BANCROFT LIBRARY TESTIMONIALS AND RECORDS, TOtJETHKK WITH AHtiiiMKNTS IN FAVOR OF SPECIAL ACTION |> FOR Of it TRIBES: OK. K. WH1TK, OF SAN FA?5?1SCU. I'RINTKI) r,Y I{. A. WATERS. 1861. TESTIMONIALS AND RECORDS, TOGETHER WITH ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF SPECIAL ACTION FOR OUR I3STDIA.N TRIBES: BY DR. EV OP SAN FRANCISCO. WASHINGTON : PRINTED BY R. A. WATERS. 1861. inarc .t/aoy PREFACE. One of the leading objects of this pamphlet, is to ar rest and direct attention to the condition of our Western Indian tribes, in hopes thereby to procure from the present Administration, such measures as shall tend to their relief ; and advancement in the paths of reform and civilization. And should any, after an examination of the views of my friends ; a scanning of my past record, and con sidering my experience and observation ; .acquired from a residence of twenty-five years upon the Pacific Coast ; think my views entitled to a sufficient consideration; I will feel obliged if they will give them a perusal. They will find remarks upon their present condition ; and the Author's views of what ought to be done by this Administration, commencing on page 81. ,W CONTENTS. Page. A Note from His Excellency, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, to Honorable "William P, Dole, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. . 5 Reply of Commissioner Dole, recommending Dr. White for a Mission or Special Agency over Indian Affairs on the Pacific coast 5 Senator Foot's full and entire concurrence 6 Comments of Ithaca Journal and Advertiser on the nomination 6 National Republican at Washington 6 From the American Citizen, Ithaca, New York 7 Letter from Honorable Henry R. Schoolcraft to the President of the United States, showing the propriety of such special agency to the Pacific coast. Letter of Mr. J. A. Rollings to Commissioner Dole, showing the great ne cessity and fitness of such agency on the Pacific coast, and strongly rec ommending Dr. White for the position , 9 Letter from the Honorable Henry R. Schoolcraft to Commissioner Dole, commending in strong terms, Dr. White for an appointment in the In dian Department on the Pacific coast 10 Letter from Governor Gilpin to Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of the Interior, recommending in clear, strong, and energetic language, the claims of Dr. White to the office of Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Gol den State 11 Letter from the Rev. Robert Kellen to the President of the United States, setting forth the reasons and necessity of a supervisory agency over Indian Affairs on the Pacific coast, and in a forcible argument urges the claims of Dr. White 11 Letter of the Honorable Benjamin Joy to William H. Seward, Secretary of State, commending very highly Dr. White for special agent of Indian Affairs 12 Letter of Samuel Love, Esq., to Hon. William H. Seward, Secretary of State, urgently recommending in strong language, Dr. White's claims to a superintendency of Indian Affairs 13 Senator Harlan's Letter to the Hon. Caleb B. Smith, recommends Dr. White as of eminent fitness and purity of character, and prays his appointment of Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California 14 Senator McDougal's Letter to Hon. Abraham Lincoln bears clear testimony in favor of Dr. White's fitness and adaptation to office of Superintendent of Indian Affairs 11 II. Letter of the Hon. Caleb Burbank to the President elect, is a high testi monial in Dr. White's favor as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Cali fornia 16 Letter of William Sherman, Esq., Chairman of the San Francisco Central Republican Club, fully concurring in all set forth by Caleb Burbank 16 Letter of State Senator McM. Shatter to President Lincoln, showing the reaions for selecting such as Dr. White for the management of Indian Affairs 16 Letter of John W. Cherry, three years Member of Assembly from San Francisco, to President Lincoln, showing why Dr. White should have the appointment of Superintendent of Indian Affairs 16 Letter of James A. Banks to Hon. A. Lincoln, President of the United States, also three years Member of Assembly, to the Legislature of Cali fornia, unites in recommendations of Dr. White 17 Letter of S. S. Tilton to the President, also several years a Member recommends strongly Dr. White's appointment 17 District Attorney Brown's Letter^to Mr. Lincoln, is very explicitly in favor of Dr. White's appointment 18 Senator Nesmith vouches for his having satisfactory performed his duties in an early day in Oregon, both to Government and people 18 Doctor Anson Dart's Testimony 18 Hiram G. Bloomer's letter of recommendation to President Lincoln 19 Recommendation of all the Republican members of the Legislature 19 State Central Committee 20 Chief of Police for the City and County of San Francisco 20 Medoron Crawford of Oregon 21 Nathan Coryell of Havana, New York 21 Hon. Charles Cook of New York to William H. Seward, Secretary of State, testifies to the high character of Dr. White as a man 22 Hon. T. Hartly Crawford's report upon Dr. White's report of April 1st, 1843 22 Dr. White's report to the War Department, spring of 1843, interesting as showing the capacities of the Indians, for civilization and fair culture gives the first laws ever enacted, read, and understood by all among them of that part of the Indian country 22 Letter of the Rev. H. H. Spaulding, Missionary to the Nez Perces, to Dr. White, answering many questions relative to Indian character, cus toms, and instincts ; and what of their capacities for civilization, &c. It will be found interesting and instructive, giving both sides of the ques tion as to Indian character 39 Second report of Hon. T. Hartley Crawford upon two reports of Dr. White, 1843 and spring of 1844 interesting as showing an improved .state of things in the Indian country, schools, &c 44 tDr. White's Report to Secretary of War, November, 1843 interesting to such as desire Indian culture and civilization, and would know of the first organization of our countrymen upon the Pacific coast. 45 in. cond Report of March 1844, gives the history of the destruction of the first Distillery alluded to by Hon. T. Hartly Crawford, also the bloody affray with the Indian brave, and the settlement with the Tribes, and relatives ........ 6S Part of the Fall Report of 1844, giving the destruction of second Distil- . lery, and settlers concurrence ... 61 Littlejohn's letter giving the improvements among the up-country Indiana, where he has been engaged 62 H. A. G. Lee's sensible report upon state of affairs among Nez Perces. Keyuse, and Wallawallas, where he was sent by Dr. White as special Agent, or safe conduct to the emigrants worthy of careful perusal 64* Hon. William Medill's Report of November, 1845, to William L. Marcy, Secretary of War, giving a glowing account of Indian schools and im provements west of the Rocky Mountains .,.... 6ft Dr. White's Report to the War Department, April, 1845 ; giving the rio- lent death of young Chief Elijah Heading, trouble of an Indian^ brave, prosperity of the Colony, &c 6f Letter of Hon. John C . Spencer, late Secretary of War, giving the circum stances of Dr. White's appointment, and commending his course as an officer of Government ...,...> 79 Action of Legislature unanimously voting Doctor White bearer of Des patches, &c., at Washington 81 Reflections upon the condition of the Indian tribes, and what ought, and must be done to improve their condition 81 INTERIOR DEPARTMENT, MAT IST, 1861. I hereby certify that the enclosed letters, recommending Dr. Elijah White, are true copies of the originals now on file in this office. JOHN F. MOORE, Copyist. TESTIMONIALS. 10, 1661. Will the Commissioner of Indian Affairs consider whether ^ Dr. White desires can be made available for good, and then/ whether the Executive has any lawful authority to do it. *A. LINCOLN. If AT tost, ISfl. . A. LINCOLN., President United Stale*. DEA?. S:?. : Dr. Las again called my attention to yoor note in relation to his appointment to a mission on the Pacific coast. I have not hesitated to recommend the appointment on the account of any objection to Dr. White. I consider him emi nently qualified for any position in the Indian service. I have, however, doubted the necessity of any additional officers to carry out his vie^-s. I have thought the Superintendent of Indian Af fairs could and should attend to the duties proposed to be per formed by him ; many others of moreexperience and better quali fied perhaps, in every way, to judge of this matter, think differ ently. I am, therefore, not only willing, but rather anxious to see the experiment tried, of having an agent or officer in that country clothed with special powers from the President, who will, uninflu enced by the pressure surrounding the local superintendents and agents, keep the Department advised of the condition of things pertaining to the Indian service in that country. He could be clothed with power to restrain both the whites and the Indians from their wicked raids upon each other. But, to do this, he must have some miiitaiy power, or power over the mili tary, and this is as necessary to prevent depredations of whites upon as of the Indians upon the whites. It is a true saying, that " it4 cheaper to feed Indians than to fight them," and '2 6 it is equally true, that our wars with them will continue BO long as wrongs, (often imaginary,) committed by individual Indians, are redressed upon the whole tribe by unauthorized bands of whites, who expect, and who have heretofore received pay for their slaugh ter of the Indians from the Treasury of the United States. I have very little doubt that a" faithful agent could bring to our knowledge sufficient cases of unnecessary expenses, to much more than reimburse the expenses incurred by his appointment, and which might remain unknown but for him. I will close by saying, that I have been anxious to secure the services of Dr. White and Dr. Dart in. the Department over which you have appointed me to preside. They have large experience, and, I believe, they have a clear record. I have no doubt about your having the legal power to appoint an agent of this kind, should you think proper to do so. Respectfully yours, WILLIAM P. DOLE. I entirely concur in all that is said in the foregoing letter of the Commissioner on Indian Affairs. SOLOMON FOOT. (From the Ithaca Journal and Advertiser.) We observed by a late number of the " National Repub lican," published at Washington, that Dr. Elijah White, former ly a citizen of this county, now of San Francisco, is about recei ving an important office from the administration, as a special agent of Indian affairs on the Pacific coast. * This appointment will be highly gratifying to his numerous Republican friends and former neighbors of Tompkins and Schuy- ler counties. We cannot do justice to our feelings respecting this appointment without saying, that Dr. White is eminently fit to discharge the responsible duties of the office. (From the National Republican.) " We learn that the Commissioner af Indian Affairs, has recom mended the appointment of Dr. E. White as a special agent upon our Pacific coast, to report upon measures of reform in our Indian relations in that quarter, and to be clothed with necessary powers to prevent all such collisions between the Indians and the whites as are avoidable. Both the creation of this special agency, and the designation of Dr. White to fill it, are made under the advice of those who best understand what a sound Indian policy requires, such as Mr. Schoolcraft, Gov. Gilpin, and others. ' A leading object of this proposed appointment, is to give to the Indian Bureau an officer on the Pacific coast, not likely to be reached by the local influences which may affect the judgment and action of resident supritendents and agents. The present Commissioner of Indian Affairs evidently means to make an earnest endeavor to correct the abuses which have grown up in the widely extended and constantly increasing branch of the public service, placed under his charge. If he fails, it will not be from the lack of courage, decision, and administrative ability, all of which he possesses in an eminent degree, but because the abuses are in themselves irremediable. It is not wonderful that many think them so, from their long standing, but we do not des pair of their yielding to a wise and faithful treatment. " Dr. White went to Oregon in 1836, as a surgeon and physi cian attached to the mission sent there by the M. E. Church, and which was the first mission sent to Oregon. In 1842, he was charged by the Government at Washington with the control of Indian affairs in Oregon, in which he continued until 1846, to the entire acceptance of Hon. T. Hartley Crawford, Hon. T. J. Porter and Hon. William Medill, who were severally at the head of the Indian Bureau during that period, and his labors were specially acknowledged in a report from Hon. J. C. Speneer, Secretary of War. " Dr. White's appointment in 1842, was tendered by the Govern ment at the instance of the late Senator, Dr. Linn. In 1846, he gave up the appointment, in order to visit Washington, as a repre sentative of the interests of Oregon, having been unanimously des ignated to do so, by the provisional Legislature of that Territory." (From the American Citizen.) ITHACA, N. Y. The Doct. White here mentioned, is Dr. Elijah White, who came to this county when about twenty years of age, and remained a citizen, residing generally in the town of Lansing, with occasi onal interruptions, ingoing to Oregon, until 1849 ; when he went to California in a company formed under his auspices at this place. Few men have passed through a more varied experience in connection with Indian life, and few can be better qualified for the agency, with which it is proposed to invest him. He is thoroughly acquainted with the Indian character, and knows precisely what policy is most proper to be adopted in respect to that unfortunate race. The adventures through which he has passed, furnish a sufficient guaranty of his indomitable energy ; and superaddcd to 8 this, are integrity and tenacity of purpose. We have no right to advise, but we may express the hope that this appointment will he made. If Mr. Lincoln made no poorer appointments than this, we shall huve a rare list of public servants. WASHINGTON, D. C , MAY 27TH, 1861. HON. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President United States. SIR : I am satisfied from many years experience and observa tion, that our Indian system is defective. From the days of Gen eral Washington to the present time, our Indian tribes have been considered as a race entitled to our highest benevolence and jus tice. The public policy respecting them has been more unsettled and fluctuating than any other department of the Government. For the purpose of making treaties with them, they have been re garded as foreign nations, but for all other purposes, the Govern ment has assumed to them the position of a guardian. To take care of their funds and to apply them in such manner as best to promote their education, advance in agriculture and the arts, and other means of civilization and prosperity, have been the leading object of policy. But as the objects are to be collected at a dis tance from the seat of Government, and as the tribes themselves have often removed from place to place as civilization has pressed upon them, the difficulty of the Indian administration has been complicated. Agencies of various kinds have been employed, which have riot in all cases secured the best and most efficient modes of procedure. This difficulty has been multiplied in propor tion as we have proceeded from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. In California, Oregon, and Washington, our Indian affairs have, from the beginning, assumed a peculiar character. The tribes of that coast are perhaps of an inferior mental type, at any rate, the inhabitants have treated them as such, wars and struggles be tween themselves and the emigrants have made the duties of our agents in that quarter, onerous, and the present lamentable state of affairs there is such as to demand attention from Government. I am of opinion that an agent of sound moral and mental charac ter, who is practically acquainted with the Indians and the country they occupy, if now dispatched to that region to make a report upon the tribes, missions and stations, and the best mode of lead ing them on in the paths of education and industry, the Indian Bu reau would be enabled thereby to reach some improved plan for the reclamation arid civilization of this unfortunate race, who is entitled to our noblest sympathies. I am sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT. WASHINGTON CITY, MAT 24 T n, 1861. HON. WILLIAM P. DOLE, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. SIR : My much esteemed friend Dr. E. White of San Francisco, has called my attention to a subject on which (during the past eight years,) I have thought much, and seriously ; and after reading his commendatory letters from the first men on our coast, many of whom I am well acquainted with, I take pleasure in wri ting a letter on the subject, regretting that a letter sheet is much too small a space in which to clearly show the mismanagement, and the reforms necessary in the management of our Indian af fairs on the Pacific coast, and that I am unknown to yourself, for I earnestly desire that our Pacific Indians may be fairly dealt with, and that the munificent provisions the Government has mado for these poor helpless beings, may be so dispensed as to answer the purpose intended. I was for some years doing business in the mountains of Cali fornia, (Sierra Nevada,) during which time I had ample opportu nities of noticing the effects of mismanagement, intentional or otherwise, which the condition of the poor Indians about us, too plainly showed. Subsequently my attention was drawn to the state of things in Washoe, consequent upon the overrunning of these vallies by Cali fornia miners, whilst no attention was paid to the comfort of the Pah Utes ; and Winnemacca's speech to Colonel Lander after the termination of that butchery, confirmed my impressions. Old Winnemucca said, that their seed ground had been taken from his people the whites refused to give them bread they were driven to the snowy mountains, there to starve, and the least he could do was to try to drive the whites from his country. He had failed, and now he and his people must waste away or be compensated for their lands. That speech tells sir, the true state of things amoig the tribes of our coast. Winnemucca desired to have his people taught to grow grain, make their own bread, and be supplied with the means of living peaceably and quietly amongst or near the whites. I believe the Government has so provided for all our Indian tribes ; but sir, I have seen many evidences of peculations in office. Much money was paid by the Government for food, &c. for the Indians, but the poor creatures never tasted that food in many instances. The officers appointed by this Administration may lawfully and faithfully discharge their duties, and even then, there is much at slight cost, that may be done to keep those Indians happy and peaceable, and every year their expenses grow less, until they 10 finally sustain themselves without expense to the General Govern ment. Notwithstanding the heavy sums of money that have been spent on account of the Indians on that coast, I do not believe that their condition has been improved one iota. I do not wish to be understood as charging wholesale wrong upon our Indian agents some, I believe, discharged their duties faithfully and honestly, but all did not do so, and where they did, many reforms might have been introduced successfully, if the Government had appoin ted some competent person to visit each reservation, examine its condition, see that the agents did their duties, recommend such reforms to the Department as presented themselves to his mind, make the amelioration of the condition of the poor Indian his object, the keeping of the peace between them and the whites, his object ; and always keeping in view the interests of the Govern ment, his employer. I believe such an officer on that coast, necessary ; he must be honest, faithful, and capable. Dr. E. White, who thoroughly understands the Indians, their wants and necessities, and is fully alive to the obligations of a Government officer, is pre-eminently the man for the position. I know many Indian agents, but I know none the equal of Dr. White, the kind, capable, faithful, and the just. This letter may do neither himself or the Indians any good, for I am entirely unknown by yourself, but I am sure that if you were as familiar with the condition of things on the Pacific coast as I am, you would acknowledge the truths I have presented for your consideration. During an interview with Mr. Schoolcraft of this city, I found that he argreed fully with me, that, in the ab sence of Congress, the Executive has full power to send such an officer, and I am sure the Administration will never regret it, if done ; for much money and many lives would probably be saved, by the faithful performance of this duty ; and believing that no better selection than Dr. White could be made for that position, I do not hesitate to recommend him. