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 THE 
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS OF SWITZERLAND 
 
 AKD OTHER PAETS OF EUKOPE
 
 
 LONDON 
 
 VHINTED BY SPOTTISWOOKE AND CO. 
 BEW-STRBBT SQUARE
 
 o
 
 THE 
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 SWITZERLAND AND OTHER PARTS OF EUROPE 
 
 BY 
 
 DR. FERDINAND KELLER 
 
 PRESIDENT OP THE ANTIQUARIAN ASSOCIATION OF ZURICH 
 
 TRANSLATED AND ARRANGED 
 
 JOHN EDWARD LEE, F.S.A. F.G.S. 
 
 AUTHOR OF ' ISCA SILURUM ' ETC. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 
 1866 
 
 The rijht of tramlation it reserved
 
 TEANSLATOE'S PEEFACE. 
 
 WHEN about to visit Switzerland the summer before last, I 
 was naturally desirous of obtaining information as to the 
 antiquities discovered of late years in what have been 
 rightly designated, by a well-known antiquarian friend, as 
 the ' wonderful Pfahlbauten ' (Habitations lacustres), or lake 
 dwellings. Some very excellent notices of them had ap- 
 peared in English by Mr. Wylie, Sir John Lubbock, Bart, 
 (since then printed with additional information in his late 
 work), and Sir Charles Lyell, Bart. ; but still there seemed 
 a want of precise and definite information respecting them. 
 
 On arriving in Switzerland, I found that the inhabitants 
 were fully aware of the rich archaeological mine, which had 
 been first brought into notice by Dr. Ferdinand Keller, the 
 excellent president of the Antiquarian Association of 
 Zurich. The investigation of the various lake dwellings is 
 now carried on with a zeal and energy, which might b.e 
 emulated with advantage by our own richer and more 
 numerous societies. Almost all the museums of Switzerland 
 now contain valuable collections of these antiquities : there 
 is hardly a native who is not fully alive to the value of these 
 discoveries. 
 
 Under these circumstances, it seemed to me a most 
 extraordinary thing that, notwithstanding the excellent 
 general notices before referred to, so little, comparatively, 
 should be known in England respecting them ; and I there- 
 
 20GG181
 
 T i PREFACE. 
 
 fore, in the autumn of that year, ventured to propose to 
 Dr. Keller, the original discoverer, to make a translation of 
 his reports on this subject to the Antiquarian Association of 
 Zurich, five of which were then published, and the sixth 
 was in progress. To this he most readily and kindly 
 assented ; but he advised that, as the reports had been pub- 
 lished at various times, when fresh discoveries were made, 
 the whole should be rearranged and thrown into a more 
 regular form. He also very liberally proposed to send 
 lithographic ' transfers ' of the plates for his sixth report 
 (which has been published within the last few weeks); and 
 he has also kindly communicated the proof-sheets of it, 
 while in the press ; so that the present work will contain 
 the very latest information which has been obtained on the 
 subject. 
 
 Such, then, is the nature of this volume. I will merely 
 add, that it is a simple translation and rearrangement of 
 Dr. Keller's six reports : the order is entirely different ; the 
 language, as far as possible, is his own. Some few things 
 have, under his direction, been omitted, and several additions 
 have been made by him. In a few instances I have added 
 notes of my own : my province, however, was not to illus- 
 trate but to translate ; and, as these few notes rest on my own 
 authority alone, they are marked at foot with the letters Tr. 
 
 With respect to the plates, it may be well to mention 
 that about one-half are actual 'transfers ' (rearranged in the 
 octavo form) from plates drawn at Zurich, either for the last 
 report or for the previous ones. Another considerable por- 
 tion consists of copies, either by myself or my friends, from 
 the other plates of the Zurich reports ; while a smaller portion, 
 including the sketches of localities, were drawn by myself 
 from nature, or from the objects themselves, during a visit to 
 Switzerland last summer. It was at first intended that each 
 settlement should have one or more plates to itself; and
 
 PREFACE. vii 
 
 this has been carried out as far as possible : but the number 
 of settlements, and the multitude of specimens (upwards of 
 fifteen hundred in all),, and more especially the constant 
 discovery of new objects while the translation was going on, 
 rendered it absolutely impossible to carry out this plan 
 entirely. A full index and a careful description of the 
 plates will, it is hoped, obviate any difficulty arising from 
 this circumstance. 
 
 I must be allowed a few words respecting the 'Ideal 
 Restoration of a Lake Dwelling,' which is placed as a frontis- 
 piece, as it is not the ' restoration ' given in the first Zurich 
 report, which has been so frequently copied ; and it might 
 be thought presumption in a translator not to have re- 
 produced the original sketch. But the fact is, since that 
 report was published, a great mass of information has accu- 
 mulated, which required some change to be made in the 
 restored sketch ; and Dr. Keller requested me to design a 
 view in accordance with the latest discoveries. This sketch, 
 therefore, before it was drawn on the stone, was submitted 
 to the author of this volume, and corrected by him in some 
 minor particulars ; and after having been transmitted once 
 or twice between Zurich and England, I am happy to say it 
 has now his complete approval. 
 
 The foreign weights and measures have all been reduced 
 into those of England, except where they were evidently 
 given merely as approximations, in which cases the original 
 numbers have not been altered. 
 
 Amongst the multitude of facts which had to be collected 
 from six reports, and placed under their proper heads, 
 some minor mistakes are very probable ; but I trust that 
 no great errors will be found. It is not with a view of 
 evading responsibility, but in order to give some authority 
 to the work, that I mention the fact of the proof-sheets 
 having passed rapidly under the eye of the author. I do
 
 viii PREFACE. , 
 
 not mean to say that he has, what is called, ' corrected the 
 press : ' this was more than could possibly have been expected 
 from him ; but even a hasty glance from the author and 
 original discoverer will probably ensure its freedom from 
 great errors. 
 
 I have further to add, by Dr. Keller's especial request 
 (and I cannot do this better than in the Preface), that in 
 the following volume it has been his object simply to state 
 facts : he leaves almost entirely to others the wide field of 
 speculation. The mass of facts already accumulated is 
 large ; it is daily increasing ; and it would be premature 
 to speculate where the discoveries of any hour may over- 
 turn the theories of the previous one. 
 
 Lastly, I do not think it out of place to mention how 
 much I am indebted to my lithographer, Mr. Palmer, of 
 Newport, for the care he has taken as to the plates, especially 
 in the troublesome rearrangement of the ' transfers ' from 
 Zurich : some of the copies from the Swiss plates were 
 drawn on stone by Mr. Palmer, junior. 
 
 In conclusion, I sincerely hope that the reader may enjoy 
 even a small portion of the pleasure which has fallen to 
 my lot while investigating the subject, and translating this 
 valuable work. 
 
 THE TRANSLATOR. 
 
 THE PRIORY, CAERLEON : 
 April llth, 1866.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE . . . , . 4> . v 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . ix 
 
 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . 1 
 
 GENERAL FORM . . . . . . . . 3 
 
 METHODS EMPLOYED LN COLLECTING THE LAKE-DWELLING ANTIQUITIES 9 
 
 ORIGINAL DISCOVERT . , . ' . . . 10 
 
 REMARKS ON THE AGES OF STONE, BRONZE, AND IRON . . . 12 
 
 MEILEN ......... 14 
 
 MOOSSEEDORF . . . . . . . .31 
 
 LAKE OF PFAFFIKON (ROBENHAUSEN, IRGENHAUSEN) ... 37 
 
 WANGEN . . . . . . . . . 60 
 
 NIEDERWYL . . . . . . . .69 
 
 WAUWYL ... . . . . . 77 
 
 ALLENSBACH AND MARKELFINGEN . . . . .87 
 
 UEBERLINGER SEE (WESTERN SHORE) . . . -,. . . 96 
 
 (EASTERN SHORE) . . . .- . . 102 
 
 XAKE OF ZU6 -. . . . . . . . 123 
 
 NIDAU . . . .'. . . . , . 132 
 
 CORTAILLOD . . . . . . . . 148 
 
 AUVERNIER . . . . . . , . 153 
 
 ESTAVAYER . . . . . . . 156 
 
 NEIGHBOURHOOD OF YVERDON (CONCISE, CORCELLETTES, ETC.) . 168 
 
 GRENG . . . . . . . . 184 
 
 MONTELLIER . . . . . . . 190 
 
 MORGES . . . . . ' . . ... . 194 
 
 LAKE OF BOURGET . * . . ?1 . . . 202 
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS SOUTH OF THE ALPS . . 205
 
 x CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 MERCURAGO AND BORGO TICINO . . . . .210 
 
 PEAT MOOR OF SAN MARTINO AND TORRE BAIRO \ '. . 215 
 
 LAKE OF VARESE ....... 217 
 
 PESCHIERA . . . . . . . 218 
 
 LAGO DI FIMON ........ 222 
 
 CASTIONE AND THE TERRAMARA BEDS ..... 222 
 
 EARLY ANTIQUITIES FOUND IN ITALY (for comparison) . . 236 
 
 MARIN ......... 239 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST OF LAKE DWELLINGS IN THE SWISS DISTRICT . 264 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS ON THE LAKE DWELLINGS .... 289 
 
 FIGURES OF THE CRESCENT MOON ..... 319 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF VEGETABLE FIBRE, FLAX, &C. . . . 323 
 
 PLANTS OF THE LAKE DAVELLINGS, BY DR. OSWALD HEER . . 336 
 
 ANIMAL REMAINS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS, BY PROFESSOR RUTIMEYER 355 
 
 ANALYSIS OF BRONZE IMPLEMENTS, BY PROFESSOR VON FELLENBERG . 363 
 
 SETTLEMENTS ON THE MAIN LAND (for comparison) . . . 364 
 
 . Ebersberg ....... 364 
 
 Vilters ........ 375 
 
 Uetliberg ....... 376 
 
 Windisch ....... 376 
 
 BAVARIA ......... 378 
 
 MECKLENBURG ........ 378 
 
 IRISH CRANNOGES ....... 380 
 
 SCOTCH. CRANNOGS, BY JOHN STUART, ESft .... 389 
 
 APPENDIX ........ 393 
 
 Remarks on the ' Habitations lacustres ' of M. Troyon . . 394 
 
 Latest Discoveries in the Swiss Lake Dwellings . . 401 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES ...... 405 
 
 INDEX . 419 
 
 DIRECTIONS TO BINDER. 
 
 Place IDEAL RESTORATION OF A Swiss LAKE DWELLJKG as frontispiece, and the remaining Plates 
 Uigethcr at the end.
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 INTEODUCTION. 
 
 THE OBJECT of the following pages is to lay before English 
 antiquaries a summary of what has hitherto been discovered 
 respecting the lake dwellings of Switzerland, and the neighbour- 
 ing countries, together with a glance at the corresponding 
 settlements in other parts of Europe. 
 
 These facts were originally published in the reports on the 
 subject laid before the Antiquarian Association of Zurich ; but 
 as these communications were made at various times just as 
 the discoveries were unfolded in this new field of enquiry, it 
 necessarily follows that the original reports contain a certain 
 amount of repetition ; and also that conjectures made at an 
 early period of the investigation were either confirmed or dis- 
 proved by subsequent discoveries. The present volume, there- 
 fore, is not a simple translation of the reports on the lake 
 dwellings printed by the Antiquarian Association, but a 
 condensed account taken from the whole of them : the substance 
 remains, though the mode of stating it is altered. It may 
 however, be well to mention, that in every case when it was 
 possible the original has been very closely adhered to, though 
 not the order in which it is given ; and in most cases the 
 language and expressions are the same, translated into English. 
 To the substance of these reports a few facts have been added, 
 lately discovered, so as to bring the information as far as 
 possible down to the present day. 
 
 It is hardly necessary here to state, what in the year 1855 
 was new to antiquaries, that from a series of discoveries the 
 fact is made manifest, that in the very earliest times groups 
 of families, or probably whole tribes, subsisting by hunting
 
 \ 
 
 2 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and fishing, with some knowledge of agriculture, lived on the 
 borders of the Swiss lakes, in huts built not on dry ground, 
 but on a series of piles in the shallows near the shores. Since 
 that time it has been ascertained that this peculiar mode of 
 living was not confined to the inhabitants of Switzerland alone, 
 but extended to several of the neighbouring countries, nay 
 more than this, the information which is rapidly accumulating 
 on all sides will probably bear out the supposition made in the 
 year 1855, that this mode of settlement is to be found in the 
 whole circle of the countries formerly Celtic.* At all events, 
 lake dwellings, if not pile dwellings, existed in Ireland and 
 Scotland, which in many respects may be considered analogous 
 to a few of peculiar construction found in Switzerland. These 
 peculiar lake dwellings, as well as the Irish crannoges, will be 
 described in their place. 
 
 * The author, in his later reports, has evidently avoided using any names which 
 might positively indicate the nationality of the lake dwellers. [Tn.]
 
 GENEEAL FOEM. 
 
 Before proceeding to a description of the different lake dwell- 
 ings, and of the objects found in them, it may be well in the 
 first place to give an idea of the general form of these singular 
 settlements, and of the different varieties under which they 
 may be classed. The substructure will naturally claim our first 
 attention. 
 
 I. SUBSTRUCTURE. 
 
 I. PILE DWELLINGS. What may especially be called the 
 pile dwellings are by far the most numerous in the lakes of 
 Switzerland and upper Italy. The annexed woodcut will give 
 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 a general notion of the arrangement : piles of various kinds of 
 wood, sometimes split, but in general mere stems with the bark 
 on, sharpened sometimes by fire, sometimes by stone hatchets 
 or celts, and in later times by tools of bronze and probably of 
 iron, were driven into the shallows of the lakes provided they 
 were not rocky, at various distances from the shore. These 
 piles were placed sometimes close together, sometimes in pairs, 
 sometimes tolerably wide apart generally in regular order, but 
 occasionally in apparent confusion. In all cases the heads 
 of the piles were brought to a level, and then the platform 
 beams were laid upon them, which in some cases were fastened 
 by wooden pins, in others mortises or central hollows were cut 
 in the heads of the vertical piles to receive the cross beams. 
 Occasionally cross timbers were joined to the upright piles 
 below the platform to support and steady the structure, either 
 forced in as it were between them or fastened to them by what 
 
 B 2
 
 4 GENERAL FORM. 
 
 workmen call c notching,' that is, portions were cut out of the 
 vertical piles to receive the cross timbers. The platform lying 
 on the top of this series of piles appears in many cases to have 
 been of the rudest construction, and to have consisted merely of 
 one or two layers of unbarked stems lying parallel one to another ; 
 in a few cases, as in one of the Italian lake dwellings, they 
 were more artificial, and were composed of boards, split out of 
 the trunks of trees, and joined with some approach to accuracy. 
 
 In many cases the outer row of piles appears to have been 
 covered or closed in by a kind of wattle or hurdle work, made 
 of small twigs or branches, probably to lessen the splash of the 
 water, or to prevent the piles from being injured by floating 
 wood. 
 
 The distance from the shore as before mentioned varied 
 considerably : there appears to have been no regular rule in 
 this respect ; it may, however, be well to mention that when a 
 lake dwelling has been inhabited both in the stone and the 
 bronze age, that part evidently used in the bronze age is fre- 
 quently further from shore and deeper in the lake than that 
 which belongs to the age of stone. With this exception, as far 
 as can be ascertained, nearly the same mode of construction 
 prevailed in the pile dwellings during the ages of stone, bronze, 
 and iron. 
 
 Some few of these dwellings appear to have almost touched 
 the shore, but this is not a common case : most of them, as 
 before mentioned, are at some little distance from it, and in all 
 probability they were connected with it by a narrow platform 
 or bridge formed also on piles; in some lake dwellings the 
 remains of these bridge-like entrances have actually been 
 discovered. 
 
 In certain cases, as near Nidau &c., these pile dwellings have 
 another peculiarity : they are formed on artificial rises in the 
 bottom of the lake, made by a large number of stones, which 
 have evidently been brought in boats, and sunk on the spot for 
 some especial purpose ; in fact, one boat or canoe, still loaded 
 with the stones which proved too great a cargo for it, and which 
 consequently sunk it to the bottom, is still to be seen at Peters 
 Island in the lake of Bienne ; the particulars will be given 
 when this locality is described. These artificial rises, or hillocks, 
 under the surface of the water are not uncommon, especially in 
 the western lakes, and all go by the name of Stein-berg. The 
 annexed woodcut gives some idea of this variety of pile 
 dwelling.
 
 GENERAL FORM. 5 
 
 As it seems impossible, according to the opinions of the best 
 engineers to drive piles into a regular heap of stones, we are 
 obliged to come to the conclusion that the piles must first have 
 been driven more or less deeply into the mud, and that the 
 stones were afterwards thrown down between and around the 
 piles, in order to consolidate the erection.* 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 II. FASCINE DWELLINGS. Some lake dwellings were of very 
 peculiar structure, and may be designated fascine dwellings. 
 Instead of a platform, supported on a series of piles, these 
 erections consisted of layers of sticks, or small stems of trees 
 built up from the bottom of the lake, till the structure reached 
 above the water mark ; and on this series of layers the main 
 platform for the huts was placed. Numerous upright piles are 
 indeed found in dwellings of this description, but they were not 
 used to support the platform as in the pile dwellings just 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 mentioned, but chiefly as stays or guides for the great mass of 
 sticks, in successive layers, which reached down to the bottom 
 of the lake. The woodcut annexed shows a section of a lake 
 dwelling built on this peculiar plan. As several settlements of 
 
 * An engineering friend informs me that an arrangement of a similar kind has been 
 used on a much larger scale in the new pier at Portland. Here long piles are driven 
 and screwed down into the tenacious clay, orming the bottom, till they are sufficiently 
 strong to bear a kind of railroad. Huge masses of rock are then brought upon it in 
 trams from Portland Isle, and thrown down between and around the piles, so as to 
 form a regular breakwater against the heavy seas which beat on that coast. I am 
 also informed by the engineer of the harbour of refuge at Holyhead, that precisely 
 the same plan is adopted there with their long piles, except that they are not screwed 
 but driven in to support the stage from which the stone is thrown. [.Tn.]
 
 6 GENERAL FORM. 
 
 this kind will be carefully described in the course of the following 
 pages, it will be unnecessary at present to enter into further 
 detail. It may however be well to mention that fascine dwellings 
 occur chiefly in the smaller lakes, and apparently belong to the 
 stone age. 
 
 III. CRANNOGES, or 'WOODEN ISLANDS.' These singular 
 structures bear a great resemblance to the class last described. 
 They have hitherto been found chiefly if not entirely in Ireland 
 and Scotland. They were first brought into notice by Sir W. 
 R. Wilde in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy for 
 1840, and several were subsequently described by Mr. Shirley 
 and other individuals. Sir W. R. Wilde's ' Catalogue ' contains 
 notices of several crannoges. They have also been found in 
 some of the Scotch lakes, especially in Dowalton Loch, which 
 was drained by Sir Wm. Maxwell of Monreith. Several cran- 
 noges then discovered have been described by Lord Lovaine 
 and Mr. John Stuart. As it is intended in the course of the 
 following pages to give a notice of the structures of this kind 
 found in Ireland and Scotland, it will be sufficient at present 
 merely to state that the crannoges at least in Ireland were 
 frequently but not exclusively placed on natural islands, or on 
 shallows which approached to this character ; sometimes they 
 were built up from the bottom of the lake on the soft mud, 
 exactly in the manner of the fascine dwellings of Switzerland. 
 They are surrounded by a stockade of piles, driven into the bed 
 of the lake, so as to enclose either a circle or an oval ; the 
 diameter varies from 60 to 130 feet. These piles are usually 
 in a single row, but sometimes the rows are double and even 
 treble. Occasionally the piles are boards, not round stems. 
 The lowest bed within this enclosure is commonly a mass of 
 ferns, branches, and other vegetable matter, generally covered 
 over with a layer of round logs, cut into lengths of from four 
 to six feet, over which is usually found a quantity of clay, 
 gravel, and stones. It will be seen from this short statement 
 that the crannoges have a great analogy with the fascine 
 dwellings of Switzerland, and this will probably appear still more 
 clearly when the details are given hereafter. This similarity 
 is very striking, when we consider that the Swiss dwellings 
 were evidently places of permanent habitation that families 
 and perhaps tribes lived on them; while the crannoges as 
 mentioned by Mr. Stuart are chiefly to be regarded as chieftains' 
 forts, and fastnesses for occasional retreat. Unlike the fascine 
 dwellings of Switzerland, which belong chiefly if not exclusively
 
 GENERAL FORM. 
 
 to the age of stone, the crannoges, whatever may be the age 
 of their foundation, continued down to the age of iron nay, 
 they were actually used at a very late period ; whereas the 
 lake dwellings of Switzerland, as far as we at present know, 
 disappeared about the first century. The annexed woodcut will 
 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 probably give some idea of the appearance of these crannoges ; 
 but it is difficult to represent a structure of this kind merely in 
 section, which necessarily is the case with the vignette, and the 
 reader therefore is referred for more particulars to the detailed 
 description. 
 
 II. SUPERSTRUCTURE. 
 
 Under this head there is naturally very little to say : in fact, 
 a few words will suffice for all that we have to communicate. 
 Except under very peculiar circumstances, timber and vegetable 
 material cannot possibly exist long when exposed to the 
 summer sun and the winter's storms. Still there are indications, 
 though slight ones, as to the construction of the huts, and these 
 will now be stated as briefly as possible. 
 
 It has been already mentioned that the main platform .con- 
 sisted either of round timber, or (in some few cases) of split 
 boards. Upon this it appears that a bed of mud loam and 
 gravel was laid, and beaten down firmly, either by the feet, or 
 by the wooden mallets, of which several have been found in 
 these localities. Occasionally a layer of larger pebbles is found, 
 as in some of the Italian dwellings, near the top, probably to 
 strengthen this kind of plaster floor. 
 
 There can be no doubt that small piles or stakes formed the 
 framework of the huts. Some of these have been actually 
 found projecting considerably above the platform. Probably 
 in some cases, especially in the fascine erections, fresh piles 
 were driven in for this purpose, which did not go quite down to 
 the bottom of the lake ; but in the regular pile buildings, they 
 would only be piles of an extra length. 
 
 Of course these piles would mark out the extent of the
 
 8 GENERAL FORM. 
 
 dwellings themselves, and in one or two favourable instances 
 we have thus the ground plan of a settlement ; but we have 
 more than this : the size of the house is further marked out by 
 boards, forced in firmly between the piles, and resting edgeways 
 on the platform, thus forming whai at the present day we should 
 call the skirting boards of the huts or rooms. It cannot now 
 be determined whether this was continued higher than a single 
 board, as more than this has not as yet been actually discovered ; 
 but the advantage of even a single plank, set on edge, to keep 
 out wet, and wind and vermin, must be generally evident. It 
 is also perfectly certain that the walls or sides were in a great 
 measure made of a wattle or hurdle-work of small branches, 
 woven in between the upright piles, and covered with a con- 
 siderable thickness of loam or clay; this is proved by numbers 
 of pieces of clay half burnt, or hardened in the fire, with the 
 impressions of the wattle- work still remaining. These singularly 
 illustrative specimens are found in nearly every settlement 
 which has been destroyed by fire. 
 
 All the evidence which has yet come before us, proves that 
 the huts were rectangular ; but some of them may possibly have 
 been round, as, from ancient authors, it is very evident that 
 the huts of many nations on terra firma were round in form. 
 
 It is not known whether the huts were divided into several 
 rooms or not; possibly further discoveries may decide this. 
 From the remains of straw and reeds found in every lake dwell- 
 ing, it seems almost certain that the huts were thatched with 
 these materials, and highly probable that the dormitories were 
 strewed with the softer kinds of straw or hay. 
 
 Every hut had its hearth, consisting of three or four large 
 slabs of stone ; and it is probable from the almost universal 
 prevalence of clay weights for weaving, that most, if not all, of 
 them were furnished with a loom. Portions of young trees with 
 the branches partially lopped on 7 are also not uncommon in these 
 dwellings ; these would be very convenient, if fastened to the 
 roof or the walls, for the suspension of the mats, the tools, the 
 nets, or the earthenware vessels, some of which seem to have 
 been used with rope handles. 
 
 Such is the whole which we actually know, or have a reason- 
 able probability for believing, as to the huts themselves ; and 
 beyond this it is not the province of the sober antiquary to 
 enquire.
 
 METHODS EMPLOYED IN COLLECTING THE LAKE-DWELLING 
 ANTIQUITIES.* 
 
 FIG. 5. 
 
 Probably this may be a suitable place for mentioning the 
 mode in which lake-dwelling antiquities are collected. Some 
 lakes have of late years been either wholly or partially drained, 
 especially those where peat has grown. In these cases the level 
 of the water having altered, the search for antiquities has to be 
 carried on by actual excavation either in the peat or in the 
 ancient bed of the lake. In some cases, however, as at Roben- 
 hausen, the peat can only be excavated to the proper depth by 
 keeping pumps almost constantly at work. 
 
 Under ordinary circumstances, however, the 
 case is different, and the antiquities have to 
 be looked for in the lake itself, occasionally 
 at considerable depths, either lying on the 
 surface of the lake-bed, or buried to some 
 extent in the mud. In localities where the 
 former case occurs, and where, strange to say, 
 these primseval antiquities appear still on the 
 surface of the lake bottom after having been 
 exposed for thousands of years to the gaze of 
 every boatman who passed over them, all that 
 is required is a keen eye, clear still water, 
 and a pair of forceps similar to those repre- 
 sented in the annexed woodcut. This simple 
 instrument is fixed to the end of a long pole, 
 and as will be seen from the sketch opens and 
 shuts by means of a cord. 
 
 But, where the antiquities are buried in the mud, the labour 
 is much greater ; in this case a kind of implement similar to that 
 drawn in the annexed woodcut, is used for trenching the bottom. 
 The scraper itself is fixed to a strong pole, and is pressed 
 down into the mud by means of two wooden handles at- 
 tached to it by sockets and rings ; these handles are worked 
 from the boat above. This arrangement makes the scraper 
 more effective, so that trenches can be dug, or rather scraped, 
 of a considerable depth, and a large quantity of mud can be col- 
 
 * This notice does not stand in any of the original reports to the Zurich Association, 
 but it seems so essential that English antiquaries should know the methods employed 
 by their Swiss friends, that it has been inserted in the text together with the illustra- 
 tive woodcuts. [Tfi.]
 
 10 ORIGINAL DISCOVERY. 
 
 lected together, which is then brought up by the usual imple- 
 ments and examined. It is obvious that this operation must be 
 
 very difficult where the ground is en- 
 FlG> 6 - cumbered by stumps of piles or stones ; 
 
 and it is but due to the Swiss anti- 
 quaries to mention the difficulties with 
 which they have to contend in pursuing 
 their investigations. 
 
 Where railway or other works are 
 in progress a steam mud-engine some- 
 times brings to the view of the anti- 
 quary a great quantity of mud from the 
 bed of the lake; but the advantage 
 
 thus gained is almost more than compensated by the fractured 
 condition in which many of the antiquities are brought up. 
 
 ORIGINAL DISCOVERY OP THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 Though the settlement or lake dwelling of Ober Meilen will 
 hereafter be fully described, yet it may be well here to 
 give a short account of its original discovery, as it was the first 
 of these singular localities which was at all carefully examined, 
 and of which the antiquities were preserved ; and from its 
 discovery we may date the long series of investigations 
 which have yielded such a happy result to the labours of the 
 antiquary. 
 
 It appears that so early as the year 1829 an excavation was 
 made on the shore, in front of this place, for the sake of 
 deepening the harbour, and piles and other antiquities were 
 discovered. Unfortunately these facts do not seem at the time 
 to have come to the knowledge of any antiquary ; at all events, 
 the matter was not then followed up, and we possess no precise 
 information respecting this excavation ; the earth dug out was 
 put into boats with all that it contained, and then taken away 
 and sunk in the deepest parts of the lake. Thus the matter 
 rested for some years. 
 
 In the winter of the years 1853 and 1854, the extraordinary 
 drought and long continued cold occasioned a very unusual 
 phenomenon in the Alpine districts the rivers shrank to their 
 smallest compass, and the level of the lakes was lower than had 
 ever been known before. On the stone of Stafa the water-mark
 
 ORIGINAL DISCOVERY. 11 
 
 of 1674 had always been considered the lowest known in history, 
 but in 1853-4 the water was one foot below this mark. The 
 low shelving shores became dry land, and islands appeared never 
 before noticed. These circumstances, though unfavourable for 
 millers and watermen, were very advantageous for the erection 
 of buildings by the water's side; and they were especially 
 welcome to the archaeologist, as many interesting localities 
 were thus brought to light, which for centuries had been with- 
 drawn from view, and doubtless will not for a length of time, 
 be accessible to future generations. While remains of Roman 
 construction came to light on the banks of the Rhine, the Aar, 
 and the Limmat, antiquaries were able for the first time carefully 
 to examine the settlement of hoary antiquity above mentioned 
 in the lake of Zurich. 
 
 In January 1854, Mr. Aeppli of Ober Meilen informed the 
 society at Zurich, that remains of human industry, likely to 
 throw unexpected light on the primaeval history of the 
 inhabitants of the country, had been found near his house 
 in that part of the bed of the lake then left dry by the 
 water. 
 
 The discovery of these antiquities was made in the following 
 manner : The inhabitants were making use of the low state of 
 the water to recover from the lake a certain portion of land, 
 which they had enclosed with walls, and were filling in the 
 space with mud, excavated from the shore a little in front. This 
 was done at two places in the little bay between Ober Meilen, 
 and Dollikon. The workmen, as soon as they begun to excavate, 
 found to their great astonishment the heads of piles, and a 
 great number of stags' horns, together with several implements, 
 an account of which will be given in the detailed description of 
 this settlement. It will be sufficient at present merely to refer 
 to the plan drawn (Plate L, fig. 1), made by Mr. Aeppli, which 
 shews the localities of the different excavations. As this was 
 the first lake dwelling which came to light, it seemed desirable, 
 before entering on the general subject, to give the particulars 
 of a discovery which was so quickly followed by . others, 
 and has led to results of such extraordinary interest. 
 
 In this plan A shows the place where an excavation took 
 place in 1829 and piles and antiquities were discovered. B the 
 land recovered by Mr. Glogg in 1851, when piles and implements 
 also were found, c the embankment of Mr. Grob in 1854, and 
 DD the places which supplied the material for filling in. E the 
 embankment of Mr. Rhyner also in 1854, and FF the places from
 
 12 AGES OF STONE, BRONZE, AND IRON. 
 
 which the mud was dug out. The extent of the piles and 
 consequently of the settlement is marked by the space covered 
 with upright dotted lines. 
 
 REMARKS ON THE AGES OF STONE, BRONZE, AND IRON. 
 
 It is well known that many antiquaries divide bygone ages 
 into the stone, the bronze, and the iron periods ; and attribute 
 any burials or settlements to one of these divisions, according 
 to the exclusive or prevailing presence of implements of anyone 
 of the three materials which are the groundwork of this classifi- 
 cation. This division, according to the grade of civilisation, is 
 in general clear and convenient ; but in determining isolated 
 cases it leads to many false conclusions and errors. In the first 
 place, it has throughout only a relative value : for instance, if 
 we grant that the civilisation of man actually ran its course 
 through these periods, just as they are mentioned above, yet it 
 is certain that the bronze period of northern Europe by no 
 means agrees in time with that of the middle and southern parts 
 of this continent. Again, the bronze age of Greece and Italy 
 may be separated by centuries from that of Egypt, which we 
 may consider as the cradle of civilisation. We may safely 
 conclude, as the Danish antiquaries themselves allow, that in 
 the Scandinavian countries, stone implements were for a length 
 of time continued in use while the bronze period was in full 
 activity in the more southern lands, and that Egypt, whose 
 oldest monuments indicate very clearly the use of iron, and also 
 Greece, had both advanced to the iron period when middle 
 Europe was in the bronze age. If therefore, according to the 
 testimony of ancient authors and monuments, bronze and iron 
 were used in the earliest ages in the countries round the Medi- 
 terranean, the commencement of these periods in the inland and 
 northern parts of Europe was regulated entirely by the greater 
 or less amount of intercourse between these countries, and those 
 to whom we are indebted for a knowledge of these materials, so 
 essential to civilisation. We may even at the present day 
 observe a similar irregularity in the distribution of the products 
 of higher civilisation and art. In the second place, this kind of 
 division gives us no positive certainty ; for in very few of the 
 burial places, still less in the regular settlements, are the 
 remains found so purely distinctive as to enable us conclusively 
 to attribute them to any one of the three periods. The mate-
 
 AGES OF STONE, BRONZE, AND IRON. 13 
 
 rials on which this division is based are mixed to such a degree, 
 that in nine cases out of ten the antiquary remains undecided 
 as to what period of civilisation he should assign a grave or a 
 settlement. An object very commonly both in form and 
 material bears the character of different periods ; or it may be a 
 specimen useless in deciding the age, being found in settlements 
 of all the three periods. Thus the stone celt is an unsafe 
 guide in determining the period of civilisation, though it strictly 
 represents the stone period, because it occurs in all stages of the 
 bronze age, and is not unfrequently found associated with iron 
 weapons and instruments.* 
 
 It is very certain that, at least in Switzerland, there was no 
 hard line of demarcation between the three periods, but that 
 the new materials were spread abroad like any other article of 
 trade, and that the more useful tools gradually superseded those 
 of less value. 
 
 Though it has been thought necessary to give these words of 
 caution as to the use of the three periods in a very definite and 
 rigid manner, yet, rightly understood, the division is very con- 
 venient, and it will be adopted to a certain extent in the follow- 
 ing detailed accounts of the various lake dwellings hitherto 
 discovered. Of some of these settlements we know a great deal, 
 of others but little, and of very many we have only indications. 
 Probably the best plan will be, first, to describe the settlements 
 most known, or most typical of the stone, the bronze, and the 
 iron ages ; and then it may be advisable to give a geographical 
 list of the whole of the lake dwellings hitherto discovered, 
 including those of which all that we know is their existence. 
 
 * Kirehner has given many cases of this kind, ' Thor's Donnerkeil,' p. 25,
 
 14 
 
 MEILEN. 
 
 This well-known locality, the first discovered of all the lake 
 dwellings, has been in some measure described in the chapter 
 giving the original discovery of these singular structures ; at 
 present, therefore, it only remains to complete the description 
 of the place, and to give an account of the objects which have 
 been found there. It is a settlement of peculiar interest, not 
 merely because it was the one first known, but also because it 
 belongs almost exclusively to the stone age. The only objects 
 of metal which have come to light are a single bronze 
 armilla (Plate III. fig. 12), found in the course of the early 
 embankment, and one bronze celt, discovered in a late excava- 
 tion by Colonel Schwab of Bienne (Plate III. fig. 26). With 
 these two exceptions, all the antiquities consist of stone, bone, 
 horn, wood, or earthenware. 
 
 According to Professor Linth Escher, the following is the 
 geognostic sequence of the beds : ' In the places excavated the 
 upper bed, from one to two feet thick, consisted of yellowish 
 mud, such as we see everywhere accumulated in the shallow 
 indentations of the lake when not much exposed to the action 
 of the waves. The numerous rounded pebbles found in it had 
 doubtless been brought down during floods by a small brook, 
 which empties itself into the lake. In this bed the workmen 
 observed no traces either of piles or of animal remains. 
 
 The second bed, from 2 feet to 2 feet thick, consisted 
 also of sandy loam, but from the decay of a great quantity of 
 organic matter in it, it was coloured black. It was in this 
 bed, which for the sake of convenience we will call the ' Relic- 
 bed' (Cultur-schicht),* that the heads of piles were found, as 
 well as the antiquities which are about to be described. See 
 Plate I. fig. 2. 
 
 * It is somewhat difficult to translate this word ' Cultur-schicht,' The nearest 
 English words for 'Cultur' are Civilisation, and Culture; but in neither case is the 
 full meaning of the German word expressed. Culture in English, even in a figurative 
 sense, can hardly be said to apply to matters of handicraft, being used chiefly with 
 reference to the mind; Civilisation, again, seems to apply chiefly to the manners. The
 
 INVESTIGATIONS AT MEILEN. 15 
 
 The third bed, which probably is of considerable depth, 
 consisted, like the first, of clear mud or loam, such as that found 
 everywhere at the bottom of the lake. It contained the lower 
 part of the piles, but no traces of human art or of animal remains.' 
 The question how far the relic-bed, or in other words the 
 settlement, extended cannot be answered with certainty. The 
 inhabitants of Ober Meilen assure us that no piles are to be 
 found in the immediate neighbourhood of the bank. The rows 
 of piles begin several fathoms from the shore, and continue till 
 the lake suddenly becomes deep. The limit of the piles on 
 either side is uncertain, but it is probable that they do not 
 reach far beyond the extreme point of the bay. It is a singular 
 fact that the remains of human art are much more numerous on 
 the side next the lake, so that the chief places of abode must 
 have been situated not on that side of the piled space nearest 
 to the land, but towards the opposite margin. 
 
 The piles consist of oak, beech, birch, and fir, and are from four 
 to six inches thick. Some few of them are whole trunks, but these 
 may be considered as exceptions; the majority, as may be 
 plainly seen from the rings of growth, consist of stems, split 
 into three or four parts. All the piles discovered in the first 
 excavation were more or less charred, and had been sharpened 
 at the lower end either by means of fire, or by the stone celt ; 
 it was plain that fire had been used for that purpose, to save 
 the great labour caused by such inefficient tools. It is singular 
 that somewhat different results were brought to light by the 
 excavation made by Colonel Schwab, which shall now be men- 
 tioned. 
 
 The low level of the water in February 1858, induced this 
 gentleman to make a fresh investigation of the place, especially 
 as that of 1855 was by no means undertaken with a view to 
 archaeology. Under his direction the ground was excavated on 
 the strand, then laid dry, first between the letters FP (see the 
 Plan, Plate I. fig 1), and then, after the erection of a cofferdam, 
 to the right of the letters DD. The objects found consisted of 
 stone, bone, and horn implements, similar to those previously 
 
 German word ' Cultur ' seems to refer to mind, manners, and art of every kind, in- 
 cluding handicraft skill. Besides this, the term ' Civilisation bed ' is one which could 
 not be used, and ' Culture bed ' sounds nearly equally harsh. Some French writers 
 translate the word 'Couche Archeologique,' which does not seem quite satisfactory. I 
 had at first translated it ' Implement bed,' though with some misgivings ; but when a 
 well known antiquarian friend, the Eev. C. "W. King, suggested the term ' Eelic bed,' 
 all difficulty vanished : it is not a literal translation, but it seems to come as near as 
 possible to the implied meaning of the German word. [Ts.]
 
 16 INVESTIGATIONS AT MEILEN. 
 
 found. Amongst rather a large number of stone celts there 
 are several of clear nephrite, which appears to be found more 
 plentifully here than elsewhere ; and, what is very singular, one 
 well preserved bronze celt as before mentioned (Plate III. fig. 26), 
 thus showing that the existence of this settlement had reached 
 the bronze age. Besides this, there was another singular fact ; 
 near the second of the places above mentioned, where the piles 
 had been sharpened by fire, others were found which had been 
 brought to a point by a sharply ground bronze celt or hatchet, 
 thus proving as it were the genuineness of the bronze celt. Bones 
 were found in great numbers, amongst them those of the stag, 
 roe, wild goat, wild boar, and fox, besides those of domestic 
 animals, such as the cow, the sheep, and the dog. Some human 
 remains were also found here. 
 
 The original length of the piles cannot now be determined, as 
 they only reach up into the relic-bed, and the actual summits, 
 which were doubtless above the water level, have long since disap- 
 peared ; they must, however, have varied very much in length, 
 for some, which were completely dug out, measured seven or 
 eight feet, while the ends of others were not reached by digging 
 nine or ten feet under the relic-bed. Nearly all of them were 
 so soft and rotten that they were no hindrance to the workmen's 
 spades, and were as easily cut through as the silt itself. It was 
 almost impossible in the hollows filled with mud, where the 
 labourers had to work, to mark out the arrangement of the piles, 
 and to measure with any accuracy the distance between them ; 
 but according to the report of all the workmen, the rows of 
 piles run parallel with the shore, and in tolerably straight lines, 
 forming also other lines nearly straight at right angles. In 
 some places they stand closer together than in others, but on 
 the average they are about a foot or a foot and a-half apart. 
 Their arrangement is shown in Plate I. fig. 3. Between the 
 vertical piles a few beams were met with, lying horizontally, 
 stuck in the mud, and which apparently had been part of the 
 scaffolding or platform resting on the piles. As we shall here- 
 after have to treat of the use of these piles, we will now proceed 
 to the description of the objects found here.
 
 STONE CELTS AT MEILEN. 17 
 
 OBJECTS IN STONE. 
 
 Stone Celts and Stone Chisels. These tools, which are the 
 most abundant of all early stone implements, and are spread 
 over France, Germany, England, Scandinavia,* and doubtless 
 every Europeanf country, form the most important portion of 
 the antiquities discovered at Meilen. They are remarkable, 
 not merely for their number, but for their variety, both in form 
 and material. As no notice was taken of them till after Mr. 
 Aeppli's suggestion, and the workmen say that a very large 
 proportion were either not preserved at all, or were afterwards 
 thrown aside as useless, it may easily be imagined that several 
 hundred specimens were buried in the few square fathoms of 
 ground excavated. About a hundred of these implements, some 
 in good preservation, others somewhat damaged, have come 
 into the hands of the Zurich Antiquarian Association. 
 
 The usual form of these implements, or stone celts, as they 
 are called, is that of a wedge. If the cutting edge spreads out 
 or is broader, they resemble hatchets ; but if they are of uniform 
 breadth or bulge in the middle, not an uncommon case, then 
 they take the form of chisels. The section of many specimens 
 about the middle is square with sharp corners ; others are 
 roundish or oval in section, and consequently approach the form 
 of a cylinder. There are examples where one side of the cut- 
 ting edge is concave and the other convex, so as to have the 
 appearance of gouges, and very probably they have been used 
 as such. In many specimens, the sloping sides show the 
 natural roughness of the stone, while others have them ground 
 or smoothed ; but a great number, after having been polished on 
 these parts, have again been intentionally made rough or 
 grained. 
 
 In size these instruments vary exceedingly, so much so that 
 while some are eight inches long, the smallest is only one inch 
 in length, and while the weight of the largest is a pound and a 
 
 * Stone implements have been found of all shapes in Denmark ; they are described 
 in ' The Primeval Antiquities of Denmark by Worsaae, translated by William Thorns.' 
 London, 1849. And in the ' Nordisk Tidsskrift for Oldkyndighed udgivet af det konge- 
 lige nordiske Oldskrift-Selskab. Forste Binds andet Hafte.' Copenhagen, 1833. 
 
 t It is mentioned by the Livingstones in their ' Narrative of an Expedition to the 
 Zambesi,' as a remarkable fact, that while in many parts of the world the stone, bronze, 
 and iron instruments of men who have passed away have been found, no flint arrow 
 heads, spears, axes, or other implements of this kind, so far as we can ascertain, have 
 ever been discovered in Africa. [Ta.] 
 
 C
 
 18 STONE CELTS AT MEILEN. 
 
 half, that of the smallest, of the same kind of stone, is only 
 about a quarter of an ounce. (See Plate II. figs. 12 and 13, 
 where the figures are drawn of the actual size.) 
 
 With respect to the material, these implements consist partly 
 of native, and partly of foreign stone, at least of such kinds as 
 have not yet been found ' in situ ' in Switzerland ; and in some 
 cases even of stone, the existence of which in any part of Europe 
 has not as yet been ascertained. 
 
 Many celts consist of diallage, gabro, and hornblende rocks, 
 none of which are found in the gravel of our neighbourhood, nor 
 have they, generally speaking, as far as is known, been discovered 
 in the Alpine districts. The material is not very accurately 
 designated by these names, for in fact it is a variety between 
 the rocks just named and the talco-silicates. 
 
 Other specimens consist of syenite, like that which is found 
 'in situ* in the valley of the ' Vorder-Bhein,' and is also 
 frequently found in the gravel of the valleys of the Ehine, the 
 Limmat and the Glatt. In one single case the stone is very 
 like the fine-grained black sandstone of the nummulite forma- 
 tion of the high Alps of Glarus, such as is seen at the Hausstock 
 and the Panixer Pass. Those made out of nephrite or jade 
 probably derived their origin not from Europe, but from the 
 East. We may have more to say on this point hereafter.* 
 
 Several specimens show incisions and other marks of working 
 which reveal to us the mode in which the celts were manufac- 
 tured. Stone of a tough nature was chosen for this purpose, 
 and then incisions were made in the flat surface by means of a 
 sharp saw-like tool, sometimes on one side and sometimes on 
 both ; the stone was then broken in two, just as slabs of slate 
 are brought to the proper form for writing and roofing slates. 
 Other specimens made of stone which was not at all slaty, were 
 first hammered into form, and then ground, a work which must 
 have been attended with much labour. All the celts seem at 
 first to have had a very sharp cutting edge ; we have several 
 specimens which might readily be used for cutting lead pencils. 
 
 * Montfaucon Antiq., exp. vol. v. p. ii. p. 194. In the year 1685, an axe made of 
 eastern stone called jade, a kind of lapis nephriticus, was found by M. Cockerell in a 
 tumulus in the diocese of Evereux (Normandy). 
 
 Celts made of a kind of nephrite are to be seen in the Koyal Museum of Antiquities 
 in the Caetle of Monbijou at Berlin, and also in many of the museums of Germany, 
 France and England. 
 
 In, vol. Ixi. of the Tr. of the Imp. Inst. of France M. Damour has published an in- 
 teresting paper on the so-called nephrites in the Celtic tumuli : he does not consider the 
 stone to be true nephrite. He thinks that several of the celts from Meilen are diorite.
 
 STONE CELTS AT MEILEN. 19 
 
 With, respect to the place where these stone celts and chisels 
 were manufactured, there can be no doubt at least with reference 
 to a considerable number of them, for several specimens were 
 found at Meilen, which had been partially worked, but were not 
 completed; that is, they were in process of manufacture. Besides 
 this, a number of fragments were found, which, are easily 
 recognised as the refuse from chipping or sawing the material 
 into form. Lastly, we have a number of stone slabs which have 
 served for grinding these implements. These slabs are of sand- 
 stone from the quarries of Bollingen, on the upper part of the 
 lake of Zurich, which have been much used from the time 
 of the Romans. Deep furrows and grooves are found upon 
 them, caused by the backwards and forwards motion of the celt 
 which had to be ground or sharpened upon them. Other slabs 
 of somewhat harder stone, but brought from the same place, had 
 a surface as smooth as a looking-glass a proof that they were 
 used for polishing off the celts. From all this we may with 
 safety conclude, that the celts of native stone were made 
 and completed by the manual dexterity of the inhabitants of the 
 lake dwellings of Meilen ; but it must be left undecided whether 
 the celts of foreign material were brought here already made, 
 or in the shape of raw material. 
 
 The mode of hafting these tools is very interesting. All the 
 celts and chisels found at Meilen originally were hafted in pieces 
 of stags' horn, and a considerable number were found still in their 
 handles. To make this hafting, a piece of the requisite length 
 and thickness was cut out of the main stock of the stag's 
 norn, clearly with no other instrument than a stone celt. A 
 hole was then worked out at one end, wide and deep enough to 
 receive the lower part of the celt. The other end was cut into 
 a four-sided tenon or plug, evidently intended to be set in a shaft, 
 a stick, or a club. (Plate II. fig. 2.) Of this third limb of the 
 implement not a single perfect specimen was found here, for 
 every thing of wood which was not sunk like the piles in the 
 mud, had lost all consistency, and although the fear of the 
 thaw setting in prevented any investigations which took up 
 time, yet some slight remains of wooden shafts of this kind 
 give us a clear insight into their general form. The perfect 
 implement complete with all its three parts, has been found at 
 Eobenhausen. (Plate X. fig. 7.)* 
 
 * Pieces of stags' horn with stone celts fixed in them, such as those drawn (Plate II. 
 fig. 4), but bored through in the middle so as to receive a handle, are to be seen in the 
 museum of Amiens. In the year 1842 a stone celt fastened in this manner was found 
 
 c 2
 
 20 STONE CELTS AT MEILEN. 
 
 Another form somewhat different from that last described is 
 given. (Plate II. fig. 4.) Stones were frequently found put into 
 longer pieces, of horn so as evidently to be used as chisels. In 
 one long piece of horn, each end had a chisel of nephrite fixed 
 in it. (Plate II. fig. 3.) 
 
 With respect to the use which was made of these stone celts 
 or hatchets, there has been a great discussion for more than a 
 century, both as to them and to their allied forms in bronze. 
 Some antiquaries consider them as weapons of war, others as 
 household implements, others again as instruments of sacrifice, 
 and some as symbols. The stone celts found at Meilen appear 
 to throw considerable light on this very debatable question. 
 In the first place, we must express a decided opinion against 
 the idea which has lately reappeared that these stone celts 
 were used for religious purposes alone, and that they were not 
 employed either in the house or workshop.* For, amongst the 
 celts found at Meilen, by far the greater number are more or 
 less damaged by notches and fractures on the cutting edges. 
 Many specimens had been cracked, either lengthwise or across, 
 and had been thrown aside as useless ; and even in many per- 
 fect celts, it may be seen that the edges which had been spoiled 
 had been repaired and ground : in fact, some had evidently 
 been quite worn away by repeated grinding. The value which 
 was especially set upon celts made of nephrite is shown by the 
 fact, that when a part of the edge was cracked off, the rest of 
 the celt, even when the edge was only a few lines broad, was 
 again carefully ground ; nay, even hatchets which had the whole 
 cutting edge broken were reversed, and an edge made at the 
 opposite end so carefully was every fragment of a good stone 
 brought into use. 
 
 It has been already remarked, that in the first excavation all 
 the piles found were made sharp, to lessen the labour of driving 
 them in, either by means of fire, or by the stone celt or axe. 
 Five of the piles in the best state of preservation, consisting 
 of fir wood, were examined by carpenters and joiners, and their 
 unanimous opinion was, that from the nature of the strokes the 
 
 in a grave near the little town of Cr6cy not far from Meaux, ' Investigateur,' 1854, 
 Janvier. ' On y a recueilli des coins en silex et en serpentine, des amulettes en ser- 
 pentine et une esp&ce de poison tres-effil^, forme d'un morceau de tibia de ch&vre ou 
 de chevreuil, mais on y a trouv6 un objet qui offrait un caractere particulier d'interet ; 
 c'est une hache formee d'un beau coin en jade, parfaitement aiguis6, ajuste dans un 
 gros morceau de corne de cerf, daus leqxiel est pratiquee une rnortaise destinee a 
 recevoir un manche.' 
 
 * Kirchner, Thor's Donnerkeil, Neu-Strelitz, 1853.
 
 STONE CELTS AT MEILEN. 21 
 
 hewing, or rather the hacking of the points indicated very clearly 
 the use of the stone hatchet, and that no tool of any kind of 
 metal, nor any usual instrument of carpentry had been employed 
 about the work. In order to test the possibility of working 
 timber with such tools, and to prevent any doubt which might 
 arise, we had several trials made with these stone implements, 
 and they have perfectly convinced us of the correctness of the 
 conclusions arrived at. It must however be remarked, that the 
 trials were made with green wood, and that very probably the 
 builders of these lake dwellings did not use dry timber, but 
 fresh wood, just as it was brought from the forest. If we also 
 examine the handles and other implements of stags' horns with 
 the view of ascertaining how they were worked, we shall come 
 to the conclusion, notwithstanding the fact of one or two bronze 
 implements having been found here, that with the exception of 
 the few piles found in Colonel Schwab's second excavation, not 
 a single specimen shows the work of any metal tool, but that 
 they have been brought into their present form by stone imple- 
 ments alone. The horns had evidently been worked when fresh, 
 or after having been softened by steeping in water. 
 
 The choice of the kind of stone was made according to the 
 practical use for which the tools were intended : thus every 
 material worked into celts possessed in the highest degree the 
 qualities of toughness and strength. A harder, but more brittle 
 substance, even if very conspicuous by its colour, was disregarded 
 at least in our district where so many different kinds of stone 
 are to be met with. No celts, consequently, are to be found in 
 our museums made of granite or any kind of limestone. 
 
 With respect to the use made in general of these stone celts, 
 we can hardly be wrong in concluding that they answered the 
 most varied requirements according to their size and form, the 
 nature of the material, and the mode in which they were hafted. 
 It is possible that the stone celt fixed in the end of a pole may 
 have served as a lance point ; * if set in a club, either with or 
 without a horn hafting, it would be equally useful as a weapon 
 of war, or an axe for household purposes. Either fastened in a 
 longer piece of horn, or without any handle at all, it stood in the 
 place of the poor man's knife for all kinds of handicraft work, 
 and formed the chief implement of the household, which as yet 
 was but scantily furnished with tools. It doubtless, in short, 
 
 * ' Jactant Angli cuspides ac diversorum generum tela, saevissimas quoque secures et 
 lignis imposita saxa.' William of Poictiers in the History of William the Conqueror 
 (see Caumont, Cours d'Antiquit^s, vol. i. p. 221).
 
 22 STONE HAMMERS AT MEILEN. 
 
 fulfilled all the requirements which antiquaries attribute to it, 
 and served for skinning animals, for cutting the flesh in pieces, 
 for cutting and manufacturing the hides, for preparing clothes, 
 and all the different implements whether of horn or wood. In 
 short, it was probably applied to many more purposes than we 
 can imagine, unacquainted as we are with the habits of life of 
 those who used it. 
 
 It may not be amiss here to mention, that the inhabitants of 
 New Zealand, who thoroughly understood working nephrite into 
 axes and chisels, use for coarser work, such as felling trees, and 
 house and boat building, tools of the weight of six or eight 
 pounds, while those used for carving in wood only weigh as 
 many ounces. They have, however, to be sharpened nearly every 
 moment, so that the workman always has standing by him a 
 stone and a cocoa-nut shell full of water. In felling timber 
 many axes are spoiled, and yet with these very tools they work 
 and finish off their large canoes, made out of trees 8 feet in dia- 
 meter and forty feet long, and they split the trunks into planks 
 which they work, or plane as it were so skilfully that they can 
 take off quite thin strips without a false stroke. 
 
 In Dominica also, according to Dr. James Clarke, the Caribs 
 are accustomed to cut down large trees with stone hatchets.* 
 
 Stone Hammers. Three stone hammers were found at Meilen. 
 Of these one is drawn (Plate II. fig. 9) ; it consists of very hard 
 and tough stone like serpentine ; one end is wedge-shaped and 
 the other has been ground flat. In the middle or thickest part 
 of the tool is a circular helve hole of the same width throughout, 
 which has been brought to a fine polish ; it was bored so accu- 
 rately that no workman of the present day could do better. The 
 second drawn (Plate II. fig. 6) is formed apparently for hammer- 
 ing only, and is a cylindrically shaped tool, in one place bored 
 entirely through, and in another only partially so. The holes are 
 not everywhere equally wide, and it is very evident that the tool 
 used to bore the stone had an uncertain (or what the workmen 
 call a ' wobbling ') motion. It is remarkable, however, that in 
 the partial boring, a projecting point has been left standing at 
 the bottom of the hole, which undoubtedly indicates the employ- 
 ment of some kind of tube as the boring tool.f 
 
 * Archseol. xv. p. 408. Klemm's Handbuch, p. 154. 
 
 t Unless we consider that this hammer was bored in the later days of the settlement 
 when bronze had in some measure come into use, and thus imagine that a metal tube 
 had been employed, we are almost obliged to believe that some implement of flint must 
 have been required which was either naturally or artificially somewhat in the form of
 
 FLINT IMPLEMENTS AT MEILEN. 23 
 
 The third hammer is of very pretty spotted serpentine, rather 
 soft ; and it has been bored first by making some kind of a hole 
 and then widening it with an instrument which worked like a 
 file. The face is intentionally rounded, and all the four sides 
 are carefully polished. (Plate II. fig. 10.) 
 
 Flint Implements. In France, Germany, and the Scandinavian 
 countries, flint implements are met with in great numbers in the 
 shape of knives, saws, sickles, arrow and lance heads, hammers, 
 &c ; but in Switzerland very few have been found. Ancient 
 burials, which in the above-named countries often yield abun- 
 dance of these objects, have to the best of our knowledge hardly 
 afforded us a dozen flint implements. The reason of this is 
 that the raw material or the nodular flint found in the beds of 
 the chalk is not met with in Switzerland, and hence the larger 
 flint implements which are discovered there are to be considered 
 as imported materials. The greater part of the flint found in 
 Switzerland, made into tools, as far as can be judged from the 
 nature and colour of the material, has been brought from France. 
 
 a tube or cylinder. In most countries where chalk is found there are certain fossil 
 sponges enveloped in hard black flint, but with the centre, containing the organic 
 remains, very soft and friable ; in some cases the sponge has disappeared and the flint 
 is actually hollow. Now where the sponge is of a lengthened form, or at any rate has 
 a slender stalk, a portion broken off would virtually for all practical purposes be a 
 small cylinder of flint, and if fastened to a pole and made to revolve by a bow and 
 cord would form with the addition of sand and water a very efficient tool. Sponges 
 of this form are said not to be found in Switzerland, but they occur plentifully in 
 France and England. It has been shown in a treatise of Gutsmuths (Morgenblatt, 
 No. 253, 1832) entitled 'How the ancient German bored his battle axe,' that a similar 
 plan was adopted in the bronze age, by fitting to a cylinder of metal, probably of 
 bronze, a wooden staff which was made to revolve rapidly by a bow and cord. A 
 friend well acquainted with the processes used in engraving ' hard stones ' is of opinion 
 that these curious cuttings may have been produced (supposing metal at that time to 
 have been unknown) by the revolution of a hollow stick, a piece of elder-wood for 
 instance turned like a drill and supplied with sharp sand and water. The circumfer- 
 ence taking up the cutting particles would act on the stone exactly as a similar tool of 
 soft metal, only it would require more frequent renewing. This is something more 
 than mere theory, for La Chaux observes that Guay, to give the last finish to his 
 elaborate cameo portrait of Louis XV., worked the diamond powder into the minuter 
 lines of the work, not otherwise accessible, with the point of a quill. As for the use 
 of a hollow cylinder in cutting large openings in gems, De Boot, writing in 1600, 
 figures amongst other instruments of the lapidary one then generally employed, 
 where it was advantageous to save the excised portions of the material as well as 
 labour and emery powder ; for example where a gem (carbuncle or lapis lazuli) had 
 to be hollowed out into a cup. This instrument was a thin brass tube of considerable 
 relative diameter; it was fixed to a stalk driven by means of a strap and wheel and 
 acted in a vertical direction upon the material, being pressed down by a heavy weight 
 applied above. The several ' cores ' as they were formed, were removed by means of 
 a differently shaped tool ; for in the case in question the perforation necessarily was 
 bounded by the bottom of the intended vase. [TB.]
 
 24 FLINT IMPLEMENTS AT MEILEN. 
 
 The settlement at Meilen is therefore of great interest, as it is a 
 tolerably productive locality for flint implements, though they 
 are remarkable neither for the variety of form, nor for beauty 
 of workmanship. 
 
 Our collection has furnished the following specimens : 
 
 1. A number of rather long tongue-shaped pieces, which are 
 quite flat on one side, and on the other there is a flat plane 
 sloping off to the edges so as to form on each side narrow 
 flat surfaces the whole length. These implements are from five 
 to six inches long ; one end is pointed, the other is blunt. It 
 is not easy to decide whether they were used as lance points, 
 for which their form seems so much adapted, or for saws ; their 
 serrated edges would make them very useful tools of this de- 
 scription. (Plate III. fig. 2.) 
 
 2. Several flakes three inches long and one and a quarter inch 
 broad, flat on one side and on the other having a sharp ridge 
 shelving off to the edges on each side, and thus making two flat 
 surfaces the whole length. Two specimens of this kind were 
 found arranged in a very remarkable manner, which leaves no 
 doubt whatever as to their use. One edge, in fact, is inserted 
 in a piece of yew wood, of the form of a weaver's shuttle, as in 
 a kind of sheath, and is fastened into it with asphalt or mineral 
 pitch : this arrangement was first observed in this settlement. 
 These instruments were doubtless used as small saws, and the 
 wooden backs made them easy to hold,* and prevented the hand 
 from being wounded when pressed sharply down. (Plate III. 
 fig. 1.) 
 
 3. A number of arrow heads, only one of which however showed 
 any good workmanship. (Plate III. fig. 22.) 
 
 4. Several pieces of flint, the form of which shows that they 
 were used as knives. (Plate III. fig. 3.) The size varies from 
 two to six inches. 
 
 5. Small flakes with very fine and uncommonly sharp edges 
 running to a point, which were used as cutting instruments ; a 
 great many flakes had quite the appearance of refuse or chips, 
 which must have occurred in manufacturing the flint implements. 
 
 Grinding Stones. Slabs of sandstone have been found, which 
 evidently, from the marks upon them, had been used for grinding 
 and sharpening the stone celts.f One of them is drawn (Plate III. 
 
 * 'Nordisk Tidsskrift,' vol. i. part ii. fig. 22. In order to give strength to this piece 
 of serrated flint, it was probably set in wood in such a way that only a small part with 
 the teeth projected. 
 
 t Compare ' Nordisk Tidsskrift', vol. i. part ii. and ' Urda, a norsk antiquarisk-historisk 
 Tidsskrift, voL i. part i. where a similar implement is described.
 
 CORNCEUSHEKS AT MEILEN. 25 
 
 fig. 23). Several prismatic pieces of sandstone such as that 
 drawn (Plate III. fig 5) have also served for grinding and whet- 
 ting. 
 
 Awls or Piercers. Underthis class of instruments we may place 
 two small oblong plates, one made of a green kind of nephrite 
 (Beilstein), nearly five inches long, and six lines broad, the other 
 of the red slate of the district, as broad as the first, but much 
 shorter. Both plates are perforated at one end, and by constant 
 use have been brought to a smooth surface. (Plate III. fig. 4.) 
 
 Corncrushers and Mealing Stones. Following the example of the 
 northern antiquaries, we class under this head certain roundish 
 stones, the size of a man's fist, made out of very hard rolled 
 sandstone, and with certain hollows and flattened surfaces : the 
 whole of them have been hewn and roughened on two opposite 
 sides by blows with a pointed instrument.* They vary in form 
 to some extent ; some are like an orange, others like a ball with 
 depressions on the four opposite sides. (Plate II. figs. 7 and 8.) 
 Some doubt might possibly have arisen as to the correctness of 
 the name given above, and they might have been considered 
 merely as a kind of hammer, had not a sandstone been found, 
 made with a circular cavity into which these stones fitted, and 
 thus pretty nearly proved the use above assigned to them. 
 The ' mealing stone ' drawn in the plate of objects from Mdau 
 (Plate XXXVIII. fig. 5), was in fact from Meilen; but these 
 objects in the two settlements are so precisely similar that one 
 sketch will answer for both. Both stones together consequently 
 formed a stamping and grinding machine, which was used for 
 crushing corn before the invention of handmills. Some corn- 
 crushers consist merely of cylindrical unworked rolled stones, 
 both ends of which were made rough. (Plate II. fig. 11.) 
 
 Since the above notice was published in the first report on 
 lake dwellings to the Zurich Antiquarian Association, a volume 
 has appeared, which is of great interest, as it throws much light 
 on the manners and customs of the savage nations of Africa. 
 The work in question is a ' Narrative of an Expedition to the 
 Zambesi and its Tributaries, by David and Charles Livingstone, 
 London 1865.' Amongst other- things the drawings on pages 
 543 and 544 are very remarkable, as they represent mealing 
 stones and corncrushers which are actually in use at the present 
 day, and which are identical with those of the lake dwellings. 
 The drawing of the woman at work with these implements 
 might be given as a representation of a lake settler similarly 
 
 * ' Nordisk Tidsskrift,' vol. i. part ii.
 
 26 BONE IMPLEMENTS AT MEILEN. 
 
 employed. ' The mill/ say the travellers, ' consists of a block of 
 granite, syenite, or even mica-schist, fifteen or eighteen inches 
 square, and five or six thick, with a piece of quartz or other hard 
 rock about the size of a half brick, one side of which has a convex 
 surface and fits into a concave hollow in the large and stationary 
 stone. The workwoman kneeling grasps this upper millstone 
 with both hands, and works it backwards and forwards in the 
 hollow of the lower millstone, in the same way that a baker 
 works his dough when pressing it and pushing it from him. The 
 weight of the person is brought to bear on the moveable stone, 
 and while it is pressed and pushed forwards and backwards, 
 one hand supplies every now and then a little grain to be thus 
 at first bruised and then ground on the lower stone, which is 
 placed on the slope, so that the meal when ground falls on to a 
 skin or mat spread for the purpose. This is perhaps the most 
 primitive form of mill, and anterior to that in oriental countries, 
 where two women grind at one mill, and may have been that 
 used by Sarah of old when she entertained the angels.' 
 
 Hearth Plates. Many larger slabs have been found, made of 
 the sandstone of the district, which have been exposed for a 
 length of time to the fire, and burnt to a red colour ; they were 
 also partially covered with soot: they can hardly have been 
 used for any other purpose than that we have mentioned. 
 
 Lastly, several pieces of fine carbonate of lime were brought 
 up out of the mud with the other objects. It cannot be deter- 
 mined whether they were to have been crushed, and mixed in 
 the shape of grains with the clay used for making pottery, or 
 whether they had been brought here by the settlers as curiosi- 
 ties. 
 
 Objects made of Organic Material. Bone Implements. These 
 may be classed under three divisions. 
 
 1. Small instruments ground into the shape of a chisel, which 
 may have been used for making the earthenware vessels, and 
 more especially the ornaments which are found upon them. 
 (Plate in. fig. 25.) 
 
 2. Needles for knitting, and pins for the hair, or for fastening 
 the clothes. (Plate III. figs. 17, 18.) 
 
 3. Various sizes of awls or piercers either with or without an 
 ear. (Plate III. figs. 15, 16, 19, 20, 21.) The awls intended 
 merely for boring were made either out of the leg bones of some 
 small animal, in which case one end remained in its natural 
 state and served for a handle, or out of the ribs of stags and 
 boars ; those of the latter sort would naturally be flat and
 
 IMPLEMENTS OF HOKN AND TEETH AT MEILEN. 27 
 
 somewhat bent, and were probably used also as arrow heads, for 
 which they were very well adapted. 
 
 Implements of Stags' Horn. Three tools like hammers or 
 mallets. All three were made out of the main branch of 
 the horn ; a piece was cut off from six to eight inches long, 
 and a hole was made in it for the insertion of a handle. One 
 of them is neatly polished, the second is remarkable for 
 the skill shown in the helve hole (Plate II. fig. 5), and in 
 the third the helve hole runs not straight, but obliquely, through 
 the horn (Plate II. fig. 1). This hammer is ground and sharpened 
 at one end, and might be used as a hatchet. The polished 
 specimen was the only one in which any portion of the handle 
 remained. These tools are so worn down that it is difficult to 
 determine their actual use. 
 
 The remaining implements of horn were several awls or piercers 
 of different sizes, and the handles of the chisels already described. 
 
 Implements of Boars' 1 Teeth. Useful notching or cutting 
 instruments were very simply and easily made out of these 
 materials. Large boars' teeth, either whole or split in two, 
 were ground sharp at one end, so that the enamel of the tooth 
 formed the edge of the knife. These specimens very much 
 resemble shoemakers' knives, and doubtless were used for cutting 
 skins and leather. About half-a-dozen specimens have been 
 preserved ; some of them were perforated at one end. (Plate III. 
 figs. 10, 11.)* 
 
 Implements of Bears' 1 Teeth. Several specimens have been 
 found of the large teeth or tusks of bears, brought to a point at 
 the fang, and perforated near the end : they are also very finely 
 polished. The fishermen think that these teeth were used for 
 making fishing nets (Plate III. fig. 6). Or were they worn as 
 ornaments or amulets? Similar objects have been found at 
 Concise and other lake dwellings. 
 
 Animal Remains. During the excavations the attention of the 
 workmen was strongly excited by the great number of loose 
 bones of wild boars and stags, particularly by the abundance 
 and size of well preserved stags' horns and boars' tusks. Amongst 
 a heap of things of this kind there were, as before mentioned, 
 the horn of an ibex, and the skull of a fox, and the remains of 
 
 * Archreologia, xxx. p. 333. In a barrow of South Dorsetshire were deposited a 
 deer's antler, a spear head of stone, an arrow head of flint, and the tusk of a boar. A 
 hole was nicely drilled through this tusk, and it had probably been worn suspended 
 from the neck. Also Archseologia, xv. 122. In a Wiltshire tumulus, several perfo- 
 rated boars' teeth were found.
 
 28 POTTERY AT MEILEN. 
 
 domestic animals in abundance, such as those of the cow, the 
 sheep, and the dog, besides a few human remains, such as the 
 skull and portions of ribs which have been already referred to. 
 It should be remarked also, that a considerable number of the 
 stags' horns were cut into pieces, or the main stem has been 
 separated from the branches by cutting instruments of stone, 
 and that marks of this operation and incisions were to be seen on 
 nearly every portion of bone. 
 
 Amber. A single bead of this material was found exactly 
 like the beads used for neck ornaments, which are met with 
 not uncommonly in ancient graves. (Plate III. fig. 8.) 
 
 Wood. An oak club, of which a sketch is given (Plate III. fig. 
 14), also a number of charred boards, originally split out of the 
 trunk, but partially hewn or hacked with stone celts. Charcoal 
 and half-burnt pieces of oak, beech, and firwood were found 
 very generally, and in great abundance. A part of this burnt 
 wood belonged undoubtedly to the dwellings themselves, which 
 were clearly destroyed by fire ; the rest probably is the refuse 
 of the wood used on the hearths, for that the settlers had hearths 
 in these lake dwellings is proved both by the hearthstones 
 actually found, and also by the appearance and condition of the 
 cooking utensils. 
 
 Metal. The only two objects in metal found here were the 
 armilla made out of thin bronze plate or flat wire (Plate III. 
 fig. 12), and the bronze celt found by Colonel Schwab in his sub- 
 sequent excavation (Plate III. fig. 26). No implements of iron 
 were noticed here, at least none were preserved. 
 
 Utensils made out of Clay. The pottery which has been 
 found here in tolerable abundance perfectly resembles in 
 material, shape, and mode of working, the specimens dug out 
 of the tumuli. No whole vessels unfortunately were discovered, 
 but some fragments were so large and well preserved that we can 
 perfectly understand their form and mode of manufacture.* An 
 examination of these specimens shows that there were two 
 kinds of pottery, one extremely coarse, and the other far better 
 in every respect. The potters' wheel was not used in any case, 
 
 * My attention has been drawn by a classical friend to a passage which bears on 
 hand-made pottery. He says, 'In turning over Athenaeus the other day I came upon a 
 notice of hand-made pottery which from its late date (under Severus) may perhaps 
 interest you. "A peculiar kind of cups are made in the native place of our fellow 
 guest Athenaeus, Naucrates ; for they are shaped like bowls (phials'), and made not on 
 the wheel but as it were by the finger, and have four ears (handles) each, and the base 
 spread out wide. The potters dip them (i.e. glaze them) so that they look as if sil- 
 vered over." ' [Ta.]
 
 POTTERY AT MEILEN. 29 
 
 but all the vessels were made by the hand alone, aided by mould- 
 ing and scraping tools, and for this reason they exhibit a good 
 many bulges and lumps, and the sides are of unequal thickness ; 
 they have also been ill burnt, and in an open fire, so that the 
 mass did not harden properly, and does not ring when struck. 
 By far the larger proportion are specimens of coarse workman- 
 ship, and are portions of great vessels with a wide mouth, and 
 an average diameter of from seven to thirteen inches in the 
 bulge, which would hold from two to seven quarts. (Plate III. 
 figs. 7, 9, 24, 27.) They were not made of purified clay, but of 
 common unwashed loam, in which quantities of grains of broken 
 gravel and granite were kneaded, some of which are the size 
 of a bean. 
 
 This mixture, according to the opinion of those who under- 
 stand the art of pottery, was useful not merely for making the 
 vessels durable, but for enabling them to resist the fire. It is 
 very certain that they were used as pipkins over the fire, for in 
 many specimens the lower part of the outside is blackened with 
 soot, and injured by the heat, just like the pipkins used in our 
 modern hearths. In several cases the inside, as well as the 
 outside, was covered over with thick firm soot, a fact which 
 renders it difficult to say to what use they were applied, unless 
 indeed we consider what was inside to be the charred remains 
 of the food or porridge, which was actually in these vessels 
 when the settlement was burnt. Small portions of the fresh- 
 water mussels found in great number in this bay, and which 
 still remain in the substance of the clay, as well as other indi- 
 cations, show that the loam used was from the immediate 
 neighbourhood. It seems probable also that the place of manu- 
 facture was at no great distance, from the fact of a quantity of 
 broken gravel and crumbled granite, together with lumps of 
 black lead and ruddle or red chalk, having been taken out of the 
 mud ; the two first of which were constituent parts of the 
 material for pottery, and the other two were used for colouring 
 and ornamenting the vessels when made. It is a striking fact 
 that the innate tendency in man to produce in whatever he 
 makes some variety in form or ornament, manifests itself even 
 in these coarse manufactures. No two specimens have exactly 
 the same form, and besides being coloured, they have ornaments 
 on the upper part either impressed or in relief. The ornamen- 
 tation of fig. 7 appears to be rare ; we have not met with it 
 again in any other specimen amongst the large quantity of 
 ornamented pottery brought to light in our excavation. It has
 
 80 SPINDLE WHORLS AT MEILEN. 
 
 in fact been produced by a rope of two thick strands, twisted 
 together, having been wrapped round the neck of the vessel 
 while the clay was yet moist, and then pressed in upon it.* 
 
 While the coarser kinds of pottery just described may have 
 been used for cooking, and for keeping provisions and other 
 substances, the better kind consisting of vessels like bowls or 
 dishes, were doubtless used for eating and drinking. This 
 finer sort was not indeed made of purified clay, but was manu- 
 factured simply with much greater care ; both inside and out- 
 side the vessels were neatly smoothed, and the outside was 
 rubbed with graphite, and polished. The substance of the 
 vessels in proportion to their size is extraordinarily thin ; in some 
 specimens there are ears through which cords might be passed 
 for the purpose of carrying them. 
 
 Spindle Whorls. A few of these implements have been found 
 made of clay, one kind thicker than the other ; they are exactly 
 like those found in the ancient graves (Plate III. fig. 13.)t 
 
 Hazel Nuts. The only things found here of the vegetable 
 kingdom which were used for food were hazel nuts, of which a 
 large number were met with in the relic-bed, all of them cracked, 
 so that in all probability they had not been brought here merely 
 by chance floods. 
 
 A number of fir-twigs, fir-cones, and leaves of oak and beech 
 in the same bed, seem to indicate that in the early ages the 
 shores of the lake were well clothed with forest trees. 
 
 * Two pieces of pottery with the same ornamentation have been found at Eoben- 
 hausen. 
 
 f According to Pliny, ' Hist. Nat.' xix. 1, flax had in early times spread through 
 the whole of Gaul.
 
 31 
 
 THE LAKE OF MOOSSEEDOBF NEAR BEEN. 
 
 The settlement in this lake is peculiarly interesting on several 
 accounts : it affords the most perfect example of a regular lake 
 dwelling of the stone period, for no implement of metal was found 
 in it ; and from the lake having been artificially lowered, a great 
 proportion of the piles standing near the bank were laid dry. 
 Many circumstances as to the structure were brought to light 
 and a large number of implements of a very early age were 
 discovered, together with a considerable quantity of animal 
 remain's, some of which certainly belong to the domestic 
 varieties. 
 
 The little lake of Moosseedorf, distant about two hours' walk 
 from Bern, belongs, as its name imports, to that numerous 
 class of lakes in Switzerland called ' Moor lakes.' Its banks 
 are boggy, the bottom is muddy, and the water is thick in 
 summer. Like the rest of the small lakes of Northern Swit- 
 zerland, it is frozen over every winter. After the water level 
 had been lowered about eight feet in the winter of 1855-6, the 
 remains of two settlements were discovered, one at the east and 
 the other at the western extremity. They were investigated by 
 Mr. Albert Jahn of Bern, and Dr. Uhlmann of Miinchenbuchsee, 
 and were described by them with great accuracy in a monograph 
 entitled * Die Pfahlbau-Alterthiimer in Moosseedorf, Bern, 
 1857.' 
 
 Before proceeding to the description of the eastern settlement 
 (which was the only one that could be thoroughly examined), it 
 may be well to give the substance of a report by Dr. Uhlmann 
 on the geological conditions of the immediate neighbourhood. 
 The lake lies nearly east and west in a valley having the same 
 direction. Its present banks consist of meadow land and peat, 
 which is almost changing into black mould ; the upper part of 
 this peat is mixed with wood and less dense than the lower part 
 which is more compact ; it varies in thickness from one to two 
 feet, to six feet and upwards. Below this lies the original lake 
 bottom of shell marl (weisser Grund, blanc fond), a stratum of
 
 82 GEOLOGY OF MOOSSEEDORFSEE. 
 
 bluish-white, soft, calcareous matter with numbers of snail shells 
 whole and broken. This bed is from one to ten feet thick.* 
 Under this shell-marl is found the alluvial mass of sand, gravel, 
 &c., resting on the molasse, or sandstone of the district. The 
 hills on the north and south sides, which are from 100 to 150 
 feet high, are either arable or forest land, and consist of regular 
 soil and gravel, below which is the molasse. No trace of 
 either peat or shell-marl is found here. 
 
 The views of Dr. Uhlmann as to the geological sequence of 
 events in this district may be given in few words. The bottom 
 of the lake was formed by an accumulation of rounded pebbles 
 and sand from the molasse of the surrounding hills brought 
 down by floods ; the water of the lake was probably muddy 
 from the clay which had also been washed down, and the disin- 
 tegration of some of the pebbles ; and a bed was gradually 
 formed at this period consisting in a great measure of the 
 remains of shells then living which is well known as the ' shell- 
 marl ' (weisser Grund, blanc fond) of most of the Swiss lakes. 
 While this was accumulating a considerable time must have 
 elapsed ; till by floods, or other causes, an accumulation of sand 
 and alluvium took place at the eastern extremity of the lake 
 the level of the water rose, and thus the formation of peat first 
 began. It rested on the shell-marl, and consisted in general 
 of wood broken to pieces, branches, &c., mixed with mud, sand 
 and stones. As the peat increased, the outlet of the water 
 diminished. The valley became more and more boggy; the 
 peat was formed in the usual manner round about the lake and 
 in the bog to the westward. This condition of things remained 
 till very lately, when by an artificial drain the surface of the 
 water was considerably lowered, and the valley was freed from 
 bog. The formation of peat has now ceased, and the level of 
 the lake lies at the present moment probably some feet 
 lower than in the time of the inhabitants of the lake 
 dwelling. 
 
 The little map (Plate IV. fig. 1) will give a general idea of 
 the locality. The eastern settlement marked E, or at least its 
 .site, is now in a great measure on dry land : it formed a paral- 
 lelogram of piles driven irregularly into the muddy bottom, and 
 
 * When Dr. Uhlmann was kind enough to show me his collection in 1864, he men- 
 tioned that in this shell-marl many of the specimens of Limnseus palustris and L. stag- 
 nalis, especially the latter, were larger than those of the present day. He also stated, 
 if I mistake not, that the marl contains Limnaeus auricularis, and a species of Paludina, 
 now extinct in the smaller lakes. Tn.
 
 SETTLEMENT OF MOOSSEEDOKFSEE. 83 
 
 was about fifty-five feet broad, and seventy feet long. The 
 piles consist of stems of fir, oak, birch, and aspen, being the kinds 
 of wood found in the neighbourhood : they are from five to seven 
 inches in thickness ; some whole, some split, and many with 
 the bark still remaining. Cross-branches laid on the bottom in 
 the manner of a fagot bank, or fagot road, appear like the re- 
 mains of a bridge or stage connecting the settlement with the 
 shore. Here, as in many other lake dwellings, the upper 
 structure had been destroyed by fire, and only the burnt wood 
 remained. It was very singular that the implements and uten- 
 sils found amongst the remains of this settlement were met 
 with, not in the mud of the ancient lake bottom, but in the bed 
 above it, called the relic bed, which consists of loose peat, with 
 sand, stones, clay, wood, and charcoal, and varies in thickness 
 from five inches to two feet or more. Many of the implements, 
 the products of human art, lie in this bed very near to the shell- 
 marl, but none of them actually in it, except where the marl is 
 soft and pulpy, so that it naturally follows that they had fallen 
 into the peat which had been gradually accumulating during 
 the existence of these habitations. A very striking circumstance, 
 however, ought to be mentioned, namely, that even heavy imple- 
 ments, such as stone chisels, grinding or sharpening stones, 
 &c., were found quite high in the relic bed, while lighter ob- 
 jects, such as those made out of bone, were met with much 
 deeper. 
 
 The meaning of the various letters on the map will be found 
 in the explanation of the plates. 
 
 Plate IV. fig. 2, shows the arrangement of the piles on a part 
 of the settlement ; the space comprised within the letters A A, 
 c c, is now lying dry. 
 
 Fig. 3 is a section which, as well as the ground plan, has 
 been drawn by Dr. Uhlmann, and exhibits the different beds or 
 layers of soil on the bank, together with the piles. The line A 
 represents the ancient level of the water ; the line B the present 
 level ; b 6 a bed of mud with roots of reeds, but without any 
 artificial objects in it ; c c is the relic bed, consisting of loose 
 peat, with many stones, gravel, wood, charcoal, bones, &c., and 
 containing the various implements found here the piles pass 
 through this bed into the lower one; d d, the ancient bed of the 
 lake, consisting of loam and mud, with the remains of shells ; 
 e is compact peat ; and a a is top of the present bank. 
 
 The vignette, fig. 22, Plate V., will give some idea of the 
 appearance of the lake of Moosseedorf ; the sketch was taken
 
 34 ANTIQUITIES OF MOOSSEEDORFSEE. 
 
 standing on the site of the lake dwelling just described. The 
 canal cut to drain the lake may be seen to the right, and is 
 marked by two birds. 
 
 A few of the antiquities found here are drawn on the same 
 plate and will now be described. 
 
 Plate V. fig. 1. Hafting for a stone celt made of fir-wood. 
 
 Fig. 2. Hafting for a celt made of stag's horn. 
 
 Fig. 3. Harpoon of stag's horn ; some harpoons in the col- 
 lection of Dr. Uhlmann are double-barbed that is, each main 
 barb has two points. 
 
 Fig. 4. A lance point made out of the shoulder-blade of 
 some large animal. 
 
 Fig. 5. Flint saw set in a handle of fir-wood and fastened 
 with asphalt. 
 
 Figs. 6 and 7. Needles made of boars' teeth, probably for 
 sewing the garments together. 
 
 Fig. 8. Awl made of one of the leg bones of the roe. 
 
 Fig. 9. Bone knife with a sharp edge. 
 
 Fig. 10. Chisel made of a stag's bone. 
 
 Figs. 11 and 12. Two views of a wedge made of fir-wood 
 worked very neatly. 
 
 Fig. 13. Bone awl or piercer. 
 
 Fig. 14. Fish-hook made of the tusk of a wild boar. 
 
 Fig. 15. Boar's tusk ground to a sharp edge like that of a 
 knife on the convex side, and with two perforations. 
 
 Fig. 16. Needle or pin made of a boar's tusk. 
 
 Figs. 17 and 19. Flint flakes, probably for scaling fishes. 
 
 Fig. 18. Arrow head of rock crystal. 
 
 Fig. 20. Celt of nephrite, sharp enough to cut skin or leather. 
 
 Fig. 21. Comb made of yew- wood two inches and a half 
 broad, and nearly five inches long ; it is ornamented with two 
 buttons or projections on one side, and was probably used as 
 a comb for keeping up the hair. 
 
 Several of the specimens lately found here are drawn Plates 
 XIV. and XXII. 
 
 Plate XTV. fig. 12. A boar's tusk ground to an edge towards 
 the point, and perforated in two places. 
 
 Fig. 21. A bone awl with a head or handle made of asphalt. 
 
 Fig. 22. A bone knife. 
 
 Fig. 25. A bone tool pointed at one end and with the other 
 terminating in pincers. 
 
 Plate XXII. fig. 1. An arrow-head of bone beautifully formed
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF MOOSSEEDORFSEE. 35 
 
 and very finely serrated ; the only specimen of the kind which 
 has come under my notice. 
 
 Figs. 4 and 25. The antler of a stag neatly polished, per- 
 forated at the top, hollowed out below, with a number of 
 perforations all around it. 
 
 Fig. 5. Fish-hook made of a boar's tusk ; it was manufactured 
 in the following manner : two holes were bored through it ; 
 the space between them was cleared away, and the whole was 
 then finished by scraping tools. 
 
 The bones of animals, especially those of large ones, were 
 uncommonly numerous, and it is worthy of note that the 
 carcases appear to have been cut up as if by a butcher, for on 
 many of the bones, when taken fresh from the peat, might be 
 seen marks of the stone axes and knives, and the incisions 
 made by the saws. Other bones had the appearance of having 
 been gnawed by carnivorous animals, probably dogs. 
 
 Amongst the fragments of pottery found here may be men- 
 tioned the portion of a cup with the rim or edge turned over, 
 in which are two perforations, evidently to pass a cord through 
 for suspension. Another fragment of the edge of a cup has a 
 regular row of perforations placed horizontally. Another portion 
 has an upright projection or boss on the side, about twice as 
 long as it is broad, and perforated vertically ; this has evidently 
 been also used for suspension. Two fragments of a broken 
 vessel were joined together by means of asphalt and ashes run 
 through holes drilled on each side of the fracture. Some of the 
 earthenware vessels must have been of large size. One fragment 
 describes the segment of a circle which if completed would 
 have been sixteen or seventeen inches in diameter ; the edge is 
 thickened, and the top is marked by depressions, about five in a 
 space of three inches, apparently scooped out by the back of the 
 nail of the little finger. Many of the fragments of pottery 
 were covered with a crust of soot either inside or outside. 
 
 A notice of the remains of animals and plants found in this 
 settlement will be found in the results of the investigations by 
 Professor Rutimeyer and Professor Heer towards the close of 
 this volume, and it is therefore needless to give the list here. 
 It may however be well to mention that remains of the hare have 
 been found here : from the very great rarity of this animal in the 
 lake dwellings, this fact is a matter of some interest. Burnt 
 wheat and barley have also been found here ; and the Trapa na- 
 tans, or water-chestnut, which does not grow in the lake at the 
 
 D 2
 
 86 FLINT IMPLEMENTS, MOOSSEEDORFSEE. 
 
 present day. Linseed has also been met with, showing that the 
 cultivation of flax was probably general in the stone age. 
 
 In connection with the settlement of Moosseedorf, a discovery 
 made in the immediate neighbourhood is well worthy of atten- 
 tion. Every little hillock in the surrounding marshland, still 
 partially covered with peat and hardly rising above its level, 
 appears to have been a place where flint was worked into im- 
 plements, for nothing else but flint was found in any of them 
 except some broken white pebble-stones and traces of charcoal ; 
 more than a thousand pieces of flint in flakes, cores, or imple- 
 ments intended for some special purpose, cracked off in all sorts 
 of ways, and afterwards hammered to the required shape, were 
 found in these localities. The flakes are found of various sizes, 
 from that of fish-scales up to two inches in length. More or 
 less care was bestowed upon them according to the use for 
 which they were intended. The majority consisted of what 
 may be called plates, rather long and with a sharp cutting 
 edge, and which by further manipulation could be made into 
 little knives, scrapers, saws, and piercers, as well as into the 
 heads of arrows. Dr. Uhlmann says that he has not yet ascer- 
 
 v v 
 
 tained the use of the small four-cornered specimens. 
 
 The colour of these flints is as varied as their form ; they are 
 found white, brown, black, red, and bluish, of all shades, also 
 translucent and like agate and chalcedony. The greater part 
 appear to have come from the Swiss Jura (chalk), some few 
 from the Alps. Those of a better kind of stone are doubtless 
 of foreign origin. 
 
 The tools used for making these flint implements do not 
 seem to have been of the same material, but of gabbro, a bluish- 
 green and very hard and tough kind of stone. Several of these 
 implements have been met with ; their form is very simple, and 
 varies between a cube and an oval. The oval specimens were 
 ground down in one or two places, and the most pointed part 
 was used for hammering.
 
 37 
 
 LAKE OF PFAFFIKON. 
 
 KOBENHAUSEN AND IKGENHAUSEN. 
 
 These settlements on the lake of Pfaffikon may conveniently 
 be described together, though the greater part of the interest 
 will be centred on Bobenhausen. The little map (Fig. 1) at the 
 top of Plate VI. will give an idea of this lake, both as it 
 existed formerly and in its present dimensions. The peat has 
 formed all round it, and, especially on the south side, has 
 encroached materially upon the water. The sketch given 
 Plate VII. will show the general appearance of this peat moor, 
 the high mountains of Glarus forming a background to the 
 view. The Aa brook, hereafter to be mentioned, runs through 
 the middle of the moor, and the settlement of Eobenhausen 
 is intersected by this stream ; the exact locality is marked on 
 the sketch by a dark bird. 
 
 We learn more about the domestic arrangements of the in- 
 habitants of these early dwellings from the settlements buried 
 in peat moors than from those where the remains are found in 
 the shallows of our lakes. For although in the latter we can 
 readily obtain an idea of the number and arrangement of the 
 piles, and probably of the extent and divisions of the whole 
 settlement, and some portions of the relics are perhaps more 
 easily secured, yet, on the other hand, the excavations in the 
 peat moors enable us to ascertain facts which bear upon the 
 original conditions of these abodes, their development and 
 their destruction. By systematically excavating the settlements 
 in the peat moors, we not only obtain more correct information 
 as to the construction of the pile work, the form, mode of 
 erection and size of the huts, but we even get a glance into 
 the interior. Wonderful to relate, we can walk over the very 
 flooring of these dwellings, abandoned thousands of years ago. 
 We see before us their hearths and their various household 
 utensils. We obtain information as to the industrial habits of 
 the people, the nature of their food, and the mode in which 
 they were clothed. It is only by the investigation of these
 
 38 EXCAVATIONS AT ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 singular remains that we can hope to extend our knowledge as 
 to the peculiar object of these settlements, and the degree of 
 civilisation attained by their inhabitants. 
 
 Amongst all the settlements found in peat moors, that of 
 Robenhausen in all these respects unquestionably takes the first 
 rank. When the dwelling was first erected, a bed of peat had 
 already begun to form, which was increased both by alluvial 
 organic matter, and by the growth of lake weeds in the stag- 
 nant water, amongst the forest of piles ; and thus this bed 
 treasured up, as it were, in its bosom all the implements which 
 fell into the water when the floorings gave way, and also the 
 different relic beds belonging to the successive settlements, all 
 in their regular order. Circumstances so favourable to the 
 investigation are not to be found together in any other lake 
 dwelling. 
 
 Another fact also is of the greatest importance, both as to 
 the preservation of the antiquities and as to our accurate know- 
 ledge of this locality. The greater part of the area of the 
 settlement is the property of one individual, who devotes his 
 time and powers to this scientific enquiry, and gives himself up 
 to the work with an energy and perseverance which deserve 
 the highest praise, more especially as it has to be carried 011 
 under many difficulties, and frequently is a trial even to health. 
 This energetic individual is Mr. Jacob Messikomer of Stegen 
 Wetzikon. 
 
 Some years ago the inhabitants of this district, when cutting 
 peat in the neighbourhood of Robenhausen, found implements 
 for fishing and other purposes, which led them to conclude 
 that the marshy ground south of the lake of Pfaffikon, and 
 through which the Aa brook flows, was formerly under water, 
 and had gradually been raised. This opinion was confirmed by 
 the discovery of the remains of an extensive lake dwelling in 
 January 1858 by Mr. Jacob Messikomer, in that part of the 
 moor which goes by the name of Himeri. Excavations were 
 commenced on a small scale by the Antiquarian Association of 
 Zurich, and subsequently the works connected with the outlet 
 of the water gave great facilities for the investigation. The 
 examination of this remarkable settlement was undertaken by 
 Mr. Messikomer, and we are indebted to him for an accurate 
 account of the size of the settlement, the construction of the 
 dwelling, and for notices of the antiquities found here. His later 
 excavations have brought to light many interesting remains, 
 amongst which are some which throw considerable light on the
 
 AA CANAL, ROBENHAUSEN. 39 
 
 age of this colony. Almost up to the present time it has been 
 considered as a settlement purely of the stone age no traces 
 whatever of metal had been found in it ; but it will be seen 
 from the description of some of the earthenware vessels lately 
 met with, that this opinion must in some measure be modified. 
 
 As before mentioned, the lake dwelling of Eobenhausen is 
 situated in the peat moor on the southern side of the lake of 
 Pfaffikon. (See Plate VI. fig. 1.) The space covered with piles 
 is nearly three acres ; it forms an irregular quadrangle about 
 2,000 paces from the ancient western ehore of the lake, the 
 whole of this distance now consisting of peat, and about 3,000 
 from the shore in the opposite direction. It was with this last- 
 named side that the settlement, which of course was formerly 
 entirely surrounded with water, communicated by means of a 
 bridge or stage, of which the piles are still visible. The reason 
 why the communication with the land was made in this direc- 
 tion, and not on the side where the land was nearer, appears to 
 be that the gardens and pastures of the colony lay in the sunny 
 district of the village of Kempten, a name evidently allied to 
 Campodunum and of Celtic origin. 
 
 The substructure of these dwellings was as usual of piles, 
 consisting partly of whole and partly of split stems ten or 
 eleven feet long, of oak, beech, and fir-wood, sharpened at the 
 end with stone celts or hatchets, and driven a few feet deep into 
 the mud at a distance of from two to three feet apart. Later 
 discoveries, it will be seen, enabled Mr. Messikomer to distin- 
 guish the piles of the different settlements by the nature of the 
 wood. The floor or platform supporting the huts was formed, 
 as is evident from the remains still existing, partly of cross- 
 timbers and partly of boards, which were fastened to the 
 upright piles by wooden pins. 
 
 The outermost piles are bound together with wattle or hurdle 
 work of branches, forming a kind of defence for the settlement. 
 Large pieces of this hurdle-work have been met with. 
 
 The Aa brook, now called the Aa canal, or the outlet of the 
 lake, which some years ago was artificially widened and deep- 
 ened, runs immediately through the settlement. It is twenty- 
 seven feet broad, and from eight to nine feet deep, and the 
 bed of it is thickly set with the stumps of piles placed in 
 double rows, which were broken when this watercourse was 
 put in order. Plate YI. fig. 4 gives a section of this canal, 
 showing the beds of peat, the relic bed with the floorings made 
 of gravel and clay, and also the remains of the piles themselves.
 
 40 AA CANAL, KOBENHAUSEN. 
 
 Fig 3 gives an enlarged section of the relic bed. It is singular 
 that very good peat is found both under and above the floorings, 
 and that wheat, barley, flax, string, woven cloth, &c., are found 
 in the very substance of them. Fig 2 shows the ground plan 
 of a portion of the canal about sixty feet long ; the arrangement 
 of the piles is shown by small circles, and the localities are also 
 noted where the different antiquities were found at least, 
 where they were of especial interest, either from the quantity 
 found together, or from the nature of the objects themselves. 
 Single specimens of woven or platted cloth are not mentioned, 
 nor are the localities indicated where pottery was found, nor 
 animal remains which had served for food ; all of which were 
 found in abundance, and probably were thrown into the water 
 through some of the numerous openings so conveniently at 
 hand in the timber platform of the lake dwelling. In like 
 manner, the places are not noted where remains of berries, 
 cracked nuts, bones and scales of fishes were met with, all of 
 which were found lying together in great quantities, and had 
 evidently been thrown into the water by the same holes. No 
 notice also is taken of charcoal, which in fact is spread over the 
 whole area. A curious fact is that in many cases objects are 
 found together which have a certain mutual relation. In one 
 place a considerable quantity of corn (wheat and barley) was 
 found together with bread ; in another locality these articles 
 of food were found together with burnt apples and pears ; in a 
 third, flax and its different manufactures ; and in a fourth, these 
 very things were discovered together with the earthenware 
 ccnes used for the loom. There can be no doubt that in the 
 first-named two localities there were store-houses of different 
 kinds of grain, and that in this very place the corn was bruised 
 and ground, and afterwards either boiled in pots to a kind of 
 porridge or made into dough with water without separating 
 the bran, and then baked into a kind of cake or bread on hot 
 rounded stones, and under the glowing embers. The large 
 number of granite slabs used for mealing or grinding stones, 
 and found together with the objects last mentioned, prove that 
 the manufacture of meal was carried on here to a considerable 
 extent. The third and fourth localities indicate a large store 
 of flax, which is found here sometimes in skeins, or hanks, 
 sometimes spun, platted, or woven in the form of threads, cords, 
 nets, mats, and cloth, just as in a linen-merchant's warehouse. 
 Stone celts, with or without haffcing, arrow heads and other 
 flint implements are found in abundance scattered on the bed of
 
 LATER EXCAVATIONS, ROBENHAUSEN. 41 
 
 the canal, but to the present time no place where the implements 
 were manufactured has yet been discovered as indicated by 
 refuse flakes and unfinished or imperfect implements. 
 
 According to the calculation of Mr. Messikomer, the area of 
 ground examined by him in the canal contains about 4,000 
 square feet, which is about one-thirtieth part of the whole 
 settlement. At least 100,000 piles must have been used in the 
 whole structure ; and if we join to this consideration the fact 
 that the bones and fragments of pottery were so abundant that 
 every shovelful of mud taken from the bottom of the canal at a 
 depth of six or seven feet contained several specimens, and also 
 that the animal remains and the products of human industry here 
 form a bed at least three feet thick, called by us the relic bed, 
 we seem perfectly justified in coming to the conclusion that 
 the settlement lasted many centuries. 
 
 Subsequent excavations were made by Mr. Messikomer in an 
 area 100 feet long and 50 feet broad, abutting at right-angles 
 on the Aa brook canal, and several new specimens were brought 
 to light, amongst which were one or two perfect long bows like 
 those used by the South Sea islanders, as well as several imper- 
 fect ones ; stone celts fixed in wooden clubs ; a stone celt fastened 
 in a hafting of stag's horn, which was then fixed in a wooden 
 club, a flint arrow-head fastened to the shaft with cord and 
 asphalt ; several implements of maple-wood, such as knives and 
 dishes, some of them perfect and others broken or unfinished ; 
 and lastly, a remarkable canoe made out of a single trunk 
 (Einbaum), such as may now be seen in the lakes of Zug and 
 Lucerne, twelve feet long, one and a half foot broad, but only 
 five inches in depth. 
 
 The places where these objects were found in the above- 
 mentioned space are shown on the following plan : 
 
 A Corn c Unburnt Flax 
 
 Aa canal 
 
 B Woven Cloth 
 
 Apples 
 
 P D 
 
 Unburnt E Earthenware 
 
 Platted Work Cones 
 
 Very few things were found in the space left blank : hardly 
 any of stone or bone, as the chemical nature of the peat is not
 
 42 
 
 SECTIONS, ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 only to whiten but to disintegrate the stone, and to dissolve the 
 bone entirely. The few bone implements which were at all 
 well preserved were lying on the top of the shell-marl. The 
 following are sections of the ground taken at three of the 
 localities indicated above : 
 
 SECTION at B. 
 
 SECTION at c. 
 
 SECTION at D. 
 
 $ foot Alluvial Earth 
 
 
 } foot Alluvial Earth 
 
 
 i foot Alluvial Earth 
 
 3 feet Peat 
 
 
 5 feet Peat 
 
 
 
 i foot Flooring 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 to 2i feet Peat 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 foot Flooring 
 
 
 1 foot Flooring 
 
 
 1 foot Flooring 
 
 Woven and Platted Cloth 
 
 
 
 
 
 J foot Flooring 
 
 
 2 inches Unburnt Flax Seed 
 Vessels 
 
 
 4 inches Apples and 
 Charcoal 
 
 i foot Relic Bed 
 
 
 foot Relic Bed 
 
 
 foot Relic Bed 
 
 Lake Sand 
 
 
 Lake Sand 
 
 
 Lake Sand 
 
 It will be seen that in the section B woven and platted cloth 
 occurs, as was formerly the case in the middle of a bed of earthen 
 flooring one foot thick, while in both the other sections burnt 
 apples and unburnt flax capsules were found under the floor ; 
 and very frequently burnt and unburnt platted cloth are found 
 quite close to each other. The existence of a floor may always 
 be considered to indicate a favourable locality for antiquities ; 
 though, as was the case at Niederwyl, only the rooms were 
 covered with an earthen flooring ; the open spaces around were 
 without it. 
 
 Mr. Messikomer, in his reports on this excavation, says that 
 at first he could hardly convince himself of the existence of 
 more than one floor, and could not comprehend how a bed of 
 peat two or two and a half feet thick could again be covered 
 with a layer of earth, till at length the full explanation of these 
 singular layers appeared in another part of the settlement. 
 The section given Plate XVI. fig. 2, taken during this excava-
 
 LAST EXCAVATION, ROBENHAUSEN. 43 
 
 tion, shows two systems of piles one above the other, the upper 
 ones of course being the later, as they do not go down to the 
 lake bottom, but were only driven into the relic bed of the 
 previous settlement. The heads of the upper or later piles are 
 about two and a half feet higher than those of the others. 
 
 Still later excavations have added materially to the interest 
 of this settlement, for we now know not only of two but of 
 three distinct settlements, one over the other. It will probably 
 be the best to give the account of this very singular fact in the 
 words of Mr. Messikomer himself. The following is an extract 
 from a report made by him to the Historical Society of Switzer- 
 land, in August 1865 : 
 
 ' Anyone who takes the trouble of descending into one of the 
 excavations made in the area of this settlement, and at present 
 kept free from water by pumping, will remark, about ten or 
 eleven feet deep under the surface, a bed of a whitish-grey 
 colour, consisting of the remains of innumerable small shells, 
 and here called " Weisser Seegrund " (white lake bottom, or in 
 other words Shell-marl), but in Thurgau it is called " Alb." * In 
 this bed no traces of implements are found, but the points of 
 the lowest series of piles have been driven into it. Above this 
 there is a bed about four or five inches thick, greasy and sticky 
 to the touch, arising from the decomposition of the remains of 
 plants, and having the appearance of peat. Implements are 
 found in this bed, but not abundantly. Above this lies a bed of 
 charcoal, arising from the conflagration of the first settlement ; 
 it contains grains of barley and wheat, also threads, and pieces 
 of cloth, and fishing-nets, all in beautiful preservation from 
 having been carbonised. From all appearances this first settle- 
 ment was not of long duration. 
 
 ' After the catastrophe which had happened to the first 
 dwelling, the colonists erected new homes on the site of their 
 old ones, for above the lowest bed of charcoal we find a 
 bed of peat three feet thick, in which are imbedded bones, 
 pottery, &c., and also the material of an ancient flooring. Then 
 follows again a bed of charcoal with corn, apples, pieces of 
 cloth, bones, pottery, and the usual implements of stone and 
 bone. The huts of this second settlement were likewise 
 
 * This ' Seegrund ' or shell-marl, which covers the bottom of all the smaller lakes, 
 lying in the low districts, and which varies in thickness from a few inches to some 
 feet, and is occasionally burnt for lime, is to be distinguished from the ' blancfond,' 
 which consists of a whitish crust of carbonate of lime, with which the bottom of the 
 larger lakes is partially covered.
 
 44 LAST EXCAVATION, ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 destroyed by fire, as may be clearly seen by the burnt heads 
 of the second series of piles. This settlement was erected more 
 firmly than the previous one, for the piles are so numerous 
 that on the average there are three or four in every square foot. 
 The length of time also that this settlement lasted was much 
 greater, as the bed of peat formed during its existence was much 
 thicker. 
 
 ' Above the second bed of ashes a new bed of peat is spread 
 about three feet thick ; in this there are also the remains of a 
 flooring, as well as a number of stone celts either broken, half 
 finished, or in good preservation, some of them are of nephrite : 
 pottery was also found here, as well as other things usually met 
 with in lake dwellings. This settlement must have lasted a 
 long time, but seems only to have extended over a part of the 
 whole area. It is a singular fact that while the piles of the 
 two first settlements reach down to the shell-marl, those of the 
 third settlement were driven into the mass of ground or material 
 arising from the two first settlements. The piles of the upper 
 settlement also consist entirely of split trunks of oak, while 
 those of the two lower ones are round stems of soft kinds of 
 wood. It is also remarkable that in the remains of this third 
 erection no signs of any catastrophe by fire are to be discovered, 
 and we may therefore venture to conclude that the colonists, 
 probably compelled by the increase of the peat, left these abodes 
 of their own accord. 
 
 * The reason why no corn, apples, or manufactures of flax, are 
 found in the upper layer may probably be found in the fact that 
 the latest erection was not burnt, for nearly all the specimens 
 of the above descriptions which have come down to us are in a 
 carbonised condition. 
 
 * The uppermost bed of the lake-dwelling area consists, like 
 that of the rest of the moor, of vegetable mould. For when 
 the peat had reached to the surface of the water, its growth 
 was checked, and by the decay of the marsh plants under the 
 influence of atmospheric air, a bed of vegetable mould was 
 formed called peat earth, which covers the surface of every peat 
 moor.' 
 
 Plate VIII. is a careful sketch of one of Mr. Messikomer's 
 excavations, showing the piles of the settlement of the middle 
 age : they are all of round fir timber, and many of them have 
 the bark still adhering to them. Plate IX. gives a view of the 
 piles of the latest settlement, in an excavation a few yards
 
 SECTION, ROBENHAUSEtf. 45 
 
 Section at the Lake Dwelling of Robenhausen, October 1864. 
 
 i foot Mould 
 
 2 feet Peat 
 
 1 foot No traces of fire Stone 
 Celts (Nephrite) Pottery, 
 
 3 feet Peat Broken Stones 
 Flooring Relics of the 
 Third Settlement 
 
 1 foot Remains of Conflagra- 
 tionCharcoal Stone and 
 Bone Implements Pottery 
 Woven Cloth Corn 
 Apples, &c. 
 
 3 feet Peat Flooring Relics 
 of the Second Settlement 
 Excrements of Cows, Sheep, 
 and Goats 
 
 foot-^Remains of Confla- 
 gration Charcoal Stone 
 and Bone Implements Pot- 
 tery Woven Cloth Corn 
 Apples, &c. 
 
 4 or 5 inches Relics of the 
 First Settlement 
 
 Shell-marl 
 
 Feet 
 deep 
 
 II 
 
 101 
 
 11 
 
 Fio. 7. 
 
 I/ 
 
 V 
 
 v 
 
 nil 
 
 IT 
 
 V 
 
 Both 
 
 distant from the first ; they are of split oak-stems, 
 sketches were taken on June 20, 1865. 
 
 It is a singular fact that the piles of all the three settle- 
 ments incline from the north-west to the south-east, for which
 
 46 LAST 'EXCAVATION, ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 it is difficult to assign a cause. The piles of this settlement, 
 like those of Niederwyl, are placed in straight lines, which run 
 in the direction of the cardinal points. 
 
 A series of observations led to the conclusion that in the 
 space of 150 feet long by 40 feet broad, where the canal ran 
 through the settlement, there were six separate huts standing 
 close to each other in order to economise room. For Mr. Messi- 
 komer at each of six different places, all at equal distances, 
 found one of the well-known mealing- stones previously described, 
 heaps of corn, pieces of woven and platted cloth, stores of raw 
 flax, together with the clay weights belonging to the loom, and 
 also great stones which had formed the hearths. It is there- 
 fore evident that each hut was inhabited by one family, which 
 had its own arrangements for preparing victuals and for making 
 clothes. The length and breadth of the huts correspond exactly 
 with those of the dwellings found at Niederwyl, namely, twenty- 
 seven feet by twenty- two. Even the construction of the timber 
 floors is exactly the same both at Robenhausen and Niederwyl, 
 although the substructure of the two is so very different. 
 
 The stalls for the cattle were distributed between the huts. 
 Mr. Messikomer, who had formerly directed his attention while 
 excavating chiefly to the discovery of implements and bones, 
 has lately begun to investigate the nature and constituent parts 
 of the peaty mud, and he has discovered in it horizontal beds 
 from two to ten inches thick, varying in extent, composed 
 entirely of the excrements of cows, pigs, sheep, and goats, 
 together with the remains of the litter they had used. Some 
 time ago a few of the faeces of goats had been found in a car- 
 bonised state, but they were taken for acorns or some other 
 similar seeds. But a careful examination of them by Professor 
 Heer soon revealed the true nature of these objects, so little 
 pleasing in themselves, but so highly interesting when found in 
 a lake dwelling.* With respect to the excrements of cows and 
 swine, we must look for their determination not so much to the 
 eye of the naturalist as to the practised glance of the agricul- 
 turist, and we may rely with implicit faith on Mr. Messikomer 
 
 * With respect to the goats arid their faeces, there cannot be the slightest possible 
 doubt. Dr. Keller has kindly sent to me a small box of these ' Ziegenbohnen (as 
 they are very characteristically called in German), and I have exhibited them to one or 
 two individuals, without giving the slightest hint as to what they were, and yet notwith- 
 standing their carbonisation, their true nature was instantly discovered. In a late letter 
 Dr. Keller mentions that from these deposits being found in regular beds amongst the 
 remains of the settlement, it is the opinion of Professor Heer that they do not arise 
 merely from the sweepings of the stalls, but that they were manure-heaps hoarded for 
 agricultural purposes. [Ts.]
 
 DESTRUCTION OF ROBENHAUSEN. 47 
 
 and his labourers when they assure us that this is the actual 
 nature of these substances. The litter for the cows consisted 
 chiefly of straw and rushes ; that for the smaller animals was of 
 sprigs of fir and twigs of brushwood. In these masses of excre- 
 ment may be noticed the chrysalis shells of the insects which 
 are so numerous at the present day in the manure found in the 
 cattle-sheds. 
 
 Before we proceed to describe the more remarkable objects 
 found here, it may be advisable to refer to a curious fact which 
 has been observed by Mr. Messikomer, and which may probably 
 throw some little light on the destruction of the settlement. 
 As peat is now dug here more extensively than formerly, many 
 places are worked at some distance from the bank. If we walk 
 in a northerly direction from the locality of the lake dwelling 
 and examine the pieces of peat which have been dug here and 
 laid to dry, we shall find that they all without exception contain 
 more or less charcoal, while the peat on either side does not 
 contain any. The strip thus marked by charcoal may probably 
 be a few hundred paces wide, and its limits are clearly distin- 
 guished. It has before been mentioned that charcoal is very 
 frequently met with in the settlement, indicating its destruction 
 by fire, probably at repeated intervals ; and Mr. Messikomer, 
 with very great justice, from the presence of these pieces of 
 charcoal in the above direction, concludes that one at least of 
 these calamities took place at the time of the strong south wind 
 so well known in Switzerland under the name of Fonwind,' 
 by which the burnt materials would be driven along on the 
 muddy surface in the direction mentioned, which is the exact 
 course of this wind. If we bear in mind the nature of these 
 settlements built of wood and straw, and so very liable to suffer 
 from fire, and if we have ever personally witnessed the effect of 
 the ' Fonwind ' occurring at the time of a calamity of this nature, 
 by which at one time or other nearly every town in central 
 Switzerland has been almost destroyed, we cannot help con- 
 cluding with Mr. Messikomer, that of the two earlier settlements 
 of Eobenhausen, one at least was destroyed by fire during the 
 prevalence of this dreaded wind. 
 
 We will now describe the various objects found in the settle- 
 ment. A few brief preliminary remarks, however, may not be out 
 of place. The animal kingdom is more largely represented here 
 than in any other settlement : the bones are often found together 
 in heaps of from fifty to one hundred pounds ; from their weight 
 some of them have sunk eight or ten inches into the bottom of the
 
 48 WOODEN OBJECTS, ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 lake. As one hundred hundredweight of bones were gathered in 
 the Aa brook canal alone, the mass of animal remains buried in the 
 whole colony must be immense. Scales of fish are found every- 
 where in great abundance, a proof that fish formed a considerable 
 portion of the food of the inhabitants; they also laid up stores 
 of the water-chestnuts (Trapa natans), and also of apples. In 
 one place 300, or half a peck, were found together. Quantities 
 of beech-nuts and acorns were also met with, which probably 
 were intended as food for the swine. The whole weight of the 
 pieces of bread found when the canal was deepened and altered, 
 may be about eight pounds, and would probably correspond with 
 newly baked bread weighing about forty pounds. Of stone-fruit 
 there are more sloe than cherry stones. The seeds of raspberries, 
 strawberries, elderberries, and blackberries, are also met with. 
 The different varieties of corn will be especially described by 
 Professor Heer. Mealing-stones and grinding-stones are com- 
 mon, and so are the hearthstones or those used for baking. Burnt 
 straw, the remains of thatch, is found in abundance, and frag- 
 ments of pottery with various kinds of ornamentation are met 
 with in countless numbers. The well-known tools of stone, 
 horn, and bone, were very common. 
 
 OBJECTS OF WOOD. 
 
 Plate X. figs. 1, 2, 3. Knives of yew-wood. Pig. 2 is perfect. 
 Figs. 1 and 3 are imperfect. Pig. 1 has had two holes through 
 the handle. 
 
 Plate X. figs. 4, 13, 17, Plate XI. fig. 9, and Plate XII. fig. 7. 
 Dipping-vessels or ladles cut out of wood, some of which, con- 
 sidering the imperfect tools which the makers had at command, 
 show astonishing skill in carving: they are very similar to 
 those now in use in the Swiss milk-chalets. Plate XI. fig. 9, 
 and XII. fig. 7, are of maple-wood : the fragment of a plate 
 of maple-wood was also met with. Plate X. fig. 5 is a small 
 object of wood cut almost in the shape of a little pulley. 
 
 Pigs. 6 and 15 are made out of bark. 
 
 Plate X. fig. 7. A club of ash-wood, in which is fixed a socket 
 or hafting of stag's horn containing a stone celt. 
 
 Plate X. fig. 14. A similar club with a stone celt fixed in it, 
 without any intermediate hafting. In both these cases, proba- 
 bly in order to hold the celt more firmly, and also to prevent the 
 club from splitting when used, the head or upper part of the 
 wood projects considerably beyond the plug-hole. 
 
 Plate X. fig. 16, shows another mode of fastening the stone 
 celt. The club in this case is formed of the root of a hazel-bush ;
 
 IMPLEMENTS OF WOOD, ROBENHAUSEN. 49 
 
 the celt is placed between two projections which are set at right 
 angles or nearly so with the main root, and is fastened to them 
 with cords. 
 
 Plate X. figs. 8, 8a, 86. A boat or e Einbaum' made of a single 
 trunk, twelve feet long, two and a half feet wide, and five inches 
 deep, a and 6 show the longitudinal and cross sections. 
 
 Plate X. fig. 9. Flail for thrashing out corn ; these imple- 
 ments are not uncommon either at Robenhausen or Wangen. 
 When they were met with, the agricultural labourers of the 
 neighbourhood at once pointed out what they had been used for. 
 
 Plate X. fig. 10. A yew bow measuring five feet round the 
 curve, and notched at both ends for fastening on the string. A 
 shorter and more perfect specimen, three and a half feet long, 
 may have been a boy's weapon for the chase. 
 
 Plate X. figs. 11 and 12. These implements, which are not 
 at all uncommon at Robenhausen, are of peculiar interest ; at 
 first they were considered as implements used for the churning 
 or manufacturing of butter, but M. Rochat Maure, the engineer 
 of Geneva, in the following notice, has clearly shown that they 
 are to be considered as fishing implements. 
 
 'The fishermen who at the present day use implements of 
 this kind live, while the fish are going up, on the banks of the 
 river Arve, well known for its cold and rushing stream. They 
 pass the night almost like savages under huts made of twigs, 
 and their small subsistence is extremely precarious ; they catch 
 the fish in the following manner : To one end of a cord the 
 length of a stone's throw they fasten a roundish flat stone, 
 and to the other end. a heavier stone of any convenient form. 
 To this main cord they tie at intervals thinner strings with 
 hooks at the end, and from three to five feet long. The heavy 
 stone is then let down into the water from the boat at the side 
 of the bank, but the other stone is thrown as far as possible 
 straight across the stream towards the opposite bank. Early 
 in the morning these cords are drawn up and examined, the 
 implement used for this purpose being exactly like those found 
 at Robenhausen. It is in fact the top of a young fir-tree with 
 the branches springing from the main stem like radii. A cord 
 is fastened to the upper end of this kind of hook, and in order 
 to make it sink, some leaden rings or hooks are fastened 
 to the main stem : it goes by the name of " Arpion" amongst 
 the fishermen. It is thrown into the water from the boat, and 
 when drawn up brings with it the thinner cords or those which 
 have the hooks at the end. As the settlers at Robenhausen
 
 50 IMPLEMENTS OF WOOD, ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 had no lead, it is possible that the perforated stones found in 
 that settlement may have been used to sink these implements.' 
 The annexed woodcut shows the form of the modern ( Arpion,' 
 which is almost identical with those drawn (Figs. 11 and 12). 
 
 This implement is of great interest with respect to 
 the history of civilisation, for it proves that imple- 
 ments which have actually derived their origin from 
 the highest antiquity are at the present moment 
 used in precisely the same manner.* 
 
 I have elsewhere called attention to the fact that 
 the inhabitants of certain places in the Apennines 
 make their pottery in the very same way as the inhabi- 
 tants of the lake dwellings, and that the products of 
 the two are not distinguishable, age only excepted ; I 
 shall presently have to call attention to other relics 
 of a similar character. 
 Plate XI. figs. 1 and 2. Two celt-handles, for the most part 
 well and carefully made ; the first is of ash, the second of maple : 
 they somewhat differ in shape from those previously mentioned, 
 and are not very frequent in the western settlements, where 
 stag's horn haftings prevail. The handle of Fig. 2 is a root 
 in which a kind of beak has been cut out for the insertion of a 
 celt somewhat in the manner of Plate X. fig. 16. Many of the 
 handles of the longer implements used for beating and cutting 
 have a kind of head or knob at the end. 
 
 Plate XI. figs. 3, 4, and Plate XII. fig. 6. Wooden clubs ; 
 the first is of yew, and is pear-shaped ; the last is also of yew, 
 and has a cylindrical head with incised rings. 
 
 Plate XI. fig. 5. A float or support for nets made of the bark 
 of the fir-tree. Implements of this kind are found of various 
 sizes and in great abundance. 
 
 Plate XI. figs. 6 and 7. Suspension hooks. Fig. 7 is sixteen 
 inches long. Objects of this nature of different sizes are found 
 in great numbers ; they belong to the furniture inside of the 
 huts ; no room appears to have been without them. They con- 
 sist of a portion of the stem of a fir or pine tree cut off length- 
 wise, and having upon it a branch slanting upwards cut off' 
 at some little distance from the stem. They were doubtless 
 
 * My friend, Mr. G. W. Nicholl, of Ham Court in Glamorganshire, who lived for 
 many years at Usk a place where old customs seem to linger with remarkable 
 pertinacity informs me that a similar implement was made use of within his memory, 
 in the river there when swelled by floods from the hills ; it was employed to secure any 
 of th floating objects brought down by the stream. [Tu.]
 
 IMPLEMENTS OF WOOD, ROBENHAUSEN. 61 
 
 fastened to the walls or sides by wooden pegs driven in through 
 the incisions on each side, and used for hanging up implements 
 and clothes. 
 
 Plate XI. fig. 10. A great tub cut out of maple-wood. 
 
 Plate XII. fig. 3. An implement made of fir-wood, in shape 
 like a chisel : it is imperfect. 
 
 Plate XII. fig. 10. Amongst the implements made of wood the 
 most remarkable is a last, or rather a form or pattern, accord- 
 ing to which the leather was cut for the coverings for the feet, 
 the soles of the sandals with the straps belonging to them. 
 This pattern resembles the modern lasts, but with this difference, 
 that the bottom of the sole is flat, and not hollowed out to fit 
 the foot like those of the present day. This implement, as the 
 drawing shows, is imperfect, but the first glance will enable us 
 to decide that it has been used for the above-mentioned purpose, 
 and this is confirmed by the opinion of several shoemakers to 
 whom it was submitted. The discovery of this last, which indi- 
 cates an advanced stage in the art of clothing, is not at variance 
 with our knowledge of other parts of the dress, as, for example, 
 of the specimens of artistic cloth drawn Plates LXXXIV. and 
 LXXXV., and more especially the fringe (Fig. 7) of the first- 
 named plate, all of which betray a certain refinement of life and 
 a tendency to luxury. 
 
 Plate XII. fig. 11. Knife or chisel of yew- wood. 
 
 Plate XIII. fig. 2. An implement of wood which is of inte- 
 rest, as it may indicate the connection between the stone and 
 the bronze periods. It is only a fragment, and we are therefore 
 unable to report anything as to its use. It may be conjectured 
 that it was an ornament ; but it is quite uncertain whether it 
 was applied to the hut, to the canoe, or to any household imple- 
 ment. It is of oak-wood, and is a portion split from rather a 
 thick trunk. The outer side, which is arched, is worked smooth, 
 while the inner side, which is flat, is sculptured into a series of 
 projections and incisions, clearly showing that they have been 
 made by the strokes of a hatchet of small power, doubtless of a 
 stone celt. What makes this piece of wood of interest is the 
 arrangement of the incisions, in which we recognise the earliest 
 application of the zigzag or hatched ornament a design which 
 is so often repeated on the earthenware vessels of the stone and 
 bronze age, but especially in such different modifications on 
 the bronze implements of the latter period. 
 
 Plate XIII. fig. 4. A celt-handle, in which the stone was fixed 
 into the wood without any intermediate hafting.
 
 52 BAST AND FLAX, ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 Plate XIII. fig. 5. A wooden implement somewhat in the form 
 of a spoon, except that it is perfectly flat on the upper side ; 
 the sections to the left of the figure will show the form of the 
 opposite or convex side. 
 
 Plate XIII. fig. 3. Yoke made of a hazel rod cut so as to 
 cany a vessel. 
 
 Plate XIII. fig. 7. The top of a pile cut away in the middle 
 for the support of the cross-timbers. Similar heads of piles are 
 found at Niederwyl. 
 
 Objects of Bast and Flax. The interest attaching to the manu- 
 facture of these materials, whether platted, spun, or woven, is 
 such that a special chapter is devoted to them towards the close of 
 this volume ; and it will therefore only be necessary here to state 
 that numerous varieties of platted bast and of flax-yarn, thread, 
 string, as well as platted and woven cloth, have been found at 
 Kobenhausen, and the reader is referred to the special chapter 
 for any remarks respecting them. There are, however, one or 
 two specimens which have been found very lately, and which, as 
 they are not drawn in the plates appropriated to that chapter, 
 will now be mentioned. 
 
 A piece of linen cloth was found here of the usual make, 
 but it has a neat seam or border, which is extremely rare. 
 
 Plate XIV. figs. 2 and 6. Balls of string not in the least burnt. 
 It is very singular that amongst the remains of conflagration 
 and in the middle of worked and un worked flax which has been 
 burnt, pieces of cloth and balls of wound yarn are not uncom- 
 monly met with which are quite uninjured, and yet when exposed 
 to the air become so shrivelled and altered that their original 
 form is hardly discernible. Fig. 6 shows the remains of a ball 
 of string rather more than half unwound, which may be con- 
 sidered as what is called a warp or a ball of string wound ready 
 for the weaver. 
 
 It ought to be mentioned here that though- the proofs of the 
 cultivation and manufacture of flax are manifest in no other 
 lake dwelling to such an extent as at Eobenhausen, yet, in 
 spite of the most careful examination of the relic beds, no 
 spindle-whorl has yet been found here, while in some other 
 settlements where these implements are found in abundance no 
 traces of manufactured flax are met with. 
 
 Amongst the latest discoveries at Eobenhausen is a piece of 
 a mat or covering of some kind, made with a good deal of 
 skill. It consists of several layers of a net-like plat, made of 
 strips of bast from the willow or the lime-tree, bound together
 
 OBJECTS OF HORN AND BONE, ROBENHAUSEN. 53 
 
 with, flax-strips. Colonel Schwab thinks that the whole mate- 
 rial consists of bast. The layers are not horizontal, but lie 
 one over the other like tiles. This specimen is drawn Fig. 6 of 
 the supplementary Plate XCY. 
 
 Objects of Horn and Bone. Stag's horn is very generally used 
 for the intermediate hafting of stone celts, between the celt 
 itself and the wooden club forming the handle ; one of these is 
 drawn Plate X. fig. 7. Piercing and scraping tools, probably 
 used in the ornamentation and shaping of pottery, as well as 
 for various other purposes, such, as arrow-heads and daggers, 
 are found in great numbers made out of the bones of various 
 animals and the ends of stags' horns. 
 
 Plate X. fig. 18 is a little implement, somewhat bent and 
 notched at the smaller end, made of stag's horn. 
 
 Plate X. fig. 19. A flat implement of stag's horn used for 
 knitting or netting. The notches on both, edges, in fact the 
 whole surface, have become polished by use. 
 
