UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES tjtaucstjciicao'rzr u y< ^ (^ 4. '^'^ H tlD IB R A S. SAMUEL BUTLER / C ^ 2^ NOTlflS A.lSrD TV T^ITERjVRY ]vcem:oir REV. TREADWAY RUSSEL NASH, D. D. CONTAixixo a%ni-,h; .'nj jcmpl:;';x k.^oe "Non dcenint fortnsse vitilUigntores, qui calumnientur, partim levicres esse ii\ipas, nun.} t tlieologum deceant, partim mordaciores, quam ut Chrlstianse conveniant modesliae. " Erasm, Morim. Encmn, Prcr/tJ. XEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 3, AND 5 BOND STKEET. 1883. tUMli. ADVERTJ8EMENT * Little or no apology need be offered to the rulilie for presenting it witli a new edTtion of IIuuibra3 ; the poem ranks too liigh in English literature not to be wel- comed if it appear in a correct text, legible type, and on good paper: ever since its first appearance it lias been as a mirror in wliicli an Englishman might have seen his face without becoming, Narcissus-like, enamored of it ; such an honest looking-glass must ever be valuable, if there be worth in the aphorism of nosce ieipsum. ^lay it not in the present times be as useful as in any that arc jjast ? Periiaps even in this enlightened age a little self-examination may be wholesome ; a man v/ill take a glance of recognition of himself if there be a glass in the room, and it may happen that some indica- tion of the nascent symptoms of the wrinkles of treason, nf the crows-feet of fanaticism, of the drawn-down mouth of hypocrisy, or of the superfluous hairs of self- conceit, may startle tlie till then unconscious possessor of such germs of vice, and afford to his honester quali- ties an opportunity of stifling them ere they start forth in their native hideousness, and so, perchance, help to avert the repetition of the evil times the poet satirizes, which, in whatever point they are viewed, stand a blot in the annals of Britain. The edition in three quarto volumes of Hudibras, ed- ited by Dr. Nasht in 1793, has become a book of higjj * Prefixed to the Edition in 2 vols. 8vo. 1835. t " January 26, 1811. — At his seat at Bevere, near Wnrcester, " in h;s 8tilh year, Treadway Riissel Nash, D. D., V. S. A Rer. " tor of Leigh. He was of Worcester College in Oxford ; JM. A " 174G ; B. and T/. D. 17.")8. He was the venerable Father of the " Magistracy of the County of Worcester ; of which he was an " upright and judicious iiieinher nearly fifty years , and a gentle- ' man of profound erudition and critical knowledge in the seve- ' ral branches of literature : particularly the History of his na " live county, which he illustrated with indefatigable labor and "expense to himself. In exemplary pruder^e, moderation, atfa- 'bility, and unostentatious manner of living, he has left no su 6 ADVLRTISKMENT. price and uiicoiniiiou occurrence. It may justly bti called a scholar's edition, althougli tlie Editor thus mod- estly speaks of his annotations : " The principal, if not " the sole view, of the annotations now offered to the '" public, hath been to remove these difficulties, (fluctua- " tions of language, disuse of customs, «fcc.,) and point " out some of the passages in the Greek and Roman " authors to which the poet alludes, in order to render " Hudibras more intelligible to persons of the commenta- " tor's level, men of middling capacity, and limited in- " formation. To such, if his remarks shall be fouuG " useful and acceptable, he will be content, though they " should appear trifling in the estimation of the morn " learned." Dr. Nash added plates* from designs by Hogarth and La Guerre to his edition, but it may be thought without increasing its intrinsic value. The Pencil has nevei successfully illustrated Hudibras ; perhaps the wit, the Immor, and the satire of Butler have naturally, from • perior ; of the truth of which remark the writer of this article " cmild produce iibundaiu proof from a personal intercDurse of " long continuance; and which he sincerely laments has now " an end. — K." — Gentleman's JMngazine. * Dr. JN'ash thus mentions them: "The engravings in this ''edition are chiefly taken from Hogarth's designs, an artist " whose genius, in some respects, was congenial to that of our '• poet, though Iiere lie caimot plead the merit of originality, so " nuich as in some other of his works, having borrowed a great " deal from the small prints in the duodecimo edition of 1710.t ■■ Some plates are added from original designs, and some from " drawings liy ha Guerre, now in my possession, and one print " representing Oliver Cromwell's guard-room, from an excellenl " picture by Dobson, very obligingly counnunicaied by my wor- " thy friend, Robert Bromley, Esq., of Abberley-lodge, in Wor- " cestcrshire ; the picture being seven feel long, and four high, " it is difficult to give the likenesses upon so reduced a scale, " bat the artists have done themselves credit l)y i)reserving the "characters of each figure, arul the features of each face mi>re •' exactly than could be expected: the picture belonged to , Mr. " Walsh, the poet, and has always been called Oliver C'roiii " well's guardroom : the figures are certainly portraits ; but I " leave it to the critics in that line to find out the originals. ■'When I first undertook this work, it was designed that thn " uliolc should be comprised in two volumes : the first comprc- " hcnding the poem, the second the notes, but the thickness of ' the paper, and size of the type, obliged the binder to divide " each volume into two tomes ; this has iindesigneilly increased " the number of tomes, and the |irite of the work." [Intliii edition the Jiotcs are placed under the text.] t "Iloj'nrih w«8 Lorn in 1698. and llie cdilion of Iliidibms, will) hii cui% putluLed 1726." ADVERTISEMtNT. 7 their general api)Iicalioii, not suflicient of a ioruI habita- tion and a name to ho embodied by the painter's art. To some few of tiic notes explanatory of phrases and words, the printer has ventured to make trifling additions, which lie has placed within brackets that they may not be supposed to be Dr. Nasli's, thongii had the excellent dictionary of the tralij venerable Archdeacon Todd, and the Glossary of the late Archdeacon Nares, from which they are principally taken, been in existence in 1793j there can be little doubt br.t Dr Nash would have availed liiiiiself of tl leiu. W N ( — SAMUEL UefTLER, ESQ., AUTHOR OP IIUDIBRA.S. The life of a retired scholar can fiirnisls but little matter to lie bioirrapher : siicli was the character of Mr. Sainiicl Butkr, author of Hiuhbras. His father, wliosa name likewise was Samuel, had an estate of his own of about ten pounds yearly, which still goes by the name of Butler's tenement: he held, likewise, an estate of tln-ee hundred pounds a year, under Sir William Russel, lord of the manor of Strenshani, in Worcester- shire.* He was not an ignorant farmer, but wrote a very clerk-like hand, kept the register, and managed all the business of the parish under the direction of his landlord, near whose house he lived, and from whom, very probably, he and his family received instruction and assistance. From his landlord they imbibed their principles of loyalty, cs Sir William was a most zealous royalist, and spent great part of his fortune in the cause, being the only person exempted from th.e benefit of tlie treaty, when Worcester surrendered to the parliament in the year 1G46. Our poet's father was churchwarden of the parish the year before his son Sanniel was born, and has entered his baptism, dated February 8, 1G12, with his own liand, in the parish register. He had four sons and three daughters, born at Strensham ; the three daughters, and one son older than our poet, and two * This inforr.-.atinn came from Mr. Gresley, rector of Saens- flain, from the yoar 1701) lo tlie year 1773, when he died, aged 00: so that he was born seven years before the poet died 10 ON SAMDEL BUTLEK, ESQ., sous younger: noiio of his descendants rem;iin in the parish, though some of lliem are said to be in the ueigh« Luring villages. Our ?uthor received liis (irst_rijdii)ieulsj2LlciimiiJft.a:_ home ; lie was afterwards s^iljjjjjjue Xfllk^fiLacllBfil at Worcester, then tauglit ii/ Mr. Henry Bright,* pre- bendary of that cathedra], a celebrated scholar, and many years the famous master of the King's school there ; one who made his business his delight ; and, though in very easy circumstances, continued to teach for the sake of doing good, by benefiting the families of the neighboring gentlemen, who thought themselves liappy in havinij their sons instructed by him. liow long Mi: Butler continued under his care is noi known, but, probably, till he was fourteen years old • Mr. Bright is buried in the cathedral church of Worcester, nc.ir the nnrih pilhir. at die foot of the steps wliich lead to the choir, lie was bnrn 1502, appointed !>clioiiliii'ister 1581}, made preliend.iry 1019, died lt)26. The inscription in capitals, on a mural stone, nuw placed in what is called the lii^hup's Chapel U a^ fulluws : Mane ho'pes et lese, Maci^ter flE.NRlCUS nKIGlIT, Celeberriiiius (rj'iiinasiarcha, Qui scholx reyiiu istic fundatx pur toios 40 annos siiiiiiija cum laudc pru^l'iiit. Quo non alter niayis scduhis •"uit, scitnsve, r.c dexter, in Lalinis Gra-cis llcbnicis lilleris, feliciter edocendis: Teste utraqne academia qtiani iastruxit alTatini MUiiierosa plelie literaria: Sed et Intidetn nnnis eoque aniplius theolohinu to excite a lauiluble emulation in our provincial !eM><<>, to the middle rank of gentry, without the danger of ruining tlicir fiirtunes, and corrupting their morals oi their health : this, though foreign to my present pnrpose, the 'Mpcct and alFectiun I bear to my neighbors extorted from me AUTHOR OF HUI/IBRAS. 11 Wlietlier lie was ever entered at any university is un- certain. His biojrrapher says he went to Canibrid;ro, bnt was never matriculated: Wood, on llii antliority nf Butler's brother, says, the poet .spL-nt six or seven yeaia thcie;* bnt as other things are quoted from tlie samo auiiiority, wiiieli I believe to be I'also, I should very much suspect the truth of this article. Some expres- sions, in his works, look as if he were acquainted with the customs of Oxford. Coursing was a term peculiar to that university ; see Part iii. c. ii. v. 1244. Keturninw to his native country, he entered into the lervice of Thomas JefFeries, Esq., of Eiarls Croombo, ivho, being a very active justice o f the pcijce, and a leading man in the business ^oF the'^provnice, his clerk was in no mean oflice, but one that required a know- ledge of the law and constitution of his country, and a proper behavior to men of every rank anil occupation : besides, in those times, before the roads were made good, and short visits so much in fashion, every large family was a community within itself: the upper ser- vants, (If retainers, being often the younger sons of gentlemen, were treated as fricn. " by some of the parishioners of Covent Garden, in "The churchmen overlook all other people as hHiightily as the tnurches and steejjles (Id private houses. "Tlie French do nolhiny; without ostentation, fjiri the kins himself is not behind willi his triiuiiphal arches co.isecrateU to himself, and his impress of the sun, nee plurihus impar. "The French kin;; having copies of the best pictures from Rome, is as a great prince wearing clothes at second hand : the king in his prodisious charge of buildings and furniture does the name thing to hunself that he means to do by Paris, renders him- self weaker, by endeavoring 'ji appear the more niugniticeni: lets go the substance for shadow. ' * See Butler's Life, printed before the small edition of Hudi tras in 1710, and reprinted by Dr. Grey AUTHOR OF HUDIBRAS. 17 memory of tlie celebrated Samuel Butler, wlio was buried in this church, A. D. 1C80. " A few plain men, to pomp and state unknown, "O'er a poor bard have raised tliis hiiriil)le stone, " Whose wants alone his genius could su-pass, " Victim of zeal ! the matchless Hudlhras . " What though fair freedom suffer'd in his page, " Reader, forgive the author for the age I " How lew, alas ! disdain to cringe and cant, " When 'tis the mode to play tlie sycophant. " But, oh I let all lie taught, from Butler's fate, " Who hope to make their fortunes hy the great, " riiat wit and jiride are always dangerous things, " And little faith is due to courts and kings." la the year 1721, Jolin Barber, an eminent printer, and alderman of London, erected a monument to oui poet in Westminster Abbey ; the inscription is as fol- lows : M.S. Samuelis Butler Qui Strenshamia; in agro Vigorn. natus 1012, Obiit Lond. I(i80. Vir doctus imprimis, acer, integer, Operihus ingenii non item prjemiis felix. Satyrici apud nos carminis arlifex egregius. Qui simulata; religionis larvam detra.vit - Kt perduellium scelera liberrime exagitavit, Scriplorum in suogenere primus et iiostremus Ke cui vivo deerant i'erc ouuiia Deesset etiam mortuo tumulus Hoc tandem posito uiarmore curavit Johannes Barber civis Londinensis 17'JI. On the latter part of this epitaph the ingenious Mr Samuel Wesley wrote tlie following lines : / While Butler, needy wretch, was yet alive, / JS'o generous patron would a dinner give ; / See him, when starved to death, and turn'd to dust, / Preser.ted with a monumental bust. The poet's fate is here in emblem shown, ■ He ask'd for bread, and he received a stone. Soon after this monument was erected in Westminstei Abbey, some persons proposed to erect one in Covent Garden church, for which Mr. Dennis wrote the follow- tug inscription : Near this place lies interr'd The body of Mr. Sanuiel Butler, Author of Hudibras. He was a whole species of poets in one : Admirable in a manner In which no one else has l)een tolerable: A manner which began and ended in him 18 ON SAMUEL BUTLER ESQ.. In which he knew no {aJioi ^oprjaio, Siainp ApjjoStos k' AfJis-oysiVui', oVt Tov Tvpnvi'Ov KTavirtjv, laovupov; t AOijvas li:oir]adTr]v. And ending. Ad ciiiai K^i'os lactTai kut' aiav, (piXrad' Appdiic /c' Apt^oytiTov, OTi rdv ripavpov KTavtrov laovCjiov; t AOr/fai iTTOifiaarov. Of this song the learned Lowth says, Si post idus illas Martias e Tyrannoctonis quispiam tale aliquod carmen plebi tradidisset, inque suburram, et fori circulos, et in era vulgi intulisset, actum profecto fuisset de partibus deque dominatioue CiEsarum : plus mehercule valuisset unum AppoStov pi\oi quam Ciceronis Philij)picoe omnes; and again, Num verendum erat ne quis tyrannidem Pisistratidarum Athenis instaurare auderet, nbi cantita- retur SkJAiov ilhid Callistrati. — See also Israelitarum E>ittviKiov, Isaiah, chapter xiv. Of this kind was the famous Irish song called Lilli- • [Probably a misprint. Rabelais died in 1553, and his work las flrst published at Lyons in 1533.] AUTHOR or UUDIBKAS. 2b biirlero, M-liicli just before the Revolution in 1G88, had such an cft'fct, that Burnet says, " a fooHsh ballad was " made at that time, treating tlie papists, and chietly "the Irish, iu a very ridiculous manner, which had a " burthen said to be Irish words', Loro loro Hiliburloro, " that made an impression on Iho (king's) army that " cannot bo imagined by those that saw it not. The •' whole army, and at last the people, both in city and "country, were singing it perpetually: and perhaps " never had so slight a thing so good an effect." Of this kind in modern days was the song of God save great George our king, and the Ca ira of Paris. Thus wonderfully did Iludibras operate in beating down tho hypocrisy, and false patriotism of hii time. Mr. Hay- ley gives a character of him in four lines with great propriety : "Unrivall'd Butler ! blest with lia;)i)y skill "To he:il liy comic verse each se.-ir.cis ill, " By wit's strong flashes reason's li?ht dispense, "And laugh a frantic nation into sense.'' For one g re^ f. ob j ent of oiir jpoet's satire Js tojiiiyijtisk ' ' the hypoci'ite, and to exhibit, m a llglit at once odious and ridiculous, the Presbyterians and Independents, aiid ajTr^other sects, whicli in our poet's days amounted to near two hundred,' and were enemies to the King ; but jA his ftitlJiB4- view wa s-Xo bAuteji alj_the false, and even all the suspicious pretences to learning that'prevailed in his IjijUC such as astrology, sympathetic medicine, alchymy, transfusion of blood, triflng experimental philosophy, fortniie-telling, iucrediblt-" relations of travellers, false wit, and injudicious affec'Uion of ornament to be found m, the poets, romance winters, &c. ; thus he frequently 'Chides to Purchas's Pilgrim, Sir Kenclm Digby's books, Bulwer's Artificial Changeling, Brown's Vulgar Errors, Burton's Melancholy, the early transactions of the Royal Society, the various j)amphlets and poems of his time, &c., &c. These books, though now little known, were much reac and admired in our author's days. The ad- venture with the widow is introduced in conformity with other poets, both heroic and dramatic, who hold that no poem can be perfect which hath not at least one Epi- Fode of Love. It is not worth while to inquire, if the characters painted under the fictitious names of Hudibras, Crow dero, Orsin, Talgol, TruUa, &,c , were drawn from real life, or whether Sir Roger L'Estrange's key to Iliidi- 26 o^^ samuel builer, esq., bras be a true one ; it matters not whether the lien v,"ere designed as the picture of Sir Samuel Luke, Col. . iolls, DT Sir Henry Rosewell, he is, in the language of Dr tdeu, iiiiight of the Siiire, and represents tliem ail, that is, the whole body of the Presbyterians, as Ralpho does that of the Independents it would be degrading the liberal spirit and univei-sal genius of Mr. Butler, to narrow l:is general satire to a particular libel on any characters, however marked and prominent. To a single rogue, or blockhead, he disdained to sloop ; the vices and follies of the age in which he lived, (et quando uberior vitiorum copia,) were the quarry at which he fled ; these he con- centrated, and embodied in the persons of Hudibras, Ralpho, Sidrophel, &.C., so that each character in this admirable poem should be considered, not ase(l to Heraclides Ponticus, tlio I'lalonist, mu-t be the woHiofa liiore recent aiuhor, as the Dean has proved : his real name seeiiJs to have been Heraclitus, (not the philosopher,) and nulhin^ more is known of him, but that Eustalhius often cites him in his comment on Homer: the tract, however, is elegant and agreeable, and may be read with im liiovenient and pleasure. t Prnclus, the most learned philosopher of the fifth century, left among other writings numerous comments on Plato's works Mill subsisting, so slufi'ed with allegorical absurdities, that few who have peru-ed two periods, will have patience to venture on a third. In this, he only follows the example of Atlicus, and ijiany others, whose interpretations, as wild as his own he care- fully examines. He sneers at the famous Longinus w.th much conlempt. for adhering too servilely to the literal meaning of Plato. I I'hilo tlie Jew discovered many mystical senses in the Pen- tateuch, and from him, i)erhaps, Origen learned his unhappy knack of allegori/.ins both Old and Nev, Testament. This, iu ustice, however, is due to Origen, that while he is hunting after bbstruse senses, he doth not neglect the literal, but is sometimea \uippy in his criticisms AUTHOR OF HUDIBRAS. 'Z i allowed themselves to depart from the obvious and literal meaning of the text, which they pretend to explain. Thus some have thought that tlio hero of the piece was intended to lepresent the parliament, especially that part of it which favored the Presbyterian discipline ; when in the stocks, he personates tiie Presbyterians after they had lost their power ; his first exploit is against the bear, whom lie routs, which represents the parliament getting the better of the king : after this great victory, he courts a widow for her jointure, that is, the riclies and power of the kingdom ; being scorned by her, he retires, hat the revival of hope to the royalists draws forth both him and his squire, a little before Sir George Booth's insurrection. Magnano, Cerdon, Talgol, &i-c., though described as butciiers, coblers, tinkers, were designed as olBcers in the parliament army, whose original profes- sions, perhaps, were not much more noble : some have imagined Magnano to be the duke of Albemarle, and his getting thistles from a barren land, to allude to his power in Scotland, especially after the defeat of Booth. Trulla his wife, Crowdero Sir George Booth, whose bringing in of Bruin alludes to his endeavors to restore the king : his oaken leg, called the better one, is the king's cause, his other leg the Presbyterian discipline ; his fiddle-case, which in sport they hung as a trophy on the whipping-post, the directory. Ralpho, they say, represents the parliament of Independents, called Barc- boues Parliament ; Bruin is sometimes the royal person, sometimes the king's adherents ; Orsiu represents the royal party — Talgol the city of London — Colon the bulk of the people : all these joining together against the knight, represent Sir George Booth's conspiracy, with Presbyterians and royalists, against the parliament : tlieir overthrow, through the assistance of Ralph, means the defeat of Booth by the assistance of the Independ- ents and other fanatics. These ideas are, perhaps, only the phrensy of a wild imagination, though there may be some lilies that seem to favor the conceit. Diyden and Addison have censured Butler for hia double jh^mes ; the latter nowhere argues worse than upon tills subject: " If," says he, "the thought in the " couplet be good, the rnymes add little to it ; and if " bad, it will not be in the power of rhyme to recom. " mend it. I am afraid that great numbers of those " who admire the incompar'tble Hudibras, do it more on " account of these doggerel rhymes, than the parts that 3 Z8 ON SAMUEL BUTLER, ESQ., " really deserve admiralion."* ^his reflection aflTeots equally ail sorts of rhyme, which certainly can add nothing to tiio sense ; bat double rhymes are like the whimsical dress of Harlequin, which does not add to his wit, but sometimes increases the humor and drollery of it . they are not sought for, but, when they como easily, are always diverting: they are so seldom found in Hudibras, as hardly to be an object of censure, espe- cially as tlie diction and the rhyme both suit well with the character of the hero. It must be allowed that our poet doth not exhibit his hero witii the dignity of Cervantes ; but the princip al fault of the i)oem is, that the parts are unconnected, anclThe storj' not interestmg: the reader may leaVe off Wilabtrt-bcing anxious for the fate of his hero ; he sees only dii^jtcla membra poette ; but we should remember, that the parts were published at long intervals, + anc) that severai ol THe" different caiilo's Were designed as satires on different subjects or extravagancies. What the judicious Abbe du Bos has said res])ecting Ariosto, may be true of Butler, that, in comparison with him, Homer is a geometrician : the poem is seldom read a Becond time, often not a first in regular order ; that is, by passing from the first canto to the second, and so ou in succession. Spenser, Ariosto, and Butler, did not live iu au age of planning ; the last imitated the former poets — " his poetry is the careless exuberance of a witty " imagination and great learning." I^aaltlias likewise been foimd, and perhaps justly, with tTTFlooTfeqiient elisions, the harshness of tiib num- bers, and the leaving out the signs of our substantives ; his inattention to grammar and syntax, which, in some passages, may have contributed to obscure his mearing, as the perplexity of others arises from the amazing fiuit- fulness of his imagination, and extent of his reading. Most writers have more words than ideas, and the reader wastes much pains with them, and gets little informa- tion or amusement. Butler, ou the contrary, has more ideas than words, his wit and learning crowd so fast upon him, that he cannot find room or time to arrange them : hence his periods become sometimes embarrassed and obscure, and his dialogues are too long. Our jioet lias been charged witii obscenity, evil-speaking, and * Spectator, No. GO. t The Epislle lo Si(lro]ihel, not till many years altir the ciinto to which it is unnexed. AUTHOR OF HUDIBRAS. 29 profaiiciioss ; but satirists will take liberties. Juvenal and that elegant poet Horace, must plead his cause, so far as the accusation is well founded. Some apology may be necessary, or expected, when a person advanced in years, and without the proper qualifications, shall undertake to publish, and conmiont upon, one of the most learned and ingpnious writers in our language ; and, if the editor's true and obvious mo- lives will not avail to excuse him, he must plead guilty. The frequent pleasure and amusement he had received from the perusal of the poem, naturally bred a respect for the meniory and character of the author, whijh is further endeared to him by a local relation to the r onn- ty, and to the parish, so highly honored by the birlh of Mr. Butler. These considerations induced him to at- tempt an edition, more pompous perhaps, and expensive, than was necessary, but not too splendid for the merit of the work. While Shakspeare, Milton, AValler, Pope, and the rest of our English classics, appear with every advantage that either printing or criticism can supply, v/hy should not Hudibras share those ornaments at least with them which may be derived from the present im- proved state of typography and paper? Some of the dark allusions, in Hudibras, to history, voyages, and the abstruser parts of what was then called learning, the author himself was careful to explain in a series of^notes to the first two parts ; for the annotations to the third part, as has been before observed, do not seem to como from the same hand. In most other respects, the poem may be presumed to have been tolerably clear to the or- dinary class of readers at its first publication : but, in a course of years, the unavoidable fluctuations of language, the disuse of customs then familiar, and the oblivion which bath stolen on facts and characters then com- monly known, have superinduced an obscurity on seve- ral passages of the work, which did not originally bo- long to it. The principal, if not the sole view, of the annotations now offered to the public, hath been to re- move these difficulties, and point out some of the passa- ges in the Greek and Roman authors to which the poet alludes, in order to render Hudibras more intelligible to persons of the commentator's level, men of middiinc capacity, and limited information. To such, if his re'^ marks shall bo found useful and acceptable, he will be content, though they should appear triflnig in the eati- mation of the more learned. 30 0.\ SAMUEL BUTLER, ESQ., It is extraordinary, that for above a hundred ana twenty years, only one commentator hath furnished notes of any considerable length. Doctor Grey had va- rious friends, particularly Bishop Warburtou, Mr. Byrou, and several gentlemen of Cambridge, who oommuuica- led to liim learned and ingenious obsei-vations : these have been occasionally adopted without scruple, have been abridged, or enlarged, or altered, as best consisted with a plan, somewhat difierent fron; the doctor's ; but in such a manner as to preclude any other tlian a gene- ral acknowledgment from the infinite perplexity that a minute and particular reference to them at every turn, would occasion ; nor has the editor been witiiout the as- sistance of his friends. It is well known in Worcestershire, that long before the appearance of Doctor Grey's edition, a learned and worthy clergyman of tiiat county, after reading Hudi bras with attention, had compiled a set of observations, with design to reprint the poem, and to subjoin his own remarks. By tlio friendship of his descendants, the present publisher hath been favored with a sight of those papers, and though, in commenting on the same work, the annotator must unavoidably have coincided with, and been anticipated by Dr. Grey in numerous instan- ces, yet much original infonnation remained, of which a free and unreserved use hath been made in the fol- lowing sheets ; but he is forbid any further acknowledg- ment. He is likewise much obliged to Dr. Loveday, of Wil- liamscot, near Banbury, the worthy son of a worthy father ; the abilities and correctness of the former can be equalled only by the learning and critical acumen of the latter. He begs leave likewise to take this opportu- nity of returning his thanks to his learned and worthy neighbor Mr. Iiigruham, from whose conversation much information and eutertainment has been received on many subjects. Mr. Samuel Westley, brother to the celebrated John Wcstley, had a design of publishing an edition of Hudi- bras with notes. He aj)plied to Loid O.vford for the use of his books in his library, and his Lordship wrote him the following obliging answer from Dover-street, August 7, ll'i-i — " I ain very glad you was reduced to read "over Hudibr-i3 three times with care: I find you are ''perfeclly of my mind, that it much wants nord Cliirendon tells us, that the English were the Iiappiest people under the sun, while the king was undisturbed in the administration of justice ; but a too much felicity had made them unmanageable by moderate government ; a long peace having softened almost all the noblesse into court pleasures, and made the commoners insolent l)y great plenty. King Charles, in the fourth year of his reign, tells the lords, '• We have been willing so far to descend to the desires of om "good subjects, as fully io satisfie all moderate minds, and free ' them from all just fears and jealousies." The words jealousies and fears, were bandied between the king and the parliament in all their papers, before the absolute breaking out of the war They were used by tlie parliament to the king, in their petition for the militia, March 1, 1G41-2; and by the king in his answer: "You speak of jealousies and fears, lay your hands to your " hearts and ask yourselves, whether I mtiy not be disturbed " with jealousies and fears." And the parliament, in their de- claration to the king at Newmarket, March t), say, ' Those fears '• and jealousies of ours which your majesty thinks to be cause- ■■' less, and without just ground, do necessarily and clearly arise " from those dangers and distempers into which your evil coun- " cils have brought us : but those other fears and jeahutsies of "yours, have no founilation or subsistence in any action, inten tion, or miscarriage of ours, but are merely grounded on false ' hood anil malice." The terms had been used before by the Earl of Carlisle to James I., 14 Feb. )(J23. " Nothing will more dishearten the en- ' vious maligners of your majesty's felicity and encourage your " true-hearted friends and servants, than me removing those " false fears and jealousies, which are mere imaginary phan- " tasms, and bod.es of air easily dissipated, whensoever it shall " please the sun of your majesty to shew itself clearly in ite •native brightness, lustre, and goodness." * run/.— From the Anglo Saxon pung ; it sisnifics a hawd Anus instar corii ad ignem siccali. (Skinner.) Sometimes sror turn, scortillum. Sir John Suckling says. Religion now is a young mistress here For which each man will fight and die at least: Let it alone awhile, and 'twill become Canto i.] IIUDIBRAS. 35 Wliose honesty they all durst swear for, Tlio' not a man of them knew wherefore When Gospel-Trumpeter, surrounded With Iont bo cari;y'(J on, And still be doing, never done As if Religion were iiitondcd For nothing else but to bo mended. A sect, whose chief devotion lies ^ Til odd perverse antipathies :* In falling out with that or this, And finding somewhat still amiss :t More peevish, cross, and splenetic, Than dog distract, or monkey sick. That with more care keep holy-day Th(j wrong, than others the right way :> Compound for sins they are inelin'd to, 213 By damning those they have no mind to: Still so perverse and opposite. As if they worshipp'd God for spite. The self-same thing they will abhor One way, and long another for. 220 Free-will they one way disavow, Another, nothing else allow. § All piety consists therein In_tli^em, in other men all sin.|| Rather than fail, they will defy 225 Tliat which they love most tenderly ; Quarrel with minc'd pies, IT and disparage niddcration : but Dr. Grey produces passages from some of their violent ami absurd writers, wbich made liim thiiili that they had a strong spirit of persecution at the bottom. Some of our brave ancestors said of the Romans, " Ubi soli- "tudineni faciunt, pacem appellant." Tacitus, Vita Agricol. 30. * In all great quiirrels, the parlies are apt to take pleasure in contradicting each other, even in the most trifling matters. The Presbyterians reckoned it sinful to eat plum-porridge, or minced pies, at Christmas. The cavaliers observing the formal carriage 01 their adversaries, fell into the opposite extreme, and ate and drank plentifully every day, especially alter the restoration. t Uueen Klizalieth Vv'as otten heard to say, that she knew very well what wo.ild content the Catholics, but that she never could learn what woulil content the Puritans. t In the year 1C4.1, Christmas day was ordered to be observed as a fast: and Oliver, when protector, was feasted by the lord mayor on Ash-Wednesday. When James the First desired the magistrates of Edinburgh to feast the French ambassad.irs before their return to France, the ministers proclauncd a fast to be kept the same day. $ As maintaining absolute predestination, and denying the liberty of man's will : at the same time contending for absolute 'reedom in rites and ceremonies, and the discipline of the church. ji They themselves being the elect, and so incapable of sin- ning, and all others being reprobates, and therefore not capabi* of performing any good action. 1. "A sort ol inquisition was set up, against the food which tG IIUDIBRAS. [Part. Their best aiul dearest friend — piiiiii-iiorridge Fat pior and goose, itself oppose, And blaspheme custard through the nose. 23C Th' apostles of this fierce religion, Like Mahomet's, were ass and widgeon,* To whom our kniglit, by fast instinct Of wit and temper, was so liukt, As if hypocrisy and nonsense _ 23* Had got th' advowson of his conscience.^j Thus was he gifted and accouter'd, We mean on th' inside, not the outward: That next of all we shall discuss ; Then listen. Sirs, it followcth llius : "240 His tawny beard was th' equal grace Both of Ijis wisdom and his face ; In cut and dye .so like a tile, A sudden view it would beguile : The upper part thereof was whey, 245 The nether orange, mixl willi grey. "^riiTs hairy mcledr did denounce The fall of sceptres and of crowns ;t li:id " liren customarily in use at this season." Black.all's Ser Minn on Cliristmiis-day. * Mahomet tells us, In the Koran, that the Angel Gahriel brought to him a milk-white beast, called Alborach, something like an ass, but bisrucr, to carry him to the presence of God. Alboraeli refused to let him get up, unless he would promise to procure him an entrance into paradise : which Mahomet pro- mising, he got up. Mahomet is also said to have had a lame pigeon, which lie tiu'jht secretly to eat out of his ear, to make liis followers believe, that by means of this bird there were im parted to him some rlivine communications. Our poet calls it a widgeon, for the sake of equivoque ; widgeon in the figurative sen.se, signifying a foolish silly fellow. It is usual to say of such a person, that he is as wise as a widgeon : and a drinking song has these lines. — Mahomet was no divine, hut a senseless widgeon, To forbid the use of wine to those of his religion. Widgeon and weaver, says Mr. Ray, in his Philosophical Let- ters, are male and female sex. - Tlierc are still a multitude of doves about Mecca preserved "and fed there with great care and superstition, being thought " to be of the breed of that dove which spake in the ear iif Ma "hornet." Sandys' Tr.ivels. t Alluding to the vulgir opinion, that comets are alwayi rodictive of some public calamity. Et nunquam coelo spectatuin impune cometen. Pliiiv calls a comet crinita. Mr. Butler in his Genuine Remains, -ol. i. p. 54. says Which way the dreadful comet went Id sixty-four, and what it meant 1 Ca.nto i.j IIUDlIiUAS 47 With grisly type did represent Declining age of government, 25t And tell, with hieroglyphic spade, Its own grave and the state's were made. Like Sampson's iieart-breakers, it grew lirttiTieto make a nation rne ;* Tlio' it contributed its own fall, 253 T^wait upon the public downfall:! If. was canonic,! and did grow In holy orders by strict vovv:§ ■ What Nations yet are to bewail The operations of its tail : Or whether I'Vancc or Holland yet, Or Germany, be in its debt 7 What wars and plagues in Christendom Have happen'd since, and what to come 1 What l;ly meteor on his face. Till they were both no more ly IIUDIDKAS iI'art . Of rule as sullen and severe As tiiat of rijjid Cordeiiere :* 201 'Twas bound to suffer persecution And niarlyrdoni with resolution ; T' oppose itself atjainst the hate And vengeance of 111' incensed state : In whose defiance it was worn, 261 Still ready to be pnll'd and torn, With red-hot irons to be tortur'd, Revil'd, and spit noon, and niartyr'd : Manure all wliich, 'twas to stand fast. As long as monarchy should last ; 'ITO But when the state sJiould hap to reel, 'Twas to submit to fatal steel. And fall, as it was consecrate, A sacrifice to fall of state ; Whose thread of life the fatal sisters 273 Did twist together with its whiskere, « And twine so close, that Time should never, In life or death, their fortunes sever ; But with his rusty sickle mow Both down together at a blow. 2hi\ So learned Taliacotins, from The brawny part of porter's bum. Cut supplemental noses, which Would last as long as parent breech :t * An order so called in France, from the knotted cord which they wore iihout their nnddles. In Enghind they were named Grey Friars, and wore the strictest branch of the Franciscans. t Taliacotins was professor of physic and surjiery at Rulogna, where he was horn. Id'>3. His treatise is well known. He siiys, the operation has lieen practised hy others before him with suc- cess. See a very htunorons account of him, Tatlcr, No. 200. The desijin of Taliacotins has been improved into a method of holding correspondence at a great distance, by the sympithy ot tlesh transferred from one body to another. If two per^ons ex- change a piece of flesh from the biccpital muscle of the arm, and circumscribe it with an alphabet; when the one pricks him- self in A, the othei is to have a sensation thereof in the same part, and by inspecting his arm, perceive what letter the other points to. Our author likewise intended to ridicula Sir Kenelm Pighy, who, in his Treatise on the sympathetic powder, mentions, bni with caution, this methoit of engrafting noses. It has been ab- served, that the ingenuity of the ancients seems to have failed them im a similar occasion, since they were obliged to piece ou! the inuti.atcd shoulder of Pelops with ivory. In latter days it has been a common pr.iclice with dentisis, ti draw the teeth of young chimney-sweepers, and li.t Ihcni in the heads of other persons. There was a lady whose mouth wa.i supplied in '.his manner. After some time the boy claimed th« Canto I.] IIUDIBRAS 49 But wlieti the iate of Nock was out,* 285 Off dropf the sympathetic snout. His back, or rather burthen, show'd As if it stoop'd with its own load. For as jEneas boro his sire Upon liis slioulders thro' the fire, 29fl Our knijrht did bear no less a pack Of his own buttocks on his back: Which now had almost got the upper- Hiind of his Jicad, for want of crupper. To poise this equally, he bore yo.'i A" paunch of the same bulk before: Wliich still he had a special care To keep well-cramni'd with thrifty fare: As wiiite-pot, butter-milk, and curds, Such as a country-house affords ; 3(Kj With other victual, which anon We farther shall dilate upon, When of his hose we come to treat, The cup-board where he kept his meat. ^ His doublet was of sturdy buff, " 305 And though not sword, yet cudgel-proof. Whereby 'twas filter for Iiis use, Who fear'd no blows but such as bruise. t His breeches were of rugged woollen. An d had been at the siege of Bullen ;t 310 tooth, and went to a justice of peace for a warrant against the hidy, who, he alleged, had stolen it. The case would have puzzled Sir Fludihras. Dr. Hunter mentions some ill elTects of the practice. A per- son who gains a tooth, may soon after want a nose. The simile has been translated into Latin thus : Sic adscititios nasos de clune torosi Vcctoris docta secuit Taliacotins arte: Qui potuere parem durando o^quare parentem ; At postiinimi lato cliinis compntruit, ipsum Una syn)phaticuni coepit tabescere rostrum * Nock is a British word, signifying a slit or crack. .And hence figuratively, nates, la (esse, the fundament. Nock, Nockys, is used by Gawin Douglas in his version of the .f.neid, for lh(^ botloiii. or extremity of any thing; Glossarists say, the word hatli that sense both in Italian and Dutch: others think it a liritish word. t A man of nice honor suffers more from a kick, or slap in the face, than from a wound. Pir Walter Raleigh says, to be strackcn with a sword is like a man, but to be strucken with a Btick is like a slave. t Henry VIII. besieged Boulocne in person, July 14, l.')44. He was very fat, and consequently his breeches very larsic. See the paintinys atCowdryin f?Uise.\.and the engravings jmblisheil oO ilUDIBRAS. d'ARri To old King Harry so well known, Some writers iield they were his own, Thro' they were lin'd with many a piece Of ammuiiilioa-bread and cheese, And fat black-puddings, proper food SIS For waruors that delight in blood: For, as we said, he always chose To carry vittle in liis hose, That often tempted rats and mice. The ammunition to surprise : JSf And wlien he put a hand but in The one or tii' other magazine, They stoutly in defence on't stood, And from the wounded foe drew blood ; And till th' were storm'd and beaten oul Sas Ne'er left the forlifi'd redoubt ; i And tho' knights errant, as some think. Of old did neither eat nor djink,* Because when thorougii dcsarts vast, And regions desolate they past, 330 Where belly-timber above ground. Or under, was not to be found, Unless they graz'd, there's not one word Of their provision on record : Wliich made some confidently write, 335 They had no stomachs but to fight. 'Tis false: for Arthur wore in hallt Round table like a farthiugal,t ny the Society of Antiquaries. Their breeches and hose were ihe same, I'ort-hose, Trunk-hose, Pantaloons, were ail like our sailors' trowsers. See Pedules in C'owel, and the 74th canon ad finein. * "Though I think, says Don Quixole, that I have rend as "many histories of chivalry in my lime as any other man, I "never could find that knights errant ever eat. unless it weie "by mere accident, when they were invited to great feasts and "royal banquets ; at other times, they indulged themselves with " little other food besides their tbougliti." t Arthur is said to have lived about the year 530, and to have been born in £01, but so many romantic exploits are attributed to him, that some have doubted whether there was any truth at all in liis historv. GeotFrey o'f Monmouth calls him the son of Ulher Pendrason, others think he was himself called UtherPen.lragon: Uther sig- nifying in the British toncue a club, because as with a club be \»eat down the Saxons : Pendragon, because he wore a dragon on the crest of his lieluict. t The farthingal was a sort of hoop worn by the ladies. King Arthur is said to have made choice of the round table tliat hi» Knights might not quarrel about precedence. l'anto 1.] ilUDIBRAS. 9l ^ On which, with shirt puli'd out behind, And eko bcforo, his good knigiits din'd. 340 Tlio' 'twas no tabic some sujjpose. But a iiiige pair of round trunk hose : In whicli he carry 'd as niucli meat, As ho and all iiis knights could eat,* When laying by their swords and truncheons, 315 They took their breakfasts, or their unnchcons.t But let that pass at present, lest W"c should forget wliere we digrest , As learned autiiors use, to whom WA-leavo it, and to th' purpose come. His puissant sword unto his side, Near his undaunted lieart, was ty'd. With basket-liilt, tliat would hold broth And serve for fight and dinner both. In it he melted lead for bullets, To shoot at foes, and sometimes ;»ullets To whom ho bore so fell a grutch. Ho ne'er gave quarter t' any sucli. The trencliant blade, Toledo trusty, t For want of fighting was grown rusty, And ate into itself, for lack ^ Of somebody to hew and hack. ^^'' The peaceful scabbard where it dwelt, Tlie rancour of its edge had felt : For of the lower end two handful It had dcvour'd, 'twas so manful. And so much scorn'd to lurk in case. As if it durst not shew its face. 355 3G0 ^C^» (j *Triie-wit, in I5cn .Innscn's Silent Woman, says of Sir Amor- ous La Fool, " If he could Imt vicUwl himself for half a year in '• his breeches, lie is suflicicnlly armed to over-run a country." Act 4, sc. 5. '"» — t J\riinckcons. — Meals now made by the servants of most fam- ilies about noon-tiile, or twelve o'clock. Our ancestors in the I'Jth and Hlh centuries had four meals a day, — breakfast at 7; dinner at U) ; supper at 4 ; and livery at 8 or SI ; soon after which Ihcy went to-bed. See the Karl of Korthiunbcrland's household- book. The tradesmen and laboring people had only 3 meals a day, —breakfast at 8 ; dinner at 12 ; and supper at G. They had no livery. t Toledo is a city in Spain, the capital of New Castile, famous for the manufacture of swords: the Toledo blades were peneral- ly broad, to wear on horseback, and of great Icniith, suitable to the old Spanish dress. See Dillon's Voyage tlirnuch Spain, 4to 78-2. But those which I have seen were narrow, like a stiletto Owt much longer: though probably onr hero's was broad, as is tnplied liy the epithet trenchant, cutting. f,o IIUDIBllAS [I'AiiT . in many desjierate attempts, 01" warrants, exigents,* contempts, S7C It had appcar'd with courage bolder Thau Serjeant Bum invading shoulder :t Oft liad it ta'cu i)ossessiou, And pris'ners too, or made tlicm rua. This sword a dagger had, liis page, 375 That was but httle for liis age : t And therefore waited on liim so, Ss dwarfs upon kniglits errant do. it was a serviceable dudgeon, § Either for figliling or for drudging :|| 3tu When it had stabb'd, or broke a head. It would scrape trenchers, or chip bread, Toast cheese or bacon, IT though it were To bait a mouse-trap, 'twould not care : 'Twould make clean shoes, and in the earth 385 Set leeks and on'ons, and so forth : It had been 'prentice to a brewer,** * Exigent is a writ issued in order to l)ring a person to an out lawry, if he does not appear tu answer the suit commenced against hini. t Alluding to the method by which bum-bailifTs, as they are called, arrest persons, giving ihem a iMpon tlie shoulder. i'l'hus Homer accoutres Agamemnon witli a dagger hangmg near his sword, which he used instead of a knife. Iliad. Lib. m. 271. A gentleman pniducing some wine li> his guests in small glasses, and saying it was sixteen years old ; a person replied it was very small for its age — iriidiToi ii rtioi utvov if4-VKrnpiciif utKobv, Kai ehdvTog on iKKatbtKaCTt);' fitKpdg yc, iipt), Jis TuavTuv cTuv. Alhena-us Ed. Casaubon. pp. J84 and atio. lib xiii. 2H1). § A dudgeon was a short sword, or dagger: from tlie Teutonic degen, a sword. II That is for doing any drudgery-work, such as follows in tbu next verses. II Corporal Nim says, in Phakspeare's Henry v., "I dare not "fight, but I will wink, and hold out mine iron: it is a simple "one, but what though— it will toast cheese." **This was a common joke upon Oliver Cromwell, who was laid to have been a partner in a brewery. It was frequently made the subject of lampoon during his life-time. In the collec- tion of loyal songs, is one called the Protecting Brewer, which jai these stanzas — A brewer may l)e as liold as a hector, When as he had drunk his cup of nectar, And a brewer may be a !,ord I'rotector, Which nobody can deny. Now here remains the strangest thing, How this brewer about his liquor did bring To be an empi-ror or a king. Which nobody tan iliny Canto J.J JlULMliRAS. 6J Where ihis, and more, it did endure ; But left tiie tiiide, as many more Have lately done, on the same scoie. ;i!lU In tir holsters, at the saddle-bow. Two aged pistols he did stow, ATnonC And when we can, with metre safe. We'll call him so, if not, plain Raph ;* For riiyme tne rudder is of vei-ses, With which, like ships, they steer their couiwa An equal stock of wit and valor 4C5 He had lain in, hy birth a tailor. ^ The mighty Tyriau queen that gain'd, "With subtle shreds, a tract of land,1 Did leave it, with a castle fair, To his great ancestor, her heir ; 470 From him descended cross-leggd kuighls,t Fam'd for their faith and warlike fights Against tiie bloody Cannibal, § Bical, provincial, or national synods or assemblies. Tliey chose their own ministers, and required no ordination or laying on of hands, as the I'resl)yterians did. Tliey admitted any gifted bro ther, thai is, any enthusiast who thought he could preach oi pray, into their asseinblios. They entered into covenant with their minister, and he with them. Soon after the Revolution the Presliyterians and Independents coalesced, the former yield- ing in some respects to the latter. * Paulino Ausonius, metrum sic suasit, ut esses Tu prior, et nomen pra^grederere meum. Sir Roger I/E, plates 27, 4, anil 'i8. But long be- fore this period, by royal proclamation of Julv !J. 1.5ol, the base testoons or shillings of Henry VIII. and Edward VI. were rated z'. ninepence, (Folkes, ibid. p. 37.) and of the.se there were great n'.ii.ibcrs. It may be conjectured also, that the dipt shillings of EJward and Filizabeth, and, perhaps, some foreign silver coins, might pass by common allowance and tacit agreement for nine- pence, and be so called. In William Prynne's answer to John Audland the Quaker, in Butler's Genuine Remains, vol. i. p. 382, we read, a light piece of gold is good and lawful English coin, current with allowance, though it bo dipt, filed, washed, or H-orn: even so are my ears legal, warrantable, and sutticient cnrs, however they have been dipt, par'd, eropt, circumcis'd. In Queen Elizabeth's time, as llolinshed. Stow, and Camden affirm, a proclamation was issued, declaring that the testoons coined for twelve-pence, should be current for four pence half t)enny ; an inferior sort, marked with a greyhound, for Iwo-penea 59 IILDIBRAS. tl'ART i Ho ne'er considei'd it, as loth* To look a gift horse in tlie month ; -l^'* And very wisely would lay fortli No more upon it than 'twas worth, t But as he got it freely, so He spent it frank and freely too. For saints themselves will sometimes be, 495 Of gifts that cost tliem nothing, free. By "means of this, with hem and cough, Prolongers to enlighten'd snuff, t Hejjjuld deep mysteries unriddle, (■iirlliins; ami a third and worst sort not to be current at all: stamping and niillina money look place about the year 1G6-2. All or any of these pieces mijiht serve for pocket pieces among the vulgar, and be given to their sweethearts or comrades, as tokens of reinend)rance and affection. At this day an Eliza- beth's shilling is notunfrcquently applieil to such purpose. The country people say commonly, I will use your commenilatinns, that is. make your compliments. George Philips, before his e.vecntion. bended a sixpence, and presented it to a friend of his, Mr. Stroud. He pave a bended shilling to one fdr. Clark. See a brief narr.-vtive of the stupendous Uagedy intended by the satan- ical saints, ]6t;2, p. ,5<). * That is, he did not consider it was crackt and broken, or per- haps it may mean, he did not overv.ilue, and hoard it up, it being given him by inspiration, according to the doctrine of the In/rdj wliich Plato speaks of. tow'hich the soul is united, and where •she beholds them." See Mr. Norris's Letter to .Mr. Dodwell, toncerning the immortality of the soul of man, p. 114. X See the ancient and modern customs of the Irish, in Cam- den's Britannia, and S^jieod's Theatre. Here the poet may use his favorite figure, the anticlimax. Yet I am not certain whether Mr. Butler did not mean, in earnest, to call the Irish learned: for in the age of St. Patrick, the Saxons flocked to Ireland as tc the great mart of learning. We find it often mentioned in oui writers, that such an one was sent into Ireland to be educated Suigenus, who flourished about si.x hundred years ago — E.vemplo patruin comnir>tus amore legendi Ivil ud Hibernos, sophiSi mirabile claros. i:a.vic)I.J lll.DliniAS. 61 Or Sir Agri])iia, for profound And solid lyinjf much rcnown'd :* Sit lie Antliroposoplius, ami Floud, ^ And Jiicub Heliincn understood jt Knew many an amulet and charm, Tliut would do neither "-ootl nor harm ; In Mr. Butler's MS. Common-place book he says, " When Oi« Saxons invaded the Britons, it is very probable ihat many tied "into I'oreis^ii countries, to avoid the lury ol' their arms, (as th« "Veneti did into tl;j islands of the Adriatic sea, when AttiU 'invaded Italy,) and some, if not most into Ireland, who car- " ried with them that learning which the Romans had planted " here, which, when the Sa.vons had nearly e.\tin(:uished it in "this island, flourished at s.i hijjh a rate thstro, that most of " those nations, amonf; whom the northern people liad intro- "duced barbarism, beginning to recover a little civility, were "glad to send their children to bo instructed in religion iind " learning, into Ireland." * Sir Agrippa was born at Cologn, ann. 148G, and knighted for his military services under the Emperor Maximilian. When very young, he published a book De Occulta I'hilosophiil, which contains almost all the stories that ever roguery invented, or credulity swallowed concerning the operations of magic. But Agrippa was a man of great worth and honor, as well as of great learning; and in his riper years was thoroughly ashamed of this book; nor is it to be found in the lolio edition of his works. — In his preface he says, "Si alicubi erratum sit, sive "quid liberius dictum, ignoscile adolescenti;e nostnv, qui minor " quam adolesccns hue opus composui : ut possim me excusare, " ac diccre, dam eram parvulus, loquebar ut parvulus, factus " aulem vir, evacuavi quiB erant parvuli ; ac in libro de vanitate "scicntiarum hunc librum magna ex parte retractavi." — Paulus Jovitis in his " Elogia doctorum Virorum," says of Sir Agrippa, " a Cajsare eruditionis ergo equestris ordinis dignitate honesta- " tus." p. 'S.Vi. Bayle, in his Dictionary v. Agrippa, note O, says that the fourth book was untruly ascribed to Agrippa. t Anthroposophus was a nickname given to one Thomas Vaugh «n, Rector of Saint Bridge's, in Bedfordshire, and author of a discourse on the nature of man in the state after death, entitled, Anihropo^ophiH Theomagica.— " A treatise," says Uean Swift. '■ written about lifty years ago, by a Welch gentleman of Cam- " bridge : his name, as I remember, was Vaughan, as ai)pears " by tlie answer to it written by the learned Or. Henry Moor: "it is a piece of the most unintelligible fustian that perhaps " was ever publislied in any language." Robert Floud, a native of 'Kent, and son of Sir Thomas Floud Treasurer of War to Queen Elizabeth, was Doctor of Physic of St. John'sCollege, Oxford, and much given to occult philosophy He wrote an apology for the Rosycrucians, also a system of physics, called tlie Mosaic Philosophy, and many other obscur« and mystical tracts. Monsieur Rapin says, that Elouilets." The first plays acted in England were called Mysteries ; their subjects were generally scripture stories, such as the Creation, the Deluge, the liirth of Christ, the Resurrection, 45 Didst inspire Withers, Piyn, and Vickars,§ * Rulplio did not take to astrological, but to relisious impos- ture ; the aullior intimating that wise men were sometimes (te- cfivcd by this. t Butler could not omit burlesquing the solcnm invocations ivith which poets address their Muses. In like manner .luvenal, !!ning to describe iJoinitian's great tuibot, ludicrously invokes the assistance of ihe Muses in his fourth satire. 1 Bishop Warburton thinks it should be read, They think, tha . Is the critics. $ The Rev. Mr. Charles Dunster, the learned and ingenions translator of the Frogs of Aristophanes, and the Editor of I'hilips's Cider, has taken some pains to vindicate the character of Withers as a poet. Party might imluce Butler to speak slight- ingly of him ; lint he seems to wonder why Swift, and Grangri in his Biographical History, should hold him up as an object of contempt. His works are very numerous, and Mr. Granger says, his Eclogues are esteemeTicii I. from his Juvenilia, were printed in 1785, for J. Sewell Cornhill. Cksorge Withers died IGGT, aged 79.