LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 University of California. 
 
 GIFT OK 
 
 Received JYcTV ■ >Q°o . 
 Accession No. o/fo 3 / ■ Class No. \ . '. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
\° > 
 
THE NEW PACIFIC 
 
 SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 BY 
 
 HARR WAGNER, 
 
 Author of Pacific History Stories, and Editor of The Western Journal of Education. 
 
 Westward the course of empire takes its way ; 
 
 The first four acts already past, 
 A fifth shall close the drama with the day; 
 
 Time's noblest offspring is the last. 
 
 — Berkeley. 
 
 OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON: 
 
 THE WESTLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY. 
 
 1900. 
 
Copyrighted, 1900, by 
 HARR WAGNER. 
 
 W. H. Gould, 
 Typogeaphkb. 
 
 Pbfss op 
 '. a. mubdock & co. 
 
 AND 
 
 hobwinski bbos. 
 San Francisco. 
 
I loo 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The Aim has been to make a complete one-book geography for the fifth, sixth, and seventh grades of the public 
 schools. In arranging a course of study, therefore, the first years of school life may be devoted to nature-study, and the 
 pupils of upper grades and of the high school may pursue the study of geography in a more scientific manner, — part 
 with history, part with geology, part with civil government, and part with natural history. 
 
 Local Features. The child should know first about his own environment. A systematic study of a subject 
 should be along the pupil's prospective commercial activity. A handful of soil from the child's playground is a peda- 
 gogical beginning for the study of geography. A large part of this book is therefore devoted to Washington and the 
 New Pacific. 
 
 The Illustrations are made from photographs, many of which have been taken during the past year. Special 
 attention has been given to pictures that illustrate the industrial features of the Greater West. 
 
 The Spelling. The author, with on e, or two ex ceptions, has followed the rulings of the United States Board on 
 Geographic Names. 
 
 Other Features. While special emphasis has been placed upon the geography of Washington and the Pacific, 
 there are few school geographies that contain so much definite information. The cablegram, telegram, and modern 
 facilities of travel place all regions of the earth in quick communication with each other. This makes it necessary 
 that the pupils in our public schools should have a precise knowledge of all parts of the world. The information 
 is therefore made definite, so that the text may be a reference-book for the pupil's general reading. 
 
 A Live Text. The author has aimed to impart the idea of a living earth. The growth of plants, the growth 
 of cities, the growth of nations, are represented. The building of valleys and the tearing down of mountains are 
 illustrated. The book throbs with life. The pulse of the earth does not stop. Its ceaseless force is in the heart 
 
 T 
 
 of nature. 
 
 Study and Reference Maps. The child is usually confused by having placed before him a large number of 
 maps with an infinite amount of detail. The maps in this geography are to help the child, and they contain all 
 that the child needs, unless a foreign trip is contemplated. In that case a trustworthy guide-book should be used. 
 
 Etymology of Geographical Names. The pupils and teachers will find instructive and interesting the mean- 
 ing of geographical names. 
 
 Acknowledgments. The author wishes to express his gratitude to the Royal Geographical Society of London, to 
 the United States Board on Geographic Names, to the American Geographical Society, to Mr. Fee of the Northern 
 Pacific Railroad Company, to Mr. Alna L. Crane of the Union Engraving Company for expert work on maps, to 
 Mr. D. R. Augsburg for the lesson on map-sketching, and to Mr. W. N. Allen for the article on the climate of Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 HARR WAGNER. 
 
 San Francisco, California, 1900. 
 
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 Field Work. This must be the basis of Primary Geog- 
 raphy. It must be broader than the study of a creek, a river, 
 a flower,' an animal, or the building of continents in sand. 
 
 The sand table is an old device, but there is method in it. 
 Close and accurate observation of the forms of the earth's 
 surface and life is much better than the study of them in 
 sand, clay, or papier-mache. Field work is nothing more, 
 nothing less, than teaching the child to observe the life of 
 his environment. The child must seek for truth in his own 
 door-yard. 
 
 For illustration, in an outdoor lesson on the common 
 birds of the neighborhood and school-yai'd, the children 
 should observe the habits of food-getting, flight, song, nest- 
 ing, perching, and swimming. 
 
 The older children should keep a note-book containing 
 records of observations of birds. Accurate oral and written 
 expression should be developed. A collection of the min- 
 erals of the neighborhood offers a most interesting and 
 profitable field for outdoor work. Field excursions should 
 be frequent. Distances and areas should be actually meas- 
 ured; elevations estimated; vegetation, animals, and soil 
 should be noticed. 
 
 Pictures. It is important that the children should be 
 taught to observe pictures, and to interpret them. The pic- 
 tures in this book are an intrusion, unless they teach a les- 
 son. This is an age of picture study. Each picture should 
 teach something. The picture of the capitol at Washington 
 is made large, not for the purpose of filling up space, but 
 to make a definite impression on the mind of the child. You 
 should ask such questions about this picture as to lead the 
 child to compare its architecture with that of European 
 buildings. The child will see a dozen pictures of Niagara 
 Falls. In this text, it is Niagara by moonlight; in another 
 text, it may be Niagara in midwinter. These changes of 
 view mean something. It makes the picture live to the 
 child. Whether a Millet, a Michael Angelo, or an amateur 
 photographer makes a picture, it has its lesson. 
 
 Teachers should collect a large number of pictures from 
 railroad folders, magazines, books, newspapers, and local 
 photographers, and also art pictures published by various 
 houses, that illustrate the work in geography. 
 
 Maps. The United States Geological Survey has pub- 
 lished several hundred maps that are a great aid to the live 
 teacher of geography. 
 
 These maps may be secured for from two cents to eighty 
 cents. The new map of the United States, about six by 
 nine feet, will be sent to any school district for eighty 
 cents. The National Educational Association has especially 
 recommended the use of governmental maps in schools. 
 Full particulars may be obtained by addressing the Director, 
 United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 
 
 The American Bureau of Geography has been recently 
 organized. The director is Edward M. Lehnerts, Winona, 
 Minnesota. 
 
 The aim of the bureau is twofold: 1. To make available 
 to each member the valuable geographical material in the 
 possession of his fellow-members; and 2. To establish in- 
 fluences helpful to the teaching and the teacher of geog- 
 raphy. 
 
 In accordance with this aim, the plan of work of the bu- 
 reau includes, — 1. Correspondence with educational men 
 and women interested in geography, who desire improvement 
 in its teaching; 2. The organization of a system of exchange 
 in products, geographic photographs, etc. An illustration 
 will make this clearer. Suppose a fellow- teacher in Washing- 
 ton desires illustrative material for his geography classes. On 
 the lists furnished every member of the geographic bureau 
 he finds the addresses of members in various states, terri- 
 tories, and foreign countries, and notes the material each 
 offers for exchange. He then places himself in direct com- 
 munication with those members who offer what he wishes 
 to secure; and in the mean time, with the help of his pupils, 
 he makes up local collections for the subsequent exchanges. 
 
 For the trifling expense of freight and postage every 
 school can obtain a considerable collection of valuable illus- 
 trative material. 
 
 Structural Geography. Oral and printed descriptions 
 of surface are not sufficient to give children a correct idea of 
 forms. Relief maps, profiles, and pictures of relief maps 
 may not give a correct idea of the various formations of the 
 earth, but they are an aid. The slopes, mountain systems, 
 hills, valleys, river basins, drainage, climate, soil, produc- 
 tion, and history may be understood. 
 
 The construction of a globe is not only good manual train- 
 ing, but it is also good geography. Just as you should have 
 the pupils draw, so you should have the pupils build and 
 construct, even if the representation is not perfect. 
 
 Correlation of Nature Work. Dr. 0. P. Jenkins, 
 
 of Stanford University, has outlined a provisional course in 
 nature study. The following extracts should serve as a 
 basis for nature work in connection with geography: — 
 
 Seeds. Dispersal. Arrangement in seed-ease. Apparatus for dis- 
 persal. Collection of seeds to show method of dispersal. 
 
 Germination and growth in several forms of seeds. Conditions 
 necessary for germination and growth. How the plant breaks out of 
 the seed; how it gets out of the ground. Growth of roots; of leaves, 
 — the one seeking food from earth, the others from air. Growth of 
 roots from cuttings, — air-roots. 
 
 All the phenomena of plant life easily understood by the children 
 of this grade. 
 
 Ants. Life history and habits studied from a nest kept in the 
 schoolroom, also by observations in the field. 
 
 Pond Life. Jar aquaria, with some of the water insects; life, 
 habits, motions, etc. 
 
 8 
 
Suggestions to Teachers. 
 
 9 
 
 Coverings of Animals. Feathers, — structure, form, uses; scales; 
 hoofs; claws: fur of different animals. All to be seen as adapted to 
 the conditions of the life of the different animals. 
 
 Evaporation. Liquids. Compare water, alcohol, gasoline, glyce- 
 rine molasses. 
 
 Show existence of vapor by use of ether, alcohol, chloroform. 
 
 Show that heat is used up during evaporation. 
 
 Evaporation of solids, such as camphor and iodine. 
 
 Condensation. 
 
 Show sources of vapor of water by condensation from breath, sur- 
 face of skin, under surface of leaf, etc. 
 
 Distill water from a flask. 
 
 Solution. Solution of various common substances that will readily 
 dissolve in water, such as salt; those that will not dissolve readily, as 
 camphor, potassium bichromate, copper sulphate, and the like; those 
 that do not dissolve perceptibly, such as whiting, starch, etc. 
 
 Evaporation of water to regain substance, formation of crystals, in 
 part. 
 
 Use of funnel and filter-paper to show dissolved substances. 
 
 Application of these phenemena to fogs, clouds, snow, rain, forma- 
 tion of soils, erosion, etc. 
 
 Diffusion of Gases. 
 
 Study of the candle flame. Parts of the flame. 
 
 How the flame is produced. 
 
 Use of different material for producing flame. 
 
 ILLUMINATING Gas. Preparation of gas in the schoolroom. 
 
 Process of burning in coal and wood. 
 
 Preparation of gas for use in city. 
 Visit to gas-works. 
 Fruits. CTse of edible parts. 
 Change in fruit by cultivation and selection. 
 
 Structure of the fruit, its parts, their arrangement in reference to 
 each other. 
 
 How green fruit becomes ripe. 
 Digestion of starch in the human body. 
 Use of sugar in plant life; in animal life. 
 
 AIDS IN TEACHING GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 For Teachers. 
 King: Methods and Aids in Geography. 
 Parker: How to Study Geography. 
 G. Stanley Hall: Story of a Sand Pile. 
 Frye: Brooks and Brook Basins. 
 Frye: Geography, with Sand Modeling. 
 Report of Committee of Ten. 
 Report of Committee of Fifteen. 
 The National Geographic Magazine. 
 The Journal of School Geography. 
 Shaler: Story of Our Continent. 
 
 O. P. Jenkins and Vernon Kellogg: Lessons in Nature Study. 
 Bashford: Nature Stories of the Northwest. 
 
 Wagner: Pacific Nature Stories (Includes Story of the Salmon, 
 by President David Starr Jordan.) 
 
 J 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 THE STORY OF GEOGRAPHY 11 
 
 THE STORY OF LAND AND WATER 12 
 
 THE STORY OF THE SOIL 13 
 
 THE STORY OF WATER 15 
 
 THE STORY OF THE WEATHER . . ... . .16 
 
 THE STORY OF THE EARTH . 17 
 
 Size of the Earth 17 
 
 Rotation of the Earth 17 
 
 Day and Night 18 
 
 The Earth and the Sun 18 
 
 The Hemispheres 18 
 
 Parallels and Meridians 18 
 
 Latitude and Longitude 18 
 
 Zones 18 
 
 The Divisions of the Globe 19 
 
 THE STORY OF LIFE. 
 
 Plants 22 
 
 Forests 22 
 
 Animals 22 
 
 People 22 
 
 Progress 23 
 
 Occupations 24 
 
 Government 24 
 
 Religion 24 
 
 LOCAL AND STRUCTURAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Directions 25 
 
 Field Work 25 
 
 Relief Maps 25 
 
 Outline for Study of a County 25 
 
 Map-Sketching — Washington 25 
 
 THE STORY OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 Boundaries 29 
 
 .Mountains 29 
 
 Lakes 30 
 
 River Systems 30 
 
 Puget Sound 30 
 
 Climate 31 
 
 Soil 32 
 
 Products 34 
 
 Industries 34 
 
 Commerce . . . . 35 
 
 Education 35 
 
 Divisions 36 
 
 Cities . . 36 
 
 Animal and Plant Life 37 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Boundaries 41 
 
 Highlands 41 
 
 Lowlands 41 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Danish America 42 
 
 The Dominion of Canada 42 
 
 Mexico 43 
 
 PAGI 
 
 Central America 43 
 
 The West Indies 44 
 
 THE NEW PACIFIC. 
 
 The Hawaiian Islands 45 
 
 The Philippines 46 
 
 Australasia : 47 
 
 Other Islands 48 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Location 49 
 
 Growth 50 
 
 People 51 
 
 Religion 51 
 
 Products and Industries 51 
 
 Commerce 52 
 
 Transportation 52 
 
 Government 52 
 
 Pacific States 57 
 
 New England States 61 
 
 Middle Atlantic States 64 
 
 Southern States 65 
 
 Central States 67 
 
 Mountain and Plateau States and Territories . . 69 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 75 
 
 EUROPE 81 
 
 ASIA 105 
 
 AFRICA 119 
 
 THE BUILDING OF CITIES 127 
 
 GENERAL REVIEW 129 
 
 STATISTICS AND GENERAL INFORMATION . . 131 
 
 ETYMOLOGY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES . . .134 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES . . 137 
 
 MAPS. 
 
 Eastern Hemisphere 19 
 
 Western Hemisphere 20 
 
 Washington 28 
 
 Relief Map of Washington 39 
 
 Map of New Pacific 47 
 
 United States 50 
 
 North America 53 
 
 Industrial and Relief Map of United States . . . 54 
 
 Mountain, Plateau, and Pacific States .... 56 
 
 Vegetation Chart of North and South Amkrica . 73 
 
 South America '"* 
 
 Europe '8 
 
 Vegetation Chart of Europe 79 
 
 Asia «« 
 
 Vegetation Chart of Asia 104 
 
 Africa H8 
 
 Vegetation Chart of Africa 126 
 
 Commercial Map of the World . .... 130 
 
THE NEW PACIFIC SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Our Side of the Earth. 
 
 THE STORY OF GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 A READING LESSON. 
 
 The Earth is a workshop. The Sun is the great master. 
 There extends from it to the earth so much of light and heat, 
 that water, air, and soil are ever full of life. The story of 
 this life is more charming than the doings of a fairy prince. 
 Have you ever asked yourself about the big, round sun as 
 it came up iu the east ? Have you watched the approach of 
 the golden light as it climbed in and out among the trees, 
 and crept along the ground, chasing the dewdrops, and the 
 shadows of darkness! Hail to the morning light! 
 
 The story of how the sun changes water into vapor and 
 lifts it into the air, to descend again in the form of rain or 
 snow, is full of interest. The sun sets the air in motion, 
 thus creating the winds which give rise to the waves that 
 roll over the deep oceau, and beat against the shores with 
 such force as to ever make changes. The great Sun, with 
 heat and light as its ready helpers, has written the whole 
 history of the earth. 
 
 Geography is a description of the earth. It is more than 
 a description of things that are lifeless, for it tells about 
 the running brook, the playful child, the roaring sea, the 
 
 smoking mountain, the growling tiger, the singing bird, 
 the great cities, the little farm, the great redwoods, the 
 pretty flowers, the puffing train, the sailing ship, the fer 
 tile fields, the silent desert. 
 
 The earth is not lifeless. It is nature's workshop. 
 There is no idleness here. The toil is ceaseless. If you 
 watch a raindrop as it strikes the ground, you will see that 
 it has a work to do. The building up or tearing down of 
 hills, of river banks, of islands, of capes, of harbors, of 
 valleys and mountains, is now going on. Take a close look 
 at the school-grounds after a great rain-storm, and you will 
 see the soil has not been idle. When you go to the sea- 
 shore, watch the waves as they battle with the laud. 
 
 Geography, then, is the wonderful story of the life of the 
 
 earth. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Is the earth full of life ? How does the sun affect the earth '? What 
 is geography ? 
 
 Composition Work. Write a composition of ten or more sen- 
 tences, describing some of the things you saw on your way to school, 
 that are suggested in this lesson. 
 
 11 
 
12 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 THE STORY OF THE LAND AND WATER. 
 
 Some children may not have seen real mountains, valleys, 
 peninsulas, rivers, and other forms of land and water. Each 
 child should study the above picture of a number of forms. 
 
 A Mountain is a mass of land much higher than the 
 other land in the same region. 
 
 A Mountain Range is a line or row of mountains. 
 
 A Mountain System is formed by several ranges united 
 by high lands. 
 
 Hills are not so large nor so high as mountains. 
 
 Valleys are formed by the land between hills and 
 mountains. 
 
 A Slope is the side of a hill or mountain. 
 
 A Base is the foot of the slope of a mountain or hill. 
 
 A Brook is a small, running stream of water. 
 
 A River is a large, running stream of water. 
 
 The Source is where the river begins. 
 
 The Mouth is where the river empties into another body 
 of water. 
 
 The Right Bank or Left Bank of a river is the bank 
 on the right hand or left hand as one goes down the stream. 
 
 The Bed op a River is the ground over which the water 
 flows. 
 
 The Tributaries are streams that run into other streams. 
 
 A River System is a large river with its tributaries. 
 
 A River Basin is the land drained by the river and its 
 tributaries. 
 
 A Harbor is a body of water in which ships can be an- 
 chored. 
 
 A Volcano is a mountain or hill from which steam, lava, 
 and cinders are ejected; a burning mountain. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is a mountain ? Where have you seen one V What is a moun- 
 tain range? What is a mountain system? Describe a hill. What 
 is a valley? What is a slope? Describe a brook; a river. Where 
 is the source of a river? Where the mouth? Which is the left bank 
 of a river ? Which the right bank ? What is the bed of a river ? What 
 is a river system ? What is a river basin ? Describe a harbor. 
 
 Field Work. Have your pupils study out of doors the various 
 formations of the earth's surface. 
 
 Composition Work. Write a composition of twenty or more sen- 
 tences, describing the various features named that you have seen. 
 
The Story of the Soil. 
 
 13 
 
 THE STORY OF THE SOIL. 
 
 The upper part of the surface of the earth is called soil. 
 It is that part of the ground that feeds the plants, the trees, 
 and the flowers. In some parts of the earth the soil 
 has beeu enriched by decayed vegetation. In other 
 places, like the desert, the soil is so poor that nothing 
 will grow. The condition of the soil of a region de- 
 termines many things. When no water mixes with 
 the soil, the desert exists; where there is too much 
 water, swamps and marshes may be found. -'Where 
 the soil is well watered by rain and rivers, dense for- 
 ests, large plants, and fields of grain may be seen. 
 The soil in valleys and on plains is usually much richer 
 than that of slopes. As a rule, there are always more 
 people, birds, and animals where the soil is good. 
 
 The rain mixes with the soil, and when the sun 
 warms the earth, vegetation starts to grow. The 
 water feeds the soil at the roots of the trees, and soon 
 green leaves may be seen on the branches. Water 
 makes the roots of the brown grass take on new life, 
 and every blade turns a beautiful green. No matter 
 how rich the soil, it would be worthless without water. 
 In some parts of the country there are thousands of 
 acres of land where the soil would produce large har- 
 vests if it could be watered. There is not sufficient 
 rain, and the people build great dams and irrigating- 
 ditches, and the barren plains made to become fertile fields. 
 
 Farmers plow in order to turn up fresh soil, and to loosen 
 it so that the rain can sink more easily into the ground. A 
 heavy rain, too, will sometimes carry the fine soil from the 
 surface of slopes into the streams. The soil in the river is 
 what makes it muddy. , 
 
 Water is continually wearing away the earth, changing 
 the slopes, river banks, and beds of streams. While 
 water is doing this, however, nature is building up the 
 soil again by the vegetation produced. The soil is 
 formed by the water wearing away the rocks and mix- 
 ing the particles with animal and vegetable matter. 
 
 Take a handful of soil from the field, school-yard, 
 or the street, and examine it. We fiud it to be dirt 
 that "soils" the hands. When we try to brush off 
 the dirt, we notice a gritty feeling. This is due to bits 
 of rock in the soil. Study the soil with the eye, and 
 you may not see the tiny bits of rock; but rub it 
 against a piece of glass, and the hard bits will scratch. 
 Even fine, loamy and clay soils, when examined with 
 a pocket-lens or microscope, will be found to be com 
 posed of tiny fragments of mineral or rock. 
 
 The stream grinds the soil from rocks, and carries 
 its load onward until it fills the level land near its 
 mouth, and makes it very fertile. 
 
 ) You may notice iu the bottom of a creek pebbles 
 that have been rounded and worn smooth, like those 
 in the picture, by being rolled about, thus grinding off tiny 
 bits, which go to build up the soil on the flood-plains. Thus 
 
 the deltas are formed, that you will read about, at the mouths 
 of some of the great rivers of the world. 
 
 The bed of a stream at low water, revealing the rounded pebbles that have been 
 worn and smoothed by being rolled about, thus grinding off tiny bits which 
 later are built into the flood-plains. 
 
 Many of the most fertile lands are plains that have been 
 flooded, and when the water receded, left rich layers of soil. 
 
 Sometimes scattered through the soil are pebbles and 
 rocks different from the bed-rock of the country. The soil 
 in a large part of our country is this way. Here is a pic- 
 ture showing pebbles and rocks in the soil. 
 
 This picture represents glacial soil. Agassiz, the scientist, 
 
 Near view of a cut in glacial soil, gullied by the rains, and with numerous 
 transported pebbles imbedded in the rock flour. 
 
 says that a long time ago the rocks were carried to this seil 
 by living glaciers. The glacier is a great icy desert. No 
 
14 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 
 
 
 quicker to re- 
 spond to changes 
 in temperature 
 than is the soil. 
 In the spring the 
 air is warm and 
 the soil cold, and 
 the rains which 
 fall at this time 
 are warmed by 
 passing through 
 the warm air, 
 and in sinking 
 through the soil 
 the water parts 
 with some of its 
 heat. Thus the 
 soil is made 
 warmer. In the 
 summer, the hot 
 soil is affected by 
 the cooler rains, 
 and existing soil 
 conditions made more favorable for plant growth. Thus 
 soil temperature is somewhat regulated by the rainfall. A 
 dark soil is warmer than light-colored soil. You will make 
 the world richer by studying and learning to use the soil. 
 
 
 Map showing section of the United States that was once covered by ice, and glacial drift soil thus formed. 
 
 life of any kind exists. In North America it moved out- 
 ward in all directions until it covered much of the conti- 
 nent. The map here shows how this ice-sheet covered the 
 country. When the ice of the glacier melted away, it left 
 only signs of its presence; but when the temperate- 
 latitude plants grew in Greenland, they left seeds, 
 leaves, and tree trunks, which have been imbedded in 
 the rocks as fossils. One may now pick the leaves of 
 temperate-climate trees from the rocks beneath a great 
 ice-cap. Nevertheless, to one who studies them, the 
 signs left by the glacier are as clear proof as the leaves 
 and seeds. From these signs we know that the climate 
 has changed slowly, but we have not yet learned why it 
 changed. 
 
 The soil has a wonderful story. Most people live and die 
 without giving it a thought. It is, however, very useful, — 
 1. To hold plants in place; 2. To serve as a source of 
 plant-food; 3. To act as a reservoir for moisture; 4. As a 
 storehouse for plant-food. Soil, in order to be of value, 
 must have moisture and air. The woods furnish a good 
 lesson. Here the leaves cover the soil and keep it moist, 
 and wild flowers and weeds grow in abundance. The top 
 soil must be left loose, or it will not produce. If you have 
 a flower- pot in the school-room, you must not only water 
 the soil, but the surface must be kept loose and mellow. A 
 rake is oftentimes better than a watering-pot for a garden. 
 In a field, the roots of clover extend into the soil like those 
 shown in the picture. When the clover dies, the roots 
 make the soil richer. The temperature of the soil has much 
 to do with its productiveness. The temperature is affected 
 by the quantity of water which it contains. Thus the soil 
 is very slow to become warm in the spring, due to the fact 
 that a large amount of water must be evaporated. A well- 
 drained soil is thus much warmer. The atmosphere is much 
 
 Clover roots extending into the soil. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is soil ? What does it feed ? Describe some things you have 
 seen grow in the soil. Why is the soil of deserts worthless ? Where 
 are the most people ? What starts the flowers to grow P Where there 
 is not enough rain, how do farmers get enough water to make things 
 grow? What makes the water in a river muddy? Have you ever 
 taken up a handful of soil ? What did you observe ? Have you noticed 
 the pebbles in the bed of streams t How is the land made fertile ? 
 Did you notice in the map how ice once covered part of our country, 
 making a peculiar kind of soil ? What are some of the uses of soil ? 
 Does some soil need air? Does it need moisture? Have you ever 
 planted a flower in soil? Did you have to loosen the soil to make the 
 plant grow ? Have you ever looked at the roots of grass ? When the 
 roots of a plant die, is the soil richer or poorer? 
 
 Composition Work. Write a composition on soil as you have 
 seen it in your yard. 
 
The Story of the Water. 
 
 15 
 
 
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 f f w^mm*^ MJmmm %*^mMmmmmmm\\ Wm\mmmWmm\WW^^m\%. V 
 
 
 WW" —TIL. i ^^^^^^ ^^| *. "V^ 
 
 IUU|lvtUt[iLr ^^-v * 
 
 A Tray ox Pacific Coast Shells. 
 
 THE STORY OF THE WATER. 
 
 The water covers a large part of the earth's surface. It 
 is everywhere. If you put some water in a shallow basin 
 and set it in the sun, the water will change into vapor and 
 float away in the air. Vapor also rises from ponds, lakes, 
 brooks, rivers, and oceans. When the vapor cools enough, 
 it forms the clouds. Fog /., 
 is simply a cloud near the 
 surface of the earth. When 
 the vapor has changed into 
 a cloud and some particles 
 of water fall through the air 
 to the ground, then it is rain. 
 Hail is frozen rain. When 
 the air is cold, the water 
 freezes into crystals, or 
 flakes of snow. Have you 
 ever seen the treasures of 
 the snow? The snow-flakes, 
 if carefully examined , will be 
 found to be very beautiful. 
 Water sometimes freezes, 
 and ice is formed. In the 
 Arctic and Antarctic regions 
 there is perpetual ice . If you 
 will examine carefully, you 
 
 Diagram Illustrating liain and Snow Fall. 
 
 will notice that the top of the water freezes first. It is also 
 interesting to notice how the water bubbles up from a spring. 
 Sometimes the water spouts up in the air as high as a tree. 
 This kind of a spring is called a geyser. The water is often 
 boiling-hot, a proof that there must be great heat where 
 
 the water comes from. Peo- 
 ple sometimes bore large, 
 deep holes in the earth, and 
 water spouts out in such 
 quantities that it can be used 
 to irrigate the land. Such 
 wells are called "artesian," 
 a name derived from Artois, 
 in France, where these wells 
 were first bored. 
 
 The rivers, brooks, and 
 streams are all useful and 
 interesting, but the greatest 
 body of water is found in the 
 oceans. About three fourths 
 of all the surface of the earth 
 is covered by water. The 
 Pacific, the Atlantic, the 
 Arctic, the Antarctic, and 
 the Indian oceans, besides 
 
16 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 large bodies of water known as seas, bays, and lakes form 
 the water surface of the earth. The ocean has always been 
 
 The Pathway of Commerce. 
 
 the pathway of commerce. It is full of life. Did you ever 
 visit the sea-shore and watch the waves roll in? Of course 
 
 you have taken off your shoes and waded just as far out as 
 you dared go. Did you notice how the waves washed up 
 the seaweed? how they rolled back the pebbles and the 
 sands? how the waves continually wear away the shores? 
 In some places great caves have been washed out by the 
 waves. There are very curious things in the bottom of the 
 sea. In the picture you may see a tray of shells gathered 
 from the ocean. The poet Holmes once wrote a beautiful 
 poem on a shell, called "The Chambered Nautilus." Read 
 it. The sea is five miles deep in some places. Sunlight 
 does not go very far down in the sea, so that it is in dark- 
 ness. Near the surface of the sea and on the bottom there 
 are many kinds of fishes and other creatures. 1 There are 
 high mountains of the deep. Take away all the water, and 
 the ocean bed would resemble very much the land surface. 
 There is much of the land surface that was once covered 
 with water. The water in the ocean is different from that 
 in springs, rivers, and lakes. It is not agreeable to the 
 taste, being both salt and bitter. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 If you put water in a basin and set it in the sun, what will happen ? 
 AVhat is vapor ? What is fog ? Have you ever examined a snow- 
 flake ? What is a geyser? What is an ocean ? How much of the 
 earth is covered by water ? Do waves of the ocean wear away the 
 land? Is the sea very deep ? Name some of the creatures that live in 
 sea. How does the water of the ocean taste ? 
 
 Composition Work. Write a composition on water. 
 
 THE STORY OF THE WEATHER. 
 
 Man has conquered almost everything but the weather. 
 Storms, cyclones, and sunshine come and go without his 
 consent. Though he measures the wind, predicts the rain- 
 storm, and knows the change of seasons, yet he cannot 
 order rain or sunshine. But he has tried to conquer the 
 weather. The first real step in this direction was the inven- 
 tion of the barometer 1 several centuries ago. The United 
 States government employs upwards of two hundred people, 
 and spends about one million dollars each year, in making 
 observations of the weather. 
 
 We call the average weather or temperature of a country 
 its climate. The temperature of a place depends mainly on 
 four things: the sea, the mountains, the winds, and the 
 nearness to the equator. The equator is under the path of 
 the sun. The sun is the great heat- giver; so the hottest 
 part of the earth is at or near the equator. 
 
 The air cools as the height above the sea- level increases. 
 Hence the tops of high mountains are frequently covered 
 with snow, even in hot countries. So when it is warm in 
 the valleys, the top of Mount Rainier is covered with snow. 
 
 Winds which blow from the northeast and southeast 
 toward the equator are called trade winds. Over the Indian 
 Ocean the wind blows toward Asia in the summer, and tow- 
 
 1 Every teacher should have a barometer in the schoolroom, and ex- 
 plain its use to the children. This is an important lesson. 
 
 ard Africa or Australia in the winter, and creates monsoons. 
 Beyond the trade winds are variable winds extending nearly 
 to the polar circles. The prevailing winds are from the west, 
 northwest, or southeast. All these winds affect the climate. 
 
 Photograph of the Moon. Taken at the Lick Observatory. 
 
 The waters of the ocean have a general movement on the 
 surface like the winds above them. The Japan current, that 
 
The Story of the Weather. — The Story of the Earth. 
 
 11 
 
 crosses the Pacific Ocean from Japan to the western coast of 
 North America, fills with moisture and warmth the winds 
 of Washington and other Pacific states. The Gulf Stream 
 of the Atlantic does the same for the climate of western 
 Europe. 
 
 The wind blowing over any sheet of water throws the sur- 
 face into waves. Waves depend on the wind; so they are 
 irregular. There is a movement of the water, however, 
 that is very regular. The slow rise and fall of the sea is 
 called the tide. The moon is much nearer the earth than 
 the sun, and has the power to pull the water so as to cause 
 high tide and low tide. At some places the tide rises as 
 high as fifty feet. The winds affect only the surface of the 
 water, but the moon causes the great tidal waves which 
 make the powerful currents rush even to the bottom of the 
 sea. 
 
 If you will take a bucket of water and a bucket of sand, 
 and place them side by side in the sun, on the morning of 
 
 a hot day, at noon the sand will be much hotter than the 
 water. Why? Because the earth takes in heat much faster 
 than water. If you will let both buckets stand until mid- 
 night, the water will be warmer than the sand. Why? 
 Because the sand throws out the heat it has taken in much 
 faster than the water. It cools quicker. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Have you ever seen a barometer ? What is meant by climate ? Where 
 is the equator ? Why are some places warmer than others ? Why is 
 there snow on the tops of high mountains? What is meant by trade 
 winds ? What are monsoons ? Where are variable winds ? Do cur- 
 rents in the ocean affect climate ? Why is the coast air of Washington 
 warm ? Does sand get warm quicker than water if set in the sun ? 
 
 Composition Work. Write a composition about the weather. 
 
 Suggestion to Teacher. Have pupils make a record of the 
 weather each day. Use such terms as Cloudy, Fair, Eain, Stormy, 
 Cold, Clear, Windy, Calm. Have a pupil write his record on the black- 
 board each day. If you have access to reports of the United States 
 Weather Bureau, have them written by a pupil on the blackboard. 
 
 THE STORY OF THE EARTH. 
 
 The earth is round. For a long time people believed the 
 earth was flat. Columbus, who discovered America, taught 
 that it was round like a ball. Magellan started to sail 
 
 Around the World with Admiral Dewey. 
 
 Suggestion to Teacher. — Have pupils trace on the black line of 
 the map the course Admiral Dewey took on his trip around the world, 
 starting from San Francisco. 
 
 around the earth over four centuries ago, and his ship was 
 the first to go around it. The map on this page shows the 
 course Admiral Dewey took when he sailed around the earth. 
 The other reasons why people believe the earth round are : 
 1. Ships sailing from port disappear, first the hull, then 
 the lower part of the masts, and last of all, the top of the 
 masts; 2. The shadow which the earth casts upon the moon 
 in an eclipse is always round; 3. People have traveled 
 around the world in one direction. 
 
 Size of the Earth. In form the earth is a great ball. 
 The distance through it is about 8,000 miles. The distance 
 around it is 25,000 miles. 
 
 Rotation of the Earth. The axis of the earth is an 
 imaginary line through its center, on which it turns, making 
 the revolution once in twenty-four hours. The ends of this 
 
 The Sun's Rays in the Different Zones. 
 
 axis are called the North Pole and the South Pole. North 
 on the earth is towards the North Pole; south is towards 
 the South Pole. Half-way between north and south, on the 
 side where the sun rises, is east, and similarly on the side 
 where the sun sets is west. North, south, east, and west 
 are called the points of the compass. A direction half-way 
 between north and east is northeast; between north and 
 west, northwest; between south and east, southeast, etc. 
 
18 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Day and Night. A day means twenty-four hours. It 
 also means the length of time that any place on the earth is 
 
 Diagram showing the Comparative Length of Day and Night in the 
 Annual Movement of the Earth around the Sun. 
 
 in the sunlight. As the earth turns on its axis, one part of its 
 surface is in the light, and the other part is in the shadow; 
 hence we have night and day. If you use a globe, you can 
 see a representation of the poles and of the equator, and 
 many other interesting things. 
 
 The Earth and the Sun. We get most of our heat 
 
 from the sun. The earth moves around the sun every 365 
 days. The sun is a great globe, more than a million times 
 larger than the earth. The turning of the earth on its axis 
 brings that part of the earth on which we live into the sun- 
 
 6sr days 
 
 The Earth and other Planets moving in their Paths around the Sun. 
 
 light and darkness alternately. Thus we have light and dark- 
 ness, or day and night. We say the sun rises in the east and 
 sets in the west, but we must remember that it only seems 
 so, for the sun is fixed, and the earth turns from west to 
 east. 
 
 The Hemispheres. As the earth is a great ball, a 
 globe, an apple, an orange, or a croquet-ball will best rep- 
 resent it. A globe cannot be made to represent the earth 
 accurately, for the earth is not an exact sphere, being flat- 
 tened a little at the poles. One half of the globe is called a 
 hemisphere, or half a sphere. Here are two pictures of 
 hemispheres; they are called the Western Hemisphere and 
 the Eastern Hemisphere. 
 
 Parallels and Meridians. All maps, globes, and 
 
 drawings have lines to aid us in describing and locating 
 places, distances, etc. The circle passing through the earth 
 
 Diagram showing Axis, Meridians, Parallels, Etc. 
 
 midway between the poles is called the equator. The smaller 
 circles parallel to the equator are called parallels. The 
 half -circles which extend from the poles are called merid- 
 ians. This word is from the Latin, and means mid-day. 
 All places on a meridian have noon at the same time. The 
 circumference of every circle has three hundred and sixty 
 equal parts, which are called degrees. Thus the circle round 
 the earth has three hundred and sixty parts or degrees. 
 
 Latitude and Longitude. Latitude is the distance 
 north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. Thus 
 we have north and south latitudes. Longitude is the dis- 
 tance, in degrees, between the meridians of any two places. 
 Greenwich, near London, England, is where the prime 
 ("prime" means first) meridian is located. The Royal 
 Observatory is located there. In the United States, the 
 meridian of Washington, which is seventy degrees west of 
 Greenwich, is sometimes used. 
 
 Zones. The parallels that are twenty-three and a half 
 degrees from the equator are called the tropics. The Tropic 
 of Cancer is north of the equator, and the Tropic of Capricorn 
 is south of the equator. The Arctic circle is twenty-three 
 and a half degrees from the North Pole. The Antarctic 
 circle is twenty-three and a half degrees from the South 
 Pole. The Torrid Zone is a belt of the earth between the 
 two tropics. Torrid means hot, and in this zone is the 
 hottest part of the earth. Frigid means cold; so the zones 
 that are near the poles are called the North Frigid Zone 
 and the South Frigid Zone. Temperate is a word that 
 means ' ' neither hot nor cold " ; so the zones that are be- 
 tween the Frigid and the Torrid zones are called the North 
 Temperate and the South Temperate zones. It will aid you 
 
The Story of the Earth. 
 
 19 
 
 to remember all this, if you will draw a globe and locate 
 these poles, the equator, the parallels, the meridians, the 
 tropics the polar circles, the zones. 
 
 The Arctic Region, showing Unexplored Territory. 
 
 The Antarctic Region, showing Unexplored Territory. 
 
 The Divisions of the Globe. The earth is divided 
 into two hemispheres: the Eastern, known as the Old 
 World, because civilized people have lived on it for thou- 
 
 sands of years. The Western Hemisphere is known as the 
 New World, because it was not discovered until 1492. 
 
 The earth is divided again into six continents. The 
 Eastern Hemisphere has within its borders Europe, Asia, 
 
 Map showing the Earth in its relation to the North Pole, 
 shows the main water-shed. 
 
 The dark line 
 
 WESTERN HEMISPHERES 
 
 EASTERN I 
 
 »Outm FPU 
 
 Map of the Two Hemispheres, showing the Zones. 
 
 and Africa. The new geographies usually call Europe and 
 Asia by the term ' ' Eurasia, ' ' because they form a con- 
 tinuous body of land. The Western Hemisphere includes 
 North and South America. The sixth continent is the New 
 Pacific, called Oceania, or Polynesia. It includes Australia, 
 the Philippines, and the islands of the Pacific. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is the shape of the earth? How do we know it is round? 
 Who sailed around it recently ? What is the size of the earth ? What 
 is the axis of the earth? Where is the North Pole? the South Pole? 
 Show on a globe, ball, or map where the equator, the poles, the 
 meridian lines, the zones, and the parallels are. Show the directions 
 east, west, south, and north on the map. Show east, north, west, and 
 south from the teacher's desk. Why is the earth in darkness part of 
 the time ? Why is it daylight ? Describe the sun . Does the sun rise 
 in the east? What is a hemisphere? How many hemispheres are 
 there? Name them. What is meant by a meridian? 
 How many parts are there in a circle ? What is longi- 
 tude ? What is latitude ? Show longitude and latitude 
 on a map. Locate Greenwich on a map. Describe the 
 Torrid Zone. What does ' ' torrid ' ' mean ? What does 
 "frigid" mean? What does "temperate" mean? 
 How is the globe divided? On which hemisphere do 
 we live? What is meant by the Old World ? What 
 is meant by the New. World? Name the six continents. 
 Composition Work. Write a composition about 
 the map of the earth. 
 
 Suggestions to Teachers, it is absolutely essen- 
 tial that you use a globe. 'Even if you cannot get a 
 good globe for the schoolhouse, buy a twenty-five cent 
 one. If you cannot get even a cheap one, then draw 
 one on the blackboard, and have each of the pupils man- 
 ufacture a globe from clay, papier-mach6, a croquet - 
 ball, orange, or some other substance. It is no use to 
 proceed with the study of geography unless the child 
 has a fair understandiug of these elementary principles. 
 
22 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 THE STORY OF LIFE. 
 
 Life is found in all parts of the world. There is, however, 
 more life where there is good soil, and where the climate is 
 pleasant. 
 
 Plants grow abundantly in good soil, and where there is 
 plenty of moisture. The regions of the earth near the poles 
 are too cold for much vegetation. In places where there is 
 little heat, there is a dreary field of ice and snow. In places 
 where there is but little rain, there is a dreary field of brown 
 earth,— a desert. 
 
 Forests. Much of the land surface of the earth is cov- 
 ered with forests. The vegetation of the forest is very 
 dense. Along the great rivers of the earth in the tropical 
 regions there are great forests with immense trees. In the 
 very warm and rainy countries, vegetation is always green. 
 The thick undergrowth makes it almost impossible to travel; 
 There are many trees here that do not grow where the cli- 
 mate is cold, — the bamboo, mangrove, mahogany, and rose- 
 wood. The pine, hemlock, and spruce grow in many places 
 in our country, in the temperate zone. These trees bear 
 cones, and have small, narrow leaves, which remain on the 
 trees during the winter. The oak, ash, chestnut, walnut, 
 maple, poplar, beech, and elm are among the most familiar 
 
 trees of the temperate zone. They are deciduous trees, — 
 that is, their leaves fall in autumn and come again in the 
 spring. If you will examine the charts of vegetation, you 
 will learn about the distribution of plants in all parts of 
 the globe 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Where is the most life found? Why does not vegetation grow near 
 the poles ? What is a desert ? What is a forest ? Where do the great 
 forests growf Name some of the trees that grow where the climate is 
 warm. Name trees of the temperate climate. 
 
 Suggestions to Teacher. Ask questions in reference to location 
 of plants on vegetation charts. Have children make a chart of the 
 plants, trees, etc., that grow in their locality. 
 
 Prairies. The great plains of the United States, called 
 prairies, the plains of northwestern Europe, called steppes, 
 the plains of South America, called pampas, are rich in 
 grass lands. They are too dry for large trees, but shrubs 
 grow instead. 
 
 Story of the Animals. Animals are found in all 
 parts of the globe. In the United States, wild animals are no 
 longer as numerous as formerly. Wherever there are many 
 people, the wild animals disappear. The horse, cow, dog, 
 pig, sheep, and other domestic animals grow more plentiful. 
 
The Story of Life. 
 
 23 
 
 In the torrid zone there are many large and fierce animals, 
 among them being the lion, leopard, tiger, elephant, rhino- 
 ceros, and hyena. Huge serpents, crocodiles, and alligators 
 are also found. There are also monkeys, birds of beau- 
 tiful plumage, and large insects. 
 
 In the temperate zones there are wolves and bears. There 
 are at least seven kinds of bears. The birds, squirrels, 
 and reptiles are smaller than those of the torrid zone. 
 
 In the frigid zones the animals have warm furs. The 
 otter, beaver, seal, and walrus are well known. There are 
 few domestic animals, the principal one being the reindeer. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Name some of the wild animals of the torrid zone. What is said of 
 the birds? Name some animals of the temperate zone. How many 
 kinds of bears are there ? What kind of animals are there in the frigid 
 zone? Name them. Name the principal domestic animal. 
 
 Suggestion to Teacher. Have the children give you stories about 
 animals they know, oral and written. 
 
 Story of the People. You have no doubt seen people 
 
 of each race of man- 
 
 kind. The negro is 
 a black man; the 
 Indian, a red man; 
 the Chinese, a yellow 
 man; the Malay, a 
 brown man; and the 
 Caucasian, a white 
 man. 
 
 These races at one 
 time belonged almost 
 exclusively to certain 
 parts of the world. 
 But railroads and 
 
 The Indian or Red Race 
 
 steamships have distributed the races to all 
 
 parts of the earth. 
 In every city of any 
 size, you may see 
 the five different 
 races. The princi- 
 pal home of the 
 black race is in 
 Africa. Their skin 
 is black, lips thick, 
 and hair black and 
 woolly. 
 
 In eastern Asia 
 and Japan the peo- 
 ple of the Mongo- 
 lian or yellow race 
 live. .They have a 
 yellow skin and 
 narrow, almond- 
 shaped eyes. The 
 brown race are 
 known as Malays. 
 The Malay or Brown Race. They live in parts 
 
 William T. Harris, United States 
 Commissioner of Education. 
 
 The Lion. 
 
 of Asia, Madagascar, the East Indies, and in the islands of 
 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 The Indian or red race includes the Eskimos and American 
 - ,- — . Indians. It is a race 
 that is gradually dy- 
 ing out. The skin is 
 reddish-brown, and 
 the hair coarse and 
 straight. 
 
 The Caucasian or 
 white race is the most 
 powerful of all the 
 races. About half 
 the people in the 
 world belong to this 
 race. Europe, south- 
 western Asia, north- The Chinese or Yellow Race. 
 
 ern and southern Africa, North America, 
 South America, Australia, and many other parts of the 
 globe are now inhabited by the white race. The white 
 race is also gradually occupying more territory, and the 
 other races less. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 How many races. are there ? Name them. Describe the black race. 
 The yellow race. The red race. The white race. 
 
 The brown race. 
 
 THE STORY OF PROGRESS. 
 
 The people who live by hunting, fishing, and gathering 
 fruits and other edibles that grow without cultivation, are 
 called savages. They have no fixed home, and live in caves, 
 sheltered nooks, or rude huts. 
 
 The people who use animals for 
 domestic purposes, till the soil, live 
 according to the rule of the tribe, 
 and wander from place to place, are 
 called barbarians. 
 
 The people who have schools, 
 pleasant homes, arts, sciences, 
 manufactures, and comforts of life 
 are said to be civilized. The Negro or Black Race. 
 
24 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 THE STORY OF OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 Civilized people 
 
 Pacific Coast Condor. 
 
 have 
 many occupations: — 
 
 1. Farming. 
 
 2. Raising horses, cat- 
 tle, and sheep. 
 
 3. Mining. 
 
 4. Hunting and fishing. 
 
 5. Lumbering. 
 
 6. Manufacturing, such 
 as making cloth, flour, su- 
 gar, shingles, books, hard- 
 ware, drugs, etc. 
 
 7. Transportation, such 
 as railroading, steamship 
 lines, and staging. 
 
 8. Commerce. 
 
 9. Professional life; 
 such as lawyers, doctors, 
 ministers, school teachers. 
 
 THE STORY OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Until all men live as brothers, and follow the Golden 
 Rule, laws to punish the wrong-doer and to protect the 
 weak must exist. Rules are necessary in a large school ; so 
 laws are necessary in a community. A law is simply a rule 
 which everybody must observe. If you break the law, pun- 
 ishment follows. Laws are not necessary with savage peo- 
 ple, the chief being the law, but civilized communities have 
 many laws, and officers to enforce them. A nation that 
 elects its officers, law-makers, and president, is a republic. 
 The United States, France, and many of the countries of 
 South America are republics. A monarchy is a government 
 under the control of a supreme ruler. The monarch who 
 has no laws to limit his authority is an absolute monarch. 
 
 4 I ,. J- 
 
 "•""j 
 
 BS 5! !L m ' / ; ~* 
 
 
 |rJ^. j?7 
 
 \^1 
 
 
 15 Wd&Kk 
 
 Interior View of Paper-mill, Everett, Washington. 
 
 Where the ruler's power is limited by law, then there ex- 
 ists a limited monarchy. Many of the countries of Europe 
 are limited monarchies. 
 
 THE STORY OF RELIGION. 
 
 The Christian religion prevails in the leading nations of 
 the world, Europe, America, and parts of Asia, Africa, 
 
 and South America, and the islands of the sea. The Cath- 
 olic, Protestant, and the Greek Orthodox churches are the 
 principal branches. The Christian religion has furnished 
 to the world many of its finest buildings, and high exam- 
 ples of ideal manhood and womanhood. About one fourth 
 of the human race professes Christianity. 
 
 The Twin Palms. 
 
 Buddhism teaches charity and kindness, and was founded 
 before Christ, by Buddha. About one third of the human 
 race professes this religion. 
 
 Brahmanism is preferred by the people of Southern Asia. 
 It is a religion of castes. 
 
 Mohammedanism was founded by Mohammed, and their 
 Scriptures are called the Koran. Northern Africa and south- 
 ern Asia is the seat of this belief. 
 
 The Jews believe in one God, and the Old Testament is 
 a record of their ancient religion and political history. 
 The religion was proclaimed by Abraham over 4,000 years 
 ago. The Jews are found in every civilized country. 
 