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, JOHN A. ROLLINGS. WASHINGTON, D. C., MAY 16ra, 1861. HON. WILLIAM P. DOLE, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. ^ SIK : I have pleasure in addressing you in reference to Dr. Elijah White. He was our first Indian agent among the tribes on the Pacific coast; and by his social, moral, and intellectual 11 character during a long residence in that region of country; ha acquired a reputation above that of any other officer of the Indian Department in that region. He is well acquainted with the In dian character, and with the policy that should be pursued respect ing them. He is well known to the Indian tribes, and would have an important influence among them. I know of no person who is so competent to execute the office of Indian affairs on the Pacific coast ; and I earnestly hope you will confer on him an ap pointment. I am sir, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT, WASHINGTON, MA-RCH 25TBP, 1861, HON. CALEB G. SMITH, Secretary of the Interior. Dr. Elijah White of San Francisco, for twenty-five years resident in Oregon and California, asks the position of " Superintendent of Indians for the State of California." Dr. White was accredited agent in Oregon for several years before the treaty of London. He performed inestimable services for a very meagre salary. I was his guest in 1843 and 1844, on the Willamette. He is entitled to the gratitude of the American people, as an energetic leader of the verj first settlement on the Pa cific. He is in all things worthy of this office ; of sterling integrity, energy, capacity, experience, and fitness. An intimate acquain tance with himself, his career, and the tenor of his useful life, all prompt me to zealously recommend him, and urge the great pro priety and justice of his appointment. Respectfully, 1 WILLIAM GILPIN. Governor of Colorado Territory. WASHINGTON CITY, D. C., JUKK 20, 1861. To His EXCELLENCY, The President of the United States HONORED SIR: I feel so strongly desirous that your great /ather-ship over the suffering Indian family, may be put upon an elevation never yet attained, and for which the poor savage is so deeply interested, that I am induced to express to you a few of the most convincing reasons for the appointment of Dr. Elijah White, as a supervisory agent of the Pacific coast. 12 From an intimate acquaintance of nearly twelve years with Dr. White, and the Indian interests of the Pacific coast, I feel com petent to say that for sterling integrity, moral worth, natural and acquired ability, extensive knowledge of, and earnest zeal for, as well indomitable energy, skill and perseverance in this enterprise, no man probably can be found in every respect, so thoroughly qualified as Doctor White his high standing among the scientific, literary, and religious bodies of the Pacific his ardent spirit and devotion, as well as unconquerable will, in this much needed re form, and with all his genial social nature imbued with this one mission of mercy his great experience and sound practical judg ment so manifest in his past federal record ; all these with many other reasons entitles him, honored sir, to your most favorable consideration ; and rest assured sir, should the imploring cries of those suffering children of the Great Father for humane and kind treatment be rendered, it will call down upon you Heaven's blessings. In my judgment, this great desideratum cannot be attained by the present agency system. There must be a government officer " over all," not a disbursing one, but an over-seer so far re moved from the various temptations attendant on the present agency system, as to ensure justice, both to Governmet and the governed. From what attention and observation I have been able to give, I am clearly of the opinion much evil might be averted and hun dreds of thousands of dollars saved to the Treasury of the United States annually in wars and other ways, by the appointment of such an officer, and the funds appropriated for the poor humbled, needy aboriginees go to the objects designed by the Government. Therefore, for this special supervisory agency I pray your most fovorable consideration ; and I trust it will be inaugurated, as I feel assured it will give an earnest of a better rule in Indian af fairs upon the Pacific coast. With highest respect, I am most sincerely, Your obedient servant, ROBERT KELLEN. Member of the California Annual Conference of Methodist Church. LUDLOWVILLE, TOMPKINS COUNTY, N. Y,, JUNE STH, 1861. HON. WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State. RESPECTED SIR : Permit me to say a word in favor of the ap- 13 pointment as " Special agent over Indian affairs for the Pacific coast," of the bearer hereof, Doctor Elijah White. From an acquaintance with Dr. White *a portion of the time, a very intimate acquaintance for about twenty years, I feel fully justified in speaking of him as eminently fitted for this position. He is not only " honest and capable," but has had large acquain tance with the Indian tribes, and possesses in a most extraordi nary degree, the qualities and qualifications to render him a most effective and successful agent* Dr. White, through a course of large experience, presents a record untarnished, and such as gives the assurance that he seeks the present appointment, not alone for the selfish purpose of promoting his awn interests, but for the object of benefiting the Indian tribes, as well as protecting the honor of the American Government. With great consideration, Your obedient servant, BENJAMIN JOY. Mr. Joy was a member of the Committee on Indian affairs in the Legislature of New York in 1856. E. W. ITHACA, FBBBLARY 'J, 1861. HON. WILLIAM H. SEWARD. DEAR GOVERNOR : Permit me the pleasure of introducing to your favorable notice Dr. Dlijah White of San Francisco, Cali fornia, who is not entirely unknown to fame. From many years personal acquaitnance, almost from boyhood, J can cheerfully bear testimony to his moral character, and standing as a man. And also the records of the Federal Government show that he has faithfully, and with distinguished ability, for several years discharged perilous, laborious, and responsible duties of sub-agent among the Indian tribes of Oregon. We can almost in truth say, that he has introduced in his own person, the imigration to, and settlement of our Pacific coast. You will observe he is desiring from the incoming administra tion, an office superintendent of the Indian tribes in the State of California. By his peculiar knowledge of the Indian character, he is well qualified to discharge its multifarious and arduous duties, with honor to himself and country. Indeed, sir, in all my acquaintance, I do not know a man so well fitted for the office, as Dr. White. He comes highly recommended from his friends and republican people of his own state. Therefore, I earnestly solicit that if you 3 14 can, consistent with public duty, after the inauguration of the President elect you will give him the influence of your distinguished name, and impress upon the appointing power his appointment. Pv so doing, you will confer a favor upon a worthy man, and which will be highly gratifying to your numerous friends of Tompkins County, his former place of residence. And I am assured that the appointment would be alike gratifying to your ardent and devoted friends of the golden State, of which he is one of your honorable admirers. Believing, also, that the time has already arrived in the history of the country when HONEST MEN are about taking possession of the Government and thus believing, I can but hope that his ap pointment, in due time, will be made. Meantime believe me to be, very truly, your friend. SAMUEL LOVE. SENATE CHAMBER, MABCH STH, 1861. HON. C. B. SMITH, Secretary of the Interior. SIR : The bearer of this note, Dr. E. White of California, de sires the office of Superintendent of Indian Affairs for that state. I have no doubt of his eminent fitness and purity of character, and hope you may find it consistent with your convictions of pub lic duty, to advise his appointment. Should you hare doubt after reading his papers, I hope action may be delayed until recommendations now on the way from Cal ifornia, may have been received and presented. Your obedient servant, JAMES HARLAN. SAN FRANCISCO, DBCEMBBE lire, 1860. HON. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States. DEAR SIR : I am aware that I pass beyond the line of estab lished authority, in undertaking to join in any recommendation to a Republican Administration, but I will offer the character and qualifications of Dr. White, (they being exceptional,) as my apol ogy- Dr. White was, at a very early day, sub-Indian agent in Oregon, and was the first to lead an emigration to that portion of our Territories. He filled the position several years, and received the 15 highest testimonials from those whose business it was to under stand the nature of his services. His past experience, and I believe his personal character, emi nently qualify him for the really delicate and difficult task he seeks to be employed about. For some years past, he has been a resident of San Francisco, and is highly^esteemed as a gentleman of intelligence and integrity. As for his political merits, his fel low Republicans will be able to speak for him. Having been called upon by Dr. White for my voice in his favor, I have felt it my duty to answer his request by this note, trusting that if it be of no service to him, as a recommendation, it will not at any rate, prejudice the just consideration to which his party recommenda tions may entitle him. Respectfully, Your obedient servant, J. A. McDOUGALL. SAN FRANCISCO, NOVEMBER 20, 1860. HON. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President elect of the U, S. of America. DEAR SIR : I have been intimately acquainted with Dr. Elijah White, of the city of San Francisco, California, for more than six years. Dr. White is a gentleman of good education, of good cha racter, and highly esteemed by the citizens of San Francisco, and by the people of the State of California. He is a gentleman of enlarged experience, good practical judg ment, and entire integrity. He is a good Republican, and during the campaign has fought the battle for Lincoln and Hamlin, and Republican principles, with a zeal and a power worthy of the cam paign of 1860. In my judgment, Dr. Elijah White, is well calculated to per form with credit to himself, with credit to your administration, and with satisfaction to the people of California, the duties of the position of superintendent of Indian Affairs in this State, or any agency thereto belonging; and with the fullest belief of his fitness, I recommend him to your favorable consideration. And, in conclusion, allow me to say, that I too am a Republican, and am a senator elect to the Legislature of this State, and I am also a personal acquaintance and friend of the Hon. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice President elect of the United States. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, CALEB BURBANK, 16 SAN FRANCISCO, NOVEMBER 24, Ho. HON. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President eUct of the U. S. of America. DEAR SIR: I have just read a letter of the Hon. Caleb Bur- bank, dated San Francisco, November 20, 1860, regarding the character, position, and abilities of Dr. Elijah White ; and from an acquaintance with the Doctor for more than five years, I am able to con6rm all therein set forth. Very respectfully, WILLIAM SHERMAN, President of Republican Central Club of San Francisco. SAN FRANCISCO, NOYEMBKR 2.-,, i860. tils Excellency, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States. SIR : The bearer of this, Dr. Elijah White, is an applicant for the office of Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California. It has been thought proper hitherto to bestow that office upon gam blers and dishonest men. We shall all agree that men of opposite character should be employed in all positions, and especially in one where the reformation of the Indian depends so much upon the personal feeling and character of his overseer. Dr. White was for some years sub-agent on this coast* under Tyler and Polk, and has a full knowledge of the duties of the place. He is also a man of first-rate reputation; His appointment will give universal satisfaction. Either of the Senators from Vermont or Wisconsin, will do me the honor, I think, to vouch for my character, as show ing the value of my recommendation. Your obedient servant, JAMES Me M. SH AFTER, State Senator for California. SAN FRANCISCO, DCEIBBH 1st, 1860. HON. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President elect of the United States. HONORED SIR : The bearer of this, Dr. Elijah White, is an ap plicant for the position of Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern District of California, and it affords me sincere pleasure to recommend him to you as a suitable person to administer the duties of that office. An experience of several years in a similar position in Oregon, has enabled him to acquire a fund of valuable practical information in relation to the management of the Indi- 17 ans peculiar to this coast, by means of which he will, if appoin ted, he able to conduct the affairs of his office, from the commence ment of his term, with credit to himself, and, as I have reason to believe, to the satisfaction of the Government. Dr. White is an upright and honorable gentleman, a consistent and hard working Republican^ and I consider him, in all respects, worthy the position to which he aspires. I am, with great respect, Your obedient servant, JOHN W. CHERRY, Assemblyman from San Francisco, 1858, '59, and '61, SAN FRANCISCO, DECEMBER HTH, 1861. HON. A. LINCOLN, DEAR SIR : For a number of years I have been well acquain ted with Dr. E. White, and know him to be an esteemed citizen, and an earnest, active, EFFICIENT Republican. Having been connected with the management of* Indian Affairs, he is well fitted for a prominent position in that Department. Yours truly, JAMES A. BANKS, Republican member of Assembly from San Francisco, for 1858, '59, amJ'61. SAN FRANCISCO, NOVEMBER 2TH, 1860. HON. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President elect of the United States of America. DEAR SIR : I nave learned -with satisfaction that Dr. Elijah White of San Francisco, is an applicant for an appointment from your Excellency* as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern District of the State of California. The Doctor was one of the earliest pioneers of the Pacific coast, having emigrated to Oregon as early as 1842, where he served the Government of the United States as Indian agent for that territory, under the administration of Presidents Tyler and Polk. From Oregon, he came to California at an early period of her history as a State, and where I have known him for several years as an honest and upright citizen, and it is with unfeigned pleasure that I recom mend him to you as an active and consistent Republican, and an excellent individual for the position he seeks from your hands. Most respectfully, Your obedient servant, S. S. TILTON, Member of Jssembh/ of State of California, and 12th scssionsISM '61, 18 SAN FRANCISCO, DBCEMUBU 27TU,1S60. To ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President elect of tl\& United States. DEAR SIR : After twelve years intimate aquaintance with Dr. E. White, I take great pleasure in recommending him as a suita ble person for Indian agent for the Northern District of Califor nia. He has had much experience among Indians, and is therefore familiar with their characteristics, having been a long time agent of Indian Affairs in the early settlement of Oregon. I know of no man who would be so likely to preserve peace be tween the whites and Indians without resort to arms. I am, with great respect, Your obedient servant, A. S. BROWN, District Attorney for city and county of San Francisco. WASHINGTON, D. G., MARCH STH, 1861. HON. JAMES HARLAN, U. S. Senator. DEAR SIR : Dr. E. White informs me, that he is an applican t for the office of Superintendent of Indian Affairs in California- While I have no desire to meddle with the appointments, I desire to say that I knew the Doctor in an early day in Oregon, and while he was connected with the Indian Department there, and believe that he discharged his duties to the satisfaction of the people and the Government. Respectfully yours, J. W. NESMITH. WASHINGTON, FEBRUARY 25rn, 1861. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States. My connection with Indian agencies in Oregon, gave me an early acquaintance with Dr. E. White, who had at an early day been sent to Oregon by the then War Department, as sub-agent of Indian Affairs. I believe Dr. White was a faithful and efficient officer, and is now well qualified to conduct Indian Affairs under the unpopular basis of peace and economy. I have the honor to be, Your obedient servant, ANSON DART, Late Superintendent. ROOMS OF THE CAL. ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, SAN FRANCISCO,. Dtcetnfar 4tfi r 18W, To his Excellency ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States. SIR : Having been personally acquainted for many years with Dr. Elijah White, (the applicant for Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Northern District of this State,) I take great plea sure in recommending him as a person fitted by experience and nature for the position he seeks. He served the Government un der President Tyler's administration in Oregon, as Indian agent and was re-appointed, notwithstanding political differences, by President Polfr. He bears letters of high order from the Hon. John C. Spencer and others belonging to the Cabinet created by the lamented President Harrison. He gave great satisfaction to the residents of what was then Oregon country. His gentle, yet firm demeanor in those early, turbulent, and un propitious times, was productive of much good, and probably saved the lives of many citizens. It is a note-worthy fact, that in les-s than six months after he resigned the post, Dr. Marcus Whitman and his family were barbarously murdered by the Indians. I will also add, that Dr. White ha's long been a member and is now a corresponding member of our Academy of Natural Sciences, in the advancement of which he feels a warm interest. I am glad that the officials of our own Government, like those of England, Germany, and France, are ready to further a knowledge of the Arts and Sciences, by a friendly co-operation with the stu dents of their various institutions of learning. I am sir, Yours with much respect, HIRAM G. BLOOMER, Curator of Botany and Treasurer of Academy of Natural Sciences SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, JANUARY 16-fff, 1861. To ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States. The undersigned, Republican members of the Legislature of California, take pleasure in recommending to your favorable con sideration, Dr. Elijah White of San Francisco, who is known to us as an ardent and devoted advocate of the principles of go the Republican party, ami 3 citizen of undoubted integrity of character. CALEB BURBANK, L A. BANKS, J. MeM. SRHAFTKH, A. W. BLAIR, T. G. PHELPS, F, F. FAGO, JOHN W. CHERRY, J. H. MORGAN, A. L. BLOMS, E. 11 HEACOCK, to cultivate their little farms, so furnishing a permanent school and congregation on the Sabbath, from four to eight months. And as the farms are enlarged, giving employment and food for the year, I trust the school and congregation will be permanent through the year. It was no small task on my time to give the first les son on agriculture. That the first men of this nation the first chiefs not excepted rose up to labor when a few hoes- and seeds were offered them, I can attribute to nothing but the unseen hand of the God of missions. That their habits are really changed is acknowledged by themselves. The men say, whereas they did not once labor with their hands, now they do j and often tell me in jesting that I have converted them into a nation of women. They are a very industrious people, and, from very small beginnings , they now cultivate their lands with much skill and to good advan tage. Doubtless many more would cultivate, but for the want of means. Your kind donation of fifty hoes, in behalf of the gov ernment, will be most timely ; and should you be able to send up the plows you kindly proposed, they will, without doubt, be pur chased immediately, and put to the best use. But to return to the school. It now numbers two hundred and twenty-five in daily attendance, half of which are adults. Nearly all the principal men and chiefs in this vicinity, with one chief from a neighboring tribe, are members of the school. A new impulse was given to the school by the warm interest you and Mr. McKay took in it while you were here. They are as industrious in school as they are on their farms. Their improvement is as tonishing, considering their crowded condition, and only Mrs* Spalding, with her dalicate constitution and her family cares, for their teacher. About one hunded are printing their own books with a pen. This keeps up a deep interest, as they daily have new lessons to print, and what they print must be committed to memory as soon an possible. A good number are now so far advanced in reading and print ing as to render much assistance in teaching. Their books are taken home at nights, and every lodge becomes a school room. Their lessons are scripture lessons no others, except the laws, seem to interest them. I send you a specimen of the books they print in school. It was printed by ten select adults, yet it is a fair specimen of a great number in the school. The laws which you so happily prepared, and which were unani mously adopted by the people, I have printed in the form of a small school book. A great number of the school now read them fluently. I send you a iew copies of the laws, with no apologies for the imperfect manner in which they are executed. Without doubt, a school of nearly the same number could be collected at Kimiah, the station above this, vacated by Mr. Smith, the present residence of Ellis, the principal chief. Number who cultivate^ Last season about one hundred and forty cultivated from one-fourth of an acre to four or five acres each. About half this number cultivate in the valley. One chief raised about one hundred and seventy-six bushels of peas last season, one hundred of corn, and four hundred of potatoes. Another one hundred and fifty of peas, one hundred and sixty of corn, a large quantity of vegetables, potatoes, etc. Ellis, I believe, raised rather more than either of the above mentioned. Some forty other in dividuals raised from twenty to one hundred bushels of various grains. Eight individuals are now furnished with plows. Thirty- two head of cattle are possessed by two individuals ; ten sheep by four. ; some forty hogs. Arts and sciences. Mrs. Spalding has instructed ten females in knitting, a majority of the female department in the schools in sewing, six in carding and spinning, and three in weaving. Should our worthy brother and sister, Mr. and Mrs. Littlejohn, join us soon, as is now expected, I trust, by the blessing of God, we shall see greater things than we have yet seen. From what I have seen in the field, the school, the spinning and weaving room, in the prayer room, and Sabbath congregation, I am fully of the opinion that this people are susceptible of high moral and civil improve ment. Moral character of the people. On this point there is a great diversity of opinion. One writer styles them more a nation of saints than of savages ; and if their refusing to move camp for game, at his suggestion, on a certain day, reminded him that the Sabbath extended as far west as the Rocky Mountains, he might well consider them such. Another styles them supremely selfish, which is nearer the truth ; for without doubt, they are the descen- 43 dants of Adam. What I have above stated is evidently a part of the bright side of their character. But there is also a dark side, in which I have sometimes taken part. I must, however, confess that when I attempt to name it, and hold it up as a marked exception to a nation in similar circumstances, without the restraint of whole some laws, and strangers to the heaven-born fruits of enlighted and well-regulated society, I am not able to do it. Faults they have, and very great ones, yet few of them seemed disposed to break the Sabbath by travelling and other secular business. A very few in dulge in something like profane swearing. Very few are super- sittiously attached to their medicine men who are, without doubt, sorcerers and supposed to be leagued with a supernatural being wakin who shows himself sometimes in the great bear, the wolf, the swan, goose, wind, clouds, etc. Lying is very common ; thieving comparatively rare ; polygamy formerly common, but now rare ; much gambling among the young men ; quarrelling and fighting quite rare ; habit of taking back property after it is sold is a practice quite common, and very evil in its tendency. All these evils, I conceive, can be traced to the want of wholesome laws and well regulated society. There are two traits in the character of this people I wish to notice. One I think I can account for; the other I cannot. It is often said the Indian is a noble-minded being, never forgetting a kindness. So far as my experience has gone with this people, the above is most emphatically true, but in quite a different sense from the idea there conveyed. It is true they never forget a kindness, but often make it an occasion to ask another; and if refused, return insults accor ding to the favors received. My experience has taught me that, if I would keep the friendship of an Indian, and do him good, I must show him no more favor in the way of property than what he returns some kind of an equivalent for; most of our trials have arisen from this source. I am, however, happy to feel that there is a manifest improvement as the people become more instructed, and we become more acquainted with their habits. This offensive trait in the Indian character I believe, in part, should be charged to the white man. It has been the universal practice of all the white men to give tobacco, to name no other article to Indians when they ask for it. Hence two very natural ideas one is, that the white man is in debt to them; the other is, that in proportion as a white man is a good man he will discharge his debt by giving bountifully of his provisions and goods. This trait in Indian cha racter is capable of being turned to the disadvantage of traders, travellers, and missionaries, by prejudiced white men. The last trait, which I cannot account for, is an apparent disre gard for the rights of white men. Although their eagerness to re ceive instruction in the school on the Sabbath and on the farm is 41 without a parallel in my knowledge, still should a reckless fellow from their own number, or even a stranger, make an attack on my life and property, I have no evidence to suppose but a vast majority of them would look on with indifference, and see our dwelling burnt to the ground and our heads severed from our bo dies. I cannot reconcile this seeming want of gratitude with their many encouraging characteristics. But to conclude this subject, should our unprofitable lives, through a kind Providence, be spar ed a few years, by the blessing of the God of missions, we expect to see this people christianized to a great extent, civilized, and happy, with much of science and the word of God, and many of the comforts of life; but not without many days of hard labor, and sore trials of disappointed hopes and nameless perplexities. And while the agency of Indian Affairs remains in the hands of the present agent, I have the fullest confidence to believe that the reasonable expectations in reference to the intercourse between whites and Indians will be fully realized by every philanthropist and every Christian. But as the Indian population is sparse, after they are abundantly supplied, there will be remaining country suffi cient for an extensive white population. The thought of removing these tribes, that the country may come wholly in the possession of the whites, can never for a mo ment enter into the mind of a friend of the red man, for the follow ing reason to name no other ; there are but two countries to which they can be removed, the Grave and theBlackfoot, between which there is no choice. Your humble servant, H. H. SPALDING, Hon. WILLIAM WILKINS, Secretary of War. Communications have been received from Dr. Elijah White, sub- agent for the Indians in Oregon Territory, dated, severally, November 15, 1843, and 18th March, 1844, (98, 99, 100.) They contain much of interest in considerable detail. The establish ment of white settlements from the United States, in that remote region, seems t be attended with the circumstances that have always arisen out of the conversion of an American wilderness into a cultivated and improved region, modified by the great ad vance of the present time in morals and benevolent and religious institutions. It is very remarkable, that there should be so soon several well-supported, well attended, and well conducted schools in Oregon. The Nez Perces tribe of Indians have adopted a few simple and plain taws as their code, which will teach them self- restraint, and ia the beginning of government on their part. It is painful, however, to know that a distillery for the manu facture of whiskey was erected and in operation west of the Rocky mountains, which, however, the sub-agent, sustained by the resi dent whites, broke up and destroyed. There was in February last an affray between a very boisterous and desperate Indian and his party and a portion of the settlers, which ended in the death of several of the combatants. This unfortunate affair was adjusted, as it is hoped, satisfactorily and permanently, by the sub-agent, though he seems to apprehend an early outbreak, I trust he is mistaken. Respectfully submitted, T. HARTLEY CRAWFORD. WILLAMETTE VALLEY, OUEGON-,. NOV. ir,, ms. Hon. J. M. PORTER, Secretary of War. HONORED SIR : Since my arrival, I have had the honor of ad dressing you some three or four communications, the last of which left early in April, conveyed by the Hudson's Bay Company's ex press over the Rocky Mountains, via. Canada, which I hope and judge was duly received. Immediately, after this, I received several communicfaticTis from missionaries of the interior, some from the Methodists, and oth ers sent out by the American board, representing the Indians in the interior as in a great state of excitement, and under much ap prehension from the circumstance that such number of whites were coming in, as they were informed, to take possession of their land and country. The excitement soon became general, both among whites and Indians, in this lower as well as upper district ; and such were the constantly floating groundless reports, that much uneasiness was felt, and some of our citizens were under such a state of apprehension as to abandon their houses, and place themselves more immediately within the precincts of the colony. As in all such cases, a variety of opinions were enter tained and expressed -some pleading for me, at the expense of the general government, to throw up a strong fortification in the centre of the colony, and furnish the settlers with guns and am munition, so that we might be prepared for extremities. Others thought it more advisable for me to go with an armed force of considerable strength to the heart and centre of the conspiracy, as it was represented, and if words will not answer, make power 46 and balls Jo it. A third party entertained different views, and few were really agreed on any one measure. As may be imagined, I felt the awkwardness of my position; but, without stopping to consult an agitated populace, selected a sensible clergyman and a single attendant, with my interpreter, and so managed as to throw myself immediately into their midst unobserved. The measure had the desired effect though, as in my report I will more fully inform you, had like to have cost me my life. The Indians flocked around me, and inquired after my party, and could not be persuaded, for some time, but that I had a large party concealed somewhere near, and only waited to get them convened, to open a fire upon, and cut them all off at a blow. On convincing them of my defenceless condition and pacific inten tions, they were quite astounded and much affected, assuring me they had been under strong apprehensions, having learned I was soon to visit them with a large armed party, with hostile inten tions, and I actually found them suffering more from fears of war from the whites, than the whites from the Indians each party resolving, however, to remain at home, and there fight to the last though, fortunately, some three or four hundred miles apart. The day following we left these Wallawallas and Keyuses, to pay a visit to the Nez Perces, promising to call on our return, and enter into a treaty of amity, if we could agree on the terms, and wished them to give general notice to all concerned, of both tribes. In two days we were at Mr. Spalding's station. The Nez Per ces came together in greater numbers than on any former occasion for years, and all the circumstances combining to favor it, re ceived us most cordially. Their improvement during the winter, in reading, writing, etc., was considerable, and the enlargement of their plantations, with the increased variety and quantities of the various kinds of grains and products now vigorously shooting forth, connected with the better state of cultivation and their universally good fences, were certainly most encouraging. Spending some days with this interesting tribe, and their devo ted missionaries, in the pleasantest manner, they accepted my in vitation to visit with me the Keyuses and Wallawallas, and as sist by their influence to bring them into the same regulation they had previously adopted, and with which all were so well pleased. Mr. Spalding and Ellis, the high chief, with every other chief and brave of importance, and some four or five hundred of the men and their women, accompanied us to Waiilaptu, Dr. Whit man's station, a distance of a hundred and twenty miles, where we met the Keyuses and Wallawallas in mass, and spent some five or six days in getting matters adjusted and principles settled, 47 so as to receive the Keyuses into the civil compact ; which being done, and the high chief elected, much to the satisfaction of both whites and Indians, I ordered two fat oxen killed, and wheat, salt etc., distributed accordingly. ****** This was the first feast at which the Indian women of this country were ever permitted to be present, but probably will not be the last ; for, after some explanation of my reasons, the chiefs were highly pleased with it ; and I believe more was done at that feast to elevate and bring forward their poor, oppressed women than could have been done in years by private instruction. The feast broke up in the happiest manner after Five-Crows, the Key use chief, Ellis, and the old war chief of whom I made par ticular mention in my last report as being so well acquainted with Clark, and a few others, had made their speeches, and we had smoked the pipe of peace, which was done by all in great good humor. From this, we proceeded to the Dalles on the Columbia river, where I spent two months in instructing the Indians of different tribes, who either came in mass, oc sent ambassadors to treat with me, or, as they denominate it, take my laws, which are thus far found to operate well, giving them greater security among themselves, and helping much to regulate their intercourse with the whites. Being exceedingly anxious to bring about an im provement and reformation among this people, I begged money and procured articles for clothing to the amount of a few hundred dollars, not to be given, but to be sold out to the industrious women, for mats, baskets, and their various articles of manufac ture, in order to get them cloathed comfortably to appear at church ; enlisted the cheerful co-operation of the mission ladies in instructing them how to sew and make up their dresses ; and had the happiness to see some twenty of these neatly clad at divine service, and a somewhat larger number out in the happiest mood to a feast I ordered them, at which the mission ladies and gentle men were present. During these two months I labored hard, visiting many of their sick daily ; and by the most prompt and kind attention, and sym- pathysing with them in their afflction, encouraging the industrious and virtuous, and frowning in language and looks upon the vic ious, I am satisfied good was done. They gave evidence of at tachment ; and my influence was manifestly increased, as well as the laws more thoroughly understood, by reason of my remaining so long among them. During my up-country excursion, the whites of the colony con vened, and formed a code of laws to regulate intercourse between themselves during the absence of law from our mother country, adopting in almost all respects