 Plate XII. figs. 2 and 9 are probably agricultural imple- 
 ments. Fig. 2 is the piece of a stag's horn ending in two 
 antlers, and cut off from the main stem. This tool might be 
 used either as a single or a double spiked hoe. Fig. 9 is a 
 piece of stag's horn cut off square at one end, and diagonally 
 at the other ; at the sloping end it has been hollowed out. It 
 may have been used as a trowel for garden purposes. 
 
 An implement in the shape of a triangular shovel, with, an 
 attached spike, was also found, made of stag's horn, more than 
 two inches broad at the edge and about four inches long ; its 
 use is unknown. 
 
 The implements (Plate XIII. figs. 10 and 14) seem to have 
 been scraping tools of some kind or other. Fig. 10 is simply 
 a piece of stag's horn cut diagonally so as to form an edge, and 
 Fig. 14 is the shoulder-bone of some quadruped sharpened at 
 one end into a shovel-shaped form. 
 
 Plate XIII. fig. 1, is a portion of a rib bound round with 
 string, possibly part of a bow. 
 
 Fig. 3 of the supplementary Plate XCIY. is the drawing of 
 a pick or agricultural tool lately found, made of stag's horn. 
 
 Objects of Stone. It is almost needless to say that stone celts 
 were found here of the usual forms ; they occur more or less 
 plentifully in every station of the stone age. A very singular 
 stone implement is drawn (Plate XII. figs. 4 and 5) in different 
 views. It is a circular disk of tough stone like serpentine, with 
 a round hole in the middle.
 
 54 OBJECTS OF CLAY, EOBENHAUSEN. 
 
 Plate XIII. fig. 13. A flint arrow-head particularly well 
 made. Fig. 6 is a low cone or hemisphere of white marble 
 from Spliigen, with two holes in it. 
 
 Under this head may probably be mentioned a small drinking- 
 ctip made of asphalt. This mineral is found at Yal Travers 
 (Canton of Neuchatel), in Alsace, at Seyssell near the * Perte 
 du Khone,' &c. It was used to make small vessels, for mend- 
 ing broken pottery, for fastening stone celts and flint arrow- 
 heads into their handles and shafts, and also for the actual 
 handles of pointed tools. (See Plate XTV. fig. 21.) 
 
 OBJECTS OF CLAY. 
 
 Plate XI. fig. 8 is an earthenware spoon. 
 
 Plate XII. fig. 8 is a small earthenware vessel well burnt, 
 with two ears for suspension. Fragments of pottery in the 
 shape of urns, plates, and cups are abundant. 
 
 Plate XIII. fig 8 is an earthenware vessel with a handle ; 
 and Fig. 9 is a similar vessel, but with two handles and coloured 
 black. 
 
 Fig. 11 is an earthenware cup of the most common form. 
 In Colonel Schwab's collection there is a vessel half finished, 
 proving that the pottery was made on the spot. 
 
 Fig. 12 is a cone made of clay mixed with charcoal-dust ; 
 it is perforated at the top, and was probably used as a weight 
 for the loom. 
 
 Plate XIY. figs. 4 and 5. Borders or rims of earthenware 
 vessels. Fig. 5 shows the commencement of the zigzag orna- 
 ment. 
 
 Crucibles or Melting Pots. Some years since an earthenware 
 vessel of peculiar form was found which was then considered 
 as a water-ladle ; since then half-a-dozen similar vessels have 
 been found, most of them very lately, and as they evidently have 
 been exposed to a violent heat, we are enabled to decide on the 
 true use of these specimens. All have at the edge a kind of 
 drossy coating coloured like a deposit of copper, and in some 
 places like the variegated copper ore. In three cases there 
 were lumps of melted bronze, and in one instance a lump of 
 pure unmelted copper. These vessels were consequently cru- 
 cibles, in which small portions of this metal were melted down. 
 They nearly all had handles by which they might be taken out 
 of the fire. As no other trace of metal is found, or at least 
 has yet been found in the whole lake dwelling, there can be no
 
 CRUCIBLES, ROBENHAUSEN. 55 
 
 doubt that we have here good evidence of the first attempt to 
 work this material, and that we are on the borderland between 
 the civilisation of the stone and the bronze ages ; it is very 
 evident also that this attempt has been made by no ignorant 
 hand, but by some one well versed in this kind of work. The 
 material of the crucibles is clay mixed with horse-dung, a com- 
 bination which is now used for moulds in which brass is cast. 
 
 Plate XIV. figs. 14 to 20 (of which some are drawn in sec- 
 tion) will give a general idea of these implements ; and Plate 
 XXI. fig. 14 is a sketch on a larger scale (half the full size) 
 of the crucible containing portions of metal still remaining : 
 the places where these portions still adhere are marked with a 
 red tint. 
 
 It would be a matter of no small interest to ascertain how 
 the colonists got their copper, for, according to the views of 
 different antiquaries, it was not brought into central Europe 
 either from the north or the south in a pure state, but mixed 
 with tin in the shape of bronze. Although the discussion of 
 the difficult question as to the origin of bronze in general, and 
 the mode in which it spread over central Europe, may not seem 
 to belong to the present account, yet I cannot help making 
 the following remarks, which bear on copper found in the 
 crucibles. As we see that the colonists in the stone age 
 undoubtedly possessed various substances which they obtained 
 from a distance by exchange, such as amber, glass beads, neph- 
 rite, and various kinds of flint, we may be certain on the other 
 hand that these same people thoroughly examined the valleys 
 and mountains of their country, in search of any objects 
 which might be useful to them. Thus we find amongst the 
 materials used for different purposes red flint probably from 
 Bavaria or the Yorarlberg, micaceous schist from Davoz, 
 Scaletta, and Fluela in the Grisons, red sandstone now used 
 for whetstones from Rheinfelden (Aargau), crystals from the 
 High Alps, asphalt from the Yal Travers (Neuchatel), white 
 marble from the Spliigen, &c. May we not venture to assume 
 that the colonists, by their intercourse with strangers who were 
 acquainted with the nature of metals, were incited to search 
 their country for copper ore and to try to melt it and cast it ? 
 Copper ore (Kupfergriin) * is found on the south side of the 
 
 * ' It is said that the mine at the Murtschenstock, 5,284 feet above the level of the 
 sea, was worked by people from Basle, in the place called Feldried, and was given Tip 
 in the fourteenth century at the time of the " black death." Some inconsiderable 
 hollows at the head of the load seem to confirm this tradition, as also the remains of
 
 56 GENERAL RESULTS, ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 Miirtschenstock on the lake of Wallenstadt ; and it is known 
 that both in ancient times and even within the last ten years 
 mining was in operation there, and four of the old pits are 
 still known. Slag from the melted copper ore is still to be seen 
 in the Miirtschenalp. The variegated copper ore was mined both 
 in ancient and modern times at the Daspinerhorn near Andeer 
 in the Grisons, and grey copper ore, which was also used in 
 ancient times, is found at Obersaxen near ILanz in the Grisons. 
 It can hardly be doubted that when once the nature of copper 
 and its fitness for tools became known, it would be everywhere 
 sought for. The author Posidonius, who calls the Helvetians 
 * rich in gold,' shows how assiduously in early ages they washed 
 gold out of the sand of their rivers. 
 
 Before concluding this account of Robenhausen, one of the 
 most interesting of all the lake dwellings yet discovered, it may 
 be well to recapitulate the main results of the latest investiga- 
 tions of the locality. 
 
 1. The founders of the settlement were perfectly acquainted not 
 only with the cultivation of wheat, but also with that of flax, and 
 they knew also how to manufacture this last material by spin- 
 ning, platting, and weaving into thread, string, rope, nets, and 
 cloth of various descriptions. Even at Moosseedorf, where till 
 lately there has been a doubt as to any traces of the cultivation 
 of flax, Dr. Uhlmann has recently met with linseed, and thus 
 proved that the settlers there were acquainted with the cultiva- 
 tion of this plant. In fact it seems as if the conclusions arrived 
 at respecting Robenhausen will also apply to all the stations of 
 the stone age. 
 
 2. The nephrite, which according to the latest investigations 
 is to be considered as a foreign material, not found in the 
 district of the Alps,* was not brought by the settlers with them 
 
 walls and slag in the Feldried. In any case the mine must have been an ancient one, 
 for in these old holes there are no traces of blasting.' STOHK. 
 
 * Professor Ton Fellenberg has done valuable service to the cause of science by a 
 careful analysis of the nephrite found in the Swiss lake dwellings, both by deciding the 
 true nature of this stone, and also by bringing the question to a point whether this 
 nephrite is a native production or a foreign mineral probably brought out of the east. 
 In an interesting paper, ' Analysen einiger Nephrite aus den schweizerischen Pfahlbau- 
 ten, Bern, 1865,' he sums up his views on the origin of this stone in the following 
 proposition : ' Wo may with great probability affirm, so far as component parts are to 
 be relied on to prove the identity or non-identity of two uncrystallised minerals, that 
 the stone celts of Meilen and Concise are of genuine nephrite (whether of the New 
 Zealand kind or not is doubtful), but that that from Moosseedorf is of jade (vert orien- 
 tal). One question yet to be decided is, whether the nephrite found in our lake dwellings
 
 GENERAL RESULTS, ROBENHAUSEN. 57 
 
 from their earlier abodes, but was acquired by barter in later 
 times, after they had lived for centuries in the lake dwellings of 
 our country.* 
 
 3. The settlers, as has been supposed before, were in early 
 times acquainted with copper and bronze, for traces of the 
 working of these materials have been met with in the lower 
 beds of the stone age settlements, before the appearance of 
 nephrite. 
 
 4. If we compare the implements of the three relic-beds, there 
 is no evidence of any important difference or of any striking 
 improvement either in material or form. The products of the 
 potter's art remain nearly the same as to the workmanship, the 
 shape, and the ornamentation. The assertion that the per- 
 forated celts belong to the end of the stone period has not been 
 proved. It is only in the relic-bed of the third settlement, 
 where the nephrite first appears, that greater dexterity is to be 
 remarked in the mode of working flints. From all this it may 
 be assumed that the civilisation of the colonists underwent no 
 material change during the many centuries of the stone age. 
 
 5. The cattle, their stalls and winter stores, were not kept on 
 land as was formerly supposed, but on the lake dwellings them- 
 selves. (Compare the passage in Herodotus v. 16.) Although 
 this statement is based only on the observations made at 
 Eobenhausen, there cannot be the slightest doubt that the 
 manner of life was the same in the different lake dwellings, and 
 that what is said of these settlements will also apply to all the 
 
 may not also have been of Swiss origin, like the celts more commonly found with it, 
 made of serpentine and siliceous schist, for the serpentine and chloritic schist mountains 
 which occur in the New Zealand nephrite districts are found also in Switzerland, widely 
 spread to a considerable extent, as in the Grisons and the Valais ; and very possibly 
 also may show segregations of nephrite. Still it has never yet been found here, so 
 that the supposition of its eastern origin, as far as the proofs have hitherto gone, may 
 perhaps be considered the more correct and probable.' 
 
 This view of Professor von Fellenberg, that nephrite is a foreign mineral, is borne 
 out by the facts that hitherto no Swiss geologist has found it either in situ, or in the 
 shape of gravel ; and that no unworked pieces, nor any waste or chippings from it, have 
 yet been found in the lake dwellings. 
 
 * My friend, the Rev. C. W. King, who has made the ancient precious stones his 
 peculiar study, in a late letter has sent me the following extract from Anselm de Boot, 
 Gemm. et Lapid. Hist. ii. 109: 'Lapis nephriticus . . . adfertur ex Nova Hispania. 
 In nonnullis etiam Hispanise locis et in Bohemia reperitur, sed paucis adhuc notus est, 
 quia a lapidariis imperitis pro smaragdo, prasio, vel pro iaspide habetur.' Mr. King 
 remarks that De Boot's opinion upon the point is to be relied on, for he describes the 
 stone minutely and accurately from several specimens in his own possession, and 
 proceeds to relate numerous proofs of its curative powers within his own medical 
 experience. [TR.]
 
 68 SETTLEMENT OF IKGENHAUSEN. 
 
 others; nor can we hesitate to believe that discoveries will 
 shortly be made at Wauwyl, Niederwyl, and other settlements 
 buried in peat which will confirm this opinion. With respect to 
 those stations, the remains of which are found in the lakes 
 themselves, no similar result is to be expected. This fact to a 
 considerable extent confirms and establishes our views as to the 
 mode of life amongst the inhabitants. We may now consider 
 the lake dwellings as insular settlements or fortresses occupied 
 not only by the inhabitants with their household property, but 
 also by their herds, with the stores of fodder and the sheds 
 required for their accommodation. 
 
 Several places in the lake of Pfaffikon were formerly con- 
 sidered as the sites of lake dwellings on account of a few piles 
 and some antiquities having been found in them, but later in- 
 vestigations have shown this to be more than doubtful. This 
 remark applies to Pfaffikon, to Riedbiihl, and to Himmerich. 
 In the latter place there is a singular bank or dam a few paces 
 from the shore, fifteen feet broad and about 600 feet long, as 
 shown (Plate VI. fig. 5). Mr. Messikomer has dug through this 
 bank in several places, and found Roman tiles and pottery. 
 
 One other locality, however, on this lake was undoubtedly a 
 settlement of very considerable interest, as the arrangement 
 of it was peculiar, and some of the antiquities found in it are 
 quite unknown in any other lake dwelling. The settlement of 
 Irgenhausen was situated about 200 feet from land near a hill 
 crowned with the ruins of a Roman castrum. The lake dwelling 
 ran parallel with the shore, was about 300 feet long, and thirty 
 feet broad ; when the lake was at its average level, it was 
 covered by about nine feet of water. Apparently it consisted of 
 a single row of huts ; for there are heaps of stones at nearly 
 equal distances apart, on each of which there was a mealing 
 apparatus both the nether stone and the corn-crusher toge- 
 ther, as if they had sunk into the water when the settlement was 
 burnt. Probably there have been altogether from eight to ten 
 huts. The antiquities hitherto found here are corn of different 
 kinds, such as wheat, barley, millet in the shape of bread, also 
 woven cloth, and lastly, what has never yet been found before, 
 and what could hardly have been expected, the remains of actual 
 embroidery. 
 
 These specimens consist of the simple well-known cloth of 
 the lake dwellings (such as that drawn Plate LXXXIV. fig. 8), 
 on which various designs have been formed by means of a needle
 
 LINEN CLOTH, IRGENHAUSEN. 69 
 
 and thread. Only about half-a-dozen specimens have been found 
 of this embroidered cloth, and they were sewn together with 
 thread, and appear to have been cut off from a larger piece. A 
 drawing of a part of this cloth is given, Plate XCIY. Fig 2 
 represents this portion with its constantly recurring pattern, 
 one-third of the natural size. Figs. 2, a, show the different 
 patterns of ornamented cloth, and g is a piece of the plain cloth 
 used for the ' groundwork,' drawn of the natural size. 
 
 A kind of cloth has also lately been found here which appears 
 to be new, and is almost a coarse pattern of what drapers call 
 * checked muslin.' It has been made simply by an alternation 
 in both directions of rows of five or six fine threads, with rows 
 of probably the same number of stronger ones, almost amount- 
 ing in thickness to small string.
 
 60 
 
 WANGEN. 
 
 It has now been ascertained that nearly every part of the 
 shore of the Untersee was studded with lake dwellings. All of 
 those which are known will be mentioned in the geographical 
 list ; but there are some settlements which have been so care- 
 fully examined that they deserve an especial notice, and none 
 more so than Wangen, which has been so well investigated by 
 Mr. Caspar Lohle ; it is, in fact, to him that we are indebted for 
 the greater part of what we know as to this locality. 
 
 When the first account was published of the discovery at 
 Meilen, Mr. Lohle remembered having seen similar objects near 
 his house, and first began to collect the antiquities found on 
 the shore in the autumn of 1856, and also during the winter 
 when the depth of the water was favourable. He subsequently 
 began to excavate, and laid bare a considerable portion of the 
 area occupied by the lake dwelling, when he was rewarded by 
 the discovery of several things not previously known, such as 
 ears of barley, and woven linen cloth, besides an extraordinary 
 number of stone and bone instruments. 
 
 The lake dwelling of Wangen lies east of the village, in a bay 
 which is sheltered from the violence of the west wind by a point 
 of land called the ' Wangenerhorn,' in a place called * im Gau.' 
 A fruitful tract of land extends from the bank of the lake to the 
 sunny slopes of the neighbouring hills. The piles run along the 
 shore, now partially encroaching upon it, and form a parallelo- 
 gram of more than 700 paces long and 120 paces broad. In 
 some places the bottom is gravelly, in others it is covered with 
 mud. On the side of the lake the piles are about three feet 
 deep in the ground, on the side of the shore they are six or 
 seven feet ; for in the course of centuries a mass of organic 
 matter has been deposited here, and also a very considerable 
 quantity of gravel and sand has been washed down by the action 
 of the waves, so that the original lake bottom is now covered by a 
 bed about three feet deep. From the circumstance that the piles 
 farthest from the shore can, in winter, be reached dryshod when 
 the water is at its lowest level, it seems to follow, as there has
 
 STONE CELTS, WANG EN. 61 
 
 been an accumulation of two or three feet of alluvium, that 
 during- the last 3,000 years there has been no decided change in 
 the level of the lake. It is hardly to be supposed that the dwel- 
 ling-, in its original state, stood part of the year in the water 
 and part on dry land. 
 
 The piles consist of the different kinds of wood growing in 
 the neighbourhood viz., oak, beech, elm, birch, fir, ash, alder, 
 maple, and two kinds of willow. They are either whole stems, 
 or they are trunks split into two or three parts ; and they have 
 been sharpened in some cases by fire, and in others with stone 
 celts. 
 
 They were driven in for the most part one or more feet apart, 
 so that in the space of a square rod there are at least twelve, 
 though sometimes seventeen or twenty-one may be seen. In 
 some places, however, where a firmer support was necessary, 
 three or four piles are found driven in close together. The whole 
 number of piles, forming the substructure of this settlement, is 
 estimated by Mr. Lohle at from 40,000 to 50,000. 
 
 Of all the dwellings of the olden time yet examined, none 
 has afforded such an abundance of implements as Wangen ; 
 they were found in the ' relic-bed ' about two feet below the 
 surface ; and as many of them are particularly remarkable, it 
 will be well to describe some of the most interesting. 
 
 Stone Celts. These tools have been found to the number of 
 many hundreds, of different sizes and shapes, and in every stage 
 of manufacture, a convincing proof that they were made in this 
 very locality. The rolled stones of the neighbourhood, origi- 
 nally derived from the Rhsetian Alps, formed the material for the 
 greater portion. Only a very few specimens were made out of 
 an inferior kind of nephrite. It is, however, remarkable that 
 the majority of the celts, hammers, and other implements found 
 here were of decidedly inferior workmanship, and were quite 
 common tools, just made for the necessities of the case ; they are 
 not at all to be compared with the corresponding implements 
 found at Manedorf, Meilen, &c. 
 
 Cylindrical hammers of serpentine, with a haft-hole, and in 
 general perforated stone tools of any kind, are the greatest rari- 
 ties ; on the other hand, stone hammers of a cubical form, with 
 the edges rounded, made out of hard sandstone, are uncommonly 
 numerous. Cutting tools made out of yellowish black and red 
 flint, such as saws hafted in wood, and fastened with asphalt, 
 arrow and lance-heads, are found in tolerable abundance. As 
 this kind of flint is chiefly found in the neighbouring parts
 
 62 ANTIQUITIES OF WANGEN. 
 
 of France, we may consider these implements, or the material 
 out of which they were made, to have been articles of barter. 
 
 Pointed tools, little chisels, arrow-heads, &c., made of the 
 bones of stags, roes, and other small or large animals, and even 
 of birds, have been found in extraordinary numbers and of all 
 shapes ; and the same remark will apply to the larger pointed 
 tools, to the great awls or piercers, the daggers and the lance- 
 points made out of the horns of stags and roes. Some of the 
 bone arrow-heads have the asphalt still remaining which helped 
 to fasten them to the shaft. A piece of stag's horn, blunt at one 
 end and running to an edge at the other, exactly like that drawn 
 Plate XIII. fig. 10, with a hole through it in which a handle 
 is firmly wedged by splinters of bone, was considered, both by 
 Mr. Rey arid also by Mr. Lohle, as a tool used for horticulture. 
 
 The earthenware vessels are not different, either in form or 
 material, from those found at Meilen, Robenhausen, and Moos- 
 seedorf. Even the ornaments, consisting of impressions and 
 bosses, are exactly the same. It may be remarked, however, 
 that most of the vessels are of the most simple shape, approach- 
 ing that of a cylinder, and that many of them are coated either 
 inside or out with a thick covering of soot. 
 
 Spindle-whorls of clay are found in abundance. 
 
 Perforated balls of clay, mixed with a large quantity of char- 
 coal-powder, like the material of the conical objects found at 
 Robenhausen, are also met with by dozens. 
 
 Slabs of sandstone with lines or furrows made by grinding 
 the stone celts upon them, and also others which have been 
 used as hearth-plates, are very abundant. 
 
 Amongst the objects of peculiar interest may be mentioned 
 the large quantity of corn which has been dug up in many parts 
 of the area of the lake dwelling, both in whole ears and in 
 separate grains, but always in a burnt state : the two-rowed 
 barley (Hordewm, distichum) and wheat, both of excellent 
 quality, may be easily recognised. Of wheat there are two 
 varieties, the common wheat and the two-rowed corn, or what 
 is called summer corn. In one place where there was doubtless 
 a store, more than a bushel was found. The fruits of the wild 
 apple and of the wild pear were also met with turned to charcoal 
 in a similar way. In some places there were large quantities 
 of the husks of pine-cones, beech-nuts and hazel-nuts, the seeds 
 of crabs and wild pears, with the small stalks of these fruits, and 
 the seeds of raspberries and brambleberries : these evidently 
 were the refuse of the colonists' feasts.
 
 CORN AND FLAX, WANGEN. 63 
 
 In the course of several excavations which have been made 
 by Mr. Lohle, he believes that altogether he has obtained nearly- 
 one hundred bushels of corn of various kinds, so that there can 
 be no doubt that the colonists carried on agriculture to a con- 
 siderable extent. It is also a matter of peculiar interest to 
 find that in one of his later excavations, Mr. Lohle has discovered 
 actual baked bread or cake, made of the crushed corn, precisely 
 similar to that found about the same time by Mr. Messikomer 
 at Eobenhausen. Of course it has been burnt or charred, and 
 thus these interesting specimens have been preserved to the 
 present day. The form of these cakes is somewhat round, and 
 about an inch or an inch and a half high one small specimen, 
 nearly perfect, is about four or five inches in diameter. The 
 dough did not consist of meal, but of grains of corn, more or less 
 crushed. In some specimens the halves of grains of barley are 
 plainly discernible. The under side of these cakes is sometimes 
 flat, sometimes concave, and there appears no doubt that the 
 mass of dough was baked by being laid on hot stones, and 
 covered over with glowing ashes. 
 
 Some other burnt masses, which have been considered as the 
 remains of vegetable food, appear really to consist of leaves. 
 
 It was not entirely for the production of corn that the 
 ground was cultivated ; the growth and manufacture of flax 
 evidently occupied no small share of the attention of the colo- 
 nists : it is found in all stages, from the unworked stems with the 
 capsules still adhering to them, and in perfect preservation, 
 to the most beautiful specimens of platted or woven cloth. 
 
 In .the same bed of mud which contained the remains of 
 piles and household implements, there were found, as in other 
 lake dwellings, quantities of moss, rushes, bark of trees, wisps 
 of straw and small twigs, part of which probably formed the 
 roofs of the huts, and part may have served for the bedding of 
 the colonists. 
 
 It may be well here to mention, that besides the different 
 kinds of wood used for piles, as before stated, some others were 
 found at Wangen, such as the hazel, the apple, and the pear- 
 tree. The stems of the two last were not used for piles, but 
 for hewing blocks on which the colonists worked ; they were 
 found lying down, and partially burnt : they are about a foot 
 and a half in diameter, and two or three feet long. Fir-wood 
 and the kinds allied to it are rare, doubtless because it was not 
 to be got conveniently ; for the pine forests are on the mountain 
 heights, at some distance from the shore. Only some small
 
 64 ANTIQUITIES OF WANGEX. 
 
 traces of yew-wood were discovered here. There is some little 
 doubt as to the cherry-tree, the actual stems have not yet been 
 met with. 
 
 Amongst the few bones which have been found at Wangen, 
 Dr. fi,engli has recognised those of the urus (Bos primigenius, 
 Owen)', and the aurochs (Bison priscus, Owen),* the stag, the 
 roebuck, the wild boar, the wolf, the fox, and the dog. 
 
 In one of Mr. Lohle's later excavations he made the singular 
 discovery that some of the piles are twisted up in an extraordi- 
 nary manner ; that is, they had been pushed out of their upright 
 
 position and bent or pressed together thus, A] ; so it is clear 
 
 that the weight of the superstructure must have been very con- 
 siderable. In these cases several strong piles had been placed 
 underneath, to increase the strength of the substructure, to shore 
 up the platform, and to prevent it from sinking further and 
 going to ruin. 
 
 Mr. Lohle has also mentioned another peculiarity respecting 
 this settlement : the antiquities are by no means evenly spread 
 over the whole of its area, but there are certain places where 
 they are found in greater abundance than in others ; and there 
 are also places which have proved entirely barren, even after a 
 very careful search. Thus the burnt or charred flax is only found 
 in certain localities tolerably well denned, and from four to six 
 square rods in extent ; but it is in all stages of manufacture, in 
 stems with the seed-vessels still remaining, in bundles, or what 
 are technically called ' heads,' very well put together, spun into 
 threads, or made into neat and artistic plat with bands of 
 willow-bark or withy-peel. Mr. Lohle is quite right in sup- 
 posing that these places must have been the spinning-rooms of 
 the colonists, or their store-rooms for flax in its different stages. 
 In the same manner there are localities where straw and straw- 
 plat are plentiful. 
 
 There are also certain other peculiarities respecting the anti- 
 quities found at Wangen which are worthy of notice. Notwith- 
 standing the very large area which has been examined, and the 
 great quantity of stone implements which have come to light, 
 only one single case has occurred of the celt having been hafted 
 in stag's horn, like those which are found abundantly in nearly 
 all the older lake dwellings. The mode in which the stone celts 
 
 * These two animals do not stand in Professor Rutimeyer's list from Wangen.
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF WANGEN. 65 
 
 were here almost exclusively hafted, was by means of a double 
 or forked branch of a tree, one portion of which, intended to re- 
 ceive the celt, was cut off some inches above the joint or point 
 of junction, and then split ; the other was left long, so as to be 
 used as a handle. As in the case of similar implements made 
 by the aborigines of North America, it was quite necessary, in 
 order to fasten the celt or hatchet, to have the two parts of the 
 split branch bound round tightly by strings of bast or vegetable 
 fibre, flax-cords, or thongs of leather. From the length of the 
 handle, Mr. Lohle concludes that these tools were used some- 
 times with one hand, and sometimes with two. The kinds of 
 wood used for this hafting or handle were chiefly the hazel 
 and the willow. 
 
 One or two more peculiarities of the settlement of Wangen 
 may also be mentioned : the perforated balls of clay, mixed 
 with charcoal, seem to be found in no other station ; while the 
 black perforated cones of similar material, so abundant at 
 Robenhausen, are not met with here. The clay rings also, so 
 common in the western lakes, and the roundish stones with fur- 
 rows, or what are called sling-stones, are not found in the east. 
 
 On the whole, this settlement appears to belong purely to the 
 stone age, and this is the more remarkable as the inhabitants 
 evidently were pre-eminent both as agriculturists and as handi- 
 craftsmen. They produced many sorts of beautiful corn and 
 flax, and they manufactured several descriptions of both 
 platted and woven cloth. All these productions, the result 
 apparently of a settled mode of life, and of peaceful industry, 
 stand in striking contrast with the wretched implements and 
 tools made of bone, stone, and wood ; and we cannot wonder at 
 the question arising, whether we are to look upon these colonists 
 as in the full possession of their acquired civilisation, or whether, 
 by long wandering and moving from one inhospitable region to 
 another, they had degenerated, and having sunk into a kind of 
 barbarism, had fallen back upon hunting and fishing, and car- 
 ried on agriculture, once their chief support, only as a remem- 
 brance of their former better condition. 
 
 A few of the antiquities found at Wangen shall now be 
 enumerated. Amongst the more interesting objects are the 
 manufactures of flax ; but as these will all be described in the 
 chapter specially devoted to this department of the industry of 
 the lake dwellers, it will be sufficient here merely to refer to 
 them. Probably that drawn in the upper part of Plate 
 LXXXVL is the most curious ; it looks like the top of a cap. 
 
 F
 
 66 ANTIQUITIES OF WANGEN. 
 
 platted out of flax. Several of tlie specimens also in Plates 
 LXXXIL, LXXXIIL, and LXXXIV. were found at Wangen, 
 and will be described in the above-mentioned chapter. 
 
 The spindle-whorls drawn Plate XXI. figs. 11 and 12 are 
 connected with the manufacture of flax, and may therefore be 
 appropriately mentioned here : they are of clay ; one is orna- 
 mented with lines and the other with dots.* Figs. 7 and 8 are 
 perforated balls of clay, mixed with charcoal-dust ; these balls 
 were formerly considered as fire-balls, used by an enemy, when 
 heated, to set the lake dwellings on fire an opinion which 
 appears to me very fanciful. Fig. 9 is a club made out of the 
 branch of a tree with a wen-like appendage, which had been 
 cut into a round form. Several implements of this kind have 
 been found at Wangen. 
 
 Fig. 10. Flint saw set in the small branch of a stag's horn. 
 
 Fig. 13 is a portion of burnt straw, lying close together as if 
 it had been thatch. 
 
 Fig. 6. Vessel of earthenware made of grey clay, mixed 
 with little stones and with incised ornaments, doubtless the 
 best-made specimen of pottery found there, f In the pottery 
 
 * In the ' Palafittes' of Professor Desor, lately published, it is stated, page 68, that 
 stone spindle-whorls are characteristic of the stone age, and clay spindle-whorls of the 
 bronze period. This proposition is not universally valid, as the above notice in the 
 text will show. Clay spindle-whorls are found in many other settlements of the stone 
 age besides Wangen. 
 
 t In Sir John Lubbock's work on ' Prehistoric Times,' lately published,, page 136, 
 some doubt has been thrown on the accuracy of this drawing, apparently judging 
 merely from a cast. It seems to me that in the case of rough specimens, like the one 
 under consideration, a cast is rather doubtful evidence on which to rely, and I therefore, 
 when at Zurich last summer, brought the matter before Dr. Keller. He informed me 
 that formerly the portions from which' the drawing was ' restored ' were much larger 
 than at present; but by some means or other parts were broken off, and he immediately 
 produced the remaining pieces. From what he remembers of the original fragments, 
 he is quite convinced that the 'restored' drawing gives a fair idea of the original, and 
 he requested me to reproduce it. I have also given on Plate XV. drawings of the pieces 
 as they now are, for the accuracy of which I can vouch, and which, to a considerable 
 extent, bear out the correctness of Dr. Keller's original figure. Individually I prefer 
 that antiquities should be drawn in their present state and not 'restored;' but the 
 custom of foreign antiquaries is quite the reverse, and when there can be no doubt as 
 to the form, &c., they consider that ' restoration ' is necessary to do justice to the 
 subject. Dr. Keller informs me that he has been blamed by German antiquaries for 
 drawing several antiquities as they now are, and not representing them restored, or in 
 their original state. 
 
 May I add that even if the markings on this vase were intended for leaves, which was 
 never stated in the description by Dr. Keller, I do not see very clearly why they should 
 have excited the surprise of Sir John Lubbock ? Some implements of the reindeer age 
 from Bruniquel, lately placed in the British Museum, exhibit very fairly drawn out- 
 lines of animals' heads, which unquestionably are better executed than the rude mark- 
 ings on the Wangen pottery, and yet they must in all probability be of much earlier 
 date. [TR.]
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF WANGEN. 67 
 
 found at Ebersberg, and in most of that from the tumuli of East 
 Switzerland, which have incised line ornaments upon them, 
 the lines are filled with chalk, which is set off more distinctly 
 by the red or black colour of the ground. 
 
 Plate XIV. figs. 10 and 11 are \wo views of a flint arrow- 
 head regularly serrated. Arrow-heads of this description, as 
 well as those which are barbed, and, in fact, flint implements of 
 any kind elaborately worked, though they abound in the north, 
 are rareties in our district, where the raw material is scarce, 
 and consequently the manufacture never came to any great 
 perfection. 
 
 Fig. 13. Small bone implements made of the tarsal bones of 
 dogs, sometimes found together by dozens in the lake dwellings ; 
 some are perforated at one end. They appear to have been 
 amulets or personal ornaments. 
 
 Fig. 8. Portion of an implement furrowed and rather curved, 
 made out of stag's horn. 
 
 Figs. 23 and 24. Fishing implements made of bone. These 
 occur very abundantly. A straight pin or shank is cut away 
 a little, or has an incision round it in the middle to which the 
 fishing-line is attached, and then the little pin is quite covered 
 over with the bait ; when swallowed it cannot easily be got rid 
 of by the fish. This plan is now in use on the Untersee for 
 catching ducks. 
 
 Plate XXII. fig. 6. A fishing implement made of the branch 
 of a shrub and its offshoot, and intended for drawing together 
 and arranging the nets when dried. Exactly similar imple- 
 ments are now in use amongst fishermen. 
 
 Plate XIV. fig. 1. A piercing tool of bone, perforated. 
 
 Fig. 3. A wolf's grinder, perforated in the fang. 
 
 Fig. 7. Little stones of quite a common kind, with no work 
 upon them except perforation. Stones like these are very abun- 
 dant in the settlements of the lake of Constance, and also at 
 E-obenhausen. 
 
 Fig. 9. Ornament on a fragment of a roughly made urn- 
 shaped earthenware vessel. 
 
 Plate XCIV. fig. 1. A peculiar ornament on pottery which is 
 not rare at Wangen ; it consists of a series of points or dots 
 arranged in the form of a crescent. It occurs on similar vessels 
 to those with the coarse kind of ornamentation drawn (Plate 
 XIV. fig. 9), and appears like it to represent the half-moon. 
 
 Mr. Lohle has lately found a board of oak-wood, between 
 seven and eight feet long, and a foot and a half broad, with a
 
 68 FOOD OF THE COLONISTS, WANGEN. 
 
 corner rounded off on one side apparently a bench to form a 
 seat ; and this view of it is rendered more probable by the fact 
 that on one side (the upper one) it has been smoothed by being 
 sat upon, and that it is the outer edge or corner that would 
 correspond with this smoothed part, which has been rounded 
 off. He has also found a round board of oak two and a half 
 feet in diameter and about two and a half inches thick, with a 
 hole running diagonally between the centre and the circumfe- 
 rence. It has been taken for a shield, but this idea is probably 
 inadmissible. 
 
 Some small celts of jadeite* have also been found, which is a 
 kind of stone of a greenish colour, surpassing even the genuine 
 nephrite in hardness, as it cannot be scratched by the hardest 
 English file. This is the very hardest stone, which was ground 
 down by the lake dwellers, for the flint and rock crystal were 
 brought to the required form by blows from a hammer. 
 
 A fact which may throw some light on the food of the colo- 
 nists is that Mr. Lohle finds in several places at Wangen beds 
 of a brownish material, an inch thick and several feet wide, 
 chiefly composed of apple-cores. The fact of such a quantity 
 of remains of the apple being found together shows that the 
 harsh wild crab was then as commonly eaten as the cultivated 
 fruit is at present with us. Part of the brown substance arises 
 from the undigested rinds of apples, and may indicate that 
 the colonists were accustomed to make ' must,' or beverages 
 from different kinds of fruit. 
 
 * See the note by Professor yon Fellenberg on the analysis of nephrite, towards the 
 close of the account of Bobenhausen, page 56.
 
 THE FASCINE STRUCTURE OF NIEDERWYL, 
 NEAR FRAUENFELD. 
 
 This settlement, together with that of Wauwyl and a few 
 others not yet thoroughly examined, show us that we may 
 divide the lake dwellings into two classes ; viz., what may be 
 called pile dwellings, or those of the usual form, consisting of 
 upright piles driven into the bed of the lake, and supporting a 
 horizontal platform on which the huts were erected ; and what 
 may be called fascine structures (Faschinenbauten, Packwerk- 
 bauten, fascinage) . In the dwellings of this kind the substruc- 
 ture does not consist of piles, but a mass of fagots laid parallel 
 and crosswise one upon another, the lowest bed of which rests 
 on the lake bottom. A layer of brushwood or of clay and 
 gravel is spread between each of the beds of wooden material. 
 The upright piles found in this mass of wood were not intended 
 to support the superstructure, but to keep together the indivi- 
 dual parts of the substructure ; some of them also helped to form 
 the walls of the huts and to support the roof. As at Wauwyl, 
 they served chiefly as stays to prevent the structure from bulging 
 horizontally. The fascine dwellings seem only to have been 
 adopted in lakes of small depth and extent, and chiefly owe their 
 origin to the fact that piles driven into the boggy beds of lakes 
 of this kind would not have been able to bear the necessary 
 weight : if heavily laden, they would have sunk down below the 
 level of the water, or they would not have retained their proper 
 position. It was impossible to adopt the fascine structure in the 
 larger lakes; for it must have been foreseen that the waves, 
 which could drive amongst the upright piles of the usual pile 
 dwellings without injuring them, would in stormy weather wash 
 over the edges of the fascine platform and tear it in pieces. 
 
 It is clear that the fascine dwellings were much more simple, 
 and more easily erected than the pile dwellings, as they did not 
 require any artificial means of joining the wood together. The 
 commencement of the work seems to have offered the greatest 
 difficulty. 
 
 For we find that there is a regular succession of different 
 layers of fagot-sticks, brushwood, and gravel, down to the
 
 70 PROBABLE MODE OF STRUCTURE, NIEDERWYL. 
 
 bottom of the lake to a depth of twelve or fourteen feet, just as 
 if the structure had been made on dry ground ; and the ques- 
 tion naturally arises, how it was possible under water thus to 
 arrange these masses of wood so as to lie quite close and to lock 
 into each other. The only conceivable mode of explaining it 
 seems to be this : at the commencement of the work several 
 piles were driven into the mud from a raft, from twelve to 
 twenty feet apart, and then fagot-sticks were piled up between 
 them horizontally one upon another, just as we find them ar- 
 ranged in the excavation ; when loaded with a sufficient quantity 
 of gravel, the whole mass of fascines must necessarily have sunk 
 down to the bottom between the upright piles which served as 
 guides or stays. In this manner a number of masses of wood 
 were laid in the water one after another till the substructure 
 had attained the desired height. Naturally the part above the 
 water was more carefully executed. The upper beds of fascines 
 in fact lock into one another at the ends, and form one conti- 
 nuous mass ; and no large vertical gaps or chinks filled with clay, 
 gravel, branches, or brushwood, are to be found here, like those 
 which are very common when the lower part is exposed. This 
 fact seems to confirm the above idea of the mode of construction. 
 
 It may be asked whether this fascine or fagot-work mode 
 of structure indicates a higher antiquity on account of the 
 greater simplicity of the substructure, and whether it may be 
 considered as the original mode of erecting a habitation. But 
 the manner in which some of the timbers belonging to the 
 superstructure were worked and joined together by mortises 
 and tenons, as well as the products of the potter's and other 
 industrial arts, and more especially the successful prosecution 
 of agriculture, which is here very evident, sufficiently prove 
 that the degree of civilisation at the time of the fascine dwel- 
 lings perfectly agrees with that of the other settlements of the 
 stone period at Moosseedorf, Eobenhausen, Wangen, &c. 
 
 Mederwyl differs from the allied structure of Wauwyl by the 
 arrangement of the layers of wood above the water being very 
 much more symmetrical, and also by the general use of split 
 stems, and of actual boards two feet broad and two or three 
 inches thick, the making of which must have been attended with 
 much labour, 
 
 Niederwyl has thrown some new light on the nature of the 
 huts. The floor of them consisted of layers of fagot-sticks or 
 thin unpeeled stems two feet long, laid parallel to each other, 
 the spaces between being carefully filled up with clay and rushes.
 
 NIEDERWYL NOT DESTROYED BY FIRE. 71 
 
 The interior was enclosed with boards standing on their edge, 
 and forced in between the upright posts forming the supports 
 of the walls. As in all lake dwellings, the space between the 
 posts, three or four feet wide, was filled in with wattle-work and 
 then coated with clay. The roof was formed of layers of straw 
 and rushes. The dwellings, which were rectangular, stood 
 tolerably regularly alongside of one another, and the space 
 between them was two feet or at the most three feet. On the 
 average they were twenty feet long and twelve feet broad. In 
 the corner of one of them were found plates of sandstone 
 used as hearthstones, which were covered with a heap of char- 
 coal and ashes. 
 
 The layers of branches, gravel, ashes, and clay between the 
 beds of fagot-sticks served to fill up the chinks or spaces, but 
 not to keep the damp from the rooms above, for such light 
 materials lying one above the other would have drawn the 
 water upwards as by a sponge. 
 
 The abundance of corn (wheat and barley) and of animal re- 
 mains shows that the inhabitants of this settlement lived chiefly 
 by agriculture and keeping cattle, and that they carried on both 
 to a considerable extent. As that part of the swampy lake left 
 unoccupied by the dwelling itself was apparently not fed by any 
 regular stream, but depended chiefly on rainwater, and perhaps 
 some insignificant springs, fishing there could only have afforded 
 the inhabitants a very small amount of sustenance, as the fish 
 would be small and of inferior quality. 
 
 The use of flax was quite as general at Niederwyl as at Roben- 
 hausen. Several peculiar patterns of platted and woven work 
 show the skill of the colonists in working this material; and if 
 we may venture to judge from the number of fragments of both 
 thick and thin cloth found in all parts of the dwelling, it seems 
 reasonable to conclude that the inhabitants were not clothed in 
 skins but in linen garments. 
 
 Another fact has been proved by the excavation, which 
 is by no means unimportant : No trace of burning is to be 
 found in this settlement, so that it evidently was not destroyed 
 by fire, but was voluntarily abandoned. 
 
 It seems probable that the dwelling of Niederwyl existed for 
 some centuries, and that originally it was smaller and had not 
 either its present height or extent. This supposition is confirmed 
 by the following facts : hatchets and woven cloth were found in 
 the lower beds ; the stems of wood often lay quite sloping, so 
 that in repairing the upper platform an even surface would have
 
 72 DISCOVERY OF THE SETTLEMENT. 
 
 to be adjusted by means of heaps of gravel ; some masses of the 
 wood were observed to be comparatively more recent ; and burnt 
 or charred places, marking the sites of former hearths, were met 
 with in the beds lying under water ; all of which clearly indi- 
 cate a gradual depression of the whole mass of wood and the 
 repairing of it by additions to the upper platforms. 
 
 It will readily be perceived that the fascine dwellings resem- 
 ble in many respects both the Gallic fortifications described by 
 Csesar and also the Irish crannoges. 
 
 After these general remarks, it may be well now to give an 
 account of the discovery of this singular settlement and of the 
 excavations which have taken place. 
 
 Between the ancient Roman military road from Yitudurum 
 (Winterthur) to Ad Fines (Pfyn) and the post road from Win- 
 terthur to Frauenfeld, there is an open place surrounded by 
 low banks, in which is a small marsh or bog-lake formerly 
 called Egelsee, the extent of which is about sixty acres : the 
 greater part of it, in the course of centuries, has changed into 
 a peat moor. It was formerly used as pasture land, but of late 
 years it has been dug for peat ; and as this operation was 
 hindered by the water coming in from the rest of the marsh, 
 the proprietors of the estate determined on cutting through 
 the bank of earth which bounds the moor on the south side, 
 and making a sluice, which, while it allowed the water to run 
 from the peat diggings, might be dammed up in future to allow 
 the new formation of this material. 
 
 There] is one place in this moor where the workmen, at a 
 depth of two or three feet, came upon a bed of clay, mixed with 
 wood and all kinds of chips and rubbish, containing little or 
 no combustible or peaty matter. It is about 100 feet dis- 
 tant from the eastern bank of the ancient lake, 300 feet from 
 that of the south, and 200 feet from that to the north. It 
 includes a space of about 20,000 square feet, and forms as it 
 were an island in the ancient lake basin; for all round it the 
 workmen found a depth of eight or ten feet of peat before they 
 reached the bottom. This apparent island is what nobody had 
 imagined, neither more nor less than the substructure of a lake 
 dwelling. 
 
 We are indebted for the discovery to the Rev. Mr. Pupikofer. 
 This gentleman, when examining the moor in June 1862, 
 noticed, in a place bared of peat, parts of a fascine platform, 
 together with fragments of stone hatchets, and a quantity of 
 broken pottery. As he at once recognised in them the remains
 
 MR. MESSIKOMER'S REPORT ON NIEDERWYL. 73 
 
 of a lake dwelling, he communicated the facts to his brother, 
 Dean Pupikofer, the president of the Historical Society of Thur- 
 gau, who lost no time in visiting this remarkable locality, and 
 in publishing the discovery. The Historical Society of Thurgau 
 then took up the matter, and entrusted to Mr. Messikomer, well 
 known as the discoverer of the lake dwelling of Eobenhausen, 
 the care of an excavation to be made at their expense. The 
 results were published by Dean Pupikofer in the second volume 
 of the Communications of the Thurgau Society ; and contain, 
 besides his own introductory remarks, an account of the settle- 
 ment, founded chiefly on the report of Mr. Messikomer, a de- 
 scription of the objects found, and an accurate plan of a small 
 portion of the settlement, made by Mr. Hasenfratz. 
 
 The following is the substance of Mr. Messikomer's report : 
 1 As the water was considerably lower this year and the peat 
 was drier, the labour of investigation was materially lightened. 
 The labourers had often come upon stems of trees and upright 
 piles, but nobody knew what to think of them till the substruc- 
 ture of the dwelling, and a number of burnt objects, such as 
 wheat, barley, and bread, together with fragments of pottery, 
 proved that the place was formerly a lake settlement. 
 
 * When I began the excavation with a few workmen on the 18th 
 of June, I was surprised to find, under a pavement of clay and 
 gravel, from two to four inches thick, and from the top of which 
 three feet of peat had been removed, a structure of fagot-sticks 
 regularly laid and perfectly solid ; and as the wood was exceed- 
 ingly soft, we had to use every care in uncovering as large a 
 portion of it as we could. We first bared a space which was 
 in perfect condition, twenty feet long, six feet wide at the ends, 
 and ten feet wide in the middle. The upper platform was of split 
 timber or boards of oak, laid down with great care, and it rested 
 on round timber, or fagot-sticks, from three to four inches in 
 diameter, which were surrounded with piles. The back part of 
 this space was covered with charcoal, and was somewhat charred : 
 there were also found tolerably large stones (hearthstones) in 
 their original position. A most striking fact was that the lowest 
 part of the side wall was still standing ; it consisted of a kind 
 of shutter pushed in between the upright piles surrounding the 
 space. On this I had other portions uncovered, and everywhere 
 met with the same construction, only differing in having the 
 platform or floor made of fagot-sticks instead of boards. Here 
 and there the floor had sunk considerably, often one or one incn 
 and a half in six inches.
 
 74 MR. MESSIKOMER'S REPORT ON NIEDERWYL. 
 
 * This place was then left to be examined by the members of 
 the associations of Thurgau and Ziirich, and excavations were 
 made in another place to examine the substructure. The result 
 proved no less interesting ; for one foot deep, under the first 
 platform, we came upon a second ; a foot deeper we found a 
 third ; then a fourth, and so on ; so that the arrangement is 
 similar to that of Wauwyl. The huts were placed on masses of 
 wood, consisting of five or six platforms, one above the other, 
 the spaces between which were filled in with brushwood and 
 branches of trees, chiefly alder, rushes, gravel, and clay. We 
 were surprised to meet with bones, cones of earthenware, and 
 a great wooden mallet between the platforms ; we also found 
 woven cloth under the fifth platform and charcoal close to the 
 bed of the lake. From this I conclude that the platforms were 
 not made at the same time, but at intervals one after the other ; 
 or that they had been repaired, a portion at a time, as we found 
 single charred stems under fresh wood. 
 
 * With a view to investigate the settlement in every direction, 
 fresh excavations were commenced in a place where the peat had 
 never been dug ; so that by going carefully to work the upper- 
 most platform might be seen in its original state. By the advice 
 of Dr. Keller, a space of twenty-five feet square was marked out, 
 and the peat carefully removed, and the sketch made by Mr. 
 Hasenfratz shows the appearance and the mode of construction 
 of the platform supporting the huts. (Plate XVI. figs. 1 and 3.) 
 On this small space perfectly separate dwellings might be re- 
 cognised, the size of which was indicated by the upright piles, 
 often with the bark still remaining. In one case the regular 
 fascine mode of erection was to be seen, in another a lattice or 
 trellis work ; so that we may conclude that these two buildings 
 were used for different purposes. 
 
 * The plaster floor, which was three or four inches in thickness, 
 doubtless served to keep out the damp. The fascine work had, 
 as usual, sunk so much, that in order to restore the level a con- 
 siderable quantity of gravel and clay had to be laid down : in 
 one place the thickness of this plaster floor was more than a 
 foot. What I have called the lattice or trellis work consisted 
 of thin stems of trees, which were not laid close together, but at 
 intervals of from one to two inches apart ; the uppermost stems 
 rested on others lying under them at right angles, and these 
 again on others parallel with those of the upper layer. The spaces 
 between the timbers were filled in with charcoal and burnt clay. 
 
 ' The two dwellings which we excavated did not touch each
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF NIEDERWYL. 75 
 
 other, but stood about one and a half or two feet apart. In this 
 space there was a row of upright piles, of which some were clearly 
 intended to keep together the substructure and others to form 
 the walls of the hut and to support the roof. The stems form- 
 ing the trellis and those of the fascine erection overlapped one 
 another. The fagot-sticks (Knittel) consisted either of young 
 stems partially cut through in lengths of six feet, and then 
 broken in two, or of older trunks felled in the same way by a 
 cutting instrument, not by means of fire, and afterwards split. 
 
 ' In the narrow space, only a few feet wide, between the two 
 habitations we found broken stone hatchets, corn, burnt plat- 
 work of flax, &c. 
 
 * We cannot imagine that this settlement was destroyed by 
 fire, for although we occasionally met with burnt beans, not a 
 single trace of conflagration was to be seen in the upright 
 piles, which projected as much as two feet and a half above the 
 floor nay, even in most of them the bark was still in good 
 preservation. 
 
 ' The products of the potter's art were in general very coarse, 
 and yet we found a few fragments which had been ornamented, 
 and also parts of the rims of vessels made with washed or purified 
 clay and without quartz-grains. Fragments of vessels also were 
 found neatly polished, blackened and with handles of a conve- 
 nient form. No smaller implements were met with, such as pins, 
 little chisels, &c. It is very singular that so few bones were 
 found : the cow, the stag, and the pig were the only animals 
 the remains of which were discovered here. 
 
 ' At the bottom of some broken earthenware vessels there still 
 remained grains of wheat and barley and hazel-nuts : doubtless 
 all the food, whether animal or vegetable, was kept in large or 
 small vessels of earthenware.' 
 
 Amongst the objects found at Niederwyl was an oak mallet, 
 fourteen inches long, which evidently had been worked by stone 
 hatchets, and clearly had been used for driving in the piles. 
 (Plate XVI. fig. 7.) A similar mallet is in the collection of 
 Colonel Schwab. 
 
 Plate XVI. fig. 5. A beam with mortise poles. 
 
 Plate XVI. fig. 6. A cone of baked clay, perforated towards 
 the top. Several specimens of this kind of implement, both 
 larger and smaller in size, were found here ; they were used as 
 weights for stretching the warp in weaving. 
 
 Plate XVI. fig. 4. The upper end of a pile, with a hollow cut 
 in it for the reception of a cross-beam. Similar piles are found
 
 76 SKETCHES OF NIEDERWYL. 
 
 at Castione (see Plate LX. fig. 2), at Robenhausen (Plate XIII. 
 fig. 7), and in other lake dwellings. 
 
 Plate XII. fig. 1 is the sketch of a large implement, if it 
 may be so called, made either of elm or ash- wood, and hewn 
 with stone celts or knives. Both sides are alike. There are 
 several places in the side arms where apparently the wood was 
 cut thinner. It would be useless to mention the different 
 opinions respecting this very problematical specimen, for none 
 of them seem to be of any value. 
 
 To complete our knowledge of this singular settlement, we 
 will now refer to two sketches, which probably will give a more 
 vivid idea of the place than the actual ground plan. 
 
 Plate XVII. is the sketch of a small part of the lake dwelling 
 from a photographic view taken in 1862. In the middle may 
 be seen a sandstone plate belonging to the hearth, lying upon a 
 flooring of clay and gravel. To the right of this there are two 
 rows of pile-stumps running diagonally through the picture 
 towards the shovel ; these piles mark the outer walls of two 
 houses, and consequently the space or passage between two 
 rows of huts. Still more to the right may be seen another 
 flooring, on which a hearth was also found. It should be men- 
 tioned that the hollows between the stems of trees were 
 originally filled in with clay, but that the water with which 
 this platform has been covered for thousands of years has 
 softened and washed it away. Unfortunately, this view was not 
 taken till a large number of the pile-stumps had been destroyed, 
 as they were exceedingly rotten, so that neither the exact size 
 nor the divisions of the huts could be ascertained with certainty. 
 
 The second sketch (by the translator) is of less importance, as 
 it was not taken till the summer of 1864, after the settlement 
 had been exposed some time, and of course had been considerably 
 injured by the summer sun and the winter frost ; still, to those 
 who have never seen a fascine structure it may give some idea 
 of its appearance. The first impression probably would be that 
 the stems had been as it were woven together, and that it was 
 neither more nor less than a huge floor of wattle-work : this, 
 however, is not the case ; the appearance entirely arises from 
 the soft or rotten state of the sticks, some parts of which, as 
 they cross one another at right angles, must necessarily have 
 projected more than others, and, being more exposed to the 
 wearing influence of the weather, have decayed away, leaving 
 those portions in the hollows more perfect, and thus giving the 
 appearance of wattle-work above referred to.
 
 77 
 
 LAKE OF WAUWYL. 
 
 We are indebted for our knowledge of this settlement to the 
 care of the proprietor, Colonel Suter of Zofingen ; the investiga- 
 tion of it was carried on under his direction and at his expense. 
 This little reedy or ' moor lake' is situated in a wide open valley 
 of the canton of Lucerne, not far from the small town of Sursee, 
 and in earlier times must have been of considerable extent. 
 About eight years ago it was nearly laid dry by artificial 
 drainage, and three years after, when the labourers began to cut 
 the peat, they came upon a kind of wooden stage of considerable 
 extent, on which a great amount of labour had been spent, and 
 which had been covered over with peat apparently for centuries. 
 This settlement, which belongs to the earliest or stone period, 
 agrees in many respects with that of Niederwyl, but probably 
 approaches quite as nearly in structure to some of the Irish 
 crannoges described by Sir W. R. Wilde. Like them, it is 
 built up of many layers of trunks or stems, arranged crosswise 
 in all directions one over the other : this mass of wood was 
 placed on the bed of the lake, fixed there, and so made a firm 
 and immovable foundation. It is further remarkable that the 
 platform has been preserved under the sheltering cover of the 
 peat, and that within the area a certain kind of arrangement 
 may be noticed, from the position of the piles betokening the 
 property of different families. 
 
 The following is the substance of the report given by Mr. 
 Suter, the son-in-law of Colonel Suter : 
 
 * The whole structure consists of vertical piles driven more or 
 
 less deeply into the lake bottom, and of horizontal trunks or 
 
 stems lying one over the other between these piles, in various 
 
 directions, sometimes at acute but chiefly at right angles to 
 
 each other. These horizontal stems form platforms, of which 
 
 there are as many as five laid one over the other. (A sketch 
 
 of these five platforms, taken by Mr. Nager from an actual 
 
 measured space of ten feet square, is given in Plate XIX., 
 
 he left side, and a section, in Plate XIX. fig. 4.) The 
 
 owest rests on the bed of the lake ; the thickness of all of
 
 78 WOODEN PLATFORMS, WAUWYL. 
 
 them together is now about three feet. There are no heads of 
 piles on the surface of the lake bottom which might have sup- 
 ported the horizontal beams of the lowest platform ; in fact, in 
 the whole space which was excavated not a single vertical pile 
 was found which had been used as a support for any horizontal 
 timber. Two different platform systems are often in a measure 
 bound together by many of the stems of the uppermost platform 
 of one system projecting into the second of another system, and 
 so form a kind of passage-like connection rising up in the form 
 of steps, which probably may be about four feet broad. The 
 whole of the timber consists of unhewn round stems. No 
 incisions or notches are found on any of the upright piles, and 
 in the horizontal round stems there are no parts flattened or 
 cut away, nor is there any other mode of binding the wood 
 together which would require anything but the most simple 
 tools. Not a single hole is to be observed in any of the timbers, 
 and a wooden nail or spike has never been noticed. The hori- 
 zontal stems are merely placed close to each other, as shown 
 Plate XIX. fig. 5 ; and at the points where some of them cross 
 each other, and which may be considered as the frame of the 
 platform, there are upright piles between which the stems 
 forming the frame have probably been thrust. In some places 
 one. might be led to think that these stems could easily have 
 been moved backwards and forwards between the upright piles. 
 These vertical piles everywhere project at least a foot above the 
 uppermost platform. 
 
 The interspaces or joints between all the horizontal stems 
 are filled in with clay, and underneath, that is between the 
 platforms, there are all kinds of branches and brushwood mixed 
 also with clay. 
 
 Occasionally some of the upright piles might be observed, 
 the upper end of which had been sharpened into a point by fire. 
 
 On the area excavated up to the present time a space about 
 ninety feet long by fifty broad may be pretty clearly seen, 
 which appears to have been covered with platforms of different 
 heights. Around this rectilinear space, which perhaps may be 
 considered as the substructure of the houses of one family, there 
 are groups or bands of upright piles four or five feet broad and 
 often broader, driven in quite irregularly and without any hori- 
 zontal stems lying between them. 
 
 These bands of independent piles project almost in every 
 direction beyond the corners of the rectangle, and in the 
 direction of the sides, as is shown Plate XVIII. fig. 3, and this
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS AT WATJWYL. 79 
 
 fact seems certainly to indicate the existence of other similar 
 platforms being near a supposition which is borne out by the 
 fact that exactly similar structures are found less than a 
 hundred feet from the rectangle just described, and also in a 
 south-easterly direction on the moor road from the lake of 
 Wauwyl. Similar traces are also found in several places in the 
 neighbourhood, which indicate a very extensive settlement, and 
 which are marked on the plan of the district (Plate XVIII.) 
 made by Mr. Nager, the civil engineer. 
 
 Let us now for a moment examine the use of the upright 
 piles which stand independent or apart from the regular 
 structure. They may have served either, first, as fixed stays to 
 secure the structure from bulging in a horizontal direction ; or 
 they may, secondly, have been useful as defences against hostile 
 attacks ; or, lastly, they may have served as supports for passages 
 or stages from one structure to another : some of these passages 
 have actually been found. 
 
 Plate XVIII. will probably give a clearer idea of the locality 
 and of the mode in which both the upright piles and the 
 horizontal timbers were placed. Fig. 1 gives a section of a 
 part of the Wauwyl lake.* The expression ' Weisser Grund,' or 
 shell-marl, means, as is well known, a bed of white chalky sub- 
 stance consisting of innumerable snail-shells, all disintegrated 
 and become a fine powder ; it is found in all the moor lakes of 
 Switzerland, and is from one and a half to two feet thick ; in 
 some places it is even four or five feet in thickness. Beneath 
 this bed is sand, and below this is ' Grien,' or gravel, or sand- 
 stone. At the age of the lake dwellings the peat which after- 
 wards grew up and buried the remains of the burnt settlement 
 a fathom deep did not exist, or if it did, it was only to a very 
 small extent, for all the antiquities discovered here lay imme- 
 diately upon the shell-marl. But here, as was the case with 
 several other settlements in the moor lakes, the peat began to 
 increase very soon after the colony was founded. 
 
 In order to see how deep the, upright piles went into the lake 
 bottom, two of them were pulled up : the longer one went 
 through about four feet of peat and about eleven feet into the 
 lake bottom ; on the other hand, the shorter one passed through 
 four feet of peat and only went four feet nine inches into the 
 lake bottom (Plate XVIII. fig. 2). As the excavation was made 
 in a locality where peat had formerly been dug, it is to be 
 
 * This section would have been made more intelligible if instead of the word ' Piles,' 
 the words 'Piles and horizontal timber' had been substituted. [Ts.]
 
 80 PLATFORMS AT WAUWYL. 
 
 presumed that the piles were formerly much higher in the peat. 
 The thickness of the peat here was five feet ten inches. The 
 lower ends of the two piles pulled up show that very imper- 
 fect instruments were used, for they are rather bluntly wedge- 
 shaped than pointed (Plate XIX. fig. 6). In general, the upright 
 piles are three, three and a half, four, and four and a half inches 
 thick. 
 
 It may be well to remark here, that no implements or animal 
 remains were found under the horizontal platforms, but by far 
 the larger proportion in the enclosure which has been described, 
 or on the outside of it. This fact confirms the supposition that 
 the dwellings stood in water, that is, that they were surrounded 
 by water the whole year, for the inhabitants, however little 
 they may have cared for such things, would not have thrown 
 the animal remains in the immediate neighbourhood of their 
 abodes had it been dry, on account of the bad effluvium which 
 would have been the result. 
 
 Before the lake of Wauwyl was drained and excavated, the 
 surface of the water often rose to the level of the upper bed of 
 peat in the place where the settlement was discovered, and a piece 
 of neighbouring moor land of some extent, called the Zitteri, 
 could not be passed over without causing a tremulous motion : 
 the peat was, in fact, nearly saturated with water up to the 
 surface. If we bear this in mind, and also what has before been 
 mentioned, viz., that probably no traces of peat existed at the 
 time of the lake dwelling, it follows with tolerable certainty 
 that at that period the lake was here four or five feet deep. If, 
 therefore, the structures were permanently placed in water, the 
 question next arises, were they floating, that is, fixed rafts ? or 
 were they motionless ? that is, did they stand firmly on the lake 
 bottom ? 
 
 There appear to be grounds for both opinions. For the first 
 supposition, namely, that the entire mass was a fixed raft or 
 float, the following reasons may be given : 
 
 1. There have never been found any piles driven into the 
 lake bottom under the lowest platform which might have served 
 as supports for it. 
 
 2. The five platforms lying one above the other in the exca- 
 vation of ten feet square were, as above mentioned, altogether 
 only three feet in thickness, and therefore it is not probable 
 that these five platforms filled the whole space between the 
 surface of the water and the bottom of the lake ; in addition to 
 which it seems pretty certain that all the platforms were not
 
 PLATFORMS AT WAUWYL. 81 
 
 constructed at the same time, but that a new one was added 
 above as it was wanted. 
 
 3. The step-like joining of the unconformable platforms (to 
 use a geological term) of the different systems, as described, 
 does not contradict the idea of a fixed float, for they are so 
 constructed as to allow a rise and fall in the water-level. 
 
 If the idea of a fixed raft be considered probable, then the 
 upright piles were intended to serve in a vertical direction as 
 stays or guides for the horizontal platform. 
 
 The following are the arguments in favour of the view that one 
 platform lay upon another from, the bed of the lake upwards : 
 
 1. As the lowest horizontal platform lies immediately on the 
 lake bottom, and there is a layer of all kinds of brushwood and 
 clay between each bed, the five platforms may originally have 
 been considerably more than three feet thick, and thus may 
 have reached above the level of the water, and they may in 
 later times have been compressed to their present thickness by 
 the mass of peat above them. As a proof that very great changes 
 have taken place in the lowest part of this structure, the fact 
 may be mentioned that when the lowest stage was examined 
 (see Plate XIX.), which was done with great difficulty, the hori- 
 zontal stems could not be clearly distinguished, nor could the 
 upright stems be here recognised at all, though they were quite 
 well preserved in the higher platform. 
 
 2. The vertical piles are in many cases joined in such a 
 manner with the horizontal ones that the conclusion seems impe- 
 rative that the latter were jammed in between the upright ones 
 a fact which would indicate fixed, not movable, platforms. 
 
 3. No traces of anything like wooden bands were found joining 
 one horizontal platform with the others, which probably would 
 have been the case in an actual floating raft. 
 
 With respect to the mode in which the vertical and horizontal 
 timbers were joined, it may be well here to mention that in the 
 sketches elucidating the structure it might appear as if the 
 horizontal stems were pierced through in many places by the 
 upright ones ; but this is never the case. The horizontal stems 
 are either pushed closely up to the upright piles (Fig. 2, Plate 
 XIX.), or they are squeezed between two upright ones, and the 
 apparent piercing of the horizontal stems is neither more nor less 
 than a consequence of the lateral compression of the softened 
 wood. (Fig. 3, Plate XIX.) 
 
 In the course of the excavation it occasionally happened that 
 wood was met with apparently in the shape of boards, but a
 
 82 ROUND TRUNKS AND PILES, WAUWYL. 
 
 careful examination showed that they were only round stems, 
 placed one above the other, and compressed. In fact, through 
 the whole structure no boards were found, but only round 
 stems. In one case a piece of timber some fathoms long pro- 
 jected probably a foot above the level of the uppermost plat- 
 form, and had every appearance of a thick board placed on its 
 edge, but on examination it proved to be only a round stem, 
 the convex surface of which, being soft, had been shovelled away 
 by the workmen (Plate XIX. fig. 1), and it proved to be the 
 uppermost piece of many other round trunks placed one above 
 the other, the spaces between them being filled in with ex- 
 traneous material. It is not improbable that the long stems 
 which had the appearance of boards, but afterwards proved to 
 be a combination of many stems laid one upon another, and 
 pressed together, may have formed the lowest part of the side- 
 walls of rectilinear huts, thus differing from the huts of wattle- 
 work and clay in other lake dwellings, and, like the log-huts 
 or granaries of the Alpine districts, being built of trunks of 
 trees. 
 
 All the vertical piles project considerably above the uppermost 
 horizontal platform, and in earlier times may have been still 
 higher, so that they may with great probability be considered 
 as portions of the walls of the huts and supports for the roof; 
 they are almost always arranged at right angles, so that it 
 seems certain that the ground plan of the dwellings was in the 
 form of a rectangle, a figure which would be erected much 
 more easily, and which would better agree with the arrange- 
 ment of the round stems forming the platforms : none of the 
 piles are found placed in a circular form. The restored or ideal 
 sketch at the top of Plate XX. shows the probable division 
 of the particular houses according to this view, though in one 
 respect it may not be quite correct, for from late discoveries 
 some at least of the houses stood much nearer together than 
 they are here represented. 
 
 A considerable quantity of charcoal from round or unhewn 
 timber is found amongst the ruins, but no remains of the burnt 
 clay covering of the walls with impressions of wattle-work, such 
 as is frequently found in other lake dwellings which have been 
 burnt. 
 
 The kinds of wood used in this structure were oak, alder, 
 and fir. The dimensions of the horizontal stems varied : those 
 of oak were the thickest, and measured five inches in diameter, 
 or even more, while the other sorts were only three or four
 
 ANTIQUITIES AT WAUWYL. 83 
 
 inches thick. It is a singular fact that the oak-wood showed 
 less solidity than the fir or alder : all the stems had the bark 
 on ; it was preserved entire on those of alder. 
 
 Some of the antiquities found at Wauwyl are drawn on 
 Plate XX. 
 
 Fig. 1 is the sketch of a long pebble, probably used for stir- 
 ring up the melted asphalt. 
 
 Fig. 2. Celt of serpentine set in a stag's horn hafting. Seve- 
 ral other celts both of quartz and serpentine were also found. 
 
 Fig. 3. Bowl made of yew-wood. 
 
 Figs. 4 and 12. Fragments of pottery; the outside is partly 
 covered over with asphalt, and the inside coated thickly with 
 soot. The material of this pottery is unwashed clay mixed 
 with a large proportion of quartz -grains. Earthenware vessels, 
 or rather, unfortunately, the fragments of them, were very abun- 
 dant: hardly any were obtained perfect. 
 
 Fig. 5. A roundish stone of coarse-grained sandstone, similar 
 to those found in other lake dwellings. 
 
 Fig. 6. A piece of sandstone with the hollow caused by stone 
 celts having been ground down upon it; several varieties of 
 these grinding-stones were met with. 
 
 Fig. 7. A glass bead of a bluish-white colour when the 
 light falls upon it, but of a honey-yellow when held between 
 the light and the eye. The bluish colour of the glass arises 
 from the mixture of lead. This bead, though apparently unim- 
 portant in itself, is of great interest from having been found 
 in this locality : it may probably throw some light on the date 
 of this settlement, which was founded, and, as it appears, also 
 came to an end, in the period known in the history of civilisa- 
 tion as the stone age. This small ornament, in fact, affords 
 indubitable proof that the inhabitants had intercourse with 
 the civilised nations on the coast of the Mediterranean, who 
 had made great advances in the arts, while they themselves 
 were in the lowest stage of development. This glass bead is 
 quite similar in form and colour to those found in the graves 
 of the earliest inhabitants both in Egypt and in nearly all the 
 western countries, and which have also been met with in great 
 numbers in Roman settlements. These glass objects of the 
 earliest times may either be of Egyptian or of Phoanician origin, 
 for in both countries glass manufacture was carried on, in the 
 former more anciently, and in the latter less so ; but it is im- 
 probable that these productions came into Europe in any other 
 way than by means of the Phoanicians, for there can be no doubt 
 
 a 2
 
 84 ANTIQUITIES AT WAUWYL. 
 
 that in a similar way they were the first who brought the tin of 
 Britain into the commerce of the world, and who taught the 
 inhabitants of southern and western Europe the use of bronze 
 which had already been used in ancient Egypt for the prepara- 
 tion of tools. * Just as the fact of finding in all the lake dwel- 
 lings and in the oldest Celtic tumuli and graves, tools of noble 
 nephrite, a kind of stone universally allowed by mineralogists 
 to belong only to the East, gives us a proof of barter in the 
 earliest times between Europe and farther Asia, so, as history 
 affords us some information as to the origin and continuance of 
 the Phoenician trade, this glass ornament gives us a chrono- 
 logical datum for determining the age of the lake dwellings, 
 which, however insufficient it may be, yet expressly forbids us 
 to throw back their existence to a period many thousand years 
 before our era. 
 
 Tig. 8. A lump of asphalt which was used for fastening celts, 
 arrow-heads, saws, &c. 
 
 Fig. 9. Knife made of yew-wood. 
 
 Fig. 10. Awl or piercing tool made of stag's horn. 
 
 Fig. 11. Saw made out of the bone of a small quadruped. 
 
 Fig. 13. Bead made of stag's horn. 
 
 Figs. 14 and 15. Fishing implements (floats?) made of wood 
 or bark. 
 
 Fig. 16. Cutting instrument made of a boar's tusk. 
 
 Fig. 17. Flint knife of the usual form and size. 
 
 Figs. 18, 19, 20. Chisel-shaped implements made of the 
 long bones of quadrupeds. 
 
 Figs. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. Piercers or tools made of sharp- 
 ened portions of the long bones of small animals. 
 
 Fig. 26. A barbed dart or harpoon made of stag's horn. 
 
 Recent excavations at Wauwyl by Colonel Suter of Zofingen 
 have produced several objects of interest, and also some addi- 
 tional information. The following notices of the additions made 
 to the Colonel's collection have been kindly sent by his son-in- 
 law, Mr. Suter. 
 
 Amongst the animal remains lately found are the skull of the 
 marsh pig and the bones of the bear (Ursus Arctos}. A large 
 
 * Amongst the sepulchral paintings of Beni Hassan, which, according to Sir Gardner 
 Wilkinson, are 3,500 years old, is a representation of glass-blowing. The manufac- 
 ture of glass beads is also drawn one workman lays hold of the beads which are in 
 the basket on his knees, while another workman bores holes through |hem with a 
 drill.
 
 LATE EXCAVATIONS AT WAUWYL. 85 
 
 number of stone implements have been met with, the most 
 interesting of which is a celt of nephrite, the largest I have seen, 
 for although broken, it is three inches long and fully two inches 
 wide. Amongst the implements of bone there are some tools 
 hitherto unknown ; they are made of pieces of stag's ribs from 
 eight to eleven inches long, one-half of which is in its natural 
 state, or is only a little ground down at the edges ; the other 
 part is sharpened at the end, and has a deep incision in the 
 middle, down to a third or nearly one-half the length, so as 
 to give the appearance of a two-pronged fork. In all the spe- 
 cimens found, of which half-a-dozen have been met with at 
 Wauwyl, and several exactly similar at Robenhausen, the prongs 
 or teeth, both inside and out, have been perfectly made smooth, 
 apparently from long use, while the other end is left in the 
 rough. The fact that two or more of these things are always 
 found together, as well as their form, leads to the supposition 
 that they may have had something to do with the preparation 
 of flax, and may have been used as heckles. Some of them are 
 drawn (Figs. 8, 9, 10, and 11, Plate XXII.). 
 
 Amongst the objects made of horn, the hafting of a stone 
 celt is worthy of notice : it is drawn Plate XXII. fig. 7. 
 Amongst those of wood may be mentioned that drawn Fig. 12, 
 which is also a hafting or club for a celt. Figs. 17 and 18 are 
 ornaments or implements of stag's horn. 
 
 A fresh excavation has been made by Colonel Suter in the peat 
 moor near No. 5 in the plan on Plate XVIII., about fifty feet 
 long by thirty feet broad, and Mr. Nager, the civil engineer, 
 has kindly sent me drawings of the different layers of wood 
 and sections of the excavations. But as the construction is 
 precisely the same as that previously described, it will be need- 
 less to repeat the particulars; some of the notices, however, 
 sent by Mr. Nager are of considerable interest, amongst which 
 is the following : 
 
 ( In the place excavated in the year 1864, platforms of round 
 timber were found everywhere with some piles driven in verti- 
 cally. Upon these layers might be seen, at a distance of ten or 
 twelve feet apart, three hearths made of unworked or rough 
 stones of different sizes joined together with clay and sand, 
 and arranged in the form of a half -moon. Charcoal-ashes and 
 charred wood were found within them. Even the substructure, 
 that is to say, the platform of round wood, was charred and had 
 been covered with sand and clay. Near these hearths the plat- 
 form had sunk in some degree, probably from the weight of the
 
 86 FLINT WORKSHOP, WAUWYL. 
 
 people who sat around the fire and worked there, and also of 
 the raw material heaped up here for making stone implements. 
 For, close by, there was found a surprising quantity of flint 
 refuse, as if it had been a regular workshop of this material. 
 Half-worked and broken arrow-heads, as well as those which 
 were quite perfect, and flint knives of various sizes, from 1^ 
 inch to 4 inches in length, were lying on the surface, as well as 
 pottery and stone celts, both solid and perforated; amongst 
 the latter there was one which had in it the handle of ash-wood 
 still remaining. 
 
 ' Wherever excavations have been made in the moor in any 
 part of the widely extended lake-dwelling area, no actual pile 
 erections have been found, but only the fascine structures, 
 exactly like that of Niederwyl. It may, however, be remarked, 
 that at Wauwyl there is great irregularity in the position of 
 the individual logs of the same layer, as well as of the layers 
 with respect to each other. It appears as if various deviations 
 from a parallel arrangement of the logs had arisen, sometimes 
 from fancy and sometimes from convenience and the thickness 
 of the logs. The platform in the place last excavated rests upon 
 peat ; in fact it appears as if the whole structure was placed 
 upon it. It is, however, possible that when the settlement was 
 founded the peat which was at that time accessible may have been 
 used as a material for the foundation in order to save timber. The 
 weight of the earth placed on the platforms has pressed down 
 the trunks so much into one another as almost to give the 
 appearance of their having been artificially joined. But hitherto 
 I have not noticed in the lake dwellings of Wauwyl any artifi- 
 cial joining, not even the most common carpenter's arrange- 
 ments, such as those which are called " mortise and tenon " 
 and " notching." '
 
 87 
 
 ALLENSBACH AND MARKELFINGEN, 
 ON THE UNTEESEE. 
 
 It appears from late observations that nearly the whole shore 
 of that portion of the lake of Constance called the Untersee 
 is studded with the remains of lake dwellings ; and judging 
 from the implements hitherto obtained there, they belonged 
 exclusively to the stone period. It is also remarkable that 
 there are no traces of conflagration, so that the inhabitants 
 appear of their own free will to have abandoned their dwellings 
 on the lake, and to have settled on land before any kind of 
 metals had been brought into use by commerce or barter. 
 
 A catalogue of all the known localities of lake dwellings 
 in this part of the lake will be given in the geographical list, 
 but the settlements in the neighbourhood of Allensbach and 
 Markelfingen have been so carefully examined by Mr. Dehoff, 
 that they require a separate notice, and we cannot do better 
 than transcribe almost entire the account which he has given 
 respecting them. 
 
 There are three lake dwellings in this neighbourhood worthy 
 of notice. 
 
 1. A settlement above Markelfingen. 
 
 2. One about half-way between Allensbach and Markelfingen, 
 adjoining the landmark of Reichenau. 
 
 3. A third reaching from above the mouth of the mill-stream 
 at Allensbach up to Weiler Hegne. 
 
 All of these were examined as carefully as possible, and will 
 now be described in detail, together with the antiquities, so far 
 as they are of interest. 
 
 1. The settlement above Markelfingen is situated around a 
 little island about thirty paces in diameter and more than twenty 
 minutes' walk from the village of Markelfingen. This island is 
 about thirty paces from the shore in a north-westerly direction, 
 and when the water is low is about half a foot above the surface, 
 but when the water is higher it is entirely covered about a foot 
 deep. The piles surround this little island on the west and 
 north-west sides, not in any considerable number, but still
 
 88 LAKE DWELLING, ALLENSBACH. 
 
 tolerably plentiful, as was seen at the lowest level of the water 
 in the winter of 1862, when they were covered with a depth 
 of more than three feet of water. There are no remains 
 of piles on the island itself, but a rather large number 
 of stone celts roughly made out of the rolled stones found on 
 the bank were found there. 
 
 2. The lake dwelling above the one last described and 
 below Allensbach, adjoining the landmark of Reichenau, is 
 situated on a tongue of land, and stretches from east to west, 
 with a tendency to north-west, for a length of about 1,000 paces. 
 Probably for about a quarter of this distance the side of the 
 settlement next to the shore was accessible dryshod ; the rest of 
 the piles stretch some distance into the lake. The little plan 
 made at my suggestion by the Grand Ducal Board of Works in 
 the interest of archaeology indicates the arrangement of the 
 piles. (Plate XXIII. fig. 1.) It may, however, be assumed with 
 certainty that at least an equal number have been destroyed or 
 carried away by the violence of the western storms, and probably 
 many have been covered either by mud or the deposit from the 
 stream, or by the gravel and rolled stones piled over them. 
 
 It is quite impossible, from the remains still existing, to lay 
 down with certainty a definite ground plan of the dwellings, 
 and the arrangement of the piles gives us no positive infor- 
 mation as to the number of huts which once existed here ; 
 still it is very evident that the settlement was of considerable 
 extent. 
 
 In one place the rows of piles take the direction of the main- 
 land in such a manner, that they may with tolerable certainty 
 be considered as the remains of the ancient entrance stage or 
 bridge. 
 
 With respect to the kinds of wood used for the piles, amongst 
 those which have been examined the softer descriptions, such as 
 white and red fir and the willow, were found to predominate. 
 The piles made of these kinds of wood were all whole or round 
 stems, while some of oak were made of split trunks originally 
 fourteen or sixteen inches in diameter. The piles only project 
 about one or two inches above the bed of the lake ; there was, 
 however, one single round oak pile rising two feet higher 
 than any of the others, the heart of which, about an inch 
 in diameter and fan-shaped though split, was in perfect preser- 
 vation. 
 
 The plan shows at a the place where some beams lie in a
 
 LAKE DWELLING, ALLENSBACH. 89 
 
 horizontal position amongst the piles. I consider them as parts 
 of the ancient superstructure. Some specimens which have 
 been brought up show very clearly the structure of oak-wood ; 
 they appear to have been made of split trunks. These horizon- 
 tal beams are fifteen feet long and from four to six inches in 
 diameter : the place where they occur, even at the lowest level 
 this year, was covered with two feet of water, so that further in- 
 vestigations were impossible for the present. 
 
 The nature of the ground throughout the settlement was as 
 follows. First, the usual covering of a deposit of gravel about 
 two inches thick or rather more, under which was the ' relic- 
 bed ' from half an inch to 1^ inch in thickness, below which 
 were many feet of the well-known shell-marl (blanc fond). In 
 the north-western part of its area, as also in the places far- 
 thest in the lake, the covering of gravel on the bottom was 
 entirely wanting, and a ' relic-bed,' two inches thick or rather 
 more, and almost like mud, rested immediately on the white 
 sand. 
 
 The unfavourable influences mentioned above have either 
 carried away or broken up the lighter remains, such as those 
 of wood, horn, or bone. Some remains of enamel from the 
 teeth of large mammalia seem to show that they had been rolled 
 into fragments. 
 
 The heavier stone implements were consequently the only 
 evidences of civilisation discovered. By far the greater number 
 of them consist here, as elsewhere, of stone celts, varying most 
 exceedingly both in size and form, and thus leading to the 
 conclusion that they had been used for many different purposes. 
 They vary from less than an inch to 21 inches in length, and 
 from 5 lines to 3^ inches in the breadth of the cutting edge. 
 Some, especially the larger ones, run somewhat to a point at the 
 end opposite to the cutting edge, and near this end the stone 
 has no doubt intentionally been made rough; evidently the 
 tools of this description had been set in pieces of wood, horn, or 
 bone, hollowed out to receive the celt : probably they were 
 used in agriculture. By far the greater proportion of spe- 
 cimens of this kind have been worn much more on one side 
 than the other, which seems to indicate this application of 
 them. The other sort, with generally a broader and less 
 curved edge, tapers less at the opposite end, appears more 
 fitted for being held in the hand as a cutting tool, and shows 
 the wearing of the edge more in the middle (pieces having flown
 
 90 STONE IMPLEMENTS, ALLENSBACH. 
 
 off), while the first kind may be distinguished by being nearly 
 blunted on one side. 
 
 Corn-crushers were found in great numbers, and also some 
 flint saw-flakes without handles. 
 
 The rolled stones lying about close by evidently had afforded 
 the material for the greater part of the celts ; a small number 
 of specimens, however, were met with made of serpentine. 
 
 Besides the celts just mentioned a specimen was found, drawn 
 in two positions (Plate XXIV. figs. 10 and 11), which I take to 
 be the front half of a battle-axe. It is of black serpentine from 
 the Grisons ; its length from a to & is 3 inches 3 lines ; its 
 greatest breadth from c to d is 2 inches 4 lines; the width 
 of the haft-hole, which is made of a conical form, is nearly an 
 inch in one direction and 10 lines in the other. This specimen 
 has been worked with the greatest care both as to the exactness 
 of the dimensions on both sides, if measured with the callipers, 
 and also as to the mechanical finish, evidently produced by 
 grinding. One in some measure approaching to it is drawn 
 Figs. 6 and 7. 
 
 Another specimen, new of its kind, is drawn Plate XXIII. 
 figs. 3 and 4. The material seems to be Alpine limestone; 
 probably the implement was made out of a rolled stone. 
 The drawing will give the best idea of its form : the length 
 from a to & is 3 inches 5 lines ; the breadth from c to d is 
 2 inches 7 lines ; the height or thickness from e to / is 2 inches 
 4 lines ; and the height of the handle worked out is 4 lines. 
 This implement, from its general appearance, seems to have 
 been used as a crushing instrument, and yet it evidently has 
 not been rubbed, like the specimens known as corn-crushers, on 
 another stone, but on some softer substance, perhaps made 
 of wood, for there are no traces of wearing on its under side. 
 If it is allowable to hazard a conjecture, I would consider 
 this specimen, taking into account the large quantity of rasp- 
 berry-seeds found in the neighbouring settlements, as an im- 
 plement for crushing fruits of this description in order to 
 procure the juice. 
 
 Plate XXIY. figs. 8 and 9 give two views of an object the use 
 of which also is very doubtful, and respecting which I will not 
 venture to offer an hypothesis. It also is made of Alpine lime- 
 stone ; the length is 3 inches 7 lines ; the breadth 2 inches 4 
 lines ; the thickness, including the raised part, 1 inch 5 lines ; 
 the elevation itself 2 lines. The upper surface, with the 
 exception of the back or hinder part, which shows the natural
 
 STONE IMPLEMENTS, ALLENSBACH. 91 
 
 fracture, is carefully worked, and in a similar state to the hinder 
 part of those celts which have been intentionally made rough. 
 The rise in the middle, which has evidently been artificially 
 worked out, is only a little smoother than the rest of the upper 
 surface. 
 
 The use of the implement drawn Plate XXIV. figs. 2 and 3 is 
 no less doubtful. The material is diorite. The upper surface is 
 more carefully worked, and smoother than that of the specimen 
 last described ; it appears to have been ground. The length 
 from a to & is 5 inches 1 line ; the greatest breadth, from c to d, 
 is nearly 2 inches. The thickness, including the ridge, is 
 nearly an inch, and the height of the ridge itself is nearly a line. 
 
 Plate XXV. fig. 1 is the sketch of a stone intended for a 
 hammer ; it is, however, only half perforated ; the section (Fig. 
 7) will give some idea as to how this operation was performed. 
 
 Plate XXV- figs. 15, 16, and 18. This specimen appears to be 
 an unfinished hammer made of serpentine : the under surface 
 and the sides half way up have been ground, while the other 
 part of the sides and the upper surface is worked entirely in the 
 rough. The letters /, d, a, show the ground under surface ; e d 
 the portion of the side which has been ground, and e c what has 
 been left unworked. Towards the front from d to a the under 
 surface is sloped outwards in the form of a skate. The length 
 is 5 inches 1 line ; the greatest breadth from g to h is 2 inches 
 8 lines ; the smallest breadth from i to & is 2 inches, and the 
 thickness from c to d! 2 inches 1 line. 
 
 Plate XXV. figs. 9 and 10 is probably a corn-crusher, but of 
 a somewhat peculiar form; it is particularly remarkable for 
 having the two side surfaces rubbed quite smooth. The length 
 is 3 inches 4 lines ; the greatest breadth from / to e is 2 
 inches 4 lines ; the smallest, from g to h, is about 2 inches. 
 It is remarkable that not only the part c d, but also both the 
 slopes a c and d b, still bear unmistakable traces of rubbing 
 down, by which regular sharp ridges have been made at g, a, h, 
 and/, by e. 
 
 The specimen drawn (Plate XXV. figs. 2, 3, and 8) is also one 
 the object and use of which must remain conjectural. It is not 
 easy to decide as to the material, for it is covered with a coating 
 of a muddy chalky substance, which cannot be removed without 
 damaging the specimen, but it appears to be sandstone. The 
 length is more than 5 inches ; the greatest breadth from c to d is 
 2 inches 5 lines; the greatest thickness from e to /rather more 
 than an inch ; the thickness in front is 4 lines. The work-
 
 92 STONE IMPLEMENTS, ALLENSBACH. 
 
 manship is throughout of the best description, and the speci- 
 men appears to have been ground all over. 
 
 The stone celt drawn (Plate XXV. figs. 11 and 12) is of a pecu- 
 liar form. The cutting edge is sloped or curved down on the lower 
 side, and at the hinder end there are on both surfaces corres- 
 ponding circular depressions cut out more than 8 lines deep, 
 and these, together with the peculiar form of the edge, make the 
 specimen appear like an axe. The length on the upper side 
 from b to c is 5 inches. On the under side from a to d is 4 
 inches 2 lines, the diameter of the base from f to g is very 
 nearly an inch, and the diameter of the upper surface 1 inch 6 
 lines. The material cannot be determined with certainty, on 
 account of the thick coating of chalky substance, and yet from 
 its greenish-grey colour and the fineness of the grain which may 
 be seen in some places it probably may be serpentine. 
 
 The lake dwelling in the north-west bay close by Allensbach 
 has yielded no small number of stone celts, but all entirely coated 
 with chalky mud, and also a hammer like that drawn in Plate 
 XXXIX. fig. 5. The boring of the haft-hole is not finished, but 
 is only carried to a depth of 1 inch 8 lines ; the diameter of the 
 hole is 8^ lines, and at the bottom the central portion projects 
 about 4 lines high. Besides this one, three unfinished specimens 
 of similar forms were found here, partly ground and partly only 
 worked out of the rough. 
 
 3. From a little above the place where the mill-stream of 
 Allensbach falls into the lake up to a point below Weiler Hegne, 
 and consequently in an easterly direction from that just described, 
 a very large lake dwelling extends nearly half-an-hour's walk in 
 length, the whole distance being clearly marked either by actual 
 piles or by the discovery of stone implements. The piles begin 
 about 300 paces above the last houses of Allensbach at first 
 only to be recognised in a single row, afterwards two rows are 
 seen, and lastly, in a place which goes by the name of ' beim 
 Eichle,' on a gently sloping shore, an extensive -settlement 
 appears covered with a number of piles in four and sometimes 
 in five very distinct rows. 
 
 The single row runs close to the land, the other thirty paces 
 out in the lake and parallel with the shore. The shape of the 
 dwellings erected on this area, according to the arrangement of 
 the piles, has doubtless been a quadrangle. The place is for the 
 most part only covered with water when it is at its highest level, 
 but at all times of the year the approach to it from the main- 
 land must have been practicable almost without any scaffolding
 
 RELIC-BED, ALLENSBACH. 93 
 
 or stage. The land immediately adjoining to it, now made into 
 meadow, was a forest not very many years ago. Bearing this 
 in mind, there could hardly be found a more secluded place for 
 a settlement than this locality, lying in a bay sheltered on both 
 sides by the projecting forest and probably only visible on the 
 side of the lake. 
 
 The upper surface of the lake bottom towards the mainland 
 has a thick covering of gravel, under which there is a consider- 
 able bed of white sand. Most of the antiquities are found at a 
 depth of one or two inches, but the pottery afterwards to be 
 noticed is found deeper, and as much as five inches under the 
 surface. A ' relic-bed ' can only be seen in some places, and 
 more especially in those which are situated at a higher level ; in 
 the lower parts the covering of gravel rests immediately on the 
 shell-marl. 
 
 The antiquities found here consist chiefly of stone celts, the 
 majority of which exhibit workmanship indicating an extra- 
 ordinary degree of skill. Some few, especially the smaller 
 specimens, are not only ground on the whole upper surface, but 
 seem regularly polished, and might fairly pass as ornaments or 
 objects of the toilet-table. Plate XXV. fig. 4 gives the form of 
 a specimen finished in this manner. The material is said to be 
 diorite. The length is 2 inches 4 lines ; the breadth at the cutting 
 edge 1 inch 7 lines ; the breadth at the hinder end is 4 lines, and 
 the thickness in the middle is also 4 lines. 
 
 Besides these there were found here very beautiful saws of 
 yellow flint, and also the lance-point of black flint drawn Plate 
 XXIII. fig. 6. This specimen is 2| inches long ; its greatest 
 breadth 1 inch 2 lines, and the thickness at the lower end 2f 
 lines. 
 
 As fragments of charcoal and broken pottery were here lying 
 scattered about on the surface, it was deemed advisable to exca- 
 vate, and within the area of a few paces three earthen vessels 
 were discovered. They were all of the most primitive form, only 
 about four inches and a half high, and a little bulged ; they had 
 no handles, but holes had been roughly bored at the upper edge, 
 through which cords might be passed. They were mostly so 
 weathered and rotten, that notwithstanding the greatest care 
 they could only be taken out in pieces. The material is a mixture 
 of clay and loam, to which grains of coarsely powdered quartz 
 are added. It may be seen at a glance that these vessels were 
 made by the hand alone, and show no trace of any skill in 
 workmanship : the sides were from 4 to 8 lines thick. One
 
 94 POTTERY COATED WITH SOOT. 
 
 of these vessels which had a thick coating of soot in the inside 
 was filled with a grey mass like ashes mixed with pieces of 
 charcoal, in which there was a very friable great bone of one of 
 the extremities of an animal. A second vessel, also coated 
 inside with soot, contains a brownish mass of earth, the nature 
 of which is now under examination by Mr. Leiner of Constance. 
 The third vessel, in which no traces of soot were discernible, was 
 filled with wild hazel-nuts and their shells, made black or 
 blackish-brown, but still in good preservation. The fragment 
 of a hammer drawn Plate XXV. figs. 5 and 6 was found im- 
 mediately above this place, about half an inch deep in the gravel. 
 The material is serpentine; its length from the point to the 
 haft-hole is 3 inches ; the greatest breadth is 2 inches 2 lines ; 
 the height 1 inch 7 lines ; and the width of the haft-hole 8 
 lines. 
 
 The specimens drawn Plate XXIV. figs. 1 and 4, consisting 
 of flat almost unworked rolled stones from 4 to 5 lines thick, 
 and from 3^ to 4 inches in length, show no further traces of 
 workmanship than the hollows or furrows at a and 6; they 
 may probably be considered as sling-stones or as weights for 
 nets. 
 
 Only a few piles are to be seen in that part of the bay to the 
 north-west of the landing-place of Hegne ; most of it is covered 
 over with mud, and it is partly dry when the water is very low. 
 A considerable number of celts made of serpentine and diorite, 
 some few fragments of flint, and the remains of great mammalian 
 teeth, have been found here. 
 
 The stone celts from this place nearly all exhibit more careful 
 workmanship than usual. 
 
 Further excavations here, as well as all the way to Aliens- 
 bach, would be very likely to yield good results when the water 
 is at its lowest. 
 
 The series of lake dwellings on the northern shore of the 
 Untersee may probably close with the settlement of Hegne. The 
 wide lake bottom stretching from the landing-place of Hegne 
 to the old ruins of Schopfeln (Scopula) on Reichenau, is chiefly 
 clay ground, almost without a single rubble-stone. This muddy 
 shallow extends so far into the lake that the inhabitants of the 
 lake dwellings, if there were any on this locality, must have 
 passed three-quarters of the year in a regular marsh, and their 
 egress must have been exceedingly difficult, and often more than 
 a thousand paces in length. Besides this there is a dearth in 
 the whole space of one of the necessaries of life, never, to my
 
 MARSH OF WOLLMATINGEN. 95 
 
 knowledge, neglected by any of the builders of lake dwellings, 
 viz., fresh water in the immediate neighbourhood. 
 
 The same remarks will apply to the shore on the other side 
 of the ruins of Schopfeln at what is called the marsh of Woll- 
 matingen, till the Rhine is reached ; after which, as the river 
 becomes deep only a very few paces from the bank, and there 
 are no springs of fresh water to be found in the flat marshy 
 ground immediately adjoining all the way to Constance, not a 
 single favourable locality could be found for the erection of the 
 description of dwellings. 
 
 The nature of the ground is far more favourable on the other 
 side of the tongue of land in that part of the lake of Constance 
 which goes by the name of the Ueberlinger See.
 
 96 
 
 UEBEKLINGEK SEE. (WESTERN SHOKE.) 
 
 The lake dwellings in this district were examined some years 
 ago, and reported on by Mr. Dehoff, and they have also lately 
 been carefully investigated by Mr. Ley. It will probably be 
 better to give the substance of these two reports indepen- 
 dently, and we will now take the first in the order of time, 
 which is that of Mr. Dehoff. 
 
 ' The lake dwellings on this shore extend, though not con- 
 tinuously, from the bay in which lies the island of Mainau 
 along the shore near Liitzelstetten * and Dingelsdorf to the 
 north of Wallhausen, a distance of more than two hours' walk. 
 Throughout the whole of this tract stone celts are found, chiefly 
 of serpentine, also in many places corn-crushers, inealing-stones, 
 and pottery. 
 
 ' From Wallhausen nearly to Bodmann the chain of hills 
 along the bank, consisting chiefly of "molasse," slope preci- 
 pitately into the lake, and consequently here, from the limited 
 space and the rocky bottom, the locality is by no means fitted 
 for lake dwellings ; they are not again seen till the chain of 
 hills retreats, and becomes lower opposite to, and more espe- 
 cially above, the borough of Bodmann. 
 
 ' Here there is a large lake dwelling about four hundred paces 
 in length, extending from the landing-place to the turn of the 
 lake northwards towards Ludwigshafen. 
 
 ' Three distinct rows of piles may be noticed in many places, 
 but unfortunately, from their proximity to the land, they have 
 been partially destroyed, and will very soon be entirely anni- 
 hilated. 
 
 ' The width of the piled space from the side nearest the land 
 to that farthest in the lake varies from twelve to twenty feet ; 
 
 * Mr. Ley, of Bodmann, at the close of his report on the settlement near his own 
 town, mentions that the lake dwelling of Liitzelstetten is about a quarter of an hour's 
 walk from the town, and stretches out into the lake covering five or six acres ; stone 
 celts, whetstones or grinding-stones, pottery, and spin die- whorls are found there. 
 The settlement at Wallhausen is much larger, and runs along the shore, and stone celts 
 and flint implements are found there in such numbers that the collectors call it ' Flint 
 Island.'
 
 UEBERLINGER SEE, WESTERN SHORE. 97 
 
 the shape of the settlement erected here appears to have been 
 rather a long rectangle. 
 
 ' A few feet from the shore the bed of the lake is covered with 
 a " relic-bed," varying in thickness from several inches to more 
 than a foot, which is richly studded with bones and teeth of 
 animals, remains of stags' horns, and implements made out of 
 these materials or of stone or, to speak more correctly, it is 
 filled with them. 
 
 ' Flint remains were found in one locality, about thirty paces 
 long and about ten paces broad, in very great, and, in fact, in 
 astonishing quantities. They consist not only of chips and 
 refuse of every size and form, from pieces hardly worked and 
 the size of the fist to the smallest fragments, but of saw-flakes, 
 cutting-tools, and arrow-heads, all of which were found in 
 considerable numbers. The abundance of flint remains here 
 is the more astonishing, as this locality before the invention 
 of lucifer-matches, and as far as the memory of man goes back, 
 supplied the whole neighbourhood with the flints they required, 
 and was actually worked as a business for this purpose. 
 
 * The flint implement drawn Plate XXIII. fig. 2 was probably 
 used for taking the scales from fish. 
 
 * From what has been just said, it appears that in this place 
 there was an actual manufacture of flint implements for a wide 
 extent of country, and this assumption has still more probability 
 if it be taken into account that flint remains, and more espe- 
 cially flint tools, are not met with at all approaching to the num- 
 ber found here in any other lake dwelling of the surrounding 
 district. This circumstance, taken together with the abundance 
 of animal remains, may enable us to form some conclusion as to 
 the age and duration of this settlement, though it must not 
 be ignored that the favourable situation of this place was espe- 
 cially calculated to preserve these monuments of early times 
 for later generations. 
 
 * The great number of pieces of stag's horn found here, partly 
 worked and partly in the rough, deserve especial mention. By 
 far the larger proportion of these remains appear to have been 
 parts of horns which had been shed ; pieces attached to the 
 skull are very rare. All the specimens which I have seen 
 belonged apparently to the red deer; several were found of 
 unusually large dimensions, but not a single horn was got out 
 entire. .....'.. 
 
 * Some of the pieces of bone are of colossal size, and must 
 have belonged to the largest species known in these parts.
 
 98 ANTIQUITIES OF BODMANN. 
 
 * Many of the teeth found belong unquestionably to the horse ; 
 others, of very great size, are those of the ox tribe. Besides 
 these there were found tusks of the wild boar, one of which 
 was more than 3^ inches long ; stags' teeth were also met with. 
 
 ' Amongst the implements of stone, next to those of flint, the 
 celts are the most numerous ; they are chiefly made of serpen- 
 tine, well worked, and ground at the edge. 
 
 ' The fragment drawn (Plate XXIV. fig. 14) evidently is part 
 of a hammer ; unfortunately it is broken, not only at the haft- 
 hole, but also at the point ; the original form therefore is only 
 conjectural. It is of serpentine ; the whole surface, even that 
 of the ^haft-hole, has been carefully ground and finished off. 
 This fragment is 3 inches 2 lines long, the breadth in front 
 of the haft-hole is 1 inch 7 lines ; the height is 1 inch 3 lines. 
 
 * One of the most interesting specimens is probably the front 
 of a battle-axe, drawn Plate XXIV. figs. 12 and 13. It is made 
 out of serpentine, tolerably well finished, and ground all over. 
 The length from a to b is 3 inches 1 line ; the breadth of the 
 cutting edge is 1 inch 7 lines; the width of the helve-hole 11 
 lines, and the whole breadth at this part 1 inch 10 lines. 
 
 * The fragment of a perforated spindle-whorl made of serpen- 
 tine exhibits also the same careful workmanship. 
 
 ' (Plate XXV. figs. 13, 14, and 17.) A wider stone imple- 
 ment, apparently an unfinished hammer of serpentine, which has 
 been worked on all sides, partly by grinding and sawing, and 
 partly by strokes of the hammer. A depression about seven 
 lines deep has been made on one side, apparently the beginning 
 of a hole bored with flint tools. The whole specimen is 4 inches 
 9 lines long ; at the hinder end it is more than 2 inches wide ; 
 in front its width is 1 inch 9 lines, and the body is from 2 inches 
 4 lines to 2 inches 1 line broad, 
 
 * Amongst the bone implements found here there were several 
 which are generally considered as netting-needles and small 
 chisels. 
 
 ' Amongst the implements of horn there was a particularly fine 
 base of a stag's horn, with a hole through it, 1 inch 3 lines long 
 by 1 inch wide at the outside, and consequently oval, about 9 
 lines under what is called the " rose-piece." The brow antler 
 had been cut a line deep with a sharp tool, and then had been 
 broken off. The length is 8 inches, the width at the head 2 
 inches 6 lines (Plate XXIII. fig. 5). An implement almost 
 precisely similar was found at Eobenhausen. 
 
 ' Besides this there are several ends of stag's horn, which
 
 LAKE DWELLING NEAR BODMANN. 99 
 
 apparently have been separated from the main branch in a 
 similar way to the brow antler just mentioned, then ground 
 sharp at the pointed end and hollowed at the opposite one : 
 this had evidently been done for some definite purpose ; they 
 probably had been used as a primitive kind of lance-points, or, 
 on account of their greater hardness and durability, for some 
 kind of agricultural tools. 
 
 * A considerable number of fragments of earthenware vessels 
 were found, many of which had the well-known line ornaments. 
 The material of these vessels had been much more carefully 
 prepared than that of those found in the neighbourhood of 
 Allensbach, the quartz-grains are smaller, and charcoal-dust is 
 mixed with the clay ; the whole finish also of the work is further 
 advanced, and the substance of the pottery is thinner and more 
 in proportion to the size of the vessels, probably not more than 
 2^ lines thick ; and yet they have not in any single instance 
 been made with the potter's wheel.' (Plate XXIV. fig. 5.) 
 
 The above is nearly an exact copy of Mr. Dehoff's report, 
 made in 1862. We have now to add a report from Mr. Ley of 
 Bodmaiin, as to the excavation and investigations made by him 
 very lately in the neighbourhood of this town. 
 
 ' The little map on Plate XXYI. will show the localities of 
 the two lake dwellings lately examined ; they are indicated by 
 the letters A and B. 
 
 * Lake Dwelling A. The excavation undertaken in December 
 last produced the following objects : A great number of celts of 
 different kinds of stone, either with or without the well-known 
 stag's horn hafting. Amongst these is a very rare specimen of 
 a flint celt (Plate XXVTIL fig. 31), several stone hammers, either 
 with a round or an oval perforation ; mealing-stones, corn- 
 crushers, grinding or whetstones, flint saws (Plate XXVIII. 
 fig. 32) ; the one drawn may probably be considered unique, as, 
 like the northern saws of flint, it has a sickle-like shape ; arrow- 
 heads of flint; a bow of yew- wood (Taxus baccata) four feet 
 long ; bone chisels and piercing tools ; clay spindle-whorls ; an 
 earthenware vessel with a handle ; horns of the stag, the roe, 
 the goat ; bones of the pig, the horse, &c., and teeth of several 
 carnivorous and herbivorous animals. 
 
 ' This settlement, which belongs to the stone period, for as 
 yet no bronze implement has been found in it, appears either 
 partially or entirely to have been burnt down, and after some 
 considerable time to have been again inhabited. Upon the 
 original lake bottom into which all the piles were driven there 
 
 H 2
 
 100 LAKE DWELLING NEAR BODMANN. 
 
 is first a relic-bed from half a foot to a foot thick, and upon 
 this there is in many places a bed about 2^ inches thick, con- 
 taining burnt matter. Above this again there is a layer of mud 
 about 2^ inches in thickness, on which lies a second relic-bed 
 from 2^ to 6 inches thick, and then comes a bed of gravel, sand, 
 mud, &c., from 1 to 2 feet in thickness. 
 
 ' In the lower relic-bed there are fragments of roughly-made 
 pottery and stone celts, stags' horns and bones very much 
 decayed, and a quantity of hazel-nuts, &c. In the upper relic- 
 bed many neatly made polished stone celts were found ; some 
 perforated stone hammers, which are not met with in the 
 lower bed ; stone chisels with haftings of stag's horn ; well made 
 bone chisels ; stags' horns in a good state of preservation, and a 
 better kind of earthenware, in some cases ornamented. From all 
 this we may in the first place see indications of an advance in 
 handicraft ability amongst the colonists,* and secondly, a de- 
 cided proof that the locality was not inhabited for a consi- 
 derable length of time, during which the bed of mud 2^ inches 
 thick was accumulated. 
 
 * Bones, pottery, hazel-nuts, &c., are found in both relic-beds. 
 The colour of the pottery is black or grey, and the clay has been 
 mixed with fine sand. Flint-flakes are so abundant that I got 
 a whole basketful. I lately found a vessel like that drawn 
 Plate XXXT. fig. 6, and it contained about 600 beads, some of 
 which are drawn Plate XCV. fig. 7. They consist, according to 
 the determination of Swiss geologists, of Diceras oolite, a kind of 
 stone which extends from Wangen near Solothurn to the Ber- 
 nese Jura. The perforation of these beads, like that of the stone 
 celts, has been begun from both sides (see the section). The 
 thread on which they were strung fell to pieces when they were 
 taken up. 
 
 * The piles are of oak, fir, pine, round-leaved willow, aspen, 
 birch, &c. Some are whole stems, some split, but all are quite 
 rotten. 
 
 'Lake Dwelling B. About 550 yards north of the settlement 
 just described, at the end of the Ueberlinger See, I discovered 
 some little time ago a number of piles driven into what is called 
 the " slope " (Halde), where the lake suddenly becomes deep; they 
 extend at least over ten acres, and come close to the shore ; 
 they project from the bottom from half an inch to two feet, and 
 
 * This supposition is at variance with the observations made at other stations of the 
 stone age. See the remarks made at the end of the account of the lake dwelling of 
 Robenhausen.
 
 LAKE DWELLING NEAK BODMANN. 101 
 
 for the most part are in a better state of preservation than those 
 of the lake dwelling at A. In some piles which I had drawn 
 up from a depth of six feet, I remarked that they had been 
 hewn with sharp cutting instruments, from which it appears 
 that this settlement belongs to the bronze age. In fact, after 
 searching in vain for a length of time for bronze implements, 
 I succeeded in finding three bronze celts, of which two were of 
 the flat kind and the other had shaft flanges ; and also a clothes- 
 pin. Besides these, I got up from a depth of six feet four 
 objects of iron ; viz., 1 knife, 2 arrow-heads, 1 fragment of a 
 fish-hook, also a mealing-stone and fragment of pottery. The 
 greater part of the settlement is covered deeply with mud, so 
 that it is diflicult to examine it. 
 
 * The pottery is for the most part ill-burnt, and the clay has 
 been mixed with coarse quartzose sand ; most of the vessels are 
 ornamented in a similar way to those from the other settlement, 
 and in neither case has the potter's wheel been made use of. It 
 is a singular fact, though the quantity of mud renders it difli- 
 cult to ascertain this positively, that the bottom is regularly 
 covered over with beams. Split pieces of oak, 2 inches thick, 
 9^ inches broad, and 3 feet long, are frequently met with : they 
 have in the middle a hole about six inches in diameter, through 
 which a pile has been driven in the lake bottom to hold the 
 wood firm. The piles and beams lying about on the bottom 
 are charred. The only other objects I have found showing 
 traces of workmanship are a piece of stag's horn, some flint- 
 flakes, &c. No actual stone implements have been met with.'
 
 102 
 
 UEBERLINGER SEE. (EASTERN SHORE.) 
 
 The stations described in the following pages are situated in 
 the north-west arm of the lake of Constance, called the Ueber- 
 linger See. They do not afford any fresh point of view as to the 
 nature of lake dwellings in general, nor do they extend our 
 knowledge of the manner of life and industrial abilities of the 
 colonists. And yet their discovery and investigation form an 
 important contribution to our knowledge of these localities ; 
 for while hitherto all that we knew about them seemed to bear 
 out the assumption that the settlements in the north-east of 
 Switzerland had been abandoned before, or almost immediately 
 after, the introduction of metal implements, now we find 
 amongst a number of settlements, exclusively belonging to the 
 stone age, a station which indeed was founded and flourished 
 at this period, but continued in existence till the new material 
 had come into use for all the implements of domestic economy 
 and the chase, as well as for the objects used as ornaments. 
 
 With respect to the implements of the stone age found here, we 
 do not find many new forms among those made of stone, bone, 
 horn, or wood ; they agree in general with those of other lake 
 dwellings. If we see a difference in the materials made use of 
 for the stone implements, this circumstance is easily explained 
 by the peculiar varieties of stone employed by the settlers 
 which came from the Rhsetian High Alps. A greater variety 
 of shape is seen in the pottery, and some forms are found here 
 which have not been met with in any other locality. 
 
 If we examine the implements of the bronze age found here, 
 we shall find that not the slightest difference is to be seen 
 between them and the implements met with in the lake 
 dwellings of Western Switzerland, and we are led to believe 
 that both came from the same foundry. 
 
 We have further to remark that, especially at Unter Uhldingen, 
 a number of iron implements were discovered, which might 
 appear to justify the opinion that this settlement lasted till the 
 iron age ; nay, even as late as the Roman and Allemannic domi- 
 nion in these parts. But on carefully examining these objects.
 
 UEBERLINGER SEE, EASTERN SHORE. 103 
 
 some of which are drawn on Plate XXVIII., it will be found 
 that not a single specimen has been met with belonging to what 
 is called the first iron age ; consequently there is a complete 
 gap between the end of the bronze age and the first century 
 after Christ ; the Roman period is only represented by some 
 fragments of tiles, and all the other things date from the time 
 of the Allemanni and the later centuries of the middle ages. 
 It is not, therefore, proved that this station lasted till the iron 
 age, still less can it be shown that it existed in the first century 
 of our era : and we have the greater reason for doubting that 
 the settlement was actually occupied at this period, as there is 
 an entire dearth of all corresponding household and handicraft 
 implements. 
 
 If we bear in mind how many implements of all kinds have, 
 in the course of centuries, fallen to the bottom of the lake, partly 
 by shipwreck, which must frequently have happened in early 
 ages from the inferiority of the boats, and partly thrown away 
 as refuse, especially in the neighbourhood of villages, we shall see 
 that the greatest care is necessary in determining the age of 
 specimens brought to light by excavations on the shores of the 
 lakes.* 
 
 We are indebted for our knowledge of these settlements to 
 Mr. Ullersberger and Dr. Lachmann of Ueberlingen, who have 
 bestowed much care and attention on their discovery and in- 
 vestigation. Dr. Lachmann has described these stations very 
 minutely ; the following is the substance of his account : 
 
 * Of all the settlements discovered within the last seven years 
 in the lake of Constance, those of the north-western arm, called 
 the Ueberlinger See, are the most important on account of their 
 extent, and the number and beauty of the antiquities found 
 there. And what increases the importance of these settlements 
 still more, is the fact that not only the antiquities of the stone 
 age to which the other settlements in the lake of Constance 
 belong, but also those of the bronze age, are represented in their 
 remains. 
 
 ' We owe the discovery and the knowledge of these singular 
 antiquities to Mr. Ullersberger of Ueberlingen, who for some 
 years past has investigated the settlements very carefully, and 
 has preserved all the specimens in a regular collection. 
 
 * Iron implements are found in stations like Sipplingen, and several on the wfstern. 
 lakes, where not a single object of bronze has been met with, and also very commonly 
 in places where there have been no lake dwellings. They are often found associated 
 with roofing tiles in those lakes on the banks of which there were Eoman stations.
 
 104 UEBERLINGER SEE, EASTERN SHORE. 
 
 ' The immediate discovery of the lake dwellings arose from 
 finding large quantities of flint : this mineral occurs only in the 
 chalk strata, and as the district of the lake of Constance belongs 
 to the " molasse " formation, flint is not found there naturally. 
 Notwithstanding this, it is met with in such abundance in many 
 localities on the shore of the Ueberlinger See, that the inha- 
 bitants have been accustomed from time immemorial to draw 
 their supplies of flint from the shores of the lake without 
 exhausting the store. The great abundance of this mineral, 
 which had evidently been brought here by man, led Mr. Ullers- 
 berger to think that as flint was the material of the greatest 
 importance to the ancient inhabitants, it was very probable that 
 lake dwellings were to be found on the shores of the Ueber- 
 linger See. He carefully examined all the available localities in 
 the winter of 1862-3 ; the correctness of his supposition was 
 proved, and since then he has collected the antiquities of the 
 district with untiring energy. 
 
 ' The available time for the investigation is, however, quite 
 limited, for the level of the water in the lake of Constance is 
 subject to periodical changes, being highest in summer and 
 lowest in the months of January and February. The highest 
 known level was that of July 1817, which is therefore marked 
 with O on the scale given in Plate XXVI. The lowest level 
 known was in the winter of 1853-4, and is thirteen feet and a 
 half under O : the medium water-level consequently is about 
 seven feet under O. In December 1864, the level was eleven 
 feet and a half under O. When the level of the water sinks 
 thus in winter, and more especially in February, the investiga- 
 tion of the lake dwellings is greatly facilitated, as some of them 
 are laid dry and they become easily accessible. In fact, the 
 nature of the shore is such that at that time, even when the 
 water has sunk only a few feet, a large extent becomes perfectly 
 dry. For the Ueberlinger See partakes of the character of the 
 whole eastern shore of the lake of Constance, along which a 
 kind of terrace several hundred feet wide, consisting of beds of 
 sandstone and clay, stretches out into the lake nearly horizon- 
 tally, and then slopes suddenly down to the bottom of the lake. 
 It is Only in a few places, and particularly near the mouths 
 of brooks or streams, that this bank is covered with stones, 
 gravel, and sand. At low water it is for the most part dry and 
 easily accessible ; when the level is high it is often six feet or 
 more under water. 
 
 ' On this terrace, which goes by the name of the " lake-slope,"
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS OF NUSSDORF. 105 
 
 (Seehalde), there are the remains of five lake dwellings on the 
 eastern shore of the Ueberlinger See within the limits of a 
 short three hours' walk ; viz., the stations of the stone age of 
 Nussdorf and Maurach, and those of the bronze age of Unter 
 Uhldingen and Sipplingen. Plate XXVI. gives a little map 
 of the district. The shore at these places rises more or less 
 abruptly out of the lake, and is a fruitful, sunny hill-country, 
 covered with fields, meadows, forest, and vineyard, affording a 
 charming distant view of the opposite shore and the Swiss moun- 
 tains. 
 
 * The settlements of the stone age shall be first described : 
 they are situated near the shore, varying somewhat in distance 
 from it : they were first seen when the water became low, and 
 in consequence were the earliest discovered. 
 
 * I. The lake dwelling of Nussdorf, which was discovered in the 
 winter of 1862-3, extends over a parallelogram of about three 
 acres on the shallow shore, and exhibits some thousand piles in 
 straight lines and at pretty regular distances apart. Though 
 these piles have rotted off down to the lake bottom, and only 
 a small number when the water is low appear above its surface, 
 yet so many remain that we may be fully satisfied as to their 
 nature and use. In general they are about two feet apart : 
 sometimes several are found together, from three to six in 
 number, but they seldom stand in pairs. The average circum- 
 ference is one foot, but there are piles varying in this measure- 
 ment from six inches to two feet. The wood of which they 
 were made is of the kinds found in the neighbouring forests, 
 viz., fir and oak. Generally they are made of whole stems ; 
 only a few are split. They are so much decayed that they can 
 easily be broken in two by the pressure of the fingers. The 
 part remaining in the ground is the best preserved, while that 
 which, from the changes of level in the water, has been exposed 
 to the influence of the atmosphere (or what sailors would call 
 " wet and dry ") has for the most part decayed away. 
 
 ' Traces of fire are seen on many of the piles, a proof that 
 the settlement was destroyed by conflagration. The upper bed 
 of the ground in which the piles were driven consists of about 
 half a foot in thickness of rolled stones, gravel, and sand. Un- 
 der this is found what is called the " relic-bed," containing the 
 antiquities, and consisting of organic remains, the stumps of 
 piles, the refuse of feasts, &c. This bed is about nine inches 
 thick. Then follows the blue clay of what is called the " lake- 
 slope."
 
 106 STONE IMPLEMENTS, NUSSDOEF. 
 
 ' The antiquities found at Nussdorf shall now he described. 
 
 ' Flint Arrow and Lance Heads, Piercers, Knives, and Saws. 
 Amongst the materials of the implements found at Nussdorf, flint 
 takes the first place. Pieces in the rough and refuse of a black 
 and more rarely of a yellow colour, and varying in size from that 
 of a small flake up to that of the fist, are found really in count- 
 less numbers. The greatest pieces weigh about Ib. On some 
 of the specimens the chalky crust still remains. 
 
 ' Nearly one hundred specimens of arrow and lance heads were 
 found here ; the shape in general is that of an acute angled 
 isosceles triangle, with the upper and lower surfaces more or 
 less even (Plate XXVI. fig. a). There are, however, several varia- 
 tions from this normal form, of which we will only instance the 
 following. Sixteen specimens had the lower side, or that op- 
 posite to the point, concave, Fig. b ; or this lower portion was 
 continued in a projection varying in form, Pigs, c, d, e. The 
 surfaces are either both alike, and even or somewhat curved, or 
 only one side is arched while the other is flat, or the sides 
 consist of two planes, so that there is an angle or ridge in the 
 middle. The sections of these different varieties are shown 
 below. 
 
 * The size varies from ^ an inch to nearly 3 inches, and there 
 are all possible gradations between the two. The size, however, 
 bears no particular relation to the shape, for specimens of similar 
 size exhibit different forms, and vice versa. If the smaller spe- 
 cimens are called arrow-heads, and the larger ones lance-heads, 
 we have found eighty of the former description and twenty of 
 the latter. Sometimes they are admirably manufactured. In 
 some cases they have been split so thin as to be quite translu- 
 cent, at least at the edges. Those which have the kind of stalk 
 or projection before referred to are the most highly finished, 
 the best example of which is that drawn Fig. d. We have only 
 further to mention that of all these implements only two were 
 of any other material than flint, viz. one arrow-head of serpen- 
 tine, and one of translucent quartz. 
 
 ' About eighty specimens of saws, piercers, and knives were 
 found at Nussdorf ; they are chiefly tongue-shaped, or like a spa- 
 tula with the surface somewhat curved (Plate XXVII. fig. 13). 
 They are pointed more or less at one end, and are blunt at the
 
 STONE IMPLEMENTS, NUSSDORF. 107 
 
 other (Fig. 12). If the point is sharp, these implements some- 
 what resemble lance-points, but if rounded, they seem more like 
 knives. The edges are serrated ; most of them have the teeth 
 sharper on one side than on the other (Fig. 10). One of the sur- 
 faces is even and smooth, while on the other side there are one 
 or two angles, and consequently two or three narrower planes 
 lengthwise. The length varies from 1 inch to 7 inches ; the 
 breadth from half an inch to more than an inch and a quarter. 
 Five rather long oval saw-plates were made particularly well ; 
 they are from 3^ to 4| inches long, and from f inch to 1 inch 
 broad (Plate XXVII. fig. 14). One unique specimen has the 
 form almost of a regular rectangle, with sharp corners ; the side 
 planes are quite even and smooth, and only one of the longer 
 edges is serrated (Fig. 20). 
 
 ' The flint saws in general are 3|- inches long and 2 inches 
 high ; they are made of black or yellow flint. Eight specimens 
 which were found set in wooden handles show us very satisfac- 
 torily how they were used. The handle is in the shape of a 
 weaver's shuttle, made of yew-wood, and the saw is let in per- 
 haps half its breadth and fastened with asphalt. The handle 
 is perforated and very neatly made (Plate XXVIII. figs. 9 and 
 10). 
 
 ' Wedge-shaped Implements (Celts, Chisels, Axes, Hammers, &c.) 
 Implements of this description form by far the larger proportion 
 of the whole collection. At Nussdorf alone about 1,000 speci- 
 mens were found, chiefly in a good state of preservation. 
 
 ' They appear to have been made partly out of the rolled 
 stones found in the lake close by, and partly from materials 
 brought from a distance. The collection contains nearly fifty 
 celts made out of nephrite (probably a foreign mineral), and 
 numerous specimens are met with made of serpentine, diorite, 
 augite, epidote, decomposed green schist, basalt, porphyry, gneiss, 
 &c. 
 
 The shape of these implements, however much individual 
 specimens may vary, may be traced up to the normal form 
 of the hatchet, wedge, or celt, for each of them has five planes 
 and nine corners. Four of the planes form the sides, the two 
 opposite ones being similar ; the two narrow side planes 
 run to a point at the cutting edge ; the two broader planes 
 form this edge at their junction. The remaining plane, or that 
 opposite to the cutting edge, is sometimes ground and sometimes 
 left rough. The section in the middle is a rectangle. There 
 are a number of variations from this normal form ; in fact, this
 
 108 
 
 STONE IMPLEMENTS, NTJSSDORF. 
 
 occurs to such an extent, that of the whole number of celts 
 found, no two are alike ; they may, however, be divided into two 
 main classes, one containing the celts without a helve-hole, and 
 which consequently had to be set in wooden clubs, the other 
 including the celts with helve-holes, like our modern hatchets, 
 into which wooden handles were fixed. 
 
 "The unperforated stone celts approach the nearest to the 
 normal form. The section in the middle forms a rectangle, 
 seldom a trapezium (Plate XXVII. figs. 3 and 7 ; Plate XXVni. 
 fig. 6). 
 
 * If the side planes, however, are convex, and the corners at 
 the sides blunted or rounded, the section in the middle forms 
 an oval or a circle, and the specimens become cylindrical (Plate 
 XXVII. figs. 1 and 2), Thus in section 
 
 ' Some specimens may be considered as transitions between 
 these two classes ; the side planes are convex, but the corners 
 are not rounded off, so that the section becomes a rectangle 
 made with curved lines, thus 
 
 ( These implements, however, cannot all be definitely divided 
 into these three classes ; for many varieties exist between them. 
 In Mr. Ullenberger's collection there are many specimens of 
 which the section is an oval or a convex rectangle. 
 
 * Besides the forms just described, several implements have 
 been found approaching very nearly the shape of a common 
 chisel (Plate XXVII. figs. 18 and 21). 
 
 * The size varies as much as the form. Some of the unper- 
 forated celts have the following dimensions : length, 7 inches ;
 
 RAFTINGS OF CELTS, NUSSDORF. 109 
 
 breadth, 2^ inches ; circumference lengthwise, 15^ inches ; circum- 
 ference round the middle, 7 inches ; weight, 2 Ibs. On the other 
 hand, the smallest specimens measure as follows: length, f 
 inch; breadth, nearly inch; circumference lengthwise, nearly 
 If inch ; circumference round the middle, rather more than an 
 inch ; weight, about half a drachm. (Plate XXVII. fig. 9 ; Plate 
 XXVIII. fig. 5.) There are specimens of all sizes between these 
 two extremes ; in general, those with round or oval sections are 
 larger than those where the section is angular. 
 
 * The cutting edge of these implements is almost always 
 ground sharp, but there are cases in which the planes forming 
 the edge meet at rather a wide angle, and in consequence each 
 plane is again divided into two by a ridge (Plate XXVII. fig. 5) . 
 The side planes are either not ground at all or very little so, 
 and in that case show more or less the natural fracture of the 
 stone, or they are smooth like the cutting planes : the first case 
 is more usual amongst the cylindrical celts, the latter amongst 
 those which are wedge-shaped. We may mention as a speci- 
 men, unique of its kind, the small celt drawn Plate XXVII. fig. 6, 
 which towards the upper end has a ring-like projection running 
 round it. 
 