 The pagans belong to the most ignorant tribes. They 
 worship idols of wood and stone. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Define what is meant by savages. Who are the barbarians? What 
 is meant by civilized people? Name some of the occupations of the 
 people? What is meant by commerce? What is meant by professional 
 life? What is meant by manufactures? What is meant by govern- 
 ment? What is a republic? What is an absolute monarchy? Describe 
 a limited monarchy. Describe the Christian religion. Define Moham- 
 medanism. Define paganism. Tell what you can about the Jewish 
 religion. 
 
LOCAL AND STRUCTURAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 MAP-SKETCHING 
 
 Direction. Have the pupil stand at the teacher's desk and point 
 out north, south, east, and west in the schoolroom. Have them locate 
 the same points from the school -yard and from their homes. Develop 
 distance and area from the schoolroom and the school-yard. Drill the 
 children until there is no uncertainty about the length of a mile; also, 
 develop the correct idea of a square mile. 
 
 Field Work. This should begin with the study of a handful of 
 soil, the observation of a brook, a river, a mountain, a valley, a hill, 
 a lake, and all the various forms of a land surface in your school dis- 
 trict. A lesson not found in books is often worth more than a whole 
 chapter of the text-book. 
 
 Relief Maps. The natural inclination of the child is to play in 
 the soil around home. This play at school should have intelligent 
 direction. Supervise the building, in the sand or clay of the school- 
 ground, of the different forms of the earth's surface. A relief map of 
 the school-grounds, showing a river, a lake, a mountain, or an island, 
 will cause a child to do some intelligent thinking when it comes to 
 studying the geography of the world. If you are fortunate, and have 
 at or near your schoolhouse the form of the earth's surface, then field 
 work will be more effective than the relief maps. 
 
 Outline for the Study Of a County. 1. Boundary; 2. Moun- 
 tains; 3. Elvers; 4. Lakes; 5. People; 6. Cities and towns; 7. Ani- 
 mals; 8. Plants; 9. Soils; 10. The weather; 11. Products; 12. In- 
 dustries; 13. Commerce; 14. Government of the school district, the 
 township, and the county. 
 
 The primary object of map-sketching is to gain a general 
 knowledge of the map itself, its general proportions, its 
 highlands and lowlands, its slopes and rivers. The placing 
 of cities, products, railroads, mountains, etc., will naturally 
 follow this knowledge. Exactness has no place in map- 
 sketching. Great accuracy and close attention to details 
 are fatal to the general grasp of the map as a whole. These 
 must be sacrificed to the greater truth of general propor- 
 tion. In fact, everything that tends to draw the mind from 
 the map as a whole must be eliminated. 
 
 The one warning in map- sketching is, that we must not be 
 drawn away horn the central idea — the map itself — by de- 
 tails. We must not let the indentations of bays draw our 
 mind from the general trend of the coast ; we must not let lit- 
 tle irregularities of the shore line make us lose sight of the 
 general shape of the bay; we must not let the little crooks 
 in the river draw our attention from the general direction 
 
 MA? 
 
 of the stream; we must not see the high mountains, and 
 not the great trend of the slopes. We must see the whole 
 before the part; we must work from the large to the small; 
 from the mass to the detail. 
 
 For example, the state of Washington in general shape 
 is that of a rectangle, a little more than one and a half times 
 longer than wide . ( Map 1 . ) This is the most important point 
 of all, because it relates to the state as a whole. The next in 
 importance is the relative proportion of that part occupied 
 by Puget Sound and its connecting waters. Choose the 
 poiut A about one quarter of the side, and cut out a rec- 
 tangle of about the same proportion as the whole state. 
 
 25 
 
 The lower point of the sound marked B is a little over 
 half-way. 
 
 Locate the points C, D, E, F, G, and H. 
 
 Map 2 should be memorized the same as a piece of prose 
 or poetry, and the process of memorizing is the same; viz., 
 repetition. To memorize Map 2, draw it once, twice, or 
 
26 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 even three times, until the general proportions and leading 
 points are learned. An average class can do this rapidly 
 under the direction of one who has already mastered it. 
 
 Map 2 is the map to use for study, but if a more elab- 
 orate one is desired, Map 3 may be used. Map 3 will 
 naturally follow Map 2. After the main proportions are 
 established, the details very easily drop into place. 
 
 A sketch map is useless unless it is used. It should be 
 used freely until the study of the country that is represented 
 by it is well learned. Do not use an elaborate system to 
 represent the mountain ranges. Simply use the side of the 
 crayon if on the blackboard, or simply blacken with the end 
 of a blunt pencil if on paper, as in Map 5. 
 
 It is not necessary to print names on maps. It is better 
 to indicate by an arbitrary sign whatever is being studied. 
 
 Keep the map simple. Do not try to indicate more than 
 one great truth at a time. Confusion will follow if care is 
 not taken to follow this 'suggestion. 
 
 Mw S 
 
 The following problems will explain how the map can be 
 
 used in the daily exercise of the class. Either Maps 2 or 3 
 
 may be used. 
 
 MAP PROBLEMS. 
 
 1. Draw Map 2, and indicate the rivers. (See Map 3.) 2. Draw 
 Map 2, and indicate the highlands and lowlands. (See Map 4.) 3. 
 Draw Map 3, and indicate the principal mountain peaks and ranges. 
 (See Map 5.) 4. Draw Map 3, and indicate the principal lakes. 5. 
 Draw Map 3, and indicate the principal cities and railroads. 6. Draw 
 Map 3, and indicate by dots the density of the population. 7. Draw 
 Map 2, and indicate the annual rainfall by dark and light shading. The 
 heavier the shade, the heavier the rainfall. 8. Draw Map 2, and indi- 
 cate by shading with a red pencil whei-e wheat is raised. Oats. Corn. 
 Fruit. 9. Draw Map 2, and indicate by shading where the forests are 
 found. 10. Draw Map 2, and indicate by shading where cattle art- 
 raised. Sheep. 11. Draw Map 2, and indicate with a blue pencil the 
 fisheries. 12. Draw Map 2, and indicate by black shading where coal 
 is found. 13. Draw Map 2, and indicate by a cross where gold and 
 silver are found. Iron. Copper. 
 
 Suggestion to Teacher. The pupils must know, and know well, 
 home geography before taking up Washington and the continents. 
 
 Rear View of the Agricultural College and School of Sciences, Pullman, Washington. 
 
TOPICAL OUTLINE OF ELEMENTARY LESSONS, FOR TEACHERS' USE. 
 
 Direction 
 
 j 1. Northeast. 
 1 2. Northwest. 
 
 Southeast. 
 
 Southwest. 
 
 3. East. 
 
 4. West. 
 
 2. South 
 
 (3. Sc 
 14. S( 
 
 Guides to Direction j 9' n 
 
 Compass. 
 
 Surface Forms 
 
 1. Slope. 
 
 2. Hill. 
 
 3. Mountain. 
 
 4. Mountain Range. 
 
 5. Mountain System. 
 1. Land 6. Valley, — Basin. 
 
 7. Plain, — Plateau. 
 
 8. Island. 
 
 9. Peninsula. 
 
 10. Cape. 
 
 11. Isthmus. 
 
 1. Lake. 
 
 2. River. . 
 
 [2. Water f" g^er System. 
 
 4. Gulf. 
 
 5. Strait. 
 
 6. Ocean. 
 
 Soil 
 
 1. How Made 
 
 1. Decayed Vegetation. 
 
 2. Sun and Rain. 
 
 3. Floods. 
 
 . 4. Glacial Soil. 
 
 2. Kinds of {* 
 
 3. The Uses of j 2' 
 
 Rich or Fertile. 
 2. Poor or Sterile. 
 
 Plant Food. 
 Reservoir for Moisture. 
 
 Climate 
 
 U: 
 
 Heat. 
 
 Moisture. 
 
 1. Shape, — proof 
 
 2. Size 
 1. Daily 
 
 The Earth 
 as a Whole 
 
 1. Circumference. 
 
 2. Diameter. 
 
 3. Motions 
 
 Dav. 
 Night. 
 
 2 . Yearly , — how, — Seasons . 
 
 y,— how j 2 ' 
 
 4. Hemispheres \ 2 ' 
 
 Eastern. 
 Western . 
 
 (1. Parallels and Meridians. 
 I 5. Globe a 2. Latitude and Longitude. 
 (.3. Zones. 
 
 Life 
 
 1. Animals. 
 
 2. People. 
 
 3. Progress. 
 
 4. Occupation. 
 
 5. Government. 
 
 6. Religion. 
 
 1. Actual 
 
 Study of Distances 
 
 Map Reading for 
 
 h. 
 
 f 1. Measuring. 
 
 12. 
 
 Judging. 
 
 Arbitrary, Scale, — Computing. 
 
 1. Direction. 
 
 2. Distance. 
 
 TOPICAL OUTLINE FOR THE STUDY OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 Home Geography 
 
 9. 
 
 Map of Schoolroom. 
 
 Map of School Yard. 
 
 Distances to Local Towns. 
 
 Soil, Slope, Mountain, Valley, 
 
 River, Lake, etc. 
 Boundary of School District. 
 Boundary of County. 
 People, Cities, and Towns. 
 Animals, Plants, Soils, Products, 
 Industries, Commerce, Weather, 
 Government. 
 Map-sketching. 
 
 1. History. 
 
 2. Boundaries. 
 
 3. Area. 
 
 4. Mountains. 
 
 5. Forests. 
 
 6. Lakes. 
 
 7. Rivers. 
 
 8. Climate. 
 The State i 9. Soil. 
 
 10. Products. 
 
 11. Industries. 
 
 12. Commerce. 
 
 13. Education. 
 
 14. Counties. 
 
 15. Cities. 
 
 16. Animal and Plant Life. 
 
 17. People. 
 
 27 
 

 

 THE STORY OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 
 Seattle. 
 
 Washington is known as " the Evergreen State." It was 
 admitted into the Union on November 11, 1889. The western 
 boundary is the Paeiflc Ocean j the northern, British Colum- 
 bia; the southern, Oregon; the eastern, Idaho. The longest 
 distance, from east to west, is about 350 miles. The greatest 
 distance, from north to south, is about 200 miles. Its area 
 
 is 69,994 square miles. It contains 44,796,160 acres of land. 
 > f l%~o 
 
 /v~CL HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 fcu.S S » About a hundred years after Columbus discovered America, Juan 
 
 de Fuca sailed to the coast of Washington, and discovered the strait 
 
 which now bears his name. In 1787, Captain Robert Gray, of Boston, 
 
 sailed along the west coast and discovered the Columbia River, Grays 
 
 Harbor, Willapa Harbor, and gave the United States a claim to all the 
 
 northwest territory by right of discovery. In 1792, Captain Vancouver, 
 
 the English navigator, sailed through the Strait of San Juan de Fuca, 
 
 and named Puget Sound, Admiralty Inlet, Hoods Canal, and other 
 
 places. In 1805-06, the two 
 
 great students of geography — 
 
 they studied from nature, not 
 
 from books — Lewis and Clarke 
 
 crossed the Rocky Mountains 
 
 and descended the Clearwater, 
 
 Snake, and Columbia rivers to 
 
 the Pacific. They were sent 
 
 to explore the country by 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, then Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 Then came some settlers, both 
 
 English and American. The 
 
 first permanent white settle- 
 ment was made at Tumwater, 
 
 near Olympia. Both Great 
 
 Britain and the United States 
 
 claimed the territory. Dr. 
 
 Marcus Whitman, the noted 
 
 missionary, made a famous 
 
 midwinter ride from near where 
 
 Walla Walla is now located, to 
 
 the national capital at Washington, to save the country to the Ameri- 
 cans. In 1846 the boundary lines were established, and in 1853 the 
 territory of Washington was formed. In 1889 a new star was added to 
 the flag to represent the state of Washington. 
 
 Mountains. The Cascade Mountains cross the state 
 north and south, a little west of the center. This range 
 is of volcanic formation, and has a great influence on the 
 soil, climate, and life of the state. There are several noted 
 peaks in this range. Mount Rainier, 1 also called Mount Ta- 
 coma, according to recent measurements, is 14,526 feet high; 
 Mount Adams, 12,470 feet; Mount Baker, 10,827 feet; and 
 Mount St. Helens, 10,000 feet. The Cascade Range forms 
 the great water-shed of the state. On the eastern side the 
 rivers have their source in its snowy summits, and flow into 
 the Columbia; and on the western side, the Puyallup, Nis- 
 qually, Chehalis, Cowlitz, Green, and Natchez have their 
 
 headwaters in the snow- 
 fields of Mount Rainier. 
 Near the Pacific Ocean is 
 the Olympic Range. The 
 average altitude is about 
 8,000 feet. These moun- 
 tains are heavily timbered. 
 All the mountain peaks of 
 Washington are noted for 
 their beautv. In 1897 the 
 
 Administration Building, University of Washington. 
 
 29 
 
 1 Department of the In- 
 terior, United States Geo- 
 logical Survey, Washington, 
 D.C., February 20, 1900.— The 
 name "Rainier" has been 
 adopted by the United States 
 Board on Geographic Names for 
 the volcanic peak in Washing- 
 ton, in preference to Tacoma. 
 and is therefore used by all 
 the government departments. 
 Henry Gannett, Chairman. 
 
30 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Views of Mountain Peaks in Washington. 
 
 1. Mount Rainier, from Tacoma. 2. Top of Mount St. Helens, showing mouth of Columbia River, and clouds hanging over the ocean. 
 
 3. Tatoosh Range, from below Camp Muir, on Mount Rainier, showing Mount St. Helens in the distance. 4. Mount Adams, as seen from near Portland. 
 
 United States government established the Olympic forest 
 reserve, of 2,188,800 acres; the Washington forest reserve, 
 of 3, 504, 240 acres; the Mount Rainier forest reserve (includ- 
 ing the Pacific reserve, created 1893), of 2,234,880 acres. 1 
 
 1 The oldest roeks of the state, the age of which is yet to be deter- 
 mined, consist of granites, gneisses, schists, marbles, and other meta- 
 morphic rocks, forming the axis or backbone of the Cascade Range, 
 and broadening sufficiently in the northern part of the state to extend 
 practically from Mount Baker to the Idaho line. It is probable that 
 the same series of rocks are to be found in the heart of the Olympics, 
 but this matter must be authenticated. Upon the flanks of the rocks 
 just mentioned, or in other words, forming the foothills of the Cas- 
 cades and the Olympics, are great layers of sandstone, conglomerates, 
 and shales, containing in their upper portions valuable seams of coal. 
 These rocks belong to the Cretaceous age, and are, all told, many thou- 
 sands of feet in thickness. Lying stratigraphically above the last- 
 mentioned rocks, and extending outwards to the borders of the state, 
 are the rocks which were the last to be made, — The Tertiary. These 
 rocks show considerable diversity when followed from one portion of 
 the Btate to another. About Puget Sound, and along the Pacific border, 
 they are practically all sedimentary in origin, consisting of sandstones, 
 conglomerates, and shales, and, like the Cretaceous, carrying valuable 
 seams of coal. The Tertiary rocks of the southeastern part of Wash- 
 ington, however, are of igneous origin, and form the great lava plain 
 of that portion of the state. This lava plain has an average thickness 
 of two thotisand feet, and is made up of layer upon layer of black ba- 
 saltic lava. 
 
 The last event of prominence in the geological history of Washing- 
 ton was the formation of a giant glacier upon the summit of the Cas- 
 cades. This, uniting with a similar glacier from the highlands of British 
 Columbia, overspread a large portion of Washington. This glacier de- 
 posited about Puget Sound and elsewhere immense quantities of gravels, 
 sands, and clays. — Professor Henry Landes, University of Washington. 
 
 Lakes. Lake Chelan is a large body of fresh water. 
 It covers an area of sixty-five square miles. It is a pictu- 
 resque lake, and is located north of the center of the state. 
 Lake Washington, near Seattle, Lake Cushman, in the Olym- 
 pic Mountains, Medicine Lake, near Spokane, and American 
 Lake, near Tacoma, are some of the most noted lakes. 
 
 The River Systems. There are many rivers in Wash- 
 ington. The most noted is the Columbia, which enters the 
 state not far from its eastern border, flows to the north, 
 then west and south through a chain of lakes, receiving 
 the Okanogan and other rivers. Below the town of Pasco it 
 receives the Snake River. It then turns west and forms the 
 southern boundary of the state to the Pacific Ocean. Both 
 the Snake and the Columbia are navigable for river steamers. 
 The Snohomish River, in western Washington, is navigable 
 for a number of miles from its mouth. The Chehalis is 
 navigable for twenty miles up from Grays Harbor. The 
 Spokane River is noted for its beautiful falls. 
 
 Puget Sound. This is the most remarkable body of 
 water on the west coast of America. It has a shore line of 
 1,992 miles. The main body of water is 117 miles long by 
 8 miles broad. It exerts a powerful influence on the rain- 
 fall and climate of the state, and forms an inland sea of 
 great commercial capacity. 
 
The Story of Washington. 
 
 ■ 
 
 31 
 
 Illustrations of Industries of Eastern and Western Washington. 
 
 THE CLIMATE OF WASHINGTON. » 
 
 General Conditions. It is said that " for equability 
 and mildness of climate, absence of either very liot or very 
 cold waves, and freedom from destructive tornados or cyclones, 
 Washington stands foremost among the favored states of the 
 American Union." This equability of climate is due, first, 
 to the influence of the ocean; second, to the direction of 
 the prevailing winds; and third, to the relative position of 
 the mountain ranges. 
 
 The Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound are great equalizers 
 of temperature. Their tendency is to retard the upward or 
 downward movement of the mercury in the thermometer. 
 
 For this reason water is sometimes placed near plants, on eold 
 nights, to prevent their being injured by frost. Irrigating-ditehes are 
 often left open for the same purpose. The water imparts or gives 
 to the surrounding air a part of its heat, which prevents it from be- 
 coming as cold as it otherwise would. In warm weather, lawns, walks, 
 and streets are often sprinkled, not only to prevent dust, but also to 
 keep the air from becoming very warm. The reason why the water 
 keeps the air cool, or prevents it from becoming very warm, is, that the 
 heat from the sun is occupied in evaporating the water, — that is, in 
 drying the walks, streets, etc., — and does not affect the air while 
 doing so. It cannot do two things at the same time. 
 
 The larger the ocean or body of water that borders or 
 enters a state, the less likely the climate is to change. The 
 influence of northern latitude upon the climate of Washing- 
 ton is neutralized by the effect of the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Over such a large area of water surface the climatic conditions are 
 nearly constant. The air and water move with a regularity that over- 
 comes all local or temporary variations. Especially is this true along 
 the course of the Japan current. The climate of Washington, in this 
 particular, only illustrates the general statement that all states or coun- 
 tries that border upon large bodies of water have a more equable climate 
 than those that are farther inland. 
 
 The second reason why Washington has such a mild cli- 
 mate is due to the direction of the prevailing winds. They 
 are from the ocean. 
 
 From about the middle of September to the middle of June, they 
 are from the southwest. During the remainder of the year, they are 
 from the northwest. Here, again, Washington is favored. Winds from 
 the south or southwest are comparatively warm. They blow during the 
 winter season. The northwest winds are cool. They blow along the 
 coast during the summer. This illustrates another law : all winds from 
 the southern points of the compass are comparatively warm winds, while 
 those from the northern points are cold. 
 
 The third fact that has to be considered is the relative 
 direction of the mountain ranges to the course of the pre- 
 vailing winds. The Cascade Range extends through the 
 state from north to south. It divides it into two sections, 
 which differ greatly in climatic conditions. This central 
 range is paralleled by two others, one upon the eastern and 
 the other upon the western border. Between these ranges 
 there are two great basins, or valleys. In those great val- 
 leys the air settles, and is protected by the bordering moun- 
 tains from outside disturbing influences. 
 
32 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 These three conditions partly explain why the climate of 
 Washington is so equable; why it is so free from violent 
 storms, or great extremes of heat or cold. Nature has de- 
 signed it so. It cannot well be otherwise. 
 
 Having stated in a general way the climatic conditions of the state 
 at large, especially in reference to its position, topography, and sur- 
 roundings, it remains now to note in detail the climate of each section, 
 both east and west of the dividing mountains. In this will be consid- 
 ered separately the three primary factors in climate; viz., the tempera- 
 lure, the humidity, and the movements of the atmosphere. 
 
 I. THE CLIMATE OF EASTERN WASHINGTON. 
 
 The Columbia River basin slopes toward the south. The 
 surface is undulating and somewhat sandy. The moun- 
 tains upon the north, as well as those upon the east and 
 west, protect it from outside influences. It is certainly well 
 arranged and suitably inclined to receive the heat of the 
 sun and to have a moderately equable climate. 
 
 1. Temperature. By the term "temperature" is 
 meant the comparative amount of heat contained in the air. 
 It varies with the seasons, and also with the time of day. 
 The height of the land and the direction of the slope influ- 
 ence it somewhat. These facts will be applied as the con- 
 ditions suggest. The mean annual temperature of eastern 
 Washington is 48.25 degrees. 
 
 This is an average of the annual temperature of fourteen stations 
 well distributed throughout the basin. Kennewiek, which is situated 
 near the confluence of the Yakima and Columbia rivers, has a mean 
 annual temperature of 54.7 degrees, — the highest in the state. At 
 Hunters, an elevated station in Stevens County, it is 41.2 degrees, — 
 the lowest mean, not only in eastern Washington, but in the entire 
 state. 
 
 It is interesting as well as instructive to know that it is this sea- 
 sonal range of temperature that measures the life as well as the products 
 of a country. 
 
 2. Winds. The movements of the atmosphere are called 
 winds. They are caused by the difference in the tempera- 
 tures of two places. The movement is always away from 
 the colder and toward the warmer place. 
 
 Sometimes the air is forced to move otherwise, but it is not natural, 
 any more than it would be for water to flow upwards. 
 
 Applying this general statement to the temperature con- 
 ditions in eastern Washington, it should be expected that 
 the general direction of the winds would be from the north 
 toward the south. This is true, especially during the sum- 
 mer months. The winds are from the summits of the east- 
 ern and western mountain ranges, as well as from the north. 
 During the winter, they are from the south and southwest. 
 They are forced up the valley of the Columbia from the 
 ocean . 
 
 The winds from the north or northeast are called the Walla Walla 
 winds. They are cold, dry winds. The winds from the south or south- 
 west are known as the Chinook winds. These are warm, moist winds 
 from the ocean. Sometimes these two winds meet; then there are 
 variable winds, usually, however, of short duration. The velocity of 
 winds depends on the difference in temperature between two places. 
 That difference or range is not great; therefore the winds are not vio- 
 lent nor destructive. 
 
 3. Rainfall. The annual rainfall in eastern Washing- 
 ton is 14. G6 inches. This is the average of sixteen stations 
 well distributed throughout the basin. This is much less 
 than one half of the average annual rainfall of the state. 
 
 This fact is due to the peculiar physical features of Eastern Wash- 
 ington, as well as to the prevailing direction of the winds. There 
 seems to be a gradual increase in the rainfall with the increase of lati- 
 tude and altitude. That is to say, the dryest section of the basin is in 
 the lowest and most southern half. From this district, which is made 
 up mostly of Yakima County, with the adjacent parts of the counties 
 adjoining, the rainfall increases with the slope on either side, likewise 
 toward the north. 
 
 The rainfall is much greater along the eastern than the western 
 slope. To illustrate, Walla Walla is about the same distance east as 
 Sunnyside is west of Kennewiek, the station of least rainfall, but the 
 rainfall at Walla Walla is 17.43 inches, or more than twice that at 
 Sunnyside. The same fact may be further illustrated by comparing 
 Fort Simcoe with Pomeroy, or Colfax and Pullman with Ellensburg. 
 The explanation of these facts is found in the general law that the rela- 
 tive amount of moisture in the air increases as the temperature decreases, 
 and the temperature decreases as latitude and altitude increase. 
 
 The reason why there is more rainfall east than west of the Colum- 
 bia River is due to the fact that the prevailing winds are from Iho 
 southwest. They come from the ocean heavily laden with moisture, 
 and strike the mountains upon the eastern side. 
 
 II. THE CLIMATE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON. 
 
 The climate of this section is noted for its mildness. The 
 position of the mountains, the nearness of the ocean, and 
 the direction of the winds are its chief factors. 
 
 The mountains upon the north and east protect it from cold winds. 
 Puget Sound enters from the north, and covers an area of about two 
 thousand square miles. This great water surface has much to do in 
 maintaining the equability of the climate. The prevailing winds are 
 from the ocean, where the temperature does not vary much. 
 
 1. Temperature. The variation of heat, or the rising 
 and falling of the mercury in the thermometer, is not as 
 great west as it is east of the Cascades. The difference 
 between the January and July temperatures is nearly twice 
 as much in the eastern as in the western part of the state. 
 The mean annual temperature of western Washington is a 
 little more than 50 degrees. 
 
 The mean temperature for January, the coldest part of the year, is 
 nearly 40 degrees, or about 8 degrees above freezing-point. This means 
 that "Jack Frost" does not visit the Sound country often; that the 
 streams are not obstructed by him. The grass and trees are always 
 green, and the flowers bloom out-of-doors the year around. The mean 
 temperature for July, the hottest month, is 61.7 degrees. This is not 
 as warm as the room in which you study. See thermometer. 
 
 2. Winds. The winds of western Washington are quite 
 constant. They are never violent. In countries where the 
 rise and fall of the mercury is slight, the movements of 
 the air are necessarily slow. This is particularly the case 
 in the Puget Sound basin, where the daily and seasonal 
 ranges are not great 
 
 The prevailing winds in this section are from the ocean, — that is 
 to say, they come from the southwest, west, and northwest. They 
 are regular as the seasons. The southwest winds are warm and moist, 
 and known as the Chinooks. During the summer months the winds 
 are from the west and northwest. They are dry and cool, when com- 
 pared with the southwest winds. Occasionally the northeast wind 
 makes its way across the mountains into western Washington. This is 
 seldom, however. It is never welcomed, unless it is by small boys, for 
 it is cold and unpleasant. When it mingles with the warm, humid air of 
 the Sound basin, it often causes snow, which seems to be out of place. 
 
 Besides the regular winds, there are, especially during the summer 
 months, mountain and valley winds, land and sea breezes. These are, 
 however, diurnal rather than annual, and confined to the mountains 
 and coast. 
 
The Story of Washington. 
 
 33 
 
 Mount Rainier, from the South. 
 
 3. Rainfall. The third factor in the make-up of cli- 
 mate is moisture. All air contains more or less of it, in the 
 form of vapor. The amount present depends largely upon 
 local conditions, such as the nearness of large bodies of 
 water, the direction of winds, mountains, ocean currents, 
 character of surface, temperature, etc. 
 
 Western Washington is favored by most of these condi- 
 tions, and therefore has an abundance of rainfall, especially 
 during the winter season. 
 
 The annual average is 65.65 inches, or a little more than 5 inches 
 per month. This, however, is never abrupt or violent in its descent. 
 Nor is it so heavy or constant as to interfere with the every-day life 
 and business of the people. Being so near the ocean, the atmosphere 
 is always pure, springlike, and balmy. Another fact regarding the 
 rain is, that it falls mostly during the nights. This is due to the fact 
 that the relative amount of moisture increases with a decrease of the 
 temperature. The temperature lowers and rises with the sun; besides, 
 the nights in winter are long. f?*jL*,J U £aC{ *M-v*A 
 
 SUMMARY. 9T^.- 
 
 1. Washington has one of the most equable climates of 
 any state in the Union. 
 
 2. The average annual tempera- 
 ture for the state is about 50 degrees. 
 
 3 . The average an nual rainfall for 
 the entire state is about 40 inches. 
 Of this amount, 14.6 inches fall east 
 of the mountains, and 65.6 inches 
 west of them. 
 
 4. The climate of Washington is 
 healthful. Its surface varies in al- 
 titude from sea- level to 15,000 feet, 
 and with it, its climate, from perpet- 
 ual spring to continual winter. 
 
 Mineral Products. Gold, sil- 
 ver, and copper are found in many 
 districts. Coal is found at What- 
 com, Fairhaven, Issaquah, Ren ton, 
 Franklin, Black Diamond, Carbon- 
 ado, Wilkeson, and Roslyn. In 1898 
 there were 1,988,288 tons produced 
 in the state of Washington. 
 
 Fine granite quarries have been opened near Spokane, 
 and at other places in the Cascade Mountains. Excellent 
 sandstone is found in the Puget Sound basin. Important 
 quarries are at Tenino, Wilkeson, Fairhaven, and elsewhere. 
 
 Valuable clays are also found in the state, suitable for 
 the manufacture of brick, pottery, terra-cotta, etc. 
 
 The Soil. Just as there are natural divisions of climate, 
 so there are natural divisions of soil. The dense forests of 
 western Washington have formed a rich soil. The decayed 
 vegetation has enriched the soil each year. The forest trees 
 have held the moisture, so that a rank undergrowth has 
 sprung up. In the Swinomish flats, near La Conner, where 
 the soil was once flooded by the tides, and where the farm- 
 ers built dikes, the crops are very abundant. The mineral 
 wealth and the lumber interests have largely attracted set- 
 tlers, but the cultivation of the fertile soil of this region 
 will soon be developed. 
 
 Much of the soil east of the Cascades is a volcanic ash. 
 The winds blowing from the sea, passing across the active 
 
 Curious Formations near Cape Flattery. 
 
34 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Snoqualmie Falls. 
 
 voleanos of this region, carried the ashes beyond the moun- 
 tains, and deposited them on the treeless surface. This soil 
 produces abundant crops. 1 
 
 There is also a sandy loam in the river bottoms of the 
 Yakima, the Walla Walla, and the Wenatchee. When these 
 soils are irrigated, great crops are produced. 
 
 The Products. The great wheat belt of the state is 
 in eastern Washington. The great timber belt of the state 
 
 'Soils are usually divided into two general classes; the first being 
 the "in situ" soils, or those formed in the plaee where they are 
 found; the second are the " removed soils," or those which have been 
 shifted from their original place of making. Of the "in situ" soils, 
 the best examples in Washington are those of the great lava plains in 
 the southeastern part of the state. These soils are of great depth, 
 and because of their finely powdered character and proper chemical 
 composition, are of great fertility. Among the removed soils we have 
 those of that section of the state once covered by glaciers, as well as 
 the soil of the broad river valleys, such as are common about the 
 Sound. The glacial soils are, of course, a mixture of all the soils tra- 
 versed by the glacier in its course. If they do not contain too large a 
 percentage of coarse gravel and sand, they are quite productive. The 
 alluvial soils of the river bottoms are of very fine grain, and, as all 
 know, of gnat fertility. The United States Department of Agricul- 
 ture has characterized the soils of the Skagit Valley as being the most 
 fertile in the United StateR. — Professor Henry Landes, University of 
 Washington, 
 
 is in western Washington. 1 The great mineral region is in 
 northern Washington, from east to west. Hops of a su- 
 perior quality are raised in many parts of the state. The 
 food-fishes of the Puget Sound country furnish employ- 
 ment to thousands, and bring rich returns. All the fruits 
 of the temperate zones are produced in abundance. 
 
 Industries. One of the chief industries is in the forests. 
 There are over six hundred different plants in operation 
 for the manufacture of lumber." These mills manufacture 
 shingles and lumber for ship-building, wharves, houses, fur- 
 niture, etc. Lumber alone brings an income to the citi- 
 zens of the state of over twelve million dollars annually. 
 
 1 The growth of Washington timber is remarkable in many ways. 
 For one thing, it has single trees of extraordinary size* A KingCounty 
 tree recently cut measured nine feet in diameter at the butt, four feet 
 eight inches at the top, was 186 feet long, and scaled 64,000 feet of 
 clear lumber, without knot or blemish. From a cedar log twenty-two 
 feet long, at Woolley, 73,000 five to two and one quarter eighteen-inch 
 Perfection shingles were manufactured, worth upward of $150. 
 
 The red fir is not infrequently 250 feet high, the pine 160 feet, the 
 silver fir 150 feet, the black spruce 150 feet, white cedar 100 feet, and 
 white oak 70 feet. Cedars have been found twenty-one feet in diam- 
 eter and 120 feet high. Trees from six to eight feet in diameter are 
 frequently seen in the forests of this region. Some of the logs sawed 
 are of great girth, and sometimes 115 feet long. Estimates as to the 
 amount of standing lumber in Washington vary all the way from 
 100,000,000,000 to 500,000,000,000 feet. The government has, during 
 the year 1898, completed an investigation under an expert of twenty- 
 five years' experience in this line of work, who places the standing 
 timber in the eighteen counties west of the Cascades at 103,504,376,000 
 feet. 
 
 The Douglas fir not only stands at the head of the list in point of 
 quantity, but it comes nearer filling all the requirements of the builder, 
 the architect, and the railroad contractor than any other known wood. 
 Where timber of large dimensions and freedom from blemish is re- 
 quired, it is in demand all over the world. 
 
 Tests made by the division of forestry, United States Department 
 of Agriculture, on various species of cone-bearing trees, established 
 the superiority of Douglas fir to all others. 
 
 1 The Bellingham Bay Improvement Company, of New Whatcom, 
 Washington, operates a saw-mill on Bellingham Bay. The mill has 
 a capacity of 30,000 feet of lumber per hour, or 720,000 feet per day. 
 The mill employs 150 men within the building, besides more than as 
 many more in the yards and camps. The timber cut is fir, spruce, 
 and cedar. The logs are brought in for about thirty miles on the com- 
 pany's private railroad. The company owns several four-mast ocean 
 schooners, which carry the lumber to ports in America, South America, 
 Kurope, and Africa. 
 
 The Source of the Snoqualmie River. 
 
The Story of Washington. 
 
 35 
 
 The source of income from the fisheries is over six mil- 
 lion dollars annually. The state and Federal governments 
 have established hatcheries, where salmon are hatched, and 
 put into streams. Millions of dollars have been expended 
 for new and improved machinery for canning salmon. 1 Coal, 
 gold, silver, copper, and other mineral 
 deposits are mined successfully. Spokane 
 is a great mining center. The products 
 of the farm include wheat, hops, hay, 
 oats, etc., and the total income is about 
 twenty million dollars annually. There 
 are over 119 creameries, thirty-two cheese 
 factories, a condensed milk factory, and a 
 beet-sugar factory in the state. The 
 people are also engaged in the manufac- 
 ture of leather, flour, paper, books, and 
 of nearly everything required for use by 
 the citizens. 
 
 Commerce. The advantages of great 
 railroads that extend across the continent, 
 and splendid harbors that offer an open 
 gateway to the trade of the world, are 
 among the commercial features. Seattle 
 and Tacoma have a commanding place in 
 the commerce of the new Pacific. These 
 cities on Puget Sound are the nearest 
 American ports to Alaska, the great empire of the north. 
 The} - are also the nearest American ports to Vladivostok, the 
 terminus of the Trans-Siberian railroad. " The exports and 
 
 1 The Pacific American Fisheries Company is the largest plant for 
 canning fish in the world. It is located at Fairhaven, Washington. 
 It employs 3,500 men during the busy season, from June to October. 
 The plant has a capacity of 14,000 cases daily, or a total of 672,000 
 cans daily. During the season of 1899, the plant used 3,125,000 fish, 
 each fish weighing from four to sixty pounds. The fish are caught in 
 Puget Sound and Alaskan waters. The output is sold in Eastern mar- 
 kets, in Europe, and in the Orient. The fish are put up in cans, are 
 smoked, pickled, dried, and salted. Each method has several differ- 
 ent grades, so the company really prepares fish in thirty-seven different 
 ways for the market. The main building in Fairhaven is 300 by 380 
 feet in size. The company also works an oil-plant, a fertilizing-plant, 
 an ice-plant, and a cold-storage plant in connection with its cannery. 
 The kind of fish used are the salmon, halibut, herring, cod, sturgeon, 
 smelt, principally. They also ship large quantities of fresh fish, 
 frozen in ice, to all parts of the United States. The company owns 
 about forty large traps, and buys the fish of many private traps. They 
 also own many large scows, tugs, pile-drivers, and several small ves- 
 sels that rank above tugs. A good trap is worth as much as $40,000, 
 and the total value of the plant is probably about $2,000,000. 
 
 imports will place these cities 
 in rank with the great 
 of the world. Puget 
 Sound is a vast, deep 
 inland sea, and forms 
 
 /VOR.WAL 
 AT CMtNJY 
 
 Chehalis. 
 
 .NORMAL 
 
 SCHOOL. * 
 <>. AT ^.L, 
 
 a fine harbor for 
 the ships of the 
 world . Prom Ta- 
 coma, coal, lum- 
 ber, and wheat are 
 shipped to other 
 lands, and great ocean steam- 
 ers bring tea and other pro- 
 ducts of the Orient to our 
 
 shores. From Bellingham Bay, lumber, canned salmon, and 
 coal are shipped to many ports. From Everett, shingles, 
 lumber, and paper are sent to other cities. From Seattle, 
 wheat, flour, coal, lumber, canned salmon, and merchandise 
 of every description are sent to Alaska, to Asiatic and Euro- 
 pean cities, Coast ports, and interior towns. The commerce 
 of these cities is rapidly increasing. 
 
 Education. Washington has an excellent public school 
 system. The schools are under the control of a superin- 
 tendent of public instruction, a state board of education, 
 and county superintendents. Each school district is gov- 
 erned by a local board of directors. The State University 
 has a picturesque location in the suburbs of Seattle. The 
 State Agricultural College and School of Sciences are located 
 at Pullmau. Excellent state normal schools are located at 
 Ellensburg, Cheney, and New Whatcom. The state also 
 maintains a number of benevolent and reformatory institu- 
 tions. There are numerous private schools and colleges, 
 which are well supported. 
 
36 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 MB»»t>«a.it j&. ■■ ^y ^^"iffUMtihidhHl 
 
 J.^- 3 * 
 
 
 — =-* -Si^ r'iril""_ a ^i 
 
 
 -- ^""H i ' ^?ae 
 
 Jr_ 
 
 !P 
 
 j^^^SSH 
 
 • 
 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 as follows: — 
 
 Name. 
 
 1. Adams. 
 
 2. Asotin. 
 
 3. Chelan. 
 
 4. Chehalis. 
 
 5. Clallam. 
 
 6. Clarke. 
 
 7. Columbia. 
 
 8. Cowlitz. 
 
 9. Douglas. 
 
 10. Ferry. 
 
 11. Franklin. 
 
 12. Garfield. 
 
 13. Island. 
 
 14. Jefferson. 
 
 15. King. 
 
 16. Kitsap. 
 
 17. Kittitas. 
 
 18. Klickitat. 
 
 Exterior Views of Paper Mills at Everett. 
 The state is divided into thirty-six counties, 
 
 County Seat. 
 Ritzville. 
 Asotin. 
 Wenatehee. 
 Montesano. 
 Port Angeles. 
 Vancouver. 
 Dayton. 
 Kalama. 
 Waterville. 
 Republic. 
 Pasco. 
 Pomeroy. 
 Coupeville. 
 Port Townsend. 
 Seattle. 
 Sidney. 
 Ellensburg. 
 Goldendale. 
 
 Name. 
 
 19. Lewis. 
 
 20. Lincoln. 
 
 21. Mason. 
 
 22. Okanogan. 
 
 23. Pacific. 
 
 24. Pierce. 
 
 25. San Juan. 
 
 26. Skagit. 
 
 27. Skamania. 
 
 28. Snohomish. 
 
 29. Spokane. 
 
 30. Stevens. 
 
 31. Thurston. 
 
 32. Wahkiakum. 
 
 33. Walla Walla. 
 
 34. Whatcom. 
 
 35. Whitman. 
 
 36. Yakima. 
 
 County Seat. 
 Chehalis. 
 Davenport. 
 Shelton. 
 Conconully. 
 South Bend. 
 Tacoma. 
 Friday Harbor. 
 Mount Vernon. 
 Cascades. 
 Everett. 
 Spokane. 
 Colville. 
 Olympia. 
 Cathlamet. 
 Walla Walla. 
 New Whatcom. 
 Colfax. 
 North Yakima. 
 
 Olympia, the capital of the state, and the county seat of 
 Thurston County, is well situated at the head of Puget 
 Sound. Steamers connect it with Tacoma, Seattle, and 
 other ports. It has railroad connections, also. The court- 
 House is one of the finest in the Northwest. The educa- 
 tional advantages are excellent. 
 
 Seattle, during the last few years, has leaped into com- 
 mercial importance. It is the largest city in the Northwest. 
 Three transcontinental railways enter its limits. Its ocean 
 commerce consists of several Oriental steamship lines, and 
 a fleet of vessels engaged in traffic with Alaskan ports, be- 
 sides many steamers which ply between its wharves and 
 various other Sound and coastwise ports. Seattle has many 
 manufacturing establishments. The exports of coal, wheat, 
 and lumber are enormous. Seattle is also the chief ship- 
 ping-point for the great salmon industries. Its location 
 is picturesque, and there are many beautiful residences, 
 as well as several attractive parks. It has a number of fine 
 public school buildings, including the buildings of the 
 State University, 
 located in the sub- 
 urbs. The impor- 
 tant naval station 
 at Port Orchard, 
 the Public Libra- 
 ry, the Museum 
 of the University 
 of Washington, 
 the Assav-Office 
 
 Lumber Mills. 
 
 and the factories are 
 among the many inter- 
 esting places in the city 
 that furnish instruction, 
 and which school chil- 
 dren could visit with 
 profit. 
 
 Spokane is situated 
 in the center of what is 
 called the Inland Em- 
 pire. It is in the ex- 
 treme eastern part of the state, about four hundred miles 
 from Seattle and Tacoma. Among other public institutions, 
 the United States District and Circuit courts, the Laud- 
 Office, the Revenue Office, the United States Depository, 
 and a fine army post are located here. It is the center 
 of a -vast territory, and its commercial relations extend to 
 Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Oregon, British Colum- 
 bia, and more distant points. The Spokane River runs 
 through the center of the city. The picturesque Spokane 
 
The Story of Washington. 
 
 37 
 
 Falls are within the limits of the city. The 
 river furnishes water-power for a number of 
 large flour-mills, the electric power-house, 
 and other manufacturing interests. The 
 city contains many fine public buildings. It 
 is the center of a great mining district; gold, 
 silver, copper, and lead being the principal 
 products. Spokane is also the gateway to a 
 rich agricultural district. The great flour- 
 mills ship the products of the Palouse wheat 
 country and other grain-growing sections to 
 China and Japan. Spokane is the large; t 
 city in eastern Washington, and is the 
 county seat of Spokane County. 
 
 TaCOma is a thriving city on Puget 
 Sound, and is noted for its railway machine- 
 shops, its manufacture, and large exports 
 trade to China and Japan, and other cities 
 of the New Pacific. The imports of tea 
 and other products of the Orient from China 
 and Japan are large. There are great ware- 
 houses and grain-elevators. Tacoma has 
 beautiful parks, excellent schools, hand- 
 some residences, a healthful climate, a mag- 
 nificent court-house and public buildings, 
 and other interests that will give it high 
 rank among the prosperous cities of the 
 West.- 
 
 Walla Walla is the county seat of 
 Walla Walla County, and is the oldest town 
 in the state. It is surrounded by a rich 
 and fertile country. It is a prosperous 
 trading center. It has excellent schools, 
 and is the seat of Whitman College and 
 other educational institutions. 
 
 Ellensburg is the county seat of Kitti- 
 tas County, near the Cascade Mountains. Th 
 
 The Heart of the Olympics. 
 
 School is located here. The surrounding 
 country is a rich agricultural district. It 
 is also the center of an extensive mining 
 region. 
 
 North Yakima, the county seat of Ya- 
 kima County, is a prosperous city, and lies 
 in the center of a fertile farming and fruit 
 section. 
 
 New Whatcom is the county seat of 
 Whatcom County. It has a large trade in 
 general merchandise, coal, lumber, fishing, 
 etc. The State Normal School is located on 
 a picturesque hill overlooking Bellingham 
 Bay. 
 
 Everett is an important manufacturing 
 center. The Everett paper-mills manufac- 
 ture paper for Washington, Oregon, San 
 Francisco, and many other places. The 
 
 Against the naming sunset sky 
 The Olympic's serried columns lay, 
 
 A jagged, purple, sword-edge huge. 
 Broken and notched in desperate fray 
 Will Mekethth. 
 
 Legging Scene in a Puget Sound Forest. 
 
 e State Normal 
 
 paper in this book was made at Everett. 
 There are lumber and shingle mills, machine 
 and iron shops, etc. 
 
 Vancouver', the county seat of Clarke County, 
 on the Columbia River, was founded in 1828 by the 
 Hudson Bay Company. It is the headquarters of 
 the Military Department of the Columbia. Fruit- 
 growing is an important industry. 
 
 ANIMAL AND PLANT LIFE IN WASHINGTON. 
 
 Animal Life. The black bear is frequently seen in the 
 woods. Its average weight is about three hundred pounds. 
 It climbs small trees nearly as quickly as it does large ones. 
 It takes a long sleep during the winter months, choosing a 
 deep thicket or a hollow log for its winter home. The black 
 bear is a good berry-picker. It is also an excellent fisher. 
 Salmon and berries are its principal food. 
 
 The cougar of Washington is similar to the panther of the 
 Eastern States. It is of a tawny color, and lives upon birds, 
 rabbits, deer, and other small animals. It sometimes creates 
 havoc among sheep. Like the coyote, it is a great howler. 
 
 The elk or wapiti, the wild cat, the wild goat, and the 
 deer are also to be found in the mountain ranges. 
 
 The Douglas squirrel is very plentiful. It has long, black 
 whiskers, strong, sharp claws, roguish eyes, and may be seen 
 any day in a ramble through the woods. 
 
 The blue jay, robin, blackbird, woodpecker, yellowham- 
 
38 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 mer, blue-bird, swallow, crow, and meadow 
 lark, are among the various kinds of birds 
 found in the Northwest. 
 
 The ruffled grouse inhabits the entire 
 wooded districts of Oregon and Washing- 
 ton. It likes to perch on mossy logs and 
 flap its wings. In the summer they dust 
 themselves in the roadways and along the 
 edges of fields. They are usually found 
 along the banks of lakes and rivers. 
 
 Plant Life. The salal thrives through- 
 out entire western Washington. It is from 
 two to eight feet in height. The bark is 
 reddish brown, while the branches are red 
 when exposed to the sun. It has evergreen 
 leaves, oval in form. The fruit of the salal 
 is a dark purple berry. It is food for the In- 
 dians and the grouse. The rhododendron 1 
 is the state flower of Washington. Herbert Bashford describes it as 
 follows: "The Greeks called it the rosebay, and it belongs to the 
 heath family of plants. This shrub has evergreen leaves and beauti- 
 
 Spokane tails. 
 
 Chart of Puget Sound. United States Coast Survey. 
 
 ful bell -shaped flowers. The varieties found in the northwest are of 
 various colors, and in the Cascade Mountains there is a rhododendron 
 bearing snow-white flowers. The varieties of this shrub are numbered 
 by the hundred. In beauty of form and foliage, its many colors, and 
 the profusion of its flowers, no other shrub equals it. They are exceed- 
 ingly hardy, and can be taken up at any time without injury to them. 
 
 ! Rhododendron, of the order Ericacea;. Flowers, in close terminal 
 clusters, from large scaly bractedbuds; corolla bell-shaped, five-lobed, 
 and often irregular; ten stamens, usually bent downward; anthers 
 short, opening by terminal pores; pod five-celled, flve-valved, and 
 many-seeded. 
 
 Even while they are in full bloom they may 
 be lifted and used for decorative purposes, 
 without showing in the slightest degree the 
 effects of being disturbed." 
 
 QUESTIONS ON WASHINGTON. 
 
 Why is Washington called "the Ever- 
 green State "f When was it admitted into 
 the Union? Tell, in your own language, 
 what you can about the history of Washing- 
 ton. What is the longest distance from 
 east to west? From north to south? De- 
 scribe the mountains of Washington. Tell 
 about the Cascade Range. What range 
 forms the water-shed of the state? What 
 is meant by a water- shed? Name some of 
 the mountains you have seen. Where is 
 the Olympic Range? Name several of the 
 
 important lakes of Washington. Where is Lake Chelan? Where is 
 
 Lake Washington? Describe the Columbia. Describe Puget Sound. 
 
 Explain it from the chart given. Name several of the navigable rivers. 
 
 Name some of the principal rivers of Washington. Name three natural 
 
 A Transfer Steamer on the Columbia River. 
 
 features that influence the climate of Washington. Tell how the Cas- 
 cade Mountains influence the climate. How the Japan current influ- 
 ences the climate. What is meant by the Chinook winds? Describe 
 the rainfall of Washington. Describe the soil of Washington. De- 
 scribe the winds of Washington. What is said about the soil around 
 La Conner. What is said of the soil east of the Cascades? Locate the 
 wheat belt of the state. Locate the timber belt. The mineral region. 
 What is said about the fruits? The fishes? What is the principal 
 industry of Washington? What is said about the canneries? What 
 is a hatchery? Name some of the articles that are manufactured in 
 Washington. What is said of the commerce of Washington? What 
 American cities are nearest the ports of Alaska and Asia? Name the 
 three largest cities in Washington? For what is each one noted? 
 Where is the University of Washington located? 
 