the Iowa code. In this I was con- 48 fluked, and encouraged the measure, as it was so manifestly nec essary for the collection of debts, securing rights in claims, and the regulation of general intercourse among the whites. Thus far, these laws have been of some force and importance, answering well in cases of trespass and the collection of debts ; but it is doubtful how they would succeed in criminal affairs, es pecially if there should happen to be a division of sentiment in the public mind, The Indians of this lower country, as was to be expected, give considerable trouble, and are most vexatious subjects to deal with. In mind the weakest and most depraved of their race, and physi cally, thoroughly contaminated with the scorfula, and a still more loathsome disease entailed by the whites ; robbed of their game and former means of covering ; lost to the use of the bow and arrow'; laughed at, scoffed, and contemned by the whites, and a hiss and by -word to the surrounding tribes, they are too dejected and depressed, to feel the least pleasure in their former amuse ments, and wander about seeking generally a scanty pittance by begging and pilfering, but the more ambitious and desperate among them stealing, and in some instances plundering on a large scale, Were it not that greater forbearance is exercised towards them than whites generally exercise, bloodshed, anarchy, and con fusion would reign predominant among us. But, thus far, it is but just say, the Indians have been, in almost every instance, the aggressors ; and though noe of us now apprehend an Indian war or invasion, it appears to me morally impossible that general quiet can long be secure, unless government take almost imme^ diate measures to relieve the anxieties and better the condition of these poor savages and other Indians of this country. I am do ing what I can, by reason of my profession, with lending them all the assistance possible in sickness, and sympathising with them in their numerous afflictions, and occasionally feeding, feasting, and giving them little tokens of kind regard, have as yet consid erable influence over them, but have to punish some, and occasion the chiefs to punish more, which creates me enemies, and must eventuate in lessening my influence among them, unless the means are put in my hands to sustain and encourage the chiefs and well- disposed among them, Good words, kind looks, and medicine, have some power ; but, honored and very dear sir, you and 1 know they do riot tell with Indians like blankets and present arti cles, to meet their tastes, wants, and necessities. Sir, I know how deeply anxious you are to benefit and save what can be of the withering Indian tribes, in which God knows how fully and heartily I am with you, and earnestly pray you, and through you our general government, to take immediate measures to satisfy thp mind*, and so far as possible, render to those Indians an 49 lent for their once numerous herds of deer, elk, buffalo, beaver, and otter, nearly as tame as our domestic animals, previously to the whites and their fire arms coming among them, and of which they are now stripped, and for which they suffer. But, if nothing can be done for them on this score, pray save them from being for cibly ejected from the lands and graves of their fathers, of which they begin to entertain serious fears. Many are becoming consid erably enlightened on the subject of the white man's policy, and be gin to quake in view of their future doom ; and come to me from time to time, anxiously inquiring what they are to receive for such an one coming and cutting off all their most valuable timber, and floating it to the falls of the Willamette, and getting large sums for it ; some praying the removal of licentious whites from among them ; others requring pay for their old homestead, or a removal of the intruders. So, sir, you see already I have my hands, head and heart full ; and if as yet I have succeeded in giving satisfaction as many hundreds that neither know nor care for me, nor regard in the least the rights of the Indians are now flocking in something more must be done, and that speedily, or a storm ensues. I remove all licentious offenders from among them, especially if located a distance from the colony, and encourage the community to keep within bounds, and settle as compactly as the general in terest and duty to themselves will admit. The large emigrating party have now arrived, most of them with their herds, having left the wagons at Wallawalla and the Dalles, which they intend to bring by land or water to the, Willamette in the spring. Whether they succeed in getting them through by land the last sixty miles is doubtful, the road not having been as yet well explored. They are greatly pleased with the country and its prospects. Mr. Applegate, who has been so much in government employ and surveyed such portions of the Missouri, says of this valley, it is a country of the greatest beauty and the finest soil he has seen. Having visited larger portions, and in different directions, the last summer than heretofore principally in the mountainous parts be tween this and the Dalles I am most cheerful in saying, I have not seen a country presenting such a variety of beautiful scenery, and possessing, at the same time, such advantage of timber, water, strength of soil, and mildness of climate ; and, as to health, hav ing visited sixteen of the United States, the Sandwich islands, with some other portions of the earth, I must say, after practis ing medicine somewhat extensively for the last six years, I regard it the most healthy country with which I am acquainted ; diseases the least numerous in class, and simple in character, being entire ly under the control of proper remedies. 50 The settlers are actively and vigorously employed, and the colo ny in a most prosperous state ; crops of every kind having been unusually good this season. The little unhappy difference be tween the American settlers and the Hudson's Bay company, aris ing from the last spring's petition to our government, has been healed, and we have general quiet both parties conducting very properly towards each other at present. And here allow me to say, the seasonable service in which hundreds of dollars were gra tuitously expended in assisting such numbers of our poor emigrant citizens down the Columbia to the Willamette, entitle Gov. McLaughlin, saying nothing of his previously fatherly fostering care of this colony, to the honorable consideration of the mem bers of this government. And I hope, as he is desirous to settle with his family in this country, and has made a claim at the falls of the Willamette, his claim will be honored in such a manner as to make him conscious that we, as a nation, are not insensible to his numerous acts of benevolence and hospitality towards our countrymen. Sir, in the midst of slander, envy, jealousy, and, in too many instances, of the blackest ingratitude, his unceasing, never tiring hospitality affects me, and makes him appear in a widely different light than too many would have him and his wor thy associates appear before the world. The last year's report, in which was incorporated Mr. Linn's Oregon Speech and Captain Spalding's statements of hundreds of unoffending Indians being shot down annually by men under his control, afflicts the gentlemen of the Hudson's Bay Company, and is utterly without foundation no company or gentleman ever having conducted more judiciously among Indians than they uni formly have done in this country ; and I am of the Governor's opinion, who declares, openly, there have not ten Indians been killed by whites in this whole region west of Fort Hall, for the last twenty years, nor do I know of that number, and two of those were killed by our citizens. What were destroyed by the Hud son's Bay Company suffered for willful murder, none pretending a doubt of the propriety of the course adopted. There are now four schools kept in the colony, of which I shall speak more fully in my annual report one at the Falatine Plains, under the direction and auspices of the Rev. Mr. Clark, a self- supporting missionary ; a second French and English school, is in successful operation by Mr. Blanchette, Roman Catholic mis sionary to this colony ; a third is well supported by the citizens, and kept at the falls of the Willamette ; a fourth boarding and manual labor sustained by the Methodist board of missions, for the benefit of Indian youth, of which Mr. Lee will speak particu larly. The location is healthy, eligible, and beautiful and the noble edifice does honor to the benevolent cause and agents that foun- 51 (led it. And while here, allow me to say Mr. Jesse Applegate, from Missouri, is now surveying the mission claim, a plan of which will be presented to the consideration of the members of our gov ernment, for acceptance or otherwise, of which I have but little to say, as I entertain no doubt Mr. Lee's representation will be most faithful. Should the ground of his claim be predicated upon the much effected for the benefit of the Indians, I am not with him ; for, with all that has been expended, without doubting the correctness of the intention, it is most manifest to every ob server that the Indians of this lower country, as a whole, have been very little benefitted. They were too far gone with scrofula and venereal. But should he insist, as a reason of his claim, the benefit arising to the colony and country, I am with him hearti ly ; and notwithstanding the claim is a valuable one, this country has been increased more by the mission operations, than twice its amount in finance ; besides, much has been done in advancing civilization, temperance, literature, and good morals, saying noth ing of the evils that must have arisen in this lawless country in the absence of all moral restraints. Mr. Lee .was among the first pioneers to this distant land, has struggled in its cares, toils, and trials, has risen with its rise ; and it is but just to say, he and his- associates are exerting a considerable and most salutary influence all abroad among us. I hope his reception will be such that he will return from Washington cheered and encouraged to pursue his benevolent operations in this country. The Catholic and dif ferent Protestant missions have been prosperous during the last year, and are as generally acceptable to the whites as could, from the different pursuits, be expected. *###**#**** In closing, allow me to say, for the instruction and encourage ment of emigrants : Come light, save with provisions, and travel compactly. Heed this last injunction by all means, so far at least as not less than fifty to be found aloof from the main camp, and you will save yourselves from danger and wrong, and the Indians from temptation and guilt. Last spring I addressed a communi cation to the present immigrating party, meeting them at Fort Hall, urging upon them, from a variety of considerations, the same directions, a part only of whom followed them others came strolling along in little bands of from two to six, and, as was to be expected, scarcely any escaped without being robbed and pillaged. Such conduct is highly censurable, as it tends directly to encour age and embolden the Indians to their hurt and our ruin. By travelling compactly, and treating the Indians kindly, but with proper reserve, and at all times keeping a vigilant watch, no dan ger is to be apprehended to person or property ; but without these regulations there is danger. Have no apprehension of want ; it is 51 a laml of plenty ; and, after a long atul well contested debate, a t't-w months since, at our Oregon lyceum, it was unanimously voted, that the colony of Willamette held out the most flattering encour agement to emigrants of any colony on the globe. Great expec tations are entertained, from the fact that Mr. Linn's bill has passed the Senate; and as it has been so long before the public, and favorably entertained at Washington, should it at last fail of passing the lower house, suffer me to predict, in view of what so many have had to undergo, in person and property, to get to this distant country, it will create a disaffection so strong as to end only in open rebellion: whereas, should it pass into a law, it will be regarded as most liberal and handsome, and will be apprecia ted by most, if not all in Oregon. As to the claim for the Oregon institute, I need say nothing, hav ing said enough in my last report ; but, as that may have failed in reaching, I would just remark, that the location is a healthy one, and the site fine, with prospect charmingly varied, extensive and beautiful. I leave this subject with Mr. Lee and the members of our libe ral government, not doubting but that all will be done for this in stitute, and otherwise, that can be, and as soon as practicable, to lay deep and broad the foundation of science and literature in this country. And here I must close, as Mr. Lee is already sixty miles on his way, but not without saying I am much obliged in getting your last report, which reached me a few weeks since, and shall feel still more obliged and honored in getting a communication from your own pen, enlightening, correcting, encouraging, or admon ishing me, in my new and difficult work, and certainly most awk ward position, in which, as yet, I have succeeded better with both whites and Indians than I expected, and can but hope some good has been effected by my appointment, especially to the latter. As my formerworthy interpreter is dead, allow me to pray the ap pointment of Ellis, the high chief of the Nez Perces, in his stead, who is not only versed in his own tongue and the Wallawallas, but an English scholar, and a man of sense. As he is so well regar ded, his appointment will have a good influence both among,whites and Indians. I have kept within limit of the three hundred dollars for inter preters the last year, being under the necessity of paying one hun dred and eighty dollars for sixty days' service at one time, and in no instance short of a dollar per day, though I hire as I want, and dismiss at once on closing present business this being the only way I could hope to give the department satisfaction, in view of the multiplicity of tribes and languages this side the moun tains. I have sent for and been hourly expecting my bills from 53 Vancouver, but, from some cause unknown to me, they have iio't yet reached, and by this reason I am prevented sending at this time my quarterly report of expenditure a circumstance I regret, and did not expect ; but, aside from interpreter, travelling expenses, and for office contingencies, it is small, artd shall be forwarded at my earliest convenience. The sum allowed for feeding and feasting Indians, as provisions are very high beef being worth from five to seven dollars per hundred, pork from eight to ten dollars, wheat, corn, barley, and peas, a dollar, and potatoes forty cents proves hardly sufficient to give satisfaction. The erection of my little office, at the expense of two hundred and tweiity-five dollars, I hope and trust, with my actual travelling expenses, will be paid. If this cannot be done consistently, pray call me home at once. As I notified you in my report, I cannot sell drafts payable in Washington, and await your order to draft on London fdr at least one thousand dollars per annum, as, for the last year, for inter preter and my travelling expenses, with office contingencies and presents to Indians, I have been under the necessity of drafting more from Vancouver than I expected the Indian excitement and threatened invasion rendering this unavoidable. Respectfully yours, ELIJAH WHITE, Sub-Agent Indian Affairs, W. R. M* WILLAMETTE, MA*CS ISTif,. 18*4. Hon. J. M. POKTER, Secretary of War. SIR : On the evening of the first February, the two following letters came to me, finding me in the upper settlement of the Willamette, distance forty miles : WILLAMETTE FALLS, JAJJUIBT 24iH, 1844, DR. E. WHITE, Sub- Agent of Indian Affairs for Oregon Territory. " DEAR SIR : The undersigned would take this- occasion to in form you that there has been of late in this place some few cases of intoxication from the effects of ardent spirits. It is currently reported that it is distilled in this place, and the undersigned have good reason to credit such reports. Whilst, therefore^ the undersigned will not trouble you, sir, with a detailed exposition of the facts, they must be permitted to express their deliberate conviction that that which has inflicted so much injury upon the 8 * 54 morals, the peace, and the happiness of the world, ought not to be permitted to be manufactured in this country under any circum stances. And your attention is respectfully invited to this sub ject. " We have the honor to be, dear sir, " PETER H. HATCH, President, " A. F. LOVEJOY, Vice President, " A. F. WALLER, Secretary." " WILLAMETTE FALLS, JANUARY 26TH, 1844. E. WHITE. Sub -Agent Oregon Territory. " DEAR SIR : I do not know but you have been written to al ready on the subject which is the cause of no inconsiderable ex citement at this place, viz : The manufacture and use of that most degrading, withering, and damning of all the causes that has ever visited our race since the fall of Adam. As much as we regret it, deplore it, and anathematize the man who made it, it is nevertheless made, and men, or rather biped brutes, get drunk. Now, we believe if there is any thing that calls your attention in your official capacity, or any thing in which you would be most cordially supported by the good sense and prompt action of the better part of the community, it is the present case. We do not wish to dictate, but hope for the best, begging pardon for intru sions. I am, dear sir, yours truly, W. H. WILSON. I accordingly left at sunrise on the following morning, and reached the falls at sunset. Without delay, I secured the crimi nal and his distillery, broke his apparatus, and buried it in the Willamette river. I put the aggressor under bonds, in the strong est penalty the nature of the case would admit, three hundred dol lars few being willing to be his bondmen even for this amount. Mr. Pettygrove, a merchant of good habits and character, be ing accused of keeping and selling wine and brandy, I searched, and found, as he had acknowledged, a half-gallon of brandy, and part of a barrel of port wine, which has been used and occasion ally parted with only for medicinal purposes ; and to avoid all ap pearance of partiality, I required the delivery of the brandy and wine on the delivery of the enclosed bond, which was most cheer- 55 fully and cordially given amount one thousand dollars. I searched every suspicious place thoroughly, aided by the citizens, but found no ardent spirits or wine in the colony. Since this period, no at tempt has been made to make, introduce or vend liquors ; and the great majority of the colonists come warmly to my support in this matter, proffering their aid to keep this bane from our community. On the evening of February 29, I received the following com munication, accompanied by corroboratory statements from Mr. Foster, of Oregon city : Dr. E. WHITE, Superintendent, frc " WILLAMETTE FALLS, FEBRUARY 16tH, 1844. SIR : I beg leave to inform you that there is an Indian about this place, by the name of 'Cockstock,' who is in the habit of ma king continual threats against the settlers in this neighborhood, and who has also murdered several Indians lately. He has con ducted himself lately in so outrageous a manner, that Mr. Win- slow Anderson has considered himself in personal danger, and on that account has left his place, and come to reside at the falls of the Willamette ; and were I in circumstances that I could possi bly remove from my place, I would certainly remove also, but am so situated that it is not possible for me to do so. I beg, there fore, that you. sir, will take into consideration the propriety of ridding the country of a villian, against the depredations of whom none can be safe, as it is impossible to guard against the lurking attacks of the midnight murderer.