth, in the oj)iiiion of all present with greater grace and beauty when dead, than had distinguished it formerly while he yet lived. ' November 20. * Capgrave is evidently Jilltidirn; to Hidden, from wliosc " I'olyeiiroiii- con " he borrows tnueli, iiiid who records (Bl;. iii. cb. 37), — " In tliis year (1272). died Henry, Kin;: of England on the day of IS. Eilniund of I'ontigny." ^ November 16. H "i 102 JOHN CArGUAVKJ? Of hp:nry the fourth. King of England. A.n. 1366. Birth of Henry IV. His parent- age. CHAPTER IV. Henry the Fourth, who was called Henry of Bolingbroke, because he was born there, succeeded Richard the Second on the throne, not so much by right of descent as by the election of the people. How glorious he was in his gene- ration, and how kind to the church before he assumed the reins of government, the records of his deeds, scattered through the writings of not a few chroniclers, testify. For he was the son of that most sagacious man and most noble lord, John, duke of Lancaster, who was himself the third son of the last king Edward. His sister was married to the king of Portugal, his noble and active ally during the battle which he fought in Spain in vindication of his own rights. And the lady Blanch, the mother of this king Henry, was the daughter of the king of Castile. Another sister of this man, also by the lady Blanch, was married first to the earl of Pembroke, and afterwards to John de Holland, the brother of king Richard the Second.' ' It will be seen at a glance that there are some mistakes in this ac- eouiit of the parentage of Henry IV. John of Gaunt, his fiilher, was the fuurthy not the third, son of Edward III.; Edward the Blaek Prince was born in 1330; William of Hatfield, in 1336; and Lionel, (Duke of Clarence,) in 1338 : John oi Gaunt was bom in 1340. Possibly Cap- grave did not count William of Hat- field, because he died in early child- hood.— Neither was ihe Lady Blanche (tlie mother of Henry IV.) the daughter of the King of Castile, but of Henry Plantagenet first Duke of Lancaster, one of whose coheiresses the was. Capgravc appeals to have IIISTOHY OF THK III;M!IE5 1 0?) !Now wlieii the truuljlos arose between king Richard and a i>. i.?s<<. the five lords, who are commonly called "Domini de "■"'■y of Campo/' this illustrious man, after many injuries had been biokt" isits attempted against him, crossed the sea, and with devout '''^' ""'^' reverence visited the Holy Places. But the cause of this disturbance was as f(jllows. King Eichard was in the habit of promoting worthless and malicious characters, and without either regarding the advantage of the state, or attending to the advice of his lords, afforded a hearing only to tiiose who used, as it were, to colour their faces with the pigment' of flattery. And many were so ill able to l)ear this that they resisted him to his face. J3ut the principal of those who opposed him were Sir Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester; Sir Henry of Lancaster, earl of Derby; Sir Richard, earl of Arundel;- Sir Thomas de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick; Sir Thomas Mowbray, earl of Nottingham.^ Tiie said forgotten that John of Gaunt was married three times, for lie is here confusing Bhmeh, his first wife, with his second wife, Constance, daughter of Peter the Cruel, King of Castile. His third wife was Katharine ISwin- ford, hy whom he was the father of the Beauforts before their marriage. Capgrave gives a correct account in his C/truiiicle of England. He there says (p. 219) : — '• In the XXXni. J re Jon Gaunt Erl of llichemiind, tiie son of Kyng Edward, weddid dam Blaunche, the doutir of the J)uk of LanciLster ; be whcch mariiige he was after nnid Duke of Lancastir." — And again, (p. 228) :— " In tliis Jere (1372) th.- Duke of Lanciistir and his brothir Edmund cam out of Gyau, with the two douteris of the king of Spayn The Duke of Lancastir weddid the elder; sehe bite Consiauns."— And indeed he corrects his mistake in tlic present work. In Part tin; Tliird, Chapter VI., at t+ieend of ihr life of Henry, first Duke of Lanca.-ter, he says: — " This man left behind him two noble daughn'rs, one of whom William, Duke of Holland and Zea- land married, and the other, John of Gaunt, who was at that time K.irl of Richmond. And through this illustiious dame the said John was afterwards made Duke of Lancaster. Of this Lady Blanch and the said Duke was born the mo-t victorious King Henry the Fourth." John de Holland was a half- brother of King liieliard H. ' "Stibium," a sulphuret of anti- mony, which, in the form of a pow- der, was anciently used by women to dye their eyebrows black. It was also used in medicine as an eye- salve. Sec Plin. 29, 6, ;}7 ; 3.3, 6, 33. ' Richard Fitz-Alan, K. G. ' 'I'hese were the " (piinque Do- mini de Canipo," mentioned in the preceding |)aragrnph. u i 104 JOHN CAPGnAVE's A.i>. I.'i88. A.i>. 1390. His victo- ries over theliitidcls A.D. 1392. His pii- {rriniage to Jerusalem. HisjOtirnry described. Ilciiry tlicrefore, seeing that lie was liirnsclf tlireatened witli (laii^'cr, converted worldly strife, as far as lie w.-is concerned, into a holy pilgrimage. Accordingly, in the year of our Lord 1390, in the month of September, Henry, duke of T..ancaster, acconipaniefl l»y a noble band of soldiers, crossed the sea into Prussia. And there, but a short time after his arrival, a conflict ensued between the christians and the infidels. In this battle the illustrious youth, Henry, fought with the enemies of the Cross of Christ, so that thenceforth he esteemed no honour greater than to avenge the insults offered to the Crucified; wherefore it was continually his lot to gain a great vic- tory, and be famous everywhere in the mouths of all with great praise. But for certain reasons he returned to England about the feast of S. Mark the Evangelist.* In the year of our Lord 1392, this honourable lord again, while yet his father survived, crossed the sea, and pro- ceeded to Prussia, accompanied, as is said, by about three hundred men. And on the feast of S. James the Apostle'^ he took ship at Heth, near Lynn, and, after a prosperous voyage, entered the desired land. But when he found that the reception which was given to him by the lords of the country was not as friendly as he had wished, he left them and proceeded to Venice, and from thence to Jerusalem. And there he venerated the Holy Places with the utmost devotion ; the poor of Christ he relieved of his abimdant pity, and some who had been taken captive he brought back with him to the land of the faithful, having paid a large sum for their ransom. I have, however, thought it worth while to set down in this place the names of the lands through which he passed, and the princes whom he visited on his way to the Holy Land. For he spent the whole of this year in a solemn pilgrimage ; and, indeed, in this labour, so prudently did ' Aiail 25. » Julv 2.-). HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 105 he govern both himself and his cniiipnnions tliat he was a.i>. 1302, declared to be pleasing to God, an honour to this realm, and friendly to all with whom he associated. Leaving Prussia, he passed through Poland and several I'russia. other countries into Hungary, where he was honourably received by the king of the Hungarians,' and loaded with handsome presents. Next the duke of Austria '^.received him with kindness, Austria, both giving him a passage through his country and gene- rously sup])lying him with victuals. And this was done by all the princes whom he met iu his pilgrimage. For the doge of Venice ' came over the water with Venice, galleys to meet him, and received him in his own palace, leading him to Candia, and Rhodes, and to Jerusalem, accompanying him throughout his whole pilgrimage. And when he had visited the holy sepulchre and the rest Cyprus, of the holy places, he returned to Cyprus, and was there honourably received, and sent on his way by the king of that island. At Pavia also and Milan he lodged with the duke,'* and I'avia. refreshed himself after the hardships of his pilgrimage in his most pleasant society. For the " Comes Virtutum," of He visits which title the then duke of Milan boasted, led him to y Au-mis- the castle where the body of the blessed father Augustin V"' ^^'^^'" ° . thiiis, niid rests, which our duke regarded with long contemplation, the Duke of There, too, he beheld the body of that great ])hilos()pher Clarenee. and theologian Boethius, and he also saw the body of Lionel, the late duke of Clarence, his uncle, who liad been buried there. For this Lionel, just before his deatii, had given commandment to his attendants that his lieart and his bones should be conveyed to the convent of the Hermit Friars of S. Augustin, at Clare, in England, but that his tU'sli arid entrails slioiijil be solemnly interred beside the grave of that distinguished doctor. ' biyisinund, who was iifterwanls I ' Antonio Vcniiro. eh'eteil Kniperor. I * John Giikas. ' All.eit III. i 106 JOHN ( A r(i have's A i>. i.!'j2. And when he found tliat the Lord of Virtues, to wit, the duke of .Milan, liad taken offence against the friars on account of ,s(jnie quarrel which had hapjjened between the canons and the abbot, insomuch that the duke had it in his mind to inflict on them a fine of one thousand marks, or even banish them altogether from that place, in case an opportunity offered, the pious and venerable lord, Henry, found the means of reconciliation, softened the offence, removed the duke's indignation, and, having of his munifi- cence given to the friars a splendid present, he took his departure. Bdlieniia. He then crossed the transalpine countries, and made his France. way into France by the king of Bohemia' and the princes of Germany ; he did not stay there long, however, but at length returned to the land of his birth. A.D. 1399. Now it happened that at the very time w^hen the duke, Ik' lands in his father having died just before, landed on our shores, kin*'' Richard was tarrying in Ireland for certain reasons then well known to the w^orld.^ And when the duke landed, there met him not a few nobles, as well as a large body of the people, bewailing the life which the king was leading, and giving him an account of the evil habits of his family — all the miseries and all the injuries which they were continually inflicting on the people. The duke also, having himself had no small experience of these miseries and inj uries, in that he had been branded with the name of traitor to his king and to the realm throughout all the Enjiland. ' The Emperor Wencisla.s. j his deth, and make a jornay into ^ Kin"- Richard visited Ireland in ' Yrlond. Upon whech he purveyed consequence of the troubles which | niech thing of his ligis, and payed liad arisen after the death of Koger rite not, so that ny alle men hated Mortimer, Earl of Manh, Lord Lieu- him. . . . About the fest of Pente- tcnant of that country. Cajigravethus cost, the Kyng went into Yrland, records the event in his Chronicle of with his Chestirveris, and with the England (pj). 268, 269) — '* In that Dukes Awlinarre and Exetir, the tvnie [a.d. 1398] Rnger Mortimere, j eyeris eke of Gloucetir and Her- Erl of March was deceyved be the I forth, certeyn bisclioppis and the Erishincn,andslayn. Whan the Kyng | Abbot of Westminster, that he myte knew it, lie purjiosed for to venge makf a Parltrnent whan he wold." anl's cruel- ties. III.'STUlty OK THE IIENHIES. 107 cities of England, committing his own cause and that of a.d. 1399 the people to God, l»y the advice of the lords and in accordance with the decision of the people, offered to encounter the danger in his own person as the guardian of the realm and the upholder of justice. He had moreover the advantage of the presence and support of that vene- rable man, Thomas Arundel, late arch])ishop of Canterbury, by whose counsel and foresight this matter was arranged. P'or these, as indeed others also, liad continued up to this time in a state of exile from the kingdom. For king Richard, led away by bad advice, in a Parlia- Kinirlvidi ment held at Westminster, in the twenty-first year of his reign, exiled the said archbishop Thomas and Henry, earl of Derby ; Richard, earl of Arundel, the brother of the archbishop, he beheaded ; he caused the earl of Gloucester, his uncle, to be strangled at Calais; the earl of Wanvick,' and the lord Cobham he committed to perpetual im- prisonment. These and other deeds of this king happened to him for a snare, according to that trite proverb of the Psalmist, " He dug a pit and has fallen into it." ^ For, by the permission of God, those whom he had unjustly punished were greatly exalted, while himself was taken away from their midst. Now forasmuch as different WTiters have given different Capgravc accounts of the deposition of king Richard and tlie ele- i.isaccu-* vation of king Henry to the throne, — and no wonder, racy, since in so great a struggle one took one side, and one the other, — I, who stand as it were in the middle between tiie two parties, consider that I hold a better and a safer path, since, having investigated both sides of the question, I set myself diligently to elucidate the truth alone, not, indeed, to the prejudice of any one who may write of these things after me, if he shall undertake to discuss this matter witii more accuracv nnd clearness. ' The MSS., both here and in a I * Psahn vii, 15. subsequent jiiifi.sa)ic (sec p. 109 », have ( •• Wiiircii "' liy inistiike. i 108 .loiiN rArf;nAvi;'s A.i>. i;!00. In Hh" twciity-tliird year, then, of kiiiL,' Ridifinl's rci^m, Till' iiro- Avlicii tilt! said kinj^' was in Ireland, tlnjse veuoraljle men, ])uke"of '^ Thomas tli(! arcld)isliop, and duke Henry, landed near LiiMcnster. Bridlington, on the feast of S. Swithin.' And, liaving collected a vast army, they made their way towards I^ristol, where the disturbers of the peace were beheaded, and those evil advisers of the king, William de la Scrope, earl of Wiltshire, John Bushy, and Henry Green, knights. Kins Rich- ^^*~^ ^^ ^he castle of Plint they took their lord the ani IS taken king, and conducted him with all due honour by certain aiitl iiiiiin- ^ . "^ suiicd. strongholds and lordships, to the Tower of London, as those testify who were present on the occasion, and who are still alive. And when they had placed the king there, many infamous charges were alleged against him, con- cerning the destruction of the kingdom and the murder of the nobles. The From the many articles then promulgated against the charjics \^uirr the fcw wdiich follow have l)een extracted, — it was in bruught '^' ' against Westminster Hall, where the throne was vacant, and the archbishop, the duke, and other nobles, as well as a large body of the people were assembled. First, it was alleged that he had conferred the goods and the possessions which belonged to the crown on un- worthy persons. Secondly, that he had made the judges in his privy chamber to swear things which were illegal and in violation of the laws of the realm, to the destruction of his uncle * and other lords. Thirdly, that he had caused Thomas, the lord archbishop, to be -wrongfully exiled, as well as Henry, duke of Lan- caster ;3 and had commanded Richard, earl of Arundel, to ' July 15. t ' "^" ''^'^ tymc dcicd Jon, Duke * ThomasofWoodstock, the sixth ' of Lancastir, and was byru'd at Seyn son of King Edward III., Earl of Poules, in London, Aftir his dcth, Buckingliain and Essex. He was the Kyng, that had exiled Herry, created Duke of Gloucester in the 1 his son, for X. |ere. now he exiled year 1385. him for evyr ; forhcdyng alle his re- hiiu. niSTORY OF THE HENRIES. 109 be beheaded,' and had caused the earl of Warwick '^ and the a.d. 1399. lord Cobhani to be committed to perpetual imprisonment ; moreover, — and this was the most grievous to them of all, — he had caused his uncle, the duke of Gloucester, to be strangled.'' Fourthly, that he had introduced into his closest friend- ship and confidence certain malefactors, who spoiled the people of the realm, and violated the wives and daughters ccyvouris that thei schal gader no niony to profitc of here lord, not- withstanding he had grautitvd hem patcntis befor, that thei schiild gader a certcyn summe for her loniis re- deini)cion, that he mite witli liis good jiurchase tlic Kyiigis graee." — Chro- nicle of England, p. 268. ' The King's remorse after the death of Arundel is thus described in the Chronicle of England, \>. 266 : — "After his deth the King was tor- mented with dredful dremcs, that he niyte not slepe. Eke he tlioute evyr that a schadow of a man walkid before him. More ovyr this grevid him, that the comoun pujjle talked that he was a martir, and that his hed was growe ageyn to his bodi For these causes, in the tent day aftir his sepulture, at the X. houre at even, the Kyng sent certcyn dukes and erles to delve up the body, and make a frere for to go betwix the hed and the body. And with this dede the Kyng was more qwiet. But for al this, he comaundcd the wax ahoute his grave and clothis and othir aray to be take away, and to leve the grave desolate." '■^ "Aftyr his [tlie Earl of Arun- del's] deth, was the Erl of Warwik [Thomas dc Beauchanip] arested. And gwanne thei inqwired of him what was his entent for to gadcrc so meeh puple to ride with the ])uke of Gloucetir, tiie man, seinp wlio Arundel was dcd, and he enditcd of treson, w.as a knowe, as thei seid. For whech confession the King gave him lif, and exiled him to prison in the Ylde of Man." — Chronicle of England, p. 266. ^ Capgrave thus relates the King's treatment of the Earl of Warwick and of his uncle, in his Chronicle of England: — "In this same Jere, whan men supposed alle pes and rest to be had, sodeynly the Kyng brak oute with privy malice, whech lie had long born, and dud his officeres arestin at Plasche, in Essex, his uncil the Duke of Gloucetir, and streite sent him to Caleys. The Erl of Warwik, the same day that he had dyned with the Kyng, and the Kyng had hiie him his ' good Lordchip,' wjis arestid and put in prison. The Erl of Arun- del was arested and sent to the lide of Wite. And that there schuld be no grucehing in the i)Ui)le for this maner iloyiiig, he dod proelamo thorow the rem, that it was not for eld treson, but for newe." — See page 264. "Aftir this, because men thoute it was not the Kyngis worchip that his uncil seiiuld be slayn openly, for favoure of the j)uple, whech loved him ; for this cause the Kyng co- maundcd the Erl Marchale that he schuld be privyly slayn. So be that mannes scrvauntis he was slnyn at Caleys, oppressed Injtwix to fedir bedis." — See page 266. 1 10 joirN capghavk's A.I). 139'j. of his subjects; who bought everything they couhl, and paid for nothing. Moreover, that he had allcjwed his malice to go so far that he caused it to be publicly pro- claimed that no man should pray to him on behalf of Henry, duke of Lancaster, or attempt so to influence him as to cause the duke to be restored to the royal fav(jur, or be recalled from his exile. Fifthly, that, notwithstanding he had been himself the means of fomenting the quarrel between Henry, duke of Lancaster, and Thomas, duke of Northumberland,' he had banished Henry for a period of ten years. Sixthly, that he had been guilty of perjury in many most important causes. Ilcahdi- These, and many other things which were brought cates the asrainst the kincr, rendered him timid and cowardly, inso- throiie. o o' -" much that publicly, in the presence of numerous witnesses, he resigned the crown and his royal authority, of his own free will, readily and peaceably And I have thought it well to insert in this place a copy of the deed of resignation.^ The form " In the Name of God. Amen. — I, Richard, by the ot resigiia- gp^ce of God King of England and of France, and Lord of Ireland, do absolve from their oath of fidelity and homage, and from every bond of allegiance and royalty and do- minion, with which they have been bound hitherto, or are now boimd, or are otherwise in any way soever restricted, all the Archbishops and Bishops of the said Kingdoms, and other prelates of the Churches as well secular as regular, of whatsoever dignity, grade, station, or condition they may be; also all Dukes, Marquises, EarJs, Barons, Knights, Vas- sals, Yavassors, and all my Liege Subjects, both of the Clergy and of the Laity, under whatsoever titles they may be reckoned. And both them, and their heirs and successors tion ' This i' a mistake, — Thomas ' See the Bolls of Parliament, iii. Percy was Earl of Wo'-ccstur, and 416. Uncle of the Earl of Northiinibcr- laiuU Henrv Pcrcv. ■ iii.-;r()UY OF Tin: iii:nkiks. Ill for ever, I release, liberate, and free from their obligations a n. i.tjo. and oaths, and from all other whatsoever. And, as far as Tjif funn pertains to my own person, I release them, free, absolved, tj,j„/ undisturbed, and exempt, in all things relating to the issues of law which mij^ht fuUow from the afore-mentioned circumstances or from any of them. And all my royal dignity and majesty, and the cro\vn, the rule moreover and the authority over the said Kingdoms and Eealm, as well as all my other dominions and possessions, everything per- taining to me in whatsoever way, and under whatsoever name it may be included, within the aforesaid Kingdoms and Eealms, or in any other place soever ; also all right and colour of right, title, possession and dominion w^hich I have had, now have, or shall be able in any way to have in the same, or in any one of them, or pertaining to them, with all their rights, and all things appertaining to or depending, in what way soever, from them or any one of them ; more- over the rule, governance, and administration of these llealms, all and of every description, the absolute and the associated sovereignty and jurisdiction in the said Realms and dominions now belonging to me, or hereafter to belong to me ; the name also, and the honour, and the royalty, and the majesty of a King, I entirely of my own free will, simply, and absolutely, in the best manner, way, and form that I can use, do in this present writing renounce, and I do resign these things, entirely, and in reality as well as in word, do put them from me, and give them up and abandon all claim to them for ever. Saving the rights of my succes- sors, the Kings of England, in these Realms and Dominions, and all other rights in them or in any one of them forever, both those which now belong to them, or may belong here- after. And I confess, acknowledge, consider, and in very truth judge from sure knowledge, that I both have been and am altngethor incapable and useless, for the government of the said Kingdoms and their administration, in all things appertaining thereunto, and that on account of my noto- rious demerits I ;itii not umlcsi rviuL;' t " Eichard Scrope, Archbishop of York ; " John, Bishop of Hereford ; ^ "And of the following noble earls, — " Henry, Earl of Northumberland ; ^ " Ralph, Earl of "Westmoreland ; * " Thomas, Earl of Arundel.^ " Thomas de Berkeley, " And William Beauchamp de Bergaveuny, '' Hugh de Burnel, " William Koos, ' Tlioinas Fitz-Alan, alias Arun- del. He held the See of Canterbury from A.I). 1396 (when he was trans- lated thither from York) till the year 141.3, when he died. In the year l;?98 he was charged with high trea- son and exiled, one Roger Waldcn being thrust into his Sec. He was re- stored, and the intruder was ejected, by Henry IV. on his accession in 1399. ^ John Trevenant, or Trefuant. He held the See of Hereford from A.;>. 13b9 to A.u. 1404. ^ Henry Percy, Earl of Northum- berland from 1377 to 1408; Earl Marshal in 1387; Lord High Con- stable from 1399. * Ralph Nevill, created Earl of Westmoreland in the year 1397. He was Earl Marshal, and died in the year 1425. * Thomas Fitz-Alan, (son of Rich- ard Fitz-Alan, who was attainted.) wsis restored in blood in 1399, and died iu 1415. HISTORY OF TKE HENRIES. 113 " Henry de Beaumont, a.d. 1399. " William de Willougbby, — Barons : "Thomas Grey, "Thomas Erpingham, " Thomas Ramston, " William Fullestan, " Hugh Waterton, — Knights : "William Lucas, " John Norhury, " Edward Beauchamp, " Ralph Bradford, — Esquires.^ Nevertheless the said king entered a protestation that he Richard neither wished, nor did he intend, to renounce the " ca- ractes " impressed on his soul. Also, that he reserved to himself certain revenues, lands, and tenements, which had been bought and acquired by him of the lord Richard le Scrope for his o^vn obit and that of others, to be celebrated at Westminster, et cetera. Also he willed to renounce, and declared that he did re- nounce, the rule of this realm, yet he did so on the condi- tion, as far as in him lay, that Henry, duke of Lancaster, should be his successor in the kingdom. These events took place on a Monday,^ on the feast of S. Michael the Archangel, in the twenty-third year of his reign. For he had promised at Conway ^ to fulfil all these makes cer- tain rcsLT- vatioiis. ' The list given in tiie Rolls of Parliament is as follows: — " Richard le Scrope, Arclibinhop of York ; Jolm, Hisiiop of Hereford; Henry, Earl of Northumberland ; R;ili>ii, Earl of Westmoreland; Hiitrh, Lord de Burncl ; Thomas, Lord de Berke- ley; the Prior of Canterbury [Tho- mas Chillenden] ; the Abbot of Westminster [William de Colches- ter]; William Thirniiit,',Kni<:lit, and John Markham, Justices ; Thomas Stowc and John Burbache, Doc- tors of Laws; Thomas de Erping- ham and Thomas Gray, Knights; William de Feriby and Dionysius Lopham, Notaries Puldic." The list given in Cap;:rave's Chronicle of England is comipounded of both these lists. * September 29. ' " To hem [Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of (Canterbury, and Henry I'ercy Karl of Northundierland,] seid he, — That he wold resigne his re- galy, and allc that long thereto, save thecarectis of his soul, so that his lif Bchuld be >;rainited him and surti- I 114 .TOirN CAPQRAVES A.D. 1399. Is deposed. Accession of Henry IV. tliinr^s, and as he had promised he did fulfd them in I.oii.lon, wlicre lie was placed in the Tower, Now on the day following, wliich was Tuesday,* all these documents were read in Westminster Hall, to wit, the charges which had been brought against the king, and his deed of resignation, in the presence of the lords and all the commons. Then were sent unto the king, John, l)ishop of S. Asaph ; John, abbot of Glastonbury; Thomas, earl of Gloucester ; Thomas, lord de Berkeley ; Thomas Erpingham and Thomas Grey, knights, and John Thimyng, justice ; and they told him that, according to the will of the people and the decree of the lords, and, indeed, his own confession, he was unworthy to rule so great a kingdom ; wherefore they formally pronounced him to be deposed. Afterwards, on the same day, Henry, duke of Lancaster, arose and claimed the crown for himself.^ First, by reason cicnt liflod to him and VIII. per- sones." — Capgravc's Chronicle of England, p. 271. The word carecie or caractc (as explained in the glos- sary, see p. 387) means "(1.) The sign ; the emblem. "This Conrard took the caracte of the Cross of Seint Bernard hand," p. 136. (2.) The character imprinted by some of the Sacraments, e.g. by bap- tism and confirmation. [As in the present example.] See S. Tho. Aquin. 3. qq. 62, 63. ' September 30. - Capgrave gives his words as follows in bis Chronicle of England (p. 273) : — "In Dei Nomine, Amen. — I Herry Lancastir, chalengc the Crown, with al the membris that long thereto, as for descensus of the real blod of Kyng Heny, be whech rite God hath graunted me for to enter with help of my kynred." And he adds the following curious account of the coronation : — " Thus was he crowned on Scynt Edward day, and auoynted with that holy oyle that was take to Seynt Thomas of Cauntirbury by oure Lady ; and he left it in Frauns. This oyle was closed in a egel of gold, and that egil put in a crowet of ston ; and be revelacion Herry, the first Duke of Lancastir, fond it, and brout it hom to Ynglond, and gave it to the Prince Edwai-d, to this effect, that aftir his faderes deces, he schuld be anoynted with the same. And aftir the Prince's dcth it was left in the Kyngis tresory; and nevir man tok kep thereto til, alitil before that tlie King exiled the bisbop Thomas, this relik was found, and certeyn writing thereon, as Thomas of Cauntirbury left it. Than was Kyng Kichard glad, and desired of the bischop to be anoynted tiew; but he wold not. But for al that the Kyng bare it with him into Yrland; and, whanne he was take in his coming ageyn, he dylyvcred it to Thomas Arundel. And soo was Herry crowned with the same." HISTORY OK THE HENRIES. 115 of relationship of blood, which he proved, indeed, from a.d. 1399. ancient records, the true copies of which I have not yet seen. But I have heard that it was at that time alleged on his behalf that he luul descended from the more honourable and elder son, whose line was in consequence nearer to the kingdom. In the second place, he claimed the kingdom for himself l)y reason of the choice of the lords and the people, for at that time even all men gave him their adherence ■with loud acclamations. Thirdly, lie claimed the kingdom by reason of its having been assigned to him by the afore-mentioned king Richard, who had awarded it to him with his own mouth ; and in testimony of these things he showed to the people then and there the king's seal. On the Monday following ' began a great Parliament, at His first Avhich all the nobles of the realm were assembled, and there they deliberated about the coronation of the new king. And since it seemed good to the many that this coronation should be no longer delayed, it was agreed that the solemnity should take place on the feast of S. Edward the King.2 And so the said Henry gained the crown, by the providence, as we believe, of God, who is mighty to put down the mighty from their seat, and to exalt the humble.' When, therefore, he had been raised to the throne of Ilischarac- ter. At page 276 he thus alludes to the deatli of Richard II. : — " In the same tymc Scr Thomas Spencer, whech was clcpcd eric of Gloucetir, was take and heddcd at Bristow ; and many othir wcr so ded be the comowncs. " This cam to Kyiij,' Richardis ere in the castcl of I'Dunfrcit, and, as sum men sey, he poyned himself, and deycd for hunjiir. Summc otiiir scide that he was kept fro mete and drink whil a knytc rode to London and cam agoyn. His body aftir his deth was Ciiried to London, and at Si'Viit Paulos had liis ' l)yriy:c' and his Jlassc, tiic Kyiig there pre- sent. Than wiis the body sent fro London onto Langle, to be bcried among the Frcre Preciiouris. At the byriyng was the bistho]) of Chestir, the abbot of Seynt Alboncs, and the abbot of Walthani, and fewo othir." ' October 6. = October 13. ' S. Luke i. 52. llf) JOHN caporave's A.i>. 13'.)!). tliis kingdom, the said king Jfenry observed the ways of justice, lionoured witli all liis p(jwer the servants of (iod, and, drinking from the fountains of the Scriptures, went not thirsting away. For I liave known in my time that men of great literary attainments, who used to enjoy inter- course witli liim, have said that he was a man of very great ability, and of so tenacious a memory that he used to spend great part of the day in solving and unravelling hard questions. For he was mindful of that prayer of the most glorious Solomon, in which he asked, not for riches and honour, but for the assisting wisdom of God, and, ac- cording to the declaration of a certain versifier, who wrote on this subject, — " "WTien at his father's will, he took the crown. And God decreed to give him choice of gifts, He chose not victory, nor length of life. Nor riches, — but with eager mind he craved A heart of wisdom for his country's weal." Now these things, which were said concerning Solomon, have been fulfilled in this king Henry, though in a dif- ferent degree. For, although he was wise, he did not attain to that height of wisdom which resided in Solomon. Let it suffice for future ages to know that this man was a studious investigator in all doubtful points of morals, and that as far as his hours of rest from the administration of his government permitted him to be free, he was always eager in the prosecution of such pursuits. Birth of ^y bis first wife JNIary, daughter of the earl of Hereford,^ Henry V. t^ig king had four sons who were illustrious among the [a.d.1388.] princes of the world. The eldest of these was Henry the Fifth, whose deeds are to be set forth in the folloAving chapter. Prince The second was Thomas, duke of Clarence,^ who was a Thomas born. ' rA.D.1389.] ' Mary dc Bohun, the youngest j " He was made lieutenant of Ire- daughter and coiieircss of Hum- land in the year 1401, and Earl of phrey, Earl of Hereford. ' Albemarle and Duke of Clarence HISTORY OF THE UENRIES. 