 Spokane River. 
 
*J 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 S 3 
 
 
 X 
 
 to 
 
 , _ 
 
 
 — . 
 
 — X 
 
 
 5~ 
 
 H 
 
 
 on 
 
 — : 
 
 <w— c 
 
 *— — • 
 
 2* 
 
 
 g»J 
 
40 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 
 
 Questions on the Eastern and Western 
 Hemispheres, to be Answered from 
 the Maps on Pages 20 and 21. 
 What continents are in the Western Hemi- 
 sphere f What continent is nearest the North 
 Pole? What continent is nearest the South 
 Pole? Where is the Atlantic Ocean? Where 
 is the Pacific Ocean? In what direction does 
 the great river of South America flow? Into 
 what ocean does it empty? Name the conti- 
 nents of the Eastern Hemisphere. What con- 
 tinents are near the North Pole? What con- 
 tinents are near the South Pole? 
 
 Suggestions to the Teacher. In the 
 study of the map of Washington, the knowl- 
 edge to be gained is merely incidental ; the 
 primary object being to give exercises in 
 map-reading, so that the children may be 
 able to make a systematic study of maps. 
 Hold pupils to this work until they read 
 accurately and quickly all that is called for 
 by the questions. It is not designed that 
 the answer should be memorized. 
 
 Questions to be Answered from the Map 
 of Washingon, Page 26. 
 
 Point north on the map. South. East. 
 West. Point to water. Point to land. Trace 
 with a pencil the line of land bordering tin- 
 water What name do you give it? Point to 
 the mountains, and name them Point to the 
 harbors, and name them. Point to the lakes, 
 anil name them. Point out three rivers, ami 
 name them Where is the source of each? 
 Trace each to its mouth. Tell direction of 
 mouth from source. Point to three impor- 
 tant towns on Puget Sound. Point to the 
 three largest counties. Name them. How 
 can you tell by a map which way the land 
 slopes? In going from Seattle to Ellens- 
 burg, do you go up hill or down hill ? From 
 Pasco to Spokane? Do the rivers in eastern 
 Washington run in the same direction as the 
 rivers in western Washington? In what di- 
 rection does the land slope between the Cas- 
 cade Mountains and the Pacific Ocean ? 
 How many counties in Washington? Which 
 is the largest? Which is the smallest? Name 
 the counties that border on the Pacific Ocean. 
 In what count* Ag the capital of the state 
 
 Multnomah Falls, Oregon 
 
 located? In what counties are Ellensburg, 
 Spokane, Seattle, and Tacoma located? Name 
 four counties that are noted for wheat -rais- 
 ing. Name four counties that are noted for 
 fruit-raising. Trace the Columbia River 
 from where it enters the state until it empties 
 into the Pacific Ocean. Through what coun- 
 ties does it pass? What great range of 
 mountains crosses Washington from north 
 to south? Name the principal mountain 
 peaks in Washington . Locate Cape Flattery. 
 Locate the Olympic Mountains. Locate 
 Gray's Harbor. Willapa Harbor. Describe 
 Puget Sound. Measure Washington from 
 east to west according to the scale of statute 
 miles. From north to south. Measure Spo- 
 kane County in the same way. Measure the 
 Columbia River from where it enters Wash- 
 ington to where it empties into the Pacific 
 Ocean, using the scale of statute miles. 
 Washington contains 69,994 square miles. 
 Its population in 1S90 was 349,390. How 
 many people to the square mile? Find the 
 rivers that flow into the Columbia. Find the 
 rivers that flow into the Pacific Ocean. Find 
 the rivers that flow into Puget Sound. 
 
 Questions on the Pictures. 
 Describe pictures on pages 13 and 14. 
 Have you ever seen a stream where the peb- 
 bles have been worn round and smooth by 
 the water? Describe the map on page 14, 
 showing glacial drift soil . Describe the dia- 
 gram on page 15, illustrating rain and snow- 
 fall Is the altitude of perpetual snow above 
 the rain clouds? Describe the picture on 
 page 18, showing movements of the earth 
 around the sun. Notice, in the picture of 
 the earth and other planets on page 18, the 
 position of the different planets from the 
 sun. Explain the meaning of the figures 
 on the circles. In the study of Washington, 
 pick out the pictures of buildings that repre- 
 sent schools and colleges, and locate them. 
 What do you see in the picture of Seattle on 
 page 27? Tell about the mountain peaks on 
 page 28. Describe the different industries 
 shown on page 29. Examine the pictures of 
 natural scenery in Washington. Give, in 
 your own words, a description of the most 
 beautiful natural scene you have observed. 
 
 Mt. Aconcagua 
 
 n.esit Mt.Mc. Kinloy 
 
 20,464 ft. 
 
 HMt.St.Eliai 
 ie.000 n. 
 
 Mt Kosciusko 
 -7,170 ft. 
 
 Design showing Height of Mountains, Sea-Level, and Depths of Oceans. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 This continent has an area of 9,000,000 square miles. 
 Its greatest length, from north to south, is 4,500 miles. Its 
 
 ^^^^ «?*' - 
 
 Outline Map of North America. 
 
 greatest width is about 3,250 miles. North America is sepa- 
 rated from Asia by Bering Strait, only 40 miles wide, and 
 less than 300 feet deep. It is joined to South America by 
 the Isthmus of Panama, 28 miles wide and 250 feet high. 
 
 The Mountains. The Rocky Mountains are some- 
 times called the backbone of the continent. They form 
 what is called the Great Continental Divide. There is an 
 abrupt slope to the Pacific, and a long, gentle slope toward 
 the Atlantic. The Sierra 1 Nevada 2 Mountains extend almost 
 the same length as the Rocky Mountains. There are many 
 lofty peaks, including Mount Whitney and Mount Shasta. 
 The Coast Range lies west of the Sierras, and extends from 
 Lower California to Alaska. While much lower than the 
 Sierras, there are a number of lofty peaks. The highest 
 mountain peak in North America is said to be Mount St. 
 Elias, in Alaska. West of the Rocky Mountains the high- 
 lands are broken by numerous mountain ranges. On this 
 highland are the great plateaus of Utah and Nevada . The 
 highland or plateau region extends from Mexico to Alaska. 
 
 The Atlantic highlands are known as the Appalachian sys- 
 tem, and extend from the Gulf of St. Lawrence nearly to the 
 Gulf of Mexico. The highest peaks are from 4,000 to 
 8,000 feet. This system also forms a water-shed or water- 
 parting. The rivers flow on the eastern side to the Atlantic, 
 and on the western side to the interior of the continent. A 
 third water-parting extends from Labrador to the Rocky 
 Mountains. It nowhere exceeds two thousand feet in height. 
 
 VolcanOS and Earthquakes. There are numerous 
 active volcanos in Mexico and Alaska. There are none east 
 of the Rockies. Earthquakes are frequent, but seldom 
 violent. 
 
 Lowlands. The great central plain of North America 
 extends from the eastern side of the Rookies to the western 
 side of the Appalachians, and from the Arctic Ocean to the 
 Gulf of Mexico. It is one of the largest plains in the world. 
 There are small plains on the eastern Atlantic slope, and 
 on the Pacific slope, including the San Joaquin, Sacramento, 
 and Willamette valleys. 
 
 The Political Divisions. North America is divided 
 into the Dominion of Canada, Danish America, the United 
 States, Mexico, Central America, and the West India Islands. 
 
 1 Sierra, a saw. • Nevada, snow. 
 
 A Native Rubber-hunter, Chiapa, Rubber Plantation, Central America. 
 
 41 
 
42 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 DANISH AMERICA. 
 
 GREENLAND. 
 
 Greenland belongs to Denmark, and is ruled by two 
 governors appointed by the King. Greenland was discov- 
 ered by the Northmen in the tenth century. Because Green- 
 land and Iceland belong to Denmark they are called Danish 
 America. Most of Greenland is covered by a very deep ice- 
 field. The only land that is not covered is along the coast, 
 where there is little vegetation,— mosses, lichens, and fir 
 trees. The principal industry is securing seal skins and seal 
 blubber. The most important place is Godhaven. The 
 polar bear, the musk-ox, and the reindeer are found in 
 
 Greenland. 
 
 ICELAND. 
 
 There are many geysers and volcanos on this island. It 
 is of volcanic origin. The most famous volcano is Mount 
 Hekla. Sheep, cattle, and ponies form the chief wealth of 
 the island. There are some cod- fisheries. The eider-duck 
 and seal are also taken in large numbers. The capital is 
 Reikiavik, which has an excellent harbor. 
 
 THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 The area is nearly as great as that of the United States. 
 It has a population of about five million people. It is gov- 
 erned by a governor- general, appointed by the ruler of the 
 British Empire. Each province has its own parliament. 
 There is also a general parliament, which resembles our 
 Congress. New Brunswick is one of the important prov- 
 inces. Its wealth consists of lumber ana fisheries. St. 
 
 John, on the St. John River, is the 
 principal city. Nova Scotia is an 
 important province. Cape Breton 
 belongs to it. Halifax, the capital, 
 is the naval station of the British 
 Empire in North America. It has 
 a fine harbor. Prince Edward Island is the smallest and 
 most thickly settled province. Farming and fishing are the 
 chief industries. Quebec and Ontario are the two most 
 important provinces. Quebec lies on both sides of the St. 
 Lawrence River. The capital is Quebec. About three 
 fourths of the people are French. It is one of the oldest 
 and most interesting cities in North America. Montreal is 
 the largest city. It is built on an island in the St. Lawrence. 
 The St. Lawrence is two miles wide at this place- and is 
 spanned by a famous bridge, the longest tubular bridge in 
 the world. Ontario is the richest and most populous part 
 of Canada. It produces large quantities of grain. To- 
 ronto, the capital, is a large and flourishing city. Mani- 
 toba has a fine soil and produces large crops of wheat. 
 Winnipeg is a great wheat center. There is also excellent 
 pasture for horses, sheep, and cattle. British Columbia 
 borders on the Pacific. Ocean. It also includes the islands 
 on the Pacific coast. The capital is Victoria, located on a 
 fine harbor. Vancouver is a growing city, the terminus of 
 the great Canadian Pacific Railway, that runs from ocean 
 to ocean. British Columbia is rich in forests and minerals. 
 There are vast territories which at one time belonged to 
 the Hudson Bay Company. This compauy built forts, or 
 trading stations, in many places, and purchased skins of 
 
 "Humboldt's Cypress," the Largest Tree in Mexico. 
 
 i'hoto by Charles i'. kumwis. 
 
North America. 
 
 43 
 
 beavers, otters, foxes, moose, and 
 other wild animals from the In- 
 dians. The Yukon district, which 
 contains the Klondike gold-fields, 
 is by far the most valuable of the 
 territories. Dawson is the principal 
 city. It is an enterprising mining- 
 town. Newfoundland is an impor- 
 tant British colony. The principal 
 industry is cod-fishing. The cap- 
 ital is St. John. Labrador is one 
 of the most desolate regions of the 
 world. It has about 1,500 inhabi- 
 tants, mostly Eskimos. 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 The main part of Mexico is a 
 lofty plateau, 4,000 to 8,000 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The 
 northern part of Mexico is mostly 
 desert. Orizaba and Popocatepetl 
 are high volcanic peaks in the 
 southern part. 
 
 Mexico has three climates: the 
 low, hot, moist, coast climate; the 
 mountain slopes, with a climate so 
 agreeable as to deserve the name 
 of " the Paradise of Mexico"; the 
 high altitudes, where the climate is 
 cold. The hot lands of the coast 
 produce cotton, sugar-cane, ba- 
 nanas, and other fruits; the tem- 
 perate lands produce corn, wheat, 
 
 rice, beans, etc. Large numbers of cattle are exported. 
 Other exports are fine wools, hides, hemp, vanilla, coffee, 
 and tobacco. The great wealth, however, consists of coal, 
 iron, silver, copper, lead, gold, and petroleum. 
 
 Mexico has an interesting history. Before it was con- 
 quered by Cortez in 1521, it was peopled by the Aztecs, 
 
 a race far advanced in civilization. 
 The ruins of their fine temples may 
 yet be seen. Mexico has a pop- 
 ulation of about twelve millions. 
 The people of the ruling race are 
 mainly Spanish. The government 
 is now a republic. President Diaz 
 is a wise president. The nation 
 during the last twenty years has 
 advanced to a new destiny. The 
 capital is the City of Mexico. It is 
 
 Scenes in Mexico 
 
 an interesting city. A railroad 
 runs from El Paso, in the United 
 States, to the City of Mexico, Vera 
 Cruz, and other noted places. 
 Along the Pacific Ocean are a num- 
 ber of cities where trade is carried 
 on with coasting- vessels from Pnget 
 Sound, San Francisco, and other 
 American ports. 
 
 A Ranch Home in Costa Rica. 
 
 Government Palace, City of Mexico. 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 This country is now very important because of the move- 
 ment to build a ship-canal across Nicaragua, from ocean to 
 ocean, a distance of 170 miles. The canal will utilize for all 
 but 17 miles of the distance the San Juan River and Lake 
 Nicaragua. It will cost many millions of dollars to build this 
 canal, but it will be of great value to the commerce of the 
 
44 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Fountain, Town of Chiapa, Central America. 
 
 world. The natural wealth of Central America is very great. 
 The exports are sugar, copper, tobacco, rubber, tropical 
 fruits, and dye-woods. The population is less than two 
 millions, mostly Indians. There are five independent re- 
 publics and the British colony of Belize. The republics are 
 Guatemala, Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. 
 
 THE WEST INDIES. 
 
 Columbus landed on one of the small islands of this group 
 in 1492. It was called San Salvador. These islands sepa- 
 rate the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Situated 
 as they are in the region of the cyclones of the Atlantic 
 Ocean, they are frequently visited by most destructive hur- 
 ricanes. Since the end of Spanish dominion in Cuba and 
 Porto Rico, these islands have assumed a new importance. 
 The most important of these islands is Cuba. 
 
 CUBA. 
 
 Cuba, " the Queen of the Antilles," is the largest island 
 of the West Indies. Its length is about 750 miles ; its area 
 is 43,000 miles. There are many small rivers. The coasts 
 are fringed with coral reefs, rocks, and bars. There are 
 a number of fine harbors. The one at Havana will always 
 be noted as being the place where the battle-ship Maine 
 was blown up; and the one at Santiago for the heroic deed 
 of Hobson, and the great naval battle in which Cervera's 
 Spanish fleet was destroyed. Cuba has a population of 
 about 1,500,000 people. Havana is the largest city. It is 
 also the railroad center and chief port. Santiago is also 
 an important city. The products are coffee, sugar, cotton, 
 fruits, etc. The climate during the dry and winter season 
 is beautiful and pleasant. The lowlands are very hot dur- 
 ing the rainy season. The Spaniards relinquished all claim 
 to Cuba, and it passed under the control of the United States 
 in 1898. It is at present ruled by a governor- general, 
 appointed by the President. Good free schools have been 
 established. 
 
 PORTO RICO. 
 
 Porto Rico is about 90 miles long and 36 miles broad. It 
 is in the hot belt, and has dry and rainy seasons. It has a 
 
 population of about 900,000 people. San -Juan is the capi- 
 tal. The principal products are tobacco, coffee, rice, and 
 sugar. The island belongs to the United States, and is 
 governed by a governor- general, appointed by the President. 
 
 Other important islands are Haiti and Jamaica. There 
 are many smaller islands that belong to European nations, 
 Great Britain, France, Denmark, and Sweden. 
 
 The Bermuda Islands, about 600 miles east of South 
 Carolina, belong to Great Britain. Bermuda is an attrac- 
 tive winter resort. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 How is North America separated from Asia? How is it joined to 
 South America? What is the distance across the Isthmus of Panama? 
 How wide is Bering Strait? Name the principal mountain ranges 
 of North America. Describe the Rocky Mountains. The Sierras. The 
 Coast Range. The Appalachians. Name the highest peaks. Describe 
 the Rocky Mountain highland. The great central basin. Describe 
 the water-shed of the Rocky Mountain highlands. Describe the part- 
 ing of the waters of the Atlantic highlands. Name the divisions of 
 North America. What is meant by Danish America? Describe Green- 
 land. What is the principal industry? What animals may be found 
 there? Describe Iceland. What is meant by a geyser? Name the chief 
 source of wealth of the country. Name the capital. Locate the 
 Dominion of Canada. How is it governed? Give the population. For 
 what is New Brunswick noted? Where is Halifax? Has it a fine har- 
 bor? Of what country is it the capital? Describe Prince Edward 
 Is)and. What are the chief industries? Locate Quebec. Name the 
 principal city. How is it located? To what country do the people 
 belong? Where is Montreal? How is it located? Describe the St. 
 Lawrence at this point. Where is the longest tubular bridge in the 
 world? Locate Ontario. Name the capital. What is said of Ontario ? 
 What is the principal product? Where is Manitoba? Describe Win- 
 nipeg. For what is it noted ? Where is British Columbia? Name the 
 capital. Where is Vancouver? Where is the terminus of the Cana- 
 dian Pacific Railroad? Name the principal industries of British 
 Columbia. Describe the Yukon Territory. What is the chief city? 
 Where was gold discovered in this territory a few years ago? What 
 is meant by the Klondike? Where is Newfoundland? What is the 
 principal industry? Name the capital. What is said of Labrador? 
 Locate Mexico. What is said of its highlands? What is said of its 
 lowlands? Describe its three climates. Name its principal exports. 
 What is its great industry? How is it governed? Who is the presi- 
 dent? What is its population? Name the capital. Why is Central 
 America important at this time ? Where is Nicaragua? How far is it 
 from ocean to ocean at this place ? Name the five countries of Central 
 America. What is the population? What colony has the British 
 Empire in Central America? Describe the people. Where did Co- 
 lumbus land in 1492? 
 Where are the West In- 
 dies? Name the most 
 important island in the 
 group. What is its length? 
 Its area ? What is said 
 of its shores? Name the 
 principal city. For what 
 "is the harbor of Habana 
 noted? For what is San- 
 tiago noted ? How is , 
 Cuba governed ? What is 
 said of its schools ? What 
 is said of its products? 
 Describe Porto Rico. 
 Name the capital. How 
 is it governed? What are 
 the principal products ? Mexican Hut. 
 
THE NEW PACIFIC, 
 
 s»?Ma!&/_ 
 
 ■•H20 Long. E«st from Greenwich 
 
 HAWAII. 
 
 This group of islands is located in the Pacific Ocean, about 
 2683 miles from Seattle. There are eight inhabited islands 
 in the group. They are important as coaling-stations for 
 ships crossing the Pacific, as there are no other islands near 
 
 The Mediterranean was the first great sea of commerce. 
 Then the Atlantic Ocean attained supremacy. Now the 
 Pacific has awakened to a commercial life to which its 
 waters have hitherto been unknown. The accession of new 
 territory by the United States promises much for this new 
 life. The boundary of the eastern coast of the New Pacific ' 
 extends from Po int Barrow to Cape Horn. The western 
 coast extends from East Cape to Melbourne. It includes in 
 its eastern coast St. Michael, Cape Nome, Skagway, Sitka, 
 Vancouver, Victoria, Seattle, Tacoma, Grays Harbor, Port- 
 land, San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, Guatemala, 
 Nicaragua, Panama, Callao, Valparaiso, and Santiago, and 
 on its western coast, Okhotsk, Vladivostok, Tokyo, Yoko- 
 hama, Formosa, Hongkong, Manila, Singapore, Brisbane, 
 Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland, Honolulu, and many island 
 ports. The three principal groups of islands in the Pacific 
 are known as Polynesia, Malaysia, and Australasia. 
 
 1 Usually called Oceania or Oceanica. 
 
 Fruits from Islands in the New Pacific. 
 
 them suitable for this purpose. The islands were discovered 
 by Captain Cook, and named by him the Sandwich Islands,- 
 in honor of Lord Sandwich. Captain Cook was killed by 
 
 45 
 
46 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 the natives. There is a statute of him on the island, near 
 the spot where he fell. 
 
 Surface and Climate. The Hawaiian Islands rise 
 from a great depth in the ocean, and reach a height of four- 
 teen thousand feet above the sea-level. The two largest 
 volcanic craters in the world, Kilauea and Mauna Loa, are 
 on the island of Hawaii, the chief island, and the one from 
 which the group is named. The Punchbowl, a small cone 
 immediately back of Honolulu, is an extinct crater. Mauna 
 Kea is a volcanic peak 13,800 feet above the level 
 of the sea. Mauna Loa is an active volcano, and 
 is frequently in eruption. The climate of the 
 islands is very pleasant and healthful 
 
 Products. Sugar is the 
 main product of the 
 
 islands. Rice, 
 bananas, cof- 
 fee, hides, and 
 wool are ex- 
 ported. The 
 principal food 
 of the natives 
 is taro, a root 
 like the beet in 
 
 lines to different parts of the Pacific Coast, 
 popular as a resort for tourists. 
 
 The city is 
 
 THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 
 
 The Philippine Islands were discovered by Magellan, who 
 made the first voyage through the Strait of Magellan, and 
 crossed the Pacific. They are about 6,500 miles from the 
 Pacific Coast, and about 400 miles from Hongkong. The 
 United States secured possession of these islands from Spain 
 In 1898. It is estimated that there are from 
 «■ fourteen hundred to sixteen hundred islands. 
 They have never been counted or surveyed. 
 The islands of first geographical impor- 
 tance are Luzon, Mindanao, Sa- 
 mar, Panay, Negros, 
 Leyte, Pala- 
 _ wan, Min- 
 I dorlPandthe 
 Sulu Archi- 
 pelago. . 
 
 The largest 
 island of the 
 group is Lu- 
 zon, which 
 
 1. Old Plantation 
 
 2. Banana Plantation. 
 
 3. Kapiolani Park. 
 
 Views in the Hawaiian Islands 
 
 4. Tropical Home. , 7. 
 
 5. Pineapple Plantation. 
 
 6. Coffee Plantation. 
 
 shape, but tast- 
 ing somewhat 
 like the potato. 
 The beautiful 
 vegetation, the 
 tropical fruits, 
 the healthful cli- 
 mate, make Hawaii an 
 enchanted spot in the ocean. 
 
 People. The popula- 
 tion of the islands is about 
 110,000. About one third 
 of the natives are of the brown race and half-castes, more 
 than one third are Chinese and Japanese, and the remainder 
 are white people. When the islands were discovered by Cap- 
 tain Cook, about a century ago, there were five times as many 
 natives as there are now, and their number is continually 
 decreasing. 
 
 Government. Hawaii was annexed to the United States 
 in 1898, and has a territorial form of government. The 
 capital is Honolulu, a beautiful city of about 30,000 popu- 
 lation, with fine churches and excellent schools. It is a port 
 of call for trans-Pacific steamers, and has regular steamship 
 
 Seene on Oahu Railway. 
 Cutting Sugar-cane. 
 Glimpse of Honolulu. 
 
 lies farthest to 
 
 the north. It is 
 
 480 miles long, 
 
 and has an area 
 
 of 40,982 square 
 
 miles. Manila, 
 
 the principal 
 
 ituated on Luzon, 
 
 and this island naturally 
 
 leads the others in points of 
 
 population and commercial 
 
 importance. 
 
 The total area of the Philippine Islands is 114,356 square 
 miles. The islands are nearly all of volcanic origin, and 
 their geology is almost wholly unknown. Most of the 
 islands are hill} - , and there are some high mountain ranges, 
 between which lie fertile valleys, well watered by numerous 
 rivers and lakes. There are many peaks ranging from seven 
 to ten thousand feet. The largest lake is called Bay Lake. 
 It is about 145 miles in circumference. It is the source of 
 the Pasig River, which flows by the city of Manila. 
 
 The People. Over thirty different tribes, with thirty 
 different languages, live on these islands. The two prin- 
 
The Philippine Islands. — Australasia. 
 
 47 
 
 cipal native peoples are called Taga'.os and the 
 Visays. The Tagalos live on the low lands of 
 Luzon. The Visays inhabit all the islands south 
 of Luzon. The population 'of the islands is 
 about 8,000,000, the greater part being Malay 
 natives. There are upwards of 60,000 American 
 s ildiers upon the islands. There are some few 
 Spanish residents. 
 
 Climate. The climate of the Philippines is 
 tropical, but, owing to the extent of the country 
 and its position, there is a very wide range of 
 temperature. The year is divided into three sea- 
 sons. The cold season, when the wind blows 
 from central Asia, and the air is clear and bra- 
 cing, lasts from November until March. The hot 
 season lasts from March till June. From July 
 to October is the rainy season. On the north- 
 ern islands violent winds called typhoons are 
 prevalent. 
 
 Products. The forests abound in ebony, 
 cedar, and other valuable woods. The bamboo 
 is to the natives what the redwood, the pine, the 
 cedar, and the fir are to the residents of the Pa- 
 cific Coast. Many kinds of fruit grow in great 
 abundance. Rice is the chief food of the people. 
 Manila hemp, sugar, tobacco, coffee, and cocoa 
 are the principal exports. The mineral wealth 
 has not as yet been developed, but coal, iron, 
 copper, and gold have been found. 
 
 Manila. .Manila is the chief city of the islands, and 
 was established in 1751 . It is called "the Walled City." 
 It has some fine buildings and numerous schools and col- 
 leges. The schools are now being organized on the 
 American plan. 
 
 Iloilo, on the island of Panay, is another important 
 city. 
 
 GUAM. 
 
 Guam, the most southern of the Ladrone Is- 
 lands, is another possession of the United States. 
 The natives are Malays. It is of small area, 
 but of value as a coaling and repair station in 
 the mid- Pacific. Agana is the chief town. 
 
 ARCTIC OCEAN 
 
 
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 SOUTH 
 SHETLANDM^ 1 
 
 GRAHAM LANdC' 
 
 THE SULU ISLANDS. 
 
 The Sum Islands, which lie to the south- 
 west of the Philippines, form a portion of the Pacific con- 
 cessions of Spain to the United States. They are about 
 150 in number. Most of them are valueless masses of 
 rock, but some of the larger ones are fertile. The natives 
 are Mohammedans, and have been such for many centuries. 
 
 AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 Australasia includes Australia, Tasmania, New Zea- 
 land, New Guinea, the Caroline Islands, and a number of 
 
 other small groups. ^CmJ^' 
 
 AUSTRALIA.^ OA*" '-^.H l 
 Australia has a population of 3,073,000, and an area of 
 649,229 square miles.N Its interior consists of treeless plains. 
 
 Map of the New Pacific. 
 
 The only important streams are the Murray River and its 
 tributaries. In the northern part the climate is extremely 
 hot, and the interior is dry. In New South Wales, long, 
 dry seasons are of frequent occurrence, and floods often 
 damage the country in the rainy season. 
 
 Sheep-raising is the leading branch of industry, although 
 many cattle and horses are raised. There are a few native 
 fruits of value, but wheat, corn, cotton, sugar-cane, and 
 tropical fruits have been introduced with much success. 
 Australia is one of the great gold-producing countries of the 
 world. There are also copper, iron, silver, tin, lead, zinc, 
 and coal. Gold and wool are the staple exports. The na- 
 tives are of a low grade of intellect. They are few in num- 
 
 , V 
 
48 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 ber, and are rapidly diminishing. The commerce is mostly 
 with Great Britain. 
 
 Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, is the largest city in 
 
 Post-office at Melbourne. 
 
 Australia. Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, has a 
 fine harbor. All the cities have modern improvements. 
 
 TASMANIA. 
 
 Tasmania is noted for its depos- 
 its of coal, iron, tin, and other min- 
 erals. It has also excellent timber 
 in its forests. 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 New Zealand is valuable for 
 its gold, coal, silver, tin, flax, and 
 wool. The soil is wonderfully pro- 
 ductive. Auckland is the principal 
 city of New Zealand. Australia, 
 New Zealand, and Tasmania all be- 
 long to Great Britain. 
 
 Robert Louis Stevenson's Home in Samoa. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 Australia was discovered by the English, and for a century and a 
 half was used by them for a penal colony, just as Siberia was used by 
 the Russians. In 1840 this practice was abandoned, and free colonists, 
 who had been coming for thirty years, rapidly increased in numbers, 
 and the progress of the country during the past fifty years has been 
 wonderful. 
 
 SAMOA. 
 
 Samoa lies northeast of the Fiji Islands, and consists of a 
 group, only three of which are of any size, Savaii, Upolu, 
 andTutuila. The total population is about 35,000. Apia is 
 the principal city. The soil is fertile, and yields abundant 
 crops of coffee and cotton. Bread-fruit and cocoanut-palms 
 grow profusely. The picturesque beauty and the genial cli- 
 mate of these islands attracted Robert L. Stevenson, the fa- 
 mous writer. He made Upolu his home. Germans, Britons, 
 and Americans are interested in these islands, and the 
 United States has secured the port of Pango Pango, on the 
 island of Tutuila, for a coaling-station. 
 
 NEW GUINEA. 
 
 New Guinea, next to Greenland, is the largest island in 
 the world. It is separated, from Australia by a shallow 
 strait. It has dense forests and a fertile soil. The Nether- 
 lands claim the western part, Germany a part of the north 
 coast, and Great Britain holds the rest. 
 
 The Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, and The Fiji 
 Islands all have a warm climate, abundant moisture, and 
 luxuriant vegetation. The food- plants are the cocoanut- 
 palm, bread-fruit, tea, yams, and sugar-cane. Tropical 
 fruits are exported. 
 
 The Fiji Islands are of volcanic origin. The Fijians 
 were once cannibals. Many of them have become Chris- 
 tians. These islands, now quite civilized, are an important 
 factor in the commerce of the New Pacific. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 By looking at the globe, it will be seen that the circles running 
 parallel to the equator grow smaller as they approach the poles. Every 
 circle, regardless of size, is divided into three hundred and sixty parts, 
 called degrees. It is evident, then, that the degrees vary in length, 
 and that they grow shorter as the distance from the equator increases. 
 On the equator a degree has 69.8 miles. 
 
 Masters of steamers going from Tacoma or Seattle, to Japan, go 
 north, so as to cross on the shortest possible parallel cirale; viz., fifty- 
 two degrees, just south of the Aleutian 
 Islands. This is known as " great circle 
 sailing." 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE NEW PACIFIC. 
 Locate the New Pacific . Describe its 
 eastern boundary ; its western boundary. 
 Name some of the commercial ports of 
 the New Pacific. Name the three princi- 
 pal groups of islands in the New Pacific. 
 Locate Hawaii. Who discovered these 
 islands ? What happened to Captain 
 Cook? Describe the surface ; the climate. 
 Name the products. Describe the people ; 
 the government. Who discovered the 
 Philippine Islands ? When did they come 
 into possession of the United States ? 
 Name the principal islands. Describe 
 the surface of the islands; the climate; 
 products. Name the principal cities. Describe Guam. Tell what 
 you can about the Sulu Islands. Describe Australia. What are 
 the products 'i Name the principal cities. Give an account of Tas- 
 
 An Island in the New Pacific. 
 
 mania. Describe New Zealand. Locate Samoa; the Fiji Islands; 
 Guam. What is said of the climates of these islands ? What is so id 
 of the products? 
 
THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The National Capitol, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Location. The United States occupy the middle por- 
 tion of North America. The greatest length, from ocean 
 to ocean, is 2,500 miles; the greatest width, from Texas to 
 Canada, is 1,C00 miles; and the area, including Alaska, is 
 3^668^167 square miles. 
 
 The United States is the most progressive country of the 
 Western Hemisphere. Its large cities, its flue schools and 
 universities, its great manufacturing enterprises, the fer- 
 tility of its soil, the variety of its products, the social and 
 economic condition of its people, and its matchless progress 
 make it the most wonderful country on the globe. 
 
 The United States has an area of over 3,500,000 square 
 miles. It comprises the Appalachian Highland, the Atlantic 
 Plain, the Great Central Plain, Pacific Highland, and Pacific 
 Slope. 
 
 The river basins of the Atlantic Plain are small; rocky 
 toward the north, and sandy or swampy toward the south. 
 
 The Appalachian Mountains are the oldest mountains on 
 the continent. They have gradually worn away, and thus 
 furnish soil for the Atlantic Slope and the Great Central 
 Basin. 
 
 Nearly one half of the United States lies in the Great 
 Central Plain. It is one of the most extensive productive 
 regions in the world. 
 
 J7LMS/<A: \ FROM RUSSIA. 
 
 r&jiKi-rofiY:} iBb7. 
 
 POKTO RICO: \ FROM 6PAJX. 
 
 TEKRirOKY.) I&98. 
 
 MAVSAU : \ ANNEXED 
 
 TSMfiJTOAY. \ 
 
 SrAT/OM 
 Guam : 
 
 JJAVAL 
 
 STATIOH 
 
 CUBA'. 
 
 PMocrxcroAAns 
 
 Growth of the United States. Diagram showing the date of admission 
 of the states and the accession of new territory. 
 
 49 
 
The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 51 
 
 Map Showing Highlands and Lowlands of the United States. 
 
 The Mississippi River Basin contains over 1,000,000 
 square miles. There is only one larger river basin in the 
 world, — the Amazon. The Missouri-Mississippi is the lon- 
 gest river in the world. 
 
 One third of the territory of the United States 
 lies in the Pacific Highland. This includes the 
 Rocky Mountain Plateau, and the basins of the 
 Columbia and the Colorado Rivers, and the inte- 
 rior basin of Utah and Nevada. 
 
 The Pacific Slope region contains many large 
 and fertile plains, although its general character 
 is mountainous. The influence of the warm Japan 
 current makes its climate more genial than that 
 of any other portion of the United States of equal 
 latitude. 
 
 The Growth of the United States. At 
 
 the close of the Revolutionary War in 1783, the 
 new republic was formed. The map shows the 
 thirteen colonies or states. 
 
 The country has grown very much since then, 
 the United States purchased from Napoleon what is known 
 as the Louisiana Purchase. A few years later, Florida was 
 purchased from Spain. Then came the era of steamboats 
 and railroads, and the settlements extended to the West. 
 
 Texas was annexed in 1845, and a few years later, Cali- 
 fornia and other territory was gained from Mexico. In 1 867, 
 Alaska was purchased from Russia, for $7,200,000. In 
 1898, the Hawaiian Islands were annexed. Cuba, Porto 
 Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands were ceded to the 
 United States by Spain. 
 
 A study of the map showing when each state was ad- 
 mitted into the Union, and the accession of new territory, 
 will be very interesting. 
 
 The People. A hundred years ago there were less than 
 
 3,000,000 people in our country. 
 Now, there are over 70,000,000. 
 Much of this rapid growth is due 
 to people coming to this country 
 from other lands, particularly 
 from Ireland and Germany. Of 
 late years there has been an effort 
 to stop immigration, particularly 
 people from Asiatic countries, and 
 contract laborers from Europe. 
 
 Religion. There is no estab- 
 lished religion, but alnjost every 
 creed is represented. 
 
 Products and Industries. 
 
 The United States is the fore- 
 most country in the world in the 
 production of corn, wheat, cotton, 
 and tobacco. 
 
 There are three natural divis- 
 ions of products: The Southern, 
 Middle, and Northern. The first 
 is the land of cotton; the second, 
 the land of corn; and the third, 
 More hogs and cattle are raised than in 
 
 the laud of wheat 
 any other country. 
 
 The salmon fisheries of the Columbia River, Puget Sound 
 
 original 
 
 In 1803, 
 
 Map of Cuba, 
 and Alaska, and the codfish and oysters of the Atlantic 
 coast, form important industries. 
 
 The mineral products are very valuable. The coal and 
 
 Map of Porto Rico. 
 
 
52 
 
 The United States. 
 
 iron of the Eastern and 
 Southern sections; the cop- 
 per, lead, gold, and silver 
 of the North, Western, and 
 Southwestern sections; and 
 the gold of Cape Nome and 
 the Yukon keep millions of 
 people busy. 
 
 The natural gas in the 
 Middle States is used for 
 fuel and for manufacturing 
 purposes. 
 
 The oil regions extend 
 from Pennsylvania to Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 The manufactures of the 
 United States are rapidly 
 increasing. The Atlantic 
 coast, from Maine to Penn- 
 sylvania, is the great manu- 
 facturing center. This is 
 due to the excellent water- 
 power, numerous railroad 
 and steamship lines, and 
 the density of population. 
 In Chicago and other East- 
 ern cities, beef, pork, and 
 mutton are prepared for 
 export and home use by 
 processes of manufacture. 
 Manufactures of bread- 
 stuffs, clothing, iron and 
 steel, woolen goods, boots 
 and shoes, leather, liquors, 
 and novelties are distrib- 
 uted throughout the entire 
 country. 
 
 The people are noted for 
 their inventive power. The 
 telegraph, telephone, and 
 
 graphophone, and the application of electricity to all the 
 various industries of life were first used in this country. 
 Other inventions are the cotton-gin, typewriter, typesetting- 
 machine, sewing-machine, bicycle, automobiles, mowers, 
 reapers, and combined harvesters, and labor-saving ma- 
 chines of all kinds. 
 
 Commerce. Trade within the boundary of our own 
 country is called domestic commerce. When the trade is 
 with merchants of other countries, it is called foreign com- 
 merce. When we bring any products from other countries 
 to our country, we call them imports. We import sugar. 
 tea, coffee, spices, drugs, silks, and perfumes. When we 
 send products to merchants of other countries, we call them 
 exports. We export wheat, cotton, provisions, tobacco, 
 iron and steel, lumber, and dairy products. 
 
 Transportation. The coastwise trade of the Pacifie 
 and the Atlantic is carried on by great merchant vessels. 
 
 1. Mountain Sheep. 
 
 2. Coyote. 
 
 Wild Animals of the Pacific Coast. 
 
 3. Wild Cats. 5. Coon and Cat Skins. 7. Mountain Lion. 
 
 4. Mule Deer. 6. Red Pox. 8. Grizzly Bear. 
 
 The Great Lakes near Chicago, the Mississippi, the Ohio, 
 and other rivers, and numerous canals form means of trans- 
 portation, when speed is not required. The chief means 
 of transportation, however, are the railroads. 
 
 Government. The United States is a republic. There 
 are now 45 states, 5 territories, and several other posses- 
 sions. There are national, state, and local governments. 
 The national government is divided into three parts: the 
 Law-making, the Executive, and the Judicial. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Locate the United States. What is its greatest length from ocean 
 to ocean? Describe its highlands and lowlands. What is said of its 
 progressiveness? What about its growth? What territory has it 
 secured since 1898? Population? Religion? Name the principal in- 
 dustries. Name the principal products. What is said of its com- 
 merce? Describe its facilities for transportation. Describe its gov- 
 ernment. 
 
INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS OF 
 
 MISCELLASECrS STATISTICS. 
 
 Tobacco I *"»*•«*. 403,004,000 lbs. 1 
 
 loDaceo . . . . } Value| $24,258,000 j 
 
 Wool Product, 272,101,330 lbs. 
 
 Hogs, number packed and mar- ) go 791 000 
 noted ...... .... J 
 
 Wheat Product, 597,294,000 bu. 
 
 Butter and cheese . "Value, $6,500,000 
 
 Sugar Product, 708,951,000 lbs. 
 
 Farm products . . . Value, $2,460,107,454 
 Fisheries Value, 50,000,000 
 
 EXPORTS FROM UNITED STATES — 1898. 
 
 Agricultural products , . , $854,627,929 
 
 Mining 19,802,417 
 
 Forest 37,900,171 
 
 Fisheries 5,538,925 
 
 Manufactures .... - 288,871,449 
 
 Miscellaneous 3,551,206 
 
 LAND UNDER CI 
 
 Indian corn 
 
 Wheat i 
 
 Oats '.- , i 
 
 Cotton . ' 
 
 Barley J 
 
 Potatoes | 
 
 CHIEF WHEAT-GROW! 
 Minnesota 
 
 California 
 Kansas 
 North Dakota 
 Illinois 
 United States 
 
 Industrial and Relief Map 
 
 of the 
 
 United States. 
 
UNITED STATES. —For Reference. 
 
 896. CHIEF COTTON-GROWING STATES — 1899. 
 
 0*27,000 acres. Texas ............ 3,143,000 bales of raw cotton. 
 
 619,000 acres. Georgia 1,448,000 bales of raw cotton. 
 
 366,000 acres. Mississippi 1,776,000 bales, of raw cotton. 
 
 185.000 acres. South Carolina 960,000 bales of raw cotton. 
 
 950,000 acres. Alabama. . 1,161,000 bales of raw cotton. 
 
 767,000 acres. United States 11,235,000 bales of raw cotton. 
 
 TES— 1896. 
 
 Ilion bushels. CHIEF MINERAL PRODUCTIONS — 1896. 
 
 lion bushels. Bituminous coal . Product, 122,893,000 long tons. Value, $114,890,000 
 
 lion bushels. Anthracite coal . Product, 48,010,000 long tons. Value, 81,415,000 
 
 lion bushels. Pig-iron .... Product, 8,623,000 long tons. Value, 90,230,000 
 
 lion bushels. Gold Value, 53,088,000 
 
 lion bushels. Silver Value, 76,069.000 
 
 GROWTH OF RAILWAYS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 Date . . . .1830 1850 1870 1890 1896 1898 
 
 Miles open . 23 9,021 52,922 166,65,8 182,600 186,396 
 
 ESTIMATED WEALTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 Real estate, with improvements thereon ........ $39,344,544,333 
 
 Live-stock on farms and ranges, farm implements, etc. . . 2,703,015,040 
 
 Mines and quarries, including product on hand 1,291,201,579 
 
 Gold and silver coin and bullion 1,158,774,948 
 
 Mill machinery, product on hand, raw and manufactured . 3,058,593,441 
 Railroads and stock, including $283,898,519 street railroads . 8,685,407,323 
 
 Telegraphs, telephones, shipping, and canals 701,755,712 
 
 Miscellaneous 7,893,708,821 
 
 Total $65,037,091,197 
 
THE PACIFIC COAST STATES. 
 
 California, Oregon, Washington, and the 
 territory of Alaska border on the Pacific 
 Ocean. Washington is treated of in the 
 preceding pages. 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Location. Oregon is south of Wash- 
 ington, and north of California. Its west- 
 ern border is the Pacific Ocean.- Its length, 
 from east to west, is about 350 miles, and 
 it is about 275 miles in breadth. 
 
 Mountains. The Cascade Mountain 
 Range extends from north to south, and 
 divides the state into eastern Oregon and 
 western Oregon. One of the largest forest 
 reservations in the world is in the Cascade 
 Range . Crater Lake , the deepest fresh-water 
 lake in America, is also in the Cascade 
 Mountains. It fills the crater of an extinct 
 volcano, and is surrounded by bluffs two 
 thousand feet in height. Mount Hood, 
 Mount Pitt, and Mount Jefferson are all 
 picturesque peaks. 
 
 Valleys. The Willamette Valley, be- 
 tween the Cascades and the Coast Range, is one of the most 
 beautiful and fertile in the world, and is the most highly 
 cultivated valley in the state. There are numerous coast 
 valleys opening towards the Pacific, the most important of 
 which are those of the Rogue and Umpqua rivers. The 
 scenery along most of the rivers of the state is very beauti- 
 ful, and is majestic at the Cascades, where the Columbia 
 breaks through the mountain walls of lava basalt. 
 
 On the Columbia River, Oregon. The Dalles. 
 
 Crater Lake, Cascade Mountains, Oregon. 
 
 Rivers. The Columbia, with its tributaries, drains the 
 greater part of Oregon. It forms the northern boundary 
 of the state for a distance of 300 miles. Its chief branches 
 in Oregon are the Willamette, Des Chutes, John Day, Uma- 
 tilla, and Snake. There are numerous short rivers flowing 
 from the Coast Range directly into the ocean, of which the 
 largest are the Rogue and the Umpqua. The Klamath 
 River rises in the lake country in the southern part of the 
 . - - state, which it drains, and flows along 
 
 the northern part of California. 
 
 Products and Industries. The 
 
 mountains are well covered with timber. 
 Wheat, oats, and fruits are raised. The 
 fisheries and creameries are important 
 enterprises. There is considerable gold 
 mined in the eastern and southern parts 
 of the state. 
 
 Cities. Portland is the principal 
 city. It is said to be the richest city in 
 the world, per capita. It is 120 miles 
 from the ocean, but has all the advan- 
 tages of a seaport. It has regular steam- 
 ship lines to Alaska, China and other 
 Oriental ports, and for coastwise trade. 
 Other thriving cities are The Dalles, 
 Pendleton, Baker City, Salem, Ashland, 
 Eugene, and Astoria. The State Univer- 
 
 57 
 
58 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 sity is located at Eugene, the 
 Agricultural College at Corvallis, 
 and normal schools at Monmouth, 
 Weston, Ashland, and Drain. Sa- 
 lem is the capital. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 California is one of the most 
 remarkable states in the Union. Its 
 variety of climate, its matchless 
 resources, its forests of redwoods, 
 its groves of oranges and lemons, 
 its wonderful springs, and unequaled natural scenery make 
 it one of the most favored states in the Union. 
 
 Location. It is over seven hundred and fifty miles 
 long, and two hundred miles wide. The southern border 
 is Mexico, and the western the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Mountains. The Sierra Nevada Range extends north 
 and south nearly the entire length of the state. The loftiest 
 summits are Mount Whitney, 14,898 feet high, and Mount 
 Shasta, "lone as God, and white as a winter's moon," 
 14,350. The Coast Range extends near the coast line the 
 entire length of the state. Some of the most noted peaks 
 are Monte Diablo, 3,849 feet; Mount Hamilton, 4,440 feet, 
 the site of the famous Lick Observatory; and Mount Ta- 
 malpais, overlooking San Francisco, is 2,597 feet high. 
 Mount San Bernardino and Mount San Jacinto, in south- 
 ern California, are also noted peaks. 
 
 Valleys. The San Joaquin, Sacramento, Santa Clara, 
 Napa, and other valleys of the state are very fertile. The 
 two largest rivers are the Sacramento and the San Joaquin. 
 The most noted lake is Lake Tahoe. The most wonder- 
 ful natural scenery is the celebrated Yosemite Valley. There 
 are very beautiful summer and winter resorts, lakes, and 
 springs from San Diego to the Oregon line. The climate in 
 southern California is dry, equable, and healthful. In north- 
 ern California there is more rain. The climate, however, is 
 not severe along the coast. 
 
 Products and Industries. The products are varied. 
 Oranges, lemons, olives, and raisins are the principal ex- 
 ports from the south. 
 Wheat, wines, and fruit 
 of all kinds form the prin- 
 cipal exports of the central 
 and northern parts. Min- 
 ing is an important indus 
 try. Gold, silver, quick- 
 silver, copper, petroleum, 
 and coal form important 
 industries. Stock-raising, 
 lumbering, manufactures 
 of all kinds, including the 
 great ship-building firm, 
 the Union Iron Works, 
 are important and flour- 
 ishing businesses carried 
 on in the state. 
 
 Tillamook Lighthouse, Oregon. 
 
 Schools. California has two of 
 the great universities of the coun- 
 try, the University of California 
 and Stanford University. There 
 are state normal schools at San 
 Jose, San Francisco, Chico, Los 
 Angeles, and San Diego, which offer 
 special advantages, and there are 
 public schools in every part of the 
 state, comparing favorably with 
 any in the country. 
 
 
 »*,.. 
 
 | .J4« 
 
 
 
 l~~2*s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jp. "•» 
 
 
 • J 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 iw. 
 
 
 
 Summit of Mount Whitney. 
 
 Mount Hamilton and the Lick Observatory. 
 
 Cities. San Francisco, 
 by the Golden Gate, 1 is 
 the largest city on the 
 Pacific Coast. Los An- 
 geles, Oakland, San Jose, 
 Fresno, Stockton, and San 
 Diego are all important 
 cities. Sacramento is the 
 capital. 
 
 Riverside, Santa Bar- 
 bara, Coronado, Castle 
 Crag, Redlands, and Mon- 
 terey are noted resorts. 
 
 1 The entrance to San Fran- 
 cisco harbor was named the 
 Golden Gate by Fremont 
 (1S4S), in a letter to the gov- 
 ernment. 
 
Alaska. 
 
 59 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 Alaska forms nearly one sixth of the United 
 States. It was bought in 1867, from Russia, for 
 $7,200,000. It is in the extreme northwest part of 
 North America. It is bounded on the north by the 
 Arctic Ocean, on the west by Bering Sea, and on the 
 south by the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Rivers. The principal river is the Yukon. It 
 rises near the Pacific, on the northern side of the 
 Chilkoot Pass, and flows into Bering Sea. Its 
 winding currents resemble an enormous horseshoe. 
 It is over a mile wide 600 miles from its mouth, 
 and it is navigable for small steamboats. It is two 
 thousand miles long, and empties into Bering Sea, 
 through a delta. Its drainage basin is second in 
 size on the continent. Copper River is another 
 great river. 
 