^ I have therefore taken the liberty of informing you that I shall be in expectation of a deci ded answer from you on or before the 10th of March next ; after that date I shall consider myself justified in acting as I shall see fit, on any repetition of the threats made by the before-mentioned Indian or his party. I am, &c., with respect, JAMES D. SAULES." As I well knew all the individuals concerned, I resolved to re pair immediately to the spot, and, if possible, secure the Indian without bloodshed, as he was connected with some of the most for midable tribes in this part of the territory, though a very dange rous and violent character. Accordingly, I started, and reached the falls the following evening, collected a party to repair to the spot, and secure him whijst asleep, knowing that he would not/sub mit to be taken a prisoner without resistence. The evening was stormy, and the distance some eight miles, through thick wood and fallen timber, with two bad streams to cross. Being on foot, my party declined the attempt till morning a circumstance I much 56 regretted; yet, having no military force, I was compelled to yield. In the morning I headed the party of ten men to take this Indian, who had only five adherents, in hope to surprise and secure him without fighting enjoining my men, from many considerations, not to fire unless ordered to do so in self-defence. Unfortunately, two horses had just been stolen and a house plundered, and the Indians absconded, leaving no doubt on our minds of their being the thieves, as after tracking them two or thee miles into the for est, they had split off in sucli a manner as to elude pursuit, and we were forced to return to town unsuccessful, as further pursuit was little more rational than chasing an eagle to the mountains. Cockstock had sworn vengeance against several of my party, and they thirsted for his blood. Having no other means of securing him, I offered one hundred dollars reward to any who would deliv er him safely into my hands, as I wished to convey him for trial to the authorities constituted among the Nez Perces and Keyuses, not doubting that they would feel honored in inflicting a just sen tence upon him, and the colony thereby be saved from an Indian war, so much to be dreaded in our present weak and defenceless condition, Some six days subsequent, Cockstocl? and his party, six in all, came into town at mid-day, rode from house to house, showing their loaded pistols, and not allowing any one, by artifice or flattery, to get them out of his -bosom or hand. He and his party were hor ribly painted, and rode about the town, setting, as the citizens and especially his enemies construed it, the whole town at defi ance. The citizens endured it for several hours, but with great impatience, when at length hi crossed the river, and entered the Indian village opposite, and, as the chief states, labored for some time to induce them to join him and burn down the town that night, destroying as many of the whites as possible. Failing in this if serious or correct in statement, which is much doubted by some, as the chief and the whole Indian village were inimical to him, and doubtless wished, as he was a "brave," to make the whites the instrument of his destruction he obtained an interpre ter and re-crossed the river, as other Indians state, for the purpose of calling the whites to. an explanation for pursuing him with hos tile intentions. By this time, the excitement had become intense with all classes amongst the whites ; and, as was to be expected, they ran in confusion and disorder towards the point where the Indians were landing some to take him alive and get the re ward, others to shoot him at any risk to themselves, the wealth iest men in town promising to stand \)j them to the amount of one thousand dollars each. With these different views, and no concert of action, and many running merely to witness the affray, th<> Indians wcro met at the landing, and a firing simultaneously 57 commenced on both sides, each party accusing the other of firing first. In the midst of a hot firing on both sides, Mr. George W. Le Breton, a respectable young man, rushed unarmed upon Cock- stock, after the discharge of one or more of his pistols, and receiv ed a heavy discharge in the palm of his right hand, lodging one ball in his elbow and another in his arm, two inches above the el- bow joint. A scuffle ensued, in which he fell with the Indian, cry-* ing out instantly, "he is killing me with his knife." At this mo ment, a mulatto man ran up, named Winslow Anderson, and des patched Cockstock, by breaking in his skull with the barrel of his rifle, using it as a soldier would a bayonet. In the mean time, the other Indians were firing among the whites in every direction, with guns, pistols and poisoned arrows, yelling fearfully, and many narrowly escaped. Two men who were quietiy at work near by, were wounded with arrows .Mr. Wilson slightly in the hip, and Mr.' Rogers in the muscle of the arm but neither, as was supposed, dangerously. The five Indians, having shot their guns and arrows, retired towards the bluff east of the town, lodged themselves in the rocks, and again commenced firng upon the citizens indiscriminately. Attention was soon directed that way, and the fire-arms having been brought, the Indians were soon routed, killing one of their horses, and wounding one of them, thus ending the affray. Mr. Le Breton the surgeon being absent from town was re moved immediately to Vancouver, where he received every atten tion; but the canoe having been ten hours on the passage, the poison had diffused itself all abroad in his system, and proved mor tal in less than three days from the moment of the horrid disaster. Mr. Rogers lived but one dlfy longer, though slightly wounded with an arrow in the muscle of his arm. Wr. Wilson has suffer^ ed comparatively little, but is not considered in a safe condi tion. This unhappy affray has created a general sensation through out the colony, and all abroad among the Indians of this lower district. Now, whilst I am penning these lines, I am completely surrounded by at least seventy armed Indians, just down from the Dalles of the Columbia, many of them professed relatives of the deceased, on their way to the falls of the Willamette, to demand an explanation, or, in other words, to extort a present for the loss af their brother. They appear well affected towards me remarkably so though armed to the teeth, and painted horridly. I am every moment expecting my interpreter, when I shall probably learn particulars respecting their intentions. In the mean time, I will give a few particulars respecting this deceased Indian's previous course, which led to the disaster, showing how much we need authorities and dis cipline in this country. 58 As it is said, a negro hired Cockstock for a given time, to be paid in a certain horse. Before the time expired, the negro sold the horse and land claim to another negro, the Indian finishing his time with the purchaser, according to agreement. Learning, however, to his chagrin and mortification, that the horse had chang ed owners, and believing it a conspiracy against his rights, resolv ed to take the horse forcibly did so and this led to a year's con tention, many threats, some wounds, and at last to the three deaths, and may possibly lead to all the horrors of savage warfave in our hitherto quiet neighborhood. It was this identical Cockstock that occasioned much of the excitement last spring, among the whites of the colony, actually driving several from their homes to the more central part of the settlement for protection. I saw and had an interview with the Indians in June following, and settled all differences, to appearance, satisfactorily ; but, four months subsequently, having occasioned the authorities constituted among the Indians to flog one of his connexions for violently en tering the house of the Rev. H. R. Perkins, seizing his person, and attempting to tie, with a view to flog him, he took fire afresh, and in November last came with a slave to my house, with the avowed object of shooting me down at once; but finding me ab sent, after a close search in every part of the house, he commenced smashing the windows, lights, sash, and all, of my house and ofiice, with the breach of his gun; and it is but just to say, he did his work most effectually, not leaving a sound window in either. He next started hotly in pursuit of my steward, who was most ac tively retreating, but soon overtaken and seized by the shoulder ; his garment giving way, saved the frightened young man from fur ther violence. I returned late in the evening, this having occured at three, P. M., when the villians were too far away to be overtaken, though I pursued them with the best men of the colony during the whole night, and so long as we could trace them. This was regarded a great outrage, and created a strong sensation throughout the com munity, especially as none knew where to trace it until within a few weeks past. Some four weeks subsequently, fifteen Indians came in open day, riding into the neighborhood, painted and well armed. I was the first, with one exception, that observed them, and learned they were Molalles and Klamets, and felt confident they were on an errand of mischief, being well informed of their marauding and desperate habits. As this is quite out of their pro vince, the proper home of the Klamets being at least three hun dred miles to the south, and the Molalles, with whom they mter- mary, having their lodges in the Cascade mountains, a distance of from forty to eighty miles, I resolved at once to turn their visit to account ; sent my steward to chief Caleb's lodge, where all had 59 arrived, he being a Callapooyah, and with his band having pre viously entered with me into the civil compact, and gave him a cordial invitation to call on me, with the chiefs visiting him. in the morning, as I wished to see them, and had some interesting and pleasing news to convey to them. The chiefs called in the morn ing, none, however, appearing so pleased and happy as Caleb. Of this I took no notice ; but entered into cheerful conversation with Caleb for a few moments, and then rose up and invited them to walk out and see my plantation and herds. When we reached the cattle, I, as by accident, or incidentally, asked Caleb if he was prepared to give a feast to his distant friends who had so lately and unexpectedly called on him. Answering in the negative, I told him to shoot down at once a fat young ox that was passing before us, and, while some were dressing it, othera to come to the house and get some flour, peas, salt, etc., and go immediately back and feast his friends, lest they form an unfavor able opinion of us here. I need not say the summons was obeyed, and Caleb the happiest man in the world. Now the rigid muscles of the stranger chiefs began to relax ; in short, all distrust was soon lost, and as they were about leaving for Caleb's camp, they found themselves constrained to inform me that they came over with very different feelings from what they were now leaving me with, and were very glad they had listened to Caleb's advice, and called upon me. Professing to be very much engaged at the mo ment, I told them to go and dine, and at evening, or early the following morning, I would come with my friend, Mr. Applegate, and make them a call. They feasted to the full, and I found them in fine humor, and in a better condition to smoke than fight. After some casual con versation, I asked them how they would like to enter into the civil compact ; and, whilst they were discussing the subject, this Indian, Cockstock, came first into my presence, well armed, and ap peared cold and distant, though I had no suspicion of his being the character who had so lately broken to pieces the windows in my house and office. They had no scruples in saying they were entirely willing, and should be pleased on their part to enter upon the same terms as others, but did not know how it might be regarded by the residue of their respective tribes. They engaged to meet me on the 15th of March, with the residue of their people, and use their influence to bring about the desired object. The party left the same day, apparently in a cheerful mood, passed over the prairie singing, talking, and laughing merrily. As a part, however, were passing their horses over a difficult stream, the other part fell upon and massacred them in a most shocking manner, this villainous Cock- stock acting a conspicuous part in the bloody affray. 1 repaired to the spot Without delay, as the whites were mucli excited, and wished to pursue and hang every one of them. I learned there had been unsettled feuds of long standing, and that in like manner, ten months previously, three unfortunate wretches had shot down a fellow traveller. On conveying this information to the citizens, all I believe were satisfied to stay at home, and re main quiet for the present. Thus much for this Indian affair, which my interpreter having arrived, I have settled to-day with the Dalles Indians most satis factorily. As was to be expected, they wished presents for the death of their brother* I prevailed upon all to be seated, and then explained the whole Case slowly and clearly to their under standing. I told them we had lost two valuable innocent men, and they but one; and should our people learn that I had given them presents, without their giving me two blankets for one, they must expect nothing but the hottest displeasure from the whites. After much deliberation among themselves, they with one voice concluded to leave the whole matter to my discretion. I at once decided to give the poor Indian widow two blankets, a dress, and handkerchief, believing the moral influence better than to make presents to the chief or tribe, and to receive noth ing at their hands. To this proposition they most cheerfully consented, and have now left, having asked for and obtained from me a written certificate, stating that the matter had all been amicably settled. It is to be hoped that the matter will here end, though that is by no means certain, as at present there are so many causes of uneasiness and discontent between the parties. As I said before, I believe it morally impossible for us to re main at peace in Oregon, for any considerable time, without the protection of vigorous civil or military law. For myself, I am most awkwardly situated ; so much so, indeed, that I had seriously anticipated leaving this spring; but the late successful contest against the introduction of ardent spirits, in connection with the excitement by reason of the unhaappy disaster at the falls of the Willamette, together with the fact of too many of our people be ing so extremely excitable on Indian and other affairs relating to the peace and interest of the colony and country, I have conclu ded to remain for the present, in hopes of being soon some way relieved. I hope that the draft I have this day drawn in favor of John McLaughlin will be honored, as otherwise I may be thrown at once into the greatest difficulties, having no other house in this country where I can draw such articles as I require for necessary presents to Indians, to defray travelling expenses, &c. I have the honor to remain, with highest respect, Your obedient humble servant, E. WHITE, Sub- Agent of Indian Affairs HON. J< M. PORTER, Secretary of War, Washington* Since my last, forwarded in March, aside from two or three in cidents of an unpleasant nature, the colony and country have been in a state of unusual quietness, and the season has been one of great prosperity. The legislative body, composed of nine members, met on the 24th of May, at the falls of the Willamette, and closed their short but effective session in nine days ; having passed, in due form, twenty-five bills, most of which were of importance to us in the re gulation of our intercourse. A few of these laws I transmit to you, and would here remark, that the taxes were in general cheer fully paid. The liquor bill is popular, and the laws of Oregon are honored. The liquor act not coming in force under sixty days from its passage, a few individuals having clandestinely prepared, before its passage improved this favored moment to dispose of all they could with any hopes of safety. Of this I was immediately noti fied, and hastened in from the Falatine plains, all the mischief "as heretofore," being done in and about the town at the falls of the Willamette. Liquor was in our midst, as was but too manifest from the noisy, vulgar, obscene, and even diabolical expressions of those who bad previously ever conducted in a quiet and orderly manner. This was perplexing and exciting, as all professed ignorance ; and many opinions prevailed regarding the amount manufactured, and the number interested, and especially regarding the seat of mischief or point where distilled. I resolved, at whatever danger or cost to nip this in the bud, procured the call of a public meeting at once and had the happi ness to receive the following expression from all but one con vened: u Resolved, That it be the sense of this meeting, that Dr. White, in his official relation, take such assistance as he may require, and forthwith search out and destroy all intoxicating liquor that may be found in this vicinity or district of country. P. G. STEWART, Executive, Chairman. JOHN E. LONG, Secretary." I started with ten volunteers early the ensuing morning, and found the distillery in a deep, dense thicket, eleven miles from town, at three o'clock, P. M. The boiler was a large sized potash kettle, and all the apparatus well accorded. Two hogsheads and 9 62 eight barrels of slush or beer were standing ready for distillation, with a part of one barrel of molasses. No liquor was to be found, nor as yet had much been distilled. Having resolved on my course, I left no time for reflection, buf at once upset the nearest cask, when the noble volunteers imme diately seconded my measures, making a river of beer in a mo ment ; nor did we atop until the kettle was raised, and elevated in triumph at the prow of out boat, and every cask, with all the dis tilling apparatus, was broken to pieces and utterly destroyed. We then returned, in high cheer, to the town, where our presence and report gave general joy. Having just taken the tour of the colony for the purpose of at tending the courts and visiting the schools, it affords me pleasure to say I felt amply rewarded. I found throughout health, cheer fulness, and prosperity, and certainly most surprising improve ments for the short time since the sttlers commenced. The deco rum of the courts I have spoken of, and now have only to speak of the schools and Indians, and I am done ; fearing I have alrea dy wearied your patience. For the want of means, the Methodist manual labor Indian school has lately broken up, and this is now occupied as a boarding school for white children of both sexes. The school is yet small, but well conducted, and promises useful ness to the colony. The school at the falls