117 distinguished conqueror of all men who opposed him, and a.d. 1399. a most amiable friend of all who were connected with him, whatever might be their claim to his benevolence. The third was John, duke of Bedford ; ' he indeed was a Prince man of the most excellent manners, and most fortunate in ^ " . . [a.u.1390.] treating for peace and preserving it. His fourth son is Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, who is Prince still alive; a man who among all the princes of the world ^orn''"'^ is most distinguished for a knowledge of letters; whose [a.i).1391.] praises I think it best to postpone to another time, and another period of leisure, since I think it likely that I shall at some time or other write a special treatise on the subject of his praises. Besides, inasmuch as I have confined myself in the present work to the celebration only of illustrious Henries, it would be out of place to introduce therein men of another name, lest I should be burdensome to the reader ; lest, moreover, I should appear to be a transgressor of my own rules laid down above. ■I saw the only daughter of this most excellent king in the ^Maniagc of town of Lynn, where she went on board the ship in which x'bilippa. she left England, and went to be married to the king of Norway. Those who know her say that she so increased in wisdom that, during the continual infirmities which oppressed the king, her husband, all the causes of the kingdom were laid before her, and that by her prudent counsel she brought everything to a prosperous issue. She indeed is the offspring of this king, and I saw her with my own eyes. Now after the death of his first wife, the said king a.i>. uur». married the daughter of the king of Aragon, wlio was the Miiiriapc of ° o ^ Henry IV. in 1411. lie married Margaret, daughter of Tlionuis Holland, Earl of Kent, and widow of John Beau- fort, Karl of Somerset, by wliom he had no issue. His illegitimate son was called Sir Jolin de Clarence, lie wiis killed at Beauge, in Aiijou, in 1421. ' He was made Constable of England in the year 1403, and earl of Kendal and Duke of Bedford in 1414. He married firstly iVnne. sister of Philip, Duke of Burgundy, and secondly Jacjueline of I^uxeni- bourg, who survivetl him. He died Kcgcnt of France in 1-1 1. >. to .Joan of Navurrc I 3 118 JOHN CAPGRAVES Hel)cllion of the Earl of North- uinberlaiid. A.i>. 1405. relict of the duke of Bretagne ; but he had no offspring by her. The glorious reign of this king was decidedly peaceful, save that, in its commencement, Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, with his uncle Thomas,' and other con- [a.d.1403.] spirators, raised an insurrection against him ; and a serious war was stirred up against the lord king. But, as men then said, the sole cause of this strife was the said Thomas. For the king would gladly have been reconciled to the earl, and would have extended his favour to him, had he sought it. The earl also would willingly have humbled himself to receive the king's free pardon. Treachery But that Achitophel, the earl Thomas, pretending to be of Thomas, ^ mediator between them, but false to both, was, alas ! the Larl or Worcester, cause of all the ruin. When he was with the king he said that his nephew was in no wdse disposed to come to terms of peace. WTien he was with the earl he said that the king had sworn that he would see his head raised aloft that very day. And this was the end of that struggle, — many were slain on either side ; last of all the earl himself was slain, and then England lost her bravest soldier. These things took place in a plain ^ near Shrewsbury, in the year of our Lord 1403, that is, in the third year of the reign of king Henry the Fourth, on the twenty-second day of the month of July.^ ' Thomas Tercy, Earl of Worces- ter. 2 Hateley-field. ^ There is some little confusion in Capgravc's account of these troubles. ]iy the " Earl of Korthumbcrland " he appears to mean Sir Henry Percy, (Hotspur) who was slain in the life- time of his father. The troubles began in the attempt of the Percics and Mortimers, who had joined themselves to Glyndwr, to restore Richard the Second, in case he were alive, to the throne, or if otherwise. to give the kingdom to the Earl of JIarch. It was Hotspur, and not the Earl of Northumberland his fluher, who was slain at Shrewsbury on the twenty-second of July in this year. The Earl of Xorthumberland. who indeed, supported his son in his re- bellion, was not killed in 1403, but on the nineteenth of February, 1408, at the battle of Bramham Sloor. The following far more explicit and correct account is given by Capgrave in his Chronicle of England : — •'lu that same tyme Ser Kerry HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 119 After these things the king's mind was troubled by a.d. 1405. reason of a certain esquire of Kichard, Earl of Arundel, Glyndwr. Percy the yonger began to rebelle agcyn the King. And to him drew Ser Thomas Percy, Erl of Wyscetir, uukyll onto the same Ilerry. This man had the Prince in governauns, whech sodeynly lefte the Princes hous, and drow to his neve. And, that her rebellion schuld be more exeusabil, thei writyn to the euntre aboute, that thei wold not withdrawe here legauns fro the King. But the cause whi thei strengthid hem thus, for thei wold go to the King for to cnformc him that bettir governauns schuld be had in the rem ; and thei durst not go withoute strong hand. For, as thei scid, the taskes that were gadered of the pupcl, to here grcte hurt, were spent neythir to worcliip of God, ne profite of the lond. Whan the Kyng had this re- lacion, he wrote and scide he had ful gretc wondir that thei wold noyse him so ; for he knew no cause why but that thei mite come to his presens as safly as evyr thei ded. Eke he wrote that mech of the good that was gadered, was sent to here handis for tuyciou of the Marches. But al this meved hem nowt ; for with her boost thei remeved streith onto Schreuisbury, abyding there the help of Howeyn Glendor oute of Wales. " Whan the Kyng undirstod her malys, in al haste he thoute to mete with hem er thei wer fully gadered. For the Erl of Northumbirlond was not Jet come onto hem. Thei that were with Herri Percy noysed thorw the euntre that the Kyng Kichard was Jet o lyve, and amongst hem ; and for his rite thei were thus ga- derid. The Kyng rod to Schrouys- bury, where this llerry Percy had bcscgid the town. But whan he sey the Kyugis standard, he left the scgc, and turned sodenly ageyn the Kyng. In the ost of Herry Percy were, as is wrytyn, XIIII. thousand men. The Kyng, whan he sey the feld so disposed, seide onto his men wordis of gret coumfort, and mad hem hardi in his quarel. Than sent the Kyng the abbot of Schrouisbury, with the pri\'y sel, onto Hcrry Percy, desiring that he schuld com and ask grace, and spare that there be no blod spilt. Herri was surawhat meved with this message, and sent to the King his unkil, Thomas Percy. And whan the King, witj grcte mekncsse had promised the forseid Herri his good lordehip, this Thomas told his neve al the revers. Thanne the Kyng comaunded thei schuld bring him his swerd, in whech he trostid mech. And thei seide it was left in a toun be side, whech thei cleped Bcrwik. Whan the Kyng herd ' Berwik,' he was gretly astoyned, and seide, — 'Forsoth it hath be oftyn told me that in Berwik I schuld be in gret perel. But fite mote we nede.' So faute thei to grete hann of this na- cion. And Herri Percy, aftir the propirte of his name, pcrcid, or presed, in so fer that he was ded, and no man wist of whom. Thei fled that my te flc. The Erl of Duglas was take there ; the Erl of Wissetir, cause of al the sorrow ; Ser Kichard Vernon ; the Barnc of Kynderton, and many othir. On that side were ded the most part of knytes and swieres of Chcstirschire onto tlie noumbir of to hundred ; and mecli of the puple of whech we have now no noumbir. This batail was on a Satirday, in the vigil of I\[ari Mag- delen. " The next Munday folowand were hcded al Schrouisbury the Erl of I 4 20 JOHN CArGKAVE^S A.I). 1405. wliicli ('S(|iiir(' was called Glyiidwr, wlioiri tlic king was con- tinually Kcarcliiiij,' for, and never was a])le to find. For wandering annjng the mountains and caverns of Wales, he had never any certain dwelling-place, nor indeed could he be captured by any one.' AVissctir, the Barn of Kyndirton, and Scr Kicliard Vernon. And sone af'tir the Erl of Northuinbirland cam with rayty hand to help Hcrry his son, havyng no knowyng of his deth. Ther met with him the Erl of Westmorland and llobert Watirton, and mad him turn ageyn, and took a eastelle of his, and kept it." ' Capgrave is extremely brief in his aceount of this part of Ilemy's reign, whereas in his Chronicle of Enyland he is very full. The fol- lowing abstract of the events of that period (as therein recorded), occa- sionally illustrated by quotations, may not be without interest. This was contemporary history; the va- rious incidents eithur came under Ca]igrave's own immediate observa- tion, or were communicated to him by eye-witnesses. It will be found necessary for every one to read the Chronicle of England, who is anxious to ascertain the views of this dis- tinguished writer on the remarkable events of his day. The present notes aspire to do nothing more than sup- ply a connection between the Chro- nicle and the Henries, and to point out to the student of History in what important particulars the one illus- trates and expounds the other. A.D. 1403-4. — The Bretons burn Plymouth, which deed the English speedily avenge. " In these daycs ccrtcyn pUgrymcs of Ynglond cam fro Jerusalem, but erred in her wey, and lay in a forest, be nyte, above in trees, for fer of bestis. In the morow thci cam to a herniitcs hous, wlach man re- frecchid hem, and bad hem thank God not only for tliei had scaped the jjcrel of bestis, but for thei were not at hom at the bataile of Schrouis- bury, whech schuld falle in hast, as he saide." A Parliament is held in London, and Ilciiiy Percy, Earl of Northum- berland is restored to his lands. — Heavy taxes are imposed on the people. " In this same tyme the Frensch- men cam to the Ylde of Wite, askyng tribute of the dwelleres to the sustenauns of qwen Ysabelle. And thei of Wyte answered that Kyng Richard was ded, and the Qwen pesabely sent hom ; wherfor thei wold non pay: if thei cam for to fite, thei schuld be wclkom, and thei schuld gyve hem leve to eutyr the lond, and rest hem III. dayes before the batayle. The Frenschmen herd this answere, and sayled fro that cuntre. " In that Jcre, a Bryton, cleped Lord ofCastel, londod at Dortmouth with grete pride : and of hem of whom he had ful gret indignacion, that is to sey, the rural puplc, was he slayn. In that jornay, whech was tiie XV. day of April, were takyn thre lordis, XX". knytes." Translation of the body of S. John of Bridlington. The Countess of Oxford (De Vere) spreads a report that Richard II. is alive, and draws the hearts of many after her by distributing " hearts of silver." She is imprisoned. The Earl of Northumberland and Sir ^^'illiam Clifford ;u-c reconciled HISTORY OF THE IinNRIES, 121 Now when king Henry had reigned fourteen years he a.d. 1412. to the King. — Trial and execution of Scarl, an adherent of Kicliard II. Parliament at Coventry. — Dispute between the Speaker and the Arch- bishop of Canterbury. The King upholds the Archbishop and pre- vents the confiscation of the tem- poralities of tlie church. Many persons refuse to do reve- rence to the Host. Great inundation on the coast of Kent. Death of William of Wykc- ham. Bishop of Winchester. Death of Tope Boniface IX. and election of Innocent VII. A.D. 1404-.5. — The relations of the Earl of March escape from Windsor Castle, but are shortly after captured. " In tills Jere, Thomas Mounbray, erl Marchale, cam onto Maistir Ricliard Scrop, arbischop of York, and mad confedcracion that thei schuld help to amende the insolens in the rcme. Eke Thomas Lord Bar- dolf went onto the Erl of Northum- birlond for the same cause. Thei clcped onto hem the cite of York, and mech of the cuntre, and set up ccrteyn articles in chereh dores, ex- pressing what was her cntent. First, thei desired that the puple of the rcmc schuld have fre clleccion of knytes of the Parlement, aftir the eld forme. The sccundc, that there schuld be a remcdie agcyns fals sug- gcstioncs, by whech many men were disherid of her londis. The thirde, that there schuld be ordeyned a remedye agcyn these grevous taskes, and ageyn the grete cxtorciones, and ckc op])rcssing of marchauiitis. Whanne the puple had red these articulcs, thei drow fast onto the bischop. " This herd, the Erl of Westmor- land, — that was at tliat tyme with Lord Jon, the Kiiigis third sou. in the cuntre fast by, — gadered a grete felducJiip, entendyng for to distroye the arbischoppis ])owere. But whan he espied the archbischoppis party stronger than his, he .sent onto him, and intiwyred why this puple was gadered. And the archbischop an- swered ageyn, for non othir cntent, but for thei wold purpos certeyn materes to the Kyng, to whom thei durst not go withoute grete puple. Tho sent he him the articules before rehersid. And whan the Kingis son and the Erl had red hem, thai praised hem, and desired that thei schul com speke togidir with fewer folk. The archbischop cam unto hem, and there had the Erl of Westmoreland these wordis : — 'Ser Bischop, it is best, sithe youre desire and ourc is al on, that the puple undirstandc it, that thei nede not thus to laboure. Wherfor we desire that sum special man schal be sent, in youre name, to comaunde eviry man go horn to his laboure, save thei that schul wayte upon you.' This was do in dcde ; and as the bischoppis men voided, the othir party cncrescd. The good prcst, bisliop of York, undlrstod nevir the deceyte onto the tyme that the seid Erie arested him. And the Erl Marchale was arested eke in the same ])lace, and behote hem thei schuld be saved harmles : but this behest was not kept." The King returns from AVales, where he had been in pursuit of Glyndwr. He goes to York, "and thei of the cite com outc with ropes aboute her neck, barefoot, crying ' Mercy.' " Archbishop Scrope and the Earl of Nottingham arc be- headed. "The Kyng aftir that tyme lost the bcutc of his face. For, as the comoune opinion went, fro that tyme onto his dcth he wa.s a lejiir, and 122 JOHN CArfJUAVE'.S A.i>. 1412. lit Icngtli made a Imppy end on tlic feast of 8. Cuth- cvyr fowlcrc and fowlcre. For in liis deth, as thci recorded that scy him, he was so contracte, tliat his hody was scarse a cubite of length." The King pursues the Earl of Northumberland into Scotland. He goes into Wales against Glyn- dwr, but without success, " In thi^ Jere were sent embas- siatouris fro tlie Kyng of Denmark for to have the Kyngis doutir riiilip to be joyned in wcdiok to her Kyng. The Kyng broute hir to Lenne, for to take schip there. And in that townc he lay nyne dales, the too Qwenes, thre sones of the Kyng, Herri, Thomas, and Umfrey; and many other Lordes and Ladies." The French send aid to Glyndwr. Defeat of the plot against the Abbot of Ramsay. Marriage of the Earl of Arundel to the illegitimate daughter of the King of Portugal. A.D. 1405-6.— Death of Roger Waldeii, formerly Archbishop of Canterbury. The Pope curses those who con- demned Richard Scrope, Archbishop of York. The people are severely taxed. James, sou of the King of Scot- land is captured on his way to France, whither he was being sent " to leme that tonge, and eke cur- tesie." Death of Innocent VII., and elec- tion of Gregory XIL Death of Henry Ic Despenser, Bishop of Norwich. A.D. 1406-7. — Troubles at Rome. Death of Sir Robert Knollys. " In this Jere the Prince [Henry v.] leide a sege to the castcUe of Abrust within Wales, and streytid hem so that were in the castel, that thci promised him to Jeldc the eastel at a ccrteyn day. But it avaylcd not ; for Glcndor cam, and put new men in the castelle, and avoided al hem that consented be ony menis onto the Prince." A.D. 1407-8. — Remarkable se- verity of the weather. — Defeat of the Earl of Northumberland and Thomas, Lord Bardolph, at Bram- ham Moor by Sir Thomas Rokeby. — The King goes to the North. A council is held in London, in which allegiance is withdrawn from Gregory XII. — The Bishop of Salis- bury and others are sent to the council of Pisa. A.D. 1409.— Council of Pisa.— Alexander V. chosen Pope ; he grants certain privileges to S. Bar- tholomew's, Smithfield. " In this |ere was a Parlement at London in tyme of Lenton, where a smyth was appeched for heresie. He held this conclusion, tiiat the Sacra- ment of the auter is not Cristes Body, but a thing withoute soule, wers than a tode, or a ereyne, whech have lyf. And whan he wold not renouns his opinion, he was take to the seculerc hand, for to be spered in a tunne in Smythfeld, and to be brent. The Prince Henry [Henry v.] had pite on the man, and coun- ciled him to forsake this false opinion ; but he wold not. Wher- for he was put in the tunne ; and, whan the fcr brent, he cried hor- ribly. The Prince commanded to withdrawe the fire, cam to him. and bchite him grete; but it wold not be. Wherfor he suffered him to be brent into asches." " In this Jere eke was brent the town of Seynt Omeris, with the abbey. For the Duke of Burgoyn had leyd there allc his apparamcnt, with whech he thoutc to bcsegc HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 123 bert ', bishop and confessor, in the year of our Lord a.d. 1412. 1412. And when he was about to die, he sent for Henry, his ^-^- i-*i3- son, who was soon to be king, and giving him a most holy exhortation, he spoke to him in brief as follows: — " Con- sider, my son, and behold thy father, who once was strenuous in arms, but now is adorned only with bones and nerves. His bodily strength is gone, but, by the gift of Grod, spiritual strength hath come to him. For even this sickness, which, as I certainly believe, is unto death, renders my soul braver and more devoted than before. Caleys ; amongis whcch was a hor- rible orilinaiins, — smale barcllis filt ful of'scrpentis aud venomous bestes, whcch he thoutc for to throw into Caleys be engynes, that, whan the barrclles broke, the corupt venym schukl infecte hem of the town. Alle this gore was brent be a Jong man that bewrcyid it to the soud- yourcs of Caleys ; and thei gave him grete good to sette this town o fire." A.D. 1410-11. — John XXIIL elected Pope. Conversion of the King of Poland to Christianity. John Pendcrgast and "William Longc keep the sea successfully ; incun'ing the envy of certain per- sons, the former is compelled to fly for refuge to the sanctuary at West- minster; the latter is thrown into the Tower; — "But many of the Kyngis hous had cnvyc with him, that he was compelled to take West- minster; and there so strcytid, that he dwrlled in the porch of the Chcrch both nyte and day. William Longc kept stille the sea, onto the Chaunccler sent for him, and hitc him he schuld no harm have ; but whan he had him he sent him to the Tourc. "In this Jerc the archbishop of Cantirbnry wold visitc the Univcr- site of Oxcnforth; but thci wold not obey it." Disputes arise between the Dukes of Burgundy and Orleans; the King sends succours to the Duke of Bur- gundy, who were received by him " ful worchipfully, and waged suf- ficiently. " But when thci had taried longe in Parys, vitalle began to wax dcre, and specialy flesch. Wherfor thei seid thei wold go getc sura vitaile among her enmics. This Duke Au- relianensis lay in a strong place fast be a town thci clcpe Scynclo. This perceyvcd oure Englischmcn, and wold ha take the town ; but the briggc was broken. Ther bikird thei; and on the Frensch side, whcch was with Duke Aureliancnsis, many were dronchin, and killid a SLCCC. Many were taken, and broute to Paris; and there began a strif bctwix hem of Paris and Englisclimen ; for thei of Paris wold have hem dod, as tretouris ; and the othir parti had graunted hem lyf, so that thei payed raunson. Than thei of Paris payed her raunson, and than killid him." A.D. 14 11-1 2.— The King.lcserts the cause of the Duke of Burgundy, and joins the Duke of Drleans. ' March 20. 124 .TOirN CArGRAVE's A.D. 141.). 'I'liiiik my son, in the midst of the glory and prosperity of the kingdom, whither tliou shalt come. Love tlie Lord thy God, and above all things fear Him. Let thy con- fessor be a man of wisdom and prudence, who may know how to give thee wholesome warnings, and may be bold to give them ; and do thou not agree unto those who sow pillows under all arm-holes.* Eeveal all the counsel of thy lieart to men distinguished for goodness, temperance, and religious character ; especially to those who lead a lonely life, in study, and in prayer, and in sacred repose. Be not thyself fond of ease, but always engaged either about the things of God, or about the good of the kingdom for the sake of God, or about some of those pleasures and excellent sports, which have in them nothing of the foulness of vice. My son, pay faithfully thy father's debts, that thou may est enjoy the blessing of the Most High ; and may the God of our Fathers, the God of Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, give thee His blessing, laden with all good things, that so thou mayest live blessed for ever and ever. Amen." These were the last words ^ of this most victorious King, Henry the Fourth. ' Ezekiel xiii. 18. - In the Chronicle of England Capgrave omits altogether tliis ac- count of Henry the Fourth's dying advice to his son, and gives instead of it the following curious anec- dote : — "In the XIIII. jerc, this kyng deied, the XX. day of March, whan he had regned Xlil. Jere and a half. At his deth, as was reported of ful sad men, certeyn lordcs stered his confessoure, frere JonTille, Doctoure of Divinite, that he schuld induce the Kyng to repent hnn, and do penauns, in special for thre thingis. On for the deth of Kyng Kichard. The othir for the deth of the Arch- bishop Scrop. The third, for the wrong titil of the crowne. And his answere was this : — ' For the to first poyntis, I wrote onto the Pope the veri treuth of my consciens; and he sent me a buUe, with absoiucion, and penauns assigned, which I have fultilled. And as for the third poynt, it is hard to sette remedy; for my childirn will not suffir tiiat the regalie go oute of oure lynage.' " HISTORY OF THE HENRIES, 125 Of the Eeign of HENRY THE FIFTH. chapter y. Henry the Fifth, the most victorious king, began to reign in the year of our Lord 1412.' The first whole day of his reign was tlie feast of S. Benedict, that we may understand him to be blessed (benedidum) in all his works, inasmuch as he loved God, honoured the Church, and stedfastly observed the paths of justice. Now he was crowned at Westminster on the ninth day of the month of April, in the year of our Lord 1413. In the winter of the same year there were great floods of snow and rain, and in the summer several fires,^ from which signs some men foretold that he would be a warlike king, and would experience many dangers in war. In the beginning of his reign there conspired against the lord king a certain lord whose name was John Oldcastle,^ A.D. 1413. Henry V. King of England. He is crowned. Conspiracy ot" Sir Jolin Oldcastle. ' According to the usual reckon- ing, 1413. Tlic following is a trans- lation of an extract from the Red Book of the E.\cheqner : — "A.D. M.CCCCXIII. — Also the date of King Henry, the Filth of that name from tlic C'ontiucst, is changed year by year on the feast of S. Henediet, whicii liap[iens on the twenty-first day of Mareli." ' One of tlicse conflagrations was at Norwich. " I?i this same Jere," Capgravc tells us in his Chmniclc of EtKjhmd, " a gretc part of Norwich wa-s brent, and a fayre convent of the Prcchouris ordir." ' The story of Sir John Oldeastlo (I.iord Cobham), brietiy recorded here, is given at length and in a very interesting nnmner in the Chro- nicle of Eiighinil, (see page 304): — " A strong man in bataile he was, 2() JOHN CArORAVK.S A.D. 1413. ;y1,o was fui .'iLottor of tlu! heretical sect wliirli liad been introduced by John Wiclif. Tliis same Oldcastle, having but a grcte Iicretik, and a gret enmye to the Clicrch. For his cause the urclibisliop gadcrcd a Counccl at London ; for he sent cute prcstis for to prcche, whcch were not admitted be non Ordinaric ; and he was pre- sent at her scrmones; and alio thci that seide ageyn his prcstis was he red}- to smite with his swerd. " For these causes and many rao, because he was a knyte of the Kyngis household, the archbishop comjileyned of him to the Kyng. Aftir mcch laboure to his amende- nient, the Kyng wrot to the areh- bischop, that he sclnild somoune him to apperc and answere. The knyte lay that time in his castelle, cleped Coulyng. The mcssager that was sent was warned that he schuld not entir his castelle but if he had Icve. Than enter onto the castelle on Jon Butlere, that was Uschcr of the Kyngis Chambir ; and he asked the knitc whethir the somnoure schuld come to him, or he schuld sende him the lettere. The knyte refused both. Than was the somownes sent on the Monastcri dores in Kouchestir, but ni. mile fro him. And at day as- sined the archbischop, in the castelle of Ledis, cursed him for contumaeie, and grete fautoure of hcrctikes. " Aftir this, on a Satirday, aftyr the fest of Seint Matheu, Apostil and Evangelist, the archbischop sat in Panics Chapctir Hous, and with him Herry of Wynchestir, and Richard of London, bischoppis. And Ser Robert Morle. — at coniaundmcnt of the Kyng, — than Kepcr of the Towre, broutc this knyte Oldcastelle onto the presens of these bischoppis. " There the bischop rcherscd that for contumaeie he stood acurscd : and if he wold mckely submitte him to the Chcrch, he wold asoiie him. Oldciistel stood, and wold non aske; but took out of his bosom a bilie endcnted; and whan he had red it, took it to the bischoppis. Than scid the archbischop, — ' Lo, Ser Jon, here be many good thingis in your bille: but ye must answere to othir thingis that be put on you, touching the Sacrament of the Auter, and the powere of the Cherch, and mech othir thing.' He seide to this, that he wold gyve no othir answere than was writin in his bille. Thanne the archbischop took him certeyn Arti- cules in a bille, to whcch he assigned him that he schuld answere on the Moncday folowand. And whan the day was come, the archbischop in- qwired of him, if he wold be assoiled aftir the forme of the Chcrch. lie seid, — nay; he loked aftir no abso- lucion but of God. And of the Sacrament of the Auter he scid thus : — ' Evene as Crist whil He went here was God and Man ; the Manhod mite men see, but not the Godhed ; so in this Sacrament is Cristis bodi and bred : the bred may men se, but not Cristis bodi.' He seid more, — ' That the determinacioa of the Cherch and the Doctouris, that sei the revers, ar pleynly ageyn Holy Scripture.' For the Sacrament of Ponauns, he seide, — 'That what man is in grevous synne, and coude not rise fro his synne, it is ful neces- sai'ie that he have a wise preest to telle him the maner of his amend- ment. But that a man schuld be schrive to his propir prcst, or to an othir preest, it is no nede; for con- tricion withoute confessioune purgith al synne.' For worchipyng of the Crosse, he seide ; — ' That Body That hinjr on the Crosse schuld be wor- HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 127 been led before the king, and an accusation laid against him on account of certain erroneous bills to which he gave his support, they first attempted to soften him l)y kind- nesses, that he should desist from the course he had taken ; then he was terrified by threats, but not even thus could he be moved from his purpose. Being led before a council of bishops, when his heretical opinions and errors were recounted, Oldcastle defended them with a l)old front. He was thereupon and there publicly condemned, under the presidency of the veneral)le Thomas, archl)ishop of Canterbury, for his heretical wickedness, and as the chief abettor of the heretics. Nevertheless the lord kinsr took A.D. 1413. chipid, and nothing but He.' And whan thci asked him, what worchip he wold do to the ymage on tlic Crosse, he seide he wokl wipe it, and kcpc it clene. Tlian thei asked iiini what he scid of tlie Pope. He seid, ' The Pope is Antecrist ; bis- choppis be his mcmbris, and frcres be his tayl.' " The archbischop sey no othir amendment in tliis man, condempned him for a herctik, and left him to the scculere hand. And than went he to the Kyng, and told him al the proccsse, ]iraying the Kyng to graunt him lif XL. dayes, that he mite do pcnauns. But this iiidul- gens turned onto grct mischcf ; for within thoo XL. dayes he hrak outc of the Toure, and sent Ictteris onto his secte. " For al that tymc fro his evasion about Myhilmcssc onto tlie Ejihi- phanic he mad him strong to dis- troye the Kyng and many othir. And thei that were gadcred to go with him, if thei mad question to what cntcnt thci schuld rise, this answere had tiici : — 'It skil you not, so yc have good wagis, and treuly payed.' Tlie King kept Christmassc at Eltham ; aud Cob- ham, with his rctencw, had thoute to i'tilfille his entent. "The King was wamcd of this mater be ecrteyn men that bed con- sciens, and were of councel with Cobham; and sodeynly the Kyng removed onto Westminster. The Lolardis were warned that thei schuld gader in Seint Gilis fold ; for there scliuld come to hem, oute of London, L. thousand, as was bchitc liem. But the King was ware of al this, and comaundcd London Gatis to be sperd and kejit. He sent owte eke men of armes be dyvers weys, whech aj)posed hem that cam rcn- nyng in hast, wliedir tiiei schuhl ? And thci seide, 'To Cobham.' Thus were take aud slayn thousaudis. The Kyng was in the feld sone aftir mydnyte. This aspicd Cobham : he fled ; and many with him. Many of his were take, and lumg, and drawe, and brent. On was tiiere of Dun- stable, a special scolerc of this scctc, thei clcped him William Murlc. Oldcastle had bchote him that he schuld bo a knytc. And in jirove of that hchcstc tiici fond with iiim too stcdis, and gilt sporis in his bosoum." 128 JOHN CAPORAVES A.I). 141. 'J. He escapes from the Tower. A.D. 1414. Failure of his second conspiracy. Henry foinKls three mo- nasteries. liiin under tlio protection of his grace in tlie liope of f,f!xiniM<^ liiia ; ijut put liim in ward in the Tower. He broke loose, however, and escaped from tlience, and, secretly lurking aljout in various parts of the kingdom, got together a great crowd of his traitorous associates, pur- posing to slay the king at the feast of the Epiphany,' under the pretence of friendship and merrymaking.^ For after the said feast, taking some time to mature his plot, he was desirous to execute his purposes. The rebels proposed to assemble in S. Giles' fields, near London. But the king, aware of their plot, was beforehand with them, and was himself the first to enter the field with his men, catching the little heretic foxes as they crept out of their holes. The planner and contriver himself escaped at this time, but many days after was taken, brought up, and paid the worthy penalty of his crime, as will hereafter appear. After these events, the king commanded litanies to be performed and processions to be made throughout the kingdom, saying that it was well pleasing and grateful to God for thanks to be given to the Most High Sower after the destruction of so great a crop of evil, and the cutting off of the vilest tares from the good grain. He then founded three monasteries near Shene ^ for the spreading of the worship of the church; a work which ' January 6. * In the margin opposite this pas- sage in the autograph MS., arc written the words, — "Con'ige lihrum quia erronee scrihitur." The scribe who copied the MS. in the Cottonian Collection docs not appear to have noticed this, at least he has paid no attention to the request. Capgrave's meaning is sufficiently clear. Old- castlc was imprisoned in the Tower on the twenty-fifth of September, 1413, and made "his evasion about Myhilmcsse." From that time "onto the Ephiphanie he mad him strong to distroye the Kyng and many othir." On the night of the Epi- phany he was taken hy surprise in S. Giles' fields, some of his associates captured, and his plans frustrated. These plans thereft)re had been cori- cocted before (a«/e dictum festum), and not, as Capgrave " erroneously writes " in the text, after the sixth of January (post dictum fesium). It seems probable, therefore tliat he wished the scribe who made the pre- sentation copy for his royal master to substitute " ante " for " jiost," or make some other alteration to the same effect. ' The old name of Richmond. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 129 speaks for itself, ami does not need the writer's little praise,' After that, Parliament met at Leicester, and many high and difficult matters were brought to an end.' No tax was there laid either on the clergy or on the people ; wherefore that Parliament had a pleasant memory. Here the subject of this most illustrious king's marriage was broached, and he gave way and consented, provided such a consort could be found for him as would conduce to the peace and harmony and quietness of the realm. He then wrote to the emperor,' and other catholic kings and princes, to make leagues of peace and friendship, and sent special ambassadors to the king of France,' touching his right in Normandy and the other territories unjustly retained by the French. But they delayed the envoys with buffoonery and mockeries ; and so in the end they came home with nothing done. It is said, moreover, that at that time the dauphin sent some common tennis balls to our king, and bade him exercise his young men with them; and not presume to A.D. 1414. He liolds a PurlianK'iic at Leices- ter. Negotia- tions ftjrliis marriage. The insult- ing conduct of the Daupliin. ' Capgravc is more explicit in his Chronicle of England : — •' In this Jcre the Kyng foumlid thre houses of religion, fast be his place whccli thei dope Scliene, — on of the monkis of Ciiartir-hous ; anothir cleped Celestines. Thei kepc Scint Benct rcule ad lileram, !i8 thei sey: thei are constrcyned for to be recluses for evyr. Tlic thirde is of Seynt IJride Ordir." ' Tiiis was in the end of the year 1413. The Chronicle of England supplies but little under this year beyond the narrative in the text. It mentions the Parliament wiiicli was convened at Westminster in the month following tiiat of the King's coronation (cv()- cccds to Ciiluis, ninl to Lomloii. Tlicri! wore some wlio asserted that tliey saw S. George ii<^Hitiii«^f for tlie king. Tlie king remaiued tiiere that night ; and in three days returned to Calais, where he rested from his labours for the space of twenty days. Thus the war turned to the joy and pride of the one nation, but to the sorrow and disgrace of the other. To Calais, as he had promised, came Gaucort, bringing with him the other captives. The king came from Calais to Canterbury, and thence to Jjoudon, where he was nobly received, as was meet, and many very beautiful images and pictures were set up in his honour, both on the bridge, and in other parts of the city. And the great concourse of people was marvellous to tell. Thus was the king received, and the whole land made merry with jubilee and exultation.' the Erles of Eu and Vcndome, Arthure the Duke's brothir of Bre- tayii, whech clcymeth to be Erl of Kifhumund, and a knyte thei cleped Brui'egahl, Mavchale of Frauns, and otlicr were take there of cote ar- moure, into a VII. hundred. — Ibid. ' Tlie particidars «f Kinj: Henry's march from Harflcur towards Calais are given much more fully in the present work than in the Chronicle of England. The latter, however, records many events in the year 1 4 1 .5 which the former passes over : — The Seventeenth General Council, held at Constance, (which com- menced its sittings in the preceding year, and ended in the year 1418,) is mentioned, and there were present, we are told, the Bishops of Salisbury (Robert llalhim), Hereford (Robert ^lascall). and Bath (Nicholas Bub- bcwith), the Abbot of Westminster (William de Colchester), and other clerks. The deposition of Pope John XXII. is recorded, and the abdication of Gregory XII. Of the former it is said that as soon a^ his fall "was noysed in Ynglond, a gret summe of money whech was gadered for him in a hucch at Poules was take oute, and spent in bettir use." (r. .309.) Mention is also made of the in- surrection of some followers of Sir John Oldcastle. Their leader, says Capgrave, " whech had hid him long tyme fast by Malverne, res fro his den, and sent letteris to the Lord Bcrgeveni that he wold be wrechid first upon him. And he. as a wise man, sent aftir his frendis and his tenauntis, and mad a host of a sex thousand men. That aspied Old- castle and fled ; no man coude cacch him. Ther took he a precst of the secte, and othir servauntis of his whom the Lord Bergeveni strcyted so that thei told wher Oldcastelle was hid. There found thei his armoure and his mony. Thei fond there a banere costfully depeynted with a Host and a chalis. Thei fond eke bancris depeynted with Crist ful of woundis, the spei-e, and the nayles. Al these thingis wer mad for to UISTOHY OF THE HENItlES 13.3 On the first day of March following the Parliament met a u. uic. at Westminster ; and in it the people were reminded by the mouth of the bishop of Winchester, who was at that time chancellor of the realm, and now cardinal, how king Edward the Third had challenged the kingdom of France as his right; and so too prince Edward, and now again Henry the Fifth. And in the conclusion of his speecli the same chancellor desired the people to give great thanks to God, that our kings had gained such strong harbours, to wit, Edward the harbour of Calais, and Henry the liarbour of Harfleur : and that our king had stricken terror and dismay .into the hearts of the French in this last war, to the great glory of our realm. Meanwhile a messenger came to the king with tidings of Defeat of fresh joy, to wit, that the count d'Armagnac, and his thcireiK-h. thousands, had been beaten, and that by a few English. For the earl of Dorset, who was afterwards created duke of Exeter, had gaineil this victory over fifteen thousand French, though he had with him scarcely nine hundred men.^ make simpil folk to suppose that he w'5is a trew zclator of the feith." (I'p. 309, 310.) After the capture of Ilarflcur, Thomas Beaufort, Earl of Dorset, is made Guvcrnour of the town. The account of tlie battle of Asjin- court concludes with the following anecdote : — " In the tyme of the bataile the brigauntis of tlic Frensch side took the Kyngis cariagc, and led it awey, in wliccli thei foiide the Kyngis crownc. Thei mad the bellis to rynge and men for to sing, — 'Te Deum laudamus,' telling verily that the Kyng was ded. But within a fewo houres aftir her joye was chaungcd. The Kyng rood to Caleis and ovir the sc to Dover, and in the XXllI. day of Novenibir cam to London, and there was rcccyvcd in the best maner." " The number of the English forces is given difterently in the Chronicle of Eiiylaml, and the ac- count of the battle is fuller : "In his nil. jerc was a gret batail bctwix the Erl of Dorcet and the Erl of Armenak, in whech batayle there perchid many on both sides ; for this Armenak fille upon hem soydenly, and thei were not avised. In the tyme of the batail al her cariage was stole be the Frenschmen. So mote thei iiedis go horn on fote. Thei laboured al the Timrsday; and on Friday in tlie morownyng thei sey the Frenschmen on the hillis comyiiig downward. Than sent to the Erl of Dorcet this message the Erl Armenak. — 'Now art thou .mv K I 130 JOHN CAPO RAVES A.r>. 1410. After tliosc events, Sigismund, ein|)er<>r of the Romans, The cm- came to En The English Chronicle adds little to the account given in the present text of the events of the year 1416. — "The Emperoure offered a yniagc of Seint George at Wynde- sore, mad of pure gold. Thur, on Seynt George's day, was he mad brothir of knites of the gartere ; and there receyved the Kyngis lyvori, whech he wered on solenipne daies al his lyve."— See p. 313. On the luurteeiuhof June there was a terrible storm, accompanied by tluinder and lightning such lias had never been known by any living man. Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, as- sisted the Duke of Bedford in the relief of Harfleur. — " Galley-half- pennies " were forbidden to be used. ^ Capgrave's own translation pro- bably (see his Chronicle of England, p. 314) of the original verses as given in the Latin text, and which are as follows : — '• Vale et gaude, gloriosa cum tri- umpho ! O tu felix Anglia et bcnedicta! Quia quasi angelica uatura glo- riosa, Laude Jhesum adorans, es jure dicta. Ilanc tibi do laudem quam rccte jure mcreris I " HISTORY 01' THE HENBIES. 13• ui:. and the Lollards, who had risen in the king's absence. And at the same time arrived the good news of the elec- tion of our lord the Pope, Martin the F'ifth. It was in this fifth year of the glorious king Henry that Oldcastle, that satellite of the devil, was taken by the ser- vants of lord Powis,^ and adjudged to death. For their sakes into whose hands these writings may His tenets, come I will declare some of his errors to posterity, that they may not think he was put to so shameful a death except for a just cause. First, he declared that none ought to worship the Mother of Christ ; or the other Saints. Also, that confession ought to be made to God alone, and not to man. Also, that in the Sacrament of the Altar, after consecra- tion, the bread remains unchanged. He condemned civil property ; and hated priests and churches as abominations. He also was for destroying marriage, as far as in him lay. He is said to have inflicted severe injuries on his cap- tors when they took him, for he was very strong. But a certain woman struck him on the shin Avith a footstool, and he presently fell to tlie ground. He was brought to London, hung, and burnt. He had pretended that he was His execu- tion. • The Scots availed themselves of the absence of King Henry from England to attack Uoxlmrgh and Berwick, but they wore unsuc- cessful. * He was taken in Wales. — Cap- grave was rather fond of adopting the outrageous language of some of the historians of the day, in nuiking mention of the licretics of the time. Oldcastle aiijjcars to have been a very doubtful character, and, per- haps, if the writers of the period are to be believed, he was a traitor, and very unscrupulous in many of his proceedings: at all events Capgrave was rather justilied in calling liim " ille satelles infernalis," than in stigmatising Jolin Wiclif as " tlie orgon of the devel, the enmy of tlic clicrch, the confusion of men, the ydol of hcrcsic, the meroure of ypocrisie, the norisclier of scisme." Sec the Chronicle of England, page 240. 112 .lOIlN CAIT.IiAVKS A.I). 14i; A.D. 1420. Slarriugc of Henry V. Klias, Hcnt for the coiiversi(jii of tlu; whole world ; and his ])n)phecy was fulfilled, as some say, while he was being taken to the fire sitting in the cart, since the one was borne off in a chariot to Heaven, the other to hell. The duke of liedford and those who were present at his death, urged him to make faithful and lowly confession of his sins, offering him time, and his choice from among many priests. But he said that though Peter and Paul were present he would not confess to them ; and so as a blas- phemer, and aljandoned abetter of heretics, he suffered the disgrace of death as he deserved. He was first dragged to the place of execution and hung; then he was dismem- bered and diseml)Owelled, and lastly his body was burned to ashes in the flames. These are the acts of this illustrious, noble, and most Christian king, Henry the Fifth, in the first lustrum of his reign. I say nothing here of the numberless cities, boroughs, towns, and castles which he took in Normandy,^ for to do so would make the work prolix, and cause a long digression from my purpose ; for at the beginning of my undertaking I promised that I would pass over the deeds of these men with only a short mention. I make mention of the magnificent espousals of this king and the illustrious lady Katharine,^ daughter of the king of the French, for this reason, that posterity may know thus much of them, the year and day on which they -svere celebrated. For, as I have learnt, they took place on the feast of Holy Trinity,^ in the eighth year of his reign, and at Troyes in Champagne, as many declare. ' See page 140, note (*). - Kftthaiiiic, daughter of Charles the Sixth, King of France. She survived her husband, and in the year 1423 married Owen Tudor, a gentleman of her household: their son Edmund, who became after- wards Earl of Richmond, w;.s the father of Henry the Seventh. Shortly before her death, Katharine was separated from her husband. She died at Bermondsey in the year 1437. ' Trinity Sunday occurred on tlie 2nd of June in the vear 1420. HISTORY OK THE HENRIES. 143 After many glorious and miraculous victories, our kin^ a.d. i.i2-.'. of pleasant memory died at Rouen' in the ninth year of ^^'s f so little note, so far exhort my lord to follow the example of the Saints, or that I compare his life with theirs ; for Our Saviour in many of his acts bids us be followers of Him. WTience he says, " I-iearn of me, for I am meek and lowly of heart;" ^ and in another place, "I have given you an example, that as I have done, so should you do also."* Of the other festivals which fall in this month let us think no more than this, that our king should honour them with a certain chief and special devotion as being near his entrance into the world, that when he shall leave this world he may be the better supported by favour of those whom they commemorate. Capgravc I heard the voice of the churches, and the ringing of refers tohis \^q\u when the birth of our king was made known in own orili- ... iiutiuii. London, for I was then studying there, in the fourth or fifth year after I was raised to the priesthood ; and the re- joicing of the people has not yet faded from my memory. For I deem that that praise and that rejoicing were omens of the peace which a great company of wise men expect to come in your days, my king. If I had no precedent, I would not write thus. But we read in the life of S. Dunstan that on the birth of Edgar, the son of king Ed- mund surnamed Ironside, the said prelate heard the voices of Angels on high, saying, — " Peace to the church of Eng- land in the time of the boy now born and of our Dimstan." And since the church militant conforms herself as far as she can to the church triumphant ; and since she is secretly conformed to it by the working of the Holy Ghost ; I deem that those voices and rejoicings -will in time be fulfilled, that, as the people wishes and the devout pray, there may ' 8. Matthew, xi. 20. I - S. John, xiii. 15. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 147 come to be one heart in the two kingdoms, as they have a.d. 1421. both of them ah-eady one God, one Faith, one Baptism.' Let this be enough to say of the birth of our king ; for him I write this, to the intent that, if God has done great things for him, he may know how very often and Ikjw greatly he is His debtor. Now I will pass on to his later life, and write what I a.d. 1429. have learned, but only by hearsay. I have been informed by many that our illustrious king The coro- received the crown ^ of this most renowned kingdom in iicry VI. the eighth year of his age at Westminster, near London, at West- on the feast of the Blessed Confe.ssor and most sweet Com- forter, Leonard.^ Truly it was a fitting day, since the one was wont to set free the bound ; the other, full of piety, will not willingly bring his sulijects into bondage. Then in the year following he journeyed into France, a.d. 1431. And there also, at Paris, he took the comely diadem, on ^"'^ "' the .Sunday on which the Church is wont to sing, for the Introit of the Mass, the Office, — " All that Thou hast done for us, in true judgment hast Thou done it," &c.* God, how can the.se good beginnings lead to an evil end, unless indeed our sins be the cause I For when we weigh in our minds the time, the journey, the fewness of the people, as well as the order of the omen.s, all fall in happy order. On the journey he harmed none, neither did any one trouble him ; passing on his way with but a few attendants he wonderfully escaped, contrary to the expectation of many. Covered by the shield of God, and carried under the .shadow of His wing.s, n. 1431. rested under the wings of the Blessed Hen to wliicli Christ conipiires Iliniself. And as it is written in tlie song of Moses, tliat one put a tliousand to flight, and two ciifised ten thousand,' so our king was suffered with a few people to j)ass through many dangers, and witli a few to cast down the minds of many. Of that double anointing many have different opinions ; and I will not hide mine. For I read that David was thrice anointed ; first in his own father's house by Samuel, as is clear from the sixteenth chapter of the first Book of Kings; ^ secondly in Hebron, over the tribe of Judah, as is clear from the second chapter of the second Book of Kings ; ^ and thirdly over all Israel, as is clear from the fifth chapter of the same book.'* These three anointings of David may be applied, I think, to our king in such wise that I may refer the first to the anointing of his baptism, the second to his anoint- ing unto this kingdom, and the third to the occasion of his elevation to the throne of the noble kingdom of PVance. And of these the first, indeed, was celebrated in his own father's house, because, when we are born into the world, before we are regenerated, we are children of Avratli, pertaining to that parent and to that house, of which it is written in the forty-fourth Psalm, " Forget also thine own people, and thy father's house." ^ The second over Judah, as the lesser number. The third over all Israel, as the greater. And these two prefigured by an apt similitude these two kingdoms of England and France. Many persons of a malignant disposition, interpreting amiss this coronation of our king, continue to sow among the people such murmuring words as these, — " Alas for thee, land, whose king is a boy, and whose princes eat in the morning."'' But this sa}dng of Solomon's ought • Dcuterononiy, xxxii. 30. | ' 2 Samuel, v. 3. -' 1 Sanuicl, xvi. 13. ' * I'salm xlv. 10. ' 2 Samuel, ii. 4. * Ecclcsiastes, x. 16. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 149 not, I apprehend, to be applied to the number of years, a.d. mm. but to immaturity of manners. WTierefore also in the eleventh chapter of the fourth Book of Kings' it is re- corded that Joash was hidden in the Temple with his nurse ; and that after he had been concealed there for the space of seven years, the high priest Jehoiada took him and anointed him to be king, and that, as is supposed, before the tenth year of his age. Again, in the twenty-second chapter of the same book,^ it is said that Josiah was only eight years old when he began to reign. jNIoreover, we read concerning the Blessed INIartyr Edward, and also con- cerning the Blessed Kenelm, who was crowned with his own blood, that they were both very young when they took in hand the reins of government. What mean all these examples but that " the kingdom is the Lord's, and He it is who will rule among the nations."^ And it is quite as much within His power to judge a people in peace under an innocent youth, as under the rigorous rule of older men. Now the Glossa Ordinaria'' on this passage, and also the Doctor de Lira,' seem to favour the aforesaid interpreta- tion, to wit, that the words in question do not allude to the number of years but to the stability of morals. In accord- ance with which the former says, — " ' Alas for thee, ( ) laud, whose king is a boy,' i. e. the devil who always rejoices in novelties." And tlie latter expounds the passage thus : — "* Woe unto thee, land, whose king is a boy,' because in consequence of that the subjects lose all good manners and proper feelings." May the Lord take away from our realm these pestilent murmurers, who delight to prophesy evil things; for I trust ' 2 Kings, xi. 2 — 13. * Sec his " Expositiones Libroruiii « 2 Kiu-^s, xxii. I Testamciiti Vetcnscl Nuvi," (Home, =• Psalm xxii. 28. 1471.) vul. xi. * "IJililiii Liitina cum Glussa ()r- liiiiariuWailcirriiliSiralniiiis," IJii^ic, , l4Sr,. l.'iO JOHN CAPGRAVK's A. I). 1131. in tlic liurd fli.it I sli;ill sc(! our borders in pofice and |tro.s- perity, and our days happy, before the vcn sliown ti> liini in the heavens. Thus much indeed concerning his veneration of the Cross. ' Acii, ix. 4. I ' AtlN i.\. '). L 4 l.'>2 JOHN rAl'fMlAVE's A.i>. 1431. lint concerning his reverence for the priests, I have made the followiiitr extracts from a Look of Ecclesiastical History, in which an uccoiint is thus given of his presence and long cdiitiniicd sitting in the Council of Nice: — "There is one adiairable act of the prince in that Council which I think I ought not to pass over in silence : for when the bishops had assembled together from all parts, and according to their usual custom had brought thither quarrels of their own, arising from various causes, the emperor was continually being interrupted by individuals, written accusations were frequently offered to him, and charges alleged ; and, indeed, they all gave their minds rather to this than to the business for the sake of which they were come together. " But he appointed a certain day, on which he would settle their complaints, receiving everyone's petition. These all he placed in his bosom and said to the bishops, — * God has made you priests, and has given unto you the power of judging concerning us ; for ye are given by God to be as gods, and it is not seemly that a man should judge gods, but He alone concerning whom it is written, — " God standeth in the congregation of princes : He is a judge among gods." ^ And so, passing over these matters, discern ye between those things which pertain to the faith of God, ^vithout any contention in your own minds.' And when he had said this he commanded all the WTitings of their complaints to be burned, lest this insincerity of the priests should be known to any man." Such are those memorials of the deeds of the pious prince Constantine, which ought to be imitated by future generations. A.L). 1441. In the nineteenth year ^ of his reign this most devout ' Psalm Ixxxii. 1. I ing events of the first eighteen years - It should lie borne in mind that I of his reign. Clearly he was afraid Capgrave \vas preparing this work I to discuss the questions of the day as for the special perusal of King Henry I Jong as the Prince whom they chiefly the Sixth, and in honour of his name; i concerned was alive. If he had and this, of course, sutliciently ac- lived to finish his Encjlish Chronicle counts for the fad that he has passed he would, without doubt, have dc- over all the- important and interest- scribed the incidents of the reign of IIISTOltY OF THE HENRIES. 153 king founiled two glorious colleges, and expended a great a.p. 1441. amount of money, and much solicitude in the business of Ht^"ry ,,. . Ai- ^ii- r 1 r 1 • founds their erection. At the time of the laying 01 the loundation ^ton Col- stone, he adorned the work with his presence, and offered '/;sc and ^ Ivnig s Col- up his foundation to the Most High God with the utmost lege, Cam- devotion, of which I was an eye-witness. bridge. The first of these has just been erected at Eton, near Windsor, in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary.^ The second was built at Cambridge, in honour of S. Nicholas the Pope, of the foundation of which latter, and the king's presence at the laying of the first stone, a certain illustritjiis versifier has composed the following stanzas : — " Born on thy feast-day, Nicholas, to thy praise Our Sixth King Henry dedicates this work : Who first in Eton laid a sacred stone. Now, for his clergy, lays its fellow here. The year was fourteen hundred forty-one, The time — when Easter-tide was drawincj nijjh : That year — the nineteenth of our sovereign's reign, That day — the second in the month of April,"^ Martyr of God, who now does reign in Heaven, Pray for our king that he may share its joys."^ Hi'iiry the Sixth as carefully and accunitcly as be has recorded those of the reigns of Henry the Fourth and Henry the Fifth, as that work is dedicated to Edward the Fourth. The loss of the comments of so clear- headed and ingenuous a writer on a period of whidi we know conijiara- tively so little .satisfactorily, can scarcely he estimated. Tlie remain- der of this chapter contains a few curious passages, especially the ac- count of the King's visit to the Austin Friary at Lynn; but these are curious rather than important, and .serve for little more than to tantalise us for tlie io.ss of tiic con- temporary history which Cai)grave had it in his power to give, and withheld for motives so unworthy of him. ' The foundation stone of Eton College was laid on the eleventh of October, 1440. - Easter Day fell on tlie sixteenth of April in the year 1441. ^ This account of the foundation of King's College, Cambridge, does not exactly agree with tliat usually received. The following <'xtracts from the " Memorials of Cambridge," (compiled by Thonnis Wright and H. I.ongueville Jones,) may lie relied upon as correct: — "We learn fronj the College Archives, and from the History of Cambridge by L>r. Caius, 154 JOHN r'ArORAVES A.I>. 1411. Ai)i)()int- iiiciit of tlic I'lOVOStS. Over these colleges he set two influential men us prrj- vosts, one of them — Master Williani Millint^ton — -I know personally. He presides over the C(jllegeat Cambridge, and in the questionings in the schools, as well as in pn^found literature and in the perfection of his morals, surpfisses many who had gone before him. The other, who is called William of Waynflete,' is little dissimilar to the former, and, as is supposed, is held dear by our lord the king, not so much on account of his wholesome knowledge as of his celibate life. that the King on the 12th of Feb- ruary, A.I). 1441, founded a small college for a rector and twelve scholars." It was not till the year 1443 that he '"founded one fair col- lege for one provost, seventy fellows and scholars, three chaplains, six clerks, sixteen choristers, and a mas- ter over them, sixteen officers of the foundation, besides twelve servitors to the seven fellows and six poor scholars." Capgrave, it will be ob- served, has placed his first founda- tion of the college in April instead of in February, and has anticipated the appointment of a provost. " The first provost of the college appointed by the royal founder was Dr. Wil- liam Millington, who in 1443 was removed to this society from that of Clare Hall." The following account of him, extracted from Cole's MSS. relating to King's College, and quoted in the " Memerials," will be read with interest: — "William Mil- lington was born at Pocklington, in the county of York, and received his education at Clare Hall, from whence he was elected by the royal founder of this college to be pro- vost of his noble foundation on the 10 of April, 1443. He was Doctor of Divinity, and was a person of great judgment, as should seem bv his being appointed jointly with the King's Council to form a boily of statutes for the goveniment of the college. There is a common opinion in the college, and inserted in all the historiettes, that after he had sat 3 years at the head of this House, the King, upon information that he w;is guilty of partiality in eiideavuuring to prefer his countrymen <5f York- shire in preference to all others, ejected him and sent him back to Clare Hall. But the true reason of his removal seems to proceed from himself and a point of conscience, he having taken the oaths to the Chan- cellor of the University before he was made provost, ai;d which the new-drawn statutes exempted him from ; besides he was not thoroughly satisfied that the scholars should all come from Eton School. Upon which accounts, however, he left the govermnent of this College, and re- tired to Clare Hall in 1446, where he was chosen Master, and where he presided 20 years, dying in 1466, in May, and was buried in S. Edward's Church in Cambridge." ' He was called " Waynflete " from the place of his birth: his name was Patten. He succeeded Cardinal Beaufort in the See of Winchester in the year 1447, and died in the year 1486. Magdalen College iu Oxford was founded by him. HISTOKY OF THE HENRIES. 155 We seldom read of kings being worsted by their enemies, a.d. 144J. or befouled by evil fame, who have laboured to extend the worship of God, since it was in accordance with their deserts that they wlio had subdued their own selves unto the Lord, should themselves subdue the necks of their subjects. One witness to the truth of this amongr others I could mention, is Edgar, the first monarch of this realm after the time of its division. He is said to have been the founder of forty monasteries, among which the chief are Glaston- bury — where he rests — Abingdon, Peterborough, and Thorney. Behold to how great fame was the founder of tliese holy places elevated ! For we read concerning him, that on a certain river, near the City of Legions, which is now called Chester, himself sitting on the stern of a certain barge, and holding the tiller of the rudder in his hand, he was conveyed along by some six or eight kings, who sat at the oars. And when, rowing with such pomp, he had returned to his palace, he is reported to have said to his nobles, that then, and not till then, would any of his succes- sors be able to boast that he was the king of England, when he should attain to such glory by the homage of so many kings. And no wonder that he flourished with so wide a dominion, since not only was he accustomed to send his ships to keep the sea, but also adorned this sea-guard with his presence every year. For annually, after Easter, he used to collect four hundred ships, and send one hundred to every division of England, ])y which means he circum- navigated the island in the summer ; in the winter, how- ever, he devoted himself to the execution of justice in the provinces. What does it avail us to read of the examples of tiicse Declino of illustrious men, and not to imitate them? For it is tlie l",'^' '''"b''^'» opinion of many that, if the sea were kept by our navy, many good results would follow, — it would give a safe con- duct to merchants, secure access to fishers, the (juiet of peace to tiu' inhabitants of tlu' kingdom, to our king him- l.lf) JOHN TAPORAVKS A.u. 1141. self .-i large measure of glory. Our ciu inies laugh at uk, and Hay, — "Take the 'ship' off from your precious money, and stamp a ' sheep ' upon it, showing thereby your own cowardice," — we, since who used to he the conquerors of all nations, are now being conquered by all nations. The men of old used to call the sea "the wall of England," and what think you that our enemies, now that they are upon the wall, will do to the inhabitants who are unprepared to receive them ? Forasmuch as this matter has already for the space of many years been neglected, on that account it has happened that already our ships are scanty, our sailors few in nvimber, and those unskilled in seamanship, from want of practice. May the Lord take away this our reproach, and raise up the spirit of bravery in our nation ! May He strip off the false and feigned friendships of nations, lest on a sudden, when we di-ead them not, they come upon us ! * A.D. 1445. INIoreover, in the twenty-third year of his reign, solemn Marriage nuptials were celebrated between him and the lady Mar- Yi '^^^^ garet, the daughter of the king of Sicily,'^ the venerable master William Aiscough, bishop of Salisbury,^ giving them his blessing. This marriage the whole people be- lieve will be pleasing to God and to the realm, because that peace and abundant crojjs came to us with it.^ And I pray the Heavenly King that He will so protect them wdth His ' This at least is sufficiently strong of Rene, the titular Iving of Sicily, language, and it seems remarkable ] After faithfully following the for- tliat Capgrave could write in such a | tunes of her husband, and sharing strain and yet be afraid, as he evi- I his sorrows, she died on the 25th of ilcntly was, to detail the events of j August, 1481, at Dampierre, near the tlicn present reign. The words j Saumur, in Anjou. of the enemy's reproach, — '"Tollite ^ He succeeded Robert Neville in navem dc pretiosa moneta vestra, et i the See of Salisbury in the year imprimitc ovem, vecordiam vestram , 1437, and held it till the day of his in hoc arguentes," must have been ' murder, June the twenty-ninth, translated from some English au- I 1450. thority : the play on the words * In the autograph MS. in the "ship" and "sheep" is lost in the | margin opposite to this passage are Latin. written the words, — "Conipilator * Margaretof Anjou, the daughter adulavit." moiiy. HISTOKY OF THE HENRIES. 157 Own right hand, that their love may never be dissolved, and a.i>. 