 * Several specimens found at Nussdorf show that some of the 
 celts were hafted in the same manner as those of other sta- 
 tions. Three stone celts were met with fixed in the well-known 
 handles or cases made of stag's horn, the upper part of which, 
 the root of the horn, and the actual case or hafting, shows its 
 natural surface : into this the celt was fixed and fastened with 
 asphalt. The lower part of the stag's horn was cut into a 
 rectangular form (Plate XXVII. figs. 16 and 19), in order to be 
 fixed into a wooden club so as to be used as an axe. The com- 
 plete implement, viz., club, hafting, and celt all united, has 
 never yet been found on our shores, but specimens have been 
 met with in other settlements. It may, however, be doubted 
 whether all the unperforated celts were used with this artificial 
 handle. The three celts which we found hafted belong to the 
 smaller implements with the section rectangular. This fact, 
 together with the enormous quantity of axes and celts, compared 
 with the extremely small number of horn haftings, may justify 
 the supposition that it was chiefly the smaUer celts with angular 
 corners which were fixed in this artificial hafting, while the 
 larger implements with a round or oval section were actual 
 tools in themselves, and needed no hafting. This hypothesis is 
 supported by the consideration that one of these celts, ground
 
 110 STONE CELTS, NUSSDORF. 
 
 to a sharp edge, weighing nearly 2 Ibs., and well adapted to 
 the hand, would not merely be a good tool but also a weapon. 
 
 * There is still another way of fastening the celt to the handle : 
 a stock or branch, 1 or 1^ inch thick, was chosen, probably 
 of hazel, with a root running from it at right angles. A cleft 
 was then made in this shorter part, forming a kind of beak, in 
 which the celt was fixed with cord and asphalt. Haftings of 
 this kind are found not only in our district, but are also common 
 at Wangen and Eobenhausen. (Plate XXVIII. fig. 24.) 
 
 ' The perforated celts, or those with a helve-hole, are much 
 more rare than those of the other description. Amongst the 
 large number of stone celts found here there were only fifty with 
 helve-holes, and only a few of these were perfect. 
 
 ' Amongst the celts of this kind there are some specimens 
 which have the axe-like form of the previous class (Plate XXVII. 
 figs. 17, a, and &), and they have the same number of corners 
 and planes. But while the unperforated celts become broader 
 towards the cutting edge, these are more equal in breadth ; some- 
 times, in fact, they become narrower towards the edge, so that 
 the breadth of the two planes forming the cutting edge is very 
 much smaller than that of the other two planes (Plate XXVII. 
 fig. 4). One unique celt with a helve-hole exhibits a broad 
 wing-like cutting edge (Fig. 23). The upper end, opposite to 
 the edge, is either a plane with sharp corners, or it is rounded 
 and convex. The helve-hole is either made in the middle of 
 the implement (Fig. 22), or somewhat nearer the blunt end. 
 The shape of the hole is either circular (Figs. 4, 17, and 22), 
 or oval, as in Fig. 11. Sometimes there are two helve-holes, one 
 behind the other ; they are in that case either both round, or 
 one is round while the other is oval (Fig. 24). In some speci- 
 mens the celt is thicker or swells out where the hole is made. 
 Sometimes in the unfinished celts two perforations may be seen 
 begun at the opposite sides with the intention of meeting, and 
 at the bottom of each hole there is a central projection, which 
 proves that they were bored by a hollow tube-like instrument. 
 (Compare Plate XXVIH. fig. 2, from Sipplingen.) 
 
 * With respect to size, there is not the same difference between 
 the largest and the smallest which is found in the unperforated 
 celts. The length varies from nearly 3 inches to 7| inches; 
 the breadth from 1 inch to nearly 3 inches, and the diameter 
 of the helve-hole from f inch to 1 inch. 
 
 * The workmanship indicates not only a considerable amount 
 of skill in manipulation, but also a cafe for symmetry and ele-
 
 STONE IMPLEMENTS, NUSSDORF. Ill 
 
 gance of form. All the surfaces are ground smooth, the corners 
 are regular and sharp, the round and convex portions are per- 
 fectly well formed. On some specimens there are ornaments of 
 engraved lines which commence on both sides of the helve-hole 
 and converge towards the point (Fig. 22), or a single line a 
 furrow runs in the middle from the helve-hole towards the 
 cutting-edge (Fig. 23). 
 
 ( It is very evident that these implements had handles like 
 our modern hammers, to which they bear a great resemblance ; 
 but whether they were used as tools or as battle-axes may 
 remain doubtful. The small number of specimens of this 
 kind, their fragile nature, their unimportant size, the labour 
 bestowed on their manufacture, the ornaments which occa- 
 sionally are found upon them all these facts lead us rather 
 to suppose that they may be considered as objects of ornament 
 or distinction. 
 
 * Thirty specimens of what are called fruit-crushers and 
 mealing-stones have been found here, twelve of which were 
 round and eighteen rather long in shape. (Compare Plate II. 
 figs. 8 and 11.) 
 
 * Several stone implements were met with, the use of which 
 is uncertain. Some of them are small flat plates or slabs, round 
 or angular, and perforated, varying from about half an inch to 
 an inch and a quarter in length, and from a quarter of an inch 
 to more than three-quarters of an inch wide (Plate XXVIII. fig. 
 7) ; others again are rather long stones, somewhat in the shape 
 of a cylinder, with a hollow running round the centre : they are 
 from 1^ to 2 1 inches long, and from inch to inch broad. 
 Several specimens of this kind were found at Nussdorf. A little 
 perforated plate of red sandstone, 2 inches long and ! inch 
 broad, is drawn Plate XXVII. fig. 8 ; it is nearly rectangular, 
 but thicker in the middle, and is perfectly blunt at both ends. 
 And lastly, a stone, the shape of which is like half a stone ham- 
 mer broken off at the haft-hole, but yet has the corners rounded ; 
 it has a furrow down the middle on each side. (Plate XXVII. 
 fig. 15.) 
 
 * We will not venture to decide whether these perforated ob- 
 jects were strung on a string and worn as ornaments or amulets, 
 but this seems probable from their being perforated ; and we 
 must also leave it undecided whether the specimens with hollows 
 running round them were merely objects in the process of work- 
 ing, or whether they were complete in themselves and were used 
 for some purpose or other, as they are now found.
 
 112 ANTIQUITIES OF NUSSDORF. 
 
 * The objects made of clay found at Nussdorf are very indif- 
 ferent specimens of the potter's art, made without any regularity, 
 and rough on the outside ; they were made with the hand alone, 
 and hardened in the fire. The colour is dark grey, often black; 
 the material is a grey loam mixed with small grains and pebbles. 
 
 * Only a few fragments of earthenware vessels were found ; 
 nothing perfect was met with. The thickness of these frag- 
 ments varies from 1^ to 10 lines, but in some places they are 
 thicker and in others thinner, for the curve is not uniformly 
 made. Most of the specimens are simple and without orna- 
 ments, but on some of them there are irregular engraved lines 
 or dots ; others have parallel ridges or hollows running round the 
 outside. The. perfect vessels, judging from these fragments, 
 seem to have varied in diameter from 2^ inches to 2 feet. 
 
 * Twenty-five spindle-whorls made of clay were found at Nuss- 
 dorf in every respect similar to those found at other lake dwel- 
 lings. (Compare Plate III. fig. 13.) 
 
 * Balls made of clay, coarsely worked and about the size of an 
 orange, were found lately at Nussdorf in great numbers. They 
 probably were used as weights for the loom. 
 
 * Objects made of Organic Materials. A large number of speci- 
 mens falling under this description were found at Nussdorf, not 
 only the remains of animals and plants, but also the tools made 
 out of them. 
 
 ' The bones, horns, and teeth belonged to the following ani- 
 mals : Horse, urus (Bos primigenius), marsh cow, stag (Cervus 
 elaphus), roe, sheep, marsh pig, bear (Ursus Arctos), dog, wolf, 
 lynx, hedgehog, and beaver; remains of the pike and other 
 fish were also met with. The bones are seldom found whole ; 
 a large number of the long bones had been opened lengthwise ; 
 the broad and short bones had been broken to pieces. On some 
 specimens are still to be seen traces of the use of stone imple- 
 ments in the shape of notches and incisions. Some of the 
 animals' skulls have a hole made in the parietal bone, probably 
 to extract the brain. Amongst the more perfect specimens are 
 several fine skulls and under-jaws of the marsh pig, the skull 
 of a lynx (?), some under-jaws of the beaver (Castor fiber), 
 hedgehog, &c.; also shoulder-blades, ribs, and tarsal bones of 
 the marsh cow, some vertebrae of bos primigenius, &c. 
 
 ' The antlers and horns are also for the most part imperfect, 
 though a few horns of the stag (Cervus elaphus), and also of 
 the roe, were found whole ; there were also rudimentary horns 
 of these animals, and some horns of the marsh cow.
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF KUSSDOEF. 113 
 
 * A great number of teeth, were found belonging to the horse, 
 the boar, the dog, the stag, the bear, the beaver, the hedge- 
 hog, &c. The remains of plants are as abundant as those of ani- 
 mals. Hazel-nuts are very plentiful in the " relic-bed," most of 
 them perfect ; some apples were also found. Grains of corn, 
 bread, &c., have not yet been met with. 
 
 ' Seven hundred specimens of implements made from bones, 
 horns, and teeth have been found here. 
 
 * Some bone implements were made out of the whole bones 
 of small animals, and others out of splinters of those belong- 
 ing to larger beasts. The bones of the extremities were chiefly 
 used for this purpose, such as the radius, ulna, femur, tibia, 
 and fibula ; some were ground all over, and some only at one end. 
 
 * The little axes or celts of bone have in some measure the 
 form of those made of stone, only they are thinner and more 
 neatly manufactured. In some cases the two surfaces are even ; 
 in others they take the natural form of the piece of bone, and 
 the tool then becomes more like a gouge. They are made out 
 of the bones of the larger animals (Plate XXVIII. fig. 14). 
 
 'The chisels are rather long flat tools with a narrow but 
 sharp edge ; they are either broader at the handle than at the 
 cutting edge and in that case the head of the bone forms the 
 handle or they are of the same breadth throughout (Plate 
 XXVIII. figs. 12 and 13). 
 
 'Netting-pins and hairpins were found in great numbers; 
 they all have the point ground sharp. They are either made 
 of the whole bones of one of the extremities, one end of which 
 was ground to a point, or out of splinters of bone. The size 
 varies greatly, from seven lines to ten inches (Plate XXVIII. 
 fig. 11). 
 
 ' Several bone implements were found, the use of which is 
 unknown, such as cylindrical pieces of bone ground smooth 
 and either perforated or solid ; also implements some inches 
 long, narrower, either cylindrical or flat, sometimes perforated 
 or with a ring-like hollow towards one end (Plate XXVIII. figs. 
 18 and 23). 
 
 * The implements made of horns of the stag and roe, like those 
 of bone, were used for all sorts of purposes : we have found awls, 
 pins, cutting implements, little celts and chisels, all made 
 of bone, and also similar objects to those of which the use is 
 unknown. Together with these the following implements were 
 met with : 
 
 ' Sixteen hammers, from 4| inches to 7 inches long and from 
 
 i
 
 114 ANTIQUITIES OF NUSSDORF. 
 
 1| to 2 inches broad : they are made out of the main branch 
 of large stags' horns smoothed all over, and they have an 
 oval or angular helve-hole. Part of the wooden handle was 
 still remaining in one of these hammers (Plate XXVIII. figs. 
 20 and 21). 
 
 1 Three combs were also found, made out of a flat piece of 
 stag's horn (Plate XXVIII. fig. 8).* 
 
 'The teeth used for making implements were chiefly the 
 corner-teeth of the pig, the dog, and the bear : the molars were 
 seldom applied to this purpose. Implements were sometimes 
 made of whole teeth, but more frequently only portions were 
 used, as, for instance, the outside of long teeth like boars' tusks. 
 All the implements made out of teeth are neatly made, well 
 polished, and in a good state of preservation ; a few will now be 
 enumerated. 
 
 ' Netting, hair, or clothes-pins, made out of boars' tusks and 
 consequently curved ; they Jbave a sharp point, and are some- 
 times notched at one end, probably caused by the use to which 
 they were applied (Plate XXVIII. figs. 16 and 17). The pins 
 for making fishing-nets were made out of the corner-tooth of a 
 bear, and perforated (Fig. 15). A fishing-hook was found here 
 made very neatly out of a boar's tusk : it is the second specimen 
 of the kind which, to our knowledge, has been found in the 
 lake dwellings. To make a hook of this kind the middle 
 portion of a split boar's tusk had two large perforations made 
 in it by a drill, and then the upper and intermediate part was 
 scraped away ; the remaining portion was easily made into a 
 hook of the required form. (Compare the hook from Moossee- 
 dorf, drawn Plate XXII. fig. 5.) 
 
 ' We may consider as ornaments some corner and back teeth of 
 the dog (wolf?) with the fang perforated : they are too small to 
 have been used as tools, besides which perforated teeth with 
 two or three fangs could have been of no practical use. 
 They were probably strung together and worn round the neck. 
 Twenty teeth thus perforated have been found, of which six- 
 teen were corner-teeth and four were molars (Plate XXVIII. 
 fig. 19.) 
 
 ' A little spoon-like implement was found lately, made out 
 
 * At the late meeting of the British Association at Birmingham, a number of 
 specimens were exhibited which had been obtained from the recent excavations in 
 Kent's Cavern near Torquay, and amongst them a comb very similar to that above 
 described. It is much to be regretted that no drawing has yet been published of these 
 interesting relics to which we can refer. [TB.]
 
 LAKE DWELLING OF MAURACH. 115 
 
 of a boar's tooth ; it is the only one of its kind. The upper 
 part, or what is called the crown of a tusk, has been hollowed 
 out and rounded. The implement is neatly made. 
 
 ' The above are the whole of the implements found, and all of 
 them are made either of stone or of organic materials. No 
 copper, bronze, or iron, has been met with, so that we may 
 safely conclude that the lake dwelling of Nussdorf belongs to 
 what is called the stone age. 
 
 * II. The lake dwelling of Maurach was also discovered in the 
 winter of 1 862-3. It is about half an hour's walk from Nussdorf. 
 It extends over a long rectangle, containing about eight acres 
 and covered with many thousand piles. It conies close up to 
 the shore, but stretches about 1,000 feet into the lake. Although 
 this settlement is so very extensive, it is not rich in antiquities, 
 nor has it, in fact, an actual " relic-bed," which may be ascribed 
 to the fact that several years since a bank or dam was made 
 here, so that not only the " relic-bed " was turned over and a 
 mass of antiquities destroyed, but also the investigation of the 
 place is very much impeded. Fortunately, however, so much 
 remains standing that the size and character of the settlement 
 can be distinctly made out. 
 
 ' The piles are precisely the same in every respect as those of 
 Nussdorf, and the same may be said of about 600 specimens of 
 arrow and lance-heads, saws, chisels, celts, hammers, &c., found 
 here. 
 
 ' There were also several unfinished axes or celts, and the 
 stones out of which they were to be made, some of which had 
 merely incisions made in them, or were partially hammered into 
 shape. One of these specimens, taken from a rolled stone, is 
 rather flat and of a roundish form, 8 inches long and 2^- 
 iiiches thick ; it has two furrows worked in it parallel with each 
 other, about half an inch deep and an inch apart. Another 
 stone has not only vertical but horizontal incisions. The sec- 
 tions of these two specimens are given in the following wood- 
 cut. In this section a represents the natural surface, & the 
 incisions, and c the place where it was intentionally broken. 
 
 i 2
 
 116 ANTIQUITIES OF MAURACH. 
 
 * Some celts also were found in which the planes forming the 
 cutting edge were very finely polished, and the edge was uncom- 
 monly sharp, while the other two planes were very little ground 
 and showed traces of the original sawing. 
 
 * The mode of manufacturing celts has been before described : 
 the stones were first sawn partly through, then broken, then 
 partially hammered into shape, and lastly ground to the required 
 form. 
 
 * A careful search was made for pottery, but no specimens 
 were found, and the same remark will apply to the remains of 
 plants and animals as well as to implements made out of these 
 materials a circumstance which may probably be explained by 
 the destruction of the relic-bed. . 
 
 ' On the other hand, a perforated flattened bead of amber 
 was found, more than an inch high and nearly an inch and a 
 half broad ; the amber is opaque, yellow, cloudy, with whitish 
 veins and spots. 
 
 * The only object of metal found at Maurach was the anterior 
 part of a copper axe or celt. 
 
 ' In spite of this copper implement, we must consider Maurach 
 as a settlement of the stone age ; for the remainder of the 
 antiquities, the nature of the erection, its situation on the 
 shore, &c., perfectly agree with the stone station of Nussdorf, 
 while the bronze lake dwellings of Unter Uhldingen and Sip- 
 plingen exhibit very different features from those of these 
 stone age stations. Besides which, this single object of metal 
 may have been brought to Maurach by accident. 
 
 * The bronze and iron stations differ from those of the stone 
 age not merely because, together with implements of the stone 
 period, those of bronze and iron are found in them, but also 
 because they are situated at a greater distance from the shore, 
 and consequently in much deeper water, so that even at the 
 lowest level they never rise above the surface. Besides this, 
 the piles are fastened together with cross-beams, and the whole 
 structures were strengthened by stones heaped together, so that 
 they actually stood upon " Steinbergs " or hillocks of stones. 
 The implements also are more perfect than those of the stone 
 age. The following bronze and iron stations have been found 
 on our shores : 
 
 * I. The lake dwellings of Unter Uhldingen, which were dis- 
 covered late in the year 1864, are situated near the village of 
 this name, about an hour and a half's walk from Ueberlingen,
 
 LAKE DWELLING OF UNTER UHLDINGEN. 117 
 
 nearly half-way between that place and Meersburg. There are 
 two settlements, lying about 1,000 feet from the shore, and at 
 a distance apart equal to a quarter of an hour's walk on land. 
 One of them is on three, the other on four stone hillocks, about 
 four or five feet high and made of rolled stones intentionally 
 heaped together. When the water is low the summits appear 
 above the surface ; when the water is high they are eight or ten 
 feet below it. Each of the settlements extends over eight or ten 
 acres, and the number of piles may probably be 10,000 ; they are 
 of greater diameter than those of Nussdorf and Maurach, but in 
 other respects they are similar. 
 
 ' It may also be noted as peculiar, that at the bottom of the 
 lake, between the individual piles there are cross-beams, some 
 of them still in good preservation, which have probably been 
 used for binding the piles together, and thus strengthening the 
 substructure. As the foundation on which the whole stands is 
 a hillock of stones, there can of course be no actual " relic-bed ; " 
 the antiquities lie between and on the masses of stone, and cor- 
 respond with the improved mode of erection, for besides the 
 objects of stone and clay usually met with in the settlements of 
 the stone age, we find here well-made tools and weapons of 
 bronze and iron. 
 
 ' But few words will be necessary as to the stone implements 
 found here : they have in general the same character as those of 
 Nussdorf and Maurach. They consist of the following objects : 
 Arrow and lance-heads. Flint saws, one of which is nine and a 
 half inches long. Three hundred celts, chisels, and axes without 
 helve-holes ; some specimens are a foot long ; a few were found 
 with helve-holes, one of which is neat and well made, and might be 
 used also as a hammer (Plate XXVIII. fig. 1). Two unfinished 
 stone hammers, which have the usual form of those which are 
 perforated, but yet there is no hole through them. All these 
 implements, in the shape of a wedge, were precisely of the same 
 kind of material as the celts of Nussdorf and Maurach ; and the 
 same may be said of the " fruit-crushers," mealing-stones, and 
 grinding-stones, the net-sinkers, little flat perforated disks of 
 limestone, stone hammers formed like a club, implements like 
 a bar or staff, and some other objects of peculiar form, the use 
 of which is unknown. 
 
 ' The objects made out of clay are in general better formed 
 than those of the stone age settlements. 
 
 * Forty spindle-whorls were found here, somewhat larger than 
 those from Nussdorf and Maurach.
 
 118 ANTIQUITIES OF UNTER UHLDIXGEN. 
 
 ' Pottery is met with very abundantly, but unfortunately 
 chiefly in fragments. A hundred and thirty pieces were found, 
 each differing essentially from one another in material, form, 
 ornamentation, size, and hardness. As far as we can judge 
 from the specimens, there was the greatest variety of shape, so 
 that we may mention dishes, cups, jars, vases, crucibles, covers, 
 vessels with handles, &c. Many of them had a very small base 
 and a very large bulge. Some of the vessels which are perfect, 
 and which very much resemble our modern plates, have the 
 peculiarity of being ornamented, not outside, but inside, within 
 the cavity, with designs either in relief or engraved (Plate XXX. 
 figs. 4, 5, 6). Some of the vessels are plain and some orna- 
 mented ; in the latter case the designs are either indented or 
 in relief, and consist of points or lines, the latter forming figures, 
 such as triangles, &c. Annular and spiral ornaments are also 
 met with. In some cases a great deal of taste is displayed in 
 the ornamentation (Plate XXX. figs. 4 and 7). The size varies 
 greatly, some of the vessels being only two and a quarter inches, 
 while others are upwards of two feet in height. The larger 
 proportion have been well burnt. 
 
 ( We will select for illustration a few of the perfect vessels. 
 Four bowls, one with a handle ; two vases ; two flat or broad 
 vessels, contracted above so as almost to form a kind of neck, 
 Plate XXXI. figs. 2 and 3. Two cups, Plate XXX. figs. 8 and 
 9. A crucible, Plate XXXI. fig. 6. Two ornamented covers, 
 Plate XXX. fig. 2, and Plate XXXI. fig. 1. Besides the above, 
 some pottery was found of pretty red clay (terra sigillata), which 
 was of Eoman origin. 
 
 * Together with the implements we have mentioned, made of 
 stone and clay, there were found a large number of bronze tools 
 and weapons which undoubtedly prove that bronze was both 
 manufactured and used on the shores of the lake of Constance 
 in prehistoric times. These objects were all cast evidently by 
 good workmen, and they are ornamented like all the other 
 implements of the bronze age. The following specimens may be 
 especially mentioned : Six lance-points (Plate XXXII. figs. 14, 
 15, and 16). A number of celts, one of them with ridges for the 
 shaft (Plate XXIX. fig. 20, and Plate XCIV. fig. 4), and 
 sixteen specimens with flanges made for wrapping over it, some 
 of which are from the same mould. One of the bronze celts found 
 here is peculiar, as it has the shaft flanges not at right angles 
 to the plane of the cutting edge, but in a line with it (Plate 
 XXVIII. fig. 30) : a similar arrangement has been previously
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF UNTER UHLDINGEN. 119 
 
 described. Two socketed celts (Plate XXIX. fig. 26), and two 
 implements like chisels (Fig. 25). Twenty-five knife-blades, 
 chiefly in a good state of preservation, and ornamented ; some, 
 however, are a little damaged (Plate XXXII. figs. 1 to 13). 
 Sickles like that drawn Plate XXIX. fig. 23. Fish-hooks, 
 one of which is very large (Plate XXIX. figs. 21 and 22) . Eight 
 bronze rings. Four armlets, some of them beautifully orna- 
 mented (Plate XXIX. figs. 1, 2 and 24). More than a hundred 
 pins of different sizes ; the heads are ornamented with con- 
 siderable taste : they probably were used as clothes or hair- 
 pins, or for sewing or netting (Plate XXTX. figs. 3 to 18). A 
 pair of compasses of bronze : it is uncertain whether this speci- 
 men is of the same age as the other bronze implements. 
 
 ' Several iron implements were found at Unter Uhldingen ; 
 the following are some of the most interesting : One lance-head, 
 and five arrow-heads, like those of bronze (Plate XXVIII. figs. 
 26 and 27). One axe or celt. Two tools like carpenters' chisels. 
 Twelve knife-blades, in fact nine like our common knives, of 
 which one has a handle, the end of which is formed by a knob of 
 bronze. Two sickle-like vine-pruning knives (Plate XXVIII. 
 fig. 25). Also a dagger-shaped knife ; an iron ring ; a long trian- 
 gular plate of iron with a ring at one end (steel for striking 
 a light?) (Plate XXVIII. fig. 29). A fibula; a clothes-pin. 
 The remains of an iron two-edged blade ; also a short iron sword 
 with a wooden hilt, in a good state of preservation. An iron 
 stamp. Two perforated pieces of iron ; a two-pronged iron tool 
 like a fork ; a pair of pincers (probably tools used in the 
 foundry). 
 
 ' The objects made of glass found here are eleven bottoms of 
 goblets, and one smooth glass slab : these things seem to belong 
 to a later age. 
 
 ' Neither tools, weapons, nor, in fact, any other objects made 
 out of organic material, have as yet been found here. While in 
 other stations a number of tools, such as pins, haftings, and 
 hammers, have been met with, ah 1 made out of bone or horn, 
 not a single specimen of the kind has hitherto been found at 
 Unter Uhldingen. On the other hand, bones, teeth, and horns 
 unworked occurred here ; in fact, of the same species of animals 
 as are found at Nussdorf and Maurach. We may also mention 
 some vertebrae of the bos primigenius, determined by Dr. Ecker 
 of Freiburg. 
 
 * II. The lake dwellings of Sipplingen, which were discovered 
 in the winter of 1864-5, are situated on the shore of the village
 
 120 LAKE DWELLINGS OF SIPPLINGEX. 
 
 of Sipplingen, about an hour's walk north-west of Ueberlingen. 
 They probably extend over twenty-three acres, and the number 
 of piles may be 40,000 or 50,000. The distance from shore is 
 from 1,200 to 1,500 feet. These settlements are in every respect 
 like those of Unter Uhldingen, but the masses of stones are so 
 much scattered that they cannot be divided into separate hillocks. 
 
 f The following are the specimens found here : 
 
 'The objects made out of stone agree exactly with those 
 of Unter Uhldingen. We may, however, especially mention ten 
 flint arrow and lance-heads, one of which is very large 
 (Plate XXVHI. fig. 33). A flint saw-plate like that found at 
 Nussdorf and drawn Plate XXVII. fig. 20. With these flint 
 implements a great lance-head of serpentine was found : it is 
 drawn Plate XXYIII. fig. 3. Two hundred specimens of un- 
 perforated stone celts were found here, amongst them some 
 specimens as large as those of Unter Uhldingen ; two of them 
 were hafted in stag's horn. Twenty perforated stone hammers, 
 some perfect, others imperfect. One specimen of an unfinished 
 hammer deserves mention : the helve-hole is not bored through 
 but it has been drilled on both sides about a quarter of the 
 thickness. A projection remains standing in the middle of each 
 hollow (Plate XXVIII. fig. 2). It is evident from this that the 
 hammers were not drilled till after they had been formed into 
 shape. We may also mention eight specimens like chisels 
 (nephrite ?). 
 
 * As usual, corn-crushers, hurling-stones, net-sinkers, mealing- 
 stones, and grinding-stones were met with, as in other stations. 
 
 ' A hundred specimens of stone implements, the use of which 
 has not been decided, were found together in a heap. They 
 are stones artificially worked into the shape of a cylinder, a 
 plug, or an egg ; they are rather long, ground and rounded off 
 without corners or angles, and one end is generally broader than 
 the other. We cannot make out with certainty the use to 
 which they were applied, but, according to our own ideas, they 
 are unfinished stone celts, which they resemble both in size and 
 shape. If the broader end were ground down to a cutting edge, 
 they would become the regular stone celts. If this view be 
 correct, we gain a further hint how the celts were made, for the 
 cutting edge would not be made till the stone had received the 
 general form of the implement (Plate XXVIII. fig. 4). 
 
 'The objects made of clay are in general like those of 
 Unter Uhldingen. The following may be mentioned as good and 
 perfect specimens. Two jars with handles (Plate XXX. figs. 11
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF SIPPLINGEN. 121 
 
 and 12) . Some dishes or pipkins (Fig. 13 and Plate XXXI. fig. 4), 
 amongst which is one with the base formed of a flat circular 
 projecting portion, Fig. 8. Several cups or bowls, Fig. 7. Some 
 vases (Plate XXX. figs. 1 and 10) ; also a wide funnel-shaped 
 vessel (Fig. 14), and a large kind of jar with the base per- 
 forated like a sieve (Plate XXXI. fig. 5), and a crucible. In 
 some of the vessels there were the remains of plants, which are 
 not to be considered as the relics of food, but rather the chance 
 lake-weeds which had got into them. Besides these vessels, 
 which were got up more or less perfect, forty fragments of pot- 
 tery were secured, also some net-sinkers made of clay, and a 
 mould, and, lastly, some specimens of earthenware, the use of 
 which has not been determined (Plate XXX. fig. 3). 
 
 ' No bronze implements have as yet been found at Sipplingen. 
 One single celt was met with made of copper, of very simple 
 form like that of the stone celts ; it has neither flanges nor 
 ridges for the shaft. It was found embedded in a coating of clay 
 (mould?) (Plate XXIX. fig. 19). 
 
 * The iron implements of this settlement consist of one lance- 
 point, three arrow-heads, two sickles, one one-edged sword, two 
 pieces of iron of a cylindrical shape, and one Roman key (Plate 
 XXVIII. fig 28). 
 
 ' Five pieces of grey-coloured glass were found here, all 
 covered with little wart-like projections. 
 
 ' Bones, horns, and teeth occurred here as at Unter Uhldingen ; 
 also vertebrae, and very perfect horns of bos primigenius. A 
 human parietal bone is unique in the settlements of the lake 
 of Constance. 
 
 ' Sipplingen is rich in implements made of horn and teeth : we 
 may mention an arrow-head of stag's horn. Eighteen ground 
 stag's horn haftings, four cornered ; some only of them were 
 perfect (Plate XXVII. fig. 16). Eight similar haftings, but with 
 the root or lower part cut into two prongs (Plate XXVIII. fig. 
 22). Twelve stag's horn haftings of a cylindrical shape. Eight 
 pieces of stag's horn hollowed out to make haftings. Five bone 
 pins. One hammer of stag's horn. One perforated bear's tooth, 
 like those found at Nussdorf. Lastly, some implements of stag's 
 horn ground to a point. 
 
 ' The whole of the antiquities above described have been 
 bought by the Wurtemberg Government, and are now at 
 Stuttgard. .
 
 122 
 
 SETTLEMENTS OF THE UEBERLINGER SEE. 
 
 ' TABLE I. COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS ON THE EASTERN SHORE 
 OF THE UEBERLINGER SEE. 
 
 
 Nussdorf. 
 
 Maurach. 
 
 Unter Uhldingen. 
 
 Sipplingen. 
 
 Time of discovery . . 
 
 Winter 1862-3 
 
 Winter 1862-3 
 
 Late in 1864 
 
 Winter 1864-5 
 
 Area in acres 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 Number of piles . . 
 
 3,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 Distance from shore . 
 
 50 feet 
 
 10 feet 
 
 1,000 feet 
 
 1,500 feet 
 
 Nature of the ground J 
 
 Sand and clay 
 relic-bed 
 
 Clay relic-bed 
 destroyed 
 
 Sand and clay 
 ' Steinbergs ' 
 
 Relic-bed 
 wanting 
 
 Materials of the anti- ( 
 
 Stone, clay, 
 bone, horn, 
 
 Stone, bone, 
 horn, teeth, 
 
 Stone, clay, 
 bronze, iron, 
 
 Stone, clay, 
 bone, horns, 
 
 quities .... 
 
 and teeth. 
 
 amber, copper. 
 
 glass. 
 
 teeth, copper, 
 
 
 
 
 
 iron, glass. 
 
 'TABLE II. NUMBER OF ANTIQUITIES FOUND (AT A ROUGH ESTIMATE). 
 
 Specimens made of 
 
 Nuss- 
 dorf. 
 
 Mau- 
 rach. 
 
 XTnter 
 Ohldingen. 
 
 Sipp- 
 lingen. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 1,100 
 
 500 
 
 400 
 
 350 
 
 2,350 
 
 (The majority (|) 
 wedge-shaped 
 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 200 
 
 celts. 400 imper- 
 fect specimens. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 Iron 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 16 
 
 56 
 
 
 Glass . . . . . . 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 8 
 
 48 
 
 
 Clay 
 
 40 
 
 
 180 
 
 60 
 
 280 
 
 J Greater part (|) 
 
 Amber 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 are in fragments. 
 
 Organic material . . 
 
 700 
 
 
 ... 
 
 100 
 
 800 
 
 
 Number of specimens \ 
 in the different L 
 settlements 
 
 1,840 
 
 502 
 
 860 
 
 535 
 
 3,737 
 
 
 ' Ueberlingen: December 1865.' 
 
 Since the above report was written, the weather during the 
 rest of the winter has been extremely favourable, and the level 
 of the water in the Ueberlinger See more than usually low, so 
 that very many antiquities have been obtained from the various 
 settlements in this lake.
 
 123 
 
 LAKE OF ZUG. 
 
 Four, if not six, lake dwellings are now known on the banks 
 of this lake. We ^ill first give an account of the one found near 
 the town of this name. 
 
 I. ZUG. 
 
 The discovery of this settlement, to the north of the town of 
 Zug, was made by Professor Miihlberg, and it is of peculiar 
 interest, as it has an especial bearing on the primaeval history 
 of the interior cantons of Switzerland. The view was formerly 
 entertained that no trace of any permanent settlement in pre- 
 historic times was to be found in these valleys ; no Celtic settle- 
 ments, and no graves or tumuli of this period have hitherto 
 been discovered in this district, but only some chance stone 
 and bronze implements, so that the only indications remaining 
 of an earlier population were, till lately, the names of a num- 
 ber of places and mountains quite identical with some in the 
 Rhsetian valleys (Grisons and Tyrol). This led to the suppo- 
 sition that at some former period Rhsetian races inhabited the 
 whole mountainous district of the Alps ; and now the very 
 early existence of the human race in the inner parts of Swit- 
 zerland is proved to a certainty by the discovery of a settlement 
 which is exactly of the same nature as the lake dwellings of the 
 stone age discovered in the lower parts of Switzerland. 
 
 The report given by Professor Miihlberg is in substance as 
 follows. At the farther end of the upper row of houses in the 
 suburb of Zug towards Cham, on the site of the modern hotel 
 called the Keltenhof, Mr. Brandenberg, in excavating for the 
 foundations of a new building, came, at a depth of about five 
 feet, upon a black bed of decayed organic matter. Nearly at 
 the top of it he found two stone implements, and also the 
 perfect under-jaw of a peat boar. Attention was immediately 
 directed to the place, and when the existence of a lake dwelling 
 here was proved, arrangements were made for preserving every 
 object of interest, and funds for this object were granted by
 
 124 LAKE DWELLING OF ZUG. 
 
 the town-council. The collection, now in the college, is by no 
 means unimportant ; it may be classed under three heads : 
 remains of plants, of animals, and of stone. 
 
 Amongst the vegetable remains, the piles found here take the 
 first place. They are from three to five inches in diameter and 
 from three to five feet in length, and consist of different kinds 
 of wood. Those of the hard brown oak are still in fair preser- 
 vation, and tolerably hard ; the majority, however, of the piles 
 are of fir-wood, and are very soft and spongy, offering no 
 obstacle to the use of the spade and often quite penetrated by 
 the roots of water-plants. As the piles are round or unhewn, 
 and for the most part still have the bark on, it is easy to 
 distinguish those of alder, willow, birch, and hazel. Some of 
 the piles were quite perfect, and it appears from them that the 
 lower ends had been sharpened by means of fire. The piles 
 reached down to, and had been driven into, a whitish granular 
 strong muddy mass, probably the ancient bed of the lake ; the 
 upper parts went through a peculiar black bed, from seven to 
 ten inches thick, consisting of nothing but decayed animal 
 remains and plants, especially twigs and leaves. The heads of 
 the piles were all on a level, and in some places they still had 
 the horizontal beams lying upon them, consisting partly of 
 natural stems and partly of trunks of oak or fir split in two. 
 The black bed was the locality where all the antiquities were 
 found. There was a large quantity of charcoal, proving that the 
 settlement was destroyed by fire. Great quantities of hazel- 
 nuts, chiefly cracked, were discovered, also beech-nuts and apple- 
 cores, but no grains of corn or flax. 
 
 Only the most perfect of the animal remains were kept 
 numbers of broken bones of the extremities were thrown away ; 
 most of them, as well as the remains of vegetable food before 
 mentioned, were found heaped together in one place a voucher 
 for the fact, already proved in other settlements, that these 
 remains are nothing else but the refuse from the kitchens of the 
 lake colonies. The bones, jaws, and teeth, belong chiefly to the 
 red deer, the marsh swine, and the marsh cow. Remains of the 
 roe, the horse, the domestic dog, and probably also of the sheep, 
 were also met with. 
 
 With respect to the stone implements, they consist of two 
 very different kinds of material. A few lance-points and one 
 knife were of flint. It may not be out of place here to mention 
 (though not actually found in the lake dwelling) that in 1843 a 
 flint arrow-head with its wooden shaft was found on the Zug
 
 LAKE DWELLING OF ZUG. 125 
 
 mountain in what is called the Moor of Geissboden; it may 
 probably date from the time of the lake dwellings** The greater 
 number of the implements, however, consist of serpentine ; many 
 well-ground celts of this material were found, and many more 
 unfinished ones or fragments, as well as the raw material in dif- 
 ferent stages of working. It is very clear from these specimens 
 that the stones were sawn half through with another hard sharp 
 stone and then broken, and the fragments thus obtained could 
 afterwards readily be ground to the required form (see Plate 
 XXI. fig. 5). One fragment ought to be mentioned : it is that of 
 a small stone celt, and consists of a clear green slate (nephrite ?). 
 
 No implements of bronze or iron were discovered, nor any 
 pottery. 
 
 From what has been said, this lake dwelling apparently 
 belongs to the stone age ; but this cannot yet be affirmed with 
 positive certainty, for only a small portion of the settlement has 
 been uncovered or could be examined. It clearly extends a 
 considerable distance in some directions, for what evidently was 
 a continuation of it was found some years since (before attention 
 was particularly called to the subject) about 100 paces farther 
 towards Cham on one side and also 100 paces towards the town 
 on the other, and celts of serpentine were found there exactly 
 similar to those lately discovered ; and since attention was called 
 to this settlement other stone celts have been found in these 
 localities. Subsequent investigations, however, seem to show 
 that it has not extended farther landwards. 
 
 Professor Huhlberg calls attention to one specimen differing 
 essentially from the others in being of a yellowish white colour 
 and in being less hard ; he considers this celt to be of serpentine 
 altered by heat ; and with a view of testing this opinion he 
 exposed in his laboratory a fragment of the raw material used 
 for celts to a strong heat for a length of time. Before the ex- 
 periment it was dark-green and as hard as fluor-spar, but after- 
 wards it became of a dirty yellowish white, friable and soft. 
 Consequently this is another proof that the lake dwelling at 
 Zug was destroyed by fire. 
 
 The Professor's report then proceeds to give some particulars 
 as to the nature of the ground where the lake dwelling was 
 found. The space excavated was 40 feet long and 30 feet broad. 
 It is on the right hand of the road leading to Cham, and close 
 
 * Of this arrow-head with part of the attached shaft two views are given, Plate 
 XXXIX. fig. 15. The mode of attachment is well shown. The flint arrow-head is 
 precisely like those found in the lake dwellings.
 
 126 LAKE DWELLING OF ZUG. 
 
 to it. This road is about 60 feet distant from the lake, and is 
 15 feet higher than the level of the water. The excavation is 
 5 feet deep in front but 6 feet behind, as the ground rises toward 
 Baar. Four different beds may be distinguished ; the upper 
 one is of common mould 2^ feet thick, under which there is a 
 bed of sand and rolled stones 1^ foot thick, followed by the 
 * relic-bed ' very distinctly marked and from 8 inches to a foot 
 in thickness. It is in this bed that the piles are found, but 
 their lower ends go deeply into the fourth or lowest bed, which 
 very probably is to be considered as the ancient bed of the lake, 
 as it contains numerous shells of the small lake snails and also 
 of the bivalve freshwater muscle. All these beds are inclined 
 about three degrees towards the lake. It may thus be considered 
 certain that in ancient times this settlement stood in the lake, 
 or, to speak more correctly, that the lake extended formerly, as 
 tradition says, much farther inland than at present. The fact 
 of the present shore being so distant from the locality where 
 these remains were found, may be explained partly by the bed 
 or outlet of the river Lorze at Cham having been several times 
 deepened, which of course lowered the level of the water in the 
 lake, and partly by the great deposits on the plain of Baar 
 brought down by the mountain torrents, and chiefly by the Lorze 
 itself. This supposition is confirmed by the great fall of the 
 Lorze from JEgeri to Baar (nearly 1,000 feet), and by the general 
 agreement of the gravel brought down with the mass of stones 
 in the deep gorge above Baar called Lorzetobel. Yet nothing 
 is known of any diluvial action on so great a scale either in 
 historic times or by tradition. 
 
 The animal remains were sent to Professor Kutimeyer for 
 examination. He reported that some few of the bones were 
 quite of a different colour and condition from the others, and 
 ought entirely to be left out of the calculation, being probably 
 chance additions. The remainder, though decidedly of interest 
 by enabling us to draw a parallel in some measure with other 
 localities, were, he considered, too small in number to warrant 
 a general conclusion as to the fauna at the time of this lake 
 settlement. 
 
 He states that the bones sent to him belong to the following 
 animals, and he arranges the list under numbers, the earlier of 
 which indicate those species found more plentifully in the small 
 collection. 
 
 1. Cow. These remains belong entirely to the small do- 
 mestic animal hitherto found as the prevailing form in every
 
 ANIMAL KEMAINS, ZUG. 127 
 
 lake dwelling, and which, is called by Professor Eiitimeyer the 
 marsh cow, and considered by him as the original stock of the 
 grey or brown race of cows, chiefly of small size, now spread 
 through the whole chain of the Alps. The perfect metatarsal 
 and metacarpal bones leave no doubt about this. The under- 
 jaws are of less value, as they belong to young animals and still 
 contain the milk-teeth. 2. Bed deer, not different from those 
 of the present day. 3. Marsh swine. Ah 1 the specimens of 
 swine's bones belong without doubt to the small race called by 
 Professor Eiitimeyer the marsh swine, the size of which was 
 decidedly less than that of the wild boar of the present day, and 
 which in many other respects also differs from it. The remains 
 of this animal gave the Professor the impression that it was in 
 a wild state, but the small number of specimens would not allow 
 of any certain decision on this point. 
 
 There is only one single bone of each of the other species. 
 4. Roebuck. 5. Horse. 6. Domestic dog : only a piece of the 
 radius, which affords but small ground for determination ; but 
 as far as size is concerned there is no difference from the race 
 exclusively found in the dwellings of the stone age designated by 
 Professor Eiitimeyer the marsh dog. 7. Hare. It is uncertain 
 whether the upper part of the femur found here really is of the 
 age of the lake dwelling, as its colour is different from that of 
 the other bones, and it has a more recent appearance. Till 
 lately, no remains of the hare have ever been met with, and more 
 accurate information as to where this little piece was found 
 would be highly desirable. Lastly, some remains of the pig and 
 the sheep have quite a recent appearance. 
 
 Professor Eiitimeyer concludes his report on these animal 
 remains nearly in the following words : ' You will see from this 
 short list that it is very far from affording anything like a safe 
 comparison with that of other lake dwellings. The most 
 important point in it, is the positive determination of the 
 marsh swine : it is much to be desired that further remains of 
 this animal may be found, which would enable us to determine 
 with certainty whether it was the wild or the domestic animal ; 
 and further excavations would doubtless be of great importance 
 on account of the excellent state of preservation of the bones, 
 for amongst so small a number I have never seen so many 
 perfect ones, or at least so many that were but little damaged. 
 In the meantime, I must return to my first view, which leads 
 me to place the age of this settlement about that of Wauwyl 
 and Eobenhausen, unless, indeed, future discoveries modify
 
 128 LAKE DWELLING OF KOLLER. 
 
 this opinion ; but probably the additional evidence of the arti- 
 ficial products leaves no doubt on the point. 
 
 Plate XXI. fig. 1 gives a section of the locality excavated 
 in the lake dwelling of Zug ; Fig. 2 shows the ground plan ; 
 Fig. 3, celt of serpentine ; Fig. 5 is a piece of serpentine par- 
 tially sawn through in two places, preparatory to being made 
 into three celts ; Fig. 4 is a flint arrow-head. 
 
 II. KOLLER. 
 
 In the summer of 1863, Mr. Schwerzmann of Zug, when 
 making a ditch alongside of the line of the railway, noticed 
 fragments of pottery which were thrown out with the earth ; 
 Mr. Staub, the Prefect, to whom he mentioned this fact, went 
 several times to the place, and ( I accompanied him,' says 
 Professor Miihlberg, ' to aid in the search for antiquities. The 
 locality is close to the line of railway from Zug to Cham, in 
 fact, within the triangle made in the low ground west of the 
 Lorze by the lines of the Zurich, Zug, and Lucerne railways. 
 We examined the ditch, and made a small excavation, and we 
 were rewarded by a whole basketful of fragments of pottery 
 made out of fine grey clay, but badly burnt ; with a single 
 exception, they were all portions of vessels with a great bulge. 
 No tools of stone or metal were met with, except some bits of 
 waste celts of serpentine. We also found charcoal, hazel-nuts, 
 and some bones. The relic-bed is not thick. The following is 
 the succession of the various deposits : at the top the marshy 
 ground is half a foot thick ; then comes loam or clay 2^ feet in 
 thickness. Below this is the relic-bed, the thickness of which 
 is uncertain, lying upon the white lake bottom or shell-marl. 
 It is in this last bed that the piles are found standing here and 
 there, and on these rest cross-timbers of oak. From the small 
 extent of our excavation it was impossible to determine exactly 
 the arrangement and distribution of the piles, yet so far seems 
 certain, that the piles run parallel with the shore. If excava- 
 tions were made within the above-mentioned triangle, and no 
 remains were discovered there, it would be proved that the 
 settlement extended from the south line of railway down to the 
 lake. Very singularly, the present level of the water is three 
 feet under that of the relic-bed.
 
 129 
 
 III. ST. ANDREAS NEAR CHAM. 
 
 The picturesque little castle of St. Andreas is situated on a 
 small rise east of Cham, near the lake. Not far from it, in a 
 north-easterly direction, the countrymen, when tilling their 
 lands in the low grounds, had for some time past found stones 
 ground into the shape of hatchets, but after exciting a little 
 wonder they had always been thrown away. In consequence, 
 however, of the discovery of the lake dwelling at Zug, these 
 stones began to be regarded with more attention, and were 
 preserved when found. When these facts came to the know- 
 ledge of Mr. Staub and myself, we went over to the locality in 
 the summer of 1863, and were fortunate enough, by simply 
 walking over the fields, to fill our pockets with as many stone 
 celts as we could carry home. A short time afterwards the 
 owner of the property sent to Mr. Staub, who is the prefect of 
 the place, a whole basketful of stone celts. This discovery 
 incited us to excavate in the following autumn. A trench was 
 made from the lake nearly to the line of the railway, and also 
 a smaller trench at right angles. The result, however, was not 
 of much importance. All that we obtained from the excavation 
 consisted of a few stone celts and the positive proof of the 
 existence of piles ; they were from three and a half to six 
 inches in diameter, but were not very numerous. We found 
 no piles in the lower part of the trench, and we consequently 
 concluded that the settlement did not extend to the present 
 bank of the lake, but probably went farther landwards from the 
 place which, we excavated. The shell-marl or the ancient lake 
 bottom here was only half a foot beneath the surface. No 
 actual relic-bed was to be seen ; or, to speak more correctly, the 
 tillage-ground, half a foot thick, was the ancient relic-bed. 
 The celts which were in the bed above the shell-marl were 
 brought to light by the plough or by digging up the produce 
 of the land, while pottery was destroyed, and everything else 
 which was very fragile. The specimens found at this station 
 were consequently only piles and stone implements. 
 
 The stone implements found here may be divided into three 
 classes, according to their shape and material. 
 
 1 . Implements made of erratic pebbles and blocks. By far the 
 greater number of the implements found here belong to this class. 
 They are celts of various forms and sizes, from ^ inch to 2^ inches 
 broad, from 1^ line to 2^ inches thick, the shape being either 
 
 K
 
 130 SETTLEMENT AT ST. ANDREAS. 
 
 triangular, long quadrangular, or elliptical, and the section 
 being either rectangular or elliptical. All of them were ground 
 sharp at one end, while the other is either truncated or rounded 
 off in a conical form. In every case the workmanship is rude. 
 While all the celts from the lake dwelling at Zug were carefully 
 rubbed down ancl smoothed on every side, those found here 
 were only polished on the surface of the cutting edge. The 
 material was taken from some of the numerous erratic blocks 
 lying about, and consequently their composition is just as varied. 
 In general, the kinds of stone which are of the nature of lime- 
 stone or coarse-grained varieties of granite and gneiss were 
 rejected, and those were chosen in preference which are fine- 
 grained, compact, and hard from being of a flinty nature. Some 
 specimens, however, were met with of very coarse gneiss, con- 
 taining a quantity of epidote, which naturally could neither 
 be well worked nor brought to a fine edge. Very many con- 
 sist of a kind of serpentine, which does not occur in erratic 
 blocks in the canton of Zug, and these specimens were the best 
 both in shape and workmanship. One single celt reminds us 
 of the nature of what is called the Julier granite, and we 
 are tempted to believe that the material out of which it was 
 made was brought from the Julier pass or from the Grisons, 
 and that the serpentine out of which the other celts were 
 manufactured came from the same district. Another specimen 
 consists of talco-quartzite, of which numerous blocks are to be 
 found in the eastern part of the canton, being in fact erratics 
 from the canton of Glarus. The erratics of the plain brought 
 
 JL o 
 
 down by the glaciers of the valley of the Reuss, are of the kinds 
 of stone found in situ in the canton of Uri, and the material of 
 the celts so completely agrees with them that we may often 
 fancy the block may be recognised from which this or that 
 specimen was struck off. 
 
 2. Implements of flint. The fragment of a lance-head, and 
 also many waste flakes of the same material. 
 
 3. Implements of limestone (Plate XXII. figs. 13 and 14). 
 These tools are rather long and flat, with a short neck, 
 perforated for the sake of being worn or hung up. In one 
 specimen (Fig. 14), after the handle had been broken off near the 
 hole, a second perforation was made, and it was again used, 
 notwithstanding its being imperfect a proof that the thing was 
 of some importance either as an ornament or an amulet.
 
 131 
 
 IV. DERSCHBACH. 
 
 Having repeatedly heard that stone celts had been found 
 between Buonas and Cham, on the west side of the lake of 
 Zug, I examined the flat shore of that neighbourhood, and 
 actually found a stone celt on the foot-road leading from the 
 houses of Derschbach to the fishermen's huts on the bank of 
 the lake. We may therefore safely assume that a lake dwelling 
 existed here ; but it can only be thoroughly examined by means 
 of an excavation. 
 
 V. AND VI. ZWEIEREN AND AT THE BATHING-PLACE 
 AT ZUG. 
 
 These two localities have been mentioned to me provisionally 
 as lake dwellings by an indirect communication, but I have no 
 reason to doubt of the correctness of this information. 
 
 In conclusion, I would call attention to the interesting fact, 
 that all the lake dwellings hitherto discovered on the lake of 
 Zug are situated somewhat inland. On this account it has 
 been supposed that they stood originally not in, but on the 
 banks of the lake. This view, however, is shown to be incorrect, 
 as the relic-bed everywhere rests upon shell-marl (Seekreide) ; we 
 must therefore conclude, as I have previously mentioned, that the 
 level of the lake in early ages was considerably higher than at 
 present, and that the water in those times extended so far over 
 the present land as to make the. modern shore covered to some 
 depth with the waters of the lake. The lake dwelling of Cham 
 is a proof of the correctness of this view, as the lower part of 
 it does not extend to the present shore. Apparently the lake 
 was lowered by the deepening of the channel of the river Lorze, 
 which flows out of it. The relic-beds of the different settle- 
 ments in consequence lie on dry ground, and are found under a 
 thin covering of vegetable mould, or of gravel brought down by 
 the mountain streams. 
 
 Plate XXII. figs. 2 and 3. Vessels found at Zug of a grey 
 colour, made of purified clay. The shape of Fig. 2, and the 
 6 meander ' pattern on Fig. 3, indicate a later period and more 
 advanced civilisation ; they do not belong to the actual stone 
 period, but to the bronze age. 
 
 K 2
 
 132 
 
 NIDAU-STEINBEEG. 
 
 This station was the earliest of its kind which was investi- 
 gated, and it deserves especial attention, not only on this ac- 
 count, but from the mixed character of the antiquities found here, 
 which belong to the stone, the bronze, and even the iron age. 
 
 The name of Steinberg has from olden time been borne by 
 a shallow in the lake of Bienne some hundred feet distant from 
 the place where the river Zihl flows out of the lake by several 
 channels. The depth of this lake at its lower or north-western 
 part, when the water is of an average height, does not exceed 
 18 or 20 feet ; and the Steinberg is a hillock rising gradually 
 from the bottom. Its superficial area is about 2^ or 31 acres ; 
 its actual summit is usually covered with 7 or 8 feet of water. 
 On the south side, towards Nidau, the lake is of less depth than 
 elsewhere in the shallow parts, so that the Steinberg is con- 
 nected with the shore by an elevation of the lake bottom like 
 a dam or bank. (See Plate XL. fig. 1.) 
 
 Steinberg takes its name from the fact that, while the bottom 
 of the lake is almost everywhere covered with mud and loam 
 several feet thick, this hillock consists of an accumulation of 
 roundish stones. A closer examination of these stones shows 
 that they are rounded rubble-stones, very nearly all of the same 
 size, and consisting of quartz and granite ; these are not in their 
 original bed, but have evidently been collected with great care 
 and labour from the heights above Nidau, where similar stones 
 are found in profusion, and have been brought in boats to this 
 part of the lake. This fact, which when Nidau- Steinberg was 
 first examined appeared a singular assertion, is confirmed by 
 what was found at the Island of St. Peter, which will be 
 described in its proper place, as well as by the numerous in- 
 stances of lake dwellings lately discovered, very many of which 
 are placed on a Steinberg or stony hillock of similar construction 
 under water. 
 
 As we have proof that the low ground below Nidau, together 
 with that between the lakes of Bienne, Neuchatel, and Murten, 
 called the * Great Moss,' was in former times inhabited, and the 
 level of these lakes in early ages was considerably lower than at
 
 PILES AT NIDAU-STE1NBERG. 133 
 
 present, it is in the highest degree probable that the upper 
 part of the Steinberg was once very near the surface of the 
 water, if it even did not rise above it, and, when the water was 
 low, form a small island. 
 
 Another circumstance drew attention to the Steinberg quite 
 as much as the mass of rolled stones, and this was the appear- 
 ance of a series of piles, which originally seem to have occupied 
 the whole of the summit, but now are only partially visible. 
 When passing over the place in a boat, piles may still be seen 
 standing, sometimes single, sometimes in straight or curved 
 lines, and sometimes in groups ; projecting two or three feet 
 from the bottom on the highest part of the Steinberg and three 
 or four feet at the sides where the water is deeper. As a great 
 proportion of these piles have rotted away, or may be covered 
 with mud, and a number of them have been pulled up by the 
 boatmen, their original arrangement cannot now be ascertained, 
 and their appearance to the eye is at the present moment that 
 of a confused mass of dark points or dots. Where they are 
 found together in the greatest numbers they stand from 1 foot 
 to 3 feet apart. Most of them are whole trunks, only a few 
 were made out of split stems ; they are from 3 to 10 inches in 
 diameter : they have been driven 2 or 3 feet deep into the 
 bottom, and the lower ends were sharpened by fire. Most 
 of the piles which have been drawn up consist of oak, beech, 
 and fir. It is worthy of note that there are a considerable 
 number of trunks found here lying horizontally, which evidently 
 have not fallen down in this position by chance, but have been 
 intentionally sunk to the bottom : some of them are squeezed in 
 between the upright piles, and join each other at right angles, 
 but the majority lie confusedly in all directions, and show very 
 much less of an intentional arrangement than the upright ones. 
 
 It is singular that the actual importance of the Nidau- Stein- 
 berg was never known till after the discovery of the lake 
 dwellings of Meilen. It is true that at different times a num- 
 ber of Roman tiles had been found some hundred paces from 
 the Steinberg where the cut or canal from the Scheuss falls 
 into the lake, and some fragments of the same kind had also 
 been observed on the hillock of the Steinberg itself; and the 
 neighbouring inhabitants consequently ascribed these piles to 
 the Romans, and imagined that they formed the wooden foun- 
 dation of a lighthouse or some fortified place ; but they found 
 it difficult to account for the total absence of mortar and hewn 
 stone, and also for the length and slenderness of the piles,.
 
 134 LAKE DWELLING OF NIDAU-STEINBERG. 
 
 The place, however, was examined by Mr. Miiller of Mdau 
 and Colonel Schwab of Bienne, who spared neither time nor 
 trouble, and from their zealous and careful investigations we are 
 now able to say with all certainty that a settlement existed in 
 this place, bearing the greatest similarity to that of Meilen and 
 numerous other lake dwellings since explored. It is really 
 almost incomprehensible that the Steinberg, the place of all 
 others in the lake of Bienne most frequented by fishermen, and 
 where day by day a number of small barks are stationed, should 
 now for the first time appear as one of the richest localities for 
 prehistoric antiquities, and afford such a number of beautiful and 
 remarkable bronze remains as are to be seen in the antiquarian 
 collections of Mr. Miiller and Colonel Schwab.* Hidden by a 
 coating of calcareous matter, they have for centuries escaped 
 the notice of the fishermen who carried on their daily occupa- 
 tions above them, and till a short time ago they remained 
 entirely unnoticed. But now, to the initiated eye, the piles 
 appear as the substructure of the lake dwelling ; the wood 
 which, either burnt or half-burnt, lies about in great abundance 
 on the bottom is recognised as the remains of former huts ; the 
 large number of fragments of pottery found in the mud as 
 broken ancient vessels; and what appeared to be stones of a 
 strange form turn out to be bronze hatchets and lance-points ; 
 nay, even many of the roundish rubble-stones most extraordi- 
 narily are found to have been used as implements in the most 
 remote ages. 
 
 The drawings and descriptions of the objects found at Nidau 
 will show that it was a flourishing station throughout all periods, 
 from the stone age downwards. Many objects of stone, bone, 
 and pottery which have been obtained there, and which mark 
 the commencement of the civilisation of man in our districts, 
 show that it was a settlement in the earliest period ; but its exist- 
 ence was prolonged up to the time when bronze was commonly 
 employed for implements; nay, it even outlasted this period, 
 and reached that when iron came into use. Here and there on 
 the same lake bottom works of art are found lying close together, 
 betokening very different grades of civilisation, and telling us of 
 centuries lying far apart. The Nidau lake dwelling therefore 
 coincides, on the one hand, with the settlements of East Switzer- 
 land which ceased to exist before the bronze age or at the very 
 beginning of it, and, on the other hand, its existence runs parallel 
 
 * Those two collections arc now united in the Museum of Colonel Schwab.
 
 STONE IMPLEMENTS, NIDAU. 135 
 
 with those of West Switzerland which were first founded or 
 came to their full development in the course of this period, and 
 from which have been obtained such a great number and 
 variety of bronze implements used for war, for household pur- 
 poses, or for ornament. 
 
 We will now describe some of the most interesting antiquities 
 found in this settlement. 
 
 I. OBJECTS OP STONE. 
 
 Many stones of different sizes and of various descriptions 
 were found here which had been perforated and used for sink- 
 ing the nets. Some of the largest weighed five or six pounds, 
 and were made out of roundish rolled stones surrounded by an 
 iron hoop ; and in order to keep this firm, a kind of hollow or 
 furrow had been made all round the middle of the stone (Plate 
 XXXVIII. fig. 15). There may be a doubt as to these iron- 
 hooped stones being of the same date as the other remains found 
 in this settlement. 
 
 Several of the objects commonly called slingstones have been 
 found here. These singular disk-shaped stones (drawn in sec- 
 tion, Plate XXXVII. figs. 1, 2, and 3, and also Plate XXXVIII. 
 figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7) nearly all consist of yellowish or reddish 
 quartz rock ; they are circular, and have both sides flattened in 
 general with a central depression : there is a groove round the 
 edge, and they are ground or polished all over. They are from 
 4 to 5 inches in diameter and more than 2 inches thick. 
 The central hollow varies in width from 1 inch 2 lines to 1 
 inch 8 lines, and is from 2 to 3 lines deep, and appears like 
 a flat cup, the section forming the segment of a circle, as 
 seen in the Figures 2, 3, 4, and 7, Plate XXXVIII. One of them, 
 made of oolitic stone, is remarkable for its peculiar shape and 
 excellent workmanship. These things, so similar to pulleys in 
 form, evidently have had a great deal of labour bestowed upon 
 them, and deserve the especial attention of antiquaries. Their 
 true use, according to our opinion, has not yet been ascertained, 
 and we call them ' slingstones ' simply because this name has 
 been given to them in works on archseology. It is not to be 
 supposed that stones which required all the art of the workman 
 to bring them into proper shape should have been slung away 
 in battle like any common stone picked up on the surface of 
 the ground. As the sling is always broader in the middle, in 
 order to keep the projectile as in a hood or cap, the form of
 
 186 STONE IMPLEMENTS, NIDAU. 
 
 these stones appears to make them totally unfit for the purpose 
 assigned to them, besides which the grooves round the edge 
 and the central depressions on the sides would be quite useless 
 additions. Similar stone objects were found in the Celtic settle- 
 ment of Ebersberg on the mainland. One of them is drawn 
 Plate LXXXIX. fig. 1. It is remarkable that slingstones of 
 the regular form have not yet been discovered in the older lake 
 dwellings, but, on the contrary, a large number have been met 
 with in the later settlements. Schoolcraft, in his ' History and 
 Condition of the Indian Tribes of the United States ' (Smithson. 
 Instit. pt. i. p. 82), says that the game of stone-hurling is one of 
 the most favourite of all amongst the wild tribes of North Ame- 
 rica. *It is incredible with what accuracy the natives throw 
 these stones to a given point. The number of disk-shaped 
 stones which have been found in the tumuli and the ancient 
 settlements show that this amusement was very common 
 amongst the ancient races.* These old hurling-stones were 
 made with great labour and skill out of very tough stone (por- 
 phyry). In the third part of this work Plate LIX. fig. 1 is the 
 representation of a roundish stone with a furrow, which was in 
 the museum at Albany, and was considered as " a war-club." : 
 Sir W. E. Wilde, in his Catalogue of the Museum of the Eoyal 
 Irish Academy,' p. 95, figures a somewhat similar stone (Fig. 77), 
 and mentions the conjecture that it was ' one of what are 
 called " flailstones," used in early Irish warfare, attached by a 
 thong to a stick, and to which allusion is made in the account 
 of the feats of the Ulster champion Cucullin.' At all events, the 
 name of ' hurling-stone ' or ' club-stone ' is quite as suitable as 
 the one hitherto used of slingstone. 
 
 The stones called corn-crushers were also made of hard stone 
 granite or quartz-rock and only differ from what are called 
 slingstones by being more spherical in form, and by having no 
 groove at the side or edge ; they are generally 3^ inches in 
 diameter and 2^ inches thick. The depressions are wider than 
 in the slingstone, and are made with less care ; those found here 
 are in general very similar to the two from Meilen, drawn 
 Plate II. figs. 7 and 8, but some consist merely of cylindrical 
 stones, and are only to be recognised as grinding or crushing 
 implements by being truncated above and below, and by the 
 
 * A similar game appears to have been common amongst the ancient inhabitants of 
 Cornwall. In the parish of St. Clere are three of the so-called Druidical circles, and 
 the tradition is that the stones which form them were once men who were changed into 
 stones as a punishment for ' hurling ' on Sunday : they still go by the name of Hurlers 
 ('Borlase,' p. 188.) [Ta.]
 
 STONE AND BRONZE OBJECTS, NIDAU. 137 
 
 surface being rough ; some specimens also have hollows or slight 
 depressions on the two opposite sides, to allow of them being 
 held more firmly. 
 
 The ' mealing-stones ' consist also of large unworked slabs of 
 a hard kind of stone, but more tabular in form. On one of the 
 two sides, and sometimes on both, roundish hollows have been 
 made in the shape of the segment of a sphere, the diameter of 
 which is some inches, and the depth varies from half an ineh to 
 an inch and a quarter. The surface of this cup is left rough ; 
 it was destined to receive the corn to be ground or crushed. 
 The mealing-stone drawn Plate XXXVIII. fig. 5 (which was 
 from Meilen) is precisely similar to those found at Nidau. 
 
 The sharpening-stones or whetstones found here are exactly 
 like those found at Meilen, drawn Plate III. fig. 5, and, like 
 them, they consist of fine-grained sandstone. 
 
 What may be called grinding or polishing-stones (Eeibsteine) 
 are of granite, and are perfectly smooth and well polished. 
 They have just the appearance of the stones on which the pain- 
 ters of the present day grind their colours. 
 
 Plate XXXVII. fig. 25 is a small perforated stone. Fig. 29 
 is also a small stone perforated on the three sides to allow a 
 cord to go through. Fig. 10 is a bowl turned out of potstone. 
 This material was employed in our districts in very early times for 
 several purposes, and especially for pots or vessels ; it was espe- 
 cially in use on the south side of the Alps in Maggiathal, in the 
 district of Lavizzara in the canton of Tessin (hence the name 
 of Lavez-stone) .* A. small vessel with an iron rim and a handle, 
 exactly like those now made, was found in a tumulus near Pfaf- 
 fikon, in the canton of Zurich, opened in the year 1854, and 
 together with it there were iron weapons and bronze ornaments. 
 Many vessels of this kind of stone, beautifully worked, are in the 
 collection of Colonel Schwab. Fig. 26 is a large bead made of 
 serpentine. Fossils were also used as ornaments, such as tere- 
 bratulse, small ammonites, and plates or joints of encrinites ; 
 crystals and variegated pebbles are also found which had served 
 the same purpose. 
 
 II. OBJECTS OP BKONZE. 
 
 The lake dwelling of Nidau is particularly rich in bronze 
 remains. A large number of sickles have been found both at 
 
 * Lapis ollaris, lapis Comensis. (Pliny xxxvi. 22, edit. Dalecampii.) Vessels of 
 this kind of stone are, however, not older than the early iron age.
 
 138 BRONZE CELTS, NIDAU. 
 
 Nidau and Lattringen, very similar to each other both in form 
 and size. They are like a half-moon, but with this difference, 
 one half is less curved and is rounded at the point, while the 
 opposite end is somewhat wider. On an average, the length from 
 one point to the other is 5 inches ; the breadth of perfect speci- 
 mens in the middle is from 1^ to If inch. On one side they are 
 quite flat, and on the other they have either one, two, or three 
 ribs running parallel with the outer edge, partly for the sake of 
 strength and partly for ornament. They were all cast, as may 
 be clearly seen by a projection in the middle of the border ; 
 sometimes even a portion of the metal was left standing, indi- 
 cating the channel for pouring in the liquid bronze. The mode in 
 which they were hafted is exactly the same as that in the bronze 
 celts : they were fastened into a piece of split wood by means 
 of cord or a nail. A very large number of implements of this 
 kind are in the most instructive cabinet of Colonel Schwab, and 
 in other Swiss collections, and I can give my assurance that of 
 all I have seen no two specimens have been cast from the same 
 mould. Many of the sickles found at Nidau- Steinberg appear to 
 have been exposed to a violent heat. Two of them are drawn 
 Plate XXXIII. figs. 1 and 2. 
 
 The specimens of bronze celts found here are with a single 
 exception of the same shape and nearly of the same size, from 
 5 to 61 inches long (Plate XXXV. fig. 5). Towards the 
 lower part they all have a projecting ear or ring, and they 
 have flanges at the sides which bend round in a half-circle 
 and nearly touch each other. In many celts, especially the 
 flatter kinds, may be noticed an incision or notch at the lower 
 part (see the Transactions of our Society, vol. ii. part 7), 
 into which a nail fitted, which prevented the celt from going 
 back when a heavy blow was struck. This notch is not seen in 
 the eared celts, and they have at this place a degree of uneven- 
 ness which arises from the breaking off of the ' run' of metal, 
 or what is called by workmen the ' gate.' There can be no doubt 
 that a ring was attached to the ear, by means of which the celt 
 was fastened to the handle.* (' Archseologia,' vol. xvi. Plate 54.) 
 In a few specimens some slight degree of ornamentation is 
 attempted, by having the sutures or places where the mould joins 
 together on the sides raised so as to become ribs. In one single 
 small specimen the cutting edge stands at right angles to the 
 
 * A celt obtained by M. Miiller is especially worthy of attention, as it shows 
 the mode of hafting, and actually contains the remains of its wooden handle. It was 
 found in a tumulus on the mainland.
 
 BRONZE CELTS, KNIVES, AND SPEAR-HEADS, NIDAU. 139 
 
 body and the ear of the tool, thus giving it the form of the 
 cross axe, such as is used by boat-builders. 
 
 Many of the celts found here appear from several indications 
 never to have been hafted, and consequently never to have been 
 brought into use. It is also worthy of remark that two of them 
 cannot be found which were made in the same mould a fact 
 which indicates a very large number of moulds, and also the 
 wide-spread use of these implements. 
 
 The admirable collection of Colonel Schwab is extremely 
 rich in bronze knives, most of which were found at the Nidau- 
 Steinberg. The shape of these knives is on the whole exactly 
 like that of the bronze knives found in other European 
 countries : the blades are from 3^ to 7^ inches long, and from 
 about ^ inch to 1 inch broad ; like the sickles, they are flat 
 on one side, while on the other they are sloped like a razor, 
 and are generally ornamented on this side with ribs which 
 run parallel with the back. ' There are different "kinds of 
 handles; either the blade and handle were both cast in one 
 piece (for all the knives were cast), or the knife was fixed, 
 as is now the custom, with a spike (or what workmen call a 
 * sturt ') into the handle, or instead of the spike it had a 
 socket, into which the handle was fastened. Plate XXXIII. 
 fig. 5 is an example of the first kind, and it is further re- 
 markable for uniting in itself the ornaments usually found on 
 several other implements, and which belong to the most superior 
 products of Celtic art. Thus, the lower part of the handle is 
 bifurcated like the hilts of many bronze swords ; the upper part 
 of the handle is ornamented like the sockets or barrels of the 
 lance-heads, and the blade has ridges running along it like the 
 ornaments on one side of the sickles. Figs. 3, 4, and 6 are 
 specimens of the other descriptions of knives. 
 
 Eig. 10 seems to have been at the same time both an awl and 
 a knife. 
 
 All the specimens of spear and javelin-heads found at Nidau 
 are of excellent workmanship and form ; probably they indicate 
 the proficiency made by the colonists in casting, more than any 
 other of the bronze implements. The length of these points or 
 heads varies from 3-| to 13 inches, so that the smaller ones 
 probably belonged to arrows or javelins, and the larger ones 
 to spears or lances. Even if we imagine that the same im- 
 plements were used both for war and the chase, yet in all pro- 
 bability those which had a long socket richly ornamented 
 were chiefly used for warlike purposes. The weapon drawn
 
 140 OBJECTS OF BRONZE, NIDAU. 
 
 Plate XXXV. fig. 3, is remarkable not only for the rings, 
 both plain and indented, which run round the socket, but also 
 for the serpentine ornamentation with which it is covered. 
 
 Plate XXXV. fig. 4 and Plate XXXIII. figs. 12 and 13 are 
 other specimens of these spear and arrow-heads. 
 
 Some smaller barbed arrow-heads are represented Plate 
 XXXV. figs. 10, 11, 12. 
 
 Several sizes of bronze chisels have been found here. A 
 broad chisel is drawn Plate XXXV. fig. 6. It is four inches 
 long, is made with a socket, and the cutting edge has a sweep 
 like that of a celt. The narrow chisels found at the Steinberg 
 are, as far as I know, the only tools of this kind found in Swit- 
 zerland. Drawings of two varieties are given, Plate XXXIII. 
 figs. 7 and 8. Even these narrow chisels have sockets.* 
 
 Pig. 9 was at first considered as a kind of hammer, but it is 
 now thought probable that it may be one of the anvils on which 
 the swords, sickles, and knives were sharpened by beating. It 
 has six sides and has a cavity in the centre. The Fig. 9 A shows 
 the upper view. 
 
 A very large number of pins, either for the hair or for fasten- 
 ing the clothes, were found at Mdau. A selection from them 
 will be found Plate XXXIII. fig. 11, and Plate XXXIV. figs. 1 to 
 34. Some of the heads of these pins were hollow, and, as is men- 
 tioned elsewhere, little balls of lead or stones of a reddish colour 
 were set in them. Similar pins are found in the Swiss tumuli. 
 
 Several needles, or at least similar implements, fitted for 
 sewing, knitting, or what is now called crochet- work, are drawn 
 Plate XXXVI. figs. 6 to 18. 
 
 Pigs. 1 and 2 have a little chisel at one end, and a piercer at 
 the other. 
 
 "Fig. 3 appears to be a drill, which was fixed into the turning- 
 machine by its upper or broader end. 
 
 Pig. 4. Surgical (?) instrument, curved and flat at the top 
 (see the upper figure), bent round at the bottom, with a cutting 
 edge directed outwards. 
 
 Fig. 5. A small shovel-shaped instrument or ligula ; the figure 
 to the left at the top shows the section. 
 
 The armlets drawn Plate XXXV. figs. 1 and 2, resemble 
 hollow rings of which a portion has been removed : they are 
 amongst the most singular of the Celtic articles of the toilet. 
 They are smooth inside, but on the outside they are richly 
 
 * See Arch. Journal, 1852, p. 303.
 
 OBJECTS OF BRONZE, NIDAU. 141 
 
 adorned with impressed and engraved ornaments. They sen- 
 sibly diminish in size towards the two ends, which are bent 
 round into semicircular appendages. Their internal diameter 
 is from 3 to 4 inches, their breadth from 7 lines to 1^ 
 inch ; the thickness of the metal plate is hardly a line. Two 
 other armlets are drawn on a smaller scale (Plate XXXVII. 
 figs. 34 and 35). The first of these is so thick that it would 
 have been very inconvenient for the purpose usually assigned to 
 them, and the same remark will apply to the armlet of which 
 a portion is drawn Plate XXXIY. fig. 36 ; it is made of solid 
 cast bronze, and is flat on the inside.* Fig. 35 is a smaller 
 armlet, made of twisted bronze wire. 
 
 Kings made out of thin bronze wire, and from 21 to 3^- 
 inches in diameter, with hooks fixed to them, are considered as 
 earrings. 
 
 A great variety of solid rings were met with ; some of them 
 made out of thick wire, such as those drawn Plate XXXIII. 
 figs. 15 and 16, both of which have appendages, one a smaller 
 ring, and the other a short rod ; others were cast, such as those 
 drawn Plate XXXVI. figs. 33 to 41. The very curious set of rings 
 (Fig. 36) was not made by the smaller rings being bent round 
 the larger one, but the whole was made by casting in a mould. 
 
 Plate XXXVI. figs. 19 to 32, represent a series of fish-hooks 
 of various forms and sizes, some with and some without barbs, 
 and with the shanks either bent round or notched. The section 
 of the wire is in most cases quadrangular ; not a single one has 
 it perfectly round and uniform. These hooks are exactly like 
 those found in the Celtic settlement of Hallstadt in Upper 
 Austria. 
 
 Plate XXXIV. fig. 37 is a hook, the use of which is unknown. 
 
 The knob drawn Plate XXXIII. fig, 14, is provided with a 
 socket ; it may have formed the end of a knife-handle, or it 
 may have been the bottom of the shaft of a lance. 
 
 Plate XXXV. figs. 13 to 24 are cutting implements of va- 
 rious kinds made of cast bronze. In Figs. 13 to 20 the back 
 is nearly | of a line thick. Some of them are perforated or 
 have rings, and seem as if intended to be worn (Figs. 15, 17, 18) ; 
 others have ridges on one side like the sickles (Fig. 24), and 
 
 * Some of the armlets, or ' manillas ' as they are called, manufactured at Birmingham 
 of solid brass, and sent out as an article of trade, almost by tons, to the wild tribes on 
 the coast of Africa, are in fact heavier than most of the armlets from the lake 
 dwellings. They are used by being clasped round a black lady's wrist, then ham- 
 mered till the ends meet, and thus remain to her dying day. [Ts.]
 
 142 OBJECTS OF GOLD, IRON, AND CLAY, NIDAU. 
 
 again others are ornamented with engraved lines like Fig. 23. 
 The Figs. 16, 20, 21, and 22 nearly have the form of knives. 
 
 Figs. 8, 25, 26, and 27 are knobs of various kinds. Figs. 7 
 and 9 appear to be ornaments. 
 
 Fig. 30 is a specimen, the use of which is unknown ; it has 
 two truncated horns, and may possibly be allied to the moon- 
 images. 
 
 Fig. -29 is a spiral made of bronze wire ; the section of the wire 
 is like that of an early crescent moon. 
 
 Plate XXXVII. fig. 32 is a piece of bronze wire, wound 
 round into a kind of spiral form at each end. 
 
 Fig. 33. Bronze implement of the size and shape of a 
 snaffle-bit, and which probably was used as such. 
 
 Fig. 5 is a bronze hammer with an ear. 
 
 III. OBJECTS OF GOLD. 
 
 Plate XXXV. fig. 28 is a spiral of gold wire, square in the 
 section, first twisted round on itself and afterwards coiled into 
 a spiral form. 
 
 Plate XXXVI. fig. 42 is a gold plate, ribbed, or, in modern 
 language, corrugated. 
 
 IV. OBJECTS OF IRON. 
 
 Iron spear or javelin-heads, more than 6 inches long, have 
 been found here similar to those drawn Plate XLIL fig. 2 
 from Sutz ; they are made out of iron plate bent round so as to 
 allow of their being fastened to shafts. The iron hoop on the 
 large net-weight, drawn Plate XXXVIII. fig. 15, has already 
 been mentioned. It is certain that these objects do not date 
 from the same period as the bronze implements. 
 
 Another specimen made of iron was found at Nidau, which 
 has unfortunately been drawn amongst the Marin antiquities 
 (Plate LXXXI. fig. 3 and fig 6, section). It consists of two 
 curved plates of iron holding a piece of wood between them by 
 rivets. 
 
 V. OBJECTS OF CLAY. 
 
 The' remarks which were made respecting the pottery at 
 Meilen equally apply in general, both as to form and mate- 
 rial, to that found at Nidau-Steinberg, the settlements near
 
 POTTERY, NIDAU. 143 
 
 Lattringen, Moringen, &c. At Nidau and Lattringen the works 
 of the potter are found in great abundance and variety of form, 
 and many of them have been so well preserved that without 
 much trouble they can be arranged in regular classes, and we 
 are able to get a pretty clear idea of the uses to which they 
 were applied and also of the degree of artistic skill attained by 
 the workman. 
 
 From the specimens which have been found here, we may 
 also be very certain that the whole of them were made by the 
 hand alone, and that the potter's wheel was not used. They 
 have also been made of similar material to that of the pottery 
 from other stations, but with this difference : the clay, which 
 was used unwashed, has been mixed up, not with gravel or 
 granite-grains, but with charcoal-dust or pieces, some of them 
 of the size of millet-seed, and in such quantities as to give a 
 dark-grey colour to the mass. Lastly, they were burnt, orna- 
 mented, and painted in the same manner. Some vessels were 
 found here of extraordinary size, the mouth being three feet 
 across, which may have been used for storing up corn and other 
 things. The smaller vessels appear to have been intended for 
 the reception of fluids, and also for cooking. Then we have 
 dishes, basins, bowls, and drinking-cups of very different forms 
 and sizes. As these vessels agree in every respect with those 
 found in the tumuli (described in vol. iii. of the Transactions 
 of the Antiquarian Association of Zurich), we must refer to 
 what was then said as to the different sorts and the uses to 
 which they were applied ; but we will select from the row of 
 vessels now standing before us certain specimens for closer ex- 
 amination. 
 
 With respect to the largest, of which, unfortunately, only a 
 fragment has been preserved, the question arises in the mind of 
 everyone who sees it what possible means there were for 
 making a vessel of such a size, and so regularly formed and 
 with such thin sides or walls, and how it could have been burnt 
 without the use of a close fire. According to my notion, the 
 correct answer to this question is given in the accounts of the 
 earlier travellers, who describe the mode in which earthenware 
 vessels, just as large as this one, are made by people in a similar 
 state of civilisation to that of the inhabitants of our lake 
 dwellings. The Arrowaks, the ancient inhabitants of Jugana, 
 according to the account given by Davies (p. 263), make their 
 earthenware vessels in the following manner : * When they 
 commence a vessel, after having mixed the clay with powdered
 
 144 POTTERY, NIDAU. 
 
 charcoal, they make first a round disk or slab, which always is 
 very small even for large vessels ; they then make of the same 
 kind of clay small sausage-shaped strips about as thick as the 
 finger, which are made to adhere to the under disk and pressed 
 flat with, the fingers. Thus they go on, till the vessel has 
 become of the requisite size and shape. They make dishes in 
 the same way, which are often so thin that it is marvellous how 
 with the hand alone they are able to bring them to perfection 
 and to give them such a regular form. In the course of the 
 work, when the clay has become partially dry they polish it 
 with a smooth stone. Most of these vessels are round at the 
 bottom, so that they would not stand well on level ground, but 
 would have to be placed on a foundation of sand. They often 
 make water-vessels so large that a European potter could hardly 
 manufacture them on the wheel ; they also make excellent pip- 
 kins. When the vessel is sufficiently dry, and more especially 
 if it is of large size, a hole is made in the sand, and brush- 
 wood or any kind of wood that burns easily is laid under and 
 around it, and also some little inside if the sides are thick, and 
 thus it becomes well burnt.' (' Neuwied,' ii. 127.) ' The North 
 Americans also manufacture vessels of burnt clay like those 
 found in abundance in their ancient burial-grounds ; they are 
 made of grey clay, and the surface is very much marked with 
 rings .* Broken shells are found plentifully in the dark-grey 
 material of these vessels.' (' Neuwied,' ii. 127.) ' The Maudans 
 and other races manufacture earthen vessels of dark slate- 
 coloured clay mixed with gravel and granite.' (KLemm's ' Cultur 
 Geschichte,' Bd. iv.) 
 
 It is remarkable that in the vessels found in the lake of 
 Bienne the base is of very small diameter ; sometimes, in fact, 
 there is none at all. The drinking-vessels are almost always 
 round, or made so that they will not stand on a level surface 
 (Plate XXXVIII. figs 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13). Some of 
 the urn-shaped vessels are covered with a bright and beautiful 
 black coating made by graphite, and yet they have the pecu- 
 liarity of not soiling the hands when touched. 
 
 Plate XXXVII. figs 27, 27', and 28 are earthenware vessels 
 like plates, coloured red and black ; they are exactly similar to 
 
 * Some fragments of pottery which had this peculiar style of ring ornamentation 
 were exhibited at the last meeting of the British Association at Birmingham, by Prin- 
 cipal Dawson. They were from Hochelaga, the ancient Indian settlement on the site 
 of Montreal, which can be historically proved to have been abandoned by the native 
 tribes 200 years ago. [Ta.]
 
 POTTERY, NIDAU. 145 
 
 those found in. the tumuli at Dorflingen and Triillikon, both in 
 material and also as to shape and ornamentation. (See the 
 account of the Helvetian 'Heidengraber,' vol. iii. Plate V. fig. 5, 
 and the general remarks upon them, page 77.) Fig. 30 is a 
 double earthenware cup. 
 
 One vessel was found on the Steinberg perforated at the sides 
 like some found at Ebersberg on the mainland and also in 
 several lake dwellings. It is that drawn Fig. 6 ; it has several 
 ornamental parallel lines encircling it like hoops, and the 
 perforations above referred to have been made in these lines, 
 and run in an oblique direction, as mentioned elsewhere ; the 
 use of these vessels is rather problematical, but they are com- 
 monly thought to have been intended for preparing cheese.* 
 
 Many of the earthenware vessels found at the Steinberg were 
 filled with charcoal ; others had been damaged by the fire when 
 the settlement was burnt ; some few pieces had been almost 
 melted by the violent heat, and had doubled up or run together. 
 
 It is singular that the clay rings which are so very plentiful 
 in the lakes of Bienne, Neuchatel, and Geneva, were not found 
 at Meilen. One of them from Nidau is drawn Plate XXXVIII. 
 fig. 14. These rings are made of clay mixed with little stones 
 and pieces of charcoal, but they are imperfectly burnt, and very 
 little care has been bestowed upon them ; they vary in external 
 diameter from 3^ to 9^ inches ; the hole in the middle is from 
 7 lines to 2^ inches wide, and the thickness of the ring itself 
 varies from 1 inch to upwards of 2 inches. Various opinions 
 have been expressed as to the use of these rings. The idea 
 that they were net-weights is now abandoned. It seems now 
 ascertained that they were used as supports for the vessels 
 which either had no base at all or one so small that they would 
 not stand. There can be no doubt also that they were used 
 in a similar way as supports for pipkins with a conical base 
 when placed on the hearth. Many of these rings appear to 
 have become friable from the action of violent heat, but it is 
 not always certain whether this happened on the hearth, or 
 when the settlement was burnt down. 
 
 A considerable number of spindle-whorls are to be seen in 
 the collections from this locality. The specimens drawn (Plate 
 XXXVII. figs. 17 to 24, and Plate XXXVIII. fig. 17) will 
 
 * Mr. Miiller informed me that at the present time similar vessels, though perhaps of 
 larger size, are manufactured by the potters in the valleys of the Jura. They are used 
 for separating the curdled part of the milk the substance of the cheese from the 
 liquid part which runs off through the holes. 
 
 L
 
 146 POTTERY, N1DAU. 
 
 give some idea of the variety in form and ornamentation. 
 Most of them are made of purified clay blackened with graphite 
 and rubbed smooth. The fact of one side being always flat 
 and without ornament prevents our considering these things as 
 beads. English antiquaries consider the little disks of earthen- 
 ware slightly raised, which are so commonly met with, to be 
 the pieces or counters of a game still in use amongst seafaring 
 people. The hole allowed the counters to be placed on the 
 wooden pegs fixed on the playing-board. 
 
 { Sink-stones ' or Weights. The things which commonly go by 
 this name are about 4^- inches high, of a conical form, and are 
 about 4 or 4^- in diameter at the base ; they were made without 
 any care and of common clay. The fact that they are perforated 
 towards the point of the cone, and that they were found at a 
 fishing-station, seems to argue for the correctness of the common 
 designation, but subsequent investigations have proved that 
 many at least of these clay cones were simply weights used in 
 weaving, and the reader is referred to the chapter on flax and its 
 manufacture for further particulars. Plate XXXVIII. figs. 16, 
 18, 19, and 20, may come under the class of weights. The 
 object drawn in two views, Figs. 18 and 19, and possibly also 
 Fig. 20, seem to be of Roman origin. 
 
 Plate XXXVII. figs. 9, 15, and 16 are perfect and imperfect 
 specimens of the well-known and problematical moon-images, 
 made of clay mixed with quartz-grains. About two dozen of them 
 are in the collection of Colonel Schwab. The reader is referred 
 for more particulars to the special chapter on these curious 
 objects. Fig. 4 is an ornament (?) of earthenware. 
 
 Figs. 6 and 7 are cylinders of earthenware ; the middle part 
 is rather smaller than the two ends. The use of them is not 
 known with certainty, but they may have served as supports for 
 the pipkins in the hearth-fires, and have had the same use as 
 the clay rings above referred to. 
 
 Plate XXI. fig. 15 is a drawing of what is probably one of 
 the most curious objects found in this settlement : it is a rude 
 figure of a lizard in earthenware, and is remarkable as being the 
 only attempt known to represent animal life. 
 
 Several lumps of clay were found here from 1 to 3 inches 
 thick, smooth on one side, and on the other having the im- 
 pression of wattle- work ; they are pieces of what once formed the 
 covering of the hut walls, burnt hard when the settlement was 
 destroyed by fire.
 
 NIDAU. 147 
 
 OBJECTS OF BONE, HORN, WOOD, ETC. 
 
 Fig. 8, Plate XXXVII. Three arrow-heads of bone. Fig. 11 
 is a specimen made out of stag's horn, perforated with square and 
 round holes ; the use of it is unknown. Fig. 12 is made out of 
 a bear's tooth, and the use of it also is not known. Fig. 13 is a 
 whistle made out of one of the small branches of a stag's horn. 
 Fig. 14 is a string of beads of glass and jet. The glass beads 
 are exactly like those found in such extraordinary numbers in 
 the tumuli of later date and in Roman stations ; they consist of 
 the same sort of material as was employed for the better sort of 
 tesserae or mosaic cubes and for the counters used in games. 
 Respecting the use of jet as an ornament, see the ' Rheinlandische 
 Jahrbiicher,' Heft XIV. Fig. 31 is a yoke of yew-wood, used by 
 the earliest population of the country for carrying all sorts of 
 burdens. Two clubs of oak-wood were found here, one 20 inches 
 long and the other 3 feet : they are like that from Meilen 
 drawn Plate III. fig. 14. A boat lies embedded in the mud on 
 the Steinberg, made of one thick long trunk of an oak, merely 
 hollowed out either by fire or by hatchets the whole length of 
 the bole. Boats of this description are still to be seen on the 
 lakes of eastern Switzerland, as, for instance, those of Lucerne 
 and Sempach. They go by the name of ' Einbaume.' 
 
 L 2
 
 148 
 
 COETAILLOD. 
 
 This settlement is of considerable extent ; it probably covers 
 three acres. When the lake is low, the depth of water is about 
 seven feet ; in ordinary times from nine to twelve feet. The 
 locality goes by the name of Pervou. It is very rich in bronze 
 objects, of which Colonel Schwab, Mr. Otts of Nenchatel, and 
 M. Troyon possess a considerable quantity, such as armlets and 
 earrings, swords, lance-points, sickles, knives, and hatchets or 
 celts ; also several objects of iron, such as knives, shears, daggers, 
 and arrow-heads. Besides these, there are stone celts, corn- 
 crushers, what are called slingstones, and mealing -stones. 
 Earthenware vessels, rings, and spindle-whorls are found here. 
 On the whole, this settlement appears to have been of later 
 date, like that of Estavayer, and probably to have been inhabited 
 about the same period. 
 
 Amongst the specimens which were procured in 1862 from 
 this place by Colonel Schwab, the following are probably of the 
 greatest interest : 
 
 An earthenware dish or plate, about sixteen inches in dia- 
 meter, ornamented with strips of tin. It is drawn about half the 
 full size, Plate XLIII. fig. 5. The lid of an earthenware vessel 
 with strips of tin pressed on its surface was found at Estavayer 
 (Plate XLIX. fig. 1), and one or two other specimens, orna- 
 mented in a similar way, have been met with, amongst which is 
 that lately found here, and drawn in the supplementary Plate ; 
 but perhaps no example of this peculiar and remarkable manu- 
 facture has occurred in such beautiful and perfect condition as 
 the specimen under consideration. The ornamentation consists 
 of plates of tin as thin as paper, which form a striking contrast 
 with the black ground of the vessel. These thin plates are also 
 ornamented with impressed lines, which after the plates were 
 fixed were engraved or indented with a blunt style. By means 
 of this additional work, the tin, which apparently was simply 
 pressed into the earthenware while yet soft, was made to ad- 
 here more closely to the clay. The ornamentation consists of a
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF CORTAILLOD. 149 
 
 rosette in the middle formed of quadrangles which is surrounded 
 by a band of a pattern similar to that called the meander, which 
 is so commonly found on the earthenware vessels of the bronze 
 period from the lakes of Neuchatel and Bienne and also from 
 Ebersberg.* A pattern somewhat similar is also found on one 
 vessel from Wangen on the lake of Constance. This dish was 
 made by the hand alone ; the material is a dark-grey clay, 
 blackened by graphite : the lower figure shows a section of this 
 singular vessel. 
 
 Figs. 1 and 2 of the supplementary Plate XCV. represent 
 the very remarkable vessel above referred to, ornamented in 
 a somewhat similar manner. Like most of the antiquities 
 described from this locality, it is in the collection of Colonel 
 Schwab. The ornaments on the upper part of it consist of 
 thin strips and plates of tin pressed into the clay. They are 
 executed in a kind of ' graffito ' manner : the parts left white 
 represent the tin ornaments ; the black is the original colour of 
 the earthenware. f 
 
 Amongst the bronze objects many are of the highest interest, 
 and none more so than the wheel drawn Plate XLIV. figs. 4 
 and 5 ; it probably belonged to a war chariot (essedum), and as 
 far as mechanical skill is concerned is a specimen of very 
 excellent ' hollow casting.' The middle portion of this wheel 
 consists of a hollow ball, from which radiate the four spokes .also 
 hollow. The spokes diminish rather conically towards the felly, 
 and both on the outside and inside have a kind of ridge running 
 along their whole length. Where they join both to the nave 
 and also to the felly, % they are strengthened by supports or 
 bases, in the shape of triple rings. The circumference of the 
 wheel is made as it were of a hoop bent up at the sides, the 
 spokes being fastened to the back, and the space between the 
 two cheeks or sides was filled up with a wooden circle of fellies 
 which were fastened on each side by nails. These wooden 
 fellies may probably have projected far beyond the metal casing, 
 
 * The pattern on this dish, as shown in Plate XLIIL, which is a 'transfer' lately 
 received from Zurich, differs slightly from that originally published. Of course the 
 later drawing is the more correct. [Ts.] 
 
 t ' Graffito ' is a mode of mural painting well known in Italy, and possibly also 
 used in England. The wall is first painted with a coat of black, and afterwards with one 
 of white ; a drawing is then made on the white coat, and portions are scraped away so 
 as to show the black beneath. In the earthenware vessel above described, the 
 ornamentation did not consist of tin strips and plates of equal size, but one large thin 
 plate, or what would now be called a sheet of tinfoil, was laid on the black ground, 
 and then the parts required to be black were scraped off by a point or a knife.
 
 150 BRONZE OBJECTS, CORTAILLOD. 
 
 just as we see similar instances represented in Assyrian sculp- 
 tures. An axle-box of 3^ inches in diameter projected from 
 one side of the nave ; about 2 inches of it were visible. It 
 is ornamented with a hoop or ring quite at the end, and with 
 another not far from the nave, between which there was the 
 same ring-like arrangement as at the ends of the spokes and 
 also as an ornament on the central boss. The whole wheel had 
 been cast in one piece, but unfortunately when the settlement 
 was burnt, it was partially melted by the heat. 
 
 If we call to mind the numerous works of Etruscan art which 
 are found in Switzerland, as, for instance, the vase of Grachwyl, 
 the speculum of Avenches, the numerous bronze statuettes, and 
 many of the specimens described in the present volume, we may 
 probably consider this wheel as the product of an Etruscan work- 
 shop. 
 
 Plate XL1V. fig. 1 is the neck of a bronze casting broken off 
 when the operation of the founder was completed. 
 
 Plate XLIY. figs. 2 and 3 ; Plate XLYI. figs. 4 and 10 ; and 
 Plate XL VII. fig. 25, are bronze armillse : the arrangement of 
 the lines on the three last which form the ornamentation are 
 especially worthy of notice. Fig. 9 in Plate XLYI. shows the 
 section of the armilla (Fig. 3, Plate XLIY.). The specimen of 
 which two views are given (Plate XLYI. figs. 6 and 7) is a 
 portion either of an armilla or of a ring made of very thin 
 bronze ; three perforations form a part of the ornamentation. 
 
 Plate XLIY. figs. 6, 7, and 8, and Plate XLYI. fig. 8, are what 
 are called moon-figures of bronze ; these specimens will be espe- 
 cially referred to in the chapter on moon-images. 
 
 Plate XLIY. fig. 9 is a bronze arrow-head. 
 
 Plate XLYI. figs. 1, 2 and 3, are bronze implements for sus- 
 pension. 
 
 Plate XLYI. fig. 5 is a massive bronze ring ornamented with 
 engraved concentric circles ; it has four holes in it, which ori- 
 ginally were filled with stones of various colours. 
 
 Fig. 13 is a bronze hook. 
 
 Fig. 15 is an earring of bronze with a drop of earthenware. 
 - Plate XLYII. figs. 13 and 21 are bronze pins. Of the large 
 number of pins found in the lake dwellings some were solid, 
 others were hollow in the head, and in some cases there were 
 perforations in the heads at regular distances which apparently 
 had been filled with tin or stones of various colours. The head 
 of the pin drawn Fig. 21 is peculiar, not merely from its size,
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF CORTAILLOD. 151 
 
 but from the mode of its manufacture ; it is not cast, but consists 
 of two hollow hemispheres of very thin bronze plate ornamented 
 with rows of round projections or bosses made with the punch 
 and then soldered together. 
 
 Fig. 28. An object in bronze the use of which is not known : 
 it is hollow inside, and has the form of an hour-glass or double 
 funnel. 
 
 Some objects of gold were found here, amongst which were 
 six earrings of a similar pattern, one of which is drawn Plate 
 XLVI. figs. 11 and 12. A thin plate of a pointed oval form 
 terminates in a wire ; the plate is ornamented with a series of 
 raised lines, one within another. 
 
 Some bone implements were met with, amongst which may 
 be mentioned the piece of bone (Plate XL VI. fig. 16) which has 
 on one side a series of notches apparently worn by thread. An 
 implement probably somewhat similar, notched but polished by 
 use, and which may have been used for netting or knitting, was 
 found at Robenhausen, and is drawn Plate X. fig. 19. 
 
 Plate XLY. fig. 5 is a bone arrow-head. 
 
 Fig. 3 is a spindle-shaped implement of stag's horn. 
 
 Plate XL VI. fig. 14. A string of beads of bluish and white 
 glass and of amber, similar to those found in tumuli. 
 
 Plate XLV. fig. 1 is a small object made of earthenware, 
 perforated with five holes. Fig. 7 is a small earthenware cup 
 or bowl with a handle on one side. 
 
 Plate XXII. fig. 16 is a spoon of rather dark-coloured clay. 
 
 Fig. 19 is a piece of an earthenware vessel with three holes 
 on each side of the handle, filled with little plugs of wood. 
 
 Figs. 31 and 32. Earthenware vessels, the bottom perforated 
 like a sieve. Fig. 34. Part of the rim of an earthenware vessel 
 with knobs, one on each side of the handle, for the convenience 
 of placing the thumb, like some of those from the Terramara, 
 drawn Plate LXI. 
 
 Figs. 26 and 30 are bronze ornaments. Fig. 33 is a bronze 
 sickle with a little knob (Fig. 35) near the bottom of the blade, 
 to assist in fastening the handle. 
 
 Plate XLV. figs. 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9, are drawings of perfect and 
 imperfect moon-ornaments of earthenware of different patterns. 
 Respecting these singular objects, the reader is referred to the 
 chapter specially devoted to them towards the close of the volume. 
 
 The cup, or what is called the strap, of a sling made of platted 
 flax-cords, was found here, and is drawn on the lower part of
 
 152 ANTIQUITIES OF CORTAILLOD. 
 
 Plate LXXXVI. This unique specimen will be described in the 
 chapter devoted to the manufactures of flax and bast. 
 
 Fragments of the clay covering of the wattle- work which 
 covered the walls of the huts have been found at Cortaillod. 
 No piece, however, has yet been found in the lake of Neuchatel 
 of a greater diameter than a foot. Sometimes they are flat, 
 sometimes more or less curved, as they fell into the water when 
 red hot. 
 
 Corn, charred apples, acorns, nuts, fennel- seed, and peas have 
 occurred here in several places.
 
 153 
 
 ATJVERNIEE. 
 
 From the report of Professor Desor there were here two 
 settlements, one of the stone and the other of the bronze age. 
 With respect to the first, he says : ' I have discovered and in- 
 vestigated a regular " Steinberg " at Auvernier ; it lies at the 
 bottom of the bay, in fact in the most sheltered spot ; it is 
 about 340 feet distant from the southern bank and 195 feet from 
 the western shore. The area is nearly two acres, or about 76,000 
 square feet, and the whole of it is somewhat raised and covered 
 with loose stones, varying in size from 2 or 3 inches to ! or 2 
 feet. The smaller ones are more or less rounded, and have been 
 brought from the shore ; many of the larger ones are still as 
 angular as if they had been taken but yesterday from the quarry. 
 There can be no doubt that these stones have been brought from 
 Serrieres or Neuchatel, where the limestone rocks are washed 
 by the lake. The piles stand on this flooring or layer of stones ; 
 none of them are less than 7 inches in diameter, and some 
 measure 9^ inches or a foot across. The heads of many of them 
 exhibit either projections or hollows, which may arise from the 
 piles which were too high having been partially sawn through 
 with stone saws at the required height and then broken off. 
 
 * Immediately behind this Steinberg the bronze station is 
 found, the piles of which, however, are full 100 feet distant 
 from it. They are very numerous, are driven into a bottom of 
 muddy sand totally different from that of the " Steinberg," and 
 are only 5 or 6 inches in diameter. They project from the 
 bottom 1 or 2 feet, and are arranged in such a manner as to 
 form a zigzag line, and stretch towards the land in four, five, 
 or even six parallel rows. The depth of water on the Stein- 
 berg of Auvernier is 6 feet, or somewhat less than on that of 
 Hauterive, while the bronze station is 14 or 15 feet under the 
 average level of the water. 
 
 ' An oak canoe, nearly thirty feet long, is lying at the bottom 
 in the bay of Auvernier which,' says Professor Desor, * I mean 
 to secure. The wattle- work which formed the covering or walls 
 of the huts is lying on the bottom, and consists of poles from
 
 154 ANTIQUITIES OF AUVERNIER. 
 
 2 to 2 inches thick, at a distance of 2 feet apart. Eods 1 
 or 1^ inch, thick are closely interwoven crosswise with these 
 poles. Unfortunately this wattle-work is too rotten to be taken 
 up from the bottom. 
 
 * From what has just been said as to the strength of the piles 
 at these two stations, the conclusion that the piles of the bronze 
 period were stronger than those of the stone period does not 
 seem to be verified in this locality.' 
 
 Several antiquities found here are drawn on Plate XL VII. 
 
 Fig. 1 is a richly ornamented lance-head of bronze. 
 
 Fig. 2 is an arm-ring of cast bronze, ornamented alternately 
 with zigzag or hatched lines and with lines encircling the body 
 of the ring. 
 
 Fig. 23. Flint arrow-head, not barbed. Three different 
 shapes of flint arrow-heads are found in the lake dwellings, thus : 
 
 OAA- 
 
 That now drawn belongs to the first. The 
 
 second kind, the most artistic of all, may be seen Plate XIII. 
 fig. 13, and the mode in which it was attached to the shaft 
 (Plate XXXDL fig. 15). These are two views of a flint arrow- 
 head with a portion of the shaft still remaining, the flint being 
 fastened in a notch in the wood, the two sides of which were then 
 secured and drawn tight by a cord. This specimen was not met 
 with in a lake dwelling, and is merely introduced here to show 
 the mode of attachment. It was found on the moor called 
 Geissboden, on the ridge of the Zug mountain. The third sort 
 is always made very sharp on the lowest or narrowest side of the 
 triangle, to allow of its being fixed more easily into the cloven 
 end of the shaft. The colour of these arrow-heads varies from 
 clear yellow to black and dark red. Mineralogists say that 
 these different varieties of flint come from the Swiss and the 
 French Jura mountains. 
 
 Plate XL VII. fig. 26. An earthenware drinking-cup drawn 
 in section ; a hole runs through the narrow or middle part. 
 
 Fig. 27. A great bronze fish-hook. 
 
 Fig. 29. Horn-shaped vessel of coarse-grained black clay, with 
 the point bent up. Auvernier is rather celebrated for the 
 variety of earthenware vessels found here, and this appears to 
 be one of the most singular. Its sides are very thin, and are 
 ornamented towards the rim with engraved lines running round 
 the vessel; in these lines are five small holes, one above 
 the other, going quite through. Similar vessels have been
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF AUVERNIER. 155 
 
 already described from Nidau, and have been found also in 
 other stations. The Nidau specimen is drawn Plate XXXVIII. 
 fig. 6. In describing it we ventured on the supposition that 
 vessels of this kind were used for preparing cheese, the whey 
 oozing out through these small holes. A fragment showing this 
 peculiarity was found at Ebersberg on the mainland. (See Plate 
 XC. fig. 5.) 
 
 Figs. 30 and 34. Very neat vessels made by the hand alone ; 
 the material is purified and blackened clay : they have a conical 
 base, so that they were intended to stand in rings. 
 
 Fig. 31. A little two-handled pipkin with four feet, made by 
 the hand alone out of red purified clay and well burnt. The 
 handles, the rim, and the feet are bordered with three furrows, 
 and round the outer one runs a row of triangular impressions. 
 
 Fig. 32. Vessel made of very impure clay mixed with large 
 grains of stone ; the lower half is thickly covered with small 
 projections more or less regularly placed, which may have been 
 useful for taking hold of the vessel and keeping it firm in the 
 hand. This arrangement is unusual. 
 
 Fig. 33. Earthenware vessel made by the hand alone ; it has 
 a large bulge, and is ornamented with the double Greek pattern 
 (or meander line), which unfortunately is not well shown in the 
 sketch. It resembles that on the fragment found at the settle- 
 ment of Ebersberg, drawn Plate XC. fig. 1. A little above the 
 base the side is perforated with three holes, the use of which is 
 not known. 
 
 Fig. 35. A slab of granite with a cup-like hollow about 13^ 
 inches long, and 11^ inches wide ; the depth of this hollow is 
 If inch. The stone weighs 881bs. Several similar stones have 
 been found by Colonel Schwab in the lake of Bienne. They 
 were used as mortars. 
 
 Fig. 36. Small bronze chisel in the collection of Professor 
 Desor of Neuchatel.
 
 156 
 
 THE LAKE DWELLINGS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD 
 OF ESTAVAYEE AND LA CEASAZ. 
 
 The following account of researches made in this district by 
 MM. Beat de Vevey and Henri Eey has been drawn up by M. 
 A. Morlot. 
 
 Since the first discovery, in January 1854, of lake dwellings at 
 Meilen in the lake of Zurich, researches on this subject have 
 been carried on in Switzerland to a great extent. The lake of 
 Bienne was examined and worked by M. Muller of Nidau, and 
 by Colonel Scliwab of Bienne, especially the latter gentleman, 
 who afterwards came into possession of M. Muller's collection. 
 The lake of Neuchatel was explored towards its southern extre- 
 mity, in the spring of 1854, by M. Louis Eochat, and his report 
 is published in the present volume. And about the same time 
 (May 22, 1854) the pile buildings of Merges were discovered, 
 and the greater part of the lake of Geneva was explored by the 
 editor. 
 
 Colonel Schwab, having called attention to the piles which 
 are found in front of Estavayer, on the eastern bank of the 
 lake of Neuchatel, MM. de Yevey and Eey, who live at Esta- 
 vayer, set to work to explore first this locality and afterwards 
 the neighbouring district. They used merely a pair of pincers 
 fixed at the end of a long pole (see page 9), and as yet have 
 only collected what specimens were visible on the surface of 
 the lake bottom. These gentlemen have in this manner suc- 
 ceeded in obtaining a very interesting collection of specimens, 
 the greater part of which were obtained amongst the piles of 
 the bronze age in front of Estavayer. This locality will bear a 
 comparison as to its bronze treasures with the Steinberg 
 between Nidau and Bienne, and with the lake dwelling of 
 Morges which has been examined by M. Forel. Colonel 
 Schwab obtained at the Steinberg 500 bronze hairpins ; but 
 they were not all found on the surface, for he has trenched or 
 excavated the bottom of the lake at this locality. At the lake 
 dwelling of Morges forty bronze celts, thirteen bronze knives, 
 and many other specimens were found, all on the surface ; and
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS, ESTAVAYER. 157 
 
 Estavayer up to the present time has produced the remarkable 
 number of 128 bronze hairpins, and many other specimens of 
 the settlers' industry, all lying on the surface of the lake bottom. 
 At the present time we have to do chiefly with the objects found 
 at Estavayer. 
 
 There are two pile works at Estavayer, remains of ancient 
 lake dwellings ; one near the shore, where nothing has been 
 found but some stone and bone objects, without anything of 
 bronze, and which therefore seems to date from the stone age ; 
 the other farther from the shore, which has yielded a quantity 
 of bronze implements, and which we may therefore without 
 hesitation attribute to the bronze age. It would seem as if 
 the introduction of bronze having augmented the powers of 
 action, the settlers had removed farther from the shore and 
 established themselves in deeper water. This confirms my 
 opinion that the chief end of these lake dwellings was the de- 
 fence against enemies. 
 
 LAKE DWELLING OF THE STONE AGE AT ESTAVAYER. 
 
 It measures probably 120 paces long by 60 paces broad, and 
 runs parallel with the land. The space between the piles and 
 the shore, which may be 45 paces long by 15 wide, was dry in the 
 winter of 1857, but in general the bottom, which is pebbly, is 
 covered with from two to four feet of water. A small stream, 
 which runs through the town of Estavayer, here falls into the 
 lake, and it may be that the alluvium brought down by it may 
 have added to the shore and thus brought the mainland nearer 
 to the lake dwelling ; but as the specimens of ancient industry 
 have been found on tne surface of the lake bottom, this hypo- 
 thesis is hardly admissible. 
 
 The following objects were found here : 
 
 A dozen flat stones rounded, from l to 2 inches in diameter, 
 perforated with a central hole ; they may have been used as 
 weights for the spindles used in manufacturing thread. 
 
 Two halves of two hammers of serpentine ; one has a well- 
 made hole for the reception of a handle. 
 
 Two arrow-heads of brown flint, apparently of a kind not 
 found in Switzerland (Plate XLYIII. fig. 25). These specimens 
 are pretty well worked; they are 1^ inch long. 
 
 A well-preserved hammer of stag's horn (Plate XL VIII. fig. 
 27). At one end it is rather rounded, as if to strike with, but at 
 the other end it is a little hollowed out, as if it had formed a
 
 158 LAKE DWELLINGS, ESTAVAYER. 
 
 hafting for a stone celt or wedge ; but on carefully examining 
 this hollow it seems more probable that it results simply from 
 the natural decay of the interior spongy part, and that a stone 
 wedge was never intended to have been fixed in it. The hole 
 for the handle is oval and well made ; it is l inch long and f 
 inch broad. The length of the whole specimen is 5 inches. 
 
 A stone hammer-hatchet (Fig. 29), remarkable for the beauty 
 of its workmanship, and bearing a strong resemblance to the 
 excellent stone hatchets or celts found in Denmark, which are 
 attributed to the bronze age. Implements of this form have 
 not in general been considered as cutting instruments, for the 
 edge in most cases is rounded, but rather as marks of distinc- 
 tion as hatchets indicating command, and corresponding more 
 or less with the baton of a marshal. The specimen, however, 
 found at Estavayer has the edge sharpened; and a second 
 characteristic, distinguishing it from the northern specimens, is 
 that the hole for the handle is not round, but of an oval form, 
 rather regularly made, about 1-L inch long and |- inch broad. 
 The whole length of the specimen is 5f inches. On the upper 
 part is a median ridge, projecting about a line or a line and a 
 half, which has been formed by careful and regular work on a 
 fixed grinding-stone or slab. The whole specimen is well worked 
 and perfectly symmetrical, but one side of the end used for 
 a hammer appears to have been notched and then again applied 
 to the grinding-stone on this side, in order to flatten the frac- 
 tured surface. The material is a dioritic rock, with particles of 
 felspar ; it is hard, is not scratched by the knife, and appears to 
 have come from some locality not in Switzerland. 
 
 Four celts or regular hatchets, not perforated, made of com- 
 mon serpentine, probably from the erratic blocks found in the 
 neighbourhood of Estavayer. 
 
 Eather a large tongue of flint, of a kind not found in Switzer- 
 land ; it appears to have been shaped so as to form the point 
 of a lance. 
 
 A flake also of foreign flint, which has been used as a saw. 
 
 LAKE DWELLING OF THE BRONZE AGE AT ESTAVAYER. 
 
 It is situated about 400 feet from the shore, and occupies an 
 area of nearly 7,700 square feet. The water here is six or 
 seven feet deep. There are a considerable number of piles, and 
 this is the locality which has been most carefully examined by 
 MM. Eey and de Vevey. Dr. Keller had previously announced
 
 OBJECTS OF BRONZE, ESTAVAYER. 159 
 
 that lake dwellings and antiquities had been found here ; as, for 
 instance, celts made of serpentine, flat grinding-stones, corn- 
 crushers, pottery rings or ' torches,' and spindle-whorls, both 
 made of baked clay ; also knives, sickles, bracelets, and hair- 
 pins, all of bronze. The following is a list of the bronze objects 
 collected here by MM. Eey and de Yevey : 
 
 Hairpins with great ornamental and spherical heads . . 36 
 
 Common hairpins . . . . . . . ' . 92 
 
 Knives 26 
 
 Bracelets . 15 
 
 Sickles 5 
 
 Celt or hatchet 1 
 
 Fish-hook 1 
 
 Chisel 1 
 
 Rings of different kinds. Earrings (?) 27 
 
 Buttons 2 
 
 Blade of dagger ......... 1 
 
 Arrow-head 1 
 
 Flattened wire coiled in a spiral form 6 
 
 It will be seen that this is a rich 'locality. It is especially 
 remarkable for the number and beauty of its hairpins and 
 knives, while celts are almost entirely wanting. We will now 
 consider some of these specimens a little in detail. 
 
 The hairpins with spherical heads are of various sizes and 
 lengths. The pin with the largest head, about 1 inch in 
 diameter, is drawn Plate XL VIII. fig. 4. The head is hollow 
 and has been cast, which is generally the case with all the 
 bronze objects of this period. The shank goes through the 
 head, and has been rivetted or beaten to a small knob above ; 
 but some play has been allowed below, so that the shank can 
 slide a little way and appear above the head, and the pin has 
 been drawn in this position. This specimen weighs 2^ ounces 
 troy, of which the head alone weighs 2 ounces. The pin is 
 nearly 9 inches long. 
 
 The other hairpins with spherical heads, though often longer, 
 have smaller heads, which are hardly one inch in diameter ; they 
 are ornamented in the same manner, but more simply. Three 
 bands, each consisting of three or four even lines, bordered on 
 each side by a dotted line, as in Fig. 4, go straight down from 
 the concentric circles round one pole to those of the opposite 
 pole. The three fields on the surface of the sphere thus sepa- 
 rated by these bands have each in the centre, as it were under 
 the equator, a round hole 2^ to 2| lines in diameter, surrounded 
 by three concentric circles, bordered by an exterior dotted circle
 
 160 OBJECTS OF BRONZE, ESTAVAYER. 
 
 as in Fig. 4, only the poles thus set in a framework, as it were, of 
 circles, are isolated, while in Fig. 4 they are joined alternately 
 with the upper and lower poles by bands of lines, which in this 
 specimen do not go from one pole to the other. In Fig. 4 
 the sphere is divided into quarters ; four bands, each consisting 
 of two or three lines, go from each pole till they meet the poles 
 in the opposite hemisphere, as may be seen in the drawing. In 
 the pins under consideration, of the ordinary size, like those 
 drawn Plate XXXIV. fig. 5, from Nidau, the heads are also 
 hollow, and the sides or walls of the sphere may probably be 1^ 
 line thick. Hairpins of this kind are found elsewhere, but no- 
 where so abundantly as at Estavayer. 
 
 Besides the pins with spherical hollow heads, a great number 
 of others have been found, as already mentioned. Some of the 
 most interesting have been drawn Plate XLVIII. figs. 3, 5, 6, 
 7, and from 9 to 14. 
 
 Fig. 6 is rather curious. The pin is ornamented with che- 
 vrons for half its length ; the head is massive, and the whole 
 weight of the specimen is 2 ounces troy, though it is only 5^ 
 inches long from the head to the point, which is quite perfect. 
 To keep a pin of this description in the hair, it must have been 
 used for tresses or very close plaits. This great variety of 
 hairpins seems to indicate that in general the hair was richly 
 developed. Bearing on this point, it may be well to remember 
 that two hair (?) pins of bronze were found near Berne, cast 
 from the same mould, weighing actually nearly llounces, and 
 of the astonishing length of nearly 34 inches. 
 
 The shank of the pin drawn Fig. 9 is perforated ; the hole 
 has been represented in profile in the figure. No remark need 
 be made as to the others drawn. 
 
 The pins found at Estavayer vary considerably in length ; 
 that of the five longest is from 10 inches to lOf inches ; that 
 of the five next in size is from 7| inches to 9 inches. The 
 three shortest pins are only 2 to 3 inches long ; a considerable 
 number are about 3^ inches in length. 
 
 As before mentioned, Estavayer is remarkable for the number 
 and beauty of its bronze knives, drawn Plate XLIX. figs. 2, 3, 
 and 7 to 15. They indicate, in fact, such an amount of luxury in 
 this class of implements as can be found nowhere else in 
 Switzerland, thus almost certainly showing that they were in- 
 dustrial products which belonged rather to the end than to the 
 beginning of the bronze age ; for knives with a longitudinal 
 cutting edge, like those of which we are speaking, appear only
 
 OBJECTS OF BRONZE, ESTAVAYER. 161 
 
 gradually to have replaced the hatchet-knives or celts with a 
 transverse edge which were, in fact, simply the reproduction in 
 bronze of the instruments so commonly in use in the stone age. 
 
 Many of these knives are ornamented on both sides, and 
 also on the back, as is shown by the drawings. Others are 
 not ornamented, but still have a very elegant form like that 
 drawn Fig. 2 ; lastly, others, like Fig. 3, are very coarsely manu- 
 factured. 
 
 The backs of many of these knives have been thickened at 
 the sides, to give more strength to the instrument, but still the 
 metal was husbanded and the edge was left thinner, like that 
 of our modern razors. It will be seen that transverse sections 
 are given of Figs. 10 and 14. The ornaments of these knives 
 are in good taste and in the style characteristic of the bronze 
 age, with the exception perhaps of the specimen drawn Fig. 
 14, which has something strange about it. Fig. 15 shows the 
 ornaments on the back of this knife. 
 
 Many of these knives have been very decidedly and regu- 
 larly in use, such as Figs. 10 and 2. They have evidently been 
 used to cut soft materials, like flesh, skins, or tissues. Fig. 7 
 has been used especially towards the end which is sharp up to 
 the angle formed by the back. The two largest specimens 
 (Figs. 8 and 9) are both 9 inches in length. 
 
 Fig. 4 appears to be the blade of a dagger, but it has been 
 inserted into the handle rather differently from the mode 
 usually seen in bronze specimens. Plate XLVIII. fig. 1 is a 
 little bronze chisel. Fig. 26 is an arrow-head of bronze with a 
 crack or flaw on the side, as may be seen in the drawing ; * a 
 little round hole runs from one side of the socket to the other, 
 to enable it to be rivetted to the wood of the arrow. Fig. 28 
 is a bronze hatchet of the kind improperly called a celt. The 
 socket being round would have allowed the hatchet to have 
 turned round on the handle, but to prevent this the moulder 
 has arranged four longitudinal ribs running all along the 
 inside of the socket, and about half a line high. The socket 
 is 2 1 inches deep; the whole length of the specimen is 4^ 
 inches. The cutting edge, which is a little curved, is 1^ inch 
 
 * As this flaw is in the shape of a pretty regular crescent, many persons have thought 
 that, instead of a flaw, it was an intentional groove or gash for the insertion of poison. 
 The strongest vegetable poison of Switzerland would be got from the euphorbiacean 
 plants, and this would not be powerful enough to cause death. But it is not impossible 
 that the settlers may have obtained more active poisons from their commerce with the 
 East. 
 
 M
 
 162 OBJECTS OF BRONZE, ESTAVAYER. 
 
 long. As already mentioned, it is the only hatchet which has 
 been found at this locality, while forty have been dredged up 
 at Merges ; but they are quite of another sort, like those called 
 ( Paalstab ' in the north, and which have been fastened to a cleft 
 handle by means of four side flanges. 
 
 Plate XL VIII. fig. 31. A bronze sickle of the usual form, 
 but very large. The diameter of the semicircle formed by the 
 outside is 6 f inches. The transverse section of the blade is 
 represented at a, below the figure. 
 
 Figs. 19 and 20. Different views of a little implement of 
 bronze, which, though thin, has still been cast : it is in shape 
 nearly like a button, and has doubtless been used as an orna- 
 ment for some tissue or skin. 
 
 Fig. 24. A fish-hook of bronze, like those found by Colonel 
 Schwab at the Steinberg of Nidau. 
 
 Figs. 16, 17, 21, and 23, are bracelets. Fig. 21 is massive, 
 and has the opening oval ; its greatest internal diameter is 2 
 inches. Fig. 16 is thin ; it is only about half a line in thickness. 
 Fig. 17 is more massive, the greatest thickness of its transverse 
 semicircular section being one-fifth of an inch. This specimen 
 is too large to have been worn on the fore-arm, for the opening, 
 which is of an oval form, is 3| inches across where the diameter 
 is the largest. Fig. 23, of which the section is given below, 
 is rather oval, and the diameter where greatest is little more 
 than 1| inch. If it was intended for a bracelet, it must have 
 been that of a child. The ornaments on all these bracelets are 
 of the style usual on specimens of this nature in the bronze 
 age. 
 
 Fig. 18. A bronze ring which is rather thin : the opening is 
 oval ; the greatest diameter measures f inch. 
 
 Figs. 2 and 22. Bronze spirals. Fig. 2 is of bronze wire ; 
 the section is semicircular, and is shown on one side. Fig. 22 
 is of very thin bronze plate, not thicker than a quarter of a 
 line.* 
 
 Plate XLIX. fig. 1. A specimen of rather fine pottery, with 
 
 * My friend, the Eev. C. "W. King, in a paper yet unpublished, but which is elsewhere 
 referred to, speaking of the armour of the Gauls, quotes Diodorus, who says that ' their 
 shields are as tall as the men, and painted over in a peculiar fashion: some of them have 
 figures of animals in relief of bronze, not merely for ornament but also for defence, 
 and very well wrought. ' On this passage Mr. King remarks : ' The flat spirals of con- 
 siderable diameter in stout bronze wire so often found on the Continent, were doubtless 
 some of the ornaments fixed upon these shields. Their construction would afford 
 great additional strength with very slight increase of weight to the substructure of 
 boards and hide.' [Ts.]
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF ESTAVAYER. 163 
 
 the surface blackened and polished, and having the appearance 
 of the cover of some vessel. On examining the surface of the 
 inside, which is in very good preservation, it will be seen that 
 though regularly circular, this vessel has not been made with 
 the wheel. The edge appears to have been ornamented all 
 round with leaf- tin, some portions of which still remain. From 
 this edge or border four thin bands of ornamented tin run on 
 the outside from four different points, carried nearly to the 
 centre of the specimen. One of these bands is still in good 
 preservation ; it is simply laid or pressed upon the vessel, and is 
 not rivetted : the remaining bands have only left their traces. 
 The handle is in the shape of a semicircle at the top of the 
 vessel, it also is ornamented with tinfoil. The metal has been 
 examined by Professor de Fellenberg, and proves to be pure tin 
 without any mixture of lead. The diameter of the specimen 
 is 5-^ inches; the height, including that of the handle, is 
 2 inches ; the thickness of the sides or walls is about one line. 
 
 Plate XL VIII. fig. 15 shows the section of this cover. 
 
 Another specimen, no less interesting, is a little bar of 
 tin made into a prismatic form by the hammer. It is 7^ 
 inches long ; its greatest thickness is inch, and it weighs 
 half an ounce. The colour of the metal and its great ductility 
 show that it consists of pure tin, thus confirming the assay 
 made by M. de Fellenberg, who did not find in it a trace 
 either of lead, zinc, copper, or iron. 
 
 We cannot venture to conclude, from the presence of this 
 little bar of tin, that the metal was employed on the spot to 
 make bronze. The cover ornamented with tin, and which has 
 been already described, proves that this metal was employed in 
 a pure state to ornament different objects, as is still the case in 
 some countries. 
 
 Lastly, Fig. 30, Plate XLVIII. represents a wedge or celt of 
 serpentine found amongst the piles of the bronze age. It is a 
 knife-hatchet with the cutting edge curved, and a little oblique. 
 It fits the hand very well, and evidently was not intended to 
 have been fixed in a handle. It was probably made from the 
 serpentine of some erratic block found in the neighbourhood, 
 but it may possibly also be of some stone not found in Switzer- 
 land. It is schistose and very hard ; it cannot be scratched with 
 the knife. 
 
 Full half a league north-west of Estavayer, near the village of 
 Autavaux and La Corbiere, there is a place called La Crasaz, 
 
 M2
 
 164 SETTLEMENT AT LA CRASAZ. 
 
 where there are two lake dwellings in the lake, as at Estavayer ; 
 the one nearer the shore, of the stone age ; and the other 
 farther in the lake, of the bronze age. These localities, as at 
 Estavayer, are situated near where a stream runs into the lake, 
 and this, in fact, is in general one of the conditions which 
 seem to have determined the choice of the situation of lake 
 dwellings. These piles at La Crasaz are known to the fisher- 
 men, and, as well as those of Estavayer, are called by them Les 
 Tenevieres. 
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS OF THE STONE AGE AT LA CRASAZ. 
 
 When the water is low, the lake here is only from one to five 
 feet deep, and the piles are then very near the shore. The 
 following are the specimens which have been found here. 
 