of the Willamette and Fallatine plains, anel likewise the one under the direction of the Rev. Mr, Blanchette, Catholic clergyman, are all small number ing from fifteen to thirty only ; but are all well kept and doing good. I feel solicitous on this subject, and am saying and: doing what I can to encourage education, but, like all other new coun tries, the people need and require their children much at home. Since the unhappy affair of last spring, the Indians have been unusually quiet, and the summer has been spent without alarm. I sent my interpreter, Mr. Lee, to the Wallawallas six weeks since, to make some presents to the chiefs, as a safe conduct to the emi grants down to this place. His reply I transmit. I addressed a line to Mr. J. B. Littlejohn, who is just down from there, and re ceived the annexed reply. All other statements are corrobora tive: WILLAMETTE, NOVEMBER 1, 1844. DEAR SIR It is with the utmost pleasure I undertake to give you what information I am able to do. I have resided with the missionaries of the American board for two years past; I have known their hearts, and am well acquainted with all they have done. Their influence among the Indians is by no means small, or their efforts vain, as their condition is very much improved, both in a spiritual and temporal point of view. And, dear sir, 63 your efforts among and for them have been mueh to their advan tage, and at the same time not to the disadvantage of the mission aries, but greatly to increase their usefulness among them. I have no doubt you have labored with this motive in view. The Indians are becoming civilized as fast or faster than any tribes concerning whom I am informed. Their anxiety for cattle, hogs, and sheep, is very great ; leading them to make most commendable efforts to obtain them, and their efforts are by no means vain. They have purchased a good number from those who are emigrating to this country, by exchanging their horses for cattle. Thus, while their horses have been very useful to the emigrants, they have greatly benefitted themselves. They are enlarging their farms yearly improving much in fencing, etc. etc. Quite a number of families are enabled to live from what they raise on their farms, the milk of their cows and their beef. There is perfect quietness existing between them, and I have no doubt this state of things will con tinue to exist. Many things interesting might be written, . but time does not allow me to say any more at present. I am, dear sir, yours with great respect, J. B. LITTLEJQHN, Thus far the Indians have kept their treaties of amity with me astonishingly well, and it is thought we now have as much to hope as fear from them, if we succeed in keeping out liquor, which, by the grace of God, not a few of us are resolved to do, though we do not pass unopposed, nor slightly opposed; and had it not been for that most salutary liquor law, and the hearty co-operation. of soms of the friends of temperance with your agent, liquor would have already made ruinous havoc among us. The Methodist mission, though we have not agreed on all sub jects, have behaved very properly on this. And to them, in con nexion with the honorable Hudson's Bay Company, will the colo ny be lastingly indebted for their commendable efforts. Since my first arrival I have not received a line from the De partment save my last year's report. As my condition is pecu liar, and not a little embarassing, I should feel greatly obliged for an expression, and further instruction from the Department. I have had, as may well be judged, much to contend with, in the midst of lawless Indians of so many different tribes, and lawless whites of so many nations some bred upon old whaleships, others in the Rocky Mountains, and hundreds on the frontiers of Missouri. I have at times waded in deep perplexing difficulties, but am now greatly relieved by the colonial government, which as yet is well administered. By reason of this I now have less to do, and sail 64 in smoother seas, meeting with leaa opposition than heretofore my proper official relations towards the whites and Indians being better understood. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient and humble servant, E. WHITE, Sub-agent Indian Affairs, W. R. M. OREGON CITY, MARCH 4th, 1845. DR. E, WHITE, Sub-agent Indian Affairs, SIR : In compliance with the request you made of me, that I should notice and communicate to you whatever, I might deem of interest during my visit, in your employ, to the various Indian tribes east of the Cascads mountains, bearing to them presents with admonitions and advice from you in order to secure the safe ty and peace of the emigrants in their passage through their country. The following is submitted: First. The Nez Perces. Your acquaintance with this promis ing people renders it unnecessary for me to speak of their general character, I would simply remark, that their anxieties to become a civilized and literary nation, have suffered no abatement sincel left them in March last, after having spent the winter with them most pleasantly, as teacher, in the employ of Rev. H. H. Spald- ing, missionary. Ellis, with most of the chiefs, was absent, hav ing gone to meet the emigrants, then in the vicinity effort Boisie, with a view to furnish them provisions, and trade them horses for cattle. You are aware of their eagerness to obtain domestic stock, and farming utensils, which I regard as one of the most interest ing facts connected with Indian Affairs west of the Rocky Moun tains. Avarice 13 doubtless the ruling passion of most Indians, and forms a capital upon which those engaged in Indian Affairs may operate for good or evil, With the Nez Perces, it has thus far, been turned to good account, effecting results as beneficial to the whites and more salutary to the natives themselves, on this side the mountains, than has been effected on the other side by military force. Such is the prevalence of this "love of gain" amongst the Indians, that all efforts to control them by motives held out to any other passion, must prove ineffectual, at least, while we are unable to awe them by martial parade. The individual difficulties existing between James, Timothy, and others, in relation to their claims on the valley, about tho 65 Clear water mission, are, for the time, put to rest by the promise that you will visit them soon, and have the matter properly ad justed. Their crops this year have been abundant, and they have furnished the emigrants large supplies of provisions, which I am happy to say, were bartered in good faith, and the trade conduc ted with much amity and good feeling on both sides, while I have to regret that Ellis and his people were unable to procure cattle to any extent, worthy of notice. The presents were received, and the advice heard with a most respectful attention. Second. The Keyuses are also manifesting a spirit of enter prise, highly commendable. They too, have raised much grain and potatoes, and are trading freely with the emigrants. A num ber of their chiefs and principal men were absent at the time, having gone in company with a party of Wallawallas, to Califor nia, with horses to trade for cattle. They have since returned, and I sincerely regret to learn the failure of this, their first ex pedition of the kind. The Spaniards, and other whites, treated them badly ; murdered one of the most promising young men of the Wallawallas, and the party returned without effecting the ob ject of their trip. What influence this affair will have upon the conduct of these two tribes in reference to the next emigration passing through their countries, time alone must determine. The lawless bands along the river, from Fort Wallawalla, to the to the Dalles, are still troublesome to emigrants ; and the emi grants are still very imprudent in breaking off into small parties, just when they should remain united. The Indians are tempted by the unguarded and defenceless state of the emigrants, and avail themselves of the opportunity to gratify their cupidity. Here allow me to suggest a thought. These robbers furnish us a true miniature likeness of the whole Indian population, whenever they fail to obtain such things as they wish in exchange for such as they have to give. These are robbers now, because they have nothing to give ; all others will be robbers when, with what they have to give, they cannot procure what they wish. I am satisfied of the correctness of this conclusion, from all that I have witnessed of Indian character, even among the praiseworthy Nez Perces. And should the Government of the United States withhold her protection from her subjects in Oregon, they will be under the neccessity of entering into treaty stipulations with the Indians, in violation of the laws of the United States, as prefera ble to a resort to force of arms. Hitherto, the emigrants have had no serious difficulty in passing through the territory of these tribes ; but that their passage is becoming more and more a sub ject of interest to the Indians, is abundantly manifest. They collect about the road from every part of the country, and have looked on with amazement; but the novelty of the scene is fast 66 loosing its power to hold in check their baser passions. The next emigration will in all probability, call forth developments of In dian character, which have been almost denied an existence among these people. Indeed, sir, had you not taken the precaution to conciliate their good feelings and friendship towards the whites, just at the time they were meeting each other, it is to be doubted whether there had not been some serious difficulties. Individuals on both sides have been mutually provoked and exasperated du ring the passage of each emigration, and these cases are constantly multiplying. Much prudence is required on the part of the whites, and unfortunately, they have very little by the time they reach the Columbia valley. Some of the late emigrants, loosing their horses, and very naturally supposing them stolen by the Indians, went to the bands of horses owned by the Indians and took as many as they wished. You are too well acquainted with Indians to suppose that such a course can be persisted in without producing serious results. I am aware that this is looking at the dark side ; but, sir, perhaps it is wisdom to look at that side when it is more than half turned towards us, if, by looking, we can find some way to turn it back again. I look to Ellis, and the speedy action of the general gov ernment of the United States, as the brightest features in the prospect now before us. Your knowledge of my situation and circumstances, render any apology unnecessary for this imperfect scroll. I remain your humble servant, H. A. G. LEE. DEPARTMENT OF WAR, OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, NOVEMBER 24, 1845. Hon. WM. L. MARCY, .Secrntary vf War* 'Two interesting and very instructive reports have been re ceived from the sub^agent west of the Rocky Mountains. They present that country in a new and important light to the consid eration of the public. The advancement 'made in civilization by the numerous tribes of Indians in that remote and .hitherto neglected portion of our territory, with so few advantages, is a matter of surprise. Indeed, the red men of that region would almost seem to be of a different order from those with whom we have been in more familiar inter course. A few years since, the face of a white man was almost unknown to them ; now, through the benevolent policy of the va- jious Christian churches, and the indefatigable exertions of the 6T missionaries in their employ, they hare described and well adap ted rules for their government, which are observed and respectetl to a degree worthy of the most intelligent whites. Numerous schools have grown up in their midst, at which their children are acquiring the most important and useful informa tion. They have already advanced to a degree of civilization that promises the most beneficial results to- them and their breth ren on this side the mountains, with whom they may, and no doubt will at some future period, be brought into intercourse. They are turning their attention to agricultural pursuits, and y with but few of the necessary utensils in their possession, already produce sufficient in some places to meet their every want. Among some of the tribes hunting has been almost entirely abandoned, many individuals looking wholly to the soil for sup port. The lands are represented as extremely fertile^ and the climate' healthy, agreeable, and uniform. Under these circumstances^ so promising in their consequences, and grateful to the feelings- of the philanthropist, it would seem to be the duty of the Government of the IJnited States to- encour age their advancement, and still further ai : d their progress in the paths of civilization. I therefore respectfully recommend the es tablishment among them of a full agency, with power to the presi dent to make it an acting supermtendency ; and to appoint one or more sub-agents whenever, in his judgment, the same may be come necessary and proper. All of which is respectfully su-bmittedr W, MEDILL, WILILAMETTE VALLEY, APRIL 4, IMS.- SIR : Through the politeness of Governor McLaughlin, the Hud son's Bay express leaving, via. the mountains for Canada to morrow I have again the honor and pleasure of addressing you from this remote portion of earth. Since my last, of November, 1844, giving an account of the destruction of the distillery the general health, quietness, pros perity, and rapid growth of the colony, together with the good order and decorum which prevailed throughout at the courts, all has moved forward here as satisfactorily as could have been ex pected. Starting too late, and the winter rains setting in earlier than usual, subjected the emigrants to incredible suffering and hardships, especially from the Dalles of the Columbia down to the Willamette 68 valley; but our early and delightful spring is exerting a cheering and most salutary influence upon their hitherto depressed spirits. They have, bee like, been hived up in Oregon city during the win ter, and are now swarming to the entire satisfaction of the first occupants of the hive ; it not being wide and large enough for such an unexpected increase. The last emigration, numbering about a thousand, are generally pleased with the country, and are setting about their spring's work with becoming spirit and fortitude. The Indians of this lower country, whose national honor and dignity are laid in the dust, are looking upon the rapid growth and increased strength of the whites with sorrowful countenances and sad hearts. The present state of things between us and them is peculiar, critical, unenviable, and dangerous* at least so far as peace and property are concerned. For instance in proof soon after I sent my despatches, the chief of the Fallatine plains, whose orderly conduct and that of his clan did honor to the Nez Perces laws, and the engagement we had mutually entered into, called on me, desiring my offices in procuring the mending of his gun. This being done, he invited me to come and see him and his people ; said all was not right at his lodge ; his tribe was divided, and all was not right ; his in fluence was waning, and some of his people were becoming very bitter towards the Americans. Observing anxiety and mental re servation, I endeavored to draw out the secret, reminding him of the frequent communications he had brought me from the Rev. Messrs. Clarke and Griffin, bearing such satisfactory testimony to his previous quiet, orderly, and proper conduct, etc., but all I could learn was, " things are not right with us, and we are mis erable/' The Camass, their principal dependance for food was cut off last season by reason of drought ; and the deer are hunted so much by the late hungry western emigrant riflemen, that they have be come wild, poor, and few in number. The chief left. A few days after, I learned they had killed an ox and ate it, belonging to a neighboring white man. The owner was excited, and applied to one of the executive ; a proclamation was issued, the military was called out if it be lawful to call it suchand ample preparations made to avenge the national insult, and seek redress for this astounding loss. The army collected upon the op posite bank of the river, six miles from the position occupied by the enemy, talked bravely, long and loud, but the river was a lit tle too high to cross that day appointed another, the river being lower ; none of the warriors appeared ; nor could the executive, simply for the want of a few gallons of alcohol, abtain the neces sary assistance to avenge the horrid wrong, and perform a bril liant military exploit. The chief, in his embarrassment and dis- 59 tress, came to me as usual for sympathy and succor. My cold ness and look of severity for which heaven forgive me ! keenly afflicted him. After a deep sigh and painful pause, peculiar to a wounded or injured Indian^ he slowly rose^ gently smiting upon his breast, and said, "Dr. White, I am a true man, and carry an honest heart. Do you remember my coming to get my gun men ded last fall? Do you remember my words, that all was not right with our people, and my inviting you to come and see us? We had just before killed that old ox, and was then eating it." I enquir ed, had you anything to do with it personally? "Yes I helped to kill it, and with my family, took and ate one-half of the animal. You saw the condition of my gun our provisions were out ; I and others had hunted for two days our hunger was- great. We held a council, and, hoping for success, I promised an condition nothing was caught till the setting of another sun, we would kill the first animal we met. I travelled far, and wearied myself till evening ; shot often, but killed nothing. We met this poor old ox, which our people would scorn to kill or eat except in cases of extreme hunger ; my word was passed to my people ; I could not go back from my word ; I helped to kill and butcher the ox, and joined in eating him, and now my peace is gone. I am ashamed to see a white man's face they look cold on me and shake the head; I cannot bearit; I cannot live so ; I come to you to help me, for I am told they want to kill me. I do not want such feelings to exist ; nor do I want to be hunted as a bear or wild beast for slaughter. I stand here a wisher of peace, willing to have you dictate the terms: but wish to have it remembered that we were distressed with hunger." "Suppose," said I, "the owner should require your rifle and four horses ?" "You stand to judge between us, and I shall abide your decision." "But you have broken your engagement and forfeited confidence, and I fear it cannot be settled, as some think you have killed cattle before." "Doctor White, I am a true man, and lie not. I nor my people, cannot be so accused justly ; this is injurious ; none can meet my face and say it." I wrote, through him to the owner, praying, as it was the first offence so far as we had the least evidence, and especially in view of our critical situation, and his general good behavior, that he would fully indemnify himself; and then, in view of what I knew of the condition of his gun, and and the probability that it was induced by hunger, to settle it; and requested him to assure the chief that he was convinced from my letter and all the circumstances in connexion with his past good conduct, that it must have been brought about -by hun ger. The advice was rejected, as the laws of the organization now had cognizance of the offence, and