— For a further accoi.int oi l.ANTO i.J IIUDIBRAS. «7 And force tliem, tlioiigh it were in t>i>ito Of Nature, luui their stars, to write ; \Vlio, us we find in sullen writs,* And cross-grain'd works of moderii wits, fJSfl With vanity, opinion, want, Tlic wonder of the ignorant, 'rhe praises of tlic author, penn'd Tiy himself, or wit-insuring I'riend ;t The ite,h of picture in the front,} 055 With bays, and wicked rhynio npon't. Dim, see Kennct's Register ami Chronicle, page C48: lie is iiien- tioiieil in lluilibras, Pari ii. Cant" iii. I. H!9. Tlie extract I'roni his Britain's Uemcnil)ri\ncer here follows, Rhich, Mr. Diiiister says, may perliaps challenge "comparison " with any instance of the Ocbi uir4 /'i7X<'>''>S '" ancient or moil- " eni poetry." it prov'U A crying sin, and so extremely mov'd God's gentleness, that angry ho hecaine: His brows were hended, and his eyes did (lame, Melhought I saw it so ; and thongli I were Afraid within his presence to ajipear, My soul was rais'd above Iter common station, V\'tiere, what ensues, 1 view'd by contemplation. There is a spacious round, which bravely rears Her arch above the top oCall the spheres, Until her bright circmnlerence doth rise. Above the reach of man's, or angels' eyes, Conveying, through the bodies chrystalline, 'I'liosc rays which on our lower globes do shine; And all the great and lesser orbs do lie Within the compass of their canopy. In this large room of state is fix'il a throne. From whence the wise Creator looks upon His workmanship, and thence doth hear and see All sounds, all places, and all things that be : Here sat the king of gods, and from about Mis eye-lids so much terror sparkled out. That every circle of the heavens it shook. And all the world did tremble at his look 'J'he prospect of the sky, that erst was clear. Did with a lovv'ring countenance appear; The troubled air before his presence tied. The earth into her bosom shrunk her head ; 'I'lie deeps did roar, the heights did stand aniaz'd The moon and stars upon each other gaz'd ; The sun did stand unmoved in his path, The host of heaven was frighted at his wrath ; And with a voice, which made all nature quake, To this elfect the great Eternal spake. Canto i. p. 17 * That is, ill-natured satirical writings. I He very ingeniously ridicules the vanity of authors who prefix comniendaU)ry verses to their works. t Milton, who had a high opinion of his own person, is said o have been angry with the i)ainler or engraver for want of C3 HUDIBRAS. [Part All that is left o' tii' forked hill* To make men scribble without skill ; Canst make a poet, spite of fate, Aud teach all people to translate ; OtO Though out of languages, in which They understand no part of speech ; Assist me but this once, I 'mplore, And I shall trouble thee no niore."^ In western clime there is a towu,t Cr»5 To those that dweii therein well known, Therefore there needs no more be said hero, We unto them refer our reader ; For brevity is very good, When w' are, or are not understood.^ '"'"0 To this town people did repair On days of market, or of fair, And to crack"d fiddle, and hoai-se tabor, In merriment did drudge and labor ; But now a sport more formidable '>75 Had rak'd together village rabble : 'Twas an old way of recreating. Which learned butchers calljiear-baiting; A bold advent'rous exercise, Witli ancient heroes in high prize ; 680 For authors do affirm it came From Isthmian or Nemean game ; Others derive it from the bear That's fix'd hi northern hemisphere, likeness, or perhaps for want of grace, in a print of himself pre fixed to his juvenile poems. He expressed his displeasure ia four iambics, which have, indeed, n(j great merit, and lie open to severe criticism, parliciilarly on the word ivBu'ijirijia. 'fLfiaOci yiyiiiiipOai X£'P' Ti]vii ficv cUora 'J'ol' 6' iKTUiriilTOV o{lK ITZiyVOliTCiy tlliXot. FtAurt (pauXov ivaftiitrifia l,u>Ypd HUDIBRAS. [Part l Nor for a thorough reformation, Nor covenant, nor protestation,* Nor libert)' of conscii'nces,t 76£ Nor lords' and commons' ordinances ;t Nor for the church, nor for church-lands, To get them in their own no hands ;^ Nor evil counsellers to bring To justice, that seduce the King; '70 Nor for the woi-ship of us men, Tho' wo have done as mucli for them. Tir Egyptians worshipped dogs, and for Their faith made fierce and zealous \var.|| Others ador'd a rat, and some 775 For that clmrcli sufFer'd martyrdom. The Indians fought for the truth Of th' elephant and monkey's tootli ;1T And many, to defend that faith, Fought it out mordicus to death ;** 780 But no beast ever was so shght,tt For man, as for his god to figiit. They have more wit, alas ! and know Themselves and us better than so : But we who only do infuse 783 The rage in them like boute-feus,tt what the parliament had done against the king was according to the fundamental laws of this nation which were best known to themselves. * The protestalinn was a solemn vow or resolution entered into, and subscribed, the first year of the long parliament. t The early ediiii)ns have it free liberty of conscirnces : and this reading Bishop Warburton approves; " free liberty" being, as he thinks, a satirical periphrasis for licentiousness, which is v.iiat the author here hints at. t An ordinance (says Cleveland, p. 109) is a law still-horn. dri>i)t before quickened by the royal assent. 'Tis one of the p irliament's by-blows, acts only being legitimate, and hath no more tire than a Spanish gennet, that is begotten by the wind. $ Suppose we read. To get them into their own hands. [Mr Nash is wrong — no hands here means pnics.] II See the beginning of the fifteenth satire of Juvenal. If 'J'he inhabitants of Cc-ylon and Siam are saiil to have had in their temples, as objects of worship, the teeth of monkey's and of elejihants. The Portuguese, out of zeal for the Christian n^liiiion, destroyed these idols ; and the Siamese are said to have (.lU-red 700,000 ducats to redeem a monkey's tooth which they had long worshipped. Le Blanc's Travels, and Herbert's Trav- els. Martinus Scriblerus, of the Origin of Sciences, Swift's uorks. ** Mordictis, valiantly, tooth and nail. ft That is, so weak, so silly. %X Makers of mischief, exciters of seditioH Canto i.] IIUDIBRAS. 79 'Tis our example tliat instils In tlicin llio infection of our ills. For, as sonic late philosophers Have well observ'd, beasts thai converse 790 With man take after him, as hogs Get pigs all tli' year, and bitches dogs.* Just so, by our e.\ainplp, cattle Learn to give one another battle. We read, in Nero's time, liie Heathen, 793 When they destroyed the Christian brethren, They sew'd them in the skins of bears, And then set dogs about their ears; From whence, no doubt, th' invention came O f this l eyyd antichristian game. 800 To this, quoth Italplio, verily Tbc po int seems very plain to me ; It is an antichrit^tian game, Unl awful both ni Uiing and narpQ. ^^ First, for the name: the word bea^r-baiting_ 8C5 Is car nal, and of inan's cTcating ; "^ For certainly there's no such word I n all the Sc ripture on^recj)r4; Thereforeunla wfuli a nd a sin ;t * This fiiculty is not unfrequently instanced l)y the ancients, to show tho superior e.vccllcnce of iiiankind. Xenoplion, Mem. i. 4, 13. A Roman lady seems to have been of tlie same opinion. '• I'opulia, RIarci filia, miranti cuidam quid esset quapropter ali idolatrous ; 819 For when men nin a-whoring thus With their inventions,+ whatsoe'er The thing be, whether dog or bear, Ills idolatrous and pagan, No less than worshipping of Dagon. 8iW Quoth Iludibras, I smell a rat ; Raipho thou dost prevaricate ; For though the tliesis which thou lay'st Be true, ad amussim.t as thou say'st ; For the bear-baiting should appear, 82S Jure divino, lawfullcr Than synods are, thou dost deny, Totidem verbis — so do I ; Yet there's a fallacy in this ; Forif by sLy liomaiosis,§ 830 Tbou wouldst sophisticallj imply Both are unlawful — I deny. And I, quoth Raipho, do not doubt But beai baiting may be made out. In gospel-times, as lawful as is 835 Provincial, or parochial classis ; And that both are so near of kin, Anne's church? he being a cavalier, said, Anne was a Saint before he was born, and would be after he was hanged, and gave hijti no information. * Kalpho here shows his independent principles, and his aver- siut. to the I'resbylerian forms of church government. If the fi«|uire h:id adopted the kniirht's sentiments, this curious dispute could not have been introduced. The vile assembly here means the bear-baiting, but alludes typically to the assembly of divines. t A Scripture phnise used. Psalm cvi. ver. 38. i K.xactly true, and according to rule. f Tha t is, an explanation of a thins by something resembling it At this place two lines are omitted in several editions, particn kirly in those corrected by tlic author. They run thus : Tussis pro crepilu, an art Under a cough to slur a f— rt. The edition of 1704 lias leplactd them: they were omitted in the poet's corrected copy ; probably he thought thciii Indelicale: the j)brase is translated from the Greek. Bi){ dvTi rop^^s. i-i riv iv inropiq wpoaiiotufiiviav irtpov ri rpdTTttv. Till) oaov oi irip^'OVTC'; XavOdvuv Trnpu^'voi, irpoetit ovrTai PiJTTeiv Suidas in Voc. r;ANTo I.] IIUDIBRAS. 7(, And like in all, as well as sin, That, put 'cm in a bag and shako 'em. Yourself o' tli' sudden would mistake 'em, g-W And not know which is which, unless You measure by their wickedness ; For 'tis not hard t' imagine whether O' th' two is worst, the' I name neither Quoth Hudibras, Thou oflcr'st much, 84C But art not able to keep touch. Mira de Icnte,* as 'tis i' the adage. Id est, to make a leek a cabbage ; Thou canst at best but overstrain A paradox, and th' own hot brain ; 850 For what can synods have at all With bear that's analogicjd? jTrwTTat relation lias debating l)f church-aiVairs with bcar-baijing? A just comparison stillTs 855 Of things ejusdem generis ; And then wliat genus rightly doth Include and comprehend them both? If animal, both of us may As justly pass for bears as they ; (360 For we are animals no less, Although of difT'rent spccieses.t But, Ralpho, this is no fit place. Nor time, to argue out the case : For now the field is not far of!', 865 Where we must give the. world a proof Of deeds, not words, and such as suit Another manner of dispute ; A controversy that affords Actions for arguments, not words ; B70 Which we must manage at a rate ( )f prowess, and conduct adequate To what our place and fame doth promise, And all the godly expect from us. Nor shall they be deceiv'd, unless 675 * Atii'd irtpl ipaxfjs : A great stir about nothing. Great cry and liule Wdol, as they say when any one talks niuch, and proves nothing. The following lines stand thus, in some editions, viz. : Thou wilt at best but suck a buK. Or sheer swine, all cry, and no wool. \ Why should we not read, Allhough of different specioal Bo also in Part ii. Canto iii. v. 317. •76 HUDIBRAS. fPiRT i W are slurred and outed by success ; Success, the mark no mortal wit, Or surest hand can always hit : For whatsoe'er we perpetrate, We do but row, w' are steer'd by fate,* 080 Wlilcli in success oft disinherits, For spurious causes, noblest merits. Great actions are not always true sons Of great and mighty resolutions ; Nor do the bold'st attempts bring forth 88;^ Events still equal to their worth ; But sometimes fail, and in their stead Fortune and cowardice succeed. Yet we have no great cause to doubt. Our actions still have borne us out ; 890 Which, tlio' they're known to be so ample We need not copy from e.xamplc ; We're not the only persons durst Attempt this province, nor the first. In northern clime a val'rous knight"! 8M Did whilom kill his bear in fight. And wound a fiddler: we have both Of these the objects of our wroth, And equal fame and glory from Th' attempt, or victory to come. 9iw 'Tis sung, there is a valiant Mamaluke lu foreign land, yclep'd 1 * The Presbyterians were strons fatalists, and great advocates "or predestination. Virgil says, JEn. is. 1. 95: O genctri.x ; quo fata vocas 1 ant quid petis istis ? Moruiline inanu facta; iinmortale carintE Fas haoeanf? t Hudibras encourages himself by two precedents; first, that Df a gentleman wlio killed a l)ear and wounded a tiddler; and secondly, that of Sir Samuel Luke, who had often, as a magis- trate, been engaged in similar adventures. He was proud tu re- semble the one in this particular e.xploit, and the other in his general character. There were several, in those days, who, like Sir Hudibras, set themselves violently to oppose bear-bailing. Oliver Cromwell is said to have shot several bears ; and the same is said of Colonel Pride. See note ante, ver. 752, and Harleian Miscellany, vol. iii. p. 132. t The break is commonly filled up with the name of Sir Sam- uel Luke. See the note at line 14. The word Mamluck signifies acquired, possessed : and the Maudukcs or Mamalukes were persons carried off, in their childhood, by merchants or banditti, from Georgia, Circassia, Natolia, and the various provinces of the Ottoman empire, and afterwards sold in Constantinople and Krand Cairo. 'J"he grandees of Egypt, who had a similar ori Canto i.] IIUDIBRAS. 79 To wliom we luive been oft coinpar'd For person, parts, address, and beard ; Both equally reputed stout, DOS And iu the same cause botli have fouglit : He ot't, iu sucli attempts as these, (^anie oti' with glory and success : Nor will we fail iu th' execution, For want of equal resolution. 01(1 Honor is, like a widow, won ^\'ilh brisk attempt and puttinjr on ; With eut'riug- manfully and urging ; Not slow approaches, like a vinrin. This said, as once the I'lirygiaa knight,* 91S So ours, with rusty steel did smite His Trojan horse, and just as mucli He mended pace upon the touch ; But from his empty stomach groan'd, Just as that hollow beast did somid. 920 And, angry, answer'd from behind. With brandish'd tail and blast of wind. So have I seen, with armed heel, A wigiit bestride a Common-weal,+ While still the more he kick'd and spurr'd, !I25 The less the sullen jade has stirred. t gin, bring thcni up in their houses. They often rise first to be cachets or lieutenants, and then to l)e beys or petty tyrants. Volney's Travels. Thu<, in the English civil wars, many rose from the lowest rank in lite to considcriible power. * Laoconn ; who, at the siege of Troy, struck tlic wooden horse with his spear — Sic fatus, validis ingentem viribus haslnni In latus inque feri curvani conipagibus alvum Contorsit: stelit ilia tremens, utenniue recusso Insonuere cava; gemitumqiie dedcre cavern.T. yirg. JKiicid. ii. 50. t Our poet might possibly have in mind a print engraven in )lolland. It represented a cow, the emblem of the Common wealth, with the king of Spain on her buck kicking and spurring her; the queen of England before, stopjiing and feeding her; the prince of Orange milking her; and the dukeof Anjuu behind pulling her back by the tail. Heylin's Cosniog. After the Spaniards, in a war of forty years, had spent a liiindred millions of crowns, and had Inst four hundred thousand men, they were forced to acknowledge the indei)endenco of the Dutch provinces, and conclude a peace with them : yet, strange to tell, another nation did not grow wise by this example. t Mr. Butler had been witness to the refractory hnninr of tlio nation, not only under the weak government of Richard Crotii well, but in many instances under the more adroit and resolute nianagenient of Oliver Both father and son have l)een com 78 HUDIBRAS. [Part i pared to Ihe riders of a restive horse by some loyal songsters the following lines probably allude to Oliver: — Nol, a rank rider, got f:ist in the saddle, And made her shew tricks, and curvet and rebound: She quickly jierceived he rode widdle waddle, And like his* coach-horse threw liis highness to ground Then Dick, being lame, rode holding the pummel, Not having the wit to get hold of the rein : But the jade did so snort at the sight of a Cromwell, That poor Dick and his kindred turned footmen again. See the Collection of Loyal Songs, reprinted 1731, vol. ii. p. 281 * This alludeE to an accident that beTell the Protector, S:?pt. S9, who mun 'icetl« drive liiii ccach liimsoll' the horses ran atrar, sou ctu«w aim omouftt ttea, vhcicbv lie vm iii iireat doncux PART 1 rANTO TI- THE ARGUMENT. 1 IK catalogue and cliaracter Oi th' enemies' best men of war.* M'hom, in a bold harangue, the Knight Dffies, and challenges to fight: ir encounters Talgol, routs the Bear, And takes the Fiddler prisoner, Conveys iiini to enchanted castle, There shuts him fast in wooden Uastilo. ♦ Riiller's description of tlic combatants resembles (he list of warriors in the Iliad and AIneid, and especially the lahnreo characters in the Theimn war, bi)th in ^schylus and Einipidea fJeptem ad Thebas v 383 ; ketiil. v. 3U2 ; IMioenis. v. 1139. H U D I B R A S . CANTO JI. ^ ^ There was an ancient sage philosopfiei 1 n That had read Ale\ai)der Ross over,* And swore the world, as he could prove, Was made of fightinff, and of love. Just so romances are, for what else Is in them all but love and battles ?t * Empedocles, a Pylhajiorean philosopher and pnet, htid, that friendship and discord were principles which regulated the four elements that compose the universe. The first occasioned their coalition, the second their separation, or, in the poet's own words, (preserved in Dio^en. Laert. edit. Meibom. vol. i. p. 53fl,) " kWoTt iifv (jtiXdriiTi cuvEpxiJuti'' £(S ev aTTtivra, 'AXAorc 6' ai iix 'iKaara s and bandyd balls, S5 The learned hold, are animals :! So horses they afEnn to be Mere engines made by geometry. And were invented first from eugiues, As Indian Britaius were from Penguins.^ GU * "Amiens Socntes, arnicas Plato, sed magis amici Veritas" t Tollul;iiion is pacing, or ambling, moving per latera, as Sir Thomas Brown says, that is, lifiing both legs of one side togeth- er — Succussation. or trotting, that is, lifting one foot before, and the cross foot l)ehind. ; The atomic pliilosophers, Democritns, Epicnrus. &c., and some of the moderns likewise, as Des Cartes, Hobbes, and oth- ers, will not allow animals to have a spontaneous and living principle in them, but maintain that life and sensation are gen- erated out of matter, from the contexture of atoms, or some pe- culiar composition of magnitudes, figures, sites, and motions, and consequently that they are nothing but Ii>cal motion and mechanism. By which argument lops and balls, whilst they are in motion, seem to be as much animated as dogs and horses. Mr. Boyle, in his E.v()eriments, printed in lt».VJ. observes how like animals (men excepted) are to mechanical instruments. ^ This is meant to burlesque the idea of Mr. Selden, and oth- prs. that America had formerly been discovered by the Britons tr Welsh ; which they had inferred from the similarity of some Kord-i in the two languages ; Penguin, the name of a bird, with a white head in America, in British signifies a white rock. Mr 2?Hen. in his note on Drayton's Polyolbion, says, that Madoc, brother to David apOwen, prince of vVales, made a sea voyago to Florida, about the year 1170. David Powell, in hi's history of Wales, reporteth that one Mo- Canto ii.] ilUDIBRAS. 83 So let them be, and, as I was sayiujj. They tlieir live engines ply'd,* not staying Until tlicy reacli'd the fatal champaign Which til' enemy did then encamp on ; The dire Piiarsaiiun plain, t where battle m Was to be wag'd 'twixt puissant cattle, And fierce auxiliary men, That came to aid their brethren :t Who now began to take the field. As knigiit from ridge of steed beiield. 70 For, as our modern wits behold, Mounted a pick-back on the old,§ Much farther off, much farther he Rais'd on his aged beast, could sec ; Yet not sufficient to descry :5 All postures of the enemy: Wherefore he bids the squire ride further, T' observe their numbers, and their order ; That when their motions tiiey had known, He might know how to fit his own. £0 Meanwhile he stopp'd his willing steed, To fit himself for martial deed : Both kinds of metal he prepar'd Either to give blows, or to ward ; doc, son of Owen Gwinedsh, prince of Wales, some hundred years before CoUimlius discovered the West Indies, sailed into those parts and planted a colony. The simile runs thus ; horses are said to lie inventtd from engines, and things without sense and reason, as Welshmen are said to have sailed to the Indies; both upon the like gmunils, and with as much probability. My worthy and ingenious friend Mr. I'ennant. though zealous for the honor of his native country, yet cannot allow his coun- trymen the merit of having sailed to Ainerica before the time (A Columbus: the proper name of these birds, saith he, (I'hilosoph. Transactions, vol. Iviii. p. 9l5,) is Tinguin, propter pingucdinctii, on account of their fatness: it his been corrupted to I'enguen- so that some have imagined it a Welsh word, signifying a white head: besi»lla, clades, ca;des, morbos, eversiones uriiiuui, rcgionum vasti to'es, heminuui interitus portendere creduntur. ^ lu socie editions we read, Ralpho rode on with no less speed. Than Hugo in the forest did. T7u20 was aid-de-camp to Gondibert. B. I c. ii. St. 66. II This is said, by Sir Ro'lli, fidicula, in lianis of Greece, Sir Palmerin, &c. As to the patron saint of England, the le- gendary accounts assign the exploits and sullurings of George the Martyr to the times of Diocletian, or even to an era still earlier, before George, the Arian liishop of Alexandria, was born ; and the character given to that profligate prela'e, by his contemporaries, .\mm. Marcellinus and St. Epiph:iniU3, is ia direct variance with the high panegyric of the pious martyr, bj 04 lllJlUliltAS. ri'ART I Nor engine, nor device polemic, 31 a Disease, nor doctor ejjideniic,* Tlio' stored with deletery ined'cines,"' Which whosoever took is dead since, E'er sent so vast a colony To both the under worlds as he ;t 326 For he was of that noble trade That demi-gods and heroes made,^ Sldughter and knocking on the head. The trade to which they all were bred ; Venantius Forlunatus in Justinian's time. Nor are the narra lives of [heir deaths less inconsistent. All which consirter.-v lions sufficiently invalidate the unsupported conjecture so invid- iously adopted l)y some, th;il our guardian saint, instead of a Christian hero, was in reality an avaricious and oppressive he retical usurper of Athanasius's sec. Hut to return. There was a real Sir (Jeorjie St. Geortie, wlio, with Sir Robert Newcouien, and M:ijor Orjiisby, was, in February, ]l>4H, (about our poet's liuie.) made commissioner for the government of Con naught; and it is not improbable that this coincidence of names might s'trike forcibly on the playful imagination of Mr. Butler. It is whimsical too, that (Jcorge Monk, in a collection of loyal songs, is said to have slain a most cruel dragon, meaning the Rump parliament; or, perhaps, the poet might mean to ridicule the Presbyterians, who refused even to call the apostles Peter and Paul saints, much more St. George, but in mockery called them Sir Peter, Sir Paul, Sir George. — The sword of St. George is thus ludicrously described. His sword would serve for battle, or for dinner, if you please, When it had slain a Cheshire man 'twould toast a Cheshire cheese. * The plain meaning is — not military engine, nor stratagem, nor disease, nor doctor epidemic, ever destroyed so many. The inquisition, tortures, or persecutions, have nothing to do here, 'i'here is humor in joining the epithet epidemic to doctor, as well as to the dise.ise ; intimating, perhaps, that no constitution of the air is more dangerous than the approach of an itinerant practit'oner of physic. rioAAuv larpHv tXuoh'os ji aTrm\r,atv . [K.\ incerlu Coniico ap. Grot. J Thus Juvenal — Quot Themisen ygros aulumno Occident uno. Sat. X. 221. Butler in his Genuine Remains, vol. ii. p. 304, says, " A nionn " tcbank is defined to be an epidemic physician." t Deletery, no.xious, dangerous, from 6ijXru, ^ij\t]T>'iptov. t Virgil, in his si.vth yEneid, describes both the Elysian Fields and Tartarus as below, and not far asunder. ^ Very justly satirizing those that pride themselves on their military achievements. The general who massacres thousands. Is called great and glorious; the assassin who kills a single iiiau Is hanged at Tyburn. lUe cruceni pretium sceleris tulet; hie diadema. Juvenal. Sat. xiii. 105. Canto ii,. IIUDIBRAS. 95 And is, like otiicrs, glorious when 325 'Tis great and large, but base, if mean ;* Tiie former rides in triumj)li for it. The latter in a two-whecl'd chariot. For during to profane a thing So sacred, with vile bungleing.t 330 Next these tlie^brave Magnano came, ]]klagnan0j great in martial fame ; Yet, when vith Orsin he wag'd fight, 'Tis sung he got but little by't : Yet he was fierce as forest boai, 333 Whose spoils npon his back he worc,l As thick as Ajax' seven-fold shield, Which o'er his brazen arms he held ; But brass was feeble to resist The fury of his armed fist : 340 Nor could the hardest iron hold out Against his blows, but they would through't In magic ho was doeply read. As he that made the brazen head ;§ * Julius Cicsar is said to have fought fifty battles, and to have killed of the Gauls alone, eleven hundred ninety-two thousand men, and as many more in his civil wars. In the inscription which rom|)ey placed in the temple of Minerva, he professed that he had slain, or vanquished and taken, two millions one hundred and eighty-three thousand men. t The last word is here lengthened into bungleing for the sake of the metre. t Meaning his Iiudget made of pig's skin. § The device of the lira/.en head, which was to speak a proph- ecy at a certain lime, had by some been imputed totJrossaTesta, bishop of Lincoln, as appears from Gower, the old Welsh poet. [The assertion of Gower's being from Wales is Caxttm's; but there is every reason to believe he was of the Gowor family of i^titenham in Yorkshire. Pee Todd's Illustration of the Lives and Writings of Gower and Chaucer.] For nf the great clerke Groslcst 1 rede, howe busy that he was Upon the clergie an he ; but commonly the oath of women was Castor; of men Edepol.or Melicrcule. Accordini: to Macrol)ius, the men did not swear by Castor, nor the women by Hercules ; but ficlepol, or swearing by I'ollux. was common to Ijoth. * The word lerinanant now signifies a noisy and troublesome person, especially of the female se.v. How it came by this sig- nification 1 know not. Some derive it from the Latin ter magnus, feli.t ter et amplius ; but Junius thinks it compounded of the Anglo Sa.\on C^p, the .superlative or third degree of comparison, and maga potens: thus the Saxon word eafecg happy, fcyp eabes niost happy. — ]n Chaucer's rime of sire Thopas, termagant appears to be the name of a deity. The giant sire Oliphaunt, swears by Termagaunt, line 13741. Bale, describing the threats used by some papist mtigistrales to his wife, speaks of them as "grennying upon her lyke termagaunts in .a playe." And Ham- let in Shakspcare, (.Vet iii. sc. 2.) " I would have such a fellow whipp'd for o'erdolng Termagant, it out-herods Herod." The French romances corrupted the word into tervagauiit, and from them La Fontaine took it up. and has used it more than once in his Tales. Mr. Tyrwhiit informs us that this Saracen deity, in an old .MS. romance in the Bodleian Library, is constantly called Tervagan. Bishop Warburton very justly observes, that this passage is a fine satire on the Italian epic poets, Ariosto, Tasso, and others ; who have introduced their female warriors, and are followed iu this absurdity by Spcnserand Oavenant. — Bishop Hurd, likewise, in his ingenious and elegant Letters on Chivalry, p. 12, says, "One of the stransiest circumstances (in old romance) is that of " the women warriors. Butler, who saw it in this light, ridi- "cules it, as a most unnatural idea, with great spirit. Yet, in " these representations they did but copy from llie manners oi "the times. Anna Conmena tells us. that the wife of Kober' "the Norman fought, side by side, with her husband in his " battles." I Camden, in his account of Richmond, (.Article Surrey, vol i. col. 188, ed. 1722,) says, that Anne, wife of Richard 11., dangh ter of the emperor Charles IV., taught the English women the present mode of riding, about the year i:!83. Before which time they rode astride. — J. Gower, who dates his poem 16 Richard II., 1394, describing a company of ladies on horseback, says, " evericb 'one ride on side," p. 70. a. 2. X The princess Rhodalind harbored a secret aflbction for Gon- dlbert; but he was more struck with the charms of the humbia Birtha, daughter to the sage Astragon. Canto ii.] IIUDIBRAS. 09 They say 'tis false, witliout all sense, But of pernicious consequence To government, wliich they suppose Can never be uplield in prose :* 40C Strip nature naked to the skin, You'll hnd about her no such thing. It may be so, yet what we tell Of Trulla, that's improbable. Shall be depos'd by those have seen't, 405 Or, what's as good, produc'd in print ;f And if they will not take our word. We'll prove it true upon record. The upright Cerdon next advanc't,t Of all his race the valiant's' ; 410 Cerdon the Great, renown'd in song, Like Herc'les, for repair of wrong : He rais'd the low, and fortify'd The weak against the strongest side :§ 111 has he read, that never hit 415 On him in muses' deathless writ.]] Courts she ne'er saw ; yet courts could have outdone, With untaught looks, and an uiipractis'd heart. * Butler loses no opi)ortunity of rallying Sir William Dave- nant, and burlesquing his poem entitled Gondiliert. Sir William, like many professional men, was much att;iclied to his own line of science; and in his preface to Gondibert, ciuleavors to show, that neither divines, leaders of armies, statesmen, nor ministers of the law, could uphold the government without the aid of poetry. t The vulgar imagine tliat every thing which they see in print must be true. An instance of this is related by our coun- tryman, Mr. Martin, wlio was thrown into the inquisition for neglecting to pay due respect to a religious procession at Malaga. One of the father-inquisitors took much pains to convert him ; and among other abuses which he cast on the reformed religion and its professors, afiirmed that king William was an atheist, and never reteived the sacrament. Mr. Martin assured him this was false to liis own knowledge : when the reverend father re- jilied, " Isaac, Isaac, never tell me so. — I have read it in a French book." X An equivoque on the word upright. Perhaps our poet might here mean to satirize Colonel llewson, who was a cobbler, gre.it preacher, and a commander of some note : " renown'd in song," for there are many ballads and poems which celebrate the cob- bler and his stall. § Repaired the heels, and mended the worn-out parts of th« shoe. II A parody upon these lines in Gondibert: Recorded Rhodalind, whose name in verse Who hath not hit, not luckily hath read. \ Or Ihos ; Recorded Rhodalind, whose high renown Who miss in books, not luckily have read 9 JOO IIUDIBRAS. IPakt i He had a weapon keen and fierce, Tliat thro' a bull-liide sliield would pierce,* And cut it in a tliousaud jiieces, Tiio' tougher than the Kiiigiit of Greece liis.t -120 With whom liis black-l!ninilj"d anceslcrt Was comrade in tlie ten years" war : For wlien the restless Greeks sat down So many years before Troy town, And were renown'd, as Homer writes, 425 For well-sol'd boots no less than fights,§ They ow'd that glory only to His ancestor, tiiat made them so. Fast friend he was to reformation, Until 'twas worn quite out of fashion ; 430 Next rectifier of wry law, And would make three to cure one flaw. Learned he was, and could take note, Transcribe, collect, translate, and quote : But preaching was his chiefest talent, 435 Or argument, in which being valiant. He us"d to lay about, and stickle. Like ram or bull at conventicle : For disputants, like rains and bulls Do fight with arms that spring from sculls. 440 Last Colon cauie,|| bold man of wai Destin'd to blows by fatal star ; Right expert in connnand of horse. But cruel, and without remorse. That which of Centaur long ago 443 Was said, and lias been wrested to Some other knights, was true of tiiis : He and his horse were of a piece : One spirit did niform th^m both, The self-same vigour, fury, wroth ; 4j0 * Meaning his sharp knife with which he cut ihe leather t The shield of .Ajax. A?.if H" lyyvOtv rj\Oc. (fiifnav adr burse Canto n.J IIUDIBRAS. |01 Yet he was much the rouglicr part, Anil always had the harder heart, Altho' liis horse had been of those Tliat fed on man's flesh, as fame goes :* Strange food for horse I and yet, alas ! 4J5 It may be true, for flesh is grass.t Sturdy he was, and no less able Thau IJereules to cleanse a stable ;t As great a drover, and as great A critic too, in hog or neat. 400 Ho ripp'd the womb up of his mother, Dame Tellus,^ 'cause she wanted fother. And provender, wherewitli to feed Himself, and his less cruel steed. It was a question whether he, 16S Or's horse, were of a family More worshipful ; 'till antiquaries. After th'ad almost por'd out their eyes, Did very learnedly decide The bus'ness on the horse's side, 470 And prov'd not only horse, but cows, Nay pigs, were of the elder house : * The liorscs of Diomcdes were suid to have been fed with DUiiiaii flesh. Non libi succurrit cnidi Diomcdis imago, Ellerus liuiiiana qui dape |)Mvit ccjuas. Ovid. Epist. Deianira Herculi. The moral, perhaps, might l)c, that Diomede was ruined Ijy keeping liis horses, as Acteon was said to l)e devoured by his dogs, because he was ruined ley keeping them: a good liint to young men, qui gaudent equis, canibu^que ; the French say, of a man who has ruined liimself by e.vtravagance, il a mang6 ses biens. ;?ee the account of Duncan's horses in Shakspearc, (Macbeth, Ac. ii. sc. 4.) t Our poet takes a particular pleasure in bantering Sir Thomas nrownc, author of the Vulgar Errors, and Keligio Medici. In llie iat'.rr of these tracts lie had said, " All tlesh is grass, not •' only netaphorically, but literally : for all those creatures we " behold, are but the herbs of the fielil digested into flesh in " them, or more remotely carnilied in ourselves. Nay. farther, " we ai'e, what we all abhor, anthropophagi and cannibals ; de- " vourers not only of men but of ourselves, and that not in alle- "ijory but positive truth ; for all this mass of flesh which we " behold came in at our moulh ; tliis frame we look upon hath " been upon our trenchers." t Alluding to the fabulous story of Hercules, who cleansed the stables of Augeus, king of Elis, by turning the river Alpheus through theiii. $ This means no more than liis ploughing the ground. The mock epic delights in e.vaggeratins; the most trifling circumstau ces. This whole character is full of wU and happy allusiuns. lot HUDIBRAS. i'Part For beasts, nlien man was but a piece Of earth himself, did th' earth possess. These wortliies were the chief that led 471 The combatants,* each in the head Of his command, with aims and rage, Ready and longing to engage. The numerous rabble was drawn out Jf sev'ral countries round about, 480 From villages remote, and shires, Of east and western hemispheres. From foreign parishes and regions, Of different manners, speech, religions,! Came men and mastiffs ; sorne to fight 483 For fame and honor, som.o for sight. And now the field of death, the lists, Were euter'd by antagonists, And blood was ready to be broach'd. When Hudibras in haste approach'd, 490 With Squire and weapons to attack 'em ; But first thus from his horse bespake 'em : What ra^e, O citizens It what fury Doth you to these dire actions hurry? What oestrum, what phrenetic mood§ 495 * All Butler's heroes are round-lieads: the cavaliers are sel- dom mentioned in his poem. The reason may be, that his ,«atire on the two predominant sects would not have had the same force from the mouth of a royalist. It is now founded on the ucknowledgments and mutual lecriminations of the parties ex- posed. t In a thanksgiving sermon pr^eached before the parliament on the taking of Chester, the pr3?< her said, there were in London no le-oS than one hundred and f.fty ditTerent sects. t Butler certainly had thtsc lines of Lucan in view, Phar tal 1-8: dais furor, O cives, r aje tanta licentia ferri, Genlibus invisus Li'-l'-im pra-bere cruorum ? Cumque super'oa for't Babylon spolianda trophais Ausoniis, uiiibi-inj'. erraret Crassiis inulla, Bella geri jilKcuitnuilos habilura triuiiiphos" Keu, quar.Uiir pctiut terra; pelagicpie parari Hoc, quern civiles huuserunt, sanguine, dextrae Vnd Virgil, ^n.ii. 42: O miseri, qusE tanta insania, cives? Perhaps, too, he recollected the seventh epode of Horace: Quo, quo scelesti, ruitis ? aut cur dexteris Aptantur enses conditi ? $ OTs-pc; is not only a Greek word for madness but sipnifien lUo a caJ-boe. or horse fly, that torments cattle in the summer tntt makes thtiii run about as if they were mad Canto ii.] IILDIBRAS. lOa Makes you thus lavish of your blood, Whilo the proud Vies your trophies boist, And, unreveng'd, walks ghost?* What towns, what garrisons niiglit you, With hazard of this blood, subdue, 500 Which now y' are bent to throw away In vain, untriumplutblc fray ?t Shall saints in civil bloodshed wallow Of saints, and let the cause lie fallow ?J: The cause, for which wc fought and svvoro 505 So boldly, shall we now give o'er ? Then, because quarrels still are seen With oaths and swearings to begin, The solemn league and covenant^ Will seem a mere God-damn-me rant, 510 And we that took it, and have fought, As lewd as drunkards that fall out : For as we make war for the king Against himself,]] the self-same thing Some will not stick to swear wc do 515 For God, and for religion too ; * Vies, or Devizes, in Wiltshire. This passage alludes to the defeat given by VVilniot to the forces ini4:J, says, '■ Y'-M »re to conunend to Coil in your prayers, the lord general. "tbe <»hole army in the parliament service; as also in yoai Canto u.] HUDIBRAS t07 Made praj'crs, not so liko petitions, As overtures and propositions, Sucli as tlio army did present To their creator, the parliament ; 000 lu which tlicy freely will confess, They will not, cannot acquiesce. Unless the work be carry'd on In the same way they liave begun. By setting churcli and common-weal 605 All on a ilame, bright as their zeal, On which the saints were all a-gog. And all this for a bear and dog. The parliament drew up jietitions* To 'tself, and sent them, like commissions, mu To well-affected persons down, In every city and great town. With pow'r to levy horse and men. Only to bring them back again ; For this did many, many a mile, 613 Kide manfully in rank and file,- With papei-s in their hats, that shovv'd As if they to the pillory rode. Have all these courses, these efforts. Been try'd by people of all sorts, 63( Velis et rernis, omnibus nervis.t And all t' advance the cause's service : And shall all now be thrown away In petulant intestine fray ? Shall we, that in the cov'nant swore, 625 Each man of U6 to run before ' sermons eflectually to ^tir up the people lo appear in person, 'and to join with the army, and t-he coniniittee for the militia in 'the city." * It was ciisfoniary for the active members of parliament to draw up petitions and send iheni into the country to he signeil. Lord Clarendon cliarges them with altering the matter of the petition after it was signed and affixing a fresh petition to the names. The Hertfordshire petition, at the beginning of the war, took notice of things done in parliament the night before its delivery: it was signed by many thousands. Another petition was presented, beginning, " We irien, women, children, and "servants, having considered," &c. Fifteen tbousand porters petitioned against the bishops, affirming they cannot enduie the xceight of episcopacy any longer. t That is, with all their might. The reader will remember, that to our hero Latin was no more difficile 1'ban to a black-bird 'tis lo whistle. Canto i. 1. 53 108 HUDIBRAS. [Part i Another* still in reformation, Give dogs and bears a dispensation ? How will dissenting brethren relish it? What will malignantst say ? viaelicet, 031 That each man swore to do h'fs best, To dam and perjure all the rest ; And bid the devil take the hinmost, AVhich at this race is like to win most. They'll say, our bus'ness to ; eform C35 The church and state is but a worm ; For to subscribe, unsiglit, unseen. T' an unknown churcli's discipline, What is it else, but, before hand, T' engage, and after understand ? 640 For when we swore to carry on The present reformation, According to tiie purest mode Of churches, best reform'd abroad, t What did we else but make a vow C45 To do, we knew not wliut, nor how? For no three of us will agree Where, or what churches these should be. And is indeed the self-same case With theirs that swore et coeteras ;§ 650 * Tills was a common phrase in those days, particularly with the zealous preachers, and is inserted in the solemn league and covenant. t That is, the king's party ; the parliament calling their op- ponents by that name. X The I'resliyterians pretended to desire such a reformation aa had taken place in the neij^hlioring churches; the kin^ ottered to invite any churches to a national synod, and could not even obtain an answer to the proposal. Instead of taking pattern by the best reformed churches, they would have had other reformed churches take pattern by them. They sent letters, and their covenant, to seventeen foreign churches ; hut they never produced the answer they received from any of them — a plain indication that protestanls ab'oad did not approve their practices. § ijy the convocation, which sat in the beginning of 1640, all the clergy were required to take an oath in this form: "Nor '•will lever give my consent to alter the government of this " church by archbishops, bishops, deans, archdeacons, ct C(Btcra." Pee this oath at length in Biographia Brilannica, and Baxter's Life, p. 15. Dr. IJeylin, who was a member of the convoi'ation, lloclared, that the words, " et cajlera," were an oversight, and in- tended to have been expunged before it was sent to the press : and beside, that the oath was rendered so delerminalp, and the words so restrained by the other part, that there could be no danger no mystery or iniquity in it. Life of Archbishop La-Jid ; but Bnch an oath could not be justified, as every oath ought to be cl'iiu and determinate See ('levcland's Poem, p. 33. Canto II.] IILDIBRAS. 109 Or the French league, in which men vow'tl To figiit to tlie last drop of blood.* These slanders will be thrown upon The cause and work we carry on, If we permit men to run lieadlong 655 T' exorbitances fit for Bedlam, Ratiier than gospel-walking timcs,t When slightest sins are greatest crimes. But we the mattei so shall handle, As to remove that odious scandal. G60 In name of king and parliament, t I charge ye all, no more foment This feud, but keep the peace between Your brethren and your countrymen ; And to those places straight repair G65 Where j-our respective dwellings are : But to that purpose first surrender The fiddler, as the prime offender, § Th' incendiary vile, that is chief Author, and engineer of mischief ; 670 Tliat makes division between friends, For prophane and malignant ends. Who swears et ctPtera, swears more oalhs at once 'J'hiin C'erl)crns, out of his triple sconce; VV'lio views it well, with the same eye beholds The old I'aUe serpent in his numerous folds Accurst et ctetera ! Then finally, my babes of grace, forbear, Et ciL'tera will be too far to swear; For 'tis, to speak in a familiar stile, A Yorkshire wea-bit longer than a mile. Mr. Butler liere shows his impartiality, by bantering the laults of his own party. * The holy le;igue in Prance, 1.57fi, was the original of the Scotch solemn league and covenant: they are often compared together l.y Sir William Uiigiiale and others. See Satire Me- nij:pi-e, sometimes called the French Hudibras. f This is one of the cant phrases much used in our author's time. i The Presbyterians made a distinction between the king's person politic, and his person natural : when they fought against the latter, it was in defence of the former, always inseparable from the parliament. The commission granted to the earl of Essex was in the name of the king and parliament. But when the Independents got the upper hand, the name of the king was omitted, and the conmiissiou of Sir Thomas Fairfa.x ran only in ihe name of the parliament. § See the fable of the trumpeter, who was put to death foi setting people together by the ears without fighting himself. II burlesques the clamors made by the parliament against evil counsellors; to which clamors were sacrificed Lord StiuSbrd Archbishop Laud, and others 110 nUUIBRAS. [Part i He and that engine of vile noise, On which illegally he plays, Shall, dictum factum, both be brought 675 To condign pun'shment as they ought. This must be done, aiid I would fain see Mortal so sturdy as to gain-say : For then I'll take another course. And soon reduce you all by force. OSP This said, he clapt his hand on's sword. To shew he meant to keep his word. But Talgol, who had long supprest Inflamed wrath in glowing breast,* Which now began to rage and burn as 685 Implacably as flame in furnace. Thus answer'd him ; Thou vermin wretched,t As e'er in measled pork was hatched ;t Thou tail of worship, that dost grow On rump of justice as of cow ; 690 How dar'st thou with that sullen luggage O' thyself, old irn§ and other baggage, With which thy steed of bone and leather Has broke his wind in halting hither ; How durst th', I say, adventure thus 695 T' oppose thy lumber against us? Could thine impertinence find out No work t' employ itself about, Where thou secure from wooden blow, Thy busy vanity migiit show ? TOO Was no dispute afoot between The caterwauling brethren ? No subtle question rais'd among Those out-o' -their wits, and those i' th' wrong ? * jEstuat ingens Inio in corde pudor, niixlnque insania hictu, Et furiis acitatus amor, el c.oiiscia virtus. ^neid. X. 870. The speech, though coarse, and becoming the mouth of a outcher, is an excellent satire upon the justices of the peace ::i those days, who were often shDcmakers, tailors, or common liv- ery servants. Instead of makins: peace witli their neijjhbors, they hunted impertinently for trilling offences, and severely pun islied them. t Uon.-sr's language is a'mo^st as coarse in the following line. OiiuSapis, Kvvoi luuaT^ tX^v, Koailriv 6\^d(P'>to. XI. 1. ?J5. I Unhealthy pigs are subject to an eruption, like tte ineaslna which breeds maggots, or vermin. ^ Meaning his s« ord and pistols. Canto u.] IIUDIBRAS. U| No prize between those combatants 7T5 O' til' times, the land and water saints ;* Wiiere thou might'st sticklo wilhoiil hazard Of oiilrage, to thy hide and mazzard.t And, not for want of bus'ncss, comn To us to be thus troublesome, 710 To interrupt our better sort Of disputants, and spoil our sport ? Was there no felony, no bawd. Cut-purse, t nor burglary abroad ? No stolen pig, nor plunder'd goose, 715 To tie thee up from breaking loose? No ale nnlicens'd, broken hedge, For which thou statute might'st alledge. To keep thee busy from foul evil. And shame due to thee from the devil ? 720 Did no committee sit,§ where ho Might cut out journey-work for thee ; And set th' a task with snbornation. To stitch up sale and sequestration ; * That is, the Presbyterians and Anabaptists. t Face, i)erliaps from the Latin, maxilla ; and the French, xachoire. [More probably from mazer, a cup, from the Dutch, niaeser, a knot of maple : A mazer ywrought of the maple ware. Spenser, Shep. Cal. Aug. v. 2G. That the name of the cup should be transferred to the toper, seems not at all inconsistent with the etymology of burlesque words ; the northern custom of drinking out of the skull of an enemy, and the southern tashion of adorning cups with grotesque heads, lend a probability to this derivation, which is somewhat helped by the words of Minshew, sub voce mazer; — " eniin " porula plerimquc sunt acerna, facta ex tornatis hujus ligni ra- " dicibus, q 1^ propter multiculorcs veiias, maculasque variegataa "aspectu jucunda sunt, et niensis gratlssima." Mazer is used for a head, seriously, by Sylvester ; and ludicrously in two old plays. Mazer became mazzard, as vizor became vizard. Archdeacon Nares very justly observes, that the derivation from machoire, a jaw, is contradicted by Shakspeare ; — i/am. This (sAii//) might be my lord such-a-one Why, e'en so : and now my lady Worm's ; chaptess, and knock'd about the mazzard with a sexton's spade. ■) X Men formerly hung their purses, by a silken or leathern strap, to their belts, on the outside of their garments, as ladies now wear watciies. See the figures on old monuments. Hence the miscreant, whom we now denominate a pickpocket, was Ihen proi)erly a cutpurse. $ In many counties, certain persons appointed by the parlia inent to promote their interest, had power to raise money for their use, and to punish their opponents by fine and imprison- ment: these persons so associated were called a committet Walker's Sufferings of the Episcopal Clergy, part i. 10 112 HLDIBRAS. [Pari J To cheat, with .loliiifss and zeal, 721 All parties, and the conimou-wcal ? Much better had it been for thee, H' had kept thee where th' art us'd to be ; Or sent tli' on business any whitlier,* So he had never brougiit thee hither. 730 But if th' hast brain enough in skull To keep within liis lodging whole. And not provoke the rage of stones, And cudgels, to thy hide and bones ; Tremble, and vanish while thou may'st, 733 Which ril not promise if thou stay'st. At this the Knight grew high in wroth, And lifting hands and eyes up botii. Three times he smote on stomach stout. From whence, at length, these words broke out 40 Was I for this entit'led Sir, And girt with trusty sword and spur, For fame and honour to wage battle. Thus to be brav'd by foe to cattle ? Not all the pride that makes thee swellt 74i As big as thou dost blown-up veal ; Nor all thy tricks and slights to cheat. And sell thy carrion for good meat ; Not all thy magic to repair Decay'd old age, in tough lean ware, 756 Make natural death appear thy work, And stop the gangrene in stale pork ; Not all that force tiiat makes thee proud, Because by bullock ne'er withstood : Tho' arm'd with all thy cleavers, knives, ' 753 And axes made to hew down lives, * Sir Samuel Luke was scout-master in the parliauient-army hence the poet supposes Iludibras niijili'. be sent on errands bj tlie devil. t Oi,K ay TOL xpafo'/','/ nidaptf, rd re iiUp' 'A(^f)o5«rij9, "U re /crf/ii;, t6, tc ilioi, or' iv Koiiflai fiiydrii. Ilunier. Iliad, iii. 54. Nequicquani, Veneris prxsidio ferox, Pectes ca;sarieni : i^rataque leininis Imlielli cithara carinina divides: Nequicquani thalaino graves Ilastas, et calami spicula Cnossii Vitabis, strepituinque, et celereni sequi Ajacem. Tanien, hen, serus adulleros Chnes palvere collsnes. Hor. Carni lib. i 15 Canto ji.1 HUDIBKAS. Sliall save, or help thee to evado Tlio hand of justice, or this blade, Which I, her sword-bearer, do carry, For civil deed and niilitarj\ Nor shall these words of venom base. Which thou hast from their native place. Thy stomach, punip'd to fling on me, Go unreveng'd, though I am free.* Thou down the same throat shalt devour 'em Like tainted beef, and pay dear for 'on. Nor shall it e'er be said, that wight With gantlet blue, and bases white, t And round blunt truncheon by his side,t So great a man at arms defy'd. With words far bitterer than wormwood. That would in Job or Grizxd stir mood.§ Dogs with their tongues their wounds do heal ; But men with hands, as thou shalt feel. This said, with hasty rage he snatch'd His gun-shot, that in holsters watch'd ; 113 * Free, that is, untouched by your accusations, as being free from wliat you charge ine with. t Meaning his blue cufl's, ami white apron. Gauntlet win iron armor which warriors wore on their hands, and lower part of their arms. [Bases, a mantle which liung from the middle to about the knees or lower, worn by knijihts on horseback.] IJis apron reached the ground, and is therefore called bases. i That is, the steel on which a butcher whets his knife. In some editions it is dudgcuv, that is, a short weapon. § The patience of the forjuer is well known : that of the lat- ter is celebrated in Chaucer and several old writers. Chaucer vol. ii., the Clerk's Tale, ed. Tyrwhitt, 8vo. The story is taken from Petrarch, for Chaucer says, As was Grisilde, therefore Petrark writeth This storie, which with Mgh stile he enditeth. The tract is entitled, De obedicntiil et fi the sense. (1 The same trick was played tipon Don Quixote's Kosinante anil Rancho's dapple. P. ii. lib. viii. c. 01, ed. Granville. ,16 IIUDIBRAS. [Part Ana blund'ring still witli smarting rump, He gave the cliainpiou's steed a tliump That stagger'd him. The Kuiglit did sloop, 851 And sat on furtiicr side aslope. This Talgol viewing, who had now, By flight, escap'd the fatal blow. He rally'd, and again fell to't ; For catching foe by nearer foot, 880 He lifted with such might and strength, As would have hurl'd liim thrice his length, And dash'd his brains, if any, out: But Mars, who still protects the stout. In puddiiig-timc came to his aid, 865 And under him the bear convey 'd ; The bear, upon whose soft fiir-gown The Knight, with all his weight, fell down. The friendly rug presei-v'd the ground, And headlong Knight, from bruise or wound: 870 Like feather-bed bctvvi.xt a wall. And heavy brunt of cannon-ball. As Sancho on a blanket fell,* And had no hurt ; ours far'd as well In body, though his mighty spirit, 87j B"ing heavy, did not so well bear it. The bear was in a greater fright, Beat down, and worsted by the Knight; He roar'd, and rag'd, and flung about. To shake off bondage from his snout. 880 His wrath inflam'd boil'd o'er, and from His jaws of death, he threw the foam ; Fury in stranger postures threw him. And' more than ever herald drew him. He tore the earth, which he had sav'd HH3 From squelch of Knight, and storm'd, and rav'd ; And vex'd the more, because the harms Ho felt were 'gainst the law of arms; For men he always took to be His friends, and dogs the enemy, 890 Who never so much hurt had done him. As his own side did falling on him. It griev'd him to the guts, that they, For whom h' had fought so many a fray, And sei-v'd with loss of blood so long, 895 Should offer such inhuman wrong ; Wrong of unsoldier-iike condition ; * Sancbo's adventure at the inn, being tossed in a blanket. Canto ii.] ilUDIBRAS. ip For wliich lio flMn;;^ down iiis coiniuibsioii,* And laid about liini, till liis noso From thrall of rin5 Made thee, thou whelj) of sin, to fancy Thyself, and all that coward rabble, T' encounter us in battle able? How durst til', I say, oppose thy curship 'Gainst arms, authority, and worship, 90n And Hudibras, or me provoke, Ttiough all thy limbs were heart of oak,t And til' other half of thee as good To bear out blows as that of wood ? Could not the whipping-post prevail 965 With all its rhet'ric, nor the jail. To keep from flaying scourge thy skin, And ankle free from iron gin ? Which now thou shalt — but first our care Must see how Hudibras doth fare.t 970 This said, he gently rais'd the Knight, * Thus Justice Silence, in Henry IV. Act v. " Who 11 1 have ■' been merry twice and once ere now." And the witch in Mac helh. Act V. " Twice and once the hedge p\s whin'd." t Thus Hector braves Achilles. ToB i5' iyH avTioi clfti, Kni el irvpi Xf7paf ioiKtv, Kj Kupl xti'puj i'oiKC, utvoi (5' atOu)n oibfipif. Horn. Ihad. lib. xx. 371. t Imitating Virgil's Quos ego — sed motos, &.C. J^AMTOii.] IIUDIBRAS 118 And set Iiiin on liis bum upriglit : To rouze liim fntrii letJuirgic diini[),* He tweak'd liis nose, willi {jpntic lliiimp Knock'd on his breast, as il't liad been 073 To raise the spirits lodg'd within. Tliey waken'd with the noise, did fly From inward room, to window eye. And gently op'ning lid, the casement, Look'd out, but yet with some amazemeut. 930 This gladded Ralpho much to see. Who thus bespoke the Knight: quoth he, Tweaking his nose, you are, great Sir, A self-denying conqueror ;t As high, victorious, and great, SRS As e'er fought for the Clinrches yet, If you will give yourself but leave To make out what y' already have ; That's victory. The foe, for dread Of your nine-worthiness,! is fled, 990 All, save Crowdero, for whose sake You did th' cspous'd cause undertake ; And he lies pris'ner at your feet, To be dispos'd as you think meet, Either for life, or death, or sale, 995 The gallows, or perpetual jail ; For one wink of your pow'rful eyo Must sentence him to live or die. His fiddle is your proper purchase. Won in the service of the Cliurciies , lOOO And by your doom must be allow"d To be, or be no more, a Crowd : For tho' success did not confer Just title on the conqueror ;§ Tho' dispensations were not strong lUOS Conclusions, whether right or wrong ; * Compare this with the situation of Hector, who was stunned by a severe lilow received from Ajax, and comforted by Apollo —Iliad, .vv. V. 240. * Ridiculing the self-denying ordinance, by which the mem bcrs of both houses were oblijjed to quit theireiiiployrnents, both civil and military; notwithstamling wliich Sir Samuel Luke was continued governor of Newport Pagnel for some time. { Thrice worthy is a common appellation in romances; but, In the opinion of the squire, would have been a title not equiva lent to the knight's desert. See the History of the Nine Worthies of the World; and Fresnoy on Romances. 