1445. that such fruit of the womb may be granted unto them as the P-salmist speaks of when he says: — "Thy wife shall be as the fruitful vine upon the walls of thy house, thy children like tlie olive-branches round about thy table. Lo ! thus shall the man be blessed that feareth the Lord."' Now I have thought it well in the present place to in- Notes on troduce a few short notes on the dignity of marriage in praise of that Sacrament, especially intended for the perusal of those who praise a single life to such a degree that they seem as it were to condemn matrimonial alliances. Jiut that marriage is a good thing is proved by the fact, not only that, as we read, the Lord Himself instituted it be- tween our first parents,^ but that also He was present at a marriage in Cana of Galilee, and himself sanctioned tlie bond Ijy working a miracle, even by turning water into wine ;-' who also afterwards forbade a man to put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication.'* Therefore, since marriage is a Sacrament, and a sign of a sacred thing, to wit of the union that is betwixt Christ and His Church, as the Apostle says in the fifth chapter of his Epistle to the Ephesians, quoting that passage from the second chapter of Genesis, — "It is written," are his words, " A man shall leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife, and they twain sliall be one tlesh. This is a great Sacrament. But I speak coucernin<'- Christ and the Church." ^ It is no marvel if an alliance of this kind be worthy of honour, seeing it is applied to so great a mystery. Fur even as between married persons the connection is of two kinds, spiritual and corporeal, so also is the Church joIikmI unto Christ both by will and by nature, because she wishes for that with Iliiii, and He took His human form from the nature of man. For the bride is joined unto her husband ' I'salm t'xxviii. .!, 4. - Gciu'sis, i. 2S. ' S. John, ii. I, 2. S. Miittlicw, V. 32. Kphcsians, v. Jl, 32. 158 joiFN caporave's A.I). 1415. botli spiritnally aii-yn. 8ec the Chronich: of Eiujland, page 3G9. Note (')• In Dugdale's Mo- nasticon, vol. vi. p. 1.594 (ed. Lon- don, 1830), the following notice of this Friary is given: — "The Augus- tin Friars settled here in the begin- ning of Edward the First's reign, as appears by a writ ' ad quod dam- num,' for a messuage in Lynne, granted to them by Margaret dc Southmere, Inquis. 22 Edw. I. n. 112. This monastery stood in the northern part of the town in Hog- man's Lane, alias Hopman's Way. Besides other grants they had, 6 Richard II., a patent for an aqueduct to be made by them fi-om Gay woode. In the 7th Henr}' IV. they had a patent to enlarge their manse, and 1 Henry V. a patent for certain mes- suages granted to them. This house was surrendered to the King by the Prior and four brethren, 30th Sept. 1539; 30th Henry VIII. to John Eyre The buildings of this Convent were sufficiently extensive in 1498 to receive King Henry Vllth, his Queen, his Jlother, the Prince of Wales, and a numerous retinue dur- ing their visit to Lynne. Tlie site is now in possession of various owners, [the old buildings having been utterly destroyed. ] " HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 161 many small parcels of ground, and united into one; and a. d. 1446. impress on thy heart that there are there thirty priests, besides deacons, subdeacons, and youthful offshoots* of the inferior order to the number of sixteen ; and consider that these hold thee in special remembrance. If, however, thou dost desire any more minute infor- mation, let thy Majesty command, and tliy servants will obey. May thy royal Majesty live long to the honour of God, the support of the Church, and the settlement of the realm ! ^ ' Namely, acolytes, and others of the inferior orders. ^ Capgravc evidently intended to have added something more to his brief skcteh of the character, rather than the doings of Henry VI., and left a whole leaf of the vellum bare for the purpose in his autograph copy. Ho altered his mind, however, and wrote at the bottom of the \)a.gc (for the direction of his scribe) — " Make no space, but writh forth — Invoc.\to," i.e. the first word of the Thii-d Part. M THE THIRD PART. M 2 INTHODUOTOrtY THE T II HID PART. Invoking the aid of the Holy Grhost, I approach the Third introduc- tory. Part of this Book, and bring before the notice of my King certain illustrious men who have borne this Name, scat- tered throughout the whole world, and of different degrees and dignities ; asking of him but this one thing, that he turn not away from me the eye of that clemency which is natural to him, although so insignificant a person as myself may be considered presumptuous for attempting a work beyond my powers, and which I have not clothed in the choicest flowers of language. For good faith and gottd intentions are of far more avail than wt>rds. The illu.stri(jus men whose names follow in this present Part are twelve in number. Indeed I hope that 1 shall !)•■ able to find yet more men SI ;j Uif) JOIfN CArORAVFAs liitroiliic- of excellent life, and to add to tins work some of those wlio luiy. are now alive, to the praise and exaltaticjn of jny King, who, crowned by the title of a glorious Name, holds by a harmonious interprettition many honourable, nay most honourable men of the same Name. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 1^7 Of henry, King of the Dacl' chapter i. Henry, King of the Daci, reigned about the year of our a.d. 1241. Loixl 1200. He was a man full of foith, and with all jus- Eric VI. tice swaying his people, insomuch that he was made worthy Ueumark. to attain unto the agony of martyrdom. Now as to the order in which he was killed, and the persons who did the deed, wandering in my words for a short space, I describe them for pious ears. There had been in the kingdom of the Bohemians, about Spitigneus. the year of our Lord 900, a certain duke, who was called Spitigneus.'^ This man, indeed, was converted to the Faith by the preaching of certain Catholic Christians, and ruled over his subjects justly and piously. He was succeeded by his son Wenceslas,^ who was dis- Wcncesliis. tinguished for his justice and sanctity. But his brother Boleslas,* filled wth envy at his pious Bolcsliis. and holy deeds, rose against him unjustly, as Cain, pre- paring treachery against him ; and, aspiring to the sove- reignty, he basely slew him. To avenge this murder the emperor Otho harassed Bohemia with war for the space of fourteen years, and at ' That is, Eric VI., KiriK of Den- 1 was not immcriiatc; Spiti<;ncns dicil mark, who succccdcil Waldcniar the | in the year ;»07, when Wratislas I. Victorious in the year 1241. j rei):;;ncd; Wcncesl.os succeeded Wra- * Spitigneus I. tishis in the year 016. ' Wcnceslas I. The succession 1 ' Bolcshis 1. M 4 I(!8 .lOKN (ArfiKAVE'.S A. I.. i'.'4i. lengtli conqucrotl Holeshis himself. For, indeed, no other- wise could tlie justice of (lod go forth with an ecjual dart, unless the homicide were cast down from his throne. " For the justice of God," saith S. Chrysostom, " knows not to give its protection to the criminal."' And since no man is worthy to come to so glorious an end of martyrdom, save only in whom a good life has gone before, as saith Augustin,^ — so I am of opinion tliat there is sufficient reason why I should describe the life of tliis holy martyr Wenceslas, before I proceed to the passion of the said Henry. The holy For, though he Avas a prince, and the possessor of vast "VVencesIas ^^^^^^^j nevertheless he was of so great humility and devotion that he used to arise secretly by night, and go, with only one slave attending him, to his forest, and bearing wood thence on his own shoulders, he used to lay it secretly at the doors of widows and poor persons, for the sake of Christ relieving their poverty by his own toil, when he was able to relieve them abundantly without such hard labour. He used also to collect corn in his field, and secretly tear- ing off the stalks and making wafers with his own hand, he distributed them among the churches. This blessed martyr, after an interval of three hundred years from his passion, appeared to Henry, king of the Daci, when he was asleep, in a vision, and revealed to him the kind of death by which it was appointed that he should die. Worthily indeed did the duke call forth the king — still more wor- thily did the martyr summon the martyr to the Kingdom of Heaven. Moreover, he admonished the king in dreams that he — the said Wenceslas — who appeared to him, was ' This quotation is wrongly made. The original passage will be found in the Forty-second of the fifty-four Latin Homilies, incorporated in most editions of S. Chrysostom's Works with the genuine Homilies, but now generally supjiosed to be spurious. lessly, and not improved the sense by substituting "criminosis" for "criminibus." The original pas- sage runs thus : — " The justice of God knows not to give protection to crimes:' See Ed. 1588 : col. SS5 A. -' See S. Augustin's Works, vol. x. Capgrave has quoted the words care- ' Sermon 47, col. 1267 B. (Ed. 1569.) iriSTOUY OF THE HENRIES. 1(19 known formerly as the duke of the Bohemians, and liad \ d 1241. been killed ])y his brother for envy. He added also a re- quest that he should with diligent study search out the place of his burial, and, having translated his remains, should erect a church over them, wherein the sacred mys- teries should be celebrated to the honour of the Lord.' But king Henry, waking from sleep, and astonished at the vision, called together princes and prelates of his king- dom, and inquired concerning S. Wenceslas, — whose name he had never before heard mentioned, — of what region and state he was, and in what spot he was buried after his passion. And when he had been informed by certain of his councillors that he whom besought had been a duke of Bohemia, and had suffered the death of martyrdom a very long time ago, he believed in the aforesaid vision, and received it as being sent from Heaven. And he sent special messengers to fetch the relics of the said Saint, and when Avith great desire he had obtained them, he laid them near his palace, and built over them the noble mo- nastery of the order of the Cistercians which is called Ri- vulla, and he replenished the church with an abundance of valuable possessions. True, indeed, is that which our Lord is recorded in the ^-d- i:2ot'. Gospel to have said, — " He that hath received a righteous !!^!"'' °' ^ . '^ . Lnc VI. man in the name of a righteous man, shall receive a righ- teous man's reward."'^ For because this king Henry so venerated the righteous duke Wenceslas, the holy martyr ' The story is thus quaintly told ill the Chronicle of Emjlaiid : — " In this tynic Spigrcnus, Duke of Bern, was converted to the Feith, and ly ved aftir tiiat a ful blessed lif. Nccen- laus, his son, folowid his fader steppes ; and for cnvye his brothir kiliid him. And CCC. aftir his pussioun he appcred to Kyiig Ilorri, King of Danis, and told him tiiat he schuld dcyc in tlie same inanerc whecli he deyed ; praying liiin that, in the honoure of Nycenlaus, ho schuld make a nionasteri. The Kyng, whan he wa,s avvakid, called his servauntis, and inqwired what this Nycenlaus was. They an- swered him, — A prince of the loud of Hem, wrongfully slayn l)e his bro- thir. And anon lie ded mak a nio- nasteri of the Cistewis, and Icide the body tiiero undir." ' t>. Matthew, x. 41. 1 7() JOIfN CAI'flKAVK's A.D. 1L>.0(). ot" God, as to build a worthy church to his honour in his country, he also received this reward from the righteous Judge, tliat he, a happy king, should follow that happy duke to receive the palm of martyrdom. For when no long interval of time had elapsed, this king, full of good deeds, was murdered by a wicked Ijrother of his whose name was Abel. Abel, most disgraceful to the memory of so great a name ! What doest thou both against thy own name, and contrary to the path of justice? For the first man who bore thy name not only consecrated his life with modesty and sanctity, but even with martyrdom. And thou, O most vile of men, thou homicide and conspirator, hast not only slain a man, but that man thy brother and thy lord ! Thou hast procured infamy for that most holy name, thou hast debased that famous name, and, leaving the worst of examples to posterity, hast offended against the laws. Oh that in the glorious conflict thou couldest attain to thy brother's pardon, who not only while he suffered prayed for his persecutors, but even now that he is croAvned in glory prays for them ! Such are the deeds of the blessed king Henry which have been able to reach unto our time. There are some who say that after his death he shone with glorious miracles, and afforded remedies for all manner of diseases, through the operation of Jesus Christ our Lord, to Whom be honour and glory for ever and ever. Amen. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 171 Of henry, King of France. chapter ii. Henry, King of France, the son of that venerable man, a.u. io3i. Hugh Capet, reigned in France about the year of our Lord j^^nry I. 1030. He was a man of the highest virtues, to whom it France, was always a delightful thing to show reverence to churches, and continually by some new method of benevolence to assist those servants of the Lord whom he knew to be chaste and of a good character. This prince brought up William, duke of Normandy lie aids (afterwards king of England, and called the Conqueror), NoniiaiiiU' when he was a boy. Moreover, he afforded him his aid, not only in acquiring the rule of his native land, but also in obtaining the realm of England, which belong to him by hereditary right. But Ivo of Chartres says,* that Hugh Capet was the father of Robert, and Robert of this Henry. Henry the First, therefore, according to him, reigned about the year of our Lord, 1031, and he reigned twenty-seven years. Wlien he had reigned so many years, and had been given a.». 1U59. up to devotion and pious works, that he might have greater V^ resigns ■ to his Son. ' " Robert, the son of Hugh, the thirtieth King of France, reigned thirty-five years. . . . Henry, the son of Robert, the thirty-first Kinj^ of (cd. Paris, I'tSr,), fol. 259 i. Cap- grave, though he quotes Ivo, (who says that Henry I. reigned tiiirty- two years,) says he reigned only France, reigned thirty-two years." | twenty-seven years. He died i See " Ivonis Fpiscopi (^'arnotensi.s ' UtGO, after a reign of thirty yearj». Chronieon ile Kegibus Frantoruni," 172 JOHN OAPORAVKS A.I). IO.")'J. Genealogy of tlic Kings of France, >\Tittcn by licnry I. leisure tor tlu'se things wliic^h he h;ul Conceived in liis mind, caused his son, with the consent of tlie prelates and nobles of the realm, to be anointed, and crowned king at Rheims, by the hands of Gervase, archbishop of Rheims, in the year of our Tjord 1056.' And in the second year after, he committed Philip, who was yet a youth, as well as the regency of the kingdom, to Baldwin, count of Flanders.^ Among other things worthy oi note which he did, he compiled a catalogue or genealogy of the kings of France, from the first fovmder of his race up to the very time in which he himself reigned ; a copy of which I have decided on introducing in this place, to his perpetual fame : — The first inhabitant of this land was Antenor, descended from the race of the Trojans, who escaped from the ruin, and founded a city on the confines of Pannonia, called Sygambria. And he, when he had waged most glorious wars, left leaders after him of no indifferent repute. ^^^len the noble Trojan Antenor was dead, these leaders assembled together for the purpose of choosing a prince. And when there arose a division among them they chose two, Tergotus and Franco. From this PVanco, some are of opinion that the province of France derived its name. On the death of Franco, JNIarconurus was elected. He begat Pharamund, the first king of the Franks. Pharamund begat Clovis, called " Crinitus," after whom the kings of the Franks were called "Criniti." On the death of Clovis, Moroveus, his relation, reigned. ' The dates in this passage arc all more or less confused. Philip the First was crowned on the 25th of May in the year 1059. His first regnal year is differently dated hy different authorities : some give the year of his father's death, viz. 1060; others the year of Philip's tu;sump- tion of the kingdom, viz. 1061 ; others the year 1067, in which the Regent Baldwin died. = In the autograph MS. the whole of the passage beginning •' But Ivo," and ending in this place is written in the margin, having clearly been added at a later time, and by Cap- grave's own hand. IIISTOItY OK TIIK HENRIES. 173 after whom the kings of France were for some time called a.u. io59. " Morovingi." Moroveus begat Childeric' Childeric begat Clovis,^ whom S. Remigius baptized. Clovis begat Clotaire.^ Clotaire begat Chilperic.'' Cbilperic begat Clotaii'e the Second.* Clotaire begat the most famous Dagobert.'' Dagobert begat Clovis.'' And Clovis begat three sons of his holy queen, Batilda, — Clotaire,* Cliilderic,^ And Thierry. '0 Thierry begat Clotaire," who was the last king of this dynasty. After him reigned Hilderic,^^ who afterwards, leaving the world, deserted his kingdom, and taking the tonsure, retired into a monastery, Pepin having been made king. ' Childeric I. 2 Clovis I. * Clotaii'e I., King of Soissons in France. On the death of Clovis L, in the year 51 1, the kingdom was di- vided into four, — Thierry I. reigning in Metz, Clodoinir in Orleans, Chil- dLbert I. in Paris, and Clotaire I. in Soissons. Clotaire became sole King of France on the death of Cliildebert in the year 5.58. On his death, how- ever, in 561, the fourfold division was again established. ' Cliilperic I., King of Soissons, iSigcbert 1. reigning iu Metz, Gon- tran in Orleans, and Charibcrt I. in Paris. ^ King of Soissons. He became sole King of France in the year 613. " Dagobert I. ' Clovis II. He was not King of the whole of France, but of Ncus- tria. * Clotaire III., King of Neustria from A.D. 656 to a.d. 670. 8 Childeric II., Iving of Austrasia from A.D. 660 to a.d. 674. '" Thierry III., King of Neustria from a.d. 670 to a.d. 691. " A mistake for Clovis III., who succeeded Thierry in the year 691. '2 Childebert III. succeeded Clo- vis III. in the year 695, and reigned till 711. He was succeeded by Dagobert III., who was succeeded in the year 715 by Chilperic II., who in the year 720 was succeeded by Thierry IV. Thierry reigned till the year 737, when an interregnum commenced in Neustria, during tlic duration of which it was governed by Charles Martel, of Austrasia. Childeric III. began to reign in the year 742 over Neustria. He was deposed in 751, and died in 755, but Pepin iM'camc .sole King in 747. 174 .loirN capqkave's A.D. Kt.vj. In the line of the other generation, Ausbert l)egat Arnold of the daughter of king Clotaire. Arnold begat S. Arnulphus, who was afterwards bishop of Metz, and who, before he received the bishopric, Ijegat Anchises. And Anchises begat king Pepin. Pepin begat Charlemagne. And Charles begat the emperor Louis.* Louis begat the emperor Charles the Bald.^ He was the father of Charles the Simple.^ Charles the Simple begat Louis.'' Louis begat Lothaire. Lothaire begat Louis,^ who was the last king of this dynasty. Now when Louis was dead, the nobles of France ap- pointed Hugh Capet ^ to be their Sovereign : he was the son of duke Hugh the Great. Now Hugh, called Capet, begat three sons, — The most excellent king Hugh, who died without an heir ; And this most amiable Henry, of whom we are now treating ; And Kobert, who was afterwards duke of Burgimdy. Now the aforenamed Henry begat King Philip, who afterwards left the world and became a monk. He begat also Hugh, who in the great troubles at Jerusalem shone most conspicuous among the other nobles ; where also he met his death in a glorious combat in the midst of the wars in which he was engaged against the enemies of Christ. This is the genealogy of the kings and princes of France brought down to this king. And other memorable deeds of his I have seen none. ' Louis I. le Debonnaire, who ■ ' Charles III. reigned i'roin.A.D. 814 to a.d. 840, | * Louis IV. the Stranger, when the empire was divicicd between ! ^ Louis V. le Faineant. Lothaire I. in the West, and Cliarles " He succeeded Louis V. in the the Bald in France. year 987. ^ Charles II. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 175 Of henry. Son of Riciiauu King of the Romans and Emperor of Germany. chapter iii. Henry, son of Richard, king of the Romans, was a man of Henry, son the greatest fortitude and probity. Kinfr o'fThc For, as also the records of his deeds testify, in company llomans. fl. with the first Edward after the Conquest, while lie was yet but a prince, he endured many labours and hardships in various quarters of the world, and always conducted himself nobly. But it is fitting for us to describe his parentage, that we may know from what line this man descended, and how closely allied he was to this our nation. His father, Richard, was the brother of Henry the Third, king of England, and the son of John, king of the same nation. For the said king of the Romans and the said Henry, king of England, were uterine brothers. Richard, theii, by the gift of his father was made earl ' ' The word is Dux, (i c. Duke,) in I "In that same Jerc Richard, the the text. Iliclianl was Earl of Corn- Kyngis brothir, wcddid tlic Lady wall. Edward riaiitagcnct, uldi'st son of Edward III., was the first Duke of Cornwall. Kiciiard was born in the year 1209, and was as brave and wise as his father was base and cowtu-dly, and his l)rothor Henry weak. His other marriage, and his death, whicli took place at Herk- hampstcad,are thus mentioned in the Chronicle of England : — Ysabellc, that was wyf to Gilbert Ilerl of Gloucester. "And in this Jere Richard Em- perourc of Almayn deied in this nianer. He was let blede for the agu whech he had ; and that blod last smet him in paralise, and aftir that he deycd, and lith at Ilailes.'" 170 JOHN CAPaRAVKf A.I). 1204. of Cornwall, and afterwards by reason of his own upright- ness, the world taking notice of it, was elected to be emperor of Koine, about the year of our Lord 12o7, on the Sunday before the Annunciation;' and in the same year, he was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle on the day of the Ascension.^ He married the daughter of the count of Provence, whose name was Sanchia, a woman, as they say, of wonderful beauty and comeliness, by whom he became the father of this illustrious son, strenuous in warfare and in arms. Wlien he had attained a marriageable age, he espoused the daughter of that noble man, Gaston de Beam, with whom, before all the other nobles of Aquitaine (which is commonly called Gascogne) none could be compared either for riches or power, or for magnitude and extent of territory. He assists In every conflict in which the prince Edward, the son Prince ivl- ^^ king Henry, engaged, this Henry was his inseparable fights at the companion. For even in the battle of Lewes, when the Lewes'^ barons rose against their king Henry, he was found on his side. In all the wars also and the perils which the said prince encountered, while he remained in Gascogne to defend his father's rights and his own, he never departed from him. For he remembered, I suppose, that saying of the Wise Man : — " The brother who is aided by a brother is as a strong city, and judgments are as the bars of cities." ^ — He meant to say that the alliance of two affords a twofold consolation, one on the part of fortitude, the other on the part of counsel. P^'or fortitude indeed seems to be made strong in combination, when men proceed wisely and prudently, rather than in the solitude of individual action. Moreover the counsel too of two men is more fitted for the investigation of secret things and the discovery of ' March 18. * Ascension Day fell on the seven- teenth of May in the year 1257- ' Proverbs, xviii. 19. (Vulg.) HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 177 the truth, than that of one man ; and on this account the a.d. i26-t. "Wise jNIan not inaptly compared the fortitude of men, thus bound by the ties of love, to a firm city, and their counsel to firmly ^vrought bars. Now after these most honourable men had happily com- a.d. 1269. pleted their labours by establishing the true title to the I^»-' ?o. insi. .folin tiic Litstcr. Wat the 'J'ylcr. The good pastor, coming to llie principal city of his diocese, namely to Norwich, saw and bewailed the destruc- tion of houses and places made by the aforesaid furious people while they were thus excited. For in his absence, one of their principal leaders, named Jack Litster, and a large multitude associated 'with him, entered the city against the will of the citizens, and committed many horrid deeds, especially in the destruction of houses and places in which certain nobles lived who were friends of the law or of the king. In a similar manner, with a mob aiding him, a ribald fellow from Kent, named Wat Tyler, acted in the city of London. But this Henry, a good bishop and pastor, who seeing the wolf, fled not, but exposed himself to danger, en- quired of the citizens where the head of all the evil and of all this infamy might be found. And they said that he was wandering about the neighbourhood of Walsham-mar- ket, and of Grimingham, where he had the largest number of rustics and ribald fellows. Thereupon the bishop com- manded his domestics to transfer themselves to those parts, and with them he himself was always foren^st. For the bishop had said to those who were with him : " It is better that one evil and wicked man should die, than that the whole people perish, for they, taking license from him, com- mit assaults and robberies, killing those who are uncon- scious of crime." And saying this he came to the to\\Ti called Felmingham, where the said rincjleader had a mansion. And those who Edward, they slew John Cavendish, and the Prior of the Monastery; afterwards, however, having been captured by the instrumentality of tiiis Sjienser, they paid the penalty of their crimes." The first word, and the reference to the part of the text to which this note refers, have been erased. The facts alluded to are thus given in the Chronicle of England: — "Anothir capteyn was there fast be Bury, thei cleped Jon Wraw, a prcest. He heded the Abbot of Bury ; and, fast be Bury, he killid the principal justisc, Jon Caundisch." — Sec page 237. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 201 Capture of Litstcr. resided there, being questioned where he was, said that on a.d. 1381 the previous day he was at Thorp-market, where he had caused it to be publicly proclaimed that all who desired the welfare of the kingdom and of the community should follow him to Walsham ; where he intended, as he said, to defend the people against the tyranny of the approacliing bishop by military force. And on this, all the able-bodied of the adjacent villages had followed him, and were there. To his informant the bishop said : — "Blessed be thou, my son, since thou hast not mingled mth wicked men, nor with a mischievous people." And thus hastening on to Walsham, he found the open- ings of the roads blocked with timbers, and towers, and and other impediments. But by the good management of the bishop, and of other men who had assembled there, the whole people surrendered, rejoicing that they might withdraw in peace. Jack Litsfer himself, leaping over a wall, hid himself in a corn-field. And one of the people, perceiving this, announced it to the bishop. The traitor was sought and found; he was captured and beheaded; and, divided into four parts, he was sent through the country to Norwich, Yarmouth, and Lynn, and to the site of his mansion; that rebels and insurgents against the peace might learn by what end they wall finish their career. These are the acts of this venerable bishop. And after these things, by commantl of the Pope, and a.d. 1383. simed with the Cross against schismatics in Flanders, he Lc l^t^spcn- left there signs of desolation. And more he would have aition into done, had he not been baulked by the fraud and deception ^'landers, of certain knights, Elmham and Tryvet.' For he was ' "In the scveiiet Jcre, in tlic month of March, in the Parlonicnt at London, Ser Ilcrry Spenser, Ris- chop of Norwich, was marked with the Cros agcyn the scismatikcs of Fraiins and of Flandrcs, with grcte auctorite of Urbane the Sextc. Aud ahoutc myd May lie went into Fhuin- drcs witli myty iiand, and with a saute he took Gravelling ; and, aftir that, Dunkirk, Neuport, and many othir. And in VIII. Kalendc of Jtili be fau<;lite with XXX. tliousind scisinatikub ; he haviut' but V. tliou- 202 JOHN CAPGRAVE'f* A.u. 1383. ever ready to punish evil-doers: in liis time no heretic could dwell among the people. Nor in liis days did per- jurers in matters of quest and assize p)revail as now; for he diligently sought them out and severely punished them. If to any one it should be doubtful whether it be lawful for a bishop or other ecclesiastic in certain cases to bear arms, and incite the people to war, and since many make this a matter of conscience, I quote here the argument of the Decretal, Question 8, "SI in raort^'' •^'^ where, be- neath the paragraph is thus written: — You see that Pope Nicholas prohibits bishops from being occupied in worldly warfare, and not even against sea pirates does he permit them to engage in conflict. — How then does Pope Leo leave the city against the Saracens, and, that he might drive them far from the shore, convoke the people in all direc- tions, and personally avenge the wrongs of his subjects? — And how does Gregory invite soldiers to arms ? — But it is to be observed that certain bishops are content with only the Levites'. portion, who, as being numbered only in the service of God, so accept God Himself only as their heri- sand: where he killid sevene thou- sand of Fi'enschnien, Flemingcs, and Britones ; and of his hooste M'cre ded but sevene. Than besegcd he the town of Ypris ; and there was he deceyved and rebuked be the cove- tise of too knytes, Ser "William Elman, and Ser Thomas Trjvet. " In this tyme the Kyng of Frauns besegid the town of Bui-burgh, in whecli were that tyme the Lord Bemound, Thomas Trivet, William Elman, and William Faringdoune, knytes ; and aftir many sawtes, whech availed not, the Kyng pro- fered hem this issew, that thci, with here servauntis und her hors, and swech tresore iis thei wold cary oute of the town, schuld passe frely, up coudiccion, that thci schuld strcight go to Yugiond : and to this profir thei obeyid, and cam hom to Yng- land. In the same forme the Kyng of Frauns acordid with the bischop; and he cam hom fro Gravenyng : but first he distroyed the town. " In this same tyme was ordcyned by the Kyng of Frauns a grete na\-y, to lette hem that were sent be the Kyng of Ynglond to help the bischop of Norwich. And thei of Dertc- mouthe and Portesmouthe distroyed alle that boost, save IX. men. Than the vyntage of Ynglond took a othir felauchip, where thei had a thousand tunne wyn and V. hun- dred." — See the Chronicle of Eng- land, page 238. ' See " Gratian. Decret. Libri Quinque," ed. Bom. 1726, page 479. HISTORY OF THE HENRIES. 203 tage, saying: — "The Lord is the portion of my inheri- a. d. 1383. tance."' To such men there is, in truth, nothing in com- mon with the princes of this world, because they entirely reject all temporal benefits, lest by occasion of them they should become obnoxious to the laws of their rulers. To such there is no occasion left of occupation in worldly war- fare, because, whilst they live on tenths and first-fruits, as children of the Most High King, they are in every realm free from all earthly exactions, so that they may be able to say : — " The prince of this world cometh, and hath nothing in Me." 2 But there are others who, not content with tenths and first-fruits, possess manors, townships, castles, and cities; from which tributes are due unto Cajsar, unless by reason of imperial dignity they have deserved immunity from such. To such as these it is said by the Lord : — " Render unto Csesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's." ^ To whom also the apostle saith : — " Eender to all their dues ; tribute to whom tribute ; custom to whom custom."* And a certain doctor thus compendiously declares this argument, saying: — "Those therefore who live only on alms and tenths are prohibited from taking part in battles, because with them there is nothing in common with princes. But those who hold of princes provinces and regalia of that kind, are permitted to take part in battles, not only against Pagans or tSiua- cens, but even against false Christians oppressing others. But on no account is it allowed to any clergyman consti- tuted in holy orders to take arms with his own hand." These things are said in excuse, or rather in confirmation, of the deeds of this venerable bishop ; who warred solely against schismatics and perturbers of the peace, or enemies of the Faith. a.p. 14og. He died on the vigil of Saint Bartholomew,'* in the year Donth of Hi-sluij) Ic Dc.'