 Three tongues or flakes of a clear brown flint, a kind not 
 found in Switzerland. The largest (Plate XLLX. fig. 6) is 7 
 inches long, being, in fact, the largest which has been found in 
 Switzerland. Similar ones, but smaller, have been found at 
 Concise. The specimen, as will be seen by the figure, is worked 
 very regularly on one side, while the other is formed simply by 
 a tolerably even fractured surface slightly convex in the direc- 
 tion of the length, and produced by the blow which detached it 
 from the original block of flint. The section is nearly semicir- 
 cular. This flake can hardly have been used as a lance-point, 
 for then it would have been worked on both sides, and more 
 especially some attempt would have been made to do away 
 with the concavity of the posterior face towards the two ends. 
 It is also too thick to have answered for a saw. It may 
 possibly have been used for hollowing wood or scraping skins : 
 some use of this nature appears at least to be indicated by 
 the fact that the lower face has been left perfectly level and 
 intact. 
 
 A celt of serpentine hafted in a piece of stag's horn, made 
 with a mortise so as to have had in its turn a wooden handle 
 like those which have been found elsewhere in Switzerland, and 
 especially at Concise. A wedge or celt of serpentine not hafted. 
 The half of a celt or hatchet made of serpentine very neatly 
 pierced with a hole for the handle. Plate XLIX. fig. 5 is a 
 hatchet of stag's horn. This specimen is in good preservation 
 and is very interesting. At the larger end a hole has been made 
 through it for a handle ; this hole is rectangular, with the angles 
 rounded, and is l inch long and 1 inch wide. At the other
 
 SETTLEMENT AT LA CEASAZ. 165 
 
 end the horn, as shown in the figure, has been left on one side 
 in its natural state, while on the other it has been cut off 
 obliquely, so as to produce rather an irregular cutting edge, but 
 placed so that it evidently formed part of the plan of the in- 
 strument which has been actually used, as may be seen by the 
 polish of the horn in this part. It is clear that this instrument 
 has never had the addition of a stone celt or any other cutting 
 material. It may be well to mention this, for at Concise, where 
 similar specimens have been found, the workmen, to make them 
 more interesting, have fitted stone celts into them, and thus 
 disfigured them. It is very probable that this specimen has 
 been used as an agricultural hoe. The length is 9 inches. 
 
 Two pointed tools or awls of bone. Several small disks, 
 probably spindle-whorls. A fragment of pottery, tolerably fine 
 and ornamented. 
 
 Lastly, there has been found here a bronze hairpin (Plate 
 XLVIII. fig. 8) with a little bronze ring passing through the 
 head ; but as the bridge or stage connecting the shore with the 
 lake dwelling farther off in the lake would doubtless pass over 
 that now under consideration, this pin may probably belong to 
 the age of the more distant settlement. 
 
 LAKE DWELLING OF THE BEONZE AGE AT LA CEASAZ. 
 
 It has as yet been little worked, and yet a few things have 
 been found there, such as two good bronze hairpins, two little 
 bronze rings, and an earthenware vessel very neatly finished, as 
 if it had been made by the wheel. 
 
 MM. Key and De Vevey have taken the trouble of drawing 
 up some of the piles from this spot to examine them ; they are 
 of oak, and the part covered with mud was in a very good state of 
 preservation ; that part which projected above the lake bottom 
 is very much worn away, as is the case in other localities. 
 These piles are about 9f inches in diameter. The part buried 
 in the mud, or that which had been driven into the lake bottom, 
 was about 4 feet 11 inches or more in length. The whole of 
 this portion has in general been- sloped into a point in a very 
 regular manner ; the blows of the celt or hatchet followed each 
 other in the same direction, producing facets running nearly all 
 along the point almost exactly in the same planes. The work- 
 men evidently were clever carpenters. The facets are not more 
 than 1 inch wide, which is exactly the width of the bronze
 
 las ANTIQUITIES OF LA CRASAZ. 
 
 celt found at Estavayer (Plate XL VIII. fig. 28). The workman- 
 ship of the piles of the lake dwelling at Moosseedorf of the stone 
 age is altogether different and much rougher, for every blow of 
 the hatchet is on a different plane, and there is no appearance 
 of any regular facets. The piles of the bronze age at La Crasaz 
 are so regularly worked that one would imagine they had 
 been made, not by the bronze celt or hatchet, but by a strong 
 steel tool used with both hands. The difference of the hatchet- 
 work on the points of the piles of the stone and the bronze age 
 is as great as that between the point of a pencil cut by a child, 
 and one cut by a grown person with a firm hand and accustomed 
 to the work. 
 
 At the south-west of Estavayer, near Font, MM. Eey and 
 De Yevey have also found indications of antiquities on the 
 shore of the lake. We will at present only just mention the 
 ' find ' of bronze hairpins in the natural grottoes in the escarp- 
 ments of the ' molasse ' of this dictrict. As MM. Eey and De 
 Vevey are continuing their explorations, we may hope before 
 long to have a supplement to the present notice, with more 
 ample information as to the antiquities of the neighbourhood of 
 Font. 
 
 It may be well to append to the above report of MM. De 
 Yevey and Eey a notice of some antiquities found at Estavayer, 
 and now in the collection of Colonel Schwab of Bienne. 
 
 Plate L, fig. 1 represents a bar of tin nearly six inches long. 
 
 Fig. 2. A bronze arrow-head. 
 
 Fig. 3. A bronze saw. 
 
 Fig. 4. The ferrule of a stick (if this word can be applied to 
 an implement made of bronze). 
 
 Fig. 5. A thin armlet of bronze. 
 
 Fig. 6. Ornament made of thin bronze plate. 
 
 Figs. 7 and 8. Two views of a disk cut from the horn of the 
 elk. 
 
 Figs. 9 and 10. Two views of a bronze nail with a kind of 
 socket at the top. 
 
 Fig. 11. Bronze boss. 
 
 Figs. 12 and 13. Stones of the kind commonly called ' sling- 
 stones.' 
 
 Plate XLIII. figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Fragments of pottery ornamented 
 with narrow strips of tin, like the larger vessel of a similar kind 
 found at Cortaillod. 
 
 Some jet rings and a little cramp and plate of gold were found 
 here.
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF LA CRASAZ. 167 
 
 Plate XXXIX. fig. 10. Neck of a vase 3 inches wide, 
 made of black, well purified clay, without grains of stone ; the 
 sides are only 1^ line thick. The mouth on both the in- 
 side and outside edge is set with a narrow strip of tin as thin 
 as paper. These two strips, which are about 1 line apart, are 
 bound together in four places by small tin bands. This vessel 
 appears to have been made by the same workman as the cover 
 drawn Plate XLDL fig. 1, or at any rate to have come out of 
 the same workshop. 
 
 Plate XXXIX. fig. 11. Blunt hatchet of serpentine with a 
 haft-hole. Some remarks as to the mode in which these perfo- 
 rations were made in early times will be found at page 78 of Sir 
 W. Wilde's ' Catalogue of Irish Antiquities ; ' in the earliest 
 ages he thinks they were made by turning round a hard stone, 
 and in after times by a metallic drill. 
 
 Plate XXII. fig. 29 is a well-made arrow-head of bronze.
 
 168 
 
 NOTES ON THE LAKE DWELLINGS IN THE 
 NEIGHBOURHOOD OF YVEEDON. 
 
 BY M. Louis KOCHAT.* 
 
 Remains of lake dwellings have been found in the neighbour- 
 hood of Yverdon, at Concise, Corcelettes, Les Uttins, Clendy, and 
 Cheseaux ; that is to say, that except in front of Grandson, where 
 the water suddenly becomes very deep, and at Yrerdon, which 
 is built on recent alluvium, each of our modern villages has a 
 corresponding lake dwelling in front at a short distance (see 
 the small map, Plate LIII. fig. 1). If the marshes of the Orbe 
 were trenched, very probably piles would be found opposite to 
 each group of modern dwellings. 
 
 The piles of Clendy and Cheseaux, though at a short distance 
 from the town, have not been investigated. 
 
 Les Uttins are situated about twenty minutes' walk from 
 Yverdon, at the eastern foot of Mont Chamblon. Piles like 
 those in the lake are found there in the turf-pits. Springs of 
 excellent water rise from the foot of the hill opposite to 
 each of them. The following section was pointed out to me in 
 one of these turf-pits by M. Ch. Simond, Plate LIII. fig. 2. 
 The upper bed of vegetable mould is about 17 inches thick; 
 about 4 feet 4 inches below were two great trunks of trees 
 lying down with their roots ; and about 6 inches below this, and 
 consequently about 6 feet 3 inches from the surface of the soil, 
 the heads of piles begin to appear, worn to a point in the 
 same manner as they appear in the lake ; these piles go through 
 first about 18 inches of peat, then about a foot of fine clay, 
 and go still 18 inches deeper in a bed of very hard peat under- 
 lying the clay. This lower bed of peat is about 3 feet thick. 
 
 Two groups of piles may be seen at Corcelettes. The first, to 
 the east of the hamlet, is at least 690 feet long and 426 broad. 
 The area may be estimated at 25,000 square yards. The lines 
 and groups of piles are remarkably regular. When the water 
 
 * This paper gives so much information, and is of so much importance, that it is 
 useless to attempt to abridge it ; we have therefore given it entire. [Tu.]
 
 SETTLEMENT OF LA TENIVTERE. 169 ' 
 
 is low, they are at no great distance from the bank. The second 
 group of piles is to the west of Corcelettes, in front of the 
 property of M. de Bossey. It is a rectangular enclosure, called 
 Port a la Eeine, about 32 feet long by nearly 20 feet broad. 
 The sides or walls, about 3 feet thick, are in perfect preserva- 
 tion, and are formed of three rows of piles with the spaces filled 
 in with pebbles ; they might easily have been taken for the foun- 
 dations of a tower. The interior, which is full of mud, has not 
 been trenched. 
 
 At the entrance of the little bay, which before the construction 
 of the railway was used as the port of Concise (Plate LIII. fig. 
 3), a hillock or shallow is visible at the bottom of the lake, about 
 260 feet from the shore, called by the inhabitants La Teniviere. 
 All round La Teniviere the dredge only brought up great 
 round pebbles mixed with mud, but when it was set to work 
 on the shallow, the boats were filled with broken stones of 
 various sizes mixed with piles and other remains of human 
 industry. These stones, which evidently had been artificially 
 broken and brought here, make La Teniviere analogous to the 
 Steinberg or hillock of stones at Mdau. This Concise Stein- 
 berg is nearly in the shape of a semicircle, with the convex 
 parts looking south and turned towards the lake. It is 459 
 feet long from east to west, and about 255 feet broad from 
 north to south. When the lake is about 6 or 7 feet below 
 the highest level, the top of La Teniviere is only about 11 
 inches under water. Around this point the depth augments 
 rather rapidly ; at the foot of the southern slope it is 6 feet 
 10 inches, but on the northern side only 4 feet. 
 
 About one-fifth of La Teniviere has been examined by the 
 dredge or scraper. There is hardly any accumulation of sand, 
 so that some remains may be noticed on the surface. The piles 
 may be seen in the trenches, scooped out by the dredge, and 
 penetrate the bottom from 5 to 6 feet, but it is useless to look 
 for any remains of human industry so deep ; nothing made by 
 man is found below 10 or 12 inches under the surface of the 
 bed of the lake. 
 
 The locality of the piles at Cheseaux and Clendy is, like that 
 at Concise, a raised hillock formed of broken stones. At Cor- 
 celettes the stones are not found over the whole surface. In 
 more than ten places, where fragments of pottery were found on 
 the surface, I was able to thrust in a pole nearly five feet, 
 without finding anything but sand. At Les Uttins there is no 
 trace of a Steinberg under the peat.
 
 170 LAKE DWELLING OF CONCISE. 
 
 At Concise, no characteristic fact has enabled me to ascertain 
 with certainty why all these broken stones have been brought 
 here ; but perhaps when more carefully examined their arrange- 
 ment with respect to the other industrial remains may ex- 
 plain their use. They probably are now found exactly in the 
 same position as when they were first thrown down, for the 
 force of the waves goes very little below the surface. Thus 
 at Corcelettes, at a depth of about 5 feet, I dredged up, very 
 near to each other, two fragments of the same vessel, the edges 
 of which, when cleared a little from the mud which covered 
 them, fitted exactly; the angles were sharp and the waves, 
 consequently, had not rolled them about. 
 
 Most of the stones of the Concise Steinberg doubtless served 
 as a kind of breakwater, not against the violence of the waves, 
 but to consolidate the ground around the piles. If they had 
 been accumulated on the edges of the platform to serve as a 
 defence, as some people have imagined, they would still form 
 around the piled area a border of stones which I believe has 
 never been noticed. An opinion has also been expressed that 
 they were laid upon the platform to consolidate it ; but this 
 apparently would have been very useless. 
 
 The beams or planks forming the platform for the huts are 
 not met with in any of the localities cited. The peat-cutters 
 at Les Uttins have often spoken to me about horizontal beams 
 with mortises ; they even assert that there was a wooden road 
 there, across the marsh, but nothing of the kind is now visible. 
 Neither have we found any of those fragments of clay, half- 
 baked (by the conflagration?) which were used to cover the 
 wicker-work or walls of the huts. 
 
 The piles we found were of oak. M. Simond tells me that he 
 got from his turf-pit one made of a cherry-tree with its bark 
 on, and another of ash ; but I have not seen them. We also 
 found a yew-branch cut with a stone celt, and two pieces of fir- 
 wood, and this is the whole that we learn from our collec- 
 tions as to the trees of this period. But, on the other hand, 
 it contains numerous specimens of instruments which were 
 used for fashioning the wood, and doubtless also for other 
 purposes. 
 
 At Concise hundreds of haftings for the stone hatchets and 
 chisels have been found, made of stag's horn. I have drawn 
 (Plate LIII. figs. -4, 5, 6, 7, 8) some forms which are new, but 
 none of the pieces in which these haftings were fixed have been 
 found here. 

 
 ANTIQUITIES OF CONCISE. 171 
 
 The stone celts or hatchets have been met with in great num- 
 bers, and we possess more than eighty. Some were still firmly 
 fixed in their haftings by means of fibres of bark. When they 
 were sharpened on the whetstones or sandstones they were not 
 taken out of their handles, for when the stone or cutting 
 portion is rather short, the bevilling is continued on the edge 
 of the handle. 
 
 The observations made at Meilen as to the shape, the size, and 
 the original material of these instruments, might be repeated 
 at Concise. Most of them are of serpentine from the Yalais, 
 some of silicious sandstone (lidyte?), two of transparent jade 
 (nephrite). A large number are merely sharpened pebbles; 
 some few have been made as if by the picks of our masons, and 
 on many of them may be noticed traces of the saw as clearly as 
 those produced by our modern tools. It seems very difficult to 
 imagine how results like these can have been obtained without 
 metals. 
 
 There is nothing particularly new in the forms or dimensions. 
 I have figured the knife (Plate LIII. fig. 9) because of the 
 obliquity of its cutting edge ; and the chisel (Plate LIII. fig. 10) 
 because it is sharpened at both ends. 
 
 One single bronze celt has been dredged up at Corcelettes by 
 Colonel Schwab. 
 
 What served for saws were pieces of flint, sometimes seven 
 inches long, serrated either on one or both sides (like that from 
 Meilen drawn Plate III. fig. 3) ; some which are very thin make 
 excellent sawing tools. Those which terminate in a point have 
 probably been used as awls ; some of the others to enlarge the 
 holes when made (like that drawn Plate HI. fig. 2). We have 
 also got flakes wider and shorter, with a semicircular serrated 
 edge (Plate LIII. fig. 11), which appear to have been hafted 
 saws, like that found at Moosseedorf by Dr. Unhnann, drawn 
 Plate V. fig. 5. 
 
 The piece of stag's horn, drawn Plate LIU. fig. 13, is like an 
 unfinished handle, but the great end looks battered, so that it 
 has been used as a hammer. 
 
 Our best hatchet-hammers of stag's horn are drawn Plate 
 LIU. figs. 12, 14, 15. We have also fragments of others, 
 more carefully worked, and of a better form. None have been 
 found with the hatchet or celt still fixed at one end, in the 
 original form. The specimen drawn Plate LIII. fig. 16 is cut 
 with a sharp bevil at the end, where it seems as if a hatchet 
 should be fixed.
 
 172 ANTIQUITIES OF CONCISE. 
 
 The hatchet-hammers of stone are rarer than those of stag's 
 horn ; they are like those previously described by Dr. Keller. 
 The finest fragment of a tool of this kind is drawn Plate LIV. 
 fig. 1 ; it has two grooves on the side, its form is elegant, and 
 it is beautifully polished. 
 
 Plate LIV. fig. 2 is a perfect hammer-hatchet in the collec- 
 tion of M. Clement of St. Aubin. 
 
 Plate LIV. fig. 3 is an irregularly shaped pebble, pierced 
 with a great hole ; if intended for a hammer, it must have been 
 a very inconvenient one. 
 
 The nature of the antiquities found throws back the date of 
 the pileworks of Concise, Corcelettes, and Les Uttins to a very 
 early age, and shows that they existed for a lengthened period. 
 In the two first localities, bronze objects of excellent taste and 
 workmanship, sawn stone celts, hatchet-hammers perforated 
 with the drill, and earthenware vessels thin and well ornamented, 
 are found together with sharpened pebbles and the coarsest 
 kind of pottery made by the hand alone. At Les Uttins a 
 bronze bracelet has been obtained from the same peat-digging 
 in which two stone celts had previously been found. 
 
 But besides the nature of the objects, the locality of the pile- 
 works at Les Uttins may give us an idea of their great antiquity. 
 A vast plain formed by alluvium extends between them and the 
 lake ; one of them is 1,850 yards, and the other 2,200 from the 
 present bank, and the whole of this plain is composed of matter 
 brought down by a little torrent called La Brine. 
 
 This marsh has been carefully surveyed, with a view to its 
 being drained, and the engineers who have examined it admit 
 that a very long time would be required to form a similar 
 deposit ; but taking the local circumstances into account, they 
 do not think it can be determined, even approximately, when 
 the lake washed the foot of Mont Chamblon, so as to allow the 
 inhabitants to erect their curious structures in that locality. 
 
 The handle of the beautiful bronze sword found at Concise in 
 1832, as well as those which I have seen in the collections of 
 M. Troyon and Colonel Schwab, show that the inhabitants of 
 our lake dwellings had smaller hands than those of our present 
 race of men ; but the human remains in our possession are not 
 sufficient to indicate any other physical character. Amongst 
 an extraordinary number of bones, we have only found one frag- 
 ment of an adult human skull, the frontal bone of a child, and 
 a lower jaw with the second great molar tooth springing up. 
 There are no traces of the knife on any of the remains, and from
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF CONCISE. 173 
 
 the small number of them we may conclude that the people 
 were not cannibals. The products of their industry seem to me 
 to indicate a slow but constant progress in the art of employing 
 the resources of the country ; and this progress places them on 
 the score of intelligence far above the savages of the present 
 day. 
 
 We have met with no flax, like that so common at Wangen 
 and Robenhausen : the only similar material was a little parcel 
 of bark filaments, very finely divided, which may have been 
 'bast.' The little roundles, or circular objects like counters, 
 perforated in the centre, are generally considered as spindle- 
 whorls; two have been found made of stag's horn, two of 
 pottery, two of the stone called ' molasse,' and thirteen of lime- 
 stone. In two of those of the last-named material, the hole 
 has been made with a bad piercing tool, probably of flint ; in 
 one it has been made by a point or pick, in all the others by 
 the drill or lathe. I will venture on a remark or two as to the 
 use generally assigned to them. Those made of stag's horn are 
 very light for the purpose, and those of pottery very fragile, 
 while the holes in those made of stone are often very eccentric 
 (Plate LIV. figs. 4, 5) ; they are of all varieties of size, and 
 sometimes very small indeed. One belonging to M. Clement is 
 only a line in diameter. If a twig or short rod had to be fixed 
 in the hole, how could it be held firmly in the disk (Plate LIV. 
 fig. 6), and in most of those where the hole is wider towards the 
 outside, and of which the section takes the form of a double 
 cone, one on each face ? I may remark, lastly, that we have 
 found an oval stone with two perforations, which I had put 
 aside amongst the things probably forged ; but when I found 
 that Dr. Keller had also discovered a similar one, I replaced it, 
 following the series of those with a single hole. 
 
 The weaver, the dyer, the tanner, and the tailor have left us 
 nothing characteristic at Concise ; we have found neither the 
 material like matting of Wangen nor the coarse cloth like that 
 of the cloak found in Denmark, and said to belong to the bronze 
 age. 
 
 We have found no bronze needles similar to those of the 
 present day, but on the bone point (Plate LIY. fig. 10) certain 
 notches with rounded angles may be observed, like those pro- 
 duced by the friction of a thread. The pig's incisor (Plate LIV. 
 fig. 11), the root of which has been split and sharpened, may 
 probably have been used to perforate cloth or leather. It 
 would be interesting to ascertain the use of the stiletto of bone
 
 174 ANTIQUITIES OF CONCISE. 
 
 pierced at the point by a rectangular hole, drawn Plate LIV. 
 fig. 35.* 
 
 If the clothing of the women of that period at all harmonised 
 with the objects used for ornament, it was deficient neither in 
 taste nor variety. Concise has added eight or nine bronze hair- 
 pins to hundreds which I have already. From Corcelettes we 
 have obtained a bronze hollow bracelet, but there is nothing in 
 it particularly remarkable. The collection of M. Troyon con- 
 tains a bronze hairpin, with a ring for the hair-band to go 
 through ; our specimens in stag's horn, drawn Plate LIV. figs. 
 20, 21, have doubtless formed the model for it.f Fig. 22 is 
 also a model in bone of the ordinary bronze pins. Fig. 23 repre- 
 sents a pin rather short and slender, if used for the hair. 
 
 Fig. 24 is the drawing of the fragment of a bone pin ; the 
 head is flattened and is pierced with two holes. 
 
 It is a curious fact that the bronze ornaments are only im- 
 proved copies of the analogous objects in bone. I have heard 
 the opinion expressed that the colonists of the age of stone 
 were different from those of the age of bronze, and that iron 
 was suddenly introduced by new and more civilised tribes, 
 whose superiority arose from a knowledge of this metal. The 
 population of the age of bronze are said to have been stronger 
 than that of the age of stone even the very dogs were larger. 
 These sudden transformations of rural populations have some- 
 thing very singular about them. Nothing similar appears in 
 historic times. The reproduction in bronze of the coarse bone 
 ornaments of previous ages shows that the people of these two 
 periods had the same tastes and the same customs. Our col- 
 lection does not possess a sufficient number of specimens for 
 comparison ; but the museum of Colonel Schwab contains many 
 iron implements, which have been forged with difficulty after 
 
 * May this not have answered the purpose of a coarse needle? An instrument 
 almost exactly similar in form but made of iron, and often with a wooden handle, is 
 used by our modern wine merchants, and in fact by all those who have to pack coarse 
 hampers. A piece of strong twine is passed through the eye or hole, so that only a 
 few inches hang on one side, and the sharp end of the instrument, which is very strong, 
 is forced by means of the handle through the edges of both the hamper and the cover : 
 of course it carries the string with it, which is then drawn out of the eye and pulled 
 tight ; the instrument is then drawn back, and the process is repeated. This may seem 
 a slow operation, but it is very effective in the case of rough coarse hampers ; a packing- 
 needle of moderate size can hardly be forced through the plat-work of a strong 
 hamper. [TE. 
 
 t Probably the specimen drawn Plate XLVII. fig. 22, from Concise, is of a similar 
 kind. It is a kind of curved pin with a perforated projection on the convex side ; a 
 string or cord has apparently been passed through the hole.
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF CONCISE. 175 
 
 the model of analogous specimens cast in bronze. The new 
 metals appear to have been gradually substituted for the ma- 
 terial previously in use, without any change in the mass of the 
 population, except by a gradual improvement. Things take 
 this course at the present day. 
 
 The bears' teeth perforated at the extremity of the root (like 
 that drawn Plate III. fig. 6) have been frequently found at 
 Concise. One drawn Plate LIY. fig. 37 has a circular groove 
 all round instead of a hole. We have also whole boars' tusks 
 with a round hole at the thick end on one side, but it does 
 not go through to the other (Plate LY. fig. 15). There maybe 
 a question as to whether these perforated teeth were used as 
 ornaments, but the two little specimens drawn Plate LIII. fig. 
 20, and Plate LIV. fig. 19, most probably have been the beads 
 of a necklace. One is only a bit of horn roughly rounded and 
 perforated, the other is a little bone cylinder, cut away in the 
 middle and perforated lengthwise at the two extremities ; the 
 workmanship is so good that it would be no discredit to a mo- 
 dern necklace. Plate LIII. fig. 19 may also have been a neck- 
 lace-bead. The rectangular plate drawn Plate LIV. fig. 25, 
 made of the enamel of a boar's tusk, and with a little hole at 
 each end, may probably have been rivetted on to a strap ; the oval 
 plate of the same material (Plate LIV. fig. 39) has the holes well 
 polished and splayed on each side ; a cord has evidently passed 
 through them. 
 
 Fig. 36, Plate LIV. represents the fragment of a jet bracelet, 
 small but well executed. 
 
 The bronze wire (Plate LIII. fig. 18), with the two ends 
 curved into a close spiral, is a curious ornament of the same 
 design as several beautiful specimens in the museum of Copen- 
 hagen. 
 
 Lastly, we may mention a real bronze button (Plate LV. fig. 
 19), exactly like our large modern buttons: its shank is well 
 soldered, but not strong, and the disk is very thin. It is perhaps 
 rather an ornament than an actual clasp. 
 
 After what is superfluous let us come to what is indispensa- 
 ble. The indigenous fruits were made use of by the settlers for 
 food. We find hazel-nuts, raspberries, beech-nuts, crabs, and 
 stones either of the sloe or the cherry.* At Concise the exca- 
 
 * I am reminded by an antiquarian friend that, according to Pliny, the cherry-tree 
 was first introduced into Italy by Lucullus from Pontus. Plin., Nat. Hist. ii. 25. 
 Pliny states that in 120 years it had spread even beyond the ocean into Britain. 
 This, however, can only apply to the sweet cherry. [Ts.]
 
 176 ANTIQUITIES OF CONCISE. 
 
 vation was made so rapidly, that none of the carbonised wheat 
 could be found, like that of Wangen ; neither have we met with 
 bronze sickles, like those so common in the pile settlements 
 of Estavayer and Cortaillod ; but probably these evidences that 
 agriculture was then carried on will not be long wanting, as we 
 are already in the possession of the remains of the most impor- 
 tant domestic animals. 
 
 M. Leuthold, veterinary surgeon at Cossonay, thinks he can 
 distinguish three species of oxen : one a small kind of the size 
 of the cattle of Savoy and the Valais ; another larger species ; 
 and lastly, a third variety, judging from a tibia, one of the main 
 metacarpal bones, and a rudimentary horn, which appear from 
 their size to be of a different species from our domestic oxen.* 
 
 We have met with perfect skulls of the goat and the sheep. 
 Small tusked pigs appear to have been reared in great numbers. 
 
 The lake settlers evidently did not neglect game ; and wild 
 animals formed their chief resource, and furnished them abun- 
 dantly with flesh, skins, and furs. We have well- characterised 
 remains of the roebuck and the elk, superb stags' horns, and a 
 skull of the wild boar ; very large tusks of this animal are by 
 no means rare. 
 
 We have two skulls of the dog ; half the lower jaw of the 
 beaver, and two halves of that of the bear. We think that we 
 have also found the skulls of the polecat, the marten, the 
 weasel, and the badger. Lastly, M. Morlot has drawn my 
 attention to the marks of the teeth of rats and mice on several 
 pieces of stag's horn. 
 
 The determination of the bones is very difficult; what we 
 have just stated ought to be verified by competent persons, who 
 will doubtless find some new species amongst the bones and the 
 teeth which we could not assign to any particular animal. 
 
 The weapons of the chase and of war, together with the 
 female ornaments, form the most perfect specimens left us of 
 the industry of these people. 
 
 Two bronze swords were dredged up at Concise in 1832, but 
 only one is now in existence ; it is deposited in the Museum of 
 Neuchatel, and drawn Plate LIII. fig. 17 : the material of the 
 blade approaches to bell-metal in colour and hardness ; the alloy 
 used for the handle is rather red, and seems to contain less tin. 
 
 We have not met with any bronze lance or arrow-heads, but 
 
 * Professor Riitimeyer has examined these three bones, and believes them to be those 
 of the common ox.
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF CONCISE. 177 
 
 our flint arrow-heads are remarkable for the beauty of their 
 workmanship, and if they were made on the spot, they show 
 that our lake settlers were fully able to produce good lances and 
 daggers like the specimens from the north shown to me by M. 
 Morlot, the want of the raw material in our country being the 
 only difficulty. Three of these arrow-heads are of new forms, 
 and are drawn Plate LIV. figs. 7, 8, 9 ; the rest are similar to 
 what have been found in other settlements. The use of the 
 great lozenge-shaped flint drawn Plate LV., fig. 16, is unknown 
 to me. 
 
 The bone lance (Plate LIV. fig. 18) and the arrow-heads 
 (Plate LIV. figs. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) belong chiefly to Dr. 
 Clement of St. Aubin ; they are remarkable for the beauty of 
 their form and workmanship. If one of our modern workmen 
 with his steel tools could make them quicker, he would find it 
 difficult to make them better. 
 
 In 1832, the fishermen who had found the bronze sword also 
 g % ot up a boat which was simply a hollowed tree. This and the 
 two harpoons of stag's horn, drawn Plate LIV. figs. 26, 27, 
 form the whole of the fishing gear found at Concise ; the bronze 
 fish-hooks, both simple and double, now in our collection were 
 presented to us by Colonel Schwab. 
 
 I have unfortunately been able to ascertain nothing as to the 
 fishes which were made use of in the lacustrine age; it would, 
 however, be interesting to know whether the great changes 
 which our lakes must have undergone by alluvium have altered 
 the nature of any species, and thus brought about a correspond- 
 ing change in the aquatic fauna. 
 
 A great number of the stones used as corn-crushers have been 
 buried in the embankments of the railway. We found them of 
 different sizes, very like those of Meilen ; but I have in vain 
 searched for the pebbles, as large as the two fists, with a little 
 hollow on two opposite sides. Colonel Schwab, who has a 
 large number in his collection, has given us some both from 
 Estavayer and from Nidau. I have not found any of the flat 
 stones which formed the hearths ; but cinders and charcoal are 
 by no means rare, and at Corcelettes in particular are met with 
 in considerable quantities. 
 
 We have found fifteen of the great clay rings like those 
 drawn Plate XXXVIII. fig. 14 from Nidau. One is from 
 Concise ; the others from Corcelettes, where they are found in 
 abundance ; they were -used as supports for the cooking vessels 
 when placed in the fire. The material of which these rings
 
 178 POTTERY OF CONCISE. 
 
 or * torches ' consist can only be explained by the fact of their 
 having been used in the fire. It was in the hearth-fires that they 
 became half-baked. The central part, still black and friable, 
 has been little more than dried ; the exterior is red like any 
 other well-burnt clay ; but the layer of red colour, which is thick 
 above, and on the outside, where the fire was the strongest, is 
 very thin inside the ring, and especially so below. (Plate LV. 
 fig. 1.) 
 
 The cooking vessels are rounded or narrow below, and often 
 have the sides splayed or widened, so as to expose a greater 
 surface to the heat. One of them (Plate LV. fig. 5) is not cir- 
 cular ; it might be taken for a pan for frying fish. Plate LV. fig. 
 4, is the drawing of a great spoon of baked clay with the handle 
 broken. We have quite a series of large porringers, dishes, 
 plates, cups, and drinking vessels. The most remarkable in 
 form and ornamentation are drawn Plate LV. figs. 2, 3, 6, 7, 
 8, 9, 11 and 12. Three, four, or more varieties may be noticed 
 in the clay used for these vessels. None of it has been washed, 
 and in every instance it contains little silicious pebbles. All the 
 vessels were made of the same clay, the difference arising from 
 its having been taken from different depths. In the pits where 
 the potters dig their clay the quality varies according to the 
 depth; the small silicious gravel is more abundant near the 
 surface. 
 
 Clay containing silicious grains, however, was not used 
 specially for the vessels adapted for cooking ; some undoubted 
 pipkins are of fine clay, while others of a much coarser kind 
 do not seem to have been used for this purpose. 
 
 The little pebbles do not appear to me to have been mixed 
 with the clay expressly to make it resist the fire more effectually. 
 The clay of our modern cooking vessels is what is technically 
 called * shorter/ and is less pliant than that employed for other 
 kinds of pottery, but the addition of pebbles as big as the end 
 of the little finger would not improve its quality. 
 
 To the drinking vessels of pottery we may add three 
 pretty goblets of stag's horn ; one like that drawn Plate LV. 
 fig. 10 has been already found at Moosseedorf, but the two 
 others (Figs. 13 and 14) appear to me to be new. 
 
 In our modern state of society the division of labour is 
 carried to a great extent, and thus well-executed work is obtained 
 at a cheap rate. It is not so in countries where civilisation 
 is at a low grade; there every individual makes his own tools, 
 and whatever implements he requires.
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF CONCISE. 179 
 
 Our collection contains a great number of specimens which 
 would not require for their manufacture more than a common 
 display of skill, such as sharpened pebbles and coarse pot- 
 tery made by hand ; but there are a considerable number of 
 specimens so well executed that we may attribute them to real 
 artisans who had a special set of tools. This is the case with 
 the hatchets and the hatchet hammers made with the pick and 
 the saw, or perforated with the drill ; also with the fine pieces 
 of flint, which are so difficult to obtain by striking off flakes 
 with the hammer ; with the beautiful lance and arrow-heads, but 
 especially with the bronzes and pottery. 
 
 The imperfect specimens and those which were broken in the 
 process of manufacture, the flint flakes, the ' skulls ' or refuse of 
 bronze casting, and the scoria of copper, show that although the 
 details of the work and many of the tools are as yet unknown 
 to us, there was undoubtedly at a very early period an actual 
 manufacture of implements on this very spot, probably before 
 the appearance of bronze. M. Forel of Morges, and M. M. Key 
 and de Yevey of Estavayer will doubtless describe the moulds 
 for casting hatchets contained in their collections. But few de- 
 tails have to be added to those which Dr. Keller has given as 
 to the pottery. 
 
 We have already alluded to the choice and the preparation of 
 the clay for the cooking vessels or pipkins. Some specimens 
 have been made by the hand alone, and others by the potter's 
 wheel ; but the quality of the clay has not determined the mode 
 of manufacture. It may be well to mention that the vessels 
 made by the wheel are in general of less coarse clay, but though 
 the little pebbles would make it difficult to work, we possess one 
 in very coarse clay, which has been made on the wheel, while 
 others, either in fine or very fine clay, have been made by the 
 hand alone, doubtless before the potter's wheel was known. 
 
 A large number of the bone-points and chisels were used for 
 making pottery. The great ribs with a natural curve (Plate 
 LV. fig. 21) would answer for hollowing out the large vessels in 
 a regular form. One of the sides of a boar's tusk (Plate LIV. 
 fig. 28) is the exact profile of small cups in our possession, and 
 was used for working out the inside evenly. Bone chisels 
 (Plate LIV. fig. 38, and Plate LV. fig. 17) were used for turn- 
 ing the pottery, and when a knife was required it was cut by a 
 boar's tusk (Plate LIV. fig. 29), the enamel of which formed 
 the cutting edge. When something more than the fingers was 
 wanted, the simple ornaments of the period were easily made by 
 
 M 2
 
 180 ANTIQUITIES OF CONCISE. 
 
 scratching the vessels, when half dry, with the bone points (Plate 
 LIY. figs. 33 and 38). The bone gouge (Plate LIV. fig. 40) 
 was used to make the necks. In order to turn or fashion a 
 vessel, like the beautiful one drawn Plate LV. fig. 3, the 
 potter must have made a piece of wood rather similar to the 
 instrument of bone half knife, half scraper drawn Plate LIV. 
 fig. 41. Many potters' tools of the present day are of bone, and 
 are so like those of the lake potters that they might be taken for 
 them. (Plate LIY. figs. 30, 31, 32, 34.) The double pointed 
 instrument (Plate LV. fig. 18) is still employed to make certain 
 ornaments. 
 
 All the vessels are imperfectly burnt. The potter's oven was 
 not used. The vessel was placed in the middle of the fire ; the 
 outside alone got burnt enough to become red. One of the 
 large vessels we have must have been used as a charcoal brazier, 
 for in the inside we find the red coating indicating that it 
 had been perfectly burnt. The colour of the earthen vessels 
 we have obtained is owing either to the degree of heat they 
 have experienced, to the more or less ferruginous character of 
 the clay, or to the use made of them : the well-burnt part is 
 red, that imperfectly burnt is of a grey black, becoming deep 
 black if when hot it was smeared with grease. It is easy to 
 verify these facts by burning pottery in the manner of these 
 lake potters. I have not been able to find any specimen 
 coloured by ' ruddle ' or red pigment, or graphite : one single 
 fragment bears some trace of glaze, which can be easily 
 detached in small scales. M. Bischoff, an intelligent maker 
 of stoves in this town, from whom I have received much infor- 
 mation, tells me that he believes common salt will produce a 
 similar glaze. 
 
 Many of our lake potters were not only artisans, but artists ; 
 their productions are elegant, and of very varied forms ; and 
 their ornamentation shows considerable taste. Even the large 
 coarse vessels made by hand have some ornaments, such as the 
 impressions of the finger or the nail round the border or edge, 
 or on the base of the neck ; sometimes they consist of little 
 depressions made very irregularly, apparently with a very small 
 wooden point. Circular furrows more or less wide and deep 
 may be seen on the vessels made by the wheel. The little dish 
 (Plate LV. fig. 3), with its circles, its irregularly broken lines, 
 and the double chevrons on its flattened border has a very 
 pleasing appearance. 
 
 The bronze objects exhibit a still more remarkable develop-
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF CONCISE. 181 
 
 ment of taste than the pottery: the hilts of the swords, the 
 lance-points, the bracelets, and the hairpins are found in an 
 astonishing variety of forms, and nearly every one of them is of 
 pleasing shape. The plates given in this volume, and still 
 more a visit to the collection of Colonel Schwab or M. Troyon, 
 will show how rich in ornaments were the castings and engrav- 
 ings even for objects of common use. The knife found at 
 Concise (Plate LY. fig. 20) is a beautiful specimen of the 
 shallow engraving of the period, and of designs formed only of 
 straight or broken lines, of circles, spirals, successions of dots, or 
 portions of a circle, all tastefully arranged and entwined. 
 
 Amongst the objects found are some coming from a distance 
 which may give us information as to the countries with which 
 the lake dwellers had intercourse. It does not appear that any 
 eatable commodity was imported. The water-chestnut (Trapa, 
 natans) which was at first thought to have come from the south 
 has been found at Langenthal. But amber and tin have been 
 found nowhere in Switzerland, and probably the same may be said 
 of transparent jade (nephrite) and silicious sandstone (lydite). 
 Amongst the flints found at Concise there are some from the 
 beds of the lower Neocomien, so common in our district, but the 
 finest and most numerous specimens are of the French gun-flint. 
 
 We cannot say that any inscriptions have been found ; the 
 little indentations, nearly half an inch long, sometimes single, 
 sometimes double or treble, which are seen on some of the 
 handles, are probably only marks of ownership. Our collections 
 have no information to give either as to the language or 
 religion of these ancient people, whose remains were first found 
 at Meilen, as of a fresh Herculaneum ; but the fact of their 
 being obliged with so much labour to erect in the water groups 
 of dwellings so difficult of access, indicates a very insecure state 
 of society. The weapons of the chase probably were frequently 
 used also in war. 
 
 Many of the specimens mentioned in these notes belong 
 to Dr. Clement of St. Aubin ; the others are deposited in the 
 little museum of Yverdon. Dr. Clement was the first who drew 
 attention to the antiquities obtained by the dredge from the 
 lake at Concise ; by his zeal and intelligence he succeeded in 
 securing a considerable number, and he kindly threw open the 
 whole of his collection, which has been a great advantage to me 
 in preparing the present report. 
 
 L. KOCHAT.. 
 
 Yverdon: Nov. 7, 1859.
 
 182 BRONZE KNIVES, CONCISE, ETC. 
 
 Besides the antiquities described by M. Kochat, Colonel 
 Schwab has obtained a considerable number from these localities, 
 some of the most interesting of which are drawn on Plate 
 XLVIL 
 
 Fig. 3. A thin plate made of cast bronze with a ring at the 
 top for suspension : locality Corcelettes. 
 
 Figs. 4 and 5 are bronze knives, of which a great variety found 
 in Western Switzerland may be seen in the collection of Colonel 
 Schwab. The first is from Concise, the second from Corcelettes. 
 They were not formed by the hand of the smith, but were first 
 cast and then sharpened, like our modern scythes and sickles, 
 not so much by being ground as by being beaten near 
 the edge. This mode of sharpening is shown quite clearly 
 in other cutting instruments of the bronze period, as for in- 
 stance the sickles, the wings of the lance and arrow-heads, and 
 the swords and daggers. The tool drawn Plate XXXVII. fig. 5, 
 from Nidau may possibly have been a small anvil for this purpose. 
 The bronze knives have very rarely the form of those now in use, 
 which either terminate in a point or are rounded off at the end. 
 In general they are curved or sloped like the sabres of many 
 eastern nations, and bent very much outwards towards the point. 
 The spike of the handle and the blade do not always form a 
 straight line. The blade is sometimes broadest near the spike, 
 as in those drawn Plate XLIX. ; sometimes in the middle as in 
 the specimens under consideration. When the blade and spike 
 are separated by an intermediate portion, as in Plate XLIX figs. 
 2 and 11, there is usually a projection running to a point at the 
 beginning of the blade. All the knives are very thick at the 
 back, and are often strengthened like our scythes and sickles by 
 a considerable additional quantity of metal. (Plate XLIX. fig. 
 10.) The ornamentation, which was preserved so long as the 
 blades were sharpened by beating and not by grinding, is found 
 not merely on the back, but also to a very considerable extent on 
 the flat of the blade ; it was made partly in the casting and partly 
 by punching. Most of the knives had handles of wood or horn : 
 some had incisions on the spikes to fix them more firmly in the 
 handle. A few specimens, like Plate XLIX. fig. 14, have the 
 metal part of the handle a broad plate with ridges or flanges at 
 the sides, or have a spike bent round into a ring at the end like 
 Plate XLIX. fig. 10 ; in the latter case it would do for a cord to 
 pass through, which the owner might fasten to his dress. 
 
 Plate LXVII. fig. 8, is a bronze pin, square in the middle 
 and running to a point at both ends j it was found also at Cor- 
 celettes.
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF CORCELETTES. 183 
 
 Fig. 9. Bronze clothes pin with a little cast ring at the top ; 
 this was doubtless fastened to the garment with a string. 
 Found at Corcelettes. 
 
 Figs. 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. Bronze pins with 
 heads of various forms. It is remarkable that the engraved lines 
 forming the ornamentation are made in a spiral form, not 
 merely on the shank but also on the head, in the pins drawn 
 Figs. 10, 11, and 18. All these pins were found at Corcelettes. 
 
 Fig. 22. An implement of stag's horn with a perforated pro- 
 jection on the convex side, probably to receive a string : this 
 was found at Concise. It is rather thick and coarsely worked, 
 so that its use seems somewhat doubtful. Two specimens 
 somewhat similar but much longer and finer are described by 
 M. Rochat, and are considered by him as hairpins, as they are 
 provided with a hole for a string to tie up the hair. (See Plate 
 LIV. figs. 20 and 21.) 
 
 Fig. 24. A small open armlet composed of three longitudinal 
 portions ; the two outer ones consist of a round wire bent over 
 at the end to the left hand, and thus fastened at this end to 
 the middle portion ; at the other end the three parts are rivetted 
 together. It was found at Corcelettes. Lastly, we may mention 
 that a Eoman amphora was found at Corcelettes.
 
 184 
 
 GEENG ON THE LAKE OF MUETEN OE MOEAT. 
 
 This is a large settlement which, bears some resemblance to that 
 of Concise. Near the shore nothing is found but implements of 
 the stone age, while farther in the lake we meet with a mixture 
 of objects both of the stone and the bronze periods. It is almost 
 entirely covered with reeds, and is partially an island ; when the 
 water is low it can be reached dryshod. The place was investi- 
 gated in 1861-2, and no small number of stone hatchets came 
 to light, some of them with unfinished perforations. A number 
 of stone hammers were also found, corn-crushers, a stone mortar, 
 six flint knives, clay rings, and fragments of pottery ; a bronze 
 ring and a hairpin, several implements of iron, and a great 
 number of bones, some of which had been worked and some were 
 entire. The implement of serpentine, combining the form both 
 of a hammer and a celt, and drawn Plate XXXIX. fig. 5, was 
 found here. 
 
 Since then this settlement has been carefully examined by the 
 Count de Pourtales, the Baron von Bonstetten, Colonel Schwab, 
 Professor Desor, Mr. Jahn, and Dr. Uhlmann. The latter gentle- 
 man has given a detailed report of the place, of which the 
 following notice is the substance; it will be seen that the 
 antiquities found here when the settlement was carefully ex- 
 amined, all belong to the stone age. 
 
 * On the property of the Count de Pourtales there is a tongue 
 of land stretching in a northerly direction out into the lake. 
 This place sometime since was thickly covered with reeds and 
 a few willow bushes, and on the average was under water four- 
 fifths of the year. It is nearly of an oval form, and contains 
 about 49,000 square feet covered with piles. The Count is 
 making a small artificial island here, and to obtain material for 
 this purpose, he is employing a mud machine to bring it up 
 from the bottom of a channel formed all round the place, but 
 especially between it and the mainland. By the direction 
 of the Count all the antiquities which were brought up were 
 carefully preserved and now form a small private museum
 
 SETTLEMENT OF GHENG. 185 
 
 in the castle of Greng. M. von Bonstetten, Colonel Schwab, 
 and Professor Desor have also obtained here many antiquities. 
 
 * The succession of the beds was as follows : First, a layer of 
 broken pebbles and of stones rolled by the action of the waves ; 
 then a mass of the matted roots of reeds and rushes (Scirpus 
 lacustris, L. and Phragmites communis, Trin.), after which the 
 ' relic-bed ' was reached at a depth of from one to four feet, con- 
 taining as usual bones, wood, &c. Beneath this the ground 
 was loamy, and the original lake bottom appeared consisting 
 of diluvial gravel. The piles in general went deep into the 
 loamy ground ; they consist of whole oak stems as thick as the 
 arm or the leg, but some which are a foot in diameter have 
 been split in two. In general they are well preserved, and they 
 have been sharpened at the lower end by small, short, irregular, 
 concave strokes of the celt. The wood is black, and has a sour 
 marshy smell like all the mud and sand brought up from the 
 bottom. The piles are placed irregularly : many of them stand 
 close together ; in other places rows of quadrangular areas may 
 be seen from twelve to twenty feet in length covered with piles. 
 The antiquities brought up by the mud machine were frequently 
 broken, especially the bones and the more fragile objects ; but 
 greater care was taken when a regular excavation was made, 
 and great attention was paid by the Count and his steward, 
 Mr. Gaberel, to preserve every specimen found here. 
 
 ' All the implements found belong to the stone period : no 
 specimen of metal came to light during this examination. 
 
 ' Some flint dagger-shaped blades of considerable length and 
 most excellent workmanship, chiefly of a black colour, and from 
 five to eight inches long, were found here, as also some imple- 
 ments like chisels and saws, and a few arrow-heads ; some 
 flakes and refuse were also met with chiefly of a greyish-white 
 colour. 
 
 * Some stone celts of the usual form and size were met with 
 made of felspar and diorite in stone like serpentine; they were not 
 particularly well ground. Others, however, were very carefully 
 manufactured, and both ground and polished all over, amongst 
 which are the perforated celts, serving both for hammer and 
 axe (like those found at Estavayer in the lake of Neuchatel and 
 in the north) ; one of them is represented at a in the annexed 
 woodcut. Most of these specimens were in fragments ; only 
 about five were found whole. They were very neatly bored ; 
 the hole is round and everywhere of equal width. There 
 were also found some little disks of stone perforated, and about
 
 186 
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF GRENG. 
 
 1 or 2 inches in diameter and half an inch thick : the per- 
 foration, of a roundish form, is not everywhere of equal width : b. 
 FIG. 9. ' Many of the implements were made 
 
 of bone. The well-known awls and 
 piercers of various sizes, from 2^ inches 
 to 1 foot in length, and ground to a 
 sharp point, were made chiefly out of 
 the metatarsal and metacarpal bones 
 of the roe, the sheep, the pig, the 
 cow, and the stag, or out of the frag- 
 ments of bones of other large animals. 
 To these we may add a few dagger- 
 like points made out of the ulnse of the 
 stag, the wild boar, and the small cow. 
 Small bone-tools, ground square, and 
 chisel-shaped at both ends, were also 
 met with, but not in any large 
 quantity. 
 
 ' A large proportion of the imple- 
 ments were made of stag's horn. 
 Amongst them are the usual celt 
 haftings, the sockets of which are 
 chiefly made square to fit into the 
 wooden handles : there is frequently a projection on each side as 
 shown at c ; all of them have been made very carefully with the 
 knife, and very little ground. In some rare cases the socket is 
 bifurcate, as shown at d. As far as I can remember, all the celts 
 had fallen out of their haftings. A great number of points and 
 awls, chisels, and spatulse were made of stag's horn. A very care- 
 fully polished hairpin of the same material was found by M. 
 von Bonstetten : the head is flat like a spade or shovel, but 
 smooth and somewhat rounded off; the shank, which is round, 
 is very finely polished, and rather curved ; the whole specimen 
 is about three inches long ; e. 
 
 ' A very rare specimen, the use of which is problematical, is in 
 the Count's collection at the castle. It has been made out of 
 a stag's horn somewhat curved, and is about 7 or 8 inches long. 
 A portion has been split off on the concave side. The convex 
 side is ornamented in a peculiar manner ; a series of furrows 
 or incised portions run across round the whole specimen, and 
 between these furrows there is the natural roughness of the horn ; 
 this may be seen in the annexed woodcut/. M. von Bonstetten 
 thinks that this object may possibly have belonged to a bow, to
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF GRENG. 187 
 
 the outer or convex side of which it may have been fastened by a 
 thong which ran round the furrows, and thus bound both together. 
 
 * The specimens of pottery found here were chiefly fragments 
 of the red thick earthenware, with grains of quartz in it, made 
 by the hand alone and badly burnt. Some few fragments of 
 thinner ware also occur ornamented with impressed lines. 
 
 * A very large quantity of irregularly shaped broken pebble- 
 stones of indefinite size and form were lying all about, which 
 evidently had received their present form artificially. Most of 
 them were rectangular, though somewhat rounded off; from 
 the size of an apple to that of a man's fist. Many flat angular 
 pieces of slate were also met with. 
 
 ' The quantity of bones was so large that Mr. Gaberel had them 
 carted away by hundredweights. This quantity, however, was 
 chiefly made up of undefined fragments, broken and hewn as if 
 in a butcher's shop. The longer ones are generally well pre- 
 served, but not so perfect as those found in the peat-moors. The 
 teeth especially were found in good condition in the jaws, and 
 very singularly are bluish-grey, or sky-blue, or dark blue in 
 colour, especially those of swine ; this may be owing to the acids 
 contained in the marshy mud (smelling of sulphuretted hydro- 
 gen) combining with iron, which probably is there also, and 
 thus forming phosphate of iron as a colouring material. 
 
 ' The animal remains are as follows. The bones of the urus 
 (Bos primigenius, Boj.) are found only in very small fragments. 
 The remains of a large variety of horned cattle, the domestic 
 ox and cow (Bos taurus, probably the Primigenius race of 
 Riitimeyer) are found very abundantly. The horn cores, jaws, 
 and general relations of the bones are very like those of our 
 modern larger race of domestic cattle. The very marked form 
 of the small marsh cow is, however, not unfrequent (Bos taurus 
 brachyceros, Rut.). About one-third of the whole weight of 
 bones consists of the remains of horned cattle. On the whole, 
 the sheep cannot be called rare ; in general the race has been a 
 large one with extremely strong horn cores, bent backwards and 
 outwards, not unlike those of the ibex. The goat (Capra hircus) 
 is found about as frequently, but is more slender in form. The 
 remains of the stag (Cervus elaphus) are very abundant, a num- 
 ber of horns were found, the greater number of them perfect ; 
 amongst them are some of a strangely monstrous and abnormal 
 form, and others of a very extraordinary size. Some few 
 specimens, such as portions of horns, belong unquestionably 
 to the elk (Cervus alces). The fallow-deer has not been recog-
 
 188 ANTIQUITIES OF GRENG. 
 
 nised here. The roe (Cervus capreolus) is of middle size, and is 
 not abundant. 
 
 ' I do not remember having seen any remains of the horse. 
 The bones of swine are rather plentiful. The great form of the 
 wild boar is easily recognisable (Sus scrofa ferus), and so is also 
 that of the marsh pig (Sus scrofa palustris, Eiit.), well cha- 
 racterised in old specimens by the short symphysis of the chin, 
 and the general smalliiess of size. Both of them are found of 
 all ages. Together with these are found a quantity of swine's 
 bones intermediate in size, and of a looser or more open texture, 
 and of molar teeth which are more rugged or protuberant, so 
 that they appear to belong to the tamed or domestic pig. 
 
 'Amongst the carnivora, the great bear (Ursus Arctos) with its 
 powerful teeth takes the first place, but in the specimens now 
 before me I think that I can only recognise the teeth of the 
 brown bear, perforated and probably used as amulets or orna- 
 ments. The remains of the dog are met with of the usual size, 
 but larger than those found at Moosseedorf. They are not quite 
 so abundant as the remains of the bear. A fox of the middle 
 size is rather rare. The hedgehog and the beaver (Castor fiber) 
 have been recognised, and the marks of the teeth of mice may 
 often be seen on the stags horns. The small bones of a frog 
 (Rana viridis, or esculenta?) are unique specimens, and so are 
 the scales of the perch (Percafluviatilis), and of the cyprinidae, 
 the bleak, and the vertebrae of a large fish, probably the pike. 
 Mixed with the bones and sometimes in the mud found in the 
 hollows of the marrow-bones, I noticed many freshwater shells, 
 probably belonging to the same age, viz., Valvata piscinalis, 
 Planorbis spirorbis, and P. nitida, just as they occur not un- 
 frequently at Moosseedorf. Lastly, remains of human bones 
 have been dug up at several points in the area of the lake 
 dwelling, and at a considerable depth. M. von Bonstetten 
 possesses a perfect frontal bone of a boy hardly come to puberty. 
 In the collection of the Count de Pourtales there are similar 
 specimens with (if I mistake not) pieces of the cranium ; and I 
 have in my possession a left femur and a right humerus, the 
 first that of a middle-sized slender individual, probably a female, 
 the latter of a somewhat younger person. The epiphyses are 
 wanting in these two bones, both above and below, and the 
 ends exhibit clear and indubitable traces of gnawing by some 
 carnivorous animal, but whether by a small bear, or a great dog. 
 or other beasts can hardly be decided. As far as can be judged 
 from a superficial examination none of the portions of the skull
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF GKENG. 189 
 
 mentioned above exhibit any savage types, for the forehead is 
 regularly arched, and is considerably high. 
 
 * The heaps of bones very frequently show the marks of the 
 celt upon them, and also the incisions made by sharp knives, 
 especially the long bones where the ligaments and tendons had 
 to be separated when the animal was cut in pieces. As before 
 mentioned many of them also show the marks of the teeth of 
 carnivora. 
 
 ' The majority of the piles were probably of oak ; there are, 
 however, some of ash, fir, birch, alder, and the common willow. 
 A piece of bast was taken up from a great depth, but fell to 
 pieces in drying. Amongst the other remaining plants may be 
 mentioned hazel-nuts, beech-nuts, the stones of the sloe (Prunus 
 spinosa) ; the bird-cherry (Prunus padus) ; the seeds of rasp- 
 berries and blackberries (Rubus idceus and R. fruticosus) ; the 
 hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) ; the white water-lily (Nymphcea) ; 
 and the strawberry (Fragaria vesca) ; also of a ranunculus. All 
 these are not in a burnt condition. On the contrary, corn, pro- 
 bably the sort known as the lake dwelling wheat, has been found 
 in lumps burnt or carbonised. Burnt masses of vegetable 
 matter and charred wood are not unfrequently met with. 
 
 * UHLMANN. 
 
 ' Miinchenbuclisee : October, 1 865.'
 
 190 
 
 MONTELLIER (ON THE LAKE OF MOEAT). 
 
 Colonel Schwab lias obtained in this locality a number of 
 stone implements, snch as arrow-heads and flint knives ; he also 
 found some hooks, and hairpins of bronze. The most interest- 
 ing specimens, however, are the earthenware vessels, which are 
 found here in great numbers, and at a considerable depth. A 
 number of various forms and different ornamentations will be 
 found drawn on Plates LI. and LIT. All the pottery from this 
 settlement has been made by the hand alone, and not on the 
 lathe, which is shown by there being no parallel striae on the 
 outside, while inside there are certain hollows arising from the 
 material having been scooped out with a spoon-shaped tool ; 
 the sides also are of unequal thickness, and the central point of 
 the base is not in the vertical axis, so that the vessel will not 
 stand, especially if it is more than half full. These vessels 
 have not been burnt in the closed furnace, but in the open fire ; 
 so that either one side is red, and the other black, or the upper 
 and lower parts are of different colours ; and tney do not ring 
 when struck. They are very neatly finished and smoothed, and 
 sometimes they have been rubbed with graphite or charcoal till 
 they shine. The ornaments, which consist of lines engraved 
 more or less deeply, are all filled with chalk. In one single 
 specimen (Plate LII. fig. 12) the ornamentation both on the 
 outside of the bulge, and on the border both outside and inside, 
 consists of strips of tin pressed firmly into the potter}- ; a similar 
 arrangement has been already drawn in the large earthenware 
 plates or dishes (Plate XLIII. and elsewhere). Only a few of 
 these vessels have any actual foot or base, and those which are 
 not made to stand have the lower part of the walls or sides 
 thin and pressed inwards. The material consists of washed 
 clay mixed in general with either fine or coarse quartz grains. 
 
 As may be seen from the specimens we have given, the vessels 
 may be classed as cups or bowls (Plate LI. figs. 1 and 11; Plate 
 LII. figs. 2 and 5) ; jars (Plate LII. figs. 7, 9, 10) ; urns 
 (Plate LI. figs. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13 ; and Plate LIE. figs. 1, 3, 
 12, and 15) ; basins (Plate LI. fig. 4) ; jug-like vessels (Plate
 
 POTTERY OF MONTELLIER. 191 
 
 LIT. fig. 8) ; and plates (Plate LII. fig. 11). Only the vessels 
 like jars have handles, and only those like jugs have spouts. 
 The oval plate (Fig. 11) was unique. 
 
 The line ornaments were made with fine or coarse pins ; the 
 impressed dots and rings with an instrument made on purpose. 
 The lines running round the vessels and the hatched ornaments 
 on the bulge are often very close together and have been 
 made with great care, though not always carried out with 
 accuracy. 
 
 With respect to the ornamentation in general, we meet with 
 no new forms. Impressed straight and curved lines, rows of 
 points and zigzag lines are found surrounding the vessels even 
 in the stone age. In the bronze age this ornamentation appears 
 richer, and a number of designs are met with such as the 
 meander, the rectangle, the triangle, and the circle. (See the 
 notices of the different lake dwellings, and also the account of 
 the settlement of Ebersberg.) This kind of ornamentation 
 appears most fully developed on the pottery of the lake of 
 Morat ; the form is more elegant and varied than elsewhere, 
 though more difficult to make, and it exhibits both taste and 
 an advanced degree of skill. The ornaments as well as the 
 forms of these vessels remind us of the products of the 
 potter's art found in the lake dwellings of the Italian lakes 
 and the Etruscan graves. (See Gozzadini, ' Sepolcri Etruschi '). 
 
 Only one vessel has a projection on the handle, evidently 
 intended for placing the thumb upon, when carrying it like the 
 horn- shaped or bifurcate appendages drawn on Plate LXI. 
 
 Plate LI. fig. 1, is of fine clay of a red colour. 
 
 Fig. 2. Has a shining black polish. 
 
 Fig. 3. This vessel is of red brown clay. 
 
 Fig. 4. Fine red clay. 
 
 Fig. 5. Grey and red: very small stones have been mixed 
 with the clay. 
 
 Fig. 6. The material is of the colour of the red Turkish 
 tobacco pipes and very heavy. 
 
 Fig. 7. A bowl with perforations at regular distances apart; 
 the holes are vertically one above the other, and go through 
 the sides ; almost without exception these holes occur as in the 
 present case in horizontal lines which run round the vessel. 
 
 Fig. 8. Fine black clay. 
 
 Fig. 9. Of a grey colour : the double lines on the bulge, 
 like all the other double lines, are in a depression or furrow.
 
 192 POTTERY OF MONTELLIER. 
 
 Fig. 10. Fine grey clay with a deep incised hollow round 
 the neck. 
 
 Fig. 11. On the bulge of this vessel there is a trellis-like 
 ornament. 
 
 Fig. 12 and Plate LIE. figs. 4, 6, and 14. Spindlewhorls (?), 
 of which a large number were found here varying materially 
 both in form and ornamentation. 
 
 Plate LI. fig. 13. Red and grey: small grains of stone were 
 mixed in the clay. 
 
 Plate LII. fig. 1. The upper part is red, the lower black, the 
 ornaments are unsymrnetrical, and have been made by an 
 unsteady hand. 
 
 Fig. 2. Richly ornamented, the colour red-brown. 
 
 Fig. 3. Reddish: the lines uncommonly fine. Two speci- 
 mens were found of this form. 
 
 Fig. 5. Richly ornamented, the colour red-brown. 
 
 Figs. 7 and 9. Two views of a vessel of a black colour. 
 The engraved lines, like all the impressed ornaments, are 
 filled with chalk : the clay is mixed with small grains of stone. 
 
 Fig. 8. This vessel has a spout, and the border or rim is 
 strikingly high, almost like a funnel : between it and the body 
 is an incised hollow ; the whole vessel has been polished shining 
 black. Colonel Schwab has in his collection two other vessels 
 with spouts from this locality. 
 
 Fig. 10. Rather red and black : the clay mixed with fine 
 grains of stone. 
 
 Figs. 11 and 13. Two views of a black vessel of an oval form. 
 Chalk is found in the impressions upon it, a proof that it was 
 used for keeping dry stores. 
 
 Fig. 12. An ornamented vessel of a shining black colour 
 which contrasts strongly with the tin strips fastened upon it. 
 The black lines in this drawing indicate these strips of tin, and 
 are shown in the enlarged and more correct figure to the left of 
 the drawing ; a, fe, c, are thicker strips of tin within the border 
 of the vessel. 
 
 Fig. 15. Half red, and half black, made of fine purified clay. 
 Ornaments which reach down to the base are very rare. 
 
 The following specimens are all from the collection of Colonel 
 Schwab of Bienne. 
 
 Plate LII. A. Fig. 4 is an object made of blackish clay 
 like a trellis or lattice : the bars are elliptical in section, one side 
 of them is smooth, the other ornamented with dots and lines. 
 The use of this specimen is unknown.
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF MONTELLIER. 193 
 
 Pig. 5 is the border of an earthenware vessel ornamented 
 with bands of tin pressed into it ; these bands, however, are in 
 relief, as may be seen by the section a, b, c, d. 
 
 Plate LII. B. fig. 1. A remarkable dish or cup made of clay, 
 coloured black : it is about 15 inches across, and is ornamented 
 on the inside with incised lines ; the walls or sides are perfo- 
 rated in thirty different places with double rows of five small 
 holes. 
 
 Perforated pottery has been repeatedly found in the lake 
 dwellings, but in no other case are the holes so numerous as in 
 this specimen. The lower figure shows the section. 
 
 Other objects of interest, however, besides pottery have been 
 found by Colonel Schwab at this station ; the following speci- 
 mens may be cited : 
 
 Plate LII. A. figs. 1, 2, and 3. Fragments of moulds for 
 casting small bronze rings. Fig. 1 is made of clay ; Figs. 2 and 
 3 are drawings of the same stone, and both sides have been used 
 as moulds. 
 
 Fig. 6 is a flint arrow-head. 
 
 Fig. 7 is a bronze arrow-head. 
 
 Fig. 8 is the fragment of a ring of tin ornamented on the 
 outside. 
 
 Fig. 9 is a small armlet or rather a clasp for the wrist made 
 of tin. 
 
 Fig. 10 is a sewing needle made of horn. 
 
 Fig. 11 is an ornament for suspension made of bronze. 
 
 Figs. 12 and 13 are bronze knobs. 
 
 Fig. 14 is an ornamented dish of thin bronze plate. 
 
 Figs. 15 and 16 are bronze screws. 
 
 Fig. 17 is a thin bronze plate. 
 
 Fig. 18 is a fragment of a bronze clasp or buckle. 
 
 Fig. 19 is a bronze ring. 
 
 Figs. 20, 21, and 22 are bronze fish-hooks. 
 
 Fig. 23 is a bronze ornament in the shape of a crescent 
 moon. 
 
 Fig. 24 is an amber bead. 
 
 Plate LII. B. fig. 2 is a portion of a bronze knife. 
 
 A singular bronze ring with three ridges running round it 
 was found at Montellier, but by some chance it has been drawn 
 amongst the antiquities of Marin (Plate LXXX. fig. 26).
 
 19 i 
 
 MOEGES. 
 
 We are indebted almost exclusively to M. Forel and his son 
 for our knowledge of the lake dwellings and of the antiquities 
 found here. They were first investigated in May 1854, after 
 similar discoveries in the lakes of Zurich and Bienne. The 
 existence of piles here was however previously known, but no one 
 knew what to make of them. 
 
 The following is a summary of the reports of MM. Forel on this 
 locality : There appears to be two distinct lake dwellings : the 
 larger one opposite the town was first discovered, and the smaller 
 one subsequently. It will be better to describe them separately ; 
 the first nearly in the words of M. Forel himself, the second in 
 those of his son, Dr. F. A. Forel. 
 
 The lake dwelling opposite the town of Morges is one of the 
 most considerable of all those found on the lake of Geneva. The 
 piles are seen in front of the town 400 or 500 feet from the 
 shore at a depth of eight or ten feet below low- water mark. 
 They are placed irregularly, and cover an area of about 1,200 
 feet long, by 100 or 150 feet wide. Horizontal beams are found 
 amongst them, some of which have been worked by the hand of 
 man. A canoe may also be seen half buried in the mud ; this 
 canoe is sharpened to a point in front, and apparently is formed 
 of a single piece of wood hollowed out like the ' piroques ' of 
 savages : it is hardly more than 2 feet wide. 
 
 We have found amongst the piles a large number of antiqui- 
 ties similar to those in the collections of M. Miiller of Nidau, 
 and Colonel Schwab of Bienne, now united in the museum of 
 the latter gentleman. Amongst the more interesting are the 
 following : A great quantity of vessels or fragments of vessels 
 of earthenware - of every variety of shape and size. Some are 
 very small and others very large ; in a few cases they measure 
 2 or 3 feet across. In general they are made of coarse clay 
 mixed with little white pebbles. Some of the small vessels are 
 made of a finer clay and covered with a sort of black polish, the 
 appearance of which reminds one of graphite. Most of them 
 are broken, and this may easily be imagined, for the place where
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF MORGES. 195 
 
 they are found is frequently worked over by the boat-hooks or 
 iron pikes used by the boatmen. A large number of ' torches ' 
 or rings of baked clay have been found here. 
 
 The bronze objects are of great interest : about 130 speci- 
 mens have been obtained, such as celts, swords, knives, sickles, 
 lance-points, bracelets, hairpins, &c. Some of them are beauti- 
 fully formed and very well preserved. 
 
 A mould for casting bronze celts which was found here 
 deserves most particular attention on account of the singular 
 circumstances attending its discovery, and M. Forel's account 
 of it shall therefore be given in full. He says : ' I found the 
 first half on February 25, 1855, and I despaired of finding the 
 remainder till after an interval of four years, my son was for- 
 tunate enough to dredge it up October 18, 1859. The two 
 halves agree, and fit exactly to one another. 
 
 ' The mould itself is of bronze. It is drawn Plate XXXIX. fig. 
 6, and different views are given, Figs. 7 and 8 ; it weighs four 
 pounds, and is 7^ inches long. One may recognise at a glance 
 the form of the celts with four wings (fins or projections), which 
 have been found at Merges, Bienne, and other places. On one 
 side it has the hollow for making the loop found on a great 
 number of celts. On both sides of the upper opening for the 
 introduction of the melted metal may be seen two little length- 
 ened hollows, corresponding with the appendages in the form 
 of points,, also found on several celts, but which are generally 
 bent down or broken. I have not been able to satisfy myself as 
 to the use of these appendages. The ' adjusting points ' of the 
 mould are very well marked ; and along the sides of the first 
 half, there may be seen a longitudinal projection corres- 
 ponding with an analagous groove on the other half; this ar- 
 rangement seems intended to prevent the escape of the melted 
 metal. 
 
 ' We have found at Morges forty-two bronze celts of the same 
 type, but of different sizes and patterns. The largest is 7f 
 inches long, and weighs a pound and a quarter. The smallest 
 is 4 inches long, and only weighs six ounces. All these instru- 
 ments vary considerably, and appear to have been cast in a 
 great many different moulds. The mould we have found would 
 answer for the medium dimension of about 6 inches. At first 
 I thought that many celts of the same size, the shape of 
 which was extremely analogous, had been cast in this mould ; 
 but since I obtained the second half, I have cast in it a leaden 
 celt, and I am now convinced that it presents characteristic dif- 
 
 O 3
 
 196 MOULD FOR CASTING, MORGES. 
 
 ferences. The loop is placed lower, and between the ' wings ' 
 may be seen a little projecting cross, which is not met with on 
 any of the celts which we have found. This cross was probably 
 the founder's mark. 
 
 f I would particularly call the attention of antiquaries to this 
 mark, as it may enable us to ascertain whether there are any 
 celts in other collections cast from the same mould. 
 
 ' The wings have been cast straight for the sake of being got 
 out of the hollows more easily ; they were afterwards curved by 
 means of a hammer. The cutting edge when taken out of the 
 mould would in some degree be thick or blunt ; it would after- 
 wards have to be hammered and sharpened on a grinding-stone ; 
 the operation of hammering probably helped to harden the 
 metal. 
 
 ' The first half of the mould shows on the outside some very 
 strange roughnesses or projections in the metal, which I had 
 some difficulty in understanding. At first I thought that they 
 were the remains of a hinge, but nothing analogous was found 
 on the second half ; and I have convinced myself that the ap- 
 pearance merely arose from pieces added to remedy defects in 
 the first casting. 
 
 ' This instrument, which is very remarkable in every respect, is 
 made with much skill and shows considerable dexterity in the 
 art of casting. Was there a permanent foundry at Merges, or 
 did this mould belong to some itinerant founder who travelled 
 from village to village as our tinmen do at present ? We can- 
 not decide this with certainty. But what does appear evident 
 is this : as the mould was found at the lake- bottom, the ancient 
 settlement of Merges has probably been destroyed by fire or 
 some other catastrophe. For in any other case it seems likely 
 that an object of so much value would not have been 
 allowed to be lost by carelessness. The great number of celts 
 found at the same time also bears out this supposition. 
 
 * I will make two more remarks. First, the piles which have 
 been drawn up at Morges all appear to have been sharpened by 
 small metal celts similar to those we have found. Secondly, if 
 bronze moulds were used for casting such a large variety of celts 
 as we have met with, this fact would indicate a very advanced 
 state of the founder's art ; but we may suppose that a part of 
 these instruments were cast in simple earthen moulds and this 
 supposition will reduce the development of industry at this 
 period to more moderate and probable limits. 
 
 * I only know of two moulds for casting celts, one found in
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF MORGES. 197 
 
 England and the other at Quetetot in Normandy. Both these 
 however were for casting socketed celts, and I do not know of 
 any one for making winged celts like ours. It would be interest- 
 ing to ascertain in what countries similar celts are found. I 
 have seen it remarked that this form is not rare in Italy, but I 
 have noticed none in the collections of the south of France, and 
 I shall be anxious to know whether they are to be found in 
 those of the north of France and of England. I do not exactly 
 know why, but it seems to me that wherever the primitive 
 population of ancient Helvetia may have sprung from, we must 
 always look towards the south to find the starting-point of their 
 civilisation.* 
 
 ' Amongst the objects in stone is a weight with a hole through 
 it. Several stone disks have been found with a groove round 
 the edge like that of a pulley ; also many round stones like little 
 bullets, and other round stones worn on some of their faces. I 
 have not been able to determine with certainty how these 
 different specimens were employed, f 
 
 * Several whorls or little disks of baked clay were also dredged 
 up ; they are now generally thought to have been whorls for 
 spinning flax or wool. 
 
 ' Many animal remains were found here, such as stags' horns, 
 bones, and teeth. From all these relics we can prove the 
 existence of the stag, the deer, the goat or the sheep, the horse, 
 and the pig or wild boar. 
 
 ' We have not found any arms or implements of the stone age, 
 and we have no reason for suspecting their existence ; it ought, 
 however, to be mentioned that we have not trenched below the 
 surface of the lake bottom. On the other hand, we have found 
 no implement of iron.' 
 
 Such is the substance of M. Forel's report on the large lake 
 dwelling opposite to the town of Merges. This locality was 
 
 * Several celt moulds both of bronze and stone are drawn by M. Du Noyer, in the 
 Archaeological Journal, vol. iv., p. 327. The bronze moulds are chiefly for casting 
 socketed celts, but there are two stone moulds for making winged celts, both found in 
 Ireland. The ornamentation on some of these celts drawn in this very interesting paper 
 is most extraordinary, and might enable a wayward antiquary to argue that civilisation 
 came from the north instead of the south. Several other celt moulds are mentioned 
 byM. Du Noyer in a note, andmuch information also is to be found in SirW. R. Wilde's 
 catalogue of Irish antiquities, and also in the beautiful volume lately published, called 
 Horffi Ferales. [Tn.] 
 
 t The pulley -like stones are evidently the problematical antiquities called slingstones, 
 respecting which some observations have been made elsewhere in this volume, p. 135, 
 though it must beconfessed that our knowledge about them is very unsatisfactory. The 
 round stones worn on 0110 or two faces were doubtless corn -crushers. [Tfi.J 
 
 *03
 
 198 SETTLEMENT OF LES ROSEAUX. 
 
 also investigated by M. Troyon and Professor Morlot. They 
 procured numerous clay rings and fragments of pottery, two celt 
 rings, animal bones and charcoal, all of which apparently were 
 similar to the things obtained by M. Forel ; but they found 
 also a little object in silver like a necklace bead, which appears 
 to be peculiar, as it is the only specimen of this metal hitherto 
 found here. 
 
 The second lake dwelling at Merges has been described by 
 Dr. F. A. Forel, and the following is nearly an entire copy of his 
 report : 
 
 'The smaller settlement of Merges callel Les Eoseaux is 
 only a few hundred paces distant from the large one opposite 
 to the town which has been described by my father, and yet it 
 differs very essentially from it. Since my father wrote his 
 account, the researches of M. Carrard of Lausanne, and the 
 working of a mud machine on the locality, together with our 
 own excavations, have thrown considerable light on the station ; 
 but the problems raised concerning it are still far from being 
 solved. 
 
 'Alongside of the great settlement of Merges, so rich in 
 bronze implements of nearly every kind, we find a lake dwelling 
 called Les Eoseaux, which affords us in fact objects of stone, of 
 bronze, and of iron. The bronze celts and the pottery found 
 here are of quite different types from those of similar materials 
 from the great neighbouring settlement, so that it is difficult to 
 determine its place in the archaeological series. 
 
 ' The specimens found here are the following : 
 
 * Two fine stone celts sharpened and polished, now in the 
 Museum of Lausanne ; some flint refuse was also found. 
 
 ' Fifteen bronze celts of the spatula type, with the cutting 
 edge wide and rounded, and rudimentary ears or wings simply 
 indicated by two small flanges. A celt of this form has been 
 found near the " Pierre de Niton" in the port of Geneva. This 
 form which is very abundant in the south of France is rarer in 
 Switzerland, and yet it has often been found in the remains of 
 lake dwellings. It is similar to those drawn Figs. 2 and 3, 
 Plate LIX., from the Terramara. 
 
 ' Pottery is rare at Les Eoseaux compared with the immense 
 quantity of vessels found in the first settlement of Morges. 
 The vessels met with at Les Eoseaux are of two types : one 
 exceedingly coarse with thick walls or sides, the clay of which 
 is mixed with little grains of silex ; they recall to one's mind the 
 irregular vessels of some of the stone-age settlements, or the
 
 SETTLEMENT OF LES ROSEAUX. 199 
 
 fragments of pottery found in caverns associated with flint 
 implements ; they cannot at all be compared with the very large 
 but extremely well made vases of similar material from the large 
 settlement. The second type consists of finer vessels, better 
 designed and always with characteristic ornaments, most 
 frequently with patterns round the border like the following 
 
 woodcut fafofajfy^ which we have only metwith at Les Eoseaux. 
 
 These latter vessels have flat bases, and are totally distinct from 
 the Celtic goblet with a conical base, which as it would not 
 stand by itself had to be placed in a ring of earthenware. 
 
 ' Several little flat stones rounded and perforated like that from 
 Meilen, drawn Plate III. fig. 13. These whorls are always of 
 stone at Les Eoseaux, while in the great settlement of Morges 
 they are of earthenware. 
 
 * Many iron sickles of different shapes, some of them like those 
 found in the station of A la Tene or Marin. 
 
 * A considerable quantity of bones, the greater part entire and 
 not broken by man, nor has any attempt been made to obtain 
 the marrow ; the marks of the knife used when separating the 
 flesh and the tendons may frequently be seen upon them. The 
 species found here are the ox, the bear, the stag, the roe, the 
 sheep, and the marsh pig. 
 
 ' The piles are of oak and fir ; they have been hewn by the 
 bronze celt, and the cutting marks left upon them enables us to 
 decide they were brought to a point by means of the spatula- 
 like celt or hatchet mentioned above, and not by the great 
 bronze celt with ears. We have had the opportunity of ex- 
 amining a considerable number of these piles brought up by 
 the dredging machine, and we have never seen any cutting 
 marks characteristic of the strokes of the stone celt. 
 
 ' We may add that the settlement is of some extent ; it is more 
 than 200 paces long ; the industrial relics are not very abundant, 
 and the dredge brings up few remains of pottery and charcoal, 
 indicating that the settlement was not inhabited for a lengthened 
 period. With these facts before us and bearing in mind the 
 value of the antiquities, we have to resolve the following problem : 
 At what age are we to place the settlement of Les Eoseaux ; and 
 as in the absence of what is positive, archaeology is obliged like 
 geology to be content with relative dates, the problem resolves 
 itself into this : Was the station of Les Eoseaux anterior to 
 the great lake dwelling of Morges ? was it contemporary with 
 it ? or was it posterior to it?
 
 200 SETTLEMENT OF LES ROSEAUX. 
 
 ' Was it anterior ? The presence at Les Eoseaux of stone celts 
 and flint refuse, which have not been found in the other settle- 
 ment, the form of the bronze celts which approach nearer the 
 shape of the stone celts, than that of the regular celts with 
 ears, and the small advance made in developing the manufac- 
 ture of bronze, all seem to indicate that it was so. But on the 
 one hand the piles have not been cut by stone celts, and on the 
 other the presence of iron sickles seems to indicate that this 
 station was occupied up to a comparatively late period. 
 
 ' Is it contemporary with the great settlement of Morges ? 
 The presence at Les Eoseaux of the three materials character- 
 ising the three ages of stone, of bronze, and of iron, would 
 almost lead us to place this station in the intermediate age, or 
 that of bronze, the stone implements continuing as niemorials 
 of past days, and the iron being introduced as a recent acquisi- 
 tion of industry. But how can we then explain the difference 
 in the types of celts and pottery ? how especially can we explain 
 there being no barter or exchange between the two settlements, 
 and how is it that we have never found spatula-like celts in the 
 lake dwelling of Morges, nor eared celts in that of Les 
 Eoseaux ? 
 
 * Is it posterior ? The iron sickles and also another piece of 
 iron of indeterminate shape both found at Les Eoseaux form 
 rather a large proportion of the few artificial objects found in 
 this station. On the contrary, in the lake dwelling of Morges, 
 so rich in bronze objects, iron is only represented by a single 
 authentic specimen, an iron poignard analogous to that drawn 
 by M. Eabut in his work on the lake dwellings of Savoy (Plate 
 XVI. fig. 1). From this it would appear that the great settle- 
 ment of Morges belonged essentially to the bronze age, while 
 that of Les Eoseaux lasted till the introduction of iron. But 
 this hypothesis is refuted by the presence of stone implements 
 and by the relative imperfection of the pottery, which indicates 
 a low grade of civilisation. 
 
 ' In fact none of these three alternatives seem independent of 
 criticism; not one corresponds exactly with all the facts 
 observed. 
 
 ' Two other suppositions may be made to explain the anomalies 
 presented by this settlement. 
 
 * Now either the station of Les Eoseaux was contemporary 
 with that of Morges, but was inhabited by a race of different 
 origin, having other manners and customs ; or by a peculiar 
 caste (such as a sacerdotal tribe), or by a distinct workman's
 
 SETTLEMENT OF LES ROSEAUX. 201 
 
 corporation, for example, of butchers or tanners. In any one 
 of these cases the difference in the type of the implements 
 would be partially explained. 
 
 ' Or, this station has been a little anterior to that of Merges. 
 The spatula-like celts brought from the south of France had 
 only just taken the place of the ancient stone celts when the 
 settlement was erected. It only existed' for a short time ; burnt 
 or destroyed by a hurricane it disappeared. The great lake 
 dwelling of Morges was erected some short distance from its 
 site, and its inhabitants or some other colonists before unknown 
 may have come to the locality of the first settlement to gather 
 the reeds which still grow there abundantly ; they may have 
 dropped some of their sickles in the water, which may be the 
 very implements we find at the present day. 
 
 * We must confess that these hypotheses are of no great value; 
 but still we are obliged to have resort to hypothesis, and we 
 have only to wait until fresh discoveries either confirm or dis- 
 prove them. 
 
 L < F. A. FOEEL. 
 
 ' Nov. 10, 1865.'
 
 202 
 
 LAKE OF -BOUEGET IN SAVOY. 
 
 We are indebted to Baron Despine, one of the most active 
 members of the Historical and Archaeological Society of Savoy, 
 for the discovery of a lake dwelling in the lake of Bourget. At 
 the meeting of this Society on September 2, 1857, Baron 
 Despine announced that he had observed a great number of 
 piles on the eastern shore of the lake in the bay of Gresine- 
 Saint-Innocent, lying north of Aix, which probably were the re- 
 mains of an ancient lake dwelling. As on a closer examination 
 numerous fragments of pottery confirmed this supposition, the 
 Baron sent a communication to the French Academy on the dis- 
 covery of this settlement, probably belonging to the stone period, 
 in the lake of Bourget (' Patrie,' June 30, 1862). 
 
 On July 10, 1862, the above mentioned society met together 
 for the purpose of arranging the ways and means for a complete 
 investigation of the settlements in this lake, and appointed a 
 commission to carry on operations in the bay of Gresine. On 
 July 29, M. Eabut Laurent, a member of the commission, com- 
 municated the following report in the ' Bulletin de la Societe 
 Savoisienne d'Histoire et d'Archeologie,' 1861-2, No. ii. p. 44. 
 
 * The commission began its labours under the direction of the 
 Baron Despine, and M. Charles Delaborde. It recognised 
 traces of habitations in the shape of piles or stakes driven into 
 the whitish clay on an area of about 24,000 square yards, about 
 220 yards from the shore, and at a depth varying from 6 to 8 
 feet. The distance between the piles varies a good deal ; they 
 are chiefly a yard apart, but frequently interrupted ; other pieces 
 of wood are laid across, and remains of pottery might be seen 
 lying about on the bottom of the lake. We set to work to 
 dredge them up, and in a short time filled two boats with 
 fragments of vessels of different forms and sizes. 
 
 ' The largest of them have a considerable bulge, and are made 
 of red, grey, or black clay, coarsely worked and mixed with 
 small silicious pebbles. Some vessels made of a finer material 
 exhibit small plates of mica. They are often covered with orna- 
 ments engraved with a point like the Greek pottery (Plate LVII.
 
 LAKE OF BOURGET. 203 
 
 fig. 1.) Others are more simple and widely spread out, and the 
 opening is very broad. Very few are found with handles. 
 Many of these vessels are partially filled with a kind of textile 
 fibre, compact and rather red, but becoming black by exposure 
 to the air. 
 
 ' Traces of conflagration are found everywhere among these 
 remains : the pieces of wood are half burned ; the fruits found 
 at the bottom of the vessels are carbonised, and to this circum- 
 stance doubtless we owe their preservation : the vessels them- 
 selves have their sides blackened by the action of fire. Ears of 
 barley, acorns, nutshells, rinds of chestnuts, cherry-stones, and 
 grains of millet have been well preserved. 
 
 * Amongst the more perfect objects may be mentioned a circlet 
 or ring of earthenware used for the support of those vessels 
 which have a conical base (Fig. 7); a spindle-whorl got by M. De- 
 laborde (Fig. 6) ; a piercer of very hard wood, well made and 
 polished, but which has lost its original shape by exposure to 
 the air ; calcined bones, a stone hammer, and a small bronze 
 ring. 
 
 ' Can it be concluded from this last specimen having been 
 found here that the settlement was of the bronze age ? It is 
 difficult to reply. It may be as well here to mention that 
 several antiquities of the stone age have been found in Savoy, 
 and two may be especially mentioned, now in the collection of 
 Dr. Davat, one a flint knife of a whitish tint found at Haute- 
 combe, and the other a fine hatchet or stone celt made of 
 silicious stone of a rather dark green colour, nearly 14 inches 
 long, found at Cheran. 
 
 ' The collection of Baron Despine contains a vessel of a very- 
 curious shape which was dredged up by M. Delaborde, and 
 which I have drawn Fig. 3, though it does not form part of the 
 collection made by the commission. It has the form of a tea- 
 pot, is very narrow at the opening and very wide at the base, 
 and is supported by four short rounded feet. On one side it 
 has the remains of a handle, and on the other a little opening 
 closed by a plug of wood charred on the outside. This opening 
 is made near the bottom of the vessel to allow the liquid to flow 
 out. Other specimens of pottery are drawn, Figs. 2, 4, 5, 8 and 9. 
 Fig. 2 is probably a vessel for making cheese ; Fig. 4 is remark- 
 able for the rope-like ornament upon it ; and Fig. 5 for the 
 ornamentation of impressed dots, resembling in some measure a 
 fragment dug up at Uetliberg. The specimens drawn, Figs. 8
 
 204 LAKE OF BOURGET. 
 
 and 9, appear to be beads. All the drawings on this plate have 
 been copied from the work of M. Rabut. 
 
 'Other lake dwellings have been mentioned to the commission, 
 amongst which is that of Tresserve in front of Saut de la Pucelle 
 Dr. Davat believes that a bronze celt in his possession was 
 obtained here and the station of Conjux at the entrance of the 
 canal of Savieres. The traces of dwellings there are numerous, 
 and are well deserving of the attention of the Society. 
 
 ' The settlement of Gresine was subsequently investigated by 
 Professor Desor of Neuchatel, but unfortunately the weather 
 was unfavourable and the result was not very productive. One 
 nearly perfect urn, however, was obtained almost a foot and a 
 half in diameter. The fine shape and the ornament on the 
 pottery, together with the general use of graphite, made M. 
 Desor conclude that they belonged to the bronze period, a 
 supposition which is supported by the appearance of the piles 
 and the considerable depth at which they were found. It is 
 striking that hardly any bronze implements have been found in 
 his locality, although the surrounding district has yielded a 
 large number. Dr. Davat's collection contains bronze celts, 
 sickles, and hairpins, all from this neighbourhood.'
 
 205 
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS SOUTH OF THE ALPS. 
 
 Before giving an account of the researches of Italian anti- 
 quaries on the southern slope of the Alps and in upper Italy, a 
 few general remarks may not be out of place. There can now be no 
 possible doubt that the colonists in these districts lived precisely 
 in the same manner as their kindred races on the other side of 
 the mountains, and that their settlements, like those of Meilen, 
 Nidau, &c., were founded in the stone age, and continued till 
 the beginning of the bronze period ; or, to speak more correctly, 
 that the colonists lived here for a long time without any know- 
 ledge of metals, that afterwards they became possessed of bronze 
 implements, but that they abandoned the locality before the 
 introduction of iron tools. 
 
 It need not surprise us that, immediately after the discovery 
 of the Italian pile dwellings, the question was raised whether 
 the occurrence of such settlements south of the Alps does not 
 warrant the inference that the immigration of the earliest 
 population into the valleys of North Switzerland took place 
 from the south, and not, as has hitherto been supposed, from 
 the east. It is no doubt probable that the mild and fertile land 
 of Italy, especially those tracts open to the navigation of the 
 Mediterranean and thus communicating with the earliest 
 civilised nations, may have been inhabited sooner than the 
 northern slopes of the Alps ; and it may be also the fact that 
 mountain ranges have been no greater hindrances to the 
 passage of migratory tribes than dense forests and rapid rivers. 
 This view, for which various other reasons are adduced, is, 
 however, at present destitute of any positive basis, and appar- 
 ently can neither be affirmed nor denied. The only point which 
 perhaps can be granted without risk is the community of race 
 of the lake settlers on both sides of the Alps. 
 
 Another question is, whence the settlers of the lake dwellings, 
 whether on one side of the Alps or the other, first obtained the 
 metals, especially copper, or that metal in combination with tin. 
 Here we meet with several views diametrically opposed to each 
 other. According to one opinion, the inhabitants of middle and
 
 206 LAKE DWELLINGS SOUTH OF THE ALPS. 
 
 northern Europe, before they knew either how to obtain 
 the metals from the ground, especially copper, or to work them, 
 became acquainted with these materials by barter with the 
 inhabitants of Southern Europe so early advanced in civilisation, 
 and especially with Greece. This assertion rests on the fact, 
 long since recognised as incontestable, that a number of bronze 
 articles found in transalpine countries both in burying-places 
 and scattered over the ground, such as arms, tools, and orna- 
 ments, bear the most striking resemblance both in form and 
 ornamentation to the corresponding objects found in Greece, 
 Sicily, and lower Italy, and which may be seen (as, for instance, 
 the swords) represented in the paintings on ancient Greek 
 vases. If we compare the bronze implements of Upper Italy 
 both on this side of the Po, and beyond it, and also the 
 excellent drawings of the contents of Etruscan burying-places, 
 published by Count Gozzadini, with those of the Swiss lake 
 dwellings, such a similarity of form and decoration may be 
 observed between them, as, even if a common origin be not 
 assumed, to prove indisputably a near connection between the 
 civilisation of the founders of the lake dwellings both cisalpine 
 and transalpine with the primitive inhabitants of Upper Italy. 
 (See ' Descrizione del Conte Gozzadini di un Sepolcreto Etrusco 
 scoperto presso Bologna,' Bologna, 1855 ; with the con- 
 tinuation, Bologna, 1856.) And again, as in the countries of 
 Southern Europe a large number of bronze implements are 
 found of a very primitive form, as, for example, the simple bronze 
 celt copied from the stone celt, it is inferred that northern 
 Europe was at first supplied with bronze articles from the south, 
 until by advancing civilisation the inhabitants succeeded in 
 procuring and working the material, and in rudely imitating 
 southern models. To support this view, attention is directed to 
 the extensive commerce of the Greeks, and to their relations 
 with the Egyptians and Phoenicians, nations early in possession 
 of a civilisation mainly based on the use of the metals. 
 
 According to another hypothesis, the tribes who migrated 
 from the east to central Europe, and the northern islands 
 either brought with them a previous knowledge of the metals 
 from their ancient homes, or else acquired it in their new 
 abodes, and beginning with a simple mode of obtaining the ore 
 developed the rudiments of metallurgy independently of any 
 influence from the south. 
 
 The opinions just mentioned, and many others, appear in 
 modern works on archseology, and are supported by such erudite
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS SOUTH OF THE ALPS. 207 
 
 arguments that it is actually more difficult to arrive at a general 
 view of the different hypotheses, than to come to the conclusion 
 that the important questions as to the immigration of the 
 earliest inhabitants of middle Europe and their original condi- 
 tion have yet to wait a long time for their solution. 
 
 With respect to the settlement on Lago Maggiore in particular 
 nothing can be more natural than that the excellent quality of 
 the bronze implements found there should lead to the question 
 whether we ought not to assume a direct influence from the 
 civilisation of that nation which so early displayed most extra- 
 ordinary skill in working bronze, one constituent part of which 
 they were able to obtain by their own labour and the other by 
 commerce with the Phoenicians. This idea occurs the more 
 readily as the lake settlement undoubtedly lies in the territory 
 which belonged in very early times to the Etruscans; and, 
 moreover, at no great distance from it, and nearer to the foot 
 of the Alps, the presence of that people is proved by a burial- 
 place with Etruscan remains ; and lastly, Etruscan coins and 
 sacred images have been found in considerable numbers in the 
 Alpine passes themselves and even in the valleys on the northern 
 slopes of these mountains, while an Etruscan work of art has 
 been discovered in a Celtic tumulus. But as the Etruscans 
 themselves migrated into Italy, and that probably by land, 
 perhaps over the Rhsetian Alps (See Mommsen, ' Rom. Gesch.' 
 bd. i. 3rd ed. p. 121), and made the first steps towards civilisa- 
 tion under Grecian and Asiatic influences, the discussion of this 
 question must be deferred until we have obtained a larger 
 amount of materials for examination and comparison from the 
 labours of Italian antiquaries who are now beginning to study 
 in earnest the remains of the earliest population of their 
 country. 
 
 To the above general remarks it will be well to append an 
 extract from the notices of Mr. Gastaldi, who takes a great 
 interest in the early antiquities of his country, as to the 
 geological position of the peat moors containing remains of 
 human industry found on the southern slopes of the Alps. 
 
 ' Amongst the natural beauties with which the fertile country 
 between the foot of the Alps and the left bank of the Po is so 
 richly endowed, the lakes unquestionably hold the first place. 
 All these fine expanses of water, from Lago di Garda, the most 
 easterly of them, to the lakes of Avigliana and Trana, the last of 
 their number on the west, derive their origin from old moraines, 
 between the ridges of which they are enclosed as in an amphi-
 
 208 LAKE DWELLINGS SOUTH OF THE ALPS. 
 
 theatre. Some amongst these numerous lakes are very small, 
 while others are of great extent. If anyone will take the 
 trouble of examining carefully the districts through which they 
 are distributed as, for instance, the environs of Avigliana, of 
 Ivrea, of Arona, or of Como he will soon be convinced that at 
 some period not very distant, the number of the smaller lakes 
 was much more considerable, and the size of the larger ones 
 much greater than at present, and also that the small lakes 
 which have disappeared and the flat shores of the larger ones 
 onee covered with water, have chiefly been converted into peat 
 moors. There is no doubt, for example, in Piedmont, that all 
 the peat moors of any extent now under cultivation have been 
 caused by moraines. These moors differ from each other by 
 their elevation above the lake levels, and may be divided into 
 two classes. 
 
 If the amphitheatre, bounded by the ranges of the moraine 
 is occupied by a large lake, as in those of Orta, Maggiore, and 
 Garda, peat moors are found, the level of which rises but little 
 above that of the water, and in a similar way if the area of the 
 amphitheatre is not covered by a large lake, but is intersected 
 by a river, as at Rivoli and Ivrea, the moors are only a few 
 yards above the level of the river. These are the moors which, 
 according to my division, belong to the first class. They are in 
 general of great extent ; as, for instance, that of Angera, once a 
 bay of Lago Maggiore, and that of Avigliana connected with 
 the lake bearing the same name. 
 
 ( The moors of the second class lie in rather contracted basins 
 and at a much higher level, namel}-, on the ridge of the mo- 
 raines. Amongst them may be named the moors of Alice, of 
 Meugliano, of St. Martino near Ivrea, together with those of 
 Mercurago, of Aleggio Castello and Borgo Ticino in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Arona. 
 
 FIG. 10. 
 
 a. Peat moors of the first class, b. Moors of the second class, c. A lake covering 
 the area of the amphitheatre. If there is no lake in this hollow, a river d runs 
 through it. A. Erratic or boulder formation. B. Diluvium.
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS SOUTH OF THE ALPS. 209 
 
 It may also be as well here to mention that antiquities, 
 chiefly of the bronze age, are found in the peat moors of 
 Lonibardy as well as Piedmont. In 1856 a bronze celt and 
 several flint arrow-heads were found nearly ten feet below the 
 surface in the peat moor of Bosisio : the flint was said to come 
 from the Majolica or compact white limestone, resting on the 
 red ammonite limestone of the mountains between Lago Mag- 
 giore and the lake of Garda, but Professor Doderlein thinks it 
 was brought from the Majolica of Enego in the valley of Astico, 
 in the district of Vicenza, where a few years ago it was worked 
 for flints. Bronze implements have also been found in the peat 
 moors of Brenna, and a bronze celt was dug up in a peat moor 
 in the Venetian territory.'
 
 210 
 
 PEAT MOOES OF MEBCUBAGO NEAR AEONA AND 
 BORGO-TICINO. 
 
 Mercurago is a small place which may be reached from Arona 
 by half an hour's travelling. Very valuable discoveries were 
 made here by Professor Moro. Besides weapons and tools both 
 of stone and bronze, wooden implements of various kinds and 
 pottery, he found there a lake dwelling of such a character as 
 clearly to prove that the little lake of Mercurago before its 
 conversion into a peat moor contained similar lake dwellings 
 to those of which remains are now met with in nearly every 
 Swiss lake. 
 
 All the particulars respecting this settlement and also that of 
 Borgo-Ticino have- been given by M. Gastajdi in his report, of 
 which the following is the substance : 
 
 Several years since antiquities of various kinds were found 
 at Mercurago in digging peat; such as flint arrow-heads, a 
 bronze lance-point (Plate LYIII. fig. 4), a number of earthen- 
 ware vessels of blackish clay mixed with quartz-grains, also a 
 wooden anchor about three feet and a half long, terminating at 
 one end in two hooks, at the other having a hole bored through 
 it for the attachment of a rope. 
 
 In the year 1860 a canoe was discovered for the first time, 
 made out of a single thick trunk upwards of 6 feet long, about 
 3 feet broad, and hollowed out about a foot deep (Plate LYIII. 
 fig. 23). In spite of all the care taken by the stringent orders 
 of Professor Moro, it cracked in drying and at length went to 
 pieces. When I saw it the traces of the instrument used for 
 hollowing it out could be distinctly seen in the bottom. Not 
 far from this boat a large bronze pin was discovered (Plate 
 LYIII. figs. 1 and 2), and also a disk of baked clay (Plate 
 LYIII. fig. 15), with a hole in the middle very similar to those 
 found in the marl-pits of the district of Modena and near Imola. 
 
 The peat moor of Mercurago is rather of a long shape : 
 nearly all the things found there mentioned by me came from 
 rather a limited space towards the northern end, about 130 feet 
 from the bank, and apparently in a place where the water could
 
 PEAT MOOR OF MERCURAGO. 211 
 
 at the most only have been from 7 to 9 feet deep when 
 the moor was a lake. Just at this place in making a trench a 
 row of piles were discovered from 6 to 10 inches in diameter, 
 driven vertically into the greyish mud on which the peat lies 
 (Plate LYIII. fig. 18). The original lake bottom is marked by 
 dark hatched lines : a bed of mud above it is indicated by 
 vertical lines, and the relic-bed lies immediately upon this bed 
 of mud. 
 
 Professor Moro having informed me of this discovery, 
 T went with him to Mercurago, where Mr. Maffei, the director 
 of the peat diggings, had already drawn up one of the piles, and 
 we had the opportunity of satisfying ourselves that the tool 
 used for sharpening it must have had a curved edge, for every 
 cut had a kind of hollow. 
 
 The piles are from about 5 feet to 6^ feet long ; they are driven 
 deeply into the mud, and project about 3 feet upwards into the 
 peat ; their upper ends are covered with peat, also about 3 feet 
 thick. An excavation was made here for antiquarian investiga- 
 tion of about 30 feet square (Plate LVIII. fig. 21), and in this 
 space there were twenty- two upright piles bound together by 
 cross timbers. Towards the bottom of the bed of peat, and at 
 the line of separation between the peat and the mud, there is a 
 peculiar layer or bed of fern pressed together, and upon this 
 was found such a quantity of pieces of broken pottery (Plate 
 LVIII. fig. 12, 13, 22), that a great basket might have been 
 filled with them. Also three perfect earthenware vessels (Figs. 
 14, 16, and 17), a great bronze pin (Fig. 3), rather a long strip of 
 flint (Figs. 5 and 6), with some flint arrow-heads (Figs. 7, 8, 9, 
 10, and 11), and many flakes of this material, besides a quantity 
 of hazel-nuts, cornel-stones, &c. 
 
 It is very evident from all these objects, and from the situation 
 where they were found, that a dwelling formerly existed here, 
 resting on the piles driven into the lake at no great distance 
 from the shore, and that it was inhabited by man before it was 
 covered over by the peat. It is also evident from the occur- 
 rence in the same place of worked flints, of rough earthenware 
 vessels in which the clay was mixed with quartz-grains, and of 
 one bronze pin, that the inhabitants lived at a time when bronze 
 was about to be substituted for stone in the manufacture of 
 tools. 
 
 The arrow-heads are all extremely well made ; the piece of 
 flint above mentioned is 4f inches long and nearly -/^ths of an 
 inch wide. It is a little bent lengthwise ; the lower side is 
 
 v 2
 
 212 PEAT MOOR OF MERCURAGO. 
 
 quite flat ; on the upper side there are in the direction of the 
 length two flat surfaces or planes meeting in a kind of blunt 
 angle in consequence of which there is a sharp border or cutting 
 edge on each side. One of these edges has been brought into 
 the form of a saw by means of a succession of blows of the 
 hammer which broke off little scales from the stone. The 
 instrument which was used for this purpose cannot have been 
 anything else but a long piece of flint. 
 
 The greater part of the pottery was very roughly worked, and 
 was made without the help of the potter's wheel. 
 
 I cannot, while giving this account of the lake dwelling, refrain 
 from adding a short notice as to similar antiquities found in the 
 neighbourhood of Mercurago, but on dry land. On the moraine 
 hill which rises eastwards of this place and stretches down 
 to Borgo-Ticino, fragments of pottery were found in stubbing 
 up brushwood at a place called II Pennino. These vessels were 
 also made of a blackish material mixed with quartz-grains, like 
 that of the Mercurago pottery, and they almost always contain 
 human bones and sometimes also objects of bronze ; an armlet 
 and a pin of this material were taken out of one of these vessels 
 by Professor Moro himself. I learned from the workmen that 
 some years since, eighteen similar vases were found together, 
 and that each of them rested on a slab of stone and was 
 covered by a second. Is it possible that these vases may have 
 some relation with ihe lake dwelling of Mercurago, and may 
 the heights of Pennino be considered as the burial-places of 
 the latest lake settlers ? 
 
 If we compare the vases found at Mercurago with those which 
 have been sent to me from Switzerland, dating from the bronze 
 age, the Italian ones appear much rougher both in workmanship 
 and in material : the sides are much thicker, and consequently 
 the vessels are proportionably heavier. Some of the fragments 
 have a degree of ornamentation, but this is of the most simple 
 kind, only scratched lines or impressed touches made on the 
 clay while yet soft. The pattern or mode of ornament consists 
 of the usual zigzag markings, each series of which is accompa- 
 nied by a row of parallel lines. A later excavation than the one 
 already referred to, brought to light more of this ornamented 
 pottery, very like what is found in other similar localities, 
 and also two perfect earthenware vessels of dark clay with the 
 remains of cords still attached to the handles. 
 
 Two of the most remarkable things found at Mercurago are 
 -of wood and resemble wheels. That drawn Plate LVIII. fig.
 
 MERCURAGO AND BORGO-TICINO. 213 
 
 20 was found first: it is not quite circular. In the middle 
 there is a hole for the reception of a tube in the form of a nave. 
 Between this and the circumference are two openings of the 
 shape of a half moon. The whole consists of three boards 
 probably of walnut- wood, and is held together by two cross bars 
 meeting in the middle of the circumference and dovetailed 
 into the boards. These cross pieces are however not placed in 
 a straight line, that is parallel with the diameter of the wheel, 
 but bent to such a degree as nearly to run parallel with the cir- 
 cumference ; when they were fitted, to accomplish this they 
 must have been made flexible ; they are of larch-wood, and 
 charred on the under side. Professor Moro, who found that 
 it was impossible to preserve wooden objects from the peat 
 bogs except in water, sent me this disk in a moist state 
 to Turin, where it was carefully modelled in plaster of Paris. 
 
 The second wooden wheel is drawn Plate LVIII. fig. 19, 
 it has six spokes, two of them made out of the same piece of 
 wood as the nave, the other four are fastened into the central 
 piece and the fellies. The diiferent parts of the wheel itself or 
 the fellies are mortised together by pieces of wood let into 
 rabbets. These holes or rabbets are made with the greatest 
 nicety, and prove that an instrument with a curved edge must 
 have been used to cut them. The portion of the wheel marked 
 a, &, is in one piece, and like the remaining parts of the circum- 
 ference, appears to be of walnut-wood. Not the slightest trace 
 of metal is to be found in the whole wheel. 
 
 Earthenware vessels precisely like those of Mercurago are 
 found in the peat bog of Borgo-Ticino, which belongs to the 
 first class and lies at the level of the Lago Maggiore. 
 
 A great number of earthen vessels, of flint arrow-heads, and 
 some objects in bronze were found in the moor of Gagnano, 
 situated a short distance from those just mentioned, but they 
 were all dispersed or thrown away. On the bank of this basin 
 I have seen piles almost identical with those of Mercurago, the 
 only difference being that they were sharpened by fire at the 
 lower end. I have noticed that charcoal and ashes, as well as 
 wood that had been worked by human hands and trunks of 
 trees partially burnt, are very commonly met with in the peat 
 moors of Arona and Ivrea. The steins of trees found in abun- 
 dance in these moors belong to the following species : Italian 
 pine, oak, alder, birch, willow, walnut, all of which, as it appears 
 to me, have grown on the spot. Only twenty years since the 
 peat moor of Gagnano was pasture land, but now that the peat
 
 214 PEAT MOOR OF CONTURBIA. 
 
 lias been cut away to the depth, of 16 or 18 feet, the moor has 
 again become a lake. 
 
 In the neighbouring moor of Conturbia remains of later date 
 have been found. Nearly in the middle of the moor there are a 
 number of piles driven into the peat which, according to the 
 account given by the manager, had the lower end furnished with 
 an iron point. I managed to procure one of these piles ; and 
 there was no iron on this one, but I was quite convinced that it 
 had been sharpened by instruments similar to those in use at the 
 present day.
 
 215 
 
 PEAT MOOE OF SAN MAETINO AND TOEEE BAIEO 
 NEAE IVEEA. 
 
 This moor lies on the ridge of a moraine, in fact just where, 
 near Ponte dei Preti, the straight line of the lateral moraine 
 begins to bend so as to form the terminal moraine. The basin 
 thus enclosed is nearly oval : its greatest breadth is about a 
 mile and a quarter, but in some places it is only five furlongs 
 across. 
 
 Surrounded by meadows and fields, interspersed with groves 
 of high trees, and with the small village of Giovanni, to the 
 north surrounded by chestnut and walnut- wood, this basin has 
 a quiet and picturesque appearance, a thing very unusual in the 
 peat districts. 
 
 No remains of regular piles have as yet been discovered in 
 the moor of San Martino which indicate positively the exist- 
 ence of a lake dwelling in the ancient lake ; but still within 
 the last few years two earthenware vessels and a worked flint 
 were found there. One of these vessels (Plate LXV. fig. 1), 
 which is in my possession, shows no marks of the potter's 
 wheel, and is of very rough workmanship, although some rude 
 attempts at ornamentation may be observed in a series of deep 
 impressions, about an inch and a half below the rim, made by 
 means of a piece of wood or stone. The shape is nearly that of 
 a cylinder, rather diminishing towards the base. The material 
 is exactly like that of the vases of Mercurago, and consists of 
 blackish clay mixed with quartz-grains The fact of antiquities 
 of this kind being found in the moor proves that a Celtic race 
 once had a settlement on the border of the former lake of San 
 Martino, and makes it almost certain that the lake dwelling 
 itself will soon be discovered. Besides this weir baskets or fish- 
 traps, made out of osiers, have been found about a yard deep in 
 this as well as in several of the small moors of the neighbour- 
 hood. The bronze sword from the Lago di Viverone, Ivrea 
 (Plate LXV. fig. 2), may be compared with some of the bronze, 
 swords found in the actual lake dwellings.
 
 216 PEAT MOOR OF TORRE BAIRO. 
 
 The peat moor of Torre Bairo contains fragments of earthen 
 vessels which appear to have been made by the wheel, and a 
 small millstone has been found in another moor. We must 
 not omit to remark that great care is necessary in determining 
 the age of the antiquities found here, for though the neighbour- 
 hood of these moors, judging from the objects found in them, 
 was evidently peopled in prehistoric times, yet there can also be 
 no doubt that these localities were afterwards densely inhabited 
 in the Roman period : this is proved by the number of brick 
 graves containing vases of a very different character, which are 
 frequently discovered in stubbing up bushes.
 
 217 
 
 LAKE OF YAEESE. 
 
 In the year 1863 the Abate Professor Antonio Stoppani, dis- 
 covered five lake dwellings in this lake ; a sixth was subsequently 
 found by the Abate Giovanni Ranchet. 
 
 1. Isolino, the largest settlement, with numerous piles. The 
 antiquities found here were flint knives, worked bones, and a 
 number of fragments of bones of the stag, the goat, the ox and 
 the pig ; also spindle-whorls and pottery. 
 
 2. Cazzago, a lake dwelling, but not of much interest. 
 
 3. 4 and 5. These three stations are all near Bodio. The 
 most easterly of them has been called Keller, that to the north- 
 west has been named Desor, and that nearest Bodio, the 
 central station. Of these three that near Bodio is the richest 
 and the most important. A number of arrow-heads and some 
 axes of flint were found there, spindle-whorls of sandstone, a 
 ring made of quartz ; some fragments of pottery and a few 
 bronze implements, amongst which are a pin, some fish-hooks 
 and two lance heads. The station called Keller is a repetition 
 of that of Bodio, with the exception of the bronze implements; a 
 number of arrow-heads were found here barbed and of excellent 
 workmanship. In the station called Desor pottery is very 
 abundant.* 
 
 6. Bardello is a station of small importance. 
 (See the * Eapporto sulle Eicerche nel Lago di Varese,' by the 
 Abate Antonio Stoppani, 1863.) 
 
 * Some of these settlements, it appears, have been named after the Swiss savans. 
 
 [IB.]
 
 218 
 
 LAKE DWELLING OF PESCHIEEA ON THE LAKE 
 OF GAKDA. 
 
 The discovery of this settlement is of considerable interest, 
 as from its geographical position to the south and east, it 
 shows that the tract of country where the phenomena of lake 
 dwellings are observed is more extensive than was at first sup- 
 posed. Together with the settlements of Mercurago, of Cas- 
 tione, and those of the Savoy lakes, it proves that the lake 
 dwellings south of the Alps were founded in the stone age, but 
 were not fully developed till the period of the common employ- 
 ment of bronze. And with respect to the general history of 
 civilisation, it opens to us a view of the connection between the 
 settlements of Switzerland and upper Italy. For it may be 
 remembered that the bronze implements found at Peschiera 
 differ very little from those destined for the same use found in 
 Switzerland ; or, to speak more correctly, most of them agree 
 so completely with the objects got from the lakes of Neuchatel 
 and Bienne, and now preserved in the collection of Col. Schwab, 
 that we cannot deny that there must have been an active traffic 
 between the settlements on both sides of the Alps, a mutual 
 influence and a similarity of civilisation between the two. 
 
 Amongst the number of objects which were forwarded from 
 Peschiera to Zurich, and which of course are only a small 
 portion of the things obtained there from the bed of the lake, 
 there are several implements of metal not made of bronze, but 
 of copper, and, as we shall see, identical both in material and 
 shape with those found on the mainland in the east of Europe. 
 These copper implements induce me to call the attention of 
 antiquaries to a fact which has hitherto remained without 
 attention. In all the works which have come before me, treat- 
 ing of the development of civilisation and the introduction of 
 metals in the western countries, it is affirmed that the use of 
 copper necessarily must have preceded that of the mixture of 
 this metal with tin, that is of bronze : but notwithstanding this, 
 and even though copper tools are occasionally met with though 
 very rarely, yet that a copper age has never existed in Europe
 
 LAKE DWELLING OF PESCHIERA. 219 
 
 for the transition from pure copper to bronze did not take place 
 in Europe. This assertion is partly correct with respect to 
 western Europe, but not for the whole of the continent, and 
 more especially not for the east of it, such as Hungary and the 
 countries lying east and south of it. My friend, the late well- 
 known mechanist, Mr. William Fehr, during a residence of many 
 years at Pesth, directed his attention to the implements of the 
 early ages found richly developed and in incredible numbers in 
 the country of the lower Danube, which are accumulated in 
 the museum at Pesth, in private collections, and in the shops 
 of the dealers in antiquities. He assured me that in certain 
 localities of Hungary copper implements are just as plentiful 
 as those of bronze : and he presented to the Zurich collection 
 some hundred specimens, amongst which a considerable number 
 are of copper. The facts, that the very largest and heaviest 
 tools were made of pure copper and also that cutting instru- 
 ments like axes were of the same material, indicate on the one 
 hand a considerable abundance of copper, and on the other the 
 original non-existence of bronze.* From the information which 
 our friend was able to give we may conclude with certainty that 
 copper was used by one of the earliest populations of those 
 countries for implements of war and the chase, for those of 
 husbandry, domestic economy, and ornament ; and that it was 
 employed for these purposes during a lengthened period. For 
 the sake of comparison, sketches of a number of these bronze 
 objects from Hungary are given Plate LXVIII. figs. 1 to 28. 
 
 The appearance of copper in such quantities in these districts 
 involves the discussion of the question to what nation these 
 implements belonged, and farther whether these people made 
 them themselves or obtained them from other races either to 
 the south or the west. But the primaeval history of Pannonia 
 and Dacia, like that of western Europe, is shrouded in darkness, 
 and so is the period when some light begins to appear and the 
 names and races of peoples are known, and the time is hardly 
 
 * According to the accounts given in the ' Archaeologiai Kozlemenyek,' implements of 
 bronze as well as of copper have been found in the districts (comitaten) on both sides of 
 the Danube, in the countries of the Pannonians, lazyges and Dacians, and in many places, 
 for instance at Ipoly-Damasd, in the district (comitat) of Hont, and at Parndorf, in the 
 district of Moson, they occur in great abundance and variety of form. As moulds for 
 casting were also found there, these bronze implements were believed to have been made 
 in the country itself by some of the Celtic race who had wandered there. In the atlas 
 given in the Archaeologiai Koslemenyek, which contains very good drawings of the 
 copper and bronze implements found in Hungary, by far the larger number of the 
 weapons, tools, and ornaments are marked as consisting of copper.
 
 220 LAKE DWELLING OF PESCHIERA. 
 
 more clear, when copper was exclusively in use. When the 
 districts south of the Danube, when Turkey, Greece, and the 
 countries .bordering on the Black Sea have been more closely 
 examined as to the remains of their earliest civilisation, it will 
 then be more possible to determine whence these implements 
 came and by whose means they were brought into the districts 
 under consideration. Sufficient has now been said merely to 
 notify the extensive diffusion of copper in Hungary. 
 
 Unfortunately the information as to the settlement of Pes- 
 chiera is not, as is the case with some other lake dwellings, 
 based on a careful investigation of the locality. All the infor- 
 mation we possess respecting it has been kindly communicated by 
 M. von Silber, first lieutenant of the Austrian corps of engineers 
 at Verona. He discovered the place and secured some of the 
 objects found there, which he kindly forwarded to us together 
 with the following report as to the locality and the circum- 
 stances under which the discovery was made. 
 
 ' In deepening the entrance of the harbour of Peschiera for 
 the newly- built gunboat, which was done by means of a mud 
 machine (called a paternoster), to a depth of seven or eight feet 
 below the usual level of the water, the workmen found amongst 
 the mud and sand brought up by the machine, a great number 
 of bronze implements. These were carefully preserved, for the 
 sake of archaeology, by Mr. Lorenz, the marine engineer now 
 residing at Pola, and myself. I was so uninitiated in this 
 science, that when I found that the greater part of the objects 
 had been taken up from a space of a very few square fathoms, 
 I had the notion that a ship laden with bronze had been 
 wrecked here, and it was not till a conversation which I had 
 with Dr. Freudenberg, of Bonn, that I was led to believe that a 
 lake dwelling probably existed on this spot. This idea was 
 corroborated by the fact that, just in this place, the working of 
 the mud machine was very much impeded by a number of burnt 
 piles which were quite covered with the mud. Unfortunately, 
 I fancied at first that these piles came from the fishermen's 
 huts, which abound in this neighbourhood at the present day, 
 so that I paid no attention to their position or arrangement. 
 The piles which were drawn up were, on an average, four or five 
 feet long, quite hidden under the sand, and burnt to such a 
 degree that it is quite impossible for me to say with certainty 
 what kinds of wood they were made of. I imagine, however, 
 that the wood was chiefly that of the stone oak (Quercus ilex). 
 The piles were four or five inches in diameter.
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF PESCHIERA. 221 
 
 * Besides the bronze implements one of stone was found, 
 which I believe to be a sling-stone. Lately, when reading the 
 reports of the Swiss lake dwellings, I remembered the occur- 
 rence of a great number of pieces of burnt clay found in the 
 mud. These pieces were of a blackish colour, remarkably thick, 
 and without any definite form. I do not doubt that they 
 have been fragments of the clay covering the huts of the lake 
 dwellings.' 
 
 The objects found at Peschiera are drawn in the following 
 plates : 
 
 Plate LXVI. figs. 1, 3, and 4 appear to be daggers ; 2, 5, 6, 
 7, 8, 9, spear-points similar objects to these last are found in 
 the Swiss lakes ; 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 
 hairpins and clothes pins ; 15 and 23 are sewing needles. The 
 whole of these are of bronze, and many are very similar to 
 specimens in the collection of Colonel Schwab, of Bienne. 
 Plate LXVII. figs. 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, hair or clothes pins ; 1, 2, 
 3, small harpoons ; 5, great clasp, or armilla, ornamented with 
 engraved lines ; 6, 9, spirals ; 7, 8, fibulse ; 10, knife, the 
 handle broken off; 18, tube, with engraved spiral ornament ; 
 19, chisel. The whole of the above are of bronze. Figs. 15, 
 16, 17, copper chisels; 20, disk of granite (sling-stone?) ; Fig. 
 21 gives a plan of Peschiera, where the Mincio joins the lake 
 of Garda : the locality of the lake dwelling is marked with f. 
 
 Since the above account was written, Dr. E. Freiherr von 
 Sacken has published a full report of this station, taken chiefly 
 from the account given by Captain von Kostersitz who was 
 present at, and carefully watched, the excavations in the years 
 1860, 1861, and 1862. The area examined by the machine 
 up to 1865 consists of about 2,650 square fathoms. Numerous 
 piles were found placed irregularly, which had been driven from 
 three to six feet into the mud. The depth of water is about 
 five feet. Large quantities of pottery were found of the usual 
 forms, and a number of bronze implements, such as celts, lance 
 and arrow-heads, knives, sickles, awls, and pins. 
 
 Professor Abate Stoppani has also discovered five other 
 stations on the lake, namely, two at the island of Lecchi, and 
 three at St. Felice. (See vol. vi. degli Atti della Societa 
 Italiana di Scienze Naturali, Seduta del 3 Aprile 1864.)
 
 222 
 
 LAGO DI FIMON, NEAE VICENZA. 
 
 In tlie year 1864, Signer Paolo Lioy discovered oak piles, the 
 ends of which had been bnrnt, in the moory bed of the little 
 lake of Fimon, south of Vicenza ; at the same time he found 
 parts of the clay coverings of the huts. This gentleman thinks 
 that he has also found traces of the huts themselves. The im- 
 plements all belong to the stone age, and consist of knives and 
 lance heads of flint, hammers of limestone, various forms of 
 bone implements, and a great quantity of pottery. Some idea 
 of the food of the colonists may be obtained from the examina- 
 tion of a mass of broken bones found here ; they belong to the 
 stag, the roe, the sheep, the pig, and different varieties of the 
 ox. There were also numerous shells of the fresh-water tortoise 
 (Emys lutraria). Amongst the remains of the vegetable king- 
 dom there were acorns, cornel-stones, cherry-stones, hazel-nuts, 
 and water-chestnuts. 
 
 CASTIONE AND THE MAEL-PITS 
 OE TEEEAMAEA BEDS. 
 
 In the provinces of Parma, Eeggio, and Modena, there are to 
 be found in many places considerable beds of a yellow-brown 
 or brownish-black earth rich in animal substances and used for 
 agricultural purposes. This earth is commonly called marl* 
 (mergel, marna, &c.), but by Venturi it is named burial earth 
 (terre cimiteriali). 
 
 In these marl-pits are found antiquities of various dates, 
 pottery, implements and coins, &c., of the Eoman period ; 
 weapons, implements and pottery of an earlier period ; and lastly, 
 
 * The word ' marl ' is here used for want of a better : but it must not be con- 
 founded with our English marl, the composition of which, it will be seen, is of a very 
 different character. [Tit.]
 
 CASTIONE AND THE TERRAMARA BEDS. 22-3 
 
 human bones as well as those of oxen, stags and pigs all mixed 
 up in abundance with ashes of charcoal and burnt corn. 
 
 Venturi classes these beds of what he calls * burial earth ' 
 under three divisions. The first, according to him, contains 
 traces of the burial places where the Boii, a Gallic race, laid 
 their warriors who had fallen in battle, or the relics of crema- 
 tions and sacrifices of that age : the second contains remains 
 of Eoman graves ; while the third exhibits those of ancient 
 buildings destroyed by fire or some other calamity : the account 
 of one of these dwellings, that of Castione, shall be given nearly 
 in the words of the antiquaries who discovered it. 
 
 Cavedone, in his description of a sword found in the marl-pit 
 of Marano (Indicatore Modenese, anno 11. n. 18), partly agrees 
 with Venturi's opinion ; but he directs attention to the fact that 
 different layers are clearly to be observed in the marl-pits, sepa- 
 rated by beds of gravel, fragments of tile, and common earth. 
 Neither of these gentlemen, however, have remarked one main 
 point, and that is, that in by far the greater number of the 
 marl-pits, the objects are not found as they were originally depo- 
 sited, but where they were brought down by floods. For it has 
 been ascertained that all the marl-pits in the above-named loca- 
 lities occur either in the neighbourhood of torrents or in places 
 subject to the inundations of the Po. 
 
 From the information obtained in various quarters as to 
 these singular deposits, it may be asserted that the greater part 
 of the marl-pits contain the remnants of Roman graves and also 
 the remains of interments, of cremations, and perhaps of the 
 refuse of feasts of the people of the bronze age. 
 
 Amongst the remains of Roman graves may be noted the 
 fragments of tiles used for making the tombs containing 
 sepulchral urns, also lamps, the objects called lachrymatories, 
 coins, and a variety of implements belonging to this period, and 
 other objects washed down into the marl-pits by flood and, in 
 some cases, found there in considerable quantities. 
 
 The remains of burials of the bronze age may be recognised 
 by the bronze swords, lance-points, wedge-shaped celts, as well 
 as those with shaft-flanges, arrow-heads and fish-hooks : all of 
 which are found together with stone weapons and tools, espe- 
 cially flint arrow-heads, the whole mixed with ashes, charcoal 
 and human bones ; also with very roughly worked earthenware 
 vessels, badly burnt, of a black or dark red colour, the material 
 of which is mixed with quartz grains ; and lastly with spindle- 
 whorls of burnt clay generally found so abundantly with remains 
 of the bronze age.
 
 224 CASTIONE AND THE TERRAMARA BEDS. 
 
 The opinion that the marl-pits contain the remains of the 
 ancient inhabitants of the country is borne out not merely by 
 the great mass of bones of oxen, stags, swine, &c. found in them, 
 but chiefly by the fact that the long bones of the extremities 
 are broken at one end, just in a similar way to the bones of the 
 larger animals found in great abundance in the ' Kjokken- 
 moddings ' (see A. Morlot, Etudes geologico-archeologiques, Lau- 
 sanne 1860), and in the lake dwellings of Switzerland. These 
 bones were evidently broken for the extraction of the marrow, 
 just as the Greenlanders and Laplanders of the present day 
 break the bones of the reindeer. 
 