5 Success was pleaded by the Presbyterians as an eviden) oroof of the justice of their cause. IQO HUDIBRAS. [Part i Allho' out-goings did confirm * And owning were but a mere term ; Yet as llie wicked have no right To th' creature,+ tho' usnrp'd by miglit, mo The property is in tlio saint, From whom tii' injuriously detaiu't ; Of !iim tiiey hold tiicir luxuries, Their dogs, their horses, whores, and dice, Their riots, revels, masks, delights, lOH Pimps, buffoons, fiddlers, parasites ; All which the saints have title to. And ought t' enjoy, if th' had their due. What we take from tliem is no more Than what was ours, by right before ; losjo For we are their true landlords still, And they our tenants but at will. At this the Knight begadi to rouse, And by degrees grow valorous : He star'd about, and seeing none 1025 Of all his foes remain but one, He snatch'd his weapon that lay near bini, And from the ground began to rear him, Vowing to make Crowdero pay For all the rest that ran awaj'. 1030 But Kalpho now in colder blood. His fury mildly thus withstood: Great Sir, quoth he, your mighty spirit Is rais'd too high ; this slave does merit To be the hangman's bus'ness, sooner 1035 Than from your hand to have the honour Of his destruction ; I that am So much below in deed and name, Did scorn to hurt his forfeit carcase, Or ill entreat his fiddle or case : 1040 Will you, great Sir, that glory blot In cold blood, which you gain'd in hot? Will you employ your conquering sword 'To break a fiddle, and your v.-ord? For tho' I fought and overcame, I04i And quarter gave, 'twas in your name: For great commanders always own What's prosp'rous by the soldier done. * In some editions we reail, — did not confirm. T It was a principle maintained hy the Independents of those days, that dominion was founded in grace ; and, therefore, if a man were not a saint, or a godly man, he cculd have no right t« nny lands or chattels. Canto II. 1 IIUDIBRAS. 131 To save, vvlicre you have pavv'r to kill, Argues your pow'r above your will ; lOr* Aud that your will aud pow'r have less Thau both luijjht have of sclfisliuess, This pow'r whicli uow alive, with dmad lie trembles at, if he were dead. Would uo more keep the slave in awe, IO55 riiau if you were a knight of straw ; I'or death would then be his conqueror, Not you, and free him from that terror. If danger from his life accrue, Or honour from his death to you, lOGO 'Twere policy, and honour too, To do as you resolv'd to do: But, Sir, 'twou'd wrong your valour much, To say it needs, or fears a crutch. Great conqu'rors greater glory gain 1005 By foes in triumph led, than slain : The laurels that adorn their brows Are puH'd from living, not dead boughs. And living foes ; the greatest fame Of cripple slain can be but lame: IO70 One half of him's already slain,* The other is not worth your pain ; Th' honour can but on one side light, As worship did, when y'were dubb'd Knight. t Wherefore I think it better far 1075 To keep him prisoner of war ; And let him fast in bonds abide. At court of justice to be try'd : Where, if h' appear so bold or crafty. There may be danger in liis safety ;t 1080 * This reminds me of the supplication of a lame musician in Uie Anthology, p. 5, ed. II. Staph. Ki^tffu /iw Tidi'^Kt, TO 6'>]iii(Tv Ai/jcif iXiyxci, Xwffd*' fta (iaciXcv, jxnaiKdv fijiirovov. t The honor of kni«!hthood is conferred by the l jrd uiion the person's shoulder, and saying, " Arise, Sir ." X Cromwell's speech in the cnse of Lord Capel may serve to explain this line: he begun with lii;;h enciimiums of his merit, capacity, and honor; but when every one expected that he would have voted to save his lite, he told them that the question Dcfore tliein was, whether they woulil preserve the greatest and most dangerous enemy that the Ciiuse had? that he Knew my Liwd Capel well, and knew him so firndy attached to the royal inloresl, lliat he would never desert it, or acquiesce under any esUiblishment contrary V. it. — Clarendon. 22 HUDIBRAS. rpART If any member tliere dislike His face, or to liis beard liave pike ;* Or if his death will save, or yield Revenge or fright, it, is reveal'd : The' he has quarter, iic'erihcler>s lo^ Y' have pow'r to hang him v/hen you pleass ; This has been often done by some Of our great conqu'rors, you know whom ; And has by most of us been held Wise justice, and to some reveal'd : io9;-lield, 1 was unwilling to alter it. I'erhaps the poet may l)e justilicd in the use of this epithet, from the account which Trogus gives of the Parthians. He says, " they were banished, and vagabond Scythians; their name, in " the Scythian language, signifying banished. They settled in " the deserts near Hyrcania; and spread themselves over vast "open fields and wide champaigns — 'immensa ac profunda cam "'poruni.' They are continually on horseback: They fight, " consult, and transact all their business on horseback." Justin, lib. xli. [Bishop Warburton and Mr. Nash are wide a-field of their nvirk here. Lonir-ficld is a term of archery, and a lung-fielder is still a hero at a cricket match.] \ Alluding to Camilla, whose speed is hypcrbolically described by Virgil, at the end of the seventh ^neid: Ilia vel intacta; segetis per sumnia volaret Gramina, ncc leneras cursu la;sisset aristas: Vel mare per medium fluctu suspensa lumenti. Ferret iter, celeres nee tingeret fequore plantas. i'MTTo III.] IIUDIBRAS. 131 Or trip it o'er Inc water quicker Kiri Than witches, when their staves Ihey liijiior,* As sonio report, was jrot anionij Tlio foremost of the martial throng ; Where pityinjr the vaiiquish'd bear, Hhe called to Cerdoii, wiio stood near, 110 Viewinjf tlie bloody li:e, instead of some more considerable fowl, is described with talons, only because Hudibras was to be compared to a fowl with such: but maJting a goose have talons, ar.d Ihulibras like a goose, to which wise animal he had before compared a jus- tire, P. i. c. i. V. 75, heightens the ridicule. See P. i. c. iii. v. 5-25. If the reader loves a punning epitaph, lot him peruse the fol- lowing, on a youth who died for love of Molly Stone: Mollc fuit saxum, saxuni, O ! si Molle fuisset, IS'on forct hie subter, sed super esset el. t Such a capricious kind of love is described by Horace: Satires, book i. ii. 105. I.eporem venator ut alta In nive sectitur, positum sic tangere nolit: Cantat et ai)|)onit : meus est amor huic similis ; nam Transvolat in n)cdio posita, et fugientia captat. Nearly .a translation of the eleventh epigram of Callimaclins, which ends, X^Juof tpuy T0l4sr!£' Tu jicv (pc'vyoira Siiixitv otic, Ta i' iv fiiaaif Kei/icfa rrapTriTaTai. t In the edititm of lti78 it is Hey-day, but either may stand as they both signify a mark of admiration. Sec Skinner and Junius. 140 IIUDIBRAS. [Part* So cowards never use their might, Dut against siicli as will not fight. 3Ul So some diseases liave been found Only to seize upon tlio sound.* He that gets her by heart, must say her Tiio back-way, hl?c a witcii's prayer. Meanwhile tli'e Kniglit iiad no small task 34.= To compass what he durst not ask : He loves, but dares not make the motion ; Her ignorance is liis devotion :t Like caitiff vile, that for misdeed Rides with his face to rump of steed ;t 350 Or rowing scull he's fain to love, Look one way, aud another move ; Or like a tumbler that does play His game, and looks another way,§ Until he seize upon the coney ; 355 Just so does he by matrimony, But all in vain : l)cr subtle snout Did quickly wind his meaning out ; Which she return'd with too much scorn To be by man of honour born ; 300 * It is common for horses, as well as men, to be afflicted '• with sci;aica, or rheumatism, to a great degree for weeks to- " gether, and when they once get clear of the fit," as we term it, •' have perhaps never heard any more of it while they lived: " for these distempers, with some others, called salumry distem- ■pers, seldom or never seize upon an unsound body." See Bracken's Farriery Improved, ii. 46. The meaning, then, from V. 338, is this: As the widow loved none that were disposed to love her, so cowards tight with none that are disposed to fight with them : so some diseases seize upon none that are already distempered, and in appearance proper siilijccts for them, but ui)on those only who, through the firmness of their constitution, seem least disposed for such attacks. t That is, her icnorance of his love makes him adore and pursue her with greater ardor: but the poet here means to ban- ter the papists, who deny to the conuuon people the use of the bible or prayer-book in the vulgar tongue: hence tliey are charged with asserting, that ignorance is the mother of devo tion. t Dr. Grey supposes this may allude to five members of the army, who, on the Gth of March, 1(548, were forced to undergo this punishment, for petitioning the Rump for relief of the op- Dressed commonwealth. $ A sort of dog, that rolls himself ina heap, and tumbles over, Jisguising his shape and motion, till he is within reach of his Zame. This dog is called by the Latins Vertagus. See CaiUJ lie canibus Brilannicis, and Martial, lib. xiv. Epig. 200. Kon sibi, sed domino venatur vertagus acer, lUxsum leporem qui tibi denle feret. • jiNTOUi.] IIUDIBRAS. 141 Yet much he bore, until the distress He Kuffer'd from his spijjhtful mistress Did stir his stomach, and tlie pain He had endur'd from lior disdain Turn'd to regret so rcsokile, 3(jj Tliat ho resolv'd to wave his suit, And either to renounce her quite, Or for a while pkiy least in sight. This resolution b'ing put on, Ho kept some months, and more had don«, 370 But being brought so nigh by fate, The vict'ry ho achiev'd so late Did set his thoughts agog, and ope A door to discontinu'd hope,* That seem'd to jjromise he might win 375 His dame too, now his hand was in ; And that his valour, and tiie honour He 'ad newly gaia'd, might work upon her : These reasons made his mouth to water, With am'roiis longings, to be at her. 380 Tliought he unto himself, who knows But this brave conquest o'er my foes May reach her heart, and make that stoop, As I but now have forc'd the troop ? If nothing can oppugne love,t 385 And virtue invious ways can prove, t What may not he confide to do That brings both love and virtue too? But thou bring'st valour too, and wit, Two things that seldom fail to hit. 390 Valour's a mouse-trap, wit a gin. Which women oft' are taken in :§ Then, Hudibras, why siiould'st thou fear To be, that art a conqueror ? Fortune tiie audacious doth juvare, 395 But let's the timidous|i miscarry : Then, while the honor thou hast got Is spick and span new, piping hot, * One of the canting phrases used bv the sectaries, t Read oppugn*, to make three syllables. t Virtus, recludens imnieritis inori CiEluiii, negate tentat iter via. Herat. Carm. lib. iii. 2. $ We often see women captivated by a red coat, or a copy of verses. II JiudaicouK, and timirlous, two words from audas and timid IS ; the hero being in a latinizing humor. H2 HUDIBRAS [Part*. Strike her up bravely thou hadst best, And trust thy fortune with the rest. 400 Such thoughts as these the Knight did keep More than his bangs, or fleas, from sleep ; And as an owl, that in abani "sees a mouse creeping in the corn. Sits still, and shuts his round blue eyes, 403 As if he slept, until he spies The little beast within his reacii, Then starts and seizes on the wretch ; So from his couch the Knight did start, To seize upon the widow's heart ; 410 Crying, with hasty tone and hoarse, Ralpho, dispatch, to horse, to horse ! And 'twas but time ; for now the rout, We left engag'd to seek him out. By speedy marches were advanc'd 415 Up to the fort where he ensconc'd,* And had the avenues all possest About the place from east to west. That done, awhile they made a halt, To view the ground, and where t' assault : 420 Then call'd a council, which was best, By siege, or onslaught, to inve&tt The enemy ; and 'twas agreed By storm and onslaught to proceed. This being resolv'd, in comely sort 423 They now drew up t' attack the fort ; When Hudibras, about to enter Upon anothergates adventure,! To Ralpho caird aloud to arm. Not dreaming of a])proaching storm. 430 Whether dame fortune, or the care Of angel bad, or tutelar, Did arm, or thrust him on a danger, To which he was an utter stranger, That foresight miglit, or might not, blot 43o The glory he had newly got ; Or to his shame it might be said. They took him napping in his bed : * An army is said to be ensconced, wlien it is fortified oi dc ■ended by a small Inrtor sconce. t Onslaught, that is, a coup de main, a sudden storming, or aitikrk. t Si'e Sanderson, p. 47, third sermon ad clerum. " If we be •'of llie spirituality, there should be in us anothergates m?r.I- tiMtutiuu of the spirit." Camtu hi.] IIUDIBRAS. jjj To them we leave it to expound. That deal in sciences profound. 440 His courser scarce he iiad bestrid, And Ral])ho tliat on which lie rid, When setlintj ope the postern gate, To take the field and sally at, The foe appear'd, drawn up and drill'd,* 445 Ready to cliargo tlicni in the field. This somewhat startled the bold Knight, Surpris'd with th' unexpected sight : The bruises of his bones and flesh Ho thought began to smart afresh ; 150 Till recollecting wonted courage, His fear was soon converted to rage. And thus he spoke : The coward foe, Whom we but now gave quarter to. Look, yonder's raliy'd, and appears t55 As if they had outrun their fears ; The glory we did lately get. The Fates command us to repeat ;t And to their wills wo must succumb, Quocunqite trahunt, 'tis our doom. 160 This is the same numeric crew Which we so lately did subdue ; The self-sam(3 individuals that Did run, as mice do from a cat, When we courageously did wield 163 Our martial weapons in the field, To tug for victory : and when We shall our shining blades agen Brandish in terror o'er our heads,t They'll straight resume their wonted dreads. 170 Fear is an ague, that forsakes And haunts, by fits, those whom it takes ; And they'll opine they feel the pain And blows they felt to-day, again. Then let us boldly charge them home, 475 And make no doubt to overcome. * To drill, is to e.xercise and teach the military discipline. t This is exactly in the style of victorious leaders. Thus Hannibal encouraged his men : "These are the same Romans " whom you have beaten so often." And Octavius addressed his soldiers at Actium : " It is the same Antony whom you once "drove out of the (ield before Mutina: Be, as you have been, ' conquerors." % ' dTivaaaniv osiiii>- such a trivial force. For if with conquest I come off. And that I shall do sure enough, eiC Quarter thou canst not have, nor grace. By law of arms, in such a case ; Both which I now do offer freely. I scorn, (luolli she, tiiou coxcomb silly, Clapping her hand ui)ou her breech, dlS To shew how much she priz'd his speech. Quarter or counsel fioni a foe: If thou canst force mo to it, do. But lest it should again be said. When I have once more won thy head, 820 I took thee napping, unjirepar'd. Arm, and betake thee to thy guard. This said, she to her tackle fell, And on the Knight let full a |)cal Of blows so fierce, and i)rest so home, <325 That he retir'd, and follow'd's bum. Stand to'(, quoth she, or yield to mercy, It is not fighting arsie-versie* Shall serve thy turn. — This stirr'd his spleen More than the danger he was in, 830 The blows he felt, or was to feel. Although Ih' already made him reel, Honour, despight, revenge, and shame, At once into his stomach came ; Which fir'd it so, he rais'd his arm 835 Above his head, and rain'd a storm Of blows so terrible and thick. As if he meant to hash her quick. But she upon her truncheon took them. And by oblique diversion broke them ; 840 Waiting an opportunity To pay all hack with usury. Which long she fail'd not of; for now The Knight, with one dead-doing blow. Resolving to decide the fight, 845 And she with quick and cunning slight 154 HUDIBRAS. [Vaut i Avoidinir it, the .brce and weiglit He cliarg'd upon it was so great, As almost sway'd liim to the ground ; No sooner she tli' advantage loiuul, 85fl But in she flew ; and seconding. With home-made thrust, the heavy swing, She laid him flat upon iiis side, And mounling on his trunk astride, Quoth she, 1 told thee what would come 35J Of all thy vapouring, base scum. Say, will tiie law of arms allow 1 may have grace, and quarter now? Or wilt tliou rather break thy word, And stain thine honour, tiian thy sword? Sfio A man of war to damn his soul, In basely breaking his parole. And when before the fight, th'hadst vowed To give no quarter in cold blood ; Now thou hast got me for u Tartar,* SCI To make m' against my will take quarter ; * The Tartars had much rather die in battle than take quarter. Hence the proverb, Thou hast caufiht a Tarttir.— A man catches II Tartar when he falls into his own trap, or having ;i design upon another, is caught hinisell". Help, help, cries iino, I have caught a Tartar. Bring him along, answers his comrade. He will not come, says he. Then come without liim, quoth the other. But he will not let me, says the Tartar-catcher. 1 have somewhere read the following lines : Seres inter nationemque Tartaram Flagrabat helium, fortiler vero priidians Ter ipse mann propria Tartaruni (iccupans. Extempio exclamat — Tartaruni preliendi nianu ; Veniat ad me. Dux inquit cxercitus, At se venire velle Tartarus negat: At tecum ducas illico — sed non vult sequi, Tu solus venias — Vellem, sed nou nic sinit. Plautus has an exjjression not much unlike this,— potitiis esj hostium, to signify he was ttiken prisoner.— Mr. I'eck, see New Memoirs of Milton's Life, p. 237, explains it in a dirt'erent man- ner. " Bajazet," says he, " was taken prisoner by Tamerlane, "W'ho, when he first saw him, generously asked, ' Now, sir, if '"you had taken me prisoner, as I have ynu, tell me, I pray, " ' what you would have done with me V ' If I had taken you '•'prisoner.' said the fooli.-h Turk, 'I would have thrust you " ' under the table when I did eat, to gather up the crumbs with "'the dogs; when I rode out, I would have mailc your neck a 'horsing-block; and when I travelled, you also should have ' been carried along with me in an iron cage, for every fool to hoot and shout at.' ' 1 thought to have u vidit in ilia Mafinuni haliitati>reni. qiianlo fclitioi hie, qui Nilciiperet, quaiii qui Kiluni silii poscerct, orbcni, Passuru!. jestis a'quiinda pericula rebus. " ' .luven. Sat. xiv. 308. ( From suggillo, to beat black and blue. Canto iu.] IIUDIBRAS. 161 He that is valiant, and dares fight, Though drnbb'd, can lose no honour by't. Honour's u lease, for lives to come, And cannot bo extended from Tlie legal tenant :* 'tis a chattel 1043 Not to be forfeited in battel.+ If he that iu the field is shun. Bo ill tile bed of lionour laiu,t Ho that is beaten may be said To lie in honour's truckle-lied. 6 1030 For as we sec th' eclipsed sun By mortals is more gaz'd upon Than when, adoru'd with all his light. He shines in serene sky most bright ; So valour, in a low estate, 1055 Is most adniir'd and wonder'd at. Quoth Ralph, How great I do not know We may, by being beaten, grow ; But none that see how here we sit, Will judge us overgrown with wit. lOGO As gifted brethren, preaching by A carnal hour-glass, || do imply Illumination, can convey Into them what they liave to say. But not how much ; .so well enough 10(j5 Know you to charge, but not draw off. For who, without a cap and bauble, IT Having subdu'd a bear and rabble, And might with honour have come off, Would put it to a second proof: 1070 A politic exploit, right lit For Presbyterian zeal and wit.** * Vivit post funcra virtus. t A man cannot be deprived of his honor, or forfeit it to tlic tonijiicror, as lie does liis arms and accdulremenis. X "The bed of honor," says Farqiihar, "is ii niijilily iarsc ' bed. Ten thousaml people may lie in it together, and never " feel one another." § The iruL-kle-bcd is a small bed upon wheels, which goes under the larger one, II 'I'his preaching by the hour gave room for many jokes. A punning preacher, having talked a full hour, turned his hour- glass, and said: Come, my friends, let us lake the other glass. The frames for these hour-glasses remained in many churches till very lately. IT Who but a fool or child, one who deserves a fool's cap, or a cliild's play-thing. ** Ralpho, being chagrined by his situation, not only blan'es the misconduct of thn knight, vvliich had brought them into the scrape, but sneers at hiiii i ir his religious principles The iDrt^r (02 IIUDIBRAS. , Pari I Quoth Iludibras, That cuckco's touo, Ralpho thou always har|)'st upon ; When tliou at any tiling wouWst rail, I07i Thou niak'st presbytery thy scale To take the heigiit on't, and explain To what degree it is profane. What s'ever will not with tiiy — what d'ye c^ll Thy light — jump riglit, thou call'st synodical. lOSn As if presbytery were a standard To size what s'ever's to be slander'd. Dost not remember how this day Thou to my beard wast bold to say, That thou could'st prove bear-baiting equal 1085 With synods, orthodox and legal? Do, if thou canst, for I dcny"t, And dare thee to't, with all thy light.* Quoth Ralpho, Truly that is no Hard matter for a man to do, 1090 Tiiat has but any guts in's brains,t Ar<;Ocould believe it worth his pains ; Bat since you dare and urge me to it. You'll find I've light enough to do it. Synods are mystical bear-gardens, 1095 Where elders, deputies, church-wardens, And other members of the court. Manage the Babylonish sport. For prolocutor, scribe, and bearward. Do differ only in a mere word. HOC Both are but sev'ral synagogues Of carnal men, and bears, and dogs: Both antichristian assemblies. To mischief bent, as far's in them lies : Both stave and tail with fierce contests, 1105 The one with men, the other beasts, The dirt''reuce is, the one fights with The tongue, the other with the teeth ; And that they bait but bears in this, In th' other souls and consciences ; 1110 Where saints themselves are brought to stake, t l«ndents. at one time, were as invctcnilc afrninst tlic I'resbyre- riiins, as both of them were against the church. For an c.\pla nation of some followin!; ver.-es, see the note on Canto i. 4.'i7. * The Independents wore great pretenders to the liyht of tho spirit. They supposed thtit all tlieir actions, as well as Iheii pravers and pre icjiings, were immediately directed liy it. t A proverbial expression fur one who has some share of com gun sense. X The Pres jy terians when in power, by ineaci of their synods .'^ANTo III.] IRIDIBUAS. J63 For gospel-light and conscience-sake ; Expos'd to scribrs and presbyters, Instead of mustiirdogs and curs ; Tiian whom tli' have less humanity, 1113 For these at souls of men will fly. This to the prophet did appear, Who in a vision saw a bear, Prefiguring the beastly rage Of churcii-rule, in this latter age :* . 190 As is demonstrated at full By him tiiat hailed the pope's bull.t Bears naturally are beasts of prey. That live by rapine ; so do they. What are their orders, constitutions, 1125 Church-censures, curses, absolutions, But sev'ral mystic chains they make, To tic poor C'iiristians to the stake? And then set heathen officers. Instead of dogs, about their ears.t 113C For to prohibit and dispense. To find out, or to make oflcnce ; Of hell and heaven to dispose. To play with souls at fast and loose : To set what characters they please, 1135 And mulcts on sin or godliness ; Reduce the church to gospel-order. By rapine, sacrilege, and murder ; To make presbytery sujireme. And kings themselves submit to them ;§ 1140 assemblies, classes, scribes, presbyters, triers, orders, censures, curses, &c., &c., perseciUed the ministers, lioih oflhe Independ- ents and of the Church of England, with vii)lente and cruelty little short of the inquisition. Sir Rouer L'Estrange mentions some strong instances ol their persecuting tenets. * Daniel vii. ."i. " Anil behold another beast, a second, like to n bear; and it raised up itself on one side; and it had three ribs in the month of it, between the teeth of it: and they said thus unto it. Arise, devour much fl(!sh." t The baiting of the pope's bull was the title of a pamphlet written by Henry Burton, rector of St. Matthew, Friday-street, and printed at London in 1027. t 'J'acitus says of the persecutions under Nero, pereuntibus addita ludibria, ut I'erarum tergis contecti, laniatu canum interl- rent. Annal. xv. 44. $ The disciplinarians, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, main- tained that kings ought to be subject to ecclesiastical censures, ns well as other persons. This doctrine was revived by the •"resbyterians afterwards, and actually put in practice by the Scots, in their treatment of Charles 11. while he continuert tmong them. The Presbyterians, in the civil war, maintJiineJ 164 IILD115KAS. [Part , And force all people, the' against Their consciences, to turn saints; Must prove a ])retty lhrivined : " When he hac "read (his text) he sat down in the chaire, and put upon his " head a red quilt cap, having a linnen while one under it, turned "up about the brims, and so undertooke his text." — The doleful Evensong, by Thomas Good, 4to. This continued a fashion for liianv years after. t The coif, or black worn on the head, is the badge of a Ser- jeant at law. i A club or junto, which wrote several books against the king, consisting o<^ five etninent holders forth, namely: Sle|)hen Mar- shall, E(huund Calamy, Thomas Young, JMatthew Newcomen and William Spurstow; the initials of their names make tlie word Smectymnws : and, by way of distinction, they wore hand- kerchiefs about their necks, which afterwards degenerated into carnal cravats. Hall, bishop of Exeter, presented an hund)le remonstrance to the high court of parliament, in behalf of liturgy and episcopacy ; which was answered by the junto under this title, The Original of Liturgy and Episcopacy discussed by Smectymni'US ; John Milton is supposed to have been concerned in writing it. — For an account of Thomas Young, see Warton's notes on Milton.— The five counsellors of Charles II. in the year 1(570, Clifliird, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, Lauderdale, were called the Cal)al. from the initials of their names. — Mr. Mark Noble, in his Memoirs of the Cromwell Family, says, " When '• Oliver resided at St. Ives, lie usually went to church with a ■' piece of red (lannel about his neck, as he was subject to an ia- ' tlaaunation in h.s throat," p. lOii, note. lee HUDIBRAS. [['ARTi Sure 'tis an orthodox opinion, That grace is founded in doniiuion.* Great piety consists in pride ; il75 To rule is to be sanctify'd = To domineer, and to controul, Both o'er t!ie body and the soul, Is the most perfect discipline Of church-rule, and by right divine. 1180 Bell and the Dragon's chaplains wero More moderate than those by far :t For they, poor knaves, were glad to cheat, To get their wives and children ineat ; But these will not be fobb'd off so, IISS Tlicy must have wealth and power too ; Or else, with blood and desolation. They'll tear it out o' th' heart o' th' natiou Sure these themselves from primitive And heathen priesthood do derive, 1191) When butchers were the only clerks,t Elders and presbyters of kirks ; Whose directory was to kill ; And some believe it is so still. § The only diff'rence is, that then 1195 They slaughter'd only beasts, now men. For them to sacrifice a bullock, Or, now and then, a child to Moloch, They count a vile abomination. But not to slaughter a whole nation. 1200 Presbytery does but translate The papacy to a free state, A common-wealth ot popery. Where ev'ry village is a see As well as Rome, and must maiutani 1205 A tithe-pig metropolitan ; Where ev'ry presbyter, and deacon, Commands the keys for cheese and bacon ;|| * The Presbyterians had such an esteem for power, that they thought those who obtHined it showed a mark ..f grace ; ami th:it ihose only whu had jrr.ice were entitled to power. t The priests, their wives, and children, feasted npon the pro visions ottered to the idol, and pretended that he had devoured them. See the .'Vpoc-rypha. J Both in the heathen and Jewish sacrifices, the animal was fiequently slain hy the priests. ^ A b.inler on the directory, or form of service drawn up by the Pre^hyterians, and suljstiuued for llie common prayer. 11 Uanifl BiirL'';ss, dininjr with a i^entlewoman of his congre- ration, and a large nncnt Cheshire cliecse being brought to table, ne asked « here he sliould cut it She replied, Where yon Caijto 111.] IIUDIBKAiS. 167 And ev'iy hamlet's governed By's lioliiK'ss, tlio cliurcli's head,* 1210 More hauglity and scvfio in's place Than Gregory and Boiiiface.t Such cliiircli must, surely, bo a monster With many heads : for ii' we conster Wliat in tir Apocalypse we find, 1215 According to th' Apostles' mind, "I'is that the Whore of Babylon, With many heads did ride upon ;t Which heads denote the sinful tribe \)i' deacon, priest, kiy-elder, scribe. 1220 Lay-elder, Simeon to Levi,^ Vlease, Mr. Biireess. Upon which he ordered his servant to carry t to liis own house, tut he would cut it at home. • The gcMUlcnien of Cheshire sent a rt'iiionsirance to the par- luin-.nt, wherein they coui|ilained, lliat, instead oC having twen- ty-six hisliops, they were then governed hy a nunierons pres- byterv, aninunting.'with lay elders and others, to 40,(ltlO. This government, say lliey, is purely papal, for every minister exer- cises ii.»;al jurisdiction. Vr. Grey quotes Croni Sir John Birken head revived : But never look for health nor peace If once presliytery jade us. When every priest heconies a pope, When tinkers and sow-gelders, May, if they can hut 'scape the rope, Be princes and lay-elders. t The f rmer was consecrateher all the characters in the poem, and tells us thai one Andrew Crawford w.is here in- tended. This character is snppnsed by others to have been designed for William Dunning, a Scotch presbyter. I!ut, prol)a- bly, the author meant no more than to give a general represeu- l:Uion of the lay-elders. 1 Lawless, because it was forbidden by the LeviticaJ law to wear a niLvture of linen and woollen in the sanse garment. § A bolter is a sieve bv which the millers dress their flour. (i See, in Platina's Lives of the Popes, the well-known story nf pope Joan, or .lohn VIII. The stercorary chair, as appears l)y Burchard's Diary, was used at the installations of Innocent VIIL und Si.\lus IV. See IJrequigny in account of MS. in lii« French king's library, 8vo. J7ci!), vid. i. p. 210. i,ANToi!i.l IIUDIBRAS. 1C9 For haste, the proverb says, makes waste Tlie quirks and cavils thou dost make 255 A.re false, and built upon mistake : .\.ud I shall bring you, with your pack Of fallacies, t' Eleiichi back ;* And put your arguments in mood And iigure to be understood. (000 I'll force you by right ratiocinatioiit To leave your vitilitigation, t And make you keep to the question close, And argue dialccticis.§ "^The question then, to state it first, I2G5 Is, which is belter, or which worst, Synods or beare. Bears I avow To be the worst, and synods thou. But, to make good th' assertion. Thou say'st th' are really all one, 1276 If so, not worst ; for if th' are idem. Why then, tantundem dat tantidem. For if they are the same, by course Neither is better, neither worse. But I deny they are the same, 1275 More than a maggot and I am. That both are animalia,|l I grant, but not rationalia : For though they do agree in kind, Specific difference we find ;1I 1280 * Elenchi are arguments which deceive under an appearance of truth. The knight says he shall make the deceptinn appa- rent. The name is given, by Aristotle, to those syllofiisnis which have seemingly a fair. Imt in reality a conlradiitory con- clusion. A chief design of Aristotle's logic is to estaldisli rules for the trial of arguments, and to guard against sopliisni : for in his time Zeno, l>armenides,and others, had set up a false meth- od of reasoning, which he makes it his business to detect and defeat. t Tlie poet makes tio, in ratiocination, constitute but one syl htble. as in verse 1378, but in P. i. c. i. v. 78, he makes tio two Byliahlcs. X That is, your perverse humor of wrangling. Erasnnis, in the Moria; cncominm, has the following pissage : " Ktonini non de- "erunt fortasse vitilitigatores, qui calumnientur parliiis leviores "esse nugas qiiam ul theologun; deceant, parlimromdaciores * quam ut Cliristianie conveniant modestiu;." Vitilitigatores, .. e. olitreclalores et calumniatores, quos Cato, novato verbo, a Pitio et morlio liligandi vitilitigatores appellabat, ut testaturPlia In pra^fat. historia; mundi. ^That is, logically. ]| Suppose we read: That both indeed are animalia. T Between aii'mate and inanimate things, as hi 'nveen a aiaa 170 IILDIBRVS. [Part I And can no more make bears of these, Than prove my horse is Socrates.* That synods are bear-gardens too, Thou dost affirm ; but I say, No : And thus I prove it, in a word, I3P1 What s'ever assembly's not impow'r'd To censure, curse, absolve, and ordain, Can be no synod : but Bear-garden Has no sucii pow'r, ergo 'tis none ; And so thy sophistry's o'erthrowrn. 1290 But yet we are beside the question Which thou didst raise the first contest on : For tiiat was. Whether bears are better Than synod-men ? I say, Negatur. That bears are beasts, and synods men, 1295 Is held by all : they're better then, For bears and dogs on four legs go. As beasts ; but synod-men on two. 'Tis true, they all have teeth and nails ; But prove that synod-men have tails : 1300 Or that a rugged, shaggy fur Grows o'er the hide of presbj"ter ; Or that his snout and spacious ears Do hold proportion with a bear's. A bear's a savage beast, of all 1305 Most ugly and unnatural, VVhelp'd without form, until the dam Has lickt it into shape and frame :t But all thy light can ne'er evict, and a tree, there is a generical difference ; that is, they are not of the same Uind or genus. Between rational and sensitive crea- tures, as a man and a bear, there is a specifical difference : foi thiHigli they agree in the genus of animals, or living creatures, yet they differ in the species as to reason. Between two n)en, Plato and Socrates, there is a numerical difference ; for, though they are of the same species as rational creatures, yet they are not one and the same, but two men. See Part ii. Canto i. I. 150 * Or that my horse is a man. Aristotle, in his disputations, uses the word Socrates as an appellative for man in general From thence it was taken up in the schools. t We must not expect our poet's philosophy to be strictly true : it is sufficient that it agree with the notions commonly handed down.. Thus Ovid : Nee catutus partu, quem reddidit ursa recenti, Sed male viva caro est. L:imbendo mater in arlus Fingit ; et in formaoi, quantum capit ipsa, reducit. Metam. xv. 379. Pliny, in his Natural History, lib. viii. c. 54, says : " Hi soni ' Candida informisque caro, paulo muribus major, sine oculis (1q0 pilo: ungues tanium prominent: hanc lanibendo paula LANTO III.] IIUDIBUAS. 171 Tliat ever synod-man was lickt, 13IC Or brought lo any oilier fashion Tlian liis own will and inclination. IJut thou dost further yet in this Oppuf^n thyself and sense ; that is, Thou would'st have presbyters to go 1.315 For bears and dogs, and bearwards too ; A strange chiniacra* of beasts ai>d men, Made up of pieces het'rogeno ; Sucli as in nature never met. In eodeni subjecto yet. .320 Thy other arguments arc all Supposures hypothetical, That do bat beg ; and we may chuse Either to grant tliem, or refuse. Much thou hast said, which I know when, 1325 And where thou stol'st from other men ; Whereby 'tis plain thy light and gifts Are all but plagiary shifts ; And is the same that Ranter said, Who, arguing with me, broke my head,t 1330 And tore a handful of my beard ; The self-samo cavils then I iieard, When b'ing in hot dispute about This controversy, we fell out ; And W'hat thou know'st I answer'd then 1335 Will serve to answer thee agen. Quoth Ralpho, Nothing but th' abuse Of human learning you produce ; Learning, that cobweb of the brain. Profane, erroneous, and vain ;t 1340 ' iim figurant." But this silly opinion is refuted by Brown in hia Viil<;ar Errors, book iii. ch. G. * Chiniaera was a fabulous monster, thus described by Homer : 4 i' ap cr/v dtiov yf^of, o!)6' avQpiiiTGiv Hpiads XfuiVj SiriQtv 6i cpiiKiiiVj fiiaari ii ■x^tfiaioa. Iliad, vi. 180. Enstalhius, on the passajre, has abundance of Greek learning Hesiod lias given the chinutra three heads. Theo'.'. 31'.). t The ranters were a wild sect, that denied all doctrines of re- ligion, natural and revealed. With one of these the knight had entered into a dispute, and at last came to blows. See a ranter's character in Butler's Posthumous Works. Whitelocke says, the soldiers in the parliament army were frequently punished for being ranters. Nero clothed Ciiristians in the skins of wild beasts ; but these wrapped wild beasts in the skins of Christians. t Ur. South, in liis sermon preached in Westminster Abbey, 1692, says, speaking of the times about .W years before, Latin unto them was a mortal crime, and (ireek looked upon as a sin 15 172 HLUlBIiA8. IParti A trade of knowledge as replete, As otliers are with fraud and cheat ; ngainst the Holy Ghost ; that all learnin"; was then cried liown, so that with them the best j)reachers were s;:ch as could not read, and the ablest divines such as could not write : in all their preachnients they so lii^hly pretended to the spirit, that they hardly could spell the letter. To he blind, was with them the proper qualification of a spiritual (ruide, mid to be book-learned, (as they called it,) and to be irreligious, were almost terms con- vertible. None were thought fit for the ministry but tradesmen xnd mechanics, because none else were allowed to have the spirit. Those only were accounted like St. I'aul who could work with their hands, and. in a literal sense, drive the nail home, and he able to make a pulpit before they preached in it. The Independents and Anabaptists were jireat enemies to all human learninc;: they thought that preaching, and every thing else, was to come by inspiration. When Jack Cade ordered lord Say's head to be struck off, ho s-iid to him : "I am the besom that must sweep the court clean "of such filth as thou art. Thou hast most traileronsly corrupt- " ed the youth of the realm, in erecting a grammar-school ; and " whereas, before, our fijrefathers had no other books, but the "score and the tally, thou hast caused printing to be used ; and, "contrary to the king, his crown and dignity, thou hast built a " paper-mill. It will be proved to thy face, that thou hast men "about thee, that usually talk of a noun and a verb; and such "abominable words as no Christian ear can endure to hear." :'enry VI. Part II. .Act iv. sc. 7. In Mr. Butler's MS. 1 find the following reflections on this subject : "The modern dcjctrine of the court, that men's natural parts arc rather impiired than improved by study and learning, is ri diculously false ; and the design of it as plain as its ignorant nonsense — no more than what the levellers and Uuakers found out before them : that is, to bring down all other men, whom they have no possibility of coming near any other way, to an equality with themselves ; that no man may be thought to re- ceive any advantage by that which they, with all their confi- dence, dare not pretend to. "It is true that some learned men, by their want of judgment and discretion, will sometimes do and say things that appear ri- diculous to those who are entirely ignorant: but he, who from hence takes measure of all others, is most indiscreet. For no one can make another man's want of reason a just cause for not improving his own. but he who would have been as little the letter for it, if he had taken the same pains. "He is a fool that has nothing of philosophy in him ; but not so much so as he who has nothing else but philosophy. "He that has less learning than his capacity is able to manage, shall have more use of it than he that has more than he can master; for no man can possibly have a ready and active com- mand of that which is too heavy for him. Qui Jiltra facullates sapit, desipit. Sense and reason are too chargeable for the ordi- nary occasions of scholars, and what tht-y are not able to go to the e.vpense of: therefore metaphysics are better for their pur- p<)ses, as being cheap, which any dunce may bear the expense of, lind which m.ike a better noise in the ears of the ignorant than that which is true and right. Jv'on qui plurima, sed qui utiiia legerunt, eruditi habendi. " A blind man knows he cannot see, and is glad to be led Canto hi.] IIUDIBRAS. 173 An art t' iiiciiniber gifts and wit, And render botli for iiotiiiiig fit ; thoiiiili it 1)0 liiit by n do? ; but he that is blind in his understanil- ins, « liicti is tlie worst tilinihiess of all, believes he sees as well us till,' best ; anil scorns t\ j:iii(le. " Men cl'iiy in th:a which is their infelicity. — Learning Oreek and Ijtitin, to understand llie sciences contained in them, which coiiiMionly proves no belter bargain than he makes, who breaks his teeth to crack a nut, which has nothing but a maggot in it. He that halli many languages to express his thouglits^ but no ihouglils worth expressing, is like one who can write a good hand, but never the belter sense ; or one who can cast up any sums of money, but has none to reckon. "They who sindy nialheinatics only to fix their minds, and render them steadier to apply to other things, as there are many who profess to do, are as wi.se as those who think, by rowing in boats, to learn to swim. •' He that has mnde an hasty inarch through most arts and scienci's, is like an ill captain, who leaves garrisons and strong- holds behind him." " The arts and sciences are only tools, Wluch students do their business with in schools : Allhough great men have said, 'tis more al)Struse And hard to understand them, than their use. And though they were intended but in order To better things, few ever venture further. But as all good designs are so accurst, The licst intended often prove the worst; Po what was meant t' improve the world, quite cross, Has turn'd to ils calamity and loss. "The greatest part of learning's only meant For curiosity and ornament. And therefore iriost pretending virtuosos, Like Indians, bore their lips and flat their noses. When 'tis their artificial want of wit, That spoils their work, instead of mending it- To prove l)y syllogism is but to spell, A proposition like a syllable. "Critics esteem no sciences so noble. As w-orn-oul languages, to vamp and cobble And when they had corrected all old copies, 'J'o cut themselves out work, made new and foppish, Assum'd an arbitrary power t' invent An.'s and injuries, done with nut force, and by lav/ not provided aiiainst, in order to have sat- isfaction lor daniaeauty of it," he says, "consists in the double meaning; the " first alluding to Fame's living on report ; the second, an insin- " uation that, if a report is narrowly inquired into, atid traced up " to the original author, it is made to contradict itself." § Welkin is derived from the .\nglo-Sa.\on wolc, vvulcn, clouds. [Lye gives as one meaning of wolc, aiir. lether, firmamentum. The welkin.] It is used, in general, by the tinglish poets, for we Eeldoin meet with it in prose, to denote the sky or visible region of the air. But Chaucer seeuis to dislinguisli between sky and welkin ; Fte let a certaine winde ygo. That blew so hideously and hie, That it ne Icfie not a skie, (cloiul,) In all the welkin long and brode. II Every one has heard of the piueons of Aleppo, wliich served as couriers. The birds were taken from their yourg ones, and conveyed to any distant place in open cages. If it was necessary to send home any intelligence, a pigeon was let loose, with a. billet tied to her foot, and she flew back with ll e utmost e.tpe- dit-on. They would return in ten hours from Ale,\andretto to Aleppo, and in two days from Bagdad. Havary says they liave traversed the former in the space of five or si.\ hours. Thij method was pr.icli^cd at Mutina, when besieged by Antony 3ee Pliny's Natural History, lib. x. '.i'. Anacreon's IJovo says he was eir.ployed to carry love-letters for her master. Kni vuv olai iKiiva Eirt^oAaf KOfii^u). Brunei. Analect. tou. L 180 IICDIBRAS. [Paet n Diunials writ for regulation Of lying, to inform the nation,* And by their public use to bring down Tlie rate of whetstones in tlie kingdom :t Sb About lier neck a pacquet-niale,t Frauglit with advice, some fresh, some stale, Of men tliat walk'd when they were dead, And cows of monsters brouglit to bed : Of hail-stones big as pullets' eggs, 65 And puppies wiielj'd with twice two legs:§ A blazing star seen in the west, By six or seven men at least. Two trumpets she does sound at once,|| * The newspapers of those times, called Mercuries anil Diur nals, were not more aiuhentic than similar pulilications are at present. Eiich party had its Mercuries : there was Mercurius Uusticus, and Mercurius Aulicus. t The ol)servations on the learnin? of Shakspoare will explain this passage. VVc there read : " A happy talent tor lying, familiar " enough to those men of lire, who looked on every one graver " than tliemselves as their whetstone." This, you may remem ber, is a proverbial term, denoting an excitement to lying, rir a subject that gave a man an opportunity of breaking a jest upon another. fungar vice cotis. Hor. Ars Poet. 1. 304. Thus Siinkspeare makes Celia reply to Rosalind upon the entry of the Clown: "Fortune hath sent this natural for our " whetstone ; for always the dulness of the fool is the whetstone " of the wits." And Jonson, alluding to the same, in the char- acter of Amorphus, says : " He will lye cheaper than any beggar, "iind louder than any clock; for which he is right properly ac- "connnodated to the whetstone, his page." — " This," says Mr. Warburlon, " will explain a smart repartee of Sir Francis Bacon ' before king James, to whom Sir Kenelm Digby was relating, that he had seen the true philosopher's stone in the ))ossession ''of a hermit in Italy: when the king was very curious to know what sort of a stone it was, and Sir Kenelm much puzzled in describing it, Sir Francis liacon said : ' Perhaps it was a whet " ' stone.' " "To lie, for a whct Beyond the iiiiliction of a witch ; So cheats to i)lay with those still aim, That do not understand the game. IjOvo in your heart as idly burns, As fire in anti{iuo Roman urus,t 310 To warm the dead, and vainly light Those only that see nothing by't. Have )'ou not ])ower to entev'ain. And render love for love again ? As no man can draw in his breath 315 At once, and force out air beneath. Or do you love yourself so much. To bear all rivals else a grutch ? What fate can lay a greater curse, Than you upon yourself would force ; 320 For wedlock, without iove, some say, Is but a lock without a key. It is a kind of rape to jnarry One that neglects, or cares not for ye : * A whim or fancy ; from the Italian word capriccio. t Fortiinin-; Licctiis wrote :i lurue discourse concerning the?« arns, frnui wlicncc l!i^lic'|i Willvins, in his Mattiematical Me- moirs, halh recited uriny p irticiiliirj. In Ciniden's Description of Yorkshire, a lamp is said to have l)een found in the tomb of Constantius Clilonis. An extraordinary one is mentioned tiy St. Angustin, Dc Civitiite I)oi, 21, G. .Ar^yro est piianiini Veneris super mare : ilii est Incerna super candelalinim posita, lucens ad mare sul) divo cmli, nam netnie veiitus aspergit neque pluvia extinguii. Tlie story of tlie lamp in tliesepulciireof Tullia, ttie dau^titer of Cicero, whicti was supposed to have burnt above 1550 years, is t(}ld by I'ancirollns and iithers ; sed credat Juda;us. M. le Prince de St. Severe accounts for the appearance on philo- sophical principles, in a pamphlet published at Naples, 1753. " Je crois," says he, " d'avoir convaincn d'6tre falinleuse I'opin- "ion des lampcs perpetnelles des anciens. I,cs lumieres " imaginaircs, que Ton a vu quelqnetbis dans les anciens sepul- " crcs, one Ote prorluiles pir le suhite ascension des sels qui 'yitoient renferm6es." lie should rather have said, by in flammable air, so fVrqucnIly generated in pits and caverns. This supposition is confirnied by a letter of .leroine Giordano to the noliie author, dated Lucera, Sept. 11), IT.'irj, giving a curious ai count of an ancient sepulchre opene. there in that year. 190 1IUD1BUA.S. (Parth For what does make it ravishment, 325 But b'ing against tiie mind's consent ? A rape, that is the more inhuman. For being acted by a woman Why are you fair, but to entice us To love you, that you may despise us? 330 But though you cannot love, you say, Out of your own fantastic way,* Why should you not, at least, allow Those that love you, to do so too : For, as you fly me, and pursue 333 Love more averse, so I do you ; And am, by your own doctrine, taugl.t To practise what you call a fault. Quoth she. If what you say be true, Vou must fly me, as I do you ; 340 But 'tis not wliat we do, but say. In love, and preaching, that must sway Quoth he, 'I'o bid me not to love. Is to forbid my pulse to move. My beard to grow, my ears to prick up, 345 Or, when I'm in a fit, to hickup : Command me to piss out the moon, And 'twill as easily be done. Love's power's too great to be withstood By feeble human flesh and blood. 350 'Twas he that brought upon his knees The hecf'ring kill-cow Hercules ; Reduc'd his leaguer-lion's skin T' a petticoatit and made him spin : * U has generally been printed fanatic ; but, I l>e!ieve, most readers will approve of Ur. Grey's alteration. It agrees better ivilh tlie sense, and with what she says afterwards : Yet 'tis no fantastic i)iqiie I have to love, nor coy dislike. Though fanatic sometimes signifies mad, irrational, ab.'-iird thus Juvenal, iv. : ut fanaticus a-stro, Percussus. Uellona, tuo t liOaguer signifies a siege laid to a town ; it seems to be also used for a pitched or standing catnp: a leaguer coat is a sort of watch cloak, or coat used by soldiers when they are at a siege or upon cing a pill.ir of snow. II In the history of the life of I.ewls XIII. by .lames Howell, Zsq., p. 81), it is siiid, ihal the French hor-^cmen who were killed at Ihe Isle of Rhe, had Iheif mistresses' favors lied about thcl/ engines. 192 11LD1BRA8. [Part n As Turk and Pipe are by the saints?* I find, I've jrreatcr reason for it, 383 Tlmu I believ'd before l' abhor it. Quoth Hudibras, these sad effects Spring from your lieathenish neglects Of Icve's great pow'r, wliich he returns Upon yourselves with equal scorns ; 390 And those who worthy lovers slight, Plagues witli pre[)ost'rous appetite ; This made the beauteous queen of Crete To take a town-bull for her sweet ;t And from her greatness stoop so low, 393 To be the rival of a cow. Others, to prostitute their great liearts, To be baboons' and monkeys' sweet-liearts. Some with the dev'l himself in league grow, By's representative a negro ; 400 'Twas this made vestal maids love-sick. And venture to be buried quick. t Some by their fathers and their brothers,^ To be made mistresses, and mothers. 'Tis this that proudest dames enamours 405 On lacquies, and varlets-des-chambres :|| Their haughty stomachs overcomes, Perhaps the saints were fond of Robert Wisdom's hymn : '• Preserve ns, Lord, by thy dear word — " From Turk and Pope, defend us, Lord." t Pasiphnii, the wife of Minos, was in love with a man, whose name was Taurus, or hull. t 15y the Ruriian law the vestal virgins were buried alive, If Ihey broke their vow of chastity. 5 Myrrha patrcui, sed non quo filia debet, ainavit. Ovid, de Arte Am. i. 285. II Varlet was formerly used in the same sense as valet : per- haps our poet might please himself with the meaning given to this word in later days, when it came to denote a rogue. The word knave, which now signifies a cheat, formerly meant no more than a servant. Thus, in an old translation of St. Paul's Epistles, and in Dryden. Sir. Binler. in his Posthumous Works, nses (he word vnrlct fur bumbailitf, though I ilo not find it in this sense in any dictionary. See Hutler's Genuine Remains, vol. ii. pp. ?' and 17L Thus fur in Latin : Quid domini faciant, audcnt cum .alia fures. Virg. Eel. iii. 10. E.xilis donius est, ubi nou et multa supersunt, Et dominum fallunt, et prosunt furilius. Uor. Epist lib. i. 6, 45. This passage is quoted by Plularcn in the life of LucuKns Canto I.J lIUDIIillAS. 193 And makes 'eni stoop to dirty grooms, To slight the world, and to disi)urage Claps, issue, infamy, and marriage.* 41») Quoth siie, These judgments are sevcrft, Yet sneh as I should ratlier bear, Than trust men witii their oaths, or prove Their faith and secrecy in love. Says he. There is a weighty reason 415 Fore secrecy in love as treason. Love is a burglarer, a felon, That in the windore-eyc docs steal hit To rob the heart, and, with his prey, Steals out again a closer way, 420 Which whosoever can discover, He's sure, as he deserves, to suffer. Love is a fire, that burns and sparkles In men, as nat'rally as in charcoals, Which sooty chymists stop in holes, 425 When out of wood (l)ey e.\tract coals ;t So lovers sliould their passions choke. That tlio' they burn, they may not smoke. 'Tis like that sturdy thief that stole. And dragg'd beasts backward into's hole ;§ 430 So love does lovers, and us men Draws by the tails into his den. That no impression may discover. And trace t' his cave the wary lover But if you doubt 1 should reveal 435 * That is, to sliisht the ophiion of the world, and to undertake the want of issue iinm blazing when it is in the pit, cover it carefully with turf and mould. $ Cacus. a noted robber, wlio, when he had stolen cattle, drew iliem backward by Iheir tails into his den, lest they should be ffaced and discovered : At furiis Caci mens efTera, ne quid inausiim Aul inlractatum scelerisve dolive fuissct, Quatuor a stabulis pra'Stanti corpora tauros Avertit, totidem forma superante juvenc;«s ; Atque lios, ne qu:; forent pedibus vestigia reotis, Cauda in speiuncam Iraclos, versisque viarum (ndiciis raptos, saxo occultabat ipaco. iEneis viii. 2(t5 i»4 HUDIBilAS. IPjrti. 455 What you entrust me under seal, I'll prove myself as close and virtuous As your own secretary, Albertus.* Quoth she, I grant you may be close In hiding what your anus propose: Love-passions are like parables, By which men still mean something else : Tho' love be all the world's pretence. Money's the mythologic sense. The real substance of the shadow. Which all address and courtship's mtde to. Thought he, I understand your play, And how to quit you your own way ; He that will win his dame, must do As Love docs, when he bends his bow ; With one hand thrust the lady from, And with the other pull her home.t I grant, quoth he, wealth is a great Provocative to am'rous heal: It is all philtres and high diet. That makes love rampant, and to fly out : 'Tis beauty always in tlie flower. That buds' and blossoms at fourscore : 'Tis that by which the sun and moon. At their own weapons are out-done :+ 400 * Albertus Ma-inus was l)isliop ot Ratisbon. alinut the year 1201), and wrote a book, entitled, De Secretis Miilierinii. Hence the poet faceliuusly calls liiiii the women's secretary. It was printed at Amsterdam, in the year 1G4:J, with anotlicr silly book, entitled, Michaeiis Scoti de Secr(.-tis Naturje Opus. t The Harleian Miscellany, vol. vi. p. 530, describes an inter- view between Perkin Wai^beck and lady Catharine Gordon, which may serve as no improper specimen of this kind of dalli- ance. "If I |)revail," says he, '"let this kiss seal up the con- " tract, and this kiss t)ear witness to the indentures; and this " kiss, because one witness is not sufficient, consunnuate the "assurance.— And so, with a kind of reverence and fashionable •'gesture, after he had kissed her thrice, he took her in both his "hands, crosswise, and -lazcd upon her, with a kind of putting "her from him and pulling her to him; and so again and again "rekissed her, and set her in her place, with a jiretty niaanel "of enforcement." I Gold and silver are marked by the sun and moon in chem- istry, as they were supposed to be more immediately under tho ■ nfluence of those uminarios. Thus Chaucer, in tlie Chanones Vemannes Tale, 1 K:ii)2, ed. Tyrwhitt: The bodies sevcne eke. lo hem here anon • Sol gold is, and Luna silver, we threpe, IMars iren. Mercuiie quicksilver we clepc, Saturnus led. and Jupiter is tin, And Venus coper, by my fader kin. The appropriation of certain metals to the seven planot* ni iliNTO 1.1 IIUDIBRAS. 1i '■ 'F.dv l)c fill St ravTa riji' (p\6ya cGiar,, (itudirda aoi to \oi-iv ifOTi/oOw (io6xoi. Anthol. Gr. 