^lH.llM.T. ' Psalm xvi. 5. » S. Jolin, xiv. 30. ' S. Mark, xii. 17. * Romans, xiii. 7. * August 23. 204 .TOUN (JAPGRAVES A.i>. 140«. 140(5^ j^„,i ^vas buried at Nonvich. His epitaph' is as follows : — "Henry, Le Spenser's son, — a soldier dear, A holy Eishop, — lies entombed here : Men call him scion of the royal tree. He, champion of the Church, made schism flee, Condemn'd the Lollards, — of his own accord Put traitors and insurgents to the sword. Breathes the good Pastor's spirit up to Heaven, Saying, — 'The earth is God's!' — To him was given On the eve of Bartholomew the Blest To go to Christ, our King, and share His Eest." ^ ' The passage beginning " His Epitaph," (Ciijiis Epitaphium,) and ending with the chapter, was added at a later period in the autograph MS. in the margin and along the bottom of the page. 2 The Latin text of this Life of Bishop Henry le Despenser is printed in Wharton's AngJia Sacra, vol. ii. HISTORY OF THE HENEIES. 205 Of henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon. chapter x. Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon, was a man of praise- a.d. 1133. worthy life and brilliant genius, as his ^vritings manifest. Henry, In what time he lived, or where promoted, or what were the con of opinions which he entertained concerning the end of the Hu"ti"g- world, we have collected, amongst other writers, from various passages scattered here and there in his own Chro- nicle. As to the time in which he wrote, he testifies himself in the eighth book, which is entitled "De Summitatibus Rerum," wherein he says: — "This is the year Avhicli in- cludes the date of the wTiter, namely the thirty-fifth year • of the reign of Henry '^ the glorious and invincible king of the English : the sixty-ninth year from the coming of that most excellent race, the Normans, in our time into Eugland : the two thousand two hundred and sixty-fifth year from the arrival of the Britons into this same island; the five thousand three hundred and thirty-sixtli year from tlie bey the scribe wlio made the Cotton Ian copy. ^ See the edition of this work published at Paris in the year 1520, fol. 1, question I. There is also another edition bearing the date 104 G. ' Sec "M. Ilcnrici Goc'thals a Gandavo, Doctoris Solcinnis, Archi- diaroni Toniacoiisis, Aurea (^11111!- libeta," published at Venice in the year 1613. * " Sir iiicipil : " — and Capgrave left a blank space, on which, at a later period evidently, and with ink of a ditlerent colour, (but the hand- writing is the same,) he entered the first few wonls given in the text us soon as he was able to refer to tlic works, and ascertain what they were. This curious fact, and two f.r three similar cases which occnr in this :uiil 210 JOHN CAPORAVKS A.i). 1279. And the second commences ihna: — " Qucerehantur in nostra disputatione.^^ ' Great praise accrues to this man from his writings, for he wouhl have passed away unknown if what he had written had not come to light. For, indeed, it conduces more to the fame and notoriety of men that the memory of their writings remains for future ages than do walls of the most solid construction, or marLle temples, or statues of brass. Wherefore, also, Ralph of Chichester,'^ in the commencement of his Chro- nicle, says:— "The writings of the poets have added more to the praises of the Caesars than all the riches of the world which they possessed. WTio, I ask, would know any thing of the Caesars now-a-day, who would admire philosophers, who would follow the example of apostles, were they not distinguished by the monuments of their writings ? Who, finally, would know any thing of Lucilius, had not Seneca left a memorial of him in his letters ? And so now, also, the arts and the laws would go utterly to ruin, the ex- amples of remarkable deeds would disappear, and modes and styles of speaking would entirely perish, had not the Divine compassion provided the use of letters for a remedy of human imperfection." These remarks have been made on accoimt of the man, who, now that he is dead, yet lives among us in his writ- ings, and has w'on more honour with foreign nations by his works than if he had surrounded his native city with walls. This man Avas well exercised in the language of the Schools, and was not a little deeply read in questions of morals. On which account he obtained from the school- the following chapter, are sufficient proofs that the MS. C.C.C. is the author's autograph, as well as the JIS. of the Chronicle of England, preserved in the Public Library at Cambridge, the writing being the same in both. ' The " Incipit " was also inserted afterwards, on a blank space left for the purpose. * This is a mistake for Eichard of Cirencester, who, indeed, is some- times, though enoneously, called Richard of Chichester. HISTORY OF THE IfENRIES. 211 men a title of honour, so that, as Saint Thomas was called ad. 1:>79. the " Doctor Communis," and the venerable Egidius the " Doctor Declarativus," and Duns the " Doctor Subtilis," in like manner also was this man, to his most high reno^\^l, called the " Doctor Solemnis." These are the praises of this most learned and scholastic man, my Lord King, that this thy name may be spoken of as sublime, not only by reason of the majesty of emperors, but also of the power of kings, the prowess of noble soldiers, and — last of all — the erudition of clergy. P 2 212 .lOIIN CArOllAVE'tl Of henry DE URIMARTA, Of the Order of the Hermits of Saint Augustin.' chapter xii. A.D. 1340. This Henry, who was a German by nation, was a man of Henry do great experience, sanctity, and learning. In his youth, the Good Spirit of God guiding him, he entered the Order which is distinguished by the title of the Hermits of S. Augustin. He applied himself to the study of books, as the record of his deeds testifies, in no ordinary degree, but at that period of his life he so devoted himself to study, that even when he reached mature age he could never be torn from it. His indus- As soon as he was made a Doctor of the University of try aiid Paris, he wrote many things of great use for the strengthen- devotion. , ' j a a » ing of the Church, the good of souls, and the discipline of seminaries. For, as we learn from the writings of his con- temporaries, he never ceased from study or prayer. For as soon as he had risen from his book, either because he was wearied, or perchance because he was satisfied, then at once the vigils of the dead resounded from his mouth ; then the seven penitential Psalms ; so that, as is related of the blessed Cecilia, he never ceased from holy communings with God and prayer. On no day did he omit to attend mass ; on no day did this scinipulous man offer the sacrifice ' These -n-ords arc from the MS. Cotton. ; the autogragh MS. reads "Parisian Doctor." HISTORY OF THE UENRIES. 213 till he had made confession, making a great matter of con- a.u. 1340. science even of the most trifling offences. Whenever other occupations did not happen to please him, he used to insert little notes in the margins of such bcjoks as he was anxious to study closely, completing the order and contents of tli».- columns with his own opinions. blessed man ! worthy of all praise ! proved holy in life, peaceable in manners, excellent in doctrine ! Concerning the holiness of his devotion, I have read, — the account is given by Jordan, — that on one occasion, when he was celebrating at the altar of the blessed Katha- rine, he was seized with such an ecstasy of soul, that, for- getful of himself, forgetful also (with the Apostle) of those things which are behind, reaching forth to those things which are before, ' he imagined that he was sharing tho delights of Paradise, when he contemplated the holy Virgin and the martyr Katharine with so great devotion of mind that the very relics of the Virgin's body emitted sweat, giving a testimony of so great devotion. He used to say to those amongst whom he was well known that never had his head ached by reason of study, never was the spine of his back affected, never the sight of his eyes impaired. It is a pleasant thing to see with how great favour the Lord preserves those who honour Him ; making them of good courage under trials, and rendering tlu-m unwavering under trilndation and anxiety. These ])ious exercises he persevered in to ripe age ; even in his sixtieth year he both studied and wrote. He has left many volumes,^ the results of his studies, His works, to those who come after him, of which the chief is his work on the Books of the Ethics, a very elaborate perform- ' Philippians, iii. 13. * One of these, not mentioned by Jordun or \>y Ciipt^nive.is ])rcsL'rvi'd in tlic Hodleiiin Lilirnry, MS. Lund. 203, fol. 152 [131>J.— "The Begin- ninf^ of the E.vpositiou of the Lord's rrayir, concoivinl l)y the learned Masicr de Uriniaria, I'rofcssor of Saered Theology." V J 21 I .lOIFN CAl'O HAVES A.u. 1340. uuce, the lje<^iiiiiiiig of which is, — " Ex noblll prosapia oriundo Domiino.^^^ He also wrote " Sermons on the Saints, through tlie whole round of the year." Also, a single treatise on that Decretal which begins, — " Cum Martha'.'' Also, a single treatise " On the Perfection of the Inner Man." 2 Also, a single treatise, entitled " On Exemptions." These four works I have not seen myself, but I have given their titles from the book of P'riar Jordan,^ who wrote his life, and that of some others. I have seen, how- ever, his work on the Books of the Ethics ; and his Ordinary Questions, the beginning of whicb is " Utimin verburti sit ratio aliciijus alterius produdionisr ■* Also, I have seen his " Quodlibetum," the beginning of which I do not now remember, since I have not got it ready at hand.^ • This " Incipit " also was written on a blank space left for the purpose in the autograph MS. 2 Sec MS. Bodl. Laud. 429, fol. 57. It is entitled " De Perfectione Spi- rituali," and the Prologue begins as follows : — " ' In the name of the Lord, Amen.' This is the title, and the contents of the present work, the name of which is,—' A book on the Spiritual Perfection of the Inner Man.' For the honour of God, and the edification of readers, this book was studiously indited by Master Henry dc Urimaria, S.T.P., and it was ed to find yet more, even among living men, !)earing the same name, whose lives he might add to his work. His hope seems never to have been realised : the whole of this concluding piissagc, however, was added at a hiur jieriod in the autograph MS., evidently when he made up his mind to com[>lete the work with the twelfth chapter of the Third I'art. 218 .roiiN CAroRAVE'.s htstoiiy ok tiik henries. The third, Edward, is recorded to have been betrayed to death by a kiss and a knife. And the fourth, Kenelm, is now set fortli as dead Ijy the Heavenly Dove. I desire that my Lord may by his alms be borne into the Heavens ; that he may escape the fiery darts of the Accuser by the Shield of Faith ; that he may have no know- ledge of the band of traitors ; and that he may possess the innocence of the dove. Of the others, the first was converted to the Faith ; the second offered his daughter to God ; for the third a sword descended from Heaven into his scabbard ; and the fourth died in the purity of chastity. So also may my lord ever preserve the Faith inviolate ; may he nourish up his children, when any shall be born to him, faithfully for Grod; that so his enemies may be frightened by his sword, and he may depart this life pure both in body and in soul ; to the praise of our Lord Jesus Christ, Wlio, with God the Father and the Holy Spirit, liveth and reigneth for ever and ever. Amen. Pappiln complctcb bg Capgrabr.* These words, — "Feliciter ter [ simile of which will be found at Capgrave," occur at the end of the page 4 of Tlie Chronicle of Eny- aiitograph IMS. They are followed | land. by Capgrave's private mark, a tac- AP TEND IX, APPENDIX r. NOTICES OF OTHER WORKS OF CAPGRAVE. A FULL account of the somewhat vohmiinous writings of Notices of Capgrave will l)e found in the Introduction to his Chroiii- mss. of cle of EnglamU It will be seen at a glance that they are for the most part theological, consisting of commentaries upon almost every part of Holy Scripture, sermons, lectures, disputa- tions, and the like. He appears, indeed, to have written no less than thirty-seven distinct works, but of these the following only are now known to be extant : — 1. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis. — There is only one MS., which is preserved in the Library of Oriel College, Oxford, and is singularly interesting, as it is the author's autograph, and contains a state- ment, in the hand-writing of Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, (to wlioiu it is dedicated,) to tiie effect that it was presented to liiin at Penshnrst by Cap- ' See pp. xiii. et seqq. 222 APPENDIX I. grave himself. It runs ris follows: — "Cost liiire est a moy Ilumfrey, due de Gloucestre, du . Tlic ilueuinciit, of \vliii;li the amicxcJ is u truiiblntiun, is in liatiii. 234 APPENDIX I. Appendix " .-md sjx-oial iiiessengerH, Master William Say and Ralph " Drew ; the names of which volumcH, witli the words at " the beginning of the second folio in each, are arranged " in order below : — ****** ****** " Also, Capgrave on the First Book of Kings .... 2nd fol. ' sint viv.^ " Also, Capgrave on the Third Book of Kings . . . . 2nd fol. ' fulrjm^em.'' " Also, Capgrave on Genesis 2nd fol. ' ardiaim.'' " Also, Capgrave on Exodus 2nd fol. ' et beatitudinemJ ****** ****** " In confirmation whereof the Common Seal of the Uni- " versity was affixed in the presence of the aforenamed. " Given at Oxford, in our House of Congregation, on the " day and year aforesaid." APPENDIX II. NOTE ON THE CHRONOLOGY. The Chronology of the present work will he found fully Appendix discussed in the Introduction to the edition of the Latin Tlic Chro- Text. The mistakes of the Author are there explained or tliis work, rectified ; and this indeed has been done to as gi-eat an extent as was possible in the margins of the Translation. As, however, Capgrave records the events of each king's reign as occurring in the " first " or " second " year, (as the case may be,) not very frequently giving the actual date, it is desirable to afford to the reader the means of ascertaining readily the days of the commencement and end of these regnal years. The annexed table of the first and laiit regnal years of each em])eror and king of the name of Henry has been compiled from the best authorities : — EMPERORS OF GERMANY. Henry L f From 23 December, 918, LTo 22 Docviaher, 919. , r From 2."J December, 935, [T.. l July, 93f). 23f> APPENDIX II. Ai)|)ciidix irENRY TI. II. It. rom 6 June, 1002, .^ JFrom 6 June, 1024, "^ iTu 14 July, 1024. Henry III. r From 4 June, 1039, I To 3 June, 1140. ^ r From 4 June, 1056, 1 To 5 October, 1056. Henry IV. f From 5 October, 1056, Hto 4 October, 1057. 50 [ ^'^^"^ ^ I To 7 5 October, 1105, August, 1106. f Fr. I To Henry V. om 6 January, 1106, 5 January, 1107. , ii'rom 6 Januar}', 1125, It o 23 May, 1125. Henry VI. fFrom 15 April, 1190, Hto 14 April, 1191. fFrom 15 April, 1197, iTo 28 September, 1197. NOTE ON THE CnRONOLOGY. 237 KINGS OF ENGL.VND. Appendix IL Henry I. August, 1100, August, 1101. f From 5 It.» 4 f From 5 August, 1 13.), " ITo I December, 11- Henry II. f From 19 December, 1154, I To 18 December, 1155. J From 19 December, 1188, I To 6 July, 1189. Henry III. f From 28 October, 1216, I To 27 October, 1217. TFrom 28 October, 1272, [To 16 November, 1272. Henry IV. J From 30 Septemljer, 1399, I To 29 September, 1400. j" From 30 September, 1412, '^ I To 20 March, 1413. Henry V. r From 21 LTo 20 , r Fr. 21 March, 1413, 20 March, 1414. From 21 March, 1422, 31 August, 1422. 23K APPENDIX II. Appendix HeNHY VL II. r From 1 September, 1422, LT(. :U August, 1423. J From 1 September, 1460, f Fr( lT(. 4 March, 14f)l. GENERAL INDEX. G ENERAL IN DEX. Abel puts to death his brother, Eric VI., King of Denmark, and occupies the throne, 170. Abergavenny, William Bcauchamp, Lord de, une Bcrgavenny. Abiathar, the High Priest, is deprived and exiled by Solomon, 15. Abingdon, the Abbey of, founded by King Edgar, 155. Abington, Edmund of. Archbishop of Canter- bury, confirms Edward, son of Ilcnrj' III., 90. Abner, Solomon avenges on Joab the death of, 15. Abishag, the wife of David, 15. Abrincis, Hugh de. Earl of Chester, see Wil- liam Earl of Chester. Achilles, Henry III. (Emperor), when a boy of fifteen, compared to, 21 ; Prince Henry, son of Henry II. of England, compared to, 82. Acts of the Apostles, the, see Apostles, the Acts of the. Adalbert, King of Italy, see Lombards. Adam de Newmarch, see Ncwmarch, Adam de. Adelais of Louvain, her marriage to Henry I. of England. 60, 03. Admiral, the Lord High. Jnhn Ilollaiid, Karl of Huntingdon, see HoIIhikI, .Inhii. Adonijah, the .«on of David, is put to death by Solomon for dishonouring Abishag, 15. Adrian IV., Pope (Xichfilas Breakspcre, an EngUshman), consents to the invasion of Ireland by Henry II. King of England, 73; reference to his birth at S. Albans, ib. ; copy of the Bull sent by him to Henry II. sanctioning the invasion of Ireland, ib. ; his Bull is confirmed by Alexander III., his successor, 75. Adzemario, Geoffrey de Sancto, see Aldemaro, Ganfred de Sancto. Agen, Louis IX., acknowledges the rights of Henry HI. in, 96. Agincourt, Henry V. defeats the French at. 1.33. Agnes (the daughter of William, Duke of Poitou and Aquitainc), the second wife of the Emperor Henry HI., 25; certain parti- culars of their wedding, ib. Aldan, S., his example to be followed by Bishops, 225. Aiscough, William, Bishop of Snlislniry, cele- brates the wedding of Henry VI. and Mar- garet of Anjou, 156. Aix-la-Chapelle, a priest receives Henry III. (Emperor), when a hoy, at, 22; he is married to the daughter of Conrad the Salique at, i7>; Richard, Earl of Cornwall, is cmwned Kinjf of the Romans at, 176. Albans, S., see S. Albans, 242 GENERAL INDEX. Albemarle, Duke of,~ Edward I'liiiitafjcnct, Diikc of York, sec Edwiinl I'lunta^^cnct. Albemarle, Karl of, — Tiioiiias Planta. ; he urges the peojjle to thank God for the capture of Calais by Edward III., and Ilarfieur by Henry V., il>. Btaufoit, Thomas, Earl of Dorset (called by mistake " of Dorchester,"' by Capgrave) and Duke of Exeter, 135, 139; defeats the French, 135. Beaumont, Henry de, see Henry de Beaumont. Beaumont, Heniy, Lord, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard II., 113. Beauvais, Henry, Bishop of, 185. Bcauvais, Vincent of, his Chronicle, sec Yin- cent of Beauvais. Beeket, Thomas, Arehl)ishop of Canterbury, his cousecralion, 76; sucars allegiance to I the Prince Henry, il>. ; is present at the Council of Tours, ib. ; his resignation of the Great Seal, i7>. ; Henry II. plots his ruin, 77; and prevents Rjger de Clare (Earl of Hert- ford) from doing homage to Beeket f give his assent to the Constitutions of Clarendon, ib. ; he exeummimicates all whosujiport the Constitutiuns of Clarendon, ib. ; the King drives him from Pontigny, and exilct» every member of his family from England, ib. ; his violent death at Canterbury, 78 ; Henry II. sends messages to Pope Alexander III., dkclaring his innocence of the murder of Beeket, ib. ; the King is obliged to make satisfoction on account of the nmrder, ib. ; Henry 11., having done penance at Lis tomb, is absolved, 80. Bede, the Venerable, Reference to the " Ilebraicorum nominum intcrprctatin"' of, 4, and note ; allusion to his learnintr and piety, 225. Bedewita, afterwards called "pratum Beati Edwardi," rebels (in the time of Richard II.) assemble in, 199, note. Bedford, Duke of, — Joim Plantagenct, see John I'lanta- genet. Belesme, Robert de. Earl of Shrewsbury, accompanies Robert Duke of Nonnandy against Henry I., 55, and note; flics from the b.ittle of Tenechebray, ib. Benedict IX., Pope, and the Great Sebi^in, 28, 29 ; he cedes the Papal Chair to J.ilm Graziano (Gregory VI.), and is allowed the revenues derived from England us his portion, 29. Benedict, S., Henry V. begins to reign on the day of, 125. Berengcr II., King of Italy (sec I><>nibiirds) ; placed by Martinus Polonus among the Emperors of th« West, 14. Bergavenny, William Beauchamp dc. is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard IL, 112. B 3 246 GENERAL INDEX. Berkeley, Thomas dc, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard II., 112, anr/ note; is sent to announce to Richard II. liis dejiosition, 114. Bernard, S., draws np the Rule of the Knights Templars, 182; Henry of France (after- wards Archbisiiop of Sens), aflTected by his preaeiiing, becomes a monk, 184; his two illustrious disciples, Eugcnius III. (Pope), and Henry of Sens, 184, 185 ; his letters to Henry of Sens, 185. Berwick, Henry de Beaumont is present at the siege of, 197. Besilio, see Hezilon. Bica, see Woodhouse. Bittering, William, a benefactor of the Austin Priory at Lynn, 160, note. Blanche, daughter of Henry, Duke of Lan- caster (confused in the text with Con- stance daughter of Peter the Cruel, King, of Castile), 102 ; her marriage to John of Gaunt. Earl of Richmond, mentioned, 191 ; they were married at Reading, ih. Blanchmains, Robert, Earl of Leicester, rebels against Henry IT., 79, note. Bloet, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, Henry I. confers on him his royal vill of Spalding, in consideration for the transfer of Cam- bridge to the newly erected see of Ely, 58. Blois, Charles de, see Charles de Blois, Blois, Peter of, see Peter of Blois. Blois, Stephen of, (Father of Stephen King of England,) see Stephen of Blois. Blois, Stephen of, see Stephen of Blois, King of England. Blois, Theobald of, see Theobald of Blois. Blount, William Ic, see Blund, William Ic. Blund, William le, and others are sent by the Barons to Louis IX. of France, to plead their cause against Henry III. in the matter of the Provisions of 0.\.ford, 99. Boethius, Henry of Lancaster, returning from his pilgrimage to Jerusalem, visits the tomb of, 105. Bohemia, reference to the wais of the Emperor Jlinry II. in, 17; Henry III. (Emperor) defeats Andrew, the King of, 28 ; Henry Duke of Lancaster, returning from Jeru- salem, passes through, 106. Bohemia, Dukes of: — Spitigneus I., .see Spitigneus I. AVenceslas I., see Wcnceslas I. Boleslas I., see Boleslas L Bohemia, Kings of: — Bretislas I., see Bretislas L Borzivoi II., see Borzivoi IL Bohiin, Henry de, Earl of Hereford, see Henry dc Boliiin, Earl of Hereford. Bohun, Humphrey de, his daughter Mary marries Henry IV., 116, and note. Bohun, Mary de. Queen of Henry IV., see Mary de Bohun. Bohun, William de. Earl of Northampton, companion in arms of Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, 187, and note. Bois de Vinccnncs, Henry V. dies at, 1 43, note. Boleslas I. (Duke of Bohemia) puts his brother Wcnceslas I. to death, 167. Bolingl)roke, Henry, see Henry, Duke of Lan- caster. Bolingbroke, in Lincolnshire, Henry IV. born at, 102. Boniface, Count, Letter of S. Augustin to, 177, and note. Bordeaux, the Archbishop of, and the Gascon nobles urge Hemy III. to visit his fo- reign possessions, 92 ; Henry III. invades France, and proceeds towards, 93 ; he de- feats Louis IX. there, ib. ; five years' truce, ib. ; Louis IX. acknowledges the rights of Hcnrj' IH. in, 96. Borgo, B, (Urbs Leonina), a suburb of the city of Rome, see Leonina Urbs. Borzivoi XL, Duke of Bohemia, deserts the cause of the Emperor Henrj' IV., and joins his son Henry, 32. Bouillon, Godfrey de, is elected Ivingof Jeni- salem, II ; is present at the discovery of the Sacred Spear at Antioch, 11, 12. Boulogne, Stephen of, see Blois, Stephen of. GENERAL INDEX. 247 Bourbon, John, Duke of, harasses the troops of Henry IV., passing from Uarfleur to Corbie, 132; challenges the English King to do battle, ib. Bourdin, a Spaniard, is intruded on the Holy See by the Emperor Henry V., .37; is treated ignominiously by the Homans, and imprisoned at SiUeriio, ib. Bourges, Alberic of, see Aibcric of Bourgcs. Bourges, Prince Henry, eldest son of Henry I., King of England, is married to Margaret, daughter of Louis VII., King of France, at, 76. Bowes, Henry V. passes througli, on the way to Agincourt, 132. Bradford, Ralph, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard II., 1 1.3. Brampton, Henry L meets Theobald of Blois at, 63. Breakspere, Nicholas, see Adrian IV., Pope. Brenville, the Battle of, Louis VL, King of France, is defeated by Henry I. at, 61. Bret, Charles de la, Constable of France, is killed at Agincourt, 13.3. Bretagnc, the men of, join Henry I. on his invasion of Normandy, 55; and are opposed to the forces of William, Earl of Mortaignc, in tlie battle of Tenechebray, ib. ; rebelling against John de Montfort, it is by Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, restored to him, 1 88. Bretagnc, Joan of Navarre, relict of John de Montfort, Duke of, is married to Henry IV., 117, 118. Bretislasl., King of Bohemia, is conquered by the Emperor Henry HI., 24. Brewes, Sir John, brings certain rebels to Henry lo Dcspenser, Bishop of Norwich, 199. Bridlington, Henry of Lancjistcr lands near, 108. Bridlington, John of, his verses on the achieve- ments of Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, 188, 189. Bristol, Henry, Duke of Lanca.stcr, iPioceeds to, 108; William le Scrope, Uiul of Wilt- shire, John Bushy, and Henry Greene, arc there executed, ib. Bristol, given by Henry IIL to Edward L on his marriage witli Eleanor of Castile, 94. Britanny, see Bretagnc. Bri.xen, in the Tyrol, Gregory VII. (Ililde- brand) is deposed at a Council held at, and Guipert, Bishop of Itavenna, elected in his room, 30. Bruce, David, see David II., King of Scotland. Brunswick, the Duke of, Henry, Duke of Lancaster, accuses (before the French King), of treachery, 188. Brydlyngton, see Bridlington. Buckingham, Earl of, — Thomas of Woodstock, see Tliomas of Woodstock. Burbache, John, LL.D., is present in tiic Tower at the abdication of Richard II., US, note. Burgh, Hubert de, Earl of Kent, prevents Henry HI, from accepting the invitation of the Archbishop of Bordeaux and the Gascons, to visit his foreign jMwscssions, 92. Burgos, Edward I. marries Eleanor of Castile at, 94. Burgundy, Dukes of, — John, see John, Duke of Burgundy. Robert, *ee Robert II., King of France. Burnel, Lord Hugh de, is jucsenl in the Tower at the abdication of Richard II., 1 12, 1 1 3, note. Bushy, Sir John, Knight, is executed at Bristol by the order of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 108. Caen, the corpse of Hiiiry I., i>f Knplaml. m carried from Rouen to Caen, OS; reference k4 248 OENEUAL INDEX. to William the Conqueror having hccn buried at, 140; Ilcnry V. takes, ih. Cahors, Louis IX. acknowledges the rights of Henry III. in, 96. Ciilais, Thomas, Dnke of Gloucester, is exe- cuted by the order of Richard II. at, 10" ; Cardinal Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, commands the people at Westminster to praise God for the capture, by P^dward III., of. 135; the Emperor Sigismund, visiting Henry V., is received by the Earl of Warwick at, 136 ; he is on his return, ac- companied by Henry V. as far as, 138 ; receives the French Ambassadors at, 139 ; after the Battle of Agincourt, Henry V. proceeds to, 134 ; the Lord Gaucort, ac- cording to promise, comes thither with the captives, ib. Calixtus n., Pope, persuaded by the Arch- bishop of Cologne and Mayence, exciu on the tln'one of France, 174. diaries dc Blois invades Brelugne, 188 ; he 250 GENERAL INDEX. is defeated and carried prisoner to England by Henry, first Diike of Lancaster, ib. Charles II. (the Bald), King of France, suc- ceeds Louis I. 174; is succeeded by his son, Ijouis III., the father of Charles III. (the Simple), ib. Charles III. (the Simple), King of France, submits to Henry I. of Germany, 12 ; is succeeded by Louis IV., 174. Charles VI., King of France, Henry V. sends ambassadors to him, demanding the resto- ration of the English possessions in France, 129 ; the Dauphin menaces King Henry, ib. ; refuses to treat with Henry V., 131. Charles, Duke of Orleans, see Orleans, Charles, Duke of. Chartres, Geoffrey of, see Geoffrey of Chartres. Chester, Earls of, — Hugh Cyvelioc, see Cyvelioc, Hugh. Hugh do Abrincis, see William, Earl of Chester. William, see William. Chester, the Emperor Henry V. lives in retire- ment in the Monastery of S. Withburga at, 39 ; the barge of King Edgar is rowed by six (or by eight) Kings at, 1 55. Chicheley, Henry, Archbishop of Canterbury, receives the Emperor Sigismund at Canter- bury, 136. Chichester, Richard of, quotation from his Chronicle, see Cirencester, Richard of. Childeric I., King of France, succeeds his father Moroveus, 173 ; is succeeded by his son Clovis I., ib. Childeric II., son of Clovis II., King of France, succeeds his brother Clotaire HI., 173; is succeeded by his brother Thieny IH., ib. Chillcndcn, Thomas, Prior of Canterbury, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard IL, 113, vote. Chilperic I., King of France, succeeds his father Clotaire I., 173 ; is succeeded by his son Clotaire IL, ib. Chunelindc, daughter of Canute the Great, King of Denmark, wife of Hcury HI., Emperor, dies, 25. CiiniBT, discovery of the Bcamless coat of, 75; His presence at the wedding in Canu of Galilee, and its bearing on matrimony, 157 ; Henry dc Bohun, Earl of Hereford, visits the sepulchre of, 193. Chrysostom, S., quotation from one of the spurious Sermons of, 108, and note. Cirencester, Richard of, called in the MSS. Ralph of Chichester, quotation from the Chronicle of, 210. Clairvaulx, Henry, Archbishop of Sens, and Pope Eugcnius III., originally disciples of S. Bernard, at, 184, 185. Clare, Austin Friary at, the heart of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, who died at Milan, is carried to England by his own request, and buried at, 105 ; its early foundation, 231. Clare, Gilbert de, Earl of Hertford and Glou- cester, assists Simon de Montfort at the siege of Rochester, 100. Clare, Richard de. Earl of Gloucester, fulfils the intentions of Gilbert, his father, towards the Hermits of St. Augustin, 231, 232. Clare, Roger de. Earl of Hertford, by the con- nivance of Iving Henry IL, refuses to do homage to Becket for his castle of Tun- bridge, 77. Clarence, Dukes of, — Lionel Plantagenet, see Lionel. Thomas Plantagenet, see Thomas. Clarendon, the Council of, 77; Thomas Becket refuses to give his assent to the Constitutions of, ib. ; he excommunicates all who ac- knowledge them as binding, ib. Claudus, (the Lame,) a nanae given to the Emperor Henry IL, 18. Clayhanger, permission granted to build an Austin Friary at, 232. Clement H., Pope, crowns the Emperor Henry . 27 ; (see Henry IV. Emperor) is made Pope in the time of Benedict EX., 29. Clodion (called Crinitus), succeeds Phara- mund as King of the Franks, 172; the Kings of France arc called '* Criniti," aftei him, ib. GENERAL INDEX. 