 Climate. The great Japan current is borne to 
 the Alaskan shores. The prevailing winds in the 
 summer are from the south, and are warm and 
 moist. As they blow up on the mountains they be- 
 come cool, and the land is enveloped in mist and 
 clouds. The southern part of Alaska, therefore, 
 has a heavy rainfall. The interior is intensely cold 
 during the most of the year. The ground is frozen 
 to a great depth, and the surface of the earth is 
 one great body of ice. On account of the north 
 part being near the north pole, there are several 
 weeks in the winter when it is night all the time, 
 and several in the summer when it is day all the 
 time. 
 
 Products. The Pribilof Islands are noted for 
 fur-seals. Otters, martens, black and brown bears, 
 and the silver fox are also killed for their furs. 
 Cod and salmon are caught in great quantities, and 
 there are many salmon factories. 
 
 At Cape Nome, gold was discovered in 1898. 
 Thousands of people have been attracted to Alaska 
 by the discoveries in the Klondike region, Circle 
 City, Nome, and -elsewhere. The caribou is found 
 in the interior of Alaska. 
 
 People. The gold discoveries of recent years 
 have sent a large number of white people into the 
 
 count ry. 
 Eskimos, 
 and Indi- 
 ans, and 
 Aleuts 
 are the 
 native 
 races; the 
 Aleuts 
 live on 
 the Aleu- 
 tian Is- 
 lands, and 
 
 In the Yosemite Valley. 
 
 somewhat resemble the Eskimo. The natives have strange 
 and interesting customs. The first white settlements in 
 Alaska were made by the Russians. 
 
 Settlements. Sitka is the capital of Alaska. Juneau 
 is a thriving mining town, and Cape Nome is one of the 
 most important mining settlements in the West. St. Michael 
 and Circle City are important trading posts. Skagway and 
 Dawson are also places of importance. The' city of Nome 
 is located on the north shore of Bering Sea, about 120 miles 
 northwest of the island of St. Michael, and is about 2,500 
 miles from Seattle. It takes its name from Cape Nome, a 
 rocky promontory 
 
 Moonlight on Lake Tahoe. 
 
60 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Mountains. The principal 
 mountains of Alaska are: Mount 
 McKinley, named after the President 
 of the United States, 20,464 feet 
 high, which is the highest mountain 
 in North America ; Mount Wrangell, 
 19,400; Mount St. Elias, 18,100; 
 Mount Crillon, 15,900; Mount Cook, 
 16,000. 
 QUESTIONS OK THE PACIFIC STATES. 
 
 Locate Oregon. Describe its mountains. 
 Tell what you can about Crater Lake. 
 What are the principal products? Name 
 the capital. Give its principal cities. De- 
 scribe Portland. Where is the State Uni- 
 versity located ? Why is its climate similar 
 to that of Washington? For what is Cali- 
 fornia remarkable ? Locate it. Describe 
 its mountain ranges. Describe its valleys. 
 Describe its river systems. What are the 
 principal products? Locate its two great 
 mountains. Name five of its principal 
 cities. What is the largest city on the Pa- 
 cific Coast ? Who named the Golden Gate ? 
 
 Locate it. Locate Alaska. Tell about its climate. What is peculiar 
 about its days and nights? What are its principal products? Describe 
 the Yukon Biver. Where is Cape Nome ? For what is it noted ? What 
 
 The Muir Glacier, Alaska. 
 
 is the capital of Alaska? How is the country governed ' 
 native races of the country. What is the highest mountain 
 For what is Alaska noted? 
 
 Name the 
 iu Alaska? 
 
 SEARCH QUESTIONS 
 
 Locations. What continents lie in the Eastern Hemisphere? 
 What continents lie in the Western Hemisphere? Locate the North 
 Pole and the South Pole. Locate the state of Washington. Which is 
 the largest county in Washington? Find the latitude and longitude 
 of Seattle. Of Spokane. If Seattle is in about the same latitude as 
 Halifax, why is it colder in Halifax than in Seattle? Locate the oceans. 
 Compare the Eastern and Western Hemispheres as to land and water. 
 
 Rivers. Name the four principal rivers of North America. If 
 you were to take a boat and go from the headwaters of the Columbia 
 Kiver to its mouth, through what states would you pass? Name the 
 principal natural features you would see en route. Name five of the 
 
 principal towns you would pass. About how 
 far apart are the headwaters of the Missouri 
 
 Indian Deerskin Dance. Humboldt County, California. 
 
 ■rV'illr- 
 
 The Fur Seal of Pribilof. 
 
 and Columbia rivers. Name the five principal rivers that flow into the 
 Pacific Ocean. Name the five principal rivers that flow into the Atlantic. 
 
 Mountains. Which is the highest mountain in North America? 
 Where is it located? Which is the highest mountain in Washington? 
 Name the highest mountain in California. In Mexico. 
 
 Population. Make a list of the principal cities of the Pacific 
 Coast. Make a list of the principal cities of the New Pacific. What 
 part of North America is most thickly populated? What part has the 
 fewest people? How many of the five principal races live in the 
 United States? 
 
 Natural Products. Make a list of the ten chief food products of 
 North America. Tell where each one grows. Do corn and coffee 
 grow in the same climate? Make a list of the chief mineral products 
 of North America. Of Washington. If you were to send a ship from 
 Puget Sound to Asia, what natural products would make up its cargo? 
 
 Industries. Name five of the leading industries of Washington. 
 Of Mexico. What is the principal industry of the Hawaiian Islands? 
 Search the industrial and relief map of the United States and name 
 each industry represented in the pictures shown. 
 
THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Outline Map of the United States. 
 
 THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. . 
 
 The six states in the extreme northeastern part of the 
 United States of America are called New England. These 
 states have a well-educated, industrious population, and 
 fine school systems. They are more densely populated 
 than any other section of the United States. Thousands 
 of people spend their summer vacations in the beautiful 
 mountain and lake regions in the northern part of these 
 states. These six states known as New England are 
 Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode 
 Island, and Connecticut. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 Maine, "the Pine Tree State," 
 is the largest of the New England 
 States, and is the extreme north- 
 easterly state of the Union. About 
 one half of the surface of Maine is 
 covered with forests of pine, spruce, 
 hemlock, and birch, which supply 
 much valuable lumber, and material 
 for wood pulp. The state is also 
 
 
 j ■-,■_. 
 
 Plymouth Rock 
 61 
 
 noted for its excellent farm products. Ship-building and 
 fishing are important industries. The principal city is the 
 seaport of Portland. An extensive trade is carried on at 
 this port with Canada and England, and its commerce with 
 the West Indies is also large. Bangor is the great lumber 
 market of the state. Augusta, situated on the Kennebec 
 River, is the capital. Biddeford, Saco, and Lewiston are 
 important towns. Bath is famous for its lumber trade and 
 ship-building. Rockland supplies most of the lime used in 
 the Eastern States. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 New Hampshire, "the Granite 
 State," has a population largely en- 
 gaged in the manufacture of cotton 
 and woolen goods, and in quarrying 
 stone. Concord is the capital, and 
 is celebrated for the manufacture of 
 wagons and coaches. Manchester, 
 Nashua, Dover, Keene, and Great 
 Falls are thriving manufacturing 
 towns. Hanover, in this state, is 
 the seat of Dartmouth College. 
 
62 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Vermont, "the Green Mountain State " (French, vert, 
 green; mout, mountain), is a fine wool-growing, stock-rais- 
 ing, and dairying country, and is especially famed for its 
 horses . The maple sugar of Vermont is also a noted product . 
 Burlington, located on Lake Champlain, is the largest city. 
 Rutland and St. Albans are important centers of trade. 
 Montpelier is the capital. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 Massachusetts, "the Bay State," or "the Old Col- 
 ony," is the wealthiest and most populous of the New Eng- 
 land States, and in manufactures and commerce is one of 
 
 Faneuil Hall, Boston. " The Cradle of Liberty." 
 
 the most prominent states of the Union. Boston, the cap- 
 ital of Massachusetts, is the largest city in New England. 
 It is noted for its libraries, public schools, and places of his- 
 toric interest. Bunker Hill Monument, Faneuil Hall, and 
 the Old South Church are sacred to those who love Amer- 
 ican institutions. Cambridge, the seat of Harvard Uni- 
 versity, is a place of historic interest. It was here that 
 Washington took command of the American forces. The 
 largest manufacturing establishments are at Lowell, Fall 
 
 River, and Lawrence. Worcester, the second city in size, 
 is a great railroad and manufacturing center. It is the 
 seat of Clark University. Springfield is the location of a 
 United States arsenal, and from this city the Springfield rifle, 
 which has been used for years by the United States army, 
 derives its name. This arsenal was made famous, also, by 
 Longfellow's poem, " The Arsenal at Springfield." Lynn 
 is famous for its manufactures of women's shoes. New Bed- 
 ford was formerly the greatest whaling port in the world. 
 Taunton is famous for the manufacture of locomotives, cot- 
 ton machinery, and britannia-ware. Massachusetts, how- 
 ever, will be more appreciated by the pupils of the public 
 schools for the literature it has given to the world. Long- 
 fellow, Holmes, Hawthorne, Lowell, and Emerson were all 
 residents of this state. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Rhode Island is the smallest state in the Union. Its 
 J chief manufactures are cotton and woolen goods, machinery, 
 t fire-arms, and jewelry. It has two state capitals. Newport, 
 
 one of them, is situated on a fine harbor, and is noted as a 
 j watering-place. Providence, the other capital, has a large 
 '. commerce, and manufactures extensively cotton goods and 
 
 silverware. It is the seat of Brown University. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Connecticut, " the Blue Law State," and " the Land of 
 
 Steady Habits," manufactures almost half of the hardware, 
 
 more than half of the table-ware, and most of the pins 
 
 I and clocks used in the United States. The valley of the 
 
 Connecticut is the most fertile part of the state, and is noted 
 
 for its fine tobacco crops. Hartford is the capital, and is 
 
 I the center of large fire and life insurance and manufacturing 
 
 | interests. New Haven ("the City of Elms"), on Long 
 
 Island Sound, is the seat of Yale College. Bridgeport, New 
 
 London, Norwich, Waterbury, Meriden, and Danbury are 
 
 large and prosperous towns. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON NEW ENGLAND. 
 Which is the largest New England state? In what does it excel? 
 Name the principal city in Maine. What is said of Portland? Name 
 several of the important manufacturing towns in Maine. What and 
 where is Augusta? What is said of Bath? Why is New Hampshire 
 called "the Granite State"? Name several of the principal industries 
 of New Hampshire. What is said of Concord? Name the largest city 
 in New Hampshire. Name several of the manufacturing towns. Where 
 is Dartmouth College? What does the name " Vermont " mean? What 
 are the most important industries of Vermont? In what does it excel all 
 states? Name its principal cities. What is the rank of Massachusetts 
 as a New England state? Tell what you can about its commerce. What 
 is the principal commercial city of New England? For what is it dis- 
 tinguished? What university is located at Cambridge? What places 
 of historic interest are in Boston? What university is located at Wor- 
 cester? For what is Springfield noted? What great literary men have 
 lived in Massachusetts? Which is the smallest state in the Union? 
 Where is Newport,and for what is it noted? What state in the Union 
 has two capitals? Which state in the Union manufactures most of the 
 pins, clocks, and table-ware? From what state in the Union do we get 
 most of our hardware? Where is Hartford? For what is New Haven 
 noted? For what is the valley of the Connecticut noted? Name several 
 of tl)i' important towns of Connecticut. 
 
The Middle Atlantic States. 
 
 63 
 
 THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 
 
 NORTHERN DIVISION. 
 
 The northern division of what are called the Middle At- 
 lantic States is composed of New York, New Jersey, and 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 New York, "the Empire State," is the most important 
 state in the Union, and ranks first in wealth, population, 
 manufactures, and commerce. The climate of western New 
 York is tempered by the lakes. It is a fine farming country. 
 Wheat, corn, and fruits flourish. This state is famous for 
 its butter, hay, hops, and grapes. It abounds in beautiful 
 natural scenery. The Niagara Falls are one of the most re- 
 markable natural wonders of the world. The falls have a 
 descent of 300 feet, the power from which has of late years 
 been utilized for operating great electric generating plants 
 and numerous large manufactories. New York City is the 
 largest and richest city in the United States. By the an- 
 nexation of suburban cities it now forms what is called 
 Greater New York. Brooklyn, now a part of Greater New 
 York, is connected with the city proper by the longest sus- 
 pension bridge in the world. New York City is noted for 
 its fine public and private libraries and churches, palatial 
 residences, handsome park, and other attractions. It is the 
 seat of Columbia University and of the University of New 
 York. Albany is the capital of the state, and is an impor- 
 tant inland city. It is situated on the right bank of the 
 Hudson, at the mouth of the Erie Canal. Buffalo, on Lake 
 Erie, is an important city, with an enterprising business 
 population and a constant growth. Rochester, on the Gen- 
 esee, and Oswego, at the mouth of the Oswego River, pos- 
 sess fine water-power, and are extensively engaged in man- 
 ufacturing and milling. Near Rochester are located some 
 noted nurseries of fruits and flowers. Syracuse is noted for 
 its salt-springs and salt-works. Troy has ample water- 
 power, and is largely engaged in manufacturing. The 
 country bordering on the Hudson River is noted for its 
 handsome homes and beautiful grounds, and the highlands 
 of the Hudson are noted for the grandeur of their scenery. 
 The National Military Academy at West Point is situated 
 on the right bank of this beautiful river. 
 
 Castle Garden, New York, the Statue of Liberty in tie Distance, 
 
 Niagara Falls by Moonlight. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 New Jersey is famous for its fruits. Its gardens largely 
 supply New York and Philadelphia with vegetables. New 
 Jersey is also rich in mines of iron and zinc. Newark, the 
 largest city in the state, is noted for its manufactures of 
 india-rubber, leather goods, clothing, and jewelry. Pater- 
 son, at the falls of the Passaic River, is noted for its loco- 
 motive-works and manufactures of silk goods. Princeton 
 is the seat of Princeton University. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Pennsylvania, "the Keystone State," is the leading 
 mining state of the Union. Coal, coal oil, and iron are its 
 chief products. Anthracite coal is found in the eastern 
 part of the state, and bituminous coal is found in the west- 
 ern part. The crude oil is pumped from the wells to the 
 seaport and lake cities through iron pipes, and is expbrted 
 to all parts of the world. The soil and climate are weH 
 adapted, and the crops of grain and tobacco, as well as 
 grazing products, are important. Philadelphia is the thii 
 city in manufacturing, commerce, and population in the 
 United States. It is celebrated for its schools, charitable 
 institutions, and historic buildings. The Old State House, 
 where the Declaration of Independence of the United States 
 was signed, July 4, 1776, is located in Philadelphia, and 
 in Independence Hall hangs the old " Liberty Bell." Pitts- 
 
64 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 City Hall, New York City. 
 
 burg, the second city in the state, and Allegheny, which 
 ranks next in size, are on the Ohio River. These cities are 
 largely engaged in the manufacture of iron and glass. 
 Harrisburg is the capital, and is largely interested in the 
 manufacture of iron. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE NORTHERN MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 
 
 How does New York rank in wealth, in population, in commerce, 
 and in manufactures? What are the principal products of New York? 
 What is said of New York City? What is said of the suspension bridge ? 
 What is said of Rochester and Oswego? Of Troy? Where is West 
 Point? For what is New Jersey famous? What minerals does this 
 state produce? What is said of Princeton? In what does Pennsyl- 
 vania surpass other states? What part of the state produces anthra- 
 cite coal? What is said of petroleum? What is said of Philadelphia? 
 Name its most famous building. What does Pittsburg manufacture? 
 What is the capital of the state of Pennsylvania? 
 
 THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 
 
 SOUTHERN DIVISION. 
 
 The southern division of the Middle Atlantic States is 
 composed of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, 
 and the District of Columbia. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Delaware, "the Diamond State," is second to Rhode 
 Island in size. Its soil is well adapted to fruit and vegetables. 
 Dover, situated inland, is the capital. Wilmington is the 
 largest city of the state. The manufacture of cars, iron, 
 wooden ships, and leather is extensively carried on. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 Maryland, "the Old Line State," has a climate and soil 
 favorable to the production of peaches, small fruit, and a 
 high grade of tobacco. Chesapeake Bay extends far inland, 
 and has the finest oyster-beds in the world. This state also 
 yields a variety of minerals. Annapolis is the capital, and 
 is the seat of the United States Naval Academy, situated on 
 Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is the chief city. The Johns 
 
 Hopkins Institute, the Peabody Institute, and other notable 
 institutions of learning, are located in this city. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 The District op Columbia contains sixty-four square 
 miles, ceded to the United States by Maryland, on the east 
 bank of the Potomac River, as a site for the national capital, 
 Washington City. The district is governed by three com- 
 missioners appointed by the President, and its laws are 
 made by Congress. The people living in this district have 
 no voice in the election of their own officers, or of those of 
 the general government. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Virginia, "the Mother of Presidents," is noted for its 
 tobacco, ranking next to Kentucky in the production of 
 this article. Its peanut crop is the largest in the country, 
 and it produces large quantities of wheat. Virginia is rich 
 in iron and other minerals, and has some valuable lumber 
 regions. Richmond is the capital and largest city of the 
 state, and is a place of historic interest. Mount Vernon, 
 the country seat of George Washington, lies on the west 
 bank of the Potomac, a few miles below Washington City. 
 The house contains many valuable relics, and near it is 
 Washington's tomb. Norfolk and Newport News are im- 
 portant ports. There is a United States navy-yard at Nor- 
 folk. One of the largest ship-building plants in the coun- 
 try is located at Newport News. Lynchburg, Petersburg, 
 and Roanoke deal extensively in tobacco and other produce. 
 The Natural Bridge of Virginia is a beautiful arch two 
 hundred feet above a small river that flows into the James 
 River, in the western part of the state. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 West Virginia, "the Panhandle State," was separated 
 from Virginia, and formed another state, in 1863. The soil 
 in the western part of the state is exceedingly fertile and 
 productive. The eastern portion is mountainous. The state 
 is rich in coal, iron, petroleum, natural gas, and salt, and 
 produces large quantities of coke. Charleston is the capital 
 of the state. Wheeling is the most important city, and is 
 located on the Ohio River. It is largely engaged in the 
 manufacture of iron. Huntington is an important shipping- 
 point for coal and iron, and Parkersburg, in the oil region, 
 is quite a trade center. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE SOUTHERN MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 
 
 How does Delaware compare in size with the other states of the 
 Union? What are the products? What is the capital? the largest city? 
 What articles are extensively manufactured in this state? What is 
 said of the products of Maryland? What is said of its oyster-beds? 
 What important academy is located at Annapolis? What is the largest 
 city in Maryland? What is the area of the District of Columbia? Of 
 what important city is it the site? How is it governed? For what 
 product is Virginia chiefly noted? What is the capital and the largest 
 city in the state? Where is Mount Vernon, and for what is it noted? 
 What are the manufacturing industries of Virginia? Name a remark- 
 able natural curiosity of Virginia. What is said of the origin of West 
 Virginia? Name the capital. What is the chief city? Name the min 
 eral products of West Virginia. Name the most important trade centers. 
 
The Southern States. 
 
 65 
 
 THE SOUTHERN STATES. 
 
 North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ala- 
 bama, Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas, 
 Oklahoma Territory, and Indian Territory comprise this 
 group. The surface of these states is low and level, except 
 where broken by the extension of the Appalachian Moun- 
 tains in the east and the Ozark Mountains in the west. The 
 Atlantic and Gulf coasts are swampy, and tide-water runs 
 far up the rivers. The summers, throughout this region, 
 are long and hot. Snow falls over most of it during the 
 winters, but remains only a short time. Frost rarely occurs 
 as far south as Florida. Agriculture is the chief industry of 
 these states. Cotton is the most important product. The 
 manufacture of iron and cotton goods is increasing rapidly. 
 These states raise three times as much cotton as all the rest 
 of the world. Sugar-cane, rice, resin, turpentine, and iron 
 are also important products. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 North Carolina, "the Old North State," has valuable 
 pine forests and excellent farming land on the coastal plains, 
 and the central and western parts abound in minerals. 
 Swamps cover nearly four thousand square miles in this 
 state. The pine forests yield abundantly of turpentine, 
 pitch, tar, and resin. Raleigh is the capital. Wilmington 
 is the largest city, and is an important market. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 South Carolina, "the Palmetto State," has a mild and 
 healthful climate. In the region of the foothills there are 
 many beautiful cataracts, and the pine-lands have many 
 noted health resorts. Cotton, rice, and sugar-cane are the 
 most important products. There are also valuable phos- 
 phate deposits in this state. Charleston has a fine harbor, 
 and is the most important seaport. Columbia, the state 
 capital, and Greenville are thriving manufacturing towns. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Georgia, "the Empire State of the South," has pro- 
 ducts of cotton, turpentine, and resin; it also produces the 
 largest peach crop of any state in the Union. It is rich in 
 minerals, abounding in iron, marble, and slate. Atlanta 
 is the largest city, and is a growing cotton-manufacturing 
 center. Savannah, located on the Savannah River, is one 
 of the great markets of the world for cotton, rice, lumber, 
 turpentine, and pitch. Augusta, Macon, and Columbus 
 manufacture cotton goods. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Florida, "the Peninsula State," along its Atlantic coast 
 line, has many sand-bars, and at the south there is a con- 
 tinuous coral reef, broken here and there by channels. This 
 reef is called the Florida Keys, the word "key," from the 
 Spanish cayo, meaning islet. The southern part of the 
 peninsula, called "the Everglades," is broken by shallow 
 channels of water, running in all directions, forming wooded 
 islands, grassy regions, swamps, and lakes. The climate is 
 
 Agricultural Department, Washington City. 
 
 very much modified by the warm waters of the Gulf of 
 Mexico, and also by the Gulf Stream, which flows on its 
 eastern shore. Its winters are therefore very mild, and 
 the summer seasons are of moderate temperature. For 
 these reasons it has become noted as a winter and health 
 resort, a land of orange groves, pineapples, and cocoa- 
 nuts, — the only tropical region in the United States, except 
 southern California. Florida raises fruits and vegetables 
 for the early Northern markets. It also produces rice and 
 sugar-cane. Lumbering is an important industry. Jack- 
 sonville is the largest city and chief seaport. It is a very 
 popular winter resort. St. Augustine, an early Spanish 
 settlement, is the oldest town in the state. Key West, on a 
 coral island at the southern extremity of the state, manufac- 
 tures cigars, and is the chief market for sponges. Pensa- 
 cola and Tampa are important shipping ports. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Alabama is crossed by a timber belt in the southern part 
 of the state. The central part is devoted to agriculture. 
 The northern part is hill}', and contains vast sto: - es of iron 
 and coal. This state ranks among the first iron-producing 
 states of the country. Birmingham is noted for its manu- 
 facture of this product. Montgomery is a trade center for 
 the surrounding country. Mobile is the largest city in the 
 
 Smithsonian Institution, Washington City. 
 
66 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 state, and is a great shipping port for lumber, cotton, and 
 Southern products. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 Mississippi, " the Mudcat State," ranks among the first 
 cotton-producing states of the South. The state is traversed 
 by a broad, low ridge from north to south. The lowlands 
 adjacent to the Mississippi River, which are cut up by 
 bayous that branch off all along that stream, are remark- 
 ably fertile and productive. Vicksburg is the largest city. 
 Meridian is a trade center for eastern Mississippi. Much 
 cotton is shipped from Natchez. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Tennessee, "the Big Bend State," is undulating in its 
 central portion, and is devoted to wheat, corn, hemp, and 
 tobacco. Blue grass thrives here, and stock-raising is profi- 
 table. In the western part of the state the soil is well 
 adapted to the cultivation of cotton and tobacco. This is 
 the chief manufacturing state of the South. The output of 
 the factories is cottonseed oil, iron and steel, woolen goods, 
 flour, and lumber. The eastern part of Tennessee has very 
 valuable mines of iron, copper, zinc, and quarries of an 
 excellent quality of marble. Memphis is the most important 
 cotton market of the country. Chattanooga manufactures 
 much iron and steel. Nashville, the capital, and Knox- 
 ville, in eastern Tennessee, are important trade centers. 
 From the summit of Lookout Mountain, near Chattanooga, 
 there is a fine view of the Tennessee River and the surround- 
 ing country. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Louisiana, "the Pelican State," in its northern and 
 western parts, is upland, having a fertile soil and heavy 
 forests. The delta of the Mississippi River, formed by the 
 accumulation of alluvia that have been swept down this 
 large stream for ages, is exceedingly fertile. More sugar- 
 cane and rice is produced in Louisiana than in any other 
 state. Cotton, also, is largely cultivated. New Orleans is 
 the largest city in the South. It is situated on the Missis- 
 sippi, about one hundred miles from its mouth. At the 
 mouth of the river, banks called jetties have been con- 
 structed so as to confine the water of the river, and by the 
 action of the current the sand-bars have been carried away, 
 and a channel opened to the city from the gulf for the 
 largest vessels, thus making New Orleans a great shipping 
 port. A large part of the population of this city are of 
 French or Spanish descent, called Creoles, and speak the 
 French language. Shreveport ranks second in population, 
 and also as a cotton market. Baton Rouge is the capital. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 Arkansas, " the Bear State," is mountainous and broken 
 in its northern part. In the eastern part are many small 
 lakes, bayous, and swamps. It is heavily wooded. It pro- 
 duces some coal, but its most important products are lum- 
 ber, cotton, corn, and peaches. Little Rock is the capital, 
 and most important city. Hot Springs is a widely known 
 health resort. There are many springs, ranging from a 
 
 low to a quite high temperature, which are reputed to cure 
 various diseases. Fort Smith and Pine Bluff are other 
 cities of importance. 
 
 TEXAS. 
 Texas, " the Lone Star State," has more than four times 
 the area of all the New England States. It was for a time 
 a part of Mexico, but afterwards became an independent 
 republic, and was finally admitted into the Union. The 
 eastern and southern parts of the state produce large quan- 
 tities of cotton, corn, and other agricultural products. The 
 northern and central portion is devoted to stock-raising, 
 and produces more sheep and cattle than any other part of 
 the country. In the western part of the state is a barren 
 plateau, called the " Staked Plain." The name is taken 
 from the only plant that is found there, the yuccas, which 
 stand like stakes over the plain. Dallas, San Antonio, Gal- 
 veston, an important seaport on the gulf, and Houston are 
 the largest cities. Fort Worth and Waco are other im- 
 portant railway centers. Austin, the capital, is a thriving 
 commercial point. 
 
 INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 This territory has been allotted by the government to 
 various tribes of Indians. Each tribe, removed from other 
 parts of the country, has been given a definite area, called 
 a reservation. Five civilized tribes — -Cherokee, Chickasaw, 
 Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole nations — have large reser- 
 vations. The population numbers about 175,000, less than 
 one third of whom are Indians. Many white men and 
 negroes have become citizens of the nations, under their 
 local laws. Indian Territory is not governed as other ter- 
 ritories organized under the general laws of the United 
 States. Each tribe has its own chief, legislative body, 
 treasurer, and other officers, who are under the supervision 
 of the Bureau of Indian Affairs at Washington City. The 
 money due the nations, as they are called, for the sale of 
 their lands is held in trust by the United States govern- 
 ment, and the interest is paid annually to the treasurer of 
 each nation. The land is held in common, but a citizen of 
 the reservation may use whatever land he can fence in. 
 Many enterprising Indians have large farms, which they 
 lease at a good profit to white and black men. 
 
 The Cherokee Nation has a good government and excel- 
 lent schools. Tahlequah is the chief town. 
 
 The Creek Nation has its capital at Okmulgee. On this 
 reservation is Muscogee, the chief commercial town, where 
 is located the United States court for the territory. 
 
 The Choctaw Nation has the largest reservation. 
 
 The Chickasaw Nation has the largest population, mostly 
 white men. 
 
 The Seminole Nation is the wildest and much the smallest 
 of the five nations. 
 
 OKLAHOMA TERRITORY. 
 
 Oklahoma was purchased from the Indians and separated 
 from the Indian Territory in 1890, when it was opened for 
 settlement to the white man. Other additions have been 
 made to it since that date. The soil is very fertile, and the 
 
The Southern States. — The Central States. 
 
 67 
 
 climate is equable, so that most of the products of the North- 
 ern and Southern states may be raised, though the agri- 
 cultural qualities of the country are not yet fully developed. 
 It has a territorial government. Guthrie, the capital, and 
 Oklahoma are the most important towns. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE SOUTHERN STATES. 
 What states are called the Southern States ? What is said of the 
 surface of this region ? What is the chief industry ? What is said of 
 the climate? What are the chief products of North Carolina? Name 
 the capital. Largest city. What is the climate of South Carolina? 
 What are its products? What is the principal seaport? Name the 
 capital. What are the agricultural products of Georgia? Mineral ? 
 What is said of the peach crop ? What is said of the manufactures ? 
 Name the most important cities. What is said of the coast of Florida ? 
 Where are the Florida Keys ? From what is the word ' ' key ' ' derived ? 
 What are the Everglades? What is said of the climate of Florida? 
 What is the Gulf Stream ? What are the productions of Florida ? Name 
 the most important cities. What are the most important agricultural 
 and mineral products of Alabama? What article is extensively man- 
 ufactured in this state ? Name an important seaport. What are the 
 principal towns ? For what product is Mississippi noted ? What is a 
 bayou? What is said of the lowlands? Name the most important 
 cities. What are the agricultural products of Tennessee? What is 
 said of its manufactures ? What are the mineral products? Name its 
 important cities. Name a historic mountain of this state. What is 
 said of the surface and soil of Louisiana? What is the delta of the 
 Mississippi? What are the chief products ? What is the largest city ? 
 Where situated ? What is meant by Creole ? What language is spoken 
 by the Creoles of New Orleans ? What is the capital ? What is said 
 of the surface of Arkansas? What are the products? What is the 
 capital ? What town is a noted health resort in this state ? What is 
 said of the size of Texas ? Of what country was Texas formerly a 
 part ? What are the most important agricultural products ? For what 
 industry is this state chiefly noted ? What is the Staked Plain ? Name a 
 prominent seaport and the important towns of this state. For what 
 use was the Indian Territory set aside by the government ? Name the 
 five civilized tribes of Indian nations. What is said of the population ? 
 How are the tribes governed? Name the important towns. When 
 was Oklahoma opened for settlement? What is the form of govern- 
 ment ? What is the capital ? 
 
 THE CENTRAL STATES. 
 
 Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, 
 Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South Da- 
 kota, and North Dakota form the group called the Central 
 States. 
 
 In this region are the great basins of the Ohio, Missouri, 
 and upper Mississippi rivers. In the northern parts of 
 Wisconsin and Michigan are elevations over a thousand 
 feet high. In the western part of Nebraska, North Dakota, 
 and South Dakota is a rough country, where colored rocks 
 have been worn by the action of water into fantastic shapes, 
 and canons with steep walls, which country has been called 
 by the Indians the " Bad Lands," because bad for travel- 
 ing. Southern Missouri is broken by the Ozark Mountains, 
 and eastern Kentucky by the Cumberland Mountains. The 
 regions near the rivers are rolling, and often covered with 
 timber. The term "prairie," a French word meaning 
 meadows, is applied to the grassy plains of the Mississippi 
 basin. The surface is level, or slightly undulating, and no 
 trees grow, except along the banks of watercourses. The 
 
 soil is adapted to raising different kinds of grain, especially 
 corn aud wheat. 
 
 Agriculture is the most important industry of this sec- 
 tion, which is the chief granary of the United States. Corn, 
 wheat, oats, and live-stock are the great products. Ken- 
 tucky produces nearly half of the tobacco raised in this 
 country. Flax, fruit, and vegetables are also important 
 products of the Central States. 
 
 Iron is produced in large quantities in Michigan, Ohio, 
 and other states of this section, as well as coal and other 
 minerals. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Wisconsin, " the Badger State," is an important stock- 
 raising, dairying, and agricultural state, producing hay, 
 wheat, corn, oats, barley, and rye. Lumber, flour, malt 
 liquors, leather, woolen goods, and meat are important 
 manufactures. 
 
 Milwaukee is the largest city, and is noted for its ma- 
 chinery, tanneries, beer, and smelting- works. Superior and 
 Racine have large manufactories, and do an extensive com- 
 merce on the lakes. Oshkosh and La Crosse are large pro- 
 ducers of lumber. Madison is the capital. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Michigan, "the Wolverine State," in its southern penin- 
 sula, is devoted chiefly to agriculture and manufacturing. 
 In the northern portion of the state the manufacture of salt 
 and lumber is carried on together, the refuse lumber from 
 the mills furnishing the fuel for the salt-pans, by which 
 process salt is made very cheaply. This state produces two 
 fifths of the iron ore of the country, and ranks second in 
 the production of copper. Gypsum and fresh-water fish 
 are important productions. 
 
 Detroit, on the Detroit River, is an important railway 
 center, and its blast-furnaces turn out immense quantities 
 of iron. Grand Rapids is largely engaged in the manufac- 
 ture of furniture. Saginaw and Bay City are large lumber 
 and fish markets. Ann Arbor is the seat of the University 
 of Michigan. Lansing is the capital. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Illinois, "the Prairie State," is one of the most level 
 and best- watered states of the Union. A canal has been 
 constructed at an immense cost, connecting Lake Michigan, 
 by way of the Chicago and Illinois rivers, with the Missis- 
 sippi River. More horses are reared in Illinois than in any 
 other state. It ranks among the first in the production of 
 corn, wheat, hay, and oats. This state is the second in the 
 Union in the amount of its manufactures. It makes more 
 watches than any other state. 
 
 In 1830 only a few houses stood where now the city of 
 Chicago covers a greater area than any other city in the 
 world. It is the greatest lake port and railroad center of 
 this country. The teinsactions here in grain, live-stock, 
 lumber, and meat-packing are the greatest in the world. 
 Peoria, the second city in size, has large factories and 
 distilleries. Quincy, Rockford, and Joliet are important 
 
68 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 manufacturing and trade centers. Spring- 
 field, the capital, is situated in a coal-mining 
 district. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Indiana, "the Hoosier State," is 
 chiefly an agricultural state, producing 
 corn, wheat, oats, barley, and 
 fruits. Coal and iron are mined. 
 The eastern part of the state 
 abounds in gas- wells, which sup- 
 ply fuel and light throughout the 
 state, and also to Chicago and 
 many other cities. It also yields 
 petroleum. 
 
 The manufactures are iron and 
 steel, tin-plate, wooden-ware, woolen 
 goods, and glass. 
 
 Indianapolis, the largest city, is a 
 great railway center, and carries on an 
 extensive trade with the surrounding 
 country. Evansville, on the Ohio 
 River, is the main shipping-point for the southern portion 
 of the state. Fort Wayne, Terre Haute, South Bend, and 
 New Albany are other important cities. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Ohio, "the Buckeye State," ranks first in agricultural 
 and dairying products, in rearing sheep and swine, and in 
 the manufacture of earthenware and brick. Corn, wheat, 
 oats, and tobacco are among its staple products. Apples, 
 grapes, and small fruits are raised. The state has valuable 
 stone quarries; coal and iron are extensively mined, and 
 there are products of petroleum, salt, and natural gas. 
 
 Cleveland, a beautiful city on Lake Erie, and Cincinnati, 
 on the Ohio River, are the largest cities in the state, and 
 both are important manufacturing and commercial centers. 
 Toledo and Dayton are important cities. Columbus is cele- 
 brated for its manufacture of wagons and carriages; it is 
 the capital of the state. Youngstown, Springfield, Canton, 
 and Akron have valuable factories. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Kentucky, " the Dark and Bloody Ground," also called 
 the "Blue Grass State," is devoted to agriculture and graz- 
 ing. One third of its area is covered with forests. One 
 of the greatest natural wonders of the country, known as 
 the Mammoth Cave, is found in the limestone region of 
 this state, where there are many caverns. The winding 
 passages of the Mammoth Cave penetrate the earth for 
 miles, and exhibit many curious features produced by 
 the action of water upon its walls, 
 tains a stream of clear, 
 limpid water, called 
 Echo River. 
 
 This state is noted 
 the world over for its 
 fine horses. It is first In the Northwest. 
 
 among the states in the production of 
 tobacco, hemp, and flax. Its coal-fields, 
 iron-ore beds, and stone quarries yield 
 important products. 
 
 Louisville is known as the 
 greatest tobacco market in the 
 world. Lexington is the trade 
 center of the blue- grass region. 
 Frankfort is the capital of the 
 state. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Minnesota, "the Gopher 
 
 State," has a growth of timber 
 
 on more than half its area, the 
 
 remainder being prairie. The 
 
 state has numerous picturesque 
 
 lakes, which abound with fish. The 
 
 lake regions are popular as summer 
 
 resorts. 
 
 More wheat is produced in this state 
 than in any other in the Union. The 
 value of its iron mines ranks next to those of Michigan. 
 Flour and lumber are its chief manufactures. Minneapolis, 
 the largest city, is noted for its grain market and flouring- 
 mills. St. Paul is a great commercial center. Duluth, sit- 
 uated on Lake Superior, is a great shipping-point. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Iowa, "the Hawkeye State," is a leading state in the 
 production of corn, wheat, oats, and hay, and is second 
 in the production of flax. There are many lumber mills, 
 which obtain their supply of logs from Minnesota by way 
 of the Mississippi River. 
 
 Des Moines is the largest city, and is an important mar- 
 ket for the products of the state. This city is also the state 
 capital. Sioux City, Dubuque, and Davenport are trade 
 centers. Burlington has large lumbering-mills. 
 
 In the Northwest. Alone with Nature 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Missouri, "the Bullion State," is devoted chiefly to agri- 
 culture, and has a wide variety of products. Its yield of 
 corn, wheat, oats, and hay is large. Two thirds of the zinc 
 product of the country, and vast quantities of lead and iron, 
 are mined in the southern part of Missouri. Coal is found 
 in plentiful quantities at various points. 
 
 St. Louis is the largest city of the Mississippi Valley. This 
 city was founded by the French in 1764. It forms the great 
 depot of exchange of products between the northern and 
 southern parts of the country, and is an important manu- 
 facturing center. Kansas City is 
 second to Chicago as a live-stock 
 and meat-packing 
 market and railroad 
 center. St. Joseph is 
 an important trading 
 point. Jefferson City 
 Ojibway Cemetery, Cass Lake is the capital. 
 
The Central States. — The Mountain and Plateau States. 
 
 69 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 Kansas, "the Squatter State," in its eastern part, is 
 undulating and quite fertile, merging into a vast prairie, 
 reaching away to the west. The western portion is dry and 
 unproductive. Kansas is among the leading states in the 
 production of corn, wheat, and live-stock. 
 
 Coal, lead, and zinc are important mineral products. The 
 salt and gypsum regions are very extensive. 
 
 Kansas City, Kansas (which, in effect, is a part of Kan- 
 sas City, Missouri, the dividing line being the middle of 
 a street), is the largest city, and is noted for its slaughter 
 and packing houses. Topeka, the capital, Wichita, and 
 Leavenworth are important cities. 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA. 
 
 North Dakota is principally a prairie country, and has 
 a very fertile soil in many parts. Wheat and live-stock are 
 the principal productions. In the Red River Valley are very 
 large wheat farms, some containing as many as thirty thou- 
 sand acres. Cattle ranches are also on a large scale. 
 
 Fargo and Grand Forks are the chief trading centers. 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 South Dakota is like North Dakota. The principal pro- 
 ducts are wheat and cattle. Gold, silver, tin, and coal are 
 found in the Black Hills. 
 
 Sioux Falls is the largest city and railroad center. Huron, 
 Yankton, and Pierre are trading-points. Deadwood is the 
 mining town of the Black Hills. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Nebraska is very fertile in the eastern part of the state, 
 and yields large crops of hay and grain. Beets are a staple 
 product, and the making of beet sugar is an important in- 
 dustry. 
 
 Omaha is a large city, having great works for smelting 
 and refining ore. It is extensively engaged in the manu- 
 facture of linseed oil and packing meat. Lincoln, the 
 capital, Hastings, and Nebraska City are important trade 
 
 centers. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE CENTRAL STATES. 
 
 What states are termed the Central States ? What three large nav- 
 igable rivers are in this section? What is said of the surface ? What 
 is meant by the word " prairie "? What two ranges of mountains are 
 in this region? What are the two great cereal products? What are 
 the agricultural products of Wisconsin ? What are the chief products 
 of manufacture ? What is the largest city, and for what is it noted ? 
 Name some other cities of Wisconsin, and the capital. What part of 
 Michigan is devoted to agriculture ? What are the products ? What 
 minerals are found in the northern part ? What is said of the produc- 
 tion of salt ? What is said of the iron and copper production ? Name 
 some important cities. What noted college *. , 
 
 is located at Ann Arbor? What are the ag- 
 ricultural products of Illinois? What is said 
 of it manufactures ? What is its largest city? 
 What is the rank of Chicago in population 
 and wealth? What are the great indus- 
 trial interests of Chicago? How is Lake 
 Michigan connected with the Mississippi? 
 Name some other important cities of Illi- 
 nois. What are the agricultural products 
 
 Bears. Yellowstone Park 
 
 of Indiana? Name the mineral products. What are the principal 
 articles of manufacture ? Name the important cities. In what pro- 
 ductions does Ohio rank first ? What are its mineral products ? What 
 is its largest city? For what is Columbus noted ? Name some other 
 important cities. By what other name is Kentucky often called? 
 To what productions is it principally devoted? For what is Ken- 
 tucky famous? What noted natural wonder has Kentucky? Name 
 the most important cities. What is the capital ? In what agricultural 
 product does Minnesota excel? What are the chief manufactures? 
 What is the largest city? For what is it noted? Name the leading 
 agricultural products of Iowa. Name some important cities of this 
 state. What are the agricultural products of Missouri ? What min- 
 erals are mined? What is its largest city? What other important 
 commercial city is in this state ? What are the most important agricul- 
 tural products of Kansas ? What minerals are mined in this state ? 
 Name the principal cities. What are the productions of North Dakota? 
 What are the chief towns ? What are the products of South Dakota ? 
 What mining district is located in this state ? Name the most impor- 
 tant towns . What are the chief products of Nebraska ? What is the 
 largest city? Name some other important towns. 
 
 THE MOUNTAIN AND PLATEAU STATES 
 AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico are 
 crossed by the main range of the Rocky Mountains. Idaho, 
 Nevada, Utah, and Arizona are the plateau division, and 
 are broken by lesser mountain ranges. All of this region 
 is elevated, the plains at the foot of the Rocky Mountains 
 being over five thousand feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 This section abounds in wonderful natural scenery. The 
 rivers run in deep-walled canons, notable among which are 
 the Grand Canon of the Arkansas and the Canon of the 
 Colorado. The atmosphere is dry and clear, and the lofty 
 mountains may be seen many miles away. In this part of 
 the country a low mountain that arises abruptly from the 
 surrounding country is called a "butte," and a table-land 
 bounded by cliffs is known as a "mesa." 
 
 This group of states covers several natural regions: — 
 
 1. The Great Plains, sloping from the foot of the Rocky 
 Mountains toward the Mississippi. 
 
 2. The Rocky Mountains. 
 
 3. The Great Basin, crossed by several short mountain 
 ranges. 
 
 4. The Columbian Plateau, in the north. 
 
 5. The Colorado Plateau, in the south. 
 
 In the Rocky Mountain Range are several peaks fourteen 
 thousand feet high, and the general level of the country 
 has a greater elevation than the mountains in eastern North 
 _•!■■/, America, with one or two exceptions. 
 
 The Great Basin is a triangular re- 
 gion lying between the Wasatch Moun- 
 tains and the Sierra Nevada. In the 
 northern portion are found some fertile 
 valleys of small scope, but the southern 
 part is hot, dry, and sterile. 
 
 In this group of states, stock-rais- 
 ing and mining are the chief occupa- 
 tions. The soil requires irrigation to 
 be productive.. Vast herds of cattle 
 and sheep graze in the valleys and 
 
70 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 In the Region of the Grand Canon of the Colorado. 
 
 foothills. Gold, silver, quicksilver, lead, iron, copper, and 
 coal are mined throughout this region, and more silver is 
 produced than in any other part of the country. 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 The irrigated farming-lands of this state comprise greater 
 area than some of the important Eastern states. Vast herds 
 of cattle, horses, and sheep are grazed on the bunch-grass 
 that nourishes on its plains and foothills. The state ranks 
 first in the production of copper. Its yield of gold, silver, 
 and other minerals is large. 
 
 Helena and Butte are nourishing mining centers. Great 
 Falls and Anaconda have large copper-smelters. 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 Grazing is the leading industry of this 
 state. It has very little farming-laud. 
 Coal is the only mineral mined to any 
 great extent. 
 
 Cheyenne and Laramie are important 
 shipping - points for the surrounding 
 country. 
 
 In the northwestern corner of the 
 state, lying partly in Montana and Idaho, 
 are about four thousand square miles 
 reserved by the government as the Yel- 
 lowstone National Park. It contains 
 numerous geysers, which spout forth 
 boiling water at intervals to the height 
 of 250 feet; lakes of boiling water side 
 by side with pools of water almost ice- 
 cold; basins of red, white, yellow, and 
 brown boiling mud called "paint-pots" ; 
 holes in the forest that send forth sul- 
 phur fumes; the beautiful Yellowstone 
 Lake, thirty miles long, filled with trout; 
 the picturesque Falls of the Yellowstone 
 River, and many other fantastic freaks 
 and wonders of nature. The park abounds 
 with wild game, protected by United 
 States troops, who guard the park. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 The greater part of Colorado is moun- 
 tainous and desert land. Because of its 
 high altitude and dry climate, it is much 
 sought as a health resort. The state 
 abounds in natural scenery of impres- 
 sive grandeur. From the city of Den- 
 ver may be seen the noted peaks, — 
 Longs, Grays, and Pikes Peaks. The 
 Garden of the Gods and Monument Park 
 are celebrated for their natural beauty. 
 
 Where the land can be irrigated, it 
 produces immense crops of grain and 
 vegetables. The valley of the Gunnison 
 River is noted for its fine peaches and 
 other fruits. This state yields large 
 quantities of gold, silver, lead, and other minerals, which 
 are an apparently inexhaustible source of wealth. 
 
 Denver, the "Queen City of the Plains," is the largest 
 city and most important trade center of the surrounding 
 country. Leadville is a famous mining camp. Colorado 
 Springs is a noted health resort. Cripple Creek has rich 
 gold mines, which are worked extensively. 
 
 TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 New Mexico was originally a part of Mexico, and many 
 of the Mexican manners and customs still prevail. Santa 
 Fe, one of the oldest towns in the United States, was set- 
 tled by the Spanish in 1582. 
 
The Mountain and Plateau States. 
 
 71 
 
 The Indians of New Mexico live in villages 
 called pueblos (a Spanish word meaning village 
 The houses are built of adobe, placed close 
 together, the entrance to the house being 
 by means of a ladder, and through a hole 
 in the roof. 
 
 Stock-raising is the principal industry. 
 The territory is rich in minerals and pre- 
 cious stones. 
 
 Albuquerque is the largest city, and is a 
 railroad junction. Las Vegas has iron anc 
 woolen manufactures, and is noted for itsj 
 medicinal springs. 
 
 A 
 
 
 / Narrow Gauge g 
 
 \ Terrace, 
 
 i Mammoth Hot 
 
 } Springs. 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 The soil is 
 sandy in the 
 greaterpartof 
 the state, and 
 only when ir- 
 rigated can it 
 be cultivated. 
 The southern 
 part is a vol- 
 canic region, 
 where streams 
 suddenly dis- 
 appear into 
 the earth. In 
 the valleys, 
 some grain is 
 grown. The 
 r / state has some 
 very rich gold 
 mines. The 
 yield of silver is large. 
 Boise, the capital, 
 
 Lower Fall of the^ W ^ in a fine agricultural 
 
 Yellowstone. ^H \h,*^ and grazing region. 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 The greater part of the state consists of mountains and 
 barren plateau. The rivers flow through deep, rocky canons. 
 
 Great Salt Lake is one of the natural wonders 
 of this state. At one time it was a body of 
 fresh-water as large as Lake Michigan, 
 with an outlet through Red Rock Pass 
 into Marsh Creek, and to the Shoshone 
 and Columbia rivers. Its surface was 
 about one thousand feet higher than it 
 now is. Finally, the rainfall that sup- 
 plied its waters became scant, and the out- 
 
 „, flow ceased. Since, it has dried 
 
 Hymen Terrace, ... ' 
 
 Mammoth away, until it is very shallow. Its 
 
 Hot Springs. wa ter is very dense and buoyant. 
 Utah Lake is a considerable body of water, 
 with an outlet into Salt Lake. The Great 
 Salt Lake Valley and Utah Valley are ex- 
 tensive and fertile farming regions, made 
 very productive by irrigation. 
 They produce 
 grain, hay, very 
 fine potatoes and 
 other vegetables. 
 Very fine fruit 
 is also grown . 
 