 After these general remarks, it will be well to give nearly 
 entire the report by Mr. L. Pigorini and Professor P. Strobel 
 on the Terramara beds in general and on the lake dwellings of 
 Castione in particular. This report has been printed in the 
 valuable work by Signer Gastaldi before referred to (Nuovi cenni 
 sugli oggetti di alto, antichita trovati nelle torbiere e nelle marniere 
 deir Italia. Torino 1862, in-4to, with six lithographic plates 
 and woodcuts). 
 
 We will begin this notice by giving our reasons for the 
 adoption of the terms Terramara and Mariera for these singular 
 deposits. The expressions used by some scientific people, Terra- 
 marna (marl earth), Marniera (marl-pit), Terra cimiteriale (grave 
 earth), have given false ideas of its nature both at home and 
 abroad in a mineralogical as well as an agricultural and archaeo- 
 logical point of view. By marl (marna, marne, &c.) is always 
 understood a limy substance naturally containing clay, that is 
 without artificial means, and which can be used for the (mineral) 
 improvement of the soil, in fact for * marling.' The Terramara 
 full of works of human art may contain both clay and lime, or 
 it may consist more or less of clay containing lime,* but these 
 are not its distinctive characteristic component parts : on the 
 contrary, the phosphates and the organic matter (which are 
 wanting in the true marl) make this earth extremely valuable in 
 
 * The following are the chemical analyses of this earth from two different places, 
 made some years ago by Professor Truffi : 
 
 Constituents of the earths. From Casaroldo. From Noceto. 
 
 Clay - 070-030 045*470 
 
 Carbonate of lime . 022-020 013-960 
 
 Sand and other mineral detritus . . . '. 003-900 033-180 
 
 Organic matter . . . . . * ; " . . 002-820 004-300 
 
 Phosphoric acid . . . ,*,! - 000-180 000-240 
 
 Mineral materials soluble in water, and loss . 1-050 2-850 
 
 100-000 100-000
 
 PILE DWELLING OF CASTIONE. 225 
 
 agriculture : it is, however, exclusively used for the (organic) 
 manuring of meadows : if put on arable land, it burns up the 
 seed.* The name of ' grave earth ' is too exclusive, and gives a 
 partial view : that is, it presupposes a mode of origin which is 
 by no means admissible, at least for the greater part of the 
 localities named. Now our country people call this question- 
 able earth Terramara, probably a corrupted form of the expres- 
 sion Terramarna, but possibly also the genuine ancient name ; 
 for Ghiozzi, in his treatise on Julia Fidentia,f says that the 
 earth derived its name of Terra di mare (sea earth), because it 
 was imagined, though incorrectly, to have been a deposit of the 
 sea. However this may be, the expression is not newly coined, 
 and it has the advantage of giving no false ideas ; the authors 
 of this report, therefore, have considered it better to give it a 
 preference over the others, and they have ventured also to 
 derive from it the word Mariera. 
 
 This report is divided into three parts. The first treats of 
 the productions of human art ; the second of the organic re- 
 mains ; and the last of the origin of the Mariere or terramara 
 beds. 
 
 I. REMAINS OP HUMAN INDUSTRY. 
 
 Amongst these the most interesting are certainly the pile 
 dwellings. That we are now about to describe was found near 
 the small convent of Castione, in the district of Borgo San Don- 
 nino, in the province of Parma. The part of it hitherto exposed is 
 about nine-tenths of an English acre, but it probably extends over 
 the whole area of the little hill standing there, containing about 
 five acres or the greater part of it. In order to gain as good 
 an idea as possible of the dwelling and of the terramara resting 
 upon it like a little hillock, let us imagine a little hill about ten 
 feet high rising out of a plain, and surmounted by a kind of 
 cloister castle, an ancient monastery (conventino). The top of 
 this rise is formed of vegetable mould, below this is found the 
 terramara, and the piles are met with underneath. If we ima- 
 
 * A classical friend suggests whether the name for this bed may be derived from 
 ' terra amara,' and he refers to Virgil, Geor. ii. 238. 
 
 'Salsa autem tellus, et quse perhibetur amara, 
 ' Frugibus infelix.' 
 
 The fact mentioned in the text of the terramara burning up the seed if used on arable 
 land, seems to agree with 'frugibus infelix ; ' but I am informed that this derivation has 
 been proposed, and is not accepted by the Italian antiquaries. [Tn.] 
 
 t Memorie Storiche sulla Fondazione della Citta di Giulia Fidenza, Edizione 2*, 
 Borgo San Dcnnino, 1840. 
 
 Q
 
 226 PILE DWELLING OF CASTIONE. 
 
 gine a vertical section, taken diagonally, of this hill and the 
 ground below it, down to the points of the piles, it would 
 approximately be as follows : 
 
 1. Alluvial earth 6 ft. 6 in. 
 
 2. Terramara 8 ft. 1 in. (see d, PI. LX. fig. 1). 
 
 3. Black peaty marl earth, or marly \ A . , ,. . 
 
 , j . , , J > . . 3 ft. 3 in. (see e, ditto), 
 
 peat earth, formerly niai-sh water J 
 
 4. Greenish-grey clay marl, the ancient "I , . , . - 
 
 bed of the marsh J ' ^ see ^' dl 
 
 The beds, Nos. 1 and 2, naturally diminish in thickness as the 
 hillock slopes off all round towards the plain. The piles, for the 
 greater part of their length, are in the third bed ; on the average 
 their heads or upper ends are about three feet below the level 
 of the plain, and the terramara goes down to about five feet 
 below it, so that it lies partly above and partly below the level 
 of the plain. The piles are driven more or less deeply into the 
 marl-bed, and at the present moment bend towards the east- 
 north-east in consequence of a pressure coming from the west- 
 south-west, probably from the terramara beds lying above. 
 They stand, some singly, some in groups of three together, and 
 at very various distances (Plate LX. figs. 1 to 5) ; they are from 7 
 to 10 feet long, and their diameter at the top is from 4^ to 7 
 inches. On the piles are laid the beams from 7 to 10 feet 
 long ; they lie at different distances from each other, according 
 to the length and breadth of the dwellings, and join each other 
 at right angles. Some simply rest on the piles or the beams 
 on which they join, others are either let into a mortise, or 
 furrow, cut into the head of the pile, or are forced through a 
 four-cornered hole cut under the head. On this scaffold of 
 beams lies the board flooring, made of a single layer of 
 boards, 6^ feet long, from 6 to 13 inches broad, and from 
 1 to 1^ inch thick (Fig. 3). Lastly, on the whole is the 
 actual plaster flooring, consisting of a bed of yellowish clay marl 
 (perhaps taken from the ancient bed of the marsh), about one 
 foot thick; the upper surface is smooth and tolerably firm, pro- 
 bably made so by being beaten, or by means of fire. Towards 
 the top there appear regular layers of gravel and clay, as shown 
 Fig. 2, a and 6, and below this at c, is a thin bed of decayed and 
 charred wood. As yet no certain indications of the plan of the 
 huts themselves have been found ; it may have been that they 
 were burnt down, for traces of fire are very evident. The piles 
 appear to have been sharpened entirely with the celt or axe, 
 and not by means of fire. The stems were not split, but used
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF CASTIONE. 227 
 
 whole ; they are chiefly trunks of elm and oak. Unfortunately 
 the greater part of the dwelling which had been exposed 
 after the terramara had been carted away, was again covered 
 with agricultural earth and sown with maize. Only the portion 
 lately excavated containing about 420 square feet, and about 
 7 feet deep, could be taken under consideration, and the re- 
 sults of this excavation alone are here brought forward. 
 
 As in the Swiss lake dwellings, some remains of the walls of 
 the huts have been found in the Mariere, in the shape of pieces 
 of half-burnt clay, with impressions of wattlework ; these evi- 
 dently formed the covering of the walls, and probably belonged 
 to those parts nearest the hearth, as the fire had burnt the 
 clay ; the other parts of the huts not having been burnt have 
 probably decayed away. Pieces of plaster flooring, like that 
 of the lake dwelling just described, were found in the terra- 
 mara. A very singular hearthstone was lately discovered 
 (Plate LX. fig. 6) ; it is of unwashed clay, like that of the great 
 spindle-whorls, and what have been called the ( fire cones ' of 
 the Swiss lake dwellings, not yet found in this district, and 
 like them it has been worked without any particular care. 
 Small holes have been bored in a row along the edges of the 
 two larger surfaces, which, at least in some cases, reach from 
 one side to the other. On one of the surfaces slag-like blisters 
 may be noticed, so that this stone has been exposed to a very 
 strong fire, and there may be a question whether it belonged to 
 an oven for baking, or to a smelting furnace. 
 
 Fragments of what are called Celtic vessels are dug out of 
 the Mariere by thousands ; some smaller ones have been found 
 entire. The largest of them yet found is about 5| inches high, 
 and its greatest diameter is 7 inches ; it is of a spherical 
 form with five knobs placed around the bulge (Plate LX. fig. 7). 
 The very large vessels, of which hitherto only fragments of 
 various sizes have been found, had somewhat of a conical form, 
 but with a bulge below, and usually had either vertical or 
 horizontal handles. The smaller vessels varied very much in 
 shape : some were like our dishes, cups, basins, or flower vases ; 
 some resembled bowls, saucers, &c. ; and some of them, in spite 
 of the rough workmanship, were not without ornament (Plate LX. 
 figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, and Plate LXI. figs. 1 and 2). It is very 
 singular that in Casola, a small town in the Apennines of Parma, 
 earthenware vessels are still manufactured, resembling the 
 simple ordinary earthen vessels found in the Mariere, both 
 in the material, which is clay mixed with half-burnt limestone, 
 
 Q 2
 
 228 ANTIQUITIES OF THE TERRAMARA BEDS. 
 
 or * tarso,' and also in shape, and which likewise have neither 
 been turned on the wheel nor burnt in a furnace. They stand 
 the fire better than the usual earthenware vessels, and conse- 
 quently find a ready sale in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Some of the vessels of the terramara have no handle, nor 
 anything which would do instead : others are ornamented with 
 five or six little knobs round the bulge, and in several instances 
 one of these knobs has a hole through it, by which the vessel 
 could be hung up (Plate LX. fig. 7) . In some of those with- 
 out knobs, a hole near the edge may be noticed, evidently for 
 the same purpose, or one or two little ears (Plate LX. fig. 9), 
 like the vessels just mentioned from Casola. But a large pro- 
 portion had regular handles, in fact, the ancient potters of the 
 terramara, contrary to the custom of the Swiss lake settlers, 
 seem to have stretched their fancy and developed their art chiefly 
 upon these parts of their vessels ; and, for this reason, it may be 
 advisable to examine the matter a little more clearly. The 
 appendages (ansce appendiculatce) attached to the tops of many 
 of the handles, are especially of the most varied forms (Plate 
 LXI. figs. 3 to 10). Sometimes they represent two stag's horns 
 joined together at the bottom, or one of the shape of Fig. 3 
 (ansa cornuta) ; sometimes a half moon (ansa lunata) (Fig. 4) ; 
 sometimes they have the form of hare's ears (ansa lagotis) 
 (Fig. 5) ; sometimes of two curls opposite to each other (ansa 
 cincmnata] (Fig. 8) ; sometimes they take the form of lancet- 
 shaped leaves (ansa lanceolata) (Fig. 9) ; and there are sometimes 
 two knobs, more or less developed, one on each side (ansa bitu- 
 berculata) (Fig. 6) ; or they form a cross-piece on the appendage 
 (ansa transverse appendicuiata) (Fig. 7) . In many cases there is 
 only one appendage to the top of the handle (ansa monoappen- 
 diculata), as shown in Fig. 10. 
 
 Amongst the various rims or borders of the vessels, a few 
 deserve mention which, like many of those from the Swiss lake 
 dwellings, evidently bear impressions of the potter's fingers ; 
 others with the edges turned up are ornamented with engraved 
 lines. The greater part of the vessels have no projecting foot ; 
 the bottom itself, being generally flat, answers the same purpose. 
 The ornamentation, though simple, and for the most part in 
 straight lines, is not without taste, in many cases engraved, 
 sometimes also inlaid with bronze (Plate LXI. fig. 12), fre- 
 quently marked with hemispherical impressions, and in many 
 eases raised up like a cord (Plate LX. fig. 8, and Plate 
 LXL figs. 6 to 8, and 10 to 14). We must not forget to
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF THE TERRAMARA BEDS. 229 
 
 mention that the Mariere men had jugs, with spouts nearly like 
 ours. In the clay itself is sometimes found (as in the Casola 
 vessels) powdered rhomboidal calcareous spar, the tarso of the 
 potters of that town. 
 
 Several implements of wood have lately been obtained from 
 Castione ; they are drawn Plate LXIL figs. 5 and 6, and Plate 
 LXIY. figs. 1 to 11, and consist of haftings of awls, paalstab- 
 shafts, shovels, pegs, and spatulse ; there is also a ring both in 
 shape and size similar to the common supports of the earthen 
 vessels ; many other wooden things were found, amongst which 
 are the remains of four baskets. The stone implements are not 
 numerous ; one single chisel has been found of touchstone or the 
 hard jasper of the lapidaries, a flint saw, several mealing stones, 
 some of which were of talcose slate containing garnets, a kind 
 of rock not found in the district of the Via ^Emilia but in the 
 Western Alps ; and, lastly, some worked stones of porphyry 
 (Plate LIX. fig. 8) ; syenite and limestone, in form resembling 
 the weights for the nets or for the loom, or corn-crushers, or the 
 objects known under the name of slingstones. The bronze 
 objects found in the terramara consist of pins, awls, or pointed 
 instruments, styles, chisels, hoops, sickles (Plate LXIL figs. 3 
 to 6, 10, 16, and 17). Many interesting things are dug up of 
 bone and horn, such as horns cut into pieces, the ends of horn 
 polished, and in some cases with holes bored through, spatulse, 
 and small chisels, probably for shaping the earthenware vessels 
 and engraving the ornaments upon them, pegs like those of a 
 violin, most of them with a hole through the head, curved pins, 
 like saddlers' pins, made out of split horns, handles of awls, 
 daggers, and other tools, ornamented with engraved designs ; 
 and, lastly, some little wheels with 4, 6, or 8 spokes, in some 
 cases with a second hoop between the nave and the rim (Plate 
 LXIL figs. 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 26, 27, and Plate LXIII. figs. 
 11, 13, 14). Lastly, several rough instruments have lately been 
 found at Castione, such as the fibulae of the swine, and the 
 metatarsal bones of the stag, sharpened at the upper end and 
 bored through at the lower extremity, the horns and ulnse of 
 stags made sharp, small double-pointed tools and hammers made 
 of stag's horn. 
 
 Amongst the personal ornaments there are fossil shells from 
 the pleiocene beds, washed down from the Apennines, which 
 have been ground and perforated by the drill or swivel, and then 
 ranged on a string ; two neat combs of bone (Plate LXIII. figs. 
 6 and 15), and one of bronze (Fig. 7). Hairpins and other bronze
 
 230 ANTIQUITIES OF THE TERRAMARA BEDS. 
 
 ornaments (Plate LXIL figs. 1, 2, 21 to 23). The objects drawn 
 Plate LXII. figs. 14 and 18 have a great resemblance to the 
 half-moon ornaments found in the lake of Bienne and Neuchatel. 
 Very few bone weapons have hitherto been found : in fact, 
 the greater part are coarsely-worked arrow and javelin-heads 
 (Plate LXII. figs. 20, 24, 25, 28 to 30). One of the latter, 
 which was four-cornered, was found still sticking in a part of 
 the shaft (Fig. 29), and in another the asphalt cement still ad- 
 hered to the lower part. Flint arrow-heads are very rare in the 
 Mariere ; only one stone celt has hitherto been dug up in them, 
 and it bears traces of having been rolled. In the museums of 
 the jEmilian district there are a good many, but none of them 
 have any note attached giving the localities where they came 
 from, or they are only mentioned as ' found in the Apennines ; ' 
 it seems, therefore, probable that in this country the antiquities 
 of the stone age are to be sought for in these hills. The country 
 people call the stone celts by the name of ' thunderbolts ' (pietre 
 del fulmine) . 
 
 The majority of the weapons are made of bronze, and, at any 
 rate, a part of them, as, for instance, the dagger blades and 
 combs, have been cast on the spot, for the scoria and moulds 
 have been dug up with them (Plate LXIII. figs. 8, 9, and 10). 
 The blades, which are of very varied forms, are the most nu- 
 merous amongst the weapons (Plate LXIII. figs. 1 to 5, and 
 Plate LIX. fig. 4), after which come the paalstabs and the small 
 hand hatchets of many different forms (Plate LIX. figs. 1, 2, 
 3, 5, and 6) ; not a single celt of the regular shape has yet been 
 found. The arrow-heads are not abundant (Plate LXII. fig. 19): 
 the lance-points are still more rare (Plate LXIII. fig. 12). A 
 mould made of talcose slate for casting lance-heads of bronze 
 has been discovered in a marl-pit in the district near Eeggio. 
 A kind of knife, like one found at Estavayer (Plate XLIX. fig. 3), 
 and an arrow-head are the only iron weapons which have been 
 dug up in the Mariere, and it is not quite certain whether they 
 actually belong to the same period as the other weapons, or have 
 been mixed with them by accident in later times ; this, however, 
 seems hardly likely, as a large quantity of iron scoria or dross 
 has been found in the same place. 
 
 Spindle-whorls and rings of various sizes and shapes are found 
 in abundance in the Mariere. The largest, which is made of 
 clay, is about six inches across and weighs nearly five pounds 
 English. Some are like the fossil nummulites, others are sphe- 
 rical, nipple-shaped, or conical; most of them are plain, but
 
 ORGANIC REMAINS OF THE TERRAMARA BEDS. 231 
 
 some are keeled or ornamented with engraved lines, either 
 straight or curved. Nearly all of them are made of clay (Plate 
 LXIY. figs. 12 to 16), a few of them are of soap-stone or stag's 
 horn (Fig. 17), and single specimens have been found of lime- 
 stone and of amber. The little spindle-whorls of limestone and 
 stag's horn are smoothed or polished. One little clay spindle- 
 whorl has the form of a six-rayed star (Fig. 18). A larger one 
 of the same material is four-cornered, and in some of the same 
 kind four engraved lines radiate crosswise from the central hole ; 
 the clay of which they were made, as in Switzerland, was very 
 carelessly worked, and mixed up with all sorts of heteroge- 
 neous matter. Plate LIX. fig. 7 is the sketch of a kind of cy- 
 linder very much contracted in the middle, and with one edge 
 perforated with three holes : its use is unknown to me. 
 
 Little disks and balls of clay (Plate LXIY. fig. 19) are also 
 found in the Mariere. To the antiquities just described we may 
 add a beautiful mould for casting a comb, lately discovered ; a 
 drawing of it is given Plate LIX. fig 9. 
 
 II. OEGANIC REMAINS. 
 
 The organic remains which hitherto have remained entirely 
 unnoticed are of no less importance to science than the produc- 
 tions of human industry. 
 
 Of late years human skeletons have been dug up out of the 
 Mariere, but, unfortunately, they were broken to pieces and dis- 
 persed : a radius is all that can now be found. It belonged to 
 a skeleton which was discovered above the lake dwelling of 
 Castione, buried with others in a horizontal position. This 
 bone weighs nearly two English ounces, and is 9^ inches in 
 length. The man to whom it belonged must consequently have 
 been approximately 5 feet 6 inches high. 
 
 The majority of the mammalian bones are imperfect, with the 
 exception of the bones of the extremities. There is hardly a 
 bone of the cranium which is perfect, and very few of them can 
 be found and recognised in the terramara. No whole skull has 
 yet been discovered. Hardly any of the bones of the face also 
 are uninjured, and very few of them are found, with the excep- 
 tion of the jaw-bones. The horizontal portion of the under 
 jaw is almost always separated from the upright part, and 
 broken off" at the end of the alveolar portion. Only dogs' jaws 
 have as yet been found whole. The cylindrical bones, such as
 
 232 ORGANIC REMAINS OF THE TERRAMARA BEDS. 
 
 the humerus, the femur, and the tibia, are almost always broken 
 in two, either across or lengthwise. A large number found in the 
 marl-pit of Ponte Nuovo were, with a single exception, broken 
 off at one end. Of some animals, as, for instance, the stag, very 
 few bones have been found, as they could be used for handicraft 
 purposes. It may be further remarked, that bones of all kinds 
 lay mixed confusedly together, just as they might have been 
 thrown after having been used for food or industrial purposes. 
 
 The bones of domestic animals, especially of the cow and the 
 pig, undoubtedly are found in greater numbers than those of 
 wild animals ; it was only now and then that one of the latter 
 sort fell into the hands of the settlers of the Mariere, as, for 
 instance, the bear. 
 
 It appears that they possessed only one race of dogs, which 
 probably was nearly the same as the marsh dog, if, indeed, it 
 was not identical, differing only in being somewhat smaller. 
 Nearly all the lower jaws which have been found have the same 
 characters both as to teeth and bone. Not a single bone of the 
 cranium has yet been found, and very few bones of the extre- 
 mities, only a humerus and ulna ; a shoulder-bone and a pelvis 
 were also dug up. 
 
 The remains of two races of pigs are found in the Mariere 
 the domestic and the marsh swine ; those of the first are not 
 abundant, while at the present day it is the only breed kept 
 in the country. 
 
 Very few remains of horses are found in the terramara, and 
 apparently not at all in the lowest beds. They belong to two 
 breeds one smaller, more finely formed, better bred, and more 
 ancient ; and the other larger, heavier, and more recent. Bones 
 of the ass are only found in the upper beds, and even then there 
 is some doubt about them. 
 
 As already mentioned, most of the bones belong to the cow, 
 of which those of the smaller breed, the marsh cow, and a still 
 smaller variety, are the most common ; and those of the larger 
 or the common ox are more rare. Many bones of the face, 
 belonging to the first, were found, and pieces of epiphysis of 
 the others. The marsh cow has now disappeared from the 
 theatre of the Mariere. 
 
 The goats of the terramara appear to have been somewhat 
 smaller than those of the present day. 
 
 Only a few sheeps' bones were found, and they nearly all 
 belong to the marsh sheep. Occasionally, perhaps, in the later 
 settlements, the remains of a larger breed are met with.
 
 ORGANIC REMAINS OF THE TERRAMARA BEDS. 233 
 
 All the bones of wild animals found belonged to five species 
 only : this number will doubtless be increased in time, when 
 more attention is paid to the remains of smaller animals. 
 
 Most of the antlers are those of the stag, but of a large variety, 
 which exceeds that of the present day in size, and stands between 
 it and the cervus megaceros ; both the main branch and the off- 
 shoots are flattened at the top of the horn. The bones of the 
 cranium appear in this species to have been broken open as if 
 by other animals. The inhabitants of the Swiss lake dwellings, 
 on the other hand, opened skulls of this kind by separating the 
 squamous portions of the temporal bones. 
 
 The roebuck of the terramara does not seem to differ at all 
 from that of the present day. 
 
 But few remains of the wild boar have as yet been dug up. 
 The finest and best preserved specimens were found lately in 
 the peat, underlying the terramara, at Castione. There are two 
 under-jaws, almost perfect ; one of them is that of a very old 
 male animal, with the alveolus of the first premolar obliterated : 
 it is a little larger than that drawn by Prof. Kutiineyer. Both 
 of these under -jaws have a wide round hole in the middle of the 
 upright ramus, and one of them has still a piece of wood stick- 
 ing in it, probably the remains of the staff or the lance-shaft on 
 which they had been hung as trophies. Further excavations 
 will show whether the wild boar was a common animal in the 
 time of the Mariere. Probably the marshy nature of the land 
 may have been favourable to the wild boars, by keeping the 
 bears at a distance, the remains of which are only here and 
 there met with in the terramara, as they probably were only to 
 be obtained by the inhabitants when hunting in the Apennines. 
 Only one tusk of this predacious animal has been found : a fact 
 which corroborates this opinion. The imperfect skeleton of a 
 water-mouse was lately found at Castione ; and this closes the 
 list of mammalia. 
 
 The terramara,, up to the present time, has yielded but few 
 birds' bones ; only some of the hen and of the common, or per- 
 haps the wild duck. No trace was found either of amphibious 
 animals or fishes. 
 
 The remains of molluscous animals abound in every locality ; 
 they are simply of species which at the present day live in water 
 or on land, in the plains of the Po or on the hills of the Apen- 
 nines ; such as Cyclas sp. (?), Unio pictorum, Alasmodonta com- 
 pressa, Anodonta sp. (?), Paludina vivipara and achatina, Lim- 
 pereger, minutus, stagnalis, which are shells living in fresh
 
 234 ORIGIN OF THE TERRAMARA BEDS. 
 
 water. Zonites Draparnaudi, Helix carthusianella, fruticum, 
 hispida, candidula, Ammonis, and nemoralis, which live on the 
 plain. Helix etrusca and lucorum, Cyclostorna elegans, shells 
 living at the foot of the hills. Zonites leopoldianus and Helix 
 obvoluta, which are shells living on the mountains. The shells 
 of the hills were evidently washed down by the streams and de- 
 posited with the freshwater shells of the Po at the periodical 
 inundation of this river, or possibly they were brought here in 
 mud by the settlers of the Mariere. 
 
 The remains of plants from the terramara have been but 
 little studied : more attention has been given to those found in 
 the peat earth lying below it at Castione. The remains of food 
 or stores of provisions are frequently met with, such as corn 
 (Triticum turgidum), hazel-nuts, pears and apples, sloes, cornel 
 cherries, and pestachio-nuts (Staphylea pinnata), and also dif- 
 ferent kinds of acorns. All these were chiefly found in a burnt 
 condition. Beans are said to have been found also in this state 
 in abundance like corn. There is plenty of linseed to be met 
 with. Cord of two strands, and also nets and woven cloth, 
 all made of flax, were found here. The piles for the lake dwell- 
 ings were hewn out of the trunks of oak, elm, and chestnut 
 trees. Many seeds and fruits, and some kinds of moss and fungi 
 (Polyporus and Dcedalea) are yet undetermined. 
 
 The marsh pig, the marsh cow, and the marsh sheep, amongst 
 the domesticated animals, and the red deer, the roebuck, and the 
 wild boar, amongst the wild animals, have disappeared from the 
 stage of the terramara; in fact, the latter did so in the later 
 historic period. This is the chief difference which as yet we 
 have been able to observe between the fauna of the Mariere and 
 that of the present day. 
 
 II F. OEIGIN OF THE TERRAMAEA OR MARIERA BEDS. 
 
 Different opinions have been expressed by several authors as 
 to the origin of these beds : amongst them are Venturi, Cave- 
 doni, Ricci, Ghiozzi, and Mariotti, although none of them have 
 paid any particular attention to these deposits. Gastaldi was 
 the first who published a special treatise upon them,* in which 
 
 * Cenni su alcune armi di pietra e di bronzo trovate nell' Imolese, nella marniere 
 del Modenese e del Parmigiano, &c. (Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Natural! 
 in Milano, 1861.)
 
 ORIGIN OF THE TERRAMARA BEDS. 235 
 
 there is a notice of these different opinions. The conclusion 
 arrived at by the authors of this report, guided simply by facts, 
 such as the composition of the beds, the objects found in them, 
 and the nature of the localities, is that this deposit is the accu- 
 mulation of various kinds of refuse either of the kitchen or of 
 manufacture, or possibly of sacrificial rites left by several settle- 
 ments of the pre-Roman inhabitants of Upper Italy ; these 
 remains are proofs of various settlements which continued for a 
 greater or less period of time. The nation was partly nomadic, 
 such as shepherds and hunters, and partly stationary, such as 
 fishermen and agriculturists. Many of these accumulations still 
 remain on the very spot where they had been deposited ; others 
 have, in later times, been worn away and undermined by the rain, 
 by streams, or by the Po, or possibly have been washed away 
 still further. Those first mentioned are distinguished by their 
 containing in their original state horizontal beds of ashes and 
 charcoal with a slight curve, as well as by the remains of lake 
 dwellings, and fragments of pottery, with the fractured edges 
 sharply defined, which are found in them. The earth is clearer, 
 more chalky, lighter, contains more nitrogen, and affords a 
 manure of the first quality. The terramara which has been 
 washed down contains no particular trace of ashes, the charcoal 
 is not in beds but dispersed, and is often entirely wanting ; the 
 objects found in it are worn or rolled, the earth is darker, more 
 argillaceous, and contains less nitrogen, so that a good deal of it 
 cannot be used for manure, as it does not pay the expense of 
 excavating and carriage. 
 
 The accumulated terramara beds chiefly appear as slight 
 elevations gently rising in the plain from the Apennines to the 
 Po ; but only in the provinces of Parma and Modena ; no similar 
 beds have yet been found elsewhere. In later times, the Eomans, 
 the Longobardi, and other inhabitants of the district, making use 
 of these localities by preference, built villas and farms, castles 
 and monasteries on these rises, and thus objects are frequently 
 dug up in the Mariere (though in the original beds only towards 
 the surface) belonging to these later inhabitants ; such remains, 
 therefore, are totally distinct from the actual and characteristic 
 component parts of the deposit, and are of no account in the 
 investigation of the terramara. 
 
 The weapons and tools found in these beds, as originally accu- 
 mulated, nearly all belong to the bronze age. Stone celts, with 
 other weapons and tools, are found, though not plentifully, in the
 
 236 EARLY ANTIQUITIES OF ITALY. 
 
 Apennines ;* it appears, therefore, probable that the hills were 
 inhabited before the marshy plain, even in the stone age, but that 
 the plain itself was first made habitable in the bronze period. 
 
 In spite of some trifling differences, all the weapons, the tools, 
 the lake dwellings, and even the breeds of domestic animals in- 
 dicate a relationship between the inhabitants of the Mariere and 
 the lake dwellings of upper Italy with the settlers of the lake 
 dwellings of Switzerland and the Tyrol, especially of the bronze 
 age. Implements have also been found, such as mealstones of 
 talcose slate, with garnets, a kind of rock which is not found in 
 the Apennines, its nearest locality being in the Alps. From these 
 facts we might infer that the inhabitants of the Mariere pressed 
 forward from the Alps into the plain of the Po in the bronze 
 period, or at the very end of the stone age, bringing with them 
 these implements, which, after having become unserviceable, 
 were exchanged for others of the kinds of rock found in the 
 Apennines. 
 
 Whether the settlers of the Mariere (as the authors of this 
 report conclude with some reserve) were Celts, in fact Gauls, or 
 more especially Boii, must be left to be decided by further more 
 extensive and careful excavations, and by a more complete ex- 
 amination of these singular deposits. 
 
 It may be remarked in conclusion, that amongst the objects 
 drawn, many are precisely similar to specimens in the collection 
 of Colonel Schwab from the lakes of Bienne and Neuchatel. 
 
 EARLY ANTIQUITIES FOUND IN ITALY, ETC.. ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE 
 IMPLEMENTS AND WEAPONS FROM THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 As it is only by careful comparison that we can at all hope 
 to arrive at truth in antiquarian research, it may be advisable 
 here, in as few words as possible, to collect some notices of early 
 antiquities found in Italy, not in lake dwellings, but on the 
 main land ; they may illustrate the manner of life amongst 
 some, at least, of the lake settlers, and may possibly indicate a 
 relationship amongst tribes widely spread over a large extent of 
 country. 
 
 Only a few instances can now be given still they may be of 
 interest. We will begin with the most easterly. 
 
 * Photographic drawings of these stone objects, by Professor Brigidini of Piacenza, 
 are to accompany the account which will shortly be published on the excavation of the 
 walls of the Ligurian city Umbria, by Messrs. Wolf and Pallastrelli.
 
 EARLY ANTIQUITIES OF ITALY. 237 
 
 The discovery made by M. Forel, the president of the ' So- 
 ciete d'Histoire de la Suisse romande,' is of great interest.* He 
 has found in the caves of Mentone near Nice, stone implements, 
 together with bones of different kinds of animals. 
 
 Large quantities of charcoal and ashes, with stone weapons 
 and tools have been found at Brescia. 
 
 In the museum at Parma there is a series of earthenware 
 vessels found in the neighbourhood, which are exactly like those 
 of Mercurago and San Martino, both in execution and material. 
 
 At a place called Cumarola, a few miles from Modena, forty 
 skeletons were discovered in 1856, simply buried in the earth 
 three feet deep, and lying in two rows. Professor Cavedoni has 
 given a complete and detailed report of this discovery in the 
 Messaggiere di Modena. f 
 
 Each of these skeletons had on the right side, turned up- 
 wards, a socketed lance-head of copper, probably mixed with a. 
 little tin, and on the left a flint arrow-head. Besides these, 
 some had on the right side a wedge-shaped lance-point, others 
 a similar weapon of very hard serpentine, and others, again, 
 had above the head a perforated stone celt, likewise of serpen- 
 tine. One of these skeletons was distinguished from the rest 
 by having on the right side a large well-worked lance, and 
 above the head a cylinder (tubo) of bronze. J Some skeletons 
 had previously been found in the same place in 1773 ; the im- 
 plements found with them are preserved in the museum of the 
 Royal University : one of them is of dark green serpentine, and 
 >has the form of a half-moon, and on the concave side a flat 
 appendage that might be put into the cleft end of the shaft 
 (PI. LXY. Fig. 3). Figs. 5 and 6 are also of serpentine ; Figs. 
 4, 7, 8, 9, are flint arrow-heads ; Fig. 10 is of clay ; and Figs. 
 11, 12, 13, and 14 are bronze. 
 
 Count Gozzadini has added most materially to our knowledge 
 of the civilisation of the bronze age in Italy by his report on 
 the Etruscan tombs discovered on his estate of Villanova, near 
 Bologna. It is evident that these graves belong to a later 
 
 * Forel, 'Notice sur les Instrumens en Silex et les Ossemens trouvs dans lea 
 Cavernes de Menton.' 
 
 t Ragguaglio archeologico intorno allo scoprimento di un antico poliandrio o sia 
 tumolo sepolerale di circa xl guerrieri colle loro armi. (Messaggiere di Modena, 24 
 Dicembre, 1856. no. 1486.) 
 
 J This object is of bronze and not of iron, as was believed at first. 
 
 Di un sepolcreto etrusco scoperto presso Bologna, descrizione del conte Giovanni 
 Gozzadini. Bologna, 1855. Also, Intorno ad altre settantuna tombe del sepolcreto 
 etrusco scoperto presso a Bologna e per far seguito alia descrizione gia pubblicata nei 
 cenui del coute Giovanni Gozzadini. Bologna, 1856.
 
 238 EARLY ANTIQUITIES OF ITALY. 
 
 age than the burials of the bodies at Cumarola, and they are 
 also later than the lake dwellings of Mercurago ; and yet the 
 objects of these three localities, as well as of those previously 
 mentioned, decidedly seem connected in many respects. If we 
 carefully examine the beautiful plates given in Count Gozza- 
 dini's report, and compare the objects found at Yillanova with 
 those of the Swiss lake dwellings, and with those of Mercurago, 
 and also with the antiquities of Sesto Calende drawn Plate LXV. 
 figs. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20, we may observe a striking simi- 
 larity in the forms of the objects, but more especially in their 
 mode of ornamentation by lines and dots. 
 
 A large number of weapons of the stone age were found by 
 Mr. J. Cerchiari, on a spur of the Apennines, near Imola, in the 
 parish of Goccianello (Figs. 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25). With the 
 single exception of one specimen in bone, they consist entirely 
 of objects made out of pebbles. Dr. Scarabelli, a well-known 
 geologist, has described them in the 'Annali delle Scienze 
 Naturali di Bologna,' in 1850. There are in all thirty heads 
 of lances and arrows, and two stone celts. Of the lance and 
 arrow-heads some are only just shaped out of the rough ma- 
 terial, while others, on the contrary, are neatly finished. The 
 facts that one of these lance-points was found near a heap of 
 flint fragments, and that the greater part of these weapons 
 consist of the flint of the district, lead to the conclusion that 
 they were manufactured on the spot. Some time afterwards 
 other things were found on the same spot, such as perforated 
 clay balls, little millstones of talcose slate with garnets, such as 
 that found in the vale of Aosta, and an extraordinarily fine per- 
 forated celt of diorite, and also three other beautifully-worked 
 celts of very hard stone. 
 
 Arrow-heads, axes, knives, &c., made out of volcanic rock, 
 have been found, together with bones of the stag and the swine, 
 by Baron Anca, in some of the Sicilian caves,* and stone wea- 
 pons, especially arrow-heads, have been found at Ancona. The 
 country people pick them up and wear them as charms against 
 lightning. The same belief, according to Mr. Nicolucci, pre- 
 vails in the neighbourhood of Naples. 
 
 All these reports of stone implements having been found in 
 different parts of Italy, the south of France, and even Greece, 
 satisfactorily prove that the south of Europe has passed through 
 its stone age in the same manner as the north of Europe, but 
 probably at a much earlier period. 
 
 * Bulletin de la Societ^ G^ologique de France, I860.
 
 A LA TENE,* NEAR MAEIN (LAKE OF NEUCHATEL). 
 
 This station was known and mentioned in my first report on 
 the lake dwellings to the Society of Antiquaries at Ziirich, in 
 1858. Colonel Schwab, who kindly communicated the informa- 
 tion, had at that time found it a rich locality, and had obtained a 
 number of iron implements, such as swords with their sheaths, 
 spear-heads, scythes, hatchets, knives, shears, rings, clothes- 
 pins, &c. Since then, thanks to the labours of Colonel Schwab 
 and Professor Desor, a large number of objects have been found, 
 which are of the highest interest to the antiquary, and this 
 station, therefore, deserves to be carefully studied. 
 
 The lake dwelling of Marin lies in a small bay with a low 
 shore at the northern end of the lake of Neuchatel, not far 
 from the place where the river Thiele or Zihl carries off" the sur- 
 plus waters of this lake through a moory country to the lake of 
 Bienne. From the observations of Colonel Schwab, the area with 
 piles is from 1,000 to 1,200 feet long, and about 250 feet wide; 
 the ground to a depth of some feet consists of a bed of peat 
 mixed with lake mud ; the thickness of this bed is not known, 
 but it extends to the shore, and spreads over the surface of what is 
 called the gross moos or great moor of Epagnier. On this bed of 
 peat there is a muddy layer consisting of loam and sand, and from 
 this the rotten piles of the ancient settlement are seen to pro- 
 ject, but only a few inches above the bottom ; sometimes they 
 stand singly, sometimes in groups of three or four, or even of 
 seven or eight together. The place where first Colonel Schwab, 
 and afterwards Professor Desor, made excavations, is a very low 
 hillock, made artificially with broken stones, called Teneviere, 
 beginning about 60 feet from the shore, but stretching probably 
 150 feet into the lake ; upon this the water is only 2 feet deep. 
 On this ' Steinberg,' just at the place where so many wea- 
 pons were found, there lay on the lake bottom, when Colonel 
 Schwab first directed his attention to the spot, three unworked 
 beams of fir- wood from 15 to 20 feet long, very nearly parallel 
 with each other, only a few feet apart, and resting upon upright 
 
 * The terms Tene (shallow) and Teneviere (submerged hillock) are provincialisms 
 of the fishermen in the lake of Neuchatel, and Professor Desor in his late work 'Les 
 Palafittes,' derives them from the Latin ' tennis.'
 
 240 LAKE DWELLING OF MAIIIN. 
 
 piles ; a row of triangular holes was cut in the middle of these 
 beams, evidently to receive the tenons of the upright piles which 
 formed the walls of some erection. 
 
 FIG. 11. 
 
 There was no trace of fire either on this wood-work or on 
 the piles ; and, in fact, at this station neither charcoal nor 
 charred wood are to be found ; so that this is to be ranked 
 amongst those settlements which were not destroyed by fire. 
 With respect to the piles, it may be noted that on the whole 
 they are very numerous, from eight to twelve fee,t long, very 
 much decayed, and they consist almost exclusively of the softer 
 kinds of wood. 
 
 I must also remark that the specimens from Marin, now 
 about to be described, were all taken from the Steinberg just 
 mentioned ; in fact from a portion of the bed of the lake about 
 50 feet long by 30 feet broad, consequently an area of 1,500 
 square feet. 
 
 The relic-bed in the remaining part of the lake dwelling has 
 not been examined, partly on account of the greater depth of 
 water and partly on account of the very soft nature of the bot- 
 tom. ISTo antiquities are found on the surface, as is the case 
 in many other stations ; they are not met with till the bottom 
 has been trenched one or two feet deep. 
 
 Stone Implements. Amongst these the only things to be 
 mentioned are a number of flint flakes which lie scattered over 
 the whole lake dwelling, and have no definite shape ; also a 
 dozen balls from six to eight-tenths of an inch in diameter, 
 ground away about a quarter on one side ; some of them are of 
 white and others of black limestone, and they evidently belong 
 to a kind of game. The spherical form is so perfect that they 
 must have been made by some mechanical arrangement such 
 as is used in manufacturing playing marbles. (Plate LXXII. 
 Fig. 20.) 
 
 Bronze Objects. Very few implements, comparatively speak- 
 ing, were met with of this material. When the beam before 
 mentioned was brought up, two or three bronze cauldrons were 
 found, which had movable iron rings at the rim to serve for 
 handles (Plate LXXXI. fig. 9). Since then two hair or 
 clothes pins and an earring have come to light. The other 
 bronze implements from Marin are a small hatchet with an 
 oval helve hole (Plate LXXX. fig. 1), two large pieces of neatly
 
 OBJECTS OF CLAY AX1) GLASS AT MARIN. 241 
 
 worked plate which had been fastened as ornaments to thin 
 boards of wood or some other material, probably shields. (Plate 
 LXXXI. figs. 4, 5, 8, and 10.) A small wire wound into a 
 spiral on which is fixed a bead of blue glass. (Plate LXXX. 
 fig. 19.) A lozenge-shaped fibula (Fig. 9). Rings and other 
 implements the use of which is unknown to me (Figs. 1 7 and 
 20 ; Plate LXXXI. fig. 7) ; also a pair of small pliers or hair- 
 removers, like some of the same implements made of iron. 
 (Plate LXXX. figs. 2 and 3.) Clothes-pins and sewing-needles. 
 (Plate LXXU. fig. 28.) A ring with a handle or shank, very 
 much worn and containing very little tin (Plate LXXXI. 
 fig. 11) ; this implement is 3 inches long. A massive ring 
 3 inches in diameter externally, and If inch internally, ihe 
 section of which is circular ; a round plate 3^ inches in diame- 
 ter of the thickness of drawing paper, and with a small hole in 
 the middle. Plate LXXX. fig. 27, is a hollow ring of bronze. 
 The ring with peculiar ridges round it (Fig. 26) is not from 
 Marin, but by some chance has been drawn in this plate : it is 
 from Montellier. 
 
 Objects of Clay. In general, the existence of a lake dwelling 
 is indicated by the occurrence of fragments of pottery and other 
 objects of similar material, in the same manner as the sites of 
 Roman buildings are shown by bits of roofing tile ; but objects 
 of earthenware are rare at Marin ; in fact, they consist chiefly 
 of Roman pottery, such as a fragment of ' terra sigillata,' on 
 which is represented a biga, and a dozen bits made of rather 
 grey clay ; an earthenware vessel full of charcoal ; a ring of 
 very hardburnt clay, nearly 3 inches in diameter inside, and 
 nearly 4 inches outside ; an armlet which is rounded on the 
 outside, and in front very neatly smoothed and polished, till it 
 shines like some of the earthen vessels, so as to make it look 
 exactly like the rings made of jet (Plate LXXII. fig. 21) ; and 
 lastly some broken pieces of Roman roofing tiles. 
 
 Objects of Glass. Pretty rings belonging to a necklace, white, 
 blue and yellow in colour (Plates LXXII. figs. 7 and 8, and 
 LXXXI. fig. 2) ; two smaU blue rings (Plate LXXX. fig. 18) ; 
 a portion of an armlet of blue glass (Plate LXXII. fig. 6). 
 Two rings exactly similar were found in 1842 at Horgen, near 
 Zurich, in a grave (see vol. iii. of our Trans.). This grave, 
 which contained a silver clasp, exactly of the form of those of 
 Marin, a Gaulish * Philipp's coin' of gold, &c., appears, judging 
 from its contents, to belong to about the same age as the settle- 
 ment of Marin. Rather a long bead of bluish glass (Plate 
 

 
 242 ANTIQUITIES OF MARIN. 
 
 LXXIL fig. 9), and a round unperforated ball of glass, of a 
 blue colour, with many yellow dots, which Col. Schwab informs 
 me was the head of an iron hairpin. (Plate LXXII. fig. 12.) 
 
 Objects of Bone. A fragment of a four-sided little rod, with 
 engraved lines and dots, which at first sight looks like a mea- 
 sure, but evidently was not used as such (Plate LXXX. figs. 
 22 and 23). A long rectangular die ; the four longer sides are 
 marked respectively with 3, 4, 5 and 6 dots (Plate LXXII. 
 fig. 4). A little ring about f inch in diameter. An ornament of 
 a cylindrical form (Fig. 10). The incisor of some animal with 
 the part between the crown and the fang cut away, so as to be 
 used for an ornament or amulet (Fig. 11). 
 
 Manufactures of Flax. A piece of thick cloth platted out of 
 strips of flax, exactly of the same description as was found at 
 Eobenhausen (Plate LXX. fig. 23). (See Plate LXXXIII. fig. 3). 
 Col. Schwab thinks that this mat was not made of flax, but of 
 bast. 
 
 Remains of Feasts. These consist of some bones of the horse 
 and the ox ; also of hazel-nuts, burnt apples, corn, and grains of 
 the wild mustard. 
 
 Human Remains. A whole basketful, probably from eight 
 individuals. Only one skull was found here, which is now in 
 the museum of Professor Desor, and is drawn in his < Palafittes,' 
 page 102. 
 
 Iron Implements. The number of specimens of this metal is 
 surprisingly great, not only in proportion to the objects just 
 described, but also considering the small size of the area which 
 has been examined. It is by no means without cause that the 
 lake dwelling of Marin has been called the settlement of the 
 iron age. These specimens consist of weapons, of agricultural 
 and domestic implements, and of ornaments, and they exhibit to 
 our view, made of iron, whatever in the older lake dwellings 
 was made either of stone, or bone, or bronze. 
 
 Several of the iron implements found by Col. Schwab at 
 Marin, previous to 1858, are drawn on Plate LXXL, and even 
 at that time it will be seen that the collection was of much in- 
 terest. These various objects, together with the large number 
 lately found and drawn in the other plates of specimens from 
 this station, will now be described under their proper heads. 
 
 I. The swords (spathse) are naturally of the greatest inte- 
 rest : they are drawn Plate LXXI. figs. 1 to 5 ; Plate LXXII. 
 figs. 22 and 23 ; and Plates LXXIII., LXXW., LXXV., and 
 LXXVI.
 
 IRON SWORDS OF MARIN. 243 
 
 When, in the year 1858, we first published the swords which 
 Colonel Schwab had then found, we remarked in the report made 
 to the Antiquarian Association of Zurich, that they were of 
 very great interest, not only on account of the excellence of 
 their workmanship but also from the uncertainty as to their age 
 and origin, which doubt has been carried in some antiquarian 
 works to such a degree that they have been considered as Celto- 
 Helvetic, as Roman and as Alemannic work. 
 
 In the first place, we may note the topographical distribution 
 of similar kinds of swords, the distinctive characters of which 
 are so well marked according to Professor Lindenschmit ( 'Alter- 
 thiimer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit,' part i., Plate V. with 
 drawings of Roman swords). One specimen was found at Ingel- 
 heim, the iron sheath of which had the Roman letters C. S. 
 stamped upon it ; and a second was found at the foot of the 
 Swabian Alps ; a third was found with an iron lance-head and 
 with an iron ring, smooth on one side and notched on the other, 
 in the year 1843, in the forest of Basadingen (Thurgau), on 
 the removal of a natural sand-hill ten feet high (see c Wachter,' 
 May 9, 1843), and is preserved in the Antiquarian Museum 
 at Zurich. More than a hundred specimens of this kind of 
 sword were dug up in the years 1849-51 at Tiefenau, near Berne, 
 together with other iron implements, such as daggers, lance- 
 heads, hatchets, pieces of helmets, coats of mail (even ringed 
 armour), greaves, horse trappings and ornaments, and all kinds 
 of things belonging to war chariots chiefly of iron, more rarely 
 of bronze ; besides which there were implements and ornaments 
 both of bronze and iron (fibulae), and also of glass, such as rings 
 and beads, with a good deal of coarse pottery, and bones of horses. 
 This ' find ' was first described by Mr. Albert Jahn in his anti- 
 quarian and topographical description of the Canton of Berne, 
 1850, page 500, and afterwards described and drawn by Mr. G. 
 Von Bonstetten, in his c Notice sur les Armes et Chariots de 
 Guerre, decouverts a Tiefanau, pres de Berne, en 1851;' and 
 again noticed by the first-named gentleman in the * Jahrbiicher 
 des Vereins von Alterthumsfreunden im Rheinlande ' for 1854, 
 page 135. Mr. Jahn refers the whole of these objects, some of 
 which are preserved in the museum at Berne, to the old Helve- 
 tian population ; on the other hand, Mr. Yon Bonstetten assigns 
 them to the German races who invaded Helvetia in the fourth 
 century. 
 
 Lately, however, a treatise has appeared in the ' Revue Ar- 
 cheologique/ by M. Verchere de Refiye, under the direction of 
 
 R 2
 
 244 IRON SWORDS OF MARIN. 
 
 the Emperor of the French, which throws great light upon these 
 swords. It contains the result of explorations in the fortifica- 
 tions of Alise, the ancient Alesia, well-known in the works of 
 Csesar,and it gives photographic views of many of the arms found 
 buried in the ditch, evidently the relics of the struggle which 
 took place here between the Gauls and the Romans. The 
 reader is referred for fall information to this very interesting 
 work, but the following woodcuts of swords found there, which 
 have been copied from it, will give some idea of the similarity 
 if not identity of the swords found at Marin and those lately 
 discovered at Alise : 
 
 FIG. 12. 
 
 The swords represented in the plates before referred to are 
 chiefly in the collection of Colonel Schwab, of Bienne. One of 
 the most remarkable, which will be hereafter referred to (Plate 
 LXXVI. fig. 6), is in the collection of Professor Desor, of 
 Neuchatel. 
 
 The length varies from 2 feet 9 inches to 3 feet 6 inches. The 
 spike for the hilt is rather broad at the bottom, on the average 
 5^ inches long, terminating in a round or flat knob. Colonel 
 Schwab informs me that in probably every case the swords of 
 Marin had wooden hilts ; in fact, in some specimens he found 
 undoubted remains of the wood itself. The blade immediately 
 under the handle varies in breadth from If inch to rather more 
 than 2^ inches, and narrows very gradually towards the end with 
 tolerably straight edges, terminating in a point formed of two 
 curves united ; it is sharp on both sides, flat, and about a line and 
 a half thick. No guard is found on any of the swords, but in- 
 stead of it there is a bell-shaped strip of raised iron which forms 
 the junction between the spike and the blade. The sheath is 
 exactly of the same form as the blade, and consists of two pieces 
 of iron plate, one of which is about half a line wider than the 
 other, round which it is folded so as to form an edge or raised 
 border. This flange or border does not extend to the lower 
 part of the sheath, where the edges of the plates are kept to- 
 gether by two narrow cross-plates or strips of iron, which unite 
 at the top of this portion of the sheath in an ornamental cross-
 
 IRON SWORDS OF MARIN. 245 
 
 band. This piece of iron is soldered on one side and turns 
 round the other in a kind of clasp or cramp, also ornamented 
 (Plate LXXIII. fig. 1). In order to give greater firmness to the 
 lower part of the sheath, the strips or plates on each side of 
 the point swelled out slightly, and were sometimes ornamented, 
 and the end was rather thicker. Possibly this lowest part of 
 the sheath may have been a separate piece of iron, and the 
 swollen appearance may have arisen from the two strips over- 
 lapping each other and being soldered together. The side next 
 to the wearer is smooth at the lower part, but between the 
 opening and the sword-belt loop, which was rivetted on with 
 two nails, or sometimes on the loop itself another ornamented 
 cross-band is placed as a kind of cramp. On the opposite side 
 of the sheath the corresponding part has an engraved or raised 
 line ornament. 
 
 The ornaments upon the sheath are very varied, as may be 
 seen by the drawings. Sometimes they are covered with scat- 
 tered impressed rings (Plate LXXV. fig. 10) ; sometimes with 
 raised dots like shagreen (Fig. 9) ; or with little raised rings 
 touching each other (Fig. 5) ; or with rows of small rings joined 
 together as pairs by short straight lines running parallel with 
 the sides of the sheath (Plate LXXTV. fig. 3) ; or with lines 
 crossing each other like trellis-work (Plate LXXI. fig. 3) ; or 
 wavy lines closely interlaced, somewhat of the pattern of the 
 Damascene work (Plate LXXV. fig. 1). No trace, however, of 
 the actual Damascene work, or the ornamentation by inlaying 
 strips of gold and silver, which is found in Roman and more 
 especially in Frankish ornaments, has hitherto been noticed 
 either at Marin or any similar locality. 
 
 By far the most remarkable ornament on a sheath is that 
 drawn Plate LXXVI. fig. 6. It is in the collection of Professor 
 Desor. On a dotted ground three fantastic animals like roes 
 are represented running, and all their extremities, horns, mouth, 
 tail, and feet, terminate in sprigs of plants or flourishes. Simi- 
 lar representations have been published amongst the figures on 
 northern antiquities, especially in Irish and Anglo-Saxon minia- 
 tures. This design is particularly interesting, as the animals 
 most strikingly resemble those on Gaulish coins (Plate LXXXI. 
 figs. 18 and 20 to 24). 
 
 With respect to the mode by which the ornamentation was 
 effected, that on Plate LXXY. fig. 1, and on Fig. 5, according 
 to the unanimous opinion of many ' experts,' has been done by 
 etching and with the hand alone ; .while the crossing lines of
 
 246 IRON SWOEDS OF MARLS. 
 
 Plate LXXI. fig. 3, have undoubtedly been impressed. The 
 mode by which the shagreen ornament was made is uncertain, 
 and it is also very difficult to say whether the line ornaments at 
 the very top of the sheath were the work of the chisel or of an 
 acid like vinegar or lemon juice, &c. It is, however, evident, 
 that the ornamentation on the sheath (Plate LXXY. fig. 4) was 
 made by the use of a fine chisel, and on that of Plate LXXIY. 
 fig. 3, by the strokes of a punch. 
 
 The general appearance of these swords would lead us to the 
 conclusion that they were not the work of any isolated military 
 smith, but may be considered as the production of larger work- 
 shops and manufactories, where there was a division of labour 
 and every practical appliance ; and this view is fully confirmed 
 by the * maker's marks ' found on several of the blades. 
 
 Thirteen marks of this kind are already known, of which the 
 two left-hand figures and the upper right one of Plate LXXVI. 
 fig. 11, and^also the upper one to the left of Fig. 12, are some- 
 what similar, and probably indicate the same company; Fig. 13 is 
 rather similar. With the exception of the rude figure of a boar, 
 as shown Fig. 14, three lately found, Plate XCVI. figs. 4, 5, 6, and 
 the trefoil, all the marks bear some resemblance to the form of the 
 half-nioon, which, as well as the boar, appears on many Gallic 
 coins. If the remaining marks are found on Gallic coins, the sup- 
 position would probably be correct that different districts were 
 indicated by these marks. No trace of a letter has yet been 
 discovered. Amongst the swords of this description the speci- 
 men published by Professor Lindenschmit (Alterth. u. heidn. 
 Vorzeit, Heft i. Taf. 5), on which the letters C.S.I, appear, in 
 this respect remains unique.* 
 
 About fifty swords have been found at Marin up to the pre- 
 sent time, some with and some without sheaths. The latter are 
 all made of iron, with one single exception, which consisted of 
 thin bronze plate. They are, on the whole, masterpieces of the 
 smith's art, and in making them the hammer was chiefly used 
 not the file and the polish of the smooth, shining portions 
 was obtained by the use of scraping and grinding tools. Not 
 one of these swords, either in length, breadth, or weight, is 
 exactly like any other ; and the ornamentation is remarkably 
 different in every specimen. Most of them are in good preser- 
 vation, but still some of them are bent and full of notches at 
 the edge (Plate LXXIV. fig. 1). 
 
 * We hope that Professor Lindenschmit will not take it ill if we do not consider 
 these letters as Roman. They stand obliquely on the sheath, one above the other.
 
 IRON SWORDS OF MARIN. 247 
 
 We are indebted to M. de RefFye, in the work already referred 
 to, for the following particulars as to the mode of manufacture 
 and the materials employed for making the swords found at 
 Alise, and we may with safety conclude that the analogous 
 arms found in Switzerland were made in the same manner. 
 ' We may remark,' he says, ' that the cutting edges of these 
 swords are not of the same iron as the body of the blade. The 
 workman, after having forged this part out of very tough iron 
 (tres-nerveux, very fibrous iron), drawn out lengthwise, welded 
 on each side little strips of soft iron to form the cutting edges ; 
 this iron was afterwards beaten to an edge by the hammer. 
 The soldier could thus after the fight repair with the hammer 
 the damage done to his sword, just as a reaper sharpens his 
 scythe when it is notched. The sheaths of these swords are of 
 iron ; they appear all to have been made on the same plan.' 
 
 Many of the swords found at Marin had pieces of charcoal 
 attached to them which seems to show that they had not fallen 
 into the lake by chance, when a vessel was lost, but had sunk 
 into the water and mud when the lake dwellings were burnt. 
 
 There has always been very considerable difficulty in deter- 
 mining the age and origin of swords. The authorities used for 
 this purpose have been the representations on Roman sculp- 
 tures ; the description of these weapons in Polybius, Livy, Ve- 
 getius, and others ; the nature and peculiarities of the anti- 
 quities found with them ; and, lastly, such histories of a countiy 
 as give any account of the early population, and the native arms 
 and equipments. But, with all these helps, it has always been 
 a very difficult matter to decide with certainty whether a sword 
 has belonged to a Roman or non-Roman warrior, or in fact to 
 what age it belonged. Very different views have been expressed 
 as to the swords preserved in various collections, just as the 
 investigators' attention is drawn to the shortness, or the length 
 of the blade, and to the bluntness or sharpness of its point.* 
 
 With reference to the present locality, the greatest light 
 thrown upon them has been by the discovery of the swords 
 found in the ditches of Alise before referred to, which evidently 
 were of Gaulish origin and agree exactly in general form with 
 those of Marin. The ornamentations of the Alesia swords have 
 for the most part disappeared: those on the weapons from 
 Marin are in very good preservation, and ought to be the safest 
 grounds for deciding their origin. We must, however, remind 
 
 * Respecting the form of Roman swords see the ' Rheinlandische Jahrbiicher,' pfc. xxv. 
 p. 110.
 
 248 IRON SPEAR-HEADS OF MARIN. 
 
 the reader that these ornamentations do not show the least 
 relation to the Celtic implements which have come to light 
 and quite as little so to those of Roman origin. We cannot, 
 however, help mentioning the peculiar ornamentation so very 
 different from the Celtic element, which is to be seen on some 
 bronze rings drawn in M. von Bonstetten's ' Recueil ' (Plate VII. 
 fig. 4), and in vol. ii. of the 'Bulletin de la Societe pour la Con- 
 servation des Monuments Historiques d' Alsace' (Plate II. fig. 5). 
 
 II. Spear-heads (lancese) (Plate LXXI. figs. 11 to 16 ; Plate 
 LXXII. figs. 1 and 2 ; Plate LXXVII. figs. 1 to 5 ; Plate 
 LXXVIII. figs. 1 to 4 and 7 to 9 ; Plate LXXIX. figs. 1 to 7). 
 If the swords appear to have been made after a normal form, 
 thus differing essentially from other weapons of that kind, the 
 lance and javelin -heads exhibit a great variety of shape which 
 leads to the conviction that the makers did not follow any 
 pattern, but worked simply according to their own fancy. As 
 there is no actual difference between weapons used to thrust 
 and those made to be thrown, we can only classify these 
 weapons by the length of the socket and the breadth of the 
 blade. In each of these divisions, however, there are many 
 varieties in the form of the blade. Sometimes it diminishes 
 like a willow leaf, or it terminates in a sharp needle-point ; 
 sometimes the form is like that of a flame, or approaches that 
 of a laurel leaf. The length of the longest of these weapons is 
 18^ inches, that of the shortest 5^ inches. The breadth of the 
 widest is 3^ inches, that of the narrowest about eight-tenths 
 of an inch. Some have been made very weak, and others very 
 strong. Again, some have a very considerable ridge in 
 the middle, while others have none, and of those which have a 
 ridge it is sometimes angular and sometimes half round. The 
 weight also differs very considerably. In general, they are 
 distinguished from Roman and mediaeval weapons of this kind 
 by being lighter. On the sockets of some of them there is a 
 rivet hole which is wanting in others. No ornaments are to 
 be seen on any of the spear or javelin-heads found at Mariu, 
 except the engraved or raised lines on the borders of the socket. 
 
 These implements are quite as remarkable as the swords for 
 the ability displayed in their manufacture. The smith evi- 
 dently understood how to bring his work to such perfection 
 as to indicate a high grade of his art. The angular longitudi- 
 nal ridge (nervure), which from the investigation of M. de 
 Reffye is hollow, runs from its commencement at the socket, 
 gradually diminishing to the point ; and the two sides of the 
 blade, the thickness of which diminishes at the edge to about
 
 IRON SPEAR-HEADS OF MARIN. 
 
 249 
 
 the fiftieth, part of an inch, are so skilfully hammered out and 
 made smooth, and polished by scraping tools and grinding 
 stones, as to leave nothing further to be desired as far as the 
 workmanship is concerned. It is not impossible, especially in 
 the specimens with hollow ridges, that the two plates were 
 welded together into a blade in the manner commonly used in 
 the middle ages for making halberds. The socket, as shown by 
 the seam, was made by bending round the plate of the blade 
 and welding it. The use of such workmen's arrangements as 
 the ' set-hammer' or intermediate hammer with a ' swage' or 
 groove, and what is called the i under-tool ' or small anvil with 
 a corresponding groove or ' swage ' may be considered as cer- 
 tain. The action of a file has not been noticed on any of these 
 weapons. M. de Eefiye has shown that the material is steel. 
 
 Amongst the large number of these weapons those drawn Plate 
 LXXII. fig. 1 and Plate LXXVII. figs. 3 and 4, are unquestion- 
 ably the most remarkable,* as from their peculiar form they differ 
 materially from similar weapons either of barbaric or classic an- 
 tiquity. The blades, in fact, have portions cut out FIG. 13. 
 either on the outside or in the middle near the 
 ridge, in the shape of the segment of a circle. 
 At first sight, one might suppose that these had 
 arisen from defective places caused by rust, or 
 by the bending of thin plate which was put to 
 such a trial and which the smith endeavoured 
 to remedy by giving the instrument a regular 
 form, but this supposition could have no founda- 
 
 FIG. 14. 
 
 tion with respect to the parts cut out in the middle of the 
 blade.f Similar excised portions, in the form of a circle and 
 semicircle, are known even in the older bronze weapons of 
 this nature (see the ' Horse Ferales,' Plate VI. figs. 16 and 23), 
 
 * The annexed woodcut of three of the lances found at Alesia, copied from the work 
 of M. de Beffye, will show how very similar they are in form to some of those found at 
 Marin. [TR.] 
 
 t I am indebted to my friend, the Rev. C.W. King, for the annexed woodcut which re- 
 presents, on an enlarged scale, the reverse of a coin of Constantine, minted at Treves,and
 
 250 IRON SPEAR-HEADS OF MARIN. 
 
 and are considered by Mr. Franks as the means of lightening' 
 the implement and saving the metal. There can be no doubt 
 that the excised portions on the edge of the blade would make 
 the weapon more dangerous, and increase the size of the 
 wound, just as greater effect was ascribed to the flamboyant 
 sword of the Middle Ages than to the straight sword. The 
 specimen drawn Plate LXXII. fig. 1, plainly shows that some 
 advantage was expected from such refinements in the form of 
 the spear-head. 
 
 The specimen drawn Plate LXXII. fig. 2, is no less remark- 
 able. It is in Colonel Schwab's collection, and is 9 inches long 
 from end to end, of which the socket is 2 inches and the 
 blade about 7. It is more than 3 inches broad and has an 
 angular ridge which projects considerably. What distinguishes 
 this specimen from others is the fact that the edges of the blade 
 are indented at regular intervals, so that the side view, as shown 
 in the plate, instead of being straight is sinuous. It will readily 
 be seen that this arrangement was intended to tear the flesh 
 and to increase the size of the wound both when it entered and 
 when it was withdrawn. 
 
 This weapon is of peculiar interest, as in all probability it 
 brings before us the kind of spear described by Diodorus in his 
 account of the military equipment of the Gauls, v. 30. The 
 following are his words : ' They use for weapons lances, which 
 they call Xayxias, which have appendages (points or heads) of 
 iron an ell in length or still more, but in breadth somewhat 
 narrower than two palms (hand breadths). For the 1;i<br) (the 
 short Greek or Eoman legionary swords) are not smaller than 
 the ' saunia ' used by other nations, but the ' saunia ' (of the 
 Gauls) have greater heads than the ft'^j?. Of these some are 
 forged straight, but the others have throughout a wavy indenta- 
 tion (sXiKosiBrjs avaxXaa-is) in order that when it strikes it may 
 not only cut but also lacerate the flesh, and tear open the wound 
 when it is withdrawn.' 
 
 The expression e\i/coi8r)$ is generally translated in German 
 by the word spiral, and it is supposed that the head of the spear 
 was twisted round on itself in a spiral form ; but according to 
 this view we should have a very useless instrument, in fact, it 
 
 now in my collection. Mr. King, in his unpublished treatise, from which he has allowed 
 me to make extracts, says : ' It shows the Gallic Mars equipped with the peculiar national 
 lance with its enormously dilated blade and lunar-shaped barbs, and a shield perfectly 
 novel in construction. On several coins also of the same date, issued from Gallic 
 mints, the cavalier on the reverse wields a lance, the blade of which is two feet in length 
 judging from the proportions of the rest of the design.' [Tn.]
 
 IRON SPEAR-HEADS OF MARIN. 251 
 
 is one which never existed. In the French translation of Miot 
 the words run thus : ' De ces armes les unes sont forgees droites, 
 d'autres en zigzag avec I'extrernite recourbee en arriere.' In the 
 original, however, there is nothing about the ' extremite,' but, 
 on the contrary, a curvature or indentation throughout. More- 
 over, a lance-head twisted in a zigzag and with the point bent 
 back would be a still stranger form than what has just been 
 alluded to. The expression IXi/coetS^p avd/cXaa-ts, as it appears, 
 is to be understood as ' with wavy indentations,' and in the pas- 
 sage referred to it means that the edge of the spear blade which 
 usually is in a straight line, is bent alternately up and down 
 so as to form a sinuous line.* 
 
 With respect to the use of these broad spear heads, it may 
 be remarked in general that, on account of the shortness of 
 the socket, the small thickness of the shaft, and the weakness 
 of the blade, they must have formed very feeble weapons, and 
 necessarily have bent when they came against a shield or a breast- 
 plate on some powerful antagonist. They appear chiefly fitted 
 for wounding unprotected parts of the body not for thrusting 
 through ; in fact, specimens are found which must have been 
 used more for parade than actual fighting. 
 
 III. Ferrules or points for the feet of the lances. About half- 
 a-dozen specimens of the ferrules or points for the lower part of 
 the shaft of the lances [arvpaKss] have been found, which were 
 as carefully made as the other part of the weapons just described ; 
 they are pyramidical points, having eight or ten sides, and vary 
 in length from 4f to 7 inches. Two specimens of the simplest 
 form are drawn Plate LXXX. figs. 15 and 16. In order to 
 
 * Diod. v. 30. npojSaAAoj/TOi Se \6yxas, as e'Kfivoi Aoy/c/oy Ka\ovart, mixycua rip 
 /XTj/cei rov ffiSiipov, Kal en pe'ifa TO. einQi]u.a.ra. ex ovffas ' ir\drei tie /Spaxv \eiir6vra 
 5nra\ai(TTCiiv. Ta /uej/ 70^ |i'(f>7j riav trap ertpots ffavvieav elarlv OVK e'AoTTa-, TO, Se ffavvia 
 ras ax/Ads %x ei riav i<p<ai> fueifa. fovrui' Se TO /nee eV ev6eias Kexd\Kfvrai, ra 54 
 Ai/coejS?7 Si' o\<av a.vd.K\aa iv X I > ""P^ 5 T ^ Ka ^ Kara irijv TrAT/yV fj.fy povov Tep.veiv aAAa 
 Kal Qpaveiv ras ffapKas, Kal Kara TTJJ/ aya/co/uiSJji/ rov S6paros ffirapdrreiv rb rpavpa. 
 Reiske's Version. 
 
 Thp passage, however, is corrupted, as is rightly remarked by M. de Rougemont in 
 Professor Desor's ' Habitations lacustres ; ' for, in the middle of the description of the 
 lances, there is interpolated a comparison of the ' xiphos ' with the ' saunion,' of 
 which nothing else is said in this book. Whatever way these words may be turned, it 
 is impossible to bring the sense into connection with the context, and the only way is 
 to consider the sentence from To nei> jap f tynj to btywv pflfa as an interpolation, and to 
 refer rovrwv Se to the word eirtB-fi/jiara. 
 
 [The author, with his usual candour, will I trust, forgive me for mentioning that 
 his views as to the interpolation of this passage are not agreed to by more than one of 
 the leading classical scholars in England ; this, however, is not the place to enter into 
 a discussion of this nature. TR.]
 
 252 ANTIQUITIES OF MARIN.. 
 
 prevent the splitting of the shaft where the spike goes into it, 
 there is a ring or cramp which fits close to the base of the point. 
 Some of these ferrules and rings are a little ornamented. 
 
 No arrow-heads were found either at Marin or at Tiefenau, a 
 locality which will shortly be referred to, from which it may be 
 inferred that the people to whom these weapons belonged did 
 not use the bow.* 
 
 IV. Shield plates (straps or handles). The shields found in 
 England corresponding in the character of their ornamenta- 
 tion with the sword sheaths met with both there and here (at 
 Marin and Tiefenau), have had rather a long rectangular form, 
 sometimes rounded at the corners. This form of shield is also 
 in fact, indicated by an implement made of iron plate found 
 with the above-mentioned swords, not only at Marin but also in 
 the graves. 
 
 These shield mountings are drawn Plates LXXIX. fig. 8, and 
 LXXX. figs. 13 and 14. They consist of iron plates from 8 to 
 14 inches long, from 4 to 5 inches wide, and very thin, the 
 middle part of which is hammered out into an arched form, and 
 the edges are bent down on all the four sides. The two wings 
 are broader at the end, and have the edges sometimes cut out 
 ornamentally. They have been fastened to the shield by flat- 
 headed nails or studs with the heads about an inch and a 
 third in diameter. The shield, judging from the space between 
 the head of the nail and where it was bent round, must have 
 been from an inch to -/^ths of an inch in thickness ; some fibres 
 rusted on to the plate show that it was made of wood. 
 
 Plate LXXX. figs. 10, 11, and 12. This implement con- 
 sists of two four-cornered plates of iron joined together by a 
 curved iron rod rivetted to the plates, and which seems intended 
 for a handle. We have some doubt whether it was a shield 
 holder. 
 
 Plate LXXXI. figs. 12, 13, 14, and 15. We cannot deter- 
 mine whether these two implements were intended for warlike 
 or household purposes. They consist of iron rods rather more 
 than -| an inch thick, bent round into the segment of a circle, 
 and having a spine at one end and a kind of cap or hood at the 
 other. They seem to have been fastened by this cap into some 
 other object, and the spike at the other end has been let into a 
 hollow, or has had something fixed on to it. One of these im- 
 plements (Figs. 12 and 15) is ornamented and uncommonly neatly 
 
 * Diodorus does not mention the bow as one of the weapons of the Gauls ; on the 
 contrary, Strabo says that it was used by some of the Belgae.
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF MAEIN. 253 
 
 worked. The other (Fig. 13) is more simple: the section is 
 quadrangular and the outside of the curve is ornamented with 
 longitudinal furrows. Probably these specimens are of a 
 similar description to the bronze implements with a ring at 
 one end found at Tiefenau and drawn by the Baron de Bon- 
 stetten in his l Supplement au Eecueil d'Antiquites Suisses.' 
 
 Plate LXXX. figs. 4 and 5 are appendages to some object 
 smaller than those last described : they are all of one piece. 
 Both are a little bent round, but a third specimen, exactly like 
 the second, is quite flat. Fig. 6 is an implement possibly of 
 the same kind, of a spatula shape.* 
 
 Amongst the implements evidently belonging to domestic 
 economy may be mentioned the iron ladle (Plate LXXXI. 
 fig. 1) ; the staple (Plate LXXX. fig. 7) ; the ring and staple 
 (Fig. 8) ; the wire (Fig. 21) ; and probably also the rings (Figs. 
 24, 28, and 29) ; the iron hook (Fig. 25)', and the ringed staple 
 (Plate LXX. fig. 6). 
 
 Two three-pronged iron forks were found here : one of them 
 is drawn Plate LXXI. fig. 18. 
 
 Plate LXXI. figs. 22, 23, and 24 are hatchets. Fig. 22 has 
 the sides bent up so as to form flanges for the shaft like those 
 of some bronze celts. Fig. 23 has these side flanges bent so 
 far round as to meet and form a socket ; thus these two speci- 
 mens show very clearly the transition from shaft flanges to 
 sockets. Fig. 24 does not differ from the Roman form. 
 
 Plate LXXIL fig. 18 is a kind of hatchet or gouge ; it is 
 more than 3 inches long, and the cutting edge is about 1 inch 
 broad ; it has a socket though the sides do not quite meet, so 
 that it is somewhat like the bronze celts ; the edge is not 
 straight, but, like a gouge, is intentionally curved and in oppo- 
 site direction to the sides of the socket. It had been fastened 
 to a handle with a nail. Plate LXXI. fig. 21 is a tool like a 
 spatula or gouge about 1 foot in length. Fig. 17 may have 
 been a small dagger. Figs. 19 and 20 are hedging and prun- 
 ing bills. Fig. 26 is a pair of shears. Fig. 27 is a currycomb : 
 the raised part at the top is prolonged backwards into a handle. 
 Fig. 8 is a steel for striking fire like one found in a grave at 
 Holderbank in the Canton of Aargau. Figs. 9 and 10 are 
 knives. Plate LXXII. fig. 3 is also a knife. Several other 
 
 * Compare the shield-handles drawn Plate 8, figs. 5 to 10, in the very interesting 
 work by Engelhardt, on the Danish antiquities of the early iron age, which has just 
 appeared while these pages were going through the press. The Danish handles are 
 of wood, bronze, and silver, ornamented with gold. [Ts.]
 
 254 ANTIQUITIES OF MARIN. 
 
 cutting instruments were found ground like knives : in some 
 specimens, the end was bent round into a handle or terminated 
 like this specimen in a ring ; they evidently were carried or 
 suspended from the person. In one of the holes in the handle, 
 there was a small wire. They resemble the bronze knives from 
 Nidau Steinberg drawn Plate XXXV. figs. 20, 23, and 24 ; and 
 the implements found in Etruscan tombs and considered as 
 razors (see Gozzadini, ' Sepolcri Etruschi ' ). 
 
 Plate LXXII. fig. 27, scraping iron : a kind of knife 7 inches 
 long and in the middle T \ths of an inch broad, somewhat in the 
 form of the segment of a circle ; it is throughout rather more 
 than -j^th of an inch thick, but is ground slopingly on the convex 
 side : apparently it has been used less for cutting than for scrap- 
 ing, and probably had a handle at each end.* Fig. 14 is a hexa- 
 gonal tool, called by workmen a ' rimer ' or a < taper drill,' for 
 widening holes. Fig-. 16 (and 19 side view) is a hook made 
 of a strip of iron pointed at one end. Fig. 13 is a Roman key. 
 
 Several pins were found at Marin with round or triangular 
 heads, rather flat, and with perforations of a corresponding form. 
 A number of rings were met with, rather flat, from -^ih to th 
 of an inch thick, the diameter of which internally is from T 6 oths to 
 T %ths of an inch, and externally from 1 to 2 inches. On one side 
 they are rather convex, on the other rather concave, and thinner 
 in the middle than at the edge. They appear to have been 
 used as some kind of support, t 
 
 Plate LXXII. fig 5. Horse's snaffle-bit. It consists of two 
 neatly-made portions joined together, so as to be movable ; at 
 the two ends there are large rings, also movable. The width 
 of the bit between the large rings is 3^ inches. The rings of 
 this bit, in the places where they touch, have, by long use, been 
 worn through to half the original thickness. Two specimens 
 were found of this kind. 
 
 Plate LXXII. fig. 15. Linchpin. This implement is in the 
 form of a saddler's knife, with a round rod attached to it ; in 
 the flat portion there is a rectangular hole. It may probably 
 have been used for a cart-wheel. 
 
 Plate LXXI. fig. 25, is an anchor made of stone and iron. The 
 centre portion is an eight-sided prism of stone, about 301bs. 
 in weight, into the lower part of which iron arms are fastened, 
 
 * Probably this implement was used like our modern ' hoopshavprs.' [Tu.] 
 f May they not have been what are now called 'washers' by coachmakers and 
 others? [T E .]
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF MARIN. 255 
 
 bent, and of the shape of willow-leaves. Originally it had four 
 of these arms or hooks. The upper hole was used for fastening 
 the cable to it.* 
 
 Ornaments. Amongst these the clothes-clasps, or fibulse, are 
 the most remarkable, which haye been found in great numbers. 
 Colonel Schwab's collection contains more than 100 specimens. 
 They vary very much in size, without, however, exhibiting any 
 striking variety of form. They all consist of a single piece of 
 wire, which is twisted nearly into the shape of the figure 8. At 
 the upper end of the fibula, or rather at the lower, for, when 
 fastened to the clothes, the pin pointed upwards (see vol. xi. of 
 our Transactions, Part iv. Plates I. and II.), this wire, in order to 
 give elasticity to the fibula, is wound round into a spiral, and at 
 the other end of the clasp the wire was beaten flat and bent 
 half round, so as to form a kind of socket to receive one end of 
 the wire which formed the pin or tongue. The other end of the 
 wire, in order to give greater firmness to the whole, is, in the 
 simplest form, attached to the main or middle portion by a kind 
 of hook which runs round it, feut in the specimens of a better 
 description the two are fastened together by a ring at the point 
 of contact. This portion is sometimes ornamented with incisions 
 at the side, and sometimes with projections like beads or rings. 
 Some of the prettiest specimens are drawn Plate LXXII. figs. 24 
 and 25 ; also Pig. 26, in which both the knobs on the main stem 
 are of bronze. Other specimens are drawn Plate LXXI. fig. 28, 
 and Plate LXIX. figs. 1 to 9 and 13. 
 
 This kind of clasp is found very widely diffused, and was long 
 in use. The same form was found in the bronze age, in the 
 graves at Hallstadt, and in the Gallic tomb at Horgen, &c. 
 
 Plate LXTX. figs. 10, 11, and 12, and Plate LXX. figs. 1 to 5. 
 Buckles. They consist chiefly of a ring or a quadrangular frame, 
 by which they were fastened to the straps, and an arm-like ap- 
 pendage, on which is a knob, so as to lay hold of something at 
 the other end of the strap. These implements had, however, a 
 variety of forms, as may be seen by the drawings (Figs. 7 to 11, 
 14 and 22). The rings (Figs. 7 to 10), of which a large number 
 have been found, are flat on one side and ornamented on the other. 
 
 Plate LXXII. fig. 17. Small pliers for the lamp, or for pulling 
 out hair. More than a dozen of these implements have been 
 found ; the largest is 4| inches and the shortest 2 inches long. 
 
 * Plate LXXXI. fig. 3 (and Fig. 6, section) is not from Marin, but from Nidau ; it has 
 got into this plate by chance ; it consists of two curved plates of iron holding a piece 
 of wood between them with rivets.
 
 256 COINS FOUND AT MARIN. 
 
 They are made out of strips of plate, narrower at the top, where 
 they bend round, than at the ends, which, in the largest speci- 
 mens, are f of an inch wide. In the specimen drawn, the arm or 
 upper part diminishes to a thin round wire. 
 
 Plate LXX. figs. 12, 13, 15 to 21. Buttons or knobbed nails. 
 The heads, some of which are round and some flat, are orna- 
 mented in various ways. Fig. 21 has a part of the wood still 
 remaining in which it was fixed. 
 
 Plate LXXI. figs. 6 and 7, and Plate LXXYIII.figs. 5 and 6, are 
 sickles. Fig. 6 of the first Plate approaches in shape those of the 
 bronze age. Fig. 7 of the same Plate has the edge finely serrated. 
 
 Coins. Some of those found here are Roman and some Gallic. 
 Those of the first description are an As, a Tiberius, and a Clau- 
 dius. Those of the latter are, first, a quarter-stater of gold, which 
 has been found very commonly in Switzerland, and may be con- 
 sidered as having been the current money of the Helvetii. It is a 
 bad imitation of the Macedonian coins of Philipp, and has on 
 the obverse the head of Apollo with the fillet of laurel, and on 
 the reverse a biga, with the emblem of a bird under the vehicle, 
 and some letters which may be read <I>IAIIinOT. Very pro- 
 bably the gold was collected in the Aar and its tributaries, and 
 the money coined in Aventicum. (Plate LXXXI. figs. 16 and 17.) 
 ( See vol. iii., page 12, of our Transactions; also the 'North 
 Etruscan Alphabet ' of 'Mommsen, vol. vii. page 244 ; and the 
 'Gallic Coins' of Dr. Meyer, vol. xv. page 19, of our Transactions.) 
 Secondly, some Massilian silver coins (Fig. 19). Thirdly, several 
 coins cast from a mixture of copper, lead, and tin (Potin), which 
 are commonly found in the districts of the Helvetii, the Sequani, 
 and the jiEdui. On one side there is a head, and on the other 
 the figure of a fanciful animal with a mane, short horns, and 
 long tail. It is difficult to say whether a horse is intended to 
 be represented. The workmanship is very rude. (Plate LXXXI. 
 figs. 18, and 20 to 24.) (See Lambert, Essay, pp. 7 and 41 ; De 
 Saulcy, Revue Num. 1860, page 168 ; and Meyer's ' Gallic Coins,' 
 page 22. 
 
 ORIGIN AND AGE OF THE IRON IMPLEMENTS OF MARIN. 
 
 When these swords and other weapons were first discovered 
 and published, I called attention to the fact that at that time 
 there were no safe data on which to rely, and that their orna- 
 mentation was neither of a Roman nor of an Alemannic cha- 
 racter, and also that it differed quite as much from those of the
 
 ORIGIN AND AGE OF THE MARIN ANTIQUITIES. 257 
 
 Celtic implements hitherto met with, and that on all these 
 accounts our judgment respecting them must be reserved till 
 the matter had been further investigated.* 
 
 Since then, however, many important discoveries and in- 
 vestigations have brought this question nearer to its solution, 
 and I will now bring forward the facts which bear upon this 
 point, and mention the localities where similar swords have 
 been found, and also state the conclusions that may be drawn 
 from their form and ornamentation. 
 
 The discovery of a number of weapons in excavating the 
 ditches of the fortress of Alesia (now Alise-Sainte-Eeine) was of 
 great importance in determining the origin of these iron imple- 
 ments. The swords found here, which without any doubt were 
 lost in the conflict when this place was besieged (Caesar, B. G-., vii. 
 c. 69-90), have been carefully described and drawn in the work 
 before referred to, by M.Verchere de Eeflye, in the ' Eevue Ar- 
 cheologique ' for November 1864. 
 
 Some very well-executed casts of these swords, for which 
 our society has to thank the munificence of H.I.M. the Emperor 
 of the French, enabled us to institute a careful comparison of 
 them with our own. These weapons are, for the most part, so 
 exactly like those of Marin that everything which M. de Eefiye 
 reports of them, will also apply to the swords of Marin. 
 
 The place where they were found, as well as the marked 
 difference between the character of these swords and lance-heads 
 from those of the Eomans, decide the question to which of the 
 two sets of combatants these swords are to be ascribed. And 
 thus are we able also to determine most satisfactorily the age 
 when they were in use. 
 
 The information also is very instructive which is given by Mr. 
 Franks on a series of weapons and other implements of bronze 
 and iron, in the ' Horse Ferales, or Studies in the Archaeology 
 of the Northern Nations,' by J. M. Kemble, page 172. These 
 implements, given under the title of antiquities of the later Celtic 
 period, consist of shields, helmets, coats of mail, swords, spears, 
 daggers, horse trappings, metal-work for chariots, ornaments, 
 and a number of objects of different uses. The swords have in 
 
 * Mr. Jules Quicherat, in his treatise published in the 'Eevue Arche'ologique' (1865, 
 p. 81), 'Examen des Armes d'Alise trouvees a Alise-Saint-Eeine ' affirms from a 
 passage taken out of M. Troyon's ' Habitations lacustres," p. 197, that the author of 
 this volume had expressed an opinion that these swords were not of Celtic origin. He 
 evidently had taken no notice of M. Troyon's remark, ' M. Keller, tout en suspendant 
 sou jugement sur 1'origine de ces epees.' 
 
 S
 
 258 ORIGIN AND AGE OF THE MARIN ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 general the same form and ornamentation as our own, and on 
 most of them there is displayed a richness of decoration which 
 bears a similar character, and indicates the same style of orna- 
 mentation. 
 
 Mr. Franks very justly lays claim to these swords as products 
 of art by the Celtic nations, and especially by the inhabitants of 
 the British Isles and of Northern Gaul ; and he rejects the view 
 that they had anything to do with the Etruscan, Roman, or 
 Germanic races. The proofs of this may be examined in 
 'Horse Ferales,' page 184. 
 
 If we carefully examine the designs upon our sword-sheaths 
 we shall notice a peculiar ornamentation, the elements of which, 
 small in number, consist of the waved line, the circle, and the 
 triangle. But these designs have several appliances added to 
 them. Thus, at the points of the triangle there are sometimes 
 small nourishes not unlike the tendrils of the vine. Again, the 
 circles are always found in pairs, and the two are joined together 
 with a kind of strap, and recall the idea of the ' spectacle orna- 
 ment ' of the old Scottish monuments. (See Stuart's ' Sculptured 
 Stones of Scotland,') Above this, in what may be called the 
 tympanum, there are ornaments shaped like birds. Sometimes 
 the whole design looks like a display of calligraphy. Represen- 
 tations of vegetable and animal life are wanting, with the excep- 
 tion of the fanciful animals, the extremities of which terminate 
 in flourishes. The character of this ornamentation is connected 
 with that of the late Celtic period brought before us by Mr. 
 Franks, and is entirely different from the classic and oriental 
 taste. 
 
 The antiquities found at Tiefenau also are of great importance 
 in ascertaining the origin of the weapons of Marin ; they have 
 been described and drawn by the Baron de Bonstetten in two 
 excellent treatises, one of them entitled ' Notice sur les Armes 
 et Chariots de Guerre decouverts a Tiefenau, pres de Berne, en 
 1851.' Lausanne, 1852 ; and the second, ' Supplement au Re- 
 cueil d'Antiquites Suisses.' Lausanne, 1860. Further notices 
 respecting these antiquities will be found also in Jahn's ' Canton 
 of Berne/ pp. 191 and 500. 
 
 The specimens found at Tiefenau may be classed according to 
 the material into implements of iron, such as weapons, horse 
 and chariot gear, ornaments, &c. ; into those of bronze ; those 
 of clay, such as Gallic and Roman pottery ; those of glass, such 
 as rings or beads of variegated colours ; and also Gallic coins of 
 gold, silver, and bronze.
 
 MANUFACTURE OF THE MARIN ANTIQUITIES. 259 
 
 All these objects bear most unequivocally the character of the 
 implements found at Marin, as may be seen by comparing the 
 plates in the works just mentioned with those in this volume, 
 and in some respects they agree exactly. Thus, the swords, spear- 
 heads, bits, linchpin, ornamented rings, fibulae, knobs, pliers, 
 and coins, have perfectly analogous specimens amongst those of 
 Marin. But amongst the things found at Tiefenau there are 
 also some specimens rather different, which complete the war- 
 like equipment, viz., fragments of ring-armour (lorica) and a 
 dagger, portions of a war chariot, such as the tires of wheels, 
 the nave, the linchpin, &c. 
 
 Further discoveries of weapons and implements of the kind 
 just described have been made in many parts of northern and 
 eastern France, in that part of Germany lying on the right bank 
 of the Rhine, in Switzerland, and also, as above mentioned, in 
 England. One single sword of this nature has been found in 
 Hungary.* 
 
 The coins found mixed with these antiquities may be of some 
 assistance in investigating their age. According to the deter- 
 mination of M. de Saulcy they consist of the following speci- 
 mens : 15 plated silver drachmae ; 1 obolus, and 1 bronze coin 
 of Massilia ; 2 * Potiii ' coins of the Sequani ; 1 silver coin of 
 the Leuci ; 1 Tulingic silver coin in imitation of the ' Philippus 
 money ; ' and 1 bronze coin of the Parisii. 
 
 PLACE OF MANUFACTURE OF THE MARIN ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 The following facts result from the investigation of the arms 
 and implements of Marin, and their comparison with the speci- 
 mens found in England, Alesia, and Berne : 
 
 The form of the swords and the lance-points, the ornamenta- 
 tion on the sword-sheaths, the marks on the sword-blades, the 
 numerous Gallic coins found with them, and the widespread 
 district where they occur, show that all the Marin antiquities 
 have come from some of the workshops of Gaul, perhaps situated 
 amongst the Belgse. 
 
 The agreement between the warlike equipment of the Gauls, 
 as mentioned in Diodorus, v. 30, with the antiquities found in 
 Gaul and Britain, and also with many of those just described, is 
 
 * See the atlas to the ' Archseologiai Kozlemenyek,' pt. ii. Plate V. The antiquities 
 found in the tomb at Sinsheim belong to the category of the things found so abundantly 
 in the tumuli of South Germany, Eastern France (Alsace), and Switzerland, and are 
 quite different in character from the objects now under consideration. 
 
 82
 
 260 ROMAN REMAINS AT MARIN. 
 
 very striking. Amongst the antiquities from Britain we find 
 the long shields of the Gauls, with the figures of animals fastened 
 on them ; the lance-heads an ell long and two hand-breadths 
 broad, and the spear-heads with wavy indentations. 
 
 In determining the age of the questionable specimens, the 
 coins found with them are of the first importance. The 
 Massilian gold and silver coins, and more especially the imita- 
 tion of the ' Philippus money ' in gold, appeared very early as 
 the circulating medium of the chief emporium of Gaul, continued 
 in use many centuries, and spread over a wide district ; but 
 they afford us just as little ground for determining the age as 
 the ' Potin ' coins of the different eastern provinces, which must 
 have been in circulation at the time of Caesar and Augustus. 
 The Eoman coins, the fragments of * terra sigillata,' and the 
 roofing tiles, give more definite information. With respect to 
 the latter, we may assume with all certainty that there were 
 here no roofing tiles before the founding of the knights' colony 
 at Nyon, under Csesar or Augustus, or before the establishment 
 of the camp at Vindonissa; and in like manner there would 
 have been just as little of the better kinds of Eoman pottery for 
 the table before the spread of Eoman civilisation in the first 
 century. The coin of Claudius, the latest of those found here 
 in our country, may probably indicate that the occupation of 
 the station of Marin was then drawing to a close. 
 
 We ought, however, to remark that we have not the slightest 
 certainty that the few Eoman objects found here had any con- 
 nection with the Helvetian implements of iron, or with the 
 lake dwelling. A great number of fragments of tiles occur in 
 the soil of the bank where the piles stand ; and not far off on 
 the moor there are the remains of a Eoman settlement, with 
 heaps of fragments of tiles ; in fact the whole district is full of 
 the relics of Eoman civilisation. And as at the mouth of the 
 Broye, in the lake of Neuchatel, and at that of the Thiele and 
 the Scheuss in the lake of Bienne, and also on many shores 
 both with and without pile dwellings, Eoman implements, from 
 causes unknown to us, have fallen into the water, so a similar 
 chance may have occurred as to the Eoman antiquities found 
 at Marin, and we have no actual right to attribute them to the 
 ancient inhabitants of the lake dwellings. 
 
 But if we regard the weapons and other iron implements as 
 belonging to the lake dwelling, and thus bring down the 
 existence of this station to historic times, and consider the 
 Helvetii, well known in Eoman history as, at one time, its
 
 DIFFERENCE IN THE FORMS OF IMPLEMENTS. 261 
 
 inhabitants, the question arises, why, when the Gallic people 
 had made such advances in civilisation and in regular political 
 relations, a kind of settlement should have continued to such 
 a late period so little consonant with the requirements and 
 development of their general mode of life. It may further be 
 asked whether the lake dwelling was not affected by the events 
 of the emigration of the Helvetian race and the destruction of 
 their abodes. 
 
 We have already remarked that as yet excavations have 
 only been made at a few points of small extent in the widely 
 spread settlement of Marin, and the nature of this lake 
 dwelling as a whole is as yet but little known. And it will 
 not be till this locality has undergone a searching examination, 
 and the materials for judging as to the character of this 
 problematical settlement are laid before us in greater abundance, 
 that we may possibly be able satisfactorily to answer these and 
 many other questions respecting it. 
 
 In looking over the specimens from Marin what strikes us 
 most is the fact that the weapons and other implements differ 
 so essentially, both in material and form, from the products of 
 the older settlements : not only has iron taken the place of 
 bronze, but the form and ornamentation are so different that 
 one is tempted at first sight to attribute their origin to another 
 nationality and another district. But when we carefully con- 
 sider this phenomenon it appears less striking. For if we 
 compare the relics of a pure bronze station such as Merges 
 with those of a pure stone station such as Wangen or Moossee- 
 dorf that is of simple bronze implements with those of stone, 
 wood, and bone the difference between them, in whatever is 
 necessary for sustaining life, is found to be much greater. It 
 is certain that there are passages or transitions from the stone 
 to the bronze period. On the one hand, we find a number of 
 stations in which stone and bronze objects are mixed together 
 in different proportions, and which reveal to us the gradual 
 diffusion of metal tools. On the other hand, we can follow up 
 the development of the art of bronze casting, and see how at 
 first the implements of this material took the form of those of 
 the stone age. The connection of the productions of bronze 
 with those of the iron stations is less striking to the eye. 
 There are indeed some forms of implements which remind us 
 of those of the previous age. But, on the whole, when the 
 Marin objects were made, iron had taken full possession of the 
 field, and all the implements, including ornaments, which could
 
 262 EAELY INHABITANTS. 
 
 be made out of iron, a metal both firmer and more pliable, were 
 manufactured out of this material. But the form of these speci- 
 mens had in some measure undergone a change, for the work- 
 ing of iron is a totally different matter from that of bronze ; 
 and the hammer of the smith and the moulds of the founder 
 cannot produce the same forms. The remains of the settle- 
 ments of the pure stone, bronze, and iron ages indicate there- 
 fore epochs of civilisation amongst the inhabitants, separated 
 by long intervals, while the end for which the lake dwellings 
 were erected, viz. the security of person and property and their 
 construction, remained the same. 
 
 Professor Desor, in the preface to his work above referred to, 
 expresses the opinion that the Helvetii who came in as con- 
 querors out of Germany, having become acquainted with the 
 use of iron in their old abodes, introduced this metal and the 
 coining of money into the country between the Alps and the 
 Rhine. 
 
 We cannot refrain from once more repeating what we have 
 stated in the previous parts of this volume. There can probably 
 be no doubt that from the earliest ages the above-mentioned 
 country, and also the land beyond the Jura, was inhabited by 
 races of Celtic origin. But how can it be imagined that the 
 inhabitants of our valleys, who had intercourse with the civi- 
 lised nations on the shores of the Mediterranean by the paths 
 of the Alps and the valley of the Rhine, had remained so far 
 less civilised than the races dwelling immediately opposite to 
 them between the Rhine, the Maine, and the Black Forest as to 
 receive from them the knowledge of iron, &c. ? But the monu- 
 ments of the country, as well as the reports of historians,* 
 teach us that the Helvetii from the earliest ages were in pos- 
 session of this district, and besides this a careful examination 
 of the passage in Tacitus (Germania, 28 ; compare Csesar, B. G., 
 vi. 24) shows that the question is not of a hostile attack on 
 the Alpine district by the Helvetii living between the Rhine 
 and the Maine (the district called in later times Agri Decumates), 
 but of the return of a part of this nation to their old home 
 south of the Rhine. Julius Csesar, the highest authority, 
 affirms that 'the power of the Gauls formerly was greater; 
 so that it is credible that there had been an immigration of Gauls 
 
 Amongst these we refer to the well-known story in Pliny, respecting the Helvetian 
 Helico (Elicho of the Edit. Dalecampii), the original division of the country, and the 
 power of the district of the Tigurini in the Cimbrian campaign, as well as the notices 
 of Caesar respecting the abodes of the Helvetii.
 
 EARLY INHABITANTS. . 263 
 
 into Germany. For what obstacle would a river offer to prevent 
 a nation which had grown great from passing it and occupying 
 and holding the territories of those who had neither a com- 
 mon union nor any national power ? Thus Helvetii held the 
 country between the Hercynian Forest, the Rhine, and the 
 Maine, and beyond them were Boii, both of them of Gallic 
 race.'* The passage in Csesar to which Tacitus refers runs 
 thus : ' There was once a time when the Gauls surpassed the 
 Germans in bravery, nay, they even attacked them, and, as they 
 had a surplus population and were straitened for land, they 
 sent colonies over the Ehine. Thus Tectosagi occupied the 
 most fruitful parts of Germany about the Hercynian Forest and 
 settled there.' The Helvetii, like these people, had also widened 
 their borders and possessed a portion of the country on the 
 other side of the Ehine until they were forced by the Germans 
 to surrender it again in order to protect the borders of their 
 own homes from the conqueror. So that we have nothing to 
 do with any hostile irruption nor of any migration of the whole 
 race. But, in any case, this event happened at a much earlier 
 period than that of the implements and coins of Marin, which 
 belong to the time immediately before the people were Ro- 
 manised, and bring to our view a very advanced state of civili- 
 sation and the best productions of Gallic art. The migration 
 of the Helvetii consequently is not at aU connected with the 
 introduction of Gallic iron articles into the district of the lake 
 of Neuchatel. There can probably be no doubt that iron, like 
 bronze, gradually spread over Gaul, as it did over the rest of 
 Europe. If the people of the bronze age are different from 
 those of the iron age, a proposition which can neither be denied 
 nor has yet been proved, such a change of population is by no 
 means to be connected with the diffusion of iron implements. 
 
 * Validiores olim Gallorum res fuisse, summus auctorum D. Julius tradit: eoque 
 credibile est etiam Gallos in Germaniam transgresses. Quantulum enim amnis obstabat, 
 quominus, ut quseque gens evaluerat, occuparet permutaretque sedes, promiscuas adhuc 
 et nulla regnorum potentia divisas ? Igitur inter Hercyniam silvam Rhenumque et 
 Moenum amnes Helvetii, ulteriora Boii, Gallica utraque gens, tenuere. (Tacitus, 
 Ger. 28.) 
 
 Ac fuit antea tempus, cum Germanos Galli virtute superarent, et ultro bella inferrent, 
 propter hominum multitudinem agrique inopiam trans Rhenum colonias mitterent. 
 Itaque ea quse fertilissima Germanise sunt loca circum Hercyniam sylvam Volcse Tec- 
 tosages occupaverunt atque ibi considerunt. (Caesar, B. G. vi. 24.)
 
 264 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS IN SWITZERLAND AND THE 
 NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES. 
 
 It was proposed in the early part of this volume, first, to give 
 a detailed account of the most typical lake dwellings, or of 
 those which have been most carefully examined ; and, after- 
 wards, to make out a geographical list of all the lake settlements 
 worth mentioning known in the Swiss district. The first part 
 has already been completed; the second now claims our atten- 
 tion. 
 
 A catalogue like this, however insignificant the information 
 may appear which in some cases is all that can be obtained, 
 may possibly be useful in two ways : first, as a guide to those 
 who are investigating these singular settlements, and, secondly, 
 to convince antiquaries at a distance that this peculiar mode 
 of living was not a chance, or a temporary fancy, but that it 
 was the settled habit of a widely spread race for century after 
 century. Who shall say how far back this range of centuries 
 extends ? 
 
 For the sake of convenient subdivision, we will take the 
 country north of the high Alps first, and we will begin at the 
 east. On this plan the lake of Constance naturally first presents 
 itself to our notice. 
 
 LAKE OF CONSTANCE. 
 Eastern or Main Portion. 
 
 HAGENAU. A lake dwelling was discovered here in February 
 1866 by Mr. Walter, of Constance. Rows of piles were met 
 with, together with stone celts and other implements. 
 
 Western Portion, including the Ueberlinger See and the Unter-See. 
 
 The shores of this part of the lake are probably more thickly 
 studded with settlements than those of any other Swiss lake.
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 265 
 
 In fact, here are found happily united all the requirements 
 necessary for the erection of dwellings of this nature. A deposit 
 of shell marl stretching along nearly the whole of its shores 
 and of tolerable breadth ; a rich tract of country between the 
 shore and the hills, which rise gently behind ; forests of pine 
 and oak ; pleasant bays with a gravelly bottom ; a great abun- 
 dance of fish in the lake, and a superfluity of game in the sur- 
 rounding forests, were circumstances highly favourable to the 
 colonisation of these shores. 
 
 Many, if not most of the settlements on this portion of the 
 lake (and probably also of the eastern part, though this has 
 not yet been carefully examined), reached back to the earliest 
 ages, that of the stone period ; and till lately they were thought 
 to have ceased to exist before the beginning of the bronze 
 period. Some late discoveries, it will be seen, have proved the 
 incorrectness of this opinion, as in some stations numerous im- 
 plements of bronze have been found where previously nothing 
 had been met with but implements of the stone age. 
 
 The settlements on this part of the lake are almost without 
 exception of considerable extent, and they have this striking 
 peculiarity, they are situated quite near to the shore, nay, in 
 some cases they actually touch it. The facts that implements 
 of all kinds and remains of these ruined colonies are found here 
 in extraordinary numbers, and lying on beds one over the other, 
 together with some other circumstances, indicate that these 
 settlements had existed for many centuries. 
 
 UEBERLINGER SEE. 
 
 UNTEE-UHLDINGEN 
 MAURACH 
 
 NUSSDOEF 
 
 SlPPLINGEN 
 
 BODMANN 
 
 WALLHAUSEN 
 
 LUETZELSTETTEN 
 
 MAINAU 
 
 UNTER-SEE. 
 
 ALLENSBACH and HEGNE, see page 88. 
 
 MARKELFINGEN, see page 87. 
 
 IZNANG. A large number of piles are seen both above and
 
 266 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 
 
 below the landing-place, chiefly below. Stone celts were found 
 here. 
 
 HORNSTAD. A little above the houses of Hornstad there is a 
 great settlement in the part of the lake called the ' Zeller-See.' 
 Stone celts and broken pottery were found here. 
 
 GAIENHOFEN. Above the landing-place are the remains of an 
 extensive settlement. A little brook here runs into the lake, so 
 that part of it is covered up with mud. Stone celts are fre- 
 quently found. 
 
 HEMMENHOFEN. Above the town is a lake settlement in 
 which stone celts have been found. Another settlement lies 
 out in the lake immediately in front of the millstream, and is as 
 large as the whole modern village. The place is called ' im 
 AUmend.' The piles are numerous. Stone celts are found on 
 the bottom, which is gravelly. 
 
 WANGEN. For a description of this well-known settlement, 
 see page 60. 
 
 OBERSTAAD. In the bay between this place and Kattenhorn 
 is a lake dwelling which reaches to the shore, and appears to be 
 as extensive as that of Wangen, though the piles are not very 
 numerous. Antiquities found stone celts and pottery. 
 
 STEIN. Just where the Ehine runs out of the Unter-See, there 
 is a lake settlement. The piles are at a small distance from the 
 island of Weerd and the remains of a Roman bridge found there 
 in the direction of the lake ; they are scattered and isolated 
 between both banks ; the greater part of them have probably 
 been taken up, as they impeded navigation, and must have been 
 a hindrance to the fishermen. 
 
 NETTENBURGER HORN. This place was examined in February 
 1861, by the Historical Society of Thurgau, and the excavations 
 were directed by Mr. Messikomer. It is situated above Mam- 
 mern, very close to the Taubmuhle. Here a bay extends at the 
 foot of a steep declivity, open to the north-west ; the shallow 
 ground is from 200 to 250 feet broad. The piles begin at a 
 distance of about 160 feet from the shore, and appear to extend 
 for about 400 feet, following the course of the shore. The 
 greater part of it is covered with sand or mud. The space over 
 which it extends seems to be more than 39,000 square feet. 
 The piles which are still visible project about a foot above 
 the bottom, and are from three to four inches in diameter. 
 They consist of oak, fir, and alder, but are so rotten that it is 
 impossible to draw up a single pile. No antiquities were found 
 by digging in the ground. Everything discovered lay on the sur-
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 267 
 
 face, and consisted of stone celts, small flint implements, pottery, 
 and bones ; one grinding slab, deeply furrowed, was found ; but 
 no small bone tools, nor a trace of any material for food. But 
 the force of the water is very great here in rough weather, so 
 that probably the smaller objects have been washed away. 
 This place, however, affords a rich harvest of stone celts ; they 
 have been found here by hundreds. It appears as if there had 
 been a regular manufactory of them. And as there was no 
 wide-spread layer of ashes, and only small patches were found 
 here and there, we may conclude that this settlement was not 
 destroyed like Wangen by violence, or at any rate by fire ; we 
 may probably also assume that the inhabitants left these lake 
 dwellings of their own accord, and did not carry off with them 
 to their new abodes their old stone implements, but left them 
 behind as useless things of the past, and hence apparently they 
 all lie on the surface. 
 
 FELDBACH. This settlement stretches from Feldbach to what 
 is called the jetty, and occupies the whole bay. At the upper 
 part it has been rather covered with sand by the brook which 
 here runs into the lake. Groups of piles are visible in many 
 places. Stone celts and stags' horns are found here. 
 
 Above STECKBORN. This settlement begins near the further 
 houses above the little town of Steckborn, and extends over the 
 bay. The piles project only a very little above the lake bottom. 
 Stone implements are found here. 
 
 Above BEELINGEN. The piles here are not readily discernible, 
 but they begin above the town near the furthest houses, and 
 extend over the bay. Stone celts have been found all along 
 the shore. 
 
 Below EBMATINGEN. This settlement occupies the bay below 
 the village ; the piles in untold numbers project about half 
 a foot above the lake bottom ; a considerable portion of the 
 whole area is covered with fine sand. Many stone implements 
 are found where there is gravel, but the ground in general is 
 not gravelly ; there are only a few whole round stones. On the 
 contrary, however, there are a very large number of fragments 
 of stone arising from the manufacture of stone celts. One of 
 the celts found was of nephrite. Flint flakes, the refuse from 
 the manufacture of flint tools and weapons, were found in im- 
 mense numbers ; though flint knives and arrow-heads are rather 
 rare. This station appears to have been voluntarily abandoned, 
 for though the ground has been excavated to the depth of three 
 feet, no black earth or burnt wood has been met with, and no
 
 268 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 
 
 other supposition will explain the comparatively few stone im- 
 plements found here. 
 
 LAKE OF NUSSBAUMEN. 
 
 At the southern spur of the heights between the Unter-See 
 and the Thur, in the open valley between Stein and Frauenfeld, 
 are three small lakes joined together ; the Upper, the Lower, 
 and the Hasen lakes. The two first take rather more than 
 half an hour to walk round them. These lakes are for the 
 most part filled with reeds, and are very full of fish. In the 
 first, which also goes by the name of the lake of Nussbaum, there 
 is a little island, on which Professor von Morlot has discovered 
 piles and other indisputable evidences of a lake dwelling. 
 
 NIEDERWYL, near FRAUENFELD, see page 69. 
 
 LAKE OF PFAEFFIKON. 
 
 PFAEFFIKON (?) 
 IRGENHAUSEN 
 HIMMERICH (?) 
 EOBENHAUSEN 
 
 KlEDBUEHL (?) 
 
 >-see page 37,. 
 
 LAKE OF GREIFFENSEE. 
 
 No settlement was positively known in this lake until 
 February 1866, when the water was very low, and an actual 
 lake dwelling was discovered by Mr. Messikomer. It lies in 
 the immediate neighbourhood of the brick-kilns of Biedikon, 
 and extends over about an acre. It is nearly a hundred feet 
 from the shore, and the depth of water is from three to four 
 feet. The antiquities found here are flints, stone celts, broken 
 hazelnuts, pottery, and grains of barley. The bottom is 
 covered with a mass of broken stones. 
 
 LAKE OF ZURICH. 
 
 MAENEDORF. In the winter between 1843 and 1844 the water 
 was very low, and advantage was taken of this to deepen the 
 harbour near the last houses at Manedorf in the direction of 
 Uetikon. The place of excavation was only a few paces from 
 the present bank. Before digging far, the workmen came upon 
 a blackish alluvial earth, which, when thrown out, gave a
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 209 
 
 peculiar odour ; it had been formed by the decay of wood and 
 animal matter, and was advantageously used as manure on the 
 neighbouring meadows. In this earth were found bones and 
 horns of animals, many kinds of implements, and a number of 
 very perfect stone celts, some of which are in the museum of 
 the Zurich Society, but many specimens were broken to pieces 
 or thrown again into the lake ; they are all of pretty spotted 
 serpentine, and are remarkable for their size, for the careful 
 workmanship, and for the fact that the posterior part, after 
 having been ground, has again been hewn and made rough. 
 From information obtained by the author after repeated visits 
 to the place, it was very evident that a lake dwelling formerly 
 existed here, and this was mentioned in the first report 011 the 
 lake dwellings made to the Zurich Antiquarian Association. 
 Thus the matter rested, till the early part of the year 1865, 
 when circumstances occurred to confirm the opinion expressed 
 several years before. It was found necessary to deepen the 
 small harbour where the antiquities had previously been 
 found, and a space of about eighty feet long by thirty feet 
 broad was excavated to the depth of about four feet. In doing 
 this the regular substructure of the lake dwelling came to light. 
 The piles, some of oak, and some of fir, stood so close together 
 that not even a single pile could have stood between them. 
 The antiquities found during this excavation are precisely 
 similar to those of other lake dwellings of the stone age, such as 
 Meilen, &c. It is, however, proved that this settlement lasted till 
 the beginning of the bronze age, as a portion of a crucible 
 exactly like those found at Eobenhausen both in shape and 
 material was discovered here. 
 
 ZtJKiCH. Just at the outlet of the lake, between the place 
 called the 'Bauschanze' and the Hotel Baur au Lac when 
 several years ago, and again in the winter of 1857, the mud- 
 machine was used in the bed of the river, several antiqui- 
 ties were brought up ; they consisted of the heads of piles, 
 whole stags' horns with incisions, and with the ends cut off; 
 also pieces of horn intended for haftings, together with bones 
 and corn-crushers. Unfortunately the soil in which these 
 things were found was not thrown on the mainland, but taken 
 
 o y 
 
 away to the depths of the lake. There can be no doubt of the 
 existence of a considerable lake dwelling on this spot. It is 
 well known that in the first decade of this century the 
 promenade in front of the Stadthaus still formed part of the 
 lake, and was a favourite bathing-place. Elderly people
 
 270 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 
 
 (amongst whom is the author himself) remember quite dis- 
 tinctly the stumps of piles projecting here in great numbers 
 out of the mud. At the present time, as the actual site of the 
 lake dwellings is covered with earth, only a few dozen are to be 
 seen at the eastern extremity of the settlement. 
 
 LAKE OF ZUG. 
 
 Several lake dwellings have been found on the banks of this 
 lake. See page 123. 
 
 LAKE OF BALDEGG. 
 
 Colonel Schwab has found the remains of five lake dwellings 
 on this lake ; one of them is situated not far from the mouth of 
 the Aa. The piles are spread over about 14,500 square feet ; 
 they are not numerous ; some of them may be observed at a 
 depth of fifteen feet just where the lake becomes suddenly deep. 
 Fragments of pottery are found here. The other four settlements 
 are situated close to the bank, on what is now dry land, and can 
 only be investigated by regular excavation. 
 
 LAKE OF SEMPACH. 
 
 The earliest information as to lake dwellings in this lake was 
 communicated by the Rev. Jos. Boelsterli. In the year 1806 
 the water was six or eight feet lower than usual. The strand 
 then became about 200 feet in breadth, and a number of piles 
 were exposed which had previously been covered with very 
 shallow water. These piles are said to have been a foot in 
 diameter, and, when drawn up, to have been twelve feet long. 
 About forty piles were found together; some Celtic weapons 
 (described in the seventh volume of the ' Geschichtsfreund') and 
 also pins and other implements were found here. 
 
 Since then Colonel Schwab has submitted the lake to a more 
 complete examination. The settlements run along the shore, 
 and are not broad, as the lake becomes deeper at some little 
 distance from the shore. The remains of the lake dwellings do 
 not lie deep in the ground, for the peat on the average is only a 
 foot thick. The stone implements of Schenken and Eich do 
 not differ in material from those of other settlements, but they 
 are especially remarkable for careful workmanship ; in fact, they 
 are amongst the best things of the kind found in the lake 
 dwellings. They are all deposited in the Antiquarian Collection 
 at Lucerne.
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 271 
 
 At the north end of the lake of Sempach, a tongue of land, 
 about 300 feet broad, runs nearly 600 feet into the water, and 
 appears to consist of gravel from the neighbouring moraine of 
 Mariazell, which forms the termination of the lake in that 
 direction. Here at almost every step fragments of Celtic 
 pottery are met with. The lake dwelling itself is seen in the 
 shape of a few piles in the neighbourhood of the bank. 
 
 Very near this place, in dry ground, hardly twenty feet from 
 the water, and only a foot under the surface, a number of 
 antiquities were discovered ; they consisted of nineteen bronze 
 armlets, one bronze sickle, two bronze celts with shaft flanges, 
 one broken stone hammer, and two corn-crushers. At another 
 place, a short distance off, there was found a human skull, also 
 a lance-head, a hairpin, and a gouge of bronze, together with 
 pottery, wild boars' tusks made into tools, and the bones of pigs. 
 But neither the owner of the land nor the antiquaries have been 
 able to decide whether these specimens really belonged to a lake 
 dwelling, or had been brought here in the earth from some 
 neighbouring locality. The presence of a number of horses' ribs, 
 which were found here, may be explained by the supposition 
 that this was the place where they were skinned. The small 
 but singular earthenware vessel (Plate XXII., fig. 15) was 
 found here. 
 
 The following is a list of the chief settlements in the lake of 
 Sempach : 
 
 SEMPACH. EICH. This settlement is now entirely on dry 
 land ; numerous piles are found on excavation over an area of 
 about 58,000 square feet. Flint flakes and arrow-heads, a 
 bronze celt, and a wooden club were the antiquities discovered 
 here. 
 
 SCHENKEN. This station contains about 97,000 square feet; 
 about half of which is now on dry land. The specimens found 
 here were flint arrow-heads, and fragments of pottery. 
 
 LITTLE ISLAND. On the north-west of this little island an 
 area of about 200 square feet, formerly covered with water, is 
 sparingly studded with piles. The antiquities found here 
 consist of pottery, stone celts, flint flakes, and arrow-heads, and 
 the head of a bronze hairpin. 
 
 MAEIAZELL. The whole of this settlement, which contains 
 about 29,000 square feet, has been dry since the level of the lake 
 was lowered in the year 1806. Probably the bronze implements 
 mentioned above were found here. The antiquities found by 
 Colonel Schwab consist of flint flakes, two stone spindle-whorls, 
 a stone celt, and an iron knife.
 
 272 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 
 
 MARGRETHEN. NOTTWYL. In front of this place, at a depth 
 of fifteen feet, there is a double row of piles. 
 
 Between NOTTWYL and SEMPACH. Piles are to be seen at the 
 mouth of a brook. 
 
 LAKE OF MAUENSEE. 
 
 This little lake is connected with that of Wauwyl, which is 
 still smaller. Colonel Schwab has found piles at two places, viz., 
 opposite to Wauwyl and Kaltbach, and he is convinced that 
 an excavation on the little island would reveal the remains of a 
 settlement. Flint arrow-heads were found at the locality first 
 named. 
 
 LAKE OF WAUWYL. See page 77. 
 
 LAKE OF INKWYL. 
 
 About an hour's walk south of the little town of Wangen, not 
 far from Soleure, the lake of Inkwyl lies in a boggy plain ; it is 
 about twenty minutes' walk in circumference, from eighteen to 
 thirty feet deep, and is covered at the bottom with mud. This 
 little sheet of water abounds in fish, is completely frozen over 
 every winter, and is not open again till April. In the middle 
 of it there is an artificial island, rising about ten feet above the 
 level of the water, tolerably round, and aboutfifty feetin diameter, 
 over which a wooden stage extends about six or seven feet under- 
 ground, made of cross pieces of fir-wood (now indeed quite 
 rotten), and resting on oak piles from three to four feet apart. 
 There is a layer of black earth about one foot thick which covers 
 it, and which contains the greatest number of antiquities. 
 Immediately under the cross beams there is a bed of whitish 
 slimy earth filled with many small shells, which is a proof that 
 the platform with the huts upon it stood above the water, and 
 that the piles which supported it had been driven into a shallow 
 part of the lake. 
 
 This settlement was discovered by Professor von Morlot in 
 September 1854, and described in the work 'The Lake Dwellings 
 of Moosseedorfsee, in the canton of Bern,' by A. Jahn and J. J. 
 Uhlmann. The results of the subsequent excavations, undertaken 
 by Mr. Amiet of Soleure, in November 1857, and by Mr. Roth, 
 the proprietor of the island, in April 1858, were published by 
 Mr. A. Jahn in the ' Anzeiger fur Schweizerische Geschichte 
 und Alterthumskunde.' 1858, No. 4. In many points this 
 station seems very similar to the Irish crannoges.
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 273 
 
 The implements found here were stone celts of nephrite and 
 serpentine haffced with stag's horn ; many cutting instruments of 
 flint, barbed arrow-heads of the same material, corn-crushers, 
 and slabs of sandstone for grinding the hatchets ; pointed tools 
 of all sorts, made out of bones, especially those of the stag ; 
 wild boars' tusks, some of them perforated ; an immense number 
 of fragments of pottery, some made from coarser and some 
 from finer materials, and in some cases ornamented with pat- 
 terns of lines ; fragments of bowls of potstone, clay spindle- 
 whorls, some bronze fish-hooks (?), and, lastly, an iron implement 
 which appears to date from the Roman age. Some objects of 
 very soft sandstone are particularly interesting, which are drawn 
 and described in the above-named number of the ' Anzeiger.' 
 
 Plate XXXIX. fig. 2 represents one of the small earthenware 
 rings used as net-sinkers. This specimen has the farrow still 
 remaining which was worn by the cord. It seems now clear 
 that these smaller rings were net-weights, while most of the 
 larger ones were supports for the conical-footed earthenware 
 vessels. The large rings with very small openings and the 
 small rings with very large ones are somewhat difficult to un- 
 derstand. 
 
 LAKE OF MOOSSEEDORF. See page 31. 
 
 LAKE OF BIENNE. 
 
 The plan drawn Plate LVI. shows the situation of the lake- 
 dwellings known in this lake. It is entirely by the exertions of 
 Colonel Schwab that we have obtained so much information re- 
 specting them. The letters S and B indicate settlements of the 
 stone and bronze periods, but here in this lake we shall find two 
 other letters. I indicates that the settlement was in existence 
 during the iron age, and R that a number of Roman remains 
 are found in its ruins. Whether settlements of this nature were 
 actually inhabited in Roman times remains yet to be decisively 
 proved. 
 
 Twenty-one settlements are known on this lake, as will be 
 seen by the plan ; a few particulars will now be given of those 
 which are of the most importance. 
 
 NIDAU. See page 132. 
 
 GRASEREN. An inconsiderable settlement very much covered 
 with mud, probably occupied by a small number of inhabitants. 
 It lies about 200 feet from the shore. The following antiquities
 
 274 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 
 
 were found here : A dagger, the handle ornamented with silver 
 wire ; knives, sickles, and other implements of iron; mealstones, 
 slingstones, and corn- crushers. 
 
 SUTZ. This place is about half an hour's walk from Mdau ; 
 Roman buildings have been found in the neighbourhood, viz., 
 in the Schlattwald and on the banks of the lake below the 
 church. About 100 or 150 feet from the shore piles are seen 
 like those of Nidau, about six feet under water, and hardly pro- 
 jecting a foot above the bottom. The ground here consists of 
 loamy mud, but in parts it is covered with roundish gravel and 
 granite stones, which the inhabitants think have been collected 
 from the neighbouring cliffs and sunk here ; the whole space, 
 however, about 2 acres in extent, where the heads of piles are 
 occasionally seen, is only a trifle higher than the surrounding 
 parts. The piles, so far as they have been examined, appear to 
 be of oak, and seem to be thicker than those of Mdau. No 
 horizontal balks have yet been found here. The distance 
 between the piles seems very irregular ; sometimes they are a 
 foot apart, sometimes several feet, and sometimes only six inches ; 
 they run occasionally parallel with the bank, and then again 
 they take a turn, and incline towards the shore in either a 
 straight or curved line. The wood found here shows traces of 
 burning, and the few earthenware vessels met with were also 
 filled with charcoal. A bronze celt was found here which had 
 the half of the shaft between the flanges turned into char- 
 coal. In short, the appearance of most of the specimens, together 
 with the black muddy bottom, may be taken as a proof that the 
 settlement here was destroyed by fire. To the antiquities 
 already mentioned may be added a bronze sword, Plate XLIL 
 fig. 4 ; two iron lance-points, Plate XLII. fig. 2, and a millstone 
 made after the Roman fashion. Plate XLII. fig. 1 shows two 
 views of a kind of hammer-pick, made of serpentine, with a 
 hollow in the middle to allow of its being held firmly, and 
 Pigs. 10 and 11 are two rods made of oak, which evidently have 
 been lances : the section is shown on one side of the figures. 
 Several of these weapons have been found both here and at 
 Nidau. Both ends were brought to a point ; they were not made 
 of whole branches, but were portions of split stems of oak. There 
 was also found a flint tongue or flake five inches long, and one 
 inch broad, flat on one side, and on the other shaped like a roof. 
 Whether it was a lance-point of very early age, or was destined 
 for some other purpose, we will not attempt to decide. Fig. 14 is 
 the sketch of a very singular bronze hook with three blunt teeth :
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 275 
 
 the use of this implement is unknown. The bronze sword drawn 
 Fig. 7 was found between Sutz and Lattringen. 
 
 LATTEINGEN. Near this village, which is about ten minutes' 
 walk from Sutz, there are two places in the lake where piles are 
 seen. One of them lies immediately in front of the little harbour, 
 is about three or four acres in extent, and approaches to within 
 twenty feet of the shore. The depth of the water is from six 
 to eight feet, as is generally the case in this neighbourhood. 
 It does not appear that the settlement was formed on any arti- 
 ficial elevation of the bottom. The piles are placed very irregu- 
 larly, and project only a few inches from the bottom, which is 
 unfortunately very much covered with mud ; and this renders 
 the investigation somewhat difficult. The antiquities found here 
 consist of a bronze dagger, Plate XLII. fig. 3 ; a bronze shovel- 
 shaped celt; a bronze hook, Fig. 13 ; a spiral ring of bronze ; 
 some corn-crushers made of pebbles ; a stone with cavities both 
 above and below, and which doubtless served as a mortar or 
 mealing-stone for crushing corn, like that from Nidau, drawn 
 Plate XXXVIII. fig. 5, and some coarse pottery. 
 
 Above LATTRINGEN. About 500 or 600 feet from the last- 
 named settlement there is a circular elevation in the bed of the 
 lake, about forty feet in diameter, where piles are found. This 
 submerged mound is about eight feet below the surface, while 
 between it and the shore the depth is ten feet, and on the other 
 side towards the lake the water is thirteen feet deep. There 
 appears to have been here quite a low dam with piles, joining 
 the settlement and the land together. The piles, which are 
 scattered, and few in number, project about a foot or a foot and 
 a half above the bed of the lake. The bottom is very much 
 covered with mud. The horn of a roe (?) was dredged up here, 
 and also pottery, which in shape and quality is precisely similar 
 to what has been previously described. 
 
 MORINGEN. This village is situated about a quarter of an 
 hour's walk from the place last mentioned, on a bay the northern 
 portion of which is called the nook of Moringen ; its position 
 will be seen on the map in Plate XL. In the middle of this bay 
 there is an elevation of the bottom covered by about six feet or 
 six feet and a half of water. Although this place is only higher 
 than the space between it and the shore by about a foot, yet it 
 has received the name of the Steinberg chiefly from the number 
 of stones which are scattered about upon it artificially. The 
 Steinberg of Moringen is about half an acre in extent, and is 
 about 300 feet from the shore. The piles are not very numerous, 
 
 T 2
 
 276 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 
 
 they are placed irregularly, and project about one foot from 
 the bottom. Horizontal beams have been found here sunk in 
 the deep mud. In fact, a very large quantity of wood lies about 
 on the bed of the lake, the appearance of which, with other 
 tokens, proves that the settlement was destroyed by fire. 
 Moringen was the first place which was known to M. Miiller as a 
 locality for antiquities, and which he first worked to advantage ; 
 and for three years he enriched his cabinet from this place with 
 many interesting specimens. The following may be especially 
 mentioned : Several bronze celts ; some armlets of bronze 
 wire ; clay rings of different sizes, exactly like those found at the 
 Nidau Steinberg ; a whole series of perfect earthenware pots, 
 bowls, and drinking-cups, made of the material already de- 
 scribed; an iron sword in good preservation, drawn one-fifth of 
 its actual size, Plate XL. figs. 2 and 5 ; and a remarkable iron 
 fork 8 inches long, provided with appendages at the sides, Fig. 3. 
 