251 Clotaire I., King of France, succeeils his father Clovis I,, 173 ; is siicceeiled by Chil- pcric I., his son, id. Clotaire IL, King of France, succeeds his father Chilperic I., 173 ; is succeeded by his son Dagobert I., ib. Clotaire III., King of France, son of Clovis IL, succeeds his father, 173 ; is succeeded by his brother Childeric II., ib. Clotaire IV., King of France, succeeds his father Thiery III., 173. Clovis I., King of France, succeeds his father Childeric I., 173; is baptized by S. Kemi- gius, ib.; is succeeded by his son, Clotaire I., ib. Clotaire II., King of France, succeeds his father Dagobert I., 173 ; is succeeded in succession by his three sons, Clotaire III., Childeric II., and Thierry III., ib. Coat of CiiKisT, the seamless, legend of its discovery, 75. Cobham, John de, condemned to perpetual imprisonment by Richard IL, 107; this act forms part of the third of the charges brought against Kichard II. in Westminster Hall, 109. Cobliam, Lord, John Oldcastle, see Oldcastle, John. Coin; introduction of a new (gold) coin by Henry III., 94 ; the " ship " on a certain English coin, — the reproach of foreigners relating to it, — "remove the 'ship' and stamp a ' sheep,'" 156. Coining false money, punishments assigned by Henry I., of England, to those who arc convicted of, 58. Cokcsford, Agnes de, wife of Robert de Cokes- ford, a benefactor of the Austin Friary at Lynn, 160, 7iote. Cokcsford, Robert de, a benefactor of the Austin Friary at Lynn, 160, note. Colchester, William de. Abbot of Westminster, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Kichard III., 113, note. Cologne, Archbishop of, — Frederic, see Frederic. Cologne, the Emperor, Henry IV., having been deposed at the Council of Maycnce, retires to, 32. Comet, appearance of a, 56. Comnenus, IManuel I., Emperor of Constanti- nople, -see Manuel I. Conrad I., Duke of Franconia, is elected Em- peror (King of Germany), 8; he leaves the throne to Henry I., the Fowler, ib. Conrad, Manptis of ^lontferrat, King of Jeru- salem, succeeded by Henry, A-ee Henry IL, Count of Champagne. Conrad the Salifjue, Emperor, is succeeded by Henry III., 19, and note ; banishes Leopold (the father of Henry III.) from his court, ib.; is accidentally present at the birth of tlie child, ib. ; hears a voice proclaiming that the infant should succeed to his throne, ib. ; commands his servants to slay the child, 20; they spare it, and show him the heart of a hare, ib.; sees him when ho is fifteen years old, ib.; takes him to his court, 21; suspecting his origin, he again compasses his death, 21, 22; is foiled by a priest, 22; discovers that (by means of the priest) Henry had been married to his own daughter, 23; is reconciled to him, and re- calls Count Leopold, 24; dies, and is suc- ceeded by Henry UL, ib.; the date of his death, 18, note. Constance, daughter of Tancrcd, King of Sicily, marries the Emperor, Henry VL, 43. Constantinoiile, Emperor of, — Manuel I. Comnenus, see Manuel I. Constantine the Great, Henry VL, follows his example in his conduct towards the Church, 151; account of the vision and conversion of, ib.; his presence at the Council of Nice, 1 52 ; gives the Sacred Spear to Rodolph of Burgundy, 11. Conteshall, John de, a benefactor of the Austin Friary at Lynn, 160, note. Conway, Richard II. at, promises to abdicate, 113; he fullils his j)romise, ib. Corbie, Henry V., marching from Harilcur, proceeds through Arqucs aud Eu to, 132 ; Of) 2 GENEKAL INDEX. the Freiuli ;nc routed tlicrc by liis urchers, ih. Corinviill, Hichanl, Karl of, sec Richard, Kiii<,' oi' tlic Koiiiaiis. Cosyii, Alice (widow of Uichard Cosyii), a he- nctiictor of the Austin Friary at Lynn, 100, note. Cosyn, Richard, Alice Cosyii, his widow, and William Tilton, executors of, 160, note. Council of Cashcl, see Cashel. Councils, Mansi's New Collection of, referred to, 73, note ; reference to Wilkins' Concilia, lb. Courtcnay, Richard, Bishop of Norwich, dies at the siege of Harfleur, 132. Criniti, a name given to the Kings of France, after Clodion, called Crinitus, 172. Crisanthus, S., IG. Crispin, William, at the battle of Brenville, wounds King Henry I., 61. Cross, Leo IV. gives a portion of the Lord's, to Charlemagne, 12. Crusade, the, Henry II., at Waltham, contri- butes money to, 81. Cubith, mentioned as a fellow-rebel with John Litster, 199; he is captured by Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, between Thetford and Cambridge, carried to Wy- mondham, and there executed, ib. Cuneguiid. S., the wife of the Emperor Henry IL, her austere life, 16. Curthose, a name given to Robert, Duke of Normandy, son of William the Conqueror, 65; see Robert, Duke of Normandy. Curtmanteles, a name given to King Henry II., 85. Cuthbert, S , Bishop of Lindisfarne, his ex- am jle to be followed, 225. Cyprus, Henry of Laucaster (Earl of Derby), returning from Jerusalem, visits, 105 ; Henry, son of Richard, King of the Romans, ac- companies Prince Edward (Edward I. ) to, 177 ; battles of Henry, Earl of Derby, grandfather of Henry IV., against the In- fidels, in, 186. Cyvelioc, Hugh, Earl of Chester, rebels against Henry II., 79, and note. D. Daci, Henry, King of, see Eric VI.. King of Denmark. Dagobert I., son of Clotairc II., King of France, succeeds his father, 173; is suc- ceeded by his son, Clovis II., ib. Dartford, the Emjicror Sigismund, visiting Henry V., is received by the Duke of Cla- rence at, 136. David, Psalms of, quotation from, 2. David, Abishag, the wife of, 15; the example of his penitence for sin, good for kings to follow, 52 ; reference to the " Apologia David " of S. Ambrose, ib., and note ; re- ference to his having been thrice anointed, in which Henry VI. is compared to him, 148. David I., King of Scotland, has the charge of Henry IL during the war between Stephen and the Empress Maud, 70; knights Henry at Carlisle, ib. David II , King of Scotland, brother-in-law of Edward III. (who refuses to allow Henry de Beaumont to assist Edward Baliol, because of the connexion), 19."), and note. De la Pole, Michael, Earl of Suffolk, see Pole, Michael de la. De Lira, Doctor, see Lira, Doctor de. De Paganis, Hugo de, see Pains, Hugnes de. De Sancto Aldemaro, Gaufred de, see Alde- maro, Gaufred de Sancto. December, the tenth mouth, with us the twelfth, 145. Dedication of this work, 1. Denarius, the, ordered by Henry L of England, to be made round, 58. Denis, S. see S. Denis. GENERAL INDEX. 253 Denmark, Kings of, — Abel, see Abel. Canute the Great, see Chunclinde. Eric VI., see Eric VI. Eric IX., see Eric IX. Waldemar II. (called the Victorious), see Waldemar II. Derby Earl of,— Henry Plantagenet, see Henry Plantage- net, Duke of Lancaster. Despencer, Thomas Ic, Earl of Gloucester, is sent with others, to announce to Kichard II. his deposition, 114. Despenser, Ilcnry Ic, see Henry le Despenscr, Bishop of Norwich. Dionysius, S., the Martyr, his relics translated by Charles III. of France, 12. Doctor Communis, see Thomas Aquinas, S. Doctor Dcclarativus, see Egidius. Doctor Subtilis, see Duns Scotus. Doctor Solemnis, see Henry, Archdeacon of Ghent. Dorset, Earl of, — Thom;is Beaufort (youngest son of John of Gaunt, by Katherine Swinford), see Beaufort, Thomas. Dover, Henry II. accompanies Eraclius, Pa- triarch of Jerusalem, as far as to, 84; their angry disputation there, ib.; the Emperor Sigismund, visiting Henry V., is received by the Duke of Gloucester at, 136; on his return he is accompanied by Henry V. as far as, 138. Drew, Jolin, a benefactor of the Austin Friary at Lynn, 160, note. Drew, Ralph, and William Say, entrusted with the delivery of the gift of books (including some by Capgrave), sent to the University of Oxford, by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 254. Drew, Thomas, a benefactor of the Austin Friary at Lynn, 160, note. Dunfermline, the battle at, 195; distinguished bravery of Henry de Beaumont, i/>. ; the Scots are defeated, 196. Duns Scotus, called Doctor Subtilis, 211. DuDstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, reference to an anecdote of Edgar, son of Edmund I. in the life of, 146; mentioned, 225. Durham, Bishop of, — Kaljjh Flainbard, see Flambard, Ralph. Eclipse of the sun, 43. Edgar, King of England, many monasteries erected by him, 17, 155; legend concerning his birth, 146; six (or eight) kings row his barge at Chester, ib.; his management of his navy, and of the inland provinces, ib. Edmund of East Anglia, martyr, 217. Edmund I. (called Ironside), the father of Edgar, 146. Edmund of Abington, Archbishop of Canter- bury, sec Rich, Edmund. Edward, the Martyr, son of Edgar and Alfrid-a, 217, 218. Edward the Confessor, 217, 218. Edward I., King of England, his birth, 93; he is baptized by Otho, the legate, and con- firmed by Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury, ib.; is assisted .igainst Simon de ^lontfort by Henry, son of Richard, King of the Riimans, 176; is accompanied by him to the Crusades, 177; Henry remains with the Prince in Cyprus, ib.; marries Eleanor, sister of Alphonso IX., King of Castile, 93; Henry HI. conRrs on them Gascogne, Ire- land, Wales, Bristol, Stamford, and Grant- ham, 94; he consents to refer the dispute botwccn his father and the barons to Louis IX., King of France. 98; the Au.'-tin Friary at Lyim founded in his twenty-second year, 159 ; he gives his licence to Margaret South- mere, IGO, and note. Edward HI., King of England, John of 254 GENERAL INDEX. Gaunt, the tliird son of, 102, mid iwtc; ins claim to tlio FiTiicli crown, l."35; bunefiictions ti) the Austin Kiiars at Lynn in his reign, 160, and notes; accompanied, in his war in France, by Henry, first Dulvc of Lancaster, 189; commemorated Ijy John of Bridlington, ib.; Henry do Beaumont fights under, 197; he refuses to allow De Beaumont to pass through England on his way to assist Ivl- ward Baliol, but suffers him to go by sea, 195. Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward III., commemorated by John of Bridlington, 1 89. Edward Plantagenet, Uuke of Albemarle, and Duke of York, is slain at the battle of Agin- court, 1 33, and note. Egidius, called "Doctor Declarativus," 211. Egyptians, remarks by S. Jerome on certain superstitions practised by the, 24. Eleanor of France, Henry IL marries, 71, 87 ; her divorce from Louis VII., King of France, 71,87; she brings Acjuitaine to her husband, 71; her infamous conduct when Queen of France, 87; the children of Henry II. by, ib. Eleanor, second daughter of Henry IL, King England, marries Alphonso IX., King of Castile, 87. Elcanoi", daughter of Kaymond V., Count of Provence, is married to Henry III. at Westminster, 92 ; gives birth to Edward I. at Westminster, 93 ; accompanies Henry III. on his invasion of France, ih ; gives birth to the Princess Margaret in Gascony, ib. Eleanor, sister of Alphonso IX., King of Cas- tile, mai-ries Edward I., 94. Elias, Sir John Oldca^tle's claim to have been, 142. Elmham, Sir William, betrays Henry le De- spcnser, Bishop of Non\'ich, in Flanders, 201. Ely, the bishopric of, established by Henry I., 58 ; Hervey, Bishop of Bangor, translated to the new See, ib. VAy, Bishops of, — Hervey, une Hervey. William (J ray, .see Gray, William. Engaine, Thomas de (son of .lohn. Baron dc Engaine), comi)anion in arms of Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, 188, and note. England, its early fame, 8 ; the revenues of, secured to Benedict IX. on his cession of the Papal chair to John Graziano (Gre- gory VI.), 29; Capgrave deplores the de- cline of the navy of, 155; the \voodcn walla of, 156. England, Kings of: — William I., see William L William IL, see William IL Henry I., see Henry I. Stephen, see Stephen. Henry IL, see Henry IL Richard I., see Richard I. John, see John. Henry III., see Henry III. Edward I., see Edward I. Edward III., see Edward III. Richard IL, see Richard IL Henry IV., see Henry IV. Henry V., see Henry V. Henry VI., see Henry VI. Epitaph of Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, 204. Epitaph of the Emperor Henry IV., 38. Eraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, visits Eng- land, 83 ; he seeks the assistance of Henry n. against the Saracens, ib. ; the King promises to give him money, but re'uses to go in person, ib. ; he upbraids the King at Dover, and departs, 84. Ercsby, Lord William Willoughby of, see Willoughby of Eresby, Lord William. Eric VL, King of Denmark, his life, 167, et seq.; account of his death, 167 ; he sees a vision of Wencesliis, 168; having learned from his nobles who Wenceslas was, he translates his relics, 169; he is put to death by his brother Abel, 1 70. Eric IX., King of Denmark (XIII. of GENERAL INDEX. 255 Norway,) marries Philippa, daughter of Henry IV., 117. Erpinghiiin, Sir Thomas, Knight, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard II., 113, and note; is sent to announce to Richard XL his deposition from the throne, 114. Esterby, Philip de, warns King Henry II. of England, 79. Esther and Ahasuerus, reference to their marriage, 158. Ethelbert, King of Kent, 217 ; he embraces Christianity, 218. Etheldreda, S., Virgin, 225 ; her example to be followed, ib. Eton, the College at, founded by King Henry VL, 153; verses on the laying of the first stone by Henry, ib. ; he appoints William of Waynflete as the first Provost of, 154. Eu, Henry V., marching from Ilarfleur to Calais, proceeds through Arques, and, 132; he moves on from thence to Corbie, ib. Eugenius III., Pope, in his time three red crosses are added to the white robe of the Knights Templars, 183; he was originally a disciple of S. Bernard's, 184. Evander, the father of Pallas, whose body was discovered at Home, 25. Exeter, Dukes of, — Thomas Beaufort, Earl of Dorset, see Beaufort, Thomas. John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon, see Holland, John. Exodus, Cajjgrave's Commentary on the Book of, a MS. of, sent to the University of Oxford by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 233. Ezekiel, (piotation from the Book of, 5. F. " Fasciculus Temporum," the, quoted, 224. Felix, S., the day of, reflections on the death of Henry V. on, 123. Febningham, (Co. Norfolk,) Litster, the rebel, at, 200; his country house there, ib.; Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, sends one of the quarters of his body to, 201. Fcril)y, William dc. Public Notary, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard II., 113, note. Feschamp, Remigius de, Bishop of Lincoln, seven Archdeaconries in the Diocese of, and the names of the Archdeacons in his time, 206, and note. Fitz-Alan, Richard, Earl of Arundel, opposes Richard II., 103 ; executed by Richard II., 107; this act forms part of the third of the charges alleged against him in Westminster Hall, 108; Owen Glyndwr called his "Esquire," 119. Fitz-Alan, Richard, Earl of Arundel, accom- panies Henry, the first Duke of Lancaster, to Pope Innocent VL to treat for peace between England and France, 189. Fitz-Alan, Thomas, Earl of Arundel, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard II., 112. Flainbard, Ralph, Bishop of Durham, escapes from the Tower of London, and persuades Robert Duke of Normandy to invade Eng- land, 54, and note. Flanders, Pope Urban VI. sends Henry Ic Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, into, to oppose heretics, 201 ; his success there is impaired by tlie interference of EIndiam and Trivet, ib. Flanders, Counts of, — Baldwin V., see Baldwin V. Philip of Alsace, see Philij) of Alsace. Flint, Richard IL is taken at, 108. Focdera, Rymer's reference to, 7.5. Folkingham (Co. of Lincoln), the Manor of, belonging to Henry de Beuumonl, 197. 2.56 (JENEHAL IM)i:X. Foutcvrault, Ilcnry II., i>f Kiiglaml, is lnuiccl lit, 84. Fowler, tlie, a name given to Henry I. of Germany, 13. France, tlie name said to have been derived from Franco, an eai'ly chief, 172 ; after the battle of Brenvillc Henry I. returns in tri- umph from, 6 1 ; visited by Pope Alexander III., who holds a Council at Tours, 76 ; Henry III. goes, with Richard de Graves- hend, Bishop of Lincoln, into, 95 ; where he makes an agreement with Louis IX. to give up certain territorial rights in, in ex- change for an annual tribute, 96 ; Henry of Lancaster, returning from his pilgrimage to Jerusalem, passes through, 106 ; Henry V. sends ambassadors into, to demand from Charles VI. the restoration of the English possessions, 129 ; he receives an insulting message from the Dauiihin, and determines to invade, ib. ; the French bribe certain disaffected Englishmen to dissuade the Kin.L; from the invasion, who are put to death, 130 ; Henry embarks and lands in the Pays du Caux, ib. ; he invades France, and takes Harfleur, ib. ; after the battle of Aginctmrt, Henry V. holds a Parliament at Westminster, and claims the crown of, 135 ; the claim of Edward III. to the crown of, ib. ; the Emperor Sigismund visits England, and endeavours to establish peace between it and, 136 ; the negotiations are frustrated by the treacheiy of the French, ib. ; Henry V. holds a Parliament in London, at which it is decided no longer to treat with, but to declare war against, 1 39 ; successes of Henry, Duke of Lancas- ter (grandfather of Henry IV.), in, 188 ; he receives the command of the army in, 189 ; and is sent to the Pope to negotiate for peace between England and, ib. France, Kings of, — Charles III. (the Simple), see Charles HI. Hugh Capet, see Hugh Capet. Robert II. (the Wise), see Robert II. France, Kings of, — Henry I., sec Henry I. Philip I., see I'iiilip I. Louis VI., see Louis VI. Louis VII., see Louis VII. Philip II., see Philip IL Louis VIII., see Louis VIH. Louis IX., see Louis IX. Franco and Tergotus succeed Antenor, 1 72 ; the former gives his name to France, ib. Franconia, Conrad, Duke of, see Conrad I., King of Germany. Franks, the empire restored by Otho L to the, 8. Frederic I., Barbarossa, Emperor, loses his eldest son, 43 ; dies, ib. ; is succeeded by his second son Henry VT. (Asper,) 43, 44 ; Pope Alexander III., going to the Council of Tours, chooses a devious route, from fear of, 76 ; is represented at the great Congress of foreign ambassadors, held at Westminster by Henry U., 81. Frederic II., Emperor, marries Isabel, daughter of King John, of England, 93. Frederic, Archbishop of Cologne, advises Pope Calixtus 11. to excommunicate the Emperor Henry V., 37. French Church, the, illustrious members of, in the beginning of the twelfth century, 184. Frideswide, S., Henry IV., despising her curse, continually visits Oxford, 99. Fulda, the Abbot of, contends for precedence with the Archbishop of Mayencc, 26. FuUcstan, Sir Thomas, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard II., 113. G. Galeas, John, Duke of Milan, entertains Henry of Lancaster on his return from Jerusalem, 105. GENERAL INDEX. 257 Galilee, Cana of, the marriage in, is referred to, see Cana of Galilee. Garter, Knight of tiie, the Emperor Sigis- mund is made, by Henry V., 136. Gascogne, see Aquitaine. Gaseons, the, urge Henry III. to visit his foreign possessions, 92. Gaston de Beam, see Bcara, Gaston de. Gaucourt, the Lord de, opposes Henry V. at Harfleur, 131 ; he is defeated and com- pelled to surrender the keys of the town, ib. ; the King permits him to go to the King of France, on condition tiuit he sliould return to him at Calais, ib. ; he fulfils liis promise, and comes to the King at Calais, 134. Gaunt, John of, see John of Gaunt. Gelasius 11., Pope of Home, succeeds Pas- chal n , 37. Genealogy of the Kings of France from An- tenor, written by Henry I., King of France, 172, et seqq. Genesis, tlie Book of, Capgrave's Commen- tary on, 221 ; extracts from the Ucdicutory Epistle to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, prefixed to, 229 ; reference in it to the Chronicleof England, 231. Genoese, the, blockade Harfleur, 137. Geoifrcy Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, marries Maud, widow of the Emperor Henry V., 64 ; on the visit of Henry I. to Normandy, there arises a discord between him and, 66; his charges against Queen Eleanor, 87; his death, 70. Geoffrey Plantagenet the younger (brother of Henry II. of England), his son Arthur ap- pointed heir to Henry II., 88 ; murdered by the order of John, ib. Geoffrey, son of Henry II., of England, 87, and note; rebels against his father, 79 ; Henry II. is reconciled to, 81. Geoffrey of Cliaitres, a contemporary of S. Bernard, 184. George, S., legend of his having assisted the English at the battle of Agincourt, 134. Gerard, Archbishop of York, yields homage to tlie see of Canterbury, 57. German tribes in the interior are made subject to the Emperor Henry II., 14. Germany, wars of the Emperor Henry IL in, 17 ; Henry of Lancaster, returning from Jerusalem, passes through, 106. Germany, Kings and Emj)erors of, — Louis III., see Louis HI. Conrad I., see Conrad I. Henry I. (the Fowler), see Henry I. Otho I., the Great, see Otho I., Emperor of Germany. Otho II. (the Bloody), see Otho U. Otho III., sec Otho IIL Henry II., sfe Henry II. Com-ad the Salique, see Conrad the Salique. Henry III., sec Henry IIL Henry IV., see Henry IV. Henry V., see Henry V. Lothaire II., see Lothaire II. Frederic I. Barbarossa, see Frederic I. Henry VI., see Henry VI. Philip II., see Philip II. Gervasc, Archbishop of Ehcims, crowns Philip I., King of France, at Kheims, 1 72. Ghent, Henry, Arelideacon of, see Henry, Archdeacon of Ghent. Giffard, William, Bisiiop of Winchester, is appointed by Kalph, Archbishop of Canter- bury, to marry Henry I. and Adelais of Louvain, 60, and note. Giles', S., Fields, see S. Giles' Fields. Giles, Doctor, at the request of Gilbert, Earl of Gloucester, writes a book on the " Gover- nauns of Princes," 232 ; he dedicates it to Philip, Dauphin of France, ib. ; Gilbert, Earl of Gloucester, is said to have permitted him to found an Augustinian Friary in England, ib. Gimingham (Co. Norfolk), Litstcr, the rebel, at, 200. Giraldus Candnensis, his account of the latter years of the I'.mperor Henry V., .38 ; his work " De Instruetione Priucipum," rcfe- 2;58 OENEllAL INDEX. rcncc to, 79 note; tlic chiiracter of lli.nry II. King of Eii^Maiid, ixntniycd by, 85, Ct SVCjq. Gisiliii, or Gisclo, (liiuglitor of Ilcriiian II., Duke of Suiibiii, wife of Coiirud III., 21, et seqq. Gisilia, or Gisclc, sister of the Emperor Henry II., marries Stephen, King of Hungary, 17. Gisilia, or Giselc, wife of Count Leopold (the father of Henry III., Emperor), 19 ; in her, on the accession of her son, the empire is restored to tlie line of Ciiarlcmagne, ib. ; she flies with her husband to a forest, on his having offended Coin-ad III., ib. ; is visited by Conrad, who does not recognise her, ib. ; gives birth to Henry while Conrad is in their hut, ib. Gisors, Henry I. holds a conference with Pope Calixtus II., at, 62. Glastonbury, the abbey of, founded by King Edgar, 155 ; who lies buried there, ib. Glastonbury, John, Abbot of, see John, Abbot of Glastonbury. Glossa Ordinaria, quoted, 149. Gloucester, Henry III., is crowned at, by Gualo, the Legate, 89. Gloucester, Milo de, Earl of Hereford, see ^Milo de Gloucester, Earl of Hereford. Gloucester, Earls of, — Robert, see Robert. Gilbert do Clare, see Clare, Gilbert de. llichard de Clare, see Clare, Richard de. Thomas le Despencer, see Despencer, Thomas le. Gloucester, Dukes of, — Thomas of Woodstock, see Thomas of "Woodstock. Humphrey Plantagenet, see Humphrey Plantagenct. Glyndwr, Owen, rebels against Henry IV., 119; the King pursues him into Wales, 120. Godcscall, the name assumed by the Emperor Henry V., its signification, 38. Godfrey de Bouillon, King of Jerusalem, see Bouillon, Godfrey dc. Godfrey of Vitcrbo, sec Vitcrbo, Godfrey of, Godfrey of Langres, a contemporary of S. Ber- nard, 184. GoL'thals, Henry, of Ghent, see Ilcury, Arch- deacon of Ghent. Granada, Henry, Duke of Lancaster, in, 180. Grantham, given by Henry UI. to Edward I. on his marriage with Eleanor of Castile, 94. Gravelle, John, Knight, one of the heralds sent by the Dukes of Orleans and Bourbon, to ofTer battle to Henry V., 1.32. Graveshend, Richard dc, Bishop of Lincoln, accompanies Henry III into France, to treat with Louis IX., 95. Gray, William, Bishop of Ely, extracts from the dedicatory Epistle to, prefixed by Cap- grave to his " Commentary on the Creeds," 226 ; extracts from the dedicatory Epistle to, prefixed by Capgrave to his " Commen- tary on the Acts of the Apostles," 228 ; Capgrave alludes to the attention paid to him by, when he was sick at Rome, ib. Graziano, John, i.e. Pope Gregory VI., see Gregory VL Greek Eire, used by Henry I. of Germany against Niger of Russia, 12. Green, Sir Henry, is executed at Bristol, by the order of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 108. Gregory VL, Pope, obtains the Holy See on the cession of Benedict IX., 29 ; is made Pope, when he had, by means of bribes, restored peace, ib. ; is soon deposed by the Em- peror, ib. Gregory VU., Pope [Hildebrand], his proceed- ings against simony when a legate in France, 29 ; his quarrel with the Emperor Henry IV., who deposes him, 30 ; he excommuni- cates the Emperor, and compels him to do penance, ib. ; at a Council held at Brixen, in the Tyrol, he is deposed, and Guipert, Bishop of Ravenna, elected Pope, ib. ; Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia, assists him, and drives Clement IH. from Rome, 31. Gregory, Nazianzen, story of, 16. GENERAL INDEX. 259 Gregory, Bishop of Antioch, see Antioch, Gre- gory, Bishop of. Grey, Sir Thomas, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard II., 113, awJ note; is sent to announce to Richard II. liis de- position, 114; endeavours to dissuade Henry V. from invading France, 130 ; is executed for doing so, ib. Greyndore, Henry, is sent to Henry V. by Sir John Oldcastle, with a paper recommend- ing the King to appropriate the Ciiurch revenues, 140 ; he is imprisoned by the King, ib. Gualo, the Papal Legate, crowns Henry III. at Gloucester, 89 ; is present at Kingston upon Thames, when Louis, Dauphin of France, sues for peace, 90. Guipert, Bishop of Ravenna, is elected Pope in the room of Gregory VIL (deposed by Henry IV., Emperor), 30. Guiscard, Robert, Duke of Apulia, assists Pope Gregory VII. [Hildcbrand] against Henry IV. the Emperor, 31. Gurtler's History of the Knights Templars is referred to, see Aldcmaro, Gaufred de Sancto. Guy, Archbishop of Vicnnc in Duufinc, see Vicnne. H. Half-pennies, see 01)ols. Hampton (/. e. Southampton), Robert, Duke of Normandy, claims to succeed William I., and lands at, 53 ; the French prepare to attack the fleet of Henry V. at, 137 ; Henry V. proceeds thither, ib. ; he collects his fleet against France at, 1 40. Hardy, Thomas Duil'us, his edition of Le Neve's "Fasti Ecclesiai Anglicanai " referred to, see Bayeux, William of. Harfleur, Henry V. lands at tiie Pays du Cau-x, and takes, 130 ; he permits the Lord Gaucourt to depart, 131 ; and from thence sends a message to the Dauphin, begging hira to come to terms without bloodshed, ib. ; Cardinal Beaufort, Bishop of Winches- ter, urges the people (at Westminster) to thank God for the taking, by Henry V.,of, 135 ; the French prepare to attack, 137 ; the King of France, Charles VL, ha^'ing assented to the treaty of peace, treacher- ously suffers the French to blockade, ib. ; it is relieved by the Duke of Bedford, who disperses the French fleet, ib. Ilayle, the Lord de, 132. Ilayles, Cistercian Abbey at (founded by Richard, King of the Romans), his son Henry is buried there, 179, and note. " Hebraicorum nominum interprctatio," by Bede, referred to, 4. Hebron, David anointed over the tribe of Judah, in, 148. Hector, Prince Henry, son of Henry IL, of England, compared to, 82. Henricus, etymology of the name, 3. Henries, Capgrave's conclusion to his History of the, 217. Henry L, King of England, .53 ; his father leaves to him the bulk of his treasure, ib. ; his eldest brother, Robert, disputes his claim to the throne, ib. ; he receives Robert at Northampton, 54 ; they quarrel, and Henry invades Normandy, 55 ; lays siege to Tenechebray, ib. ; defeats, and takes Robert, 56 ; returns to England, 57 ; casts his brother into prison, and holds his Court at Windsor, ib. ; he is crowned by ilaurice. Bishop of London, ib. ; man-ics Matilda, daughter of Malcolm of Scotland, ib. ; holds a council at London, and renounces the right of investiture, ib. ; assigns jiuuish- monts to tliieves and clippers of coins, 58 ; establishes a Bishop's See at Ely, ib. ; makes Ilervey, Bishop of Bangor, tlic first Bishop, ib. ; gives Spalding to the Diocese of Lincoln, ib. ; rebuilds the ^Monastery of Hide at Winchester, ib. ; warns Thurstan, 8 2 200 OENKllAl, INDKX. Arclibisliop of York, to suliiiiit tcj the Archhisliop of CiiiiUrbury, ih.; discusses this question witii tlie I'opc nt lliieirns, 59 ; resists, but is compelled to restore Thurstan ; mnrrics (secondly) Adelais of Louvian, 60 ; disturbances at his marriage, ib. ; gains the battle of Brcnville, 61 ; returns to Rouen, ib. ; obtains Maud of Anjou in marriage for his son William, 62 ; makes peace with France, ib. ; holds a conference with Calixtus n. at Gisors, ib. ; returns from France, ib. ; his sons arc drowned on their rctum, 63 ; keeps his Christmas at Bramp- ton with Theobald of Blois, ib. ; marries Adelais of Louvain at Windsor, ib. ; is visited by bis daughter, the Empress Maud, 64 ; claims the allegiance of his subjects for his daughter Maud, 64, 65 ; the story of his sending old robes to his brother Robert, in Cardiff Castle, 65 ; he goes into Normandy, ib. ; is detained there by his daughter, ib. ; his death, ib. ; contradictory estimates of his character, 67 ; his body is carried to Rouen, ib. ; thence to Caen, 68 ; he is buried at Reading, ib. ; reflections on his death, ib. Henry II., King of England, is born at Anjou, 69 ; is kept from bis kingdom by Stephen of Blois, ib. ; he remains in Scotland during the war between Stephen and his mother, 70 ; is knighted by David, King of Scot- land, at Carlisle, ib. ; on his father's death proclaims himself Duke of Normandy, 71 ; marries Eleanor of France, ib. ; obtains the Duchy of Acquitaine through her, ib. ; his right to the throne is acknowledged by Stephen, 72 ; succeeds to the throne, ib. ; birth of his son, Henry, ib. ; he obtains leave from Pope Adrian IV. to invade Ireland, 73 ; the bull sent to him by the Pope in reference to the conquest of Ireland, ib. ; Alexander III., the successor of Adrian, confirms the bull to him, 75, and note; he arranges a maniage between Margaret of France and Prince Henry, 76 ; he causes the Lords to swear allegiance to Prince Henry, ib. ; meets Pope Alexander HI. in France, ib. ; plots the ruin of Bcckct, 77 ; holds the Council at Clarendon, ib. ; procures the removal of Beckct from Pontigny, ib. ; sends messages to the Pope declaring his innocence of the death of Beckct, 78 ; an account of certain mys- terious warnings given to him, ib. ; his sons and the King of Scotland rebel against him, 79 ; he has great trouble with his sons, 80 ; does penance at the shrine of Beckct, ib. ; is reconciled to his sons, 81 ; receives a vast body of foreign ambassadors in London, ib. ; he contributes money to the Crusade, 82 ; his son Henry dies, ib. ; Peter of Blois writes a consolatory letter to him on the death of his son, ib. and note ; he is visited by Eraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 83 ; who remonstrates with him on his refusal to join the Crusade, ib. ; Henry follows him to Dover, 84 ; their angry conversation on parting, ib. ; he dies, and is buried at Fontevrault, ib. ; his character from Giraldus Cambrensis, 85 ; his exploits in war, 86 ; his decision of the controversy between the Kings of Navarre and Castile, ib. ; his wife, her evil character, 87 ; his children and their marriages, ib. Henry HI., King of England, his birth, 88 ; he succeeds his father, ib. ; his right to the Crown is disputed by Louis of France, ib. ; he is crowned at Gloucester, 89 ; he is joined by some of the adherents of Louis, 90; defeats Louis at Lincoln, ib.; makes a truce with him at I\ingston-upon-Thamcs, 91 ; promises to observe the rights of the Barons, ib. ; founds the Monastery at Westminster, 92 ; is urged to visit his foreign possessions, ib. ; manies Eleanor of Provence, ib. ; mar- ries his sister to the Emperor Frederic, 93 ; his son Edward is born, ib.; he proceeds to France, ib. ; is unsuccessfully opposed by the French Iving, who obtains a five years' truce, ib.; his daughter Margaret is born, ib.; also the Princess Beatrice [Cap- GENERAL INDEX. 261 grave erroneously makes them one and the same], ia the following year, ih.-, his son, Edward, marries Eleanor of Castile, ilt.; Henry confers on him Gascognc, Ireland, Wales, Bristol, Stamford, and Grantham, 94 ; he makes a change in the coinage, ib. ; he makes peace with Llewellyn of Wales, ib.; his brother Kichard, Earl of Cornwall, leaves England, ib. ; the nobles conspire against the King, 95 ; he receives his bro- ther Richard, on his return, at Canterbury, ib. ; he visits France and makes an agree- ment with the French King to give up certain territorial rights in exchange for an annual tribute, ib. ; resolves to resist the Provisions of Oxford, 96 ; is promised assistance by the King of France, 97 ; makes Walter dc Mcrton his Chancellor, and William Basset Chief Justice, ib.; he meets the Barons in London, 98 ; agrees to refer the controversy to the King of France, ib. ; proceeds to France to be present at the arbitration, 99; is favoured by the French King, who decides that the Provisions of Oxford should be abrogated, ib. ; his con- tinual visits to Oxford, ib. ; he defeats the Barons, and takes Northampton, ib.; pur- sues the rebels to Rochester, 100; his death, 101 ; he is buried in Westminster Abbey, ib. Henry IV., King of England, succeeds Richard II., 102; his birth, ib.; visits the Holy Land, ib.; his resistance to Richard II., 103; he gains a victory over the Saracens, 104 ; returns to England, ib. ; again visits Jeru- salem, ib.; account of his journey, 104, ct seq.; he visits the graves of St. Augustin, Bocithius, and the Duke of Clarence, 105 ; returns through Bohemia, Germany, and France into England, 106; lands in Eng- land, ib.; is accepted as guardian of the realm, 107; proceeds to Bridlington and Bristol, 108; takes King Richard, and leads him to London, ib. ; Richard is charged with treating him unjustly, ib.; he is pre- sent at the abdication of Kichard II., 112 ; Richard consents to his succession to the throne, 113; his accession to the throne, 114; he holds his first Parliament, 115; is crowned, ib.; his character, ib.; his sons, 116; his daughter, Philippa, marries Eric of Norway, 117 ; he marries Joan of Na- varre, ib.; Henry Percy, Earl of Northum- berland, rebels against him, 118; the war between them, ib. ; he has troubles with Glyndwr, 119; pursues him through Wales, 120; dies, 121; his dying address to his eldest son, 123. Henry v.. King of England, 125 ; is crowned at Westminster, ib. ; is conspired against by Sir John Oldcastle (Lord Cobham), ib.; Oldcastle is brought before him, 126 ; and is consigned to the Tower, but escapes, 128 ; on the failure of the second attempt, the King orders litanies and public thanks to God, (7». ; he builds three monasteries near Schene (Richmond), ib. ; holds his Parlia- ment at Leicester, in which it is determined to adopt hostile measures against France, 129 ; he prepares fleets and soldiers, 130 ; certain treacherous persons endeavour to dissuade him from the expedition, and are put to death, ib. ; he takes Harfleur, ib. ; sends a message to the Dauphin, and begs him to come to terms without bloodshed, 131 ; he loses many of his troops, and many return to England, 132 ; he proceeds to Arques, ib. ; thence to Eu, ib. ; thence to Bowes, ib. ; thence to the plain of Corbie, ib. ; he defeats a body of the French there, ib. ; crosses the Sommc, ib. ; meets certain heralds, who announce the approach of the French, ib. ; bids his soldiers confess their sins, ib. ; defeats the French at Agincourt, 133; proceeds to Calais, 134; receives the Lord Gaucort, and the cajjtives froni ILir- fleur, there, ib. ; proceeds to Canterbury, ih. ; thence to London, ib. ; proclaims him- self King of France, 135 ; is informed of the victory of the Earl of Dorset over the French, ib. ; is visited by the Emperor Sigismund, 136 ; receives him in London. 