 Liberty Cap, 
 Mammoth Hot 
 
 Springs. 
 
 M 
 
 Gardiner River Canon, 
 Yellowstone Park. 
 
 Next in importance 
 to agriculture is the 
 mining of silver and 
 lead. 
 
 Located twelve miles 
 from the lake is Salt Lake 
 City. This is the seat of 
 the noted Mormon Church, 
 the followers of which live 
 chiefly in Utah. Ogden 
 is an important railroad 
 town, with manufactures 
 and sanatorinms. 
 
 Lake, 
 Mammoth Hot Springs. 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 The greater part of this state is mountainous and desert 
 land. Only in the valleys is agriculture carried on. Min- 
 ing is the chief industry. It produces gold and silver in 
 large quantities. Virginia City is a great mining center. 
 Reno is an important town. At Carson City there are noted 
 hot springs. 
 
 TERRITORY OF ARIZONA. 
 
 The climate of Arizona, in the southern portion, is very 
 dry and hot. 
 
 In the cliffs of the Canon of the Colorado River and its 
 
72 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Mormon Temple, Salt Lake City. 
 
 tributaries are the remains of strange dwellings, once occu- 
 pied by people called "cliff-dwellers." Here and there, on 
 a shelf half-way down the side of a precipitous canon, is a 
 single dwelling; and again, in larger recesses, there are vil- 
 lages of many rooms. The stones of which the houses 
 were built are set in clay mortar. 
 
 In the southwestern part of the territory there are good 
 irrigated farms. Live-stock is raised. Mining of copper 
 and silver is an important industry. 
 
 Phoenix and Tucson are the most important towns. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MOUNTAIN AND PLATEAU STATES 
 AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 What states and territories are crossed by the maiu range of the 
 Rocky Mountains? What states and territory are in the plateau region? 
 What is said o£ the natural scenery of this region? What is meant by 
 the word "butte"? Mesa? What natural regions are comprised in 
 these states and territories? What is the elevation of some of the 
 peaks of the Rocky Mountains? What is said of the Great Basin? 
 
 What are the principal products of this region? What are the princi- 
 pal industries and products of Montana? What, is said of its mineral 
 products? Name its principal cities. What is the principal industry 
 of Wyoming? Name its most important towns. What is said of Yel- 
 lowstone National Park? What is said of the natural scenery of Colo- 
 rado? What are the principal mineral products? Name some noted 
 mountain peaks. Name some of its noted cities. What is the prin- 
 cipal industry of the territory of New Mexico? What is the oldest 
 town in the United States? Name two important towns. What is said 
 of the surface of Idaho? What minerals are produced? What is the 
 chief city? What is said of Great Salt Lake, in Utah? What are the 
 industries of the state? For what is Salt Lake City noted? What is 
 the principal industry of Nevada? Name some towns of the state. 
 What is the climate of Arizona? What peculiar people once inhabited 
 parts of that territory? What are the principal industries? Name 
 two important towns. Describe the Yellowstone. Have you ever seen 
 any pictures of the Yellowstone? Where? Do you examine pictures 
 in the geography? What are they printed in a book for? Tell what 
 you have learned from pictures. Examine the mountains below. 
 Where is the highest mountain? Name some of the mountains you 
 have seen. What is meant by sea -level? Do you know how far above 
 sea-level your home is? 
 
 I 
 
 L 
 
 City of Havana, Cuba. 
 
Alpine 
 ISAOS5- 
 
 Tir, White G<*-&r 
 
 V-temloeK , <P>eeck , Ced&r*, 
 \\t\ed.t, Orchid Fruit5 
 Red ^ine , 6evge i _Bve 
 
 Union p,g e i 
 
 /m€ 
 
 £*£> 
 
 Cactus, 
 Almond 
 
 *v YuCCd-, 
 
 WM5-. Macrae 
 
 l-SUB- 
 
 TROPJCA 
 
 Zone 
 
 ^Temper<*te 
 Zone 
 
 OrAn^-c','^ 
 
 Vine, 
 
 Whe^t,... 
 
 Cnerry 
 
 Appic^ot^cto 
 
 ^mperate Zone. .-•*'"" 
 
 A-rcti-C 
 
 ZONE. ." 
 
 EKv^rf Willow 
 ^rvd^irTcK- 
 
 5pTttce,L*srcfv 
 ►3«?rTy5usf\CvS, 
 
 ^*>t6to<?&,g*r(cy, ^<Jl 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eborvy . V*\ 
 Pine AppuyiA 
 
 ' Tobacco 
 
 **& 
 
 ^Jo. 
 
 '*>. 
 
 iCoff^e, 
 
 \Tndtcfo. 
 CcrrtKJ 
 rwK<2frt,Pe<x^ 
 
 Tree lees T^ccftorvy 
 
 <3eech 
 
 E\er<5reer\. 
 
 SAnt^rctic 
 £pr\e. 
 
 Vegetation Chart of North and South America. 
 
<%Gi adelotfpe 
 
SOI TH AMERICA. 
 
 South America is the continent forming the southern 
 half of the New World. It is joined to the continent of 
 
 Outline Map of South America. 
 
 North America by the Isthmus of Panama, and stretches 
 southward to Cape Horn. 
 
 Boundaries. South America is bounded on the north 
 by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the east 
 by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific. To 
 the south it diminishes in width gradually, and terminates 
 in a group of rocky islands. 
 
 Extent. South America, like Africa, forms a vast 
 peninsula. It has an area of seven million square miles. 
 The greatest length, from north to south, is 4,550 miles, 
 and the greatest breadth, from east to west, 3,200 miles. 
 
 Natural Features. South America has three moun- 
 tain systems: the Andean, the Parime, and the Brazilian. 
 The Andes run in a north-and-south direction, through the 
 entire length of the continent. The Parime system consists 
 of several ranges, which rise between the low plains of the 
 Orinoco on the north and the Amazon on the south. The 
 
 ; * 75 
 
 Brazilian system consists of numerous chains, some near 
 the coast, and some quite a distance inland. 
 
 Plains. The interior of South America contains a series of great 
 plateaus, and are naturally divided as follows: The llanos, or grassy 
 plains of the Orinoco valley ; the selvas, or forest plains of the Amazon 
 valley; and the pampas, or plains of the Plata region. 
 
 Rivers. The slope of the continent of South America is generally 
 toward the Atlantic ; consequently the larger rivers flow into that ocean. 
 The three great rivers are the Orinoco, the Amazon, and the Plata. 
 
 The Orinoco has a length of 1,500 miles, and waters the regions of 
 the llanos. It has its source in the Parime Mountains. 
 
 The Amazon is 3,900 miles long, and has its source in the Andes. 
 
 The Plata is formed by the junction of the rivers Parana and Uru- 
 guay. 
 
 Climate. The climate of South America is warmer than 
 that of North America. The tropical belt of the continent 
 is no"t so hot as the corresponding region of Africa, and the 
 configuration of the continent permits the rain-bearing 
 winds from the Atlantic to pass over its surface. 
 
 Productions. South America has extremely rich and 
 varied natural productions. The vast forests surpass in 
 every respect those of any other portion of the globe. Me- 
 dicinal plants, and shrubs valued for their use as beverages, 
 gums and woods prized in manufactures, are all native to the 
 continent. Birds of brilliant plumage, reptiles, and insects 
 of endless variety, are characteristic of the abundant animal 
 life of the continent. The puma and the jaguar represent 
 the carnivora of the continent. The llama, vicuna, and 
 guanaco are found in the high regions of the Andes. The 
 tapir is peculiar to the continent, and the sloth, ant-eater, 
 and armadillo are natives. The continent is extremely rich 
 in minerals. The precious metals are abundant. Copper, 
 tin, lead, and iron are widely distributed. Good coal, also, 
 is found. The continent is rich in precious stones. 
 
 Population. The population of South America is about 
 thirty millions. Probably a third are of European origin, 
 Spanish or Portuguese. Spanish is the prevailing language, 
 except in Brazil, which was colonized by the Portuguese. 
 
 Government. There are ten republics in South Amer- 
 ica: Brazil, Venezuela, Uruquay, Argentina, Chile, Peru, 
 Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, and 
 Paraguay. The European pos- 
 sessions are British, Dutch, and 
 French Guiana. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Locate South America. Describe its 
 boundaries. Tell what you can about 
 its natural features. What is said about 
 the interior of South America? What 
 is meant by the " selvas "f Name the 
 three great rivers. What is the largest 
 country in South Americaf Name some 
 of the productions of the continent. 
 What is the prevailing language? 
 
 SV/ 
 
 
 ~^J 
 
 irrp 
 
 — ¥f**-' J 
 
 3<j 
 
 ■A 0. 
 
 w-- 
 
 
 
 
 22t 
 
 
 
 
 [Sflfi 
 
 3x? 
 
 rpveriK 
 
 "Si- 
 
 
 M. 
 
 %s.c 
 
 
 
 
 rictiw*o3& 
 
 
 
 latete 
 
 * rv? 
 
 >Jurujuba^ 
 
 ih 
 
 
 | 
 
 ,X '^ 
 
 $Mt. 
 
 
 C$j 
 
 3^ 
 
 
 oo 1 ^ — 
 
 Sb 
 
 ^&V\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 «L', 
 
 ■, ■" 
 
 .* 
 
 .j/rzu ., 
 
 Bay of Rio de Janeiro. 
 
76 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 BRAZIL. 
 
 Brazil ' is the largest country of South America. It has 
 an area of 3,219,000 square miles. 
 
 Natural Features. The great natural features of Brazil 
 are the vast plains, or selvas, which are watered by the 
 largest rivers in the world. 
 
 Rivers. The Amazon is the chief river of Brazil. It is naviga- 
 ble for from 400 to 500 miles from the sea. It has numerous tribu- 
 taries, the Rio Negro on the left, and the Madeira, Tapajos, Xingu, and 
 Tocantins on the right, bank. 
 
 Climate. The climate of Brazil is thoroughly tropical, 
 the whole country being within the torrid zone. 
 
 Productions. Diamonds and other precious stones, 
 with gold, silver, copper, iron , and lead, are among the pro- 
 ductions of Brazil ; but its mineral wealth is inferior to the 
 vegetable produce of the soil and to the great treasures of the 
 forests. Coffee, sugar, and cotton are staple products. Rice, 
 cocoa, maize, and tobacco are also produced. The manioc 
 yields a kind of bread, the chief food of the native Indians. 
 
 Inhabitants. The population of Brazil is upwards of 
 fourteen millions, more than a third of whom are of Por- 
 tuguese descent. A large proportion of the population are 
 negroes, who until recently were slaves, but are now citizens. 
 The Roman Catholic religion is followed, but church and 
 state have no connection. 
 
 Government. The United States of Brazil form a fed- 
 eral republic. The country became a republic in 1889, 
 when Emperor Dom Pedro II. was deposed. 
 
 Cities. The capital of Brazil is Rio de Janeiro, which stands on 
 the western side of a fine bay, one of the finest natural harbors in the 
 world. The city has 800,000 inhabitants, and is the largest city in 
 
 South America. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON BRAZIL. 
 
 Give an account of Brazil. What is the meaning of the word ' ' Bra- 
 zil "f What are the special features of Brazil? Describe the Amazon 
 River. Describe the climate. Describe the productions of Brazil. 
 - What is the religion of the people of Brazil? Tell what you can about 
 the government. 
 
 GUIANA. 
 
 Guiana, so called from an Indian tribe, is divided into 
 three parts. The most westerly part belongs to Great Brit- 
 ain, the central to Holland, and the eastern to France. 
 Hence they are called British, Dutch, and French Guiana. 
 
 All Guiana has a tropical climate. The soil is fertile, 
 and the natural wealth of the forests unbounded. 
 
 The commercial products are about the same as those of 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON GUIANA. 
 
 From what does Guiana derive its name? Into how many parts is 
 Guiana divided? To what countries do these parts belong? What 
 about the climate? the soil? the forests? the commercial products? 
 
 VENEZUELA. 
 
 Venezuela, which means "Little Venice," and so called 
 from the Indian pile-houses, which the Spaniards found at 
 the entrance to Lake Maracaibo, includes the greater part 
 
 1 Brazil was first discovered by Cabral in 1500, and was named by 
 him Tierra de Santa Cruz (the " Land of the Holy Cross "). The name 
 "Brazil" is derived from the red Brazil wood, which the Portuguese 
 compared to red-hot coals (braza). 
 
 of the basin of the Orinoco River. The area of Venezuela 
 is estimated at 600,000 square miles, with a population of 
 2,250,000. 
 
 The surface of Venezuela is naturally divided into three 
 distinct zones: the farming, the pastoral, and the forest 
 zones. Sugar, coffee, cocoa, and cereals are produced in the 
 first; in the second, cattle; and in the third, tonka beans, 
 copaiba, vanilla, and caoutchouc grow wild. The gold-fields 
 are rich, and there are copper and salt mines. 
 
 The government of Venezuela is republican in form. 
 
 The capital of Venezuela is Caracas, situated in a fertile mountain 
 valley, 3,000 feet above the sea, and 12 miles distant from the shore 
 of the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON VENEZUELA. 
 Locate "Venezuela. What does the name mean? What are the nat- 
 ural products? What is the government? Where is the capital? 
 
 COLOMBIA. 
 
 The Republic of Colombia is in the northwest corner of 
 South America. It has an area of 514,000 square miles, 
 and a population of about 3,500,000, about half of whom 
 are whites of Spanish descent. The rest are Indians. Pri- 
 mary education is free, but not compulsory. 
 
 The lowland portions of Colombia are covered with a 
 dense forest, and have a very hot climate. The mountain 
 regions are quite cool. The mineral wealth of the country 
 is very great. Cocoa, coffee, cinchona bark, indigo, bananas, 
 tobacco, cotton, and wheat and other cereals are produced. 
 
 The capital of the republic is Bogota, which is situated in the high 
 plateau of the Andes. 
 
 The chief place on the western side of the Isthmus of Panama is the 
 city of Panama. The traffic across this narrow neck of land is main- 
 tained by means of a railway. De Lesseps, the French engineer who 
 built the Suez Canal, attempted to build a canal at this point, connect- 
 ing the town of Colon (Aspinwall), on the Atlantic side of the isthmus, 
 with Panama. Two hundred and fifty million dollars were spent on 
 this canal, but in 1889 work was discontinued. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON COLOMBIA. 
 
 Locate the republic of Colombia. Describe the lowlands. Describe 
 the products. What is the capital? Locate the Isthmus of Panama. 
 Tell what you can about the attempted construction of the great Panama 
 Canal. 
 
 ECUADOR. 
 
 The Republic op Ecuador' has an area of 120,000 square 
 miles, and a population of 1,250,000. 
 
 The natural products are both rich and varied. Cocoa is 
 the principal export. 
 
 The highest portions of the Andes are withiu Ecuador. 
 Among them are the gigantic peaks of Chimborazo, 20,545 
 feet above the sea; Cotopaxi, 19,613 feet; and Antisana, 
 
 19,335 feet. 
 
 The capital of Ecuador is Quito, situated in the interior, at an ele- 
 vation of 9,500 feet, and nearly under the line of the equator. The 
 chief seaport is Guayaquil. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON ECUADOR. 
 
 Where is Ecuador? Describe the mountains of Ecuador. Name 
 the capital. What is the chief seaport? What is the chief export 
 from Ecuador? 
 
 1 Ecuador Spanish, equator. 
 
The Falkland Islands. 
 
 77 
 
 PERU. 
 
 The Republic op Peru is on the western side of South 
 America. It has an area of 455,000 square miles, and a 
 population of about three millions. 
 
 The climate of Peru varies with the most striking differ- 
 ences in its physical conformation. The mountain region 
 is cold, the coast plain is hot and arid, and the plains on the 
 east of the mountains are watered by abundant rains. 
 
 Peru has great natural advantages. The gold, silver, 
 and quicksilver mines, once the richest in the world, are now 
 worked only to a limited extent. 
 
 The forests produce gums, balsams, cinchona bark, va- 
 nilla, and sarsaparilla, and of recent years the production 
 of sugar has largely increased. 
 
 An extensive system of railroads has been constructed, 
 which greatly facilitates the development of the country. 
 
 The capital of the republic is the city of Lima, which is six miles 
 distant from the coast of the Pacific. Lima was founded in 1535 by 
 Pizarro. 
 
 Callao, on the adjacent coast, is the port of Lima, and the com- 
 mercial outlet to the Pacific. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON PERU. 
 
 Locate the republic of Peru. Describe the climate. What are the 
 natural advantages of Peru? Describe the railroads. Name the capi- 
 tal of Peru. 
 
 BOLIVIA. 
 
 The Republic op Bolivia, which derives its name from 
 Simon Bolivar, is an inland state. It has an area of 567,- 
 000 square miles, and a population of about 2,250,000. 
 The whites, as is the case in nearly all the countries on the 
 western side of South America, are of Spanish descent. 
 
 The Andes form the border line between Peru and Bo- 
 livia. One of the peaks, Sorato, attains an elevation of 
 24,812 feet. The climate and products of Bolivia resemble 
 those of Peru. The capital is Sucre, but the seat of gov- 
 ernment is usually at La Paz. La Paz is the chief com- 
 mercial city. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON BOLIVIA. 
 
 Locate Bolivia. From what does the country derive its name? 
 Name the natural products of Bolivia. What is the capital? Name 
 the chief commercial city. 
 
 CHILE. 
 
 The Republic op Chile is a narrow strip of country on 
 the western coast of South America, between the Andes and 
 the Pacific. It has an area of not less than 294,000 square 
 miles, and a population of over three millions. 
 
 The climate is temperate and healthy, becoming generally 
 cooler toward the south. The northern part of the country 
 is nearly rainless. 
 
 The Chilean Andes include some of the highest summits 
 of the mountain system, the loftiest peak being the peak of 
 Aconcagua. The country is barren and sandy in the north, 
 but fertile and productive in the south, where the people are 
 engaged in farming. The country produces annually about 
 twenty-seven million bushels of wheat, and eight million 
 bushels of other cereals, besides fruits, vegetables, and a 
 large amount of wine. Live animals, wool, hides, and 
 
 skins form the principal exports. Nitrates form the bulk 
 of the mining products. 
 
 Santiago, the capital of Chile, is an inland city, midway between 
 the Andes and the ocean. The chief seaport is Valparaiso, which is 
 an important center of commerce. 
 
 questions on chile. 
 
 Where is the republic of Chile? What is the climate of the coun- 
 try? Name the mountains of Chile. Describe the soil. What are the 
 chief products? Name the capital. 
 
 ARGENTINA. 
 
 The Republic op Argentina 1 includes, the group of states 
 formerly known as the United Provinces of the Rio de la 
 Plata. The area is about 515,700 square miles. The popu- 
 lation is about 4,250,000. The Spanish language prevails 
 throughout Argentina. The greater part of the republic is 
 an immense plain. The Paraguay, Parana, and Uruguay 
 rivers are the three great feeders of the Plata. 
 
 Vast herds of cattle and horses, and immense flocks of 
 sheep, are reared on the immense pastures. Agriculture is 
 progressing rapidly. Over 8,000 miles of railway connect 
 the principal cities of the republic with Buenos Ayres, and 
 a trans- Andean line connects the country with Santiago and 
 Valparaiso, in Chile. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON ARGENTINA. 
 
 Locate the republic of Argentina. From what is the word "Argen- 
 tina" derived? What is the language of the people of Argentina? 
 Name the principal rivers. What are the products? Describe the 
 railroads. 
 
 PARAGUAY. 
 
 The Republic op Paraguay is northeast of Argentina. 
 
 The country has an area of 98,000 square miles, and a 
 population of 330,000. The chief town of Paraguay is 
 Asuncion. The most characteristic article of produce of 
 Paraguay is the yerba mate, or Paraguay tea. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON PARAGUAY. 
 
 Locate the republic of Paraguay. Name the chief city, 
 the most characteristic article of produce? 
 
 What is 
 
 URUGUAY. 
 
 The Republic op Uruguay lies to the north of the Plata. 
 It has an area of 72,000 square miles, and a population of 
 about 730,000. The capital is Montevideo. The rearing 
 of cattle and sheep is the leading industry. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON URUGUAY. 
 
 Locate Uruguay. What is the capital? What is the leading in- 
 dustry ? 
 
 THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. 
 
 The Falkland Islands, consisting of East Falkland 
 and West Falkland, and about 100 smaller islands, form a 
 British crown colony. The total area is about 7,500 square 
 miles, and the population is about 2,000. The industries 
 are pastoral. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. 
 
 Where are the Falkland Islands? What is the population of these 
 islands? What is the occupation of the people? 
 
 'Argentina is from the Latin argentum, meaning silver. 
 
EUROPE. 
 
 Europe forms the northwestern portion of the Old World. 
 It is an immense peninsula, jutting out from the western side 
 
 % 
 
 Outline map of Europe. 
 
 of Asia, and forming with it by far the lar- 
 gest continuous mass of land. It is entirely 
 separated from Africa, on the sovith, by the 
 Mediterranean Sea, and, on the west, from 
 North America by the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Its northern boundary is the Arctic Ocean , 
 and its eastern boundary the Caspian !Sea, 
 the river Ural, and the range of the Ural 
 Mountains. 
 
 Europe, 1 next to Australia, is the smallest of the 
 continents. It is about one fifth the size of Asia, 
 one quarter that of America, and one third that of 
 Africa. It is also about one fourteenth of the total 
 area of the land surface of the globe, and one fifty- 
 third of its entire surface. 
 
 The Seas. The principal inland seas, 
 bays, and gulfs belonging to Europe are the 
 Mediterranean, 2 the Sea of Marmora, the 
 Black Sea, the Sea of Azof, the Caspian Sea, 
 the Bay of Biscay, the English Channel, the 
 Irish Sea, the North Sea, the Zuider Zee, 
 the Baltic Sea, and the White Sea. 3 
 
 The Mediterranean is the largest inland 
 sea in the world, being over 2,400 miles 
 long, and covering nearly one million square 
 miles. 
 
 1 Europe was the name first given to the land 
 bordering on the Hellespont. 
 
 2 Mediterranean, Latin, medius, the middle, and 
 terra, land. 
 
 ' The White Sea is so named from its being cov- 
 ered with ice half the year. 
 
 The Black Sea has an area of 180,000 square miles, and 
 receives the drainage of one third of Europe. It is subject 
 to sudden and violent storms and dense fogs; hence its 
 name of the "Black" Sea. 
 
 The Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland, is 
 comparatively deep, but subject to violent storms. 
 
 The Baltic Sea has an area of 135,000 square miles. Its 
 waters are generally shallow, especially in the north, and 
 are fresher than those of the Atlantic. Both the Baltic 
 and the Mediterranean- are nearly, if not entirely, tideless. 
 
 The Zuider Zee was formed by an eruption of the sea in 
 the thirteenth century. 
 
 The most noted straits are the Strait of Dover, 21 miles long, con- 
 necting the North Sea with the English Channel ; the Strait of Gibral- 
 tar, 8 miles long, which forms the entrance to the Mediterranean; the 
 Bosphorus, or Strait of Constantinople, 1 mile long, leading from the 
 Sea of Marmora into the Black Sea. 
 
 The most northerly point of the continent of Europe is North Cape ; 
 the most westerly point is Cape Roca, in Portugal ; and the most 
 southerly is Cape Tarifa, in Spain. 
 
 Peninsulas. Europe is distinguished by a great num- 
 ber of peninsulas, and all, except Jutland, point toward the 
 
 Gibraltar. 
 
 Gibraltar is derived from Gibel el Tarik, "the mountain of Tarik." The rock was first 
 fortified by the Saracens in 711. Gibraltar was taken by the English in 1704. The Span- 
 iards and French besieged it from July, 1779, to February, 1783, when the siege was 
 abandoned as hopeless. The rock is of gray limestone formation, and contains many 
 caves. The fortifications are formidable. Port-holes, so contrived that the gunners are 
 free from harm, are cut at intervals of twelve yards. New guns have been placed in 
 positions from the sea-wall to the summit. There are three forts. 
 
 81 
 
82 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 The Alps. Mont Blanc. 
 
 south. The principal peninsulas are Norway and Sweden, 
 Jutland, — which forms a part of Denmark, — the Spanish 
 peninsula, Italy, the Morea, — which is a part of Greece, — 
 and the Crimea, which is a part of Russia. 
 
 Islands. The most important of the islands of Europe 
 are the British Isles, — England, Wales, Scotland, and Ire- 
 land, — which lie off the western coast of Europe, within 
 the Atlantic Ocean. Iceland, which also lies in the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean, is the third in point of size. The Azores, in 
 the Atlantic, and the celebrated' 
 islands in the Mediterranean, — 
 Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Candia, 
 and Cyprus, — are all of large size. 
 
 Mountains. Europe exhibits 
 a great variety of surface. The 
 southern parts are mountainous. 
 The middle parts are less elevated, 
 and may be considered as hilly. 
 The northwestern peninsula (Nor- 
 way and Sweden) contains high 
 mountains. But the whole of 
 eastern Europe consists of a vast 
 plain, diversified by very slight 
 elevations. 
 
 The principal mountain ranges 
 of Europe are as follows: The Alps, 
 the Apennines, the Balkans, the 
 Pyrenees, the Harz, the Ural, and 
 the Caucasus. 
 
 The Alps, on the borders of Italy, France, Switzerland, and Aus- 
 tria, are the highest mountains in Europe. The upper portions of the 
 Alps are covered with snow. The loftiest mountain among the Alps 
 is Mont Blanc. It is 15,784 feet — nearly three miles — above the sea. 
 
 Volcanos. The active volcanos of Europe, with one exception, 
 are situated on islands. Those on the mainland, with one exception, 
 Vesuvius, are extinct. Vesuvius is located near Naples, and is 4,000 
 feet high. 
 
 Rivers. Every part of Europe is watered by running 
 streams. • Many of the rivers are navigable. The great 
 water-shed of Europe may be approximately marked by a 
 line drawn from Cape Tarifa to the Ural Mountains. From 
 
 this medial line the laud 
 slopes more or less regularly 
 to the northwest and south- 
 east. 
 
 The rivers of Europe may be 
 grouped into three main systems, 
 according as they flow directly or 
 indirectly into the Arctic and At- 
 lantic oceans, or into the Caspian 
 Sea. 
 
 The rivers of the Arctic sys- 
 tem include the Petchora, Mezen, 
 Dwina, and Onega. 
 
 The principal rivers of the 
 Atlantic system are the Thames, 
 Severn, Tay, Shannon, Glommen, 
 Seine, Loire, Rhone, Rhine, Elbe, 
 Oder, Tagus, Tiber, Po, Maritza, 
 Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Don, 
 and Kuban. 
 The principal rivers of the Caspian system are the Volga, the 
 Kuma, and the Terek. 
 
 Lakes. The lakes of Europe are divided into three 
 groups, — the Alpine, the Scandinavian, and the Russian. 
 
 The principal Alpine lakes are Lake Geneva, through 
 which the Rhone flows; Lakes Neuchatel, Zurich, and Lu- 
 cerne, in the basin of the Rhine River; and Lakes Garda, 
 Maggiore, and Como, in Italy, 
 
 There are numerous lakes in the Scandinavian peninsula, 
 
 The Alps. The Matterhorn. 
 
 the principal ones being Lakes Wenner, Wetter, and Malar, 
 on the Swedish side, and Lake Mjosen is the largest in Nor- 
 way. 
 
 The Russian lakes lie mainly in the region between the 
 White Sea and the Gulf of Finland. The largest of the 
 Russian lakes are Ladoga, 6,300 square miles, and Onega, 
 3,280 square miles. 
 
 Climate. Nearly the whole of Europe is in the north 
 temperate zone. It is therefore free from the extremes 
 of heat and cold to which other divisions of the globe are 
 subject. There is, however, considerable difference in tern- 
 
Europe. 
 
 83 
 
 perture between the north of Europe and the south. The 
 countries of southern Europe are hot; those of central 
 Europe, moderately warm. The northern regions are cool, 
 and the extreme north is intensely cold. This is in accord- 
 ance with the general laws of climatic change. 
 
 Rainfall. A greater quantity of rain falls in the south 
 of Europe than in its middle portions, and more in its 
 middle latitudes than farther north. Warm countries, in 
 general, have more rain than cold countries. The average 
 number of days in the year upon which rain occurs is few- 
 est in the south of Europe, and increases toward the north. 
 
 Minerals. Europe is richly supplied with the most 
 useful minerals and metals, — coal, iron, etc., — and also 
 produces considerable quantities of the precious metals. 
 
 Wild Animals. Many of the wild animals that formerly 
 existed have been exterminated. The wild ox still exists 
 in Russia; the fallow deer and the red deer belong to mid- 
 dle Europe; the chamois and the ibex are native to the high 
 mountain region of the Alps, but are now few in number. 
 
 Domestic Animals. The sheep, ox, pig, goat, horse, 
 and dog exist in every part of Europe. 
 
 Birds. The web-footed tribes, such as geese and ducks, 
 are most numerous in high latitudes. The stork, the crane, 
 the heron, the pelican, and the spoonbill belong to the west 
 and the south of Europe. The vulture and eagle tribes are 
 most numerous in the high mountain region of the south. 
 The owl is found in every part of the continent. 
 
 Reptiles. Europe is singularly free from venomous 
 reptiles. Lizards are common in the countries that border 
 on the Mediterranean, and the chameleon is found in Spain. 
 
 Fish. Fish of nearly every variety abound in the seas 
 and rivers of Europe, and are used extensively as food for 
 man. 
 
 Insects. The most useful member of the insect tribe, 
 the honey-bee, is propagated in most European countries. 
 The silk-worm is reared in the 
 south of Europe. Flies, as 
 well as other familiar aud 
 harmless insects, are common 
 in Europe. 
 
 Inhabitants. The popu- 
 lation of Europe, amounting 
 to a total of 350,000,000 peo- 
 ple, consists, for the most part, 
 of what is known as the Cau- 
 casian, or Aryan, race. Nine 
 tenths of the whole belong 
 to this stock of nations. The 
 nations of southern Europe 
 are distinguished by their 
 darker complexions and gen- 
 erally slender frames. Robust 
 frames, fair complexions, light 
 eyes and hair, are marks of the people of the middle and 
 north of Europe. 
 
 Language. The languages of Europe, with the excep- 
 tion of the Turkish, are of Aryan origin, and may be classed 
 
 Italy. Lake Como 
 
 under four principal heads, corresponding to the four great 
 races of the continent, — the Celtic, the Teutonic, the Greek- 
 Latin, and the Slavonic. 
 
 Religion. The Protestant religion predominates in the 
 Teutonic countries, the Roman Catholic in the Romanic 
 countries, except Greece, and the Greek Church in the 
 Slavonic countries. Of the 350,000,000 inhabitants of 
 Europe, 150,000,000 are Roman Catholics, 80,000,000 be- 
 long to the Greek Church, 75,000,000 are Protestants, 
 10,000,000 are Mohammedans or heathens, and 7,000,000 
 are Jews. 
 
 Education. All the great nations of Europe are well 
 advanced in education. Schools, colleges, and universities 
 are found in every European state. There are more people 
 unable to read and write in Russia and in Hungary than in 
 any other part, and fewest in Great Britain and Ireland and 
 Germany. 
 
 Government. The government of ever5 r country in 
 Europe, except France and Switzerland, is monarchical in 
 form, and is despotic in Russia and Turkey, but limited 
 in the United Kingdom and other countries. France and 
 Switzerland are republics, as are the small states of San 
 Marino and Andorra. 
 
 Political Divisions. Europe is politically divided into — 
 
 Four Empires: Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. 
 
 Eleven Kingdoms: Great Britain and Ireland, Sweden and Norway, 
 Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Roumania, 
 i and Servia. 
 
 Two Republics: France and Switzerland (and the minor protected 
 republics of San Marino and Andorra). 
 
 Four Principalities: Montenegro, and the minor principalities of 
 Luxembourg, Monaco, and Liechtenstein. 
 
 The countries of Europe may be also arranged according to their 
 " rank," or power, in the following order: — 
 
 1. Great Britain, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and 
 Italy. These are the " Six Great Powers " of Europe. 
 
 2. Sweden and Norway, Spain. 
 
 3. Turkey, Belgium, Holland, 
 Denmark, Portugal, Switzerland, 
 Greece, Roumania, Servia, and 
 Montenegro. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON EUROPE. 
 How does Europe compare in 
 size with the other continents? De- 
 scribe some of the principal natural 
 features of Europe. What are its 
 principal mountain ranges? What 
 is said of the Alps? Describe some 
 of the principal river systems of 
 Europe. Name and describe the 
 inland seas. Tell what you can of 
 the Mediterranean Sea. What does 
 the name "Mediterranean" mean? 
 State some peculiar fact about the 
 Zuider Zee. For what are some 
 of the principal European rivers 
 noted? What varieties of climate 
 has Europe? Why is the climate of 
 southern Europe milder than that of northern Europe? What is said 
 of the minerals of Europe? What is said of the animals of Europe? 
 What is said of the languages of Europe? Compare the languages 
 of Europe with that of the United States. What are the forms of gov- 
 ernment in Europe? Name the six great powers of Europe. 
 
84 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 THE BRITISH ISLES. 
 
 The British Isles consist of Great Britain, Ireland, and 
 a number of small islands. 
 
 Great Britain consists of England, "Wales, and Scot- 
 land, and is the largest island in Europe, being 600 miles 
 in length, and having an area of 
 nearly 89,000 square miles. 
 
 Ireland is west of Great Brit- 
 ain, and is about one third the size 
 
 of the latter. 
 
 The principal islands adjoining Great 
 Britain and Ireland are the Isle of Wight, 
 off the south of England ; the Orkney and 
 Shetland islands, off the north, and the 
 Hebrides off the west, coast of Scotland ; 
 Anglesey and the Isle of Man, in the 
 Irish Sea ; Valentia Island, Achil Island, 
 and the Aran Islands, off the west coast 
 of Ireland. 
 
 London Bridge. Diamond Jubilee Procession 
 
 Coasts. The coasts of England are more or less irregular, and 
 
 exhibit a great number of capes and inlets. 
 
 Mountains. England has a gently sloping or undulating surface, 
 
 rising, in some places, into lofty hills. Wales is very mountainous. 
 
 The highest elevation in England is Scaw Fell, reaching 3,208 feet 
 
 above the level of the sea. 
 
 Plains. The York Plain, the Cum- 
 brian and Cheshire plains, the Central 
 Plain, the district of the Fens, the Eastern 
 Plain, the Valley of the Severn, and the 
 Valley of the Thames are the largest. 
 
 Rivers. The longest rivers, with one 
 exception, are on the eastern side of Eng- 
 land, and flow -into the North Sea. The 
 main slope of the country is therefore tow- 
 ard the east. The Thames 1 is one of the 
 three longest rivers in the British Isles, 
 and ranks first in order of importance, 
 since London, the metropolis of the em- 
 pire, 's built upon its banks. It is navi- 
 gable for the largest vessels nearly to 
 London Bridge, and for smaller craft to 
 
 Witches' Stairway 
 
 • The Lakes of Killarney. 
 
 The United Kingdom of Great 
 Britain and Ireland is formed by the 
 political union of England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and 
 the adjacent islands. 
 
 The British Empire is formed by the United Kingdom 
 of Great Britain and Ireland, and its numerous colonies and 
 possessions in all parts of the world. 
 
 The area of the British Empire is upwards of eleven mil- 
 lion square miles, or about one sixth of all the land of the 
 globe. 
 
 The population is about three hundred and eighty mil- 
 lions, or about one fifth of the total inhabitants of the 
 world. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 England 1 and Wales constitute the' most important 
 portion of the British Isles. 
 
 Boundaries. England is divided from Scotland by the Tweed 
 River, the Cheviot Hills, and the Solway Firth ; from Ireland by the 
 Irish Sea and St. George's Channel; from France by the English 
 Channel and the Strait of Dover; and from Belgium, Holland, and 
 Germany by the North Sea. 
 
 Extent. The greatest length of England — from Berwick to the 
 Lizard — is 423 miles. England embraces an area of 50,823 square 
 miles, and Wales, 7,363 square miles. 
 
 Windsor Castle, from the Thames. 
 
 1 England, Angle-land, "the land of the Angles." The Angles 
 were the most numerous of the Saxon invaders of Britain. Anciently 
 Albion; so called from the white cliffs of Kent. 
 
 Lechlade, 160 miles from the sea. The Severn 
 is the longest river in Britain. It drains an 
 area of 4,500 square miles, and is navigable 170 miles from the sea. 
 
 Lakes. The largest English lake is Windermere, 14 miles long 
 and 1 mile broad. 
 
 Climate. The climate of England is temperate and 
 healthful. The frequent occurrence of rain and the general 
 moisture of the atmosphere are due to the insular position 
 of Britain. The mean temperature of summer in London 
 is 63.8°; of winter, 37.3°. The mean annual temperature is 
 50.55°. The average annual rainfall at London is 24 inches. 
 
 Minerals. The minerals most necessary to man — coal and iron, 
 copper, lead, zinc, and tin — are abundant in England and Wales. 
 
 Plants and Animals. The cultivation of the land has reduced 
 the size of the forests, and the wild animals have practically been 
 banished. Among the trees, the elm, birch, poplar, alder, yew, and 
 Scotch fir are native to the soil. The apple, the hazel-nut, the wil- 
 low, the thorn, the blackberry, are also found in England. 
 
 Inhabitants. England and Wales have more inhabi- 
 tants to the square mile than any other country in Europe, 
 except Belgium. The population is about twenty- nine mil- 
 lions, or about four hundred and ninety-eight people to the 
 square mile. 
 
 The people of England belong to the Teutonic race; those 
 of Wales and Cornwall are of Celtic origin. Of the Celtic 
 
 'Thames, Thamesis, " the broad Isis.' 
 
The British Islands. 
 
 85 
 
 race, the Gaels were evidently the first settlers in the south 
 of England. Of the Teutonic race, the Angles, Jutes, and 
 Saxons first invaded Britain. Later, the Danes and Nor- 
 mans also settled in England. These elements formed the 
 foundation of the English nation 
 
 The language is mainly 
 derived from the Anglo- 
 Saxon, but with a large ad- 
 mixture of Latin, Greek, 
 Norman French, and other 
 foreign words. 
 
 commerce of the sea. Sugar, coffee, tea, tobacco, spices, 
 wines, hides, skins, tallow, wool, raw cotton, corn, and 
 flour are imported from different countries; and cotton, 
 woolen, linen, and silken goods, iron and steel, tin, coal, 
 machinery, earthenware, stationery, books, and other man- 
 ufactured products are 
 the exports. 
 
 Cities. Three fifths 
 of the people in Eng- 
 land and Wales live in 
 cities and towns. One 
 
 Industries. Manufacture and trad3 
 are the great national industries of Eng- 
 land. Its agricultural products are not 
 equal to the amount that the people need 
 for food. There is, however, considerable 
 farming and stock-raising. Cotton, wool, 
 and iron are the three great staples that 
 are manufactured. Besides these, there 
 are manufactures of silk and linen, hosiery 
 and lace, leather, earthenware, glass, watches and clocks, 
 and paper. 
 
 Internal Communication. Good roads and well-kept 
 
 canals render inter-communication easy in every part of the 
 country, England being particularly noted for good roads. 
 There are 25,000 miles of turnpike roads, and more than 
 100,000 miles of cross roads. 
 
 Railways. From London railways extend in every di- 
 rection. The railways of England carry over six hundred 
 million passengers and great quantities of freight each year. 
 
 Commerce. The import of raw material and the ex- 
 port of manufactured goods make England the ruler of the 
 
 On the Clyde 
 
 sixth of the total population lives in 
 London, Liverpool, and Manchester. 
 
 The ten largest towns in England 
 and Wales are the following: London, 
 with a population of 5,500,000; Liver- 
 pool, 730,000; Manchester and Salford, 
 703,000; Birmingham, 429,000; Leeds, 
 368,000; Sheffield, 324,000; Bristol, 
 222,000; Bradford, 216,000; Notting- 
 ham, 212,000; Hull, 200,000. 
 
 Government. The government is constitutional, and 
 the monarchy is limited and hereditary. 
 
 The legislative power is divided between the sovereign 
 and the House of Lords and the House of Commons. 
 
 The annual revenue is derived from customs, excise, 
 stamps, and taxes. 
 
 The British army is small, compared with the large ar- 
 mies of the Continental powers, but the navy is the largest 
 and most powerful in the world. 
 
 Religion and Education. There is religious equality 
 and freedom of worship in the United Kingdom. Elemen- 
 
86 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 tary education is compulsory, and was made free in Scot- 
 land in 1889, and in England and Wales in 1891. 
 
 Higher education is provided by the universities of 
 Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, Victoria, and London, in 
 England; Edinburgh, Glasgow, St. Andrews, and Aber- 
 deen, in Scotland; the Royal, the Catholic, and the Dublin 
 universities, ill Ireland; and the University of Wales, incor- 
 porated in 1894. There are university colleges at London, 
 Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Bristol, New- 
 castle, Nottingham, and Sheffield, in England; at Cardiff, 
 Bangor, and Aberystwith, in Wales; and Dundee, in Scot- 
 land. In Ireland, higher education is given in the Queen's 
 colleges at Belfast, Cork, and Galway, and at other institu- 
 tions . 
 
 THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 
 
 The British Empire, besides Great Britain and Ireland, 
 has a vast number of colonies, protectorates, dependencies, 
 and territories in every part of the globe. 
 
 Area in 
 In Er ROPE — So.. Milks. 
 
 The United Kingdom 120,97:! 
 
 England mid Wales 58,310 
 
 Scotland 29,785 
 
 Ireland 32,583 
 
 The Isle of Man 220 
 
 The Channel Islands 78 
 
 Gibraltar 2 
 
 Malta 117 
 
 In Asia — 
 
 India 1,587,104 
 
 British India 944,108 
 
 Feudatory States 042. 990 
 
 Ceylon 25,364 
 
 Cyprus 3,584 
 
 Aden and Perim 70 
 
 The Straits Settlements 1,472 
 
 British North Borneo 30,000 
 
 Labuan . 31 
 
 Sarawak : 50,000 
 
 Brunei ,'!,000 
 
 Hongkong 29 
 
 In Africa — 
 
 Cape Colony 
 
 Natal .' 
 
 Basutoland 
 
 Zululand 
 
 Beehuanaland 
 
 Zarabesia 
 
 British East Africa 
 
 North Somali Coast 
 
 Gambia 
 
 Sierra Leone 
 
 Gold Coast 
 
 Lagos 
 
 Niger Coast Protectorate 
 
 Niger Territories 
 
 Ascension 
 
 St. Helena 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 Zanzibar and Pemba 
 
 Socotra 
 
 221,311 
 
 20,460 
 
 9,720 
 
 8,900 
 
 222,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 ,000,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 2,700 
 
 15,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 1,071 
 
 500,000 
 
 35 
 
 47 
 
 705 
 
 985 
 
 1,382 
 
 Ix America — 
 
 Dominion of Canada 3 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 British West Indies 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 The Bahamas 
 
 The Leeward Islands 
 
 The Windward Islands 
 
 Trinidad and Tobago 
 
 Barbados 
 
 The Bermudas 
 
 British Honduras 
 
 British Guiana 
 
 Falkland Islands 
 
 ,456,383 
 42,200 
 
 4,424 
 
 5,450 
 701 
 508 
 
 1,868 
 
 166 
 
 20 
 
 7,560 
 109,000 
 
 6,500 
 
 Population. 
 
 38,104,973 
 
 29,002,505 
 
 4,034,750 
 
 4,706,162 
 
 55,608 
 
 92,234 
 
 25,755 
 
 105,662 
 
 280,690,960 
 
 220,530,000 
 
 66,107,860 
 
 3,008,239 
 
 209,291 
 
 41,910 
 
 506,577 
 
 150,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 221,441 
 
 1,527,221 
 543,913 
 218,902 
 180,000 
 
 13,500,000 
 
 240,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 180,000 
 
 1,905,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 20,000,000 
 
 360 
 4,116 
 
 380,000 
 
 377,980 
 
 10,000 
 
 4,829,411 
 197,335 
 
 639,491 
 
 48,000 
 
 129,760 
 
 135,976 
 
 228,757 
 
 182,322 
 
 15,884 
 
 31,471 
 
 284,887 
 
 1,789 
 
 Area is 
 
 In Australasia — ■ So.. Miles. 
 
 New South Wales 310,700 
 
 Victoria 87,884 
 
 Queensland 668,497 
 
 South Australia 903,690 
 
 Western Australia 1,060,000 
 
 Tasmania 26,215 
 
 New Zealand 104,471 
 
 British New Guinea 88,000 
 
 Fiji 7,740 
 
 Population. 
 
 1,134,207 
 
 1,140,411 
 
 393,718 
 
 315,048 
 
 90,000 
 
 146,667 
 
 626,830 
 
 150,000 
 
 121,180 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 Scotland ' is the northern portion of the island of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Boundaries. Scotland is bounded on the north and west by the 
 Atlantic Ocean; on the south by England and part of the Irish Sea; 
 and on the East by the North Sea. It has an area of 30,000 miles. 
 
 Coasts. The coasts of Scotland are more indented than those of 
 England. The smaller inlets are called lochs. There are many capes, 
 inlets, and channels. 
 
 Scotland has about 700 islands. 
 
 Mountains. Scotland is divided into the Highlands and the Low- 
 lands. The Lowlands are by no means level, but embrace numerous 
 hilly tracts, Ben Nevis, 4,406 feet above the sea-level, is the highest 
 mountain, not only in Scotland, but in the British Isles. 
 
 Ben Nevis, Scotland. 
 
 Rivers. The principal rivets flow into the North Sea. The Tweed 
 is 96 miles long, and is noted for its salmon fisheries. The Dee is 87 
 miles in length. The Clyde, which is navigable to Glasgow, is 9(5 
 miles long. 
 
 Lakes. Scotland is noted for its beautiful lakes. Loch Lomond 
 is known as "the pride of the Lakes," exceeding all the others in 
 extent and beauty. Loch Katrine, 19 miles long and J4 mile broad, is 
 the scene of Scott's "Lady of the Lake." 
 
 Climate. The climate of Scotland is colder than that 
 of England. The winters are more severe, and the rains 
 more abundant. The rainfall is from 22 to 33 inches on 
 the east coast, and from 30 to 44 inches on the west coast . 
 
 Natural Productions. The natural productions are 
 about the same as those of England. Clydesdale is noted 
 for a fine breed of horses, and the Shetland Islands for the 
 hardy Shetland ponies. 
 
 'Scotland, the "land of the Scots." The Scots were a Celtic 
 tribe from northern Ireland, who passed over and settled in Cantire in 
 503. In 843 the king of the Scots ruled over nearly the whole of Scot- 
 land, north of the Clyde and Forth. 
 
The British Islands. 
 
 87 
 
 Inhabitants. The people of the Highlands and the 
 Lowlands are two distinct races, speaking different tongues. 
 The language of the Lowlands resembles the English, and 
 that of the Highlands is a Celtic dialect, called the Gaelic. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. Scotland is principally a manu- 
 facturing and commercial country, and farming is practiced 
 with great skill in the Lowlands. Ship-building is exten- 
 sively carried on at Glasgow. 
 
 Commerce. The commerce of Scotland resembles that 
 of England. 
 
 Counties and Towns. Scotland is divided into 33 counties. The 
 principal towns are Edinburgh, which is the seat of one of the Scottish 
 universities, and the literary metropolis of the north. 
 Glasgow is the center of the cotton manufacture, the 
 iron trade, and the foreign commerce of Scotland. 
 Aberdeen, between the rivers Dee and Don, is also an 
 important city, and is noted for its commerce and dis- 
 tinguished for its university. 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 Ireland, 1 the second largest island of the 
 British Isles, lies west of Great Britain. 
 
 Boundaries. Ireland is bounded on -the north, 
 west, and south by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the 
 east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St. 
 George's Channel. 
 
 Coasts. The entire length of coast line, including 
 the larger inlets, is about two thousand miles, or one 
 mile of coast to every fifteen square miles of area. It 
 has numerous capes and inlets, and a number of small 
 islands. 
 
 Mountains. Ireland is level in the interior, but 
 has high mountain tracts adjoining various portions of 
 the coast. The highest mountains are in the south- 
 west, known as the Kerry Mountains. The highest 
 peak is 13,414 feet. 
 
 Plains. A nearly level plain extends across the 
 middle of the island from Dublin to Galway Bay. In some parts of 
 the plain are extensive bogs. 2 The total extent of the bog lands is 
 about 5,000 square miles. 
 
 Rivers. The island abounds in inland waters. The principal 
 rivers are the Bann, the Lagan, the Barrow, the Liffey, and the Shan- 
 non. Dublin, the metropolis of the island, is on the banks of the 
 Liffey. The Shannon is the longest river in Ireland, and is navigable 
 213 miles from the sea. 
 