 Colonel Schwab also procured from this place many in- 
 teresting antiquities ; he found charred apples, rope made of 
 bast, cords made of flax, grains of wheat, small beans, &c. 
 
 From his numerous collection the following objects have been 
 selected to be drawn. 
 
 Plate XLI. figs. 1 and 2 bronze knives; fig. 2 is hafted 
 with stag's horn ; fig. 3, bronze pin ; figs. 4 and 5, different views 
 of a bronze celt of a, form unusual in the lake dwellings ; fig. 7, 
 a round bronze plate ornamented with knobs ; fig. 11 is a small 
 bronze awl fixed in a wooden handle. Plate XCV. figs. 3, 4, and 
 5, are three round plates of bronze ornamented in different ways. 
 Plate XLI. fig. ] 7, bronze implement for suspension. Plate 
 XLII.fig.8, one of the well-known 'moon-images' of bronze: this 
 specimen is sharp at the outer edge ; fig. 9 is a bronze knife of 
 very elegant form and beautiful ornamentation. The number 
 and variety of the bronze knives found in the lake dwellings have 
 already been mentioned in the account of Mdau, but this 
 knife is probably the most beautiful of any that have yet been 
 found.* 
 
 * Sir Gardner Wilkinson has kindly pointed out to me the great similarity, if not 
 identity, both in form and ornamentation, between this knife and one which he found 
 at Thebes, of which the accompanying woodcut is a representation taken from a 
 sketch obligingly communicated by him
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 277 
 
 Several rather peculiar specimens of earthenware have been 
 found here. Plate XLI. fig. 10 is part of a vessel with a kind 
 of spout ; figs. 12 and 14 are shaped like saucers ; figs. 15 and 
 1 6 are different views of a fragment of a vessel in which the 
 handle is made inside ; fig. 18 is a drinking-cup. Plate XLII. 
 fig. 16 is one of the regular ' moon-images ' of earthenware, 
 ornamented with vertical lines arranged in irregular groups. 
 Plate XXII. figs. 27 and 28 represent a cup with feet, an 
 arrangement which is very rare in the lake dwellings. Plate 
 XLI. fig. 6 is a bone arrow-head ; fig. 9 is a weaver's shuttle, 
 also of bone. Fig. 13 is a string of beads made of glass and 
 amber, and also three spirals of bronze. 
 
 Of wood, Fig. 8 is the drawing of a large mallet, and Plate 
 XLII. fig. 6 is a cup with a handle cut out of yew-wood, and 
 not of maple-wood, as was at first imagined. Plate XL. fig. 4 
 is the drawing of what is called an ' Einbaum,' or canoe, made 
 out of a single stem : three of these may be seen in the vicinity 
 of Moringen.* 
 
 A large number of bones are lying about on the lake bottom ; 
 it would be highly desirable to have them collected and de- 
 termined. 
 
 Below HAGENECK. Above the village of Tauffelen, in a 
 direct line below the houses at Hageneck, a number of rather 
 small piles are to be seen about 100 feet from the shore and at 
 a depth of about four feet. They project from the muddy 
 bottom about a foot or a foot and a half, and probably cover an 
 area of about an acre. From the depth of the water this place 
 did not offer any good results, and consequently it has not been 
 thoroughly examined. Some fragments of pottery, however, 
 have been found there, and these, together with the piles, prove 
 that it was the site of a settlement. 
 
 PETER'S ISLAND. This island, which in ancient times pro- 
 bably bore the name of Ubinowa ('Obere Aue,' the u 
 island), in contrast with Nidau (the lower land or island), has 
 
 Sir Gardner's opinion is that this knife is of a Gaulish type, and he accounts for its 
 presence at Thebes by the fact well known in history that Ptolemy Philadelphia had 
 in his service a troop of Gaulish soldiers, and that others of the same nation were em- 
 ployed by the celebrated Cleopatra. It is singular that an illustration of lake dwelling 
 antiquities should come from the far-distant land of Egypt, but anyone who compares 
 the two knives will be struck with the resemblance, and will be satisfied that the orna- 
 mentation in both cases springs from the same source. [Ts.] 
 
 * Similar boats are still in use in some parts of Switzerland, as, for instance, in 
 the lakes of Lucerne, Zug, and Aegeri (in the Canton of Zug). On the banks of the 
 latter lake they are still manufactured ; and Dr. Keller informs me that in the spring of 
 this year he saw a boat of this description in the harbour of the town, of Zug. [Tn.]
 
 278 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 
 
 on the south side the remains of an extensive settlement. The 
 piles are from one to two feet apart, and stand in rows which 
 for the most part run parallel with the bank, at a distance from 
 it of about thirty or forty feet ; the breadth of the piled space 
 here is hardly as wide, because the lake bottom suddenly 
 deepens. The bottom is exceedingly muddy, so that there is 
 great difficulty in investigating it. The piles project about one 
 or two inches from the bottom, and probably extend over two 
 acres. One object found here especially claims the attention of 
 antiquaries ; it is a canoe or boat (Einbaum) sunk in the mud 
 at the north end of the island, about fifty feet long and three 
 and a half or four feet wide, so that it must have been made 
 out of a colossal trunk. As it is filled with stones, and lies 
 near a heap of stones, there can be no doubt that it went down 
 from overloading. We have therefore here a matter-of-fact 
 proof that the places in the lake selected for settlements were 
 really covered over intentionally with a bed of stones. 
 
 The bronze pin drawn Plate XXXIX. fig. 4 was found 
 here. 
 
 LITTLE ISLAND. (Kanincheninsel). On the western side of 
 this little island, portions of Roman roofing tiles and frag- 
 ments of pottery have been found in great numbers ; but on 
 the south side, the former steward of Peter's Island noticed a 
 group of piles projecting about two inches high above the mud 
 bottom, which in all probability mark the site of a lake settle- 
 ment. Colonel Schwab has lately investigated this locality, 
 and found objects of the stone, the bronze, and the Gallo-Roman 
 periods all mixed together. Forty Roman coins have been dis- 
 covered here. The little gold ornament drawn Plate XLII. 
 fig. 5, was found at this place. 
 
 Above LIGERZ. This settlement is about forty or fifty feet 
 from the shore ; the extent is about 3,850 square feet, the 
 average depth of water is about eight feet ; the piles are scat- 
 tered and thin. 
 
 VINGELZ. This settlement is situated about 2,950 feet from 
 the shore, and covers an area of about 39,000 square feet. The 
 water is fifteen feet deep. The antiquities found here were 
 meal-stones, corn-crushers, great stones for weights with iron 
 rings, sling-stones, and pottery. This settlement is so far from 
 shore that at one time it was thought probable that there 
 might be a kind of pile-bridge connection with the opposite 
 station of Nidau ; but on further examination, this idea haa 
 been given up : it has not been proved.
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 279 
 
 Between Vingelz and Bienne is a raised elevation on the 
 bed of the lake, covered with stones, but without any visible 
 piles. Colonel Schwab got two iron javelins from this place. 
 The bronze hook drawn Plate XLII. fig. 12 was found at the 
 mouth of the Scheuss. The pin, Fig. 15, came also from the 
 same locality, as also the ornament of iron, Plate XXXIX. 
 fig. 9. 
 
 LAKE OF NEUCHATEL. 
 
 The banks of this lake, like those of the lake of Bienne, were 
 studded with settlements, the eastern side more especially, 
 offering many favourable localities from the gradual deepening 
 of the water and the broad shallow margin (weisser Grund, 
 blanc fond). It will be seen from the notices of the various 
 settlements, and of the objects found in them, that some date 
 from the earliest age, that others continued during the Helvetian 
 times, and that not a few were inhabited even after the Roman 
 occupation during the Gallo-Eoman period of Helvetia. It 
 remains yet to be proved whether any lasted to a still later age, 
 though the present evidence seems to point to the contrary. 
 
 For the following notices as to the settlements on this lake, 
 and the antiquities found in them, I am indebted almost en- 
 tirely to Colonel Frederick Schwab of Bienne, who is rendering 
 very great service to archaeology by his zealous and careful 
 investigation of these singular settlements. It is from his in- 
 formation that the maps of the lakes of Neuchatel, Bienne, 
 and Morat on Plate LVI. have been drawn. It need hardly be 
 mentioned that in the plan of the Neuchatel lake the letters 
 S B I and Pv mean the same as in the plan of the lake of Bienne. 
 As the settlements in the lake of Neuchatel are so numerous, 
 and there are not always places in proximity from which they 
 might be named, Colonel Schwab has numbered these stations 
 from one to fifty. The present map is simply a reproduction of 
 his former one, with the addition of a few lake dwellings lately 
 discovered. 
 
 1 and 2. A LA TENE, PEE FARGIER, AND MARIN. These 
 settlements, though given under two numbers, are one and 
 the same lake dwelling ; a full account of the place and its 
 antiquities will be found on page 239, and in order to prevent 
 confusion it has been called Marin. 
 
 3. HAUTE RIVE. There is here a large settlement extending 
 over about 117,000 square feet; the water is from four to six
 
 280 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 
 
 feet deep. Two iron spear-heads and some pottery were found 
 here by Colonel Schwab. This station has subsequently been in- 
 vestigated by Professor Desor, who has discovered a ' Steinberg,' 
 or artificial elevation, very similar to that of Auvernier. No 
 metal implement has been found on either ' Steinberg,' only 
 bone and flint weapons ; but pottery has been met with on that 
 of Hauterive. The depth of water on the Steinberg at Haute- 
 rive is greater than on that of Auvernier. 
 4 and 5. MONEUZ. 
 
 6. CEET. A small settlement. An implement was found 
 here like a cylindrical roller, with an iron hook at each end. 
 It weighed about a quarter of a hundred-weight, and the letters 
 I R were engraved upon it ; several stone chisels were also met 
 with here, and a great stone with a large cavity. 
 
 7, 8, 9. ATJVEENIEE. See page 153. 
 
 10 and 11. COLOMBIER. In one of these settlements no actual 
 piles are visible, but there is a subaqueous elevation, made of 
 stones, chiefly broken ; a quantity of burnt wood, however, has 
 been noticed, and flint knives have been found here. The other 
 settlement stands near the shore, and exhibits low piles. Flint 
 implements, celts made of serpentine, and Roman tiles, have 
 been found here. 
 
 12. A settlement about 70 feet from land. Depth of water, 
 16 feet. Eoman pottery and tiles were found here. 
 
 13, 14, 15. COETAILLOD. See page 148. 
 
 16, 17, 18. BEVAIX. One of these settlements is near the 
 Abbaye and another near the mill. Colonel Schwab has lately 
 procured from these localities bronze hairpins, pottery, bones, 
 and the handsome bronze knife drawn Plate XL VII. fig. 6. 
 The station most to the south is about 90 feet from the land, 
 and extends over an area of 97,000 square feet. Depth of water, 
 15 feet ; it appears to be richer in antiquities than the other 
 two. 
 
 19. CHEZ LES MOINES. A settlement about 100 feet from 
 land. Depth of water, 4 feet. The area is about 77,000 square 
 feet, with a raised portion called the ' Teneviere.' The an- 
 tiquities found here consist of pieces of stag's horn, stone 
 chisels, and fragments of Roman tiles. Grass grows on this 
 locality. 
 
 20. Near ST. AUBIN. The extent of this lake dwelling is 
 about 106,000 square feet. The piles extend to the shore. On 
 the lake side the depth of water is about 5 feet. A quantity 
 of pottery was found here, stone plummets or weights, bones, and
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 281 
 
 pieces of stag's horn. Dr. Clement has obtained from this 
 station an excellent collection of objects of the stone age. 
 
 21 to 29 are fully described in the report given by M. Louis 
 Eochat, on the lake dwellings in the neighbourhood of Yverdon. 
 They comprise the well-known names of Concise, Corcelettes, and 
 Les Uttins. M. Kochat's report will be found from page 168 
 to page 182. Perhaps it may be well to mention that No. 23 
 is reported by Colonel Schwab to be about 126,000 square feet 
 in extent, and that here also the piles extend to the land ; those 
 which are the farthest in the lake stand in water ten feet deep. 
 
 30. YVONAND. A ' Berg,' or subaqueous hillock, without piles 
 and deeply covered with mud. 
 
 31. 
 
 32. FONT. One of the most remarkable antiquities found here 
 is the cupped or hollowed stone drawn Plate XXXIX. fig. 12. 
 It is well known that stones with this peculiarity are met with 
 in nearly all the countries formerly inhabited by the Celts. 
 They have been found in the lake of Neuchatel at Corcelettes, at 
 Font, above Estavayer, and at the lake dwelling of Cortaillod, 
 jtst opposite the shore, almost always in places which are dry 
 at low water. 
 
 The implements met with in the neighbourhood of these 
 hollowed stones belong in general to the bronze age. The cups 
 vary from three to ten inches in diameter ; they are seldom 
 more than an inch in depth. They are made on the surface of 
 the stone without any kind of order, except that when they are 
 three in number they form as it were the points of an equilateral 
 triangle, as may be seen in the drawing. The number of hollows 
 or cups varies exceedingly ; sometimes, as in the stones found 
 in the lake dwellings above mentioned, there is only one, but more 
 frequently there are from ten to twenty. A stone in the collec- 
 tion of Colonel Schwab, weighing about five hundred-weight, is 
 remarkable for having on one side a single hollow a foot in 
 diameter, and on the other eight smaller hollows. These stones 
 do not show the least trace of work except the cups ; they are all 
 made out of erratic blocks, and chiefly of granite, or some other 
 very hard stone. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Bienne, * im Luterholz,' on an 
 exposed eminence, there is a block weighing about twenty hun- 
 dred-weight with eighteen hollows, of which eight are set 
 in pairs, and six in rows of three joined together by fur- 
 rows. A sketch of this stone has been kindly communicated by 
 Colonel Schwab, and is drawn Plate XXXIX. fig. 14. Another
 
 282 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 
 
 of these stones with hollows, drawn Fig. 13, was found in a grave 
 opened on the height of Jolimont, between the lakes of Bienne 
 and Neuchatel ; it is now in the collection of Colonel Schwab. 
 
 33 and 34. ESTAVAYEE. See page 156. 
 
 35. Below COEBIERE. Distant from the land about 700 feet. 
 Depth of water eight or nine feet. Extent about 58,000 square 
 feet. A Roman water-jug was found here. The rocky shore, in 
 which there are many hollows formed by the action of the water, 
 bears the name of La Creuse, or ' Port des Sarrasins.' 
 
 36 and 37. FOEEL. Distant from the land about 880 feet. 
 Depth of water from five to seven feet. This settlement is of 
 later date. Roman tiles have been found here. 
 
 38 and 39. CHEVEOUX. Distant from the land about 400 
 feet. Depth of water from three to four feet. One of these 
 settlements nearest the village is covered with sand, and has 
 been built over by a harbour mole. The other may possibly 
 form part of the same dwelling. Spindle-whorls of stone have 
 been found here, and also the singular bronze dagger drawn 
 Plate XXXIX. fig. 1. A remarkable bronze implement is 
 drawn Plate XXII. figs. 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24. The use of it 
 is unknown. As it has a socket, it appears to have been fixed 
 on a staff or stick ; the four rings on the rod joining the two 
 sides of the metal strip are movable. 
 
 40. Above CHEVEOUX. Distant from the shore about 600 feet. 
 Depth of water from five to eight feet. Extent about 58,000 
 square feet. The antiquities found are pottery, corn-crushers, 
 stone celts, bronze sickles, knives, swords, and armlets, and a 
 great iron fork. 
 
 41. GLETTEEENS. Distant from the land about 600 feet. 
 Size about 77,000 square feet. The depth of water from seven 
 to eight feet. This settlement is of later date. Fragments of 
 earthen vessels and of Roman tiles have been found here. 
 
 42. 
 
 43. POET ALBAN. About 980 feet distant from the shore in 
 a depth of five feet of water. Extent 87,000 square feet. The 
 antiquities found here were pottery, stone chisels, and pieces of 
 stag's horn. Between this place and Cudrefin, according to 
 Professor Desor, there is a station of the iron age. 
 
 44. About 590 feet from the shore. Depth of water four 
 feet. Extent 68,000 square feet. Stone spindle-whorls, stone 
 celts, pottery, and pieces of stag's horn have been found here. 
 
 45. CHAMP MAETIN. About 400 feet distant from the shore. 
 The water is about four or five feet deep. There is here a
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 283 
 
 ( Berg,' or elevation of the lake bottom. Probably this is an 
 earlier settlement, but it has not yet been carefully examined ; 
 only clay spindle-whorls have been found as yet. 
 
 46. 
 
 47. Near CUDEEFIN. About 200 feet from land. The water 
 is two feet deep. Extent about 77,000 square feet. There is a 
 raised hillock to be seen here. The place is overgrown with 
 weeds, and is partly dry when the water is low. The piles are 
 numerous. Pottery has been found here, and a boat made out 
 of a single stem. 
 
 48. 
 
 49. A LA SAUGE. This settlement, the extent of which has 
 not yet been ascertained, is situated above 980 feet from the 
 land. The depth of water is about seven feet. The antiquities 
 found here are pottery, among which is the specimen drawn 
 Plate XXXIX. fig. 3, apparently a kind of funnel, Roman 
 tiles, and the handle of a Roman amphora. 
 
 50. PONT DE LA THIELE (Zihlbriicke), between the two lakes. 
 This settlement is situated on the right bank of the river; it 
 begins about 150 paces above the remains of a Roman bridge ; 
 it is continued under it, and terminates about twenty paces 
 below. It touches the shore. The antiquities found here are 
 stone celts in haftings of stag's horn, and also fragments of 
 Roman pottery and tiles. The iron lance-head drawn Plate 
 XL VII. fig. 7 was found about 3,000 feet above the Pont de la 
 Thiele in the lake of Neuchatel. In this locality piles are seen 
 more than 3,000 feet from the shore. This lance-head is orna- 
 mented with raised lines and with furrows very similar to those 
 on the iron fork from Moringen drawn Plate XL. fig. 3 ; the 
 socket has on each side rather a sharp spike. Probably this 
 weapon belongs to the series of iron implements, ornamented 
 swords, &c., which have been found in the vicinity, and are 
 described in this volume. 
 
 LAKE OF MORAT. 
 
 All the settlements discovered in this lake by Colonel 
 Schwab are laid down in the map on Plate LVI. Repeated ex- 
 cavations have also lately been made at many points by Colonel 
 Schwab, Baron von Bonstetten, and the Count de Pourtales, 
 the owner of an estate on the west shore of this lake, and the 
 result has been the acquisition of many interesting specimens 
 and of much valuable information. On the whole we may
 
 284 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 
 
 remark that some of the stations, such as that part of Greng 
 which is nearest the shore, belong exclusively to the stone age, 
 while others, such as Montellier, were founded in the stone age, 
 but continued till the bronze and iron periods. With respect to 
 the character of the objects found at the last-named station, it 
 is striking that the earthenware vessels, although made with 
 the hand alone, yet show a certain skill in the workmanship, a 
 great variety, and much elegance of form, all of which qualities 
 are wanting in the corresponding objects from the bronze set- 
 tlements of the lakes of Eastern Switzerland, such as those of 
 Sempach and Ueberlingen. It is a remarkable fact that in 
 that part of our country where the chief place, Aventicum, was 
 situated, we should find proofs in prehistoric times of a very- 
 early advance in civilisation. If we possessed no other proof of 
 the early progress of this district, the bronze die for the largest 
 type of Gallic gold coins found some years since at Avenches 
 would place the correctness of this observation beyond a doubt. 
 (See the Archaeological Journal for 1862, p. 253, and vol. xv. 
 of the ' Transactions of the Zurich Association : ' Dr. Meyer's 
 * Gallic Coins,' p. iv.) 
 
 The settlements are on both sides of the lake, and are nearly 
 at regular distances apart. 
 
 1 is a large station with numerous piles, about 930 feet 
 from the shore. The piles project two or three feet from the 
 lake bottom. 
 
 2. MONTELLIER. See page 190. 
 
 3. This settlement lies a little above the monument of the 
 battle of Murten or Morat. It is about 1,080 feet from the land, 
 and is of considerable extent. The piles are not visible. 
 
 4. Near GRENG. See page 134. 
 
 5. A small settlement. Depth of the water from four to six feet. 
 
 6. A large settlement, but to the present time nothing has 
 been found here but Roman tiles. 
 
 7 is like 6. 
 
 8. A small settlement in water three feet deep. No piles are 
 visible. 
 
 9. A small station, apparently without piles ; depth of the 
 water three feet. Pottery is found here. 
 
 10. A small settlement. Between the stations 10 and 11 
 Colonel Schwab found about a hundred clay vessels, some 
 perfect and some broken to pieces; several of them were 
 prettily formed, and neatly ornamented ; he also found what are 
 called sliiigstones, corn-crushers, clay rings, and, lastly, a bronze
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 2&5 
 
 earring, and a bronze plate with traces of tinning like those 
 found in the Gallo-Roman settlements. (Plate L. fig. 14.) 
 
 11 is situated somewhat farther off" in the lake. No piles are 
 visible. 
 
 12. A small place. Nothing has been found here as yet. 
 
 13. Rather a large settlement, but also without antiquities. 
 
 14. A small settlement. A stone celt, an iron javelin, and 
 Roman tiles have been found here. 
 
 15 and 16. These places are covered with fifteen feet of 
 water. 
 
 When the investigations were carried on in this lake, the 
 water unfortunately was very muddy, and in many places, as 
 for instance at Nos. 10 and 11, where most of the pottery was 
 found, the bottom was covered with lake grass. To examine 
 it completely, it would be necessary to employ a mud-machine. 
 Baron von Bonstetten, who has investigated this lake, and 
 confirmed the observations made by Colonel Schwab, has drawn 
 attention particularly to the problematical use of the conical 
 settlements found in it. They bear the greatest resemblance 
 to the sepulchral tumuli on land, and according to Colonel 
 Schwab's report, the summit would only afford room for the 
 erection of a single house. Towards the landside they are 
 only two or three feet higher than the lake bottom, but towards 
 the lake these little hills have a rapid slope of sixteen or 
 eighteen feet ; when the water is low, some of them project 
 from the surface. They consist entirely of rubble and broken 
 stones, and are quite circular at the base. M. von Bonstetten 
 examined one of them carefully, and was unable to discover 
 even a trace of piles, of pottery, or of anything formed arti- 
 ficially. 
 
 The stations which exhibit these artificial and conical eleva- 
 tions are Nos. 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 14. 
 
 The richest place of the lake of Morat is near Guevaux 
 (between 10 and 11) ; this is where the largest number of 
 earthenware vessels are found, and where Colonel Schwab's 
 dredger met with a piece of the clay covering of the huts 
 resembling in height and curve a portion of a large pot. 
 Here also was found the earthenware vessel drawn Plate L. 
 fig. 15 ; it has the neck perforated with a row of holes one 
 above another, each in a line running round the neck. These 
 perforated vessels, it will be remembered, have been repeatedly 
 found in other settlements, both in the lakes and on the main- 
 land.
 
 286 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 
 
 LAKE OF GENEVA. 
 
 The settlements on this lake, both on the northern and 
 southern shores, have been discovered and investigated by 
 M. Troyon, Professor Morlot, some antiquaries of Geneva, and 
 especially by M. Forel, of Morges, President of the Historical 
 Society of Western (Romanischen) Switzerland. It is to the 
 last-named gentleman that we are indebted for an accurate 
 account of the lake dwelling of Morges, one of the most ex- 
 tensive of these settlements, and also one which has afforded 
 the greatest number of antiquities. He has established a very 
 instructive museum of the antiquities discovered in the lake ; 
 amongst which will be found many remarkable bronze imple- 
 ments, and a great number of earthenware vessels equalling the 
 best specimens of the potter's art of these early ages. 
 
 The settlements of this lake extend to a considerable depth 
 into the water, and exhibit a firmer and better preserved sub- 
 structure than those of the eastern lakes, which were founded 
 and came to an end in what is called the stone period. This 
 peculiarity of the pile villages of the lake of Geneva, together 
 with the nature of the antiquities found in them, lead M. 
 Troyon to the conjecture that beneath the remains of dwellings 
 bearing the character of the bronze age those of the earliest 
 stone age may possibly lie buried. The piles of the colonies 
 in the lake of Geneva consist chiefly of stems of oak from 
 three to eight inches thick ; they are placed at various distances 
 from the shore, and had been driven into the muddy bottom, 
 where the water is from eight to twenty feet deep ; even at the 
 present day some of them project above the bottom five or six 
 feet. They are placed from one to two feet apart, and some- 
 times more, but they form no regular lines, though as a whole 
 they exhibit a certain kind of arrangement parallel with the 
 shore. 
 
 The following is a list of the settlements on this lake so far 
 as they are known. 
 
 1. CULLY. 
 
 2. LUTET. 
 
 3. PTJLLY. 
 
 4. COUE. 
 
 5. VlDT. 
 
 6. ST. SULPICE. 
 
 7. MOEGES. See page 194. 
 
 8. ST. PREX.
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. 287 
 
 9. EOLLE. 
 
 10. NYON. Opposite the anchoring-ground between the har- 
 bour and the point of Promenthou. 
 
 11. VERSOIX. 
 
 12. PAQUIS. 
 
 13. EIVE. 
 
 14. Opposite GENEVA. The piles are to be found in different 
 places at the end of what is called the little lake. Rows of 
 piles are seen running sometimes straight and sometimes dia- 
 gonally across the lake, and are known by the name of ' Travers.' 
 
 15. LA BELOTTE. 
 
 16. LA GABIULE. 
 
 17. BASST. 
 
 18. HERMANCE. At a distance from this place along the 
 shore of Savoy, which may be accomplished by boat in about 
 twenty-five minutes, there is the site of a lake dwelling. It is 
 easily recognised by the number of oak piles (red oak) fixed in 
 the lake bottom, as well as by the numerous fragments of pot- 
 tery, which may be seen. Some beautiful bronze celts, sickles, 
 and fibulae have been dredged up here. See the ( Journal de 
 Geneve,' September 30, 1857. 
 
 19. BEAU EEGAED. 
 
 20. NERNIEE. 
 
 21. YVOIRE. 
 
 22. THONON. 
 
 23. EVIAN. 
 
 24. AMPHION. 
 
 LAKE OF LUISSEL, NEAR BEX. 
 
 The following notice of this place is taken from the account 
 given by M. Troyon in the ' Anzeiger for Schweizerische Ge- 
 schichte und Alterthumskunde,' 1858, No. 2. I do not hesitate 
 to attribute to this kind of construction the ' find ' which was 
 made at the end of the last century in the little lake of Luissel, 
 near Bex, where the beautiful lance-heads and three fine bronze 
 swords were found, which are now preserved in the museums 
 of Lausanne and Bern. An eye-witness of this discovery has as- 
 sured me that in the same place pieces of wood, bones, and also 
 some corn were found buried in the peat. An account of this 
 discovery is to be found in the ' Nouvelliste Vaudois ' of October 
 31, 1803. The date of the discovery was March 24, 1791, and 
 it occurred in consequence of the works for draining and pro- 
 curing the peat.
 
 288 GEOGRAPHICAL LIST. . 
 
 LAKE OF ANNECY. 
 
 Two lake dwellings have been discovered in this lake. See 
 the ' Bulletin de FAssociation Morimontane d'Annecy,' No. 5, 
 p. 201, 1856. 
 
 LAKE OF BOUEGET. See page 202. 
 
 MEECUEAGO AND BOEGO TICINO. See page 210. 
 
 SAN MARTINO AND TOEEE BAIEO. See page 215. 
 
 LAKE VABESE. See page 217. 
 
 PESCHIERA AND THE LAKE OF GAEDA. See page 218. 
 
 LAGO DI FIMON, NEAR VICENZA. See page 222. 
 
 TEEEA MAEA. See page 222.
 
 289 
 
 GENEEAL EEMAEKS ON THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 After having taken a view of most of the lake dwellings which 
 have been discovered in the Swiss district up to the present * 
 time, we hope that a few words respecting the nature of these 
 settlements, the date of their existence, and the nationality of 
 their founders, will not be considered unsuitable even if the dis- 
 cussion should end in mere conjecture. 
 
 No one who was present during the excavation at Meilen, 
 the earliest settlement examined, and who saw the number of 
 household utensils, the beds of charcoal ashes, the hearthstones, 
 the pottery, the remains of wild animals which had served for 
 food, and especially the * relic-bed,' partly arising from the 
 accumulation of this animal refuse, and limited to this very 
 locality, has ever denied that on this very spot where the piles 
 and so many products of human industry were found, there had 
 once been a regular settlement, and that however much it may 
 go contrary to our preconceived ideas of the lazy life of a hunt- 
 ing and fishing people, the mass of piles formed the foundation 
 of their dwellings. 
 
 But though there was no doubt as to this general fact, 
 another question arose and created much interest amongst the 
 workmen as well as the bystanders, namely, whether the primi- 
 tive race had lived here on level ground, on the dry though 
 perhaps sandy and loamy banks ; or whether we may conclude 
 that the piles stood, as they now do, in the lake itself, but 
 originally projected above the water even at its highest level, 
 and that the huts of the settlers had been built on the tops of 
 these piles as on a kind of bridge. 
 
 After so many lake dwellings have been examined, it may 
 possibly be thought needless to enter into this question, as it is 
 virtually set at rest. Still, as the first alternative has been 
 brought forward, and it is possible that some persons may still 
 adhere to it, there can be no harm in devoting a few lines to a 
 consideration of it. 
 
 In the first place, it involves the somewhat venturesome ; but 
 often repeated, hypothesis that in early times the surface of the
 
 290 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 lake of Zurich and that of most other Swiss lakes was lower 
 than at present. In order to gain a foundation for this assertion, 
 it is pointed out with reference to the Zurich lake that ever 
 since the foundation of the city till comparatively a late period 
 whatever earth was dug out for building purposes or for levelling 
 the ground was at once thrown into the river, as well as all 
 rubbish and sweepings, just as was the case in all the cities 
 situated at the outlet of lakes. This, together with the 
 encroachments of buildings and streets, had seriously altered 
 the original width of the river-bed. As a direct proof that 
 there has been a gradual elevation of the bed of the river, the 
 fact is brought forward that when excavations are made a few 
 feet deep in the bed of the Limmat, pottery, bones, implements 
 of metal, and other things of the early ages are met with. 
 
 If, therefore, the lake having its outlet thus reduced was 
 dammed or penned up in later times, and its surface a few 
 thousand years ago was lower than at present, the settlers at 
 Meilen, and similar erections, in driving such an immense num- 
 ber of piles would have intended nothing more than to secure a 
 strip of land on the banks of the lake from any damage which 
 might be caused by the waves, so that they might erect their 
 abodes on the dry mainland and apply themselves to all the 
 business of life in perfect safety. 
 
 According to the second view, with which, after having 
 examined the piles in the lake of Bienne, and for many other 
 reasons, we agree most entirely, the piles were from the com- 
 mencement driven into the actual bed of the lake ; and they 
 were so long that their heads stood a few feet above the water, 
 whatever might be its level.* They stood in close rows, and 
 when covered with horizontal timbers and boards formed a 
 firm scaffolding, a foundation for the erection of the dwellings 
 themselves. These abodes were therefore like the fishermen's 
 huts which were found in earlier times, and perha*ps even now 
 are to be seen, on several of the Swiss lakes. We know, indeed, 
 very little as to the shape of these ancient huts, except that they 
 were built of poles and hurdle-work, coated on the outside with 
 clay, just as was the case at Ebersberg on the mainland, 
 described towards the close of this volume. In or near the 
 huts there was room enough for all the operations of daily life 
 to be carried on, as well as the manufacture of every implement 
 
 * The difference between the highest and lowest level amounts to full eight 
 feet.
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 591 
 
 used in household economy. Here they cooked, and here they 
 spun; here clothes, string, and all manner of hunting and fishing- 
 tackle were made; here serpentine, stag's horn, and bones of 
 various animals were worked up into tools ; here the pottery was 
 manufactured. In short, this was the place where every craft 
 or art known to the settlers was brought into play. All the 
 refuse of wood, the remains of animals used for food, and useless 
 or broken utensils were thrown into the water, and then they 
 sank in the mud. 
 
 Probably the first idea of erecting this kind of pile-building 
 may have arisen chiefly from the necessity of securing the lives 
 and property of the colonists from the irruption of enemies.* 
 The same reasons which led men in one place to settle on inac- 
 cessible heights, and to surround themselves with walls, induced 
 a part of the earliest inhabitants of Switzerland to found 
 dwellings in the lakes. On this account these strongholds were 
 placed at some little distance from the land, and could with 
 ease be defended against an enemy, who would have to advance 
 either in boats or over a bridge. These lake dwellings cannot 
 possibly be considered merely as places of refuge to be used in 
 time of need, on account of the number of household utensils 
 
 * In the original report, printed some years ago, I stated my belief that the colonists 
 in erecting pile buildings in the lakes, wished to secure themselves from the irruption 
 of enemies, and the attacks of wild beasts. A closer consideration of the subject has 
 led me to modify my opinion. In an account of the lake dwellings by Professor von 
 Hochstetter, printed in No. 51 of the ' (Estr. Zeitsch. f. Wissenschaft,' &c.p. 1613, the 
 following paragraph occurs :'This people must have had their chief settlements on land, 
 and the lake dwellings must have been used for some special purpose. It does not 
 appear to me that safety from wild beasts had anything to do with their erection ; 
 wild beasts avoid the human race, and even uncivilised man is nowhere in the world 
 so helpless as to fly to the water for protection from ravenous animals.' Though I 
 consider the first part of this assertion inadmissible, which refers to the actual use of 
 these settlements, yet the view of this well-known naturalist, who had the opportunity of 
 studying for a length of time the manners and customs of living races under exactly 
 similar conditions, is worthy of all attention, and I have consequently again examined 
 the grounds of the opinion I expressed with reference to security from wild beasts. 
 
 When we speak of ravenous beasts in the Alpine regions, we can only refer to bears, 
 lynxes, and wolves ; for no mention is made in history of any others, and these are the 
 only animals of the kind whose remains are found either in the lake dwellings or buried 
 in the soil. Now, I have searched in vain in the oldest written chronicles of our country 
 for any instance in which a man has been seized by one of either of the two first-named 
 animals ; and with respect to the third, Conrad Gessner expressly declares that the 
 wolf, so long as his usual sustenance does not fail him, will not venture to attack men ; 
 and Stumpf, who wrote in the middle of the sixteenth century, says that fewer wolves 
 are found in the Alpine Mountains and Helvetia than in any other country of Europe, 
 for if they came, as was probably the case, from Lombardy or the German countries, 
 they would not be of frequent occurrence. 
 
 From this it appears that the idea must be abandoned which supposes that the lake 
 dwellings were erected as a protection against wild animals. 
 
 U 2
 
 292 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 found in them, and also from the existence of the ' relic-bed ' 
 which seems to indicate that these settlements lasted, and 
 were actually inhabited, for a long period. Besides this, it is 
 very evident that this particular kind of erection offered many 
 advantages for both fishing and navigation. 
 
 With respect to the age of the early settlements of this nature 
 we have not a single safe datum to guide our determination, so 
 that it is quite impossible with any probability to decide even 
 approximately the century or the centuries when they existed. 
 The banks of lakes and river-valleys seem to have been the 
 spots preferred by men in the early ages for permanent settle- 
 ment, at first probably to support themselves by fishing and 
 hunting, afterwards for their convenience as shepherds and 
 tillers of the ground, and in still later times on account of the 
 greater facility of intercourse. 
 
 But though we are unable to decide the age or ages when 
 settlements such as Meilen existed, yet there can be no possible 
 doubt that from the antiquities found there, even granting some 
 degree of uncertainty as to the flint and stone implements (for 
 they lasted in some cases through several periods) we are 
 obliged to ascribe to them a very high antiquity.* We may 
 venture to place them in an age when iron and bronze had been 
 long known but had not come into our districts in such plenty as 
 to be used for the common purposes of household life, at a time 
 when amber had already taken its place as an ornament and 
 had become an object of traffic. The fact that in the settlement 
 at Meilen there were few bronze and no iron implements, while 
 bronze is abundant and iron not rare in the settlements of the 
 Bienne lake, may possibly be explained by the seclusion and 
 poverty of the colonists at Meilen who lay beyond the reach of 
 barter and possessed no materials for carrying on this trade. 
 Very probably the same relations existed here as at the present 
 
 * The settlement at Meilen appears to belong to about the same period as the tumuli 
 or barrows of South Dorsetshire, described in the Archreologia, vol. xxx. p. 327. ' The 
 articles found in these barrows comprise urns of varied size and form, of coarse 
 material and rude manipulation, implements of bone, beads of clay, flint arrow-heads, 
 deer's antlers, and, but rarely, weapons and implements of bronze.' Also some tumuli 
 in Wiltshire (Archseol. xv. 122, and Sir Richard Hoare's account) in which similar 
 objects were found to those at Meilen, and the tumulus described by Ledebur at 
 Malitschkendorf, in the province of Saxony (das Konigl. Museum vaterland. Alterth. 
 im Schlosse Monbijou zu Berlin, 1838), in which, amongst other things, were found a 
 number of boar's tusks, stag's horns, bones of domestic animals, besides pottery, a 
 spindle-whorl, battle-axes, mealing stones, weights for nets ; and further, awls, needles, 
 styles, and arrow-heads, the whole of which were made out of the horns and bones of 
 the stag.
 
 GENEKAL REMARKS. 293 
 
 day in Western North. America and several other countries 
 whose inhabitants can by barter obtain the necessary instru- 
 ments of metal, but yet are compelled to employ for their 
 common household purposes those materials which are afforded 
 to them in such abundance by the animal, the vegetable, and 
 the mineral kingdoms. 
 
 As a similar state of civilisation always calls for similar wants, 
 and these again for similar means to supply them, and conse 
 quently similar utensils for the different purposes of life, we shall 
 be able to gain the clearest idea of the civilisation of the colony 
 of Meilen and other settlements of a like age, if we compare the 
 products of their industry and the ideas we have consequently 
 formed of their culture with the accounts given by those 
 travellers who in the last and present century have visited 
 nations beyond the reach of European civilisation, and who 
 spent their existence under similar conditions of life. The pic- 
 ture we have given of the settlers of these early colonies from 
 the antiquities found in their ruins, resembles in a striking 
 manner that which Captain Cook gives us of the inhabitants of 
 New Zealand, which he visited in the year 1770. We venture 
 on giving the following extract from his work : 
 
 ' Having said thus much of the workmanship of the New 
 Zealanders I shall now give some account of their tools. They 
 have adzes, axes, and chisels which serve them also as augers for 
 the boring of holes. As they have no metal, their adzes and axes 
 are made of a hard black stone or of a green talc which is not 
 only hard but tough, and their chisels of human bones or small 
 fragments of jasper which they chip off from a block in sharp an- 
 gular pieces like a gun-flint. Their axes they value above all that 
 they possess, and never would part with one of them, for any- 
 thing that we could give. I once offered one of the best axes I 
 had in the ship, besides a number of other things, for one of 
 them, but the owner would not sell it, from which I conclude 
 that good ones are scarce amongst them. Their small tools of 
 jasper, which are used for finishing their nicest work, they use 
 till they are blunt, and then, as they have no means of sharpen- 
 ing them, throw them away. We had given the people at Tolaga 
 a piece of glass, and in a short time they found means to drill a 
 hole through it, in order to hang it round the neck as an orna- 
 ment by a thread, and we imagine the tool must have been a 
 piece of this jasper. How they bring their large tools first to 
 an edge, and sharpen the weapon which they call Patoo-Patoo,
 
 294 GENEKAL REMARKS. 
 
 we could not certainly learn, but probably it is by bruising the 
 same substance to powder and with this grinding two pieces 
 against each other.' (' Hawkesworth's Voyages,' vol. iii. p. 395.) 
 To this extract we may add a few more particulars taken 
 from the same work. The New Zealanders make all kinds of 
 twine fishing-tackle and cord out of the leaves and fibres of the 
 New Zealand flag, a vegetable which grows there in abundance 
 and serves them instead of flax. They wear on cords all kinds 
 of ornaments, such as chisels and awls, or ' bodkins made of 
 green talc, upon which they set a high value, the nails and 
 teeth of their deceased relations, the teeth of dogs, and every- 
 thing else that they can get which they think either curious or 
 valuable. The women also wear bracelets and anklets made of 
 the bones of birds, shells, or any other substances which^they 
 can perforate and string upon a thread. They carry on weaving 
 and other peaceful arts. Their houses are the most inartificially 
 made of anything among them ; they are seldom more than 18 
 or 20 feet long, 8 or 10 broad, and 5 or 6 high from the pole 
 that runs from one end to the other and forms the ridge to the 
 ground; their framing is of wood, generally slender sticks, and 
 both walls and roof consist of dry grass and hay, which it^ must 
 be confessed is very tightly put together, and some are also 
 lined with the bark of trees, so that in cold weather they must 
 afford a very comfortable retreat. The roof is sloping like those 
 of our barns, and the door is at one end just high enough to 
 admit a man creeping upon his hands and knees ; near the door 
 is a square hole which serves the double purpose of window and 
 chimney, for the fireplace is at that end nearly in the middle 
 between the two sides. That part of the floor which is allotted 
 for the fireplace is enclosed in a hollow square by partitions 
 either of wood or stone, and in the middle of it the fire is 
 kindled.' 
 
 ' Their household implements and tools are few in number ; 
 their largest boats consist of boards bound together ; the smaller 
 ones are merely one trunk hollowed out by fire. Their*fishing- 
 hooks are made either out of bone or shells. They have spears 
 and javelins, some of which are pointed with bone, but they 
 chiefly rely on the Patoo-Patoo, which is a kind of club made 
 either of green talc or some very large bone, shaped somewhat 
 like a pointed battledore with a short handle and sharp edges, 
 admirably fitted for close fighting, and such as would certainly 
 split the thickest skull at a single blow ; the handle has a hole 
 bored through it, and they wear it fastened to the wrist with a
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 295 
 
 strong thong.* Their agriculture is very simple ; the ground 
 is merely turned up very carefully by a sharpened stake with a 
 short cross piece attached for the convenience of pressing it 
 down by the foot.' 
 
 Let us now endeavour, by comparing the facts which have 
 come before us when investigating the remains of the lake 
 dwellings, to draw a picture of the manner of life and industrial 
 activity of these very ancient inhabitants of Switzerland and the 
 neighbouring districts. 
 
 The settlers appear to have considered a sunny shore in some 
 measure protected by hills and promontories from storms and 
 the action of the waves, as a peculiarly favourable locality for 
 erections of this nature. A pleasant bay, opening to the south 
 at the foot of well wooded hills abounding in game must have 
 been thought particularly inviting. But as even the earliest 
 settlers were not only fishermen and hunters but also shepherds 
 and agriculturists, as may be proved by the remains of domestic 
 animals and the stores of grain found in the ruins of their 
 dwellings, we may conclude that the neighbourhood of good 
 pastures and tillage land materially influenced them in choosing 
 the sites for their habitations. A second indispensable requisite 
 was a lake shore tolerably broad but not very deep, chiefly com- 
 posed of what is called in Switzerland ' weiss-grund,' ' blanc- 
 fond,' and in English shell-marl, so that piles driven into the 
 lake-bottom might project a few feet above the surface even at its 
 highest level. The ground must necessarily have been of a 
 muddy or gravelly nature, for piles could not have been driven 
 in where the locality was rocky. According to the slope of the 
 shore and the extent of the shell-marl, the lake dwelling was 
 placed farther from or nearer to the land, frequently however 
 so close to it that access might be obtained by a bridge or stage 
 from two to three fathoms long. The piles which were used 
 for the substructure of these dwellings were straight stems, from 
 4 to 8 inches thick, of the kinds of wood growing in the neigh- 
 bouring forests, viz. oak, beech, fir, pine, and birch. The trees 
 having been felled either by means of fire or with the stone 
 hatchet were used either whole or split, some with the bark on, 
 some peeled ; and in order to facilitate the driving they were 
 sharpened at the lower end either by fire or by the stone axe 
 above referred to. The pile-driving, which necessitated the use 
 
 * This remark explains the occurrence of holes in the handles of many kinds of 
 bronze weapons in the lake dwellings.
 
 296 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 of a raft, was effected by means of heavy stones and ponderous 
 mallets, many of which have been found. There can be no 
 doubt that the piles were placed, not at random, but according 
 to a regularly arranged plan, and as there is hardly a case in 
 which the superstructure of any of these dwellings yet remains, 
 so in like manner the original arrangement of the piles can very 
 seldom be made out. They appear above the lake-bottom like 
 the remains of a forest snapped off by a storm or destroyed by 
 an avalanche. When the piling was finished, which of course 
 was of greater or less extent according to the number of the 
 colonists, the outermost piles, at least in some cases, either to 
 prevent the splashing of the water under the future abodes, or 
 for the sake of catching fish, were securely wattled together 
 with twigs. Then came the equally difficult and laborious task 
 of making the platform on which the huts were to stand, and 
 which had also to be large enough to carry on many different 
 operations. To accomplish this, stems or trunks 10 or 12 feet 
 long had holes bored in them at both ends, and they were then 
 fastened with wooden pins on to the heads of the upright piles 
 which had been previously brought to a level. Trunks of fir- 
 wood 5 or 6 feet long were then split into boards about 2 inches 
 thick and fastened with wooden pegs into the framework, and 
 thus formed a solid even platform. 
 
 The great number of objects lying scattered on the bed of the 
 lake, which had slipped through the chinks, show how imper- 
 fectly the boards and planks fitted together, over the piles. 
 Again, the quantity of broken stone celts, broken pottery, and 
 refuse of animal and vegetable food lying together show that 
 there were spaces intentionally left in the platform. With 
 respect to the shape and condition of the huts, we can hardly 
 give any positive idea, as in most cases these parts of the 
 dwellings have been destroyed by fire. So far is certain, that 
 the walls consisted of upright poles, wattled with rods or twigs ; 
 and in order to keep off the wind and the rain, this wattle work 
 was covered both inside and outside with a bed of clay from 2 to 
 3 inches thick. There can be no doubt that the huts of several 
 kindred races on the mainland were in many cases circular;* 
 but all the evidence we possess as yet, respecting the huts of 
 the lake dwellings in Switzerland, tends to show that they were 
 rectangular. The curve of the small pieces of clay covering of 
 
 * Strabo, iv. 4. The Belgian Gauls make their huts spacious, out of boards and 
 willow hurdle-work, domeshaped with a high roo
 
 GENERAL EEMARKS. 297 
 
 the wattle-work found at the bottom of the water cannot be 
 brought forward to prove that the huts were circular, still less 
 to show their diameter ; these pieces are generally not more 
 than 1 foot wide, and have evidently been exposed to great heat 
 before they fell into the water ; besides which, slabs with very 
 different curves and some even perfectly flat were found promis- 
 cuously on the same spot. Clay was also spread out on the floor 
 inside the huts, in some cases mixed with gravel, forming a kind 
 of plaster floor and filling up the chinks. In the middle of the 
 hut was a hearth made of slabs of rough sandstone. The roof 
 consisted doubtless of the bark of trees, straw, and rushes, the 
 remains of which have in many cases been preserved in the 
 mud. It is impossible to ascertain whether the platform was 
 covered densely or sparingly with huts, though we know that 
 in one case, at Niederwyl, they stood very close together. We 
 have only lately ascertained that the cattle, as appears to have 
 been the case with the Pseonians, by the accounts of Herodotus, 
 were brought here for shelter and regularly stalled in these lake 
 dwellings. 
 
 The occupations of the settlers were of many various kinds, 
 and may be divided according to the different modes of procur- 
 ing sustenance into the operations of fishing and hunting, pas- 
 turage and agriculture. 
 
 The large number of skeletons of fish which had been used 
 for food, and especially the skulls of very large pike which are 
 found buried amongst the piles, are a proof that fishing was 
 carried on very successfully. In. some of the earliest settlements 
 the actual fishing-nets and hooks made of boars' tusks have 
 been found. And if we look at the implements used for taking 
 fish by the uncivilised races of North America and the South 
 Sea Islanders, we may venture to assume that the lake dwellers 
 also relied on darts and javelins for catching the fish which 
 abound in the Swiss lakes. Some of the points made out of 
 bones of birds and small animals, frequently barbed, remind 
 us forcibly of the fishing implements of these nations.* 
 
 The chase of game in the forests was no less productive. If 
 we read the accounts given in ancient writingsf of the great 
 
 * According to Diodorus Siculus, iii. 15, the Ichtliyophagi, amongst the Ethiopians, 
 catch fishes and seals without any artificial weapons ; they merely strike them with 
 Lucks' -horns. Everywhere, he says, necessity teaches man to find out the means of 
 attaining any particular point in his own condition of life. 
 
 t See Benedictiones ad mensas, in vol. iii. of our Transactions, translated into 
 English by W. M. Wylie, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., and published in the Journal of the 
 Archseol. Institute for 1865. Also the old chronicle ' Gessner s Thierbuch,' &c.
 
 298 GENEEAL REMARKS. 
 
 quantity of game of all sorts, and the number of rapacious 
 beasts such as bears, lynxes, and wolves which lived in the 
 forests and deep mountain valleys, we can form some idea of 
 the abundance of animals of the chase which ranged over the 
 land when the country was still covered with the primeval 
 forest and the scattered population was still unprovided with 
 adequate weapons of the chase. The bones which lie about in 
 the lake dwellings in astonishing numbers, of stags, roes, wild- 
 boars, beavers, otters, squirrels, and other animals, are an evi- 
 dence of the abundance of game, and of the ability of the settlers 
 to bring down even the higher descriptions of wild animals. 
 There are many proofs also that the urus and also beasts of prey, 
 such as the bear and the wolf, were not safe from their clubs 
 and javelins. At all events the products of the chase formed 
 no inconsiderable portion of their subsistence.* 
 
 It has been well observed by Professor Eiitimeyer that ' the 
 lake dweller lived in a certain manner like an islander in the 
 middle of a rich world of animals at enmity with him. If the 
 domestic cattle and hunting provided him with meat, yet there 
 was no superfluity, for it is a general peculiarity of the refuse of 
 their kitchens that all the bones which contained marrow, or 
 anything eatable, had been carefully hunted over for this miser- 
 able pittance. All the bones with marrow, and especially the 
 long bones of the extremities, have been opened lengthwise, and 
 in the skulls where the inner pulp of the teeth and the surround- 
 ing cellular tissue may be expected in the jaws, these parts, 
 without exception, have been opened with a readiness which by 
 constant use had almost become art.' 
 
 One circumstance of the highest interest in studying the grade 
 of civilisation possessed by the lake dwellers, is that they were 
 not ignorant of the art of keeping cattle, and consequently had 
 already made the first steps towards civilised life. In fact, the 
 possibility of so many people living together as could be lodged 
 in a settlement of the size of those of Wangen or Robenhausen 
 can only be explained by the population depending, not solely 
 on the chance produce of hunting and fishing, but also on cow- 
 keeping, which would provide the necessary subsistence at all 
 times of the year. The investigation of the bones which are 
 found in such great numbers amongst the piles of all the lake 
 dwellings has shown that, together with the remains of the beasts 
 
 * Perhaps the aurochs, the urus, and other wild animals, were taken in the manner 
 now made use of in America, where deep pits are excavated and covered with branches
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 299 
 
 of the chase, those of the domestic animals are met with, especially 
 of the dog, which even in the oldest settlements is found as man's 
 companion, and moreover of cows, sheep, goats, and pigs. This 
 fact changes the ideas which on a superficial view of these 
 abodes, constructed so strangely and wifch such primitive me- 
 chanical means, we may have formed of the condition of their 
 builders, and obliges us to place their grade of civilisation much 
 higher. The attendance upon cattle presupposes the knowledge 
 of many arrangements a regulated continuous activity, and a 
 care for the future, qualities which are not to be found in the 
 mere hunter. 
 
 This multifarious activity rendered necessary a division of 
 labour ; for the individuals who looked after the cattle, led them 
 to pasturage, protected them from the attacks of wild beasts, 
 and stored up dried grass and winter food for the different 
 kinds of animals, could not possibly occupy themselves also with 
 the chase or the manufacture of tools. The domestic economy, 
 therefore, of those colonists, whom we know to have been also 
 shepherds, may be considered in a more favourable light, and 
 shows that their condition must have been a more tolerable 
 existence than at first sight one would have imagined. 
 
 Besides this, in every lake dwelling are to be found stones for 
 bruising and grinding grain, or what are called corn-crushers 
 and mealing stones ; the very grain itself has been found at 
 Meilen, Moosseedorf, and Wangen, nay, even the very loaves . or 
 cakes in their original form ; and we therefore recognise the 
 colonists as agriculturists, and see them, advanced to a grade 
 of civilisation when men formed permanent abodes, and secured 
 for themselves a peaceful neighbourhood and social order. The 
 tilling of the ground must indeed have been simple in the 
 highest degree, and have consisted merely in tearing it up by 
 the means of inefficient tools made of stags' horns (see Plate 
 XCIY. fig. 3) or with crooked branches of trees, as is now 
 done in North America. But the products obtained by imper- 
 fect tillage from the cultivated ground, which would have to be 
 enclosed by hedges as a protection against wild animals, are of a 
 quality which is not surpassed by the best of the present day. 
 
 As Professor Heer has favoured us with some remarks on the 
 
 of trees. The animals which had fallen into one of these pits, and which the colonists 
 with their imperfect weapons would otherwise be unable to overpower, might now be 
 despatched with stones ; we have no doubt that some of what are called ' Mardellen ' 
 or ' Kesselgruben ' (see vol. vii. No. 7 of our Transactions) may be considered as pits 
 for catching wild animals.
 
 300 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 husbandry of the inhabitants of the lake dwellings, which will be 
 printed hereafter, it will only be necessary here to give a few 
 more particulars as to the kinds of corn hitherto discovered: 
 they are wheat, and the barley with two rowed ears, which at 
 the present day is cultivated in the east. Barley and wheat are, 
 in fact, those cereals which are well known to have been cul- 
 tivated in the east of Europe, whence the original immigration 
 of the human race came westward. Herodotus, iv. 17, 18, 33, 
 53, expressly states that the culture of wheat was carried on in 
 the southern part of Scythia, and that corn was an article of 
 trade with the population of that district. 
 
 The settlers also cultivated flax of excellent quality, the care 
 and preparation of which required great attention and skill of 
 various kinds ; it was spun into threads by means of spindle- 
 whorls, and platted or woven into mats and coverings. The 
 early use of the loom in the countries just mentioned is affirmed 
 by Herodotus, book ii. 105, iv. 74. As the industrial arts 
 connected with flax and other vegetable fibre, as well as the 
 preparation of the skins of beasts, are of considerable import- 
 ance, a special chapter is devoted to them in a subsequent part 
 of this volume. 
 
 A great deal of time would probably be occupied by the 
 manufacture of implements for domestic purposes, for the chase, 
 and for fishing, as well as of the tools themselves. As we have 
 already remarked that the multifarious activity in these 
 colonies may have required a division of labour, this idea is 
 forced upon us anew if we examine the great variety of tools 
 used by the settlers. In illustration of such a division of 
 society, the following extract from Schoolcraft on the primeval 
 inhabitants of Florida and North America may be of interest. It 
 is taken from his work * History, Condition, and Prospects of the 
 Indian Tribes of the United States,' iii. 75. He says : * It is 
 very clear that the art of the potter with these races was a 
 " fixed art," and the occupation of a particular class of this 
 people. A hunter or a warrior could not lay aside his bow or 
 his club and set to work to make pottery. The art of mixing 
 clay with gravel,* so that the vessel does not change its form 
 in burning, and bears a sudden transition from heat to cold, 
 and vice versa, presupposes, when successfully carried on, un- 
 common practice and long experience. Much less could the gene- 
 
 * The clay vessels of these people agree in a remarkable manner and most com- 
 pletely with those found in the lake dwellings so far as the material is concerned.
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 301 
 
 ral population manufacture flint implements of really good qua- 
 lity. Splitting* the flints and making the fragments into the shape 
 of lance and arrow-heads, knives, and saws requires extraordinary 
 ability and long practice. Amongst the primeval inhabitants 
 of North America there was a peculiar class of people whose 
 business it was to select the suitable stones, and to manufacture 
 arrow-heads, and who received from the hunters flesh and skins 
 in payment for the implements supplied to them.' 
 
 As at the present day steel is the material to which either 
 directly or indirectly nearly every implement owes its form, so, 
 if we take a view of the manufacturing arrangements of the 
 lake colonists, we shall be convinced that flint was the sub- 
 stance by which nearly all their instruments, whether of stone, 
 wood, or bone, took the required form. By means of flints the 
 stone hatchets or celts were worked out of the rough, and the 
 bones sawn into piercers and arrow-heads, and thus it was the 
 means of originating the tools required for the erection of the 
 dwellings and the weapons of the chase. As metals were en- 
 tirely wanting, unless this kind of stone had been procurable, 
 we can hardly imagine the erection of the lake settlements, or 
 even the very existence of men in the Swiss districts. And yet 
 it was by no means the most abundant of those stones which 
 were used for handicraft tools, and^ it was never worked in 
 Switzerland to such an extent as in Denmark, England, and 
 France. The reason is simply this : flint is found but spar- 
 ingly in Switzerland, in the range of the Jura, and it occurs 
 also in small masses, not fit, even if the workmen had the 
 required skill, to make the larger tools, or any of the imple- 
 ments and weapons which occur in the north and are so justly 
 admired. Instead of flint, other hard stones were used which 
 were found in plenty and answered the purpose not only of 
 splitting but also of sawing and grinding down, so that more 
 patience was required than skill. 
 
 Amongst the stone implements the celts and chisels were by 
 far the most abundant amongst the lake dwellings, and were 
 used for many various purposes. They were manufactured in 
 the following manner : in the first place a selection was made 
 from the rolled or rubble stones abounding in the Swiss valleys ; 
 those being chosen which were hard and also tough. There is 
 such an infinite variety amongst these stones, that it is difficult 
 even for an advanced geologist to make out with certainty their 
 original locality and nature. The celts found at the lake of 
 Bienne, at Berne, at Zurich, and at the lake of Constance, form
 
 302 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 quite as good a collection of specimens of the rocks of the high 
 Alps, from which the different valleys descend, as the ' erratic 
 blocks ' used for building the castle towers and the city 
 walls. To make the most important tool, the hatchet or celt, a 
 rolled stone was partially sawn through on opposite sides by means 
 of flint saws, used with water and quartzose sand ; it was then 
 broken in two by a blow. After this operation came the still 
 more laborious affair of finishing the tools by strokes of stone 
 hammers, and grinding it on slabs of sandstone. By a similar 
 process the corn-crushers and beating stones, or stone hammers, 
 received their form ; a coarser sandstone was always selected for 
 these instruments. 
 
 The flint used for saws, for arrow and spear-points came 
 partly from the Swiss Jura, and partly from. France and 
 Germany. The instruments for working the flint, probably 
 consisting of the same material, have never yet been found, or 
 at any rate recognised ; * and yet it is probable, nay, almost 
 certain, that many flint implements were actually made in some 
 of the lake dwellings, as, for instance, those of the lake of Con- 
 stance. Mint hatchets are never found with us, and in general 
 the flint implements of Switzerland bear no comparison either 
 in variety of form or in the grinding and polishing of the work, 
 with those found in the northern countries of Europe, f 
 
 * I have in vain searched in the reports of Schoolcraft (Smithsonian Institution) and 
 in many other books of travels for an account of any possible way in which the wild 
 races of America manage to make their spear and lance-points of flint and obsidian 
 merely by some pieces of the same stone and without the use of any metal. Even 
 the people who work the common flints as a trade can give no sort of idea how the 
 ancient flint implements were made without metal tools, especially those from Scan- 
 dinavia which are so artificially formed. 
 
 [Flakes of obsidian were made in Mexico, and those of chert by the Esquimaux, 
 simply by strong pressure. See Sir John Lubbock's very interesting work, 'Prehistoric 
 Times,' pp. 77, 78, and 79. TE.] 
 
 f With the exception of the flint hatchet or celt which, as above mentioned, is not 
 found in Switzerland, the objects found in our oldest lake dwellings agree entirely with 
 those of the oyster heaps (Kjokkenmoddinger)of Denmark, which according to Worsaae, 
 in the 'Athenaeum,' No. 1,679, December 31, 1859, p. 889, contain 'broken bones of 
 stags, deer, bos urus, beaver, wild boar, &c., together with charcoal ashes, burnt stones, 
 pieces of very coarse pottery, rude hatchets, spear-heads, knives, arrow-heads, flakes or 
 chips, chipping-blocks, &c., of flint; a sort of hatchet or hammer made of stag's horn, 
 different implements of bone, and very simple ornaments of the same material. Lake 
 dwellings have also been discovered in the Lake Maribo in the island of Laaland like 
 those of Switzerland to which (on what grounds we know not) a greater antiquity is 
 ascribed. From the fact of the flint implements of the oyster heaps having been made 
 quite roughly, neither ground nor polished, and very similar to those found in different 
 bone caves of England and France, and in the gravel beds of Abbeville and Amiens, 
 Worsaae concludes that the oyster heaps belong to an earlier period than the great 
 stone chambers and cromlechs, and probably are to be ascribed to a peculiar wild race,
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 303 
 
 We have now to draw attention to a kind of stone which in 
 all probability was an object of barter, viz. nephrite ; it is found 
 in all the older settlements, and most plentifully at Meilen. 
 Though there may be some small amount of doubt still remain- 
 ing, yet mineralogists assure us that it is not met with in 
 Europe, but in Egypt, in China, and other parts of Asia. If so, 
 it follows that even at the period of the earliest lake dwellings 
 there was a traffic between the west of Europe and the countries 
 of the east. The objects found in the tumuli which are identical 
 seem to bear out this view. If we do not mistake, the nephrite, 
 which was the mineral most valued for celts or hatchets, was 
 imported already worked. The fragments of a broken imple- 
 ment were again ground and brought into use, but no unworked 
 mass of nephrite has yet been found in the lake dwellings. We 
 have already expressed our opinion in the account of Eoben- 
 hausen that its inhabitants did not bring nephrite with them, 
 but only received this valuable mineral after a sojourn of 
 centuries in this locality. If so this can only have happened 
 by barter. 
 
 The glass bead also found in the very early settlement of 
 Wauwyl serves to indicate a trade by sea either with the 
 Phoenicians or the Egyptians, as mentioned in the account of the 
 above lake dwelling. 
 
 The different kinds of flint originally derived from distant 
 parts of France and Germany, which are worked up into 
 knives, arrow -heads, and other implements,* seem also to indicate 
 that the colonists had a barter-trade to the north and west ; and 
 the piece of amber found at Meilen apparently points in the 
 same direction, though it is very occasionally found in Switzer- 
 land on the shores of the lake of Constance. 
 
 The bones of small animals and birds were used for pointed 
 tools, spatulse, chisels, and spear-points, and the larger instru- 
 
 the actual aborigines of Western and Northern Europe, who in later times were 
 destroyed by a more powerful and somewhat more civilised people, the builders of the 
 cromlechs and the makers of the beautifully formed flint implements. While the 
 author places the oyster heaps of Denmark chronologically, or rather in the history of 
 civilisation, on the same footing as the deposits first named in England and France, 
 from which deductions have been drawn that man lived at the same time as the elephant, 
 the rhinoceros, and other extinct animals ; he divides the stone age into two periods, 
 and the oyster heaps are considered to belong to the first. See also ' Prehistoric Times,' 
 pp. 191 and 192. 
 
 * Herodotus, vii. 69, says of the Ethiopians in the army of Xerxes, ' they had sharp 
 arrows made of reeds, and pointed, instead of iron, with a kind of stone used to engrave 
 their seals. They had also spears, the points of which were roe's horns sharpened, like 
 lance-heads, and they also carried knotty clubs.'
 
 304 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 merits were made out of the ribs and the leg-bones of the roe 
 and the stag, and the ulnae of various ruminants. The hollow 
 bones of these animals were cut into two parts lengthways by 
 means of flint saws, generally along the arterial hollow, and 
 thus when the fracture was fortunate each piece had an articu- 
 lating end for a natural handle. The tool was then finished by 
 means of the grinding slab of stone.* 
 
 Next to bone, horns, especially those of the stag and the roe, 
 offered suitable material for making the larger pointed tools, 
 daggers, &c.f The ends cut off from the main branch were 
 sharpened on the grinding stone, and sometimes also perforated 
 at the thicker end so as to be more conveniently worn or 
 suspended. It is very singular that hitherto no implements 
 have been observed, made out of the horns of the ox, the goat, 
 or the ram, and yet their bones are found in the dwellings. The 
 tusks of the wild boar seem to have been especially chosen for 
 cutting tools ; those of bears or wolves for amulets. 
 
 With respect to wood, it was used in the first place in the 
 shape of piles and boards to build the dwellings themselves. 
 Mallets and clubs were also made of branches which had grown 
 in a wen-like form. Many small implements for domestic 
 purposes were made out of wood. Large trunks of oak were 
 hollowed out, either by fire or the stone celts, and used for 
 canoes, and oak poles were used for spear shafts. 
 
 Bast or the vegetable fibre of different shrubs was made into 
 ropes and lines. 
 
 The earthenware vessels deserve a closer consideration ; they 
 are found in great abundance, but unfortunately chiefly in 
 fragments. These vessels have probably been worked into shape 
 in the lake habitations, but burnt on the mainland. The whole 
 of the pottery may be divided into two classes according to the 
 nature of the material, one a coarser sort made of clay, mixed 
 with a large quantity of grains of stone, and a finer kind made 
 
 * The following extract from the ' Travels in Peru and India,' by Clements E. 
 Markham, Esq., London, 1862, p. 159, will show the use of bone weapons amongst the 
 wild tribes at a late date, even long after they had become acquainted with European 
 civilisation* It relates to the insurrection of the Inca Tupac Amaru, and the battle of 
 Mananchili. ' The Indians left 370 killed on the field, among whom there were many 
 women, who came to fight by the sides of their husbands and brothers, armed with 
 bones sharpened at one end. 1 [TR.] 
 
 t With respect to the use of flint flakes, my attention has been called by my friend, 
 the Rev. C. W. King, to the fact that the Mexican natives at the time of the conquest, 
 according to Prescott, i. 107, carved 'the various stones and alabasters employed in 
 the construction of their public works and principal dwellings with tools of obsidian, 
 although they possessed bronze implements at the time.' [TE.]
 
 POTTERY OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 305 
 
 of washed loam, in some cases mixed with a small quantity of 
 charcoal powder. The shape of the vessels in the older settle- 
 ments does not vary to any great extent. Urns with a large 
 bulge and thin sides are rare ; very few flat vessels are found in 
 the shape of plates ; as a general rule the form approaches that 
 of a cylinder. With respect to the ornamentation, which even the 
 most uncivilised nations seem compelled as it were by nature to 
 use in making their utensils, it consists only of bosses or im- 
 pressions made either with the finger or a little stick. On 
 some specimens, worked with greater care, a commencement of 
 the zigzag ornaments may be seen ; and some also are painted 
 with graphite and ruddle. It is very certain that many of the 
 large pots were used for cooking, for they are covered on the out- 
 side with soot. The thick crust on the inside of these vessels 
 was caused, as I am perfectly convinced, generally by the burnt 
 remains of a mass of corn-pottage which adhered to the sides 
 of the vessel when the settlement was destroyed by fire. 
 
 We may conclude that the clothes of the colonists consisted 
 partly of the hides and skins of wild and tame animals, more or 
 less prepared. As it is certain that they had sheep, their skins 
 would form the best clothing for the cold season. Flax, both 
 platted and woven, also formed some part of their garments, as 
 is clearly indicated by numerous specimens lately found. 
 
 The provisions of the settlers of the lake dwellings, judging 
 from what has been already said, consisted partly of animal 
 food, such as the flesh of wild or domestic animals, fish, and 
 milk ; and partly of vegetable materials, amongst which corn- 
 meal, either boiled or baked, took the chief place. The fruit 
 also of trees and shrubs growing wild was not despised, such 
 as crabs and wild pears, sloes, hazel-nuts, and especially rasp- 
 berries and blackberries. Remains of all these fruits have been 
 found in large quantities at Wangen. 
 
 We will hereafter lay before the reader some conjectures as 
 to the religious notions of the lake dwellers when the figures of 
 the crescent moon are described, which we recognise as objects 
 of worship. A special chapter will be devoted to them, as the 
 subject is of importance ; but it will necessarily be a short one 
 as there is really not much to communicate. 
 
 How the colonists buried their dead is as yet hidden in perfect 
 darkness, for up to the present time no burying-place has been 
 discovered in the neighbourhood of a lake dwelling. 
 
 The preceding remarks have applied chiefly to those lake 
 dwellings the characteristics of which belong to the earliest age,
 
 306 BRONZE OBJECTS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 or what is called the stone period. This most primitive mode 
 of living came to an end either before or about the time when 
 a new material came into use, much more adapted for tools and 
 weapons than stone. This was bronze, or a mixture of copper 
 and tin, which, by a very simple operation, could easily be made 
 into any required form, and which, as an article of trade, now 
 began to be known in the Swiss districts. The exact point 
 of time when this event happened, so important in the history 
 of civilisation in Western Europe, and which contributed to the 
 transformation and elevation of the physical condition of 
 nations no less than the subsequent introduction of iron, cannot 
 now be determined, even approximately, from the entire want 
 of every chronological datum. Although the earliest inhabitants 
 of these countries the Celts, when they were first known to the 
 Greeks and Romans, appear to have been well provided with 
 bronze, and to have shown no common skill in managing the 
 latter metal, as exhibited in the products of their foundries, 
 lately brought to light, as well as those deposited in graves and 
 tumuli, yet no author has ever mentioned what could hardly 
 have been passed by in silence that they made use in war of 
 bronze swords,* daggers, and spears, such as we see in our 
 museums ; and consequently the general use of these weapons 
 must be thrown back into prehistoric times, and the first in- 
 troduction of this material to an early part of the same period. 
 When once bronze had become general as a material for 
 tools, and had gained a footing amongst the inhabitants of these 
 settlements ; f when the bronze celt was originally made just 
 like the stone celt,J the new material must have asserted its 
 influence on the lake dwellings, and on the arrangements and 
 manner of life of the colonists. By means of these improved 
 tools the wood could be squared and the whole building com- 
 pleted with much less trouble : larger oak trunks could now be 
 
 * It is much to be regretted that our best classical scholars will persist in translat- 
 ing x a ^ K ^ ! brass, when in at least nine cases out of ten it means bronze. The union 
 of copper and zinc (the component parts of brass) was hardly known in ancient times, 
 while that of copper and tin, in the shape of bronze, was universally known for ages. It 
 is said that the lexicons give the interpretation brass ; but if this is incorrect, why 
 follow the lexicographers, and perpetuate an error ? [Ts.] 
 
 t A bronze mould for casting bronze celts has been discovered by M. Forel in the 
 lake dwelling of Morges ; hence it appears that one of the occupations of its inhabitants 
 was bronze-casting, and doubtless the large number of bronze implements found there 
 were manufactured on the spot. 
 
 t See Schreiber's ' Bronze Battle-axe.' It is quite certain that the stone celt, 
 on account of its cheapness, continued in use till the iron age, and even till the early 
 middle ages.
 
 OBJECTS OF BRONZE AND POTTERY. 307 
 
 made use of, and by a more advanced state of mechanical science 
 deeper places in the ' weisser Grund ' or shell-marl could now be 
 made available for the settlements. This is especially the case 
 in the lakes of Geneva and Neuchatel, where there are several 
 instances of settlements of two distinct ages in the same place, 
 those of the bronze age being further from the shore and in 
 deeper water. An increased supply of bronze allowed all im- 
 plements used for handicraft, for war, for agriculture, and for 
 domestic purposes, to be made out of this material, such as 
 swords, spear and lance-points, daggers, knives, sickles, and even 
 personal ornaments. Everything formerly made of stone and 
 bone now consisted of bronze, and in many cases were actual 
 copies of the earlier tools ; and we find the whole series of bronze 
 tools from native foundries * spread before us in great abundance 
 and variety from the sites of the lake dwellings ; only single 
 specimens had hitherto been obtained from the graves or tumuli, 
 or picked up by chance in the fields. On all these objects, but 
 especially on the rings, lance-points, daggers, and knives, the 
 ornamentation called Celtic was lavishly applied. 
 
 Contemporaneous with the perfection of bronze-casting, and 
 the general use of implements of this material, very consider- 
 able advances were made in other handicraft arts, especially in 
 pottery. To this period, though the use of the potter's wheel 
 was as yet unknown, may be ascribed that great abundance of 
 earthenware vessels, which in their shape show no small skill 
 in the potter's art, and indicate a correct feeling in the workmen 
 as to fitness and elegance, and which were finished by being 
 painted black or red, and by the line ornaments before mentioned. 
 Still at this period no vessels are found artificially formed with 
 long narrow necks, like bottles, flasks, or jugs, which are so 
 abundant in Eoman times. On this account, the grade of per- 
 fection in the potter's art, amongst the lake dwellers, and, in 
 fact, generally amongst the pre-Roman inhabitants of Switzer- 
 land, must take a somewhat lower stand. 
 
 When the settlers had become fully acquainted with bronze, 
 and had learned to work it, the implements of the former 
 period gradually went out of use, so that in settlements founded 
 
 * In the year 1822 the owner of the manufactory at Wiilflingen, near Winterthur, 
 when digging deep in the ground to make a reservoir, found a space enclosed with 
 sandstone filled with remains of fuel, and which proved to have been a bronze foundry. 
 The walls had been burnt as in a furnace. Within it and near to it was found a 
 quantity of bronze, by one account ten to twelve, and by another thirty cwts. in weight, 
 partly in lumps and partly made into slabs, hatchets, swords, daggers, and pins. (See 
 Gerold Meyer von Knonau, ' The Canton of Zurich,' vol. i. p. 56.) 
 
 x 2
 
 308 IRON OBJECTS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 in the bronze age, like Merges, stone and bone implements are 
 just as rare as bronze objects are in many of the dwellings of 
 north and east Switzerland, which were destroyed or abandoned 
 in the stone age. Still the number of settlements is consider- 
 able which belong to both periods, and in which the implements 
 of both ages are found mixed together. 
 
 At some period after the introduction of bronze, the date of 
 which cannot now be determined, but which yet falls under the 
 prehistoric age, iron appears, probably at first very sparingly, 
 and as an uncommonly valuable material: from the total absence 
 of metallurgic knowledge, the reduction of this metal from the 
 ore must have been exceedingly difficult. In the Swiss district, 
 where, without any doubt, there was no iron-mining, either in 
 pre-Eoman or in Roman times, this most excellent of metals, as 
 Pliny calls it, was procured by barter.* 
 
 As soon as iron became known to the settlers, their first 
 endeavours were exerted to make the instrument most necessary 
 to them, the axe or celt, out of this material ; then other iron 
 implements took the place of bronze, and differed from them in 
 design and form as little as possible. Weapons and all house- 
 hold and agricultural implements, which formerly were made at 
 the bronze foundry, were now prepared by the smith out of this 
 most useful of all substances extant. 
 
 It is further a matter of the highest interest, in studying 
 these lake dwellings, to find that from the nature of the objects 
 found in their ruins, the existence of many of them continued 
 not only to the time when bronze was superseded by iron, but 
 also extended into historic times. The discovery of Eoman 
 tiles, which probably were used, not so much for roofing, but, as 
 is frequently the case in Eoman buildings, for making the 
 hypocausts, and for many other purposes, affords the most con- 
 vincing proof that many lake dwellings still remained occupied 
 when the inhabitants of Switzerland were known in history 
 under the name of Helvetii, and were actually under the Eoman 
 
 * See the article 'The Iron Lumps in the Swiss Collections of Antiquities,' 'Anzeiger 
 fur Schweiz, Geschiehte und Alterthumskunde,' 1858, Heft 3, in which I have brought 
 forward the opinion that the pieces of iron found occasionally of the shape of a double 
 pyramid, and weighing about twelve pounds, may have been the iron prepared for sale 
 in the earliest times ; these lumps or pigs are fully described in the Archaeological 
 Journal, vol. xvi. p. 200 ; they are not found near any Roman site. Within the last 
 few years several remains of ancient iron foundries have been discovered in the northern 
 part of the canton of Berne (see the ' Recherches sur les anciennes Forges du Jura 
 Bernois, par A. Quiquerez, 1866. ) Respecting the gradual disappearance of bronze, see V. 
 Bonstetten's 'Recueil,' p. 11.
 
 ORIGIN OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 309 
 
 sway. A great number of things, such as weapons, implements 
 and ornaments of many different kinds, which are constantly 
 met with amongst the ruins of the lake dwellings, and of pre- 
 cisely the same form also in tumuli, mark in a characteristic 
 manner both the Helvetian and the subsequent Gallo-Roman 
 periods. 
 
 No difference whatever is to be discovered in the construc- 
 tion of the lake dwellings, between those of the earliest and 
 those of the latest age. The fact that the erections of the tran- 
 sition and bronze ages were built more substantially, and in 
 deeper parts of the lake, may be explained by the use of better 
 tools. 
 
 There is no ground for concluding that successive peoples of 
 different races or civilisation have occupied these lake dwellings, 
 one of which had chased the other from its abodes, in order to 
 occupy them themselves, precisely in the same manner as the 
 previous inhabitants. 
 
 The following facts respecting the origin and the duration of 
 the lake dwellings result from the investigations hitherto 
 carried on. The oldest settlements of this kind, especially those 
 in the lakes of east Switzerland, had their origin in that dark 
 time when, at least in these districts, the use of metals was yet 
 unknown. Of these settlements, a part had been destroyed 
 either before or in the course of the bronze period, while 
 another portion, as is shown by the numerous lake dwellings of 
 the western lakes, were in their most nourishing condition pre- 
 cisely at the same period. This singular mode of settlement 
 lasted the longest in the lakes of Neuchatel and Bienne, for 
 many of the lake dwellings there continued to be inhabited 
 through the iron period, and were probably not abandoned even 
 at the beginning of our era. 
 
 With reference to the foregoing remarks respecting the 
 first appearance of iron, and the continuance of lake dwellings 
 till the Roman times, we may remark that a diligent investiga- 
 tion of the settlements both of eastern and western Switzerland 
 will show us that Marin alone bears the distinctive characters 
 of the iron age, although some implements even of the first 
 iron age are found here and there in several stations. We may 
 also rest assured that the Eoman implements had no real con- 
 nection with the lake dwellings. 
 
 If the question be asked, what can have been the original 
 motive for erecting such singular abodes, it may be replied, that 
 the same idea originated them all, namely, the isolation of the
 
 310 ORIGIN OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 inhabitants, and the security of their life and property.* The 
 situation, indeed, was not badly chosen for this purpose. As the 
 neighbouring forests afforded plenty of game, and the lakes an 
 abundance of fish, the inhabitants were equally well placed for 
 fishing, for hunting, and for agriculture. The origin and 
 the arrangement of these lake erections must, in general, have 
 been everywhere the same. 
 
 It is very evident that their earliest founders came into 
 middle Europe as a pastoral people, and possessed the most im- 
 portant domestic animals, such as the dog, the cow, the sheep, 
 the goat, and the horse. All these animals have their origin, 
 not in Europe, but in Asia, and were brought here by the 
 settlers through all their long wanderings from the East. They 
 understood agriculture and cultivated different kinds of grain 
 (wheat and barley), also flax, plants which in like manner they 
 did not meet with in Europe, but brought with them out of 
 Asia, or received them by commerce from the south. 
 
 The endeavours of the settlers to live together in permanent 
 abodes and in a sociable manner, is a positive proof that they 
 had long known the advantages of a settled mode of life, such 
 as appears in the lake dwellings,t and that we have to look upon 
 them not as wandering pastoral tribes, still less as a mere 
 hunting and fishing people. A settled union of a great number 
 of men in the same place, and of hundreds of families in the 
 neighbouring bays, would never have taken place if there had 
 not been a regular supply of provisions at all times of the year, 
 as well as the beginning of social order. 
 
 With respect to the mode in which many or most of the lake 
 dwellings were destroyed, a sufficient explanation is given in 
 the remains of woodwork found in their ruins and in the various 
 objects altered or melted by fire. It is uncertain whether the huts 
 were burnt down always by the hand of an enemy, or misfortune 
 
 * The fact, which has been previously mentioned, of many lake dwellings being 
 actually contiguous to the mainland, does not seem entirely to accord with this view, 
 unless it be assumed that in these cases the entrance was fortified by palisades. In 
 fact, the discoveries lately made at Wangen of piles in the bank actually indicate the 
 existence of such an arrangement. 
 
 t There must have been many slow transitions from pasturage to agriculture; there 
 is never at the same moment ahardbonndary-linebetween the two, and as the shepherds 
 are the earlier in point of time, it cannot be a matter of surprise that many of their 
 customs and arrangements remained amongst certain tribes who, for a long time, had 
 tilled the ground. On the other hand, certain wandering tribes may probably in the 
 earliest times have attempted agriculture, perhaps few pastoral tribes ever existed 
 entirely without it, and all agriculturists made use of meadows aud pasture-grounds 
 though they probably gradually decreased in importance.
 
 THE LAKE SETTLERS WERE ONE PEOPLE. 311 
 
 of some other kind caused their destruction. Besides this, we 
 may conclude, with great probability, that this isolated, wretched 
 mode of living, by which, especially in winter, all comfort was 
 excluded, except inside of the huts, and which must have been 
 so unfavourable to health, when civilisation advanced and 
 order was gradually developed, and when the mode of living 
 became more peaceable, gradually fell into disuse, and at last 
 was entirely given up ; just as, towards the end of the middle 
 ages, the castles and strongholds were abandoned, because the 
 change in the circumstances of their owners allowed them to 
 find pleasanter and safer abodes on the plains. 
 
 It has already been remarked that on comparing the imple- 
 ments of stone and bronze from the lake dwellings with those 
 in the Swiss museums, some of which were found in graves and 
 tumuli, and others met with by chance in the fields, w are not 
 able to discover the smallest difference either in material, form, 
 or ornamentation, and we consequently consider ourselves 
 authorised in ascribing all these specimens which appear to 
 have come from similar manufactories to the industry of one 
 and the same people. The identity of the inhabitants of the 
 mainland and those of the lake dwellings appears still more 
 striking if we compare the settlements founded by both classes 
 of the people, as well as their whole arrangements. It is hardly 
 necessary again to refer to the peculiarities of the settlement on 
 the mainland at Ebersberg ;* the remains of walls made of wattle- 
 work and clay, the floor also covered with clay, and the slabs of 
 sandstone used for the hearth, form a complete picture of the 
 huts of the lake dwellings. The implements found there consist 
 also of stone, bone, horn, bronze, and earthenware. We find 
 the stone celt, and the grinding-stone, the granite slingstone, 
 pointed tools of stag's horn and bone, figures of the moon made 
 of stone and ornamented exactly like those found at Nidau, pins 
 and personal ornaments of bronze, and clay spindle-whorls. 
 With respect to the pottery also, amongst the vessels found at 
 Ebersberg, there are a great many which, in material, in shape, 
 and in the various ornamentations of stripes, dots, bosses, and 
 
 * The reason why settlements such as that of Ebersberg are so seldom discovered, 
 is, that the cultivation of the land, which, even in Roman times, was carried on to a 
 considerable extent, has obliterated the remains of many of the oldest settlements ; in 
 fact, at present they are only to be met with in places which have never been brought 
 into cultivation. And as they are not distinguished by outward marks by earthworks 
 or walls they are for the most part recognised too late by the workmen, and not 
 being properly investigated, yield under the most favourable circumstances only 
 a few stone or bronze celts.
 
 312 THE LAKE SETTLERS WERE ONE PEOPLE. 
 
 painting are the most exact counterparts of those discovered at 
 Wangen, Bobenhausen, Meilen, Moosseedorf, Nidau, &c. Not 
 a single trace of iron was found amongst the remains of the 
 settlement at Ebersberg, so that its existence appears, like that 
 of many lake dwellings, to have come to an end before the 
 general use of this metal. 
 
 From what has been said, it is evident that at the time when 
 colonies of a peculiar kind had settled down on the shores of 
 the Swiss lakes, the valleys and hills were also scattered over 
 with huts, which were only to be distinguished from those of the 
 lake dwellers by being on dry land instead of standing on piles. 
 The grade of civilisation attained by both the lake dwellers and 
 the mass of the population was exactly the same. It is not im- 
 possible that the smaller places protected by walls, which have 
 been discovered in increasing numbers by antiquaries on the 
 hills and mountain ridges, may agree in age with the lake 
 dwellings and stand in relation to them as hill-forts to lake-forts. 
 For the history of the development of the human race teaches 
 us that the lower a people is in the grade of civilisation the less 
 are single families held together by a social bond, and the races 
 by common objects ; mutual attacks take place by the inhabitants 
 of different valleys and districts, and war becomes a part of the 
 occupation of man. It would, consequently, be a false concep- 
 tion to affirm that there was any ethnographical difference 
 between the lake settlers and the remaining population of the 
 country, and to assume that they were distinguished from each 
 other either by descent or manner of life. 
 
 As no national distinction can be proved between the dwellers 
 on land and the dwellers on the lakes, so in like manner no 
 serious doubt can arise as to . the identity of the people who 
 first made use of stone celts, then made implements of bronze of 
 admirable quality, and lastly, forged its weapons and tools out of 
 iron. The difference of material used for the various imple- 
 ments marks the epochs which follow each other in the develop- 
 ment of one and the same race, not the degree of civilisation of 
 different peoples. An interruption of the civilisation which was 
 gradually advancing, the entrance of a foreign element, is not 
 observable if we examine the monuments still remaining, amongst 
 which we may especially mention the burial-places, and the 
 various implements of the pre-Boman time. In the very same 
 graves and tumuli, implements of stone and bronze, precisely 
 alike in form, have been found lying together, and the same 
 remark will apply in other graves to implements of bronze and
 
 NATIONALITY OF THE LAKE SETTLERS. 313 
 
 iron. The products of the potter's art also are seen, with all 
 their characteristic peculiarities, through all the stages of their 
 development, and form links in the outward phenomena of the 
 different periods. 
 
 We have now finally to say a few words as to the nationality 
 of the people who erected these lake dwellings. 
 
 Believing as we do, from what has previously been stated, that 
 the different settlements in what are called the stone, the bronze, 
 and the iron ages do not indicate a succession of races or the 
 destruction of one people by another, but merely different grades 
 of civilisation amongst one and the same people, and a continued 
 progress in handicraft ability; believing also that the lake 
 dwellers did not form a peculiar caste, but, as is shown at 
 Ebersberg and other places, belonged to the very people who at 
 the same time lived on the mainland ; and knowing that, 
 according to the universal opinion of many French and English 
 antiquaries, the bronze objects of a peculiar form and quite as 
 peculiar ornamentation, such as those found in the settlements 
 both on the land and in the lakes, have always been attributed 
 to the Celts ; knowing also that history makes no mention of 
 any other people but the Celts, who in the very earliest ages 
 possessed the middle of Europe, and in later times received 
 their civilisation from the Romans, we believe that it would be 
 contrary to all the facts adduced to arrive at any conclusion but 
 this : that the builders of the lake dwellings were a branch of 
 the Celtic population of Switzerland, but that the earlier settle- 
 ments belong to the prehistoric period, and had already fallen 
 into decay before the Celts took their place in the history of 
 Europe. 
 
 The assertion that the Celts, on their first entrance into 
 Europe, which lies far back, as we have just said, in prehistoric 
 time, were acquainted with bronze, and immediately after they 
 had spread over central Europe, applied themselves to mining 
 operations, is unfounded. Though in later times they showed 
 great ability in working this metal, yet a considerable time must 
 have elapsed before they discovered the ore in their new abodes 
 and manufactured the metal. Copper and tin, the component 
 parts of bronze, were not found at all in some districts of which 
 they had taken possession, and in others only in moderate quan- 
 tities ; * and it is probable that the Celts settled in Germany 
 
 * There was not a single copper-mine of importance at -work in Gaul in Caesar's time, 
 Plin. xxxiv. 2 ; and the same authority says that even the Britons, whose country is so 
 rich in copper and tin, procured their bronze from foreigners, Caesar B. Gr. v. 12. From
 
 814 THEORY OF TEMPORARY OCCUPATION. 
 
 and Gaul, even in later times, obtained these metals by barter. 
 The facts which have been here brought forward, and those 
 revealed also by the graves and tumuli, prove that the remains 
 of the stone and bronze periods, from the circumstances under 
 which they are found, exhibit the different stages of develop- 
 ment of one and the same people, and it therefore appears to us 
 inadmissible to call in the Iberians or the Fins or some unknown 
 people as the representatives of the stone age in Central Europe. 
 
 Since the above remarks were written, an opinion has been 
 expressed in many quarters, and more especially by my friend 
 Professor Desor in his excellent work, lately published, entitled 
 *Les Palafittes, ou Constructions lacustres du Lac de Neuchatel,' 
 that the lake dwellings of the early age were mere temporary 
 abodes, while those of later date were magazines, arsenals, or 
 places of meeting. 
 
 Now it appears to me that these theories do not agree with 
 the facts brought forward in the present volume ; and I trust 
 that my friend will pardon me if I dissent from his opinion. 
 Discussion is the road to truth, which is the end of all our 
 investigations. 
 
 The theory of a mere temporary abode or place of refuge is, in 
 my opinion, contradicted by the following facts : 
 
 The enormous amount of labour required for the erection of 
 these settlements, whether on piles or fascines. 
 
 The accommodation evidently afforded in each hut for the con- 
 venience of a family : the hearths ; the large earthenware vessels 
 for keeping food ; the weights for looms, and the spindle-whorls 
 for spinning flax ; the pipkins covered either inside or outside 
 with soot ; and, in fact, all kinds of domestic arrangements. 
 
 The cattle and their stores, which were kept on the lake 
 dwellings. 
 
 The repeated repair and re-erection of the settlements after 
 having been burnt ; and the relic-beds, lying one above the other, 
 with their enormous quantity of bones and remains of domestic 
 implements. 
 
 the fact that copper implements are not found in central Europe, and a regular copper 
 age cannot be shown in this district of country (which, like Gaul, had no tin and but 
 little copper), it follows, as shown by Worsaae, ' that the bronze of the people who 
 settled here was for a length of time obtained elsewhere, at any rate till the necessary 
 mines had been discovered in Europe.' Worsaae concludes that the bronze was brought 
 from Asia as an article of trade, and was then spread amongst the different nations of 
 Europe. With respect to middle and south Europe, which also had their stone age, 
 but at an earlier date than the north, it seems the most natural to attribute the intro- 
 duction of bronze to the Phoenician coasting trade, which, even as early as this, had 
 engrossed that of the British tin.
 
 ANCIENT NOTICES OF PILE DWELLINGS. 815 
 
 The fruits and seeds which had been used as food, and which, 
 as pointed out most clearly by Professor Heer in his interesting 
 work on the plants of the lake dwellings, indicate in a most 
 singular manner that these settlements were used all the year 
 round. 
 
 The non-existence, on any of the shores or banks near the 
 lake dwellings of the stone age, of any similar remains. Not a 
 stone celt nor a fragment of pottery, nor a corn-crusher, nor any 
 appearance of a corresponding shore settlement has yet been 
 found. 
 
 It appears to me that these facts, taken together, disprove 
 the theory of a mere temporary abode.* 
 
 Probably this is the most suitable place to insert a few quota- 
 tions, from ancient authors, which show that the plan of building 
 upon piles was known in the early days of written history. 
 
 We will begin with Hippocrates, to whose works our attention 
 was directed by Mone in his * Zeitschrift fur die Geschichte des 
 Ober-Rheins,' xvii. 4, p. 405. This physician was born about 
 460 B.C., and the passage occurs in his treatise 'De Aeribus &c.* 
 xxxvii. It runs thus : 
 
 ' Concerning the people on the Phasis (now Kioni), that region 
 is marshy and hot, and full of water, and woody ; and at every 
 season frequent and violent rains fall there. The inhabitants 
 live in the marshes, and have houses of timber and of reeds 
 constructed in the midst of the waters ; and they seldom go out 
 to the city or the market, but sail up and down in boats made 
 out of a single tree-trunk ; for there are numerous canals in that 
 region. The water they drink is hot and stagnant, putrified 
 by the sun, and swollen by the rainfall, and the Phasis itself is 
 the most stagnant and quiet flowing of all rivers.' 
 
 The next author to be quoted is Herodotus, who was born 
 about 404 B.C. The passage, v. 16, shall be given as translated 
 by Professor Eawlinson. 
 
 t They, on the other hand, who dwelt about Mount Pangseum 
 and in the country of the Doberes, the Agrianians and the Odo- 
 mantians, and they likewise who inhabited lake Prasias, were not 
 conquered by Megabazus. He sought indeed to subdue the 
 
 * The above remarks appear in the original in a more extended form as the Preface 
 to the Sixth Eeport just published. Dr. Keller told me that this preface might pro- 
 bably be omitted with advantage ; but as I have more than once heard the theory of 
 temporary occupation mentioned in England, I obtained his consent to the insertion of 
 a very short epitome of his arguments. It seems to me that anybody who has the 
 courage to read through the mass of information contained in the present volume must 
 disbelieve the ' temporary ' theory. [Ts.]
 
 316 ANCIENT NOTICES OF PILE DWELLINGS. 
 
 dwellers upon the lake, but could not effect his purpose. Their 
 manner of living is the following : platforms supported upon tall 
 piles stand in the middle of the lake, which are approached 
 from the land by a single narrow bridge. At the first the piles 
 whichbear up the platforms were fixed in their places by the whole 
 body of the citizens ; but since that time the custom which has 
 prevailed about fixing them is this : they are brought from a 
 hill called Orbelus, and every man drives in three for each wife 
 that he marries. Now the men have all many wives apiece, 
 and this is the way in which they live. Each has his own hut, 
 wherein he dwells upon one of the platforms ; and each has also 
 a trap-door, giving access to the lake beneath ; and their wont is 
 to tie their baby children by the foot with a string to save them 
 from rolling into the water. They feed their horses and their 
 other beasts upon fish, which abound in the lake to such a 
 degree that a man has only to open his trap-door and to let 
 down a basket by a rope into the water, and then to wait a very 
 short time, when up he draws it quite full of them.' 
 
 We come now to later times : the other quotation we have to 
 give is from Abulfeda, a geographer and a Syrian prince, born 
 in 1273, and died in 1332. The passage, to which my attention 
 was directed by Professor Hitzig, occurs in the i Supplementa 
 tabulae Syrise,' cap. ii., and runs as follows translated into 
 English : 
 
 * The Apamsean lake consists of an innumerable number of 
 smaller lakes and reedy places. Two of them, however, are larger 
 than the others, one to the south and the other to the north. 
 The water of the Orontes pours into them from the south; 
 in fact it makes these lakes, and then runs from them north- 
 wards. Of these two lakes then, one, as before said, to the south 
 is the Apamsean lake, about half a parasang (nearly two English 
 miles) across ; it is not quite as deep as the height of a man. 
 But the bottom is so muddy that no one can stand upon it. It 
 is everywhere surrounded with reeds and willows, and in the 
 middle of the lake there are quantities of reeds and flags ; so 
 that one cannot take in the whole lake at a glance, as these 
 reeds hide part of it from view. Many kinds of birds live in 
 this and the other lakes, such as the * * *, and the auk, and 
 birds which feed on fish, such as * * *, and other aquatic birds 
 in such numbers as are not found to our knowledge in any 
 other lake. In the spring-time the yellow water-lily grows so 
 luxuriantly, and covers the whole surface of the water with its 
 leaves and flowers to such a degree, that vessels going through
 
 GAULISH INSCRIPTION BY PICTET. 317 
 
 that lake have to pass through a regular wood of water-lilies. 
 Between this southern lake and the northern one, there is a 
 wood of reeds, through which there is a narrow channel, by 
 which vessels pass from the southern to the northern lake. 
 This latter lake is reckoned amongst the land of Hesu Borzajjah, 
 and it is commonly called the lake of the Christians, because it is 
 inhabited by Christian fishermen, who live here on the lake in wooden 
 huts built upon piles.' 
 
 We may further add, in illustration, an extract from a work 
 by M. Adolphe Pictet, ' On some Inscriptions in the Gaulish 
 Language,' Geneva, 1859. It gives the inscriptions themselves, 
 his version of them, and his ideas respecting them. 
 
 * Page 35, No. III. Inscription at Autun. 
 
 Licnos Contextos ieuru Anvallonnacu canecosedlon. 
 Licnos contextos vovit Anvallonnaco domum lacustrem. 
 
 Page 38, No. IY. Inscription at Volnay. 
 
 Iccavos Oppiani cnos jeuru Bringindon (u) Cantabon (an?) 
 Iccavos Oppiani filius vovit Bringindono domum lacustrem. 
 
 4 Page 43. I conclude from these that cantabona is exactly 
 synonymous with canecosedlon, and that the two inscriptions are 
 to be translated in the same manner. 
 
 ( What can be conjectured as to these votive lacustrine edifices 
 which we do not find mentioned elsewhere ? We know in a 
 general way that the worship of waters, springs, and lakes was 
 common to the Gauls, the Germans, and other nations ; but the 
 exact details are wanting in ancient authors. It is only in the 
 middle ages that we find here and there some indications as to 
 the worship of the waters amongst the population of Gaul. 
 Grimm has collected them in his excellent work on the German 
 mythology. 
 
 'We know that in these different places the lakes were 
 thought to be inhabited by superior and formidable beings whose 
 favour ought to be carefully conciliated ; hence the establishment 
 of sacred edifices on the banks of lakes and ponds may be 
 naturally explained. 
 
 ' We may also believe that the erection of lake dwellings, of 
 which so many remarkable remains have been found in most of 
 the lakes of Switzerland, and which appear to reach back to 
 the time of the first arrival of the Celts, may have contributed 
 both to originate and to propagate this worship of the waters, 
 of which, in fact, we know so little. The indications furnished
 
 318 MODERN NOTICES OF PILE DWELLINGS. 
 
 by our two inscriptions may probably have some importance in 
 this respect, and possibly lead to new discoveries.' 
 
 To these notices of pile dwellings from ancient authors and 
 inscriptions, a number of instances of erections somewhat 
 similar might be added from modern history and travels ; but as 
 most of them have already been collected and published by other 
 authors, we will only mention one case, which was inserted in 
 the first report on lake dwellings in the Transactions of the 
 Zurich Archaeological Association. 
 
 It will be found in the account given by Dumont D'Urville of 
 the bay of the city of Dorei, in New Guinea (' Histoire,' vol. iv. 
 page 607). ' The inhabitants,' he says, ' are distributed in four 
 villages at the edge of the water. Each village contains from 
 eight to fifteen houses built on piles ; but each house is composed 
 of a row of distinct cells or cabins, and contains several families. 
 Some of these houses contain a double row of cabins, separated 
 by a passage which runs from end to end. These buildings are 
 entirely made of wood very roughly worked ; they show the 
 light through in all directions, and often shake when any one 
 walks over the floor.'* 
 
 The fishermen's huts which still existed in the river Limmat 
 at the end of the last century were of a similar nature. 
 
 * I cannot resist adding one more instance, in a note, as the name of the place arose 
 from the nature of the erections found there. The quotation to be given is from 
 Justamond's translation of the Abbe" Eaynal's ' Settlements and Trade of the Euro- 
 peans in the East and West Indies,' vol. iv. p. 68. ' Alphonso Ojeda was the first who 
 reconnoitred, in 1499, the country called Venezuela, or Little Venice, a name that was 
 given to it because some huts were seen there fixed upon stakes to raise them above 
 the stagnant waters that covered the plain.' [Ta.]
 
 319 
 
 FIGUEES OF THE CEESCEOT MOON. 
 
 We have now to draw the attention of antiquaries to a class 
 of objects respecting which there may possibly be a difference 
 of opinion, but which, in any case, are of the greatest interest. 
 Amongst the antiquities found in the mainland settlement of 
 Ebersberg, when examined some years ago (see Plate XCI. 
 figs. 5 and 17), and of which an account is given towards the 
 close of this volume, there were some objects precisely similar 
 to those now about to be described, and which were then con- 
 sidered to be symbolical representations of the crescent moon, 
 and to be connected with the religious worship or at least opinions 
 of the lake dwellers. To this determination of these objects 
 we still adhere, after a careful consideration of all the arguments 
 respecting them, believing as we do that, though they may 
 resemble, as is thought by some antiquaries, the horns of oxen, 
 yet on the whole the probability is greater that they were 
 intended to represent the crescent moon. 
 
 Since then a considerable number of similar specimens, both 
 in red sandstone and earthenware, have been discovered, chiefly 
 in the lake of Bienne ; as yet they have not been met with in 
 settlements of the earliest age. About two dozen of those made 
 of clay with quartz grains were found by Colonel Schwab at 
 Nidau Steinberg ; these specimens are flattened on both sides, 
 and not very thick, but as they were intended to stand, they 
 are provided with a broad base. On the whole they do not 
 differ much in size, the space between the points of the horns 
 measuring from eight to twelve inches, and from the base to 
 the point about six or eight inches. As may be seen from the 
 drawings (Plate XXXYII. figs. 9, 15' and 16, and Plate XLII. 
 fig. 16), in some specimens the representation of the crescent 
 moon has been tolerably well given; in others the workman 
 has been satisfied with the mere indication of its form. All 
 these figures have on one side the same zigzag and line orna- 
 ments as are found on the pottery of the tumuli and on the 
 bronze implements. They are very like those found at Ebers- 
 berg ; the only difference being that the stone specimens have
 
 820 MOON IMAGES. 
 
 the horns more slender, and yet, on the whole, the body of the 
 figure is thicker. This would not have succeeded with the 
 images made of clay, for if made thick the mass would certainly 
 have gone to pieces in burning. 
 
 Several of these moon images were found at Cortaillod, and 
 are drawn Plate XLV. figs. 2, 4, 6, 8 and 9. They are made of 
 greyish clay, more or less mixed with small stones. The section 
 is narrow, but somewhat broader near the oval base. In Figs. 
 2 and 4 the horns run to a point ; in Figs. 6 and 8 these points 
 are cut off straight across, thus terminating in a flat surface, 
 and in the latter this small flat surface is hollowed. One half 
 of Fig. 2 is ornamented with lines representing the platting of 
 a mat, and the other half is edged with a triple hollowed line. 
 Fig. 4 is ornamented on both sides with straight lines made of 
 a series of impressed dots. Fig. 6 has at each end a deeply 
 impressed hole, round which there is a line drawn by the finger, 
 which is continued in a serpentine form along the borders. 
 Fig. 8 is the point of a moon image, which is perforated, and 
 besides this is ornamented above the hole with engraved circles. 
 On the flat surface there is a fillet running from one point to 
 the other, which, as well as the upper border of the image, is 
 ornamented with diagonal lines. This very singular specimen 
 is in the collection of M. Desor. 
 
 Moon images of this kind have been found in other localities, 
 but it is needless to multiply examples. 
 
 If we enquire what these things were intended for, it will 
 follow, if we carefully examine them, that they cannot possibly 
 have had any practical use, but were probably placed either 
 inside or outside of the house as ornaments, or more likely as 
 objects of worship. But now comes the question, whether, in 
 ancient writings or on monuments, any proofs can be discovered 
 that the worship of the moon formed a part of the religion of 
 the Celts, to whom we ascribe the erection of the lake dwellings. 
 We certainly do not find one single positive evidence of moon 
 worship amongst this people, but it is especially mentioned as 
 prevalent amongst the Germans. Caesar, in the sixth book of 
 his Commentaries, in which he treats of the religion of the Celts, 
 does not mention the worship of the moon. With respect to 
 the monuments representing the Druids with the crescent moon, 
 their falsity has been proved long since. The inscriptions also 
 of the Gallo-Eoman period, which have been so often quoted, 
 give no certain information on the matter. And yet there are 
 sufficient proofs that the moon had a share in the mysteries of
 
 MOON IMAGES. 321 
 
 the Druids, and was honoured and reverenced as holy. For 
 the half moon appears very certainly amongst other symbols on 
 Gaulish coins, more particularly on those which we may es- 
 pecially consider as Helvetian (see vol. iii. part iv. of our 
 Transactions). But the passage in Pliny, xvi. 95 (xvi. 44 of 
 the Edit. Dalecampii, 1587) is the most significant, in which 
 he describes the ceremonies which took place when the Druids 
 cut the mistletoe from the oak. According to the corrected 
 text of Sillig, the passage runs as follows : ' Est autem id 
 (viscum) rarum admodum inventu et repertum magna religione 
 petitur et ante omnia sexta luna, quse principia mensium anno- 
 rumque his facit, et sseculi post tricesimum annum, quia jam 
 virium abunde habeat nee sit sui dimidia, omnia sananteni 
 appellantes suo vocabulo.'* This account that the moon, accord- 
 ing to the religious ideas of the Gauls, possessed mysterious 
 medicinal power, and was honoured under the name of ' all 
 healing,' completely clears up, as it appears to us, the meaning 
 of the figures of the crescent moon found in the lake dwellings 
 and the corresponding settlements on the mainland. They 
 were sacred emblems of the ' gens admodum religionibus addita,' 
 by means of which, as with the branches of the mistletoe, they 
 imagined that they were able to avert and to cure diseases. 
 This panaceum was probably erected in some open space, per- 
 haps over the doors of the dwellings ; so that the ornamented 
 side was exposed to view. From the fact that three moon- 
 images were found in so small a space as the excavation at 
 Ebersberg, and a considerable number in some of the lake 
 dwellings, it is reasonable to conclude that they were numerous 
 in the Gaulish villages, and probably no house was without so 
 important a palladium. 
 
 Connected with these moon-images of stone and earthenware 
 may be mentioned the bronze implements, most of which are 
 in the collection of Colonel Schwab of Bienne, and which 
 decidedly bear the figure of the half or quarter moon. Plate 
 XLII. fig. 8, is of this form, with a broad latticed handle 
 
 * ' The mistletoe is not commonly met with, but when found, it is gathered with 
 great solemnity and especially on the sixth day of the moon, which they reckon as the 
 beginning of their months and years, and of a period of thirty years, because it then 
 has sufficient power and has not yet become half. They call it (the moon on the sixth 
 day) ' all healing.' The clause 'omnia sanantem,' which can only be taken in reference 
 to ' sexta luna, 1 is in many editions erroneously separated from the context. 
 
 The passage in Pliny, xxix. 12 (xxix. 3, of the Edit. Dalec.), also refers to a. 
 secret power of the moon. The words ' certa luna ' here used when the Druid* 
 were taking the serpents' eggs, probably mean also the first quarter of the moon. ..*$ / 
 
 Y
 
 322 MOON IMAGES OF BRONZE. 
 
 fastened to the convex side. Like the bronze sickles, one side 
 is flat, and the other has raised ridges upon it. Though a 
 bronze casting, it is very thin, and is not capable of bearing any 
 pressure whatever. The one drawn Plate XL VI. fig. 8, is very 
 similar, but it is rather larger, and the outside terminates in a 
 sharp cutting edge. Plate XLIY. figs. 6, 7, and 8, on the con- 
 trary, have no cutting edge. Fig. 7 is ornaniented on both 
 sides with raised lines. 
 
 Plate LXII. fig. 18, shows the handle, and Fig. 14 the middle 
 portion, of similar instruments found in the Mamiera of Cam- 
 peggine ; the latter differs in some slight particulars. Amongst 
 the specimens found in the settlement of Uetliberg on the 
 mainland, is the handle of an implement evidently of the same 
 nature ; it is ornamented with studs placed irregularly (Plate 
 XCII. fig. 9). All these implements were intended for sus- 
 pension. 
 
 Very similar moon-shaped cutting instruments of bronze have 
 been found in an Etruscan grave near Bologna ; but in these 
 cases the handle is not placed symmetrically like those from 
 Switzerland, but is fixed on towards the point of one of the 
 horns. (See the treatise <Di un sepolcreto etrusco scoperto presso 
 Bologna, descrizione del conte Giovanni Gozzadini,' Bologna, 
 1855.) In the appendix to this interesting work, which is 
 accompanied by excellent drawings, Professor F. Rocchi, in a 
 learned dissertation ' intorno 1' antichita dell' uso di radersi la 
 barba,' points out the possibility of these implements having 
 been used as razors. This explanation for a length of time did 
 not seem satisfactory to me, as several of them were not 
 sharpened, but perfectly blunt at the edges, so that they ap- 
 peared to me to be merely ornaments in the form of a crescent. 
 But since then, having seen and examined a number of specimens 
 of various forms, I have come to the conclusion that they may 
 in all probability be considered as cutting instruments of some 
 kind or other. Implements of this nature would be required 
 for cutting leather and cloth ; and it must be borne in mind 
 that as yet no scissors or shears have been found of this age. 
 The fact of some specimens having a blunt edge may be explained 
 by the necessity for its being well hammered, in order to make 
 it cut. Bronze becomes denser, harder, and more fit for cutting 
 tools by the process of hammering.* 
 
 * With respect to the hardening of bronze, there are several modes of accomplishing 
 the point. See Caylus Kec. i. p. 242. It is now said to be practised to a considerable
 
 323 
 
 MANUFACTUBES OF VEGETABLE FIBEE, FLAX, ETC. 
 
 Amongst all the antiquities found in the lake dwellings, 
 probably none are of more interest, or have a greater bearing 
 on our ideas as to the civilisation of the inhabitants, than the 
 various manufactures of ' bast ' or vegetable fibre, and of flax. 
 The variety of patterns is great, and apparently they have all 
 been produced by very simple means. 
 
 Hitherto specimens of this nature have been chiefly found 
 in the lake dwellings of the earlier periods, though some have 
 been met with in the settlements of later age, in the lake of 
 Bienne. 
 
 Some surprise having been expressed as to the perfect pre- 
 servation of these frail specimens of early industry, it may be 
 well to state that we owe it entirely to the fact, that at the 
 time the huts were destroyed, they fell burning into the water 
 before they were entirely reduced to ashes, and were very soon 
 after covered over by the mud of the lake.* 
 
 The need of fastening, binding, and sewing is one of the most 
 primitive wants, and led men in early times to the use of 
 simple threads and cords ready prepared for them by the hand 
 of nature ; these consisted either of objects taken from the 
 vegetable kingdom, such as the stalks of the stronger kinds of 
 grass ; stems of reeds, twigs and fibres of trees, or materials 
 from the animal kingdom, such as sinews and intestines, and 
 skins cut into strips, the use of which, however, required a 
 
 extent by several processes, one of which is simply the addition of a very small per- 
 centage of iron ; a patent was taken out in England for this process some years 
 ago. [Tn.] 
 
 * To a geologist there can hardly be any difficulty in the matter ; any one who has 
 looked over a collection of fossils from the fresh water formation of (Eningen will re- 
 member the delicate vegetable fibres, exquisitely preserved in this rich locality ; and 
 these are not carbonised, but simply chemically changed. But there is no necessity to 
 confine ourselves to a tertiary formation ; let the same individual examine the vegetable 
 remains from the old red sandstone (one of the palaeozoic group) near Thurso, and he 
 will cease to be sceptical as to the specimens of cloth from the lake dwellings. Inde- 
 finite preservation only requires a combination of circumstances, and these we fortu- 
 nately possess in some of the lake dwellings. [Tj*.] 
 
 T 2
 
 324 MANUFACTURES OF BAST AND FLAX. 
 
 certain degree of preparation. By means of binding materials 
 of this description, tools and weapons could be fastened to their 
 handles, stems and branches of trees could be bound together, 
 and huts erected. Binding or tying naturally led to platting 
 and to forming a flat or extended surface, and hence arose 
 mats and baskets, which the human hand is quite capable of 
 preparing with the help of the simplest tools. Experience 
 would soon indicate the best material afforded by nature, 
 amongst which was flax, which possessed the requisite qualities 
 in the highest degree. The use of flax, according to his- 
 tory, reaches back to the earliest period of civilisation, and 
 was carried on in the lake settlements to a considerable extent. 
 Flax was the material for making lines and nets for fishing, 
 and catching wild animals ; cords for carrying the earthenware 
 vessels and other heavy objects; in fact, one can hardly imagine 
 how navigation could be carried on, or the lake dwellings 
 themselves be erected without the use of ropes and cords ; and 
 the erection of memorial stones (Maenhirs, Dolmen), at what- 
 ever era and to whatever people these monuments may belong, 
 would be altogether impracticable without the use of strong 
 ropes. 
 
 After the different processes of working flax were in opera- 
 tion, such as spinning, entwining, platting, knitting, and 
 weaving, and after the settlers had learned without trouble, 
 and by a simple mode of manufacture, to prepare linen cloth, 
 so admirably adapted for coverings and clothes, then appeared 
 the innate propensities of human nature to give variety and 
 elegance to the products of manual labour ; and as we often 
 see this tendency pleasingly shown in the mats of savages, so 
 we find also in the products of the lake settlers' looms numerous 
 attempts at variety and ornament. 
 
 In describing and examining the many specimens of platted 
 and woven cloth discovered by Mr. Messikomer at Eobenhausen 
 and Mr. Lohle at Wangen, it will be necessary in the first 
 place to take a view of the commencement of this kind of 
 industrial exertion as shown in several specimens found. 
 
 Amongst the simplest means for binding and fastening, may 
 be classed the ropes and cords formed by twisting together 
 thin twigs, especially those of the willow ; rough ropes of this 
 kind have been found of various sizes and resemble the handle 
 of a basket. 
 
 Ropes and lines have also been discovered of less tough 
 materials, such as rushes, reeds, straw, &c.
 
 MANUFACTURES OF BAST AND FLAX. 325 
 
 The bast or vegetable fibre (of the lime tree) was very 
 commonly used, partly alone, and partly mixed with reeds and 
 strips of flax. 
 
 The bast in its most simple form, appears as a single strip or 
 band, binding together pieces of wood or other materials ; then 
 we find these strips of bast twisted together so that the section 
 is of a circular form, and still more commonly in the shape of 
 rope composed of several twisted bands entwined; a form of 
 manufacture in which may be recognised the commencement of 
 the ropemaker's art. (Plate LXXXII. fig. 1.) 
 
 The mats platted out of strips of bast may be considered as 
 the products of an advanced degree of industry connected also 
 with the art of the basket-maker. The first and most simple 
 kind of these mats, consists of a trellis work of strips or bands 
 platted crosswise one with another. (Plate LXXXII. fig. 2.) 
 
 A second and more complicated kind consists also of a kind 
 of trellis work, of which the warp is made of twisted strips of 
 bast and the woof of flat bands ; the latter probably more for 
 appearance than for increasing the strength are divided on the 
 ridge of the cross piece into two, through which the next band 
 is drawn and then again united on the opposite side of the plat 
 an arrangement commonly found in the baskets and mats of 
 the present day. (Plate LXXXII. figs. 3 and 4.) 
 
 Plate LXXXII. fig. 5 shows a series of small willow rods, 
 arranged in a radiating form, platted together by strips of bast 
 running concentrically in such a way that both together form 
 a structure like what is called ' herring-bone. 5 
 
 In Plate LXXXIII. fig. 1 double strips of bast are bound 
 together very neatly by being platted with other strips of bast 
 and cords. 
 
 In a third kind, the entwined strips of bast are wound round 
 in the form of a spiral, and then bound together by flat bands. 
 There are several varieties of this kind of platting, but we 
 cannot venture on giving a detailed account of them. 
 
 One variety had evidently required much skill in the manu- 
 facture ; it is not uncommon, but has never been found perfect ; 
 the use of it has not yet been determined. We cannot give the 
 whole length of the object, but the point is drawn Plate 
 LXXXIII. fig. 2. It consists of a reed forming the central 
 piece, and four splinters of the same material, which are 
 platted together and enclose the reed like a ' core * or central 
 portion in a cylinder. The specimens found vary both in 
 thichness and also in the fineness of the work ; the structure
 
 326 MANUFACTURES OF BAST AND FLAX. 
 
 somewhat resembles that of our modern horsewhips which are 
 bound round by cords. 
 
 Plate LXXXII. fig. 6 is a piece of a mat platted out of 
 bast, and differing from any other yet found. The front is 
 regular and smooth, while the back (Fig. 7) is carelessly made. 
 The broad bands by which the narrow double strips of bast 
 lying in straight lines are platted together appear to pierce 
 through to the lower side, probably to give more firmness to the 
 plat. Fig. 8 shows the single bands separated and gives an 
 idea of the mode of manufacture. 
 
 Many other kinds of manufacture made of bast, or of bast 
 mixed with twigs, have been discovered, but only in small 
 fragments, and in such bad condition from having been burnt, 
 that it is impossible clearly to make out their structure. It is, 
 however, to the fact of their having been burnt that we owe 
 their preservation ; had it been otherwise we should probably 
 never have known anything of these singular specimens of the 
 industry of the lake settlers. 
 
 No hemp has yet been found in any lake dwelling. The use 
 of flax reaches back to the very earliest periods of civilisation, 
 and it was most extensively and variously applied in the lake 
 dwellings, even in those of the stone period. But of the mode 
 in which it was planted, steeped, heckled, cleansed, and 
 generally prepared for use we can form no idea, any more than 
 we can of the mode or the tools employed by the settlers in its 
 cultivation. Still less can we decide whether, as was the case 
 with all the ancient eastern nations, the preparation of the flax 
 and the spinning and weaving fell to the lot of the female part 
 of the community. The specimens of unworked flax, or that in 
 stalks with the seed-vessels attached (of course burnt), belong, 
 according to the opinion of the best judges, to the variety 
 which is very generally cultivated in the north-west of Switzer- 
 land under the name of short flax. Even in the best soil this 
 smaller kind never grows as high as the larger sort; it is 
 simply preferred because it yields finer fibres, bears the climate 
 better, and is not so easily laid by the wind. 
 
 Bough or unworked flax is found in the lake dwellings made 
 into bundles, or what are technically called ' heads,' and as 
 much attention seems to have been given to this last operation, 
 it was perfectly clean and ready for use. The mode of working 
 this description of flax (that is without being spun or twisted) 
 is shown in various kinds of platted work. The most simple 
 kind of this manufacture is drawn Plate LXXXIII. fig. 3. We
 
 J 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF BAST AND FLAX. 327 
 
 see liere strands of tliis material laid in straight lines close to 
 each, other, and bound round and fastened together by similar 
 strands. Flax brought into this form might be used as a mat, 
 or a covering to wrap round the person. 
 
 A remarkable and very complicated union of strands of flax 
 and bast is represented Plate LXXXIII. fig. 4. It consists of 
 two different layers, the lower of which is thick and soft, and is 
 made up of a number of strips of flax, ranged parallel to each 
 other, one row overlapping the next like tiles (Fig. 4 a) . Nothing 
 could be ascertained as to the arrangement of these rows inside 
 as the specimen was so much burnt ; apparently, however, each 
 row was formed of a single strip worked sinuously backward 
 and forward. 
 
 The upper layer of this plat consists of long narrow strips of 
 bast, placed double and ranged parallel with those of the 
 underlayer ; in fact, so that every two strips of the bast corre- 
 spond or are equal in breadth to one of the strips of flax in the 
 lower layer. At a distance of nearly an inch apart, which 
 answers to the space occupied by the rows of the under layer, 
 these strips of bast of the upper layer are bound together by a 
 sinuous cross-band platted round them (Fig. 4 c, a), which is 
 also made of two narrow strips of bast. One of these cross- 
 bands is placed just over the edge of every row of the strips of 
 flax in the under layer where they overlap. The mode of 
 joining the upper layer of bast with the soft under layer of 
 flax is remarkable. This is done by a narrow strip of bast, 6, 
 underneath a, placed above the opening or loop of every strip 
 at right angles over the cross-band of the upper layer (see the 
 lower a and c), and then both ends of it are drawn through 
 the strip lying underneath so as to enter from behind the 
 strip of flax which is next to it, and thus fasten the cross-band 
 to the under layer. Thus this narrow strip performs the double 
 office of fastening the upper layer of bast to the soft under 
 layer, and of binding the strips of flax themselves one to 
 another. Fig. a shows the upper ends of the upright strips of 
 bast placed double, one after the other ; a thin cord or strip is 
 drawn through these ends or loops to prevent them from slipping 
 through the cross-band. 
 
 In another fragment (Plate LXXXIII. fig. 5) the strap 6, 
 which joins the two layers together, is not to be seen. These 
 two specimens are somewhat similar in character to that drawn 
 Plate LXXXIY. fig. 4, described below, which is entirely com- 
 posed of flax.
 
 828 MANUFACTURES OF FLAX. 
 
 Even before the discovery of the remains of actual threads it 
 might have been concluded from the abundance of burnt flax 
 fibres, and of clay spindle-whorls (Plate III. fig. 13), that the 
 art of twisting raw flax into a thread was known to all the lake 
 settlers, and formed one of their leading occupations. The 
 bundles found at Robenhausen both of simple yarn, and also of 
 thread made of two or more strands twisted together, proved 
 the great ability possessed by the settlers in the art of spinning. 
 It is uncertain whether the yarn, the simple single twist, had 
 any definite use, but the threads made of several lengths of yarn 
 twisted together are met with in great plenty, and of various 
 thickness, wound into skeins and neatly bound up (Plate 
 LXXXIII. figs. 6, 7, 8). String and rope half an inch in 
 diameter, made of several strands twisted together, occur of 
 excellent workmanship, as if they had been done by a rope- 
 maker (Plate LXXXIII. figs. 9 to 15). The beautiful baUs or 
 hanks of string (Figs. 2 and 6 on Plate XIV.) have been already 
 referred to in the account of Robenhausen. As navigation, 
 fishing, and hunting were apparently carried on to a great 
 extent by the inhabitants of the lake dwellings, it may be 
 readily imagined that the production of cords and ropes must 
 have been a very important matter. 
 
 Of plats and netting made from flax spun into threads the 
 FIG. is. first thing which maybe noticed is the kind of knot 
 used. Plate LXXXIV. fig. 10 represents a regular 
 weaver's knot, and the annexed wood-cut is the same 
 a little loosened. Plate LXXXIV. fig. 9 is an 
 entwined mass of skeins of flax loosely twisted 
 together ; this specimen cannot be accurately ex- 
 amined on account of its having as usual been 
 burnt. 
 
 Of netted manufacture the most simple forms are 
 the nets, which vary considerably both in the strength 
 of the cord, and in the size of the meshes, according to the 
 purposes for which they were designed, and yet they seem all to 
 have been made in the same manner. Plate LXXXIV. fig. 2 
 gives a drawing of the medium sort of this manufacture used 
 for hunting and fishing. Plate LXXXV. fig. 2 shows the 
 piece of a net with large meshes. 
 
 Plate LXXXIV. figs. 1, 3, 4 and 5 give the patterns of four 
 kinds of platted cloth remarkable both for their ingenious 
 structure and for the accuracy and care of their workmanship. 
 The first (Fig. 1) is made by a number of small cords lying close
 
 MANUFACTURES OF FLAX. 329 
 
 to each other ; it may have been used for a mat, a covering, or 
 as material for clothing. 
 
 The second specimen (Fig. 3) consists of strong strings which 
 are bound together at certain intervals by double cross-strings. 
 It forms a very strong cloth pervious to light and air. 
 
 The third (Fig. 4) is like the one first described, bound 
 together with a single cross-cord ; at the border, a b, the warp 
 is turned round a thin string. 
 
 It is remarkable for having on one side strips of raw flax platted 
 in the material in regular rows, and which afterwards had been 
 cut open, and thus formed an artificial pile. This specimen 
 throws some light on the fragments drawn Plate LXXXILI. 
 figs. 4 and 5, which were made in a similar way of strips of 
 bast and of raw flax, and which have also the appearance of a 
 pile. There can be no doubt that this material was used for 
 clothing. 
 
 The fourth specimen (Fig. 5) according to the views of those 
 versed in such matters, is also to be considered as a kind of 
 platted cloth, though from the regularity of its make it might 
 have been thought to be woven. The string forming the woof 
 is entirely lost to view under the cross-strings ranged close 
 together by which it is entwined. This firm and fine material 
 evidently was quite adapted for garments. 
 
 Three pieces of woven cloth are drawn Plate LXXXIV. figs. 
 6, 7, 8, made not by the hand alone, but by some mechanical 
 means which, however simple may have been its construction, 
 must be considered as a weaving apparatus. The invention of 
 the loom, that is of a simple frame for stretching the longitu- 
 dinal threads, with an arrangement for weaving in the cross 
 threads, reaches back to primeval times. 
 