8 3 262 GENERAL INDEX. mill comlufts liim to Westminster, ib. ; makes him a Kni^^lit of the Garter, ib. ; on troubles oecurring at Ilarfleur, conducts him to Leeds Castle, in Kent, 137; returns thanks to God, at Canterbury, for the Duke of Bedford's victory at Ilarfleur, ib.; accom- panies the Emperor on his return as far as Calais, 138 ; holds a conference there with the Duke of Burgundy, 139 ; confers on the Earl of Dorset the title of Duke of Exeter, ib.; is urged by Oldcastle and his followers to appropriate the goods of the Church, 140 ; casts into prison Henry Greyndore, who had been sent to him by Oldcastle, ib. ; collects his fleet at South- ampton, ib. ; enters Normandy, and takes Caen, ib. ; Oldcastle, still plotting against him, is captured, 141 ; and executed, ib. ; he marries Katherine of France, 142 ; dies at Bois de Vincenncs, near Paris, 143, note. Henry VI., King of England, his birth, 144; reflections on the day of his birth, etc., 144, 145; joy in London on the occasion of his birth, 146; he is crowned at Westminster^ 147; and at Paris, ih.; reflections of the author on his double coronation, 147, 148; the praises of the King, 150; he is compared to Constantine the Great, 151, 152; he founds Eton College, and King's College, Cambridge, 153; appoints William Mil- lington to be the Provost of King's College, and William of Waynflete to be the Provost of Eton, 1 54 ; decline of the English Navy in his time, 155; he marries Margaret of Anjou, 156; reflections of the author on this mamage, and on matrimony, 156, etseq.; his visit to the Austin Friary at Lynn, 158; he takes it under his protection, ib.; false charges having been made to him to the prejudice of the monks of Lynn, Capgrave gives him an account of the foundation, progress, and present condition of his House, 1 59 ; and dedicates the Third Part of the " Henries" to him, 165; Dedication of the entire Work to, 1 . Henry I. , Emperor of Germany (the Fowler), 7; his parentage, 8; his sisters, and their alliances, ib. ; he succeeds to the throne, ib.; declares war against the Hungarians, and conquers them, 9; arms prisoners against the enemies of his kingdom, ib.; Capgrave discusses the propriety of this measure, ib. ; and decides that the Emperor acted rightly, 10 ; he obtains possession of the Sacred Spear, ib.; his virtues, 11; submission to him of Charles the Simple (HI.), King of France, 12; Niger of Russia proclaims war against him, but is repulsed, ib. ; extract from the " Pantheon " of Godfrey of Viterbo relating to him, 13; is succeeded by three Emperors of the name of Otho, ib,; Cap- grave decides that he was the first Emperor, 14. Henry II., Emperor of Germany (the Lame), son of Henry II., Duke of Bavaria (called Hezilon, MS. " Besilio,"), 14; is anointed by the Archbishop of Mayence, ib. ; represses rebellion, ib.; his wife, S. Cunegnnd, 16; their austere life, ib. ; he builds many churches, ib. ; wages war successfully in Germany, Bohemia, and Italy, 17; Stephen, King of Hungaiy, marries his sister Gisele, ib. ; extract from the " Pantheon " of God- frey of Viterbo relating to him, 18. Henry III., Emperor of Germany (the Black), 1 9 ; the history of his accession to the throne, 19, et seq.; his accession on the death of Conrad the Salique, 24 ; he subdues the Iving of the Bohemians and the Vindelici, ib.; and makes them tributaries, ib.; restores Peter of Hungaiy to his throne, 25 ; marries Chunclindc, daughter of Canute the Great, ib. ; marries (a second wife) Agnes, daughter of William, Duke of Poitou and Aquitaine, ib.; legend of the discovery of the Giant Pallas (at Rome) in his reign, ib.; he keeps Whitsuntide at Mayence, ib.; the Arch- bishop and an Abbot contend for supremacy, 26; he is succeeded by Henrj- IV., 27. Henry IV., Emperor of Germany, conjectures as to his descent, 27; he avenges the wTongs of Peter, King of Hungary, ib. ; ravages GENERAL INDEX. 263 Pannonia, 28; quarrels with (Hildebrand) Pope Gregory VII., 30 ; deposes him, ib. ; is himself excommunicated by the Pope, and compelled to do penance, ib. ; besieges the Pope, but on the approach of Guiscard, flies with Guijjcrt, wliom he had made Pope, to Siena, 31 ; at Mayence, ap])oints liis son Henry to be his successor, ib. ; Ilenry, his son, rebels against him, ib. ; the Arch- bishop of Mayence excommunicates him, ib.; he goes out with an army to meet his son, ib. ; they meet on the banks of the Rhine, but the Dukes of Austria and Bo- hemia deserting him, he is compelled to fly, 32 ; he is forced to resign the empire to his son, ib.; he retires to Cologne, ib.; and dies at Liege, ib. ; Extract from the " Pantheon " of Godfrey of Viterbo relating to him, 33; reference to his imprisonment by his son, Henry V., 56. Henry V., Emperor of Germany, succeeds his father, 35; invades Italy, ib.; reviews the troops by the Po, and takes Pontrcmoli and Arezzo, ib. ; is received by the Pope at Rome, ib.; makes him his prisoner, but is finally reconciled to, and crowned by him, 36; marries Maud, daughter of Ilenry I., King of England, 37 ; Lothaire the Saxon (afterwards Emperor) comes barefoot and in tatters to the wedding, ib. ; Pope Calixtus excommunicates him, ib. ; he thrusts Bourdin, a Spaniard, into the See of Rome, ib. ; on his submission he is absolved by Lambert the Legate, 38 ; lays siege to Rome. ib. ; dies at Spires, ib.; his epitaph, ib.; the ac- count of him given by Giraldiis Cambrcnsis, 38 ; he becomes a monk in the Monastery of S. Withburgha, Chester, ib.; Extracts from the " Pantheon " of Godfrey of Viterbo concerning him, 39, et scq.; reference to his imprisonment of his father Henry IV., 56. Henry VI., Emperor of Germany (Aspcr), second son of the Emperor, Frederic Bar- barossa, 43; is crowned at Rome, ib.; his expedition into Apulia, ib.; he enters Sicily, but is compelled to retreat by a pestilence breaking out in his army, ib. ; marries Con- stance of Sicily, ib. ; subdues Apulia, 44 ; mention of his keeping Richard I., King of England, in captivity, ib. ; extracts from the " Pantheon " of Godfrey of Viteibo, relating to him, 44, et seq. Henry Plantagenct, Earl of Derby and Duke of Lancaster, his piety, 186 ; he is called "Pater Militum," li.; his wars in Prussia, Rhodes, Spain, and elsewhere, «6. ; his courage, 187; his companions in arms, ib.; his successes in France, 188; verses of John of Bridlington on, ib. ; he receives the com- mand of the English army in France, 189; he is sent to the Pope to arrange a treaty of peace between England and France, ib.; enumeration of his nrtues, 190; he writes a book entitled " ^Mercy, Gramercy," ib. ; he dies at Leicester, ib.; his daughter Maud marries secondly William, Duke of Zealand, 191 ; Blanch, the daughter of, marries John of Gaunt, 102, [there mistaken for Con- stance, his second wife,] 191; she becomes the mother of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, afterwards Henry IV., ib. Henry dc Bohun, I":arl of Hereford, 192; de- scended from Milo de Gloucester, 192, note; he opposes the encroachments of King John, 193; his grief on the occasion of the general Interdict, ib.; he proceeds on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, ib. ; he again goes to Jerusa- lem, and is accompanied by Saier de Quin- ccy. Earl of Winchester, ih. Ilenry dc Beaumont, his noble character, 194; he fights bravely for King Edward IIL, ib.; assists Edward Baliol in his attempt to gain the crown of Scotland, ib.; Edward IIL refuses to allow Baliol's partisans to enter Scotland by land, but permits them to go by sea, out of friendship to, 195; is present at the bnttlc of Dunfermline, ib.; his courage, ib.; the Scots are defeated by him, ib.; Capgrave acknowledges his obligations to the descendants of, 196; he is present at the siege of Berwick, 197; his descent from the royal family of France, ib. ; his marriage, iV*. ; 8 4 264 GENERAL INDEX. hia Manor of Folkingham, in Lincolnshire, ih. ; his burial, ih. Ilcnry Ic Dcspcnscr, Hishoj) of Norwich (called the Warlike), 198; i)revioiis to his being chosen I'ishop, he visits Koine, and fights against certain heretics, ib.; his popnhirity, ib.; his great bravery against the rebels in the time of lliehard II., 199; he quells the sedition of Litstcr and others, ib.; he puts certain rebels to death at Wymondham, ib.; he quells the sedition at Norwich, 200; he goes in pursuit of Wat Tyler, ib. ; he catches Litster and beheads him, 201 ; he sends the quarters of the body to his own house, and to Norwich, Lynn, and Yarmouth, ib. ; he is sent into Flanders by the Pope to oppose certain heretics, ib. ; his great zeal against all disturbers of the peace, ib.; Capgrave discusses the lawfulness of a Bishop bearing arms, 202 ; he dies, and is buried at Norwich, ib.; his Epitaph, 204. Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon, his learn- ing and writings, 205; quotations from his "Chronicle," 205, and notes; the history of his promotion, 206; extract from his " De Summitatibus Rerum," containing his opinion on the end of the world, ib. Henr}', Earl of Lancaster, father of Henry first Duke of Lancaster, his gift to the Chapel of Walsingham, recorded in the Annals of the Chapel, 191. Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Lancaster, son of John of Gaunt. See Henry IV. Henry of Lancaster, Sir, opposes Richard II., 103; see Henry IV. Henry, Prince, son of Henry IV. See Henry V. Henry, King of the Daeians, see Eric VI., King of Denmark. Henry I., King of France, the son of Hugh Capet, 171 ; he assists William, Duke of Nor- mandy, ib.; Ivo of Chartres says that he was the grandson of Hugh Capet, ib.; he resigns his crown to his son Philip, 172; causes him to be crowned by Gcrvase, Archbishop of Rheims, ib. ; he appoints Baldwin, Count of Flanders, Regent, ib.; genealogy of the Kings of France from Antcnor, written by him, 172, et sei/. ; his son Hugh distin- guished at Jerusalem, 174. Henry, son of Richard, King of the Romans, 175; accompanies Prince Edward, son of Henry HI., in many of his expeditions, 176; his marriage, ib.; he assists Prince Edward against Simon de Montfort, ib.; fights at the battle of Lewes, ib.; accompanies Prince Edward in the Crusade, 177; shares his troubles at Cyprus, ib. ; he fights long against the Infidels, 178; retires at the end of his days to Viterbo, ib. ; is there treacherously slain in a church by Guy and Simon de Monlfort, li. ; his heart is buried at West- minster, and his body at the Abbey of Ilayles, 179. Henry II., Count of Champagne, his connec- tion with England, 180; account of his parentage, ib. ; he accompanies Richard I., King of England, to the Crusade, ib. ; remains in the Holy Land when Richard and the French King had left it, 181 ; the Knights Templars and Hospitallers unani- mously elect him to be Iving of Jeru- salem, ib. ; he marries the daughter of Conrad, Marquis of Montferrat, his prede- cessor, ib. ; his good deeds, ib.; his celebrity among the Knights Templars, of whom the author gives some account, 182. Henry, King of Jerusalem, see Henry IL, Count of Champagne. Henry, Archbishop of Sens, brother of Louis VI., King of France, 184 ; renounces the world, and becomes a monk at the exhorta- tion of S. Bernard, ib. ; remains at Clair- vaulx, ib. ; is made Bishop of Beauvais, 185 ; is elevated to the Archbishopric of Sens, ib. ; S. Bernard writes to him, ib. ; the question of his retirement from the world is discussed, ib. ; the example of S. ilartin is quoted in defence of his retirement, ib. Henry, Archdeacon of Ghent, 209 ; account of his writings, ib. ; he is called " Doctor Solemnis," 211. Henry de Urimai-ia, Doctor Parisiensis, 212 ; GENERAL INDEX. 265 his industry and devotion, ib. ; his habits and exercises, 213; his \vi-itings, ib.; account of his death, 215 ; legend concerning his death, ib. Henry, Archbishop of Magdeburgh, see Mag- deburgh, Henry, Arclihishop of. Henry, Princ?, son of Henry II., is born at London, 72; married to Margaret, daughter of Louis VII., King of France, 76 ; Henry n. compels all his nobles to swear allegi- ance to, ib. ; Thomas Becket is the first to swear, ib. ; he rebels against his father, 79, 80; is reconciled to liini, 81 ; takes up his continual abode in Anjou and Aquitaine, ib. ; his death, 82 ; he is buried at Le Mans, ib. ; his body is afterwards removed to Rouen, ib. Henry I., Duke of Saxony, is represented at the great Congress of foreign ambassadors held at Westminster by Henry II., 81 ; mar- ries Matilda, eldest daughter of Heury II., King of England, 87. Hereford, Earls of, — Milo do Gloucester, see Milo de Glou- cester. Henry dc Bohun, see Henry de Bohun, Humphrey dc Bohun, see Bohun, Hum- phrey dc. Herman II., Duke of Suabia, see Gisilia, daughter of Herman II. Hertford, Earls of, — Roger de Clare, see Clare, Roger dc. Gilbert dc Clare, see Clare, Gilbert de. Hervcy, Bishop of Bangor, is translated to the newly erected sec of Ely, .58. Hezilon, Henry II., Duke of Bavaria, so called, the father of Henry II. Emperor, q. v. Hicklingham, (or Icklingham,) Henry Ic De- spenser. Bishop of Norwich, at, 199. Hide, the monastery of, rebuilt by King Henry I., 58. Hildcbrand, sec Gregory VII. Hilderic, King of France, entering a monas- tery, Pepin is made King, 173. Ilogue, La, the Earl of Huntingdon, gains a naval victor v at, 140. Holland, John, Earl of Huntingdon, defeats the French fleet at La Hogue, 140. Holland, William V., Duke of, see Zealand, William, Duke of. Holland, William VI., Count of, see William VI. Count of Holland. Ilonorius II., Pope, previously Bishop of Ostia, see Lambert, Bishop of Ostia. Ilonorius III., Pope, 193. Honton, Richard de, a benefactor of the Austin Friary at Lynn, 160, note. Honton, Alice de, (wife of Richard dc Hon- ton,) one of the benefactors of the Austin Friary, at Lynn, 160, note. Hospitallers, the Knights, and the Knights Templars elect Henry II. Count of Cham- pagne, King of Jerusalem, 181. Hubert de Burgh, see Burgh, Hubert de. Hugh the Great, father of Hugh Capet, King of France, 174. Hugh, Capet, King of France, succeeded by his son Henrj', 171 ; according to Ivo of Chartres by Robert II. (the Wise), the brother of Henry I., ib. Hugh, son of Hugh Capet, dying without heii-s, is succeeded by his brother Robert II., 174. Hugh, son of Henry I., King of France, dies in battle at Jerusalem, 174. Hugh, of Auxcrre, a contemporary of S. Ber- nard, 184. Humphrey Plantagcnet, Duke of Gloucester, and Earl of Pembroke, youngest son of Henry IV., 117; Capgrave expresses his intention of ^\Titing a life of, ib. ; receives the Emperor Sigismund at Dover, 136 ; is sent to S. Omer as a hostage, while John, Duke of Burgundy, holds a conference with Henry V. at Calais, 139 ; the life of, referred to, 228; Capgrave dedicates his "Commen- tary on the Book of Genesis" to, lA.; extracts from the dedicatory letter to, 229 ; the Duke's acknowlcdgnunt of the gift, written upon the Oriel MS., 222 ; he gives the MS. to the University of Oxford, 233. Hungarians, the, overcome by Otho I., Duke of Sa.xonv, 8 ; by Henry I. (ihc Fowler), 9 ; 266 GENERAL INDEX. tlicy reverence tlicir king, Stephen I., as a Saint, 17. Hungary, Henry of Lancaster (Earl of Derby), on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem, passes through, 105 ; he is kindly received l)y Sigisniund, the king of, ib. Hungary, Kings of, — Stephen I., see Stephen I. Peter the German, see Peter the Ger- man. Andrew I., see Andrew I. Sigisniund, see Sigisniund. Huntingdon, Earl of, — John Holland, see Holland, John. Huntingdon, Archdeacons of, 206. Huntingdon, Henry of, see Henry of Hunting- don. Hereford, Bishop of, — .John Trevenant (or Trefuant), see Tre- fuant, John, Herbert, bishop of Norwich, see Losinga, Herbert de. Heth, near Lynn, 104. Hydromel, a preparation of water and honey, the superstitions of the Egyptians respect- ing it, 24. Innocent IH., Pope, lays the Kingdom of England under an Interdict, in the reign of John, 89, 193. Innocent VI., Pope, Henry, first Duke of Lan- caster, is sent to him to treat for peace be- tween England and France, 189. Instructionc Principum, De, by Giraldus Cam- brensis, see Giraldus Cambrcnsis. Interdict, the Great, in the reign of King John, 89, 193. Investiture, dispute between the Emperor Heniy V. and the Church as to the right of, 36, et seq. Ireland, Pope Adrian IV. (Nicolas Break- spcre), permits Henry II. to invade, 73; his bull to that effect, ih.; Alexander III., his successor, confirms the bull, 75 ; sub- dued by Henry II., 81, note; given by Henry III. to Edward I. on his marriage with Eleanor of Castile, 94 ; Richard II. visits, and returns from on the landing in England of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 106. Irishman, a certain, warns Henry II. to amend his life, 79. Ironside, Edmund I., called, see Edmund I. Isabel, daughter of King John, marries the Emperor Frederic H., 93. Isaiah, Commentary of St. Jerome on the reference to the Egyptians made by the Prophet, 24, and note. Italy, wars of the Emperor Henry II. in, 17 ; tlic Emperor Henry V. invades, 35 ; Henry de Beaumont distinguishes himself in battle in, 197. Italy, Kings of,— Berenger II. and Adalbert, see Lom- bards. Ivo of Chartres, the Chronicle of, referred to, 171, and note. Jacob the Patriarch, his words quoted, 2. James, S., the Apostle, a relic of, given to Henry I. by his daughter Maud, 64 ; Henry I. founds a monastery at Reading, and places it there, ib. Jehosaphat, the seamless coat of Christ found in the valley of, 75, and note. Jerusalem, the troubles at, 11 ; Godfrey of Bouillon elected King of, ib. ; reference to the confinement of Shimei within the walls of, by Solomon, 1 5 ; Robert, Duke of Nor- mandy, rejects the kingdom of, 54 ; is GENERAL INDEX. 267 punished on that account, 56 ; the scam- less coat of Christ is carried by Gregory, Bishop of Antioch, to, 75 ; is taken Ijy tlie baracens, 84 ; Henry of Lancaster (Earl of Derby) goes on a pilgrimage to, 104 ; Hugh, son of Henry I., King of France, dies in battle at, 174; Henry, Count of Champagne, accompanies Richard I. to, 180; he is chosen King of, 181; pilgri- mages of Henry de Bohun, Earl of Here- ford, to, 1 93. Jerusalem, Kings of, — Baldwin V., see Baldwin V. Henry, see Henry II., Count of Cham- pagne. Jerusalem, Patriarchs of, — Eraclius, see Ei-aclius. Stephen, see Stephen. Joab is put to death by the command of Solomon, 15. Joan of Navarre, second wife of Henry IV., 117. Joan, daughter of Edward II., marries David, Prince of Scotland (afterwards David II.), 195, and note. Joanna, third daughter of Henry II., King of England, marries William the Good, King of Sicily, 87, arid note. John, King of England, 88 ; wastes the pos- sessions acquired, by marriage, by his pre- decessors, in France, 72 ; reference to his rebellion against his father, Henry II„ 79 ; his reconciliation to his father, 81 ; is suc- ceeded by his son Henry, 89 ; Pope Inno- cent III. lays him and his kingdom under an interdict, 88, 193 ; Henry de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, one of the most vigorous opponents of his tyrannies, 193 ; his dcatii, 89. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, father of Henry IV., 102, 191 ; Henry IJcaufort, his son (by Katiicrine Swinford), Bisiiop of Winchester, and a cardinal, see Beaufort, Henry. John, Abbot of Glastonbury, and otliers, are sent to Richard II. to announce his deposi- tion, 114. John Plantagenet, third son of Henry IV., Earl of Kendal and Duke of Bedford, 117. John, Duke of Bedford, receives the Emperor Sigismund at Rochester, 136; scatters the French fleet and relieves Harfleur, 137 ; in the absence of Henry V., holds a Parliament in London, 139 ; is present at the exeeutiun of Sir John Oldcastle, 142. John, Duke of Bourbon, see Bourbon, John, Duke of. Jolin, Duke of Burgundy, comes to Calais to hold a conference with King Henry V., 139 ; the Duke of Gloucester is sent to S. Omer as a hostage, ib. Josaphath, 16. Josceline of Soissons, see Soissons, Josceline of K. Katherine of France, daughter of Charles VI., marries Henry V. at Troyes in Champagne, 142 ; becomes the mother of Henry VI., 144. Kent, Leeds Castle, in the county of, see Leeds Castle. Kent, Ethelbert, King of, see Etheibcrt, King of Kent. Kent, Wat Tyler, a man of, his rebellion, 200; Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, pursues him, ib. Kent, Earl of,— Hubert de Burgh, see Burgh, Hubert de. Kings, tlie Books of, Capgravc's Commentary on, referred to, 15; Cnpgrave's Commen- tary on the First and Third Hooks of, given by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, to tlio University of Oxford, 234. King's College, Cambridge, founded by 268 OENERAL INDEX. Henry VI., LIS; Williiiiii Milliiit^'ton ap- liuinted first Provost, 154. Kiiifjs of France, their genealogy written by Henry I., King of Franee, 172, et seij. Kingston-upon-Tlianies, Louis of France, having been defeated at Lincoln, sues for peace at, 91. Knight of the Garter, see Garter, Knight of. Knights llsopitallers, see Hospitallers, the Knights. Knights Templars, the, see Templars, the Knights. La Hogue, see Hogue, La. Lambert, Bishop of Ostia, as Legate, absolves the Emperor Henry V. on his renouncing the right of investiture at Worms, 38; [Pope Honorius II.] the Knights Templars estab- lished at Jerusalem in the time of, 182. Lancaster, Sir Henry of, see Henry of Lan- caster, Sir. Lancaster, Earl of, — Henry, father of Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, see Henry, Earl of Lan- caster. Lancaster, Dukes of, — John of Gaunt, see John of Gaunt. Henry Plantagenet, Earl of Derby, see Henry, Earl of Derby. Henry Plantagenet, see Henry Planta- genet, Duke of Lancaster, and Henry IV. Langres, Godfrey of, see Godfrey of Langi-es. " Le Neve," Hardy's Edition of, referred to, see Bayeux, William of. Leeds Castle, in Kent, the Emperor Sigismund is placed there by King Henry V., 137. Leicester, Henry V., holds a Parliament at, 129 ; no tax demanded of the clergy or people, ib. ; the King's marriage discussed, ib. ; it is determined to send ambassadors to France, ih.; Henry, first Duke of Lan- caster, dies at, 190. Leicester, Earls of, — Robert Blanchmains, see Blancbmains, Robert. Simon de Montfurt, see Montfort, Simon dc. Leo II., Pope, 28. Leo IV., Pope, gives certain Relics to Charlemagne, 12. Leopold of Austria deserts the cause of the Emperor Henry IV., and joins his son Henry, 32. Leopold, Count, the father of the Emperor Henry III., 19 ; offends Conrad lU.and flies to a forest, ib. ; Conrad finds him there by accident, ib. ; his son Henry is bom while Conrad is in the hut, ib. ; after the mar- riage of his son to Conrad's daughter, he is restored to favour, 24. Lewes, the battle of, 100 ; Henry, son of Richard, King of the Romans, fights in, 176. Lexham, Thomas de, a benefactor of the Austin Friary at Lynn, 1 60, and note. Liege, the Emperor Henry IV. retires to, and dies there, 32 ; is buried there, but his body cast out of the cemetery by Pope Paschal 11., 33. Limoges, Louis IV. acknowledges the rights of Henry III. in, 96. Lincoln, the Diocese of, Heniy I. confers the royal vill of Spalding on the Bishop of Lin- coln, in consideration of Cambridge having been assigned to the new See of Ely, 58. Lincoln, Bishops of : — Remigius de Feschamp, see Feschamp, Remigius de. Robert Bloet, see Bloet, Robert. Richard de Gravesbend, see Graveshend, Richard de. Lincoln, besieged by Louis of France, who is defeated there, 90. Lindisfarne, Bishops of, — S. Cuthbert, see Cuthbert, S. S. Aidan, see Aidan, S. GENERAL INDEX. 269 Lionel, Duke of Clarence (son of Edward III.), is buried at Milan, 105; Henry of Lancaster, returning from Jerusalem, visits the tomb of, lb. ; his heart carried to Eng- land, and buried in the Austin Friary at Clare, ib. Lions, the Wood of, 8. Denys in, G6. Lira, Doctor dc, quotation from his writings, 149, Litster, Jolm, Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, quells the sedition of, 199 ; cap- tures and executes him, 201 ; sends the quarters of his body to certain places in Norfolk, ib. Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, makes peace with Henrj-- III. at Montgomery, 94 ; the Papal Legate seals and confirms the agreement, ib. Lollards, the, rise, during the absence of Henry V. in France, but are suppressed by John, Duke of Bedford, 140. Lombards, the (Berenger II. and Adalbert, Kings of Italy), conquered by Olho I., Emperor of Germany, 8. London, a council held at, under Henry I., in which the right of investiture by cross and ring is forbidden to laymen, 57 ; Henry I. and Adelais of Louvain are crowned at, G3 ; Prince Henry, eldest son of Henry II., is born at, 72 ; held by Louis, son of Philip II., King of France, against Henry III., 89 ; Hciny III. meets the Barons in, where they deter- mine to refer their disputes to Louis IX., King of France, 98 ; Simon dc Mont- fort, leaving Ilochester, advances on, 100 ; S. Giles' Fields at, the place of rendezvous of the adherents of Sir John Oldcastle, 128 ; after the victory in Agin- court, Henry V. proceeds in triumjih to, 134 ; the Emperor Sigismund, visiting Henry V., is received by him at, and con- ducted to Westminster, 13G; Sir John Olilcastle is executed at, 141 ; joy in, at the birth of Henry VI., 14G ; festivities at, after the marriage of .Julni of Gaunt and Blanch of Lancaster at Reading, 191 ; Wat Tyler's rebellion in, 200. London, Tower of, see Tower of London, London, Bishops of, — Maurice, sec ^laurice. Michael de Northburgb, see Northburgh, Michael de. Lopham, Dionysius, Public Notary, is pre- sent in the Tower at the abdication of Kichard II., 113, note. Losinga, Herbert de. Bishop of Norwich, Henry of Huntingdon relies on his authority in giving his opinion as to the duration of the world's existence, 207. Lothaire I. (according to ilartinus Polonus), successor to Henry I. (the Fowler), 14. Lothaire II. (the Saxon), Emperor, attends (while Duke of Saxony) the wedding of the Emperor Henry V. in a pauper's dress, 37. Lothaire I., King of France, succeeds Louis IV., 174 ; is succeeded by Louis V., ib, Louis of Aquitaine marries the daughter of Otho I., Duke of Saxony, 8. Louis III. of Germany, his death, 8 ; he is succeeded by Otho I., Duke of Saxony, who refuses the honour, ib. ; his crown descends to Conrad I., Duke of Franconia, ib. Louis I., Emperor of the West, son of Charlemagne, 174. Louis I., King of France, sec Louis I., Emperor. Louis III., King of France, is succeeded by Ciiarles the Simple, 174. Louis IV., King of France, is succeeded by Lothaire I., 174. Louis v.. King of France, is succeeded by Hugh Capet, 174; termination of thcCarlo- vingian Dynasty, ib. Louis VI., King of France, is defeated by Henry L at the b.ittle of Brenvillc, 61 ; Henry I. makes j/eace with iiim on condition that his son, Prince AVilliam, should have undisputed possession of Normandy, 62 ; Capgrave gives some account of liis brother Henry, see Ilcnry, Archbishop of Sens. 270 GENERAL INDEX. Louis VII., King of France, Eleanor, his ilivoiced Queen, marries Henry II., King of England, 71 ; ho is compelled to submit to her second husband ol)taining Aqiiitaine, ib.; his daughter, jMargaret, nmrries Henry, eldest son of Henry II., King of England, 76; he assists the sons of Ilcnry II. in their rebellion against their father, 79, 80. Louis Vm., King of France (before his acces- sion) claims the crown of England, against Henry III., 88 ; holds London and the sur- rounding country, 89 ; is acknowledged by the English Barons, ib.; becomes unpopular, and is deserted by many of the Barons, 90; refuses to acknowledge Henry III., and inarches against Lincoln, ib. ; is repulsed with great loss, ib.; meets King Henry near Kingston-upon-Thames, and sues for peace, 91 ; promises to persuade his father to give up to Henry III. the English possessions in France, ib. ; engages to do so himself on his own accession, and departs, ib. Louis IX., King of France (called the Saint), resists the invasion of Henry III., and seeks a five years' truce, 93; makes an agreement to pay an annual tribute to Henry HI. in exchange for certain territorial rights in France, 96; confirms the King of England's rights in Bordeaux, Bayonnc, Agen, &c., ib. ; promises to aid Henry III. in his attempt to I'csist the Provisions of Oxford, 97 ; the dispute between Henry III. and his Barons is referred to, 99 ; Henry III. repairs to the Court of, ib. ; the Barons also send delegates from their own number to, ib.; he decides in favour of Henry III., and abrogates the Provisions of Oxford, ib. ; his good deeds, 150; Henry do Beaumont descended from, 197. Louvain, Adelais of, see Adelais of Louvain. Lucas, William, is present in the Tower at the abdiciition of Richard II., 113. Lucius HI., Pope, sends letters by Eraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, to Henry II. of England, and requests his assistance against the Saracens, 83. Lynn, Ilcnry of Lancaster (Earl of Derby), on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, embarks near, 104 ; C'apgrave records that he was present when the Princess Philijjpa, about to be married to Eric IX., embarked at, 117; Henry VI. visits the Austin Friary at, 158; he promises to be its patron, ib. ; Capgravc gives an account of its foundation and its state in his time, 159, et seq.; on the execu- tion of Litster, one of the quarters of his body is Sent by Henry le Despenscr, Bishop of Norwich, to, 201. U. Magdeburgh, Henry, Archbishop of, conse- crated by Ruthard, Archbishop of Mayence, 31. Maine, on the death of his father (Geoffrey Plantagenet), Henry II. takes possession of his inheritance of Anjou and, 71 ; Prince Henry, son of Henry H., is buried in, 82 ; Henry II. keeps it in subjection throughout his reign, 86; Henry III. gives up his rights in, and in other of his French possessions, to Louis IX. in exchange for an annual tribute, 96. Malcolm IIL, King of Scotland, Maud, the daughter of, is married to Henry L of England, 57. Manuel I., Comnenus, Emperor of Constanti- nople, is represented at the great congress of foreign ambassadors held at Westminster by Henry IL, 81. ilarconurus [C.C.C. Marcomirus], an early Frank chief, 172; he is succeeded by his son Phi.u'amund, ib. Miirgaret, wife of Tancred, King of Sicily, is earned prisoner into Germany by the Emperor Henry VI., 43. Margaret, wife of Malcolm III., King of GENERAL INDEX. 271 Scotland, mother of Maud, Queen of Henry I., 57. Margaret, daughter of Louis VII., King of France, marries Prince Henry, eldest son of Henry I., King of England, 76. Margaret, the Princess, daughter of Henry UL, is born in Gascogne, 93. Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Rene (titular King of Sicily), married to Henry VI., King of England, 156. Markham, Sir John, Justice, is ])resent in the Tower at the abdication of llichard II., 1 13, note. Marshall, William, Earl of Pembroke, is present at the treaty made between Henry III. and Louis, Dauphin of France, at Kingston-upon-Thames, DO. Martin V. elected Pope, 141. Martin, S., the resignation and devotion of, 185. Mary, the Virgin, Pope Leo IV. gives a relic of, to Charlemagne, 12. Mary de Bohun, Queen of Henry IV., daughter of Humphrey, Earl of Hereford, her children, 116. Masham, Henry, Lord Scropc, of, see Scropc, Henry, Lord (of Masham). Matilda, wife of the Emperor Henry I., 8. Matilda, eldest daughter of Henry II. King of England, marries Henry the Lion, Uuke of Saxony, 87. Jlaud, the daughter of Henry I. of England, nuirries the Emjieror Henry V., 37; is di- vorced by him, 39; marries GeotFrcy Plan- tagenct. Earl of Anjou, 04 ; visits her father, lb. ; gives birth to Henry II., ib. ; Henry I. claims the allegiance of his subjects for, ib.; on Stephen's usurpation, she invades Eng- land, 69 ; obtains the assistance of her brother, Ilobert, Earl of Gloucester, 70; commits her son to the care of David I., King of Scotland, ib.; her husband, Geoffrey of Anjou, dies, ib. Maud, daughter of Malcolm III., King of Scotland, is married to Henry 1. of England, 57; her death, 00. JIaud, the daughter of Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, marries William V., Duke of Holland and Zealand, 191. jMaurice, Bishop of London, crowns Henry I. in the absence of Ansclm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 57. ^laxentius, victory of Constant inc over the usurper, 151. Mayence, Henry III., the Emperor, keeps Wliitsuntide at, 25; contention between the Archbishop of, and the Abbot of Fulda, 20; the Emperor answers the voice of ill omen in the Church, ib. ; the Emperor Henry IV. publicly commits the emi)ire to his son, Henry V., at, 31; at a Council held there, the Emperor Henry IV. is declared to be still excommunicate, and he is forced to resign the empire to his son, 32 ; Henry VI., Emperor, is crowned at, ib. ; the Em- peror Henry V. marries Maud, the daughter of Henry I., King of England, at, 37; I>o- thaire, Duke of Saxony (afterwards Em- peror), comes to the wedding dressed as a pauper, ib. Mayence, Archbishops of, — Bardo, see Bardo. Albert, see Albert. Ruthard, see Ruthard. " Mercy, Gramcrcy,"a book so called, written by Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, 190 ; Capgravc, in his life of the Duke, gives some account of it, ib.; see in the Glos.sary to tile Latin text, " Gramercy." Merton, Walter do (Bishop of Rochester), is made Chancellor by Hemy III., 97. Mutz, S. Arnulphus, son of Arnold, is made Bishop of, 174, Milan, Henry of Lancaster (Earl of Derby), returning from Jerusalem, visits the Duke of, at, 105. Milan, Duke of, — John Galeas, see Galcas, John. Millington, William, appointed by Henry VI. the first Provost of King's College, Cam- bridge, 154. Milo, de Gloucester, created Earl of Hereford, 272 GENEHAI, INDEX. 192, tidlc ; Henry (1(^ I'dIiiui, l'>;irl of Here- ford, descended from, ih. Milo I., Bishop of AForigny, 184. Montacute, William de, Earl of Salisbury, companion in arms of Henry, first Uukc of Lancaster, 187. Montfcrrat, Conrad, Marquis of, Henry II., Count of Champagne, marries the daughter of, 181, note. Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester, his sons Simon and Peter are taken at Northampton, 99, 100; lays siege to Ilochester, but, on the advance of the King's army, proceeds to London, 100. Montfort, Simon de, son of Simon de IMont- fort. Earl of Leicester, and Guy, his brother, conspire to slay Henry, son of Richard, King of the Romans, in a church at Viterb'o, 178. Montfort, Guy de, see Montfort, Simon de, son of Simon, Earl of Leicester. Montfort, John de, Bretagne rebels against, but is subdued by Ilcnry, first Duke of Lancaster, 188; he camcs Charles dc Blois prisoner to England, ib. Montgomery, Henry III. and Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, make peace at, 94; the legate Ottobon confirms their treaty there, ib. jMontjui, Heniy V., Emperor, crosses the Pyrenees at, 35. Morigny, Milo I., bishop of, 184. Morley, Thomas de, meets Heniy le Despenscr near Cambridge, and delivers up some of the ringleaders of Litster's rebellion to him, 199, and note. Moroveus, King of France, succeeds Clodion, 172; is succeeded by his son Childeric I., 173. Mortaigne, William, Earl of, accompanies Robert, Duke of Normandy, to Tenechebray, 55; is taken prisoner there, ib.; is carried to England with Robert, by Henry I., who imprisons them both, 56. Mowbray, Thomas, Earl of Nottingham, op- poses Richard II., 103. N. Naples, the Emperor Henry VI. invades the kingdom of Sicily, and conrjutrs the country as far as to, 43; where his army is attacked by a pestilence so violent that he is com- I)elkd to return, ib.; he marries there Con- stance, the dauglitcr of Tancrcd, King of Sicily, ib. Navarre, King of, — Sancho VL (called the Wise), see Sancho VL Navy, the English, Capgrave deplores its de- cline, 155; the reproach of the " ship" and the " sheep " on the coins, 156 ; " the wooden walls of England," ib. Nazianzen, Gregory, see Gregory Nazianzen. Neve, le, Hardy's edition of the " Fasti Eccele- sia; Anglicana; " of, see Baycux, William of. Nevill, Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, is pre- sent in the Tower at the abdication of Richard II., 112, and note, 113, note. Newmarch, Adam de, and others, represent the Barons of England before Louis IX. in the matter of the Provisions of Oxford, 99. Nice, the Council of, Constantine present at, 152. Nicholas, S., the day of, reflections on the birth of Heniy VI. on, 144. Nicholas, Archdeacon of Cambridge, 206. Nicholas, Archdeacon of Huntingdon, 206. Nicholas, Archdeacon of Hertford, 20C. Niger of Russia proclaims wai- against Henry L (of Germany;, 12; he is defeated, 13. Noah, the window in the ark of, compared to the wound in the side of Christ, 11. Norbury, John, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard H., 113. Normandy, Robert, Duke of, see Robert, Duke of Normandy. Normandy, Robert, the eldest son of the Con- queror, having compromised with William Rufus his claim to the English crown, re- turns to, 53 ; after the conference at North- GENERAL INDEX. 273 ampton, he again returns into, 54; he takes certain towns and castles, and drives the adliercnts of Henry I. out of, il/.; Henry I. invades, and hiys siege to Tencchcbray, 55; a battle is fought, in which Robert is taken prisoner, 56; Henry I. settles his ad'airs in, and returns to England, 57 ; Henry I. is crowned by IVIaurice, Bishop of London, Ansehn, Archbishop of Canterbury, being in, ib.; Henry I. goes into, and dies there, 65; Henry H. inherits, and keeps in subjec- tion, 86; the men of, urge Henry HI. to visit his foreign possessions, 92 ; Henry HI. yields up his rights in, to Louis IX., together with other of his Liiids in France, in ex- change for an annual tribute, 96; Henry V. collects his troops at Southampton, about to invade, 137, 140; after the Duke of Bed- ford's victory at La Hogue, he passes over into, 140; account of the conquests of Henry V. in, 142. Normandy, Henry II., on the death of his father, abandons the title of Count, and pro- chiims himself Duke of, 71. North Walsham (Co. Norfolk), Litstur the rebel, at, 200 ; Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, follows him thither, 201. Northampton, Robert, Duke of Norrnandy, holds a conference with his brother at, when their quarrel is renewed, 54 ; the Barons hold it against Henry III., but are soon dis- possessed by him, 99. Nortliamjjton, Earl of, — William de Bohun, sec Bohun, William de. Northausen, Ruthard, Arclibisliup of May- ence, at, excommunicates the Emperor Henry IV., and abets his son's rebellion, 31 Northburgh, Michael de. Prebendary of 8t. Paul's, accompanies Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, to Pope Innocent II., to treat for peace between England and France, 189 ; he is afterwards made Bisiiop of London, ih. Northumberland, Earl of, — Henry Percy, sec Percy, I iiMiry. Norway, King of,— Eric XIII., sec Eric IX. of Denmark, (XIII. of Norway.) Norwich, John Litster's rebellion at, 200 ; it is quelled by Henry le Despen.<:er, Bi.-hop of Norwich, ib. ; on the execution of Litster, one of the quarters of his body is sent to, 201 ; Henry le Despenser is burieil at, 204 Norwich, Bishops of, — Herbert, de Losinga, see Losinga, Her- bert de. William Biiteman, see Bateman, Wil- liam. Henry le Despenser, see Henry le De- spenser. Richard Courtenay, see Courtcnay, Richard. Nottingham, Earl of, — Thomas Mowbray, sec Mowbray, Thomas. O. Obols (half pennies), ordered by Henry I. of England to be made round, 58. Oldeastle, John, Ijord Cobhani, conspires against Henry V., 125 ; he upholds the doctrines of John Wielif, ib. ; he is brought before the King, but refuses to yield, 127; he is brought before a Council of Bishops when he defends his tenets, ib. ; he is publicly branded with heresy by Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canter- bury, 127 ; the King commits him to the Tower, 128 ; he escapes and plots against the King's life, ib. ; his plans being defeatcii, he is again cajitured, ib. ; lie publishes sedi- tious bills, in one of which he recommends the King to appropriate the property of the Church, 140; sends it to the King by one Henry CJreyndore, iV>. ; is captured and con- 274 GENERA I, INDK.N. domned to death, 141 ; an account of his tenets, ih. ; he is executed in London, ib.; is said to have claimed to be Elias, 142 ; he is exhorted by the Duke of Bedford to confess his errors wiiich lie refuses to do, ib. ; account of iiis execution, ib. Omer, S., Ilumplirey, Duke of Gloucester, is sent as a hostage to, wliilc John, Duke of Burgundy, holds a conference with Henry V. at Calais, 139. Orkney Islands, tlic, subject to King Henry II., 86. Orleans, Charles, Dnkc of, opposes Henry V. on his march from Harfleur, and offers battle, 132. Ostia, Bishop of, — Lambert, see Lambert. Otho, son of Athelstan, King of England, 8. Otho I., Duke of Saxony, father of Henry I. (the Fowler), 8 ; subdues the Hungarians and others, ib. ; his children, ib. ; elected to the Empire on the death of Louis III., ib. ; he declines the imperial throne, ih. Otho I. (the Great), Emperor of Germany, 8, 14 ; he revenges on Boleslas L, Duke of Bohemia, the murder of Wenceslas I., 167. Otho II. (the Bloody), Emperor of Germany, 14. Otho m.. Emperor of Germany, 14 ; his death, ib. ; he is succeeded by Henry II. (the Lame), ib. Otho, the Legate, baptizes Prince Edwai'd, son of Henry UL, 93. Ottobon, the Legate, makes peace between Henry IIL and Llewellyn of Wales, 94 ; seals the agreement made between them, and confirms it in the name of Pope Alex- ander IV., ib. Ovid, quotation from the"Amores" of, 66, and note. Owen Glyudwr, see Glyndwr, Owen. Oxford, Provisions of, Henry IIL resolves to resist the, 96 ; after a discussion in London, the matter is referred to Louis IX., King of France, 99 ; who decides in Henry's favour, and abrogates the Provisions of, ib. : Henry III. continually visits the city of, not- withstanding the curse of S. Fridcswide, ib. ; Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, gives one hundred and thirty-five MSS. to the Uni- versity of, 225, 226. Pains de {de Paganis) Hugues, one of the founders of the order of Knights Templars, 182. Pallas, the legend of the discovery at Rome, of the uncorrupt body of a giant called, 25. Pannonia invaded by the Emperor Henry in., 25 ; invaded, in defence of Peter the German, against Andrew I. by the Emperor Henry IV., 28 ; is ravaged by Henry IV., who conquers Andrew L, ib. ; Sygambria, on the borders of, 172. Paris, reference to the coronation of Henry VI., at, 5, 147. Parliament, Rolls of, quoted, WO, note, 113, note. Paschal II. Pope, commands the body of the Emperor Henry IV. to be disinterred at Liege, 32, 33 ; disputes between him and the Emperor Henry V., 34 ; receives the Emperor Henry V. at Rome, 35 ; is im- prisoned by the Emperor, ib. ; is afterwards reconciled to him, 36 ; takes the part of Tluirstan, Archbishop of York, on his de- privation for refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the Archbishop of Canterbury, 58 ; discusses this matter with Henry I. at Rheims, 59 ; procures the restoration of Thurstan, ib. Paul's, S., London, Michael Northburgh, for- merly Prebendary of, see Northburgh, Mi- chael, Bishop of London. Pavia, Henry, of Lancaster (Earl of Derby), returning from Jerusalem, is entertained at, 105. GENERAL INDEX. 275 Pays du Caux, Henry V., invading France, lands at, 130. Pembroke, Earls of, — William Marshall, see Marshall, William. Humphrey Plantagcnet, see Humphrey Plantagenet. Penshurst, the manor of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, at ; the Duke receives from Ca]>- gravc the gift of his " Commentary on the Book of Genesis " there, 222, Pepin, King of France, 174 ; is succeeded by his son, Charlemagne, ib. Pcrchc, the Count of, is taken at Lincoln, on the defeat of Ix)ais, Dauphin of France, by the army of Henry III., 90. Perc}', Thomas, Earl of Worcester, Richard II. is charged with causing a quarrel be- tween Henry, Duke of Lancaster, and, 110; his treacherous rebellion against Henry IV., 118. Percy, Henry, Earl of Northumberland, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Kichard II., 112, II.'}, note; rebels against Henry IV., 118 ; is defeated at Shrewsbury; ib. Perigueux, Louis IX. acknowledges the rights of Henry HI. in, 96. Peter, S., Church of, at Antioch, the Sacred Spear is found in, 11. Peter the German, King of Hungary, is restored to his throne by Henry III. (the Emperor), 25 ; is driven from his Kingdom by Andrew I., and deprived of sight, 27 ; the Emperor, Henry IV., makes a vain attempt to restore him, ih. Peter of Blois, the letter of, to Henry II., King of England, on the death of Prince Henry, 82, aiid note. Peterborough, the Abbey of, founded by Edgar, 155. Pharamund, an early Frank chief, the son of Marconurus, 172 ; he is succeeded l>y his son, Clodion, ib- Philip L (rAmonreux), King of France, his father, Henry I , resigns the crown u< Iiini, 172 ; he is crowned at Rheiros by Gervase, Archbishop of Rheims, tb. ; during his childhood, Baldwin, Count of Flanders, is appointed to be Regent, ib. ; becomes a monk, 174. Philip II., King of France, Louis, son of, opposes Henry III., King of England, see Louis VIIL, King of France ; he ac- companies Richard I. to the Crusade, 157 ; his sister, Mary, the Mother of Henry II., Count of Champagne, 180. Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders, is represented at the great Congress of foreign ambassadors hold at Westminster by Ilenrj- II., 81. Philippa, daughter of Henry IV., of England, marries Eric IX., of Denmark, XIII. of Norway, 115 ; Capgravc sees her embark at Lynn, ib. Phocas, the Emperor, discovery of the seam- less coat of Christ in his time, 75. Pilton, William, executor of Kic-hardCosyn, a benefactor of the Austin Friary at Lynn, 160, 7iotc. Pingyve, Henry IV., Emperor, has an inter- view with his son Henry at, 32. Plantagenet, Geofl'rey, see Geoffrey Plan- tagcnet.- Po, the river, Henry V., the Emperor, on his expedition into Italy, reviews his army on the banks of, 35. Poitou, and Aqnitaine, William, Count of, sne William. Poitou, Eleanor, Queen of Henry H., Countess of, 71 ; Henry II. inherits and keeps it in subjection, 72; Henry III. resigns his right.*? in, to Louis IX., in exchange for an annual tribute, 96. Poland, Henry of Lancaster (Earl of Derby), on his pilgrimage to .Tcnisalem, passes through, 105. Polo, Michael de In, Earl (<( .Suffolk, dies at Harflcnr, 132. Pole, :\Iichael de la. Earl of Suffolk. [5th (3rd) Marl,] is slain at Aujinroiirt, 1.^3. 276 (JENEllAL INDKX. ruiiti^'iiy, Ili'iiry II., Kiii^ of Engliviid, pro- j cures tlic ri'iiiovul of Thomas Ucckct from, 77. roiitrcmoli, taken liy tlic Emperor Henry V., 35. Popes of Home, see liomc, Popes of, Portsmouth, Robert, Duke of Normandy, in- vades Knj^lund, and lands at, 54; the French blockade, 137. Powys, the Lord of, captures Sir John Old- castlc, 141. Prologues, extracts from the, to — The " Nova Legenda Anglia;," 223. Capgrave " On the Creeds," 226. Capgravc " On the Acts," 227. Capgrave *' On Genesis," 229. Provence, Raymond V., Count of, see Ray- mond v., Count of Provence. Provence, Beatrice, Countess of, see Beatrice, Countess of Provence. Provence, Sanchia, sister of Eleanor of, mar- ries Richard, the King of the Romans, 176. Provence, Eleanor of, see Eleanor, daughter of Raymond V., Count of Pi'ovence. Provisions of Oxford, the, see Oxford, the Provisions of. Prussia, Ileniy of Lancaster (Earl of Derby), enters, and gains a victory over the infidels, 104 ; going to Jerusalem, he a second time enters, 105 ; and goes from thence into Hungary, ib. ; allusion to the battles of Henry, Earl of Derby (grandfather of Henry IV.), in, 186. Pyrenees, the, Henry V., Emperor, crosses, at Monjui, 35; Henry IL of England retains his French possessions as far as, 86. Q. Quincy, Saier de, first Earl of Winchester, accompanies Henry de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, on his last pilgrimage to the Holy Places, 193. Quinzaine of Easter, the, explained, 93, noU. R. Ralph (or Rodolphus), Archbishop of Canter- bury, Thurstan, Archbishop of York, refuses to do homage to, 58; Pope Paschal II. pro- mises to respect the rights of, but decides in favour of Thurstan, 59. Ralph of Chichester, i. e. Cirencester, Richard of, f/. V. Ralph, Flambard, Bishop of Durham, see Flambard, Ralph. Ramston, Sir Thomas, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard IL, 113. Ratisbon, Henry V. at, rebels against his father, 31. Ravenna, Gnipert, Bishop of, see Guipert, Bishop of Ravenna. Raymond V., Count of Provence, his daughter Eleanor is married to Henry HI. of England, 92 ; his daughter Sanchia is married to Richard, King of the Romans, 176. Reading, the Abbey of, founded by Henry I , 64; he places in it the relics brought by his daughter Maud, ib.; the corpse ofHenryLis bm-ied in, 68; John of Gaunt is married to Blanch, daughter of Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, at, 191 ; games are held there afterwards, ib. Regnal years of the Emperors and Kings, 235, et seq. Relics of the Saints, their removal from place to place, see Saints. Remigius, de Feschamp, Bishop of Lincoln, see Feschamp, Remigius de. Remigius, S., baptizes Clovis L, King of the Franks, 173. Rene, titular King of Sicily, IMargaret of Anjou, the daughter of, marries Henry VI., King of England, 156. Rhcims, Henry L and Pope Paschal EL meet at, and discuss the deprivation of Thurstan, Archbishop of York, 59 ; Henry L, King of France, resigns the crown to his son (Philip I.), who is crowned by Genase, Archbisliop of Rheims, at, 172. GENERAL INDEX. 277 Rheims, Archbishop of, — Gervasc, see Gervase. Rhine, the armies of Henry IV., Emperor, ami his son, meet on opposite banks of the, 31. Rhodes, Henry of Lancaster (Earl of Derby), on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem, passes through, 105. Rich, Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury, confirms Edward I., 93. Richard L, King of England, the son of Eleanor of France, 87; his succession to the English Crown, 88; mention of the caji- tivity of, 44, 181. Richard II., King of England, John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon, his half brother, 102; disputes between him and his Lords, 103; an account of these disputes, ih. ; the Lords who opposed him, ib,; he goes into Ireland, 106; in his absence Henry, Dulce of Lan- caster, lands, and is accepted as guardian of the Realm, ib.; the cruelties of, 107; ac- count of his deposition, 108; he is secured in the Tower of London, ib.; the cliarges brought against him, 108, et seq.; his vo- luntary abdication, 110; the form of his resignation, ib.; the names of the witnesses to it, 112; certain reservations made by him, 113; he appoints Henry, Duke of Lan- caster, to be his successor, ib.; the cliarges, and the form of resignation having been publicly read in Westminster Hall, he is de- posed, 114; he is succeeded by Henry IV., ib. Richard, illegitimate son of Henry I., is drowned with the Prince William on their return from France, 03. Ricliard, Earl of Cliester, is drowned witii tlic Prince William, 63. Richard, Earl of Cornwall, son of King John, is made King of tlie Romans, 94, 176 ; he leaves England, 94 ; in his absence the nobles conspire against Henry III., ib. ; his return to England, 95 ; he confirms his brotlicr's oath before the Barons at Canter- bury, ib. ; agrees to refer the disputes between Henry HI. and the Barons to Louis IX., King of France, 93 ; his mar- riage to Sancliia, Sister of Eleanor of Provence, 176 ; his son Henry, see Henry, son of Richard, King of the Romans. Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cambridge, said to have been bribed by the French, tries to dissuade Henry V, from invading France, 130 ; for this he is executed, ib. Richard of Chichester, see Cirencester, Richard of. Richard, Arclidcacon of Lincoln, 206. Riclnnond (formerly called Scbcne), Henry V. founds three monasteries near, 128. Richmond, Earl of, — John, see John of Gaunt, Duke of Lan- caster. Robert, Duke of Normandy, eldest son of William the Conqueror, 53 ; claims the kingdom on bis father's death, but finally agrees to a compromise with his brother William, ib. ; returns to Normandy, ib. ; on the death of William, returns from the Holy Land to England, 54 ; is persuaded by Ralph Flambard, Bishop of Durham, to invade England, ib. ; lands at Portsmouth, with a large army, but does not proceed to hostilities, ib. ; peace is made between Henry I. and, ib. ; the quarrel between them is renewed, and Robert seizes on Normandy, 55 ; Heniy I. enters Normandy, and pro- ceeds against, ib. ; is defeated at Tenechc- bray, 56 ; is taken prisoner, ib. ; is carrieil by ids brother into England, and committed to prison, ib. ; his son William is defeated by Henry I. at Brenvillc, 61 ; his deatli in Cardill' Castle, 65 ; story of his refusing the robes sent by his brother, ib. ; cruelty of Henry I. towards, 67. Robert de Belesme, Earl of Shrewsbury, see Belesme, Robert de. Robert, Earl of Gloucester, a.ssists his sisicr Maud against Stephen, 70. Robert II. (the Wise), King of France, son of Hugh Capet, and brother of Henry I., 174. Robert, Archdeacon of Lincoln, 206. Rochester, liesieged by Simon de Montfort, T 3 278 GENERAL INDEX. 100; the Emperor Sigisnmnd, visitinf; Henry v., is received by the Uukcof Bed- ford at, 136. Rociicster, Bishop of, — Walter de Morton, .see j\Ierton, Walter de. Rodolph, King of Burgundy, the Sacred Spear is given to, 11. Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, is prevented from elfecting the marriage of Henry I. and Adc- lais of Louvain, by Ralph, Archbishop of Canterbury, 60. Rolls of Parliament, see rarliament, Rolls of. Romans, Richard, King of the, see Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Rome, legend of the discovery of the body of the giant Pallas at, 25; the Capitol at, and the Leonine City (// Borgo), a suburb of, destroyed by the Emperor Henry IV., 31; the Emperor Henry V. invades Italy, and proceeds to, 35; the Emperor Henry V. enters, and intrudes the Spaniard Bourdin into the Papal chair, 37; besieged by the Emperor Henry V., 38; the Emperor Henry YI. is crowned at, 43 ; reference to Capgrave's work on the Antiquities of, 222 ; Capgrave's visit to, 228; Henry le Despcnser (afterwards Bishop of Norwich) fights against the enemies of the Church at, 198. Rome, Popes of, — Leo n., see Leo U. Clement II., see Clement IL Leo IV., see Leo IV. Benedict IX., see Benedict IX. Gregory VI., see Gregory VL Gregory VII. (Hildebrand), see Gregory VH. Paschal II. see Paschal H. Gelasius II., see Gelasius II. Calixtus II., see Calixtus H. Honorius II., see Lambert, Bishop of Ostia. Celcstine III., see Cclestine IIL Eugenius III., see Eugenius III. Innocent III., see Innocent IIL Adrian IV.. see Adrian IV. Alexander III., see Alexander IIL Rome, Popes of, — Lucius III , see Lucius III. Honorius III., see Honorius III. Alexander IV., see Alexander IV. Urban IV. , see Urban IV. Innocent VL, see Innocent VL Urban V., see L'^rban V. Urban VL, see Urban VL Martin V., see Martin V, Koos, Lord William de, is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard II., 112. Rouen, after the victory at Brenville, Henry L returns to, 6 1 ; his dead body is carried to, 67; and thence to Caen, 68; Prince Henry, son of Henry IL, is buried at, 82; Henry V. (erroneously) said to have died at (see Bois de Vincennes), 143. Russia, Niger of, proclaims war against Henry I. (of Germany), and is defeated, 12. Ruthard, Archbishop of Mayence, excom- municates the Emperor Henry IV. at Northausen, 31. S. Albans, Nicholas Breakspeare (Pope Adrian IV.) born at, 73. S. Denys, Henry I. , after eating lampreys, falls ill at, and dies, 66. S. Giles' Fields, the followers of Sir John Oldcastle choose as their place of rendez- vous, 128. S. Louis of France, see Louis IX, King of France. S. Omer, see Omer, S. S. Paul's, London, see Paul's, S. London. Saints, the relics of, Capgrave discusses the propriety of removing from place to place, 12. Salerno, Bourdin, a SjianiarJ, intrnded by the Emperor Henry V. into the Papal chair, is imprisoned at, 37. GENERAL INDEX. 279 Salisbury, Bishops of, — Roger, see Roger. Robert Wyvill, see Wyvill, Robert. William Aiscough,see Aiscough, William. Samson, Count, the Sacred Spear is given to, 11. Sanchia, sister of Eleanor of Provence, marries Richard, King of the Romans, 176. Rancho VI. (the Wise), King of Navarre, is represented at tlie great congress of ambas- sadors held at Westminster by Henry 11., 81. Saracens, Eraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, visits England, and seeks the assistance of Henry II. against the, 83 ; this the King refuses, offering money, ib.; they take Jeru- salem, and kill the master of the Temple, 84. Saxony, Dukes of, — Otho I., see Otho. Lothaire, see Lothaire. Henry I., called the Lion, see Henry I. Say, William, and Ralph Drew, are entrusted with the delivery of the gift of one hundred and thirty-five MSS., sent to the University of Oxford by Humphi-ey, Duke of Glou- cester, 2.34. Sceth, mentioned as a fellow-rebel with John Litster, 199 ; he is captured by Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, between Thetford and Cambridge, ib. ; is carried to Wymondham, and executed there, ib. Sclavonians and Hungarians overcome by Otho I., Duke of Saxony, 8. Scotland, Henry II. remains in, during the usurpation of Stephen, 70 ; he compels William, King of, to submit to his autho- rity, 86 ; Edward Baliol claims the crown of, 194; Henry dc Beaumont and others invade, 195. Scotland, Kings ol', — Malcolm ill., see Malcolm III. David I., see David I. William I. (called the Lion), sec Wil- liam I. David II,, see David II. Scots, the, rise (in the absence of Henry V. in Normandy), 141 ; they are suppressed by the measures of the Duke of Bedford, ib. ; are defeated by Henry de Beaumont near Dunfermline, 195. Scrope, Richard, Archbishop of York, is pre- sent in the Tower at the abdication of Richard IL, 1 1 3, and note. Scrope, William le, Earl of Wiltshire, is exe- cuted by Henry, Duke of Lancaster, at Bristol, 108. Scrope, Henry Lord, (of Masham), endeavours to dissu.ide Henry V. from invading France, 130 ; for this he is executed, ib. " Seeunda Secundae " of S. Thomas Aquinas, quoted, 9. Seneca, in his letters, celebrates Lucilius, 210. Sens, the Archbishopric of, Henrj-, Bishop of Beauvais, is elevated to, 185. Sens, John L, Archbishop of, is slain at Agin- court, 133. Shimei is forbidden by Solomon to leave Jeru- salem, 15. Shrewsbury, the Earl of Northumberland and the rebels are defeated at, 118. Shrewsbury, Earl of, — Robert de Belesme, see Belesme, Robert de. Sicily, Kings of, — Tancred, see Tancred. William II., the Good, see William IL Rene (titular King of), see Rene. Sienna, the Emperor Henry IL. attacked by Robert Gniscard, Duke of Apulia, flies with Clement IV. (the Antipope) to, 31. Sigismund, King of Hungary, enteriuius Henry of Lancaster on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 105 ; [elected Emperor:] Henry V. forms an alliance with him, 129; ho visits England, 136 ; he is received at Calais by Richard dc Beauciiainp, Earl of War- wick, ib. ; at Dover by Ilumplirey Plaiita- gcnet, Duke of Gloucester, ib. ; at Canter- bury by Henry Cliichely, the Archbishop, ib. ; at Rochester by John Plantagcnet, Duke of Bedford, ib. ; at Dartford by T 4 280 QENEIIAL INDEX. Thuin.'is Plantagcnct, Duke of Clarence, lb. ; by the Kin<^ nt London, ib.; tlic Kinj; and the ICniprrur iniikc a treaty, ib. ; lie is made Knight of the Garter, ib. ; William VI., Count of Il()ll:ind, is present at the ceremony, ib. ; they agree to a truee be- tween England and France, which is imme- diately broken ofF by the French attacking llarfleur, 137; on the French attacking the fleet at Southampton, he is conducted by the King to Leeds Castle (Co. Kent), ib.; letters are sent to him under the seal of Charles VL, King of France, announcing that the French agree to the treaty, ib. ; but they attack Harflcur, and blockade Portsmouth, ib. ; the King, hearing of their defeat by the Duke of Bedford, relates all to the Emperor, 138 ; he is accompanied by the King to Dover, and thence to Calais, ib. ; liis attendants cast verses, celebrating the praises of England, by the roadside iis they depart, ib. Simeon, S., Leo IV. gives an ai-m of, to Charlemagne, 12. Sittinborne, the Hermits of S. Austin are permitted to build at, 233. Soissons, JosGcline of, a contemporary of S. Bernard, 184. Solomon, his example quoted in reference to the supi)rcssion of rebellions, IJi; Henry L compared, in his mode of living, to, 67 ; Henry IV. mindful of the example of, 116; quotation of his words from the Book of Ecc'esiasticus, and the Commentary of the Glossa Ordinaria and the Doctor de Lira thereon, 149. Somme, the river, Henry V., marching from llarfleur, scatters the French at Corbie, and crosses, 132. Southaniiiton, sec Hampton. Soutlnncrc, Margaret de, see Suthmcre, Mar- garet de. Spain, the Pyrenees, the northern boundary of, 86 ; battles of Henry, Earl of Derby (afterwards Duke of Lancaster), against the Infidels in, 1S7. Spalding, the royal Vill of, conferred on the Bishop of Lincoln in exchange for Cam- bridge, which had been given by Henry L to the new Sec of Ely, .58. Spear, the Sacred, story of, 10 ; its discovery in the presence of Godfrey of Bouillon at Antioch, 11, Spires, the remains of the Emperor Henry IV. arc buried at, 33; the Emperor Henry V. is buried at, iu a church built by him there, 38. Spitigneus I., Duke of Bohemia, his conversion to Christianity, 167 ; Wenceslas I., his son reigns after him, ib. StafTord, Ralph de, Earl of Stafford, com- panion iu arms of Henry first Duke of Lancaster, 187. Stamford, given by Henrj- HI. to Edward L on his marriage with Eleanor of Castile, 94. Statute (9 Henry I.), punishments assigned to thieving and coining ; the " denarius " and the " obolus " to be made round, 58. Stephen of Blois, father of Stephen, King of England, mentioned, 65. Stephen of Blois (afterwards King of Eng- land) is the first to swear allegiance to the Empress SLaud, 64 ; seizes the throne, 69 ; is opposed by the Empress Maud, ib. ; maintains war against her and Robert, Earl of Gloucester, for sixteen years, 70 ; ac- knowledges Henry's right to the throne, 72 ; is permitted to retain the kingdom for his lifetime, ib. ; dies, ib. Stephen I., King of Hungary, marries the sister of the Emperor Henry U., 17 ; his conversion to Christianity, ib. ; he is reverenced as a Saint by the Hungarians, ib. Stephen, Patriarch of Jerusalem, the Knights Templars established at Jerusalem in his time, 182 ; the first Templars swear, in his presence, to defend Christian pilgrims from the infidel robbers, ib. Stowe, Thomas, LL.D., is present in the Tower at the abdication of Richard U , 1 1 3, note. GENERAL INDEX. 281 Suabia, a portion of the province of, is given away by Henry I. (of Germany) in exchange for the Sacred Spear, 11. Suabia, Herman II., Duke of, see Gisilia, daughter of Herman IL Suffolk, Earls of, — Eobert do Ufford, see Ufford, Robert de. Michael de la Pole, see Pole, Michael de la. Michael de la Pole (son of the foregoing), see Pole, Michael de la, 5th (3rd) Earl. Surek, the hermits of S. Austin arc permitted to build at, 233. Surrey, Earl of, — Kichard Fitz-Alan, see Fitz-Ahin, Richard, Earl of ArundeL Suthmere, Margaret, the first benefactor of the Austin Friars at Lynn, IGO, and note. Sutri, IJourdin, a Spaniard, intruded by the Emperor Henry V. into the Papal chair, is taken and ignomiuiously treated by the Romans, at, 37, note. Tall)ot, Richard (with David, Earl of Athol, Henry de Beaumont, and other nobles), assists Edward Baliol, 194 ; they ask per- mission of Edward IH. to pass through England into Scotland, which is refused, 1"J5 ; they arc ])crinitted to go by sea, ih. Tancred, King of Sicily, gives his dauglitcr Constance in marriage to the Emperor Henry VI., 43 ; his son Tancrcil and his wife IMargaret are carried pris: '^ ; f^- 3 1158 00863 6747 r ^V D107 C17 1 E % H)\l WJ-v- %j4 '(