'A ed. Aid In Diogenes Laertius cum notis Meibom. p. 3dG, it is thiu printed : 'Epura raci:»l- * izeil natnr.il morion of liis liead : lor tlie Brazilians' lieads, " some of iliein are as liaril as tlio wood lliat grows in their "country, lor tlicy cannot be broken, and tliey have them so " liard, that ours, in comparison of theirs, are lilxf' AvaiiiKTii Kvddvi Sixa. lib. vii. Anthol. * In Butler's MS. I finc tli:it (luoie their vorks maintain; And no in m's bound to any thing He does not say, hut only sing. For, since the good Conl'essiir's time, No deed-: arc valid, writ in rhyme ; Nor any held authentic acts, Seal'd wiih the tooth upon the wax: For men did then so freely de;il, Their words were deeds, and tecih a seal. The following griints are said to be authentic; hut whethel tliey are or not, they are probably what the poet alludes to • Charter of Edward the Confessor. IcHE Edward Konyng, Hr.ve geovenof my lorcst the keeping, Of the hundred of (.'heliiicrand Daneing, [now Den- gy, in Essex.] To Ranilolph I'eperking and to his kindling, With heiirte and liynde, doe and bock. Hare and lox, cat and brock, [badger] Wild foule with his flocke, Patrick, fesaunte hen, and fesaunte cock; With green and wilde stobb and stokk, [timber and stubbs of trees] To kepen, and to yecmien hy all her might, [their] ISoth by day, and eke by night. And hounds for to holde, Gode swift and bolde. Four Greyhounds and six beaches, [bitch hounds] For hare and fox, and wilde catles And thereof ich made him my bocke [i. e. this deed my writlen evidence] Witlenes the Bishop VVolston, And borlie ycleped many on. [witness] And Sweyne of Essex, our brother, And token hin many other, And our steward llowelin Thai besought me for h_ii. I Sit beaches. — This lipc, as quoted by Steevens in a note to Iho Introduction to theTaimiigof the Shrew, runs thus, Four Grey- hounds and six hriite/.es. which must be the correct read.ng, as may be gathered from the following quotations from Mil, shew nnd Ducange, unnoticed by tlie Shakspeare Commentators, in their numerous notes on the word, and their doubts on its gen- der. A brache, a little hound. — .Minshew. liracetua, brachtlus, vuigo brachct. Charta lien. 11. tnm. '2, Monast. Angl. p. USX Concedo eis 2 leporarios ct 4 bracctos ad Icporem capicndum. Consiit. Feder. Keg. Sicil. c. 115. Ut. nuUus .... pra-sumal eaneni braccum videlicet, vel leporariuui .... ulteri-js furtc lubtrahere.] Canto I.] KUDIBRAS. iq; And what iiK'u say of her, they mean No nioie tliuu that on wliicli tlicy lean. Some will) Arabian spices strive, 595 T' embalm lier cruelly alive ; Or season lier, as Fieacii cooks use Their ha:it-goiits, bouiilies, or ragouts ; Use lier so barbarously ill, To grind her li|>s ujwn a mill * 6)0 Until the facet doublet dotli Fit their rhymes rather than her mouth ;+ Her mouth compar"d t' an oyster's, with A row of pearl ia"t, 'stead of teeth ; Bock, in Saxon, is Iioolc, or written evidence; this land was .licrelVire held as l)ocl:in(l, a noble tenure in strict entail, thai could not be alienated from the right lieir. Ilopton, in the County of Salop, To the Hctjrs Male of the Uopton, lawfully begotten. From me and from niyne, to thee and to thine, While the water runs, and the sun doth shine, For lack of hejrs to the king againe. I William, kin;;, the third year of my reign, Give to the Ni)rni:in liunter, Tome that art liolli /3 To break no roguish jests upon ye ?ir For lilies limn'd on cheeks, and roses. * Venns came from the sea ; hence the poet supposes some lonnection with the word rosemary, or ros maris, dew of the sea. Kcv'rend in the preceding lino means ancienl, or old: it is used in this sense by I'ope, in his Epistles to L(ird C()l)hani, v. 232. Reverend age occurs in Waller, cd. Fenton, p. 56, and in this poem, P. ii. c. i. v. XLl. t Coopers, like blacksmiths, give to their work alternately a heavy stroke and a light one : which our poet humorously com- pares to the Lydian and Phrygian measures. The former was soft and effeminate, and called by Aristotle moral, because it settled and composed the affections; the latter was rough and martial, and termed entliusiastic, because it agitated the pas- sions : Et Phrygio stimiilct numero cava tibia nientes. Lucr. ii. C20. Phrygiis cantibus incitantur. Cic. de Div. i. 114. And all the while sweet music did divide Her looser notes with Lydian harmony. X These and the following lines afford a curious specimen of the follies practised by inamoratos. $ Trait is a word rarely used in English, of French origin, signifying a stroke, or turn of wit or fii.cy. II This kind of transmutation Mr. Butler is often guilty of: he means, scribble tl.e beer-glasses over with the name of his sweet- heart, [ratlicr spells them in the number of glasses of beer, as kefore at v. 370.] IT Sed prius ancillam captandae nosse puello; Cura sit: accessus njolliat ilia tuos. Proxima consiliis dominie sit ut ilia videto; Neve parum tacitis conscia tida jocis. Ovid, de Arte Amandi, lib. i. 331 Canto J. 1 IIUDIBRAS. 211 Witii painted perfimics, Iiaxanl noses''* Or, vent'iin;;; to be brisk and wanton Do penance in a paper lautiiorn ?t 87'.' All this you may coin|)ound for now. By suir'Ving what I oiler yon ; Which is no more tlian has been done By knigiits for hidies long agonc. Did not tlie great La Mancha do so ^75 For the Infanta del Toboso?t Did not th' illustrious Bassa make Himself a skive for Misse's sake ?§ And with bull's pizzle, for her love, Was taw'd as gentle as a glove ?|1 880 Was not young Florio sent, to cool His flame for B.aneafiore, to school, IT Where pedant made his pathic bum For her suke sutler martyrdom ? * Their perfumes and piiiiits were more prejudicial than the roii^'e and (idors of iiiddern times. They were used by fops and ci).\coml)s as well as liy wumcn. The iilain meaiiin;^ of the dis- tich is, venture disease for painted and perfumed whores. t Alludins to a mcthnd of cure for the venereal disease: and it may point equivocally to some part of the Presbyterian or popish discipline. t Meaniiif; the penance which Don Quixote underwent for tht sake of his Dulcinea, Part i. book iii. ch. 2. $ Ibrahim, the illu-trious Bassa, in the romance of Monsieur Scmlery. His nustress, Isabella, princess of Monaco, being con- veyed away to the Sultan's sera;zlio, he pets into the palace in quality of a slave, and, after a multitude of adventures, becomes grand-vizier. II To taw is a term used by leather-dressers, sijinifying to soften the leather, and make it pliable, by frequently rubbing it. So in Ben Jonson's Alchymist, " 15e curry'd, claw'd, and flaw'd, and " taw'd indeed." In the standard of ancient weights and meas- ures, we read: "the cyse of a tanner that he tanne ox leather, "and netes, and calves; — the cyse of a lawyer that he shall '• tawe none but shepes leather and deres." So the tawer, or fell-monger, prepares soft supple leather, as of buck, doe, kid, sheep, lamb, for gloves, &c., which preparation of tawing diflers much from Umning. Johnson, in his Dictionary, says, ''To t;ivv "is to dress white leather, commonly called alum leather, in " contradistinction from tan leather, that which is dressed with '■ bark." [To bent and dress leather with alum. Nares.] IT This she instJinces from an Italian romance, entitled Fiorio and Biancaliore. Thus the lady mentif ns some illustrious ex- auiples of the thrive nations, Spanish, French, and Italian, to induce the knight to give himself a scourging, according to the established laws of cliivalry and novelism. The adventures of Florio and Bianrafiore, which make the principal subject of Bcccace's Philocopo, were famous long belore Boccace, as hs Limself informs us. Floris anil Blancaster are mentioned as liluslrious lovers, by a L inguedocian poet, in his Breviari d'Arnor, dated in the year 1288: it is probaiile, however, that the story was enlarge^l by lioccaco See Tyrwiiitt on Chaucer, iv. 169. •)12 HUDIHRAS. [Partu Did not a certain /ady whip, S81 Of late, her husband's own lordship?* And the' a grandee of tiie liouse, Claw'd him with fundanicnta! blows ; Ty'd him stark-naked to a bt-d-post. And firk'd his hide, as if sh' had rid post; 89«i And after in the sessions court. Where wiiippinj's judg'd, had honour for't ? Tiiis swear you will perform, and theu I'll set you from th' enchanted den, And the magician's circle, clear. 895 Quolli he, I do profess and sweaij And will perform what you enjoin, Or may I never see you mine. * Lord Munson, of Bury St. Ediimr.d's, one of the king's jmlj^es, being i-uspected liy liis lady of" changing his piililic;il principles, was hy her, together with the ussi^t:incc of her maids, tied naked to the bed-post, and whipped till he promised to behave better. Sir Willium Waller's lady, Mrs. May, and Sir Henry Mildniay's lady, were supposed to have exercised the same au- thority. See History of Flagellants, p. 34C, 8vo. I meet with the following lines in Butler's MS. Common-place Book: Bees are governed in a mi>narchy, By some more noble female bee. For females never grow etfeminate. As men prove often, and subvert a slate. For as they take to men. and men to them, It is the safest in the worst extream. The Gracchi were more resolute and stout. Who only by tlieii mother hat! l>een taught. The ladies on both sides were very active during the civil wars; they held their nieelings, at which they encouraged one another in their zeal. Among the MSS. in the mu'.'.'mitablefor wit and pleasantry; the character of Ihulihras is well preserved ; his manner of ad'onversalion, and (Jreekas an niiiiiscnienl. Ills paradoxes related only toconiinon life; lor lie had little depth of learning. His essays contain alMindance of whimsical reflections on matters of ordinary oc- currence, csjietiallynpon hisown teniporand qualities. He was counsellor in the parliament of Bourdeaux, and mayor of the same place. Thomas White was .«econd son of Richard White, of Essex, esiiuire, by Mary his wife, daughter of Ednnind Plow- den, the great lawyer, in the reign of Elizabeth. He was a zealous champion for the church of Rome and the Aristotelian philosophy. He wrote against Joseph Glanville, who printed at London, HiCo, a book entitled, Scepsis Scientifica, or Confessed Ignorance the Way to Science. Mr. While's answer, which de- fended Aristotle and his disciples, was entitled. Scire, sive Scep- tices et Scepticorum a jure Disputationis exclusio. This pro- duced a reply from Glanville, under the title of, Scire, tuuni ni- hil est. While piiblislicrnnient then established. II Croir.well, though 'n general a hypocrite, was very sinceie Canto 11.] IIUDIBllAS 223 For llio king's safety, and liis ri^lit? IGC And aftiT murcird to find liiin oi;l. And cliarjr'd liini lioiiio with lior^c and foot " And yet still had the couliiienco To swear it was in liis di'fenco? Did tliey not swear to live and die 165 With Essex, and straiglit laid liim by?* If that were all, for some have swore As false as they, if th' did no morc.t Did Ihcy not swear to maintain law, In which that swearing made a flaw ? 17C For protestant religion vow, That did that vowing disallow ? For privilege of parliament, In which that swearing made a rent 1 And since, of all the three, not one 73 Is left in being, 'tis well known.! Did they not swear, in express words, To prop and buck the lioiise of lords ?§ ivhen he first mustered his trnop, and declared that he wonld not deceive thciii \>y perplexed or involved expressions, in his commission, lo liglit for l\ing and parliament; but he would as .soon discharge his pistol upon the king as upon any other person. * When Ilie i)arliaincnt first took up arms, and the carl of Essex was chosen general, several incjnbers of tlie house stood up and declared that they would live and die with the carl of Kssex. This was afterwards the usual style of addresses to par- liament, and of their resolutions. Essex continued in great esteem with the party till September, 1C44, when he was de- feated by the king, in Cornwall. Hut the principal occasion of his being laid aside was the subtle practice of Cromwell, who in a speech to the house had thrown out some obli(iue reflections on the second light near Newbcry, and the loss of Donington castle; and, fearing the resentment of Essex, contrived to pass the self-denying ordinance, whereby Essex, as general, and most of the Presbyterians in office, were removed. The I'rcsbyteriana in the house were superior in number, and thought of new- inodellini; tlic army again ; but in the mean time the earl died. t Essex, It was loudly said by many of his friends, was poi soned. Clarendon's History, vol. iii. b. 10. t Namely, law, religion, and privilege of parliament. § When the army began to present criminal information against the king, in order lo keej) the lords quiet, who might well be supposed to be in fear for their own privileges and honors, a message was sent to them promising to maintain theit privileges of peerage, &,c. But as soon as the king was behead- ed, the lords were discarded and turned out. February the first, '.wo days after the king's death, when the lords sent a message to the coiiunons for a conunittee to consider the way of settling the nation ; the conunons made an order to consider on the mor row whether the messenger should be called in, and whevlier the house should lake any cognizance Ihe/cof Fcliruarv the 6flh the lords sent again, but Uielr messengers were nfil called 2ij4 IIUDIBUAS. [I'ART ii Ana after turn'd out the whole house-full Of peers, as duii disband the rest : which the I'resbylerians in the house were forward to do. This, as he knew it would, set the army in H mutiny, which he and the rest of the commanders made show lo take indignation at. And Cromwell, to make the parliament secure, called God to witness, that he was sure the army would, at their first conunand, cast their arms at their feet ; and again solenmly swore, that he had rather himself and his whole fam- ily should be consumed, than that the army should break out into sedition. Yet in the mean time he blew up the flame ; anil petting leave to go down to the army to quiet them, iu)mediately joined with them in all their designs. By which arts he so strengthened his interest in the army, and incensed them against the parliament, that with the help of the red-coats he turned them all out of doors. Bites Elench. Mot. and others. t Expedient sv»s a term r)ften used by the sectaries. When the members of the council of slate engaged to approve of what should be done by the conunons iu parliament for the future, it was ordered to draw up an expedient for the members to sub- scribe. J It was usual to pledge the public faith, as they called it, by which they meant the credit of parliament, or their own prom- ises, for numeys borrowed, and many times never repaid. A re- .liarkable answer was given to the citizens of Lr)ndon on some occasion: "in truth the subjects may plead the properly of their "goods against the king, but not against the parliament, lo whom 'it appertains to dispose of all the goods of the kingdom." Their own partisans, Milton and Lilly, complain of not being repaid (he moiey they had laid out to sujiport the cause. Canto ii.J HLDIBRAS. oQfi Oaths were not purj)os'el inoro tlian law, To keep tlie good and just in awe,» But to conline the bud and sinful, Like rnorlal cattle in a pinfold. 200 A saint's of th' lieav'nly realm a peer ; And as no jjeer is bound to swear, But on the gospel of Ills honour. Of which he may dispose as owner, It follows, tho' the thing be forgery, 20S And false, th' affirm it is no perjury, But a mere ceremony, and a breach Of nothing, but a form of speech, And goes for no more when 'tis took, Than mere saluting of the booK. 210 Suppose the Scriptures are of force, They're but commissions of course,t And saints have freedom to digress. And vary from 'em as they please ; Or misinterpret them by private 213 Instructions, to all aims they drive at. Then why sliould we ourselves abridge. And curtail our own privilege ? Quakers, that like to lanthorns, bear Their light within them, will not swear ; 220 Their gospel is an accidence, By which they construe conscience,! And hold no sin so deeply red. As that of breaking Priscian's head.§ Tlie head and founder of their order, 22."» That stirring hats held worse than murder ;|| * "Knowing tliis, that the law is nnl made for a righteous "man, but Ibr the lawless and disotiedient." 1 Timothy i. 9. t A satire on the liberty the parliament ofiii-ers took of vary- ing frcini their cniiimissions. on pretence of private instructions. i Tliat i-f, they, the Uuakcrs, interpret scripture altogether literal, and make a point of conscience of u-^ing the wrong num- ber in grammar: or, it may mean that grammar is their scripture, by which they interpret right or wrong, lawful or unlawful. ^ I'riscian was a great grammarian about the year S'iS, .ind when any one spoke false grammar, he was said to break Pris- cian's head. The Quakers, we know, are great sticklers for plainness and simplicity of speech. Thuii is the singular, you the plural; conseiiuently it is breaking Priscian's head, it is false grammar, quoth the Quaker, to use you in the singular number: George Fo.x was another Priscian, witness his Batlel- d"or. II Some think Ihi t the order of Quakers, and not Priscian, Is here meant; but then it wuiild be holds, not held: I Iherefure *m inclined to think that the poet humorously supposes that Priscian, whc received so man" bluvvs on the head, was much S26 IIUDIBRAS. [Part n 930 The^e lliinkintr thoy'rc oblig'd to trotli In swearing, will not take an oath ; Like mules, who if they've not the will 'lo keep tlieir own pace, stand stock still ; But they are weak, and little know What free-born consciences may do. 'Tis the temptation of Ihe devil That makes all human actions evil : For saints may do the same things by 233 The spirit, in sincerity, Which other men arc tempted to, And at the devil's instance do ; And yet the actions be contrarj', Just as the saints and wicked vary 240 For as on land tliere is no beast But in some fish at sea's exprest ;* So in the wicked there's no vice. Of which the saints have not a spice ; And yet that thing that's pious in 245 The one, in tli' other is a sin.t averse to fiking off his hat; and therefore calls him the lonndci of (luakerisiii. This may seem a far-fetched conceit ; but a similar one is employed hy Mr. Butler on another occasion. "Yon may perceive the Quaker has a crack in his skull," says he. "by the great care he takes to keep his hat on. lest his sickly "brains, if he have any, should take cold." Remains, ii. 35-J ; i. Sai. April 2). IGW, nearly at the bejiinninf: of Quakerism, Everard and VVinstanlev, chief of the Levellers, came to the peneral, and made a la'rge declaration to justify themselves. VViiile they were speaking, they stood with ihiir hats on; and lieing demanded the reason, said, "he was hut their fellow- " creature." "This is set down," says Whitelocke, " because it " was the beginning of the appearance of this opinion." So ob- stinate were the Quakers in this point, that Barclay makes the following declaration concerning it: " However small or foolish " this may seem, yet, 1 can say boldly in the sight of God, we be- " hooved to choose death rather than do it, and that for conscience "sake." There is a slorv told of William I'enn, that being admit- ted to an audience by Charles 1 1., he did not pull off his hat ; when the king, as a gentle rebuke lo him for his ill manners, took off his own. On which I'enn said, "Friend Charles, why dost not thou " keep on thy hat 1" and the king answered, " Friend Penn, it is " the custom of this pUce that no more than one person be cov- "ered at a time." * Thus Dubartas : So many fishes of so many features. That in the waters we may see all creatures, Even all that on the earth are lo be found. As if the world were in deep waters drovin'<2. But see Pir Thomas Biown's Treatise on Vulgar Errors, b(wl( Ql. chap. 24. t Many held the antinomian principle, that believers, or per Canto ii.] IIUDIBRAS. 237 Is't not ridiculous, and nonsense, A saint sliouid be a slave to conscience? That ouijlit to bo above such fancicH, As far as above ordinances ?* 25C She's of the wicked, as I guess, B' her looks, lier lanrruage, and lier dress And tho', hkc constables, we search For false wares one another's church ; Yet all of us hold this for true, 255 No faith is to the wicked due. For trulii is precious and divine. Too rich a pearl for carnal swine. Quoth Iludibras, All this is true, Yet "tis not fit that all men knew S60 Those mysteries and revelations ; And therefore topical evasions Of subtle turns, and shifts of sense. Serve best with tli' wicked for pretence. Such as the learned Jesuits use, 265 And presbyterians, for excuset sons regenerate, cannot sin Though they commit the same acts, whicli are styled and arc sins in others, yet in them they are no sins. Because, say they, it is not tlie nature of the ac- tion that derives a quiUity upon the person ; but it is the antece- dent qual»'ly or condition of the person that denominates his ac- tions, and stamps Iheiii gifd or bad : so that they are those only who are previously wielded, thit do \viclownin« mid Mr. M;lr^ll.■lll, who, when some nl' tin; reliels li^id their livi's spiired on condition lli:it tlieywotlld not in I'litiiro beiir arms n!;iiinst the kinc. were sent to dispense with llic n.iili, iind per^iiiule lliem to enter ny;iin iiiln the service. Mr. Veiil w.is n i;entlemMn cnniinoiier of llilmnnd ll.iil ditrinji the tronliies, iind WHS iiliiint seventy yeiirs 3, in Jlercurius Politicus, No. 414, page 501. X It was supposed that witches, by forming the image of any one in wax or clay, and sticking it with pins, or putting it to other torture, could annoy also'the prototype or person repre sented. According to Dr. Dee such enchantments were used against Queen Elizabeth. Elinor Cobham employed them against Henry VI., and Amy Simpson against James VI. of Scotland. A criminal process was issued against Robert of Artnis, who con- trived the figure of a young man in wax, and declared it was made a^ain^tlIohn of France, the king's son: he added, that he would have ahotlier figure of a woman, not baptized, against a Bhc-devil, the queen. Monsieur de Laverdies observes, that the spirit of superstition had persuaded people, that figures r)f wax baplizeil, and pierced for several days to the heart, brought about Uta death of the jierscm against whom they were intended. L'ANTo II ] HUDIBIIAS. 2S1 And vox tliciii info any form 'Pliat iits their purpose to do JKinii? Ruck tlii'in iiiilii they do conlVss, 335 Im])riich of treason whom tiiey please, And most perfidiously condemn Those that engag'd their lives for them? And yet do nothing in their own sense, But what they ought by oath and conscience. 3-10 Can they not juggle, and with slight Conveyance play witii wrong and right; And sell their blasts of wind as doai,* As Lapland witches bottPd air?t Will not fear, favour, bribe, and grudge, 345 The same case sev'ral ways adjudge? As seamen, with the self-same gale. Will sev'ral dilTerent courses sail ; As when the sea breaks o'er its bounds,! And overflows the level grounds, 350 Those banks and dams, that, like a screen. Did keep it out, now keep it in ; So when tyrannical usurpation Invades the freedom of a nation. The laws o' th' land that were intended 355 To keep it out, are made defend it. Does not in chanc'ry ev'ry man swear What makes best for him in his answer? Is not the winding up witnesses. And nicking, more than half the bus'ness? 360 For witnesses, like watches, go Jusl as they're set, too fast or slow ; And where in conscience they're strait lac'd, 'Tis ten to one that side is cast. Account of MSS. in the French king's library, 1789, vol. ii. p 401. * That is, their breath, their pleadinjis, their arguments, t The witches in Lapland preteniled to sell bags of wind to the sailors, which would carry them to whatever quarter they pleased. See Olaus Magnus. Cleveland, in his King's Disguise p. 01: 1'he Laplanders when they would sell a wind Availing to hell, b;ig up thy phrase and bind It to the barque, which at the voyage end Shifts poop, and breeds the collick in the fiend. X This simile may be found in prose in Butler's Remains, vol. p. 298. "For as when the sea breaks over its, bounds, and overflows the land, those dams and banks that were made to " keep it out, do afterwards serve to keep it in : so when tyranny "and usurpation break in upon the cormuon right and freedom, " the laws of God anil of the land are abused, to support thai ■ which they were intended to oppose." 20 132 HLDIBRAS. IPart n Do not your juries give their verdict SOI As if they felt the onuse, not iieard it'? And as they please make matter o' fact Run all on ono side as they're packt? Nature has made man's breast no wiudores, To publisli what he does within doors ;* 370 Nor wiiat dark secrets there inhabit, Unless his own rash folly blab it. If oaths can do a man no good In his own bus'ness, why they shou'd, In other matters, do liim hurt, 375 I think there's little reason for'u He that imposes an oath makes it, Not he that for convenience takes it: Then how can any man be said To break an oath he never made? 380 These reasons may jierhaps look oddly To th' wicked, tho' they evince the godly; But if they will not serve to clear My honour, I am ne'er the near. Honour is like that glas.sy bubble, 385 That finds philosopliers such trouble: Whose least part crack'd, the whole dies fly, And wits are crack'd to find out why.t * MomHS is s;iiil to have found fault with the frame of man, because lliere were no iloori nor windows iu liis breust, through which his thoughts might l)e discovered. See an ingenious paper on this suhject in the Guirdian, vol. ii. No. 106. Mr. Bat- ler spells wmdore in the same manner where it does not rhyme Perhaps he thought that the etymology of the word was wind- door. t The drop, or biiblile, mentioned in this simile, is made r.r ordinary glass, of the shape and about twice the size described in the margin. It i< nearly solid. The thick p-irt. at D or K, will bear the stroke of a hammer; but if you break off the top in the slender and sloping part at B or C, the whole will burst with a noise, and be ulown about in [>i>wder to a considerable distance. The first establishers of the Royal Society, and many philosophers in various parts of Europe, found it diffi- cult to e.vplain this phenomenon. Monsieur Rohalt, in his Physics, calls it a kind of a miracle in nature, ^nd says, (part i. c. xxii. ^ -17:) " Ed. Clarke lately "discovered, and brought it hither from Holland, "and which has travelled through all the universi- "ties in Europe, where it has raised the curiosity, " and confounded the reason of the greatest part of ■' the philosophers :" he accounts ft)r it in the follow- ing manner. He says, that the drop, whea taken hot from the fire, is f uiUI'-nly emersed in some appropriate liquor, (cold water he thinks will break il„» by which means the pores * Here Uf. is mistakeu. r'ANTo II.] IIUDIBRAS. 333 Qiiotli Riilplio, Honour's but a word, To swear by only in a lord :• 396 III otliiT men 'tis but a liufT To vapour with, instead ofjjroof; That like a wen, looks bifj and sv;e!ls, Insenseless, and just nothing else. Let it, quoth he, be what it will, 399 It has the world's opinion still. But as men are not wise that run The slightest hazard, they may shun, There may a medium be found out To clear to all the world the doubt ; 400 And that is, if a man may do't, By proxy whipp'd, or substitute. t Though nice and dark the point appeal Quoth Ralph, it may hold up and clear. That sinners may supply the place 405 Of sulTering saints, is a plain case. Justice gives sentence, many times, On one man for another's crimes. Our brethren of New England use Choice malefactors to excuse, t 110 on the outside are closed, and the sul)stance of the R.ass con- densed ; while the inside not cooling so fast, Ihe pores are loft wider and wider froiTi Ihe surface to the middle : so that the air bcins lei in, and liiKhng no passage, hursts it to pieces. To prove the truth of his explication, he observes, that if you break off the very point of it at A, the drop will not l)urst : because that part being very slender, it was cooled all at once, the pores were equally closed, and there is no passage for the air into the wider pores below. If you heat the drop again in the fire, and let it cool gradually, the outer pores will be opened, and made as large as the inner, and then, in whatever part you break it, there will be no bursting. He gave three of the drops to three several jewellers, to be drilled or filed at C 1) and E, but when they had worked them a liitle way, that is, beyond the pores which were closed, they all burst to powder. * Lords, when they give judgment, are not sworn : they say only upon my honor. t Mr. Murray, of the bed-chatidjer. was whipping boy to king Ch.-irles I. Hurnet's History of his own Times, vol. 1. p. 244. t This story is asserted to be true, in the notes subjoined by Mr. IJutler to the early editions. A similar one is related by Dr. Grey, from Morton's English Canaan, printed If)37. A lusty young fellow was co.ndemned to be hanged for stealing corn ; but it was proposed in ctmncil to execute a bed-rid old man in the ofTeudcr's clothes, which would satisfy appearances, and pre- serve a useful member to society. Dr. Grey mentions likewise a letter from thi; comudltee of Staff )rd to speaker l.,enthall, dated Aug. 5 , KH.i, desiring a resiiite for Henry Steward, a soldier under It is enough, quoth Hud. bras, Thou hast resolv'd, and clear'd the case ; And canst, in conscience, not refuse, From thy own doctrine, to raise use :t I know thou wilt not, for my sake, 44.5 Be tender-conscienc'd of thy back : dependents. In the eccle;iri?iicr>l cnnstitulion of that province, modelled iiccordini; to llohinsoii's |:1 itr'nrm, there waG a co-ordi- nation of churcli:;s, not a siUiDiilinaUDn of one to another. John dc Laet says, priiiios coloiios, lUi et illos f|iM puslea iiccesseriiiit, potissiiiuini am oiiininu fnisse e.v ei.nuii hoiiuniini sectii, quos iu An;,'lia lirownisias el piiritanoi vccint. * I don't know whether this was a real name, or an imitation only of North Aiiiericm phrasei;logy : the appellation of an in- dividiril, or a title of ortic.e. t The skeptics licld iliat there was no r.eitiinly of sen:=e ; and consequently, thai men did not always know wlien lliey felt any tiling. i A favorite expression of the sectaries of those days. Canto u.J IIUDIBKAS. 235 Then strip llicc of tliy carnal jerkin, And give thy outward fellow a ferking ; P^or when thy vessel is new lioop'd, All leaks of sinninj; will bo stopp'd. 450 Quotli Ralplio, Yon mistake the matter, For in all scruples of this nature. No man includes himself, nor turns The point upon his own concerns. As no man of his own self catches 455 The itch, or amorous French aches ; ^''o no man does himself convince, By his own doctrine, of his sins: And though all cry down self, none means His own sell" in a literal sense: 4C0 Resides, it is not only foppish, But vile, idolatrous, and popish. For one man out of his own skin To frisk and wliip another's sin ;* As pedants out of school boy's breeches 465 Do claw and curry their own itches. But in this case it is profane. And sinful too, because in vain ; For we must take our oaths njjon it You did the deed, when I have done it. 470 Quoth Hudibras, That's answer'd soon ; Give us the whip, we'll lay it on. Quoth Ralp!io, That yon may swear true, 'Twere [jroju'rer that I whipp'd you ; For when with your consent 'tis done, 475 Tiio act is really your own. Quoth Hudibras, It is in vain, I see, to argue 'gainst the grain ; Or, like the stars, incline men to What they're averse themselves to do : 460 For when disputes are weary'd out, Tis interest still resolves the doubt : But since no reason can confute yc, I'll try to force you to j'our duty ; For so it is, howe'er you mince it ; 485 As, e'er we part, I shall evince it, And curry ,t if you stand out, whetlirr i.'^ou will or no, your stubborn leather Canst thou refuse to bear thy part * A l);inter on the popish doctrine of sntisfactior.s. t Coria perfiicre : or it may be derived from the Welsh knru, Ic leat or pound. This scene is taken from Hon Quixote. 236 HLDIBUAS. [PAaT u. 1' th' public ivork, base as thou art? 430 To liiggle thus, for a few blows, To guiu thy K'niglit an op'leut spouse, Wliose wealth iiis bowels yearn to purchase, Merely for th' int'rest of the churches? And when he has it in his claws, 491 Will not be hide-bound to the cause : Nor slialt thou find him a curnnidgin,* If thou dispatch it witiiout grudging : If not, resolve, before we go, That you and I must pull a crow. SOO Ye'ad best, quoth Ralpho, as the ancients Say wisely, have a care o' th' main rhauce. And look before you, ere you leap ; For as you sow, y'are like to reap: And were y' as good as George-a-grecn,t 5Co I should make bold to turn agen : Nor am I doubtful of the issue In a just quarrel, as mine is so. Is't fitting for a man of honour To whip the saints, like Bishop Bonner?} 510 A knight t' usurp the beadle's office, For wiiich y' are like to raise brave trophies? But I advise you, not for fear. But for your own sake, to forbear ; And for the chnrches,§ which may chance 515 From hence, to spring a variance, And raise among tliemsclves new scruples, Whom common danger hardly couples, Remember how in arms and politics. We still have worsted all your holy tricks ;|| 520 Trepauu'd your party with intrigue, * Perhaps from the French cceur merchant. t A valiant hero, perhnps an outlaw, in the time of Richard Ihc First, who coiKiuered llohin Mood and Little John. He is llie same Willi the I'inder of Wakefield. See Echard's History of England, vol. i. 20li. The Old I! ill ids; Hen JonsoQ's play of the Sad Shepherd; and Sir John SiicKlinsr's l'..eins. i IJishop of London in the rei<:n of queen Mary: a man of profligate manners and of brutal ch;iracter. He sonietinies whipped the froteslant's, who wc^re in caslcxly. with his own hands, till he was tired with the violence of the exercise. Hume's History of Mary, p. 378; Fo.x, Acts and Monitments ed. 157G, 1. KI37. ^ U"-.vas very common for the sectaries of those days, however Btlenf.vc they mi-ihl lie to their own inleren, to pretend that Ihey had nolhin!.' in view but the welfare of the churches. II Tlje Indepenilents and Anabaptists got the army on then tide, and overpowered U , siiys : " i^oiiie errors " have crept into tlie remarks on this word which require correc- " tion. It is by no means, as Ilanmer had conceive», and certainly Shakspeare could have had no idea of Us piping meaning when he wrote : " Behold, the English beach " Pales in the flood vvilh men, with wives, and boys, "Whose shouts and claps outvoice the dcep-vwiUh'd sea, " Which, like a mignty whittler 'lore the king, "Seems tci\t my nc- knowledn young, he was in- vited hy Sir Oliver Cromwell, his uncle and godfather, to a feast at Christmas ; and. indiilaing his love for Inn, he went to the hall with his hands and clothes husmeared with excrement, to the preat disgust of the company : for which the master of misrule, or master of the cerinionlcs as he is now called, ordered him to be ducked in the horse-pond. Memoirs of the Cromwell Fasjil\ )i/ Mark iNuble, vol 1 p. '.Id, aud Date 3 Elcach. motuiuM. PART il. CANTO 111. THE ARGUMENT. The Knight, with various doubts posseet. To win tlie Lady J^oes in quest Of Sidrophel the Rosy-crucian, To know tlie dest'uies' resolution : Witii wlioin being met, tiiey both chop JogkJ About the science astrologic. 'Till falling from dispute to fight, The conjurer's worsted by the Kuijjht. II U D I B R A S . CANTO III.« Doubtless the pleasure is as great Of being cheated, as to ciieat ;t As lookers-ou feel most delight, That least perceive a juggler's flight, And still tiie less they understand. The more th' adiniro his slight of hand. Some with a noise, and greasy light, Are snapt, as men catch larks by night, t Ensnar'd and hampcr'd by the soul, As nooses by the legs catch fo\vl.§ Some, with a med'cine, and receipt. Are drawn to nibble at the bait ;|| * As the s>iliject of this canto is the disputi! between lindibras and an :istrolot;er, it is prefaced liy sniiie rcflcrtiDns on the cre- dulity of men. This exposes them to the artilices of cheats ana impo.sliirs, not only when disguised under the characters of law- yers, |)hysici;-.ns, and divines, but even in the questionable garb of wizards and lortiuie-tellers. t Swift, in the Tale of a Tub, (digression on madness,) places happiness in the condition of licin!; well deceived, and pursues the thought throuijli several pnges. Aristippus being desired tc resolve a riddle, replied, that it would be absurd to resolve that which unresolved ulliirded so mucli pleasure. cui sic extorta voluptas, Et dcmptus per vim mentis gralissiintis error. Ilor. lib. ii. cjiist. ii. 140. t This alludes to tlie morning and evening lectures, which, in those times of prelenile, tonitrusve sinistri, Linguave servata;, pennave, dixit avis. Ovid. Trist. lib. i. elcg. vni. 4'J. Mirarl se ajebat M. Cato, quod non rideret haruspex, haras picem cum vidisset. Tullius de Divinat. ii. 24; et de Natnra Deonim i. "C. Canto m J IIUDIBUAS. 253 Presag'd tli' events of truce or battio ; From fliglit of birds, or cliickens peckinjr, Success of great'st iittempts would reckon : Tlio' cheats, yet more iutelligiblo 35 Than those tliat with tlio stars do fribble. This Iludibras by proof found true. As in duo time and place we'll shew : For he, with beard and face made clean, Beincr mounted on his steed again, 40 And Ralpho got a cock-horse too, Upon his beast, with much ado, Advanc"d on for the widow's house, T' acquit himself, and pay his vows ; When various thoughts began to bustle, tS And with his inward man to justle. He thought what danger might accrue. If she should find he swore untrue : Or if his squire or he should fail. And not be [)inictual in their tale, SO It might at once the ruin prove Both of his honour, faith, and love But if lie should forbear to go. She might conclude be'ad broke his vow ; And that he durst not now, for shame, 35 Appear in court to try iiis claim. Tliis was the penn'worth of his thought, To pass time, and uneasy trot. Quoth he. In all my past adventures I ne'er was set so on the tenters, 00 Or taken tardy witli dilemma. That, ev'ry way I turn, docs hem me, And with inextricable doubt, Besets my puzzled wits about: For though the dame has been my bail, 25 To free me from enchanted jail, Yet, as a dog committed close For some ofFence, by chance breaks loose. And quits his clog ; but all in vain, He still draws after him his chain :* 70 * Persiiis applies this simile to the case of a person who is well inclined, but cannot resolve to be unil'urmly virtuous. Nee tu, cum olistiteris semcl, instantlque negaris Parere iiiiporio, rupi jam vincula, dicas: Nam el luctata canis nudum arripit; attanien illi, Cum fuglt, a collu Iruhilur pars longa catente. gat. V. V. 157. jj54 HUDIBRAS rPARTn So tho' my ancle s le as quitted, ]\Iy heart conliuues still committed ; And like a bail'd and mainpriz'd lover,* Altho' at large, I am bound over : And when I shall appear in court 7J To plead my cause, and answer for't. Unless the judge do partial prove, What will become of ma and love ? For if in our accounts we vary, Or but in circumstance miscarry ; 80 Or if she put me to strict ))roof, And make me pull my doublet off, To shew, by evident record. Writ on my skin, I've kept my word. How can I e'er expect to have her, 65 Having demurr'd unto her favour ? But faith, and love, and honour lost, Shall be reduc'd t' a knight o' th' post :t Beside, that stripping may prevent What I'm to prove by argument, 90 And justify I have a tail. And that way, too, my proof may fail. Oh ! that I could enucleate, t And solve the problems of my fate ; Or find, by necromantic art.§ 95 How far the dest'nies take my part ; Yet triumph not ; say not, my hands are broke. And I no more go subject to the yoke ; Alas ! the striiizsling dog breiiks loo-e in vain, Whose neck still drugs along a trailing length of chain. Brewster. Petrarch has applied this simile to love, as well as our au- thor. * Miiinprized signifies one delivered by the judge into the ens tody of such as shall undertake to see him forthcoming at ti.f day appointed. t This is, one who in court, or before a magistrate, will swear as he hath been previously directed. I nave somewherfc''read that such persons formerly plied about the portico in the Temple, and from thence were culled knights of the post ; and knights, perhaps, from ihe knight' templars being buried in the a to be burned alive, A. D. I(i34, by a set rf judges com- miaiioncd and ii tiuenced by Kichelieu ; and the prioress, with 258 nUDIBRAS [Pari . Meet with the parl'ament's committee, 165 At Woodstock, oil a pers'nal treaty ?* At Sarum take a cavalier, t I' th' cause's service, prisoner? As Withers, in immortal rhyme, Has register'd to after-time. 170 Do not .our great reformers use This Sio'ropliel to forebode news ;t To write of victories next year, And castles taken, yet i' th' air? Of battles fought at sea, and ships 175 Sunk, two years heuce, the last eclipse ?^ half tlie nuns in the convent, were obliged to own themsef ;es bewitched. The prioress declared, that when the devil who had possessed her had quitted her body, an angel impressed upon her hand the words Jesus Maria Joseph F de Salis. Mr. Moconnois made her a long visil, and she showed him the letters. He scratched off a part of them, and supposed them to have been made with blood and starch. Grandier was a handsome man, ind very eloquent. Such migic kad fascinated the prioress, and subjected the nuns to their violent ardors. See Bayle's Dic- tionary, Art. Grandier ; and Dr. Hutchinson's Historical Essay on Witchcraft, p. 31. * Dr. Plot, in his History of Oxfordshire, th. viii., tells us how the devil, or some evil spirit, disturbed the connnissioners at Woodstock, whither they went to value the crown lands, Octo ber, 1(14!).* A personal treaty was very much desired by the king, and often pressed and petitioned for by great part of the na- tion. Tlie poel insinuiiles, that though the parliament refused to hold a personal treaty with the king, yet they scrupled not to hold one with the devil at Woodstock. [Readers, of al' ages and classes of the present day, are familiar with the devil's pranks at Woodstock, through the agency of that great and fascinating magician Walter Scott, who, following the mighty Shakspeare, makes poetry and romance the two entertaining Bubsti lutes for the more ""honesi" chronicles of history. He has also introduced us to the Lescus of line 233 in his romance of Kenilworih.] t Withers has a long story, in doggerel verse, of a soldiei of the king's army, who being a prisoner at Salisbury, and drinking a health to the devil upon his knees, was carried away by him through a single p:ine of glass. t Lilly, Hooker, Culpepper, and others, were employed to fore- tcl victories on the siile of the parliament. Lilly was a time- serving rascal, who hesitated at no means of getting money. See his life, written by himself. ^ Suppose we read since the last eclipse, or suppose we point it '.bus: Sunk two years since the last eclipse : Lilly grcmnded lying predictions on that event. Dr. Grey says his reputation was lost upon the false prognostic on the eclipse • See ilie Jnsi DcvilnrWoiuistock, or nirue immiive of ilie several Appari- •.icii«, tlie Kritrliis ami I'linislimeiils ititijcieil upon l he riimpi.-li Cornlnlss:oncr^ -yT.'iiir.;i; Wi.lcms, in:isror of llie free rcIiooI al Nonlileiicli, Gloiicesiersliire II Wis iii.i pni.ie.l III! 1660, Tliuii^h (lie ilaiepui toil is If^. See U «hop of Pa l*iboroii^li*6 Ke^ibie. aikI Chronicle Canto m.J IIUDII3RAS 258 A total o'ertlirow giv'n tlio king In Connviill, horse and foot, next spring?* And has not he point-blank foretold Wliats'e'er the close committee would ? 181 Made Mars and Saturn for the cause,t The Moon for fundamental laws, Tlie Ram, the Bull, the Goat, declare Against the book of cominou prayer? The Scorpion take the protestation, *eS And Bear engage for reformation ; Made all the royal stars recant. Compound, and take the covenant ?t Quoth Iludibras, The case is clear The saints may 'niploy a conjurer, 190 As thou hast proved it by their practice; No argument like matter of fact is: And we are best of all led to Men's principles, by what they do. Then let us strait advance in quest 19S Of this i)rofound gymuosopliist,§ And as the fates and he advise, Pui-sue, or wave this enterprise. This said, he tiu'n'd about his steed, And eftsoons on th' adventure rid : 200 Where leave we him and lialph awhile, And to the Conj'rer turn our style, that was to happen on the 29th of March, 1652, commonly called Itlack Mondiiy, in which his predictions not being fully answer- ed, Mr. Heath iiliscrves, (('hronicle, p. 210 :," That he was re- garded no more lor the future, than one of his own worthless almanacs." * It is certain that the parliament, in their reports of victories, neither ohst rved time or place. Cleveland, in his character of a London diurnal, p. 113, says of Lord Stamford : "This cubit and half of a commander, by the help of a diurnal, routed the enemies fifty miles off." The subject here is not false reports, but false predictions: the direct contrary liap|)ened to what is here said; the king overthrew the parliamentarians in Cornwall. t Made the |)lanets and constellations side wilh the parlia- ment; or, as bishop Warburton ol)serves, the planets and sif;ns here recapitulated may signify the .several leaders of the parlia- mentary army — Esse.\, Fairfax, and others. ; The auilior here evidently alludes to Charles, elector pala- tine of the lUilne, and to king Charles the Second, who both took the covenant. ^ The L'ymnosophists were a sect of philosophers in India, so called from their going naked. They were much respected for (heir profound knowledge; and held in the same estiniatlon Rniong Iheir countrymen as the Chald-in among the Assy.'ians, the »la;>! amonj; the I'erslaus and the Druitts among the Gatik vid Uritons 260 IIUDIBRAS. [Part ii To let our readci undcrstuud What's useful of liini beforehand. He hud been long t'wards mathematics, 205 Optics, philosophy, aiid statics. Magic, iioroscopy, astrology, And was old dog at physiology ; But as a dog, that turns the spit,* Bestirs himself and plies his feet 21C To climb the wheel, but all in vain, His own weight brings him down again ; And still he's in the self-same place Where at his setting out he was : So in the circle of the arts 215 Did he advance his nat'ral parts, Till falling back still, for retreat. He fell to juggle, cant, and cheat :t For as those lowls that live in water Are never wet, he did but smatter ; 22ii Whate'er he labour'd to appear, His understanding still was clear ;t Yet none a deeper knowledge boasted, Since old Hodge Bacon, and Bob Grostcd.§ Th' intelligible world he kuew,l| 22i And all men dream on't to be true, That in this world there's not a wart ♦ Mr. Prior's simile seems to have been suggested by this pas sage : Dear Tlioinas, diilst tlinu never see ("Tis l)Ut Uy way i)f simile) A squirrel spenil liis liltle rage In juiiiping romul a rolling cage? But here or tlieie, turn wood or wire, He never gels two inches liigher. So fares it with those merry blades Tluit frisJi it under I'indus' shades, t The account here given of William Lilly agrees e.xaciry with his life written by liiniself. i (;iear, that is, empty. ^ Roger Bacon, a Franci<-can friar flourished in the thirteenth century. His penetration in most branches of (ihilosophy was the wonder of the age. Hayle says lie wrote a hundred books, many of them upon astronomy, geometry, and medicine. Robert Grostcd, or Grossa Testa, lived nearly at the same lime with Bacon. He wrote some treatises on astronomy and mathemat- ics ; but his works were chiefly theological. Several books were translated by him from the Greek language ; which if any un- derstooil in that age, he was sure, as tirasmus says, to be laker, for a conjuror. 11 The intelligible world is spoken of, by some persons, as the model or prototype of the visible world. See 1*. i. c. i. v. 53i and note. «:anto 111.] IIUDIBRAS. 2«l That lias not there a counterpart Nor can there, on tlio face of ground, An individual beard be found Q30 That has not in tiiat foreign nation, A fellow of the self-same fasliion ; Sj cut, so colour'd. and so curl'd. As thoso are in tii' inferior world. Hc'ad read Dee's prefaces before 233 The devil and Euclid o'er and o'er;* And all th' intrigues 'Iwixt him and Kelly, Lescus and th' emperor, wou'd tell ye:t But with the moon was more familiar * Dr. John Dee, a Welshman, was admitted to the degree of M. A. and hada lesliiiioniiil Cniiii the nniversily ofCiimliiiclge in l.'>48. He was ()resenief his service in the capacity of a spy. However, he returned t> England, and died very poor, at Slorlbike in Surrey, in the year 1(1118, aged 81. icou'J till ye: — In the author's editioa it is printed. " would vut tell ye." 'I'o raise the L'reater opinion of his knowledge, he would pretend to make a secret of Ihingl 7/hich he did net understand. 1562 HUDIBRAS [I'Ain i. Than e'er *as almanac well-wilier;* 240 Her secrets understood so clcnr, That some believ'd he had been there ; Knew wlien she was in fittest mood For cutting corns, or letting blood ;t When for anointing scabs and itciies, 245 Or to the bum applying leeches ; When sows and bitches may be spay'd, And in what sign best cider's made ; Whether the wane be, or increase, Best to set garlic, or sow pease ; 250 Who first found out the man i' th' moon, Tliat to the ancients was unknown ; How many dukes, and earls, and peers, Are in the planetary spheres. Their airy empire, and command, 25'' Their sev ral strengths by sea and land ; What factions tliey've, and what they drive at In public vogue, or what in private ; With what designs and interests Each party manages contests. 2fi0 He made an instrument to know If the moon shine at full, or no ; That would, as soon as e'er she shone, straight Whether 'twere day or night demonstrate ; Tell what her d'anieter to an inch is, SOh And prove that she's not made of green cheese. It wou'd demonstrate, that the man in The moon's a sea mediterranean ;t And that it is no dog nor bitch That stands behind him at his breech, 270 * The almanac makers styled themselves well-willers to the mathematics, or philomaths. t Resi)ectiiig these and other matters mentioned in the fol lowin:; lines, Lilly and the old almanac makers gave particulai lirect'ions. It appears frnin various calenikirs still preserved, not to mention the works of Hesiod, and the apotclesms of Ma- netho, Maximus, anil .hilius Firmicus, that astrologers among the Greeks and Romans conceived some planetary hours to be especially favorable to the operations of husbandry and physic. t The light of the sun being unequally reflected, and some (»:irt< of the moon appearing more fully illuminated than others, on the supposition of the moon's being a terrM()ueoHs globe, it is thought that the brighter parts are land, anil the darker water This instrument, therefore, would give a more distinct view of tliosc dusky ti'.'iires, which had vulgarly been called the man in the miHin.and di-^cover them to be branches of the sea. In the Se- lenography of Florontius Langrenus Johannes Uevelius, and others, the dark parts are disiinguished by the names of mare crisium, uiare sercuilalis, oceanus prDcellarum. &e. lAS-ro III j ilUDIBRAS. 263 But a huge Caspian sea or lake, Willi anus, wliicli men for legs mistake ; How largo a guljili his tail composes, And what a goodly bay his nose is ; * How many German leagues by tli' scale, 87i Capo snout's from promontory tail. He made a planetary gin. Which rats would run their own heads in. And come on purpose to be taken Without th' c.vpencc of ciieese or bacon ; 28fl With iule-slriugs he would counterfeit Maggots, thr.t crawl on dish of meat ;* Quote moles and spots on any place O' th' bod)', by the index face ;+ Detect lost maidenheads by sneezing,! 283 Or breaking wind of dames, or jiissing ; Cure warts and corns, with ap])lication Of med'cincs to th' nnagination ; Fright agues into dogs, and scare, Willi rhymes, the tooth-ach and catarrh ;§ 290 Cliase evil spirits away by dint * Tlic sni:ill strings of a fidille or lute, cut iiilo short pieces, anil slrcwed upon wunn nijal, will contract, and apiiear like live lliafi'^ots. t "Sonic physioiinoniers have conceited the hciiil of man ta ' be the iiUKlel of tlie whule boily ; so tliat any mark tlicre will " have a corresponding one on some part of the body." See Lilly's life. t Dcmocritus is said to have pronounced more nicely on the maid servant of Hippocrates. " l'uella'i|ue vitium solo aspectu " deprcbcnili(." Yet the eyes of Denmcritus were scarcely more acute and miIjIIc than tlie ears of Albertus ftlagnus: " nee minus '• vncis nuU:Ui(incni ol) eandem fere cau^ani : quo taiituiii signo " feruiit Albertum Magnum, ex mule influence on the animal economy. Some of them, fear and sorrow, chill the lilood and retard its progress. Other pas- sions, and especially anger and love, accelerate its motion, and cause fjc pulse to heat with adilitional strength and quickness. t Aiiuophanes, in his comedy of the Clouds, Act i. sc. 2, in troduces a scholar of Socrates describing the method in which Socrates, and his friend Chfrephon, endeavored to ascertain how manv lengths of his own feet a flea will jump. — t^vXXav birdauvi a^AoiTo Toli aVTTji rdouf, quot pedes sutis pulex salta- ret. They tiid not measure, as (uir author says, by the length n( the body ; 'hey dipped the feet of the flea in melted wax, which presently hardeneil into shoes ; these they took olV, and meas- ured the leap of the flea with them. It is probable that this representation had been received with pleasure by the enemies (if Socrates. In the banquet of Xcnophon the suiiject is t;tken up by one of the company : tiAA' tir/ iiot, vSauvi i/.uXX.j ndSaf ifiov anix^'- Ttivra yap at (pnai ytw/itrptji' — and is dismisspd by Socrates with a kind of cool conlempt. Plato somewhere alludes to the same jest. A flea had jumped from the for<'head of Ch.'e- lephon to the head of Socrates, which intrriduced the in(|uiry. * Microscopic inquirers tell us that a flea has a proboscis. lomewhat like that of an elephant, but not quite .so large. $ The pungency of vinegar is said, by some, to arise from th« bites of animalcules which are contained in it. J'or these dis- toveries see Hook's micographical observations. iQli Hl'DIBRAS. [Part l Tlmt him in place of Zany serv'd,* Hight Wliaclium, bred to dasii and craw, 3'2£ Not wine, but more unwholesome law ; To make 'twixt words and lines liuge gaps,f Wide as meridians in maps ; To squander paper, and spare ink, Or cheat men of their words, some think 33») From this by merited degrees He'd to more high advanceujent rise, To be an imder-coujurer, Or journeyman astrologer : His bus'ness was to pump and wheedle, 335 And men with their own keys unriddle ;t To make thcin to themselves give answers. For which they pay tlie necromancers ; To fetch and carry intelligence Of whom, and what, and where, and whence, 340 And all discoveries disperse Among til' whole pack of conjurers ; What cut-purses have left with them, For the right owners to redeem, And what they dare not vent, find out, 34.-» To gain themselves and th' art repute ; Draw figures, schemes, and horoscopes. * A Zany is a Iniffiion, or Merry Andrew, designed to assist the quick, as tlie biillail-singer does the cut-piirse or pickpocket. Some have supposed tliis character of VVhachum to have Iteen intended for one Tom Jones, a foolish Welshman. Others think it was meant for Richard Green, who published a pamphlet en titled " Hudibras in a snare." The word zany is derived by some from the Greek aaivai, a fool, tsovvoj ; (see Eustath. ad. Odyss. xxii, and Meur^ii Glossar. Graco-barb.,) by others from the Venetian Zani, abbreviated from giovanni. t As the way of lawyers is in their bills and answers in chan eery, where they are paid so much a sheet. ] Menti^eniu*, in his book de Charlataneria Eruditorum, ed Amst. 1747, p. 192, tells this story: Jactabat empiricus quidam, se ex solo urina; aspectu non solum de morbis onmibus, sed etde illorum causis, qua;cunque deiuum ilia; fuerint. sive nalura, sive 8ors tulisset, certissime cognoscere ; interim ille ita instrtixerat servulos suos, ut callide homines ad se acccdcntes explorarent, et de Ills, quK comperta habercnt, clam ad se referrent. — Acce dit mulier paupercula cum lotio mariti, quo vix viso, maritus tun.?, inquit, per scalas donnis infau^to casu decidit. Tum ilia admirabunda, isludne, ait, ex urina intelligis 7 Imo vero, inquit empiricus, et nisi me omnia fallunt, per quinderim scalic gradus delapsus est. At cum ilia, ulique vii.'inti se numeras-e rcferret, hie velut indignatus qurcrit : nuiu omnem secnm urinam atlulis- set : atque, ilia negante, quod vasculum materiam omnem non caperet : itaque, ait, etfudisti cum urina quinqiie gradus illos, qui niihi ad nuiiierum deerant.