 The specimen (Fig. 8) where the threads of the woof cross the 
 threads of the warp at right angles, is simple coarse cloth. The 
 thickness of the threads, and the distance between them varies 
 considerably, and yet the number of threads both in the warp 
 and in the woof in a square inch of surface, is on the average 
 between 25 and 34. Closely woven cloth has not yet been 
 found, nor what was made with strong threads, nor, in fact, have 
 any specimens come to light which in uniformity and regularity 
 of work can even in a remote degree be compared with the 
 products of the present day. 
 
 The next specimen (Fig. 6) differs from the last in having 
 every alternate three threads partly left out, by which the 
 cloth becomes ribbed.
 
 330 MANUFACTUEES OF FLAX. 
 
 The third sort (Fig. 7) is a woven cloth having the appear- 
 ance of a fringe, which may have been used for trimming the 
 garments ; skeins of thread are woven together at one side 
 by means of a narrow thread border, and the other side of 
 them is cut so that the threads hang down loose. 
 
 Plate LXXXTV. fig. 11 is the drawing of a kind of ribbon. 
 The warp consists of two threads of unequal thickness which 
 interchange and form neat cross stripes. 
 
 One of the most singular specimens of manufacture from 
 flax, is drawn Plate LXXXY. fig. 1. It is a piece of very 
 strong platted cloth similar to that drawn Plate LXXXIY. fig. 1, 
 but it is remarkable for having a four-cornered pocket of 
 common simple linen cloth, like that drawn Plate LXXXIV. 
 fig. 8, sewed on to it with thread and string. 
 
 But the most remarkable of all is the embroidered cloth 
 discovered within the last few weeks at Irgenhausen and de- 
 scribed in the account of that place. (See Plate XCIV. fig. 2.) 
 
 Plate LXXXVI. fig. 1 represents the middle portion of 
 some piece of clothing made of strands of flax neatly platted ; 
 probably it was a covering for the head like the leather caps 
 so much in use in many of the Swiss valleys. This cap is 
 arched towards the middle. The outermost border and the 
 third row of strips have been destroyed. Fig. 2 represents 
 one side of the cup, or what is called the strap, of a sling ; 
 it was made by platting flax cords together. A portion of the 
 string to which it was attached is shown on the right of the 
 figure.* 
 
 At the close of this account of the cords, ropes, and platted 
 work of twigs and bast, and the platted and woven flax cloth 
 found in the lake dwellings, we have one remark to make, 
 viz. that after a careful examination of the products of the 
 last mentioned kind, we have never found with the exception 
 of the pocket and embroidery just mentioned, and one other 
 hem made by a needle any kind of seam or appearance of 
 the cloth having been cut out; so that, at any rate for the 
 present, we adhere to the conjecture that this woven cloth 
 was used as a kind of general wrapper rather than made into 
 clothes fitted for the different parts of the body. 
 
 On the other hand, we find many fragments of the simple 
 
 * ' Qui fimdis ex lino vcl setis factis (has enim dicunt esse meliores) contorto circa 
 caput brachio dirigunt saxa.' Vegetius De re militari, lib. iii. cap. 14. [Ts.]
 
 LOOMS. 331 
 
 cloth, drawn Plate LXXXIV. fig. 8, in which the empty spaces 
 between the threads are filled in with some kind of material, 
 so as to change the cloth, which originally is in its texture 
 almost like a fine sieve, into something having the appearance 
 of burnt paper, and to make it quite impervious to light. The 
 nature of this substance can hardly be ascertained; it may 
 possibly have been used to make the cloth waterproof. These 
 specimens also naturally suggest the question whether the sub- 
 stance thus adhering to them may have been a colouring 
 material, and whether they may not be considered examples of 
 dyed or painted cloth, the making of which reaches up to the 
 highest antiquity.* 
 
 Looms. When we received from Mr. Messikomer the first 
 specimen of burnt linen cloth, which was, in fact, one of the 
 most complicated patterns, we could not repress the conjecture 
 that in that locality there had been a mixture of products of 
 very different ages, and that the woven cloth might have fallen 
 into the canal by accident from some place or other on the bank. 
 Ignorance of metals and handicraft, arrangements of the most 
 primitive kinds found together with products of an advanced 
 industrial knowledge, as shown by machine-made linen cloth, 
 appeared to us an impossibility in the history of civilisation. 
 But a careful examination of the locality by geologists and 
 antiquaries soon proved that there was no illusion in the matter, 
 and that these questionable specimens are the actual relics of 
 the lake dwelling settlers, and belong to the same age as the 
 implements of stone and bone. 
 
 This discussion as to the age of the woven cloth necessarily 
 led to the enquiry, what might be the form and construction of 
 the machine which enabled the inhabitants of the lake dwellings 
 to bring to perfection such admirable manufactures. It is known 
 from the writings of the ancients that weaving was very early 
 brought to great perfection, and it is also known that at the 
 present day very good cloth of various kinds is made in Arabia, 
 Persia, and India, by machines of the simplest kind. Of one of 
 the earliest civilised nations of antiquity, the Egyptians, we 
 possess, in fact, not merely in their woven cloths the actual 
 
 * It is remarkable that Herodotus, only a page or two before describing the pile 
 dwellings on Lake Prasias, referred to elsewhere in this volume, relates a story as to 
 two Paeonian brothers and their sister drawing the attention of Darius to the occupation 
 of spinning flax, ' which was neither like that of the Lydians, nor of the Persians, nor 
 of any of the dwellers in Asia.' This account will be found book v. 12, 13. [Ta.]
 
 332 LOOMS. 
 
 proofs of their proficiency in this department of industry, but 
 we find on the monuments which they have left behind them 
 representations of the whole process of preparing and working 
 flax, heckling, spinning, twisting, &c. ; and also drawings of 
 two kinds of loom, one lying on the ground and one standing 
 upright.* It was, indeed, possible that the specimens of woven 
 cloth under consideration, even if found amongst the remains 
 of flax stores and spinning-rooms, might have been brought 
 here by commerce with some civilised nation ; but all doubt 
 vanished as to their having been made on the spot where they 
 were found when Mr. Paur, a ribbon manufacturer of Zurich, 
 noted for his knowledge of weaving machinery, and taking an 
 interest in these early productions of his art, constructed an 
 exceedingly simple weaving machine, by which with the greatest 
 ease he made cloth of all the various kinds drawn Plate LXXXIV. 
 And, as a further proof, he showed from indubitable evidence 
 that the clay cones, described page 146, and drawn Plate 
 XXXVIII. fig. 16 and elsewhere, are to be considered as 
 constituent parts of the looms of the lake dwellings. If further 
 proof were wanting, it may be given in the fact that in several 
 rooms lately excavated by Mr. Messikomer at Eobenhausen, at 
 least half-a-dozen of these clay cones were found in each, so 
 that weaving must have been carried on there to a great 
 extent. 
 
 Mr. Paur has favoured us with the following account of the 
 mode which the settlers probably adopted to manufacture their 
 woven cloth, and also of the simple machine required for this 
 purpose. 
 
 It must, however, be fully understood that, with the exception 
 of the clay balls, cones, or weights, the following account is ideal ; 
 but there is every probability of its being perfectly correct. 
 There can be no doubt as to the great variety of patterns 
 of cloth discovered ; this account merely states what a very 
 simple machine would be required to produce these various 
 specimens. 
 
 ' The first thing to be done is to arrange the yarn for the warp 
 into simple sets of about forty threads each. What is called the 
 " Bispe," or the crossing of the threads, is done by winding the 
 threads crosswise on a wooden frame, as shown in the annexed 
 wood-cut (Fig. 16). The " Eispe " cord, a, drawn through cross- 
 
 * Sir Gardner Wilkinson, ii. 60 ; iii. 135. The ancient northern loom is described 
 in Worsaae's ' nordiske Oldsager,' p. 159.
 
 LOOMS. 
 
 333 
 
 FIG. 16. 
 
 wise, keeps the threads firm in this form. The sets of thread are 
 next to be hung in a row as broad as the cloth to be made, on the 
 warp staff a a, of the wood-cut (Fig. 17), which 
 rests on two upright forked stems or branches, and 
 they are to be weighted at the lower ends by clay 
 balls or cones. Instead of the " Bispe cord " of 
 each separate set of threads two longer cords b b, 
 are now drawn through the whole breadth of the 
 warp (see Fig. 17). The next step is to fasten by 
 means of a slipknot the first of every four threads 
 .to a round cross staff 1 (Fig. 18.) The second 
 thread is then fastened to a second staff; the third 
 to a third, and so on ; so that the whole of the 
 threads are distributed on the four staves (see 
 Fig. 19). Lastly, the weights are to be hung on 
 in such a way that only the threads from one 
 staff are fastened to one and the same ball ; when 
 this is done, both the "Bispe" cords, bb, are 
 taken away and the labour of weaving may begin. 
 
 ' The distribution of the warp on the different 
 staves just described, enables the workman to 
 draw out either one, two, or three threads and to 
 let the others remain, and thus by this change 
 of the threads drawn out to produce various 
 kinds of patterns. 
 
 ' The manufacture of the peculiar ribbed cloth 
 drawn Plate LXXXIV. fig. 6 yet remains to be 
 described. Nine threads of the warp are 
 fastened on four cross-staves in the following 
 order : 
 
 FIG. 17.
 
 334 
 
 LOOMS. 
 
 Threads 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 
 
 on I I | | ! | | | | 
 
 Staff 1. 2. 1. 3. 4. 3. 1. 2. 1. 
 
 At the first 'cast' of the shuttle, staff 1 is drawn. 
 
 second . . . . 2 & 4 ,, 
 
 third .... 1 
 
 fourth . . . . 2 & 3 
 
 FIG. 18. 
 
 FIG. 19.
 
 LEATHER. 335 
 
 ' The above arrangements are all that are required for manu- 
 facturing linen cloth exactly similar to all the varieties drawn 
 Plate LXXXIV.' 
 
 LEATHEK. 
 
 It was natural when men pressed forward into the inhospitable 
 regions of middle and northern Europe, that they should feel 
 the need of some clothing for the person to enable them to bear 
 the rigour of the climate. A material well adapted for this 
 purpose would be found in the hides and skins of beasts, either 
 of those which followed the wandering tribes as domestic 
 animals, or of those killed in the chase. The earliest clothing 
 of the inhabitants of Switzerland cannot materially have differed 
 from that which we see in our own day amongst the uncivilised 
 people of the far north. The manufacture of stone and bone 
 implements and of earthenware bowls, the construction of huts 
 and the preparation of skins and hides for covering the feet and 
 other parts of the body, must have been practised amongst the 
 settlers as one of their most indispensable labours, and have 
 been carried on to a great extent. Unfortunately we possess only 
 the most sparing indications as to this department of the 
 settlers' economy, for the leather was entirely altered by the 
 heat and spoiled by the water. And yet amongst the relics of 
 the settlers which lie entombed in the mud of the bed of the 
 lake, a number of pieces of leather have been found, the use of 
 which is indeed unknown, but which still prove to us that some 
 mode of preparing leather so as to make it supple and durable 
 was not unknown, and that consequently the first elements, at 
 least, of the currier's art were in use amongst the inhabitants of 
 the lake dwellings. We will not venture to run into conjecture 
 as to the mode in which the raw skins were treated ; it will be 
 sufficient at present to state the fact, of which we are assured 
 by those versed in these matters, that the appearance of the 
 leather found at Eobenhausen certainly shows that it had been 
 artificially prepared ; and the late discovery of a wooden last in 
 the same locality as described in the notice of this settlement, 
 proves that the colonists protected their feet by some kind of 
 sandals, in all probability made of leather.
 
 336 
 
 ABSTEACT OF THE 
 
 TREATISE ON THE 'PLANTS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS.' 
 
 BY DR. OSWALD HEER. 
 
 ZURICH, 1866. 
 
 [Professor Heer, to whom we have been indebted for previous 
 information as to the plants of the lake dwellings, has lately 
 published a most interesting work with the above-mentioned 
 title, and in the kindest manner has allowed us to take extracts 
 from it, and also to make use of his valuable illustrations.] 
 
 The remains of the plants referred to in this treatise are 
 found lying in the lake mud, or buried under a bed of peat 
 several feet thick. They have to be collected out of a soft, 
 dark coloured mud, which formed the ancient lake bottom, and 
 is now called the relic-bed. Stones and pottery, domestic im- 
 plements and charcoal ashes, grains of corn and bones, lie 
 together in a confused mass. And yet they are by no means 
 spread regularly over the bottom, but are frequently found in 
 patches. The places where bones are plentiful, where the seeds 
 of raspberries and blackberries, and the stones of sloes and 
 cherries, are found together in heaps, probably indicate where 
 there were holes in the wooden platform, through which the 
 refuse was thrown into the lake ; while those places where burnt 
 fruits, bread, and platted and woven cloth are found indicate store 
 rooms in these very spots on the lake dwellings when they were 
 burnt, and thus the contents fell into the water. The burnt fruits 
 and seeds, therefore, unquestionably belong to the age of the 
 lake dwellings ; and a portion of them are in very good preser- 
 vation, for the process of burning has not essentially changed 
 their form. The same remark applies both to the apples and 
 the corn, as the outer rind for the most part has neither sepa- 
 rated nor shrivelled up. Many of the remains of plants, how- 
 ever, have been preserved in an unburnt state. But as, when 
 these seeds are taken up out of the mud of the relic-bed, it is
 
 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 337 
 
 not impossible that plants and seeds from the neighbouring 
 bank may get mixed with them, great caution is required in 
 discriminating. Fortunately we have the means of distin- 
 guishing the ancient seeds and fruits from those of the present 
 day, for, in the ancient seeds, the inside portions the germ and 
 albuminous part, have disappeared, and only the burnt cellular 
 part, which forms the seed-shell or pericarp, has remained ; con- 
 sequently, all endeavours to make the seeds germinate have 
 proved fruitless. Thus the seeds of raspberries, goosefoot, 
 water-lilies, &c., are hollow inside, and in some cases only a 
 brown powder indicates the remains of the former contents : 
 the same remark applies to the stones of cherries and sloes, 
 to hazel-nuts, cornels, the seeds of pond-weeds, &c. 
 
 Professor Heer divides the plants hitherto found in the 
 lake dwellings into 1. Cereals ; 2. Weeds of the corn-field ; 
 3. Culinary vegetables ; 4. Fruit and berries ; 5. Nuts ; 6. Oil- 
 producing plants ; 7. Aromatic plants ; 8. Bast and fibrous 
 plants; 9. Plants used for dyeing ; 10. Forest trees and shrubs ; 
 11. Mosses and ferns; 12. Fungi for kindling fire ; 13. Water 
 and marsh plants. 
 
 1. Cereals. The small-grained, six-rowed barley (Hordeum 
 hexastichum sanctum), and the small lake-dwelling wheat (Tri- 
 ticum vulgar e antiquorum), were the most ancient, most im- 
 portant, and most generally cultivated farinaceous seeds of our 
 country. Next to them come the beardless compact wheat 
 (Binkelweizen Triticum vulgar e, compactum muticum), and 
 the larger six-rowed barley (Hordeum hexastichum densum), 
 with the two kinds of millet, the common millet (Panicum 
 miliaceum, L.), and the Italian millet (Setaria Italica). The 
 Egyptian wheat (Triticum turgidum, L.), the two-rowed wheat 
 (Emmer Triticum dicoccum, Schr.), and the one-grained wheat 
 (Triticum monococcum), were probably, like the two-rowed 
 barley, only cultivated as experiments in a few places ; and the 
 spelt (Triticum spelta, L.), which at present is one of the most 
 important cereals, and the oat (Avena sativa, L.J, appeared later, 
 not till the bronze age, while rye was entirely unknown amongst 
 the lake dwellings of Switzerland. 
 
 The millets are undoubtedly spring crops ; in fact all the 
 other kinds of cereals appear to have been the same. Conse- 
 quently, the colonists must have prepared and sown their fields 
 in spring, not in autumn ; and the corn was probably housed 
 at the end of summer, and no after-crops secured. The beds 
 of goats' and sheep's dung discovered in the lake dwelling of
 
 338 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 Robenhausen seem to indicate that the faeces were allowed to 
 accumulate in the stalls, in order to be used for manuring the 
 fields. Bread was made only of wheat and millet, the latter 
 with the addition of some grains of wheat, and, for the sake of 
 flavouring it, of linseed also. Barley bread has not yet been 
 found, and it is probable that barley was eaten boiled, or more 
 probably parched or roasted. The small, six-rowed barley of 
 the lake dwellings is the sacred barley of antiquity. The 
 small lake-dwelling wheat (Triticum vulgare antiquorum) is 
 
 FIG. 20. 
 
 1. Small lake-dwelling wheat (Triticum vulgare antiquorum). 2. Conipact six- 
 rowed barley (Hordeum hexastichum densum). 3. Small six-rowed barley (H. hexa- 
 ftichum sanctum). 4. Egyptian wheat (Triticum turgidum, L.). 5. Emmer or two- 
 rowed wheat (Tr. dicoccum, Schr.). 6. Common millet (Panicum miliaceum, L.). 
 7. Italian setaria (Setaria Italica).
 
 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 339 
 
 probably the oldest sort ; it is the most prevalent cereal in all 
 the older lake dwellings, and it was cultivated down to the 
 Gallo-Boman times. 
 
 The preceding woodcut gives a sketch of some of the more 
 important kinds ; it can hardly be called a * restoration,' as in 
 many cases the actual ears have been found. 
 
 We know very little as to the agricultural tools, though 
 several implements have been found which are considered to 
 belong to this class. Neither do we know how the corn was 
 gathered, though in all probability it was not cut just under 
 the ears (a mode which is represented on some ancient Italian 
 coins), but the straw must have been taken up with it, other- 
 wise there would not have been the seeds of so many weeds 
 with the corn. It was then, probably, trodden out to separate 
 the corn from the husks (thus the Roman term triticum from 
 triturare), and after being cleaned, the barley may have been 
 freed from its hard parts by a club. Implements of this kind 
 appear on coins of Metapontum, amongst agricultural tools, 
 and several clubs have been found at Robenhausen. The 
 women of Southern Africa are mentioned by the Livingstones 
 in their travels, lately published, as having to perform this 
 operation with a kind of pestle and mortar. We know how 
 the corn was crushed and ground ; it is needless here to refer 
 to the corn-crushers and mealing-stones found in nearly every 
 settlement. Some of the meal was then made into bread, of 
 which charred portions are still met with. In other cases, the 
 grain was probably roasted, then crushed, and put into the 
 pipkin, and the mass, after having been somewhat soaked, was 
 then eaten. The Spaniards, when they conquered the Canary 
 Islands, very singularly found this mode of preparing corn food 
 prevalent amongst the aborigines ; they adopted this custom, 
 and have continued it to the present day. The corn there is 
 still roasted in ovens, prepared for this especial purpose, then 
 ground, placed in goatskins, and thus stored. This ' Gofio' as 
 corn-meal is called, when thus prepared, forms now the food 
 of the lower orders of the people in the Canaries, and may cer- 
 tainly be considered as the oldest form of making use of corn. * 
 
 Parched barley was the sacred corn of the ancients, and took 
 a very important place in all their sacrifices. 
 
 2. Weeds of the Corn-field. Some of these were indigenous, 
 
 * Odyssey, ii. 354. Telemachus does not take bread for his voyage, but meal 
 in skins. 
 
 z 2
 
 340 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 and others had been introduced with the cultivated plants, and 
 been sown with them. The latter were either permanent or 
 mere transitory occupants of the ground. Some are charred, 
 and most unquestionably were mixed with the corn when it 
 was burnt. Others are found in great abundance in the mud, 
 and when the wheat was cleaned, had been thrown into the lake 
 as refuse. A fact of great interest is the occurrence of the 
 Cretan catchfly (Silene Cretica, L.), in the remains of the lake 
 dwellings, as it is not found in Switzerland and Germany ; but 
 on the contrary, is spread over all the countries of the Mediter- 
 ranean, and is found in the flax-fields of Greece, Italy, the 
 south of France, and the Pyrenees. The presence of the corn 
 bluebottle (Centaurea cyanus) is no less remarkable, for its 
 original home is Sicily. As it had already appeared in the 
 corn-fields of the lake dwellings, it indicates the way by which 
 corn had come into the hands of the colonists. 
 
 3. Culinary Vegetables. With the exception of peas, no culi- 
 nary or garden vegetables can, with any certainty, be mentioned 
 as belonging to the stone age. The Celtic dwarf field beans 
 (Faba vulgaris, Mch.), appear in the bronze age of a strikingly 
 small size, such as are never found afterwards. The lentil also 
 (Ervum lens, L.) belongs to the variety known as the small or 
 field lentil (E. lens microspermum) . 
 
 4. Fruit and berries. Fruits like apples and pears are found 
 in the lake dwellings, burnt, and in a very fair state of preser- 
 vation ; on the contrary, stone fruit and berries have not been 
 burnt, and therefore only the stones and the hard seed-shells 
 still remain. The apples are chiefly cut into two parts ; seldom 
 into three : the smaller ones are left whole. The sour crabs 
 must have been of considerable importance as an article of food, 
 as we may learn from the large quantity of their remain?!, and 
 their general diffusion amongst the lake dwellings. Together 
 with these wild apples, there were found at Eobenhausen a con- 
 siderable number of a larger kind, which probably were a culti- 
 vated variety. Pears must have been less common, for only a few 
 specimens have been found at Wangen and Eobenhausen. The 
 fruits of the service-tree have also been found at Wangen and 
 Robenhausen, stones of the cherry in fact of the sweet cherry 
 only at the latter settlement. The plum (Eobenhausen) is the 
 nearest to the bullace (Prunus institia avenaria, Fab.). Sloes 
 were gathered by the colonists, and also bird cherries (Prunus 
 padus, L.) in great abundance. Stones of the perfumed cherry 
 (Prunus Mahaleb, L.) have been found at Eobenhausen and
 
 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 841 
 
 Parina. Grape-stones are found at Castione, near Parma. 
 Easpberry, blackberry, and strawberry seeds are found, the 
 latter the rarest of the three. The seeds of the dog-rose, the 
 common elder, and the dwarf elder, are met with in abundance. 
 On the other hand the seeds of the bilberry are rare, and the 
 red whortleberry or cowberry does not appear to have been 
 eaten, for only its leaves are found. Stones of the cornel-cherry 
 are met with abundantly at Castione, and the berries of the way- 
 farina- tree occur in several lake dwellings. 
 
 O *-* 
 
 FIG. 21 
 
 Figs. 1 to 4, crab ; a, b, core and seed; c, stalk. Figs. 5 and 6, cultivated apple. 
 Fig. 7, wild pear. Fig. 8, a, strawberry seed magnified; b, water crowfoot magnified. 
 Fig. 9, raspberry seed magnified 4 diameters. Fig. 10, seed of the blackberry 
 magnified. Fig. 11, grape-stones, a, b, natural size ; c, magnified. Fig. 12, stone of 
 the cornel-cherry. Fig. 13, perfumed cherry (Prunus Makaleb) ; a, b, from Castione,. 
 near Parma; c, d, from Robenhausen. Fig. 14, bird cherry (Prumis padus) ; a, b, 
 round stone from Robenhausen ; c, rather a long stone, from Concise. Fig. 15, sloe 
 stone. Fig. 16, plum stone ; a, furrowed ventral side ; b, broad side ; c, dorsal furrow. 
 Figs. 17 and 18, cherry stones. 
 
 5. Nuts. Beech-nuts are found abundantly ; they were pro- 
 bably used as food, and perhaps oil was pressed from them. 
 The walnut was met with at Parma. The waterchestnut (Trapa 
 natans, L.) which now only exists in Switzerland in a tarn in 
 the canton of Lucerne, but which is found both at Robenhausen 
 and Moosseedorf, formed doubtless an article of food, as it does 
 at the present day in upper Italy. 
 
 6. Oil-producing plants. A whole cake of the seeds of the
 
 342 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 garden or opium poppy was found at Eobenhausen ; probably 
 these seeds were pressed for oil, or they may have been eaten, 
 scattered over the bread. 
 
 7. Aromatic plants. The caraway seeds found at Eobenhau- 
 een were probably used as condiments for the food. 
 
 8. Bast and fibrous plants. The flax of the lake dwellings is 
 not the common flax. The small -leaved flax (Linum angusti- 
 folium, Huds.) which is a native of the countries of the Mediter- 
 ranean, from Greece and Dalmatia to the Pyrenees, may be 
 considered as the original stock of the cultivated flax of the 
 lake dwellings. The presence of the Cretan catchfly proves 
 that the colonists got their flax-seed from southern Europe. A 
 little flat slab consisting of flax seed, wholly or partially burnt, 
 was found at E/obenhausen : possibly it may have been a kind of 
 linseed cake, intended to be eaten by the colonists. 
 
 9. Plants used for dyeing. The weld (Reseda luteola] may 
 probably have been used for dyeing the linen cloth. 
 
 10. Forest trees and shrubs. No great change appears to 
 have taken place in the forest flora since the age of the lake 
 dwellings. It is worth mentioning that at Eobenhausen there 
 were found portions of twigs and remains of the leaves of the 
 mistletoe (Viscum album), the sacred plant of the Gauls. 
 
 11. Mosses and fern. Moss was undoubtedly used for stop- 
 ping the holes in the walls of the huts, and also for bedding. 
 
 12. Fungi. The common tinder fungus (Feuerschwamm), 
 which occurs in nearly all the lake dwellings, was probably 
 used for procuring fire. 
 
 13. Water and marsh plants. The character of these re- 
 mains shows us that, at least at Eobenhausen, the lake dwellings 
 did not stand on the deep clear lake bottom, but on muddy 
 shallows grown over with vegetation ; and also that the growth 
 of peat had already begun on the shore. 
 
 RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION OF THE LAKE-DWELLING 
 
 PLANTS. 
 
 1. The inhabitants of the lake dwellings do not appear to 
 have had any close connection with the people of eastern 
 Europe, for they, at least in the bronze age, cultivated rye, with 
 which the lake settlers must have become acquainted, if there 
 had been any mutual intercourse. On the contrary, all the 
 cultivated plants show a connection with the countries of the
 
 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 343 
 
 Mediterranean. Every kind of corn came to them from that 
 quarter. We have seen that the lake colonists cultivated not 
 only the same barley, but even the same variety, as the in- 
 habitants of Southern Italy. According to Pickering, barley 
 appears on the monuments of the Pharaohs of the earliest age, 
 and is found most abundantly in the mummy-cases. We have 
 further seen that a kind of wheat, which still is very commonly 
 cultivated in Egypt, and yet is found in very ancient mummy- 
 cases, came, at least occasionally, into our districts. The 
 Indian millets have also very probably been introduced this 
 way; they were much cultivated in Egypt, and the setaria 
 (Fennich) is represented on a tomb of Rameses Sethos, and at 
 El-Kab. 
 
 The lake colonists had therefore the same cereals as the 
 Egyptians. They were also clothed in the same manner, for in 
 Egypt flax took the first place amongst the plants used for spin- 
 ning and weaving. All the mummies are wrapped in linen 
 cloth, and in the time of Herodotus the priest could wear only 
 linen garments. One of the plagues sent by Jehovah upon Egypt 
 was the destruction of their crops of flax and barley by thunder 
 and hail (Exodus ix. 31). The cultivation of flax, and the art of 
 weaving the thread may frequently be seen on the Egyptian 
 mural paintings,* while hemp was unknown as a plant for 
 making thread, and it is also entirely unknown in the remains 
 of the lake dwellings. The garden, or opium poppy is, indeed, 
 nowhere drawn on the Egyptian monuments, but, on the other 
 hand, it appears, together with the ear of barley, on a very 
 ancient coin of Smyrna, and also on one of Metapontum; and this 
 plant must have been of some considerable importance amongst 
 the lake colonists, as they probably procured oil from its seeds. 
 
 Now, if we take into consideration all these cultivated plants, 
 brought into our districts by man out of the far east ; and if we 
 further consider the weeds which, contrary to his inclination, 
 came with them, and of which some (especially the Centaurea 
 cyanus and the Silene Cretica) also indicate a southern origin, we 
 can hardly hesitate to assert that this agricultural knowledge 
 came into our districts from the basin of the Mediterranean, 
 and that the problematical appearance of celts of nephrite in 
 our lake settlements may have to rank amongst a great number 
 of similar phenomena. The presence of what is called noble 
 nephrite, which is only known in the east, is not more strange 
 
 * Sir Gardner Wilkinson's Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, iii. 
 pp. 134, 135, and 138.
 
 344 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 than the appearance of the Egyptian wheat, the Cretan catchfly, 
 the oil-yielding poppy, and the glass beads found at Wauwyl, 
 which were either of Egyptian or Phoenician origin. When we 
 speak of Egypt, as we again and again have had occasion to do, 
 we naturally are not thinking of a direct intercourse between 
 the lake colonists and this country; but we simply mean to 
 state that it was the home of that civilisation which spread so 
 widely amongst the regions of antiquity and which had probably 
 extended over the shores of the Mediterranean from Egypt and 
 Phoenicia, and from their colonies had been transmitted further 
 inland, so that from these original centres of the civilisation of 
 that age, some scattered rays may have reached even to our lake 
 dwellings. 
 
 2. If this supposition be correct, we may obtain some indica- 
 tions to aid us in determining the age of the lake dwellings. 
 Even if we were ignorant of the absence of metals in the older 
 settlements, we should be obliged from the character of their 
 plants to ascribe to them a very great antiquity. The non- 
 existence of winter corn, of most of the culinary vegetables, and 
 of hemp, as also of the domestic fowl, indicates a period reaching 
 back long before the Christian era. The Greeks and the Romans 
 had winter corn, cultivated hemp, and had a great variety of 
 culinary vegetables. The domestic fowl is nowhere mentioned 
 in Homer or Hesiod, but in the time of Pericles it is spoken of 
 as the Persian bird, and it appears in Italy on coins of Neapolis, 
 probably struck about a hundred years before Christ. To this 
 it must be added, that the Roman authors never mention a word 
 about lake dwellings, and Professor Desor justly reminds us 
 that Pliny had his villa exactly in the place where there are 
 numerous remains of pile dwellings, but which had so completely 
 vanished from the memory of the people that they appeared to 
 have had no suspicion of these ancient inhabitants of the land. 
 On the other hand, according to my judgment, it is going too 
 far, to estimate the age of the lake dwellings at six or seven 
 thousand years a view taken by M. Morlot. The great 
 number of varieties of corn, which we find even in the stone age, 
 the general cultivation of flax, and all the industrial arts con- 
 nected with it, and the degree of civilisation attained by the 
 colonists, as exhibited in their remains, have already led us to 
 the conclusion that a long period must have been required for 
 the development of their abilities. 
 
 If we look back three thousand years ago, perhaps in the time 
 of Homer or David, we shall find the same cultivated plants
 
 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 345 
 
 in the east. Barley and wheat are often mentioned in Homer, 
 as well as field beans and poppies, but no mention is made of rye* 
 or of oats. In the book of Ruth, which probably was written 
 in David's time, as it relates to a family history of the royal 
 house, barley and wheat are frequently spoken of; and the 
 reapers of Boaz let Ruth have some of their master's parched 
 corn. Consequently, barley and wheat were the chief kinds of 
 corn in Palestine eleven hundred years before Christ. But they 
 are mentioned, together with the spelt, a good deal earlier, viz., 
 in Genesis, as having undoubtedly in much earlier time laid the 
 foundation of the civilisation which then existed in Egypt. 
 
 In David's time (2 Samuel xvii. 28) beans and lentils are 
 spoken of as common food. And the spelt is mentioned elsewhere ; 
 but nothing is said of rye or of oats. Together with these, 
 we have the kinds of wheat and leguminous plants which have 
 been found in the lake dwellings of western Switzerland, be- 
 longing to the bronze age. At that time bronze appears to have 
 been the metal most generally in use amongst the Orientals and 
 the Greeks. And it is mentioned everywhere in Homer. Bear- 
 ing in mind the very slow diffusion of civilisation in those ages, 
 the supposition may probably not appear too hazardous, that 
 the lake dwellings where the use of bronze was known may be 
 placed about this period. 
 
 But the settlements of the stone age must be earlier ; and yet 
 they are so closely connected with those of the bronze age, by 
 such stations as Robenhausen and Meilen, and even the oldest 
 settlements like Wangen and Moosseedorf, both in cultivated 
 plants and in domestic animals, agree so nearly with the others, 
 that no sharp line can be drawn between them, and they cannot 
 probably be further thrown back many thousand years. 
 
 3. The lake dwellings were inhabited during the whole year, 
 and the cattle were stalled upon them. The manure which was 
 found at Robenhausen proves the latter proposition, and the 
 undigested remains of food prove the former. The cherry-stones 
 with great probability indicate the month of June ; the seeds of 
 
 * The English version of Exodus ix. 31, 32, seems to contradict this as far as Egypt 
 is concerned, but from the best authorities, the original word here rendered 'rye' should 
 be translated, 'spelt' as given in the Zurich Bible, and in that of De Wette. Professor 
 Heer states that rye has never been found in the Egyptian monuments, and that the 
 English translation is evidently incorrect, for rye comes before wheat, and wheat and 
 spelt also ripen after barley. Rye in the Mediterranean countries is cultivated at the 
 present day merely as green food, not as a cereal. Professor Heer adds that ' spelt 
 was actually cultivated in Egypt in the time of the Pharaohs, as is evident from some 
 grains I have received from Professor Ehrenberg, which date from that period.'
 
 346 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 raspberries and blackberries the middle and end of summer ; 
 the sloes and the seeds of the dog-rose speak of the latter part of 
 autumn or the beginning of winter, when these fruits first 
 become eatable after they have been exposed to the frost ; while 
 the hazel-nuts and beech-nuts have reference to autumn and 
 winter; as well as the seeds of weeds grown with the corn 
 and separated from it by the colonists and then thrown into the 
 lake. 
 
 4. From Professor Rutimeyer's investigation as to the fauna 
 of the lake dwellings, it appears that at the time of the older 
 settlements of the stone age the wild animals used as food far 
 preponderated over the domestic animals ; and that the chase 
 afforded more flesh to the colonists than their herds. But 
 these proportions underwent a change in the bronze age, very 
 favourable to the domestic animals. The great wild oxen, the 
 Urus and the Bison, disappeared, and a great number of new 
 races of horned cattle came upon the scene. (See Rutimeyer's 
 Fauna der Pfahlbauten, p. 236.) With respect to plants also, 
 there appears to have been an increase of the cultivated kinds, 
 but even in the oldest known settlements, such as Moosseedorf 
 and Wangen, we have a variety of kinds of corn, as well as the 
 cultivation of flax, consequently, there must have been a know- 
 ledge of agriculture. In Robenhausen we find also the culti- 
 vation of fruit, and in the age of bronze, that of leguminous 
 plants. However much the wild fruits may have been eaten, 
 yet, from the very first, cultivated plants seem to have afforded 
 the most important articles of vegetable food. 
 
 5. Although the actual determination of the age of the lake 
 dwellings is doubtful, yet we may say with perfect certainty 
 that they are more than 2,000 years old ; and, with a con- 
 siderable amount of probability, that they reach back from 
 1,000 to 2,000 years before Christ. In any case the remains of 
 plants have a very high antiquity, and they throw some light 
 on the solution of the question, whether the species of plants 
 have undergone any change in historic time. With respect to 
 the wild plants, the question must be answered in the negative. 
 The most careful investigation of them shows a surprising 
 agreement with the recent species, and even small varieties of 
 form have been retained, as we see in the water-lily, the fir, 
 the sloe, the bird cherry, and the hazel-nut. Professor linger 
 has come to the same result by investigating the Egyptian 
 plants. But the case is different with the cultivated plants, 
 although some kinds as the dense compact wheat (Binkel-
 
 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 347 
 
 weizen] and the close six-rowed barley have undergone no 
 perceptible change, yet it must be confessed that most of them 
 agree with no recent forms sufficiently to allow of their being 
 classed together. The small Celtic beans, the peas, the small 
 lake-dwelling barley, the Egyptian and the small lake-dwelling 
 wheat, and the two-rowed wheat or Emmer, form peculiar, and 
 apparently extinct races : they are distinguished for the most 
 part from the modern cultivated kinds by smaller seeds. Man 
 has, therefore, in course of time produced sorts which give a 
 more abundant yield, and these have gradually supplanted the 
 old varieties. 
 
 We have, therefore, to consider the latter as the original 
 stock from which the others have sprung. Thus, probably, the 
 small six-rowed barley of the lake dwellings is the original 
 form from which the four-rowed barley has descended. The 
 axes of the ears have become longer by cultivation, the spike- 
 lets are pushed further asunder, and therefore the longitudinal 
 rows lie one over the other. We thus find only four rows on the 
 ears, and the form becomes what is known as common barley 
 (H. vulgare). But there was also a change in another direction. 
 In the side florets the pistils do not come to perfection, and 
 consequently only the middle grains are productive. Thus we 
 get only two rows of grains, which consequently become larger. 
 And so by the lengthening of the axes of the ears we get the 
 two-rowed barley (H. distichum, L.), but by the shorter axes the 
 'rice barley' (H. Zeocriton, L.). I consider, however, all 
 these forms of barley only as varieties (Racen) of one species ; 
 in fact, they sometimes exhibit a transition from one to 
 another. 
 
 The same thing occurs with the different kinds of wheat. I 
 consider the small lake-dwelling wheat as the primitive form 
 from which have sprung, by cultivation, the different forms, with 
 the axes not fragile and with the grains easily detached, as 
 they all are very near to each other in character, and no impor- 
 tant and decisively distinctive marks are to be found between 
 them.* 
 
 * The following is the manner in which we should place them: Triticum vulgare, 
 VilL Four-rowed ears, spikelets with 2 4 grains falling out when ripe. Axes 
 not fragile. 
 
 a. Triticum antiquorum, M. : Small lake dwelling wheat. Ears awnless, short, the 
 grains very much rounded, small, and closely pressed together ; spikelets with 3 4 
 ripe grains. Palea, sharply carinated on the back from the very bottom, shorter than 
 the glume, and ending in a small tooth. 
 
 b. Tr. sativum, Lam. : Common wheat. Ears either with or without awns, spikelets
 
 348 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 The flora of the lake dwellings consequently announces to 
 us that all the plants which come in contact with man (welche 
 des Menschen Hand beruhrt) become changed up to a certain 
 point, and thus man participates in the great transformations 
 (Umbildungsprozesse) of nature, while the wild plants which 
 surround us at the present day still grow in the same forms 
 (in denselben Formen sich bewegen) as they did three or four 
 thousand years ago, and do not exhibit the smallest change. 
 
 CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 
 
 1. CEBEALS. Small lake-dwelh'ng barley (Hordeum hexastichum 
 sanctum). Compact six-rowed barley (Hordeum hexastichum den- 
 sum}. Two-rowed barley (Hordeum distichum, L.). Small lake- 
 dwelling wheat (Triticum vulgar e antiquorum, M.). 'Binkel- 
 weizen' or beardless compact wheat (Triticum vulgar e com- 
 pactum muticum). Egyptian wheat ( Triticum turgidum, L.). 
 Spelt (Triticum spelta, L.). 'Emmer,' or two-grained wheat 
 (Triticum dicoccum, Schrank). One-grained wheat, or ' Einkorn ' 
 (Tritwum monococcum, L.). Rye (Secale cereale, L.). Oat (Avena 
 sativa, L.). Millet (Panicum miliaceum, L.). Italian setaria, 
 * Kolbenhirse,' or Tennich' (Setaria Italica, L. sp.). 
 
 2. WEEDS OF THE CORN-FIELD. Darnel (Lolium temulentum, 
 L.). White goosefoot (Chenopodium album, L.). Many-seeded 
 goosefoot (Chenopodium poly spermum, L.). Red goosefoot (Cheno- 
 podium rubrum, L.). Striped - seeded goosefoot. * Burdock 
 (Lappa major, L.). Corn cockle (A grostemmagithago, L.). White 
 campion (Lychnis vespertina, L.). Cretan catchfly (Silene Cretica, 
 L.). Chickweed (Stellaria media, L. sp.). Smooth-seeded spurry, 
 Spergula pentandra, L.). Thyme-leaved sandwort (Arenaria 
 serpyllifolia, L.). Goosegrass (Galium aparine, L.). Creeping 
 
 with 2 3 ripe grains. Palea nearly of the length of the glume, carinated only in 
 front. Grains, a long oval, blunt. 
 
 c. Tr. durum, Desf. : Hard wheat. Ears awned, spikelets with 3 4 grains. Palea 
 narrow, as long as the glume ; sharply carinated from the bottom, ending in a broad 
 curved tooth. 
 
 d. Tr. turgidum, L. : Egyptian wheat. Ears awned ; spikelets with 2 3 grains. Palea 
 inflated, broad, shorter than the glume, sharply carinated on the back, ending in a 
 short tooth ; grains large, much rounded, ovate. 
 
 These 'races' again are subdivided into numerous sub-races. 
 
 * This seed is drawn Plate LXXXVII. fig. 41. From Professor Heer's account it 
 seems almost peculiar to the lake dwellings. Under the microscope there are numerous 
 radiating bands, or stripes, very close together, and partially interrupted.
 
 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 349 
 
 crowfoot (Ranunculus repens, L.) . Little bur medick (Medicago 
 minima, L.). Corn bluebottle (Centaurea cyanus, L.). 
 
 3. CULINARY VEGETABLES. Parsnep (Pastinaca sativa, L.). 
 Common carrot (Daucus carota, L.). Celtic fieldbean (Faba vul- 
 garis, Mch. ; Celtica nana) . Pea (Pisum sativum, L. var.) . Lentil 
 (Ervum lens, L.). 
 
 4. FRUIT AND BERRIES. Apple (Pyrus mains, L.) ; a, smaller 
 crab; b, larger round lake-dwelling apple. Pear (Pyrus com- 
 munis, L.). Service-tree (Pyrus aria, L.). Cherry (Prunus 
 avium, L.). Bullace (Prunus institia, L.). Sloe (Prunus spinosa, 
 L.). Bird cherry (Prunus padus, L.). Perfumed cherry (Prunus 
 Mahaleb, L.). Vine* (Vitis vinifera, L.). Raspberry (Rubus 
 idceus, L.). Bramble (Rubus fruticosus, L.). Strawberry (Fra- 
 garia vesca, L.). Dog-rose (Rosa canina, L.). Common elder 
 (Sambucus nigra, L.). Dwarf elder (8ambucus ebulus, L.). Bil- 
 berry (Vaccinium myrtillus, L.). Red whortleberry or cowberry 
 (Vaccinium vitis idcea, L.). Cornel - cherry (Gornus mas, L.). 
 Wayfaring tree (Viburnum Lantana, L.). 
 
 5. NUTS. Hazel-nut (Corylus avellana, L.). Beech (Fagus 
 sylvatica, L.). Walnut (Juglans regia, L.). Waterchestnut 
 (Trapa natans, L.). 
 
 6. OIL-PRODUCING PLANTS. Opium or garden poppy (Papaver 
 somniferum, var. antiquum, L.). Dogwood (Cornus sanguinea, 
 
 L.).t 
 
 7. AROMATIC PLANTS. Caraway (Carum carui, L.). 
 
 8. BAST AND FIBROUS PLANTS. Max (Linum angustifolium, 
 Huds.). Lime-tree (Tilia grandifolia, Ehrh.). Small-leaved 
 lime-tree, (Tilia parvifolia, Ehrh.). 
 
 9. PLANTS USED FOR DYEING. Weld (Reseda luteola, L.). 
 
 10. FOREST TREES AND SHRUBS. Scotch fir (Pinus sylvestris, 
 L.). Mountain pine (Pinus montana, Mill.). Spruce fir (Pinus 
 abies, L.). Silver fir (Pinus picea, L.). ' Juniper (Juniperus com- 
 munis, L.). Yew (Taxus baccata, L.). Oak (Quercus robur, L.) 
 Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus, L.). Alder (Alnus glutinosa, L.) 
 Birch (Betula alba, L.). Willows (Salix repens and Salix cine- 
 rea.} Ash (Fraxinus excelsior, L.). Mistletoe (Viscum album, 
 L.). Holly (Ilex aquifolium, L.). Spindle-tree (Euonymus 
 Europmus, L.). Berry-bearing alder (Rhamnus frangula, L.) 
 Maple (Acer}. Mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia, L.). 
 
 * Professor Heer looks on the grape-stones from Wangen with suspicion, because they 
 are like those of the modern grapes, and they are not burnt ; but this is also the case 
 with the seeds of the bramble and the strawberry. The grape-stones from Castione he 
 considers genuine, as they agree with those of the wild blue grape. 
 
 f The kernels of dogwood seeds contain a rich oil, which may be pressed out.
 
 350 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 11. MOSSES AND FERNS. Mosses : Antitrichia curtipendula, 
 Dill. sp. ; Neckera complanata and N. crispa, Dill. ; Thuidium deli- 
 catulum, L. sp. ; Anomodon viticulosus, Dill. ; Leucodon sciuroides, 
 Dill. ; Hylocomium brevirostre, Ehrh. Fern : Pteris aquilina, L. 
 
 12. PLANTS FOE PROCURING FIRE. Common tinder fungus 
 (Polyporus igniarius, L.) ; Polyporus fomentarius, L. Oak agaric 
 (Dcedalia quercina, L.). 
 
 13. WATER AND MARSH PLANTS. Chara (Chara vulgaris, L. ; 
 Ch. fcetida, A. Br.). Common reed (Phragmites communis, L.). 
 Lake scirpus (8cirpus lacustris, L.). Sedges (Carices). Marsh 
 Scheuchzeria (Scheuchzeria palustris, L.). Yellow flag (Iris 
 pseudacorus, L.) . The pondweeds (Potamogeton perfoliatus, L. ; 
 P. compressus ; P. natans, L. ; P. fluitans, Hoth.). Common horn- 
 wort (Geratophyllum demursum, L.). Water plantain (Alisma 
 plantago, L.). Water pepper (Potygonum hydropiper, L.). Marsh 
 bedstraw (Galium palustre, L.). Buckbean (Menyanthes trifo- 
 liata, L.). Marsh leusewort (Pedicularis palustris, L.). Marsh 
 pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris, L.). Hog's fennel (Peucedanum 
 palustre, L.). White water-lily (Nymphcea alba, L.). Yellow 
 water-lilies (Nuphar luteum and N. pumilum ?) . Watercrowfoot 
 (Ranunculus aquatilis, L. ; R. hederaceus, L. ; R. flammula, L. ; 
 R. lingua, L.). 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES IN PLATES LXXXVII. 
 AND LXXXVIII. 
 
 N.B. Figs. 1 to 44 are on the First; Figs. 45 to 107 on the Second. 
 
 Figs. 1-8, small lake-dwelling barley (Hordeum hexastichum 
 sanctum). Figs. 1, 2, 3, ears from Robenhausen. Figs. 2 and 
 3 are placed so that the three grains may be seen which stand 
 in one of the hollows of the axis. The three rows of grains, 
 therefore, here seen, belong to one side of the axis, while the 
 other side with its three rows lies behind. Fig. 1 is the draw- 
 ing of an ear (perfect as far as the length is concerned), given 
 in a different view, for the first and second row, reckoning from 
 the left, belong to two sides of the ear, and in the upper, or 
 most perfect portion, four rows may be seen. Fig. 4, single 
 grains ; a and d from the outside, with the germ ; 6, c, from the 
 inside. Fig. 5, from Wangen. Fig. 6, a, b, e, f, from Peter's 
 Island; c, d, from Montellier. Fig. 7, grain surrounded by
 
 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 351 
 
 both the glumes. Fig. 8, axis from which most of the grains 
 have fallen off; it shows the places where the spikelets join on 
 to it, and also how closely they are arranged. Fig. 9, compact 
 six-rowed barley (Hordeum hexastichum densum). Fig. 9, 
 portion of an ear from Eobenhausen. Fig. 9, &, c, d, single 
 grains, both from the front and the back. Figs. 10 to 13, 
 ancient Italian silver coins. The six-rowed barley is excel- 
 lently delineated on the most ancient coins of Metapontum, 
 about the sixth century B.C., Fig. 10, and still more accurately 
 represented on those of the fifth century B.C., Figs. 11 and 12. 
 On many of these coins a locust (Acridium migratorium, L.), is 
 sitting on the ear, while on the reverse is Apollo, the god who 
 protects the barley-field from the dreaded plague of locusts. 
 The coin, Fig. 12, represents the mouse, together with the ear 
 of barley, and on the reverse is Ceres, the protectress of agricul- 
 ture, with ears of the same kind of barley plaited in her hair. * 
 The sparrow also, that constant attendant upon all cereal 
 operations, is not absent ; nay, even the destructive wheat-fly 
 (Cecidomyia destructor) is quite easily recognised upon the ears 
 of barley. On the coins of Leontinon, Fig. 13, an ancient 
 Sicilian town, only single grains of barley are represented, with 
 the lion's head ; they agree with those of the small lake-dwell- 
 ing barley, the ancient type of the sacred barley. Figs. 14-18, 
 small lake-dwelling wheat (Triticum vulgar } e antiquorum, M.). 
 Fig. 14, portion of an ear from Eobenhausen. Fig. 15, a 
 second portion seen from the inside, showing the close arrange- 
 ment of the spikelets. Fig. 16, a single spikelet with four 
 grains. Fig. 16 (below), glume, very much magnified. Fig. 17, 
 the ear completed. Fig. 18, single grains ; a, b, c, e, /, g, from 
 Eobenhausen; aa, from Moosseedorf ; d from Montellier ; h from 
 Olmiitz. Fig. 19, ' Binkelweizen,' or beardless compact wheat 
 (Triticum vulgar e compactum muticum) ; 19, a, spikelet with 
 three grains ; b, c, from Eobenhausen ; /, out of a piece of bread; 
 d, e, from Buchs ; g, h, from Peter's Island ; i, from Parma. 
 Fig. 20, Egyptian wheat (Triticum turgidum, L.), whole ear 
 from Eobenhausen. Fig. 21, grains from this ear ; a, front ; 
 6, back with the germ ; c, section ; d, glume. Fig. 22, spelt 
 (Triticum spelta, L.), from Peter's Island ; a, spikelet, with the 
 
 * Even in these small ears, as well as those equally small upon the Campanian 
 coins (together with the horse's head), the artist knew how to give the character of the 
 sacred barley, while on modern coins, such as those of the French Eepublic of 1848, 
 no mortal can say whether the ears are intended to represent those of barley, or 
 wheat, or rye.
 
 352 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 glume ; b, c, d, e, grains. Fig. 23, lake-dwelling ' Emmer' (Triti- 
 cum dicoccum, Schrank), from Wangen, whole ear ; 23, b, side 
 view of a portion of it. Fig. 24, Oat (Avena sativa, L.). 
 Fig. 24, a, b, from Buchs; c, from Montellier; d, e, from 
 Peter's Island; /, from Wismar, in Mecklenburg. Fig. 25, 
 rye (Secede cereale, L.), from Olmiitz ; b, c, back view with the 
 germ ; a, front ; d, section. Fig. 26, millet (Panicum milia- 
 ceum, L.), from Wangen ; b, glume magnified. Fig. 27, a, b, c, 
 single grains from Montellier magnified. Fig. 28, Italian 
 setaria (Setaria Italica, L.), from Montellier. Fig. 29, two 
 grains magnified ; a, b, from Buchs. Fig. 30, Cretan catchfly 
 (Silene Cretica, L.) capsule, from Robenhausen. Fig. 31, seeds 
 0f this plant from the same place ; a, magnified ; b, back of the 
 seed ; c, some of the little projections very much magnified. 
 Fig. 32, corn-cockle (Agrostemma githago, L.), from Roben- 
 hausen. Fig. 33, white campion (Lychnis vespertina, L.), mag- 
 nified two diameters, from Robenhausen. Fig. 34, Sandwort 
 (Arenaria serpyllifolia, L.), magnified, from Moosseedorf. Fig. 
 35, goosegrass (Galium aparine, L.) ; a, b, from Montellier. 
 Fig. 36, burdock (Lappa major, L.), from Robenhausen. Fig. 
 37, corn bluebottle (Centaur ea cyanus, L.), from Robenhausen, 
 magnified. Fig. 38, spurry (Spergula pentandra, L.), from 
 Robenhausen, magnified. Fig. 39, creeping crowfoot (Ranun- 
 culus repens, L.), magnified two diameters. Fig. 40, white 
 goosefoot (Chenopodium album, L.) ; a, natural size ; b, c, mag- 
 nified ; d, still further magnified ; e, back view. Fig. 41, striped- 
 seeded goosefoot ; a, magnified three diameters ; b, very much 
 magnified. Fig. 42, darnel (Lolium temulentum, L.) ; a, b, 
 natural size ; c, magnified. Fig. 43, parsnep, (Pastinaca 
 sativa, L.) ; a, outside of the seed ; b, magnified three diameters; 
 c, inside magnified ; from Moosseedorf. Fig. 44, Celtic field- 
 bean (Faba vulgaris Celtica, M.), from Montellier. Figs. 45, 
 46, from Peter's Island. Fig. 47, from Castione, near Parma. 
 Fig. 48, pea (Pisum sativum, L. var.), from Peter's Island. 
 Fig. 49, lentil (Ervum lens, L.); c, back view, Peter's Island. 
 Fig. 50, service-tree (Pyrus aria, L.), seed from Robenhausen. 
 Fig. 51, dog-rose (Rosa canina, L.), seed magnified, from Roben- 
 hausen. Fig. 52, elder (Sambucus nigra, L.), seed magnified, 
 from Robenhausen. Fig. 53, dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus, L.), 
 seed, magnified two diameters, from Robenhausen. Fig. 54, 
 bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus, L.), seed magnified, from Roben- 
 hausen. Fig. 55, wayfaring-tree (Viburnum lantana, L.), from 
 Robenhausen. Figs. 56-60, Hazel-nut (Corylus avellana, L.).
 
 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 353 
 
 Fig. 56 (C. avellana, L.), and Fig. 57 (C.avellana ovata, W.), bored 
 by the nut-beetle, from Eobenhausen. Fig. 58, from Parma. 
 Fig. 59, double or chance nut. Fig. 60, nut bitten by a 
 mouse, from Moosseedorf. Fig. 61, leaf, from Moosseedorf. 
 Fig. 62, beech-nut (Fagus sylvatica, L.), from Moosseedorf. 
 Fig. 63, covering of the beech-nut, from Eobenhausen. Fig. 64, 
 water chestnut (Trapa natans, L.), from Eobenhausen. Fig. 65, 
 garden or opium poppy, young heads or seed vessels, charred, 
 from Eobenhausen ; a, upper view ; b, side view. Fig. 66, 
 seeds; a (natural size), a small piece of the poppy cake; 
 
 b, poppy seed, magnified four diameters, from Eobenhausen. 
 Fig. 67, dogwood (Cornus sanguined, L.) ;. a, nut or seed; b, 
 section ; from Eobenhausen. Figs. 68-77, lake-dwelling flax 
 (Linum angustifolium, Huds.) Figs. 6871, burnt capsules ; 69 
 from below, 68 from above. Figs. 70-71, side view. Fig. 72, 
 uiiburnt capsule, from Eobenhausen. Fig. 73, seeds out of this 
 capsule ; b, magnified. Fig. 74, unburnt seed, from Moos- 
 seedorf ; a, b, natural size ; c, magnified two diameters. Fig. 76, 
 portion of a linseed cake, from Eobenhausen. Fig. 77, stalk of 
 the flax plant ; a, lower part ; c, d, upper part, showing the 
 places of attachment of the smaller branches ; e, /, with thin 
 twigs, to which probably the capsules were attached. Figs. 
 78-80, fruit of the lime tree. Fig. 78, with four carpels. 
 Fig. 79, with five. Fig. 80, split into five flaps, all of the 
 Tilia parvifolia, Ehrh. Fig. 81, weld (Reseda luteola, L.), very 
 much magnified; Eobenhausen. Fig. 82, Scotch fir (Pinus 
 sylvestris, var.) ; b, single scale, side view, from Eobenhausen. 
 Fig. 83, mountain pine (P. montana, Mill.), from Eobenhausen ; 
 
 c, scale, side view ; b, seed, from Eobenhausen. Fig. 84, silver 
 fir (Pinus picea, L.) ; a, b, needle-shaped leaves, from Eoben- 
 hausen. Fig. 85, juniper (Juniperus communis, L.), cone, from 
 Eobenhausen. Fig. 86, yew (Taxus baccata, L.) ; a, b, seed, 
 natural size; c, magnified; from Eobenhausen. Figs. 87-90, 
 oak (Quercus robur, L.). Fig. 87, acorn cup, from Eoben- 
 hausen. Figs. 88, 89, burnt acorns, from Peter's island. Fig. 90, 
 burnt acorn, from Parma. Fig. 91, hornbeam (Carpinus 
 betulus, L.), seed, seen from the front and the back, a, b. Fig. 92, 
 mistletoe (Viscum album, L.), portion of a branch, Moos- 
 seedorf. Fig. 93, lake scirpus (Scirpus lacustris, L.), from 
 Eobenhausen ; magnified. Fig. 94 (Potamogeton perfoliatus, L.), 
 from Eobenhausen ; magnified. Fig. 95 (P. compressus, L.), 
 from Eobenhausen. Fig. 96, common hornwort (Ceratophyl- 
 lum demersum, L.), from Eobenhausen. Fig. 97, marsh bed- 
 
 A A
 
 354 PLANTS AND SEEDS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 straw (Galium palustre, L.) ; a, natural size ; 6, c, magnified. 
 Fig. 98, very much magnified ; from Robenhausen. Fig. 99, 
 buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata, L.) ; a, 6, c, slightly magni- 
 fied; Robeiihausen. Fig. 100, marsh lousewort (Pedicularis 
 palustris, L.), seed, magnified. Fig. 101, yellow water-lily 
 (Nuphar luteum, L.), Eobenhausen. Fig. 102, small yellow 
 water-lily (Nuphar pumilum, Sm.) ; c, from above, magnified ; 
 Robenhausen. Fig. 103, white water-lily (Nymphcea alba 
 oocarpa}, magnified two diameters ; Robenhausen. Fig. 104, 
 white water-lily with small seeds ; magnified two diameters ; 
 Robenhausen. Fig. 105 (Scheuchzeria palustris, L.), magnified 
 two diameters; Robenhausen. Fig. 106, lesser spearwort 
 (Ranunculus flammula, L.), magnified three diameters. Fig. 107, 
 ivy-leaved crowfoot (Ranunculus hederaceus, L.), magnified; 
 Robenhausen. Fig. 108, marsh pennywort (Hydrocotyle vul- 
 garis, L.), magnified two diameters ; Robenhausen.
 
 3/55 
 
 EESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION 
 OF ANIMAL EEMAINS FEOM THE LAKE DWELLINGS, 
 
 BY PROFESSOR RUTIMEYER, OF BASLE. 
 
 The results of my earlier labours have in their essential parts 
 been quite confirmed, and in many points completed, by the in- 
 vestigations lately carried on ; and besides this, some quite new 
 and interesting species of animals have been discovered. The 
 chief point, however, was more especially to follow out the fauna 
 of the lake dwellings in a descending line, in order to ascertain 
 its relation to the fauna of the present day ; and in this retro- 
 spective view the domestic animals seemed of the first import- 
 ance, the historical changes in the department of wild animals 
 being of a far simpler nature. 
 
 All these results are the objects of an especial work, illus- 
 trated with drawings, and which gives the existing state of our 
 knowledge as to the wild and domesticated animals of the lake 
 dwellings, as well as the changes they have undergone in the 
 course of time up to the present day.* I will, however, in this 
 short report, gladly refer to one or two points in this work which 
 may be interesting not only to the zoologist, but also to the 
 antiquary. 
 
 It was to be expected that the smaller animals the birds, the 
 fishes, and the little mammalia would form the chief additional 
 contribution to our earlier list of animals. With respect to fishes, 
 many species were found which are now the most abundant in 
 our lakes and rivers, and also a large number of birds which 
 would form just such a flock as may be seen at the present day 
 in the wild and well-wooded marshy places of our own country. 
 To the birds of prey already known to have been common, as 
 
 * Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten in der Schweiz, Untersuchungen iiber die Geschicbte 
 der wilden nnd Haus-Saugetbiere Mitteleuropas. Mit Holzschnitten und 6 Tafeln 
 Abbildungen. Basel, 1861. 
 
 A A 2
 
 856 ANIMAL REMAINS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 well as the herons and ducks, we may now add the golden eagle, 
 the osprey, the stork and the swan, the wild goose, the gull, 
 the black water-hen or coot, and the black cock. The presence 
 of the swan, which only appears on our lakes in very cold 
 winters, in the months of December and January, is peculiarly 
 interesting, as it proves that the lake dwellings were not aban- 
 doned in the most severe winter weather, when even our larger 
 lakes are often frozen over for a length of time. 
 
 Not a single trace of the domestic fowl has yet been found 
 amongst the lake dwellings ; one single bit of bone of the com- 
 mon hen found at Merges hardly deserves to be mentioned, as 
 it was found in an open lake, and besides this, had a very sus- 
 picious appearance. 
 
 The little animals which are so inconvenient in our modern 
 houses, rats and mice, do not seem to have troubled the inhabit- 
 ants of the lake dwellings, so that they could the more easily 
 do without cats, of which no remains whatever are found. The 
 only bone of a mouse yet found belongs to the field-mouse, 
 which never lives in houses. For the first time, we find at 
 Moosseedorf and Eobenhausen traces of the hare. 
 
 The late additions to the list of great mammalia are naturally 
 smaller in number. Amongst them, however, are the ibex and 
 the chamois, and two domestic animals, viz. the ass, and at 
 Concise and Chevroux a very large ox with great semilunar 
 horns bent forwards from the frontal plane : this animal has 
 hitherto only been known in a fossil condition in the diluvium 
 of Italy, and was contemporaneous with the mammoth and the 
 hippopotamus. At Concise and Chevroux this ox with curved 
 horns can positively be proved to have been domesticated ; it 
 was nearly as large as the urus. 
 
 The last-named animal as well as the bison (or wisent) were 
 at first considered as rather rare, but now they are found to 
 have been the most abundant animals in the forests of the 
 stone age ; we ought, however, to state that at Concise they 
 entirely disappeared with the introduction of metal weapons. 
 From this time forward in general, all game or wild animals 
 which in early ages far preponderated in number over the domes- 
 tic animals, began to decline in a most marked manner, and 
 became of second-rate importance. From several specimens, 
 the urus is now proved to have existed not only at Moosseedorf 
 and Eobenhausen, but also at Wauwyl and Concise : at Eoben- 
 hausen there were a number of specimens. I only as yet know 
 of the bison at Wauwyl and Eobenhausen, but at the latter place 
 there are at least half a dozen specimens of different ages.
 
 ANIMAL REMAINS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 357 
 
 Though the urus became extinct at an early period, together 
 with the aurochs or bison for we will not assume that it gradu- 
 ally withdrew out of Switzerland to its present abodes yet it 
 has left abundance of traces behind it. One of the most impor- 
 tant and surest results of the investigations, as far as they have 
 gone, consists in showing that the urus lived in Switzerland at 
 the same time, in the stone age, both wild and also as a domestic 
 animal which had been long tamed. We cannot venture to 
 conclude that it was first domesticated at this period, for at 
 Moosseedorf and Robenhausen it had already, like the bos tro- 
 choceros just referred to from the lake of Neuchatel, lost much of 
 the size of its wild ancestors and contemporaries, either by cross- 
 ing with a smaller breed, or, what is more probable, by scanty food, 
 for we find that the same domestic cattle, when well fed, again 
 attain at the present day to the giant size of their ancestors, 
 who are far removed from them in time. It is remarkable, how- 
 ever, that this domestic animal is no longer found in Switzerland, 
 but only on the marshes of the coasts of the North Sea. No 
 trace of bos trochoceros can be found amongst our present races 
 of cattle. 
 
 One race we have already, on sure grounds, named the ' marsh 
 cow.' With those just mentioned it completes the series. It 
 lived in the stone age, was most abundant in the older settle- 
 ments, and has lasted up to the present day in the greater part 
 of Switzerland. It is allied to what is called at the present day 
 the brown cow, which almost exclusively occupies the whole 
 mountainous part of Switzerland, and in many wild mountain 
 valleys does not exceed the size of the small race from which 
 it has sprung. This race of cattle seems to warrant an assump- 
 tion as to the colour of the marsh cow of the stone age. 
 
 The pig is another domestic animal of which several races 
 were found very early. Yet, as far as I can make out, it did 
 not occur tame in the oldest settlements of the stone age ; but, 
 on the contrary, there were then two races of wild swine, which 
 might almost be called species one the wild 'boar of the pre- 
 sent day, and the other what I have designated as the marsh 
 swine. I find the first traces of wild swine at Robenhausen, 
 Meilen, and Concise, consequently about the time when metals 
 first came into the possession of the colonists. In fact, the 
 marsh pig was first found in a tame state, and then, still later, at 
 Concise and at the Thiele, the wild boar. A third race is found 
 at Merges, still smaller than the first, and, from all appearance, 
 partly of foreign origin, like the bos trochoceros.
 
 358 ANIMAL REMAINS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 From this period also the races of dogs and sheep increase, 
 and gradually complete the present series of domestic animals. 
 This is not the place to enter into an exact description of these 
 races, their probable origin, and their representatives at the 
 present day. Half of the work already referred to, * The Fauna 
 of the Lake Dwellings,' is devoted to this historic sequence of 
 the domestic animals, and enters into the subject as fully as can 
 be done at present ; the difficulty of the investigation, however, 
 leaves ample room for completion at some future time. 
 
 I will only, in conclusion, refer to two unexpected results, 
 which are remarkable on many accounts. In the first place, I 
 cannot find all through the whole period of lake dwellings one 
 very notable domestic animal which at the present day is of the 
 greatest importance in Switzerland amongst all its contempo- 
 raries, and which is of the first economic value. I refer to the 
 great spotted cow (Fleckvieh), as it is called, of Northern and 
 Western Switzerland, coloured black and white or red and 
 white, the purest breeds of which are known under the names 
 of the Freiburg and the Simmenthal-Saanen breeds. The very 
 striking osteological characters of this race, which enable us to 
 trace it back to a peculiar original stock, quite as well as the 
 three other races of domestic cattle of the lake period, leave us 
 without any doubt on the point. This breed is not found disirmg 
 the whole period of the lake dwellings, and first makes its ap- 
 pearance at a very late period, apparently about the time when 
 the great Primigenius race of the stone age gradually became 
 extinct in Switzerland, or retreated from that country. One 
 single locality, and that not a lake dwelling, viz., Steckborn, on 
 the lake of Constance, has afforded, together with the last re- 
 presentatives of the earlier epoch, the first traces of this new 
 and most important representative of the present age. 
 
 And yet we cannot say exactly the very last representatives 
 of the earlier period, for in that case the brown cow would have 
 been specified, which is spread over such an extent of ground, 
 and which has continued almost unchanged from the earliest 
 times in which we have any traces of civilisation, down to the 
 present day ; in fact, this is almost the only inheritance we have 
 received from those early ages. It is only in a most remote 
 corner of our Alps, in the background of the ' Vorder Rhein,' 
 that in a very singular manner we meet with remains of the 
 olden time of a somewhat similar nature, such as the sheep of 
 the stone age, and the last remnant of the marsh swine, though 
 with the characters much obliterated and changed. It is a
 
 ANIMAL REMAINS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 359 
 
 matter of no small importance that a race of men live in the 
 same districts who, besides using an old dialect which for the 
 most part has disappeared long since from other parts of Swit- 
 zerland, bear in the shape of their skull the stamp of a much 
 earlier age. 
 
 And it is here, in the study of man himself, that doubtless is 
 to be found the key of many of the existing difficulties, and the 
 material for filling up many gaps still left in the investigation 
 of the animal world. The facts to enable us to commence this 
 part of the task are gradually increasing, and we may venture 
 to hope that the anatomical investigation of the human and 
 animal remains will, at no great distance of time, mutually 
 complete and control each other. 
 
 These notices on some of the more essential parts of the results 
 of the late investigations may probably be sufficient for the pre- 
 sent volume. I cannot, however, in conclusion, refrain from, 
 expressing my conviction that even the oldest lake dwellings do 
 not by any means exhibit to us the primitive population of our 
 country. I must, indeed, regard them as 'autochthones,' or 
 at least as very ancient inhabitants of. these districts, for they 
 possessed as domestic animals a number of those which un- 
 doubtedly were indigenous here; particularly the urus and the 
 marsh swine ; but the fact, that from the beginning they had the 
 sheep and the dog, the indigenous origin of which is, to say the 
 least, highly improbable, indicates their having descended from 
 a still earlier people. For my own part, therefore, I have little 
 doubt of the existence at one time of a genuine primitive popu- 
 lation throughout Europe. This appears to have been proved, 
 as far as France is concerned, by the latest discovery in 
 Aurignac.* 
 
 This seems to be the first place where we can no longer 
 strive against the evidence of a European population who 
 used as food not only the urus and the bison, but also the mam- 
 moth and the rhinoceros, and who left the remains of their 
 feasts not only to be gnawed by the wolf and the fox, but also 
 by the tiger and the hysena. It is, in truth, an old psychological 
 experience, that we always consider that to be really primitive 
 which we see the farthest removed from us, and this in spite of 
 numerous admonitions which are continually pointing out to us 
 stations lying further and still further behind. The investiga- 
 tion of the commencement of human history will hardly have 
 
 * See the ' Societc philomathique de Paris.' Extrait de la Seance du 18 mai 1861.
 
 3(30. ANIMAL REMAINS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 the prerogative of being liberated from the gradual advance 
 which palaeontology has followed up. The discovery at Aurignac 
 places the age of our lake dwellings at a comparatively late 
 period, although almost immediately under our peat beds, with 
 their rich treasures, similar antiquities are found ; nay, still 
 older remains are met with only a little deeper (in the slaty 
 brown-coal of Diirnten, perhaps forty feet under the bed of the 
 lake of Pfaffikon) than those of Aurignac, which have there 
 been gnawed by hyeenas, after having been despoiled of their 
 marrow (like the bones of Robenhausen) by human hands. 
 This last fact would also point out to us the place where we 
 have to look for the remains of the ancestors of the lake settlers, 
 namely, under the glacier moraines ; for it is manifest that the 
 people who inhabited the grotto of Aurignac were older than 
 the extension of the glaciers, and consequently also witnesses of 
 this mighty phenomenon. But this fact, on the other hand, 
 takes from us every hope of still finding traces of human 
 existence on places over which the ancient glaciers have passed. 
 Examples showing this in later times are by no means wanting 
 in our country. At all events the last gap between geological 
 and historical time is now filled up by the discovery at Au- 
 rignac. 
 
 To the above remarks of Professor Eiitimeyer it will be well 
 to append a complete list of the animals found in the lake 
 dwellings. To those who have read the previous pages, it will 
 hardly be necessary to remark that the names of many of the 
 localities are given abridged. Thus : Rob. signifies Roben- 
 hausen ; Mei., Meilen; Moos., Moosseedorf; Wang.,Wangen ; 
 Wauw., Wauwyl ; and Con., Concise. Some slight alterations 
 have been made by Professor Rutimeyer within the last few 
 weeks. 
 
 Ursus arctos .... Bob., Mei., Moos., Wang., Con., Neu- 
 
 ville. 
 
 Meles vulgaris . . . Bob. el passim. 
 
 Mustela foina . . . Bob. and all stations of the stone age. 
 martes . . . Bob., Wauw., Moos., Mei., Con. 
 putorius . . . Bob., Wauw., Moos., Con. 
 erminea . . . Wauw. 
 Lutra vulgaris . . Bob., Moos. 
 
 Canis lupus .... Bob., Mei., Wang., Wauw., Con., Zihl. 
 
 (teeth as trophies of the chase : 
 only a few bones).
 
 ANIMAL REMAINS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 361 
 
 Canis vulpes .... 
 ,, familiaris 
 
 fam. major . . * 
 
 Felis catus . . 
 
 Erinaceus Europseus , 
 
 Castor fiber . . . 
 
 Sciurus Europeans . 
 
 Mus sylvaticus 
 
 Lepus timidus 
 
 Sus scrofa ferus 
 
 ,, domesticus 
 
 palustris ferus ? 
 
 ,, domesticus 
 
 Equus calballus 
 
 asinus 
 Cervus alces .... 
 
 ,, elaphus 
 capreolus* . 
 Capra ibex . 
 liircus 
 
 Ovis aries .... 
 Antilope rupicapra 
 Bos primigenius . . . 
 bison . . . . 
 taums primigenius . 
 ,, brachyceros . 
 trochoceros . 
 frontosus 
 ,, domesticus . 
 
 Aquila fulva . 
 
 haliastus 
 Falco milvns . 
 
 palumbarius . 
 
 buteo . , 
 
 nisus 
 Strix aluco . 
 Sturnus vulgaris . 
 Corvus corax . 
 corone 
 Cinclus aquaticus . 
 
 Rob. et passim. 
 
 Bob., Mei., Moos., Wauw., Wang., 
 
 Con., Bienne. 
 
 Only in the Western Lakes. 
 Rob., Moos., Wauw. 
 Rob., Moos., Wauw. 
 Rob. and all stations of the stone age. 
 Rob., Moos., Wang., Wauw. 
 Rob. 
 
 Rob., Moos. 
 Rob. et passim. 
 
 Wauwyl and the Western Lakes. 
 Rob., Mei., Moos., Wang., Wauw., Con. 
 Rob., Mei., Moos., Wang., Wauw., 
 
 Con., Bienne. 
 Rob. et passim. 
 Wauw. 
 Rob., Mei., Moos., Wauw., Moringen, 
 
 Con., Bienne. 
 Rob. et passim. 
 Rob. et passim. 
 MeiL 
 
 Rob., Moos., Wauw., Con., Bienne. 
 Rob., Moos., Wauw., Mei., Con., Bienne. 
 Rob. 
 
 Rob., Moos., Wauw., Con. 
 Rob., Wauw. 
 
 Rob., Moos., Mei., Con., Bienne. 
 Rob. et passim. 
 Con. 
 Bienne. 
 Passim. 
 
 Rob. 
 
 Moos. 
 
 Rob. 
 
 Moos., Wauw. 
 
 Rob. 
 
 Moos. 
 
 Con. 
 
 Rob. 
 
 Rob. 
 
 Rob. 
 
 Rob. 
 
 * Cervus dama was at one time thought to have left its remains in the lake dwell- 
 ings ; but, Professor Riitimeyer has determined otherwise.
 
 362 
 
 ANIMAL REMAINS OF THE LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 Columba palumbus 
 Tetrao bonasia 
 Ciconia alba . 
 Ardea cinerea 
 Grus cinerea . 
 Fulica atra 
 Larus, sp. 
 Cygnus olor . 
 Anser segetum 
 Mergus merganser 
 Anas boschas 
 
 ,, querquedula . 
 Podiceps minor 
 
 Cistudo Europeea 
 Bana esctdenta 
 
 temporaria 
 Bufo vulgaris 
 
 . Bob., Moos. 
 
 . Rob. 
 
 . Bob., Moos. 
 
 . Bob. 
 
 . Bob. 
 
 . Bob. 
 
 . Bob. 
 
 . Bob. 
 
 . Bob. 
 
 . Bob. 
 
 . Bob., Moos., Wang. 
 
 . Bob., Moos. 
 Bob. 
 
 Moos. 
 
 Bob., Moos., Wauw. 
 
 Bob. 
 
 Bob. 
 
 Salmo salar . 
 Esox lucius . 
 Perca fluviatilis 
 Cyprinus carpio 
 
 leuciscus 
 
 dobula . 
 Chondrostoma nasus 
 Lota vulgaris . 
 Scardinius erythrophthalmus 
 
 Moos. 
 
 Bob., Moos., Wauw., Nidau St., Con. 
 
 Bob. 
 
 Bob., Moos. 
 
 Bob., Moos. 
 
 Bob. 
 
 Bob. 
 
 Bob. 
 
 Bob.
 
 363 
 
 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BEONZE IMPLEMENTS, 
 
 BY PROFESSOR L. R. VON FELLENBERG, OP BERNE. 
 
 The analysis of the bronze implements found in Switzerland 
 and the neighbouring countries, which was undertaken by M. von 
 Fellenberg at the request of Professor von Morlot, is of great in- 
 terest. The results of these investigations were published by M. 
 von Fellenberg in the Transactions of the Natural History Society 
 of Berne, in the years 1860 and 1861. It appears from this com- 
 munication that the bronze of many of the weapons and imple- 
 ments discovered in the western part of Switzerland consists of 
 pure tin mixed with copper in which there is a little nickel ; 
 while not a trace of this metal is to be found in bronze objects 
 met with elsewhere. As mines of copper and nickel, which 
 last are worked at the present day, are found close together in 
 the vale of Anniviers, in the Valais, M. von Fellenberg conjec- 
 tures that the copper of the implements containing nickel has 
 come from the Valais. In the second report he makes the 
 following observations : ' The drop-shaped refuse from the 
 crucibles, and the lines showing the joining of the two sides of 
 the mould, found in many places on the implements, both of 
 bronze and copper, lead us to conclude that they were actually 
 manufactured and cast on the very spots where they were found 
 as, for instance, Tschugg, Estavayer, and Echallens, and that 
 they were made out of tin obtained by commerce, and copper 
 brought from the neighbouring district of the Valais. 
 
 ' According to the small assay of ancient tin which I have 
 been able to make, it may be considered as pure, for there was 
 only a trace of iron, and no other metallic ingredient. It con- 
 sequently follows that, especially in Cornwall, which probably 
 in ancient times supplied the tin, that was preferred which was 
 made out of what is called stream tin, by being repeatedly 
 washed and then melted in a furnace.'
 
 364 
 
 FOE COMPARISON. 
 SETTLEMENTS OF THE SAME PEOPLE ON THE MAINLAND. 
 
 I. SETTLEMENT AT EBERSBEEG. 
 
 It must be a matter of the greatest interest, after we have been 
 examining all the rich stores of antiquities obtained during the 
 last few years from the lakes of Switzerland and the adjoining 
 countries, to enquire whether any settlements have been observed 
 on the mainland, the antiquities of which correspond with 
 those of the lake dwellings, and thus throw some light on both 
 descriptions of settlement. 
 
 The reply to this question is, that there are several localities 
 of this nature ; amongst which may be mentioned Ebersberg, 
 near Berg, on the Irchel ; Burg, near Vilters ; Uetliberg, and 
 Windisch. 
 
 The place named first is of especial interest, as it has been 
 examined, excavated, and reported on by Mr. G. von Escher von 
 Berg, first in 1851, and subsequently in 1862. Numbers of 
 antiquities have been found there, and it appears in fact to be a 
 settlement on the mainland agreeing with the lake dwelling 
 of Nidau- Steinberg, both as to the civilisation of its inhabitants 
 and the period of its existence : it agrees also in general with 
 all those settlements which were founded in the stone age, and 
 continued inhabited till the bronze age, but were abandoned 
 before iron came into common use. The stone celts, flint knives, 
 what are called corn-crushers, tools of horn and bone, as well 
 as the implements and ornaments of bronze, all appear perfectly 
 identical with the antiquities of the lake dwellings on both sides 
 of the Alps. And in the presence of this fact, the correctness 
 of the conclusion cannot be doubted in the slightest degree, that 
 the settlements of the same people who erected the lake dwell- 
 ings were also spread over the mainland. 
 
 Before giving the substance of the two reports on Ebersberg 
 by Mr. G. von Escher von Berg, which shall here be combined
 
 MAINLAND SETTLEMENT OF EBERSBERG. 365 
 
 in one, it may be well to make one or two remarks on the pottery 
 which has been found at this place. 
 
 A consideration of the earthenware vessels here discovered, 
 made of such various forms, and in some cases not without taste, 
 and always answering the required purpose, both in form and 
 material, leads to the impression that at Ebersberg, as well as 
 in the lake dwellings, the manufacture of earthenware vessels 
 formed a particular occupation, and that it was exclusively 
 carried on by individual settlers. The mixture and working of 
 the clay for the particular sorts of manufacture, the form of 
 the vessels made by the hand alone, their ornamentation, and 
 the mode in which they were burnt, show, in the opinion of 
 those conversant with the art, such a degree of ability and pro- 
 ficiency, that only those individuals who devoted themselves 
 exclusively to this work could produce such wares as we now 
 see before us. 
 
 As the vessels made of clay took the first place in the house- 
 hold economy of the settlers for keeping both, their liquid . and 
 solid food, and also were their only cooking utensils, it may be 
 easily imagined that the faculty of invention very early intro- 
 duced a great variety in the form and ornamentation of these 
 products. 
 
 The following is the substance of Mr. G. von Escher's two 
 reports condensed into one : 
 
 The mountain ridge of the Irchel terminates at its north- 
 western extremity in the bed of the Rhine, or rather, it may be 
 said to project into this river. For it seems as if at some far 
 gone time the Rhine had found a way through the mountains 
 which previously dammed up its waters so that they spread 
 over the adjoining flat country. It now flows through a 
 narrow channel between the terrace cliffs of Schaffhausen, 
 four or five hundred feet high, in a southerly direction, till 
 the Toss runs into it, when its course takes a sudden turn 
 nearly at right angles. On either side of what was formerly a 
 lake, rise two hills commanding the flat land far around the 
 ' Haarbuck ' (perhaps originally Hardbuck) on the right, and 
 the ' Ebersberg ' on the left bank of the river. The latter hill 
 stands alone like an outwork of the high Irchel, from which it 
 is separated by a valley. It is not unlike a four- sided pyramid 
 the top of which has been taken off by the hands of man, and 
 has a flat surface on the summit of about an acre and a half. 
 On the west side it slopes precipitously to the river, which runs 
 below at a depth of 550 feet ; and on the southern side is the
 
 366 MAINLAND SETTLEMENT OF EBERSBERG. 
 
 only gentle slope, which is prolonged to a hollow or gorge 
 running to the Ehine at right angles, so that here also the hill 
 is isolated. In addition to this, there is here a trench running 
 in an obliqne direction, the lower part of which has disappeared 
 under cultivation, and it terminates above before it quite reaches 
 the plateau of the hill. There is no doubt that this trench was 
 made by the settlers to secure the only accessible part of the 
 hill. As the place offered great advantages for safety, it must, 
 necessarily, in all ages, have attracted the attention of the inha- 
 bitants of the country. As a point of observation also, Ebersberg 
 was of considerable importance, for nothing could escape the 
 view of a watchman set upon the top, either on or near the 
 river, from the falls of the Ehine down to the mouth of the Toss. 
 In this respect there is no height like Ebersberg for a view over 
 such a wide extent of country. It is well known that a strong- 
 hold was situated on the point of Ebersberg till the year 1336, 
 when it was destroyed by the people of Zurich in a feud with 
 the nobles of the district. Before that race of barons, it may 
 reasonably be assumed that the Eomans, who founded several 
 stations along the Irchel, had used Ebersberg for military 
 purposes, and had at least placed a specula on this spot. But 
 till these excavations it was never supposed that the first 
 inhabitants of the country ever had a settlement here. 
 
 The original discovery was made in the following manner. 
 In May 1851, I was accompanying a friend on the road leading 
 near one or two ancient sites, through the pass between the 
 Ehine and the Irchel, to the spot where the castle of Eadeck 
 formerly stood on a spur of the mountain. I had already 
 reached the southern slope of Ebersberg, immediately above the 
 gorge mentioned above, when I saw some labourers at work 
 with carts. As there is a gravel-pit on this side of Ebersberg, 
 I thought that the people were busy repairing the road, and 
 fetching material for this purpose. But when, on my return, I 
 met one of the carts, I was not a little surprised to remark that 
 it contained rich black mould, mixed with a large quantity of 
 charcoal and bits of burnt clay, and that they were using it for 
 agricultural purposes. They told me that in the place where 
 the carts were loaded broken pottery was found in abundance, 
 and besides this, bronze pins, teeth of animals, and horns of red 
 sandstone with engraved lines, had been discovered there. Of 
 course I made haste to the place, and secured the above men- 
 tioned specimens. Fragments of brownish unglazed pottery 
 (evidently of Gallic make) had turned up in great quantities,
 
 MAINLAND SETTLEMENT OF EBERSBERG. 3G7 
 
 and I also found the problematical stone horns with the charac- 
 teristic zigzag Gallic ornaments. By the kindness of my neigh- 
 bours, I succeeded in obtaining, the same day, several other 
 implements of bone, stone, and bronze. 
 
 In consequence of this, an excavation was commenced by me, 
 jointly with my friend Mr. Edward Merian, of Teuffeu, and 
 carried on for a week with four men. Unfortunately, a cross- 
 road, very much used, ran immediately over the place which 
 promised the best results ; in addition to which, it was a serious 
 and costly work to remove a bed of alluvial earth five feet thick, 
 which we had to do before reaching the layer containing the 
 antiquities, now called the relic-bed. This great depth of alluvial 
 earth over the area once occupied by the settlement, which is 
 marked by the burnt wood, the clay burnt red, the black earth 
 very much trodden down, and by all the objects of human in- 
 dustry found here, was at first a mystery to us, and we were 
 tempted to imagine some slip of the ground ; but, on later exami- 
 nation, this is impossible : the covering of earth was not made in 
 this way, for there is a total absence of gravel in it, but it is 
 simply the power of nature alone which has here been at work : 
 this bed has evidently been formed by a very slow alluvium 
 coming from the. land above. Who can say what changes in 
 the conformation of the surface of the earth may have been 
 brought about by a power constantly acting for three thousand 
 years ? * 
 
 A layer of charcoal ashes was met with almost everywhere 
 
 * There is something to my mind very inexplicable in the depth of soil under 
 which ancient remains are occasionally buried, especially in those localities where 
 earth is not likely to have been washed down from higher grounds. In a field which 
 forms the south-west portion of the ancient city of Isca Silurum, I have frequently 
 excavated for the sake of archaeology, and in one instance, when the summer was dry, 
 the grass showed where walls were probably to be found, indicating the ancient Roman 
 houses, forming the corner of the inhabited portion, an open space or street being 
 between them and the city walls. It was, however, very singular that these indica- 
 tions, though correct, were not verified till the ground had been excavated to a depth 
 of five or six feet ; and before the actual base of the wall and the floor of the street 
 were reached, a tall labourer was entirely hidden from view. The first foot or two may 
 be accounted for by rubbish, when the place was destroyed, but as no soil is likely 
 here to have been brought down by floods, we are almost obliged to attribute the 
 remaining four or five feet to the annual additions of vegetable mould. The excavation 
 above referred to, is not the only fact which indicates a great accumulation of soil ; a 
 handsome tessellated pavement, lately discovered in the churchyard, was four or five 
 feet below the present surface, and one can hardly imagine that it was so originally. 
 The trees also, in many of the gardens at Caerleon, flourish very well till their roots 
 go down to the Roman rubbish, when they immediately begin to wither. May not the 
 mass of earth, spoken of by Mr. G. von Escher, have arisen from a gradual accumula- 
 tion of vegetable soil ? [TR.]
 
 368 MAINLAND SETTLEMENT OF EBERSBERG. 
 
 over the remains of the old settlement, and besides this, in the 
 first excavation above referred to, many of the antiquities found 
 seem to have been damaged by fire. It seems, therefore, reason- 
 able to conclude, that at least a part of this settlement was burnt 
 to the ground, but whether this catastrophe was caused by 
 chance or by the hand of an enemy I do not venture to decide. 
 In the notice of the later excavation some reasons will be given 
 which show that the latter view of the case is improbable. 
 
 The second excavation in 1862 was much more extensive 
 than that in 1851. The work began on June 13, and, with some 
 interruptions, it was continued till August 9. In sixty-four days 
 an area was excavated of from. 4,500 to 5,000 square feet. 
 
 The ' relic-bed ' was a foot and a half thick, and, as before 
 mentioned, about five or six feet deep, and, with its numerous 
 fragments of pottery, its stone and bronze implements, and its 
 animal remains, rested in general upon a floor consisting of clay 
 and pebbles carefully beaten to a level. In two places there was 
 a pavement of pebble stones. Two hearths were found on this 
 floor, near to one another, in the shape of parallelograms, about 
 five or six feet long and three feet broad, made of rough pebble 
 stones and clay mixed with a very large proportion of sand. 
 The loose ' relic-bed,' as already mentioned, consists, in great 
 part, of a mixture of rich black earth, small pieces of charcoal 
 and bits of clay burnt red, and is very distinct in colour from 
 the overlying bed of earth, five or six feet thick, in which no 
 remains have ever been found. Close to the original floor there 
 was, throughout, a bed of ashes varying in thickness. On and 
 in this bed we found a very large quantity of animal remains. 
 
 We will now proceed to describe the antiquities found at 
 Ebersberg, including those discovered in both excavations : 
 
 1 . Pottery. As far as numbers are concerned, the fragments 
 of different descriptions of earthenware vessels take the first 
 place. Yerymany were found when Ebersberg was first examined, 
 and in the later excavation more than 1,500 pieces were found, 
 of which, however, only about 250 are worth preserving. Very 
 few vessels were met with entire, but still, from the fragments, 
 the shape of many can be very distinctly made out. They agree in 
 form, to a considerable extent, with the earthenware vessels found 
 in the tumuli, as may be seen by comparing them with those 
 drawn in the third volume of the Transactions of the Zurich Asso- 
 ciation, and which illustrate the paper entitled ' General Remarks 
 on the Pagan Graves in Switzerland ; ' there are, however, several 
 forms, not given in these illustrations, which are found at Ebers-
 
 TOTTERY OF EBERSBERG. 869 
 
 berg as well as several new kinds of ornamentation. I have 
 therefore given (Plate LXXXIX. fig. 10) the ' restored ' forms 
 taken from the fragments of several vessels not drawn in the 
 above-named treatise ; and in Plate XC. figs, to 1 to 15, will be 
 found several of the kinds of ornament not given there. These 
 forms and ornaments are frequently met with amongst the 
 fragments. 
 
 The variety of the patterns on the ornamented pottery is really 
 perfectly astonishing, if we consider that it is brought about 
 almost exclusively by combinations of straight lines, and that 
 curved lines are very seldom used. Most of the vessels are 
 ornamented on the outside. Inside ornamentation is only found 
 on flat or open vessels like plates or dishes. 
 
 Many of them have been coloured either with ruddle or with 
 graphite, which appears to have been well rubbed in and smoothed. 
 None were found painted with two colours, like some of the 
 Gallic pottery. In certain cases the line ornaments, which were 
 often not conspicuous to the eye, were set off by the furrows or 
 lines being filled with white chalk. 
 
 The material out of which the pottery was made varies con- 
 siderably : sometimes the clay was unwashed and full of extraneous 
 substances ; sometimes it was intentionally mixed with grains of 
 quartz and felspar ; and sometimes the vessels were made of care- 
 fully washed clay and were of really good workmanship. Of 
 many hundred vessels, the fragments of which lie before me, I 
 am assured by those who are skilful in the potter's art, that none 
 of them indicate the use of the potter's wheel ; all were made 
 by the hand alone, finished with the scraper, and burned, not in 
 closed furnaces, but in open fires, consequently they are badly 
 and not uniformly burned at all events they do not ring when 
 struck. 
 
 The fragments of the earthenware vessels show all possible 
 variety, both in size and form, from flat to close vessels, and from 
 little cups to urns widely bulging, in which corn and other 
 materials might be stored. On many of them there appear to 
 have been neatly-formed handles, so that they might either be 
 carried or suspended. Several forms have been already referred 
 to (Plate LXXXIX. fig. 10), 'restored' from fragments which 
 clearly indicate the shape; but there are others which have fortu- 
 nately been preserved entire, such as those drawn PlateLXXXIX. 
 figs. 8 and 9, and Plate XCI. fig. 4, respecting which the draw- 
 ings will speak for themselves. The large vessel drawn Plate 
 XCI. fig. 1, is remarkable both for its form and ornamentation ; 
 
 B B
 
 370 POTTERY OF EBERSBERG. 
 
 but this is not all, it is one of several specimens which have 
 been found at Ebersberg where there is the same problematical 
 arrangement, which has been already referred to elsewhere in this 
 volume, namely a row of holes either vertically or diagonally 
 one above the other, chiefly near the border or edge. The vessels 
 with this peculiarity vary very much in form ; sometimes they 
 are shaped like a plate, sometimes like a bowl or cup, sometimes 
 they are hemispherical below and cylindrical above, in which 
 case the row of perforations is vertical. The holes are always 
 made in the line ornaments which run round parallel with each 
 other ; they are not always of the same size ; in the smaller 
 vessels they are narrow and in the'larger ones they are broader. 
 It is difficult to imagine what could be the use of these holes ; 
 if they had been intended to have drawn off a portion of the liquid 
 contained in them the lowest hole would have been sufficient ; and 
 the same remark will apply to the idea that they were intended 
 to drain the water from moist food which was required to be dry. 
 Vessels with similar holes have been found in the ruins of the lake 
 dwellings, and the use of them has been generally explained by 
 supposing that they were intended to separate the whey from the 
 curdled milk. I venture, however, to propose another explanation : 
 may not these vessels have been used to separate the honey from 
 the honeycomb ? It is evident that at certain temperatures the 
 honey would flow through these small openings, leaving the wax 
 behind. This hypothesis deserves the more consideration as a 
 similar plan is said to prevail at the present day both in the 
 Emmenthaland also in the Bernese Jura. These perforated vessels 
 were not met with very commonly in the first excavation ; amongst 
 the fragments of perhaps 500 vessels only five borders were 
 found with this peculiarity. In the late excavation they were 
 found in much greater abundance. 
 
 Amongst the more perfect earthen vessels found here, one is 
 especially worthy of notice ; it is a small pipkin made by the 
 hand alone, but very neatly fashioned out of purified clay, and 
 it is remarkable for having no base but terminating below in a 
 cone. The clay rings, well known in the lake dwellings of the 
 western lakes, were also found here, and the two sets of speci- 
 mens throw light on each other. The pipkin was evidently 
 set upon the clay ring, and both together were then placed on 
 a hearth of glowing embers and charcoal. This arrangement, 
 in fact, was by no means a bad one, because by this kind of 
 stand the sides of the pipkin were gradually and not suddenly 
 heated, and thus the fluid contents were not burnt at the bottom.
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF EBERSBERG. 371 
 
 A sketch of both, the pipkin and the ring is given Plate XCI. 
 fig. 3. 
 
 To this class of objects probably belong the little cylinders 
 wider at the top and the bottom, the actual use of which is 
 unknown, but which occur of exactly the same form in the 
 lake of Bienne, and are drawn Plate XXXVII. figs. 6 and 7. 
 
 The implements in the form of a pyramid, perforated at the 
 top (Plate XCI. fig. 11), were used doubtless for stretching the 
 threads in the loom. 
 
 The objects drawn Plate LXXXIX. figs. 2 and 3, and XCI. 
 figs. 12, 20, and 21, are evidently spindle-whorls. 
 
 Under this head may also be noted a number of fragments of 
 the layer of clay which covered the wattlework walls of the 
 huts. These pieces were tolerably smooth on one side, but on 
 the other showed the deep impressions of the basket-work. 
 (Plate XC. fig. 16.) On one side also they were hardened and 
 coloured by the action of fire, but on the other side they were 
 soft a proof that they had not been burnt till the conflagra- 
 tion of the huts.*" Fragments of clay flooring were also found 
 some inches thick, beaten down above like a thrashing-floor, 
 but uneven below, and filled with small pebbles, stones, and 
 other kinds of things which happened to be on the ground when 
 the flooring was laid down. 
 
 Moon Images. Though one of the objects which bear this 
 name is of pottery and the others of stone, yet, as they are of 
 especial interest, they deserve a section to themselves. Amongst 
 all the objects brought to light in the first excavation at Ebers- 
 berg, probably that drawn Plate XCI. fig. 17 is the most 
 remarkable. One horn is wanting in the original specimen, 
 which consists of the base and one horn only, but the second 
 has been added in the figure, as from specimens subsequently 
 found there can be no doubt as to the form of these objects. 
 The first view of the original specimen gave the idea of a horn, 
 but on examination it was clearly seen to be only part of a 
 figure representing the crescent moon. This specimen was the 
 first which had come under the notice of antiquaries, and, till its 
 discovery, images of this form appeared to be totally unknown, 
 both in Switzerland and other countries. As these peculiar 
 
 * In the narrative of the expedition to the Zambesi, it is stated by Mr. Livingstone, 
 p. 534, that the huts have no ruins except when they are burned, and then a thin 
 layer of the red clay with which they were plastered, and the impressions of the reeds 
 which formed the walls remain, with the colour and consistence of soft bricks ; but 
 these soon moulder away. [In.] 
 
 B B 2
 
 372 ANTIQUITIES OF EBERSBERG. 
 
 images have been very fully treated of in the chapter specially 
 devoted to them, it will be only necessary here to describe the 
 specimens found at Ebersberg, and to say that they are 
 considered as objects of Gallic worship. 
 
 The specimen (Plate XCI. fig. 17) is of reddish sandstone, 
 and is ornamented on one side with line ornaments. 
 
 The smaller half crescent (Plate LXXXIX. fig. 7), also of 
 reddish sandstone, is covered on the front with line ornaments ; 
 it only differs from the last in size and mode of ornamen- 
 tation. 
 
 Fragments have also been found made of the same material, 
 and exceeding the first in size ; as they had no ornaments 
 upon them, they probably belonged to the back of the image. 
 
 These moon figures, however, were not all made of stone. 
 Plate XCI. fig. 5 is one of them in terra-cotta found in the 
 later excavation. It is 6 inches high, and 10^ inches in 
 width. 
 
 In some respects it resembles the stone images described 
 above, and in others it bears the greatest similarity to those 
 found in the lakes of Bienne and Neuchatel, which are also 
 made of clay. 
 
 3. Stone Implements. Three small stone celts were found 
 here :' two of them are of a kind of stone like serpentine, the 
 oi-her of brownish flint (Plate LXXXIX. figs. 5 and 6). The 
 celt drawn Plate XCI. fig. 24 is of a stone like nephrite. Some 
 cutting implements were met with made of flint, from the chalk 
 formation of the Jura ; this flint is found amongst the rolled 
 stones of the gravel covering the banks of the Ehine, especially 
 in the basin below the falls of Schaffhausen. Some roundish 
 stones of granite, flattened at both ends, and commonly called 
 corn-crushers (Plate XCI. fig. 22), and also a number of stones 
 of various sizes, made apparently by human hands into the 
 shape of balls or eggs occurred here. 
 
 A large piece of reddish sandstone, with several continuous 
 lines and elevations is not without interest. At first sight it 
 looked very like a moulding or cornice, though this idea did not 
 at all agree with the grade of civilisation" shown in other 
 objects found here. But on examination the furrows and 
 rounded grooves are not of the same depth nor breadth, neither 
 do they run parallel with each other, so that in this supposed 
 moulding I recognised a whetstone or grindstone for the 
 manufacture of celts and other objects such as we have de- 
 scribed. Similar slabs have since then been found in most of
 
 ANTIQUITIES OF EBEKSBERG. 373 
 
 the lake dwellings, and I ani quite convinced that this is the 
 true explanation. 
 
 The most singular object in stone, however, is that drawn 
 Plate LXXXIX. fig. 1. It is a piece of porphyry, shaped like a 
 pulley ; it is as regularly rounded as if it had been made by a 
 lathe, and leads to several enquiries. First, we may ask how it 
 was possible, with such imperfect tools as we see before us, for 
 so very hard a material to be so admirably manufactured ? 
 Secondly, to what use could it be applied ? With respect to 
 the workmanship, it is evident, when closely examined, that 
 the stone has been brought into its present form by grinding. 
 But what labour and trouble this must have caused ! If the 
 -celts of flint and hard serpentine, &c., give us an idea of the 
 dexterity and patience of the primitive workman, the labour 
 and skill required by the specimen before us is perfectly 
 astonishing. I have not yet succeeded in determining its use. 
 My antiquarian friends differ exceedingly in opinion respecting 
 it. I have not found anything like it described in the works on 
 Gallic or German antiquities. Since this specimen was found 
 the investigations in the lake dwellings have brought to light 
 similar objects, though not perhaps of equal workmanship, and 
 antiquaries now call them ' slingstones ; ' but this term must be 
 considered as conventional, for it can hardly be imagined (at 
 any rate with respect to our specimen) that so much labour 
 would be bestowed on objects which very probably might be 
 used only once. 
 
 4. Glass. The only object found of this material was a 
 bead of a whitish blue colour, just like those which have been 
 found in graves and Eoman settlements (Plate XCI. fig. 2). 
 
 5. Horn and Bone. Horns of the roebuck were occasionally 
 met with, more or less worked, and antlers which had been used 
 for tools; there were also a number of fossil sharks' teeth, 
 which had been got out of the c molasse ' and perhaps had been 
 used for piercing tools. But the most convincing proof of the 
 small advances which had been made in civilisation by the 
 settlers at Ebersberg is given by the lance point of bone found 
 in the rubbish, and drawn Plate LXXXIX. fig. 11 and Plate 
 XCI. fig. 6. When we look at this implement, we are almost 
 compelled to believe that the settlement at Ebersberg was 
 founded in the very earliest ages, when Switzerland was first 
 inhabited. For, in the first century of our era, the Gauls, 
 according to the accounts of Greek and Roman authors, were 
 so far advanced as to understand thoroughly the employment of
 
 374 ANTIQUITIES OF EBERSBERG. 
 
 metals for every purpose of war, husbandry, and household 
 economy ; they had also abundance of iron (which is entirely 
 wanting at Ebersberg) and they had given up both making 
 and using implements of bone. 
 
 6. Bronze Implements. The objects which fall under this 
 head are the following. Fragments of two knives (Plate 
 LXXXIX. fig. 12 and XCI. fig. 10) ; a few dozen hair and 
 clothes pins of different forms and sizes, some of which are 
 drawn Plate LXXXIX. figs. 13, 14, 18, and 19, and Plate XCI. 
 figs. 7, 8, 9, 14, 15 and 16 ; several wires neatly worked round 
 in a spiral form (Plate XCI. figs 13 and 23) ; several little 
 chisels (Plate LXXXIX. figs. 15, 16 and 17); a finger ring 
 (Plate XCI. fig. 18) and an earring (Fig. 19), and a number of 
 bands and rings (Plate LXXXIX. fig. 4) ornamented in various 
 ways; and, lastly, an arrow-head (Plate XCI. fig. 25). 
 
 No implement of iron of any kind in either of the excavations 
 was found here, and nothing which had the appearance even of 
 oxidation ; in fact, no metal was found but bronze, and of this 
 the quantity was so small that the weight of the whole hardly 
 amounted to ounces. No particular skill in the workmanship 
 or elegance of form is to be observed in any of the bronze 
 implements. 
 
 7. Animal Remains. According to the determination of 
 Professor Rutimeyer, the bones found at Ebersberg belong to 
 the following species. 1. A large species of the cow. 2. The 
 pig. 3. The sheep. 4. The goat. 5. The stag. 6. The roe. 
 7. The dog or wolf. 8. The chamois (?). 
 
 In conclusion, I may remark, as a singular fact, that the 
 pottery found here was scattered about in such a way that the 
 single fragments belonging to one and the same vessel were 
 seldom or never found together, a fact which would lead one 
 to suppose that these things might have been intentionally 
 broken to pieces, and thrown away, if we had not observed that 
 the bones of animals were scattered in a similar manner. There 
 was, however, clearly no particular place fixed on for a rubbish 
 heap, and broken vessels lay about the house, just as is 
 the case amongst all people who are but little civilised. 
 
 The presence of bronze implements may possibly have some 
 connection with a hostile attack and a violent destruction of 
 this settlement, for what was there to hinder the emigrants, if 
 leaving peaceably, from taking these small things with them ? 
 But even the very minuteness of these objects, only discovered 
 by us after very careful search, would render it almost impossible
 
 SETTLEMENT OF VILTERS. 375 
 
 for the inhabitants to find them after they had been lost in the 
 dirt surrounding the huts. It is rather a matter of wonder 
 that so few things of the kind should have been found in the 
 excavation of an area of 4,500 square feet. Besides this, no 
 very large quantity of ashes or charred wood occurred here, and 
 no human remains, and consequently no indications of a sudden 
 destruction of the settlement by the hand of an enemy .* 
 
 G. VON ESCHEE VON BEEG. 
 
 Eigenlhal. 
 
 ii. BUKG (ANCIENT CASTLE) NEAR VILTERS. 
 
 Vilters is in the Canton of St. Gall, not far from Ragatz and 
 the celebrated baths of Pfeffers. The rocky eminence called 
 Burg Vilters lies about half an hour's walk up the mountain 
 which overlooks the plain : it is on a mass of rock 30 or 40 feet 
 high, and very difficult of access. It commands a wide view of 
 the whole valley of the Rhine, and from it may be traced the 
 course of the Roman military road leading from Coire to Sargans. 
 It is very evident that a Roman watchtower (specula) was 
 placed here, from the numerous Roman antiquities which have 
 been discovered. They consist of remains of walls, tiles, and a 
 number of bronze and iron implements belonging to that period, 
 such as rings, needles, buckles, styles, chains, knives, lance- 
 points, and coins down to Constantine the Great. But the first 
 occupation of the place occurred at a much earlier period, and 
 the settlement then made was contemporary with the lake 
 dwellings, as may be proved from the numerous antiquities found 
 here. Excavations were made at the top of the rock in the 
 year 1862, when flint saws, corn-crushers, stone spindle-whorls, 
 stone celts, bone chisels, a half-moon ornament, and bronze 
 arrow-heads were met with, all of them objects precisely similar 
 to those found at Ebersberg. The portion of a floor made of 
 stamped clay seems also to have been a remnant of the older 
 settlement. 
 
 * In Sir John Lubbock's very interesting work, lately published, it is mentioned, 
 p. 128, that the settlements of Ebersberg was built on piles. Is not this a slip of the 
 pen ? for no mention is made of piles in the two reports by Mr.Escher von Berg, the 
 substance of which is given above, and which I am informed contain the only informa- 
 tion as to this settlement. It may possibly have been built on piles, but it appears to 
 me there is no evidence to prove this, and as the ground was well beaten down, and 
 coated with clay and gravel to make a flooring, this fact seems to militate against the 
 idea of the houses having stood upon piles. [TE.]
 
 376 UETLIBERG AND WINDISCH. 
 
 III. UETLIBERG. 
 
 In the time of the Romans there was a building on Uetliberg 
 near Ziirich, the highest point of Mount Albis, as is proved by 
 the Roman tiles, pottery, tools, and coins found there. There 
 was also a castle here in the Middle Ages which was destroyed 
 at the end of the thirteenth century. But this place must have 
 been inhabited long before this, quite in the early ages, in the 
 period of the lake dwellings ; for at a depth of four or five feet 
 fragments of pottery exactly like those of the lake dwellings were 
 found, together with a very large number of the bones of 
 various animals which had been intentionally broken, as well as 
 implements of various kinds. 
 
 A few of the antiquities found here are drawn on Plate XCII. 
 Fig. 1 is a fragment of red pottery with very coarse ornamenta- 
 tion, apparently made by the nail. Fig. 2 is another fragment 
 with rather a peculiar ornamentation: two lines or furrows 
 roughly scored with smaller lines, and interrupted with bosses 
 placed at irregular distances, seem to have gone round the 
 vessel; from the coarseness and irregularity of the work it 
 almost -has the appearance of having been done by the worn-out 
 point of a piece of bulrush or some other reed ; the colour of 
 this fragment is black. Fig. 3 is a bronze chisel ; the section 
 is oval. Fig. 4, a stone celt of the usual form. Fig. 5 is a bone- 
 piercer. Fig. 6 may perhaps be considered as a bronze pin. 
 Fig. 7 shows four little peculiar bronze ornaments ; two of them 
 are perforated at each end, and the other two are not perforated 
 at all ; they are not of twisted wire but of solid bronze filed so 
 as to have that appearance. Fig. 8 is a small bronze wheel ; it 
 may possibly be of a later age than the other things drawn on this 
 plate. Fig. 9 is evidently the handle of one of the bronze moon 
 images found at several settlements in the western lakes. Fig. 
 10 is a small ornament apparently of solid bronze, wrapped 
 round with bronze wire. 
 
 IV. WINDISCH. 
 
 At this place (the Roman Vindonissa) where Mr. Laupper 
 has made extensive excavations and has uncovered ground to 
 the extent of many acres, numerous remains have been found 
 both of earlier and of Roman date. The most interesting dis- 
 covery, however, which he made was that of a clay flooring
 
 SETTLEMENT OF WINDISCH. 377 
 
 several feet below the surface, and of which he opened a part 
 for me to see when I went there on hearing of what he had 
 found ; he assured me that he had repeatedly met with similar 
 flooring. At the limits of this flooring there was rather a long 
 heap of the pieces of clay coating of the huts with impressions 
 of the wattlework, just like that at Ebersberg. Mr. Laupper had 
 satisfied himself that this heap lay in a circular form and not 
 in straight lines, the included space being covered over with 
 charcoal and ashes. On the outside of this heap of clay coat- 
 ings there was found a great quantity of Celtic pottery, both 
 whole and broken ; bones of pigs, horses, and, as he believes, of 
 men ; also bronze clasps, rusted iron implements, &c. Amongst 
 other things which I saw myself were some portions of the clay 
 hut-coating, coloured white and red ; as at Ebersberg one side 
 of these clay fragments was hard and had changed colour by 
 heat, and the other side was soft. 
 
 A few of the earliest antiquities found here are drawn on 
 the lower half of Plate XCII. Tig. 11 is a flint knife. Fig. 
 12 a flint scraper. Fig. 13 a large and strong stone celt. The 
 sections of these three implements are shown at the sides 
 of the figures. Figs. 14 and 15 are the regular well-known 
 corn-crushers ; and Fig. 16 is a bear's tooth with the fang perfo- 
 rated, probably intended for an amulet or ornament. 
 
 As the present work refers more especially to the lake dwell- 
 ings and not to antiquities in general, probably these few 
 instances will be suflicient to enable the reader to compare the 
 settlements on the mainland with those in the lakes, and also 
 to convince him that both descriptions were the work of one 
 and the same people.
 
 378 
 
 SIMILAE SETTLEMENTS BEYOND THE SWISS 
 DISTEICT. 
 
 BAVARIA. 
 
 In June 1864, Professor Desor and his assistant discovered in 
 the lake of Starnberg the remains of a lake dwelling of the 
 stone age : it is situated on the left shore, near the little island 
 called Eoseninsel, where the king has a summer palace. When 
 this locality was carefully examined, many objects of bronze 
 were found, together with bones, horns, and a quantity of pottery 
 of the usual description. But the specimens obtained here were 
 not of any very great interest. 
 
 MECKLENBURG. 
 
 In the year 1863 the remains of a lake dwelling were disco- 
 vered at Gagelow, near Wismar, and subsequently Dr. Lisch 
 ascertained the existence of a regular lake dwelling in the peat 
 moor of the town of Wismar, which goes by the name of Latt- 
 moor. 
 
 This low ground, which is partly dug for peat and partly 
 used as a meadow, undoubtedly in early times formed a regular 
 large freshwater lake : the surface was then considerably lower, 
 and some portions of land appeared above the water as islands, 
 and were covered with wood. The lake where the piles are 
 found is about ten feet deep, and it is at present quite filled with 
 black mould, the remains of leaves, and decayed waterplants. 
 In this mould the piles are to be seen ten feet long and about 
 two feet apart : they have been driven two feet into the ground. 
 The remains of five huts were also to be noticed, some of them 
 rectangular, and some of a round form. Upon the black mould 
 which fills the ancient lake basin, there is at present a bed of 
 alluvial earth one foot thick, but the heads of the piles do not 
 reach up to it. Above this bed there is a stratum of peat five 
 feet thick. 
 
 The antiquities, which were found in considerable numbers
 
 SETTLEMENT AT WISMAB. 379 
 
 amongst the piles, are in general very similar to those of the 
 Swiss lake dwellings. We may, however, remark that amongst 
 the stone implements flint takes the place occupied in Switzer- 
 land by serpentine, diorite, &c., and that the pottery exhibits a 
 remarkably peculiar character. 
 
 This lake dwelling evidently belongs to the later stone age. 
 
 From the account of Dr. F. v. Hagenow, it appears that he 
 has also discovered a lake dwelling at Greifswald, in Western 
 Pomerania. 
 
 (See the ' Jahrbiicher des Yereins von Mecklenburg,' by Dr. 
 Lisch, 1865.)* 
 
 * It is perhaps right to say that in some of the German periodicals a doubt has 
 been lately expressed as to this Wismar settlement having been an actual pile dwelling. 
 I cannot see "why ; our information is taken from Dr. Lisch' s published report, and 
 this is clear and decisive. TK.
 
 380 
 
 NOTICES OF THE IEISH CEANNOGES. 
 
 ABRIDGED FROM THE ACCOUNT GIVEN OP THEM BY SIR W. E. WILDE, AND 
 OTHER ANTIQUARIES. 
 
 These stockaded islands, or crannoges as they are called in the 
 Irish annals, have been so fully described, chiefly by Sir W. E. 
 Wilde, in the Proceedings of the Eoyal Irish Academy, and in his 
 Descriptive Catalogue of this Society's Museum, that it may seem 
 needless to do more than merely refer to his detailed descriptions. 
 Still a work on lake dwellings would be incomplete without 
 some notice of them, and the following account has therefore, 
 by his permission, been extracted chiefly from his reports : some 
 few facts have been added from the observations of other anti- 
 quaries. 
 
 It is uncertain whether the name of crannoge was derived 
 from the timber employed in enlarging, securing, and fortifying 
 the island, or from the wooden houses erected on it, or whether 
 it was also applied to log-houses on the land. But, although 
 alluded to so early as the middle of the ninth century, it is 
 remarkable that no examination of a single crannoge occurred 
 tiU the end of the year 1839. 
 
 These islands are chiefly found where several small lakes are 
 clustered together. They were not strictly speaking artificial 
 islands, but cluans, small islets or shallows of clay or marl, in 
 these lakes, which were probably dry in summer time, but sub- 
 merged in winter ; these were enlarged and fortified by piles of 
 oaken timber and in some cases by stone work. A few were 
 approached by moles or causeways, but, generally speaking, 
 they were completely insulated, and only accessible by boats, 
 and it is a singular fact that in almost every instance an ancient 
 canoe was discovered in connection with the crannoge. Being 
 thus insulated, they afforded secure places of retreat from the 
 attacks of enemies, or were the fastnesses of predatory chiefs or 
 robbers, to which might be conveyed the booty of a marauding 
 excursion, or the product of a cattle raid.
 
 IRISH CRANNOGES. 381 
 
 It may naturally be concluded from the amount of oaken 
 timber invariably discovered in these stockades that the neigh- 
 bouring country was well wooded ; it is also manifest from the 
 quantity, age, and variety of the antiquities discovered in these 
 crannoges that they had been long occupied. We likewise 
 learn from their recent submerged condition how much water 
 had accumulated on the face of the country since their con- 
 struction, probably owing to the great decrease of forest timber, 
 and the increased growth of bog. From the additions made to 
 the height of the stockades and also from the traces of fire 
 discovered at different elevations in the sections made of these 
 islands it may be inferred that the rise of the waters com- 
 menced during the period of their occupation. 
 
 The first examined and described was that at Lagore near 
 Dunshaughlin, county of Meath : full particulars of it have been 
 given by Sir W. R. Wilde, in the Proceedings of the Royal 
 Irish Academy for April 1840, and also in his Catalogue ; and 
 the reader who wishes to ' know all the details is consequently 
 referred to these volumes. It may be as well, however, here to 
 give a few particulars, abridged from Sir W. R. Wilde's works, 
 for the sake of comparison with the Swiss lake dwellings. 
 
 ' This crannoge differed from all others since discovered, not 
 being then either submerged or surrounded with water ; it 
 consisted of a circular mound, about 520 feet in circumference, 
 slightly raised above the surrounding boggy or marshy ground, 
 which forms a basin of about a mile and a half circuit, and 
 is bounded by elevated tillage and pasture lands. The lake 
 in which the crannoge was situated has been drained within 
 the memory of man, and the discovery of the crannoge took 
 place in consequence of the large quantity of bones which 
 were found when clearing out a water-way partially surrounding 
 it. One hundred and fifty cartloads of bones were taken away 
 for manuring purposes. 
 
 'The circumference of the circle was formed by upright 
 posts of black oak, measuring from 6 to 8 feet in 
 height ; these were mortised into beams of a similar material, 
 laid flat upon the marl and sand beneath the bog, and nearly 
 16 feet below the present surface. The upright posts were 
 held together by connecting cross-beams, and (said to be) 
 fastened by large iron nails : parts of a second upper tier of 
 posts were likewise found resting on the lower ones. The 
 space thus enclosed was divided into separate compartments, 
 by septa or divisions that intersected each other in different
 
 382 IRISH CRANNOGES. 
 
 directions : these were also formed of oaken beams in a state 
 of good preservation, joined together with greater accuracy 
 than the former, and in some cases having their sides grooved 
 or rabbeted to admit large panels, driven down between them. 
 The interiors of the chambers so formed were filled with bones 
 and black moory earth, and the heap of bones was raised up 
 in some places within a foot of the surface.' The animal re- 
 mains consisted of those of several varieties of oxen, also 
 swine, deer, goats, sheep, dogs, foxes, horses, and asses. With 
 these there was a vast collection of antiquities warlike, culi- 
 nary, personal and ornamental of stone, bone, wood, bronze, 
 and iron. They consist of swords, knives, spears, javelins, 
 and dagger blades, sharpening stones, querns, beads, pins, 
 brooches, combs, horse-trappings, shears, chains, axes, pots, 
 and bowls. (See the Proceedings of the Academy, vol. i. p. 
 425, and also the Archaeological Journal, vol. iv. p. 101.) Some 
 human remains were also found there. 
 
 Soon afterwards numerous other crannoges were discovered, 
 which it would be tedious to enumerate. It will be sufficient to 
 mention that when Sir W. R. Wilde published his catalogue 
 about forty-six were known, viz. twenty in Leitrim, twelve 
 in Roscommon, two in Cavan, six in Monaghan, and one in each 
 of the counties of Limerick, Meath, Westmeath, Down, King's 
 County and Tyrone. 
 
 It may be well here to give the general results of the examina- 
 tion of these crannoges from the reports of the engineers of the 
 * Board of Works.' 
 
 They are surrounded by stockades driven in a circle from 60 
 to 80 feet in diameter ; but in some cases the enclosure is larger 
 and oval in shape. The stakes of these stockades are generally 
 of oak, mostly young trees from 4 to 9 inches in diameter, 
 usually placed in a single row, but sometimes in double and in a 
 few instances in treble rows. The portions of these stakes 
 remaining in the ground, generally bear the marks of the 
 hatchet, by which they were felled. Several feet of these piles 
 must have originally projected above the water, and were 
 probably interlaced with horizontal branches so as to form a 
 kind of screen or breastwork. 
 
 The surface within the staked enclosure is sometimes covered 
 over with a layer of round logs cut into lengths of from 4 to 6 
 feet. In one instance, at Cloneygonnell, parish of Kilmore, 
 county Cavan, the wood within the enclosure consisted of planks, 
 laid in a radiating form, the interstices being filled with short
 
 IRISH CRANNOGES. 383 
 
 blocks, small branches, and bark (Proc. of Eoyal Irish Acad. 
 viii. p. 274). As a general rule the mass of wood was covered 
 with more or less stones, clay, and gravel. In a crannoge, 
 described by Mr. Gr. Henry Kinahan in Lough Eea (P. of E. I. 
 Acad. viii. p. 413), a very singular flooring of basket-work was 
 found three feet lower than the present level of the lake; it rested 
 on the mass of timber, but only extended over a part of the area 
 excavated.* It was also remarkable that a vertical wall of wattle 
 or basket-work was discovered, which from the drawing strongly 
 resembles that of Ebersberg, described in the present volume, and 
 drawn Plate XC. fig. 16. An arrow-head of chert from the lime- 
 stone, a bone piercer, a pair of iron shears, a brass pin, a crosier 
 made of brass, a battle-axe, a hammered iron ladle for smelting, 
 and the mould for a coin made of plaster of Paris, were found 
 here. The last specimen was unfortunately lost. Quantities of 
 bones were met with of oxen, sheep, goats, deer, pigs, and dogs 
 or wolves, and also, very singularly, the head of a Megaceros 
 Hibernicus. Mr. Kinahan mentions a suggestion by Professor 
 Jukes that this specimen does not prove that the animal lived 
 when the crannoge was inhabited, as it might have been brought 
 there merely as a curiosity. 
 
 In some crannoges the platform is confined to a portion of 
 the island. Pieces of oak framing, with mortises and cheeks 
 cut in them, have sometimes been found within the enclosure. 
 
 In almost every case a collection of flat stones was discovered 
 near the centre, apparently serving as a hearth ; in some instances 
 two or three such hearths were found in different parts of the 
 crannoge. Generally one or more pairs of querns were met 
 with, and in very many cases large quantities of bones of black 
 cattle, deer, and swine. 
 
 Of course it is impossible in a mere cursory notice of these 
 crannoges to give many particulars ; the full details must be 
 looked for in Sir W. E. Wilde's works and in the Proceedings 
 of the Eoyal Irish Academy, especially in vols. vi., vii., and viii. 
 Professor Harkness has described a crannoge in Drumkeery 
 Lough (Archseologia, vol. xxxix. p. 482) ; and Mr. M. Digby 
 Wyatt also has brought the subject before the Institute of 
 British Architects. 
 
 But though the reader is necessarily referred to the above 
 original works for full information, it may still be advisable to 
 
 * May not this so-called basket-flooring have been a portion of the wattle walls which 
 had fallen down? [TK.]
 
 384 IRISH CRAXNOGES. 
 
 give here a few illustrations which will afford a general notion 
 of these singular structures. Plate XCIII. fig. 1 is the section 
 of the crannoge in Ardakillin Lough, near Stokestown, county 
 of Rioscommon ; it is constructed both of stones and oak piling ; 
 the top line shows the former highest water level ; the second that 
 of the ordinary winter flood ; and the third the general summer 
 level. ' The upper layer of the crannoge was formed of loose 
 stones surrounded by an enclosing wall supported in part by 
 piling : the lower portion shows as far as it is possible on so 
 small a scale the original clay, peat, and stones of the island, 
 on which were found, in various places, strata of ashes, bones, 
 and logs of timber. The oak piling of different descriptions is 
 shown in section ; that driven obliquely being sheet piling which 
 was continuous all round the island.' (See W. R. Wilde's 
 1 Catalogue of Irish Antiquities,' p. 226.) 
 
 Drumaleague Lough in the vicinity of Lough Scur, county of 
 Leitrim, was about a mile in length, and when lowered 13 feet, 
 disclosed two crannoges, also a canoe of a single piece of oak, 
 18 feet long, 22 inches broad, square at stem and stern, and 
 remarkable for having apertures for row-locks cut into the 
 sides. 
 
 Plate XCIII. fig. 2 is the plan of one of the crannoges in this 
 Lough, and affords a good idea of the general arrangement of 
 these timber structures. The outer paling of stakes includes a 
 circle 60 feet in diameter, in some places double or treble ; 
 there are clusters of stakes in other portions of the island, some 
 of which appear to have been placed with regard to a particu- 
 lar arrangement, A. The central oblong portion consists of a 
 platform of round logs, cut in lengths of from 4 to 6 feet, 
 chiefly of alder timber. B, a collection of stones with marks of 
 fire on them. C, a heap of stiff clay. D, the root of a large 
 tree nearly buried in the peat, the surface of the wood bevelled 
 off with a hatchet, so as to form a sort of table, under which a 
 considerable quantity of bones was found, apparently those of 
 deer and swine. 
 
 Plate XCIII. fig. 3 shows the section of the second crannoge 
 in Drumaleague Lough ; it was 72 feet in diameter within the 
 circle of oak stakes, only two of which of course are represented 
 in the Plate. Between these may be seen, in the section, B, hori- 
 zontal pieces of alder timber, laid upon the natural surface of 
 the island, each log being from 3 to 8 inches in diameter, all 
 water-soaked and rotten. This stratum was 3 feet 6 inches 
 deep. A, a heap of stones with marks of fire upon them ; other
 
 CRANNOGE OF CLOGHERNEY. 385 
 
 hearths were found in different parts of the island. C, the 
 lower stratum of black, rotted sticks and branches of all sorts 
 lying in all directions. This stratum was examined for 4 feet 
 in depth and appeared to continue deeper. DD, two heaps of 
 stones found in the lower stratum. E, a large quantity of 
 the bones of deer, swine, &c., found together about 4 feet below 
 the surface. The circle of this island, which was tolerably 
 regular, was formed by a single row of oak stakes. 
 