 Lakes. There are a number of beautiful lakes in Ireland. The 
 Lakes of Killarney, having an area of ten square miles, are celebrated 
 for their beautiful scenery. 
 
 Climate. The climate of Ireland is more moist than 
 that of England. This gives more verdure to the fields and 
 a superior freshness and brightness to the vegetation. The 
 winters are nearly always mdd. The average rainfall at 
 Cork is 40 inches. 
 
 An Irish Cottage of To-day. 
 
 1 Ireland ( Gaelic ) , " western isle . ' ' The native name is Erin . The 
 Komans called it Hibernia. To the Phoenicians it was known as Ierne. 
 The ancients called it the "Emerald Isle," on account of its verdure. 
 
 2 Of the bogs of Ireland, the black is the most valuable for fuel. It 
 is not so capable of being reclaimed as the red and brown bogs. 
 
 The Wishing-chair, Giant's Causeway. 
 
 Natural Productions. Ireland is inferior to England 
 and Scotland in the production of coal, but produces cop- 
 per, lead, iron, and other minerals, and a high grade of 
 marble and building-stone. 
 
 Inhabitants. The population of Ireland in 1891 was 
 four and three quarter millions, — but little more than half 
 its population in 1841. Vast numbers of the Irish people 
 emigrated to other lands, and famine, with its attendant 
 sickness and suffering, tended to reduce the population. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. Ireland is chiefly an agricul- 
 tural country. Cattle and pigs and farm produce are its 
 chief industrial wealth. 
 
 Ireland is divided into four provinces; namely, Leinster, . 
 Ulster, Minister, and Connaught. 
 
 Cities. Dublin is the capital of Ireland. It has a fine artificial 
 harbor, fine public buildings, and is the seat of several universities. 
 Belfast is the seat of the linen manufacture of Ireland. Limerick is 
 rich in historical memories. It is built on both sides of the river 
 Shannon. It was once the stronghold of the Roman Catholic cause, 
 and sustained two great sieges in behalf of James 11. in 1690. Cork 
 is the third city of importance, in regard to population. It has a great 
 foreign trade. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 Britain first became known to the other peoples of Europe through 
 the Phoenicians. The Romans under Ca?sar invaded Britain in 55 B. C, 
 and remained there until the fifth century. The Teutonic (that is, the 
 
88 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 German) tribes came across the North Sea to Britain on the departure 
 of the Komans. These invading tribes included the Angles, Saxons, 
 and Jutes, and the country was called " Angle-land," from the name 
 of the principal tribe; hence the name "England." The compound 
 name, "Anglo-Saxon," as applied to the language and people, is 
 a modern formation. In 1066, England was invaded by the Normans 
 under William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy. He subjugated the 
 country, and for a long time two distinct languages were spoken in 
 England. The speech of the common people was Anglo-Saxon, while 
 the official language was Norman French. From the union of the two 
 tongues our modern English is derived. Wales was united to England 
 in the thirteenth century. Scotland was united to England in 1603, 
 when James VI. of Scotland, son of the unfortunate Mary, Queen of 
 Scots, succeeded Elizabeth on the English throne. The modern history 
 of Great Britain and Ireland begins at this time. James dispossessed 
 the turbulent native Irish chiefs of their territory in Ulster, and peo- 
 pled the northeastern part of the province with Lowland Scotch and 
 English colonists, but Ireland, as a whole, was never thoroughly sub- 
 dued until Cromwell overran the island. Complete political union of 
 Ireland with Great Britain was accomplished in 1801. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 Of what do the British Isles consist? Of what does Great Britain 
 consist? Of what does the British Empire consist? What is said of 
 the surface of Great Britain? What is said of its mineral wealth? Of 
 its agriculture? Of its stock-raising? Of its manufactures? Describe 
 the government of England. What is the longest river in Great Britain? 
 Which is the most noted river? Describe the climate of Great Britain. 
 What is said of the people of Great Britain? What is the number of 
 the inhabitants of England and Wales? About how many people are 
 there to the square mile? Describe the language of England. Name 
 some of the chief towns of England. Name some of the imports and 
 exports of England. Name several of the principal universities in 
 England. Name a few of the most important colonies of the British 
 Empire. Name some of the industries of Scotland. Describe some of 
 the natural features of Scotland. Name two of its principal cities, 
 and state for what each is noted. Describe Ireland. What is the 
 meaning of the name "Ireland"? Why did the ancients call it the 
 Emerald Isle? What is meant by the "bogs " of Ireland? Name sev- 
 eral of the rivers of Ireland. What lakes in Ireland are celebrated for 
 their beauty? What are the industrial pursuits of the people? When 
 were the English and Scottish kingdoms united? What was the name 
 of the Scottish king who succeeded to the English throne? Who 
 was the mother of this Scottish king? How did he more closely unite 
 Ireland with Great Britain? Who thoroughly subdued Ireland? 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Germany is in central Europe. 
 The German Empire is a federal union 
 of twenty- five states and the imperial ter- 
 ritory of Alsace-Lorraine. 
 
 Boundaries. Germany is bounded on the 
 north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic 
 Sea; on the south by Switzerland and Austria; 
 on the east by Austria and Russia; and on the 
 west by France, Belgium, and Holland. 
 
 Extent. The total area of the German Em- 
 pire is 211,000 square miles. Its greatest length, 
 from southwest to northeast, is about 850 miles; 
 and its greatest breadth, from north to south, about 580 miles. 
 
 Natural Features. Germany is, for the most part, level, but it 
 has a number of mountain ranges. The most noted of these ranges 
 are the Harz Mountains; the Schwarz Wald, or Black Forest, which 
 separates the basins of the Rhine and Danube; and the Thuringer 
 Wald, between the basins of the Elbe and Rhine. The height of the 
 ranges in central Germany seldom exceed 3,000 feet. The highest 
 point in Germany, north of the Danube, is 5,274 feet. The peak of 
 Zug-spitz, in South Bavaria, is 9,716 feet high. 
 
 Rivers. The Rhine is the principal river in Germany. Its sources 
 and upper course are in Switzerland, and the Neckar and Main are two 
 of its tributaries. The Rhine is navigable to the Falls of Schaffhausen. 
 Between Mainz and Bonn the river is famous for its beauty, and the 
 Falls of the Rhine are much admired. Other important rivers are the 
 Ems, Elbe, Weser, Oder, and Danube. 
 
 Climate. In the uplands the winters are severe, snow 
 often lying on the ground from October to May; but in the 
 lower river valleys the climate is delightful, and the vine 
 gro.ws to perfection. 
 
 Natural Productions. The forests are extensive, and 
 give shelter to wild animals, such as the wolf, wild boar, 
 and deer. The minerals include coal, with iron and other 
 metals, chiefly found in the Rhine province and in the Harz 
 Mountains. Precious stones, and some gold, silver, and 
 copper, are also found. There are many famous mineral 
 springs, of which the principal ones are Baden-Baden, Set- 
 ters, Wiesbaden, and Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 The Reichstag Building, Berlin. 
 
 City of Oberammergau. 
 
 The Cologne Bridge. 
 
Sweden and Norway. — Switzerland. 
 
 93 
 
 Lakes. The largest lake in Sweden is Lake Wenner, which is the 
 third largest lake in Europe. It has an area of 2,136 square miles. The 
 lakes of Norway are said to number 30,000, while in Sweden they cover 
 nearly one tenth of the entire area. 
 
 Climate. The atmosphere of both Sweden and Norway 
 is dry and healthful. The winters are long. The summers, 
 while short, are very hot and dry. Bergen is one of the 
 wettest places in Europe. The mean rainfall is 82 inches. 
 
 Productions. The most valuable products of Scandi- 
 navia are its mines, its fisheries, and its forests. The bear, 
 wolf, fox, lynx, and the lemming, or field-rat, are the wild 
 animals, while the reindeer is used as a domestic animal. 
 
 Inhabitants. The population of Sweden numbers 
 about five millions, and that of Norway over two millions. 
 The people are of the Teutonic race. 
 
 Industries. In the southern part of Sweden there is 
 considerable farming. The people of both countries, how- 
 ever, are excellent seamen. The principal ports are Stock- 
 holm, Gottenborg, Christiania, and Bergen. There are 
 about 6,400 miles of railways in the country, and the Gota 
 Canal, in Sweden, consists of a waterway between the North 
 Sea and the Baltic. 
 
 Government. Sweden and Norway are independent 
 kingdoms, under the same ruler. 
 
 Education. Education is free and compulsory, and 
 public education is well advanced in Sweden. 
 
 Cities. Stockholm is the capital of Sweden, and the 
 seat of government of the two countries. Christiania is 
 the capital of Norway, and lies at the head of a long fiord 
 called by its name. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 The Scandinavian countries were the home of the Northmen who 
 made conquests in England, France, and other European countries. 
 Authentic history of these countries begins in the ninth century, when 
 the many little kingdoms of Norway were united under one king. In 
 the fourteenth century, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark were united, 
 but in 1523 Sweden became independent. In 1814 Norway was ceded to 
 Sweden. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 
 
 Locate Norway and Sweden. How are they governed? What 
 peninsula do they compose? Why is the cultivation of the soil not 
 very profitable? What is the chief industry? What is the religion of 
 the people? What is the capital of Norway and Sweden? Name the 
 other principal cities. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Switzerland 1 is an entirely inland 
 country, and is bounded on the north by 
 Germany, on the east by Austria, and 
 on the west by France. 
 
 Extent. Its greatest length from east to 
 west is 208 miles, and its breadth from north 
 to south is 156 miles. Its area is nearly 16,000 
 square miles. 
 
 Mountains. Switzerland is a mountainous 
 country. Two thirds of its surface consist of 
 high mountains and intervening valleys, the 
 other third being an elevated plain. The Alps 
 of Switzerland consist of several continuous chains, and are noted 
 
 1 Switzerland, French, La Suisse; German, Schweiz, from the forest 
 canton of Schwyz. 
 
 for their beauty. The Pennine Alps contain Mont Rosa, 15,217 feet 
 high, and the Matterhorn, 14,705 feet high. The passes of the great 
 St. Bernard, 8,120 feet; and Matterjoch, 11,014 feet high. The 
 Lepontine Alps contain Mont Leone, 11,696 feet; Mont St. Gothard, 
 and the passes of the Simplon, 6,595 feet, over which Napoleon 
 constructed his military road in 1802. Besides these there are the 
 Rha^tian Alps and the Bernese Alps. 
 
 Rivers. The Rhine and the Rhone are the two most important of 
 the Swiss rivers. 
 
 Lakes. Switzerland abounds in beautiful lakes. The principal 
 ones are: Geneva, 230 square miles; Lake Constance, 183 square 
 miles; Lake Neuchatel, 93 square miles; and Lake Lucerne, 40 square 
 miles. 
 
 Climate. The elevation of the country renders the 
 climate of Switzerland cold, but the shores of Lake Geneva 
 are especially distinguished for their warm and equable 
 temperature. In the higher regions, however, the winters 
 are long and severe. In some of the deep and narrow 
 valleys, man; of the inhabitants are afflicted with cretin- 
 ism and goiter. 
 
 Products. All the ordinary domestic animals of Europe 
 are found. The wild animals include the bear, wolf, lynx, 
 and chamois; and the birds found are the eagle and the 
 bearded vulture. The vine flourishes in the lower valleys, 
 and wheat and other grains are also grown. Timber is 
 abundant on the mountain sides. There are numerous 
 mineral springs, especially in the canton of Berne, and 
 coal, iron, copper, lead, and rock-salt are to be found. 
 
 Inhabitants. Switzerland has a population of about 
 three millions. The Swiss are not so much a distinct na- 
 tion as an offshoot from Germany, France, and Italy. 
 There is no Swiss language. In some cantons the people 
 speak French; in some, the German language; and in 
 others, the Italian language. They are a frugal and in- 
 dustrious race. In the mountain regions they are chiefly 
 shepherds and herdsmen, and in the level parts of the coun- 
 try considerable manufacturing is done. A vast number of 
 watches, musical boxes, and various articles of jewelry are 
 produced. Geneva is the principal seat of this manufacture. 
 
 Government and Education. Switzerland forms a 
 
 federal republic. Education is compulsory and highly ad- 
 vanced. Higher education is given at the universities of 
 Basel, Berne, Geneva, and Zurich. 
 
 Cities. The city of Berne ranks as the capital of the 
 Swiss Confederation. Geneva lies at the foot of the beau- 
 tiful lake called by its name, where the Rhone issues from 
 its waters. Zurich is distinguished for its literary culture. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 Switzerland was held by the Romans as a defense against the Teu- 
 tonic tribes. It formed part of the empire of Charlemagne, and in the 
 eleventh century it was joined to the German Empire ; but the Swiss 
 rebelled against the despotic rule of the Germans. After many wars, 
 the independence of the country was recognized in 1648. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Locate Switzerland. For what are its natural features noted? Tell 
 what you can about the Alps. Describe some of its lakes. Describe 
 the climate of Switzerland. Describe the products of the country. 
 Describe the people and their occupations. How is the country gov- 
 erned? 
 
94 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 Holland, 1 or The Netherlands, is 
 a small country of western Europe, bor- 
 dering on the North Sea. It has an area 
 of 12,648 square miles. Its greatest 
 length is 196 miles; its greatest breadth, 
 109 miles. 
 
 Coasts. Holland has an extensive and va- 
 ried line of sea-coast. It is low everywhere, 
 sometimes below the sea-level, and enormous 
 dykes are maintained by the state, which alone 
 prevent the sea from flooding the land. The 
 principal inlet is the Zuider Zee, which was 
 formed by an irruption of the sea in 1282. Before that the center of 
 its bed was occupied by a small lake. Among later irruptions, 40 vil- 
 lages, with their inhabitants, were destroyed, in 1825, in Waterland. 
 
 Church of Moses and Aaron, Amsterdam. 
 
 Surface. Holland is a flat country, and large parts of it are nat- 
 urally marshy. The expense of constructing and maintaining the dykes 
 is enormous. These dykes are vast embankments of earth, 30 feet 
 high, and from 70 to 300 feet broad, strengthened by massive timber- 
 work and masonry, and the piles are often protected by iron plates. 
 
 Rivers. The Rhine, the Maas, and the Scheldt are the principal 
 rivers. 
 
 Climate. Holland is rather colder than England, and 
 the winters are much more severe. The Zuider Zee is oc- 
 casionally, and the canals are always, frozen over in winter. 
 
 'Holland, ollant, "marshy ground." 
 
 The Hague. 
 
 Productions. There are no metals, and but few min- 
 erals. Both building-stone and timber are scarce. Water- 
 fowl, swans, and storks are very numerous. 
 
 Inhabitants. There are about five million inhabitants 
 in Holland. The common language is the Dutch. The 
 Dutch, as the people of Holland are called, are noted for 
 their industry, frugality, and cleanliness. They are among 
 the best farmers and the most successful traders in the 
 world. 
 
 Industries. Vast numbers of cattle are reared, and 
 cheese, butter, etc., are produced. Ship-building, sugar- 
 refining, and gin-distilling are carried on extensively. 
 
 Government. The government is a hereditary mon- 
 archy, under constitutional forms. 
 
 Education. Education is in an advanced condition. 
 Elementary schools, and also the schools for higher educa- 
 tion, are among the best in Europe. 
 
 Cities. Amsterdam is the largest city of the Nether- 
 
 Rotterdam. 
 
Holland. — Denmark. 
 
 95 
 
 lands, and is a great center for foreign trade. Ley den has 
 a university of great repute. Rotterdam and Utrecht are 
 other noted cities. The Hague is a large and well-built 
 city, the seat of government, and the capital of the king- 
 dom. 
 
 Colonies. Holland has extensive colonies in the Dutch 
 East and West Indies, and in South America. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON HOLLAND. 
 Locate Holland. Describe its natural features. What are its prin- 
 cipal rivers? What are the occupations of the people? How are they 
 governed? What is said of the education of the people? Name sev- 
 eral of its important cities? 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 Belgium 1 is a small country in the 
 west of Europe. It has an area of 11,373 
 square miles. Its greatest extent from 
 east to west is about ICO miles, and from 
 north to south, about 115 miles. It is a 
 level country. 
 
 Rivers. The Meuse and the Scheldt 
 are the two chief rivers of Belgium. 
 
 Climate. The climate is moist in the 
 western and dry in the eastern provinces. 
 Productions. Belgium is rich in min- 
 erals, and possesses extensive coal-fields and deposits of 
 iron ore. 
 
 Inhabitants. Belgium has more people to the square 
 mile than any other country in Europe. It is probably the 
 most populous in the world. There are 6,300,000 inhabi- 
 tants, — an average of 550 to the square mile. The people 
 are noted for their industry. 
 
 Industries. Corn, flax, hemp, tobacco, beets, and 
 clover are grown; and woolen, linen, lace, cotton, and silk 
 goods are manufactured. The people have also a large in- 
 come from the rearing and exportation of Belgian hares. 
 The fine laces and carpets of Brussels and Antwerp are 
 unrivaled in quality. 
 
 Government. Belgium is a liberal constitutional 
 monarchy, under a king. 
 
 Education. The public schools are supported partly 
 by the state, and partly by the provinces and communes. 
 There are four universities: Brussels, Ghent, Liege, and 
 Lou vain. 
 
 Cities. Brussels is the capital of Belgium. It stands 
 on the river Senne, in the center of the kingdom, and is a 
 well-built and attractive city. Among the interesting places 
 in its neighborhood is the battle-field of Waterloo, 10 miles 
 to the southward. Antwerp is the principal port of Bel- 
 gium, and the chief center of its foreign trade. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON BELGIUM. 
 
 Locate Belgium. Describe its climate. What is said about the 
 number of inhabitants, and the average population per square mile? 
 For what are the people noted? From what places do we get fine laces 
 
 1 Belgium, the country of the Belg», the ancient inhabitants of the 
 country. 
 
 and carpets? How is Belgium governed? What is said of the public 
 schools of Belgium? What is the capital of Belgium? What inter- 
 esting historical battle-field is near Brussels? What is the principal 
 port of Belgium? 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 Denmark 1 is a small country in the 
 northwest of Europe. It contains nearly 
 14,800 square miles. It has a coast line 
 4,000 miles in length, and has a good 
 position for the commerce of the seas. 
 It is a flat country, often marshy toward 
 the coast, and in some places is protected 
 by dykes. It has no rivers of any size, 
 though small streams are numerous. 
 
 Climate. The climate of Denmark 
 is temperate and healthy. The winters 
 are severe, the channels being occasionally frozen. 
 
 Productions. The chief sources of national wealth are 
 
 Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen. 
 
 found in the rich pastures and in the fisheries. Turf is 
 used for fuel. 
 
 Inhabitants. The people belong to the Scandinavian 
 family of nations, and number considerably over two mil- 
 lions. 
 
 Education. Education is general, and there are pub- 
 lic, primary, and elementary schools. 
 
 Industries. The occupations of the people are chiefly 
 incident to the soil, the herding of cattle, and the making 
 
 1 Denmark, Dane-March, the march or frontier of the Danes. 
 
96 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 of butter and cheese. The Danes are also good sailors, and 
 have always been noted for their love of the sea. 
 
 Government. The government is a constitutional 
 monarchy. 
 
 Towns. Copenhagen' is the capital. It has extensive 
 docks and great trade. It is strongly fortified. One third 
 of the people live in towns. 
 
 Foreign Possessions. Denmark, besides Iceland and 
 the Faroe Islands, has some settlements on the west coast 
 of Greenland; and the islands of Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, 
 and St. John, in the-West Indies. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON DENMARK. 
 Locate Denmark. From what is the name derived? Describe the 
 climate. What is the chief source of the wealth of the people? What 
 is said of the public school system? What is the capital? 
 
 ICELAND. 
 
 Iceland is the second largest island in Europe, and has 
 an area of about 40,000 square miles. Its northern coast 
 just touches the borders of the frigid zone. The climate is 
 cold and the surface barren, and there are a number of vol- 
 canos. 
 
 Natural Features. Its greatest natural feature, how- 
 ever, is its boiling springs. The largest of them, called the 
 Great Geyser, throws up a column of water to the height of 
 from 50 to 150 feet. 
 
 Iceland has about 72,000 inhabitants. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON ICELAND. 
 
 Locate Iceland. Describe its climate. What is said of its natural 
 features? How many inhabitants has Iceland? 
 
 THE BALKAN STATES. 
 
 These minor states include Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, 
 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Servia, and Rouma- 
 nia. The Balkan peninsula extends from the Adriatic to 
 the Black Sea, and has for several centuries been subject 
 to the Turks, who are gradually losing their power. 
 
 BULGARIA. 
 
 Bulgaria, a principality of southeastern Europe, incor- 
 porated with which is Eastern Roumelia, is nominally a part 
 of European Turkey. It is bordered on the east by the Black 
 Sea, and ou the north by the Danube. Servia lies to the 
 east, and the Turkish province of Adrianople to the south. 
 
 Bulgaria has an area of 24,000 square miles, and a popu- 
 lation of three and one half millions. 
 
 The Bulgarian people are of Finnish origin, but are now 
 largely blended with the Slavs, and speak the Servian lan- 
 guage. Nearly all are members of the Greek church. 
 
 The chief towns are Sofia, the capital, on the northern 
 slopes of the Balkans, and Varna, a fortified port on the 
 Black Sea. 
 
 Much grain is exported. Cattle and sheep are exten- 
 sively reared. 
 
 1 Copenhagen, " merchants' haven." The harbor is formed by the 
 channel between Copenhagen proper and Christ.ianshaven. 
 
 EASTERN ROUMELIA. 
 Eastern Roumelia has an area of 13,500 square miles, 
 and a population of about one million. 
 The soil is, in parts, extremely fertile. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON BULGARIA AND EASTERN ROUMELIA. 
 Locate Bulgaria. Tell what you can about the Bulgarian people. 
 What are the chief towns? Locate Eastern Roumelia. 
 
 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA. 
 
 Before the Russo-Tnrkish war of 1878, Bosnia and 
 Herzegovina, in the northwest of the Balkan peninsula, 
 formed part of the Turkish dominions, but they are now 
 integral parts of the Austro- Hungarian Empire. 
 
 MONTENEGRO. 
 
 Montenegro, a small, independent principality in the 
 northwest of Turkey Proper, has been independent since 
 the seventeenth century. It is noted for the great fearless- 
 ness and energy of its inhabitants. It has an area of 3,030 
 square miles, and a mixed population of about 220, 000. 
 The capital is Ce'tinje. 
 
 SERVIA. 
 
 Servia is an independent kingdom lying to the south 
 of Hungary. It has an area of 18,800 square miles, and a 
 population of about two and a quarter millions, principally 
 Slavs. The country is well watered by numerous tributaries 
 of the Danube, and the soil is fertile. Wheat, tobacco, silk, 
 wine, and timber are exported, and its mineral products are 
 numerous. The climate is extremely variable. 
 
 The executive power is vested in the king. 
 
 Belgrade, the capital, is a strong fortified town, at the 
 junction of the Save and the Danube. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON SERVIA. 
 Locate Servia. What is its capital? What are the products of 
 Servia J 
 
 R0UMANIA. 
 
 Roumania was proclaimed a kingdom in 1881. It was 
 formed in 1861 by the union of Moldavia and Wallachia, 
 two provinces lying between the Carpathians and the Dan- 
 ube. It has an area of 48,000 square miles. The popula- 
 tion is estimated at 5,800,000. Roumania received its name 
 from the fact that it was peopled by the descendants of the 
 old Roman colonists and the native Dacians. The climate 
 is subject to extremes of heat and cold. The mountainous 
 western part is well wooded, and the extensive plains are 
 well suited to pasturage and agriculture, which engage the 
 people. Minerals are abundant, but are not worked. 
 
 Education is by law free and compulsory, but only three 
 per cent of the population attend school. The people be- 
 long principally to the Greek Church. 
 
 The government is a limited monarchy. 
 
 The chief towns are Bukharest, the capital, and seat of 
 government, with some important manufactures; .Tassy, 
 
 and Galatz. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON ROUMANIA. 
 
 Locate Boumanla ! What is said of the government? When did it 
 
 become a kingdom? What are its chief towns? 
 
Italy. 
 
 97 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Italy 1 is a large country of southern 
 Europe. The greater portion of it forms 
 a peninsula which advances far into the 
 Mediterranean . 
 
 Boundaries. Italy is bounded on the north 
 by Austria and Switzerland; on the northwest 
 by France; on the southwest and south by the 
 Mediterranean Sea; and on the east by the 
 Adriatic Sea. In shape, Italy is likened to a 
 boot, the two smaller peninsulas into which it 
 divides in the south forming respectively the toe 
 and the heel. 
 
 Extent. Italy has an area of 114,000 square miles. The greatest 
 iength, from northwest to southeast, is about 700 miles ; and the great- 
 est breadth, 350 miles. 
 
 Coasts. The coast line of Italy is very extensive, and includes a 
 great number of good harbors. The total length of coast line is about 
 4,000 miles. Several parts of the coast, such as the Bay of Naples 
 and the Gulf of Genoa, are famous for their scenery. 
 
 , Islands. The three lar- 
 
 . „ i gest islands are Sicily, Sar- 
 
 dinia, and Corsica, the last 
 of which belongs, politically, 
 to France. 
 
 Sicily, the largest island in 
 the Mediterranean, is about 
 180 miles long and 120 miles 
 broad. Its surface is uneven. 
 The principal mountain range 
 runs across the northern part 
 of the island. The famous 
 volcano, Mount Etna, rises to 
 a height of 10,874 feet above 
 the sea. The climate is warm and delightful. Sicily has a popula- 
 tion of about three and one half millions. 
 
 Sardinia is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It 
 is extremely fertile, and its valleys are well watered by numerous 
 streams. The population is about 
 750,000. 
 
 Malta has a population of about 
 168,000, and belongs to England. 
 
 The island of Capri is famous as 
 being the place where the Roman 
 emperor Tiberius passed the last 
 ten years of his life, and also as 
 being the favorite retreat of Augus- 
 tus; Elba, as the place of Napo- 
 leon's exile; and Caprera, as the 
 home of Garibaldi, the liberator of 
 Italy. 
 
 Mountains. A large portion 
 of Italy is mountainous. The prin- 
 cipal mountains are the Alps and 
 the Apennines. 
 
 VokanOS. Mount Vesuvius, 
 3,932 feet high, is the only active 
 volcano on the mainland of Europe, 
 and is on the west side of Italy, near 
 the shores of the Bay of Naples. 
 In the first known eruption of Vesuvius (A. D. 69), the cities of Her- 
 eulaneum and Pompeii were so completely covered by lava and ashes, 
 that their very sites long remained unknown. 
 
 
 Rome. 
 
 Naples. Mount Vesuvius in the distance. 
 
 1 Italy, the country of the Itali, an ancient tribe who occupied the 
 southern parts of the peninsula. 
 
 Mount Etna is the largest and loftiest volcano in Europe, and, since 
 the year 476, it has been in eruption about sixty times. In the earth- 
 quake of 1783, over 300 towns and villages were destroyed, and in 1857 
 over 10,000 persons perished. 
 
 Plains. The laigest plain in Italy is the Plain of Lombardy, one 
 of the most fertile regions of Europe. 
 
 Rivers. With a few exceptions, the rivers of Italy are of but 
 little importance, though of great historical fame. In Italy, as in 
 Greece and other lands, many localities, which, in themselves, claim 
 little regard, command interest from their associations. The Po and 
 the Tiber are known in song, story, and history. 
 
 Lakes. Italy has a number of large and beautiful lakes. Lake 
 Maggiore and Lake Como are two of the most picturesque and beau- 
 tiful lakes in the world. 
 
 Climate. The climate of Italy is very warm, as is the 
 case with all the countries that border upon the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea. It is also, for the most part, dry and healthy. 
 In some parts, however, the air is very unhealthy, espe- 
 cially at some seasons of the year. The malaria from the 
 marshes, and the sirocco, a hot, stifling wind from Africa, 
 are the great drawbacks 
 to the climate of Italy. 
 The western coast of 
 America has sometimes 
 been called the "Italy 
 of America," but its cli- 
 mate, in many respects, 
 is even superior to that 
 of Italy. 
 
 Productions. The 
 
 vegetation of Italy is 
 rich and luxuriant. The 
 mineral produce is considerable. The finest marble in the 
 world is found near Carrara, in the Apennines. The fishe- 
 ries around the coast are valuable. 
 
 Inhabitants. Italy contains upwards of thirty million 
 
 people. Although the inhabi- 
 tants are a distinct race, yet 
 they are descended from widely 
 different races. The Italian 
 language is derived from the 
 Latin. Of the various dia- 
 lects, the Tuscan only is pure. 
 Industries. Wheat, maize, 
 olive oil, silks, and wines are 
 among the productions of Ital- 
 ian industry. The silks and 
 velvets of Turin and Genoa 
 rival those of France. 
 
 Seaports. The six great 
 ports of Italy are Genoa, Leg- 
 horn, Naples, Messina, Paler- 
 mo, and Venice. 
 
 Internal Communica- 
 tion. There are good roads 
 in Lombardy and Sardinia, but in other parts they are de- 
 fective. There are about 8,000 miles of railway open for 
 traffic in the kingdom. The completion of the great Alpine 
 tunnels has facilitated outside communication. 
 
 Genoa. 
 
98 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Government. The kingdom of Italy is a constitu- 
 tional monarchy, the legislative power resting in the king 
 and a Parliament of two Chambers. 
 
 Education. Until recent years the lower classes of Italy 
 were totally illiterate, and even now the great majority are 
 unable to read and write. Elementary education, however, 
 is being extended, and public schools are now found in all 
 parts of the kingdom. Higher education is well provided 
 for, there being, up to 1893, when 13 of them were sup- 
 pressed, no less than 21 universities. 
 
 Divisions. The kingdom of Italy is divided into sixty- 
 nine provinces, which are named after the chief town in 
 
 each. 
 
 Cities. Milan, in the center of the Lombard plain, and the former 
 capital of Austrian Italy, is noted for its magnificent cathedral and its 
 marble palaces. 
 
 Genoa, the chief commercial city of Italy, and in former times the 
 rival of Venice in commerce and dominion, lies on the Mediterranean 
 coast, at the foot of the Apennines, at the head of the gulf called by 
 its name. 
 
 Venice stands on the shores of the Adriatic, in the midst of lagoons. 
 It formerly commanded the commerce of the neighboring waters. 
 Canals divide its different quarters, but the city itself is accessible by 
 the railway, which, crossing the lagoons, connects it with Milan and 
 other places in northern Italy, and with Florence and Rome to the 
 south. Venice is one of the most picturesque cities in the world. It 
 was formerly called the " Queen of the Adriatic." 
 
 Rome, the "Eternal City," the ancient "mistress of the world," 
 and, since 1870, the capital of the kingdom of Italy, stands on the 
 banks of the Tiber, 18 miles above its entrance into the Mediterranean 
 Sea. The larger portion of the city is on the left bank of the river. 
 The Cathedral of St. Peter and the Vatican Palace are on the right 
 bank. 
 
 Florence, the capital of Tuscany, is the intellectual capital of Italy. 
 Florence, "The Beautiful," perhaps the most enchanting of Italian 
 cities, is situated amidst most charming scenery on the banks of the 
 river Arno, and is famous for its collection of works of art, and as the 
 birthplace and residence of many great men, among them Dante, 
 Michael Angelo, Amerigo Vespucci, Galileo, and Savonarola. 
 
 Foreign Possessions. Italy has some colonies and 
 dependencies on the eastern side of Africa. Abyssinia and 
 Bhoa are virtually Italian protectorates. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 The history of Italy was soon ab- 
 sorbed into that of Rome, founded 
 753 B. C. In the Middle Ages it 
 was desolated by intestine wars 
 and the interference of the German 
 emperors. The country has been 
 divided among Spain, France, and 
 Germany several times. Spain pre- 
 dominated in the sixteenth and sev- 
 enteenth centuries, but gave way to 
 Austria in the eighteenth. Napo- 
 leon changed the government, but 
 Austrian rule was re-established in 
 1814. Revolts followed, and the 
 present kingdom was established 
 in 1870. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON ITALY. 
 
 Locate Italy. Why is Italy li- 
 kened to a boot? What is said of 
 the islands near Italy? Tell what 
 you can about Sicily. For what is' 
 
 &F. 
 
 & ?' ^I^-IT / **•' 
 
 
 the island of Capri noted? For what is the island of Elba noted? For 
 what is Mount Etna noted? Name several of the principal rivers of 
 Italy. Describe the climate. Why has the western coast of America 
 been called the "Italy of America"? From whence do we get the 
 finest marble? What are the industries of the people? What can you 
 tell about the government and the education of the people? Give somt 
 of the important facts about the leading cities. Tell what you can 
 about Rome. For what is Florence noted? Have you read about the 
 great artists and the men mentioned in the account of Florence? 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 Greece 1 is a small country in the 
 south of Europe, and consists of three 
 well-marked divisions, Northern Greece, 
 Southern Greece or the Morea, and the 
 adjacent islands, or Insular Greece. 
 
 Boundaries. Greece is bounded on the north 
 by Turkey, on the west and south by the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea, and on the east by the ^Egean Sea. 
 Extent. The total area of the kingdom is 
 nearly 25,000 square miles. The greatest length, 
 from north to south, is 205 miles; the greatest 
 breadth, from east to west, is 100 miles. 
 Coasts. The mainland of Greece has the sea on three sides, and 
 its coasts are indented by a vast number of inlets. It has been re- 
 marked that Greece is distinguished among other countries by the same 
 character that distinguishes Europe itself from the other continents, — 
 that is, the great range of coast compared with the extent of surface. 
 Islands. A large portion of Greece consists of islands. The 
 Ionian Islands are situated to the west and south of Greece. They 
 enjoy a delightful climate, and have a soil that is fertile and productive. 
 Mountains. Every part of Greece is mountainous. The highest 
 elevations reach upwards of 8,000 feet above the sea-level. Mount 
 St. Elias, in the south of the Morea, is one of the most celebrated. 
 The mountains known to the ancients by the names of ffita, Parnassus, 
 Helicon, and Cithceron, with others that are famous in classic history, 
 are within the limits of Northern Greece. In Thessaly, are Mount 
 Ossa, 6,400 feet, and Mount Pelion, 5,300 feet high. Between Mount 
 Etna and the sea lies the famous Pass of Thermopylae. 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. Greece has no rivers of any magnitude. 
 The largest in Northern Greece is the Salembria, in Thessaly. There 
 are numerous lakes, but none of any considerable size or importance. 
 
 _., „_ - _ ;-,-. Climate. Greece has a 
 
 warm and delightful climate, 
 
 ^_ snow seldom lying on the 
 
 lowlands. The mean annual 
 temperature at Athens is about 
 60 degrees, but the summers 
 are extremely hot. 
 
 Productions. The vine, 
 olive, orange, lemon, citron, 
 fig, and mulberry are among 
 the fruits. The cotton plant 
 grows wild. The honey of 
 Attica still preserves its an- 
 cient fame. 
 
 ;5ffw_y tE3 
 
 
 Modern Athens. 
 
 1 Greece, or Groecia, so called by 
 the Romans. The old Greek name, 
 "Hellas," was not exclusively ap- 
 plied to Greece proper, but was 
 also applied to other countries in- 
 habited by the Greeks, or Hellenes. 
 
Greece. — Turkey in Europe. 
 
 99 
 
 Salamis. 
 
 Inhabitants. Greece has a population of about two 
 and one quarter millions. The Greeks are a quick, intel- 
 ligent, and enterprising people. Three quarters of them 
 are probably descended from the old Greeks, and their lan- 
 guage closely resembles the ancient Greek tongue. 
 
 Education and Religion. Education is compulsory, 
 but the law is very rarely enforced in country districts. 
 About one half of the men and three quarters of the women 
 can neither read nor write. The Greek Church represents 
 the established form of religion. 
 
 Industries. The industries are chiefly pastoral, but 
 there is considerable trade. Currants and other fruits, 
 olive oil, honey, tobacco, and cotton are the principal pro- 
 ducts of the country. Only one sixth of the land is under 
 cultivation. 
 
 Internal Communication. There are about 600 miles 
 
 of railway in Greece, but most of the trade is carried on 
 by sea. A ship-canal across the isthmus of Corinth was 
 opened in August, 1893. 
 
 Government. The kingdom of Greece is a limited and 
 hereditary monarchy. 
 
 Cities. Athens is the capital of 
 modern Greece. It is on the west- ™ 
 em side of the peninsula of Attica, fg^ 
 and about five miles distant from 
 the harbor of the Pira?us, which is 
 its port. It is a city of moderate 
 size, but greatly surpasses, in this 
 respect, any other place in Greece. 
 The sites of Marathon and Salamis 
 are not far distant from the capital. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 The ancient Greeks, or Hellenes, occu- 
 pying the many peninsulas and islands of 
 their coasts, were naturally led to seek 
 the neighboring coasts of Phoenicia and 
 Egypt. Contact with these ancient, civ- 
 ilizations made the Greeks the earliest 
 civilized people in Europe. The Persians 
 several times waged war against Greece. 
 Alexander the Great, in the third century 
 
 B. 0., conquered Persia and Egypt, and gained control of all western 
 Asia. Alter Alexander's death this great empire fell to pieces, and 
 Greece, conquered by Rome, became a Roman province in the second 
 century B. C. It continued under the rale of the Byzantine Empire 
 until the overthrow of Constantinople, when it passed under the Mos- 
 lem yoke. The Venetians took possession of Athens in 1684, but were 
 forced to withdraw in 1718. In 1821 the Greeks rebelled, and gained 
 their independence, aided by England, France, and Russia. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON GREECE. 
 
 Locate Greece. What are its natural features? Tell what you 
 can about the Pass of Thermopylae. Describe the climate of Greece. 
 Name some of the productions of Greece. What is said about its 
 honey? What about its railroads? What is the government? Give 
 some facts about Athens. How did the Greeks first attain civilization? 
 How were they brought in contact with ancient civilizations? What 
 great soldier brought Egypt and Persia under the control of Greece? 
 What other powers subsequently ruled Greece? 
 
 TURKEY IN EUROPE. 
 
 Turkey is a large country in south- 
 eastern Europe, and was formerly much 
 more extensive than at present. Before 
 1878 it included Roumania to the north, 
 and Servia to the south, of the Danube. 
 The present kingdom of Greece was a 
 province of the Turkish Empire from 
 the beginning of the sixteenth century 
 until 1830. 
 
 Extent. The area of European Turkey is 
 estimated at over 125,000 square miles, but only 
 half of this area is directly under Turkish rule. 
 Coasts. The total length of the coast line is about 1,500 miles. 
 The Strait of Constantinople, leading from the Sea of Marmora to the 
 Black Sea; the Dardanelles, connecting the ^Egean Sea with the Sea 
 of Marmora; and the Strait of Otranto, joining the Ionian and the 
 Adriatic seas, — are special features. 
 
 Islands. The island of Crete, or Candia, has upwards of 200,000 
 inhabitants, nearly all Greeks. It has an area of about 3,000 square 
 miles, and has a fertile soil, producing olive oil, wine, oranges, etc. 
 
 Mountains. The country, in general, is mountainous, though 
 there are some level districts. The chief mountains are the Balkans, 
 
 Constantinople. 
 
100 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 the Dinaric Alps, and the Pindus Range. The highest point is in the 
 Balkans, and is upwards of 10,000 feet above the sea. 
 
 Rivert. The principal river is the Danube, flowing into the Black 
 Sea; and the Alaritza, a navigable stream. 
 
 Climate. Most parts of Turkey have a warm and de- 
 lightful climate. To the north of the Balkans, the winters, 
 however, are severe. 
 
 Productions. The fig, olive, and mulberry are abun- 
 dant, as well as the orange. Corn is grown abundantly in 
 the Danubian provinces. Iron and other minerals abound 
 in the rich tracts adjoining the Balkan Mountains. 
 
 Divisions. By the Treaty of Berlin (1878), Bulgaria and Eastern 
 Roumelia were formed into self-governing tributary principalities, and 
 Bosnia and Herzegovina were handed over to Austria for an indefinite 
 period. Servia and Montenegro were acknowledged as independent 
 states. 
 
 European Turkey thus includes Turkey Proper, comprising the 
 provinces still under the direction of the Porte; the self-governing 
 principality of Bulgaria; and Bosnia and Herzegovina, occupied and 
 administered by Austria as a portion of the empire. 
 
 TURKEY PROPER. 
 
 Turkey Proper has an area of 66,500 square miles, and 
 a population of about 5,000,000, 700,000 of whom are Turks. 
 
 Industries. Turkey is a badly governed country, and 
 the pursuits of industry are at a low ebb. Its great natural 
 resources in soil, climate, and vegetation are neglected. In 
 the northern districts large numbers of oxen and sheep are 
 reared. In the towns, morocco leather is prepared. In 
 the mountain districts the people are chiefly shepherds. 
 
 Commerce. The amount of foreign trade is consider- 
 able. The chief ports are Constantinople, Salonica, Enos, 
 and Gallipoli. 
 
 Government. The government of Turkey is a despotic 
 monarchy, in which the Sultan exercises an authority that 
 is practically absolute. 
 
 Education and Religion. Public education has not 
 made much progress, and the limited instruction given in 
 the public schools and colleges is based on the Koran. The 
 
 Turks themselves are Mohammedans, but the rest of the 
 population belong principally to the Greek Church. 
 
 Cities. Constantinople is the capital of the Turkish 
 Empire. It stands at the southern entrance of the Strait of 
 Constantinople. Adrianople, the second city of Turkey, is 
 on the banks of the river Maritza, to the northwest of the 
 capital. Salonica is at the head of a gulf of the same name, 
 in the northwestern corner of the Archipelago. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 A small tribe when they entered Europe, the Turks gradually grew 
 in numbers and extended their dominions, until they put an end to the 
 Eastern Roman Empire. Their failure to capture Vienna was a de- 
 cided check to their progress in Europe; and since their first clash 
 with the Russians in 1570, they have been gradually losing power and 
 territory. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON TURKEY IN EUROPE. 
 
 Tell what you can about Turkey in Europe. Name its principal 
 natural features. What notable island is in Turkey in Europe f What 
 are the principal mountains? What is the principal liver? Tell what 
 you can about the productions. What are the products of Turkey 
 Proper? What are the chief ports of Turkey? What is the govern- 
 ment of Turkey? What .; s.id about public education? What is the 
 capital of the Turkish Empire? 
 
 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 
 Austria-Hungary is the great dual 
 empire of central Europe, and is, next 
 to Russia, the largest state in Europe. 
 
 Boundaries. Austria-Hungary is bounded 
 on the north by Germany; on the east by Ki;s- 
 sia and Roumania; on the south by Roumania, 
 Servia, the Adriatic Sea, and Italy; on the 
 west by Switzerland and Bavaria. 
 
 Extent. The area of Austria 1 is 110,000 
 square miles, and that of Hungary, 125,000 
 square miles. The greatest length, from cast 
 to west, is about 800 miles, and the greatest 
 breadth, from north to south, is nearly 500 miles. 
 
 Coasts. The only sea-coast which belongs to Austria is at the head 
 and on the eastern side of the Adriatic. 
 
 Mountains. The mountains include 
 the Bohemian Mountains, the Austrian 
 Alps, and the Carpathians. 
 
 Rivers. The principal rivers are the 
 Danube and the Dniester, flowing into the 
 Black Sea; the Etschand Sdobba, flowing 
 into the Adriatic; the Oder and the Vis- 
 tula, flowing into the Baltic Sea; and the 
 Elbe, flowing into the North Sea. The 
 Danube is the great river of Austria. It 
 flows through the heart of the empire, 
 from west to east. 
 
 Climate. The climate, on the 
 whole, is dry, healthy, and tempe- 
 rate. 
 
 Productions. The productions 
 
 are varied. Almost every plant indi- 
 genous to Europe is found in Hun- 
 
 Budapest, 
 
 'Austria, German, Oesteireich, eastern 
 kingdom. So called because it formed 
 the eastern portion of the dominions of 
 Charlemagne. 
 
A ustria- Hungary. 
 
 101 
 
 Vienna. 
 
 gary alone, and the mineral wealth of the two countries is 
 very great. The country yields annually about 500,000,000 
 gallons of wine. The Adriatic fig grows on the shores of 
 the Adriatic; the olive and the mulberry are also found 
 there. 
 
 Inhabitants. The empire has nearly forty-two mil- 
 lion inhabitants. About twenty-four millions inhabit the 
 Austrian division of the empire, but less than ten millions 
 of them are Germans. Five and one half million Austrian 
 subjects are Poles. The Slavs, Roumanians, Magyars, and 
 others represent other subjects of the empire.' Jews are 
 scattered throughout the empire. 
 
 Industries. There are considerable manufactures, but 
 farming is followed by a large number of the people. Rye 
 is the staple crop; corn, barley, and oats are also grown. 
 Much wine is produced. Vast num- 
 bers of cattle and sheep are reared. 
 Bohemia is celebrated for its* glass- 
 works and a number of other impor- 
 tant manufactures. 
 
 Commerce. The foreign com- 
 merce is limited, on account of the 
 small sea-coast. The ports of Trieste 
 and Fiume are the chief seats of the 
 foreign trade of the empire. 
 
 Internal Communication. The 
 
 highways are excellent, and there are 
 18,000 miles of railroads, as well as a 
 well-developed telegraphic and postal 
 service. 
 
 Government. The government 
 is a hereditary dual monarchy, the 
 emperor of Austria being also king of 
 Hungary. The empire, as a whole, 
 has no nationality. The ruling power 
 is German in the western provinces, 
 and Hungarian in the eastern divis- 
 ion, but the majority of the people 
 differ in race, language, habits, and 
 ideas from the dominant people in 
 
 both divisions of the country. For this reason the govern- 
 ment maintains a powerful army. Military service is com- 
 pulsory. 
 
 Education. Public education was rather neglected un- 
 til recently. The Slavonic provinces are particularly igno- 
 rant. In the Germanic portions of the empire, every child 
 between the ages of six and twelve is compelled to attend 
 school. There are eleven universities. The one at Vienna 
 has over 5,000 students, and the one at Budapest has 3,600 
 students. 
 
 Cities. Vienna is the capital of the empire, and stands on the 
 south bank of the Danube. It is a great center of trade. 
 
 Prague, the capital of Bohemia, is next in size to Vienna, and is a 
 place of much note in history. 
 
 Trieste, situated at the head of the Adriatic, is the principal sea- 
 port of Austria. 
 
 Budapest, the chief city of Hungary, stands on opposite banks of 
 the Danube. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 Austria formed a part of the Roman Empire. It was overrun by 
 the Huns and other barbarians, who were driven out by Charlemagne. 
 The greatness of Austria dates from the beginning of the Hapsburg 
 dynasty, which continues to this day. Hungary was also subject to 
 the Roman yoke, and was retained by them till the third century, 
 when it was seized by the Goths. The Goths were expelled by the 
 Huns, who overran the country. The Avars held the country until 
 their destruction by Charlemagne. Later, Scythians and Magyars set- 
 tled in the country. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 
 State several important facts about the size and countries of Austria- 
 Hungary. Why is it called the Eastern Kingdom? Name the principal 
 rivers. What are the principal productions? Tell what you can about 
 the Adriatic fig. What are the industries of the people? For what is 
 Bohemia noted? What is said about the railroads and telegraph ser- 
 vice? Tell what you can about the education of the people. What is 
 there peculiar about Budapest? What is the capital of Bohemia? 
 
 
 Prague. 
 
102 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 Russia is a country of eastern Europe. 
 It is of vast extent, embracing more than 
 half of the continent. 
 
 Boundaries. Russia is bounded on the 
 north by the Arctic Ocean ; on the west by the 
 Baltic Sea, Prussia, and Austria; on the south 
 by Roumania, the Black and Caspian seas, and 
 Caucasia; on the east by Siberia and Russian 
 Central Asia. 
 
 Extent. The Russian Empire has never 
 been actually surveyed, but its area is officially 
 estimated at 8,644,100 square miles, of which about a quarter is in 
 Europe. 
 
 Coasts. Russia possesses a coast line upon four inland seas, the 
 Baltic, the Black, the Caspian, and the White seas. 
 
 Islands. Of the islands, Spitzbergen ( ' ' peaked mountain ' ' ) and 
 Nova Zembla (" new land ") are of interest on account of being con- 
 nected with expeditions to the North Pole. None of the islands in the 
 Arctic Ocean are permanently inhabited, but are valuable as hunting 
 and fishing stations. 
 
 Surface. Russia has a number of immense and nearly level plains, 
 which slope toward the Baltic, Black, Caspian, and White seas. The 
 most perfectly level of these plains are in the southeast, and are called 
 steppes. The steppe is an open plain, without trees. On them the 
 inhabitants pasture immense herds of horses and cattle. Salt-water 
 lakes are frequently found in the lower steppe-land. 
 