— 1 wonder this story escaped Dr, Qrey. 4>iro III.] IIUDIBRAS. or: Of Newgate, Bridewell, brokers' sliops. Of thieves ascendant in the cart,* And find ont all by rules of art : 351 \Vlii(-h way a servinfj-nian, that's rnn VV'ith clothes or money away, is gone ; Who pick'd a fob at liolding-forth, And where a watch, for half tiie worth, May bo redcem'd ; or stolen plate 355 Restor'd at conscionablo rate. Hesido all this, he serv'd liis master la quality of poetaster. And rhymes appropriate could inake To ev'ry month i' th' almanack ; 36U When terms begin, and end, could tell, With their returns, in doggerel ; When the e.xchequer opes and shuts. And sowgelder with safety cuts ; When men may eat and driuk their fill, 365 And when bo temp'rate, if they will ; When use, and when abstain from vice, Figs, grapes, phlebotomy, and spice. And as in prisons mean rogues beat Hemp for the service of the great,+ 370 So Whachum beat his dirty brains T' advance his master's fame and gains, And like the devil's oracles. Put into dogg'rel rhymes his spells, t Which, over ev'ry month's blank page 375 I' th' almanack, strange bilks presage. § He would an elegy compose On maggots squeez'd out of his nose ; In lyric numbei-s write an ode on His mistress, eating a black-pudding ; 380 And, when imprison'd air escaped her, It puft him with poetic r-\pture: His sonnets charm'd th' attentive crowd, By wide-mouth'd mortal troll'd aloud. That, circled with his long-ear'd guests, 385 * .Ascendant, a term in astrolony, is here equivocal. t Petty rii(.'iies in Briilewell pound hemp ; and it may happen /i;\t the proikti.e of their labor is employed in halters, in which gri'aier criminals ,Tre hanged. t I'lulirch has a whole treatise to discuss the question, why \pollo h.Td ceased to deliver his oracles in verse : which brings Dn an incidi'nt;il inquiry why his language was often bail, and his verses defective. ^ Bilk is a (jothic word, signifying a cheat or fraud: it signi fies ILkewise lo baulk or disappoint as 268 HUDIBRAS. [Part a Like Orjdieus, lock'd among the beasts: A cariniiii's liorse could not pass by, But stood ty'd up to poetry : No porter's burden pass'd along, IJut serv'd for burden to bis song 391 Each window hke a pill'ry appears, Witli beads thrust tnro' nail'd by the ears ; Ail trades run in as to the sight Of monsters, or their dear delight. The gallow-tree,* when cutting purse 383 Breeds bus'ness for heroic verse, Which none does hear, but would have hung T' have been the theme of such a song.t Those two togetiier long had liv'd, In mansion, prudently contriv'd, 400 Where neither tree nor liouse could bar The free detection of a star ; And nigh an ancient obelisk Was rais'd by him, found out by Fisk, On which was written not in words, 405 But hieroglyphic mute of birds, t Many rare pithy saws, concerning^ The worth of astrologic learning : * Thus Cleveland, in his poem entitled the Rebel Scot: A Scot when from the gallow-tree Rot loose, Drops into Styx, and turns a Soland goose, f The author perhiips recollected some lines in Sir John Den ham's poem on the trial and death of the earl of Strafford : Such was his force of eloquence, to make The hearers more concern'd than he that spake ; Each seem'd to act that part he came to see, And none was more a looker on than he ; So did he move our passion?, some were known To vvi^h, for the defence, the crime their own. When Mars and Venus were surprised in Vulcan's net, and the deities were assembled to see them, Ovid says : ali(iuis de dis non tristibus optet Sic fieri turi)is Mctamorph. lib. iv. 187. t Fisk was a quack physician and astrologer of that time, and an acquaintance of William Lilly, the almanac linker and prog noslicator. " In the year 1(503," says Lilly in his own life, " I "became acq tainted with Nicholas Fisk, licentiate in physic, " born in Suffolk, fit for, but not sent to, the university. Study- "ing at home astrology and physic, which he afterwards prac- " Used at Colchester :" He had a pension from the parliament; ftnd during the civil war, and the whole of the usurpation, prog nosticate, we are told of the birds of Paradise, that :hey are kept in a cage in the Sultan's garden, and are though!; by Europeans to h:;ve no legs. Lord Hacon has the follDWing passage in his \Vr..ks, fol. vol. iv. p. 325: " The second reason ' that made me silent was, because this suspicion and rumour ''of undertaking settles upon no person rerta'n: it is like the ' bii-ds of paradise, that they have in the Indies, that have no * feet, and therefore never light upon any place, but the wind 'carries them away. And such a thing I take this rumour to "he." Pliny, in his Natura History, has a chapter de ApodibuB lib, X c'ii. Z'X 270 IIUDIBRAS. [Part u That fai off like a star did appear : This Sidrophe! by chance esj)y'd, And with amazement staring wide : Bless us, quolii he, what dreadful wonder 4iS Is that appears in heaven yonder ? A comet, and without a beard I Or star, that ne"er before appear'd I I'm certain 'tis not in the scrowl Of all those beasts, and fish, and fowl,* 430 With which, like Indian plantations, The learned stock the constellations •,f Nor those that, drawn for signs, have been To th' houses where the planets inn.t It must be supernatural, ■135 Unless it be that cannon-ball That, shot i' the air, point-blank upright, Was borne to that prodigious height, That, learn'd philosophers maintain, It ne'er came backwards down again,§ 410 But in the airy regions yet Hangs, like the body o' Mahomet :|| * Astronomers, for the help of their memory, anil to avoid jiving names to every star in purticular, have divided them into constellations oi companies, which they have distinguished hy the names of several beasts, birds, fishes, &c., as they fall with- in the compass which the forms of these creatures reach to Butler, in his Genuine Remains, vul. i. page 9, says : Since from the greatest to the least, All other stars and constellations ilave cattle of all sorts of nations. This distribution of the stars is very ancient. Tully mention; it from Aratus, in nearly the same terms which are used in oui astronomical tables. The divisions are called houses by the as- trologers. t Cosmographers, in their descriptions of the world, when they found many vast places, whereof they knew nothing, are used to fill the same with an account of Indian plantations, strange birds, beasts, &c. So historians and poets, says Plutarch, embroider and intermix the tales of ancient times with fictions and fabulous discoveries. X Signs, a pirn between signs for public houses, and signs or constellations in the heavens. Aratus an3« Cartp-i imagined that the ball remained in the air II The impr(iliable story of .Mahomet's body being suspended in an iron (sliest, between two great loadstones, is refuted bv Mr Sandys and f)r. I'rideaux r«Nro III] ilUDIBUAS. 271 For if it be above the shade, That by tlie earth's round bulk is meido', 'Tis ])robuble it may from far, iiS Appear no bullet, but a star. This said, he to his engine Sew, Plac'd near at hand, in open view, And rais'd it, till it levell'd right Against the glow-worm tail of kits ;* 451 Then peeping thro'. Bless us I quoth he, It is a planet now I see ; And, if I err not, by his proper Figure, tiiat's like tobacco-stopper,"! It should be Saturn : yes, 'tis clear 45r 'Tis Saturn ; but what makes liim tl.ers ? He's got between the Dragon's tail. And farther leg behind o' tli' Whale ;{ Pray heav'n divert the fatal omen, For "tis a |)rodigy not common, 400 And can no less than tiie world's end. Or nature's funeral, portend. With that, he fell again to pry Thro' perspeciive more wistfully, When, by mischance, the fatal string, 4G5 That kept the tuw'ring fowl on wing, Breaking, down fell the star. Well shot, Quoth Whachum, who rigiit wisely thought He' ad Icvell'd at a star, and hit it ; But Sidrophel, more subtle-witled, 470 Cry'd out. What horrible and fearful Portent is this, to see a star fall ! It threatens nature, and the doom Will not be long before ii come I * The luminous part of the ■;lnw-worm is the tail. t This alludes to the syiulitii which astronomers use to denote the pliinct Saturn ( ^), anil asl!olo<;crs use a sign not much un- like it. It is no wonder Sidrophel should he puzzled to know for certain whether it was Saturn or not, as the phases of Saturn arc very various and extraordinary, and long perplexed the as- tronomers, uln could not divine the nica-.iin!: of such irregular- ity: thus Ilevelius ohservcs, that he appears sometimes mono- tphcrical. soiuptiiiies Irisyherical, sphcrico-.msnted, elli/itico-an- tated, -.inii splierico-cuspidatcd ; hut Uiiysionr. reduced all these phases to three principal ones, round, brac/iiutcd, and anaatcd. See ("hamhcrs's Dictionary, art. Saturn. t Sidrophel, the slai-eazer, names any two constellations he can think of: or rather the poet dc-isns't.T make him hlunder, Dy fixing on those which are far distant from each other, on diJTerent sides of the equator; and also hy talkini! of the whale's hinder leg. On some old glohes the whale is described With legH. 272 IIUDIBUAS. [Part a When stars do fall, 'tis plain enough 47J Tlie day of judgment's not far ofT; As lately 'twas roveal'd to Sedgwick,* And some of ns find out by niagick; Then, since the time we have to live In this world's shorlen'd, let us strive 48fl To make our best advantage of it. And pay our losses with our j)rofit. Tills feat fell cut not long before The Knight, upon the forenam'd score. In quest of Sidrophel advancing, 4S5 Was now in i)ro.-pcct of the mansion ; Whom he discov'ring, turn'd his glass. And foui.d far off 'twas Hudibras. WhachuiP-, quDth he, Look yonder, some To tr\- or use our art are come : 400 The one's tiie learned Knight ; seek out, And pump 'em what they come about. Whachum advanc'd, with all submiss'ncss T' accost 'em, but much more their business: He held the stirrup, while the Knigiit 495 From leathern bare-bones did alight ; And, taking from his hand the bridle, Approach'd the dark Squire to unriddle. He gave him first the time o' th' day,t And welcom'd him, as he might say: 50(1 He ask'd him whence they came, and whither Their business lay? Quoth Kalpho, Hither. Did you not lose U — Quoth Ralplio, Nay. Quoth Whachum, Sir, I meant your way ? Your Knight — Quoth llalpho, Is a lover, 505 And pains intol'rable doth suffer ; For lovers' hearts are not their own hearts, Nor lights, nor lungs, and so forth downwards. * Will. Sedgwick wa"-. a whimsical fanatic preacher, settled by th" parliament in the city ol Ely. He pretended iiiucli to reve- laliDiis, and was called the apostie ol" the Isle of Kly. He cave DUt that the approach of iheday of judgiiienl had been disclosed to him in a visijii : and goinj; to the huuseof Sir Francis Iliissel, in Camliririgesliire, where he found several gentleinen, he warned them all to prejmrc ihemselves, for the day of judgment would be some da) in ihe next week. t lie bade him good evening: see line 540. i lie supposes they caiee to inquire after something stolen or strayed; the usual case with people when they apply to the cunning man. In these lines we must observe the artfulness or Whachum, who pumps the squire concerning the knifihfs busi- ness, and afterwards reli-tes it to Sidrophel in the presence ol ■H)!!! of them. CMtTo 111.] IIL'UIBUAy. 27S Wliat liino? — Quoth Ralplio, Sir, too long, Three yours it olF and on lias bi\u^ — SIO Quoth h<^, I meant what time o' tii' day 'tis. Qnutii Ral|)ho, between seven and eifjlit 'lis, Why tlien, (inotii Whachuin, my small art Tells mo the Dame has a hard heart. Or great estate. Qnolh Ralph, A jointure, 51.1 Wiiicli makes him have so iiot a mind t' her. Meaii-wiiile the Knifrlit was making water, Before he fell upon the matter: Wilicli having done, the Wizard steps in. To give him a suitable reception ; .WO But kept his business at a bay, Till Whachuin put him in the way ; Who having now, by Ralpho's light. Expounded tli' errand of the Knight, And what he came to know, drew near, 525 To whisper in the Conj'rer's ear. Which he prevented thus : What was't, Quoth he, that I was saying last,* Before these gentlemen arriv'd? Quoth Whachiim, Venus you retriev'd, 530 In opposition with Mars, And no benign and friendly stars T' allay the effect.t Quoth Wizard, So: In Virgo? ha! Quoth Whachum, No:t Has Saturn nothing to do in it ;§ 535 One tenth of's circle to a minute I 'Tis well, quoth he — Sir you'll excuse This rudeness I am forc'd to use ; It is a scheme, and face of heaven, As til' aspects are dispos'd this even, 540 * To prevent the suspicion which mipht be created by whis- pering, he cuiises Whiichiini to relate his intelligence aloud, in tne cant terms of his own profession. t There should he no coninia after the word retriev'd ; it Iiere signiliesf'uind, observed, from the French relrouver. Venus, the goddess of love, opposes and thwarts Mars, the god of war, and there is likely to be no accord between them. By which he gives him to understand, that tlie knight was in love and liad small hopes of success. t Is his iiiisiruss a virgin t No. $ Saturn, Kijdvoi, was the god of time. The wizard by these words inquires how long the love affair had been carried on. Whachum replies, one tentli of his circle to a minute, or three years; one tenth of the thirty years in «'hich Saturn finishes his revolution, and exactly the time which the knight's court' ihip had been pending. 2-4 IIUDIBRAS. H'art n I was contemplatinj^ upon When you arriv'd : but now I've flone. Quoth Hudibras, If 1 a|)pear Unseasonable in coming l;pro At such a time, to interrupt Your speculations, which I hop'd Assistance from, and come to use, 'Tis fit that I ask your excuse. By no means, Sir, quoth Sidrophel, The stars your coming did foretel ; I did expect you here, and knew, Before you s])ake, your business too.* Quotii Ilud.bras, Make that appear, And I shall credit whatsoe'er You tell me after, on your word, Howe'cr unlikely, or absurd. You are in love, Sir, with a widow, Quoth he, that does not greatly heed you. And for three years has rid your wit And passion, without drawing bit ; And now your business is to know If you shall carry her, or no. Quoth Mudibras, You're in the riglit, But how the devil you come by't I can't imagine ; for the stars, 565 I'm sure, can tell no more than a horse: Nor can their aspects, tlio' you pore Your eyes out on 'cm, tell you more Than th' oracle of sieve and sheers,t That turns as certain as the spheres: 570 But if the Devil's of your counsel. Much may be done, my noble donzel ;t 541 55C 555 56U * In some editions we read, Know before yon speak. t "Put a paire of sheeres in the rim of a sieve, and let two " persons set the lip of each of their foretinL'ers vipnn the upper " part of the sheers, holding it wiih the sieve up from the ground "steddilie, and ask Peter and P.iul wliether A. I?, or (;. hath '•stolne the .hins lost, anown from their orb*, arrest, and catch 'em ;t Make 'em depose, and answer to C?5 All questions, e'er they let them go. bombastus kej)t a devil's bird Shut in the pummel of his sword, § That taught him all the cunning (jranLs Of past and future mountebanks. C3C Kelly did all his feats upon The devil's looking glass, a stone, || In the tenth century: was a great admirer and proficient in the polite arts, particularly paintin); and sculpture. As he was very Httenlively in liis cell engraving a gold cup. the devil tempted him in the shn\K of a beautiful woman. The saint, perceiving in the spirit who it was. took up a red hot pair of tongs, and catching hold of the devil liy the nose, made him howl in such a terrihle inatincr as to be heard all over the neighborhood. * By reiMjtition of magical sounds and words, properly called enchantments. t By liuures and signatures described according to astrological symmetry ; that is, certain conjunctions or oppositions with the planets and a^i|lccts of the stars. i Carmina vel codIo possunt deducere lunam. ^ lionibastus de Hohenheim, cnlled also Aureliiis I'liilippus, and Theophrastus, but more generally known by the name of I'araceUus, was son of William Hohenheim. ant the species vulgarly called th« black Iceland agate, which is a perfectly vitrified lava; and according to Bergman's analysis, contains of siliceous earth sixty-nine parts in a hun- dred ; argillaceous twenty- two parts and martial nine. See Berg. Opu-c. vol. ill. p. 240, and Letiers from [.;eland, lett. 2.5. The la- pis obsidianus of the ancients is supposed to have been of this species : a stone, according to Pliny, "quem in iEthiopia invenil " Obsidius, nigerrimi coloris aliquando et translucidi, crassiorc " visu, alque in speculis parietum pro imagine umbras reddente. " Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvi. cap. 'Jii. The same kind of slone is found also in South America; and called by the Spaniards, from its color, piedra de gallinaco. The poet might term it the devil's looking-glass, from the use which Dee and Kelly made of it; and because it has been the common practice of conjurers to answer the inquiries of [jersons, by representations shown to them in a looking-glass. Dr. M. Casaubon quotes a passage to this purpose I'rom a manuscript of Roger Bacon, inscribed De dictis et factis falsorum mathematicornm et dismonum. " The "demons sometimes appear to them really, sometimes iinaginari- " ly in basins and polished things, and shew them whatever " they desire. Boys, looking upon these surfaces, see by imagi- " nation, things that have been stolen ; to what places they have " been carried ; what persons took them away : and the like." In the proemium of Joach. Camerarius to Plutarch De Oraculis, we are told that a gentleman of Nurimberg had a crystal which had this singular virtue, viz.,if any one desired to know any thing past or future, lei a young man, castum, or who was not of age look into it; he would first see a man, so and so apparelled, auL afterwards what he desired. We meet with a similar story in Heylin's History of the Reformation, part iii. The earl of Hert ford, brother to queen Jane Seymour, having formerly been em- ployed in France, acquainted himself there with a learned man, who was supposed to have great skill in magic. To this person, by rewards and importunities, he applied for information concern- ing his affairs at home ; and his impertinent curiosity was so far gratified, that by the help of some magical ()erspeclive, he beheld a gentleman in a more familiar posture with his wife than was consistent with the honor of either party. To this diabolical Illusion he is said to have given so much credit, that he not only estranged himself from her society at his return, but furnished a second wife with an excellent reason for urging the disin- herison of his former children. The ancients had also the Atdoitatrda. * " As Paracelsus had a devil confined in the pummel of his ■'sword, so Asrippa had one tied to his dog's collar," says Eras, tus. It is probable that the collar had some strange uninlelligi ble characters engraven upon it. Mr. Butler hath a note on • The authenticilv an-. iJontilv of this s.one cannot be dolibteJ, »s il8 rte- K.ent is more clearly proved llian llrat of Ajamemnon'a sceplre. It waf nicciBe.l in Ihe ca(alno-ne of rhe earl of Peterboroujh, al Uraylon ; UmrM i(U 10 lad; Betty Ueruiahie, who ?ave it to the Duke of Argyle, and hii w* Ik>pX Frederick Campbell tu lo.'d Orford. Canto m.] IIUDIBIIAS. 079 That was his tutor, and tho ciir Read to th' occult philosopher,* Aud t;ui;rht liiin subt'ly to maintain All other sciences are vain.t 618 To this, quoth Sidrophello, Sir, Agrippa was no conjurer,! Nor Paracelsus, no, nor Behnien ; Nor was the dog a caco-da;nion. But a true dog that would shew tricks 84j For Ih' einp'ror, and leap o'er sticks ; Would fetch and carrj', was more civil Than other dogs, but yet no devil ; And whatsoe'er he's said to do. He went the self-samo way wo go. C50 As for the Rosy-cross piiilosophei's. Whom you will have to be but sorcerers, What they pretend to is no more Than Trismegistus did before, § Pythagoras, old Zoroaster, |1 Gj5 ihese lines in the following wortls : "Cornelius Astripinhad a 'dog timt was sn^pectetl to be a spirit, fur some tricks he was " wont to do beyond the c:ip:icity of a dog. 15ut tlie author of " Magia Adariiica lias tikenagreat deal of pains to vindicate ' both llie doctor and the dog from that aspersion ; in which ' he has shown a very great respect and kindness for them "both." * A l)ook entitled, De Occu1t;\ Philosophia, was ascribed to Agrippt, and from thence he was called the occult philosopher. I Bishop Warburlon says, nothing can be more pleasant than this turn given to Agrippa's silly book De Vanitate Scien- liaruni. t A subject of much disputation. Pauhis Jovins, and others maint lin that he whs. Wierus and Monsieur Niuid6 endeavor to vindicate him from the charge : Apologie pour les grands hoMUncs accuses de niagie. Perhaps we may best apologize for Acrippa, by saying, that he was not the author of every book which has been ullrilmtPd to him. See Canio i. line 5!0. $ The Egyptian Thoih or Tout, called Hermes by the Greeks, and Mercury by the LaUns, from whom the chymists pretend to have derived their art, is su^iposed io have lived soon after the time of .Moses, and to have made Improvements in every branch of learning. " Thoih," says Lactantius, "anliquissinuis et in- '•slructissimus omni jenerc doclrina;. adeo ut ei multarum rernm " et artiuin scientia Tri!iked the epicycles and eccentrics which Ptolemy had introduced into his system ; they seemed so absurd to him, that they gave him a disgust to the science of astronomy In general. lie does not seem to have formed a more favorable opinion of aslndogy. Here likewise was too much eccentricity : and he condemney powV^nl art, to understand ; Which, iiow we have perform'd, all ages 725 Can speak ih' events of our presages. Have wo not lately in the moon. Found a new woild, to tii' old unknown? Discover'd sea ar.d land, Columbus And .M.rgellan could never compass? 730 Made mountains with our tubes ajipcar, And cattle grazing on tliem there '. Quotji liud^bras. Yon lie so ope, That I, without a telescope. Can find your tricks out, and descry 735 Where you tell truth, and where you lie : For Ana.xagoras long agone, Saw iiills, as well as you, i' tli' moon,t * Anno ante Christum 97, Ijiilione in iirlie vise, urlis lustrata. B'jlione In c^ipitdlio suiiM deoruni siiimlacra viso, cam piiiretnr, tiinrns vicliiiia exaniinis concidit. Julius Obscqiiens, No. 44-45, et Lycoslhenes, pp. 1IJ4, i'X>. ' It appears fnini many pas^apes of Cicero.and other authors, that the ileterminallons ot" the an^'urs, aruspices, anil the sybil line hooks, were cominonly contrived to promote the ends of povcrnment, or to serve the purposes of the chief managers in the ciimiiionwealih. t See Burnet's .Xrchajolos. cap. x. p. 144. Anavagnras of Clazomenfc, v%as the first of the Ionic philosophers who main- tiined that llie several parts of Ihe iniiverse were tlie works of a supreme intelliKenl heing, and consequently did not allow the 8Un and moon to he i;ods. On this account he was accused of Impiety, and thrown into prison ; hut released l)y Pericles. Plu- tarch in Nicia : '• Arc they not dreams of human vanity," says Montaicnc, "to make the moon a celestial earth, there to f-i.ncy "mountains and vales as Ana.vaeoras did." And see Plutarch ie Placilis philusophorum, l>iog. Lacrl. and Plato de icgibi's. 'J'h« 284 IIUDIDKAS. [Part u And held the sun was but a piecfi Of red hot iron as big as Greece ;* 74C Behev'd the licav'ns were made of stonei Because the buu had voided one ;1 And, rather tlian he would recant Til' o])inlon, suffer'd bauisiimcnt. But what, alas ! is it to us, 745 Whether i' tli' moon, meu thus or thus Do eat tlieir porridi^e, cut their corns, Or whether they have tails or horns? What trade from thence can you advance, But what we nearer have from France ? 7J0 What can our travellers 'omv^ home, That is not to be learnt at Rome ? What politics, or sfranifo opinions. That are not in our own dominions? What scienco can be brought from thenca, 755 In which we do not here commence ? What revelations, or religions. That are not in our native regions ? Are sweating-lanterns, or screeu-funs;t jinet might probably have Bishop VVIlkins in view, who inain- tiineii th:)t the iiinon was hu habilablo world, and proposed Bchciiies I'lir flyiim ibcrc. Spealiin}: of Anaxagori'!, Monsieur Chovrcaii says: "We "may easily excuse the ill hiiiiioiir of one who was seldom of " the (pinion of others : who maintained that snow was black, "because it -.vas made of water, which is black ; who took the "ht'avens to be an arch of stone, which rolled aboiit continual- "ly; and the moon a piece of inflanieil earth; and the stm " (which is iiliout -i:i4 times bihop Wilkins, one of the first promoters of the Uoyal Society. At this institution and its favorers, many a writer of that day has sliot his bolt — t<;lum imbelle sine ictu. * A mathematical instrument for taking the heights and dis tances of stars. T '• El quod vulgo aiunt, artem non habere iniinicum nisi ig- norantem." Sprat thought it necessary to write many pages to show that natural philosophy was not likely to subvert our gov- ernment, or our religir n : and that experimental knowledge had no tendency to mnke men ei'.her bad subjects or bad Christians. See Sprat's History of the Royal Society. I Our ancesti'rs called the garrison of a castle or fortress its warders; l.en'"e our word guardian. Lands lying near many of the old castles v.ere held by the tenure of castle ward, the pos- sessors being obliged to find so many men for the ward or gtiard of the castle. This was afterwards commuted into pecuniary payments, with which the governors hired mercenary soldiers of warders : the warders of the Tower of London still preserve the old appellation. ^ Incredulous persons. He calls them owls on account of their pretensions to great depth of learning, the owl being used as an emblem of wisdom ; and Athenian, because that bird was Barred to .Minerva, the )irotectress of Athens, and was borne on the stanilards of the city. Heralds say, noctua signiini est sapi- i;ntiaB • for she retires in the day, and avoids the tumult of the «:anto iii.j IIUDIBRAS. 287 dr any science understand, 803 Beyond the reach of eye or hand ; l]ut nieasiirinjj all things by tiieir own Knowledge, iiold nothing's to bo known : Those wliolcsalo critics, tliat in cofTee- Houses cry down all pliilosophy, 816 And will not know upon wiiat ground In nature wo our doctrine found, Altho' witli pregnant evidt^nce We can demonstrate it to sense, As I just now have done to you, 815 Foretelling what you carno to know. Were the stars only made to ligiit Robbers and burgiarers by night ?* To wait on druidcards, thieves, gold-finders, And lovei-s solacing behind doors ? 820 Or giving one anotlier pledges ( H matrimony und^'r hedges ? Or witches sinipling, and on gibbets Cutting from malefactors snippets ?t Or from the piU'ry tips of ears 825 Of rebel-saints and perjurers? world, like a man employed in study and contemplation. Since the owl, luiut'vor, is visually considered as a moping, drowsy bird, the poet intimates that the knowledge of these skeptics is obscure, confused, and indigested. Tlie meaning of the whole passage is this : — There are two sorts of men who are great ene- mies to the advancement of science. The first, bigoted divines, upon hearing of any new discovery in nature, apprehend an at- tack upon religion, and proclaim loudly that the capitol, i. e. the faith of the church, is in danger. The others are self-sufficient philosophers, who lay down arbitrary principles, and rejecievery truth which dues not coincide with them. * The piH'ts thought the stars were not made only to light Jobbers. Sec the beautiful address to Hesperus : 'Ecnrcpt, ras iparas XP'"''£0>' ^ au thor a rod. t Bodin, an eminent geographer and lawyer, w.as born at Ati, gers, in France, and died of the plague at Laon, l.")9G, aged 1)7. According to his opinion, it has been clearly proved by Coperni- cus, Reinholdus, Stadius, and other famous mathematicians, that the circle of the earth has approached nearer to the sun than it was formerly. § Cardan, a famous physician of Milan, was horn at Padua, iolll. He conceived the influences of the several stars to be ap propriated to particular countries. The fate of the greatest king doms in Europe, he said, was determined by the tail of Ursa Ma ■or. This great astrologer foretold the time of his own death But when the appointed day drew near, he found himself in per feet health, at the seventy-fifth year of his age ; and resolved l» starve himself, lest he should bring disgrace on his favorite sci ence. Thuanus gives the character which Scaliger bad drawD of him : In certain things he appeared superior to human under standing, and in a great many othex^ inferior to that of little chil inn. See Dayle's Dictionary, An. Cardan. Canto hi. J liuUlBRAS. 291 That as she whisk'd it t'wanls the Sun, Strow'a miglity empires up and down ; Wliicli others say iiiiist needs be false, Because your true bears have no tails. 900 Some say, the zodiac constellations Have long since cliang'd tlieir antique stations* Above a sign, and prove the same In Taurus now, once in the Ram ; Aflinn'd the Trigons chojip'd and chang'd, 903 The wat'ry with tiie fiery rang'd ;t Then how can their effects still hold To be the same they were of old ? This, though the art were true, would make Our modern soothsayers mistake, t 918 And is one cause they tell more lies. In figures and nativities. Than th' old Chaldean conjurers. In so many hundred thousand years ;§ Beside their nonsense in translating, 915 For want of accidence nnd latin ; Like Idus and Calenda; englisht Tiie quarter days, by skilful linguist ;|| * The knight, still further to lessen the credit of astrology, ob- serves th:it the stars hiive suffered a considerable variation of their longitude liy the preccssiiin of the equinoxes: for instance, the first star of Aries, which in the time of Melon the Athenian wus found in the very intersection of the ecliptic and equator, is now removed eastward more than thirty degrees, so that the sign Aries possesses the jjlace of Taurus, Taurus that of Gem- ini, Hnd so on. t The twelve signs in astrology are divided into four trigons, or triplicities, each denominated from the con-natural clement ; so they are three fiery, three airy, three watery, and three earthly. Fiery — Aries, Leo, ?!iplttiriu«. Earthly — Taurus, Virgo, Capricornus. Airy — Gemini, Libra, Aquarius. Watery — Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces. X Pee our poet's arguments put into prose by Dr. Bentley, In the litter end of his third sermon at IJoyle's lectures. ^ The Chaldeans, as Cicero remarks, pretended to have been in possession of astrological knowledge for the long space of 47,000 years. iJut Diodorus informs us that, in things belonging CO their art, they calculated by lunar years of thirty days. By this method, however, their account will reach to the creatio.i, if not to a more distant epoch. It is well known that Berosus, 01 his scholars, new-modelled and adopted the Babylonian doc trines to the Grecian mythol.igy. II Mr. Smith, of Ilarleston, says this Is a banter upon Sir Rich' ud Fanshawe's translation of Horace, Epod. ii. GU, 70. Oinnem relegit idibus pccuniam, Uueerit calendis ponere. 25 299 IIUUIBRAS. [1'art n And yet with canting, sliglit, and iheat 'Twill servo tlioir turn to do the feat ; 02t Make fools believe in their foreseeing Of things before they are in being ; To swallow gudgeons ere they're catoli'd, And count their chickens ere tiiey're hatch'd ; Make them the constellations prompt, 923 And give them back their own accoinpt ; But still the best to him that gives The best price for"t, or best believes. Some towns, some cities, some for brevity, Have cast the 'versal world's nativity, 930 And made the infant stars confess, Like fools or children, what they please. Some calculate the hidden fates Of monkeys, pu])py-dogs, and cats; Some running-nags, and tighting-cocks, 933 Some love, trade, law-suits, and the i)o.\ ; Some take a measure of the lives Of fathers, mothers, husbands, wives, Make opposition, trine, and quartile, Tell who is barren, and who fertile ; 94j As if the planet's tirst aspect The tender infant did infect* At Micha;liiias calls all his monies in, And at our Laily puts them out again. The fifteenth day of March, May, July, and October, and the thirteenth day of all oilier iiionlhs, was called the ides. The first day of every month was called the calends. * The accent is laid upon the last syllable of as|>ect, as it often is in Shakspeare : see l)r. Farmer's observations on the learning :if Shakspeare, p. 27. Astrologers reckon five aspects of the planets- conjunction, sexlile, quartile trine, and opposition. Sextile denotes iheir being distant from each other a .sixth part of a circle, or two signs ; quartile, a fourth part, or three signs ; trine, a third part, or four signs; opposition, half the circle, or directly opposite. It was the opinion of judicial astrologers, that whatever good disposition the infant might otherwise have been endued with, yet if its birth was, by any accident, so accelerated or retarded, that it fell in with the predominance of a malignant constellation, this momentary influence would entirely change its nature, and bias it to all contrary ill qualities. The ancients had an opinion of the influence of the stars : gcit Genius, nalale comes qui teniperat astrum. Horat. Ep. lib. ii. Ep. ii. I. 18T. There would be no end of quoting authors on this subject, such as Menander and I'lularth among the Gret-ks ; and among the Latins, Hontce, Persius, Ammianjs .Marcellinus, and Censorinui dc die iiatali. The tender infant aid 2«/tc<— Thus in line !I3I : .•Vnd make the intaiii stirs confess. i:iNTo UI.3 IIUDIBRA8. 203 In soul and body, and instill All future {rood and future ill ; Wiiicli in their dark fatalities lurking, 94» At destined j)eriods fall a workin'j;, And break out, like the iiidden seeds Of long diseases, into deeds, In friendships, enmities, and strife, And all th' emergencies of life : 050 No sooner does lie [leep into The world, but lie liaj done his do, Oatch'd all diseases, took all physick. That cures or kills a man that is sick ; Marry 'd his punctual dose of ivives, 353 Is cuckolded, and breaks, or tbrii'cs. There's but the twinkling of a star Retwoiii a man of peace and war ; A thief and justice, fool and knave, A huffing ofl"cer and a slave ; OfO A crafty lawyer and pick-pocket, A great |)hilosopher and a blockhead ; A formal preaclier and a player, A learn'd |)iiysician and man-slayer :* As if men from the stars did suck 965 Old age, diseases, and ill luck, ^Vit, folly, honour, virtue, vice. Trade, travel, women, cla])s, and dice : And draw, with the first air they breathe,. Battle, and murder, sudden death.t 970 Are not these fine commodities To be imported from the skies. And vended here among the rabble. For staple goods, and warrantable? Like money by the Druids borrow'd, 975 In til' other world to be restor'd.t * In the public opinion, pcrhtip';, there i« a coin- eiilcnce in these chiiracters ; and some of ihcin, wc iiiiist own, nrc more nciirly allied than others. Tne autlivir too, with hia usual |)leasantry, iiiiaht 1)6 willinf! to allow the resemblance in a ccrl.iin degree ; but the scope of his argument requires him to iillribute to them distinct and opposite qualities; and in this sense, no doubt, he meant .seriou.>ly to be under.stooaltry story is untrue, And forsr'd to cheat such gulls as you. Not true ? quoth lie ; howe'cr you vapour, I can what I allirni make appear; Whachiuu shall justify't to your face, lOO."; And prove he was upon the ])lac6 : He play'd the saltinbancho's part,* Transfomi'd t' a I'Venchinan by my art ; He stole your clonk, and pick'd your j)ocket, ChousM and caldes'd you like a blockhead, t And what you lost I can produce. If you deny it, here i' the house. Quoth lludibras, I do believe That argument's demonstrative ; Kalpho, bear witness, and go fetch us 013 A constable to seize the wretches : For tho' they're both false knaves and cheats,! * Salliinl):inqne is a French word, si<:nifyin« a quack or iiioiin- teh.ink. I'crliMps it was originally It:ilian. t Caldes'd is a word of" llie jxiet's own coining. IMr. Warbur- ton thinks he took the hint from the Clialdeans, who were great fortune-tellers. Others su|)|iuse il may lie derived from the Gothic, or old TeiUonic, a lan^Mia';e usei, &.C., H II the world over, which "should have its foundation in nature. For l>y swinging a " wei!;ht at the enil of a string, and calculating by the luotion of " the sun or any star, how long the vil)ration would last, in pro- " portion to the length of the string and weight of the pendu- " luni. they thought to reiluce it li-.ick again, and from any part "of time compute the e.\:ict length of any siring, that must " necess.irily vilirate for such a period of time. So that if a man "should ask in China for a quarter of an hour of tatteta, they "would know perfectly well what he n>eant: and the measure " of things would lie rt'cks, will not be more successful in their endeavors lo establish an universal stantlard of weights and measures. [If the reader wishes to see the use the morlerns have made of the pendulum, he may refer to " .^n account of Experiments " to determine the times of vibration of the I'enduluni in differ- " ent latitudes, by Captain Enward Sabine of the Royal Regi " ment of Artillery," in the Philosophical Transactions for the year IH-Jl — to the volume for ISi'.i — and to the volume for 1837 page 133, where he perhaps will find that at least the Captain is not the man " by the long level of his repeating circle" lo make all tailors' yards of one Unanimous opinion.] I William Lilly wrote and prophesied for the parliament, till he perceived their intluenco decline, lie then changeil sides; bnt having declared himself rather too soon, he was taken into Canto HI.] JIUDIHIIAS. 207 Nor liave I liuzardea my art, And iirck, so loii^ on the state's part, To bo exposed i' Ih' end to sutler 13y sucli a biairjrudocio liiiller. Hiill'er, qiiolli Hiidibrus, this sword 1033 Sball down lliy false throat cram tbat word ; lialplio, make haste, and call an oflicer, To apprehend this Stygian sophisler ;* Mean while Til iiold 'em at a bay, Lest he and Wliachum run away. 1010 Rut iSidrophcl, wlio from the aspect Of Hudibrus, did now erect ^-y A figure worse portending far. Than that of most malignant star ; Believ'd it now the fittest moment 1045 To slum the danger tliat might come on't, While Hudibras was all alone, And he and Whacluim, two to one : This being resolv'd, he spy'd by chance, Behind the door, an iron lance, t 1050 That many a sturdy limb had gor'd And legs, and loins, and shoulders bor'd ; He snatcird it up, and made a pass, To make his way thro' Hudibras. Wliachum liiid got a fire-fork, 1055 With which he vow'd to do his work ; But Hudibras was well prepar'd, And stoutly stood upon iiis guard : He put by Sidrophello's thrust. And in right manfully he ruslit, 1060 The weapon from his gripe he wrung. And laid him on the earth along. Whachum his sea-coal prong threw by, And basely turn'd his back to fly ; But Hudibras gave him a twitch, 1005 As quick as lightning, in the breech, Just in tlie place where hciiour's lodg'd,t custody; anil escnped only, as he tells iis himself, liy the inter- ference of friendi, and by cancelling the (ilfen^^ive leaf in his alniitnac. * i. e. hellish snphister. t \ ?|>it fur riiiviting meat. t Mr. Uiitler In his speech made at the U()t:>, says, (Gennine Remains, vdI. i. p. IKH:) " !?ome are of opinion that honor is seat- "cd in the rninp only, chiefly at least: for it i< nixerved, that a "small kick on that pan iloes more hurt and wound lionor thaa " a cut on the head or face, or a slah, or a shot of a pistol, on aii| " other part of the body." 298 IIUDIBRAS FPart n As wise philosophers have jud;f'd ; Because a kick in that part more Hurts iionour, than deep wounds before 107 Quoth lladib;as, The stars determine You are my prisoners, base vermin, Could they not fell you so, as well As wliat I came to know, foretell? By this, what cheats you are, we find, 107a Tliat in your own concerns are blind.* Your lives are now at my dispose, To be redecm'd by fine or blows : But who his honour would defile, To take, or sell, two lives so vile ? 10*0 I'll give yon quarter; but your pillage, The conqu'ring warrior's crop and tillage, Which with his sword he reaps and plows, That's mine, the law of arms allows. Tills said in haste, in haste he fell lOS."! To rummaging of Sidrophel. First, he exj)ouiuled both his pockets. And found a watch with rings and lockets,t Which had been left with him t' erect A figure for, and so detect. J 093 A copper-plate, with almanacks Engrav'd iipon't, with other knackst Of Booker's, Lilly s, Sarah Jimmer's,§ And blank-schemes to discover nimmers ;|1 * " Astrologers," says Agrippa, " while Iheygaze on llie stars •■' for direction, fall into ditclies, wells, smd {.'iials " 'J'lie crafty Tiberius, not content with a pmuiiie of empire, examined the astrologer concerning his own horoscope, inlen(ring to anter. I [Money fre<|uently bore a cross (m one side, and the head of a spear or arrow, pilum, on the other. Cross and pile were our heads and t:iils. "This I humbly conceive to he i)erfect boy's play; cross. I win, and pile, you lose." Swift.] } Mr. James Harrington, sometime in the .service of Charles I., drew up ami printed a form of popular government, after the king's (loath, entitled the Commonwe.ilth of Oceana. He en- deavored, likew .se, to promote his scheme by public discourses, at a nightly club of several curious gentleinsn,'Henrv Nevil, Charles Wolseli;y,,lohn Wililmin, Doctor (afterwards Sir William) Petty, who met in New Palace-yard, VVestminster. Mr. Henry iN'evil proposed to the liiiuer3 siioiild rote out by ballot every year, and be incapible of re-elcc- tu)n lor three yenrs to come. This club was called the Rota Bwill. Contests in Athens and Komi;, ch. v. p. 74, note. $ 'I'he constable who governs atid keeps the peace at night. II Olans Magnus has related m any such stories of the fo.x'3 cunning: his imitating the barking of a dog; feigning himself dead ; riilding himself of fler;s. by going gradually into the water with a lock of woi;l in his mouth, and when the tieas are driven Into it, leaving the wool in the water; catching crabfuh with his tail, which the author avers for truth on his own knowledge Oi Mug. Hist. I 18. ;J00 HUDIBRAS. irARra To save liis credit, and among Dead vermin on a gallows iiung, And while the dogs ran underneath Escap'd, by counterfeiting death, 1128 Not out of cnnning, but a train Of atoms justling in iiis brain,* As jearn'd pliilosojjhers give out ; So Sidrophello cast about. And fell to's wonted trade again, 1125 To feign iiimself in earnest slain :T First stretch'd out one leg, then anolhei, And, seeming in his breast to smother A broken sigh, quoth he. Where am I'i Alive, or dead ? or whicii way catne I lloO Thro' so immense a space so soon ? But now I thought myself i' th' mcou ; And that a monster with huge wliiskers, Moie formidable than a Switzer's, My body thro' and thro' had drill'd, 1135 And Whachum by my side had kill'd. Had cross-examin'd both our hose,t And plunder'd all we had to lose ; Look, there he is, I see him now, And feel the place I am run thro': 1140 And there lies Whachum by my side. Stone-dead, and in his own blood dy'd. Oh I oh I with that he fctch'd a groan, And fell again into a swoon ; Shut both I'is eyes, and stopt his breath, 145 And to the life out-acted death. That Hudibras, to all appearing, Believ'd him to be dead as herring. * The ancient atomic ohilosophers, Denincritns, Epicuras, &c. held tliat sense in hrutes, and cogii;iiif)n and voliiion in n.en, were produced liy impression o'' corporeal atoms on the brain Cartesius allowed no sense norcoKitation to brutes. He supposed that sensitive principles were immalerial as well as rational ones, and therefore concludeil that brutes could have no sense, unless their sensitive souls were inimalerial and immortal sub- stances. AiUoniiis Mapnus, another I'renchman, published a book near the Author's time. Uecarenlia sensus et cojinitionis in brutis. But the author perhaps meant to ridicule Sir Kcnelm Difiby, who relates this story of the Cox, and maintains that there was no thought nor cunning, but merely a particular disposition of atoms. t The reader may recollect the very humorous circuni'stancej of Falstalf's counterfeited death. Shaks|iearc, First Part of Henry IV. Act v. i Trunk-hose with pockets to them. :anto III ] nUDlBRAS. 301 He hold it now no long'er safe, To tarry the return of Riil|)li, IIjO Kilt rutlu-r leave liiin in the hn-ch :* Thoii^rhl he, ho has a!)iis'(l luir church, t Refus'd to give himself one firk, To carry on the |)ublic work, Despis'd our synod-men like dirt, 1153 And made their discipline his sport ; Divulir'd t.he secrets of their classes. And their conventions prov'd high places ;t l)isi)ara;r'd their tithe-pigs, as pagan, And set at nought their cheese and bacon : IIGC Rail'd at their covenant, and jeer'd Their rev'rend parsons, to my beard ; For all which scandals, to be quit At once, this juncture falls out fit. ril make him henceforth, to beware, 1165 And tempt my fury if he dare : He must, at least, hold up his hand,§ Hy twelve freeholders to be scanu'd. Who, by their skill in palmistry, || U'ill quickly read his destiny, 1170 And make him glad to read his lesson. Or take a turn for't at the session :^ * The different sects of dissenters left each other in the lurch, whenever nn opportunity offered of promoting a separate in- terest. t This and the foUowinp lines have liecn prodnced l)ysoiTieas an arfiuiiient to prove that tlie poem was enicmntical and figura- tive ; but it only proves that Iludiliras represents the Presbyteri- ans, and Kalplio the Independents. t That is, corruptions in discipline — rank popery and idolatry. ^ Culprits, when they are tried, hold up their hands at the bar. II From p:ilina. Alludinp to (he method of telling fortunes by inspection of lines in the palm of the hand. li That is, claim the benefit of clergy, or be hanged. Tom Nash,* a writer of /arces — [there are but three dramatic works • This Tom Na»h should not be confountlcd wiUi Thomas N.i'ih, barrister, of the Inner Temple, who is buried in that church, and has the luliowin^ in- •criptiun. Dcpositum Thoma Nash ffetierosi honesta orti Tamiiia in asrro Vi^omicnsi viri cliaritAre huinilirate exiinii el mire inansueii Grxce Liitine Galtice et Italicc apprime «lucti plnrnim (tjiios scripsit ininstnlit ehicalavit eitiJit) liliroruin au- thorin jure ainpleclandi niterioris tempi) anaos circiter 30 r(.-pa>^tilari3 non so- liili minuj quam synceri Tho. Nash obiit 2S<>. Au^uati I&I8. 1 have never seen aiiv of hii works, but am iiifonncil that the School of Po- tenlaics, Iranhl.ili'd Irum ihe Laiui, wi:li ubserv.itions. In oclavo, 1648, wjis his, aiul that he pr.jliaUlv wrote the I'onrlulJ ili>courise ni ipiarin, 1632. ile was a tealous ruynliKl, cuiitnirv to the senmnents of his two brothers; the rIOett a country ^entkunui in Worcesiershin;, of considerable esiuta, from whom ths •ditor M Ues-:ciidcd, was very active ic supportuig the Parliament cauae, and 502 ilUDIBRAS. [Part u Unless his light and gifts prove truer Than ever yet they did, Tm sure ; For if he 'scape with whipping now, 117! 'Tis move than he can liope to do : And that will disengage my conscience Of th' ohligation, in his own sense : I'll make him now by force abide. What he by gentle means deny'd, 11?C To give my honour satisfaction, And right the brethren in the action. This being resolv'd, with equal speed, And conduct, he approach'd his steed, And with activity unwont, \l8t Essay'd the lofty beast to mount ; jf his, Dido a tragedy, and two comedlesj — in Queen Elizabeth's reign, wlio died helore the year lOOfi. is supposed liy Dr. Farmer t'j satirize Shakspeare for want of learning, in the following words : " I leave," saith he, " all these to the mercy of their " mother-tongye, that feed on nought bnt the cnuiihs that fall •' from the translator's trencher, that could scarcely latinize their " neck verse, if they should have neede.'" Dr. Lodge calls Nash our true English Aretine: and John Taylor, the water poet, makes an oath by '' sweete satyriche Nash his urne :" his works, in three volumes quarto, were printed 1600, and purchased for the Royal Library, at an auction in Whitehall, about the year 1T8.5, for thirlv pound*. [In the sale of Dr. Wright's Library in 1787, a collection (not an edilinn) of his works, consisting of twenty-one pieces of vari- ous dates, was sold for £Vi. .l.i : see Dibdin's Bibliomania, p. 534 ; but if it w.as bouL'ht for the King's Library there must be some error in the Sale Catalogue in attributing all the TracU to Nash, as there are but ten under his name in the Catalogue of the Royal Library. As Dr. Nash has here indulged a natural vanity upon a sub ject more interesting to himself than to the reader of Hudibras, a somewhat similar indulgence, in this edition, may perhaps be pardoned when the incidental menlion of the Royal I/ilirary oc- casions it. This truly regal library is now deposited in the Brit ish Museum. It was, ab initio, formed under the personal direc tion of His late Majesty George the Third, by Sir Frederick Bar- nard, his librarian, and Mr. George Nicol, his bookseller; and remains an honorable proof of the king's liberal pursuit and love f)f knowledge, and of the skilful industry of the men he so ju- diciously employed in its collection.] ih« ffovernment by Cromwell. The younger brother comm^imJed a troop o horae in the parliameiu service, was member of parliamenl for the Cliy of Worcester, ami an aciive jnsi ice -■.' pence uii.ler the Froiecior : the family quar- rel on poliucal accounts, anO which was carried on wiih the grealesl nnimosKy, and most earnest desire to ruin each other, together with the decline of the kiiiff's aflairs, and pariiciilarlv the execution of his peiton.so oflected the spir- its of Mr. Thomas Nasli, that' he determined not loii» toeurvive ii. The editor hopes the reader will excuse this periautolo^'y and accoiinl of his »reat-gTaijd- f«:her, and his two younger brothers— he at this day feels the cff; -M of tlMO bouly quarrels and party zeal. Canto hi., IIUDIBRAS. 303 Wliich once atchiev'd, ho spiirr'd his palfry, To get from th' enemy and Ralpli free ; Left danger, fears, and foes behind, And beat, at least three lengtlis, the wind • 1190 volucrcmqne fiiga pra;vertilur Eurum. agente nimboo Ocyor Euro. aa AN HEROICAL EPISTLE OF HUDIBRAS TO SIDROPHEL* Kcce itcrum Crispinus. Well, Sidrophel, tho' 'tis in vain \ To tamper witii your crazy brain, j Without trepanning of your skull,t As often as the moon's at full, 'Tis not amiss, ere ye 're giv'n o'er, 9 To try one desp'rate med"cine more ; For where your case can be no worse, The desp'rat'st is the wisest course. Is't possible that yon, whose ears Are of the tribe of Issachar's,t 10 •■ This Epistle was not published till many years after the preceding canto, and has no relation to the character there de- Bcrilied. Sidro|^hel, in the poem, is a kn;ivish Ibrtiine-leller, whose ijrnorance is compensated by a large share of cunning. In the Epistle ho is ignonnl indeed, but the defect is made up by conceitedness, assurance, and a solemn exterior. It should seem that Mr. Butler ha(5- i06 IIUDIBRAS rO SIDROPHEL. Can teach you wholesome sense and nurture, But, Ifke a reprobate, what course Soever us'd, grow worse and worse ? Can no transfusion of the blood, Tliat makes fools cattle, do you good?* 40 Nor putting pigs to a bitch to nuree, To turn them iuto mongrel curs :t Put you into a way, at least, To make yourself a better beast? Can all your critical intrigues, 45 Of trying sound from rotten eggs ;t Your sev'ral new-found remedies, Of curing wounds and scabs in trees ; Your arts of fluxing them for claps. And purging their infected saps • 50 3ojiai, ii'rt KnOupo; apro; cvpidia tov Xptarov. Again, i\r,anol iXov TOV (!Ui)iaToi. ibid. And I have little doubt but the words A-pTafidiv aXriauoi, in Eunapius's Life of Max'iiius, p. 83, Genev. ed., which have {.'iveii the critics so much trouble, relate to a similar act of cruelty. .Viirture here means breedine, or good manners. Thus Chau cer in his Reves Tale, line 39G5 : What for hire kinrede, and hire nortelrie, That slie had lerned in the nonnerie. * In the last century several persons thousht it worth their while to transfuse the Ijlood of one living creature into the veins of another; and, if we may believe their account, the operation had good efiects. It has oven been performed on human sub- jects. Dr. Mackenzie has described the process in his History of Health, p. 431. He seems to think that the transfusion of blood had not a fair trial, and that the expeririicnts might have been pushed farther. Dr. Lower and others countenanced this practice. Sir Edmund King, a favorite of Charles H., was among the philosophers of his time, who made the famous experiment of transfusing the blood of one animal into another. See Phil. Trans, abr.iii. 224, and the additions and corrections to Pennant's London. His picture is in the College of Physicians. Shadwcll ridicules this practice in his Virtuoso, wliere Sir Nicholas Gim- crack relates some experiments of this transfusion and their ef- fects. The lines from v. 39 to 59, allude to various projects of the first establishers of the Royal Society. See Birch's history of that body, vol. i. 3U3 ; vol. ii. 48. .50, 54, 115, 117, 123, 125. IGl, 312. See also Ward's Gresham Professors, pp. 101, 273. TUt makes fools cattle, i. e. more valuable at least than they wrre before; or perhaps makes them greater fools than they were before. t As a note on these lines, a curious story from Gira'.dus Cam- brensis, of a sow that was suckled by a bitch, and acquired the sagacity of a hound or spaniel. See Butler's Remains, vol I. p. 12. X On tlie first establishment of the Royal Society, some of the ineinbers engaged in the investigation of these and similar sub lOCU. The society was incorporated July 15, 1002 IILDIBRAS TO SIDROPIIEL, 301 Recovering sliankere, crystallines, And nodes and blotches in their reins, Have no cllrct to o[)erat.e Upon llial duller hloek, j-our pato ? Bnt still it must ho lewdly bent M To tempt your own due punishment ; And, liko your whimsy'd chariots,* draw The boys to course you without law ;t As it' the art you have so lon^ Profess'd, of makiu;^ old dogs young, t • In you had virtue to renew Not only youth, but childhood too: Can you, that understand all books, By judging only with your looks, Resolve all problems with your face, 63 As others do with B's and A's ; Unriddle all that mankind knows With solid bending of your brows? All arts and sciences advance. With screwing of your countenance, 70 And with a penetrating eye, Into th' ab.slrusest learning pry ; KnoiV more of any trade b' a hint, Tlian thoise that have been bred up in't,§ And yet have no art, true or false, 73 To help your own bad naturals ? But still the more you strive t' appear. Are found to be the wretchcder : For fools arc known by looking wise, * I know not the «clieiiie proposnil hy the society, pcrlirips the chnriot to go with leg-' instead iil' wheels, as mentioned before ; nr perhaps they niiglit hope to introduce the fiinioiis chariot of Stcvinus, which was moved liy sails, and carried twenty-eigh passengers, among -.vhom were prince Maurice, Bnzanval, and (irotius, over the sind< of Scheveling, fourteen Dutch miles, in two hours, as Grotius himself alfirms. t That is, to follow yon close at the heels: to give law among sportsmen is to let the creature that is to be hunted run IV considerable way before the dogs are suffered to jjursue.— See Remains. 1 See IJutler's Genuine Rem-iins, vol. ii. 188. His want of judznient inclines him naturally to the most extravagant under- tikings, like that of "making old dogs young; stopping up of words in bottles," &c. $ Printing was invented liy a soldier, gunpowder by a monk, nnd several brinrhes of the clothing trade by a bishop : this is »aid agreeably to the vulgar notion concerning Bishop Blaze, the patron saint of the wool-comberi. But he obtained that honor not on account of any improvements he made in the trade, ba because he sulFered martyrdom by having his flesh torn by card i«g irons. See the iMartyrology fur the third of Februarv. 