 To the above accounts we may append a brief notice of a 
 crannoge in the parish of Clogherney, Barony of East Omagh, 
 county of Tyrone. It was investigated by the Rev. Rob. V. 
 Dixon, D.D., Rector of Clogherney, to whom we are indebted for 
 the following particulars. * It presents some peculiarities, and 
 no account of it has as yet been published. It was found in a 
 bog on the borders of Roscavey and Clogherney Sliebh ; it lay 
 in a hollow, running nearly east and west between two sloping 
 hills. The fall of this hollow is towards the easl;, where it 
 spreads out and sinks into a large basin or glen, closed by rising 
 ground of considerable height to the north and east, and by a 
 gravel ridge or " Esker " on the south, and opening on the 
 west into the hollow in which the crannoge stood. A consider- 
 able mountain stream enters this basin from the east, and after 
 flowing round a conical gravel hill (connected with the Esker) 
 which stands in the middle of it, escapes through a deep 
 natural cut or gap in the Esker, which, as before mentioned, 
 closes the basin on the south. If this cut were closed the basin 
 would be filled up by the stream which now flows through 
 it and the level of the water would probably rise up sufficiently 
 high to fill the hollow in which the crannoge stood, and this 
 hollow would then form a shallow arm of the lake. The cran- 
 noge was found on cutting away the bog which had grown over 
 it. About 8 or 10 feet below the surface the workmen came 
 on the top of a row of oak planks, forming a circle about 70 
 feet in diameter. The planks were roughly split from the 
 log, and were from 8 to 14 inches wide, and from 3 to 5 
 inches thick. When discovered they were about 4 feet long, 
 but they had, to all appearance, been originally longer, as 
 their tops were all jagged and decayed, as if the upper part 
 had rotted away. The lower ends were rudely pointed and 
 sunk some 10 or 12 inches in the clay. Each plank had a 
 rude square hole cut in it, evidently formed by a blunt tool, 
 most probably a metal one, wider on both the sides of the 
 plank and narrower in the middle. Several rough logs of 
 
 c c
 
 886 IRISH CRANNOGES. 
 
 soft wood, alder, birch, &c., from 2 to 4 inches in diameter 
 were laid horizontally against the lower part of the planks on 
 the inside of the enclosure. In the centre of this enclosure 
 was found a floor formed of oak planks with some 18 inches or 
 2 feet of turf below it, and between this floor and the outer 
 fence were several flagstones, evidently used as hearths from 
 the quantity of pieces of charred wood found about and 
 beneath them. The planks forming the enclosure were placed 
 edge to edge and in close contact. The entrance was to the 
 south and was marked by two square posts. 
 
 ' There are some points connected with this crannoge which 
 present peculiar difficulties. Unless, as described above, the 
 cut in the Esker was closed, by which the basin or glen is 
 drained, this structure never could have stood in a lake, and 
 if it had not this security there appears no reason why a 
 structure of its peculiar character should have been erected 
 there. Ag*ain, it does not appear how the heavy planks form- 
 ing the enclosure were originally supported and secured ; for 
 they were not more than 10 or 12 inches deep in the clay; 
 nor is it easy to conjecture what was the use of the mortise 
 holes, cut with such labour in them, and which were just on 
 a level with the surface of the clay or below it. Again, it is 
 difficult to understand what preserved the existing four feet 
 of these planks perfectly sound while the upper part rotted 
 away. If they were originally set up in bog of that depth, 
 indeed, their preservation would be accounted for while the 
 portion above rotted, and bog to the extent of 8 or 10 feet 
 was subsequently formed over them ; but there are several 
 objections to this view.' 
 
 A large number of the antiquities found in the Irish cranno- 
 ges have been figured and described under their various heads 
 by Sir W. E,. Wilde in his Catalogue and in the Proceedings of 
 the Royal Irish Academy. 
 
 Also in vol. iii. page 44, and in vol. vi. page 101, of the 
 Archaeological Journal : these will be referred to by those 
 who wish to study the crannoges carefully. But in order to 
 give some idea of the nature of the objects found in them a selec- 
 tion has been made from the above-named sources and given in 
 the lower part of Plate XCIII. 
 
 Figs. 4, 5, and 6, are bone cloak pins from the crannoge of 
 Ballinderry in the county of Westmeath ; the two first are each 
 made of two pieces ; the shank is made with a shoulder on 
 which the flat portion is fixed which forms the head. Fig. 4
 
 IRISH CRANNOGES. 387 
 
 is 4 inches long, and the circular head is 1 inch in diameter. 
 Fig. 5 is 3| inches long. The pin drawn Fig. 6 is square in the 
 shank and has a looped head, through which is passed a ring also 
 of bone. It is 5^ inches long, is highly decorated all over, and is 
 so sharp both in the carvings and at the angles as to lead to the 
 belief that it had never been in use. 
 
 Fig. 7 shows the head of a bronze pin, the size of the original, 
 found at Ardakillin crannoge. 
 
 Fig. 8 is the drawing of a rare type of bronze pin ; it has three 
 rings passed through apertures in the elongated head ; it is 3 
 inches long and was found in the Dunshaughlin crannoge. 
 
 Fig. 9 represents a triangular piece of coarse white sandstone 
 with hollows on both sides to form moulds for castings ; upon 
 that here presented, we find the mould for a simple celt 3 
 inches long ; and another for one 4 inches long with a cross 
 stop and a ring for attachment to the shaft. This stone is 7 
 inches long. It was found in the Lough Scur crannoge in the 
 county of Leitrim. 
 
 Figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 were all found in the crannoge 
 of Lagore, near Dunshaughlin. Fig. 10 is an iron spearhead 10 
 inches in length. Fig. 11, a double edged sword of iron formed 
 with a central ridge and 15 inches long. Fig. 12 is also a 
 double edged iron sword, 22 inches long, including the strig or 
 tang which passed through the hilt; the blade is 18 inches 
 long, 1^ inches wide, and is formed with a wide shallow groove 
 or channel along its entire length. 
 
 Fig. 13. A blade of iron curved towards the point, in some 
 degree resembling certain oriental weapons ; the curved portion 
 alone has a cutting edge, and this is the case on both sides. 
 Fig. 14 an iron knife. 
 
 It now only remains to give very briefly a few extracts from 
 Irish annals, with their dates,* in order to show that history is 
 not silent respecting them. 
 
 A.D. 848. Cinaedh, son of Conaing, lord of Cianachta-Breagh 
 in Meath, went with a strong force of foreigners, plundered 
 
 * Sir W. E. Wilde (P. of E. I. A. vii. p. 148) mentions amongst other things found 
 at Derry hollow, a coin of Charles II., probably, as he says, fixing the date of the latest 
 occupation of this crannoge. From the pottery found in the crannoges generally Sir. W. 
 Wilde thinks that they were probably occupied from the ninth to the sixteenth century. 
 ' Between this period,' he says, ' and the prehistoric times of the sepulchral urns, we 
 have not the slightest vestige of pottery.' It must be confessed, however, from what 
 is stated in this account, that pottery seems to have been very much neglected in 
 excavating crannoges. 
 
 c c 2
 
 388 IRISH CRANNOGES. 
 
 the island of Loch Gabhor, and afterwards burned it so that it 
 was level with the ground. ('Annals of the Four Masters.') Thus 
 we see that Lagore crannoge was occupied a thousand years ago. 
 
 A.D. 1246. Turlough * * * made his escape from the 
 crannoge of Lough Leisi in autumn, having drowned his keepers. 
 (' Annals of the Four Masters.') 
 
 A.D. 1436. The crannoge of Lough Laoghaire, near Clogher, 
 in Tyrone, was taken by the sons of Brian O'Neil. (' Annals of 
 the Four Masters.') 
 
 A.D. 1512. Philip Maguire made an incursion into Tullyhaw, 
 county of Cavan, and from thence they proceeded to the crannoge 
 of Magauran which they took. ( ( Annals of the Four Masters.') 
 
 A.D. 1603. Hugh Boy O'Donnell, having been wounded, was 
 sent to Crannog-na-n-Duini, in Ross Guilt, to be healed. ('Annals 
 of the Four Masters.') 
 
 It is needless to multiply quotations, and this short notice of 
 the Irish crannoges may be closed with the words used by Mr. 
 Shirley : * ' The crannoge was the universal system of defence in 
 the north of Ireland.' 
 
 * Shirley's ' Account of the Territory or Dominion of Farney.'
 
 389 
 
 NOTICE OF THE SCOTCH CRANNOGS. 
 
 BY JOHN STUART, ESQ., SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES 
 OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 The discovery of crannogs* in Ireland, and of somewhat 
 similar lacustrine remains in Switzerland, concurred to draw 
 attention to the subject in Scotland, when for the first time the 
 scattered notices of piled islands, some of which had been 
 recorded for many years, took shape and revealed the fact that 
 the system of stockaded islands had at one time been common in 
 many parts of the country. 
 
 Mr. Joseph Robertson was the first who brought the subject 
 of Scotch crannogs under the notice of archaeologists in a paper 
 which he read in December 1857 to the Society of Antiquaries 
 of Scotland, entitled ' Notices of the Isle of Banchory, the Isle 
 of Loch Canmor, and other Scottish examples of the artificial 
 or stockaded islands called Crannoges in Ireland, and " Keltische 
 Pfahlbauten " in Switzerland.' 
 
 A discovery of a group of artificial islands in the Loch of 
 Dowalton in Wigtonshire occurred in the autumn of 1863, and 
 was described by Lord Lovaine, now Earl Percy, in a paper read 
 to the British Association at its meeting at Newcastle in Sep- 
 tember of that year. 
 
 At this time the drainage of the Loch of Dowalton was not 
 so far advanced as to allow a complete inspection of this group 
 of islands. About a year afterwards, however, when I visited the 
 place, the whole bed of the loch was exposed, and the islands 
 were approachable. 
 
 I was so much interested in the subject that I was induced to 
 prepare for the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland a paper 
 giving a detailed account of the construction of the Dowalton 
 
 * In these notices, which Mr. Stuart has kindly prepared expressly for this trans- 
 lation of Dr. Keller's lake dwellings, and for which I beg to return to him my best 
 thanks, he spells the word ' crannog.' In other parts of this volume the word is 
 spelled ' crannoge,' which on the whole I prefer, as being probably the more usual mode 
 As, however, these notices have been kindly furnished by Mr. Stuart, hia spelling of the 
 word has of course been followed. J.E.L.
 
 890 SCOTCH CRANNOGS. 
 
 Islands, and of the remains found in them ; and as Mr. Robert- 
 son's other engagements had prevented him from amplifying 
 his paper, and adding to it accounts of other crannogs which 
 had come to light since it was read, I took the opportunity of 
 incorporating in my descriptions all the facts which I could 
 glean, so as to afford a basis for comparing the Scotch examples 
 with those in other countries. This paper was read to the 
 Society in the month of March last, and since that time Mr. 
 Robertson handed to me his paper and notes, of which I have 
 made use in preparing my own paper for the press. 
 
 The lacustrine remains of Scotland admit of a certain classi- 
 fication. There are first crannogs proper, by which I mean 
 islands in lakes, artificially formed on wood or surrounded with 
 wooden piles, of which, including the group in Dowalton, there 
 are known about thirty-five. 
 
 Then there are sites in marshes where vestiges of piling, or 
 other indications of former crannogs have been found, and of 
 these there are ten. 
 
 Besides these, we have in many lakes natural islands which 
 have been fortified principally by barriers of stones surrounding 
 them and by causeways leading from them to the shore, and these 
 are very numerous. 
 
 Of the first class, or the crannog proper, the ordinary con- 
 struction was by logs of wood in the bed of the lake supporting 
 a structure of earth or stones, or of a mixture of both, the mass 
 being surrounded by piles of young oak trees in the bed of the 
 lake, the inner row of which kept the island in shape, and the 
 external rows acted as defences and breakwaters. 
 
 The crannogs at Dowalton were differently constructed. The 
 surface of the islands was of stones resting on a mass of com- 
 pressed brushwood, below which were large branches and stems 
 of small trees, mostly hazel and birch, mingled with stones, ap- 
 parently for compressing the mass. Below this were layers of 
 brushwood, fern, and heather, intermixed with stones and soil, 
 the whole resting on a stratum of fern which lay on the bed of 
 the loch. 
 
 Some of the islands were surrounded with beams of oak mor- 
 tised into each other and laid in a sloping position to the outer 
 edge and were probably intended as breakwaters, and occasion- 
 ally planks of oak with grooves in them were noticed. Several 
 canoes formed of oak and from 21 to 25 feet in length were found 
 in the loch. One of them was discovered under the foundations 
 of a crannog.
 
 SCOTCH CRANNOGS. '391 
 
 On the larger islands great quantities of the teeth and 
 bones of animals were found, principally of the ox, pig, and 
 goat. 
 
 Various articles were picked up on the islands and their 
 neighbourhood. Amongst these was a bronze dish with a 
 handle. It measures 8-^ inches in diameter at the mouth and 6 
 at the bottom, its depth being 5^- inches. The handle is 7 inches 
 long and is stamped with the letters CIPIPOLIPI. The vessel 
 corresponds in style and workmanship with bronze patellse 
 found on Eoman sites in various parts of England.* 
 
 Several other dishes of bronze were found, some of them 
 much mended. Of ornaments there appeared beads of glass, 
 one of amber, a small brooch of bronze, and bits of armlets of 
 enamelled glass. There were several iron hammers, whet- 
 stones, a small earthen crucible, querns, and pieces of slag. 
 
 All the articles were collected by Sir William Maxwell, of 
 Monreith, who has presented them to the national museum of 
 the Antiquaries of Scotland. 
 
 On a rising ground near the loch is a rath, in which respect 
 it agrees with numerous Irish examples, where raths are 
 found on the shores of lochs containing crannogs. 
 
 A curious structure of the nature of a crannog has recently 
 been noticed in a moss on the estate of Jardine Hall, 
 belonging to Sir William Jardine, but as yet has only been 
 partially examined. It was discovered while digging for peat 
 in a bank of from 12 to 14 feet in height, and consisted of 
 a large number of oak trees lying parallel and close to each 
 other, forming a sort of platform, with 6 or 7 feet of peat below 
 and as many above it. 
 
 The portion of the platform as yet uncovered is from 20 to 
 30 feet wide, while the ends of the trees can be followed in the 
 face of the bank for at least 150 feet. The platform is covered 
 with twigs of birch, and above this a layer of common 
 bracken. 
 
 This layer of birch, twigs, and bracken is about 10 inches 
 thick, and appears uniformly to cover the platform except at 
 one point, where nattish whinstones are laid on as a sort of 
 pavement over the trees, the space so covered being an irre- 
 gular circle of 6 or 7 feet in diameter. On this spot, fragments 
 of burned wood were very numerous, and beside it were found 
 
 * A Roman station was placed at Withorn, the Candida Casa of Bede, about four or 
 five miles from Dowalton.
 
 392 SCOTCH CRANNOGS. 
 
 seven large ' bowls ' or cups cut out of oak, and a rude oak 
 mallet with a branch as a handle. The 'bowls' were from 
 10 inches to 1 foot in outside diameter. The logs and twigs 
 were all cut as if by a sharp instrument, and two of the 
 logs had mortise holes cut in them from 2 to 3 inches square. 
 
 I hope to examine this curious structure with care when it 
 is divested of moss, which will be soon. My information at 
 present has been derived from Sir William Jardine and Dr. 
 Arthur Mitchell.* 
 
 JOHN STUART. 
 
 August, 1865. 
 
 * I am tempted here to insert an extract from a letter lately sent to me by the Rev. 
 C. W. King, and my friend will pardon me for copying it exactly as it was received ; 
 any alteration of his epistolary style would weaken the force of his acute remarks 
 ' Did it neverstrike you, when Caesar talks of the Morini taking refuge in their marshes, 
 and Dio Cassius of Severus pursuing the Caledonii into theirs, in which he lost 50,000 
 of his own troops, that such facts presuppose the existence of pile fortresses, or at 
 least of crannoges in these morasses ? for these Celts required a " piedaterre" literally, 
 to enable them to hold out any time in such situations ; they could not squat for weeks 
 like a flock of wild ducks upon the surface of the morasses.' [Ts.]
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 BEMARKS ON THE BOOK ENTITLED 'HABITATIONS LACTTSTEES DBS TEMPS 
 ANCIKNS ET MODEKNES,' PAB FREDERIC TROYON.* 
 
 I' cannot refrain, in conclusion, from making some remarks on the 
 above-mentioned volume, and I am quite satisfied that they will be 
 considered both correct and necessary by every Swiss antiquary who 
 has studied the phenomena of the lake dwellings, not merely in the 
 account given by the journals but from actual observation. 
 
 In the work referred to it is brought forward as a notable dis- 
 covery, not only that all our lake dwellings are to be divided into those 
 of the stone, the bronze, and the iron ages, as well as what are called 
 those of the transition periods from stone to bronze, and from bronze 
 to iron ; but that the introduction of bronze into the lake dwellings 
 coincided with the immigration of a new people totally different from 
 the primitive inhabitants, and, again, that the diffusion of iron imple- 
 ments coincided also with a change of the population. 
 
 According to this classification, the settlements of Eastern Switzer- 
 land belong to the stone age, viz. those in the lakes of Constance, 
 Pfafnkon and Moosseedorf. And as bronze is found, though in small 
 quantities, in the settlements of the lakes of Zurich and Sempach, as also 
 at Concise in the lake of Neuchatel, these lake dwellings are to be placed 
 in the transition period from stone to bronze. The greater part .of 
 the settlements of the lakes of Bienne and Neuchatel together with 
 those of the lake of Geneva are said to belong to the bronze age, while 
 some in the lakes of Bienne and Neuchatel fall under the transition 
 
 * At first it appeared to me that these remarks might have been omitted in an English 
 translation of Dr. Keller's works on thejlake dwellings, but a little consideration con- 
 vinced me that the original discoverer of the ' Pfahlbauten ' would not have justice 
 done to him if they were suppressed. M. Troyon's book having been written in French 
 has obtained probably a wider circulation in England than Dr. Keller's notices, which 
 were written in German, and though almost entirely based upon them, yet in many 
 respects gives such a different version that it seems but fair that Dr. Keller should 
 point out the discrepancies, as otherwise he might be implicated in the conclusions of 
 M.Troyon, from many of which, as it will be seen, he entirely dissents. These notices, 
 however, are put in the appendix, so that they may easily be passed over by anyone 
 interested in the discussion. [Tit.]
 
 394 REMARKS ON THE 'HABITATIONS LACUSTRES.' 
 
 age from bronze to iron, or rather under what is called the first iron 
 period that is, the Helvetic.* 
 
 The condition of the population at the different periods is repre- 
 sented in this volume in the following manner : 
 
 ' The people of the first period were entirely ignorant of the use of 
 metals. Hunting, fishing, cow-keeping, and some small amount of 
 agriculture, afforded the means of subsistence. Flax and hemp were 
 cultivated for other requisite purposes ; barter was carried on with 
 foreign lands. Industrial skill was in a very primitive state, for the 
 small stone hatchets as yet show no artificial perforation, and the pro- 
 ductions of the potter's art exhibit neither the elegant forms nor the 
 variety of ornamentation of the later ages. This first period is said to 
 have come to a sudden end by the irruption of a people provided with 
 bronze implements. The lake dwellings were burnt by these new 
 comers, f and the primitive inhabitants were slaughtered or driven back 
 into remote places. This catastrophe affects chiefly the settlements 
 of East Switzerland which entirely disappeared, and also a number of 
 those on the shores of the western lakes ; some few settlements, how- 
 ever namely, those of the so-called transition period are said not to 
 have been destroyed by the new people till after the inhabitants had 
 begun to make use of bronze implements. 
 
 * Second period. A new era as to the lake dwellings begins, accord- 
 ing to this work, in Western Switzerland with the sudden appearance of 
 bronze, for Europe is said not to have known a copper age. It is, how- 
 ever, not the new people who have now got the land in their possession, 
 but the old population which was not entirely destroyed and gradually 
 became united with the rulers of the country ; they again appeared on 
 the lake dwellings and continued their former manner of life. The 
 diffusion of bronze, at first occurring only in imperfect productions, 
 caused a rapid development of civilisation ; the conditions of life 
 became favourable ; the dwellings were better constructed ; industry 
 made great advances ; the working of leather, the art of weaving, and 
 that of making garments, were much benefited by implements of metal. 
 The products of the potter's art receive new and elegant forms and 
 fresh modes of ornamentation ; attempts were also made in casting. 
 New stations were erected, and those destroyed were restored from 
 the lake of Bienne to that of Geneva. The images or figures, relating 
 to moon worship, are said not to belong to the bronze but to the iron 
 period. Burning the dead is also stated to have been introduced by 
 the new people. Population increased in the lake dwellings, J but it is 
 
 * The Allobroges who lived on the banks of the lake are classed amongst the inhabi- 
 tants of lake dwellings (of the first iron period), though Suidas, ii. 64, does not say a 
 syllable about their habitations. 
 
 f The clay balls, which in the ' Habitations lacustres are considered as incendiary 
 missiles to set fire to the huts, are nothing else but weights to fasten to the threads in 
 the loom. 
 
 J From the curve of some few pieces of the clay covering of the huts, not more than 
 a, foot across, which fell into the water red hot when the dwellings were burnt, and 
 were thus fortunately preserved, and which from this or some other cause have been 
 bent, the author of the ' Habitations lacustres ' calculates the circumference of the
 
 REMARKS ON THE 'HABITATIONS LACUSTRES.' 395 
 
 asserted to be of a different race from that which at the Bame time 
 inhabited the mainland of Eastern Switzerland in the bronze period. 
 This second period is made to come to an end in a similar way by the 
 destruction of all the lake dwellings. 
 
 * Third period. Again a new people appears on the scene, ^fighting 
 with iron weapons ; as they are said to come from a country without 
 lakes, they do not occupy the lake dwellings. The two elements of 
 the ancient population are subjugated, decimated, driven into the 
 mountains, and the lake dwellings are burnt down. However, again 
 some few families of the primitive population escape this second 
 tempest. About a dozen lake dwellings spring up on the shores of the 
 lakes of Bienne and Neuchatel, the inhabitants of which adopt the 
 manner of life of the second conquering race ; instead of the regular 
 lake dwellings, miserable huts are erected in which the fishermen's 
 families eke out a wretched existence. The remains of pottery show 
 that these abodes were still inhabited in Roman times. The popula- 
 tion of the third or iron period are said likewise to have burnt their 
 dead, but to have deposited their ashes in urns under sepulchral tumuli. 
 
 ' The following are said to have been the names of the people of these 
 different periods. The population of the first period are a primitive 
 people, perhaps belonging to a Finnish or Iberian race which came out 
 of Asia several thousand years before our era, and following the course 
 of the Rhone or the Rhine wandered into the valleys of the Alps. The 
 people of the second period are the Celts who likewise came out of 
 Asia. The weapons used by them in attacking and destroying the 
 lake dwellings Were of bronze, for in their own country they had 
 attained to great skill in working this metal. The people of the third 
 period are the Helvetii, who left their abodes in South- Western 
 Germany. They are more advanced in civilisation ; they slaughter 
 the earlier inhabitants with swords of iron, and destroy the lake 
 dwellings which had been established afresh in Western Switzerland.' 
 
 Such is the account given in this volume of the condition of the 
 population during the different periods, and such is represented as the 
 fate of inhabitants of the lake dwellings. 
 
 I am about to bring forward some objections to the division of the 
 lake dwellings into those of the stone, the bronze, and the iron periods, 
 so far, at least, as they are said to coincide with the appearance of dif- 
 ferent nations, and to show that a sudden leap from one class of civili- 
 sation to another cannot be proved by investigating the remains of the 
 lake dwellings, but that the metals became gradually spread amongst 
 the settlements like any other article of trade. Before doing this, how- 
 ever, I must first be allowed to make some corrective remarks, respect- 
 ing the account given of their geographical division, and also as to the 
 picture drawn of the manner of life amongst the inhabitants.* 
 
 huts, makes them fitted to hold four persons, estimates the number of huts on an 
 entire lake settlement, and, lastly, determines the amount of the population contained 
 in it! 
 
 * Many traits in this picture are correct, and are based on facts published by me 
 in my own reports, which have been entirely swallowed up (in toto verschluckt) by 
 the ' Habitations lacustres.'
 
 396 REMARKS ON THE 'HABITATIONS LACUSTRES.' 
 
 In the first place, with respect to the geographical distribution of the 
 lake dwellings of the stone and bronze ages, and the opinion that the 
 modern limits between those parts of Switzerland distinguished by 
 speaking French and German could possibly mark in like manner the 
 boundary between the settlements of the stone and bronze ages, this 
 view is gainsaid by the situation of the lake dwelling of Peschiera, 
 especially belonging to the bronze age, which lies far more eastward 
 than the stone settlements of Eastern Switzerland ; the settlement of 
 Moosseedorf also, which is essentially of the stone age, is surrounded 
 by places which were furnished with bronze either in a smaller or 
 larger quantity ; and, again, the bronze implements lately found in the 
 settlements on the lake of Constance, and on the south side of the 
 K/oseninsel in the Starenberger See near Munich, show the futility of 
 such a division. It is also equally impossible now to draw a definite 
 line of demarcation between the lake dwellings with or without iron, 
 as Inkwyl and the lakes of Sempach and Mauensee do not belong to 
 West Switzerland, and yet have afforded implements of iron. 
 
 With respect to the conditions of life of the first period, the results 
 of investigations in the lakes of Pfaffikon, Niederwyl, and Constance, 
 show that cereals in general formed the chief article of food ; * more- 
 over, that hemp was not grown at all, but that flax, on the contrary, 
 was cultivated to a great extent, and was worked with so much skill 
 that the variety of woven linen cloth made with such imperfect me- 
 chanical aids actually astonishes us. We may conclude with all cer- 
 tainty that the clothing of the colonists of the stone age consisted 
 chiefly of thinner or thicker linen cloth. With respect to the handi- 
 craft ability of the settlers, so far as implements of stone are concerned, 
 not the slightest difference can be seen between the products of this 
 first period and the following one, or the so-called transition period ; 
 for precisely the same forms are found in the earlier age and in that 
 when bronze begins to appear ; and not only so, but perforated and 
 even ornamented stone celts are found more commonly in the stone 
 period,' and more especially at St. Aubin, a station of the pure stone 
 age. The pottery of the first age indicates considerable dexterity 
 in working clay, and consists of vessels and cups of various forms with 
 the commencement of the very same ornaments which cover the pro- 
 ductions of the later period. 
 
 The assertion that all the lake dwellings of the stone age were burnt 
 down by the irruption of a foreign people is not correct, for at Nie- 
 derwyl and several lake dwellings of the TJnter-See no traces of fire 
 have been observed. The fact that in all the lake dwellings of the 
 stone age, nay, more, that in the whole of these settlements yet ex- 
 amined not half a dozen human skeletonsf have been found, contradicts 
 
 * The large number of vessels with remains of burnt corn, and more especially the 
 small quantity of animal bones, show the prevailing use of vegetable food in the lake 
 dwellings of the stone age, for instance, in those of the Unter See. 
 
 t Since this was written a few more human remains have come to light in the lake 
 dwellings, but still the whole number is surprisingly small. [TR.]
 
 REMARKS ON THE 'HABITATIONS LACUSTRES.' S97 
 
 the supposition of a battle having taken place between the aborigines 
 and the supposed conquerors, and of the destruction of the former by 
 the latter. The reason why so many stone and bone implements, not 
 only broken and useless but also in good condition, are found on the 
 sites of the lake dwellings may be explained simply by the fact that 
 the colonists, when, either from the burning of their houses or from 
 some other cause, they were obliged to settle on the mainland and 
 erect new abodes, would hardly have given themselves the trouble of 
 collecting out of the mud all the celts and other implements, which the 
 archaeologists are now searching for with such avidity. The fact that 
 nearly every ancient lake dwelling has either a larger or smaller village 
 corresponding with it on the shore, and still existing, seems to indicate 
 these fresh settlements of the population both of the stone and the 
 bronze ages. 
 
 It is not easy to make out what is the actual definition in this 
 volume of the term ' transition period.' According to the theory 
 brought forward, certain lake dwellings, such as Meilen and Concise, 
 must have procured bronze implements by friendly intercourse with 
 the new comers, and yet, notwithstanding this barter, were destroyed 
 by the intruders. 
 
 The hypothesis that it was the most ancient population, and not the 
 conquerors with bronze arms who rebuilt the burnt lake dwellings, 
 must have been brought forward, because it is hardly to be supposed 
 that the new people, who were much further advanced and totally dif- 
 ferent in culture and manner of life, would have settled down in the 
 very places they had burnt and erected lake dwellings anew. 
 
 Second period. The assertion that ' Europe has never known an age 
 of copper ' may be tolerably correct (see page 219) with respect to 
 western Europe, but by no means so for the eastern portion. Plate 
 LXYIII. gives sketches of a number of copper implements which have 
 been found in the district of the Danube. 
 
 By the general use of better bronze implements a notable change 
 doubtless took place in handicraft ability which would have a decided 
 effect on the general condition of the settlers ; but we should like to know 
 on what is grounded the assertion that ' the preparation of leather, the 
 art of weaving, and the making of garments took a considerable start,' 
 for at the time when the volume in question was drawn up not a single 
 thread had been found in the bronze settlements of Western Swit- 
 zerland, nor any trace of leather. 
 
 If it be asserted that the population during the bronze age in 
 Western Switzerland was different from that which at the same time 
 settled on the mainland in Eastern Switzerland, let the remains of 
 civilisation in the settlement of Ebersberg given in Plates LXXXIX., 
 XC., and XCI. be examined and compared with those of Nidau Stein- 
 berg, and the comparison will afford a convincing proof of the com- 
 plete identity of the industrial products of both settlements. 
 
 The statement respecting the period to which the moon images be- 
 long is quite erroneous, as these objects of civilisation do not occur in 
 the iron age but are quite peculiar to the bronze period. Again, the
 
 398 REMARKS ON THE f HABITATIONS LACUSTRES.' 
 
 closest investigation has not as yet afforded, the smallest information 
 as to how the lake settlers buried their dead. If it be affirmed that 
 the people of the bronze age introduced the custom of burning their 
 dead, this is directly contradicted by the fact that in all the graves of 
 our district known to us of this period, and in which bronze imple- 
 ments are met with, the remains of the body show that it was not burnt. 
 Third period. The work in question then goes on to state that the 
 lake dwellings were burnt down a second time ; and in this case by a 
 people armed with iron weapons, pouring down from Southern Ger- 
 many. According to the very accurate observations of Colonel Schwab 
 probably about a quarter of the lake dwellings in the lakes of Bienne 
 and Neuchatel show traces of fire, a proof that a sudden and general 
 destruction of all these settlements is out of the question. There is 
 certainly something striking in the presence of so many bronze imple- 
 ments in the ruins of the lake dwellings, more especially as no small 
 number of them remained occupied in the Helvetian and Gallo- 
 Roman times. The existence of implements of various different kinds 
 in the area of their abodes could not have remained unknown to the 
 inhabitants, and they would certainly have dredged them up if the 
 value of these objects had been worth more than the time and trouble 
 of obtaining them. Who can say whether this may not have actually 
 happened, and whether the specimens now remaining to us may not 
 be simply the gleanings ? If we reckon up all the bronze implements 
 yet found the swords, the javelins, the knives, the celts, the rings, 
 &c. and divide these objects amongst all the lake dwellings yet 
 examined, the number of these specimens will appear quite inconsider- 
 able for the quantity which must have existed if all the lake dwellings 
 had been suddenly destroyed, and for the most part abandoned.* And 
 it must be borne in mind that at the present moment the search for 
 antiquities is carried on with great energy with all kinds of apparatus, 
 such as ' nippers ' and mud-machines, and at a great expenditure of 
 time and labour. 
 
 With respect to the name and ethnographical determination of the 
 people who lived partly in lake dwellings and partly on the mainland, 
 and who at first made use of stone implements and consequently are 
 considered as aborigines, anyone who has a fancy may object to their 
 having any relationship with the Celtic element, and attribute to them 
 a Finnish or Iberian origin, or connect them with the race of men dis- 
 covered by Boucher de Perthes thus far is certain, that they do not 
 differ in the smallest degree, either in their abilities, their manner of 
 life, or their industrial attainments, from the people who were pro- 
 vided with metals ; but that in the whole phenomena of lake dwellings 
 from their very beginning to the end of their existence a gradual, 
 quiet, peaceful development may be observed. The traces of conflagra- 
 
 * A complete inventory of the bronze implements in the collection of Colonel Schwab 
 now lies before me, comprising more than three-fourths of all the bronze articles 
 found in West Switzerland and also nearly a perfect catalogue of those in other 
 collections.
 
 KEMARKS ON THE 'HABITATIONS LACUSTRES.' 399 
 
 tion, and the presence of so many implements amongst the remains of 
 the lake dwellings by no means contradicts this position, for was there 
 ever a village of straw-roofed huts which during some centuries of its 
 existence has not been burnt down either by accidental calamity or in 
 the course of intestine quarrels ? 
 
 From what has been said, it appears certain that there is no founda- 
 tion for the hypothesis that the inhabitants of the lake dwellings are 
 to be separated into distinct races, because in the earliest times they 
 had no metal implements and in later times they possessed them. No- 
 thing can be more true than the remarks of Dr. Lindenschm.it, respect- 
 ing such suppositions as to the change of nationalities based simply 
 on a difference in implements. ' The simple exchange of material,' he 
 says, ' the transition from the use of stone to that of metal is in itself 
 not a sufficient ground for inferring a change of population. It is 
 not so important as the change from the spear to firearms ; and if at 
 every advance of this kind an entire change of population were to be 
 supposed, the history of civilisation would only have to relate the 
 migrations of nations.'* 
 
 With respect to the immigration of the Celts into Europe, this event 
 belongs to the primitive history of the peopling of our part of the 
 world, and is shrouded in impenetrable darkness. No tradition speaks 
 of the Celts pressing forward towards the countries in the possession 
 of which we subsequently find them, though the Druids, on the other 
 hand, taught that the Gauls were aborigines. At the very first 
 appearance of historicalf narrative they appear in the far west of the 
 Iberian peninsula, and afterwards as the first amongst the great nor- 
 thern nations which pressed forward eastward from their homes in the 
 west. Now, if it is a fruitless labour in archaeology to determine the 
 time of their arrival in Europe, it must be considered as entirely an 
 idle pastime to speak of the degree of civilisation then possessed by this 
 people, who in later times spread over the whole of central Europe, 
 and still more so to affirm that, at the time of their immigration, they 
 had a perfect knowledge of bronze, understood the mixture of copper 
 and tin so as to produce a harder material, and were thoroughly 
 acquainted with the art of casting. 
 
 No less venturesome is the assertion that the Helvetii conquered the 
 land with iron weapons and burnt down the lake dwellings, because 
 they had no lakes in their country, and did not understand this manner 
 of life ; and all this at a time when bronze in great quantities was 
 spread over the country and this peculiar kind of settlement had 
 reached its highest state of development. They are said to have im- 
 migrated when hardly any iron implements were to be found in the 
 lake dwellings. But the immigration of the Helvetii is an event be- 
 longing to tradition, and it is perfectly impossible to fix its date. It 
 is evident from the history of the Celtic tribes living east of the Rhine 
 that, when pressed by the Germans, they left their own country, and 
 
 * Lindenschmit, 'Die vaterlandischen Alterthumer,' p. 159. 
 t Herodotus, iii. 33, iv. 49. Zeuss, 'Die Deutschen,' p. 160.
 
 400 REMARKS ON THE 'HABITATIONS LACUSTRES.' 
 
 that the Germans laid it waste and afterwards left the Helvetii no rest 
 even in their new abodes.* But there is not the slightest information 
 given whether the Helvetii left their homes from necessity or were 
 influenced by the desire of conquest, nor in what relations they stood 
 with the Gallic race on this side the Rhine, f But granting that they 
 passed the Rhine as conquerors, how is it possible to suppose that they 
 were perfectly equipped with iron implements when their neighbours 
 on this side the Rhine were without them, and that at a period when 
 the most active exchange was going on, as is clearly shown by the 
 spread of exactly similar bronze implements over central Europe ? 
 Can it be imagined that the race living between the Rhine and the 
 Black Forest had surpassed in civilisation the people who lived on this 
 side of the Rhine, whose country lay open to the influence of the 
 civilised lands on the shores of the Mediterranean, by the paths of the 
 Alps and the valley of the Rhone, as may be proved by the bronze 
 implements brought from those parts ? It is a pity that when the 
 volume of ' Habitations lacustres ' was compiled, the large number of 
 lake dwellings containing Roman implements were not known ; had 
 they been so we should doubtless have had a third conquest of the 
 country that of the Alemanni a fresh conflagration of the lake 
 dwellings, and a decimation of the population as a final close to the 
 drama. 
 
 We cannot here enter on an examination of the picture given of the 
 graves said to have been erected by the lake settlers on the shores of 
 the lake of Geneva, and of the Helvetian manner of living and indus- 
 trial powers, in which everything is detailed, belonging to the Gallic 
 and Gallo-Roman periods ; we can, however, give our assurance that 
 in this chapter, as in many others, right and wrong, relevant and irre- 
 levant are mixed up together in a confused mass. 
 
 The phenomenon of the lake dwellings, so important in the history 
 of civilisation, J the time of their first establishment, their original 
 design, their development, and their final extinction, in spite of many 
 accumulated facts, is in many respects clouded in doubt. Whether we 
 may consider the first settlers as a branch of the Celtic race who spread 
 over Europe in the earliest times, and were already acquainted with 
 agriculture, can neither be afiirmed nor denied with certainty. The 
 extremely simple tools of the oldest lake dwellings exhibit a striking 
 contrast to the productions of their industry and agricultural 
 activity. It is certain from the very beginning of this peculiar mode 
 of living to the latest period of its existence, while outward circum- 
 stances remained the same, a quiet advance to a better development of 
 the conditions of life may be observed, in which there was neither retro- 
 gression nor any sudden advance by the intervention of foreign elements. 
 The general diffusion of metals in a country which had none is explained 
 
 * Caesar, i. 1. 
 
 t See pp. 262 and 263. 
 
 | M. Jayet has lately shown in the ' Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences 
 Naturelles, 1862,' that the calculations of the age of the lake dwelling at the foot of 
 Chamblon near Les Uttins, not far from Yverdon, is incorrect.
 
 REMARKS ON THE 'HABITATIONS LACUSTRES.' 401 
 
 'simply by the barter which existed throughout Europe in the very 
 earliest ages. The question why the inhabitants of a lake dwelling of the 
 stone age abandoned their settlement, while those of another, not many 
 hours' or many minutes' walk distant, remained quietly living on their 
 platforms, is of no greater importance than the enquiry why, during the 
 middle ages, so many localities have disappeared, the names and situa- 
 tions of which are known to us. The presence of objects of industry 
 on the area of the lake dwellings has nothing in it very surprising, if 
 we consider what misfortunes villages of straw-covered huts were ex- 
 posed to, in which not only the houses themselves, but even the plat- 
 forms on which they stood, were formed of very combustible materials. 
 It is possible, if we are to take Cesar's account literally, that when the 
 Helvetii, whose arrival in the country is neither mentioned in history 
 nor shown by archeology, withdrew, the lake dwellings then existing 
 were, as a whole, burnt down ; but there can also be no doubt that some 
 remained standing, or were rebuilt after the return of the population. 
 Their continuing down to the Roman time is only astonishing to any one 
 who imagines that at this time the whole population had gone over to 
 the Roman manner of life, while the proof lies before Trim that the 
 lower class adhered to their own manners and customs till the entrance 
 of the German races. 
 
 As before mentioned, notwithstanding all the investigations which 
 have hitherto been undertaken, there is very much in this field of 
 enquiry yet to be explained ; nay, even the rapid accumulation of mate- 
 rial increases the difficulty of a satisfactory conclusion ; but it is very 
 much to be regretted, if the ideas we form of these discoveries (which 
 we are still far from understanding as a whole) should, by venture- 
 some hypotheses, by artificial combinations, and by arbitrary inter- 
 pretation of facts, be clothed with a poetic mantle, which the sober 
 and conscientious observer may find it difficult to throw off", as the 
 greater proportion of antiquaries, especially the foreign ones, are not 
 thoroughly acquainted with the actual facts of these phenomena, and 
 of their relation to the other antiquities of Switzerland. 
 
 LATEST DISCOVERIES IN THE swiss LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 After the preceding pages had been put in type, further information 
 has been obtained, and some very interesting specimens have come to 
 light, and we cannot resist giving another plate and a few brief addi- 
 tional notices. Archaeological discoveries in Switzerland are now almost 
 of daily occurrence. 
 
 ST. AUBIN. This settlement was mentioned in the geographical list, 
 but since that was written, the zealous and intelligent antiquary, Dr. 
 Clement, has carefully examined the locality and obtained from it a most 
 splendid collection of very fine implements of stone, bone, and horn. 
 Celts, knives, and daggers are found in great abundance of all kinds of 
 stone and of every possible form. The tools and handles of horn, and 
 the bone implements, are very numerous and in capital preservation. No 
 objects of wood were met with, and but little pottery. 
 
 D D
 
 402 LATEST DISCOVERIES IN THE SWISS LAKE DWELLINGS. 
 
 It is a very extensive settlement of the pure stone age, and has a 
 'Steinberg' or 'teneviere' from 200 to 300 feet in diameter, the south-west 
 side of which is rather muddy. Piles are seen all over it, but more es- 
 pecially on the north side. The average depth of the water is from 8 
 to 9 feet, but the relic-bed can only be reached by digging 3^ feet 
 under the present bed of the lake. 
 
 A number of flint arrow-heads found here are of great interest, as they 
 may throw some light on the duration of the settlement. It appears 
 that after having been brought into form, they had been damaged by 
 use, and then a second time worked up and sharpened. The parts of 
 the flint which belong to the original manufacture had become white by 
 age, while those portions which indicate the second operation are ' honey 
 yellow,' or the natural colour of the stone. This difference in the ap- 
 pearance of the surface clearly indicates that an inierval of many cen- 
 turies must have elapsed between the first manufacture and the second 
 operation of sharpening. One of these arrow-heads is drawn Plate 
 XCVI. fig. 11 ; the light portion is the surface of original manufacture ; 
 the darker parts are the chipped edges arising from the resharpening ; 
 the very dark shade represents the remains of the asphalt which still 
 adheres to it, showing how it was attached to the shaft. 
 
 Amongst the ornaments from this station are perforated fossil tere- 
 bratulse, and also a few belemnites round which a groove has been cut 
 for the attachment of a string (Fig. 7). There are also perforated verte- 
 bras of fishes, both fossil and recent. 
 
 ESTAVATEE. A knife has lately been found here by Dr. Clement of St. 
 Aubin, and is now in his splendid collection. It is drawn Fig. 3, and is 
 very remarkable on many accounts. The metal portion of the handle 
 is of bronze, as the figure will show, but the blade is of iron ornamented 
 just like those of the bronze knives. From this specimen we may draw 
 several conclusions : 1st. Iron was* gradually introduced as a rare and 
 costly material. 2nd. The first iron implements were exact imitations of 
 those which had previously been made of bronze. 3rd. The workman 
 in making these new implements and utensils tenaciously adhered to 
 the old patterns ; but 4thly, by degrees he found out the forms to which 
 the new material was most adapted. 
 
 MARIN. Colonel Schwab has obtained from this station several more 
 iron swords, some of which had ' maker's marks ' similar to those pre- 
 viously found ; others were new, such as Figs. 4, 5, and 6 ; the latter is 
 somewhat indistinct. With respect to the mode of manufacture of these 
 swords, to which attention has been called byM. de Reffye (page 247), 
 there can be no doubt that the central portion was of different metal 
 from that of the two sides. Colonel Schwab has had one of the swords 
 drawn out of its sheath, and I have shown it to several individuals 
 skilled in working iron, and they assure me that the middle portion is 
 of iron and the two sides are of steel. The sides have oxidized very 
 much less than the central part, which is pitted with rust, leaving a few 
 places projecting more than the rest, as shown in the drawing Fig. 10, 
 while the two steel sides, each rather more than ^ of an inch wide, are 
 comparatively smooth. The whole breadth of the blade is about an inch
 
 LATEST DISCOVERIES IN THE SWISS LAKE DWELLINGS. 403 
 
 and a quarter. The bone of a stork, made use of as a case for a bronze 
 needle, (Figs. 8 and 9), was also found here. 
 
 L/EsRosEAUXnear MOEGES. Asingular bronze ring has been found here 
 by H. Forel, drawn Fig. 1. It is hollow, and there are circular holes, 
 one at each side at A and B. All round the outside are the ornaments 
 called Celtic. The five ribs or projections are very singular. M. Forel 
 thinks that the ring was intended to be held in the hand (see the re- 
 duced Fig. 2), and that the spaces between the ribs were for the fingers, 
 but if so it must have been used by a very small hand, for the drawing 
 of Fig. 1 is half the full size.* 
 
 WAXGEN. Mr. Lohle has found several perforated portions of the 
 smaller branches of stag's horn, which evidently were intended for 
 necklace beads. One of them is drawn Fig. 12. 
 
 * A friend suggests that this may have been the central ornament of a necklace 
 the string passing through the holes at A and B. [Tn.] 
 
 D J> 2
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 FRONTISPIECE. 
 
 Ideal Restoration of a Swiss lake dwelling, p. ix. of the Preface. 
 N.B. Every particular in this sketch is based on actual fact. 
 
 PL. I. MEILEN. 
 
 Fig. 1. Ground plan, p. 11. 2. Section, p. 14. 3. Arrangement of the 
 piles, p. 16. 
 
 PL. II. MEILEN. 
 
 Figs. 1, 5. Hammers of stag's horn, p. 27. 2. Stone celt set in stag's 
 horn, p. 19. 3. Hafting of stag's horn with a chisel of nephrite at each end, 
 p. 20. 4. Stone celts in hafting of stag's horn, p. 20. 6. Stone hammer 
 partially perforated, p. 22. 7, 8. Corn-crushers, p. 25. 9. Hammer of 
 stone like serpentine, p. 22. 10. Hammer of spotted serpentine, p. 23. 
 11. Cylindrical corn-crusher, p. 25. 12, 13. Stone celts, p. 18. 
 
 PL. III. MEILEN. 
 
 Fig. 1. Flint saw in handle of yew- wood, p. 24. 2, 3. Flint tongues or 
 points, p. 24. 4. Stone awl, p. 25. 5. Whetstone, p. 25. 6. Bear's tooth 
 perforated, p. 27. 7, 9, 24, 27. Earthenware vessels, p. 29. 8. Amber bead, 
 p. 28. 10, 11. Implements of boars' teeth, p. 27. 12. Bronze armilla, 
 p. 28. 13. Spindle-whorl of earthenware, p. 30. 14. Oak club, p. 28. 
 15, 16, 19, 20, 21. Bone awls or piercers, p. 26. 17, 18. Bone needle and pin, 
 p. 26. 22. Flint arrow-head, p. 24. 23. Grindstone for mailing celts, 
 p. 24. 25. Bone chisel, p. 26. 26. Bronze celt, p. 28. 
 
 PL. IV. MOOSSEEDORF. 
 
 Fig. 1. Map of the district, p. 32. A, village of Miinchenbuchsee ; B, Hofwyl; 
 C, Moosseedorf; D, Steinbriick; E, Eastern lake dwelling; p, Western lake 
 dwelling ; GG, Canal ; HI, Commencement of the peat moor ; KK, Shell marl 
 (Weisser Grund ; blancfond) ; LL, Peat ; M, Schonsicht ; N, ' Molasse ' rock ; o, 
 Ancient outlet of the lakes; P, Great lake of Moosseedorf; Q, Smaller lake. 
 2. Ground plan of part of the Eastern settlement, p. 33. 3. Section of the 
 Eastern settlement, p. 33. 
 
 PL. V. MOOSSEEDORF. 
 
 (All the figures half size except 14, 20, 22.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Celt hafting of fir-wood, p. 34. 2. Celt hafting of stag's horn, p. 34. 
 3. Harpoon of stag's horn, p. 34. 4. Bone lance-point, p. 34. 5. Flint saw
 
 406 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 in handle of fir-wood, p. 34. 6, 7. Needles made of boars' tusks, p. 34. 
 8. Awl made of the bone of the roe, p. 34. 9. Bone knife, p. 34. 10. Bone 
 chisel, p. 34. 11, 12. Wedge of fir-wood, p. 34. 13. Bone awl, p. 34. 
 14. Fishhook made of a boar's tusk, p. 34. 15. Boar's tooth ground to an 
 edge and perforated, p. 34. 16. Needle (?) of boar's tusk, p. 34. 17, 19. 
 Flint flakes for scaling fish (?) p. 34. 18. Arrow-head of rock crystal, p. 34. 
 20. Sharp celt of nephrite, p. 34. 21. Comb of yew-wood, p. 34. 
 22. View of the larger lake of Moosseedorf, taken standing on the site of the 
 eastern lake dwelling, p. 33. 
 
 Pi,. VI. ROBENHAUSEN, &C. 
 
 Fig. 1. Plan of the lake of Pfafiikon, p. 37. 2. Ground plan of part of the 
 Aabach canal, p. 40. 3. Section of the relic-bed, p. 40. 4. Section of the 
 Aabach canal, p. 39. 5. Bank at Hinunerich, p. 58. 
 
 Pi. VII. ROBENHAUSEN, &C. 
 
 View of the peat-moor of Robenhausen, taken from Seegraben, p. 37. 
 (The site of the lake dwelling is indicated by a dark bird.) 
 
 Pi. VIII. ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 Piles of the last settlement but one : round fir timber, p. 44. 
 
 PL. IX. ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 Piles of the latest settlement : split oak-wood, p. 44. 
 PL. X. ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 Figs. 1, 2, 3. Knives of yew-wood, p. 48. 4. Wooden ladle, p. 48. 
 5. Wooden implement, p. 48. 6. Ring of bark, p. 48. 7. Club of ash-wood, 
 with a stag's horn socket and stone celt, p. 48. 8. Boat ( ' Einbaum ' ), p. 49. 
 9. Flail, p. 49. 10. Bow of yew, p. 49. 11, 12. 'Arpion,' or fishing 
 implement, p. 49. 13. Wooden ladle, p. 48. 14. Wooden club, with a stone 
 celt fixed in it, p. 48. 15. Implement of bark, p. 48. 16. Club, with a celt 
 fixed in it, p. 48. 17. Wooden ladle, p. 48. 18, 19. Implements of stag's 
 horn, p. 53. 
 
 PL. XI. ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 Figs. 1, 2. Clubs with celts, p. 50. 3. Yew club, p. 50. 4. Wooden club, 
 p. 50. 5. Bark float, p. 50. 6, 7. Wooden suspension hooks, p. 50. 
 8. Earthenware spoon, p. 54. 9. Ladle of maple-wood, p. 48. 10. Tub of 
 maple-wood, p. 51. 
 
 PL. XII. ROBENHAUSEN, &c. 
 
 (Fig. 1 is from Niederwyl ; all the others are from Robenhausen.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Wooden implement, use unknown, p. 76. 2, 9. Agricultural 
 implements of stag's horn, p. 53. 3. Wooden chisel, p. 61. 4, 5. Stone 
 implement, p. 53. 6. Club of yew-wood, p. 60. 7. Ladle of maple-wood, 
 p. 48. g. Earthenware vessel, p. 54. 10. Wooden last, p. 61. 11. Knife 
 or chisel of yew, p. 61. 
 
 PL. XIII. ROBENHAUSEN. 
 
 Fig. 1. Rib bound round with cord, p. 53. 2. Wooden implement, 
 p. 51. 3. Yoke, p. 52. 4. Wooden club with celt, p. 51. 5. Wooden 
 implement, p. 52. 6. Marble cone or hemisphere, p. 54. 7. Pile with a
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 407 
 
 mortise in the head, p. 52. 8,9, 11. Earthenware vessels, p. 54. 10. Stag's 
 horn implement, p. 53. 12. Clay cone, p. 54. 13. Flint arrow-head, p. 54. 
 14. Bone chisel, p. 53. 
 
 PL. XIV. ROBENHAtTSEN, &C. 
 
 Fig. 1. Bone awl, Wangen. p. 67.^-2, 6. Balls of string, Robenhausen, p. 
 52. 3. Perforated wolfs grinder, Wangen, p. 67. 4, 5. Ornamentation on 
 earthenware vessels, Robenhausen, p. 54. 7. Perforated stones, Wangen, p. 
 67. 8. Stag's horn implement, Wangen, p. 67. 9. Ornamentation on 
 pottery, Wangen, p. 67. 10, 11. Flint arrow-head, Wangen, p. 67. 
 12. Perforated and sharpened boar's tusk, Moosseedorf, p. 34. 13. Dog's bone 
 perforated, Wangen, p. 67. 14 to 20. Crucibles, Robenhausen, p. 55. 
 21. Bone awl with head of asphalt, Moosseedorf, p. 34. 22. Bone knife, 
 Moosseedorf, p. 34. 23, 24. Bone fishing implements, Wangen, p. 67. 
 25. Bone implement, Moosseedorf, p. 34. 
 
 PL. XV. WANGEN. 
 1, 2. Ornamentation on pottery, p. 66. 
 
 PL. XVI, NlEDEKWYL, &C. 
 
 (Fig. 2 is from Eobenhausen ; all the rest from Niederwyl.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Wooden platform, p. 74. 2. Section of beds, Rob. p. 42. 
 3. Section of platforms, Nied., p. 74. 4. Pile-head with mortise, p. 75. 
 5. Wooden slab with mortise-holes, p. 75. 6. Cone of baked clay perforated, 
 p. 75. 7. Wooden mallet, p.^,,75. 8. View of the fascine work of part of 
 the lake dwelling, p. 76. 
 
 PL. XVII. NIEDERWYL. 
 View of the platform (from a photograph), p. 76. 
 
 PL. XVIII. WATTWYL. 
 
 Fig. 1. Section, p. 79. 2. Section, p. 79. 3. Ground plan of part of the 
 settlement, p. 78. The lower part of the plate contains a map of the 
 district, p. 79. 
 
 PL. XIX. .WATJWYL. 
 
 On the left side of this plate are the ground plans of the five successive plat- 
 forms, or layers of timbers, p. 77. 1, 2, 3. Position of piles and timbers, p. 81. 
 4. Section of the timber platforms, p. 77. 5. Ground plan of a portion, 
 p. 78. 6. Blunt-pointed pile, p. 80. 
 
 PL. XX. WATJWYL. 
 
 The upper part is an ideal restoration of the settlement, but, from late 
 discoveries, the huts, in all probability, stood much nearer together, p. 82. 
 
 Fig. 1. Stone for stirring melted asphalt, p. 83. 2. Celt hafted hi stag's 
 horn, p. 83. 3. Bowl of yew-wood, p. 83. 4, 12. Fragments of pottery, 
 p. 83. 5. Ball of stone (Corn-crusher ?), p. 83. 6. Grinding stone for celts, 
 p. 83. 7. Glass bead, p. 83. 8. Lump of asphalt, p. 84. 9. Knife of yew- 
 wood, p. 84. 10. Piercer or awl of stag's horn, p. 84. 11. Saw made of bone, 
 p. 84. 13. Bead of stag's horn, p. 84. 14, 15. Floats (?), p. 84. 16. Cutting 
 instrument of boar's tusk, p. 84. 17. Flint knife, p. 84. 18, 19, 20. Bone 
 chisels, p. 84. 21 to 25. Bone awls or piercers, p. 84. 26. Barbed harpoon 
 of stag's horn, p. 84.
 
 408 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PL. XXI. ZUG, WANGEN, EOBENHATJSEN, AND NIDATJ. 
 
 Z*ig. Fig. 1. Section, p. 128. 2. Plan, p. 128 3. Stone celt, p. 128. 
 
 4. Flint arrow-head, p. 128. 5. Stone half cut through for making celts, p. 125. 
 Wangen. 6. Earthenware vessel, p. 66. 7, 8. Perforated balls of clay, 
 p. 66. 9. Wooden club, p. 66. 10. Flint 'saw set in stag's horn, p. 66. 
 ] 1, 12. Earthenware spindle-whorls, p. 66. 13. Burnt straw (Thatch ?), p. 66. 
 jRobenhausen. 14. Crucible with portions of melted copper, p. 55. Nidau. 15. 
 Earthenware figure of a lizard, p. 146. 
 
 PL. XXII. ZTJG, CHEVROUX, WATTWYL, &c. 
 
 Fig. 1. Serrated bone arrow-head, Moosseedorf, p. 34. 2, -3. Earthen-ware 
 vessels, Zug, p. 131. 4, 25. Implement of stag's horn, Moos., p. 35. 
 
 5. Fishhook of boar's tusk, Moos., p. 35. 6. Fishing implement, Wangen, 
 p. 67. 7. Celt hafted in stag's horn, Wauwyl, p. 85. 8, 9, 10, 11. Stags' 
 ribs bifurcate one* third of the length, Wauwyl, p. 85 12. Celt handle of 
 wood, Wauwyl, p. 85. 13, 14. Implements of limestone, St. Andreas, Zug, 
 p. 130. 15. Earthenware vessel, Lake of Sempach, p. 271. 16. Spoon of dark- 
 coloured pottery, Cortaillod, p. 151. 17, 18. Ornaments of stag's horn, 
 Wauwyl, p. 85. 19. Part of an earthenware vessel, with three holes on each 
 side of the handle filled with wooden plugs, Cortaillod, p. 151. 20 to 24. 
 Singular bronze implement, use unknown, Chevroux, p. 282. 26. Bronze 
 ornament, Cortaillod, p. 151. 27, 28. Earthenware vessel with feet, Moringen, 
 p. 277. 29. Bronze arrow-head, Estavayer, p. 167. 30. Bronze ornament, 
 Cortaillod, p. 151. 31, 32. Earthenware vessel, with the base perforated, 
 Cortaillod, p. 151. 33, 35. Bronze sickle, with a knob to secure the handle, 
 Cortaillod, p. 151. 34. Handle of an earthenware vessel, Cortaillod, p. 151. 
 
 PL. XXIII. UNTERSEE, &c. 
 
 Fig. 1. Ground plan and sections, Allensbach, p. 88. 2. Flint scraper, 
 Bodmann, p. 97. 3, 4. Fruit-crusher (?), Allensbach, p. 90. 5. Portion of a 
 Btag's horn sharpened, Bodmann, p. 98. 6. Flint arrow-head, Allensbach, p. 93. 
 
 PL. XXIV. UNTERSEE, &c. 
 
 Figs. 1, 4. Net weights (?), Allensbach, p. 94. 2, 3. Stone implements 
 (Fruit-crushers ?), Allensbach, p. 91. 5. Earthenware vessel, Bodmann, p. 99. 
 6, 7. Stone celt, Allensbach, p. 90. 8, 9. Fruit-crusher (?), Allensbach, p. 
 90. 10, 11. Stone celt, Allensbach, p. 90. 12, 13. Battle-axe, Bodmanu, 
 p. 98. 14. Stone hammer, Bodmann, p. 98. 
 
 PL. XXV. UNTERSEE, &c. 
 
 Figs. 1, 7. Half-perforated hammer, Allensbach, p. 91. 2, 3, 8. Stone 
 hammer (?), Allensbach, p. 91. 4. Celt of Diorite, Weiler Ilegne, p. 93. 5, 
 6. Broken stone hammer, Weiler Hegne, p. 94. 9, 10. Corn-crusher, Aliens- 
 bach, p. 91. 11, 12. Stone celt, Allensbach, p. 92. 13, 14, 17. Unfinished 
 hammer of serpentine, Bodmann, p. 98. 15, 16, 18. Unfinished stone hammer, 
 Allensbach, p. 91. 
 
 PL. XXVI. UEBERLINGER SEE, &c. 
 
 Map of the district, in the centre, p. 99. Water-levels of Maurach, Nussdorf, 
 Unter Uhldingen and Sipplingen, to the left, p. 104. a, b, c, d, e, Flint arrow- 
 heads, Nussdorf, p. 106.
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 409 
 
 PL. XXVII. UEBERLINGER SEE. 
 
 (All from Nussdorf . ) 
 
 Figs. 1 to 7. Stone celts, p. 107 to 109. 8. Perforated stone, p. 111. 
 9. Small stone celt, p. 109. 10. Flint saw, p. 107. 11. Celt, with oval helve 
 hole, p. 110. 12, 13, 14. Flint saws, p. 107. 15. Broken stone hammer, p. 
 111. 16. a, b, Stone celt in stags' horn hafting, p. 109. 17. a, b, Stone 
 celt, p. 110. 18. Chisel-shaped celt, p. 108. 19. Stone celt in stag's horn 
 hafting, p. 109. 20. Flint saw, p. 107. 21. Chisel-shaped celt, p. 108. 
 22. Stone celt, p. 110. 23. Celt with winglike edge, p. 110. 24. Part of celt, 
 with two helve holes, p. 1 10. 
 
 PL. XXVIII. UEBERLINGER SEE. 
 
 Fig. 1. Stone hammer, Unter Uhldingen, p, 117. 2. Celt, partially bored, 
 Sipplingen, p. 120. 3. Lance-head of serpentine, Sipp., p. 120. 4. Stone 
 celt in process of manufacture, Sipp., p. 120. 5, 6. Stone celts, Nussdorf, p. 
 108 and 109. 7. Perforated stone disk, Nuss., p. 111. 8. Comb of stag's horn, 
 Nuss., p. 114. 9, 10. Flint saws in wooden handles, Nuss., p. 107. 11. Bone pin, 
 Nuss., p. 113. 12, 13, 14. Bone chisels, Nuss., p. 113. 15. Perforated bear's 
 tooth, Nuss., p. 114. 16, 17. Netting pins made of teeth, Nuss., p. 114. 
 
 18. Bone implement, Nuss., p. 113. 19. Perforated tooth of dog or wolf, Nuss., 
 p. 114. 20, 21. Bone hammer-heads, Nuss., p. 114. 22. Hafting for celt of 
 stag's horn, Sipp., p. 121. 23. Bone implement, Nuss., p. 113. 24. Wooden club 
 for a celt, Nuss., p. 110. 25. Iron pruning knife, Unter Uhl., p. 119. 26. Iron 
 lance-head, Unter Uhl., p. 119. 27. Iron arrow-head, Unter Uhl., p. 119. 
 28. Iron Roman key, Sipp., p. 121. 29. Steel for striking light, Unter Uhl., 
 p. 119. 30. Bronze 'celt, Unter Uhl., p. 118. 31. Flint celt, Bodmann, p. 99. 
 32. Flint saw, sickle-shaped, Bodmann, p. 99. 33. Flint lance-head, Sipp., 
 p. 120. 
 
 PL. XXIX. UEBERLINGER SEE. 
 
 (Fig. 19 is from Sipplingen ; all the rest are from Unter Uhldingen.) 
 Figs. 1, 2. Bronze armlets, p. 119. 3 to 18. Bronze pins, p. 119. 
 
 19. Copper celt, p. 121. 20. Bronze celt, p. 118. 21, 22. Bronze fishhooks, 
 p. 119. 23. Bronze sickle, p. 119. 24. Bronze armlet, p. 119. 25. Bronze 
 chisel, p. 119. 26. Bronze socketed celt, p. 119. 
 
 Pi. XXX. UEBERLINGER SEE. 
 
 Fig. 1. Earthenware vase, Sipplingen, p. 121. 2. Ornamented cover, Unter 
 Uhldingen, p. 118. 3. Earthenware implement, Sipp., p. 121. 4. Orna- 
 mented pottery, Unter Uhl., p. 118. 5, 6. Earthenware vessels, Unter Uhl., 
 p. 118. 7. Ornamented pottery, Unter Uhl., p. 118. 8, 9. Earthenware cups, 
 Unter Uhl., p. 118. 10. Earthenware vase, Sipp., p. 121. 11, 12. Earthen- 
 ware jars with handles, Sipp., p. 120. 13. Earthenware pipkin, Sipp., p. 121. 
 14. Funnel-shaped earthenware vessel, Sipp., p. 121. 
 
 PL. XXXI. UEBERLINGER SEE. 
 
 Fig. 1. Ornamented cover, Unter Uhldingen, p> 118. 2, 3. Earthenware 
 vessels, Unter Uhl., p. 118. 4. Pipkin, Sipplingen, p. 121. 5. Jar, with per- 
 forated vase, Sipp., p. 121. 6. Crucible, Unter Uhl.. p. 118. 7, 8. Earthenware 
 vessels, Sipp., p. 121.
 
 410 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PL. XXXII. UEBERLINGER SEE. 
 
 (All Unter Uhldingen.) 
 Figs. 1 to 13. Bronze knives, p. 119. 14, 15, 16. Bronze lance-points, p. 118. 
 
 PL. XXXIIL NIDATT STEINBERG. 
 
 (All of bronze.) 
 
 Figs. 1, 2. Sickles, p. 138. 3 to 6. Knives, p. 139. 7, 8. Chisels, p. 140. 
 9. Small anvil (?), p. 140. 10. Awl and knife in one, p. 139. 11. Pin, p. 140. 
 12, 13. Lance-heads, p. 140. 14. Knob, p. 141. 15, 16. Rings, p. 141. 
 
 PL. XXXIV. NIDATJ STEINBERG. 
 
 (All of bronze.) 
 
 Figs. 1 to 34. Pins, p. 140. 35, 36. Armlets, p. 141. 37. Hook, p. 141. 
 PL. XXXV. NIDATJ STEINBERG. 
 
 (All of bronze, except Fig. 28.) 
 
 Figs. 1, 2. Armlets, p. 140. 3, 4. Lance-heads, p. 140. 5. Celt, p. 138. 
 C. Broad chisel, p. 140. 7 to 9. Ornaments, p. 142. 8. Knob, p. 142. 10, 11, 12. 
 Arrow-heads, p. 140. 13 to 24. Cutting implements, p. 141. 25, 26, 27. Studs, 
 p. 142. 28. Spiral of gold wire, p. 142. 29. Spiral of bronze, p. 142. 
 30. Bronze implement, p. 142. 
 
 PL. XXXVI. NIDATJ STEINBERG. 
 
 (All of bronze, except Pig. 42.) 
 
 Figs. 1, 2. Chisels and awls in one, p. 140. 3. Drill (?), p. 140. 4. Surgical 
 instrument, p. 140. 5. Ligula, p 140. 6 to 18. Needles, p. 140. 19 to 32. 
 Fishhooks, p. 141. 33 to 41. Rings, p. 141. 42. Ribbed plate of gold, p. 142. 
 
 PL. XXXVII. NIDATJ STEINBERG. 
 
 Figs. 1, 2, 3. Slingstones (?) drawn in section, p. 135. 4. Ornament (?) of 
 earthenware, p. 146. 5. Bronze hammer, with an ear, p. 142. 6, 7. Cylinders of 
 earthenware, p. 146. 8. Three bone arrow-heads, p. 147. 9. ' Moon image ' of 
 earthenware, p. 146 10. Bowl of pot-stone, p. 137. 11. Implement of stag's 
 horn, p. 147. 12. Implement of bear's tooth, p. 147. 13. Whistle of stag's 
 horn, p. 147. 14. String of beads of glass and jet, p. 147. 15, 16. 'Moon 
 images ' of earthenware, p. 146. 17 to 24. Earthenware spindle-whorls, p. 145. 
 25. Perforated stone, p. 137. 26. Bead of serpentine, p. 137. 27, 27', 28. 
 Coloured earthenware vessels, p. 144. 29. Perforated stone, p. 137. 
 30. Double cup of earthenware, p. 145. 31. Yoke of yew-wood, p. 147. 
 32. Bronze wire, p. 142. 33. Bronze implement like a snaffle-bit, p. 142. 
 34, 35. Bronze armlets, p. 141. 
 
 PL. XXXVIH. NIDATT STEINBERG, &c. 
 
 (Fig. 5 is from Meilen ; all the rest from Nidau.) 
 
 Figs. 1 to 4, 7, Slingstones (?), p. 135. 5. Mealing-stone, Meilen, p. 25. 
 C, 8 to 13. Earthenware vessels, p. 144. 14. Earthenware ring, p. 145. 
 15. Stone with an iron ring (Net weight ?), p. 135. 16. Conical weight, p. 146. 
 17. Earthenware spindle-whorl, p. 145. 18, 19, 20. Weights, (?), p. 146.
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 411 
 
 PL. XXXIX. MORGES, SCHETJSS, &c. 
 
 Fig. 1. Bronze dagger, Chevroux, p. 282. 2. Net weight, Inkwyler See, p. 
 273. 3. Earthenware funnel-shaped vessel, A la Sauge, p. 283. 4. Bronze pin, 
 Peter's Island, p. 278. 5. Serpentine hammer, Greng, p. 184. 6, 7, 8. Bronze 
 mould for casting celts, Morges,;p. 195. 9. Iron ornament, Scheuss, p. 279. 
 10. Neck of earthenware vessel, with tin ornament, Estavayer, p. 167. 11. 
 Blunt serpentine hatchet, Estavayer, p. 167. 12. Cupped stone, Font, p. 281. 
 For Comparison. Mainland. 
 
 Fig. 13. Cupped stone, lolimont, p. 282. 14. Cupped stone, Bienne, p. 281. 
 15. Flint arrow-head fixed in the shaft, Geissbodenmoor, p. 125. 
 
 PL. XL. MORINGEN. 
 
 Fig. 1. Map of the lake of Bienne, p. 132. 2, 5. Iron sword, Moringen, 
 p. 276. 3. Iron fork, Moringen, p. 276. 4. Boat (Einbaum), Moringen, p. 277. 
 
 Pi. XLL MORINGEN. 
 
 Figs. 1, 2. Bronze knives, p. 276. 3. Bronze pin, p. 276. 4, 5. Bronze 
 celt, p. 276. 6. Bone arrow-head, p. 277. 7. Ornamented bronze plate, p. 
 276. 8. Large wooden mallet, p. 277. 9. Weaver's shuttle of bone, p. 277. 
 10. Earthenware vessel with spout, p. 277. 11. Bronze awl set in wood, 
 p. 276. 12, 14. Earthenware vessels, p. 277. 13. String of beads, p. 277. 
 15, 16. Earthenware vessel with the handle inside, p. 277. 17. Bronze orna- 
 ment for suspension, p. 276. 18. Drinking cup, p. 277. 
 
 PL. XLII. SOTZ, LATTRINGEN, &c. 
 
 Fig. 1. Stone hammer, Sutz, p. 274. 2. Iron lance-heads, Sutz, p. 274. 
 3. Bronze dagger, Lattringen, p. 275. 4. Bronze sword, Sutz, p. 274. 5. Gold 
 ornament, Little Island, p. 278. 6. Cup of yew-wood with handle, Moringen, 
 p. 277. 7. Bronze sword, between Sutz and Lattringen, p. 275. 8. Bronze 
 ' moon image/ Moringen, p. 276. 9. Bronze knife, Moringen, p. 276. 10, 11. 
 Lances of oak, Sutz, p. 274. 12. Bronze hook, Scheuss, p. 279. 13. Bronze 
 hook, Lattringen, p. 275. 14. Bronze hook, Sutz, p. 274. 15. Bronze pin, 
 Scheuss, p. 279. 16. 'Moon image' of earthenware, Moringen, p. 277. 
 
 PL. XLIII. CORTAILLOD, &C. 
 
 Figs. 1 to 4. Fragments of earthenware vessels ornamented with tin, Estava- 
 yer, p. 166. 5. Earthenware vessel also ornamented with tin, Cortaillod, p. 148. 
 
 PL. XLIV. CORTAILLOD. 
 
 (All bronze.) 
 
 Fig. 1. 'Neck' of a casting, p. 150. 2, 3. Armillse, p. 150. 4, 5. Chariot 
 wheel, p. 149. 6, 7, 8. ' Moon images,' p. 150. 9. Arrow-head, p. 150. 
 
 PL. XLV. CORTAILLOD. 
 
 (All earthenware except Pigs. 3 and 5.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Perforated implement, p. 151. 2, 4, 6, 8, 9. f Moon images,' p. 151. 
 3. Spindle-shaped implement of stag's horn, p. 151. 5. Bone arrow-head, p. 
 151. 7. Earthenware cup, p. 151.
 
 412 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PL. XLVI. COBTAILLOD. 
 
 (All bronze, except Figs. 11, 12, 14 to 16.) 
 
 Figs. 1 to 3. Implements for suspension, p. 150. 4. Armilla, p. 150 
 5. Ring, p. 150. 43, 7. Portion of armilla (?), p. 150. 8. ' Moon image,' p. 150. 
 9. Section of PL XLIV. Fig. 3, p. 150. 10. Armilla, p. 150. 11, 12. Earring 
 of gold, p. 151. 13. Bronze hook, p. 150. 14. String of beads of bluish-white 
 glass, p. 151. 15. Bronze earring, the drop earthenware, p. 150. 16. Bone 
 (netting ?) implement, p. 151. 
 
 PL. XL VII. AUVERNIER, COKCELETTES, &C. 
 
 Fig. 1. Bronze lance-head, Auvernier, p. 154. 2. Bronze ring, Auver., 
 p. 154. 3. Bronze implement, Corcelettes, p. 182. 4. Bronze knife, Concise, 
 p. 182. 5. Bronze knife, Corcelettes, p. 182. 6. Bronze knife, Bevaix, p. 280. 
 7. Iron lance-head, near Zihlbriicke, p. 283. 8 to 12, 14 to 20. Bronze pins, Cor- 
 celettes, p. 182 and 183. 13, 21. Bronze pins, Cortaillod, p. 150. 22. Hairpin of 
 stag's horn, Concise, p. 183. 23. Flint arrow-head, Auver., p. 154. 24. Bronze 
 armilla, Corcell , p. 183. 25. Bronze armilla, Cort., p. 150. 26. Earthenware 
 drinking-cup (in section), Auver., p. 154. 27. Bronze fishhook, Auver., p. 154. 
 28. Bronze implement, Cort., p. 151. 29. Horn-shaped earthenware vessel, 
 Auver., p. 154. 30 to 34. Earthenware vessels, Auver., p. 155. 35. Mortar (?) 
 of stone, Auver., p. 155. 36. Small bronze chisel, Auver., p. 155. 
 
 PL. XLVIH. ESTAVAYER. 
 
 Fig. 1. Bronze chisel, p. 161. 2. Bronze spiral, p. 162. 3 to 14. Bronze pins, p. 
 160 and 165. 15. Section of part of the cover, XLIX, Fig. 1, p. 163. 16, 17, 21 , 
 23. Bronze armillse, p. 162. 18. Bronze ring, p. 162. 19, 20. Bronze button (?), 
 p. 162. 22. Bronze spiral, p. 162. 24. Bronze fishhook, p. 162. 25. Flint 
 arrow-head, p. 157 26. Bronze arrow-head, p. 161. 27. Hammer of stag's 
 horn, p. 157. 28. Bronze celt, p. 166. 29. Stone hammer, p. 158. 30. Celt 
 of serpentine, p. 163. 31. Bronze sickle, p. 162. 
 
 PL. XLIX. ESTAVAYER, &c. 
 
 (All from Estavayer, except Pigs. 5 and 6.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Earthenware cover ornamented with tin, p. 162. 2, 3. Bronze 
 knives, p. 160. 4. Bronze dagger blade, p. 161. 5. Hatchet of stag's horn, 
 La Crasaz, p. 164. 6. Flint tongue, La Crasaz, p. 164. 7 to 15. Bronze 
 knives, p. 160. 
 
 PL. L. ESTAVAYEK AND LAKE OF MORAT. 
 
 Fig. 1. Bar of tin, Est., p. 166. 2. Bronze arrow-head, Esi, p. 166. 
 3. Bronze saw, Est., p. 166. 4. Bronze ferrule, Est., p. 166. 5. Bronze armlet, 
 Est., p. 166. 6. Bronze ornament, Est., p. 166. 7, 8. Disk of elk's horn, Est., 
 p. 166. 9, 10. Bronze nail with socket, Est., p. 166. 11. Bronze boss, Est., 
 p. 166. 12, 13. ' Slingstones,' Est., p. 166. 14. Tinned vessel (section), lake 
 of Morat (Guevaux), p. 285. 15. Earthenware vessel, lake of Morat, p. 285. 
 
 PL. LI and LIE. MONTELLIER. 
 
 The whole of the specimens drawn on these two plates consist of earthen- 
 ware vessels and spindle-whorls from Montellier, on the lake of Morat ; described 
 pages 191 and 192.
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 413 
 
 PL. LII. (A). MONTELLIER. 
 
 Figs. 1, 2, 3. Fragments of a mould for casting rings. Figs. 2, 3, are the front 
 and back of the same piece, p. 193. 4. Trellis-shaped implement of black 
 earthenware, p. 192. 5. Fragment of pottery ornamented with tin, p. 193. 
 6. Flint arrowhead, p. 193. 7. Bronze arrow-head, p. 193. 8. Fragment of a 
 ring of tin, p. 193. 9. Small armlet of tin, p. 193 10. Sewing needle of 
 horn, p. 193. 11. Bronze ornament for suspension, p. 193. 12, 13. Bronze 
 knobs, p. 193. 14. Bronze ornamented disk, p. 193. 15, 16. Bronze screws, 
 p. 193. 17. Thin bronze plate, p. 193. 18. Fragment of bronze buckle, 
 p. 193. 19. Bronze ring, p 193. 20, 21, 22. Bronze fishhooks, p. 193. 
 23. Bronze ornament in the shape of a crescent moon, p. 193. 24. Amber 
 bead, p. 193. 
 
 PL. LII. (B). MONTELLIER. 
 
 Fig. 1. Earthenware dish, perforated, p. 193. 2. Bronze knife, p. 193. 
 PL. LIII. CONCISE, &c.* 
 
 Fig. 1. Plan of the lake of Neuchatel, in the neighbourhood of Yverdon, 
 p. 168. 2. Section of the ground at Les Uttins, p. 168. 3. Plan of Concise 
 harbour, p. 169. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Stag's horn haftings for celts, p. 170. 9, 10. 
 Stone celt, p. 171. 11. Flint saw, p. 171 . 12. Hatchet-hammer of stag's 
 horn, p. 171. 13. Hammer of stag's horn, p. 171. 14, 15, 16. Hatchet- 
 hammer of stag's horn, p. 171. 17. Bronze sword, p. 176. 18. Spiral bronze 
 wire, p. 175. 19. Necklace bead (?), p. 175. 20. Bead of stag's horn, p. 175. 
 
 PL. LIV. CONCISE, &c. 
 
 Fiijs. 1, 2. Hatchet-hammers of stone, p. 172. 3. Perforated pebble, 
 p. 172. 4, 5. Perforated pebbles (spindle -whorls ?), p. 173. 6. Spindle-whorl, 
 p. 173. 7, 8, 9. Flint arrow-heads, p. 177. 10. Bone piercer, p. 173. 
 11. Piercer made of boar's tooth, p. 173 12 to 17. Bone arrow-heads, p. 177. 
 18. Bone lance, p. 177. 19. Bone bead, (?) p. 175. 20, 21. Hairpins of stag's 
 horn, p. 174. 22, 23, 24. Bone hairpins, p. 174. 25. Plate of enamel of tusk, 
 p. 175. 26, 27. Harpoons of stag's horn, p. 177. 28, 29. Implements of boar's 
 tusk, p. 179. 30, 31, 32. Bone pottery tools, p. 180. 33. Bone chisel, p. 180. 
 34. Bone tool for pottery, p. 180. 35. Bone needle, p. 174. 36. Fragment 
 of jet bracelet, p. 175. 37. Amulet (?) of boar's tusk, p. 175 . 38. Bone 
 chisel, p. 179. 39. Oval plate of enamel, p. 175. 40. Bone gouge, p. 180. 
 41. Bone pottery tool, p. 180. 
 
 PL. LV. CONCISE, &c. 
 
 Fig. 1. Part of clay ring, p. 178. 2, 3, 5 to 9, 11, 12. Earthenware vessels, 
 p. 178. 4. Earthenware ladle, p. 178. 10. Goblet of stag's horn, p. 178. 13, 
 14. Drinking vessels of stag's horn, p. 178. 15. Boar's tusk partially perforated, 
 p. 175. 16. Lozenge-shaped flint, p. 177. 17, 18. Bone potters' tools, p. 179 
 and 180. 19. Bronze button, p. 175. 20. Bronze knife, p. 181. 21. Imple- 
 ments made of a rib, p. 179. 
 
 * The objects drawn on this and the two following plates are described in M. Rochat's 
 account of the lake dwellings in the neighbourhood of Yverdon, and apparently refer 
 to the specimens in the interesting museum there. From his notice, which is given 
 nearly in full in the present volume, it seems as if the whole of the objects drawn are 
 from Concise, though this is not definitively stated ; if, however, any of them are not 
 from Concise, they must be from Corcelettes, and, as the two places are at no great 
 distance apart, this small amount of uncertainty is of less importance. [
 
 414 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PL. LVI. 
 
 Plan of the lake dwellings in the lakes of Neuchatel, Bienne, and Morat. 
 PL. LVH. LAKE OF BOTTRGET. 
 
 Fig. 1. Earthenware vessel with Greek pattern, p. 203. 2. Perforated 
 earthenware vessel, p. 203. 3. Earthenware vessel with spout, p. 203. 
 4. Earthenware vessel with rope ornament, p. 203. 5. Fragment of pottery, 
 p. 203. 6. Earthenware spindle-whorl, p. 203. 7. Earthenware ring, p. 203. 
 8, 9. Earthenware beads, p. 203. 
 
 PL. LVIII. MEBCTJBAGO. 
 
 Figs. 1 and 2. Bronze pin, p. 210. 3. Bronze pin, p. 211. 4. Bronze lance- 
 head, p. 210. 5, 6. Flint tongue, p. 211. 7 to 11. Flint arrow-heads, p. 211. 
 12, 13, 22. Fragments of pottery, p. 211. 14, 16, 17. Earthenware vessels, 
 p. 211. 15. Earthenware disk, p. 210. 18. Section of the ground with piles, 
 p. 211. 19, 20. Wooden wheels, p. 213. 21. Ground plan, p. 211. 
 23. Boat, p. 210. 
 
 PL. LIX. TEREAMAKA. 
 
 Figs. 1 to 6. Paalstabs and lance-heads of bronze, p. 230. 7. Cylinder- 
 shaped implement of earthenware, p. 231. 8. ' Slingstone ' (?) of porphyry, 
 p. 229. 9. Mould for casting combs, p. 231. 
 
 PL. LX. TERRAMARA. 
 
 Figs. 1, 2. Piles in section, p. 226. 4, 5. Ground plans, p. 226. 6. Hearth- 
 stone (?), p. 227. 7 to 10. Earthenware vessels, p. 227. 
 
 PL. LXI. TERRAMARA. 
 
 Fig*. 1, 2. Earthenware vessels, p. 227. 3 to 10. Variously shaped handles 
 to earthenware vessels, p. 228. 11, 13, 14. Fragments of pottery ornamented, 
 p. 228. 12. Fragment of pottery inlaid with bronze, p. 228. 
 
 PL. LXII. TERRAMARA. 
 
 Figs. 1, 2. Bronze pins, p. 230. 3 to 6. Bronze implements (Figs. 5 and 6 are 
 set in wooden handles), p. 229. 7 to 9. Implements of bone and horn, p. 229. 
 10. Bronze chisel, p. 229. 11, 12, 13. Bone implements, p. 229. 14, 18. 
 Fragments of bronze ( moon images ' (?), p. 230. 15. Bone implement, p. 229. 
 16, 17. Bronze sickles, p. 229. 19. Bronze arrow-head, p. 230. 20, 24, 25, 28 
 to 30. Bone arrow-heads, p. 230. 21, 22, 23. Bronze pins, p. 230. 26, 27. 
 Bone implements, p. 229. 
 
 PL. LXIII. TERRAMARA. 
 
 Figs. 1 to 5. Bronze dagger-blades, p. 230. 6, 15. Bone combs, p. 229. 
 7. Bronze comb, p. 229. 8, 9, 10. Mould for casting, p. 230. 11. Bone imple- 
 ment, p. 229. 12 Bronze lance-head, p. 230. 13, 14. Horn implement, p. 229. 
 
 PL. LXIV. TERRAMARA. 
 
 Figs. 1 to 10. Wooden implements (Castione), p. 229. 11. Basket bottom, 
 p. 229. 12 to 16, 18. Earthenware spindle-whorls, p. 231. 17. Spindle-whorl 
 of stag's horn, p. 231. 19. Disk of earthenware, p. 231.
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 415 
 
 PL. LXV. 
 
 N.B. The specimens drawn on this plate are from the mainland : they are for comparison with 
 those of the lake settlements. 
 
 Fig. 1. Earthenware vessel, San Martino, p. 215. 2. Bronze sword, Lago di 
 Viverone, p. 215. 3. Serpentine knife, Cumarola, p. 237. 1, 7, 8, 9. Flint 
 arrow-heads, Cumarola, p. 237. 5, 6. Tools of serpentine, Cumarola, p. 237. 
 10. Earthenware implement, Cumarola, p. 237. 11, 12. Bronze arrow-heads, 
 Cumarola, p. 237. 13. Bronze celt, Cumarola, p. 237. 14. Bronze implement, 
 Cumarola, p. 237. 15 to 20. Vessels and fragments of earthenware, Sesto 
 Calende, p. 238. 21 to 25. Stone celts and tools, Iniola, pr. 238. 
 
 PL. LXVI. PESCHIEKA. 
 
 (All bronze.) 
 
 Figs. 1, 3, 4. Daggers, p. 221. 2, 5 to 9. Spear-heads, p. 221. 10 to 14, 
 16 to 22. Pins, p. 221. 15, 23. Needles, p. 221. 
 
 PL. LXVII. PESCHIEKA. 
 
 Figs. 1, 2, 3. Small bronze harpoons, p. 221. 4, 11 to 14. Bronze pins, 
 p. 221. 5. Bronze armilla, p. 221. 6, 9. Bronze spiral, p. 221. 7, 8. Bronze 
 fibulae, p. 221. 10. Bronze knife, p. 221. 15, 16, 17. Copper tools, p. 221. 
 
 18. Bronze tube engraved with spiral, p. 221. 19. Bronze celt or chisel, p. 221. 
 20. Granite disk (slingstone?), p. 221. 21. Plan of Peschiera, p. 221. 
 
 PL. LXVin. 
 
 N.B. This plate represents specimens drawn for companion with those of the lake dwellings. 
 Figs. 1 to 28 are all drawings of copper implements from the mainland in Hungary, p. 219. 
 
 PL. LXIX. MARIN. 
 
 (All iron;) 
 Figs. 1 to 9, 13. Fibulae, p. 255. 10 to 12. Clasps of buckle, p. 255. 
 
 PL. LXX. MARIN. 
 
 Figs. 1 to 5. Clasps of iron buckle, p. 255. 6. Ringed iron staple, p. 253. 
 
 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Iron rings for buckles (?), p. 255. 12, 13, 15 to 21. Iron studs, 
 knobs, or nails, p. 256. 14. Part of iron buckle (?), p. 255. 22. Part of iron 
 buckle, p. 255. 23. Mat of flax or bast, p. 242. 
 
 PL. LXXI. MARLN. 
 
 Figs. 1 to 5. Iron swords and sheaths, p. 242. 6, 7. Iron sickles, p. 256. 
 
 8. Steel for striking light (?), p. 253. 9, 10. Iron knives, p. 253. 11 to 16. Spear- 
 heads of iron, p. 248. 17. Small iron dagger (?), p. 253. 18. Three-pronged 
 iron fork, p. 253. 19, 20. Iron hedging bills, p. 253. 21. Iron gouge, p. 253. 
 22, 23, 24. Iron celts and hatchet, p. 253. 25. Stone and iron anchor, p. 254. 
 26. Iron shears, p. 253. 27. Iron currycomb, p. 253. 28. Iron fibula, p. 255. 
 
 PL. LXX1I. MARIN. 
 
 (Colonel Schwab's Museum.) N.B. The &c. after the word Marin, at the foot of this plate, has 
 been inserted in error : all the specimens are from Marin. Fig. 16, J ; 1 to 3, J ; 5, 13, 15, 18, 
 
 19, 24 to 27, J ; 14, 17, j ; 28, f ; and the rest full size. 
 
 Figs. 1, 2. Iron spear-heads, p. 248 3. Iron knife, p. 253. 4. Bone die, 
 p. 242. 5. Iron bit, p. 254. 6. Part of blue glass armlet, p. 241. 7, 8, 9.
 
 416 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Glass beads, p. 241. 10. Bone ornament, p. 242. 11. Incised tooth, p. 242. 
 12. Glass ball (head of pin ?), p. 242. 13. Iron Roman key, p. 254. 14. Iron 
 taper drill, p. 254. 15. Iron linch-pin, p. 254. 16, 19. Iron hook, p. 254. 
 17. Iron pliers, p. 255. 18. Iron hatchet or gouge, p. 253. 20. Stone ball for 
 a game (?), p. 240. 21. Earthenware ring polished black, p. 241. 22, 23. Parts 
 of iron sheaths, p. 242. 24, 25. Iron fibulae, p. 255. 26. Iron fibula with 
 bronze knobs, p. 255. 27. Scraping iron, p. 254. 28. Bronze needle, 241. 
 
 PL. LXXIH., LXXIV., LXXV., LXXVI. 
 
 All are drawings of iron swords and sheaths from Marin ; nearly all of them 
 in the collection of Colonel Schwab ; Fig. 6, PI. LXXVI. is in that of Professor 
 Desor. The ' marks ' on this plate, Figs. 11 to 14, are drawn of the full size ; 
 all the other figures on these four plates are half size, with the exception of the 
 swords drawn PL LXXIV., which it was of course impossible to get into an 
 octavo plate, and of which only the two extremities have been represented half 
 size, p. 242. 
 
 PL. LXXVII. MARIN. (IRON.) 
 
 Spear-heads. Figs. 3, 4, in the collection of Professor Desor. Figs. 1,2, 5, 
 in that of Colonel Schwab. Fig. 1 weighs about 85 ounces troy, and Fig. 2 
 nearly 10 ounces troy, p. 248. 
 
 PL. LXXVni. MARIN. (!RON.) 
 Figs. 1 to 4, and 7 to 9. Spear-heads, p. 248. 5, 6. Sickles, p. 256. 
 
 PL. LXXIX. MARIN. (!RON.) 
 
 Figs. 1 to 7. Spear-heads, p. 248 (Fig. 1 weighs 14 ounces troy). 8. Shield 
 plate, or strap, p. 252. 
 
 PL. LXXX. MARIN. 
 
 Fig. 1. Bronze hatchet, p. 240. 2, 3. Bronze pliers, p. 241. 4, 5, 6. Iron 
 handles (?),p. 253. 7. Iron staple, p. 253. 8. Iron ring and staple, p. 253. 
 9. Bronze fibula, p. 241. 10. 11, 12. Iron plate (shield-plate ?),p. 252. 13, 14. 
 Iron shield plate, or strap, p. 252. 15, 16. Lance-shaft ferrules, p. 251. 
 17. Bronze ring, p. 241. 18. Blue glass ring, p. 241. 19. Bronze spiral with glass 
 bead, p. 241. 20. Bronze ring, p. 241. 21. Iron wire, p. 253. 22, 23. Bone 
 implement, p. 242. 24. Iron ring, p. 253. 25. Iron hook, p. 253. 27. Bronze 
 ring, p. 241. 28, 29. Iron rings, p. 253. 
 
 (N.B. Fig. 26, Bronze ring from Montellier, has been drawn on this plate in 
 error, p. 193.) 
 
 PL. LXXXI. MARIN. 
 
 Fig. 1. Iron ladle, p. 253. 2. Glass bead, p. 241. 4, 5, 8, 10. Bronze plate, 
 p. 241. 7. Bronze ring, p. 241. 9. Bronze cauldron, with iron rings for 
 bandies, p. 240. 11. Bronze ring with shank, p. 241. 12 to 15. Iron hornlike 
 implements, p. 252. 16, 17. Gaulish gold coin (Philipp's money), p. 256. 18, 
 20 to 24. Gaulish coins (< Potin '), p. 256. 19. Silver coin of Massilia, p. 256. 
 
 (N.B. Figs. 3 and 6, An iron plate, clamped on wood, from Nidau, have been 
 drawn on this plate in error.) 
 
 Pi. LXXXII. ROBENHAUSEN AND WANGEN. 
 
 Various specimens of plaited ' bast ' and flax, see p. 325.
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 417 
 
 PL. LXXXIH. ROBENHAUSEN AND "WANGEIT. 
 
 Platted ( bast' and flax, and thread, string, and rope of flax, see p. 325. 
 
 PL. LXXXTV. ROBENHAUSEN AND WANGEN. 
 Platted and woven flax, see p. 329. 
 
 PL. LXXXV. ROBENHAUSEN. 
 Fig. 1. Pocket sewed on to coarse cloth, p. 330. 2. Net, p. 328. 
 
 PL. LXXXVI. 
 
 Fig. 1. Flax plat (top of a cap ?), Wangen, p. 330. 2. Strap or bag of a 
 sling made of flax, Cortaillod, p. 330. 
 
 PL. LXXXVn. and LXXXVin. 
 
 Plants and seeds of the lake dwellings ; see the full description of the figures 
 in the abridgement of Professor Heer's Treatise, p. 336. 
 
 PL. LXXXLX. EBEESBEKG. (Mainland. For Comparison.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Sling-stone (?) of porphyry, p. 373. 2, 3. Clay spindle-whorls, p. 371. 
 4. Bronze ring, p 374. 5, 6. Stone celts, p. 372. 7. Part of 'moon image ' 
 of red sandstone, p. 372. 8,9. Earthenware vessels, p. 369. 10. 'Restoration' 
 of the forms of pottery, p. 369. 11. Bone lance-head, p. 373. 12. Bronze knife, 
 p. 374. 13, 14,18, 19. Bronze pins, p. 374. 15, 16, 17. Bronze chisels, p. 374. 
 
 PL. XC. EBEKSBERG. (For Comparison.) 
 
 Figs. 1 to 15. Ornamentation on pottery, all drawn half size, p. 369. 
 
 16. Impression of wattlework on the clay coverings of the huts, p. 371. 
 
 PL. XCI. EBERSBEEG. (For Comparison.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Earthenware ^vessel perforated, p. 370. 2. Glass bead, p. 373. 
 3. Cup and ring, p. 371. 4. Earthenware vessel, p. 369. 5. ' Moon image,' terra 
 cotta, p. 372. 6. Bone lance-head, p. 373. 7 to 9, 14 to 16. Bronze pins, p. 
 374 . 10. Bronze knife, p. 374. 11. Earthenware loom weight, p. 371. 12, 
 20, 21. Earthenware spindle-whorls, p. 371. 13, 23. Bronze spiral, p. 374. 
 
 17. ' Moon image,' sandstone, p. 371. 18. Bronze finger-ring, p. 374. 
 19. Bronze earring, p. 374. 22. Corn-crusher of stone, p. 372. 24. Celt of 
 nephrite, p. 372. 25. Bronze arrow-head, p. 374. 
 
 PL. XCII. UETLIBEKG and WJNDISCH. (Mainland. For Comparison.) 
 
 (N.B. Figs. 1 to 10 from Uetliberg. Pigs. 11 to 16 from Windisch.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Red pottery coarsely ornamented, p. 376. 2. Black pottery, p. 376. 
 3. Bronze chisel, p. 376. 4. Stone celt, p. 376. 5. Bone piercer, p. 376. 
 6. Bronze pin, p. 376. 7. Four bronze ornaments, p. 376. 8. Small bronze 
 wheel, p. 376. 9. Handle of a bronze 'moon image' (?), p. 376. 10. Bronze 
 ornament, p. 376. 11. Flint tongue or knife, p. 377. 12. Flint scraper, p. 377. 
 13. Stone celt, p. 377. 14, 15. Corn-crushers of stone, p. 377. 16. Per- 
 forated bear's tooth (amulet?), p. 377. 
 

 
 418 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PL. XCIII. IRISH CRANNOGES. 
 
 Fig. 1. Section of crannoge in Ardakillin Lough, p. 384. 2. Ground plan of 
 a crannoge in Drumaleague Lough, p. 384. 3. Section of another crannoge in 
 the same lake, p. 384. 4, 5, G. Bone cloak-pins, Ballinderry, p. 386. 7. Head 
 of bronze pin, Ardakillin, p. 387. 8. Ringed bronze pin, Dunshaughlin, p. 387. 
 9. Sandstone mould for casting celts, Lough Scur, p. 387. 10. Iron spear- 
 head, Lagore, p. 387. 11, 12. Double-edged iron sword, Lagore, p. 387. 
 13. Scimitar-shaped iron blade, Lagore, p. 387. 14. Iron knife, Lagore, p. 387. 
 
 PL. XCIV. IRGENHATTSEN, &c. (Supplementary Plate.) 
 
 Fig. I. Fragment of pottery, with peculiar ornament, Wangen, p. 67. 
 2, 2o. Embroidered cloth, Irgenhausen, p. 59. 3. Agricultural tool of stag's 
 horn, Robenhausen, p. 53. 4. Bronze celt, Unter Uhldingen, p. 118. 
 
 PL. XCV. CORTAILLOD, &c. (Supplementary Plate.) 
 
 Figs. 1, 2. Earthenware vessel ornamented with tin, Cortaillod, 149. 3, 4, 
 5. Round bronze plates, Moringen, p. 276. 6. Mat of flax or bast, Roben- 
 hausen, p. 53. 7. Stone beads, Bodmann, p. 100. 
 
 PL. XCVI, LATEST DISCOVERIES, ST. ATIBIN, &c. 
 
 Figs. 1, 2. Bronze ring, Les Roseaux, p. 403. 3. Bronze -and iron knife, 
 Estavayer, p. 402. 4, 5, 6. Maker's marks on iron swords, Marin, p. 402. 
 7. Belemnite with a circular groove, St. Aubin, p. 402. 8, 9. Bone of a stork 
 made into a needle-case, Marin, p. 403. 10. Part of the blade of an iron sword, 
 Marin, p. 402. 11. Flint arrow-head re-worked, St. Aubin, p. 402. 12. Large 
 bead of stag's horn, Wangen, p. 403.
 
 P1I 
 
 100 Paces 
 
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 PI XXI 
 
 Laic 
 
 Exca.va.lioi 
 
 ^e Vlace^ftV':^ C ' 
 Antiquities 
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 ROBENHAUSEN 
 
 N I D A U
 
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 UEBERLINGER SEE
 
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 UEBERLINGER SEE
 
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 NIDAU-STEINBERG B
 
 PL XXXIV 
 
 S 6 7 f 
 
 9 to 
 
 NIDAU STEINBERG.
 
 NIDAU -STEINBERG. 
 
 10 b, >2.25lo S.J. 30. '/i si** 13 & Zlf, 'A 
 
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 N I DAU-STEINBERG. &ron,z.e k Gold,. 
 
 xA 1C). 34,.
 
 PIXXXVIT 
 
 NIDAU-STEINB ERG
 
 PI. XXXVII 
 
 NIDA U-STEINB ERG &c.
 
 EL XXXIX 
 
 MORGES , SCHEUSS,CHEV RQUX , FO N T , 
 
 MAIN LA N D
 
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 fc.
 
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 CORTAILLOD Bronze.. 
 
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 CORTAILLOD. BT-O*,**.. GolJ,
 
 PI XL VI 
 
 AUVERNIER
 
 PL. XLVIH 
 
 ESTAVAYER.
 
 PI XLIX 
 
 ESTAVAYER
 
 PI L. 
 
 ESTAVAYER Tin & 
 
 \ 
 
 LAKE OF 
 
 MORAT
 
 MONTELLIER
 
 MONTELLIER 
 
 '/3 txc-fit Figure, JZiyJd.
 
 PL. LE A 
 
 MONTELLIER.
 
 PL LII.B 
 
 MONTE1LLIER
 
 PI LEI 
 
 Conciaft <s> 
 
 CJwsv 
 
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 NEIGHBOURHOOD OF Y V E R D O NJ 
 
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 CONCISE
 
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 BIB 
 
 Vmgelz 
 
 O-La-ttringen 
 O Morjngen 
 
 oHaaeneck 
 
 Montellier 
 
 oMorat. 
 
 PLAN or THE LAKE DWELLINGS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 LAKES OF NEUCHATEL, BIENNE k MORAT 
 
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 LAKE OF BOURGET
 
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 TERRAMARA.
 
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 near the La.tfo di Viverorie 
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 M O D E N A 
 
 SESTO CALENDE 
 
 I M O L A
 
 PI LXVI 
 
 PESO HI ERA Brome,. 
 
 ALL HALF SIZE.
 
 Pl.LXVII 
 
 Bronze, 
 
 PESCHIERA. 7 ^ 
 
 Stone. Ti^ . Ho 20 halt Size.

 
 FOR COMPARISON. 
 
 P1.LXVIIL 
 
 26* 
 
 I 
 
 ft Pull Size J 
 IMPLEMENTS OF COPPER FROM HUNGARY, 
 
 MAI NLAN D.
 
 P1ILXIX. 
 
 MAR \N-Zron,. 
 
 Size.
 
 P1LXX 
 
 o 
 
 MA R IN. 
 
 Ftul ei'Xe
 
 PL L XXI. 
 
 M AR I N
 
 I I 
 
 R 
 
 M 
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 PI L XXIV 
 
 MAR I N-J> 
 
 f) /L
 
 PI LXXV 
 
 MARIN T? 
 
 T07L.
 
 PI LXXVT 
 
 MAR IN IT on,.
 
 IP1 LXXMI 
 
 <d& 
 
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 PI Li XX VIII 
 
 MAR IN - Iron.. 
 
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 PI LXXX
 
 PI LXXXI 
 
 M A R I N.
 
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 ROBENHAUSLN & WANGEN.
 
 Hiixxxnr 
 
 ROBENHAUSEN1 & WAN C EN
 
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 P1LXXXV 
 
 ROBENHAUSEN
 
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 CORTAILLOD
 
 
 
 XI
 
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 Ul 
 CO 
 
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 CL
 
 PI LXXXIX 
 
 FOR COMPARISON MAIN LAND. 
 
 EBERSBERG.
 
 FOR COMPARISON 
 
 P1XC 
 MAIN LAND. 
 
 EBERSBERG.
 
 FOR 
 
 Pl.XCI 
 
 MAINLAND
 
 
 PI XCII 
 
 MAIN LAND. 
 
 UETLIBER G. 
 
 WINDISCH.
 
 RISH CRANNOG ES 
 
 .u,t & <fre*,. Journ.a.1 
 
 Co fried from
 
 PI XGIV 
 
 IRGENHAUSEN

 
 PI. XCV 
 
 CORTAILLOD&rc.
 
 P1XGVI 
 
 LATEST DISCOVERIES - ST. AUBIN
 
 f *
 
 INDEX. 
 
 AA 
 
 A A brook, 37 
 Abulfeda, 316 
 Age of L. D., 292, 344, 346 
 Age of Ma'rin ant., 256 
 Ages of stone, bronze, and iron, 12 
 JEgeri Lake, 126 
 A la Sauge, 283 
 A k Tene, 239, 279 
 Alise, ant. of, 247 
 Allensbach, 87 
 Alps, L. D., south of, 205 
 Amber, 28, 151 
 Amiet, M., 272 
 Amphion, 287 
 
 Analysis of bronze imp., 363 
 Anca, Baron, 238 
 Anchor, 254 
 Andreas, St., 129 
 
 Animal remains, 27, 176, 197, 231 
 Annecy Lake, 288 
 Anzeiger, 272 
 Aosta, 238 
 Appendix, 393 
 Aeppli, Mr., 11 
 Apples, wild, 341 
 
 cut in two, 340 
 
 cultivated, 341 
 Aromatic plants, 342 
 Arona, 210 
 
 Arpion (fishing imp.), 49 
 
 Arrowaks, 143 
 
 Arrow-heads of bone, 147, 151, 230 
 
 bronze, 150, 161, 193 
 
 flint, 24, 54, 154 
 
 iron, 119, 142 
 
 Asphalt, 35, 53 
 Aubin, St., 280, 401 
 Auvernier, 153 
 Aventicum, 256, 284 
 Awls, 25 et passim 
 
 BAAE, 126 
 Baldegg Lake, 270 
 Balls of string, 52 
 Bardello, 217 
 
 BUR 
 Barley, 337 
 
 bread not yet found, 338 
 
 ears on corns, 351 
 Base of hut walls, 71 
 Bassy, 287 
 
 Bast and fibrous plants, 342 
 
 manuf. of, 323 
 Bavaria, 378 
 Beauregard, 287 
 Beams at Marin, 240 
 Bears' teeth, 27, 175 
 Belotte, La, 287 
 Berlingen, 267 
 Bevaix, 280 
 
 Bex, 287 
 
 Bienne, lake of, 273 
 
 Bit of iron, 254 
 
 Blackberry seeds, 341, 349 
 
 Blancfond, 32 
 
 Boar mark on swords, 246 
 
 Boars' teeth, 27, 34, 175 
 
 Board flooring, Castione, 226 
 
 Bodio, 217 
 
 Bodmann, 96 
 
 Boelsterli, Eev. Jos., 270 
 
 Boii, 263 
 
 Bollingen sandstone, 19 
 
 Bone tools, 26 et passim 
 
 Bonstetten, Baron von, 185, 243, 283 
 
 Bourget Lake, 202 
 
 Boring of stone tools, 22 
 
 Borgo Ticino, 210 
 
 Bracelets of bronze, 140, 162, 166, 221 
 
 Brandenberg, Mr., 123 
 
 Bread of L. D., 48, 63 
 
 Bridge-like entrances, 33 
 
 Bronze cauldron, Marin, 240 
 
 Bronze, appearance of, 306 
 
 time unknown, 306 
 
 mould, 306 
 
 objects, Cortaillod, 149 
 
 Ebersberg, 374 
 
 Meilen, 28 
 
 Nidau, 137 
 
 Buckles of iron, 255 
 
 Bullace stones, 349 
 
 Burial of dead, mode unknown, 305 
 
 E E 2
 
 420 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 CAP 
 
 /lAP platted of flax, 330 
 \J Carrara, M., 198 
 Casola, 227 
 Castione, 222 
 
 Cattle stalled on L. D., 57, 297 
 Cavedoni, Prof., 237 
 Cazzago, 217 
 Celts of stone, passim 
 Cerchiari, Mr. J., 238 
 Cereals of L. D., 337 
 
 same as in Egypt, 343 
 Chamblon, Mont, 168 
 Champ, Martin, 282 
 Cheseaux, 168 
 Chevroux, 282 
 
 Chez les Moines, 280 
 Clay balls at Wangen, 65 
 
 covering of huts, 152 
 
 flooring of, 297 
 
 Clement, Dr., of St. Aubin, 181 
 
 Clendy, 168 
 
 Clothes of lake colonists, 330 
 
 Coins at Marin, 256 
 
 Colombier, 280 
 
 Concise, 168 
 
 Constance, lake of, 87 
 
 Construction the same in three ages, 309 
 
 Conturbia, 214 
 
 Copper implements, 116, 219 
 
 Corbiere, 282 
 
 Corcelettes, 168 
 
 Corn, 48, 62, 63, 337 
 
 Corn bluebottle, 340 
 
 Corn-crushers, 25 et passim 
 
 varieties of, in older L. D., 337 
 Cornel cherry, 341 
 Cortaillod, 148 
 
 Cour, 286 
 
 Crannoges, Irish, 6, 380 
 
 Crannogs, Scotch, 389 
 
 Crescent moon figures, 305, 319 
 
 Cret, 280 
 
 Cretan catchfly, 340 
 
 Crucibles, 54 
 
 Cudrefin, 283 
 
 Culinary vegetables, 340 
 
 Cully, 286 
 
 Cumarola, 237 
 
 DAVAT, Dr., 204 
 Daggers of bronze, 161, 282 
 Dehoff, Mr., 96 
 Delaborde, M. Charles, 202 
 Derschbach, 131 
 Desor, Professor, 185, 239 
 Despine, Baron, 202 
 Destruction of L. D., 310 
 of Robenhausen, 47 
 Dingelsdorf, 96 
 Diodorus quoted, 251, 259 
 Division of labour, 178, 299 
 Dog in oldest L. D., 299 
 
 GAL 
 
 Dorei, 318 
 
 Donnino, Borgo San, 225 
 Dumont D'Urville, 318 
 Dyeing, plants used for, 342 
 
 EAELY Italian ant. (for comp.), 236 
 Ebersberg, 364 
 Egelsee, 72 
 Eich, 271 
 Einbaum, 147, 277 
 Embroidered cloth, 59 
 Epagnier Moor, 239 
 Ermatingen, 267 
 Escher von Berg, 364 
 Estavayer, 156 
 Etruscans, 207 
 Etruscan tombs, 237 
 Evian, 287 
 Explanation of the plates, 405 
 
 FAECES of goats, &c., 46 
 Fagot-sticks, layers of, 69 
 Fascine dwellings, 69 
 Fehr, Mr. Wm., 219 
 Feldbach, 267 
 Felice, St., 221 
 Fellenberg, Von, on nephrite (note), 56 
 
 on bronze, 363 
 
 Fern, 342 
 
 Ferrules for lances, 251 
 
 Fibulae of bronze, 221, 241 
 
 of iron, 255 
 Fimon, Lago di, 222 
 
 Fish skeletons abundant, 297 
 Fishing a common occupation, 297 
 Fishing implements of bone, 67 
 Flax manufactures, 323 
 Flint implements, 23 et passim 
 
 not abundant, 301 
 
 saw, 24, 26 
 
 use of, 301 
 
 very essential, 301 
 Florida potters, 300 
 Font, 281 
 Fonwind, 47 
 Forceps, 9 
 
 Forel (station), 282 
 Forel, M., 194,237,286 
 
 Dr. F. A., 194 
 
 Forest trees and shrubs, 342 
 Fowl, domestic, not found, 344 
 Franks, Mr., quoted, 258 
 Freudenberg, Dr., 220 
 Fringe of flax thread, 330 
 Fruits and berries of L. D., 340 
 Fungi, 342 
 
 nABEREL, Mr., 185 
 \J Gabiule, La, 287 
 Gaienhofen, 266 
 Gallo-Roman period, 309
 
 INDEX. 
 
 421 
 
 GAM 
 
 Game abundant in prehistoric times, 297 
 
 a chief article of food, 297 
 Garda Lake, 218 
 Gastaldi, M., 207,210,224 
 Gaulish inscriptions, 317 
 Geissboden Moor, 125 
 General form of L. D., 3 
 
 remarks, 289 
 Geneva, 287 
 
 lake of, 286 
 
 Geographical list of L. D., 264 
 Germ of seeds disappeared, 337 
 Glass bead at Ebersberg, 373 
 
 Cortaillod, 151 
 
 Nidau, 147 
 
 Wauwyl, 83, 303 
 
 Glass rings and beads, Marin, 241 
 Gletterens, 282 
 
 ' Gofio ' of the Canaries, 339 
 Gold objects, Nidau, 142 
 Gozzadini, Count, 206, 322 
 Grape-stones, 349 
 Graphite, 144, 305 
 Graseren, 273 
 Greiflensee, 268 
 Greifswald, 379 
 Greng, 184 
 Grinding-stones, 24 
 Guevaux, 285 
 
 ' TTABITATTONS LACUSTEES,' re- 
 
 Jj. marks on, 393 
 Haftings of stag's horn, 19, 170 
 
 wood, 64, 65 
 
 Hagenau, 264 
 Hageneck, 277 
 Hagenow, F. von, 379 
 Hairpins of bone, 174 
 
 bronze, 159, 165, 183 
 
 horn, 183 
 
 Hammers of stag's horn, 113, 157, 171 
 
 stone, 22 et passim 
 
 Handles of pottery, 228 
 Hasenfratz, Mr., 73 
 Hatchets of bronze, 240 
 
 iron, 253 
 
 Hausstock black sandstone, 1 8 
 
 Hauterive, 279 
 
 Hearth-plates, 26, 227 
 
 Heer, Professor, 336 
 
 Hegne, 87, 265 
 
 Hemp not yet found, 326 
 
 Helvetii, 260, 263 
 
 Hemmenhofen, 266 
 
 Hermance, 287 
 
 Herodotus quoted, 315 
 
 Himeri, 38 
 
 Himmerich, 58 
 
 Hippocrates quoted (Phasis), 315 
 
 Historic times, L. D. existed till, 308 
 
 Hitrig, Professor, 316 
 
 Horae Ferales quoted, 257 
 
 LAU 
 
 Horizontal beams, 16 
 
 Horn and bone implements at Ebers- 
 berg, 373 
 
 Hornstad, 266 
 
 Horn, stag's, much used for tools, 304 
 
 Human remains, 242 
 
 Hungary, copper implements (for com- 
 parison), 219 
 
 Hurling stones, 136 
 
 Hut walls of wattle and clay, 297 
 
 Huts, rectangular, 296 
 
 IM GAU, 60 
 Im Luterholz, 281 
 
 Implements of L. D. and graves iden- 
 tical, 311 
 
 Incisions on bones, 189 
 Index, 419 
 Inkwyl, lake of, 272 
 Introduction, 1 
 Irchel, 365 
 Irgenhausen, 37, 58 
 Iron, appearance of, 308 
 
 celts or hatchets, 253 
 
 objects, Marin, 242 
 , Nidau, 142 
 
 , Unter Uhldingen, 119 
 
 Isolino, 217 
 Ivrea, 213 
 Iznang, 265 
 
 TADEITE, 68 
 J Jahn, Mr. A., 31, 243 
 Jardine, Sir "Wm., 391 
 Jolimont, 228 
 
 TTANINCHENINSEL, 278 
 IV Kemble, J. M., quoted, 257 
 Kempten, 39 
 
 King, Eev. C. W., on nephrite, 57, note 
 Knife, Gaulish, at Thebes, 276 
 Knives of bronze, 160 
 
 iron, 253 
 
 Koller, 128 
 
 LACHMANN, Dr. Th., 103 
 La Crasaz, 156 
 La Creuse, 282 
 Lake colonists originally pastoral, 310 
 
 branch of Celts, 313 
 
 L. D. chiefly destroyed by fire, 310 
 inhabited the whole year, 345 
 
 in peat, 9 
 
 not magazines or temporary 
 
 abodes, 314 
 
 south of the Alps, 205 
 
 Lance-head of bone, 177 
 Lattringen, 275 
 Laurent, M. Eabut, 202 
 Lausanne Museum, 198
 
 422 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 , LEA 
 
 Leather, 335 
 
 Lecchi, 221 
 
 Les Uttins, 168 
 
 Leuci, coin of, at Mann, 259 
 
 Ley, Mr., 96, 99 
 
 Ligerz, 278 
 
 Limmat river, 290 
 
 Linch-pin of iron, 254 
 
 Linen cloth, 329 
 
 with pile, 329 
 
 Linth Escher, Prof., 14 
 Lisch, Dr., 378, 379 
 Little Island, 271,278 
 Livingstone, Dr., quoted, 17, 371 
 Lizard, figure of, 146 
 Lb'hle, Mr. Caspar, 60 
 Looms, 331 
 Lorenz, Mr., 220 
 Lorzetobel, 126 
 Lucerne, lake of, 147 
 Luissel, lake of, 287 
 Luterholz, 281 
 Lutry, 286 
 Lutzelstetten, 96 
 
 MAINAU, 265 
 Mainland colonists the same, 312 
 
 settlements, for comparison, 364 
 
 Majolica, 209 
 
 Maker's marks on swords, 246 
 
 Mallet of oak, 75 
 
 Mammern, 266 
 
 Manedorf, 268 
 
 Manufacture of flax, 323 
 
 flint implements, 36, 86 
 
 Margrethen, 272 
 
 Mariazell, 271 
 
 Mariera, 225 
 
 Marin, 239 
 
 Markelfingen, 87 
 
 Martino, San, 215 
 
 Massilian coin at Marin, 259 
 
 Mats of flax and bast, 327 
 
 Mauensee, 272 
 
 Maurach, 115 
 
 Maxwell, Sir Wm., 391 
 
 Mealing stones, 25 et passim 
 
 Meander pattern, 155, 191 
 
 Mecklenburg, 378 
 
 Meilen, 14 
 
 Mercurago, 210 
 
 Merian, Mr. Edward, 367 
 
 Messikomer, Mr. Jacob, 38 
 
 Methods of collecting antiquities, 9 
 
 Millets, 337 
 
 Mistletoe, 342 
 
 Modena, 222 
 
 Monruz, 280 
 
 Montellier, 190 
 
 Moon images, 319 
 
 Moosseedorfsee, 31 
 
 Morat, lake of (Murten), 283 
 
 PIL 
 
 Morges, 194 
 
 Moringen, 275 
 
 Morlot, Prof, v'., 198, 224, 286 
 
 Moro, Prof., 210 
 
 Mould for casting celts, 195 
 
 combs, 231 
 
 Miihlberg, Prof., 123 
 
 Miiller, M., 134 
 
 Murten Lake (Morat), 283 
 
 NAGEK, Mr., 77 
 Nationality of lake colonists, 313 
 Needles of bone, 174 
 
 bronze, 140 
 
 Nephrite, 16, 18, 56, 303 
 
 Nernier, 287 
 
 Nets of string, 328 
 
 Neuchatel, lake of, 279 
 
 Neuenburger Horn, 266 
 
 New Zealanders' stone tools, 22, 293 
 
 boats and houses, 294 
 
 Nicolucci, Mr., 238 
 Nidau, 132 
 Niederwyl, 69 
 
 not burnt, 71 
 
 sketches of, 76 
 Nottwyl, 272 
 Nussbaumen, lake of, 268 
 Nussdorf, 105 
 
 Nuts of L. D., 341 
 Nyon, 287 
 
 ABEESTAAD, 266 
 
 \J Oil-producing plants of L. D., 341 
 
 Origin of Marin antiquities, 256 
 
 of Terramara beds, 234 
 Original design of L. D., 291 
 
 discovery of L. D., 10 
 
 pACKWEKKBAUTEN, 69 
 
 -L Panixer Pass sandstone, 18 
 
 Paquis, 287 
 
 Parisii, coin of, at Marin, 259 
 
 Parma, 222 
 
 Pears not common, 340 
 
 Pennine, II, 212 
 
 Perforated earthenware vessels, 1 45, 1 54, 
 
 193 
 
 Peschiera, 218 
 Peters Island, 277 
 Pfaffikon, 58 
 
 lake of, 37 
 
 Philippus money at Marin, 259, 260 
 
 Pictet, Gaulish inscription, 317 
 
 Pigorini, Mr. L., 224 
 
 Pile dwellings, 3 
 
 Piles bent at Wangen, 64 
 
 at Eobenhausen slope to SE., 45 
 
 sharpened by fire, 20 
 stone celts, 20
 
 INDEX. 
 
 423 
 
 PIL 
 
 Piles used in L. D., 295 
 Plants of L. D., 336, 348 
 
 cultivated, vary, 347 
 
 wild, same varieties as now, 346 
 Platform, general form of, 296 
 Platforms at Wauwyl, 78 
 Platted cloth of flax, 327 
 
 Pocket sewed on to cloth, 330 
 Pont de la Thiele, 283 
 Ponte dei Preti, 215 
 Poppy, garden or opium, 349 
 Port a la Eeine, 169 
 Port Alban, 282 
 Port des Sarrasins, 282 
 Potter's wheel unknown at first, 28 
 Pottery of lake colonists, passim 
 Ebersberg, 368 
 
 Meilen, 28 
 
 Nidau, 142 
 
 Wangen, 66 
 
 Pourtales, Count de, 184, 283 
 Prasias Lake, 315 
 Pre Fargier, 279 
 Promenthou, 287 
 Pupikofer, Dean, 73 
 
 Eev. Mr., 72 
 Pully, 286 
 
 -pASPBEKKIES, 341 
 
 XI Keggio, 222 
 
 Eeichenau, 87 
 
 Kelic-bed, 14 
 
 Eemarks on ' Habit. Lacus.,' 393 
 
 on stone, bronze, and iron ages, 12 
 Eesults of investigations on L. D. plants, 
 
 342 
 
 Eiedbuhl, 58 
 
 Eings of earthenware, 145, 177 
 Eive, 287 
 Eobenhausen, 37 
 
 sketches of, 37, 44 
 Eocchi, Prof., 322 
 Eochat, L. M., 168, 182, 183 
 Eolle, 287 
 
 Eoman amphora, 183 
 
 key, 121 
 
 tiles, 133 
 
 Eopes of flax yarn, 324 
 
 Eoseaux, Les, 198 
 
 Eoseninsel, 378 
 
 Euddle, 305 
 
 Eiitimeyer, Prof., on animal remains, 
 
 355 
 Eye not found in Egyptian Monuments, 
 
 345 
 in L. D., 345 
 
 SACKEN, Dr.F. v., 221 
 San Martino, 215 
 Saws of flint, 34, 171 
 Scarabelli, Dr., 238 
 Schenken, 271 
 
 swo 
 
 Scheuss, 279 . 
 Schlattwald, 274 
 Schoolcraft, quoted, 136 
 Schwab, Col. Fred., 15 et passim 
 Scotch crannogs, 389 
 Scraper, 9, 10 
 Sections at Eobenhausen, 42, 45 
 
 Wauwyl, 77 
 
 Seeds burnt, 336 
 
 hollow inside, 337 
 
 sometimes unburnt, 336 
 Seegrund, 43 
 
 Sempach, lake of, 270 
 
 Sempach station, 271 
 
 Sequani, coin of, at Marin, 259 
 
 Shell marl, 32, 43 
 
 Shield-handles and mountings, 252 
 
 Shirley, Mr., 388 
 
 Sickles of bronze, 162 
 
 Silber, Lieut, v., 220 
 
 Sinkstones, 146 
 
 Sipplingen, 119 
 
 Situation eligible for L. D., 295 
 
 Size of huts at Eobenhausen, 46 
 
 Sling of flax plat, 151 
 
 Slingstones, 135, 166, 373 
 
 Soot, pottery coated with, 305 
 
 Spear-heads of bronze, 139 
 
 iron, 248, 274 
 
 Spelt, 337 
 
 before David's time, 345 
 Spindle-whorls, 30, 66, 117 
 Spirals of bronze, 142 
 Spring corn, 337 
 
 Stag's horn implements, passim. 
 
 Staub, Mr., 129 
 
 Steckborn, 267 
 
 Stein, 266 
 
 Steinbergs, 132, 240 
 
 Stone objects, Allensbach, 89 
 
 Ebersberg, 372 
 
 Marin, 240 
 
 Meilen, 17 
 
 Eobenhausen, 53 
 
 Wangen, 61 
 
 Stone, bronze, and iron indicate grades 
 
 of civilisation, 313 
 Stoppani, Abate A., 217 
 Store-rooms for flax, 64 
 Strawberry seeds, 341 
 Strobel, Prof., 224 
 Structure of fascine erections, 70 
 St. Aubin, 280, 401 
 St. Prex, 286 
 St. Sulpice, 286 
 Stuart, Mr. John, 389 
 Substructure, 3 
 Superstructure, 7 
 Suter, Colonel, 77 
 Suter, Mr., 77 
 Sutz, 274 
 
 Swords of bronze, 1 76 
 iron, 242
 
 424 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 TAB 
 
 TABLE of contents, ix. 
 Taubmiihle, 266 
 Tauffelen, 277 
 Teeth of bears, 27, 175 
 
 boars, 27, 34, 175 
 
 Teetosagi, 263 
 
 Temporary occupation, theory of, 314 
 
 Teniviere, La, 169, 239 
 
 Terramara beds, 222 
 
 Thebes, Gaulish knife found at, 276 
 
 Thiele Eiver, 239 
 
 Thonon, 287 
 
 Thread and string of flax, 324 
 
 Thurgau, Hist. Society of, 73 
 
 Tiefenau antiquities, 243, 258 
 
 Tillage of lake colonists, 299 
 
 Tin ornaments on pottery, 148, 166 
 
 Tools of bone for pottery, 179 
 
 Torre Bairo, 215 
 
 Toss Eiver, 365 
 
 Translator's Preface, v. 
 
 Trapa natans, 48, 341 
 
 Trefoil mark on swords, 246 
 
 Tresserve, 204 
 
 Troyon, Mr. R, 172, 181, 286, 393 
 
 Tulingic coin at Marin, 259 
 
 TTBINOWA, 277 
 U Ueberlinger See : 
 
 Eastern shore, 102 
 "Western shore, 96 
 Uetliberg, 376 
 Uhlmann, Dr., 31, 189 
 Ullersberger, Mr., 104 
 Unter Uhldingen, 116 
 Use of stone celts, 20 
 Uttins, Les, 168, 281 
 
 TTAEESE, Lake of, 217 
 V Vegetable fibre, flax, &c., 323 
 Venezuela, 318, note 
 
 Z\VE 
 
 Verchere de Eeffye, M., 243 
 Versoix, 287 
 Vicenza, 222 
 Vidy, 286 
 Villa Nova, 237 
 Vilters, 375 
 Vingelz, 278 
 Viverone, lake of, 215 
 
 WALLHAUSEN, 96 
 Walter, Mr., 264 
 Wangen, 60 
 
 Water and marsh plants, 342 
 Wattled walls of huts, 153, 296 
 Wauwyl, 77 
 
 Weeds of the cornfield, 339 
 Weiler Hegne, 87 
 Weisser Grand, 32 
 Wilde, Sir W. E., 380, 381 
 Wild beasts, safety from, 291 
 Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, 276, note 
 Windisch, 376 
 Wooden objects, Eobenhausen, 48 
 
 seat at Wangen, 67 
 
 utensils, Castione, 229 
 Workshop for flints, 36, 86, 97 
 Worsaae quoted, 17 
 
 Woven flax cloth, 329 
 
 "\7VEEDON, neighbourhood of, 168 
 I Yvoire, 287 
 Yvonand, 281 
 
 7IHLBEUCKE (Pont de Thiele), 
 Lk Zug, 123, 131 
 
 283 
 
 lake of, 123 
 Zurich, 269 
 
 lake of, 269 
 Zweieren, 131 
 
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