he wished to see them faithfully 10 70 enforced. Public opinion became divided, and no judicial expres sion being made, and the poor chief becoming excessively tired of being held by public opinion in durance vile, came to see me a sec ond time. I wrote again, and learned that it was settled by the chief and bis people paying his rifle and eight horses. If this be correct as I fear it is I abominate the act, and dread its preju dicial influence. Week before last a hungry and mischievous lodge killed a cow. They were pursued by a party of whites, overtaken, and, in at tempting to take them the Indians fired upon the whites, killed one horse, and wounded another. The fire was returned, one Indian killed, and a second wounded. Thus ended this affair, which created very little excitement among whites or Indians. The most painful circumstance that has occurred lately, trans pired last fall in California. The Keyuse, Wallawallas, and some of the chiefs of the Spokans, entered upon the hazardous, but grand and important enterprise of going directly through the In dian country to California, with a view of exchanging their beaver, deer, and elk skins, together with their surplus horses for neat stock. As they had to pass through an extensive country, inhabi ted by the savage and warlike Clamets and Chestes, where Smith, Turner, and so many other white parties had been defeated, we are at a loss to conclude whether their valor is more to be commen ded than the rashness of their stupendous enterprise to be censur ed. They were well mounted and equipped ; the chiefs clad in English costume, and the residue attired in dressed skins, moul ded according to their several tastes. The journey of seven or eight hundred miles, after some fighting, watching, and much fa tigue, was accomplished, and their numbers not lessened. Taking their own statement, their reception was cordial, and the impression made upon the whites by these distant and half- civilized people, upon and errand so commendable, was most favor able. The treating and salutations being over, the trade com menced in good faith, and to mutual satisfaction. All moved on well, till, on an excursion to procure elk and deer skins, they met a marauding band of mountain free-booters, fought them, and, be ing victorious, took a prize of twenty-two horses, all previously stolen from the whites. On returning to the settlements, the Spaniards laid claim to the animals. The chiefs remonstrated, and said, agreeably to their customs, the horses were theirs. The Spaniards explained their laws, and showed the animals not to be ventored, i. e., bearing a transfer mark, and told the Indians they must give them to the rightful owners, as all Americans and others did. The Indians seemed grieved, and rather incensed ; said in their country six na tions of people were on terms of amity, and that in case any one 71 of these six nations stole a horse, the tribe was responsible for the safe delivery of that animal to the rightful owner ; but in case the Blackfeet or other formidable enemy steal or capture, the proper ty is supposed lost, without redemption ; and as we have captured these horses at the hazard of our lives, from your long openly de clared enemies, we think they ought in justice to be ours. The Spaniards condescended to offer ten cows for the redemption of the horses ; the chief not replying five more were added ; he still remaining moody, and without replying, the negotiation unhappi ly broke off. A day or two after, an American, .seeing his mule among the number captured, told the Indians it was his mule, and have it he would. Will you, said a young chief by the name of Elijah Heading; and stepping into the' lodge, immediately loaded his rifle, came out and observed significantly, go now and take your mule. The American, much alarmed, remarked, I hope you are not going to kill me. No ! I am going to shoot yonder eagle, perched upon a neighboring oak. Not liking the appearance, the man left without attempting to obtain his mule. A day or two after the Indians left their encampment and walked down to the fort of Captain Suter to church ; and from the best information we have obtained all being ex parte the following appears to be near the truth : After service, Elijah was invited into another apartment, taking with him his uncle, a brave and sensible chief of the age of five- and- forty ; while there, in an unarmed and defenceless condition, they commenced menacing him for things alleged against the river Indians of this upper country, in which none of them had any par ticipation; called them indiscriminately dogs, thieves, c., &c. This American then observed, yesterday you were going to kil me now you must die drawing a pistol. Elijah, who had beenl five or six years at the Methodist mission, and had learned to read, write, and speak English respectably, said deliberately let me pray a little first ; and kneeling down, at once commenced ; and while invoking the divine mercy, was shot through the heart or vitals dead upon the spot. Every measure, as the Indians say, was taken to cut them all off by the Spaniards, who brought out the cannon, with other fire-arms, and hotly pursued them, and tried to prevent their escape by checking and interrupting their pas sage across the ferries, &c., &c. But at length they all arrived safely, after manifest suffering, leaving the herds they had paid for in California. They met three Americans on the way as they left the California settlements and had them in their power ; but instead of reveng ing the death of Elijah, they mounted each on a horse of their own, and sent them in, telling them to go to the fort and acquaint the people that, as Christians, they could not kill innocent white people, who were in their power and lodge. 72 Taking for truth an Indian report, this horrible affair creates considerable excitement, and there 13 some danger of its disturb ing the friendly relation that has hitherto existed between us here, and all those formidable tribes in the region of Wallawalla and Snake rivers. They had no sooner arrived than Ellis, my inter preter, the high chief of the Nez Perces, was deputed to come down and learn our opinion regarding the affair. They could not have sent a better agent, the whites all giving him a handsome and cordial reception. From Wallawalla he accompanied Mr. Grant, the chief trader at Fort hall, down to Vancouver. He called on Dr. McLaughlin, whose great experience and address was serviceable. He spoke touchingly of the violent death of his own son upon the northwest coast, and left the impression that he could not avoid sympathising with the father and friends of the young chief. Mr. Douglas, too, an early friend, patron, and fa vorite of Ellis, aided much in convincing him that all the good and virtuous could not avoid the most painful regrets at so melancholy a- circumstance, which must have occurred Dy reason of the differ ence in their customs or laws; imperfectly understanding each o her, or from some, as he would charitably hope, excusable- cir- camstance. Under the influence of this salutary language and interview, Ellis arrived at my residence, in Willamette, about the first in- atant, having a short time before, got a hasty communication, written in excitement, from Dr. Whitman, who was under serious apprehensions that it might be avenged upon some of the whites of the upper country. Be assured I was happy to see this, my most faithful friend and interpreter. Sir, pardon me far saying isolated as we are here, agitated as we have a thousand times been, by faithless savages, and still more faithless whites, responsible, yet powerless and defenceless in our unsettled state of things to meet with this honest man, this real friend, though an Indian, gave me hearty pleasure. His thorough education at Red river, moulded him into more of the white man than Indian. His prudence and good management with his tribe sanctioned the choice that had been made, and all the whites spoke handsomely of his kind offices and obliging de portment, whilst emigrating through his country. Being satisfied of the safety and policy, I feasted him well, and took at once un observed measures to have him invited to every respectable place abroad, where the ladies and gentlemen received him so cordially, and feasted him eo richly and delicately, that he almost forgot the object of his embassy, and, I verily believe, thought extreme ly highly of the whites at Willamette, however he might have thought of the conduct of the Californians. Being anxious to make this visit useful to him and his people. 73 sffi well as pleasant, after spending a few days in visiting the schools, as well as the principal inhabitants and places of inte rest, I showed him my little library, told him to make himself at home ; put on my farmer's garb, and commenced working on my plantation. He soon came out, accompanied by a wealthy* cousin, and begged for tools to assist me. I loaned them, and found he was much at home in their use. He spent with me a sufficient length of time to convince me of the truth reported concerning his cheerfulness in labor, as well as his knowledge, application, and assiduity in business. He spoke sensibly of the advantages of industry, and the astonishing change that had been effected among his people, by the cultivation of the soil; assured me that every family or lodge now raised an abundance for home consump tion, besides having considerable quantities to barter with the whites. He says he raised himself, the past season, six hundred bushels of peas, with a fine crop of wheat, potatoes, beans, &c. &c. ; spoke properly of its moral and social effects. Wars were no longer talked of, and the chase was nearly abandoned; the book and the Bible consumed their leisure moments. Polygamy, once so common, except in two solitary cases, was done away, and not a lodge of my people but observe the Sabbath, and regularly at tend morning and evening devotion. All this was only corobora- tive of what I had previously heard from other sources. He spent ten days with me, in the most cheerful, agreeable, and profitable manner, and at the close I felt myself the better and happier for the visit; nor did I marvel that his influence was increasing and the prospects of his people brightening. Pardon me ; for, in thinking of his visit and dwelling upon his excellencies, I had like to have forgotten his agency. Learning from Dr. Whitman, who resides in their midst, how much they were all excited by reason of the treacherous and violent death of this educated and accomplished young chief, and perhaps more especially by the loss they had sustained ; and then, after suffer ing so many hardships, and encountering so many dangers, losing the whole I apprehended there might be much difficulty in ad justing it, particularly as they lay much stress upon the restless, disaffected scamps late from Willamette to California, loading them with the vile epithets of "dogs," "thieves," &c. &c., from which they believed, or affected to, that the slanderous reports of our citizens caused all their loss and disasters, and therefore held us responsible. He assured me that the Wallawallas, Keyuse, Nez Perces, Spokans, Ponderays, and Snakes, were all on terms of amity, and that a portion of the aggrieved party were for rai sing about two thousand warriors of these formidable tribes, and march to California at once, and nobly revenge themselves on the inhabitants by capture and plunder, enrich themselves upon 74 the spoils ; others, not indisposed to the enterprise, wished first to learn how it would be regarded here, and whether we would re main neutral in the affair. A third party were for holding us re sponsible, as Elijah was killed by an American, and the Ameri cans inwnsed the Spaniards. Ellis reminded me at the same time of the ill success the chiefs met with in trading off their ten dollar drafts for herds, with the emigrants ; which drafts I had sent np by Mr. Lee, my interpreter, to secure peace and safety while the emigrants were passing through their country ; the year before so many having been pillaged and robbed of their effects, through the inattention of the chiefs. Sir, how this affair will end, is difficult to conjecture ; the general impression is, that it will lead to the most disastrous con sequences to the Californians, themselves, or to this colony. My principal fear is, that it will result in so much jealously, prejudice and disaffection, as to divert their minds from the pursuit of knowledge, agriculture, and the menas of civilization, which they have been for such a length of time so laudably engaged in ob taining. Should this be the case with these numerous brave, and for midable tribes, the results to them would be indeed most calami tous. To prevent such a result I wrote, through Ellis, a long, cordial, and rather sympathising letter to the chiefs of these tribes, assuring them that I should at once write to the Governor of California, to Captain Suter, and to our great chief respecting this matter. With a view to divert attention, and promote good feeling, I invited all the chiefs to come down in the fall, before the arrival of the emigrants, in company with Dr. Whitman and Mr. Spalding, and confer with me npon this subject ; at the same time, as they had been so unfortunate, to bring along their ten dollar drafts, and exchange them with me for a cow and calf, each out of my own herds. I likewise wrote them, that on con dition they would defer going to California till the spring of 1847, and each chief assist me to the amount of two beaver skins, to get a good manual labor literary institution established for the English education of their sons and daughters a subject they feel the deepest interest in I would use every measure to get the unhappy affair adj usted ; and, as a token of my regard for them, would, from my private funds, give the chiefs five hundred dol lars, to assist them in purchasing young cows in California. I likewise proffered, as they are so eager for it, to start the Eng lish school next fall, by giving them the services of Mr. Lee, my interpreter, for four months, commencing in November next. Ellis more than properly appreciated my motives and proffers, and said he was of the full belief that the chiefs would accede to my proposition ; spoke of the importance of the English school, 75 and of the strong and general desire to obtain it. He left in higb hopes of a continuance of peace and onward prosperity to his peo- BANCROFT A few days later brought me into another excitement and dif ficulty, at Vancouver. Two young men, named in McLaugh- lin's communication to this government a copy of which, marked A, together with a reply, accompanying these despatchescrossed the Columbia river, and, unobserved, in the midst of a little thicket something over half a mile from Fort Vancouver, felled some timber threw up a few logs in the shape of a hut, intend ing soon to finish it put up a paper upon a contiguous tree, sta ting that they had commenced and intended to establish a claim agreeably with - here the note ended. Some one about the es tablishment, observing the paper and commencement of the hut y reported it to the Governor, who sent down at once and had all the timber removed from the vicinity ; the tree felled, and that, with the paper likewise, removed. They had hardly cleared the ground when the claimants arrived with a surveyor, and com menced surveying off a section of land, embracing the post first commenced upon. They were enquired of, at the instance of Gov. McLaughlin, as to their object and intentions. They at once laid down the chain, dropt all business, and walked up to the Fort. Several respectable and influential American citizens happened to be present on business, who, with myself, were re spectfully invited to hear the discussion. Williamson, a modest and respectable young man, deported himself with propriety ; but Alderman, his associate, a boisterous, hair- brained young fellow, caused me as occasionally others do to blush for American honor. His language was most severe, and, but for the sake of the country's quiet, could not have been endured ; the Governor and Mr. Douglass displaying their usual calmness and forbearance. I heard the discussion for two hours ; and, becoming satisfied that no possible good could grow out of it, remarked that with the cheerful consent of both parties I would give my sense of the matter. Each readily consenting, I thought best to come up on the blind side of Alderman ; treated his measures with less severity, and himself with more consideration and respect, than he anticipated ; then spoke of Greenough's construction of the treaty between the two governments which I happened to have with me of the im mense district of country dependant upon this establishment for supplies in beef, pork, etc., and as evidence that they had no more land contiguous than was necessary for their purposes, spoke of the number of cattle and other stock that had died from starva tion during the last winter ; dwelt upon the importance of union and good feeling among all the whites, surrounded as we were by ravages, in our weak and defenceless condition, and of the pror- priety of establishing correct precedents in our unsettled state, regarding land claims ; and, without advising particularly either party, TOok my seat. Williamson and Alderman soon manifested a desire for a private interview, which resulted in a suspension of hostilities for the pre sent, and probably an abandonment of the claim. Now, my dear sir, suffer me to write a few things concerning this country 3 which seem to me strongly to demand the speedy attention of the members of our government. Take fifty men from the colony, of the most intelligence, firmness, and prudence, and anarchy and confusion would follow. Suffer a free introduc tion of ardent spirits, and desolation, horror, dismay, and blood shed ensue. Never were a people more illy prepared for self-gov ernment, nor more unfavorably circumstanced to succeed aside from the single fact of the absence of intoxicating drinks. Sir, too great a portion of our population comes from the wes tern suburbs of civilization, for one moment's safety to us in our present condition. I know not but I have as much patience as most men, but am heartily tired of this state of things. Nor would I run the risk again, by land and water, from whites and savages, for the safety and quietness of the colony and country, for all the wealth of earth. I have not shrunk from toil, danger, nor hardships, and though alone-handed and unsustained black balled and traduced, astonishing to say, my measures have as yet succeeded. I think of the past with a clear conscience, yet at present, at peace as we are, I look upon our critical condition with an anxious, aching heart, feeling that the members of our govern ment err exceedingly towards their citizens in Oregon. As I have so often said of this lower country, with its beauty, excellence of soil, and mildness of climate, it might be rendered the paradise of earth; but, sir, every thing is jeopardized by the tardiness of our government measures; not only the poor, injured natives, but the whites generally, have become wearied to impa tience in waiting for an expression from our government, and disaffection, with a want of confidence, is taking the place of pre vious warm feeling and strong attachment. I regret this exceedingly, but feel it my duty to speak out in truth and distinctness on this important point. I have said