308 IIL'DIBRAS TO .'L'IDROl'HEL. As men find woodcocks by tlieir eyos. 81 Hence 'tis becauso ye 've gained o' tli' ccUege' A quarter share, at most, of knowledge, And bronglit in none, but spent repute, Y' assume a |)ow'r as absolute To judge, and censure, and control!, M As if you were ti:e sole sir Poll, And saucily pretend to know More than your dividend comes to : You'll find the thing will not be done With ignorance and face alone ; 90 No, tho' ye 've purchas'd to your name, In history, so great a fame ;t That now your talent's so well-known, For having all belief out-grown. That ev'ry strange prodigious tale 95 Is mcasur'd by your German scale, t By which the virtuosi try The magnitude of ev'ry lie. Cast up to what it does amount, * Though the Royal Sociely removed frnni Gresliam CoUcffe nn account of the tire of Loiidon, it returned (here again, 1074, teinf! the year in which this Epistle was piildislied. t I am inclined to ihink that the character of Sidrophel. in this Epistle, was desi<.'ned rather for Sir Paul Neile than lor Lilly, or perhaps has some strokes at both of them, notwithstanding Dr. Grey's thinking that "these two lines plainly discover that Lilly " (and not Sir Haul Neal) was lashed under the name of Sidro- "phel; for Lilly's fame ahroad was indispufilile." The poet seems to allude to Sir Paul in the eijihiy-sixlh line, as he had before done to Sir Samuel Luke. Sir Paul had olVendcd Mr. But- ler by saying that he was not the author of Hudiliras; or per- haps Sir Poll here mijiht allude to Sir Politick VVould-lie in Ben Jonson's Volpone. In history, some historians as well as trav- ellers have liocn famous lor telling wonderful lies or stories; or, perhaps, a glance might be here intended at Sprat's History of the Royal Society. Mr. Tliyer, in Butler's Kemains, says " he "can assure the reader, upon the |)oet's own authority, that the ''character of Sidrophel was intended for a picture of Sir Paul " Neile, who was son of Richard Xeile, (whose father was a "chandler in Weslminsler,) who, as Anthony Wooil says, went " through all degrees and orders in the church, schoolmaster, cu- "rate, vicar. &c. &c. and at last was archbishop of York." Sir Paul was one of the first establishers of the Royal Society: which society, in the tiawn of science, listening to many things that appeared trifling and incredible to the generality of the peo pie, Iwcanie the butt and sport of the wits of the times. Browne Willis, in liis Survey of York Cathedral, says, that archbish.ip Neile left his son Sir Paul Neile e.\eculor, whf)m, though he lei) rich, (as he did his wife 30:i/. a year for her life.) yet he soon run it out. without afliirding liis father a gravestone. i All incretlible stories are now measureil by your standard. One German mile is equal to four miles English cr Italian. IIUDIBUAS TO SIDROPIIEL. 308 Aiul place the bigg'st to your account ; 100 That all those storios that are laid Too truly to yoii, and those made. Are now still charg'd upon your score, And lesser authors uani'd no more. Alas! that faculty betrays 105 Those soonest it designs to raise ; And all your vain renown will spoil, As guns o'ercharg'd the more recoil ; Though he that lias hut impudence, To all things has; a fair pretence ; 110 And put among his wants but shame, To all the world may lay his claim : Tho' you have tried that nothing's borne With greater case than public scorn, That all affronts do still give place 115 To your impenetrable face ; That n)akcs your way thro' all afiUirs, As pigs thro' hedges creep with theirs ; Yet as 'tis counterfeit and brass, You must not think 'twill always pass ; 120 For all impostors, when they're known, Are past their labour, and undone : And all the best that can befal An artificial natural, Is that which madmen find, as soon 123 As once they've broke loose from the moon, And proof against her influence, Relapse to e'er so little sense, To turn stark fools, and subjects fit for SDort of boys, and ti bble-wit 13C PART III. CANTO I. THE ARGUMENT. Thu Knight and Squire resolve at once, The one the other to renounce ; They both approach the Lady's bower, The' Squire t' inform, the Knight to woo her She treats them with a masquerade, By furies and hob^obhns made ; From which tiie Squire conveys the Kuight} Aiid bttsals him from himself by iiiglit. HUDIBRAS. PART III. CANTO I 'TiH true, no lover lias that pow'r T' enCorce a desperate amour, As lie that has two strings to"s bow, And burns for love and money too ; For tiiea he's brave and resolute, 5 Disdains to render in his suit ;* Has all his flames and raptures double, And hangs or drowns with half the troubh' : While those who sillily pursue The sim])le downright way, and true, 10 Make as unlucky applications, And steer against the stream their passions. Some forge their mistresses of stars, And when the ladies prove averse, And more untoward to be won IS Than by Caligula the moon,t Cry out upon the stars for doing 111 offices, to cross their wooing, When only by themselves they've hindred, For trusting those they made her kindred,! 20 And still the harsher and hide-bounder, The damsels prove, become the fonder ; * That is surremler, or give up : from the French. t This was one of the extravagant follies ol'Calisnla: " Caius boclihus quideiii picnaiii fiilgenteriKiiie lunaiii invilaliat assiilui in ainplexus, alque concubiiiun." Suetonius, in vila C. Calig lect. iii 1 The meaning U, that when men have flattered their mis- tresses extravagantly, an«i declared them to l)e possessed of ac- complishments incire than human ; they must not be surprised it they are treated in return with that distant reserve which be- ings of a superior order may rightly exercise toward inforlor de- pendent creatures : nor have lliey room lor complaint, since the iQJory which they sustain is an effect of tlieir own indiscretion. S12 ilUDIBRAS. [Part in For what mad lover ever dj''d To gain a soft and gentle bride ? Or for a lady tender-hearted, 23 In purling streams or hemp departed? Leap'd headlong inl' Elysium, Thro' th' windows of a dazzling room ?* But for some cross ill-natur'd dame, The am'rous fly burnt in his flame. 30 This to the Kniglit could be no news, With all mankind so mucii in use ; Who therefore took the wiser coui-sc, To make the most of his ainours, Resolv'd to try all sorts of ways, 35 As follows in due time and place. No sooner was the bloody fight Between the wizard and the knight, With all th' appurtenances over, But he relaps'd again t' a lover ; 40 As he was always wont to do, When he 'ad discomfited a foe. And us'd the only antique philters, Deriv'd from old heroic tilters.t But now triuni])hant and victorious, 45 He held th' atchie\ement was too glorious For such a conqueror to meddle With petty constable or beadle ; Or fly for refuge to the hostess Of th' inns of court and chauc'ry, justice ; 50 Who might, perhaps, reduce his cause To th' ordeal trial of the laws :t * Drowned themselves. Ohjccts reflected by water appear nearly the same as when they are viewed lhiou|ih a window, or through the windows of a room so hiph from the s;round that it dazzles one to look down from it. Thus Juvenal, Sat. vl. v. 31. Alta; caliganlesaue fenestra;: which Uolyday translates, dazzling high windows. 'H\uTti(p' ix^tiyuv rttxcoi cii'Atitjv, Calliniachus, Ep. 29, where 'aUtjv dues nui mean hell, hut the place of departed souls, comprehending both Elysium and Tar tarus. t The heroes of romance endeavored to conciliate the aflec- .'ions of their mistresses by the l;iiiie of their illustrious exploits So was Desdenmna won. Shaksjicarc's Othello, Act i. "She loved ine for the dangers 1 had past. ' t Ordeal comes from the Anglo-Saxon opbal, which is aho deriveil from the Teutonic, and siL'nifies judgment. The meth- ods of trial by fire, water, or combat, were in use till the time of Henry 111., and the rightofexertising them wasannexed to seve- ral lordships or manors. At this day, when a culprit is arraigned nt the bar, and as-^ed how he will be tried, he is directed to an- Canto i.] IIUDIBRAS. JIS Where none escape, but sucli as branded, Willi rcd-liot irons, liave past baic-lianded ; And if tiicy cannot read one verse 53 r tir psalms, nuiist sing it, and liiat's worse.* lie, tlierefore, judging it below liiin. To teni|)t a slianio the dev'l might owe hirri, Rcsolv'd to leave the Squire for bail And mainprize for him, to the jail, CO To answer, with his vessel, alit That miglit disastrously befall. He thought it now the fittest juncture To give the Lady a rencounter ; T' acquaint her with his expedition, 03 .\nd conquest o'er the fierce magician ; Describe the manner of the fray. And show the spoils he brought away ; His bloody scourging aggravate. The number of the blows and weight : 70 All which might probably succeed. And gain belief he 'ad done the deed : Which he resolv'd t' enforce and spare No pawning of his soul to swear ; But, rather than produce his back, 73 To set his conscience on the rack ; And, in pursuance of liis urging Of articles perform'd, and scourging, And all things else, upon his part. Demand delivery ol her heart, 80 Her goods and chattels, and good graces. And person, up to his embraces. Thought lie, the ancient errant knights Won all their ladies' hearts in fights, And cut whole giants into fitters, I »,3 gwcr, "by God and my rounlry," |jy Ihc verdict or solemn opin- ion of a jury. " liy Gcid" only, would roriiieny have meant the ordcitl, which rel'crrcU the case iiniiiediuicly to the divine judg- ment. ♦ When persons claimed the benefit of clerfiy, tliey were re- quired to read a verse in the Hilile, yenernlly in tlie I'salms. It was usual, loo, for ihe clcreyni^m who attended an e.\ec>ilion, to pive out a ,isalm to be sun-;, ro that liic conunon people said, il ilicy could not read their neck verse at sessions, they must tinf it at the uallows. t In Ibis term the saints unwillincly concurred w Ih Ihe grave old philosophers, who termed the body OKCvoi. 1 t^ome editions reml fritters ; but Ibe corrected one of 1078 has Jitters, a phrase often used by romance writers, very frequent- y by the author of the Rumant of Konianls. Our author juiM 314 IIUDIBRAS. [Pavt ibi To put tliem into am'rous twitters ; Whose stubborn bowels scorn'd to yield, Until their gallants were half kiU'd ; But when their bones were drubb'd so sore. They dnrsl not woo one combat more, 91 The ladies' hearts began to melt, Subdu'd by blows their lovers felt. So Spanisli heroes, with their lauces, At once wound bulls and ladies' fancies ;* And he acquires the noblest spouse 95 That widows greatest herds of cows ; Then what may I expect to do, Who "ve quelled so vast a buffalo ? Meanv.'hile the Squire was on his way. The Knight's late orders to obey ; ^00 Who sent him for a strong detachment Of beadles, constables and watclirnen, T' attack the cunning man for plunder Committed falsely on his lumber; When he, who had so lately sack'd 105 The enemy, had done the fact, Had rifled all his pokes and fobs Of gimcracks, whims, and jiggumbobs, Which he by hook or crook had gather'd. And for his own inventions fatlier"d: 110 And when they should, at jail-delivery. Unriddle one another's thievery, Both might have evidence enough To render neither haller-])roof+ He thought it desperate to tarry, 115 And venture to bo accessory ; But rather wisely slip his fetters, And leave them for the Kniglit, his betters. Ho call'd to mind tli' unjust foul play He would have olFer'd him that day, 120 with Cervantes in liurlesquing the subjects Knd style of reman ces. [Fitters, snuill fragiiieiils, Ironi fctta, It;il. felzen, Germ. Tliey look and see the stones, the word"!, and letters, All cut and mangled, in a thousand .ff»crj. Harrington's Ariosto, x.\iv. 40. * The hull-feasts Ht Madrid have been frequently described Tiie ladies take a zealous part at these r.otnbals. t The mutual accusations of the kniiiht and Sidrophel, if es- tablished, might hang both of them. UnUcr-proof Is In be in no langcr friini a lialler, as musket proof in no danger from amus- «et: to render ntither halter-proof is to render both in danger of Nteing hanged. Canto i.] IIUDIBRAS. 315 To make liiin curry liis own hide, Wliicli 110 beast ever did beside, Witliont all possible evasion. But of the riding dispensation :* And therefore, much about the liour 125 The Knijrlit, for reason told before, Resolv'd to leave him to the fury Of justice, and an unpack'd jury. The Squire concurred to abandon him. And serve him in the self-same trim ;t 130 T' acquaint the Lady what li' liad done, And wiiat lie meant to carry on ; What project 't was ho went about. When .Sidrophcl and he fell out ; His firm and stedfast resolution, 135 To swear lier to an execution ;t To pawn his inward ears to marry her,§ And bribe the devil himself to carry her In which both dealt, as if they meant Their party saints to represent, 140 Who never fail'd, upon their shuring In any prosperous arms-bearing. To lay themselves out to suj)[)lant Each other cousin-german saint. But ere the Knight could do his part, 145 The Squire iiad got so much the start. He 'ad to the lady done his errand. And told her all his tricks aforehand. * Ralpho considers tlint he should not have escaped the wliip- ping inlended for him by the kniyht, if tlieir dispute had not been interrupted by tlie ridin!;-shew, or skiinininiiton. t The autlior has long had iin eye to the selfishness and treachery of the leading parlies, the' Presbyterians and Inde- pendents. A few lines lielow he speaks more plainly: In which both dealt as if they meant 'I'heir parly saints to represent, \Vho never fail'd, upon Iheir sharing In any prosperous arnisbearinsr. To lay iheni.-elves out to supplant Each other cousin-geruian saint. The render will remember that Hudibras represents the Pres- byterians, and Ralpho the Independents: this scene therefoitj nlludcs to the manner in which the latter suiiplanlcd Ihe former in the civil war. t To swear he had undergone the stipulated whipping, and then dciiiand the performance of her pari of the bargain. $ His lionor and conscience, which might forfeit someof theil Inununities by perjury, as the outward ears do fur the same crime in the sentence of the statute law 27 316 IIUDIBRAS. [Part iu Just as lie finish'd his report, The Knight alighted in the court, 15* And having ty'd his beast t' a pale, And taking time for both to stale. He put his band and beard in order, The sprucer to accost and board her :* And now begun t' approach tlie door, 155 When she, wh' liad spy'd him out before, Convey"d th' informer out of sight. And went to entertain the Knigiit : VVith whom encountering, after lougeest Of humble and submissive congees, J60 And all duo ceremonies paid. He strok'd his beard and thus he said :X Madam, I do, as is my duty. Honour the shadov/ of your shoe-tie ;§ And now am come, to bring your eai 165 A present you'll be glad to hear ; At least I hope so : the thing's done, Or may I never see the sun ; For which I humbly now demand Performance at your gentle hand ; 170 And that you'd please to do your part, As I have done mine to my smart. * Thus Polonius : Away, I ilo heseech you, both away; I'll board him presently. — O, give me leave. — How does my good lord Muinlet 7 t That is, after darting himself forward, as fencers do when Ihey make a thrust. i Nee tainen ante adiit, etsi properabat adire, Qiiam se coinposuit, quam circumspexit amictas, Et finxit vultuiii, et meruit formosa videri ; Tunc sic or.sa loqui. Ovid. Metam. 1. iv. 1. 31?. Thus Cleveland, in his poem on ihe Mixed Assembly, p. 43 ■ That Isaac miirht go stroke his beard, and sit Judge of tli aiov and elegerit. In Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia, lib. iii. p. 319. " .\nd now ■" 'jein;; come within compass of discerning her, lie began to "frame the loveliest countenance that he could ; stroking up hit " legs, setting up his beard in due order, and stundiog bolt up 'right." 5 [.Mr. Todd finds this rhyme used before by Crashaw, in hil Delights of the .Muses, puL>lished in 1C4G : I wish her beauty, That owes not all its duty To gaudy tire, or glistering shoe-tj/.] Canto i ] IIUDICIIAS. 317 Willi lliiit he shriigg'd his sturdy back, As if ho felt l)is slioulders ako : IJiit she, who well ciioiifrh knew what, 175 Before he spoke, ho would he ai. Pretended not to aftjjreiiend The mystery of what he niean'd. And therefore wish'd him to expound His dark expressions less profound. 180 Madam, quoth he, I come to prove How much I've sufTer'd for your love, Which, like your votary, to win, I have not spar'd my tatter'd skin ;* And, for those meritorious lashes, 185 To claim your favour and good graces. Quoth she, I do remember oncet I freed you from th' enchanted sconce ;t And that yon promis'd, for that favour. To bind your hack to th' good behaviour,§ 190 And for my sake and service, vow'd To lay upon 't a heavy load. And what 't would bear to a scruple prove, As other kniglits do oft' make love. Which, whether you have done or no, 195 Concerns yourself, not me, to know ; But if you have, I shall confess, Y' are lionester than I could guess. Quoth lie. If you suspect my troth, I cannot prove it but by oath ; 200 And, if you make a question on't, I'll pawn my soul that I have don't : And he that makes his soul his surety, I think does give the best security. Quoth she, .Some say the soul's secure 205 Against distress and forfeiture ; Is free from action, and excmjit I'loin execution and coiitem[)t ; And to be summon'd to appear In th' other world's illegal here, 11 210 * Rnninn C;aliolics used to scourge themselves before the /iiaue of a faviirile saint. t Tlie lady liere with affected drollery says oner., as if the event had happened sniiie time before, though in reality it was unly ilie pretedias: day. i Frnni the «tiici>s. ^ it should seem a better reading would be, as in the latel editions, To bind your back to 'ts good behaviour. y Aliuiing to the I'anious story cf Peter and John de Curva SIS HUDIBRAS. [Part w And therefore few make any account, Int' what incumbrances they run't : For most men carry tilings so even Between this world, and hell, and heaven,* Without tlie least offence to either, 212 They freely deal in all to;rether, And equally abhor to quit This world for both, or both for it : And when they pawn and damn their souls, They are but pris'ners on paroles 220 For that, quoth he, 'tis rational, They may be accountable in all :t For whoa there is that intercourse Between divine and human pow'rs. That all that we determine here 225 Commands obedience ev'ry where ;t When penalti_-s may be commuted^ For fines, or ears, and executed, It follows, nothing binds sd fast As souls in pawn and mortgage past: 23n For oaths are the only te.-ts and scales Of right and wrong, and true and false ; And there's no other way to Iry The doubts of law and justice by. Quoth she, What is it you would swear? 235 There's no believing till I hear : For, 'till they're understood, all tales. Like nonsense, are not true nor false. j il, who, beins unjustly condeiiinerl for miirdL-r, and taken for execution, suiiiiiioncd itie king, Ferdinand the Fourth of t^pain, tr) appear before God's trii)un:il in thirij- diiys. The kin; lati>;hed at the suninions ; but, thourih, shall be lioi:n(! in heaven."' ij The knight r.rgues thai, since tcnipriral | iiaishnients maybe HJltigated and commuted, the bsnm, qute interdum ronfun^unt auctores. De eo Theophiasius Hist. I'lant. ix. 12, ait drachma; pondere potum efficere -Kai'sciv ma Ka\ boKilv iavri^ cadcm mililis sinis- tram vinciret. ** Sir 'I'homas Brown, author of the Vulgar Errors, and Re- ligio Medici, speaks of the ultimate act of love as a folly beneatb U30 IIUDIBRAS [Part m That carries double in foul way, 573 And therefore 'tis not to be admir'd, It should so suddenly be tir'd ; A bargain, at a venture made, Between two partners in a trade ; For what's inlerr'd by t' have and t' hold, 57b But something pass'd away and sold ?* That, as it makes but one of two, Reduces all things else as low ; And at the best is but a mart Between the one and Ih' other part, 580 That on the marriage day is paid. Or liour of death, the bet is laid ;t And all tlie rest of better or worse, Both are but losers out of purse : For when upon their ungot heirs 585 Til' entail themselves and all that's theirs. What blinder bargain e'er was driven. Or wager laid at six and seven '! To pass themselves away, and turn Their children's tenants ere they're boru ? 590 Beg one another idiot To guardians, ere they are begot ; e philosopher, and says, that he could be content that we might l)r(*reate like trees without conjiinclion. But, after writing this, be descended from his philosophic dignity, and married an agree- able woman : The strong, the brave, the virtuous, and the wise. Sink in the soft captivity togetlier. Addison's Cato. * An equivocation. The words •' to have and to hold," in the marriage ceremony, signify"! take to possess and keep;" in deeds of conveyance their meaning is, "i give to be possessed "and kept by another." t (Thus in sori'.eeduions.) The poet's allusions are sometimes far-fetched and obscure. Perh;ips he means, that each party ex- pects to find a satisfaction in marriage; and if they are a little disappoinleil when they come together, they will not fail to meet with it when they are separated. Marl,, is marketing, or matter of purchase between the i)arties, who are only reijiiliursed the venture made, on the marriage day, or hour of death ; and as to any thing else in marriage both parties are losers, (or they settle and give away their estates to ungot heirs; consigning them- selves, like idiots and lunatics, to guardians and trustees. Mr. Butler generally pursues his subject as far as he can with pr- priety. But I do not know tViat we can justify the transition, in this spoecli, from a lively vindication of the genenm-i nature of lOve, to a long detail of the abuses and evils of niairlmony. He might wish for an opporlunity of satirizing the vices of the times Beside, we learn, that he had sntlered some inconveniences him keif from an unfortunate marriage. Canto i.J IIUDIBRAS. 331 Or ever shall, perhaps, by th' one Who's bound to vouch them for his own, Tlio' jrot b' implicit ocncralion,* SOI And general qlub of all the nation ; For which she's fortify'd no less Than all the island with four seas ;+ Exacts the tribute of her dower, In ready insolence and |)ower, 600 And makes him pass away, to have And hold to her, himself, her slave. More wretched than an ancient villain,! Condenin'd to drudgerj' and tilling ; While all he docs upon the by, 6J5 She is not bound to justify, Nor at her proper cost or charge Maintain the feats he docs at large. Such hideous sots were those obedient Old vassals to their ladies regent, 010 To give the cheats the eldest hand In foul play, by the laws o' th' land, For which so many a legal cuckold Has been run down in courts, and truckl'd ; A law that most unjustly yokes 61£ All Johns of Stiles to Joans of Nokes,§ Without distincliou of degree, Condition, age, or quality ; Admits no pow'r of revocation, Nor valuable consideration, 620 Nor writ of error, nor reverse Of judgment past, for belter or worse , Will not allow the privileges That beggars challenge under hedges, * Dr. Johnson says, implicit signifies mi.\e(1, complicated, intrt cate. trerplexed. t The iiiierpretntion of the law was, tnat a child could not be deemed a liastiird, if the hu«l);ind had remained in the island, or within the ftmr seas. See Butler s Remains, vol. i. \i. )2-2. } The villains were a sort of slaves, hound to perform the meanest and most laliorions offices. 1'hey were appendages to the lanil, and passed with it to any purchaser : as the lord was not answcralile for any thin? ilone hy his vdlain tenant, no more is the wife tiir any thiii'; done hy her villain husband, though he is bound to jnslily ami maintain all that his wife does by the hy. For whicli so ui:iny an injured lius'mnd has sulimitled to have his character run down in the couits, and sutTer himself to be proved a cuckcdd on record, that he might recover damages from Ihe adultc-rer. $ The poet makes the latter a female : they are names (riven tn law proccedin;is to indefinite persons, like Caius and Titiij •n the civil law 33-3 IICDIBRAS. [Part m Who, when they're griev'd, can make dead horses Tlieir spiritual jiidtjes of divorces ;* While nothing else but rem in re Can set the proudest wretches free ; A slavery beyond enduring, But that 'tis of tlieir own procuring.t 63C As spiders never seek tl'" *\y, But leave him, of Inmselt, t' apply ; So men are by themselves betray'd, To quit the freedom they enjoy'd, And run their necks into a noose, 6.T5 They'd break 'em after to break loose. As some, whom death would not depart, t Have done the feat themselves by art. Like Indian widows, gone to bed In flaming curtains to the dead ;^ 64C And men as often dangled for't, And yet will never leave the sport. Nor do the ladies want excuse For all the stratagems they use, To gain th' advantage of the sct,I| :4i And lurch the amorous rook and cheat. For as the Pythagorean soul Runs thro' all beasts, and fish, and fowl, IT * Tlie gipsies, it is said, are satisfied of the validity of sach iecisions. + B(!cause the statutes are framed by men : ZcvxOiii yafiotatv ovk iXtvOcndi y tto I.] IIliDIHRAS. 335 And lias u smack of e f'ry one, So love (loos, and has ever done ; G50 And tlieielore, thouirli 'tis ne'er so fond, 'J'akes stran^rely to the vagabond. "I'is but an aijiie that's rever.sl, Whose hot lit takes the patient first, That after burns witli cold as much 655 As iron in Greenland does the touch ;* Melts in the furnace of desire, Like glass, that's hut the ice of fire ; And when his heat of fancy's over. Becomes as hard and irail a lover :+ C6C For when he's with love-powder luden, And prini'd and cock'd by Miss or Madam, 'I'he smallest sparkle of an eye Gives fire to his artillery, And ort' the loud oaths go, but, while C6S They're in the very act, recoil : Hence 'tis so few dare take their chance Without a sep'rate maintenance ; And widows, who have try'd one lover, Trust none again 'till they've made over ;t 67C Or if they do, before they marry. The foxes weigh the geese they carry ; And ere they venture o'er a stream. Know how to size themselves and them. Whence wittiest ladies always choose 675 To undertake the heaviest goose : For now the world is grown so wary, That few of either se.\ dare marry, But rat'.ier trust, on tick, t' amours, ihat he reincmliered not only what men, but what plants aiui tvhat animals his soul had passed Ihroiigh. And Enipcdocles decliired of hiinscir. that he had liecn first a boy, tltcii a girl, then a plant, then a bird, then a fish. ♦ Metals, if applied to the (lesh, in very cold climates, occa- Bion extreme pain. Mr. Butler, in his JIS Common-place book, has quoted : Ne leniies pluvia^, rapidivc potenlia solis Acrior, am Borca; penetrabile frigiis adiirat. Virg. G'corg. i. 92. Bee J-ihnson on Psalm c.vxi. G, and his note. That, i. e. the pa- tient. t That is, becomes a lover as hard and frail as glass : for h« aielts in the furnace of desire, but then it is lil trust; in this sense, tru-it the chance for happiness or unhappiness to jjallantries, for whicli they take one anotlicr't word. t On the shillings of Philip and Mary, coined 1555, the faces arc placed opposite, and pretty near to each other. t The liride, among the Romans, was hrought home to her hushand in a yellow veil, tailed flammeujn. Thus Catullus, lix. 6: Cinge tempora floribns Siiave-olenlis amaraci: Flammeum cape, and Lucan, ii. 361 : Lutea deniissos velarunt flammea vultns. Tlie widow intimates, that the yellow color of the veil wa.« an einlilem of jealousy. The g:ill, which is of that color, was considered as the seat of the evil passions. We learn from Plu- tarch's connubial precepts, that they who sacrificed to Juno did not consecrate tlie gall. Iiiu threw it lieside the altar : signitying that gall or anger should never attend a mirriace; hut that the severity of a matron should he profitiilile and (.feasant, like the roughness of wine, and not disagreeable and of a medicinal qual- ity, like aloes. $ The later editions read crineam ; either of them is a cani Rruru, denoting an infectious disease, or whiinsicai atiection, of Canto i.] IIUDIBRAS. 135 Tlio natural efFect of love, As otiicr llaiiics and aches prove : But all the mischief is, the doubt ' 03 Oil whoso account they first broke out ; For tho' Chincses go to bed, And lie-in in their ladies' stead,* And, for the pains they took before. Are nurs'd and pamper'd to do more ; 710 Our green-men do it worse, when th' liapT the mind, applied comiiinnly to love, lewdness, or jealonsy. Thus, in the ni:inors of E:ist and West Enbiirne, in Herkshire, if the widow liy incDntinence forfeits lier free bench, she may re- cover it again, liy ridinj; into the next manor court, bacltward, on •« blacit ram, with his tail in her hand, and saying the following words : jBJcvc £ nm, vftifujj upon a Oladt ram, 2li'Uc a UjIjovc n.5 t- nm : Sluti fov mj) cvtucum cvanrum, 5iQa\)c lo.^t mi) bfitcum lancum. lUuiint'sVragmenta Antiiiuilat. first ed. p. 144. (Nares'-s Glossary atlords the follnwins perfectly explanatory passage : " You must know. Sir, in a nol)leiMan 'tis abusive ; no, "in him the serpigo, in a knight the irrhicomcs, in a gentleman "the Neapolitan scalib, and in a serving man or artificer the "plainepox." .loncs's .'Vdrasta, 1035. C. 2.] • In some countries, after the wife has recovered her lying-in it has been the custom fjr the husband to go to bed, and l>e treat- ed with the same care and tenderness. Apollonius Rhodius, 11 1013, says of the Tibarini in Pontus : Tovaie hit avriK' CTreira rcvriraiuv Aioj aKprjv rirt'^^ai'T-fj, (TiioiTo r(jpf| Ti/i«pi;i''^<' y"ia>'- *Ei9' ir.ti up KC TiKuivrai vrr' aviiJiiai riKva yvvaiKti, KvToX jjiiv arttidxuvaiv ill Xtxftfffft Trcirrfi'rsj, Koduru inaiiitivoi' rui 6' ci Knjxiovaiv titiibfi 'Aiipw, ^^t Xocrpu Xtxtiia i"oi(Tt -nivovTai. \nd Valerius Flaccus, v. US: Indo Geneta-i rupem Jo"is, hinc Tibarennm Dant virides post terga lacus ; ubi deside mitri Fceia lig It, parHi!iling wife, which hreaks the drum of her hushand's ears, to the prtard, or sliort cannon, beatin;; down the Kates of a castle. t That is, llie females, like silk-worms, gaudy reptiles. 1 Ancient hotanists entertained various conceits ahout this plant ; in its liirked roots they discovered the shapes of men and women ; and the sound which proceeded from its strong fibres, nen strained or torn from the ground, they tocdi lor the voice of a le, the origin of love. And since it is hardly possible that the dissevered moieties should stumble ipon each other, after they have wandered about the earth, we may, upon the same hypothesis, account for the number of un- happy and disproportionate matches which men daily engage in, by saying that they mistJike their proper halves. $That is, that join insensibly in an imperceptible line, like the imaginary lines of mathematicians Other heavens, that is, the real licavcns. Canto i.] IIUDIBRAS. 330 'Twould fright as much to look upon : And so would tliut sweet hud, your lip, Without the other's fellowship. 79C Our nohlest senses act by jjairs, Two eyes to see, to hear two ears ; Th' intelligencers of tlio mind, To wait upon the soul design'd : But those that serve the body alono, 79C Arc single and confin'd to one. The world is but two parts, that meet And close at th' equinoctial fit ; And so arc all the works of nature, Stamp'd with her signature on matter ^ 800 Which all her creatures, to a leaf, Or smallest blade of grass, receive.* All which sufficiently declare How entirely marriage is her care, The only method that she uses, 805 In a'll the wonders slie produces ; And those that take their rules from her Can never bo deceiv'd, nor err : For what secures the civil life, But pawns of children, and a wife ?t 810 That lie, like hostages, at stake, To pay for all men undertake ; To whom it is as necessary, As to be born and breathe, to marry ; So universal, all mankind 815 In nothing else is of one mind : For ia what stupid age, or nation, Was marriage ever out of fashion ?t Unless among the Amazons, Or cloister'd friars and vestal nuns,§ 830 Or stoics, who, to bar the freaks And loose excesses of tho sex, Prepost'rously would have all women Turu'd up to all the world ia commoa ;II * The sexual differencrs nf pl.Tnts. t Qui lihtros genuit, obsides IbrUina; deilit. t The (jeneral prevalence of niatriiiiony is a good argument "or it< use und conlinuanie. 'J The Atiiaznns were vvnnicn of Scythian extraction, settled In Cnppadocia, who, as Justin tells us, avoided marriage, ac- fountin? it no liettoi)k, where the lee is directed to be put upon the book, and the bridegrodiu endows the bride with all his worldly goods. i That is. are procurers of the Miss, our money, which W2 before ownea. Canto i.l IIUDIRRAS. Sia Who takes it for a special grace, 3S« To Ivi tlieir cully for a space, Tiiat, when the time's cxpirM, the drazels* For ever may become liis vassals • 80 she, bewilcli'd by rooks and s]);rits, IJetrays herself, and ail sh' inherits ; 99C Is boujrht and sold, like stolen goods, By pimps, and matcli-makcrs, and bawds ; Until they force her to convey And steal the thief himself away. These are the everlasting fruits 99f Of all your passionate love-suits, Th' effects of all your am'rous fancies, To jiortious and inheritances ; Yotn- Icve-sick raptures for fruition Of dowry, jointure, and tuition ; 1006 To which you make address and conrtsliij*, And with your bodies strive to worship. That tir intanl's fortunes may partake Of lovo too,t for the mother's sake. For these you ])lay at pnrjjoses, 1005 And love your loves with \'s and B's ; For these, at Beste and I'Ombre woo, And |)lay for love and money too ;t Strive who shall be the ablest man At right gallanting of a fan ; 1010 * The mean, low wretches, nr drapgle-tails. Drazels, I be- lieve, means vagrants, from an old French word.draselcr, a vaga- hond ; draser, the same as vauner: the words sianilV Ihe same in Dutch. Thjs Wiirner, in his Alhion's England : Now does each drazel in her glass, when I was yonng I wot, On holydays (for seldom else) such idle time was got. [DrascUr\^ not to he found in Roquefort, Fiirelicrre, nnr Rich eiet, nor is it in the Dutch Dictionaries of llaima nor VViiickcl man ; but Jras, in Dutch, is mud ; and as Grose explains draiil, a dirty slut, and gives the word to the southern part of England, the Dutcli language may have in this case enriched our vocabu- lary, and we need not go with Todd and Narcs to drotchcll and irostei.] t That is, the widow's children by a former hu«band, that are under ace, t.) whom tlie lover would be glad to be guardian, aa well as have the managcnient of the jointtire. X The widow, in these and the following lines, gives no bad sketch of a person who endeavors to retrieve his circumstances by marriage, and practises every method in his power to recom- mend himself to liis rich mistress: he plays with her at ques- tions and commands, endeavors to divert her with cards, puts himself in nia-(|iierade, flirts her fan, talks of flames and darts, aches and sufferings ; which last, tlie poet intimates, might mora Histly be attributed to other causes. 346 ilUDlBRAS. [Part ni And who llie most genteelly bred At sucking ol' a vizard-bead ;* How best t' accost us in all quarters, T' our question and command new garters ;t And soLd'y discourse upon 101 S All sorts of dres.-es pro and con : For there's no mystery nor trade, But in the art of love is made ;I And when you have more debts to pay Than Michaehnas and Lady-day, § 1020 And no v/ay possible to do "t But love and oaths, and restless suit. To us y' apply, to pay the scores Of all your ciilly"d past amours ; Act o'er your flames and darts again, .023 And charge us with your wounds and pain ; Whicli other's influences long since Have charm'd your noses with, and shins , For which the surgeon is unpaid, And like to be, without our aid. 1030 Lord ! what an am'rous thing is want ! How debts and mortgages enchant ! What graces mnst that lady have. That can from executions save ! What charms, that can reverse extent, 10J5 And null decree and exigent ! What magical attracts, and graces, That can redeem from scire facias :|| From bonds and statutes can discharge. * Masks were kppt close to the fice, by a bead fixed to the in- side of ihein, and held in the mouth. t At the viilgitr play of iiuestions and commands, a forfeiture often was In takeoff a lady's garter : expectinji this therefore the lady provided herself with new ones. Or she might be cnni- inanded lo make the gentleman a present of a pair of new garters. } That is, made use of. or practised. ^ These are the two principil r.nt-days in the year: unpleas- ant days to the tenant, and not satisfactory to the landlord, when liis debts exceed his rents. II Here the poet shows )iis knowledge of the law, and law terms, which he always uses with great propriety. Execution i.' obtaining pus^essiun of any Ibin^ recovered by judgment of l.iw. Krtcnt, the estimate of lands to their utmost v.ilue by the shcnrt" and jury, in order to satisfy a bond, nr other engagement forfeited. Ktiircnt is a writ requiring a person to appear; it lies where the defb-ndmt in an action personal cannot be found, or any thing in the coiuuy. whereby he may be distrained. Scirt ^acins, a writ to show cause why execution of judgment should nut go out nantes helium, seil lielligerantes, Ferro, non auro vitam cernamus uirique. ( 1 e. till his senses returned. * Earl of Orfonl J50 IILUIBRAS. rrARTiti And if that will not do the deed, To burning with hot irons proceed. No sooner was he come t' himself But on his neck a sturdy elf IIW Clapp'd in a trice his cloven hoof, And thus attuck'd him with reproof. Mortal, thou art betray'd to us B' our friend, thy evil genius, Who for thy horrid perjuries, «16a Thy breach of faith, and turning lies. The brethren's privilege, against The wicked, oa themselves, the saints, Has here thy wretched carcass sent, For just revenge and punishment ; 1170 Which thou hast now no way to lessen, But by an open, free confession :* For if we catch thee failing once, 'Twill fall the heavier on thy bones. W'hat made thee venture to betray, 1175 And filch the lady's heart away. To spirit her to matrimony? — That which contracts all matches, money It was th' enchantment of her riches. That made m' apply t' your crony witches ;t IISC That in return would pay th' expence, The wear and tear of conscience, t * This scene is imitated, Irat with much less wit and learn !ng, in a poem called Dunstible Down^, f:ilsely attributed to Mr Banmel Butler. Pee the third volume of the Kemains. In thai poem, whoever was the author, the allusion to the high cour* of justice, and trial of Charles the First, is apposite. See Brad shaW s speech to the king : This court is independent on All form-', and methods, hut its own. And will not be directed by The persons they intend to try. And I must tell you. you're mist-ikcn, If you propose to save your bacon. By pleadins to your jurisdiction, Whicli will admit of no restriction. Here's no appeal, nnr no demurrer. Nor after judument writ of error. If you persist to quirk or quibble. And on your terms of law to nibble, The court's determin'd to proceed, Whether you do, or do not plead. T Your old friends and companions % The knight confesses that he would have sacrificed hlscon- tctaoce to money. lu reality, he had gotten rid of it long before Canto i.] IIUDIBRAS. 35J Whicli I conid Ikivo patcliM up, and (iiiu'd, For tir hiiiHlrcdtli i)iut of wliat I carn'd. Didst thou not lovo lior tlioii? Speak true. 1185 No more, quotli he, tlian I lovo you. — How would'st thou've us'd lier, and her money ? First tnrn'd her up to alimony,* And laid licr dowry out m law. To null her jointure with a flaw, 1190 Which I beforehand had agreed T' have put, on purpose, in the deed, And bar her widow's-making-over T' a friend in trust, or private lover. What made thee pick and chnse her out 1195 T' employ their sorceries about? — That which makes gamesters play with lliosa Who have least wit, and most to lose. But didst thou scourge thy vessel tlius. As thou hast damn'd thyself to us ? — 1200 I see you take me for an ass : 'Tis true, I thought the trick would pass, U])on a woman, well enough. As 't has been often found by proof. Whose liumours are not to be won 1205 But when they are impos'd upon ; For love approves of all they do That stand for candidates, and woo. Why didst thou forge those shameful lies Of bears and witches in disguise ? — 1210 That is no more than authors give The rabble credit to believe ; A trick of following the leaders, To entertain their gentle readers ; And we have now no other way 131S Of passing all we do or say ; Which, when 'tis natural and true. Will be belicv'd b' a very few, Beside the danger of offence. The fatal enemy of sense. laSjO Why dost thou chuse thai cursed sin, Ilyjwcrisy, to set up in ? — Because it is the thriving'st calling, The only saints' bell that rings all in ;t ,i • To provide fur hers-elf, as horses do when ihey arc turned to irass. i'he poet ini^ht possilily ile-ifiii a jcii de mot. Alimony Is a septnte maintenance paid liy the husband to the wife, where she is not convicted of a, died (iH.JCiO persons, within the bills of iiKirlalily. ^ A commiuee was appointed Xovcmber II, IWti. lo inquire into the value of all church livinus, in or<54 IIUDIBRAS. [Fart in A. (lean and chapter, and wliite sleeves.* And what wouM serve, if those were gone, To make it orthoaox ? — Our own. Wliat makes morality a crime, t The most notorious of the time ; 1S90 Morality, wliich both the saints And wicked too cry out against? — 'Cause grace and virtue are within Prohibited degrees of kin ; And therefore no true saint allows 12U3 They shall be sutTer'd to espouse : For saints can need no conscience, That with morality dispense ; As virtue's impious, when 'tis rooted In nature only, and not irtiputed: 1300 But why the wicked should do so. We neither know, nor care to do.t What's liberty of conscience, I' th' natural and genuine sense ? — 'Tis to restore, with more security, 1305 Rebellion to its ancient purity ; And Christian liberty reduce To th' elder practice of tlie Jews ; For a large conscience is all one, And signifies the same with none.§ 1310 It is enough, quoth he, for once. And has repriev'd thy forfeit bones : Nick IVIachiavel had ne'er a trick, The' he gave hia name to our old Nick,|l * That is, a bishop wlio wears lawn sleeves. t Moriil goodness was deemed a mean attainment, and much lieneath the cliaracter of saints, who held grace and inspiralioD to be all merilorioiis. and virtue to have no merit: nay, some even thought viruie impious, when it is rotiied only in nature, and not imputed ; some of ilie modern sects are supposed to hold tenets not very unlike to this. t The author shows his abhorrenceof vice, in whatever party it was found, by satirizing the loose principles of the cavaliers. $ It is reported of .liKhe Jclierys, that taking a dislike to a witness who had a long beard, he told him lint, "if his con " science was as long as liis beard, he had a swinging one :" to which the conntryman replied, "My lord, if you measure con "science by beards, you yourself have none al all." II Macliiavel was recorder of Florence In the Jiith century, an eminent historian, and con->uniiinte politician. In a iu)teon the Merry Wives of VVind-cjr. .inil in Dr. Grey's edition of liiidibnts, Mr Warburlon has altered this passage. He reads the last line* Though he gave aim to our old Nick. But as ,nll the editions published by the author himself, or in the iBthor's lifetime, have tlie word 7iame, I am unwilling to chnnge Canto i.] IIUDIBRAS. 355 But was below the least of tlirse, 131 j That pass i' th' world, for holiness. Tills said, the furies and the light 111 fir instant vanisli'd out of sight. And left him in the dark alone. With slinks of brimstone and his own. 132C The queen of night, whose large command Rules all the sea, and half the land,* And over moist and crazy brains. In high spring-tides, at midnighl reigtis,t Was now declining to the west, 1325 To go to bed and take her rest ;t When Iludibras, whose stubborn blows Deiiy'd his bones that soft repose, § Lay still expecting worse and more, Siretch'd out at length upon the floor; J <3C And tho' he shut his eyes as fast As if he 'ad been to sleep his last, Saw all the shapes that fear or wizards, U. Mr. Ruder, who seems well versed in the Saxon and north- ern etyiuoliipies, could not he ignoriint that the terms nicka, nocca, nicken, and I'nini tlienre the English, old nick, were used to sijtnify the devil, lonp hefcire the lime of RIacliiavel. A ma- lignant spirit is named old nicka. in Sir William Temple's Essay on Poetry. [JVecken, da-mon aquaticus. Dan. nicken, nocken. Gex\\\. nicks, h. Q. nocca. Isi. niViur. Angl. 7iu&. Bels. jiecAcr. I'utalur in Huviis et lacubus residere, et natiinti'S i)er pedes ar- replos ad se perlrahere. — Ihre Gloss. Sningnthitiim.] When .Machiavel is represented as such a prolicient in wickedness, that his name hath become no unworthy, appellation for the devil iiimseir, we are not less entertained l>y the smartness ot' the sentiment, than we should be if it were firndy supported by the truth ot history. In the second canto, Empedodes is Slid to have been acquainted with the writings of Alexander Rdss, who did not live till almut 2000 years alter him. A hu innrnus kind of wit, in which the droll genius of Butler docs not scruple to imlulge itself. * The moon, which influences the tides and motions of the sea, and hall inankind, who are lunatic, more or less. iiwnr terram potius quam mare luna resit. Owen. Epig. 90. The poem had now occupied two days, and almost two nights t Insane persons are supposed to be worst at the change and lill of iho moon, when the tides are highest. t He liJid before described the approich of day by the rising sf ibe Sim: he now employs the setting of the moon for thai purpose. 5 I.enibant cnras. et corda oblita labnrum. -At non infclix aninii IMicpnissa ; neque unqnam Solvilur in snnmos, oculisve aut peclore norlem Accipit . ingeminant curie j'Eneid. iv. 538 356 IIUDIBRAS. [Part iu Do make tlie devil wear for vizards,* And pricliiug up his cars, lo iiark .335 If lie could hear, too, in the dark. Was first invaded with a groan And after, in a feeble tone. These trembling words : Unhappy wretch; What hast thou gotten by this fetch, 1340 Or all thy tricks, in this new trade. Thy holy brotherhood o' th' blade ?t By saunlring still on some adventure. And growing to thy horse a centaur? To stufl'thy skin with swelling knobs 1345 Of cruel and hard-wooded drubs ? For still thou'st had the worst on't yet. As well in conquest as defeat : Night is the sabbath of mankind, To rest the body and the mind,t 1350 Which now tlioii art deny"d to keep, And cure thy labour'd corjjse with sleep. The Knight, who heard the words, explaiii'd * It may lie amusing to compare this burlesque with the seri oas sublime of JMilton. Paradise Lost, ii. Gi5: till monstrniis, all piodi-iinus things, Abnniinrihle, uniittenilile, ;in(i worse Thnn fables yet have fei^n'd, or fear conceiv'd, Gorgons and lijdras, and chimajras dire. t This reliKious knight-errantry: this search after trifling of fences, with intent to punish them as crying sins. Kalpho, who now supposed himself alone, see I'art iii. canto ill. v. H9, vents his sorrows in this soliloquy, or expo^lulation, which is so art- fully worded, as equally to suit his own case, and the knight's, and to censure the coiidncl of both. Hence the latter applies the whole as meant and directed to himself, and commenls upon it accordingly to v. 1400, after which the squire improves on his master's mistake, and counterfeits the ghost in earnest. Com- pare Part iii. c. iii. v. 1.51-l.i8. This seems to have been But- ler's meaning, thoiiuh not readily to be collected from his words: Ms readers are left in the dark almost as much as his heroes, liishnp Wiirburton supposes Ihat the term /wty brutherhuud al- ludes to the society instituted in Spain, called L:i Santa Her- mandad, employed in delecting and apprehending thieves and robbers, and executing other parts of the police. See them fre- quently mentioned in Don Uui.xote. Gil Bias, &c. I Plutarch thus addresses the superstitious person : "Heaven ''give us sleep, as a relief and respite from our affliction. Why ' will you convert this gift into a p linful instrument of torture ; •'and a durable one too. since tlicre is no other sleep for youi 'soul to flee to. Hor.iclilus says, lhat to men wlio are awake 'there is a common world ; but every one who sleeps is in a 'world of his own. Yet not even in sleep is the superstilious "■nan released from his troubles: his reason indeed slumbers, ■'but his fears are ever awake, and he can neither escape Iroaj them nor dislodge them." De Superstitione "anto 1.] IIL'DIliRAS. 357 As meant lo liiin this rcpninand, Because tlio cliaractci' did hit 1355 I'oiiit-blaiik upon liis case so fit ; Bchev'd it was some drolling spriirlit That staid upoa the guard that night, And one of those he 'ud seen, and felt The drubs he had so freely dealt ; 13CI When, after u short pause and groan, The doieud Spirit thus went on : Tliis 'tis t' engage with dogs and bears Peihiiell together by the ears, And after painful bangs and knocks, 1305 To lie in limbo in the stocks, And from the pinnacle of glory Fall headlong into jjurgatory ; Thought he, this devil's full of malice, That on my lato disasters rallies, 1370 Condemn'd to whipping, but declin'd it, By being more heroic-minded ; And at a riding handled worse, With treats more slovenly and coarse ;* Engag'd with fiends in stubborn wars, 1373 And hot disjjutes with conjurers ; And, when thou 'adst bravely won the daj', Wast fain to steal thyself awaj'. I see, thought he, this shameless elf Would fain steal me too from myself, 1380 That impudently dares to own W^hat I have sulier'd for and done ; And now, but vent'ring to betraj', Hast nut with vengeance the same way. Thought he, how docs the devil know 1333 What 'twas that I design'd to do ? His office of intelligence. His oracles, are ceas'd long since ; And ho knows nothing of the saints. But what some treach'rous spy acquaints. 1390 Tills is some pettifogging fiend, Some nndcr doorkeeper's friend's friend. That undertakes to understand. And juggles at the second-hand, And now would pass for spirit Po,t 1395 * This shows the iiieunin;; of the riding dispensation, I. 12-1. t Po, or Bii, the son of Odin, was a fierce Uotliic ciiptain, whose ntinie was repeated liy his soldiers to surprise or frighten their enenii(-s. See Sir William Temple's foiirtii essay. (Mr. Todd says, the northern Captain will suffer no (jreat loss, If tlio 358 IIJDIBRAS. [Paut id And all men's dark concerns foreknow. I think I need not fear liiin for't ; These rallying devils do no hnrt. With that he rous'd his drooping heart, And hastily cried out, What art? — 14UC A wretch, quoth he, whom want of grace Has brought to this unhajijjy place. I do believe thee, quoth the Knight; Thm far I'm sure thou'rt in the right ; And know what 'tis that troubles thee, 1105 Better than thou hast guess'd of me. Thou art some paltry, blackguard spright, Condemii'd to drudgVy in the night ; Thou hast no work to do in th' liouse. Nor halfpenny to drop in shoes ;* 1410 Without the raising of which sum You dare not be so troublesome To pinch the slatterns black and blue, For leaving you their work to do. This is your bus'ness, good Pug-Robin, 1415 And your diversion dull dry bobbing, t etymology be transferred from his reiioulited name to the Dnlch 4a«w, a spectre; but i)r()b;ibly Minsheu gives ihe clue to this mnst grave etymology when, alter a bugge. a bugbear, he says Belgic, Bieteliauw, Beetebiiuw, a bijten, i. inordere et bauw, i vox fictitia a sono quo siilent inftnles territare.] * Servanl-maids were tobi, if they left the house clean when they went to bed, they would find money in their shoes ; if dirty, they would be pinched in their sleep. Thus the old ballad of Robin Goodfellow, who perhaps was the sprite meant by Pug Rubin : When house or hearth doth sluttish lie, 1 pinch the maids both black and blue: And from the bed. the bedcloths I I'ull off, and lay them nak'd to view. Again, speaking of fairies : Such sort of creatures as would bast ye A kitchen wenrh for being nasty: But if she neatly scour her ))ewter, Give her the money that is due to her. Kvery night bclbre we gi>e, We drop a tester in her shoe. See. also Parnell and Shakspeare, in many places. t Robin Goodfellow, in the creed of ancient superstition, wa» a kind of merry sprite, whose character and achievements are frequenlly recorded, particularly in the well-known lines of Mil icn. In an ancient ballad, entitled Robin Goodfellow: From hag bred .Merlin's lime have I Thus nightly revell'd to and fro, And for my |.rank« pion cill me by The name of R<'bin Goodfellow: L-AJJTO I.] IIUDIBIIAS. 350 T' calico laualics in tlie dirt, And wash 'em clean in dilclies for't ;* Of which conceit you are so proud, At ev'ry jest you laugh aloud, 1420 As now you would liuve done hy mo, IJut that I barr'd your raillery. Sir, quoth the voice, ye 're no such sophy r As you would have the world judge of ye. If you design to weigh our talents 1425 r th' standard of your own false balanr e, Or think it possible to know Us ghosts, as well as we do you. We who have been the everlasting Companions of your drubs and basting, 1430 And never left you in contest. With male or female, man or boast, Hut prov'd as true t' ye, and entire, In all adventures, as your Squire. Quoth lie. That may be said as true 1435 By th' idlest })ug of all your crew ; For none could have betray 'd us worse ; Than those allies of ours and yours.f But I have sent him for a token To your low-country IIogen-Mogen, 144C To whose infernal shores I hope Ile'H swing like skippers in a rope : And if ye've been more just to me As I am apt to thinks than he, Fiend', ghnst«, and sprightes, Who h:\iir.t the nightes, The hag-; and golilins du me know, And buldMriies old My feates have toUl, So vale, vale, ho, hu, ho. I Puck, Puff, Pouke ; a fiend. Puke, Diabolus. Ihrc Gloss. K iidgnthicuiij.] Bobbing^ that is, inncking, jesting with. Dry bobbivg, a dry 'est, or bull : illusio, dicieriuiii. * See llofluian's I^exicon, iii. 30). Sub voc. Neptunus (e» Gervas. TillelirTiens.) da;uionis quiiddam genus, Angli I'ortunos nouiinant. I'urlunus nonunquani invisus equitanti se copulat, el cum diulius cmuilatur, eundem tandeai loris arreptis e(iuum is lutum ad manuiii ducit. in (|uo duiii infi.vus voliUaliir, protinus exiens cachinniuu facit, et sic hujus modi hulibiiu humanam KimplicilaleiM deridct t You arc no such wise person, or sophistor, from the Greek w6erate with him, commit grciiter wickedness than he is aide 13 |>erpetrate liy his own agency. We seldom hear, therefore, of liis taking an entire possession. The persons who complain most of his doing so, are those who are well furnished with the means of exorcising and ejecting him, such as relics, crucifixes, beads, pictures, rosaries, &.c. 5 Nol havina the fear of God before their eyes, but led by tha instigation of the devil, is the form of indicunont Ibi felony, muT- Jer, or such atrocious crimes. 11 In some editions we read yov, help. 363 IIUDIBRAS [Part la T' oppose his entrance, if he slorm'd, Ho never offers to surprise, Altlio' his falsest enemies ;* But is content to be tiieir drudge, 1503 And on their errands glad to trudge: For where are all your forfeitures Intrusted in safe hands, but ours? Who are but jailors of the holes And dungeons where you clap np souls ;t 151 Like underkeepers, turn the keys, T' your mittimus anathemas. And never boggle to restore The members you deliver o'er Upon demand, with fairer justice, 1513 Tlian all your covenanting trustees ;t Unless, to punish them the worse. You put them in the secular powers. And pass their souls, as some demise The same estate in mortgage twice : 1520 When to a legal ultlegation You turn your excommunication,§ And, for a groat unpaid that's due. Distrain on soul and body too.|I Thought he, 'tis no mean part of civil 1525 State-prudence to cajole the devil. And not to handle him too rough. When he has us in his cloven hoof. 'Tis true, quoth he, that intercourse Has pass'd between your friends and ours, 1530 That, as you trust us, in our way, To raise your members, and to lay, IT We send you others of our own, * The enthusiasm of the Independents was soinething new in lis kind, not much allied to superstition. t Keep those in hell whom you are pleased to send thilher by exconuiiiinication. your mittimus, or anathema: as jailers and turnkeys confine their pri-oners. i More honestly than the Presbyterians surrendered the es- tates which they held in trust for one another; these trustees were penerally covenanters. See Part i. c. i. v. 76, and P. iii. c Li. V 5a. ^ You call down the vengeance of the civil magistrate upon ihem, and in this second instance piss over, that is, take no no- tice of their souls: the ecclesiastical courts can excommunicate, and then they apply to the civil court for an outlawry. Utlega- tion, that is, outlawry. II Seize the party by a writ de excommunicato capiendo. It Your friends and ours, that is, you devils and US fanatics: that as you trust us in our way. to raise you devils when wf want you, anu to lay you again wlien we have done with you Canto i ] IIUDIBRAS. 