 Mountains. The only mountains belonging to European Russia 
 are the Urals, on the east ; the Caucasus, on the southern border line ; 
 and the Valdai Hills, in the center. The Urals extend for 1,200 miles. 
 The chain of the Caucasus is 700 miles long, and have an average 
 elevation of from eight thousand to nine thousand feet, culminating 
 in Mount Elbruz, 18,571 feet high. The highest of the Valdai Hills 
 does not exceed 1,000 feet. 
 
 Rivers. The following are the principal rivers: — 
 Flowing into the Baltic Sea: The Neva, Southern Dwina, Niemen, 
 and Vistula. 
 
 Flowing into the Black Sea: The Dniester, Dnieper, and Kuban. 
 Flowing into the Sea of Azof: The Don. 
 Flowing into the Caspian Sea: The Volga and the Ural. 
 Flowing into the White Sea: The Northern Dwina and the Onega. 
 Flowing into the Arctic Ocean : The Petchora. 
 
 The Neva, 40 miles long, has St. Petersburg, the capital of the 
 Russian Empire, at its mouth, and is the outlet for the great lakes. 
 
 A Russian Town near the Siberian Frontier, on the Trans-Siberian Railway 
 
 It is connected by canals with the Volga, and is frozen over five months 
 of the year. 
 
 The Southern Dwina and the Niemen have each a navigable course 
 of about 500 miles. 
 
 The Dniester (700 miles) and the Dnieper (1,200 miles) are navi- 
 gable throughout the greater part of their courses. 
 
 The Don (1,100 miles long) is navigable during only a part of the 
 year. 
 
 The Volga (2,200 miles long) is the longest river in Europe. It 
 rises in the Valdai Hills, and enters the Caspian by numerous mouths, 
 draining, with its tributaries (the Oka, Kama, Moskva, etc.), nearly a 
 seventh of Europe. During the winter it is frozen over, but in summer 
 it is extensively navigated. The Volga is connected by canals with 
 the Dwina, Neva, etc. 
 
 The Ural, which forms one of the natural boundaries "between 
 Europe and Asia, has a course of 1,150 miles, and is navigable for 
 small vessels. 
 
 The Petchora (900 miles), which rises in the Ural Mountains, is the 
 only large European river that falls directly into the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 The Northern Dwina has a navigable course of upwards of 700 
 miles, and is connected by canals with the Neva and Volga. 
 
 Lakes. Most of the lakes are situated near the Black Sea. La- 
 doga and Onega are the two largest. Lake Ladoga, 6,330 square miles, 
 is the largest lake in Europe. 
 
 Climate. Russia has a great variety of climate, owing 
 to its extensive range of latitude. Its northern part is cold, 
 and toward the south it becomes warmer. The Russian 
 winters are very long and severe, while the summers are 
 intensely hot. 
 
 The severity of the Russian winters may be inferred from the fact 
 that most of the rivers are for several months covered with ice of great 
 thickness. The White Sea in the north is always, and the Sea of Azof 
 in the south occasionally, frozen over in winter. 
 
 Productions. The forests still cover more than one 
 third of Russia. Timber, tar, pitch, turpentine, and potash 
 are some of its valuable productions. Its mines of iron 
 and platinum are valuable, while copper, salt, marble, coal, 
 petroleum, and gold are also found. The reindeer and polar 
 bear are found in the north, and the common bear and wolf 
 in the forests. The beaver, sable, fox, and ermine are also 
 caught, and seals are obtained from the Arctic Ocean and 
 the Caspian Sea. The sturgeon is found in all the larger 
 rivers, and caviare is an important source of revenue. 
 
 Inhabitants. Russia is very sparsely 
 peopled, considering its vast size, although 
 the total population is large. Including 
 Finland and Poland, Russia contains about 
 ninety-six millions of people, — an average 
 of only 48 to the square mile. Five sixths 
 of the entire population belong to the Sla- 
 vonic race. There are three millions of 
 Finns, Lapps, and Samoyedes in the north, 
 and in the southeast about the same num- 
 ber of Tartars. Jews are numerous, but 
 harsh measures have driven vast numbers 
 of them out of the country. The majority 
 of the people speak the Russian language, of 
 which there are three principal dialects, the 
 pure Russian being spoken only in the cen- 
 tral provinces. The Polish, Lettish, and the 
 Finno-Tartar languages are also spoken. 
 
Russia. 
 
 103 
 
 Winter Palace, St. Petersburg. 
 
 Industries. Russia is a great corn-growing country. 
 Its great plains are also covered with crops of the finest 
 wheat. Rye and other grains are grown, and vast numbers 
 of cattle are reared on the steppes. Russia is not a manu- 
 facturing country, although considerable skill has been dis- 
 played in metal-working. 
 
 Commerce. Russia has a great deal of foreign com- 
 merce, exporting corn, hemp, tallow, hides, and bristles; 
 timber, potash, and other products of its vast forests. It 
 has also a large number of imports. Much of the inland 
 trade is carried on at fairs. At the annual fair at Nizhni 
 Novgorod, goods to the value of over forty million dollars 
 are sold. 
 
 Ports. The chief ports are St. Petersburg, Riga, and 
 Revel, on the Baltic; Archangel, on the White Sea; As- 
 trakhan, on the Volga; and Odessa, on the Black Sea. 
 
 Internal Communication. There are excellent high- 
 roads, and inland water-communication by means of navi- 
 gable rivers and canals. There are over 19,000 miles of 
 railway. 
 
 Government. Russia is an absolute monarchy, the ruler 
 bearing the title of czar, or emperor. Military service is 
 compulsory, and an immense standing army is maintained. 
 
 Previous to the year 1861 the great mass of the people were serfs, 
 in a social condition, but little superior to absolute slavery, and rated 
 as the property of their owners, like so many head of cattle. Serfdom, 
 however, was abolished by the Emperor Alexander II. (who was assas- 
 sinated in St. Petersburg on March 13, 1881), and great improvement 
 in the general condition of the Russian peasantry has ensued. 
 
 Education. Education is very backward, except in 
 Finland, where it is almost universal. In Russia proper, 
 only twenty per cent of the recruits for the army can read 
 and write. 
 
 Religion. In religion, the majority of the people of 
 Russia belong to the Greek Church. There are eight mil- 
 lion Roman Catholics, three million Protestants, three 
 million Jews, and two and a half million Mohammedans. 
 
 Cities. St. Petersburg is the capital of the Russian 
 Empire, and stands beside the mouth of the river Neva, at 
 
 the head of the Gulf of Finland. It has 900,000 inhabi- 
 tants in summer and over one million in winter. It is a 
 splendid city, of modern origin, having been founded by 
 Peter the Great in 1702. 
 
 The ancient city of Moscow, in the heart of Russia, was 
 long the capital of the empire. Moscow stands on the river 
 Moskva. 
 
 Among other prominent cities are Warsaw, Odessa, and 
 Sebastopol. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 The first regular government in Russia was established in 802. 
 The ruler of Russia assumed the title of Czar about the time that 
 Columbus discovered America. Peter the Great, anxious to make 
 Russia a naval power, and having no seaport, conquered the eastern 
 shores of the Baltic from Sweden, and established St. Petersburg. 
 The north shores of the Black Sea he conquered from Turkey. In the 
 year 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia, and, defeating the Russians, he 
 purposed making his winter quarters in Moscow, but the Russians 
 burned the city. Napoleon had thus no shelter for his troops in the 
 midst of the terrible Russian winter, his troops perishing miserably in 
 their disastrous retreat. Finland was formerly a part of the Swedish 
 monarchy, and only became attached to Russia in 1809. Russia, in 
 spite of the protests of the Finns, is substituting the Russian language 
 for that of the people. The territory now bearing the name of Poland 
 has been since 1831 a Russian province, but embraces only a small 
 part of the country formerly known by that name, the other portions 
 having been annexed by Prussia and Austria. Poland was long a dis- 
 tinct and powerful monarchy. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON RUSSIA. 
 
 What is said about the extent of Russia? Describe its islands. 
 What is said about the serfs of Russia? What is the meaning of the 
 word "steppes"? Describe the mountains of Russia. Describe the 
 seas. Tell what you can about the climate. Give an account of its 
 productions. Name some of the animals of that country. Tell what 
 you can about the people. Describe the roads, the canals, and tell 
 what you can about the railways. What is the government of Russia? 
 What is the capital of Russia? Tell what you can about Moscow. 
 About what time was the title of czar assumed by the ruler of Russia? 
 What Russian emperor founded St. Petersburg? What was the object 
 of the Russians in burning Moscow? What territory formerly belong- 
 ing to Sweden now forms a part of the Russian Empire? What is the 
 name of a once powerful monarchy, part of which now belongs to the 
 Russian Empire? 
 
 Moscow. 
 
ASIA. 
 
 Asia 1 is the farthest east of the three continents that form 
 the Old World. It is the largest of all the great divisions 
 of the globe. 
 
 Outline Map of Asia. 
 
 Boundaries. Asia is bounded on the north by the Arc- 
 tic Ocean; on the east by the Pacific Ocean; on the south 
 by the Indian Ocean; and on the west by the Red Sea, the 
 Mediterranean Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, the Caspian 
 Sea, the river Ural, and the Ural Mountains. Asia is joined 
 to Africa by the Isthmus of Suez, 73 miles wide, which is 
 between the Mediterranean and the Red seas; and is divided 
 from North America by Bering Strait, 35 miles in width. 
 Asia measures more than 5,000 miles across, in a direct line 
 from east to we^t. 
 
 Extent. The area is 17,500,000 square miles, so that it 
 is nearly five times larger than Europe. Asia embraces a 
 third of all the land, or a twelfth of the entire surface, of 
 the globe. 
 
 Coasts. The total coast line of Asia is 35,000 miles. In 
 shape, Asia is less irregular and more solid than Europe. 
 Its vast interior exhibits an immense expanse of land far 
 removed from the ocean. Each of the great oceans which 
 wash the shores of Asia has several inlets. The Arctic 
 Ocean, on the north side of Asia, has two gulfs, — the Gulf 
 of Obi and the Gulf of Yenisei. The Pacific Ocean, which 
 washes the eastern shores of Asia, has the following arms: 
 Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan, the Yel- 
 low Sea, and the China Sea. These are, in a great measure, 
 land inclosed, though connected with the ocean by nume- 
 
 1 Most probably derived from a Hebrew or Assyrian root meaning 
 the "east" or the "rising sun." It is also held by some that it is 
 derived from the Assei, one of the old Caucasian tribes mentioned by 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 rous channels. The northern part of the Sea of Japan is 
 called the Gulf of Tartary. The Indian Ocean, on the south 
 of Asia, divides into the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian 
 Sea. The Red Sea 1 and the Persian Gulf, two inland seas, 
 are likewise arms of the Indian Ocean. 
 
 Straits. The most important straits of Asia are five in 
 number: The Strait of Babel Mandeb, forming the entrance 
 to the Red Sea; the Strait of Ormuz, forming the entrance 
 to the Persian Gulf; the Strait of Malakka, forming one 
 entrance to the China Sea; the Strait of Sunda, forming 
 another entrance to the China Sea; and Bering Strait, be- 
 tween Asia and North America. 
 
 Capes. The principal capes are Northeast Cape, or Cape 
 Chelyuskin, on the north; East Cape and Cape Lopatka, on 
 the east; Cape Romania, Cape Comorin, and Ras al Had, 
 on the south; and Cape Carmel and Cape Baba, on the west. 
 
 Tea Plant. Island of Ceylon. 
 
 1 Said to be derived from the coral reefs which abound in it. This 
 is not correct, as the corals are mostly white. But patches of deep- 
 red water are frequently seen within the reefs, whence the name. 
 These patches are due to the presence of large numbers of microscopic 
 animalculee. (Hughes.) 
 
 105 
 
106 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Peninsulas. The following peninsulas belong to Asia : 
 Kamchatka, Corea, Farther India, India Proper, Arabia, and 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Islands. The islands of Asia are important and nume- 
 rous, especially on its southern and eastern coasts, and in- 
 clude the New Siberia Islands and the Bear Islands, in the 
 Arctic Ocean; the Aleutian Islands, the Japanese Islands, 
 the Philippine Islands, in the Pacific Ocean; Ceylon, the 
 Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Laccadive and Mal- 
 dive Islands, in the Indian Ocean; Cyprus and Rhodes, in 
 the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Mountains. The mountains of Asia run principally 
 from east to west, and generally border the table- lands. A 
 few run from north to south. The principal mountain 
 ranges are the Himalaya Mountains, the Hindu Kush, the 
 Altai Mountains, the Kuenlun and Thian Shau ranges, the 
 Elburz* Mountains, the Caucasus, the Karakoram Moun- 
 tains, the Mountains of Armenia, the Taurus Mountains, 
 the Mountains of Lebanon, and the Ghats. 
 
 Rivers. The rivers of Asia are the largest in the Old 
 World. Most of them have their sources in the high table- 
 lands and bordering mountains in the interior of the conti- 
 nent The principal rivers are the Obi, the Yenisei, and the 
 Lena, the three great rivers of Siberia; the Hoangho and 
 the Yangtze, in China; the Ganges, in India; the Tigris 
 and Euphrates; and the Irawadi, Brahmaputra, and Ganges, 
 in India. 
 
 Lakes. The three largest 
 lakes of Asia, excluding the 
 Caspian Sea, are Aral, 26,000 
 square miles; Baikal, 15,000; 
 Balkash, 9,000. 
 
 Inhabitants. The popu- 
 lation of Asia comprehends 
 more than half of the human 
 race, and numbers at least 
 eight hundred and fifty mil- 
 lions. They are of various 
 families of mankind. They 
 differ in language, appearance, 
 and color of skin. More than" 
 thirty different languages are 
 spoken in India alone, nearly 
 all of them, however, being 
 derived from the Sanscrit. 
 The languages of eastern Asia 
 — China and the Indo-Chinese 
 Peninsula — form a totally dif- 
 ferent class. The Chinese, 
 Indo-Chinese, and Mongolian 
 tribes are distinguished by 
 striking differences from the 
 other nations of mankind. 
 They have a yellowish-brown 
 (or olive) complexion, abroad 
 flat face, with ' obliquely set 
 and deeply sunk eyes, the in- 
 
 Moorish Tower. Cyprus. 
 
 ner corners slanting towards the nose; lank and black hair, 
 with little beard; a broad, square, and thick-set frame, with 
 a stature considerably below that of the European. 
 
 Religions. Of the two great forms of religion that 
 originated in the southwest of Asia, Christianity and Mo- 
 hammedanism, the latter has spread over Arabia, Asiatic 
 Turkey, Persia, and Turkestan, while the former is con- 
 fined to Armenia, Georgia, and smaller sections of Asiatic 
 Russia and British India. The prevailing religion in India 
 is Brahmanism, with its offshoot, Buddhism. The Lama- 
 ism of Tibet is another form of Buddhism. The religion 
 of the upper classes in China and Japan is Confucianism. 
 The nomadic tribes of Siberia and the central parts of the 
 continent are heathens. 
 
 Divisions. By far the greater portion of Asia is held 
 by three powers, two of which are European. Russia holds 
 the whole of the northern part of the continent, a large 
 part of central Asia, and the provinces of the Caucasus. 
 India is under the control of the British. The Chinese 
 Empire comprises China Proper and the adjacent regions 
 of Tibet, Eastern Turkestan and Zungaria, Mongolia, Man- 
 churia, and Corea. 
 
 Of the minor powers in Asia, the most important are 
 
 Japan on the east, and Turkey and Persia on the west. 
 
 The United States of America maintain authority over 
 
 •the Philippine Islands. France controls the eastern part of 
 
 Farther India. Portugal has 
 
 a few small settlements on the 
 
 coasts of India and China. 
 The following is a list of 
 
 the countries of Asia: — 
 
 Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 Asiatic Russia. 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 The Chinese Empire. 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Baluchistan. 
 
 India. 
 
 Farther India. 
 
 East Indian Archipelago. 
 
 Afghanistan. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON ASIA. 
 
 What is the meaning of the word 
 "Asia"? Locate Asia. Name some 
 of the principal seas of Asia. Give 
 the names of some of the peninsulas. 
 What are the principal islands.' 
 Name the highest mountains. De- 
 scribe the personal features of the 
 inhabitants of Asia. What two great 
 formsof religion originated in Asia .' 
 What are the principal straits of 
 Asia? Name the capes f Tell what 
 you can about the population of Asia. 
 What important Asiatic islands be- 
 long to the United States? Tell 
 what you can of the history of theM 
 islands. 
 
Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 107 
 
 ASIATIC TURKEY. 
 
 The Sultan's Asiatic empire is much larger than Turkey 
 in Europe. It comprehends three distinct divisions: Asia 
 Minor, Syria, and the countries on the Euphrates and Tigris. 
 
 Climate. The climate of Asiatic Turkey is, for the 
 most part, warm, but varied in different regions. The sea- 
 sons of rain and drought are of regular recurrence. 
 
 Productions. The vegetable and mineral productions 
 of Asiatic Turkey are varied and valuable, but undeveloped. 
 Raisins, figs, almonds, oranges, dates, 'wheat, barley, rice, 
 and maize, with tobacco, hemp, and flax, are grown. Horses, 
 cattle, sheep, and goats are bred in large numbers, but the 
 camel is the ordinary beast of burden. 
 
 Inhabitants. The population is estimated to be about 
 21,000,000. It is composed of various nations, including the 
 Turks, Greeks, Syrians, Jews, Arabs, Armenians, Kurds, 
 and many other tribes of mountaineers. The majority of 
 the people are engaged in different forms of agriculture. 
 
 Government. Asiatic Turkey is under the same gen- 
 eral government as Turkey in Europe. The Sultan, who 
 resides at Constantinople, delegates authority to the various 
 pashas. 
 
 ASIA MINOR. 
 
 Asia Minor ' is an extensive peninsula between the Medi- 
 terranean and the Black seas. 
 
 Islands. There are numerous islands off the coast. The large and 
 important island of Cyprus is found off the south coast, in that part of 
 the Mediterranean known as the Levant. It is 138 miles in length 
 and GO miles in breadth. It has an area of 3,584 square miles. Cyprus, 
 at an early date in history, became known for its copper. When it was 
 under the control of the Venetians it had a population of 1,000,000, 
 but at present there are only about 210,000, mainly Greeks. 
 
 Rhodes, "the Pearl of the Levant," is a rich and fertile island, 
 producing corn, wine, and fruits. The strongly fortified capital, 
 Rhodes, which was held by the Knights of St. John against the Turks 
 for 214 years, was formerly one of the most magnificent cities in the 
 
 Rhodes. Street of the Knights Templars. 
 
 1 That is, the Leaner Asm, by distinction from the larger portion of 
 the continent so called. 
 
 world. It was here, in ancient times, that the celebrated Colossus of 
 Rhodes stood. 
 
 Mountains and Plains. The interior of Asia Minor is a plateau, 
 ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. Mount 
 
 A Modern Type of Woman of Bethlehem. 
 
 Olympus, in the northwestern part of the peninsula, reaches 9,000 feet 
 in height, and Mount Argeeus is upwards of 13,000 feet. 
 
 Rivers. The largest river of Asia Minor is the Kizil Irmak, which 
 flows into the Black Sea. 
 
 Cities. Smyrna is the largest city in Asia Minor, and is a chief 
 emporium in the trade of the Levant. It is an ancient city, and was 
 one of the most famous cities of Ionia. 
 
 Tersus (Tarsus) is of importance as being the birthplace of Paul 
 the Apostle, and is in the Cilician plain. 
 
 Nearly every part of Asia Minor (as well as Western Asia in gen- 
 eral) is of great interest, on account of its historic associations. Its 
 towns, now many of them ruins, its plains and hillsides, its rivers and 
 mountains, are mentioned in ancient history. Troy stood in the north- 
 western corner of this peninsula. Ephesus and Miletus were on its 
 western shores. Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea, and Ciesarea were on 
 its interior plains. The armies of the Crusaders marched across it, 
 and the footsteps of Christian apostles have imparted sanctity to its soil. 
 
 SYRIA. 
 
 Syria extends along the coast of the Mediterranean, south- 
 ward, to the border of Egypt. It is mountainous along the 
 coast, and a desert plain in the interior. The southwestern 
 portion of Syria is Palestine, or the Holy Land. 
 
 Mountains. The mountains of Syria consist of two chains, and 
 run north and south, parallel to a large portion of the coast. The 
 most noted of these is Mount Lebanon, mentioned in the Bible. The 
 highest summits of Lebanon are between 9,000 and 10,000 feet. Mount 
 
108 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 The Brook Kedron. Palestine. 
 
 Hermon, mentioned i:i Scripture, reaches an altitude of 9,200 feet, and 
 its summit is covered with snow during a greater part of the year. 
 
 Rivers. The chief rivers of Syria are the Orontes and the Jordan. 
 The Orontes rises in the upper portion of the valley of Coele-Syria, 
 and flows north as far as Antakia (Antioch), where it curves west, 
 finally entering the Mediterranean Sea. The Jordan rises on the slopes 
 of Mount Hermon, and flows to the Dead Sea. It is only 70 miles 
 long, but the course of the river is so winding that it exceeds 200 miles 
 between the same points. The course of the Jordan is very swift, and 
 there are numerous rapids, which render it unnavigable. 
 
 Lakes. The principal are the Dead Sea 1 and the Lake of Tiberias. 2 
 
 The Sea (or Lake) of Tiberias is a body of fresh water. The river 
 Jordan passes through it. The valley of the Jordan is intensely hot, 
 owing to its great depression below the country on either side. 
 
 The Dead Sea consists of water which is intensely salt, so much so 
 as to render it. unfit for the support of animal life. 
 
 Cities. The chief cities of modern Syria are Aleppo, Damascus, 
 Antioch, Jerusalem, Tripoli, Jaffa. 
 
 Damascus is now the largest inland city of Syria, and is a great 
 center of the caravan trade. 
 
 Jerusalem stands on a rocky platform, inclosed on three sides by 
 deep ravines, about midway between the Mediterranean and 
 the Dead seas. It has for centuries been a mere Turkish 
 town, but the recent persecutions in Russia have caused an 
 enormous influx of Jews into Palestine, and there are now 
 over 50,000 of them in Jerusalem alone. 
 
 Bethlehem, where Christ was born, is a few miles south 
 of Jerusalem. 
 
 Hebron is farther south. Jaffa, the ancient Joppa, on the 
 coast, is the port of Jerusalem, and a place of some trade. 
 The first railroad train on the road from Jaffa to Jerusalem 
 was run on September 13, 1892. 
 
 Nazareth is north of Jerusalem, and is five miles distant 
 from the base of Mount Tabor. 
 
 Gaza, in the southwest of Palestine, occupies the site of 
 the ancient Gaza, one of the chief cities of the Philistines. 
 
 Baalbee lies lies to the northwest of Damascus. It is the 
 site of the ancient city of Heliopolis, and still exhibits the 
 remains of its ancient temples. 
 
 Palmyra, the Tadmor of Scripture, northeast of Damascus, 
 has tho beautiful remains of an ancient temple of the sun. 
 
 1 The proportion of saline ingredients is about 25 per cent, 
 — that is, seven times the usual proportion of salts in the 
 waters of the ocean (three or four per cent). 
 
 2 The Sea of Tiberias is also called the "Sea of Galilee,'' 
 " Sea of Gennesaret, " "Sea of Chinnereth." 
 
 COUNTRIES ON THE EUPHRATES AND TIGRIS. 
 
 These countries comprehend a high table-land, called the 
 plateau of Armenia, which lies at an elevation of 6,000 feet 
 above the sea, and the mountains by which it is crossed 
 reach upwards of 4,000 feet above its level, so that their 
 summits are more than 10,000 feet above the sea. 
 
 Rivers. The Euphrates and the Tigris are the important rivers 
 of this region. The Euphrates, which is 1,700 miles long, is the largest 
 river in western Asia. The Tigris, 1,100 miles long, joins the Euphra- 
 tes about 100 miles above the Persian Gulf. 
 
 Lakes. Lake Van, within the Turkish portion of the plateau, is 80 
 miles long and 30 broad. As the lake has no outlet, its waters are salt. 
 
 Cities. The city of Erzerum stands near a high plain, near one 
 of the sources of the Euphrates. 
 
 Kars, noted for its gallant defense in the wars of 1855 and 1877, lies 
 east of Erzerum. 
 
 The town of Van stands on the eastern shore of the lake called by 
 its name. 
 
 Bagdad, on the Tigris, is the great city of this region, and is supe- 
 rior in size and population to any other city in the eastern division of 
 Asiatic Turkey. , 
 
 Among the many ancient sites which belong to the lands that are 
 watered by the Euphrates and the Tigris are Nineveh and Babylon. 
 The treasures of ancient art brought within recent years from Nineveh 
 have enriched our museums. The remains of Babylon have not yet 
 been fully explored. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON ASIATIC TURKEY. 
 
 How does Asiatic Turkey compare with Turkey in Europe? Name 
 its three distinct divisions. What does "Asia Minor" mean? What 
 is meant by the Levant? Describe the island of Cyprus. Tell some 
 interesting facts about Rhodes. What is meant by the Colossus of 
 Rhodes? What is the principal river in Asia Minor? Locate Syria. 
 Tell what you can about Palestine. What do you know about Mount 
 Lebanon? What are the chief rivers of Syria? Describe the river 
 Jordan. Describe the principal lakes. Describe the Sea of Galilee. 
 Describe the Dead Sea. Name some of the vegetable and mineral pro- 
 ductions of Asiatic Turkey. Name the various kinds of people that 
 inhabit Asiatic Turkey. What animal takes the place of the horse in 
 Asiatic Turkey? Name the principal cities. For what is Smyrna noted ? 
 Describe Jerusalem. Describe Bethlehem. Where is Nazareth? Why 
 are all these places and names so interesting to us? 
 
 Damascus. 
 
Asiatic Russia. 
 
 109 
 
 ASIATIC RUSSIA. 
 
 The Asiatic division of the Russian Em- 
 pire embraces more than a third of Asia, — 
 the largest of the continents, — and nearly 
 one seventh of the total laud area of the 
 globe. It has a population of not more 
 than eighteen millions, — an average of only 
 three persons to the square mile. 
 
 Asiatic Russia includes three distinct 
 divisions; namely, Siberia, Russian Central 
 Asia, and Caucasia. 
 
 CAUCASIA. 
 
 Caucasia embraces the territory lying 
 between the Black and Caspian seas. The 
 larger part of the province is mountainous. 
 The chain of the Caucasus Mountains rises 
 above the snow line, and its higher regions 
 exceed 10,000 feet above the sea. The cli- 
 mate is temperate, but oneof great extremes. 
 The production of petroleum forms the chief 
 wealth of this territory. 
 
 The population of Caucasia is about 
 seven and a half millions. The majority are Georgians, 
 and other people of the Circassian stock. The inhabitants 
 of the Caucasus are noted for their personal beauty. The 
 Georgian and Circassian girls, once sold as slaves in the 
 markets of Constantinople, were brought from this region. 
 
 The chief town of Caucasia is Vladikavkaz, on the south- 
 ern terminus of the Russian railway system. 
 
 SIBERIA. 
 
 Siberia includes all the northern belt of the Asiatic conti- 
 nent. It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean; on 
 the east by the Pacific Ocean; ou the south by the Chinese 
 Empire; and on the west by Russia in Europe. 
 
 The area of Siberia is estimated at 4,830,000 square miles. 
 The greatest length, from Bering Strait to the Ural Moun- 
 tains, is 4,000 miles; and the greatest breadth, from north 
 to south, is about 2,000 miles. 
 
 A Construction Gang on the Trans-Siberian Railway. 
 
 Siberia is a vast lowland plain. The Altai Mountains 
 form its southern border. 
 
 The three great rivers of northern Asia are the Obi, Yeni- 
 sei, and Lena, belonging to Siberia. 
 
 The climate is intensely cold, a moderate temperature 
 being found only in the south. 
 
 Siberia has two natural productions of great value, — 
 metals and furs. 
 
 It has a population of less than five million people. The 
 native tribes are, for the most part, idolaters. Those dwell- 
 ing in the eastern parts of the country exhibit a low and 
 barbarous condition of life, and subsist by hunting and 
 fishing. The people of Kamchatka are of short stature; 
 they have few settled habitations, and are remarkable for 
 the extent to which they use the dog for the purpose of 
 draft, as we do the horse. 
 
 Tobolsk is a fine old town, ou a high bluff at the junction 
 
 City and Port of Vladivostok. Pacific Coast Terminus of Trans-Siberian Railway. Nearest Port in United States is Seattle, Washington. 
 
Map of the Trans-Siberian Railway and Connections. 
 
 110 
 
 of the Irtish and 
 
 Tobol rivers. It 
 
 was for centuries 
 
 the capital of 
 
 Asiatic Russia. 
 
 Vladivostok is 
 
 the chief naval 
 
 station of Russia 
 
 on the Pacific, 
 
 and is a strongly 
 
 fortified port, and the Pacific coast terminus of the great 
 
 Trans-Siberian railway. 
 
 The great railroad, connecting Siberia and Russia, which 
 is now building, will rapidly change the commercial features 
 of this country. 
 
 RUSSIAN CENTRAL ASIA. 
 
 Russian Central Asia includes the whole of the vast re- 
 gion which extends from western Siberia on the north to 
 the borders of Afghanistan and Persia on the south. It in- 
 cludes two of the five general governments into which the 
 Asiatic part of the empire is divided. 
 
 The entire region contains only five and a half million 
 inhabitants. The people are composed mostly of nomadic 
 tribes, who roam with their herds over the steppes, or plains. 
 Millions of sheep and goats are reared; horses, camels, and 
 cattle are numerous. 
 
 KHIVA. 
 
 Khiva, a Russian vassal state, south of the Sea of Aral, has an area 
 of U'2,000 square miles, with a population of about three quarters of a 
 million. The people are of Turkish origin. 
 
 BOKHARA. 
 
 Bokhara is a Russian vassal state containing about 92,000 square 
 miles, with a population of about two and one half millions. 
 
 The capital, Bokhara, lies within the fertile valley of the Zarafshan, 
 and is only a few miles from the Trans-Caspian Railway. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON ASIATIC RUSSIA. 
 
 Name three distinctive divisions of Asiatic Russia. Describe Cau- 
 casia. Describe Siberia. What are the natural productions of Siberia? 
 Tell what you can about Kamchatka. Of what race are the people? 
 Describe Vladivostok. Why is it of great importance to the people 
 who live near the coast? Describe the Trans-Siberian railroad. De- 
 scribe Russian Central Asia. What about the people? What occupa- 
 tions do they follow? What about Khiva? What about Bokhara? 
 
 PERSIA. 
 
 sran Persia is a country of western Asia. 
 
 J* ...,71* Tt contains an area of 682,000 square 
 
 miles. The Caspian Sea on the north, 
 and the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of 
 Oman on the south, wash the shores 
 of Persia. 
 
 Surface. The interior of Persia is a plateau, elevated from three 
 thousand to four thousand feet above the sea, and bordered on three 
 sides by mountain chains. Part of the interior plateau is a region 
 called the Great Salt Desert. 
 
 Rivers. There are but few rivers, the principal one being the 
 Karun River, and the only one navigable for sea-going vessels. 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Climate. The climate of Persia exhibits great extremes. 
 The shores of the Persian Gulf are among the hottest re- 
 gions in the world. The mountain valleys possess a delight- 
 ful and equable climate, and are the most fertile portions 
 of Persia. 
 
 Productions. In the elevated valleys the vine, fig, 
 watermelon, and peach abound, and a rich vegetation clothes 
 the sides of the hills. Wild flowers grow abundantly, such 
 as the narcissus, iris, and the asphodel. 
 
 Inhabitants. Persia has about nine million inhabitants. 
 Only about one quarter are of the pure Persian race. The 
 rest are Turks, Kurds, Arabs, and other wandering tribes. 
 
 Religion. The religion is mostly Mohammedanism. 
 
 Education. In no other country in Asia, except China, is educa- 
 tion so general. 
 
 Industries. Although the country is largely an abso- 
 lute desert, most of the people are engaged in agricultural 
 and pastoral pursuits, and the manufacture of silks, carpets 
 shawls, and arms is carried on. 
 
 Government. The government of Persia is a despotic 
 monarchy, the sovereign being called the Shah. 1 
 
 QUESTIONS ON PERSIA. 
 
 Describe the natural features of Persia. Where do we find the hot- 
 test regions in the world? What are the productions of Persia? De- 
 scribe the industries of Persia. How are the people of Persia governed? 
 
 ARABIA. 
 
 Arabia 2 is a large country in the southwest of Asia, and 
 forms the most westerly of the three vast peninsulas of south- 
 ern Asia. It has an area of one and one quarter million 
 square miles. 
 
 Natural Features. Arabia has mountain chains lying along its 
 seaward borders, — west, south, and east. The highest peak of the 
 Sir.ai Mountains reaches 9,300 feet above the level of the' sea. The 
 Arabian Desert presents, for the most part, a gravelly or sandy surface, 
 and is in some places covered with high and barren masses of hills, 
 forming a rocky and stony wilderness. 
 
 Arabia has neither rivers nor lakes. There are a number of streams, 
 which become rapid torrents during the season of rain, but are dry the 
 greater part of the year. 
 
 Climate. The climate is hot and dry. Rain very sel- 
 dom falls in this region. 
 
 Productions. The vine, fig, peach, and olive flourish 
 in the most fertile parts, and the date palm grows in every 
 oasis on the Arabian Desert. 
 
 1 The Shah is officially styled " Shah-in-Shah," or King of Kings. 
 
 2 Called by the Arabs Jezereet El Arab, ' ' the peninsula of the Arabs. 
 
The Chinese Empire 
 
 111 
 
 Inhabitants. Arabia has about twelve million inhabi- 
 tants. The Arabs of the desert are called Bedouins; they 
 dwell in tents, and wander from place to place. Their wealth 
 consists of sheep, goats, camels, and horses. 
 
 Religion. The Arabs profess Mohammedanism. 
 
 Industries. There is little manufacturing industry in Arabia. 
 There is considerable trade carried on by caravans. The camel is used 
 as the beast of burden. 
 
 Government. The people of Arabia are divided into 
 tribes, the government of which is patriarchal, — that is, the 
 head of each tribe occupies the place of father of a family. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON ARABIA. 
 
 Locate Arabia. What can you tell about its mountains? Name its 
 rivers, capes, and lakes. Describe its climate. What is an oasis f De- 
 scribe the Arabian Desert. How are the people of Arabia governed f 
 
 THE CHINESE EMPIRE. 
 
 The Chinese Empire extends over more than a 
 
 quarter of Asia. It contains four and oue half 
 
 million square miles, or a twelfth of the entire 
 
 land surface of the globe. The population 
 
 is said to be four hundred millions. 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 China is a large country of eastern Asia. It is divided 
 from Mongolia by the Great Wall of China, a vast rampart 
 of earth ten to thirty feet 
 high, which runs over hill 
 and valley for 1,250 miles, 
 along the northern border 
 line of China, and which 
 was built to protect the 
 country from Tartar inva- 
 sion. 
 
 Coasts. The coast line of 
 China is extensive, being up- 
 wards of 2,500 _ -'" 
 miles. 
 
 A vast numbei 
 of islands skirt the 
 coast, especially 
 between the em- 
 bouchures of the 
 Canton and the 
 Yangtze rivers. 
 
 The chief in- 
 lets are the Gulfs 
 of Pechili and Liaotung, the 
 Bays of Korea and Hangchau, 
 and the Gulf of Tonkin. 
 
 The most important straits 
 are the Strait of Pechili, be- 
 tween the gulf of the same 
 name and the Yellow Sea; the 
 Strait of Formosa, between 
 the East Sea and the China 
 Sea; and the Strait of Hai- 
 nan, between the China Sea 
 and the Gulf of Tonkin. 
 
 Islands. The principal 
 islands belonging to China are 
 
 Scenes in China. 
 
 1. Chinese Street Barber. 
 
 2. Port of Chungking, 
 
 :t. Walls of Pekin. 
 4. Street in Pekin. 
 
 Hainan and Chusan. Hongkong is a British possession. Formosa 
 now belongs to Japan. 
 
 Hainan, 180 miles long by 100 broad, lies in the south, between the 
 China Sea and the Gulf of Tonkin. The coast districts are occupied 
 by the Chinese, but the aboriginal and barbarous tribes of the interior 
 are virtually independent. Its capital is Kienchau, a populous city 
 on its northern coast. Its chief port, Kiungchau, on the southwest 
 coast, is open to foreign trade. 
 
 Chusan, the largest of a group of islands off the entrance to Hang- 
 chau Bay, was taken by the British in 1840, and held for some time 
 as a guaranty for the payment of the war indemnity. 
 
 Hongkong"" was ceded to Great Britain in 1842. It is hilly, well 
 watered, and tolerably healthy; and its situation, off the mouth of the 
 Canton River, gives it political and commercial importance. Its area 
 is 30 square miles. Its population numbers about 221,500, of whom 
 211,000 are Chinese. The chief town is Victoria, on the north coast 
 of the island. 
 
 Mountains. The geater part of China is mountainous. The moun- 
 tains have a general east-to-west direction. The lofty mountain chain 
 on the western border, which separates China Proper from Tibet, bears 
 the name of Yunling. 
 
 Plains. The northeastern part of China forms the extensive low- 
 land known as the Plain of China, which is 700 miles long, and covers 
 an area of more than 200,000 square miles. 
 
 Rivers. The four most important rivers are the Yangtze, Hoangho, 
 Sikiang, and Peiho. 
 
 The Yangtze, or "Blue River," is the longest river in the eastern 
 half of the globe, and is navigable for large vessels to Ichang, 1,200 
 miles from the sea; and for 600 miles farther up, to the new port of 
 Chungking, — the commercial capital of western China, — it is navi- 
 gable for smaller steamers, while junks and small boats can ascend 
 
 some hundreds of miles still 
 farther up the river. Its total 
 length is 3,200 miles, and at 
 Hankau, 700 miles inland, it is 
 fully a mile in width, but its 
 depth and volume vary consid- 
 erably with the seasons. This 
 great river drains nearly a mil- 
 lion square miles of territory. 
 The Hoangho, or ' ' Yellow 
 River," like the Yangtze, rises 
 in the plateau of Central Asia, 
 but is not so capa- 
 ble of navigation, 
 owing to sudden 
 changes of depth 
 and volume, and 
 of channel some- 
 times. '• Previous 
 to the great floods 
 of 1851-53, its out- 
 let to the sea was 
 about 100 miles 
 north of the mouth of the 
 Yangtze ; but it then altered 
 its course, and made an out- 
 let into the Gulf of Pechili, 
 300 miles farther north than 
 its former mouth. 
 
 The Sikiang is 900 miles 
 long. Its estuary, the Can- 
 ton River, is one of the most 
 important commercial water- 
 ways in China. 
 
 The Peiho is formed by the 
 confluence of several rivers 
 at Tientsin. 
 
 5. Native Stores. 
 
 6. Observatory. 
 
 7. Merchandise Service. 
 
112 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Productions. Of the natural 
 productions, the tea plant is the 
 most remarkable. It is a shrub of 
 moderate size, which grows abun- 
 dantly in the southeastern provin- 
 ces of the country. The leaves are 
 gathered at particular seasons, and, 
 according to the period at which 
 they are picked, and the process of 
 drying which they afterwards un- 
 dergo, they form either the black or 
 green teas of commerce. The or- 
 ange, mulberry, jujube, sugar-cane, 
 and cotton plant are native to the 
 soil. Good coal, iron, copper, lead, 
 and tin abound. Mercury, also, is 
 found. There are many valuable 
 salt-wells in the Min River district 
 of western China. 
 
 Education and Religion. Ed- 
 ucation is well advanced, and is very 
 general. There is no national or 
 state religion, but Confucianism is 
 professed by the higher classes. 
 The lower classes mostly profess 
 
 Buddhism, while vast numbers are attached to the degrad- 
 ing superstitions of Taoism. 
 
 Industries. The great industries of China are agricul- 
 ture, manufacturing, and commerce. The great mass of 
 the people derive their subsistence from the soil. Rice is 
 the chief article of food, and tea the universal beverage. 
 Silk and cotton are among the most important manufac- 
 ures. The silk- worm is a native of China. . The manufac- 
 ture of earthenware is of national importance, and the fact 
 that we call our finer pottery ' ' chinaware ' ' shows the origin 
 of the ware. The white- wax industry, and the manufacture 
 of salt, are among the most important of the industries in 
 western China. The carving of ivory, the making of tea- 
 caddies, trays, and other lacquered ware, various works in 
 metal, and the art of printing from raised blocks, indicate 
 the skill and ingenuity of the Chinese artisan. 
 
 Commerce. The 
 
 foreign trade of China, 
 which has greatly de- 
 veloped within the last 
 few years, is chiefly 
 carried on with the 
 United States of Amer- 
 ica and with the United 
 Kingdom. Newsteam- 
 ship lines have been 
 established from Seat- 
 tle and Tacoma, and 
 from San Diego and 
 other western coast 
 ports of the United 
 States. The article Docks at Hongkong, China. 
 
 Elevated Tramway to Victoria Peak, Hongkong. 
 
 most largely exported from China 
 is tea, vast quantities going to the 
 United States and Europe. 
 
 The most important ports for 
 foreign commerce are Shanghai, 
 Canton, Fuchau, Haukau, Swatau, 
 Amoy, Tientsin, and Chifn. 
 
 Internal Communication. Interior 
 trade is carried on by means of the mag- 
 nificent rivers, which are connected by a 
 network of canals. Railroads and tele- 
 graph lines are being rapidly extended. 
 
 Government. The government 
 of China is an absolute despotism. 
 The emperor is the recognized vice- 
 gerent of heaven, and father of all 
 his subjects. The mandarins form 
 nine different orders of rank. 
 
 Cities. There are many large cities, 
 and the banks of the rivers literally swarm 
 with human life'. 
 
 Pekin, or the "Court of the North," 
 the capital of the Chinese Empire, is in the 
 northeastern part of the country, near the 
 river Peiho, and not far from the Great 
 Wall. Fifty miles farther down the same 
 river is the great port of Tientsin, 640 
 Nankin, which is the "Court of the South," 
 
 miles from its mouth, 
 ranks second to Pekin. 
 
 Shanghai was first opened to European commerce in 1842, and has 
 become the chief commercial emporium of China. Haukau, higher up 
 the river, is the chief mart of the tea district in the interior. 
 
 Fuchau is a great tea port. 
 
 Canton, the " City of Perfection," was long the sole point of inter- 
 course between the Chinese and the people of other lands, and the only 
 mart of the tea trade. 
 
 TIBET. 
 
 Tibet is an inland country to the west of China Proper. 
 It consists of a vast table-land, upwards of 15,000 feet above 
 the level of the sea, and has an area of about 650,000 square 
 miles. It has a population of about six million people, mostly 
 Mongolians. • 
 
 The industry of Tibet is almost wholly pastoral. Vast 
 herds of sheep, mountain goats, aud buffalos are reared. 
 
 The fine hair of the 
 Tibetan goat is woven 
 into cashmere shawls. 
 The real sovereign of 
 the country is the 
 Grand Lama, or high 
 priest of the Buddhist 
 religion, of which Ti- 
 bet is the center. The 
 capital of the country 
 is Lassa, where the 
 Chinese viceroy re- 
 sides. Near Lassa is 
 the great monastery 
 where six thousand 
 Material from the United States tor the Trans-Siberian Railway, priests reside. 
 
China. — Japan. 
 
 113 
 
 MONGOLIA. 
 
 Mongolia comprehends a vast region of Central Asia, 
 
 one and one quarter million square miles in extent, between 
 
 China and Siberia. This immense region has less than two 
 
 millions population. It is a vast upland, which averages 
 
 about 3,000 feet above the sea. It is the primeval home of 
 
 the great Mongolian branch of the human family. Mongolia 
 
 is a vast pastoral region, and the Mongol of the present day 
 
 is a shepherd. 
 
 ZUNGARIA. 
 
 Zungabia includes the wild and desolate region between 
 the Thian Shan and the Altai Mountains. 
 
 EASTERN TURKESTAN. 
 
 Eastern Turkestan is the most westerly division of the 
 
 Chinese Empire. 
 
 MANCHURIA. 
 
 Manchuria is an extensive but little-known tract of coun- 
 try lying east of Mongolia. 
 
 KOREA. 
 
 Korea, called by the natives the "Land of the Morning 
 Calm," is a peninsula which stretches southward between 
 the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. The form of govern- 
 ment is an absolute monarchy, and the administration is 
 based on that of China. The capital is Seoul, in the inte- 
 rior of the peninsula, on the river Yalu. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON CHINA. 
 
 Locate the Chinese Empire. What is said about its population? 
 Describe the Great Wall of China. Describe some of the islands of 
 China. Describe Hongkong. To what country does Hongkong belong? 
 Name some of the mountains of China. Name some of the rivers. 
 What is the largest river? What are some of the natural productions 
 of China? What about the education of the people of China? What 
 is the principal article of production, used as a universal beverage? 
 In what place did chinaware have its origin? What is said about the 
 foreign trade of China? Tell what you can about the interior trade of 
 China. Name several of the principal cities, and state for what are they 
 noted. Describe Tibet. Prom what are cashmere shawls made? De- 
 scribe Mongolia. What are the occupations of the people of Mongolia? 
 Describe Korea. What is the capital of Korea? 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 Japan, sometimes called the "Britain 
 of the Pacific," is situated to the east 
 ward of the Asiatic continent, the Sea 
 of Japan separating it from the main- 
 land. This ancient empire consists of 
 an extensive chain of islands, the lar- 
 gest of which is Nippon, which means the "Land of the 
 Sunrise." The total area of the Japanese Empire is over 
 162,000 square miles. 
 
 Coasts. The coasts of Japan are of great extent, and 
 are indented with magnificent natural harbors, such as the 
 Bay of Tokyo and the Gulf of Osaka. 
 
 Natural Features. AH the islands are mountainous ; 
 the principal ranges in each extend parallel to the eastern 
 '•oasts. Several of the higher mountains are volcanos. Fer- 
 
 Bay of Tokyo. 
 
 tile plains and valleys, washed by 
 numerous rivers, extend to the sea. 
 The general height of the mountains 
 is from 3,000 to 8,000 feet, but the 
 extinct volcano of Fujiyama, about 
 60 miles from Tokyo, in the island 
 of Nippon, reaches an elevation of 
 12,370 feet. There are several other 
 active volcanos, and severe earth- 
 quakes are frequent. 
 
 Climate. The climate is tem- 
 perate and healthy, but hurricanes, 
 storms, and dense fogs are of fre- 
 quent occurrence in the surrounding seas, and in winter 
 the western coasts suffer from violent polar winds, which 
 render navigation dangerous. The warm winds bring abun- 
 dant moisture, and give Japan an extraordinarily rich and 
 flourishing vegetation. 
 
 Productions. Among the mineral productions are gold, 
 silver, iron, copper, and tin; and in the vegetable world, 
 trees that yield valuable gums and resins, with the tea plant 
 and the mulberry. The latter is used as the food of the silk- 
 worm. 
 
 Inhabitants. The total population is over forty-one 
 million people. The people are mostly Buddhists, and the 
 higher classes generally profess Confucianism. 
 
 Education. Elementary education is compulsory. Both 
 the elementary and the higher schools are supported by gov- 
 ernment grants and local rates. There are several normal 
 schools for teachers, and one university. 
 
 Industries. The Japanese are a skillful and indus- 
 trious people, and have made marvelous progress in the 
 
 Typical Country Residence in Japan. 
 
114 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 past few years, both in civilization and in the adoption of 
 European arts and appliances. The careful culture of the 
 land, the good roads, and the skillful manufacture of silks, 
 cotton, porcelain, and japanned ware attest their industry 
 and ingenuity. Rice, wheat, cotton, tobacco, and the tea 
 plaut and mulberry are grown. 
 
 Internal Communication. Interior trade is carried 
 on by sea. The first railroad was built in 1872, and there 
 are now 2,520 miles of railway open for traffic. There are 
 thousands of miles of state and provincial roads, and ex- 
 cellent postal and telegraphic service. 
 
 Foreign Trade. The foreign trade with the United 
 States, and with the United Kingdom, China, and France, 
 has greatly increased. 
 
 Government. The government of Japan was formerly 
 an absolute despotism, but is now a constitutional monarchy, 
 the present Emperor, a wise and enlightened ruler, having 
 enfranchised the people, and substituted constitutional gov- 
 ernment for monarchical absolutism. The First National 
 Parliament of Japan met for the first time in the autumn 
 of 1890, at Tokyo. 
 
 Cities. The capital of the islands is Tokyo, formerly called Yeddo, 
 situated on the southeastern coast of Nippon, at the head of a fine bay. 
 The city contains a large number of foreigners. 
 