and done what I could to keep up confidence and hope ; but already aspirants are haranguing in favor of independence, and using the most disparaging language regarding the measures of our govern ment as a reason for action. These are but the beginnings, and, though I am glad to say such sentiments do not generally obtain, yet they are more favorably listened to this year than last; their natural results and practical tendency you will readily perceive. Your atiiiuat report of 1843, reached mo only a fetf days having been broken open on the way, then put into the hands of Indians, and forwarded to me through that channel. And whil<* I have to regret never having received any thing from your pen, be assured I am not insensible to the honor done me, in speaking as you did of my report, through yours of 1843' to the Secretary of War. I feel any kind expression from home the more sensibly, from the torrent of opposition I have been forced to meet and con tend with here; but I am happy to observe that my influence is increasing, and my measures are being better understood and appreciated. Influence here is most important; I felt this strikingly a few weeks since. Three among the most correct and sensible men of the colony formed a co-partnership to enter largely upon the brewery business. They had already taken some steps ; and as the business promised to be lucrative, the probabilities were against me in attempting to dissuade them from their purpose. I visited them, labored calmly, honestly, and faithfully, and felt the differ ence of dealing or talking with men of sense and principle, over many with whom I have to do in Oregon. The interview broke up most agreeably, not an unpleasant sen tence having passed; the gentlemen engaging to give me their de cision very soon. This was communicated to me two days after, in a delicate and handsome manner, which was entirely to my wishes, the business being altogether abandoned. This was moat gratifying to me, as from such a quarter should beer be introduced, it would be impossible for us to prevent the introduction of stronger drink into the' colony and country, which, of all others, is most illy prepared to receive it. < The colony, now numbering about four thousand, is in a most flourishing state, and I am doubtful if any like number are more pleased or better contented in our wide domain. The schools of the country during the last winter have been well sustained; I have contributed to each, as was necessary, from ten to ^ fifteen dollars, to pay rents, etc., and to encourage them forward in their laudable struggle to educate their rising families. I attended the examination of the Methodist institute school a few weeks since, and was most agreeably impressed regarding the institution. The pleasant deportment and improved manners of the young ladies and gentlemen of the school, saying nothing of their aston ishing advancement in the different departments of literature, was a cause of the highest gratification. I have nowhere attended an examination, taking all things into the account, more creditable to the principal or institution. I have called for a report, but am orry to say it has not yet come to hand, n 78 The branches taught arc rhetoric, grammar, geography, arith metic, reading, writing, and spelling. The most enlightened and best disposed are using their influence to strengthen the organi zation, and perfect the laws of the colony. Many are favorable to the adoption of a constitution, by calling a convention for that purpose the present season. This being the most enlightened sense, and meeting with little opposition, I am of the opinion it will prevail. Should this be effected, the constitution, accom panied with a petition, will probably be forwarded by a delegate from this country to Washington city the coming winter. As the friends to the constitution generally wish best to the country, and desire to have every thing so conducted as not to embarrass, but meet with acceptance at home, I am solicited to be said delegate and represent the wants of Oregon. A circulating medium is greatly needed ; however, the enterprise and onward march of this people cannot easily be repressed. Through the auspices of the Hudson's Bay Company almost every man, requesting and needing it, is helped to sufficient means to commence on his sec tion of kind ; and, certainly, by far the greater number give evi dence of well-placed confidence. The prairies are dotted over with houses, and the fruitful fields are spreading out widely all around us. Moral and religious influence, I regret to say, is waning ; yet it is gratifying to observe an increasing interest upon the subject of sclools and education ; and I am happy to say we have now eleven schools this side of the mountains, most of them small, to be sure, but they are exerting a salutary and beneficial influence. Pardon the length and want of interest of my report. Did not duty hold me here, or had I funds appropriated to travel abroad to explore this delightful region of surrounding country, from what I learn of vague reports, J have little doubt but much in teresting, curious and important information might be collected. But here I am, doomed to sit, watch, and sometimes almost fight for peace between whites and Indians the question of right and wrong becoming more and more complicated continually ; while here, allow me say, the settling these difficulties necessarily costs me not a little. I believe most fully, in making a settlement with an Indian or tribe, to have it a happy, earnest and hearty one ; and, in order to affect this, they require a present as a seal. And, sir, this is my principal means of usefulness or influence over -these poor, and r in many instances, injured natives. Their seem ing confideflee and regard makes one the mo-re patient and cheer ful in doing for them ; or can I complain, as so many east of the mountains have been obliged to, of violated faith on the part of the Indians. From all I can learn, much of which little reliance is to be placed, there appears to be about twenty- seven thousand 70 Indians in the territory, allowing it to extend to 54 40 7 north latitude. Mr. Lee's my interpreter report accompanying this, you will observe. I would have accompanied him but for the season of the year, and the prevalence of the dysentery, which is sweeping off the natives of this lower country. This gave rise to Dr. Long's bill, which, I hope, will be honored, as it was a work of humanity as well as policy. I directed it, as I could not possibly attend to those and these at the same time, there being about forty miles between us. I hope, Providence permitting, to have the pleasure of seeing you and the other gentlemen of the departments, at Washington, in a few weeks, or months at longest, after this reaches, and of explaining my accounts and reasons for expenditures. I had not expected to draft on the department this spring ; but there was no other means of settling with Gov. McLaughlin, for the want of a circulating medium through which to operate. Enclosed is a letter from Peter H. Burnett, Esq., which I pro posed forwarding in my last despatches, but received too late for transmission. With great respect, I am, dear sir, Your most humble and obedient servant, ELIJAH WHITE, Sub- Agent Indian Affairs, W. R. M* ALBANY, JOLT 29, lP4tu DR. ELIJAH WHITE : DEAR SIR : Your letter of the 22d inst. was duly received ; and I regret that circumstances have prevented an earlier answer. In compliance with your request, I proceed to state the circumstan ces of your appointment of Indian sub-agent for the Oregon country. Soon after entering the war department, my attention was turned to the c ondition of the citizens residing upoia^ or in the viciaity of the Columbia river. They were not only without any government to regulate themselves, but they were practically without the pro tection of their own government, and exposed to the encroach ments of the British authorities there, as well as to the attacks of the Indians. In the then condition of our relations with Great Britain it was very important that our citizens should have some known agent of the government, to whom they might look for advice and some de gree of protection ; and it was equally important that the govern ment should have some trustworthy and responsible officer upoz* $0 the spot, to watch our interests arid inform us of every movement of the British authorities and of the Hudson's Bay Company, and to interpose, as far as possible, to prevent Indian aggressions. While the subject was under consideration, both by the president and myself, you appeared at Washington and was introduced to me. We learned that you had resided at Willamette, on the Columbia, and in conversation with you, 1 found you to be well informed on the subject, and that you fully appreciated the objects of an agency there. After consultation with the president, and with Dr. Linn, the distinguished Senator from Missouri, who for years had taken particular interest in the matter, and with their advice and sanction, I proposed to you the appointment of Indian sub-agent for the Indians west of the Rocky Mountains that be ing the only office in the power of the executive to bestow which would at all answer the purpose in view, arid you was URGED to accept it, and to raise as large a company of our citizens as possi ble, to proceed with you, and settle in the Oregon country. The insufficiency of the salary seven hundred and fifty dollars was admitted, but it was the best we could offer ; and, as an induce ment to you to accept the appointment, you was told that a bill had been, or would be, introduced into the Senate by Mr. Linn, in relation to the Oregon territory, in which provisions would be made for Indian agencies of a higher grade and greater compen sation ; and I think one thousand five hundred or two thousand dollars was mentioned as the probable salary. You -was assured, that if such a bill passed Congress, you would receive an appoint ment to the highest grade of agency, and that you might depend upon the support of the department, and the good will of the presi dent and the utmost liberality consistent with the laws, in de fraying any extra expenses which they authorized. Under these circumstances you accepted the appointment of sub-Indian agent, and I have no doubt with the expectation of receiving an appoint ment of a higher grade, and with a larger salary. The bill of Senator Linn did not pass, and you was left in the place to which you was originally appointed. I bear testimony very cheerfully to the fidelity and zeal with which you discharged the duties of your station, and endeavored to accomplish the objects of Government. You succeeded in organ izing a party of more than one hundred of our citizens to emigrate to Oregon ; and I have every reason to believe that your services were eminently useful to the government, and beneficial to the sett lers. I deeply regret that it was not in the power of the adminis tration, of which I was a member, to render you adequate remune ration for those services, and for the great labor and toil, and the devotion of your time, to what was then deemed, and is still be lieved to have boon objects of grent public interest. I trust that 31 the present Congress will make a liberal provision for the defi ciency. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. C. SPENCER. Done by the House of Representatives of Oregon Territory, this 14:th day of August, 1845 : Whereas the adoption by the people of this territory of the amended organic laws of Oregon was an act of necessity rather than of choice, and was intended to give to the people the protec tion which, of right should be extended to them by their govern ment, and not as an act in defiance or disregard of the authority or laws of the United States. Therefore, Resolved, 1st. That, in the opinion of this house, the Congress of the United States, in establishing a territorial government in Oregon, should legalize the acts of the people of this territory, so far as they are in accordance with the Constitution of the United States. 2d. That Dr. Elijah White, sub-Indian agent of this Territory, be requested to present a copy of the amended organic laws of Oregon to the Congress of the United States. 3d. That these resolutions be endorsed upon said copy, with the vote of the house adopting the same. On the adoption of the above resolutions, the vote of the houso was unanimous. M. M. McCARVER, Speaker. . Attest: J. E.LoNQ, Clerk. REFLECTIONS. It is of little use to speak of the past ; the dignity, the power, the wealth, and prowess of the Indian is gone. His ancient cus toms are unsuited to his present surroundings his wild fowl and game is gone or scattered and wild ; he is lost to the use of the bow and arrow the war song is not heard, and his dance is is sel dom and but feebly performed ; and all is sad and cheerless in prospect for the poor Indian. His once wide extended, valued, and magnificent domain has passed into our hands a narrow strip each side the distant Rocky Mountains only is left ; and even there, at the centre of his only hope, is thrown in a large and flourishing colony of whites, killing and scattering hia antelope, deer, elk and buffalo, 32 upon which his very existence depends. All their fine valleys are occupied by the whites ; and a more forlorn and pitiable condition with more wretched prospects, were never spread out before the ye and mind of human beings. We Republicans occasionally talk of the wrongs of the negro race. It would be wiser and more fitting to look closely to greater wrongs " at least in part easily remedied," nearer home. We claim to be the guardians of the Indians, but do we guard, guide*, or protect them as we should ? Is our Indian system for the mutual benefit of the governed, and the government ; or mainly for one party? Is it educational, or what is its object but to buy and pay for the Indians* land, and prevent their retaliation for wrongs often inflicted upon them by ruthless whites ? WHAT CAN AND SHOULD BE DONE? Without respect to political considerations, " any more than as if acting as guardians for the children of deceased relatives" we ought to fill the offices under the present Indian system, with the wisest and best men that can be procured. And as all the usages and ideas of the natives are in the direction of a hereditary gov ernment; or, as with them, once a chief always a chief; and as by reason of this they are ADDLED, CONFUSED and injured by our frequent changes of officers, we should never change but for un- fitness or mal-practice. Farther, in my judgment, a new office should be created over each great department of the work ; placing the officer contiguous to the field of labor one for the Pacific, and two for this side the mountains. This officer should be in fact and name, a supervisor of Indian Affairs, and his duties in substance as follows : Not being a disbursing officer, and thereby less liable to cor ruption, he should see disbursed, and vouch for all large sums appropriated to the Indians of his district, in connection with the disbursing agents ; and this would assist in arresting and prevent ing frauds and peculation. Second, he should supervise, say, and do what he could to advance .education and improvement among the natives, and Government. Twenty-five years observation has convinced me that the Indi ans of the Pacific coast, under anything like favorable circum stances, readily domesticate, and make as rapid advancement in- civilization as other races. Their intellect I consider as good, their memory as strong, their purposes as firm, their natural' dignity and self respect equal to any; and as they are now consciously under the necessity of changing their pursuits, I am satisfied, with proper encouragement they would reason ably advance in the arts of civilized life. Indeed, should I judge them from the few feeble efforts in their behalf put forth in Oregon, previously to large numbers of emigrants from the western borders of civilization rushing in upon them, I should be obliged to say their improvements were astonishing ; especially some four or five tribes embracing the Nez Perces, Keyuse, Pon- drays, &c., &c. The fault is less with the Indians than with the whites. We are wickedly remiss in duty toward the Red man. We rule too much, and gently guide, lead, and instruct too little. As a Chris tian Government with benevolent intentions always in view, we have managed our Indian Affairs most bunglingly ; almost from first to last, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. A few fee ble, ineffectual efforts hare been put forth to support small schools here, and there, by the Department ; bu$ such as- un der like circumstances, would have proved failures with any race in the world ; and the whole race is condemned as not capable of mental culture or civilization. A fourth part expended to protect them in their natural rights, and to furnish them good and whole some instruction^ from moral and humane teachers, that has 84 expended in unnecessary wars, and long before this they would have been a comparatively civilized and happy people. Had the Government sought their agents with a special view, as certainly they should, to the good of the Indian ; and when found adapted to the service, retained him ; much evil would have been saved and good done ; but all our management has been against the poor Indian, and calculated to crush and ruin his prospects for any earthly good. Congress and the Department at Washington has been alike at fault, Congress for not instituting better laws ; and then pressing upon the President the appointment of improper persons to fill those important places of trust. The Executive has a thousand times gone counter to his convictions of duty, from these improper pressures, and importunities. The Commissioners err too as badly at Washington. For years, while sub-agent in Oregon, I impor tuned for further light, and clearer instruction; a word of encour agement or something to cheer me on in duty, but that WORD never come. I mention these things in hopes to incite to better action in the future. The Commissioner, in my judgment, should keep up a correspondence with all his agents, writing as often as possible it is attended with the happiest results. The errors of our fathers, or our own past remisness, we cannot now remedy ; we must look at the present, meet the emergency, and, act with a view to the future. The last ten years of Indian wars, bloodshed, and waste of treasure, on the Pacific, "so demoralizing to both races," ought, should, and must be stopped^ such havoc of a weak and defence less people ; by a civilized, powerful, and Christian nation, reflects dishonor on our HEADS and hearts', and, in all modesty, yet, in great earnestness ; I call upon this administration to exert its in fluence in favor of wise and pacific measures for the peace, se curity, improvement, and happiness of the poor Indians of our country. The Hon. Henry R. Schoolcraft, our Indian historian, says our system is defective. May this receive due consideration from Congress, and in the meantime, under the present law, may our good President select with great care our wisest and best men to fill the various posts, without respect to outside pressure ; and may our present Commissioner steadily maintain his high pur pose of renovatig his department ; and placing all under him, in harmonious action for the promotion of the best interests of the Government and the governed.