363 Dcnoiinc'ci to hang tlicinsclvcs or drown,* Or, frighted with our orutory, 1533 To leap down licadlong many a story ; Hi'.vo us'd all means to propagate Vonr mighty interests of state, Laid out our sj/ritnal gifts to further Your great designs of rage and murtner : 1540 Tor if the saints are nam'd from bloodt Wo onl' have made that title good ;t And, if it were but in our power. We should not scruple to do more. And not be half a soul behind 1545 Of all dissenters of mankind. Right, quoth the Voice, and, as I scorn To bo ungrateful, in return Of all those kind good offices, ril free you out of tiiis distress, 1550 And set you down in safety, where It is no time to tell you here. Tiie cock crows, and the morn draws on. When 'tis decreed I must be gone ; And if I leave you here till day, 1555 You'll find it hard to get away. With that the Spirit grop'd about To find th' enchanted hero out. And try'd with haste to lift him np, But found his forlorn hope, his crup,§ ISfiO Unserviceable with kicks, and blows, Receiv'd from hardeu'd-hcarted foes. lie thought to drag him by the heels. Like Gr.'sham-carts, with legs for wheels ;|| But foar, that soonest cures those sores, 1565 In danger of relapse to worse, * It is prol)al)le that the Presbyterian doctrine of reprobation had driven some persons to suicide. So did Alderman Hoyle, a member of the house. See Hirkenhcad's Paul's Churchyard. t Sanclus, from sanguis, bh)od. t i. c. \vc fimatics of this island only have merited that tilie by spilling nuich Idnod. ^ His back is called his forlorn hope, because that was gen- erally ex|iosed to danger, to save the rest of his body : a reflec- tion on his courage. 11 Mr. Butler dncs not forget the Royal Society. March 4, 1CC2, a scheme ol'a cart uilh legs that moved, instead of wheels, was brought befiire the Rnyal Society, amt referred to the considera- tion of Mr. llooke. 'j'lie inventor was Mr. Potter. Mr. Hooko was ordered to draw up a full description of this cart, which, together with the animadversions upon it, was to be entered id 'he books of the S"" -ietv. SI 364 IIUUIBUAS IPartiu. Came in t' assist him with its aid. And up liis sinking vessel weigh'd. No sooner was he lit to trudge, But both made ready to dislodge ; 1570 The Spirit hors'd liim hiie a sack, Upon the vehicle his back. And bore him headlong into th' liall, With some few rubs agaiust the wall ; Where, finding out the postern lock'd, 1575 And th' avenues s-o strongly block'd, H' attack"d the window, storm'd the glass, And in a moment gain'd the pass ; Thro which he dragg'd the worsted soldier's Four-quarters out by th' head and shoulders, 158C And cautiously began to scout To find their fellow-cattle out: Nor was it half a minute's quest, Ere he retriev'd the champion's beast, Ty'd to a pale, instead of rack, 15S5 But ne'er a saddle on his back. Nor pistols at the saddle how, Convey'd away, the Lord knows how. He thought it was no time to stay. And let the night too steal away ; 1590 But in a trice, advanc'd the Knight Upon the bare ridge, bolt upright, And, groping out lor Ualpho's jade. He found the saddle too was slray'd, And in the place a lump of soap, 1591 On which he speedily leap'd up: And, turning to the gate the rein, He kick"d and cudgclTd on amain : While Hudibras, with equal haste, On both sides laid about as fast, 1000 And spurr'd as jockies use, to break. Or padders to secure a neck :* Where let us leave 'em for a time, And to their churches turn our rhyme ; To hold forth their declining state, IbOa Which now come near an even rate.t * Jockies endanper their necks by spurring their horses, and gallopins very fast : Imt highwaymen, or padilers, so called from the Snxon paap, highway, endeavor to save their necks by the same exertions. t The time now approached when the l*resbyteri.ins and In- depcnilents were to (all into equal disfirace, and resemble the uuleful condition of the knight and squire. Canto i.] IIUDIIiKAS. 'Mb The two last ccinversalions have inu^h iinfnldod iho vicwj of tlio conl'fderiile sects, and prepire the way fur tlie Im-incss of the subsequent canto. 'I'lieir ditieronces will idcre lje aaitate^ by characters of hijiher consequence: and their niuluiil re- proaches will again enable the poet to expose the knavery and hypocrisy of each. This was the principal intent of the work. ■J'he faille was considered by him only as the vehicle of his sa tire. .And perhaps when he published the First Tart, lie had no more determined what was to follow In the second, than Trial nn Hhandy had on ii like occasion. The filile itself, the bare out- lines of which I conceive to be borrowed, mutatis mutandis, from Cervantes, seems here to be hrousht to a period. The next canto has the form of an episode. The last consists chiedy of two dialosues and two letters. Neither •-iaUht nor siiulie huve uy furiber odvenwiea. PART III. CANTO II THE ARGUMENT. The Saints engage in fierce conteste About tlieir carnal interests, To share their sacrilegious preys According to their rates of grace : Their various frenzies to reform, When Cromwell left them in a storm} Till, in th' efiige of Rumps, the rabWG Burn all their wrandees of tho cabal. H U D I B R A S , CANTO II.* Tut: learned write, an insect breese Is bnt a nionfjrel ])riiiee of bees,t That fails before a storm on cows, And stings tlie founders of his house ; * The (iifferen*. complexion of this canto from the otliers, and its unconnected stiite, nmy be accounted for l)y supposing it written on the spur of tlie occasion, and with a politic view tn recommend the aiitlior to his friends at court, liy a new and fierce attack on the opposite faction, at a time wlien the real or pretended p;ilriots were daily gaining ground, and the secret views of Charles II. were more and more suspected and dread- ed. A short time before llie third part of this poem was pub- lished, Shaftesbury hail ceased to be a minister, and became a furious demagogue. Hut the canio descril)es the spirit of parties not long before the Restoration. One object of satire here is to refute and ridicule the plea of the Presbyterians after the Ref- ormation, of having been the principal instruments in bringing back the king. Of this they made a great merit in the reign of Charles H., and therefore Butler examines it v. 782, et seq. — v 1023, et seq.— V. 1185-1 189, et. seq. The disccurses and disputations in this, and the following canto, are long, and fatigue the attention of many readers. If it had not been taking too great a liberty with an author who pub- lished his own works, I should certainly have placed this canto last, as it is totally unconnected with the story of the poem, and relates to a long time after the actions of the other cantos. t What the learned, namely, Varro, Virgil, &c., write concern- ing bees beins produced from the putrid bodies of cattle, is here applied b' our author to the breese, or gad-bee, which is said by the learned Pliny, in his Natural History, .\i. Hi, to be apis crraiidior (]ulumella iv. 14, says, the no- tion of generating bees from a heifer is as old as Uemocritus. and continued by Mugo. Both I'hiletas and Callimachus called bees Sovytvus. See He.sych. Virgil, in his fourth Georgic, I. 281, iaysi: 368 IIUDIBRAS. [Part ni From whose corrupted flesh that breed 3 Of vermin did at first proceed.* So, ere the storm of war broke out, Rehgion spawu'd a various routt Of petulant capricious sects, The maggots of corrupted tcx's,! 10 That first run all religion dowK, And after ev'ry swarm its own : For as the Persian JNlagi once Upon their mothers {rot their sons, Scd si qiiein proles siibito dcfecerit oiiinis. Nee, {leiitis untie noviE stirpis revncetiir, habcliit; Tempus et Arc:i(lii iiietiiiiwn(Ja inventa inaiiistri Haiidere, qiKique iiioilo ca'sis jam sa;pe juveiicis Iiisinceius apes lultrit cruur. For the cftert the Oestron has on cattle, see Virg. Georg. iit J4(), et seq. "On the h:icks olcnws," says Mr. Derhain, "in the " sinriiiier uionihs. there are maggots generated, which in Essex •' we call weovils; which are first only small knots in the skin, "and, I suppose, no other than eggs laid there by some insect. " By degrees these knots grow bigger, and contain in Ihein a "maggot, which may be squeezed out :it a hole they have al " ways open." Mr. Dcrham could never discover what animal thcv turn to. 1 doubt not but it is to this gadfly or breese ; and' that their stinging the cows is not only to suck their blood, but to perforate the skin for the sake of laying their eggs with in it. * They may proceed from the flesh of cows in the manner above mentioned, that is, as from the place in which they are bred, but not from the matter out of which they are generated. The note on this passage, in the old edition, together with many others, convince me that the annotations on the third part of Hudibras could not be written by Butler. t No less than 180 errors and heresies were propagated in the city of Lc4i). when the estates of the King and Church were sold, great arrears were due to the army: for the discharge of which some of the lands were allotted, nnd wholo ttfginicnt'' joineil together in the m:inner of a corporation. The distribution afterwards was productive of in any lawsuits, the person « ho-c name was put in trust often claiming the wbole, X a laxger share than lie was entitled to Canto n.] IIUDIBRAS. 37i Was iiain'd in trust by all the rest 00 To i)ay llii'ir money, and instead Ot'ev'ry brother, pass the deed ; Ho strait converted all his gifts To pions I'lands and holy shifts, And settled all the other shares* 03 Upon his outward man and 's heirs ; Held all they claim'd as forfeit laiids Deliver'd np into his hands, And passM upon his conscience By pre-entail of Providence ; 70 lMi|ieacli"d the rest for reprobates, That had no titles to estates. But by their sjjiritual attaints l!)egraded from the right of saints This b'ing reveai'd, they now begun 75 With law and conscience to fall on, And laid about as hot and brain-sick As th' ntter barrister of Swanswick :t Engag'd with money bags, as bold As men with sand-bags did of old,l 80 * Perliaps a better reading would be, as in some editions, mclurs' shares. t William Prynne, before nienlioned, born at Swanswick, in Somersetsliire, and barrister of Lincoln's Inn. The poet calls him hut and brainsick, because he was a restless and turliulenl man. Whitelock calls him the busy Mr. Prynne, which title lie gives him on occasion of Ids juiiiiny witli one \Valker in prosecutinj; Colonel T'iennes lor tlio surrender of Bristol. Walk er had been present at the siege, and had lost a good fortune by llie surrender: but Prynne (he tells us) was no otlierwise concerned than out of the pragmaticalness of his temper. There was an especial reason lor his being called the utter bar- rister, for when lie was censured by the cmirt of Star-chamber, he was ordered (besides other punishments) to be discarded; and afterwards he was voted again by the house of commons to be restored to his place, and practice as an i(((f)- barrister ; a term which signifies a pleader witliin the bar, but who is not king's counsel 5r sergeant. t Bishop Warlmrton says: " Wlien the combat was demand- " ed in a legal way by knights anV Ihey had indiscriminately taught up; the unhinging doctrines uf the Presbyterians having, in the long-run, hoisted up the In- deuendents in direct opposition to themselves. fj The sermons of those times were divie well-matched tricksters, who pUy with state alf.iirs, and by only cavilling at one another's schemes, are ever counteractini! each other. II This and the IJ- c folhjwing lines are truly dcscriiillve of modern politicians, who \]M)se jierished. hiivins; wet the sheet through; the rest " very perfect, insomuch ihit I knew his face, when the hang- "man, afler cutlmi; his head otf, held it up: of his toes, 1 had ' five or six in inv hand, which the prentices had cut od. Their "bcxiies were thrown into a hole under the giillows, in their " seare-cloth and sheet. Cromwell had eight cuts, Ireton four, " being seareclolhs, and their heads were set up on the soulh- ■end of \Vesliiiii:sler-Ilall." In a marginal note is a drawing of Tyburn (hy th-3 same hand) with the bodies hanging, and the grave underneath. Cromwell is represented like a mummy swathed up, with no visible legs or feet. To this memorandum is added : "Ireton, died the ir.th of November, 1651. "Cromwell, the 3t Roman king, hein^ suddenly ■ missed, and the people in troulile for llie loss iif him, Julius I'rociilus mide a speech, wherein lie told them that he saw Itomulus llial muniing come down (Vi)ni heaven ; that he -lave ' l)im certain thin;;s in charge to tell them, and tliat he saw him '• iiinunl iij) to lieaven again." Proculiis mi^ht have hcen as creditalile and orthodox as lY'ter Slerry, ihou^'h not one oC the lisscmlily oi'divines. Hut Dion. H.ilicarnas. a better antiquary, and more iiupartial than Livy, relates, xi. oG, that Romuhis was murdered liy his own discontented sulyects. What the annota- tor to tlie third part has conceriiin<; Uuirinus, lie might have taken I'rom Uionysius, hut neither this author nor Livy say a word about making oath. Dionysius names the witness Julius, and says he was a country farmer: though our poet has e.xalted him to the rank of a senator. In succeeding times, when it became fashionable to deify the emperors and tlieir wives, some one was actually bribed to swear, previously to the ceremony, that he had seen the departed person ascending into heaven. Hence, on the consecration coins, we (ind a person mounted on an eagle, or peacock, or drawn upwards in a chariot t Richard ('romwell, the eldest son of Oliver, succeeded him in the protectorship ; b-it had neither capacity nor courage sutH- cicnt for the situation. J See I'iirt i. canto i. 1. 9-5, where he rides the state ; but here the state ride? him. § Meaning the commitlee of sifety. ?ee Lord Clarendon, vol lii. I), wi. p. .■>44, anil Ha.xter's Lile. p. 74. Ii 'i'liey Hiunded their hopes on Revelation i. G, and v. 10 If Some sectaries thonghl, that all law proceedings should be abolished, all law-books burnt, and that the law- of the Lord Jesus should be received alone. ** At liberty to erect free slates and coinnninities, like the can tons of Switzerland, or 'he Hans-towns of Germany; or, in "hort. to establish any polity which theit holy zea. might tiiid ^reeable. >.»0 IIUDIBRAS. [Part m Of John of Lcyden's old oiit-goi.igs,» Who for a wcutlirr-cock liinifr up Ui)on tlieir tnother-chiircirs top, Whs made a type by Providence, Of all tlieir revelations since, 25C And now fulfilFd by liis successors, Who equally mistook tlieir measures ; For when they came to shape the model, Not one could fit another's noddle ; Dut found their lij,. t and gifts more wide 253 From fadging, than ih' unsaiictify'd, While ev'ry individual brother Strove hand to fist against another, And still the maddest, and most crackt, Were found the busiest to transact ;t 2GC For tho' most hands dispatch apace, And made light work, the jiroverb says. Yet many diff rent intellects Are found t' have contrary effects ; And many heads t' obstruct intrigues, 265 As slowest insects have most legs. Some were for setting up a king, But all the rest for no such thing. Unless king Jesus :t others tampi?r"d For Fleetwood, Desborough, and Lambert ;§ 270 Some for the rump, and some more crafty. For agitators, and the safety ;1| * John Bnckhold, or Bokclson, a tailor of Leyden, was ring- leader of a furious tribe of AnaUaptisls, wild iiiiide Ihciiiselvos masters of the city of Munster, where they iiroclaiiiied a ciiiii ■nullity both of goods and women. Tliis new Jerusalem, as Ihcy Jiad named it, was retalteii, after a long siege, by its bishop and sovereign count W.ildeck ; and John, with two of liis associ- ates, WHS suspended in an iron cage on the highest tower of the city. Tliis liappened about the year ]'>'M. t A very sensible observation, wliich lias been justified too freiiuently in other instances. t "'rhe tiflh monarchy men," as Dishop Burnet says, "seem- ed daily to e.\pect the appearance of Clirist." I\lr. Carew, one of the king's judges, would not plead to his Indictment when brimght to trial, till he had entered a salvo for the jurisdiction o< Jesus Christ: "saving to our Lord Jesus Christ li^s right to the " government of these kingdoms." ^ Fleetwood was son-in-laiv to Cromwell, having married Ireton's v/idow. He was made lord-deputy of Ireland, and lieu- tenant-general of the army. Desliorougli married one of Crom- well's sisters, and became a colonel, ami general at sea. I.am >ert was the person who, as Ludlow tells us, was always kepi tn expectation bv (,'roHiwell of succeeding him, and was indeed he best qualified for it. II Some were for restoring the remnant of the long jarUament :Avro i;.] IIUDIBRAS. 3ftl Sonic for the gospel, and inassacn'j Of spiritual aflulavit-makors,* Tiiut swore to any liiimaii rcfjenco 27S Oatlis of suprcrn'cy and allegiance ; Yea, the' the ablest swearing saii\t, That voucli'd the bidls o' th' covenant: Others fur jnilling down th' higli i)laces Of synods and i)rovincial classes,! ii80 That iis'd lo make sncli hostile inroads Ilpoii llic saints, like bloody Ninirods; Some for fulfilling prophecies, t And th' extirpation of th' excise ; And some against th' Egyptian bondage 28o Of holidays, and paying poundage :§ Some for the cutting down of groves, |1 wliich, l.y (lealhs, exclusions, and ex|nilsions, was rciluced to a small nuiiilier. perhaps forly or fifty, and tliereliiru called the riiinp. Alter the king's party was siihdued, anil the parliament began to talk of disbanding the army, or sending it into Ire- land, a military timncil was set up, (ainsisling parliament in 1(1.59, the officers of the army, joined by gome of the members, agreed lo form a conunittee of safety, as they called it, consisting of between twenty and lliirty persons, who were to assume the government, and provide for the safety of the kingdom. * Some were for abolishing all laws but what were e.xpressed in the words of the gospel : lor destroying all magistracy and government, and for extirpating those who should endeavor to uphold it; and of those VV'hitelock alleges, that he acted as a member of the committee of safety, because so many were for abolishing all order, that the nation was like to run into the ut- most confusion. The agitators wished to destroy all records, and the courts of jusiice. t They wished to see an end of the Presbyterian hierarchy. t Th.it is, pernaps. l"or taking arms against the pope. ^ On theHiliof June, 1G47, an ordinance v\ns published through oui Knglaml and Wales to abolish festivals, .and allow the sec ond Tuesday in every month to scholars, apprentices, and ser vants, for their recreation. The taxes imposed by the parlia meat were numerous and heavy, a pound rate was levied on all personal properly, for poiindaire, see Clarendon, vol. i. fol. 200. II That is, for destroying the ornaments of churches, which they supposed to be marks of idolatry and superstition. Mr. Gos- ling, in his Walk about Canterbury, p. I9.'{, tells a story of one Richard Calmer, a minister of God's word, and M. A., who de- molished a rich window of painted glass, and published an ac ;Gnnt of his exploit; yet without noticing the following occur- rence : " While he was laying about him with great zeal and ar- ■* dour, a townsman looking on, asked him what he was doini 1 362 flUDIBRAS. [P^aT m And rcftifving bakers' loaves ; And sonio for findinor out expedients Against the slav'ry of obedience : 290 Some were for gospel-ministers, And some for red-coat seculars,* As men most fit t' bold forth the word, And wield the one and th' other sword :t Some were for carrying on the work S»3 Against the poj)e, and some the Turk : Some for eiiga^ring to suppress The camisado of surplices, t That gifts and dii-pensations liinder'd, And turn'd to th' outward man the inward ;^ 305 More proper for the cloudy, night Of popery than gospcl-liglit : Others were for auolisbing Tliat tool of matrimony, a rin'j:,]| With whicli til' unsanctify'd bridegroom 30S Is marry'd only to a thumb,11 "' I am d)infr the work of the Lord,' said ho. 'Then,' replied " (he other. ' if it please the Lord 1 will lielp you ;' and threw a '• stone with so jiood a will, tliat if tiie saint had not dnclied, he " might have laid liis own bones among the rulihish he was nia " king. N. B. He was then monnted on a ladder si.xly feet high." It is well known that groves were anciently made use of as pla ces of worsliip. The rows of clustered pillars in our gothic ca thedrals. branching out and meeting at top in long drawn arches, lire supposed to liave been suggested by the venerable groves of our ancestors. * Some petitioned for the continuance and maintenance of a gospel ministry. Some thought that laymen, and even soldiers, might pi;each the word, as some of them did, particularly Crom well ami Ireton. tThe sword of the spirit, which is the word of God. Ephe- sians vi. 17. t Some .sectaries had a violent .iversion to the surplice, which they called a rag of popt-ry. Caiiiisndo or cumi.ia.de, is an expe- dition by night, in which the soldiers sometimes wear their shirts over the rest of their clothes, that they may be distinguished bv Iheir comrades. ij Transferred the purity which should remain in the heart, to the vestment on tlie Ixck. II Persons contncting matrimony were to publish their inten- tions in the ne.vt town, .'e, with the religions house over which tliey presided, fin early times the tbuiiil) w.is used as a seal, (see I)u Canije,) IIS it is to this day in attestations ; from thence the serJ. ring was worn upon the thnuil), which affords perhaps the best reason for al)bots beinj; buried with theni. But in the text it woiijd seem that soinelhing more is meant than meets the ear: fur Butler witli liis facility of versification would never have sriven such a rhyme for the rhyme's sake merely. The following extract from No. 614 of the Spectator seems to throw a glimmer on the passage: " Before I speak of widows, I " cannot but observe one tiling, which I ects. But ihe time of Uio ailidn in tliis liiiili) immediately precedes the Resloralion, IWiO. and Lilby the shcrifTutid his auene transacted, they would seem in H)ii IIUDIBRAS. [Part it Else wliy should tumults fright us now, We liave so inuiiy times {joue tliro", And understand as well lo tamo 525 As wlicn tliey serve our turns, t' inflame • Have prov'd how inconsiderable Are all enjragements of the rubble, Whose frenzies must be reconcii'd With drums, and rattles, like a child, 530 But never prov d so prosperous, As when they were led on by us ; For ail our scouring of religion Began witii tumults and sedition ; W'iien liurricanes of fierce counnotiou 535 Became strong motives to devotion ; As carnal seamen, in a storm. Turn pious converts, and reform, When rusty weapons, with chalk'd edges, IMaintain'd our feeble privileges, 5i0 And browu-bills levy'd in the city,* 'heir prayers to propose their doiihts and scruples to Cod Al- mighty, and at'ter having delnted the uialter some time with him, they would turn their discourse, and hring forlh an answer suitable to iheir designs, which the people were to look upon as suggested Crom heaven. IJates's Elench. Mo tuum. Il was an observation in that time, that the first publish- ing of extraordinary news was Crom the pulpit: and from thp preacher's text and discourse the hearers might judge, and com monly Ibrcsaw what was likely to be done next in the parlia iiient or council of state, l^ord Clarendon. * Apprentices armed wilh occasional weapons. Ainsworth, in his Dictionary, translates sparuui, a brown hill. Bishop Warliurton says, lo light with rusty or poisoneil weapons, (see Shakspeare's llandet,) was against the law of arms. So when the citizens used the former, they chalked the edges. Samuel Johnson, in the octavo edition of his Dictionary, says, " Brown- ^'- bill Wi\s the ancient weapon of the English toot," so called, perhaps, because sanguined lo prevent the rust: thus sportsmen often serve their fowiing-pieces to |)rcvent too much glitter, as well as the rust. Blick-bill seems to lie the opposite term to brown-bill. See Sir ']'. Warton's life of Sir T. Tope, p. 350, note. The common epithet for a sword, or otilnsive weapon iv the old metrical romances, is brown : as brown br:ind. or brown sword, brown bill, &c., and sometimes even bright brown 5World be, men ; And not so dully desperate, 503 To side against ourselves with fate : As criminals, condemn'd to suffer. Are blinded first, and then turn'd over. This comes of breaking covenants. And setting up exempts of saints, || CM Tiiat fine, like aldermen, for grace. To be excus'd the efficace :^ * Sdlanien iniseris socios habuisse rioloris. \ In some editions ; as if the more there were to bear. t Una sains victis nuilim ppcrare salutem. $ Sneerins Sir Kenelni Dijiby. and others, who assert this as a fif't ; indeeil, oil is a good cure of the serpent's bite. See v. 1029 if this canto. II Dispensing, in particular instances, with the covenant and .ililiL'Mtions. TT Persons who are nominated to an office, and pay the accns innieil fine, are entitled to the sa nc privileges as if they had per- formed the service. 'J'hiis, some of the sectaries, if they p:iid handsomely were deemed saints, and full of grace, though, from the tenor of their lives, they merited no such distinctiiHi, com routlnu fur their wnnt of real urice, tint Ihey might be excnsed Ui0 d/tidgery of yood works, for spiritunl men are loo transcend (;anto II.] HUDIBRAS. 3U5 p'or s|)'iitiial men aro too tmnsccndcnt,* That mount tlii'ir banks for iniJcpcndent,'t To liMnir, like Mairniet, in the air,t 005 Or St. Ignatius, at his prayer, § liy pure geometry, and liate 1)< [HMidtMico upon church or state ; Disdain the pedantry o' th' letter, And eincc obedience is belter, 010 The Scripture says, than sacrifice. Presume the less on't will suffico ; And scorn to have the moderat'st stints Frescrib'd their peremptory hints. Or any opinion, true or false, CIS Declar'd as such, in doctrinals ; But left at largo to make their best on. Without b'ing call'd t' account or quest' on Interpret all the spleen reveals, As VVhittingtoii explaiu'd the bells ;|| 020 And bid themselves turn back agen Lord May'rs of New Jerusalem ; But look so big and overgrown. They scorn their cdifiers t' own. Who taught them all their sprinkling lessons, 025 Tlieir tones, and sanctify 'd expressions ; Bcstow'd their gifts upon a saint. Like charity, ou those that want ; eiit to grovel in good works, namely, those spiritiuil men that rnnunt tlieir banks lor independent. Efficace is an aflfetted word of tlic poet's own coining, an4, being vice-chancellor, he oflered to rejjre^etjt tlie university in parliament; and. to remove the objection of his being a divine, renounced his orders, and pleaded that he was n laynTan. He was returned ; but his election lieing iiuestioned io the couniiiitee he sat only a short time. ^ Byfield was a noted Presbyterian, chaplain to Col(>nel Chol- mondelv's regiment, in the earl of Essex's army, and one of the »eribcs to the assembly f)f divines. Afterwards he became min- ister if Collingborn, in Wilts, and assistant to the commiiisi jeers kn ejecting scandalous ministers. i>.lW \y \ Canto ii ] IIKDIBRAS. 397 And liud tlicy not begun (he war, They 'ad ne'er been sainted as tliey are :* For saints in peace degenerate, And dwindle down to reprobate ; Their zeal corrupts, like standing water, C43 In th' intervals of war and slaughter ; Abates the sharpness of its edge. Without the pow'r of sacrilege :t And tho' they've tricks to cast their sins, As easy as serpents do their skins.t 650 That in a while grow out agen. In j)eace they turn mere carnal men, And from the niost retin'd of saints. As nat'rally grow miscreants As barnacles turn soland geese 635 la th' islands of the Orcades.^ * Had not the divines, on the Presbyterian side, fomented the iiifferences. the Independents had never come in play, or been taken notice of. T That is. if they have not the power and opportunity of con? niittin;; sacrilejie, by plunderinK the clmrcli lands. t Posilis noviis cxuvjis, nili(hisque juventa. Geore. iii. 437. $ Our poet was too good a naturalist to suppose that a sliell- fisli would turn to a goose: but in this place, as in many others, he means to banter some of the papers published by the first es- t iblishers of the Royal Society. In the twelfth volumo of the riiilo.sophical Transactions, No. i'M, p. 025, Sir Robert Moray pives an account of barnacles hanging upon trees, and contain- ing each of them a little bird, so completely formed that nothing appeared wanting, as to the external parts, for making up a per- fect sea-fowl: the little bill, like that of a goose; the eyes marked ; the head, neck, breast, and wings, tail and feet formed ; the feathers every way perfectly shaped, and blackish colored; and ll;e feet like those of other water fowls. See the Lepas anatiCeni, Lin. Syst. 6(18. My friend, Mr. Penn;int, observes. (British Zoology, vol. iv. No.!),) that the animal is furnished with a fe:ithert'"d heard, which in a credulous age was believed to be i)art of a young bird ; it is a native of hot climates, and found adhering to the bottoms of ships. Heylin says, they are bred in the Isle of Man from rr)lten wood thrown into the water The same is mentioned by Camden, and by old Gerard in his Herbal, who gives a print of the goose itself in p. 1587, with a cluster of the shells called Lepas anatifcra, or barnacle shells, which he calls Conchae analifera- Britannicffi, and by the wise naturalists of the sixteenth century were thoiighl to generate the birds, which hung for a while by the bill, then fell into the sea, and grew to riaturity : they did not, like our poet, make the tree goose a soland goose, but the goose called tho barnacle. British Zoology, ii. 269. Sir .Inhn Jlanftus on the Ceriile liaiilis Ol' Abbana and I'hariibar, lucid streams. The meaninK is, th:it in mir and their opininn, church com munioa with each oilier was a like case with that of Naanian's bowing himself in llie ln'U::e of Kiminon, equally l:iying both Mndcr the necessity of a petition for pardon : the Indepeiidcnts Know that their teaets vv»re so opposite to those of the Presby- icrians, that they co':'.>i not coilesce, and theicfire concealed them, till they ware strong enough to declare them. t The Frebhyter'T.ns entered into several plots to restore the king. For it was but justice, said they, to rep:iir the injuries we lind received from the Independents; and when monMrchy was off-'red to be restored in our own sense, and with all the liiiiita tions we desirod, it had been ungrateful not to consent. t Many of the Presbyterians, says Lord Clarendon, when lusled of their prefer nent, or secluded from their house of com- irions by the Indepemlenls, pretended to make a merit of it in respect of their loyally. And some of iliem had the confidence lo present themselves to Kin2 fh.irles Ihe Second, both before an6iitvoi licpaiuiTiKdi;. El yiip cici it'a(l>ai'(]dv T((> I'Vf Kaipij) Kr/ptlTTCcOlH TIIVlOjJLIl OVTOV, 6l' fKt'vOU Sv illpltijl Tou Kat Tijv aT:oKd\v'^iv foipaKUToi That this mark of Antichrist engajied tlie attention of the sec- taries, will appear by the foUowinj; quotation from the pretended posthu:iious works of Mr. Butler, in the cliaracter of an assein- i)ly man. "O how they have lorn por)r bishops' names to pick "out tlie number fiGG. Little dreaminj; that a whole baker's " dozen of tlieir own assembly have that beastly nuuiber in each "of their naines; and that as exactly as their solemn lea^'ue and " covenant consists of (itti words." (Ir from tlie character of an hermetic philosopher, written by nmler himscll : "By this "means Ihey iiave found out who is the true owner of the beast "in the apocalypse, which has lonj; passed for a stray among " the learned ; x\ hat is the true product of CliO. that has rung like " VVhittinKton's bells in the ears of expositors." But some have thoujiht that tins passage alluilcs not to the apocalyptic, btit to the independent beast, nnd explain it tlan ; " In just three years of blood, for the king set up his slundard in August, 1G43, ■'and the battle of Naseby was fought in June, U'Aa, which " proved the deciding battle," says Ludlow, "the king's party after that time never making any corniderable opposition, which three bloody years, thus answering to three confessors, "being multiplied by six, tlie number of their crucified ears, e.x- " pressed the perfect number of yenris in which the independent 'beast sliould prevail, namely 18, reckoning from the com- 'laencement of the war to the restoration." jOfi IIUDIBKAS. LPakt m What churches have such able pastors, And precious, powerful, preaching masters ? Possess'd witii absolute dominions 85i O'er brethren's purses and opinions, And trusted with the double keys Of heav'n, and their warehouses ; "Who, when the cause is in distress, Can furnish out what sums they please, 860 That brooding; lie in bankers' hands. To be dispos'd at their commands ; And daily increase and multiply, With doctrine, use, and usury : Can fetch in parties, as in war 865 All other heads of cattle are, From th' enemy of ail religions. As well as high and low conditions, And share them from blue ribbons down To all blue aprons in the town ;* 870 From ladies hurry'd in calleches. With cornets at their footmen's brecches,t To bawds as fat as mother Nab,t All guts and belly, like a crab. Our party's great, and better ty'd 875 With oaths, and trade, than any side ;§ Has one considerable improvement, To double-fortify the cov'nant ; mean our covenant to purcliase|| Delinquents' titles, and the church's, 880 That pass in sale, from hand to hand. Among ourselves, for current land, And rise or fall, like Indian actions, According to the rate of factions ; * Tradesmen and iheir apprentices took a very active part in ;he miuliles, bolli hy preaching and fiphlinc. t Calleclie, calash, or cli-iriot. Cornets were ornaments u-liijh servants wore upon their breeches: though some critics would read coronets. t Ladies of this profession are generally defcrilicd as coarse and fat. The orator means, that the leaders of the faction could fetch in parties of all rank*", from the highest lo the lowest, from lady Carlisle to the lowest mechanic in a hUie apron. ^ The strength of the Tresbyterian party lay in the covenant- ers, and the citizens. II In the first line, the word cov'nant is two syllables, in the second line it is three.* * Wlif re one word fiiiU wiib a vowel, nml the ne»'. hejins with f nf , Biillcf «i«bfr l..avesihem ns two »vlliinlc«, or commits tlifm iiilo one, «« beil euiu kit rern*. Where a vowvl is » word bv itse W il i« someiiniet, pf hapa, not nekoQcd in ecaniiin'. See P. i. c, ii. v.' 70S, and P. ii. c. ii. v. 671 Canto ii] HUDIBRAS. iff] Our best reserve for reformation, 885 When new oviifjoiu^s jrivo occasion ; Tliut keeps tho lair.s of brellireii girt, Their cov^nar.t, their crnod, t' assert ;* And, when ihoy've pack'd a parliament, Will once more try tli' expedient : 890 ^Vllo can already muster friends, To servo for members to our ends. That represent no part o' th' nation. But Fisher's-folly congregation ;t Are only tools to our intrigues, 895 And sit like geese to hatch our eggs : Who, by their precedents of wit, T' ontfast, ontloiter, and outsit,! Can order matters under-hand. To put all bus'ness to a stand ; 900 Lay public bills aside, for private, And make 'em one another drive out ; Divert the great and necessary, W'ith trifles to contest and vary ; And make the nation represent, 90S And serve for us in parhament ; * A ly preacher at Banbury said, " We know, O Lord, that Abraham made a •■nvenaiit, and Moses and Dwid made a cov- enant, aii;lo a covenant, but tiie iiiiriiament's covenant is the greatest of all covenants." The marquis of Ham- ilton beinfi sent into Scotland to appease the troubles there, de- manded of the Scotch tliat they should rennciii confectis omniuir spatiis est fictaconversio. Qmequam onga sit, magna qua'stio est. Cicero de Nat. Deor. ii. 20. t 'J'he ordinances puhkished by ihe liouse of commons were signed by Lenihal the speaker and are therefore called the bulls of Lcnthal. 'J'hey may be termnd fundamentals, liecauso many of them were issued by order of the rump parliameat. t Or in the l)')\vler's phrase, by (.'inivg rrround. \ Crook and Ilntlon were the only judges who dissented from llieir brethren, when the case of ship-nioney was argued in the exchequer: which occasioned the wags to say that the king carried it by Hook, but not by Crook: Dr. Crcy on the passage; hut the saying is of much older (bile, and only applicrd, Ashley, Buckinjiham, Arlinston, Lauderdale. t Prisoners in Newgate, and other jails, have often shain- examinatio-ns, to prep;tre Iheiiiwith answers f(.r their real trials. 5 I'addcrs, or hiahwaymen, frequently cjver their faces witJi . mask or piece of crape. no IIUDIBRAS. I Part lb Disperse tlie dung mi barren earth, To bring new weeds of discord forlli ; Be sure to keep up congregations, In spite of luw and proclamations' 870 For charlatans can do no good, Until they 're mounted in u crowd And when they 're punish'd, all the hurt Is but to fare the better for't ; As long as confessors are sure 875 Of double pay for ail th' endure,* And*vhat they earn in persecution. Are paid t' a groat in contribution : Whence some tub-holdersforth have made In powd'ring tubs their richest .trade ; 98J1 And, while they kept their fahops in prison, Have found their prices strangely risen.t Disdain to own the least regret For all the christian blood we 've let ; 'Twill save our credit, and maintain 98J Our title to do so again ; That needs not cost one dram of sense, But pertinacious impudence. Our constancy t' our principles. In time will wear out all things else ; 900 Like marble statues, rubb"d in pieces * Alliidinj; to the three persons before-mentioned, Biirloii, Prynne, and B;istwick, who, having heeii pilloried, fined, and Imn- ished to dirterent p;'rls of the kinfidonis, by tlie sentence of the Slar-chanilier, were by the parliament afterwards recalled, and rewarded out of the estates of those who had punished them. In their way back to London they were honored with loud ac claDiati« ns, and received many presents. silenc'd ministers, That pet estates by being undone Fur tender conscience, and have none : Like those that with their credit drive A trade v/ithout a slock, and thrive. Sutler's Remains, vol. i. p. 03. t Prolialily powderingtnbs here signifies prisons. See P. iii. c. iiii. 1. iilO. When any one Is in a had scrape, he is said to be ill u pretty pickle. See I', il. c. 1. v. 306. [Ancient Pis "ol throws Bome liglit upon this passage when he b'.ds Kym " to the splttl go, " Anrl from the powdering tub of infamy "Fetch forth the lazir kite of Cressid's kind, "Doll Tearsheet she by name, and her es^pousc." Butler may mean that S'lm? of the tub-holdersforth kept houses of ill-fame, from whence the transit to the powdering-tub was frequent. t^uch persons are also not unfrequently sent to prison, and perseciuion has ever the clfect of ruising Ihe pricet of the doctrines af the persecuted.] Canto 11.1 IIUDIBR\S. 411 With gallantry of pilfrrims' kisses ;* While those who turn and wind their oatlis, Have swell'd and sunk, like other froths ; Prevail'd a while, but 'twas not lonjj OJJ Before from world to world llicy swung ; As they had turn'd from side to side, And as tiie ehaufrelinn^s liv'd, they dy'd. Tills said, th' impatient statcsmonger Could now contain himself no longer.t lOOt \Vho iiad not spar'd to sliew his piqucst Against th' harangucr's politics, With smart remarks of leering faces, And annotations of grimaces. After he had administcr'd a dose§ 1005 Of snufFmundungus to his nose, And powder'd th uisido of his skull. Instead of th' outward jol)bcrnol,|i IIo shook it, with a scornful look. On th' adversary, and thus he spoko 1010 In dressing a calf's head, altho' The tongue and brains together go. Both keep so great a distance here, 'Tis strange if ever they come near ; For who did ever play hie gambols 1015 With such insulTerable rambles, To make the bringing in the king, And keeping of him out, one thing? Which none could do, but those that swore T' as point-blank nonsense iieretofore ; 1020 That to defend was to invade. And to assassinate to aid :ir * Rmind the Casa Santa of Lorelto. the m:irl)le is worn into a deep cliiiniiel, by tlie knees anil tci^ses of the pilpriins and ollicrs. [The st;ilues liotli of gods and siiints have heen, and are, worn hy ilie touch of their votaries; of the former llie knees were tlie siitferiiis parts.] t As the former orator, whoever he was, had harangued on the side of the l'resl)yterians, his anlasonir>t. Sir Anthony Ash- ley Calliper, now sin:irtly inveighs ?.g:ur..:t them, and justilies the principles and condnct of the Indei)endents. t His aversion or antip;tthy. ij Pome e(htions read, ministcr'd a dose. II That is, thick skull, stupid head, from the I^leiiiish, jobhe aiMilsiis, ignavus, and the Any. Sax. cnoll, vertex. 1[ Tliis alludes to Ralph, wlio was charged with intention 1« kill the king when imprisoned in the isle of Wight. Lord Cla- rendon vol. iii. p. ISO, intimates that sergeant Wild, who was eent to Winchester to try the prisoner, gave an unfair <»!iarce to Ihe jury, liy saying: "There was a time indeed when intenliona "and words were made treason ; but God forbid it should (« oe 35 J 1-2 IIUDIBRAS. ri'ART m Unless, because you drove him out. And ll.at was never made a doubt ; No i)0\v'r is able to restore J 025 And bring liiin in, but on your score ; A sp'ritual doctrine, that conduces Most properly to all your uses. "I'is true, a scorpion's oil is said To cure the wounds the vermin made ;* 1030 And weapons, dress'd with salves. rci-:tore And heal tiie hurts they gave before :t But whetiier prisbyterians liavc So much good nature as the salve, Or virtue in then) as the verinin, 1035 Those who have try'd them can determine. Indeed 'tis pity you should miss Th' arrears of all your services, And for th' eternal obligation Y' have laid ujjou th' ungrateful nation, 104C B' us'd so unconscionably hard, As not to find a just reward. For letting rapine loose, and murther, To rage just so far, bui no further ;t And stttiiig all the land on fire, 1045 To burn t' a scantling, but no higher: For vent'ring to assassinate. And cut the tiiroats of cliurch and state ; And not be aliow'd the fittest men To take the charsje of both ageii: IOjC " now : how did anyliody know luit that those two men, Osborne "and Doncet, would have made away wiih the kin?, and that " Ralpli charged his pistol to preserve liiiii." I'erhaps the nolilc hisl:irian here shows soriii thing of party spirit. * Ur. Mead, in his Ivssay on t'oii^ons, says, viper-catchers, if they happen to he hilien liy a viper, are so sure of heing curcil by rubbing the fat upon the pl.ice, that they feara bile no more than they do the prick of a pin. The Doctor himself tried it upon dogs, and found it a sure remedy, ile supposes the fat to involve, and, as it were, sheaih the volatile salts of the venom. I'rodesl scorpius ipse su;e plagx impo.situs. Pliny in his Natural History 29. -ii). t According to Sir Kenelm Digby's doctrine of sympathy. + 'J'hoiuih the rrcsbyierians lieg.in the war, yet they pretend- ed they had no thoughts of occasioning the bloodshed and de- vastation which was consequent upon it. 'I'hey intended to l)ring the king to reasL'l. t To inniniit such damnable sins as robbery, rebellion, and murder, with a I'.ow of l thy neighbuurs' bounds transfer The goodly plants, alfording matter strange For law debates Camden, in his Life of Queen Elizabeth, book ii. p. 20, thinks the molion was occasioned by an earlhiiu:ike, which he calls brasniatia; though the ciiuse of it more probably was a sub- lerraneous curr.;nt. Some houses and a chiipel were over- turned. 1 remember an accident of this kind which happc— ' near Grafton, on tlie side of Hredon-hill. and another n Broseley in Shropsldre. A similar phenomenon was observed M F,rter. 'I'till. de Otfic. iii. 10, and Lactantius, v. IT. — The courtiers of Dionysius the younger, tyrant of Sicily, contended in his presence that the boasted virlnes of the Pythagoreans, their determine(lest, learned, pious, and rational in nis diRCoutw*. i2'2 IIUDIBRAS. TPart m Were sent to cap texts, and put cases: 1211 To pass tor deep and learned scholars, Altlio' but paltry Ob and Sollers :* As if th' unseasonable fools Had been a coursinj; in the scliools.t Until they 'ad prov'd the devil author 124S O' th' covenant, and the cause his daughter ; trealj-; ani» With double int'rest, and betray. Not that I think those pantomimes, Who vary action with the times. Are less ingenious in their art, Than those who dully act one part ; l'-iui» Or those who turn from side to side. More guilty than the wind and tide. All countries are a wise man's home,t And so are governments to some. Who change them for the same intrigues I'i'JS That statesmen use in breaking leagues ; While others in old faiths and troths Look odd, as out-of-fashion'd clothes. And nastier in au old opinion, Than those who never shift their linen. 1300 For true and faithful 's sure to lose, Which way soever the game goes ; And whether parties lose or win, Is always nick'd, or else hedg'd in : Wi)ile pow'r usurp'd, like stol'n delight, 1305 ment agreed with them for 400,000^ on the surrender of Ihe sing. — Uimdiile. * The Sccits iirade a third expedition intn En-rhind, 10^8. under Duke Iliiiiiilton, which was supposed to he intended lor llie rescue of tlie king. 'I'liey entered a fourth time under Charles 11., when the Presliyterians were expected to join them. Yel the hitter assisted Cr'ouiwell ; even their preachers marched wilh him ; tlius sutferin'; l're>l)yteriHn hrelhren. a portion of the true '.liurcli, or true I-Meliles, lo fall liefore Ihe Independent army, •\i)om tliey reckoned no better than Philistines. t Oiime solum forli patria est. Ovid. 11)1 esse judicalio Kcmam, ubicunijue liberum esse licebil, »ttyi Brutus in a letter to Cicero. r,ANTOji.] IIUDIBRAS. 425 Is more bowitchm^j than the riirlit : And kvlien tlie times beifiii to aUer, None rise so liigh as from the halter.* And so we may, if we 'vo hnt sense I'o use tlie necessary means, 1310 And not yonr usual stratagems On one another, liglits, and dreams To stand on terms as positive, As if we did not take, but give : Set up the covenant on crutches, 1315 'Gainst those who have us in tlieir clutclies, And dream of pulhiig churches down, Before wc 're sure to prop our own : Your constant method of proceeding. Without tlie carnal means of heeding, 1320 Who, 'twixt your inward sense and outward, Are worse, than if ye 'ad none accoutred. I grant all courses are in vain, Unless we can get in again :t The only way that's left us now, 1325 But all the difficulty's, how ? 'Tis true we 've money, th' only power That all mankind falls down before, Money, that, like the swords of kings, Is the last reason of all things ;t 1330 And therefore need not doubt our piay Has all advantages that way ; As long as men have faith to sell, And meet with those that can pay well ; Whose half-starv'd pride and avarice, 1333 * 111 a conference hetween Mr. le President de Bellievre and Cardinal de Retz, I will lell you, said tlie former, what I learned from Cromwell. II me disoit un jour, que Ton ne nionloit ja- mais si haul, que quiuid (in ne sail (ivi I'cin va. Vous savez, dis- je a IJellievre, (|ue j'ai horreur pour Cromwell ; mais, qnelque grand h;inime qu'on nous le prone, j'ajiiiup le mepris ; s'il est de ce sentiment, il est d'an fou. Do Retz adds, that this conve'r- sation came to Oomwell's ears ; and that he had like to have paid dearly in the sequel for the indiscretion of his tongue. — Mem. de Ketz, vol. ii. lib. ill. p. '.iS't. t When General WcinU restored the excludca mcmber.>, the rumpers, perceiving they could not carry things their own way, iind rule as they had done, quitted the house. i Diddorus Siculus relates, that when the height of the walls <)f Ampliipolis was pointed out to Philip, as rendering the town impreu'nahle, he observed, they were not so high but money could be thrown over them. And (,'icero, in his sec'ind oration against Verres, Nihil est tani sanctum quod ncm violari, nihil fam Miunituni quod non expugnari. pecunia pnssit. 'J'he nmtto npon the cannon of the king of France was, Ratio ultima regum J2e IIDDIBRAS. (Part m One clurcli and state will not suffice T' exposft to sale ;* besides tiie wagest Of storing plagues to after ages. Nor is our money less our own, Than 'twas before we laid it down : 13-JO For 'twill return, and. turn t' account, If we are brouglit in play upon 't. Or but by casting knaves, get in, What pow'r can hinder us to win ? We know the arts we us'd before, 13i5 In peace and war, and something mor*^ And by th' unfortunate events. Can mend our next experiments : For when we 're taken into trust. How easy are the wisest chous'd, .35" Who see but th' outsides of our feats, And not their secret springs and weights ; And while they 're busy, at their ease, Can carry what designs we please ? How easy is 't to serve for agents, 1355 To prosecute our old engagements ? To keep the good old cause on foot. And present pow'r from taking root ;] Inflame them both with false alarms Of plots, and i)urties taking arms ; 13C0 To keep the nation's wounds too wide From healing up of side to side ; * There is a list of above a hundred of the principal actors in this rehellion, iiiiione whiiin the plunder of tlie church, crown, and kingdom was divided ; to some five, ten, or twenty thousand pounds ; to others, lands and oflices of in iny hundreds or thou- sands a year. At the end ot the list, the author says, it was com- puted that they had shared among themselves near twenty in'.l- iions. t 'I'hey allowed, by their own order, four pounds a week to each Hicmber: each nieiiiber of the .issend)ly of divines was al- lowed four shillings a day. Are the members of the National Assembly in France better p lid ? (17!):i.) [Whether they were better pi'd or not they certainly succeeded in st'rint of the Second Series. — Cuunnen( va le iiionde I Tout a la ronde.J } General .Monk and his i)arty, or the committee of safety: for we -oust undirstmo the scene to be laid .it the time when Monk bore the sway, or, as will appear by-ariil-liy, at the rr)astiiic of the rut!ip<. when Monk and the city of hondou united ai;alust tbo ruuip parliament. r*NTo II.] flUDIBRAS 427 Profess tiie pa!;sionatV:t concerns For bolli their interests by turns, The only way t' improve our own, 1363 By (icahn^ faithfully with none ; As bowls run true, by bcinj tiiado On |)uri)nse f.ilse, and to be sway'd, For if wo should be true to either, 'Twould turn us out of both together ; 1370 And therefore have no other means To stand upon our own defence, But keeping up our ancient party In vigour, confident and hearty : To reconcile our late dissenters, 1375 Our brethren, though by other venters ; Unite them, and their ditiereut maggots. As long and short sticks are in faggots,* And make them join again as close, As when they first began t' espouse ; 1380 Erect them into separate New Jewish tribes in church and state ;t To join in marriage and commerce, t And only 'moug themselves converse, And all that are not of their mind, 1385 Make enemies to all mankind :§ Take all religions in, and stickle From conclave down to conventicle ;|1 Agreeing still or disagreeing, According to the light in being, 1390 Sometimes for liberty of conscience, And sj)iritual misrule in one sense ; But in another quite contrar}-, As dispenstttions chance to vary ; And sland for, as the times will bear it, 1395 All contradictions of the spirit : * Vis unila forlinr. See jlilsop's Fahles, 171, ed. 0.\on. and Phrarch ile Ciirruliuito, >i. p. 511. Swill told this table iifter the ancients, with excjiiisite luinior, tu reconcile ijneen Ann's minis- ters. t Make them distinct in their o|)ininns and interests, like the Jews, who were not allowed to inlerinarry or converse with the nations around tliein. i The accent is here laid upon the last syllable of commerce, as in Waller, p. .')!), small edition hy Fenton : Or what commerce can men w-ith monsters find. $Tlie rro II J IIUDIBRAS 420 Tlic ciui of all wo first dcsigu'd, And all that yet remains behind, Be sure to spaie no public rapine, 1433 Oil all cnicrgcncies that liai)|)en ; For 'tis as easj- to supplant Authority, as men in want ; As some of us, in trusts, have made The one hand witii tiie other trade ; U40 CJain'd vastly by their joint endeavour, Tlie rijrht a thief, the left receiver ; And wiiat the one, by tricks, forestall'd, The other, by as sly, retail'd. For gain has wonderful effects 1445 T' improve the factory of sects ; The rule of faith in all professions. And great Diana of tli' Ephesians ; Whence turning of religion's made The means to turn and wind a trade. 1450 And though some change it for the worse, They put themselves into a course, And draw in store of customei-s, To thrive the better in commerce: For all religions flock together, 1455 Like tame and wild fowl of a feather: To nab the itches of their sects, As jades do one another's necks. Hence 'tis hypocrisj' as well Will serve t' improve a church, as zeal ; 1460 As persecution or promotion. Do equallj' advance devotion. Let bus'ness, like ill watches, go Sometime too fast, sometime too slow ; For things in order are put out 14C3 So easy, ea.se ilseif will do 't : But when the feat's dcsign'd and meant, What miracle can bar th' event ? For 'tis more easy to betray, Than ruin any other way. 1179 All possible occasions start. The weightiest matters to divert ; Obstruct, perplex, distract, entangle, And lay perpetual trains, to wrangle.* * Exacdy the advice pivcn in Arisiophanes to the sausage- maker turneil (lolitician. Equiles, v. 'ilt. Many political charac- ters, in the time of Oliver, stein to have fallowed it. Si quid in- ter coniitia disceplandum, qux'sitis diverlicuiis, uut injeclis intet 130 IIUDIBRAS [Paut in. But in aflairs of less import, 1475 Tliat neiliier do us good nor liurl, And they receive as liltle by, Out-fawn as mucl), and out comply, And seem as scrupulously just, To bait our books for greater trust. 148C But still be careful to cry down All public actions, tho" our own ; The least miscarriage aggravate, And charge it all upon tiie state : Express tlie horrid'st detestation, 1485 And pity the distracted nation ; Tel! stories scandalous and false, r th' proper language of cabals,* Wliere all a subtle statesman says, Is half in words, and half in face ; N90 As Spaniards talk in dialogues Of heads and shoulders, nods and shrugs : Entrust it under solemn vows Of mum, and silence, and the rose,t To be retail'd again in whisi)ers. 1495 For th' easy credulous to disperse. Thus far the statesman — When a shout. Heard at a distance, put him out ; And strait another, all aghast, Rush'd in with equal fear and haste, 1500 Who star'd about, as pale as death, And, for a while, as out of breath. Till, having gathered up his wits, »;stus disputandi s^cnipulis, lit rei determiniilio in aliud tenipus ilestinereiur procunilmnt. I)e rejiiis roncess.onilius usque ad iliem postpruin acriter (iisput;>turii est; diuii iniere.i scrupulos iiecuint, disseminaiit rixas, sciiidunt in tliversnm paries, longis que oratiunculi-i leiiipns terunt olliiarcliitlii et denmcrauci. * Mr. Butler lias sehioMi hcen so inattentive lo rhyme, as in this and tlie lolliiwing coii|)let. t VVIien any thing was saiil in cnnfidence, the sperikor in con- clusion generally used the word Miiiiii. or silence. The rose was considered liy llie ancients as an enililem of silence, t'nini its be- inj; dedicated hy Cupid to Harpticr lies, the god of silence, to en- (!;\s;e him to conceal the actions of his mother, Venus. Whence, in rooms designed for convivial meetinss, it was customary ic place a rose aliove the table, to signify that any thing there spo- ken ought never to be divulged. The epigram says: Est rosa flos Veneris, cujus quo facta laterent, Harpocrati, matris dona, dicavit amor. Inde rosam niensis ho^pes suspendit amicis, Conviva ut sub ea dicta tacenda sciat. A rose was IriMiuently figured on the ceiling of rooms, both ii li:ng!aDd and Germany Canto ii.] IIUDIBRAS. 431 He thus beg;ui his tale by fits :* That l)caslly rabble — that came down 1503 From all tlic garrets — iu the town, And stalls, and shop-boards — in vast swarms. With new-chalk'd bills — and rusty arms, To cry the cause — up, heretofore, And bawl the bishops — out of door ; 1510 Are now drawn up — in greater shoals, To roast — and broil us on the coals. And all the grandees — ol' our members Are carbonading — on the embers ; Knights, citizens, and burgesses — 1515 Held forth by rumps — of p;gs and geese, That serve for characters — and badges To represent their j)ersonuge.s. Each bonfire is a funeral pile. In which they roast, and scorch, and broil, 1520 And ev'ry representative Have vow'd to roast — and broil alive : And 'tis a miracle we are not Already sacritic'd incarnate ; For while we wrangle here, and jar, 1525 W are grilly'd all at Temple-bur ; Some, on the sign-post of an ale-house, Hang in effigy, on the gallows,t Made up of rags to personate Respective officers of state ; 1530 That, henceforth, they may stand reputed, Proscrib'd in law, and executed, And, while the work is currying on. Be ready listed under Dun, That worthy patriot, once the bellows, 1535 And tinder-box of all his fellows ;J; * By this speaker is reprcsenled Sir INIartin Noel, who, whil. the cal):il was !-itliii!;. Iirouj;! I news that llie rump parliament was dismissed, tlie sccliuled inernliers brou^iht into tlie house, and that the iiioh of London approved of the measure. Mr. Butler tells this tale for Sir Manin with wonderful hiiirior. t For, or instead of. a gallows, would, perhajis, lie a more cor rect reading: : it is lietter to hang the etfigy on the sign-post, than the ori|iinal on the lamp-iron. I Dun WIS common haiigmin at that time, and succeeding executioners went by liis name, till eclipsed by squire Ketch. But the ihuMcter liere deluicated was certainly intended for Sir Arthur Ha/.ler ■:, knight of the shire, in the long parliament, for the county of Leicester, and one of the five members of the bouse of connnons ijiipeached by the king in the beginning o( thai parliament. He brought in the bill of attainder against the eail of Stratford, and the bill against c;nscopacy ; though tho J32 HLIDIBRAS. TPiRT lo. Tlie activ'st member of tlie five, As well as the most primitive ; \\'ho, for liis fuitlifiil service then, Is chosen for a fifth agen : 15*0 For since tlie state has made a quint Of generals, he's listed in"t.* This worthy, as the v/orld will say, Is paid in specie, his own way ; For, moulded to the life, in clouts, 1545 They 've i)ick'd from dunghills hereabouts. latter was delivered by Sir Edward Deerinp at his prncnrement. He also broiiglil in llie hill fDrtlie mililia. Lord Clarendon says, he was used like the duz seems to mean the name of a place, not of a bone. "And Jacob said unto Joseph, God Al- " mighty appeared unto me at Luz, in the land of Canaan, am' ' blessed me, and said, Hchold I will make thee fruitful, ana " multiply thee, and I will make thee a multilude of people, " and will give this land to thy seed after thee for an everlasting " Possession. " See more, Anrij)f)a de occulta philosophia, 1. i. c. 30. Bu,\torf, in his Chaldean Dictionary, under the word Luz, says, it is the name of a human bone, which the Jews look upon as incorruptible. In a book called Breshith Raliboth, sect 28, it is said, that Adrian reducing the bones to powder, askeii the rabbin Jehoshuan;; (Jesuah the son of Hanniah) how God would raise man at the day of judgment 1 from the liUZ, replied the rabbin : how do you know it? says .'\drian : bring me one and you shall see, says Jehoshuang ; one was produced, and al methods, by fire, pounding, &c. tried, but in vain. (I'^encl' note.) In the General Dictionary, art. Barchochebas, (or, thi oon of the star.) we read, that the Jewish authors suppose thai Hadrian was in person in the war against the Jews, and that he besieged and took the city of Bitter, and that he then had this conference with the rabbi. See Manasse Ben-Israel de Kt'sn»- fectione. lib. ii. cap. 1.5. 37 J3t> HUDIBRAS. [I'art hi r til' rump of man, of such a virtue, No force iu nature can do liurt to : And tlierefore, at the last great day. All th' other members shall, they say, K>2t Spring out of this, as from a seed All sorts of vcgetals proceed ; From whence the learned sons of art, Os sacrum justly stile that part:* Then what can better represent, ir)25 Than this rump bone, the parliament? That after sev'ral rude ejections. And as prodigious resurrections, AVith new reversions of nine. lives, Starts up, and, like a cat, revives ?t 1G30 But now alas ! they 're all expird, And th' house, as well as members, fir't only of an hundred projects, mostly impossibilities; tlii)u;;h he pretends to have dis- covered the art of performins all of then). IIiiw uj make an un sinkable ship— how to sail apiinst wind and tide— how to fly — how to use all the senses indifferently for each other, to talk by colors, and to read by the taste — how to conve'je by tlie jan- gling of l)ells out of tune, &c. &c. For an account of the mar- quis of Worcester, see Walpole's Catalogue of Noble Authors ; and Collins's Peerage, article I5eaufort,_where is that most ex traordinary patent which Charles the First granted to the mar luis. Panurge, in Rabelais, says: que ses lunettes hii faisoient entendre beaucoup plus cl.iir. Sliakspeare. in his Midstuiuner Night's Dream, says, " He is gone to see a noise that he heard " " This is an art to teach men to see with their sars, and hear " with their eyes and noses, as it has been found true by expe- "rience and demonstration, if we may believe th-' liistory of the "Spaniard, that could see words, and swallow nuisic by holding " the peg of a fiddle between his teeth, or him that could sing "his part backward at first sight, which those that were neaf "him might hear with their noses." Butler's Remains, vol. ii p. 245. Our poet prob;ibly means to ridicule Sir Kenelni Digby, and some treatises written by Dr. Bulwer, author of the Artifi- lial Changeling. t Sujipose we read ; but their own. t Hostem duin fiigeret, se Fannius ipse pe'emit, Hie, rogo, non furor est, ne moriare, mori. Mart. lib. 2, Ep. 80. ii2 lltiblBllAS. [Part in This Iliulibras had prov'd too true, Who, by tlic furies, left perdue, And hLiiinted with detachments, sent , 35 From marshall Legion's regiment,* Was by a fiend, as counterfeit, Reliev'd and rescu'd with a cheat, Wlien nothing but himself, and fear. Was both tiie imp5 and conjurer :t 40 As by tlie rules o' tli' virtuosi. It follows in due form of poesic. Disguis'd in all the masks of night. We left our champion on his flight. And blindman's buff, to grope his way, 45 In equal fear of night and day ; Who took his dark and desp"rate course, He knew no better than his horse ; And by an unknown devil led.t He knew as little whither, fled, 5« He never was in greater need. Nor less capacity of speed ; Disabled, both in man and beast. To fly and run away, his best :§ To keep the enemy, and fear, 55 From equal falling on his rear. And though, with kicks and bangs he ply sJ, The further and the nearer side ; * Dr. Grey supposes that Stephen Marshal, a famous preacher anionir the IVeshyterians, is here inttnilcd. But the word mar- shal, 1 am inclineil to think, denotes a title of office and rank, not the name of any particular man. Legion may, in this place, be used lor the nan'ie of a leader, or captain of a company of devils, not the company itself. The meaning is, that the kni?ht was haunted by a crew of devils, such as that in the Gospel, which claimed the name of Legion, because they were many; though it might be a devilish inorlilication to attend the sermons of Dr. Burgess and i^tephen Marshal, who arc said to have |)reached before the House of Comnmns for above seven hours without ceasing. t The poet, with great wit, rallies the imaginary and ground- less fears which possess some persons : and Irom whence pro- ceed the tales of ghosts and apparitions, imps, conjurers, and witches. Tully says, nolite enim putare— eos qui uliquid impie scelerateque conuuiserin!, agitari et pcrterreri furiarum taidis ar- dentlbus: sua quemque fraus, et suus terror ma.xime vexat: suum quemque scelus agitat, amentiaque afficit ; sua; maljc co- pitaiiones consci^^ntia'que aiiimi lerrcnl. Ha; sunt impiis assidua; d()mcslica;que furia;. I'roS. Roscio.cap. .x.viv. The same thought may be found in the Alhen'an orator, yEschines. i It WHS Ralpho who conveyed the knight out of the widow * house, though unkno'vn. & That is to do his best at flying and running away, in ordPi to keep the enemy, and fear, from tailing equally on iiis rear Canto hi.] IIUDIBRAS. 443 As seamen ride with all tlicir force, And tug as if they row'd tlio horse, 60 And when the hackney sails most swift. Believe they lag, or run a-diift ; So, tho' he posted e'er so fast, Ilis fear was greater tiian his haste : For fear, though fleeter than the wind, 63 Believes 'tis always left hehind. But when the morn began t' appear. And shift t' another scene his fear. He found m& new oflicious shade. That came so timely to his aid, 70 And fore'd him from the fue t' escape, Had turn'd itself to Rajpho's shape. So like in person, garb, and pitch, 'Twas hard t' interpret vvhicii was wlucli. For Ralpho had no sooner told 75 Tho lady all he had t' unfold. But she convey'd him out of sight, To entertain tli' approaciiing Knight ; And while he gave himself diversion, T' accommodate his beast and person, £0 And put his beard into a posture At best advantage to accost her, She order'd th' anti-masquerade, For his reception, aforesaid : But, when the ceremony was done, 85 The lights put out, tlie furies gone. And Hudibras, among the rest, Convey'd away, as Ralpho guess'd,* The wretched caitiff, all alone. As he believ'd, began to moan, M And tell his story to himself. The Knight mistook him for an elf ; And did so still, till he began To scruple at Raljjh's outward man, And thought, because they oft' agreed 95 T' appear in one another's stead. And act the saint's and devil's part. With undistinguishable an, They might have done so now, perhaps, * It is here said lliat Ralpho sncssed his master was conveyei) iway, and that he lielieved liiinsoU' to be nil ahinc when he had made his lamentation : luit this seems to lie a slip of memory in the poet, for some parts of his lamentations arc not at all appli- cable to his own case, but plainly desiL'ned for his master's hear lug: such are v. 1371, &.c. of Part iii. c. i. }44 HUDIBRAS. [Part in And put on one another's shapes ; 100 And thorefore, to resolve the doubt, He star"d upon him, and cry'd out, What art? my Squire, or that bold sprite That took his place and shape to-night?* Sor^e busy independent pug, 101 Retainer to his synagogue ? Alas I quoth lie, I'm none of those Your bosom friends, as you suppose, But Ralph himself, your trusty Squire, Who 'as dragg'd your donship out o' the mire,t 110 And from tli' enchantments of a widow. Who 'ad turn'd you int' a beast, have freed you ; And, tho' a prisoner of war. Have brought you safe, where now you are ; Which you wou'd gratefully repay, 11-1 Your constant presbyterian way.t That's stranger, quoih the Knight, and stranger, Who gave thee notice of my danger ; Quoth he, Th' infernal conjurer Pursu'd, and took me prisoner ; 120 And, knowing you were hereabout, Brought me along to find you out. Where I, in hugger-mugger hid,§ Have noted all they said or did : And, tho' they lay to him the pageant, 125 I did not see him nor his agent ; Who play'd their sorceries out of sight, T' avoid a fiercer second fight. But didst thou see no devils then? Not one, quoth, he, but carnal men, 130 A little worse than fiends iu hell. And that she-devil Jezebel, That laugh'd and tee-he'd with derisior To see them take your deposition. * Sir Hudibras, we may remember, though he had no objection to consult with evil spirits, did not speals of ihein with much respect. t The word don is often used to sisnify a knicht. i Tlie poet still preserves the wrangling teniiier of the dissent- inp; brethren. $ Thus Shakspeare, in Hamlet: " We have done but greenly " in hvffger-mvsrirer to inter him, poor Ophelia." " All Ihe mod "em edftions," says Dr. Johnson, " give it, in private; if phrase- "ology is to be changed, as words grow untnulh by disuse, or "gross bv vulgarity, ihe hisKry of every language will be lost * we shall no longer have the words of any author, and as these 'altenilions will often he unskilfully made, we shall in tim€ ' aav»! "ery little of his meaning." Canto in.] IIUDIBRAS. 445 What then, quoth Iludibras, was he 135 That jiluy'd the dev'l to exainiiio ino I A rallying weaver ia the town,* That (lid it in a parson's gown. Whom all the parish take for gifted, But, for my part, I ne'er beiiev'd it: 140 In which you told them all your feats. Your conscientious frauds and cheats ; Deny'd your whipping, and confess'd,t * This line slinuld begin a new paragraph, as it belongs to a new anil dilferent speaker. t It has been supposed that the person here meant was Wil- liams, bishop of Lincoln, afterwards archbishop of York. Some of his tracts seem to apologize for the dissenters..— Letter to the Vicar of Grantliam. — And Ilolj'Table, name and thing; against placing the communion-table at the east end of the chancel, and setting rails before it. He delivereew .Mar- veil, in his Rehearsal Transprosed, says, it is written with tl.« pen of an ani;el. Canto iii.J IIUDIBRAS. 447 AVitli sliarne, and vengeance, and disdain.* Quoth ho, It was tiiy cowardice, 185 Tiiat made me from this leaguer rise, And wlien I'd half reduc'd tlie place, To quit it infamously base, Was better cover'd by the new Arriv'd detachment, than I knew ;t 1!)0 To slight my new acquests, and run, Victoriously, from battles won ; And, reck'ning all I gaiu'd or lost. To sell them ciieaper than they cost , To make mc put myself to fligiit, 193 And, conqu'ring, run away by night ; To drag me out, which th' haughty foe Durst never have presum'd to do ; To mount me in the dark, by force. Upon the bare ridge of my horse, 200 Expos'd in querpo to their rage, ^V'ithout my arms and equipage ;i Lest, if tiiey ventur'd to pursue, I might ih' unequal fight renew ; And, to preserve my outward man, 203 Assum'd my place, and led the van. AH this, quoth Ralph, I did, 'tis true. Not to preserve myself, but you : You, who were damn'd to baser drubs Than wretches feel in powd'ring tubs,§ 210 • astuat ingens Uno in corde pudor, inixtoque insania luctu, Et furiis agitatus amor, et conscia virtus. ^neis X. 870. T Here seems a defect in coherency and syntax. The Knight means, that it was dishonora))le in him to quit the siege, espw- cially when reinforced by the arrival of the Squire. i Qucrpu, from llie Spanish cuerpo, corpus, here signifies a waistcoat, or close jaclieL liutlcr, in MS. Common-place book, says, all coats of arms were defensive, and worn upon shields ; though the ancient use of them is now given over, and men fight in querpo. See Junii Etymolog. to fight in bulT. ["Boy, my "cloak and rapier; it fits not a gentleman of my rank to walk, the streets in querpo." Beaumont and Fletcher.— Love's Cure ii. 1.] 5 The poet often leaves room for various conjectures. Critics, to explain this passage, have thought of the Dutch punishment of pumping: of the Salpetricre prison at Paris: of the martyrs ground in a mill : but 1 believe it alludes to the old method of attempting to cure the venereal disease by sudorifics, mentioned under the words sweating-lanthorns— to preserve you from the dIows or pains (the cause for the efi'ect) more severe than those which venereal patients suffer by the awkward attempt to cure, before the use of inei;ury, which was not much known before 38 J48 HUDIBRAS. [Part m To mount two-wheel'd carroches, worse TImii managing a wooden liorse ;* Dragg'd out tliro' straiter lioles hy th' ears, Eras'd or coup'd for perjurers ;t Who, tlio' th' attempt liad prov'd in vain, 21 S Had iiad no reason to complain ; Hut, since it prosper'd, 'tis unliandsome To blame the hand that paid your ransom. And rescu'd your obnoxious bones From unavoidable battoons. 22n The enemy was reinforc'd. And we disabled and unhors'd, Disarm'd, unqualify'd for fight, And no way left but hasty flight, Which, tho' as desp'rate in th' attempt,! 225 Has giv'n you freedom to condemn 't. But were our bones in fit condition To reinforce the expedition, 'Tis now unseasonable and vain, To think of falling on again : £30 No martial project to surprise :he restoration : Butler is so loose in his grammatical construe- lion, that powdering may allude to drubs, and signify violent, as at V. 1055 of this canto : Laid on in haste with such a powder. That Ijlows grew louder and still louder. The preacher's pulpit is often called a tnh, and sometimes a sweating-tub, from the violence of action when the preacher thumped the cushion like a drum. In a ballad filsely ascribed to BiUler, called Oliver's Court, Posthumous Works, vol. ii. p. 240 : If it be one of the eating tribe. Both a Pharisee and a scribe, And hath learu'd the sniveling tone Of a fluxt devotion, Cursing from his siceating-tub. Perhaps it would be better, if in the first line we read, canting tribe. See P. ii. c. iii. v. 7.')9, note. * Carroche properly signifies coach, from the French carrosse; but in burlesque it is a cart, particularly that in which convicts are carried to e.xecution. Riding the wooden-horse was a pun- ishment inflicted on soUliers. That is, you who was damned, or condemned to be dragged, &.c. t Erased, in heraldry, is when a mendier seems forcibly torn, or plucked otT from the body, so that it looked jagged like the teeth of a saw; it is used in contradistinction to couped, which signifies a thing cut of!' clean and smooth. Set in the pillory and couped, from the French coupL", cropped. The knight had incvirred the guilt of perjury. t i^upposc we read : V\"hich, tho' 'tirns desp'rate Canto ii:.] HUDIBRAS 44S Can ever be attempted twice ;• Nor cast design servo afterwards, As gamesters tear tlieir losing cards. Beside, our bangs of man and beast 235 Are fit for notliing now but rest, And for a while will not be able To rally and prove serviceable : And therefore I, with reason, chose This stratagem t' amuse our foes, 210 To make an hon'rable retreat. And wave a total sure defeat: For those that fly may fight again, Which lie can never do that 's slain.t Hence timely running 's no mean part 245 Of conduct, in the martial art, By which some glorious feats achieve, As citizens by breaking thrive, And cannons conquer armies, while They seem to draw oft' and recoil ; 250 Is held the gallant'st course, and bravest,t To great exploits, as well as safest ; That spares th' expense of time and pains, And dang'rous beating out of brains ; And, in the end, prevails as certain 255 As those that never trust to fortune ; But make their fear do execution Beyond the stoutest resolution ; As earthquakes kill without a blow. And, only trembling, overthrow. 200 * A coup (le ni:iin, or project of taking by surpri^^e, if it dees not succee5. It is observed of them, that they e.vercised tlieir valor only on horses, asses, and such like, making a slaughter of all they met, greedily devouring skins, entrails, and all, to satiate their imager. See Ilarleian Miscellany, vol. iii. No. xii. pp. 4'J4, 498. II Caligula, having ranged his army on the sea-shore, and dis- posed his inslrumeiits of war as if he was just going to engage, while every one wondered what he designed to do, on a sudden ordered his men to gather up the shells on the strand, and to fill Iheir helmets and their bosoms with them, calling them tlie spoils of the conquered ocean. Suetonius in vila CaligulsB. If Sir Arthur Hazelrig had a regiment called his lobsters; it has been thought by some, that the defeat at Roundaway-down was owing to the ill-behavior of this regiment. Cleveland, in nis character of a London diurnal, says, " This is the William "which is the city's champion, and the diurnal's delight. Yet "in all this triumph, translate the scene but to Roundaway- ■'down, there Hazelrig's lobsters were turned into crabs, and crawled backwards "' 51 IIUDIBRAs. [Part in To cliarge wliolfi regiments of scallojjs ; Not .ike tiieir ancient way of war, To wait cii IjIs triumphal car ; But when he went to dine or sup, More bravely ate his captives up, 37* And left all war, by hig example, Ileduc'd to vict'lintj of a camp well. Quoth Ralph, By all that you have said, And twice as mucli that I cou'd aad, 'Tis plain you cannot now do worse 375 Than take this out-of-fasliion'd course ; To hope, by stratagem, to woo her. Or waging battle to subdue her; Tho' some have done it in romances, 'Vnd bang'd them into am'rous fancies ; 380 As those who won the Amazons, By wanton drubbing of their bones ; And stout Rinaldo gain'd his bride* By courting of her back and side. But since tiiose times and feats are over, 385 They are not for a modern lover, When mistresses arc too cross-grain'd. By such addresses to be gain'd ; And if they were, would have it out With many another kind of bout. 390 Tlierefore I hold no course s' infeasible, As this of force, to win the Jezebel, To storm her heart by th' antic charms Of ladies errant, force of arms ; But rather strive by law to win her, 395 And try the title you have in her. Your case is clear, you have her word, And me to witness the accord ;t Besides two more of her retinue To testify what pass'd between you ; 400 IMore probable, and like to hold. Than hand, or seal, or breaking jrold,! For which so many that renounc'd Their plighted contrajcts have been trouiic d, * See the interview between Rinaldo and Armida, in the last book of Tacso. Or perhaps the pnet, qiiotins by meninry, mis- look the name, and intended to have mentioned Ruggiero in Ariosto. t R;ilpho, no donbt, was ready to witness any thin? that would Rerre his mm; and hoped the widow's two attendants would dg the same. t See note on P. ii. c. i. I. 585. Canto m.] IIUDIBRAS. 455 And bills upon record been found, 40* That forc'd tho ladies to compound ; And that, nnless I miss the matter, Is all tho business you look after. Besides, encountei-s at tho bar Are braver now than those in war, 4-C In which the law docs execution, With less disorder and confusion ; Has more of honour in 't, some hold. Not like the new way, but the old,* When those the pen had drawn togctller,^ 415 Decided quarrels with the feather, And winged arrows kill'd as dead, And more than bullets now of lead :t So all their combats now, as then. Are manag"d chiefly by the pen ; 420 That does the feat, with brave vigours. In words at length, as well as figures ; Is judge of all tho world performs 111 voluntary feats of arms. And whatsoe'r 's atchiev'd in fight, 425 Determines which is wrong or right ; For whether you prevail, or lose, AH must be try'd there in the close ;§ And therefore 'tis not wise to shun What j'ou must trust to ere ye 've done. 430 The law that settles all you do, And marries where you did but woo ; That makes the most perfidious lover, A lady, that's as false, recover ;|| And if it judge upon your side, 435 * The poet's ideas crowd so fast upoa liim, that he is not al- ways quite intelligible at first reading. Italpho persuades the knight to gain the widow, at least her fi)rliine, not by the fire- arms now in use, but by law ; the featheretl arrow of the lawyer. t Does he mean those whom written challenges had brought to fight ■? or dues lie allude to the Latin phrase for enlisting: conscript! mililcs, conscribere exercitus 1 X Bishop VVilkins (Matheni. Magic.) maintains, that the en- gines of the ancients, balislu! and catapulta,", did more execution, and were far more p.irtable, than cannon. See likewise Sii Clement Edmonds's judicious observations upon Ca!sar's Com- mentaries. Battles in ancient times seem to have been attend- ed with more casualties than since the invention of gunpowder. $ Ralplio goes on to e.vtol the energy of the pen, which, in the hand of the historian, can control even the most warlike efforts. II That is, the law will recover a lady that Is as false as tlio (iiost perfidious lover 156 IIUDIBRAS [Paivt il Will scon extend licr for your bride,* And put lier person, goods, or lands, Or which you like best, int' your hands. For law's the wisdom of all ages, And manag'd by the ablest sages, 441 Who, the' their bus'ness at the bar Be but a kind of civil war, In which th' engage witii fiercer dudgeons Than e'er the Grecians did, and Trojans ; Tiiey never manage the contest 443 T' injpair their public interest, Or by their controversies lessen The dignity of their profession :. Not like us brethren, who divide Our commonwealth, the cause, and side ;t 450 And tho' we're all as near of kindred As th' outward man is to the inward, We agree in nothing, but to wrangle About the slightest fingle-fangle, While lawyers have more sober sense, 455 Than t' argue at their own expense, t But make their best advantages Of others' quarrels, like the Swiss ;§ And out of foreign controversies, By aiding both sides, fill their purses ; 4fl« But have no int'rest in the cause For which th' engage, and wage the laws Nor further prospect than their pay, W'hether they lose or win the day. And tho' th' abounded in all ages, 465 With sundry learned clerks and sages ; Tho' all their bus'ness be dispute. Which way they canvass ev'ry suit. They 've uo disputes about their art, * Lay an extent upon her ; seize her for your use. t Take part on one side or Itie oilier. Whereas we who have a common interest, a common cause, a common party against the royalists and Episcopalians, wealien our strength by internal divisions among ourselves. t The wisdom of lawyers is such, that however they may seem to quarrel at the bar, yet they are good friends the moment they leave the court. Unlike u~, Independents and Presbyte- rians, who, though our opinions are very similar, are always wrangling about the merest trifles. ^ The Swiss, if they are well paid, will enter into the service of any foreign power: but, point d'argent, point de Suisse. An M distich says : Theologis animam subjecit lapsus Adaml Et corpus inedicis et bona juridicla. Cahto III.] IIUDIBRAS. 457 Nor in i)olemics controvert ; 470 Wliilo all j)rofessions else are found With nothinij but disputes t' abound : Divines of all sorts, and physicians, Philosopiiers, mathematicians ; The Gulenist, and Paraceisian, 47S Condemn the way eacli other deals ia ,* Anatomists dissect and mangle, To cut themselves out work to wrang.e ; Astrologers dispute their dreams, That in their sleeps they talk of schemes ; 480 And heralds stickle, who got who. So many hundred years ago. But lawyers are too wise a nation T' expose their trade to disputation. Or make their busy rabble judges 485 Of all their secret piques and grudges ; la wiiich, whoever wins the day, The whole profession's sure to pay.t Beside, no mountebanks, nor cheats, Dare undertake to do their feats, 490 Wlien in all other sciences They swarm like insects, and increase, For what bigot durst ever draw,t By inward light, a deed in law? Or could hold forth by revelation, 495 An answer to a declaration? For those that meddle with their tools. Will cut their fingers, if they 're fools : And if you follow their advice, la hills, and answers, and replies, 500 They'll write a love-letter ia chancery, Shall bring her upon oath to answer ye, And soon reduce her to b' your wife, Or make her weary of her life. The Knight, who us'd with tricks and shifts 505 To edify by Ralpho's gifts. But ia appearance cry'd him down,§ To make them better seem his own, ♦ The followers of Galen weie advocates for the virtues and Kse of plants ; the disciples of Paracelsus reconiniended chemi cal preparations. t 'J'hat is, whoever wins is sure to pay the whole profession; orratlier, whether sergeant A or counsellor 15 be more successful in abusing each other, the wliole profession of the law is dis- graced by their scurrilities. t The accent is here laid on the last syllalile of bigot. $ Perhaps a better reading would be, — cry'd 'em down. 158 HUDIBRAS. tPARTin Al'. plagiaries' constant course or sinking when tiiey take a purse,* 5U Resoiv'd to follow his advice, But kept it from hiin by disguise ; And, after stubborn contradiction, To counterfeit his own conviction. And, by transition, fall upon 518 The resolution as his own.t Quoth he, This gambol thou advisest Is, of all others, the unwisest ; For, if I think by law to gain her, There's nothing sillier, nor vainer. . 58« 'Tis but to hazard my pretence. Where nothing's certain but th' expence ; To act against myself, and traverse My suit and title to lier favours ; And if she should, which heav'n forbid, 523 O'erthrow me, as the fiddler did. What after-course have I to take, "Gainst losing all I have at stake? He that with injury is gricv'd. And goes to law to be reliev'd, 530 Is sillier than a sottish chouse, Who, when a thief has robb'd his house. Applies himself to cunning men, To help him to his goods agen ;t * Such as steal out of other men's works, and abuse the au- thors they are beholden to, are like highwaymen, who abuse those whom they rob. Or perhaps sinkins may mean stooping, or diving with the hand to reach a person's pocket. I'ickpock 8ts in partnership may be apt to sink or conceal part of the booty from their companions. But I must refer to the I5o\v-strect Vo- cabulary. [The meanins; is simply the plagiarist conceals his robljerv as the pickpocket does his.] I Dr! Thomas Burnet says, Libentius auscultamus rationibus et argumentis a nobis ip«is inventis, quam ab aliis propositis; ul, cum sententiam mutamus, non tarn ab aliis vicli, quam a nobis- met ipsis edocti, id fecisse videamur. t The misfortunes of too many will incline them to subscribe to the truth of this e.\cellent observatiim. The word chews, ot chouse, is derived either from the French, ^aus.9cr, to cheat oi laugh at, or from the Italian, ff-offo, a fool. In Mr. Butler's .MS. aniler these lines, are many severe strictures on lawyers. IMore nice and subtle than those wire-drawers Of equity and justice, common lawyers ; Who never end, l)Ut always iirunc a suit To make it bear the greater store of fruit. As laboring men their hands, criers their lungs, Porters tlieir backs, lawyers hire out their tongues A tongue to mire and gain accustomed long, Grows quite insensible to right or wrong. Canto ih.] IIUDIBRAS 459 When all he can expect to gain, 535 Is but to squander more in vain : And yet I have no other way, But is as difficult to play ; For to reduce her by mala force Is now in vain ; by lair means, worse ; 5M But worst of all to give her over, 'Till she's as desp'rate to recover : For bad games are thrown up too soon, Until they "re never to be won ; But since I have no other course, StS But is as bad t' attempt, or woi-se, He that complies against his will. Is of his own opinion still. Which he may adhere to, yet disown. For reasons to himself best known ; 550 But 'tis not to b' avoided now, For Sidrophel resolves to sue ; Whom I must answer, or begin, Inevitably, first with him ; For I've receiv'd advertisement, 558 By times enough, of his intent ; And knowing he that first complains Th' advantage of the bus'uess gains ; For courts of justice understand The plaintiir to be eldest hand ; 560 Who what he pleases may aver, The other nothing till he swear ;* Is freely admitted to all grace, And lawful favour, by his place ; And, for his bringing custom in, 565 Has all advantages to win : I, who resolve to ovei-see No lucky opportunity. Will go to council, to advise Which way t' encounter, or surprise, 570 And after long consideration, Have found out one to fit th' occasion, Most apt for what I have to do, As counsellor, and justice too.t The humorist thnl would have had a trial With one that did but looli upon his d'.al, And sued him but for tellin;; of his clocl;, And saying, 'twas too fast, or slow it struck, • An answer to a bill of chancery is always upon oath ; — 6p> alloc not so. t It is probable that the poet had an eye to some particuUf 39 iGO IltDinilAS. IPaktoi And truly so, no doubt, lie was, 573 A lawyer fit for such a case. An old dull sot, who told the clock,* For many years at Bridewell-dock, At Westminster, and Hicks's-hall, And hiccius doctiust play'd in all ; 580 Where, in all governments and times, He 'ad been both friend and foe to crimes, And us'd two equal ways of gaining, By hind'ring justice, or maintainin- oi truly, an advert) of asseveration. Ains- worlh thinks it a kind of oath, as if per Mariaiii — A kind of ex- pletive without much meaning, tlioujih i)erhai)S the petlifoggci might wish tube arch on the word marry. t An action of trover is an action brought for irecovery of a man's goods, when wrongfully detained by another, and con- verted to liis own use. X Swear that a crime was committed by him against th( ^nblic peace, or peace of the state Canto hi.] IIUUIBRAS. 4r.3 As licart can wish, and nocd not sliame Tlio j)roii(k'st man alive to claim: For if til' liave us'd you as you say, Marry, quoth I, God give you joy ; 680 I wou'd it were my case, I'd give More tlian I'll say, or you'll believe : I wou'd so trounce her, and her purse, I'd make her kneel for better or worse ; For matrimony, and lianging here, 685 Both go by destiny so clear,* That you as sure may pick and choose. As cross I win, and pile you lose : And if I durst, I wou'd advance As much in ready maintenance,! 690 As ujjon any case I've known ; But wo that practice dare not own : Tlic law severely contrabands Our taking bus'ncss oft' men's hands ; 'Tis common barratry, that bcarst 695 Point-blank an action 'gainst our ears, And crops them till there is not leather, To stick a pen in left of cither ;§ For which some do the summer-sault, And o'er tlio bar, like tumblers, vault :|| 700 But you may swear at any rate. Things not in nature, for the state ; For ia all courts of justice here A witness is not said to swear, * See P. ii. c. i. v. 839. Ames, in his Typognphical Antiqui- ties, first edition, p. 157, mentions a book printed by Rot)ert Wyer, 1542, entitled, Mislery of Iniqiiite, where we may read: Trewly some men tliere l)e That lyve always in f;reat horroiire, And say it gotli hy destenye To han^ or wed, both hatli one houre ; And whether it l)e, I ain well sure, Hanpyn^'e is better of the twain. Sooner done, and shorter payne. \ Maintenance is the unlawful upholding of a cause or person, or it is tlie buyins or oblaininf; prclcncieil rights to lands. } Barratry is the coinmon and unlawful stirring up of suits or quarrels, either in court or elsewhere. ^, Most editions read pin, but the author's corrected copy Bays pen ; it being the custom of clerks in office, and writers, to stick their pen behind their ears when they do not employ it in writing. II Summer-sault, sout)resaut, throwing heels orer heaiJ, a feat of activity pprfurined by tumblers. When a lawyer has been (guilty of luisconiluct. and is not allowed to practise in theccurts, ae is said to be thrown o\& the bar. ^G4 IILDIBRAS. ri'AKT lu. But make oatli tliat is, in plain terms, 705 To forge wliatever he affirms. I tiiauk you, quotli liie Knight, for that, Because 'tis to my purpose pal — For justice, tho' slie's painted hlind, Is to the weaker side inclin'd, 710 Like charity ; else right and wrong Cou'd never hold it out so long. And, like blind fortune, with a sleight, Conveys men's interest and right. From 'Stiles's pocket into Nokes's,* 713 As easily as hocus pocns ;t Plays fast and loose, makes m«n obnoxious ; And clear again, like hiccius doctius. Then whether you would take her life, Or but recover her for your wife, 720 Or be content with what she has. And let all other matters pass. The bus'ness to the law's alone, t The proof is all it looks upon ; And you can want no witnesses, 725 To swear to any thing you please. That hardly get their mere expenses. By th' labour of their consciences. Or letting out to hire their ears To affidavit customers, 730 At inconsiderable values, To serve for jurymen or tales.§ Altho' retain'd in th' liardest matters Of trustees and administrators. For that, quoth he, let me alone ; 735 We 've store of such, and all our own. Bred up and tutor'd by our teachers, Th' ablest of all conscience-stretchers.|l That's well, quoth he, but I should guess. By weighing all advantages, 740 * FirtUious names, sometimes used in stating cases, issuing writs, &c. t Words profanely used by jugglers, if derived, as some sup pose, from hoc est corpus. i A better reading perhaps is, The bus'ness to the law's all one. $ Talesmen are persons of like rank and quality with sue 3f the principal panel as do not appear, or are challenged; and wlio, happening to be in court, are taken to supply their places M iurymen. Ij' Mr. Downing and Stephen Marshal, whc absolved from theif eatVs the prisoners released at Brentford. Canto hi.] IIUDIBIIAS. 165 Your surest way is first to pitch Oil Bongey for a water-witch ;* And when y' have haiig'd tiie conjurer, Y' have time enough to deal with her. In til' int'rini spare for no trepans, 74S To draw iier necls. into tlie bunns ; Ply her with love-letters and billets, And bait 'em well for quirks and quillets, t With trains t' inveigle, and surprise Her heedless answers and replies ; 750 And if she miss the mouse-trap lines. They'll serve for other by-designs ; And make an artist understand. To copy out her seal, or luiud ; Or find void places in the pai>er, 75f To steal in something to entrap her ; Till, with her worldly goods and body. Spite of her heart she has indow'd ye: Retain all sorts of witnesses. That ply i' th' Temple, under trees ; 760 Or walk the round, with knights o' th' posts,? About the cross-legg'd knights, their hosts ;Tal irort ; *Oif£t ; ^AiJupi'a. Menand. Iragni. IT Suppose we read, as in some editions, IVith xhich as pkiUcrs love commands. d82 THE LADY'S ANSWER. That force 'em t' intermarry and wed, ISS As if th' were burying of the dead ; Cast earth to earth, as ill the grave. To join in wedlock all they have. And, when the settlement 's in force, Take ah the rest for better or worse ; 130 For money has a pow'r above The stars, and fate, to manage love,* Whose arrows, learned poets hold. That never miss, are tipp'd with gold.t And tho' some say, the parents' claims 135 To make love in their children's names,{ Who, many times, at once provide The nurse, the husband, and the bride, Feel darts and charms, attracts and flames. And woo, and contract, in their names, 3 4C And as they christen, use to marry 'em ; And, like their gossips, answer for 'em ; Is not to give in matrimony. But sell and prostitute for money. 'Tis better tiian their own betrothing, 145 Who often do 't for worse than nothing ; And when they 're at their own dispose, With greater disadvantage choose. All this is right ; but, for the course You take to do 't, by fraud or force, 1 50 'Tis so ridiculous, as soon As told, 'tis never to bo done,§ • Et genus et forniam regina Pecunia donat, Ac bene nummatum decorat Siiadela Vennsqne. Hor. Epist. lib. i. vi. 37. 'Eyu> y viTi\a^ov xpriaijiovi tvai Btoi; T' apyvptov ijiitv xai to xpvaiov iidvov- Menand. Frag t In Ovid's Metamorphose?, i. 468, Cupid employs two ar- rows, one of gold, and the other of lead : the former causing eve, the lalter av, rsion. Eque sagittifera prornpsit duo tela pharetra fiiversorum operiun : flight hoc, ficit ilUid aniorem. ftuod facit auratuin est, et cuspide fulget acuta: Ciuod fugat obtusuni est, et habet sub arundine plumbum. I Though it is thus printed in all the copies I have seen, yel claim and name should seem a better reading, toavfiiil false con- tord •■ for claim is the nominative case to Is in verse 143. ^ deep. i. c. ii. I. G7G: Shall dictum factum both be brought To condign p>:nishment THE LADY'S ANSWER. 483 No more than setters can betray,* That fell wliat tricks llioy are to play- Marriage, at best, is but a vow, ISI VVliicii all men eitlier break or bow; Tlien what will those forbear to do, Who perjure when they do but woo? Such as beforehand swear and lie, For earnest to their treachery, 160 And rather than a crime confess, With greater strive to make it less: Like tiiieves, who, after sentence past, Maintain their inn'cence to the last ; And when their crimes were made appear, 163 As plain as witnesses can swear. Yet when the wretches come to die, Will take upon their death a lie. Nor are the virtues you coufess'd . T' your ghostly father, as you guess'd, 170 So slight as to be justify 'd. By being as shamefully deny'd ; As if yon thought your word would pass. Point-blank on both sides of a case ; Or credit were not to bo lost 175 B' a brave kniglit-crrant of the post, That eats perfidiously his word, And swears his ears thro' a two-inch board :t Can own the same thing, and disown, And perjure booty pro and con ; 180 Can make the Gospel serve his turn, And help him out to be forsworn ; When 'tis laid hands upon, and kist, To be betray'd and sold, like Christ. These are the virtues in whose name 185 A right to all the world you claim. And boldly challenge a dominion, In grace and nature, o'er all women ; Of whom no less will satisfy, Thau all the sex, your tyranny : 190 * Setter, a term frequent in ths comedies of tlic l.ist century : snnielifnes it seems to lie a piinp, sonsetiiiies H spy, liiU most usually an atlene\ ond 15 ictria, and says Ihiit, "A former emperor travelled into Egypt, where being "present at divine service, he asked who thuse persons were "that stood before the bishop? .^nd beim; told they should be liriests, he said, he wimld no more be callcil king, nor emperor, " but priest; ami would have the name of him that came first ''out of the priests, and was called Jdin. and so liave ali the 'emperors since been called Prester John " — Cap. 1)9. THE LAD^ S ANSWER. 481 And a;o the licavenly veliicles O' til' spirits ill all conventicles:* By us is all commerce and trade Improv'd, and nianarr'd, and dccay'd: For nothing can go olFso well, 305 Nor bears that price, as what we sell. We rule in ev'ry public meeting. And make men do what wo judge fitting ;+ Are magistrates in all great towns. Where meu do nothing but wear gowns. 31b We make the man of war strike sail, And to our bras'cr conduct veil, And, when lie 'as chas'd his enemies, Submit to us upon his knees. Is there an officer of state, 31i Untimely rais'd, or magistrate, That's liauglity and imperious ? He's but a journeyman to us. That, as lie gives us cause to do't, Can keep him in, or turn liim out. 320 We arc your guardians, that increase, Or waste your fortunes how we please ; And, as you humour us, can deal In all your matters, ill or well. 'Tis we that can dispose alone, 325 Whether your heirs shall be your own ; To whose integrity you must. In spite of all your caution, trust ; And, less you fly beyond the seas, Can fit you with what heirs we please ; 330 And force you t' own them, tlio' begotten By French valets, or Irish footmen. Nor can the rigorousest course Prevail, unless to make us worse ; Who still, the harsher we are ns'd, 335 Are further ofTfrom b'ing reduc'd ; And scorn t' abate, for any ills. The least punctilio of our wills. Force does but whet our wits t' apply Arts, born with us, for remedy, 340 Wliich all your politics, as yet, * As pood veliicles at least as the cIoHk-bag, which wa« sa'd lo have conveyeil the SHriie from Rome to the cimncil ot'Trent. t A ureal |):irt of what is here said on the poliiical influence of women, was aimed at the court of Charles II., or perhaps at the wife of General Monk. 4S8 THE LADY'S ANSWER. Have ne'er been able to defeat : For, when ye 've try'd all sorts of ways, What fools do we mukc of you ia plays? Wliile all the favours wo atibrd, 3iS Are but to girt you witii the sword, To fight our battles in our steads, And have your brains beat out o' your licads Encounter, in despite of nature, And fijrlit, at once, witli fire and water, 350 With pirates, rocks, and storms, and seas. Our pride and vanity t' a[)pease ; Kill one another, and cut throats, For our good graces, and best thoughts ; To do your exercise for honour, 355 And iiave your bruius beat out the sooner; Oi crack'd, as learnedly, upon Things that are never to be known : And still appear the more industrious. The more your projects are prepost'rous, 360 To square the circle of the arts, And run stark mad to shew your parts ; Expound the oracle of iaws, And turn them which way we see cause ; Be our solicitors, and agents, 365 And stand for us in all engagements. And these are all the mighty pow'rs You vainly boast to cry down ours ; And what in real value's wanting. Supply with vapouring and ranting: 370 Because yourselves are terrify "d, And stoop to one another's pride • Believe we have as little wit To be out-hector'd, and submit : By your example, lose that right 375 In treaties, which we gain'd In fight :* And terrify'd into an awe. Pass on ourselves a salique law ;t * England, in every period of her history, has been thought more successful in war Ihan in negotiation. Congreve, rc-flecling npon queen Anne's last ministry, in his Epistle to Lord Cobham, iays: Be far that guilt, he never known that shame, That llritaiii should retract her rightful claim, Or stain with jitn the triumphs of her sword I t The salique law detnr'! the succession of females to some Inheritances. Thus knights' fees, or lands hnldcn of the crown by knights' service, are in some parts, as the learned Seldcn ob- THE LADY'S ANSWER. 480 Or, as some nations use, give place, And truckle to your niii^hty race: 380 Let men usurp 111' unjust dominiLn, As if tliey were the better women.* serves, tcrriR siilica;: males only are Hllowed to inherit snch Ituuls, liecause ilie females cannot pertiinii the servli es for wliicli they are granted. See Seldcn*!) n.)tcs on the seventeenth gong of Drayton's I'olyolhion. The French have extended this law to the inheritance of the crown itself. See Shuksi)uare, Henry V., Act i. scene ii. * The Lady concludes with great spirit: but it may lie thai the influence of the sex has not been much overrated by her. .Aristophanes hath two entire plays to demonstrate, ironically, the superiority of the female sex. See v. 5'.\S of the Lysislrata. in Butler's Common-place Book, are the following lines undel Ihn article Jifatarc and Xtl : The most divine of all the works of nature Was not to make the mou a joiirueytuiu is wont t' t>ni()Ujy *t INDEX TO THE NOTES. PAOC. tec iiience i>i) Achilles 1:11 Achitophel 3^*8 Acteoii 101 Ailminisirings 3.')3 Adri.uic 2-14 Allulavit haiul :i-.'7 makers 3ti Apit;it(irs 3^0 Agrippii, Sir 61, ii7» AJHX 93, 100 Albertus 194 Magnus 9S Alcoran 415 Alessandro Tassoni (Life) 21 Alexander Hales 42 ihe Great 159 Alimony 351 Alle^'urlcal explanation of IliidHiras (Life) 20 Alligators 413 Aliiiaiiac 21)2 Amazons 339 Aiiaiiram 3I!8 Aiiaxa^oias 2^3 Ancliorile 3-13 Animalia 1(19 Animals bandy'd balls t?2 Aiithroposoplms 01 Anilpalliies, perverse 45 Antwerp 257 Apocryphal 3!ir> Ap 331 Chitterlings •■ 85 Chous'd 295 Chronical 289 Church discipline 105 dragoons 373 mililant 44 Circulation 289 Clapper-cl;",wing 220 Classic 74 Classics 208 Clergy of her belly 342 Cloistered friars 339 Coals, price of 384 Cold iron 127 Colon 100 Comets 40,84 Commendation uinepence .">7. Commissioners H>4 Conunittee-men 3f HI Commuted 318 Conclave 427 Conjurers 270,279 Conscience 35-1, 309 Constellations 270,288 Conventicle 427 Conventicles 487 Cook 433 Copernicus 200 Cordeliere 48 Cornets 400 Cornwall 259 Corrupted texts 308 Cotton's travesty (Life) •• 23 Cough 38 Course without law 307 Coursing (Life) in the schools . 11 422 Covenant 70 Covins 484 Cow-itch 2.35 Coy 342 Cravat 165 Crete, queen of 192 Creiisa 89 Crincam 335 Cromwell 77,224,249 Crony 350,423 Crooked sticks 399 Cross and pile 334 the cudgels 370 Crowdero • 34, 85 Crowley, poet 88 Cucking-stool 24^ Culpepper 2.'5S Culprits 301 Cup, ancient 59 Cupid. 138 Curmudgin 236 Curry Curule wit 235 69 INI EX. 4&3 PAGE. .. Ill .. 71 Cul-pjrse ■ Cynarcuiiiiurchy Daeeer 52 Daliliihs 41(1 Damon 418 Oazzliiiji-room 312 Pea(l lidises . — 3:i2 Dee, Dr 201 Demosthenes 4(1 Denhaiii, Sir John 2(i8 Deodiind 4HI Desbormijrh 3H0 3(i'.) 277 32] 375 1G9 Devil's ilam lookingtilass • Devvtry Dial... Dialeclic-i; Diastole 205 Diego, Don 8C Dighy, Lord 104 Sir Kenelm (I.ile) 25 Pighte.l 1.57 Diogenes J5'.l, 3.'ii) DIomedes Kll Directory KKi, 237 Discretion lf^5 Disparata 174 Dispose 05 Dissenters 414 Dividends 370 Diurnals 180 Doctor, epidemic 94 Doctor's hill 65 Dog-boll 178 Doll, common 3!)0 Dolts 393 Donship 444 Donzel 274 Double rhymes (Life) •••• 27 Doublets 201 DniKon's tail 271 Drazels 345 Dream, erroneous 377 Drill'd 143 Drudging ■ 52 Druids 293 Drum heads 3l)5 Dry-nursed by a bear .... 87 Ducatoon 132 Dudgeon 33, 52 Dua 431 Scotus 42 Dunstau 27C Earls Crooinbe (Life) 11 Ears, inward 315 long ones 35 Echo 134 Efficace 394 Egyptians worship dogs . • 72 That. Eggs 243 rotten 306 l';ienchi 109 Kl.phant 106 Klf ,V24 Elysium 312 Empcdoclcs 80 Enchantment 277 Engagement 222 Engine 191 Ensconc'd 14'; Entity and quiddity 41 Epistola; obsc.urorum viro- rum (Life) 23 Errant 44 Erra I'atcr 40 Eratosthenes 270 Essex 223 Et cetera, oath •••. 109 Execution 315 Exempts 394 Exigent 346 Exigon ts .52 Ex officio 229 Expedient 204, 391 Extend 450 Extract nundicrs out of matter 03 Facet 201 Fadg'd 369 Fame 179 Fanatics 359 Fantastic 189 Fantastical advowtry 321 Fate 2.>2 Fears 34 Feathers 150 Fellow 93 Fern 440 Fight again 449 Fig-tree (Life) 22 Fines 343 Fisher's Folly 407 Fisk 268 Fitters 313 Fleetwood 380 Florio 211 Floud 01 Forlorn hope 363 Four seas 331 Frankpledge 229 Free will 45 Fulhams 203 Gabardine 145 Galenist • 457 Gallows-tree 268 Ganzas 285 Gaolers, Roman 329 Gauntlet, blue HI i9i INDEX. PAGE. . 3-11 . 28-2 . 349 . 28S . . 235 Generation Genetlil'iHCS Geoniancy Geometry George-a-Green Georjie, Sir or saint • Gihellines 39!) Gills 243 Gizzards 398 Glass 333 Glassy bul.ble 23-2 Weaves 393 Glow-worni 371 Goats 398 Gondil)ert 99 Goropins Becanus 43 Gossip jai Grass Jdl Greasy liyht 251 Greece 284 Green-hastings 3(15 Greenland 333 Green-tnen 334 Greshanicarts 3r)3 college 3:)8 Grey, Or. (Life) IG Grind her lips upon a mill 201 Grizel 113 Grosled, Holiert 2lil) Groves 381 Guells 399 Gymnosophist 259 Halierdaslier Habergeon riah-nab Hallowing carriers' packs and bells Halter pri)of Hampden Hans-iowns Hardikniiie Hard words Hares Harpocrates Flarrison Haunches Hayley (Life) Hazlerig Heart-breakers Hebrew roots Hector Heir apparent Helmont Hemp-plot Henderson Heraclides (l^ife; Herald ~ Hermetic Uiccius Doctius faoK High places •. 301 Hight 4l.25f. Hint 307 Hipparchus (Life) 24 Hoccan)ore 451 Hoctis-pocus 4t)4 Hofborn :{89 Holders-forlh 423 Holidays 381 Holland 77 Hollow flint 264 Honor 233 Honor's teiii|ile 208 Hook or Crook 408 Horary inspection 2il4 Horseman's weight 379 Horse-shoe 2i>4 Hose 300 Hudibras, his name 32 Hugger-mugger 137 Hughson 423 Huns 9-2 Hurricane 371) llypocondres 285 Idus Ignritius 395, Ignis ("aluus Implicit aversion generation Iniprimitur lor lludibras (I^ile) Independents Indian magician plantations widows Indians liiught for nirnkeys* teeth Infant Ingenuity and wit Ingram, Nir. (Life) Iiijunclion, original (Life) Intelliiiible world Intelligences Influences Irish, wild Iron lance Ironside Issachar 291 4.33 50 J97 331 12 5? 270 270 332 293 203 30 13 (W 270 "(iO 297 348 3U4 Jacob's staff 286 .lealousics 34 .lefTcries, Thomas (Life).. 11 Jesuits 227 Jimmers, Sarah 298 Jlaying with his cat 30 Moon 213,262 Moral men 376 Mordicus 72 Morpion 326 Mother wits 471 Music malleable 44 Nab. mother Naked truth Napier Nash National Navel Nebuchadnezzar . Necromantic iVegus Neile New-enlightened men • • Nick Night Nimmcrs .Nine-worthiness Nock Noel, Sir Martin Nokes, Joan of 400 445 ,387 301 74 44 4()7 254 187 306 372 355 350 298 119 49 431 196 INDEX. PAOE. Number of the beast 404 Nuntlieons 51 Niirenberg, Eiisebiiis 85 Nurse, to • 30G Nurture 305 Nye 390,472 Oaths Ob Ochaiii, William • Old (logs, young • Testament women Oliver Cromwell Onslaught Opposition Orcades Ordeal Ordinances 72, Oricen (Mfe) Orsin 80, Os sacrum Ovation Owen Owl Athenian Oxford (Life) Lord (Life) Padders Palmistry Paper lanthorn I'aracelsian Paracelsus 85, Paradise, bird of on earth seat of Parliament, female Paris, garden Piirlhians 130, Patents Pawns Paws, liears suck them . • . Paying poundaiie Pearce, Dr. Zachary (Life) Pecca(!illos Pegu, emperor of Pendulum Penguins Penitentials Penthesile Perfection-truths Pernicion Perpendic'lars Perriwigs 156, Persia Petard Petitions Pelronel Pharsalia Philip and Mary 333 422 42 307 415 328 377 142 232 397 312 227 '26 133 430 244 396 283 286 11 30 364 301 211 457 264 269 341 42 212 88 471 89 339 92 381 14 360 86 296 82 209 97 122 164 296 ,472 86 337 107 114 83 334 Philips. Sir Richard Philo {Uff.}..-- Philters Physiognomy of grace .... Picqueer Picture, iich of Pie-pov.der Pigeons, eastern Pigs Pigsncy Pipkins Pique 403, Pithy saws Plagiaries Planetary nicks Platonic lashing Plato's year Pope Pope's ball Populia Port cannons Po, spirit Postulate illation Potentia Potosi Poundage of repentance •• Powdering tubs Presbyterians •••• .n5, 102, Prester John Pretences to learning ridi- culed (Life) . . ■ Pride, Sir 42.3 Prior(Life) Priscian Privilege, frail Proboscis •• • Proclus fLife) Proletarian Promethean powder -■• Prophecies Protestation Ptolemies Public faith Pug-robin Pulpit Punese Punk Purchas's Pilurim (fiife) Purging comfits Purposes Purtenance Pygmalion Pyrrhus, King Pythagoras Pythias 349 26 312 KA 389 67 229 179 415 198 164 411 268 458 277 320 308 398 loa 73 150 357 207 41 322 361 410 106 486 ,433 20 225 "71 205 26 70 143 381 222 434 o->4 358 35 326 34 25 138 345 138 139 186 279 418 Quacks of government ••• 335 Quail'd 135 Quartile 292 j (iueen of night 355 iQuerpo .■ ■" -M? INDEX. 407 PAGE. I Question and command . . 3-16 nalivily of 65 Quillets 465 Quint of Generals 4:i-2 Quirks 465 Rabbins 220 Ralph 55 Ranks 450 Ranter ]7] Ratiocination 169 Read a verse 313 Recant 222 Rod-coat seculars 382 Reformado 372, 420 Reformation 104 godly thorough 44 puppet play ... 64 Relijrion 3138 Render 311 Replevin 478 Ribbons 202 Ride astride 98 Riding dispensation .. 315, 357 Rimnion 402 Rinaldo 454 Ring 382 Robbers 2.^7 Rochets 393 Rods of iron 384 Romances 80 Romulus 378 Rooks 38 Rosemarj' 210 Rosycrucian 02,441 Rota-men 299 Rovers 343 Round table 30 Royalists 375 Ruiiip 380,434,436 Russell, Sir William (Life) 9 Safetv Saints bell Saint Martin's beads Sali(iue law Saltinbancho Samlienites Sand-bags Saruni Satire jMenippie (Life) .... Saturn 2.59,273, Sausage -maker Saxon duke Scaliper Sceptic Scire facias Sconce Scribes 380 363 351 479 488 295 434 371 258 109 22 2gl 429 185 290 234 346 317 164 PAOB Scrimansky 9i Scriptures express on every subject 74 Scrivener 132 Pccchia rapita (Life) 21 Second-hand intention ... 275 Secret ones 38-1,399 Secular prince of darkness 299 Sedgwick 272 Selden (Life) ]2 Self-denying 119, 128 ordinance 119, 128 Semiramis 205 Sergeants 1()5 Serpent at the fall 44 Set 332 Shaftesbury, earl of 385 Shilling 334 Sickle 204 Sidrophel 2.55 , epistle to 304 Sieve and shears 96, 274 Signatures 323 Silk- worms 337 Sing a verse 313 Sirt.ame of saint 384 Sir Sun 88 Skimniington 239 Skull. Indian 197 Slush'd sleeves 39 Slates, figured 2(54 Slubberdegullion 155 Sniectymnuus 165 Snuff enlightened 58 Society Royal (Life) 25 Socrates 170 Sollers 422 Somerset, protector 81 Soolerkin 374 Soothsayers 291 Sorc'rers • 256 Spaniard whipped 54 Spiritual order 373 Sporus 241 Squirt-fire 419 Stalii)rdshire 09,85 Stains 188 Stand-stable 138 State-cauielion 38C Statute 480 Stave and tail 87 Staved 131 Steered by fate 76 Slentrophonic voice 310 Sterry, Peter 377 Stiles, John of 33 Stone, heavens made of .. 58 Stools S6 Stralfiird, earl of 268 Stum 199 Stygian ferry 377 198 INDEX. Stx-^rian sophister Puocussaiion Piuiden death Sur, 277 90 381 265 Taird 131 Tails 200 Tales 404 Taliacotius 43 Talisman 59 Talismanique louse 325 Tarsel 209 Tartar 154 Taw'd 211 Telescope 269 Ten-horn'd cattle 417 Termagants 98 Third estate of souls 384 Thirty tyrants 218 Thomas Aquinas 42 Thumb 382 Titters 312 Tiresias 02 Toasts 210 Tobacco-stopper 271 Toledo 51 Tollutalion 82 Toothache 203 Toltipotlonioy 234 Trait 210 Triers 104 Trisons 291 Trine 292 Trismegistus 279 Triumph 239 Troth 188 Truckle-bed 219 True-blue Presbyterian... 44 Trulla 97 Trustees 38 covenanting 302 Truth 41,280 Tully 210 Turks 91,98 Tuscan running-horse .... 438 Two-fool trout 252 Tycho Brahe 40 Tyriaa queen 5C PASK Unsanctified trustees 371 Ullcgation 302 Varlct 192 Vermin 308 Vespasian 248 Vessel 313 Vestal nuns .339 Villain 33] Vinegar 206 Virgo 273 Vitilitigation 169 Vizard bead 346 Waller, Sir William 103 WalHUt-shell 204 Warbeck, Perkin 194 Warders 286 Warwick, earl of 93 Washing 136 Water- w itch IW, 405 Welkin 179 Wesley, Mr. Samuel (Life) 17 Whachum 206,273 Whale 271 Whetstone ISO Whiffler 241 Whinyard 144 Whistles 246 White 216 sleeves 354, 393 Whittington 305 Whv not 237 Wight 35 Wild, Sergeant 411 Will 383 Windore 193,232 Winged arrows 455 Witches 230,2.56 I.apland 231 Witherington 130 Withers 06 Wizards 355 Woodstock 258 Words congealed ia north- ern air 41 debased and hard . 40 new 40 WorUings-out 391 Wrest, in Bedfordshire (Life) 12 Wrestlers, Greek and Ro- man 93 Years of blood 404 Veil 146 Yerst 157 Zany 200 Zenith 270 Zodiac-cons'.ellBtion 291 Zoroaster 27« UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. REC'O iSi ::3iim FEB 4 VaTi % flPJ? 61981 r;^- 10m-7,'70(N8464s8)-Z-53 3 1158 01131 5941 Ursi)MTHiH«;H[ (,[')•;.'>[ I [|!f!ARY ( Af'lL ITV AA 000 754 709 4 ?/^''^"i"-L"'-;r~;~'"