 Yokohama is a modern town, several miles nearer the sea. It forms 
 the port of Tokyo, and has become the chief mart of the foreign trade. 
 Tourist travel between Yokohama, Seattle, Tacoma, San Francisco, and 
 San Diego has increased with marvelous rapidity during the past five 
 years. 
 
 Kyoto, formerly called Miako, on the same island, farther to the 
 west, is a large city; and, until 1869, had been the imperial capital 
 for over 1,000 years. 
 
 Osaka, south of Kyoto, and Kobe, are, after Yokohama, the most 
 important of the "open" ports. Hakodate and Matsumai, on the 
 
 One Hundred Steps, Yokohama. 
 
 southern coast of the island of Yezo, are commercial towns of consid- 
 erable importance. 
 
 Formosa, or "the Beautiful," was so called by the Portuguese. 
 At the time of its transfer from China to Japan in 1895, the western 
 districts only were completely subjugated. At Kelung, on the northern 
 coast, coal mines are worked. 
 
 * HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 The Portuguese traded with the Japanese in 1549, and were followed 
 by the Jesuits. Commerce and conversion following, a policy of isola- 
 tion was inaugurated, and fifty thousand converts massacred. Com- 
 modore Perry led a squadron of United States warships into the harbor 
 of Yokohama in 185:t, and wrested from the emperor the first of the 
 treaties opening up the ports of the country to foreign commerce. The 
 war with China in 1894 established the prestige of Japan as a power 
 among modern nations. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON JAPAN. 
 
 Why is Japan called the " Land of Sunrise"? Where is it located? 
 Describe its natural features. What is the climate of Japan? What 
 are its productions? What is the population of Japan? What is the 
 religion of the people? What are the industries? What is said of its 
 foreign trade? Describe the government? What recent changes have 
 taken place in the government? What is the capital of Japan? 
 
 BALUCHISTAN. 
 
 Baluchistan is the general name given to a country on 
 the Indian Ocean, between Afghanistan, Persia, and British 
 India. It has an area of about 130,000 square miles. The 
 population is about 500,000. 
 
 The inhabitants are engaged in agriculture, and are ruled 
 by the Khan, who governs under the direction of the agent 
 of the Governor-General of India. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON BALUCHISTAN. 
 Describe Baluchistan. How is the country governed? What is the 
 principal industry? 
 
 AFGHANISTAN. 
 
 Afghanistan is a mountainous state 
 on the northwestern frontier of India. 
 It is a country of mountain ranges, nar- 
 rowdefiles, and valleys limited in extent. 
 The climate is noted for its extremes of 
 heat and cold. 
 
 The population is estimated at about 
 five millions, consisting of over four 
 hundred different tribes. 
 
 The chief towns are Kabul, the capi- 
 tal, Kandahar, and Herat. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 Afghanistan has always been in an unset- 
 tled state, and the various tribes are more or 
 less independent. Afghanistan was invaded 
 by the British army in 1838 to settle internal 
 feuds, but in 1841 the army was destroyed. A 
 retributive force was then sent to the country, 
 and the Afghans fairly subdued. Being a bor- 
 der state, Afghanistan is of great importance to 
 Great Britain against the ambitious Muscovite. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON AFGHANISTAN. 
 
 Describe Afghanistan. What army invaded 
 the country? ' How are the people governed? 
 Name the chief cities. 
 
The Indian Empire. 
 
 115 
 
 THE INDIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 The Indian Empire includes the three great peninsulas 
 of southern Asia, with large territories on the eastern side 
 of the Bay of Bengal. The total area is 1,800,000 square 
 miles, while the population is 288,000,000. 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 India Proper, or Hindustan, extends from the Himalaya 
 Mountains to Cape Comorin, and from the Sulaiman Moun- 
 tains to the head of the Bay of Bengal. India Proper has 
 an area of 1,250,000 square miles. 
 
 Coasts. The coasts of India are regular and unbroken, deficient 
 in good harbors, and so exposed and surf- beaten as to be, in many 
 parts, extremely dangerous to approach. The length of coast line is 
 about 3,000 miles. Portions of the coasts have special names; as, the 
 Orissa, the Golconda, the Coromandel, and the Malabar coasts. 
 
 Islands. The principal islands are Ceylon, the Laccadives and 
 Maldives, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Ceylon has an area 
 of 25,364 square miles, and a population of over three millions. The 
 interior is mountainous; the rivers are numerous, and there are exten- 
 sive forests of valuable woods. The elima. i is salubrious, and the nat- 
 ural productions are tea, coffee, rice, cinchona, cinnamon, and tobacco. 
 
 Mountains. On the north are the Himalaya Mountains, the loftiest 
 in the world, the exterior ranges of which rise abruptly from the Great 
 Plain of Hindustan, watered by the Indus and the Ganges. The high- 
 lands of central and southern India are everywhere seamed by irregular 
 valleys drained by numerous rivers. The Himalaya Mountains extend 
 
 The Himalayas. 
 
 for 1,500 miles in a well-defined line along the northern border of India. 
 Mount Everest, 29,002 feet above the sea, is the highest mountain in 
 the world. All the higher parts of the Himalayas are covered with 
 perpetual snow. 
 
 Plains. The Great Plain of Northern India extends across the 
 country between the northern table - land and the Himalayas . Its south- 
 eastern slope is drained by the Ganges, and its southwestern slope by 
 the Indus. 
 
 Rivers. The rivers are divided into two great sections, those drain- 
 ing the southeastern slope flowing into the Bay of Bengal, and those 
 draining the southwestern counter-slope flowing into the Arabian Sea. 
 
 The Brahmaputra rises on the northern slopes of the Himalayas. 
 It is 1,680 miles long, and in its lower course divides into several 
 channels. 
 
 Great Banyan Tree, Calcutta. 
 
 The Ganges 1 rises in the southern slope of the Himalayas, and, 
 after a southerly course of 1,500 miles, enters the Bay of Bengal. The 
 Ganges is navigable for more than 1,300 miles above its mouth. 
 
 The Indus rises in the table-lands of Tibet, and has a course of 
 1,800 miles. The district drained by the Indus and its tributaries is 
 called the Punjab. The Indus is navigable 900 miles from the sea. 
 
 Climate. The climate of India is hot, except in the 
 high mountain regions, where a cool temperature results 
 from the elevation above the sea. 
 
 Productions. The natural productions are rich and 
 varied. The vegetable products are of high value. The 
 animals are the domestic and wild elephant, the maneless 
 lion, the tiger, leopard, wolf, hyena, rhinoceros, buffalo, 
 wild ass, deer and other game, and monkeys, as well as 
 the camel, the yak, and the Kashmir goat. 
 
 Inhabitants. Of the population of India, which amounts 
 to 288,000,000, upwards of 220,000,000 are under direct 
 British control. Six sevenths of the people belong to the 
 Hindu race. The Hindus are followers of the Hindu trin- 
 ity, of which Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva are the members. 
 
 Education. Education is making some progress, and 
 there are many thousands of primary schools, a large num- 
 ber of secondary schools, and colleges, and five universities. 
 
 Industries. Agriculture has always been the chief in- 
 dustry of India, but there are important native manufac- 
 tures of fine textile fabrics and metal wares. The mass of 
 
 1 The work done by the Ganges, as the water-carrier and the fer- 
 tilizer of the densely populated provinces of northern India, from its 
 source in the Himalayas to its mouth in the Bay of Bengal, entitles it 
 to rank as the foremost river on the surface of the globe, and fully 
 excuses the affectionate reverence and the divine honors paid to it by 
 the Hindus. A great river like the Ganges has three distinct stages 
 in its life from its source to the sea. In the first stage it dashes down 
 the mountain sides, cutting out for itself deep gullies in the solid rock 
 and plowing up glens and ravines upon its way. The second stage is 
 where it emerges from the mountains on to the plain, running then 
 more peaceably along the valleys, and seeking out for itself the lowest 
 levels. Here it receives the mud and drainage of the country around, 
 absorbs tributaries, and rolls forward with an ever- increasing volume 
 of water and silt. Finding its speed checked by the equal level of the 
 plains, and its bed raised by its own silt, it splits out into channels 
 like a jet of water suddenly obstructed by the finger, or a jar of liquid 
 suddenly dashed upon the floor. Each of the channels thus formed 
 throws out, in turn, its own channels to right and left. In the case of 
 the Ganges, the country which these many offshoots inclose forms the 
 delta of Bengal. 
 
116 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 the population live mainly upon rice, millet, and pulse, 1 
 and these are extensively cultivated. The culture of the 
 poppy, for the extraction of opium, is pursued in the valley 
 of the Ganges, and also in other places. Wheat is grown 
 largely for export. Tea is now more extensively imported 
 into Great Britain from India than from China. 
 
 Commerce. The trade of India with the United King- 
 dom is more than half its total trade. 
 
 Ports. The seven great ports of India are Bombay, 
 Calcutta, Rangoon, Madras, Kurrachee, Tuticorin, and 
 Chittagong. 
 
 Government. Almost the whole country is subject 
 to the direct rule of officers appointed by the British gov- 
 ernment. The "tributary" or "feudatory" states are all 
 more or less dependent upon British power. 
 
 Cities. India has a wealth of cities famous in the history of the 
 country, civil, military, and religious. Calcutta is the capital of Brit- 
 ish India. It stands on the east bank of the river Hugli, the principal 
 arm of the Ganges, about one hundred miles from the sea. It has over 
 one million inhabitants. 
 
 Bombay has an excellent harbor, one of the best in India, and is 
 rapidly becoming the chief commercial center of the empire. It was one 
 of the earliest English possessions in the East, having been part of the 
 wedding dowry given to Charles II. with his Portuguese bride, Cath- 
 erine of Braganza, in 1661. 
 
 Allahabad, at the junction of the Jumna and Ganges, and Benares, 
 on the north bank of the Ganges, are two of the largest inland cities 
 of India, and are among the sacred cities of the Hindus. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 
 The history of India is the record of a succession of waves of eon- 
 quest, and almost always from the northwest. The first Aryan invaders 
 are said to have enslaved or driven out the aborigines, but the earliest 
 authentic facts come from the Greek historians, who tell us, that, 
 while there was a general unity of the races inhabiting the country, 
 India never formed a solid empire. Alexander the Great invaded the 
 country; the Mussulmans kept up a succession of inroads; Tartar 
 hordes swept over India, leaving a name remembered by the Hindus 
 to the present day. The year 1498 brought Vasco da Gama, the Portu- 
 guese navigator, to its shores, and his countrymen retained a monopoly 
 of trade for more than a century, when they were supplanted by the 
 English East India Company. The cession of Bombay to this com- 
 pany by Charles II. led to further settlements by the English, and the 
 nineteenth century has witnessed the extension of British rule or in- 
 fluence over all India. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON INDIA. 
 
 Locate the Indian Empire. Give the other name of India. What 
 are the natural features of this country? For what are the Himalaya 
 Mountains noted? Where is the highest mountain in the world? De- 
 scribe the Ganges. Describe the climate of India; its animals; the 
 products. To what race do the people belong? Tell what you can 
 about the education of the people. Why do the people largely abstain 
 from animal food? What do the masses of the people live upon? What 
 is said about the culture of the poppy? What are the great ports of 
 India? What is its capital? Name some of the other principal cities 
 of India. 
 
 1 It is a mistake to suppose, as is commonly the case, that the Hindus 
 abstain altogether from animal food. The ox is sacred, and its flesh 
 is never touched, and the flesh of swine is regarded with horror, both 
 by the Brahmin and the Mohammedan. But mutton is eaten without 
 hesitation, and fish is largely consumed, whenever it is cheaply obtain- 
 able. In all hot countries, however, vegetable diet is preferred by the 
 mass of the people. The Greenlander, who consumes twelve pounds 
 of meat in a day, and the Hindu, whose chief nutriment is derived 
 from rice, acts, in each case, upon the instinctive impulses that are 
 always associated with climate and other conditions of physical geogra- 
 phy. (Hughes.) 
 
 FARTHER INDIA. 
 
 Farther India, or the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, forms 
 the southeastern division of the Asiatic continent. With 
 the exception of Siam, the peninsula is divided between 
 Great Britain a*nd France, — the British on the west, the 
 French on the east, and Siam between. The total area 
 is about 821,000 square miles, and the population about 
 35,000,000. The coasts are extensive, with fine harbors. 
 
 Climate. The climate is hot, and often unhealthy. The 
 rains are abundant, but are confined to a brief period of the 
 year. 
 
 Productions. The productions are valuable. They con- 
 sist of valuable woods, drugs, spices, and gums. The min- 
 eral wealth is considerable. 
 
 Inhabitants. The Indo-Chinese closely resemble the 
 Chinese, and are more robust than the Hindus. The lan- 
 guage is closely allied to the Chinese and Tibetan tongues. 
 
 Industries. The principal are the sugar-cane, cotton, 
 indigo, and tobacco, and the mulberry for the silk-worm. 
 Rice, the chief article of food, is extensively cultivated. 
 
 BRITISH INDO-CHINA. 
 
 British Indo-China includes Burma ( Upper and Lower) ; 
 
 the Straits Settlements (so called from their position on the 
 
 Strait of Malakka) ; and the native protected states of the 
 
 Malay Peninsula. 
 
 BURMA. 
 
 Burma is politically a province of British India, and in- 
 cludes the western division of the Indo-Chinese Peninsula. 
 The area is about 230,000 square miles, and the population 
 about 10,000,000. 
 
 The political and commercial capital is Raugun, in Lower 
 Burma; Mandalay is the chief town of Upper Burma. 
 
 THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 The Straits Settlements are on the western side of the 
 Malay Peninsula, which is divided between Siam and Great 
 Britain, and include Penang, Wellesley Province, the Din- 
 dings, Malakka, and Singapore. They have an area of 1,500 
 square miles, and a population of 600,000. 
 
 Singapore is the chief town, upon an island of the same 
 name, 27 miles long and 14 broad. The harbor is defended 
 by strong batteries. Malakka is the oldest of the Straits 
 Settlements. 
 
 SIAM. 
 
 Siam occupies the central part of the Indo-Chinese Penin- 
 sula. The area of Siam is about 200,000 square miles. The 
 population is estimated at 6,000,000, composed of Siamese, 
 Chinese, Malays, and other races. 
 
 The government is an absolute monarchy. 
 
 The capital is Bankok, on the Menam River, about 20 
 miles from the sea. 
 
 FRENCH INDO-CHINA. 
 
 French Indo-China is the eastern, and by far the most 
 populous, part of the Indo-Chinese Peninsula. It includes 
 the colonies of Cochin China and Tonkin, and the protec- 
 torates of Cambodia and Anam. The total area is about 
 
Farther India. — The East Indian Archipelago. 
 
 117 
 
 270,000 square miles, and the population is estimated at 
 21,000,000. 
 
 The principal towns are Saigon, in Cochin China, and 
 Hue, in Tonkin. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON FARTHER INDIA. 
 Describe Farther India. What is said of the climate? The pro- 
 ductions? The inhabitants? The industries? Describe British Indo- 
 China. Name the capital of Lower Burma. Give the chief city of 
 Upper Burma. What is meant by the Straits Settlements? Give the 
 chief towns. Describe Siam. Name the capital. Where is French 
 Indo-China? Give the principal cities. 
 
 THE EAST INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. 
 
 The East Indian or Malay Archipelago is an insular 
 region to the southeastward of the Asiatic continent. The 
 islands of Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, Java, the Philippines, 
 and the Moluccas or Spice Islands, are included in this re- 
 gion. 
 
 Productions. The natural productions are rich in the 
 extreme. Gold, tin, and precious stones in the mineral 
 kingdom, with rich fruits and spices in the vegetable world, 
 form the principal products of these beautiful islands. 
 There are about four hundred productive tin mines in the 
 islands of Banca and Billiton. The tree which yields gutta- 
 percha is a native of Borneo. The nutmeg and the clove 
 belong to the smaller islands of the Moluccas. Sago is also 
 produced, and sugar, tobacco, tea, coffee, and rice are grown 
 and exported. 
 
 Climate. The climate of the archipelago is hot, but 
 the intense heat of the torrid zone is moderated by the in- 
 fluence of the surrounding seas. 
 
 Inhabitants. The entire population of the Malay Archi- 
 pelago is probably not less than forty millions. The island 
 of Java alone has over twenty millions, and the Philippines 
 contain npwards of seven millions 
 
 Commerce. The Americans, English, Dutch, and Chi- 
 nese are extensively engaged in trade. 
 
 More than three quarters of the East Indian Archipelago 
 belong to Holland; the remainder to Great Britain and the 
 United States of America, with the exception of part of the 
 island of Timor, which belongs to Portugal. 
 
 THE DUTCH EAST INDIES. 
 
 The Dutch East Indies include all the Larger Sunda 
 Islands, with the exception of Borneo. 
 
 The total area of the Dutch East Indies is 736,000 square 
 miles. The population is over 33,000,000. 
 
 Java is about <">0,000 square miles in area, and a chain of 
 lofty volcanos runs through the entire length of the island. 
 Java is probably the very finest and most interesting trop- 
 ical island in the world, and is undoubtedly the most fer- 
 tile, the most productive, and most populous of the tropical 
 islands. The chief port is Batavia. Borneo, the fourth 
 largest island in the world, is about 800 miles in length and 
 600 miles in width, and has an area of 280,000 square miles. 
 
 THE BRITISH EAST INDIES. 
 
 The British East Indies include the richest portion of 
 Borneo, and the little island of Labuan. Labuan is a crown 
 colony ; and the territory of the British North Borneo Com- 
 pany, the sultanate of Brunei, and the province of Sarawak 
 are British protectorates. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE EAST INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. 
 Name the principal islands of the East Indian Archipelago. What 
 are the productions of the mineral kingdom in these islands? Of the 
 vegetable world ? Describe the climate. What is the population ? To 
 what countries do the islands of the archipelago, belong? What do 
 the Dutch East Indies include? What is the population? What is 
 said of Java? Name the chief ports of Java. What is said about 
 Borneo? Of what are the British East Indies composed? How are 
 they governed? 
 
 SEARCH QUESTIONS. 
 
 Location. Find the Rock of Gibraltar. North Cape. Find the 
 latitude and longitude of London. Tokyo. Boston. Seattle. Are 
 these cities in nearly the same latitude? Name five of the principal 
 colonies of the British Empire. Which is the smallest country in 
 Europe? From the map, find the largest continent on the globe. 
 
 Rivers. Draw an outline map of Europe and Asia, forming Eura- 
 sia, and locate ten of the principal rivers. 
 Find the three great rivers of Siberia. Make 
 a list of ten navigable rivers of Europe. Lo- 
 cate the Rhine. The Tiber. The Thames. 
 The Seine. 
 
 Population. What country in Europe 
 has the densest population? Compare the 
 population and the area of Great Britain with 
 the state of Washington. Give the population 
 of Russia, the British Empire, the Chinese 
 Empire, Germany, France, and Spain. In 
 what respect do the inhabitants of Asia differ 
 in personal appearance from the people of 
 Great Britain? Where do the people live 
 who use the dog for draft purposes, where we 
 use the horse? 
 
 Natural Productions. Compare the nat- 
 ural products of Asia with the natural pro- 
 
 Railroad Map of Europe 
 
 ducts of France. Compare the products of the northern coast of Eurasia 
 with those of the southern coast. Compare the principal products of 
 Ceylon, south of India, with the products of Iceland, north of the 
 British Isles. What countries in Europe produce about the same 
 products as the United States? 
 
 Industries. From where do we get the finest marble in the 
 world? What country is-noted especially for 
 its manufacture of silk? Name the principal 
 ship-buildingplacesof the world. What cities 
 are noted for the production of fine carpets and 
 laces ? What place in Europe is noted for fine 
 glassware? Name the principal parts of the 
 world noted for the production of petroleum. 
 Commerce. Name ten of the great com- 
 mercial ports of the world. Give several of 
 the most important exports shipped from each. 
 Tell how railroads, canals, and oceans aid com- 
 merce. What countries are noted for canals? 
 What great city in America has recently ex- 
 tended its commercial facilities by means of 
 a canal? What great railroad is now under 
 construction in the northern part of Eurasia? 
 What port in the United States is the nearest 
 to its eastern terminus? 
 
30 Longitude 20 "West 10 
 
 10 Longitude 20 East 30 from <o Greenwich 50 
 
AFRICA. 
 
 Africa 1 is the southwestern portion of the Old World, 
 and is the only one of its three continents that stretches to 
 the southward of the equator. 
 
 This continent forms a vast peninsula, connected with 
 the Asiatic continent by the Isthmus of Suez. 
 
 a narrow, low-lying coast belt, and edged by ranges of 
 mountains or hills. The elevation of this large inland pla- 
 teau declines from about 4,000 feet in the south to less than 
 1,500 feet in the north. 
 
 Mountains. The loftiest mountains in Africa are Kili- 
 manjaro (19,680 feet high) , a little to the south of the equa- 
 tor; Kenia, 18,000 feet high, on the equator. The Atlas 
 Mountains, in the north, are important. There are lofty 
 mountains in Abyssinia and elsewhere in the continent. 
 
 Rivers. Africa is noted for the absence of permanently 
 flowing rivers. There are, in Africa, two river systems, — 
 those of the Atlantic and Indian oceans. The others are 
 continental rivers, and belong to the regions of inland 
 drainage. 
 
 The Nile has a course of 3,500 miles, and is the most important. 
 
 The Senegal, Niger, Kongo, Zambezi, Limpopo, and the Tugela are 
 all large rivers. 
 
 Lakes. Africa contains some of the largest fresh-water 
 lakes in the world. 
 
 The Victoria Nyanza is second in size only to Lake Superior. 
 
 Lake Tanganyeka is 400 miles in length and about 50 in breadth. 
 
 Lake Nyassa, 350 miles long, with an average breadth of 38 miles, 
 has a mean depth of 600 feet. 
 
 Productions. The natural productions of Africa are 
 almost as rich and as varied as those of any other con- 
 tinent. Peculiar plants are numerous, while animals are 
 of great variety. Only in the south are minerals plentiful. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON AFRICA. 
 
 Locate Africa. What is the form of this eontinentf How is it 
 bounded? What is the area of Africa? How does it compare in size 
 with Europe? With Asia? What is the length of Africa ? The breadth? 
 Describe the surface of Africa. What are the loftiest mountains of 
 Africa? What are the principal rivers? Name the largest lakes. Is 
 Africa rich in natural productions? What about African plants? Are 
 there many varieties of animals in Africa? Which part of Africa has 
 the greatest quantity of minerals? 
 
 Outline Map of Africa. 
 
 Boundaries. Africa is bounded on the north by the 
 Mediterranean Sea; on the west by the Atlantic Ocean; on 
 the south by the Atlantic and Indian oceans; and on the east 
 by the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. 
 
 Extent. Africa is more than three times larger than 
 Europe, but nearly a third smaller than the Asiatic conti- 
 nent. Its area is about twelve million square miles. The 
 extreme points of the continent are: Cape Blanco on the 
 north, Cape Agulhas on the south, — a distance of 5,000 
 miles ; and Cape Verde on the west, Cape Guardafui on the 
 east, — a distance of 4,850 miles. 
 
 Surface. The entire continent of Africa may be re- 
 garded as a vast plateau of moderate elevation, inclosed by 
 
 1 The name "Africa " was given by the Romans to the Carthaginian 
 territories (Tunis, etc.), and was extended to the whole continent. 
 
 /ll9 
 
 *~*<f :a 
 
 The Nile Delta and the Suez Canal. 
 
120. 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 THE BARBARY STATES. 
 
 The Barbary States' include the empire of Morocco, 
 the French colony of Algeria, the French protectorate of 
 Tunis, and the Turkish province of Tripoli. 
 
 The inhabitants include the Berbers, who live in the 
 mountains and villages of the Atlas region; the Moors, 
 who live in the cities; and the Arabs, who live in their own 
 encampments in the interior. Negroes, Jews, as well as 
 French, Spaniards, Italians, and Maltese, are found in num- 
 bers in Algeria and Tunis. 
 
 The natives of northern Africa are generally Moham- 
 medans in religion, and in manners and usages are but a 
 degree removed from barbarism. 
 
 Northern Africa, like western Asia, exhibits traces of 
 decay from a past condition of greatness and prosperity. 
 The frequent remains of Roman roads, temples, and thea- 
 ters bear testimony to the greatness of Roman power. Near 
 Tunis are the remains of Carthage, once the rival of Rome. 
 Farther to the eastward are the ruins of Greek cities. 
 
 MOROCCO. 
 
 Morocco, the most westerly of the Barbary States, has 
 an area of about 314,000 square miles, and a population of 
 from five million to eight million people. 
 
 The form of government is an absolute despotism, but 
 some tribes recognize only the authority of their own chiefs. 
 
 The fertile coast region is peopled by the Moors, who 
 conquered the country at the end of the seventh century. 
 
 The vegetable productions are wheat, barley, corn, and 
 fruits. The principal exports are almonds and wool. Mo- 
 rocco leather is manufactured at Mekinez. 
 
 1 So called from the Berbers, the original, or at any rate the earliest 
 known, inhabitants of northern Africa. 
 
 City of Tangier. 
 
 Fez is the chief capital of the empire, but the Sultan also resides 
 at the cities of Morocco and Mekinez. 
 
 Tangier is at the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar, and is an im- 
 portant city. The fortress of Oeuta, opposite Gibraltar, is occupied 
 by the Spaniards. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON MOROCCO. 
 
 Describe Morocco. What are the vegetable products? Where is 
 morocco leather manufactured? What is the capital of Morocco? 
 Where is Ceuta? 
 
 ALGERIA. 
 
 Algeria is the most important of all the colonial posses- 
 sions of France. It has an area of 123,000 square miles, 
 and a population of about four million people. 
 
 About a twenty-fifth part of Algeria is cultivated. Wheat 
 and wine are produced. The principal article of export is 
 the " alfa," or esparto grass, used for making paper. Iron, 
 lead, and copper are also largely exported. 
 
 The chief towns of Algeria are Algiers, Oran, Bona, and Constan- 
 tino. Algiers, the capital of Algeria, rises in the form of an amphi- 
 theater, along the slope of a steep hill on the Mediterranean coast. A 
 railway connects Algiers with the port of Oran,. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON ALGERIA. 
 
 Locate Algeria. What are the principal towns of Algeria? Locate 
 Tunis. Where is the site of the ancient city of Carthagef 
 
 TUNIS. 
 
 Tunis is physically like Algeria, and politically is con- 
 trolled by the French Foreign Office. Its area is about 
 45,000 square miles. It has a population of about a million 
 and a half. Wheat, olive oil, and barley are the exports. 
 
 Tunis, the capital, is connected by rail with its port, Goletta. It 
 has a population of 145,000, of whom 30,000 are Jews. Thirteen 
 miles northeast of Tunis is the site of the ancient city of Carthage. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON TUNIS. 
 
 Locate Tunis. By whom is it governed? What is the population? 
 What are the products? Name the capital. 
 
 TRIPOLI. 
 
 Tripoli, or Tripolis ("the three 
 cities," from the three ancient towns 
 of Sabrata, Oea, and Leptis Major), 
 covers an area of half a million square 
 miles, a great part of which is barren 
 desert. The population is one million. 
 
 The productions include tobacco, 
 fruits, cotton, grain, etc. 
 
 FEZZAN. 
 
 The large territory of Fezzan, lying to 
 the south of Tripoli, is a kind of oasis, and 
 is fertile by comparison with the desert re- 
 gion by which it is bounded on all sides. 
 
 BARCA. 
 
 Baeca, east of Tripoli, is a rocky pla- 
 teau, with some well- watered, fertile valleys. 
 
 Tripoli is a province of Turkey. 
 Fezzan is ruled by a subordinate gov- 
 ernor. Barca, once a distinct prov- 
 ince, is now a part of Tripoli. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON TRIPOLI. 
 
 What is meant by the name " Tripoli"? 
 Locate Tripoli. What are the products? 
 Where is the territory of Fezzan ? Of Barca f 
 
Egypt. 
 
 121 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 Egypt is the lower portion of the 
 valley of the Nile, extending from the 
 Mediterranean Sea to Akashe, a direct 
 distance of 750 miles. 
 
 Extent. The area of Egypt is es- 
 timated at about 400,000 square miles. 
 Including the oases in the Libyan Desert, the northern por- 
 tion of Nubia, part of the Red Sea coast, the Sinai Penin- 
 sula, and the Land of Midian in Arabia, the area is not less 
 than a half-million square miles; but these regions afford 
 little more than pasturage. 
 
 Natural Features. Two great natural features are the 
 Nile and the Desert. The Nile overflows its banks annu- 
 ally, the river beginning to rise above its ordinary level in 
 the month of June, and rises daily until the latter part of 
 September, at which time almost the whole valley is under 
 water. The waters afterwards gradually retire within their 
 proper bed, leaving behind them a fertilizing deposit, which 
 produces the abundant harvests of Egypt. The rise of the 
 Nile is caused by the heavy rains of Abyssinia and the high- 
 land regions to the southward. The Nile divides into two 
 branches about 120 miles from the sea, 
 and these are called the Rosetta and 
 Damietta branches. The two branches 
 inclose a delta. 1 
 
 Climate. Egypt has a warm and 
 dry climate. Except in the delta, rain 
 seldom falls. The intense dryness of 
 the air has been the means of preserv- 
 ing from decay the monuments of an- 
 cient art in which Egypt abounds. 
 
 Inhabitants. Egypt has seven 
 million inhabitants, the majority of 
 whom are of the Arabic race. The 
 descendants of the ancient Egyptians 
 are about half a million in number. 
 There are Turks, Armenians, Syrians, 
 Jews, and Europeans in the towns. 
 The foreigners in Egypt number one 
 hundred thousand. 
 
 Religion. The Egyptians are gen- 
 erally Mohammedans, except in the 
 case of the Copts, the descendants of 
 the ancient Egyptians, who form a ' ■-, 
 Christian Church. 
 
 Industries. The products are flax, 
 hemp, cotton, tobacco, sugar, coffee, 
 saffron, mulberries, dates, wheat, and corn. The cotton 
 and surplus corn of Egypt are sent to England. 
 
 Commerce. The trade of Egypt, both foreign and in- 
 ternal, has greatly increased since the opening of the Suez 
 
 1 It was to the region inclosed between the different arras of the 
 Nile that the term "delta" was originally applied by the Greeks, in 
 eonseqrenee of its forming a shape resembling the fourth letter of the 
 Greek alphabet. It has become extended, in modern geography, to 
 all similar tracts of land. The Danube, the Rhine, the Amazon, the 
 Indus, and a great number of other rivers, form deltas. 
 
 Canal, 1 which is the great highway between Europe and the 
 East. 
 
 Government. Egypt is nominally a dependency of 
 Turkey, but the government of Egypt is carried on under the 
 direct control of England, and the country is occupied by 
 British troops. Egypt has advanced greatly in wealth and 
 prosperity under the British occupation. 
 
 Towns. Cairo is an important center of traffic between the east 
 and the west. It owes its origin to the Arabic conquerors of Europe, 
 by whom it was founded in the year 970. 
 
 Alexandria, named in honor of Alexander the Great, who founded 
 it in the year 332 B. C, was for a long time the chief center of Greek 
 learning. Since the British occupation, it has become of importance 
 as the center of the trade of Egypt with foreign countries. 
 
 Rosetta, celebrated as the place of discovery of the "Rosetta 
 Stone," which enabled students to decipher the writing on the monu- 
 ments and temples of ancient Egypt, is on the western side of the Nile. 
 
 Suez, on the Gulf of Suez, at the head of the Red Sea, is an im- 
 portant city. 
 
 Port Said is the northern terminus of the Suez Canal. 
 
 Antiquities. The Pyramids of Ghizeh and the ruins of Thebes 
 ("the hundred -gated") are two localities of great interest. The 
 Pyramids are within a few miles' distance of Cairo, and the colossal 
 figure of the Sphinx is in that neighborhood. The ruins of Thebes 
 are in a higher part of the Nile valley, within Upper Egypt. 
 
 Cairo. 
 
 The Libyan Desert, to the westward of the Nile, contains several 
 oases, which are regarded as forming a part of Egypt. The Oasis of 
 Siwah contains a celebrated fountain, the supposed " Fountain of the 
 
 1 Since 1887, vessels of all nations, whether armed or not, may pass 
 through the canal, in peace or war. Nearly four thousand vessels of 
 all classes make the passage every year. Work on the canal was com- 
 menced in 1859, and was finished in 1869. The total length, from Port 
 Said, on the Mediterranean, to Suez, at the head of the Red Sea, is 87 
 miles, — 66 miles of actual canal and 21 miles of lakes. By the use of 
 electric light, vessels can now pass through it by night as well as by 
 day. The harbor at Port Said is artificially formed. The entire cost 
 of the canal was over one hundred million dollars. 
 
122 
 
 r 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Port Said. 
 
 Sun," and the ancient temple of Jupiter Ammon, which Alexander 
 the Great visited. 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTE. 
 Egypt was the seat of the earliest civilization. The Pyramids were 
 built in the twenty-fifth century B. C. The Persians conquered the 
 country in the fifth century B.C. Alexander the Great made it a 
 part of his empire and founded the city of Alexandria. In the first 
 century B. C, Egypt passed under Roman rule, and after the lapse of 
 six centuries, the Arabs conquered the country. The Arabs were suc- 
 ceeded by the Turks. In 1882 a military rebellion, headed by Arabi 
 Pasha, broke out, and after its suppression by British troops the Eng- 
 lish remained in occupation. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON EGYPT. 
 
 Locate Egypt. What are the natural features of Egypt? Describe 
 the Nile. Where did the term "delta" originate? What does the 
 word mean? What is the climate of Egypt? Describe the inhabitants. 
 What religion do the Egyptians follow? What are the products of the 
 country? Describe the trade of Egypt. Describe the Suez Canal. 
 What country controls the canal? What is 'the government of Egypt? 
 Describe Cairo; Alexandria. For what is Rosetta noted? Describe 
 the Pyramids. 
 
 THE EASTERN SUDAN. 
 
 The Eastern Sudan includes the valley of the Nile, 
 from the great lakes to the Egyptian frontier, and the ter- 
 ritorial divisions of Kordofau and Darfur. This vast terri- 
 tory, which is now virtually under British control, has an 
 area of about one million square miles. 
 
 Climate. The climate is more tropical than that of 
 Egypt, and the vegetafcjxm greatly resembles that of the. 
 torrid zone. 
 
 Natural Features. The great features of this region 
 are the Nile Valley and the Desert. The two branches of 
 the Nile are known as the Blue Nile and the White Nile. 
 On the southern frontier are the great lakes of the Nile, the 
 Victoria Nyanza and the Albert Nyanza. 
 
 Inhabitants. This vast territory has about ten mil- 
 lions of people, consisting of Arabs and various negro 
 tribes. 
 
 Commerce. The commerce of the Eastern Sudan is 
 confined to transit trade, carried on by camel caravans. The 
 exports of ivory are valuable. 
 
 Towns. Khartum, in Upper Nubia, situated at the junction of 
 the Blue and the White Niles, was formerly the center of authority 
 for the whole country. It will be forever famous for its heroic defense 
 by General Gordon, and as the scene of his tragic death. 
 
 On the opposite side of the Nile is the fortified town of Omdurman, 
 which is the capital of the Eastern Sudan, and is noted for the great 
 battle in which General Kitchener overcame the Khalifa in 1898. 
 
 New Dongola, on the left bank of the Nile, is one of the most 
 thriving of the Nubian towns. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE EASTERN SUDAN. 
 What is meant by the Eastern Sudan? It is under whose control? 
 Describe the inhabitants. How is the commerce of this section of 
 country carried on? What noted town is located in Upper Nubia? 
 Where is Omdurman? and for what is it noted? 
 
 ABYSSINIA. 
 
 Abyssinia is the loftiest of all the plateau-lands of Africa. 
 Some of the mountains reach 15,000 feet above the sea, and 
 are covered with perpetual snow. 
 
 Climate/ The climate of Abyssinia is intensely hot in 
 the lower part, but temperate and healthy in the upland 
 plains of the interior. 
 
 Productions. The soil is fertile, and cotton, sugar, 
 coffee, etc., are produced in the lower valleys. On the 
 higher grounds the various kinds of grain and fruits are 
 extensively grown, and cattle and sheep are reared. 
 
 Inhabitants. Abyssinia Proper is estimated to have 
 an area of 130,000 square miles, and a mixed population of 
 nearly four millions. 
 
 Government. The ancient empire of Abyssinia, or 
 Ethiopia, was formerly a powerful state, governed from the 
 earliest times by an absolute ruler, styled the Negus Ne- 
 gusti, or "King of Kings." The country is divided into 
 three great provinces: Tigre, in the north; Amhara, in the 
 center; and Shoa, in the south. Gondar is the capital of 
 Amhara, and Adowa the capital of Tigre. A noted town 
 is the city of Axum, the "City of Abraham," the ancient 
 capital of the Ethiopian empire, and still the crowded resort 
 of priests and pilgrims. Licheh is the capital of Shoa. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON ABYSSINIA. 
 
 Locate Abyssinia. What is the climate? Describe the soil. What 
 is the form of government? Name several of the important towns. 
 Describe the " City of Abraham." 
 
 THE SAHARA. 
 
 The immense region of northern Africa to which the 
 name Sahara is applied, extends from the Atlantic Ocean 
 to the Red Sea. 
 
 This great desert region has an area of over three mil- 
 lion square miles, and a population of not over three mil- 
 lions of people, pastoral nomads and robbers. Dates, salt, 
 ostrich feathers, gold-dust, and slaves are the only com- 
 mercial products of this vast region. 
 
 THE SUDAN. 
 
 The name "Blad es Sudan, " or ' 'Country of the Blacks, ' ' 
 of the old Arabic geographers was applied to the vast 
 region to the south of the Sahara, and the term is still 
 
The Sudan. — Southern Africa. 
 
 123 
 
 used to indicate the belt of fertile and well-watered coun- 
 tries which lie within the zone of tropical rains, and form a 
 startling contrast, to the desert. 
 
 The inhabitants of the Sudan are not exclusively of the 
 negro race. A large proportion are of mixed descent. The 
 slave trade has always been the bane of the negro popula- 
 tion of Africa. 
 
 The commercial products, beside slaves, are gold-dust, 
 ivory, and ostrich feathers. 
 
 The three great, divisions of the Sudan are the Eastern 
 Sudan, the Central Sudan, and the Western Sudan. 
 
 In some parts of the Central Sudan the negroes have at- 
 tained some skill in the manufacture of woven fabrics, copper, 
 and metal ware. In other parts, rice and other cereals, and 
 dates and honey, are exported. There are also manufactures 
 of excellent leather goods, shoes, sandals, harness, etc. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE SAHARA AND THE SUDAN. 
 Describe the Sahara Desert. What are the products of the Sahara? 
 What is the meaning of the name "Sudan"? Who are the inhabi- 
 tants of the Sudan? What is said about the slave trade? What are 
 the productions of the Sudan? 
 
 WESTERN AFRICA. 
 
 The western coasts of Africa, within the tropics, are a 
 distinct natural region, extending through a range of be- 
 tween three thousand and four thousand miles along the At- 
 lantic seaboard, from the borders of the Great Desert, iu a 
 northerly direction, to Cape Frio, south of the equator. 
 
 Owing to its position, and to its numerous rivers and 
 streams, Western Africa has an unhealthy climate. The 
 intense heat of a tropical sun, acting on the mass of vege- 
 table matter, produces malaria and deadly fevers. 
 
 The products are gold-dust, ivory, ostrich feathers, palm 
 oil, beeswax, and various gums. 
 
 The native inhabitants of Western Africa are nearly all 
 negroes. Many Europeans are settled at various points. 
 
 The divisions of Western Africa are Senegambia, Upper 
 Gambia, and Lower Gambia. 
 
 The political divisions of Western Africa include the col- 
 onies and protectorates belonging to Great Britain, France, 
 Portugal, Germany, and Spain, and two independent states, 
 — the republic of Liberia and the Kongo Free State. 
 
 LIBERIA. 
 
 The negro republic of Liberia was founded in 1822 as 
 a place of refuge for freed slaves. The capital is Monrovia. 
 The commercial products are coffee, palm oil, palm nuts, 
 cocoa, sugar, arrowroot, ivory, and hides. 
 
 THE KONGO FREE STATE. 
 
 The Kongo Free State, founded in 1855, has an area 
 of about 800,000 square miles, and includes the greater part 
 of the basin of the Kongo River. The population is between 
 ten millions and twenty millions. 
 
 The government of the Kongo Free State is carried on 
 by the Central Government at Brussels, directed by the 
 Kins: of Belgium as the sovereign of the state, and by the 
 local government at Boma, under a governor- general. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON WESTERN AFRICA. 
 
 What is said about the climate of Western Africa? What are its 
 products? Describe the inhabitants. Where is Liberia? What is its 
 capital? What are the products? Describe the Kongo Free State. 
 When was it founded? Who is the sovereign? 
 
 EASTERN AFRICA. 
 
 Eastern Africa includes the coast-lands from Delagoa 
 Bay to the Gulf of Aden, together with the uplands to the 
 east of the Great Lakes. 
 
 The whole of Eastern Africa is now partitioned among 
 four European powers, — Portugal, Germany, Great Britain, 
 and Italy. The islands have also been parceled out. 
 
 PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA. 
 
 Portuguese East Africa includes the coast province of 
 Mozambique, and a limited portion of Zambezia. 
 
 Mozambique, the principal place in Portuguese East 
 Africa, is a busy seaport on a corajl islet close to the shore. 
 
 GERMAN EAST AFRICA. 
 
 German East Africa extends along the coast to the 
 north of the Rovuma River, and stretches westward to the 
 lakes of Nyassa and Tanganyika, and northward to the 
 Victoria Nyauza and Mount Kilimanjaro. 
 
 The total area of this vast territory is estimated at 350, 
 000 square miles, a third larger than Germany itself. 
 
 The population does not exceed two millions. 
 
 BRITISH EAST AFRICA. 
 
 British East Africa extends along the coast from the 
 Umba River in the south to the Juba River in the north, a 
 distance of 400 miles. Inland, the British "sphere of in- 
 fluence" extends westward beyond the Victoria and the 
 Albert Nyaiizas to the borders of the Kongo Free State. 
 
 Zanzibar is an island with an area of 625 square miles, 
 and a population of 125,000. The town of Zanzibar is a 
 free port, and has a population of 100,000. It is an active 
 center of trade in the products of the island and those of 
 the adjoining mainland. 
 
 ITALIAN EAST AFRICA 
 
 Italian East Africa is the territory on the Somali Coast 
 from the Juba River northward round to Cape Guardafui, 
 and along the shores of the Gulf of Aden to the 49th degree 
 of east longitude, and the Red Sea coast from Ras Kasar to 
 the Strait of Babel Mandeb, together with portions of the 
 region to the east of Abyssinia and the Juba River. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON EASTERN AFRICA. 
 
 ' Describe Eastern Africa. To what countries does Eastern Africa 
 
 belong? Describe its products. Describe German East Africa; British 
 
 East Africa. Where is the island of Zanzibar? What can you tell 
 
 about the town of Zanzibar? Describe Italian East Africa. 
 
 SOUTHERN AFRICA. 
 
 The southern part of the African continent includes sev- 
 eral territories under British rule, and two independent 
 Dutch republics, together with the vast territory of German 
 Southwest Africa. 
 
124 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 British South Africa includes the self-governing colony 
 of the Cape, — the wealthiest and most important of all South 
 Africa, — the colony of Natal, the crown colonies of Basu- 
 toland, British Bechuanaland, and Znluland, and the pro- 
 tectorates of Tongaland, Bechuanaland, and Zambezia. 
 
 THE CAPE COLONY. 
 
 The Cape Colony derives its name from the Cape of 
 Good Hope. 1 It has an area of 233,430 square miles. 
 
 Natural Features. The surface of the colony rises from the sea- 
 board to the interior by a series of terraces, or steps, the seaward 
 edges of which are marked by the long ranges of mountains and hills 
 that extend across the country from west to east. 
 
 Mountains. The Nieuwveldt Mountains are the loftiest elevation 
 in Southern Africa, and the highest point is Compass Berg, 9,000 feet 
 above the sea. 
 
 Plains. The lower plains near the coast are watered and mode- 
 rately fertile. The great plain that extends along the southern base 
 of the Nieuwveldt Mountains has an arid and gravelly surface. The 
 northerly portion of the province consists of extensive open plains, 
 scantily watered. 
 
 Rivers. The principal rivers are the Orange and the Olifants, 
 flowing into the Atlantic ; and the Breede, Gauritz, Gamtoos, Great 
 Fish, Keiskamma, and the Kei, flowing into the Indian Ocean. 
 
 The Orange Kiver, which forms the northern border of Cape Colony, 
 is about 1,200 miles long, but it has comparatively little volume of 
 water, and is not navigable, except for small craft for about fifty miles 
 above the bar at its mouth. 
 
 Climate. The climate of the Cape is temperate, dry, 
 and healthy. In the eastern provinces rains fall in summer, 
 
 1 The Cape of Good Hope is important, both from its geographical 
 position and from its place in the annals of discovery. It was discov- 
 ered in 1487 by Diaz, a Portuguese sailor, toward the close of a century 
 which had been devoted to discoveries along the western side of the 
 African continent. Diaz succeeded in doubling the cape on this voy- 
 age, and landed on the coast at some distance beyond. Ten years 
 later, in 1497, Vasco da Gama, also a Portuguese, conducted the first 
 fleet of ships to India by way of the Atlantic and Indian oceans. 
 
 Cape Town and Vicinity. 
 
 
 -~&L/ 
 
 •i f 
 
 "2 
 
 
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 a." 
 
 
 
 
 cc^as^ A* 
 
 Vi&^kx 
 
 
 iklJ* 
 
 
 £ 
 
 MS P 
 
 
 
 ant^s"y~u 
 
 G*) • 
 
 General View of Ladysmith, Natal. 
 
 but in the western in 
 winter. At Cape Town 
 the rainfall amounts to 
 30 inches, and at Kim- 
 berley to 16 inches. 
 
 Productions. The 
 
 extensive open plains 
 of the interior are suited 
 for pastoral pursuits. 
 Sheep, goats, cattle, and 
 horses supply the wool, 
 mohair, skins, and 
 hides, which, with dia- 
 monds, copper, and ostrich feathers, form the staple pro- 
 ducts. The colony produces excellent wheat and other 
 cereals, with oranges and other fruits. The chief mineral 
 products are diamonds from the famous Kimberley mines. 
 
 Inhabitants. The Cape Colony 
 contains about one and a half mil- 
 lion inhabitants, a third of whom 
 are of European origin, mainly 
 Dutch, British, and German. 
 
 Industries. Diamonds form the 
 principal, and apparently an inex- 
 haustible, source of wealth to the 
 Delagoa Bay. colony. Since the gem was first 
 
 discovered in South Africa in 1867, 
 over $350,000,000 worth of diamonds have been exported, 
 chiefly from the Kimberley mines. 
 
 There are over 1,800 miles of railways open for traffic. 
 Government. The Cape Colony possesses a responsi- 
 ble government, under a governor appointed by the crown. 
 Towns. Cape Town is the chief place in the colony. It 
 is the capital, and the most important place in British South 
 Africa . 
 
 NATAL. 
 
 The British colony of Natal (so named 
 because Da Gama discovered the Natal coast 
 on Christmas Day) includes the territory 
 lying between the Tugela River on the 
 north and the Umtamfuna on the south. 
 Natal has an area of about 21,150 square 
 miles. The climate is warmer than that 
 of the Cape, and the productions are in 
 many respects different. The sugar-cane 
 grows wild, and the cotton plant is capable 
 of culture. The pineapple and the fruits 
 of southern Europe flourish. 
 
 Natal contains about 550,000 inhabitants, 
 40,000 of whom are Europeans. 
 
 OTHER BRITISH COLONIES AND PROTECTO- 
 RATES. 
 
 Zululand is a British colony lying to the 
 northeast of Natal. 
 
 Tongaland, Basutoland, and Bechua- 
 naland are all important countries, under 
 the control of the British, but they are 
 
South Africa. — Islands of Africa. 
 
 125 
 
 mostly inhabited by natives, who, however, are attaining 
 some degree of civilization. 
 
 Zambezia includes the vast region under British protec- 
 tion in South Central Africa. 
 
 Matabeleland and Mashonaland are rich in gold, and 
 the healthy and fairly fertile uplands are all being rapidly 
 settled by Europeans. The "Pioneer Expedition " to Ma- 
 shonaland in 1890 founded Salisbury (the present capital), 
 Victoria, and other places. 
 
 THE ORANGE FREE STATE. 
 
 The Orange Free State is bounded on the north by 
 the Transvaal, or South African Republic; on the west by 
 Griqualand West; on the south by Cape Colony; and on the 
 east by Basutoland and Natal. The area is estimated at 
 41,500 square miles, and the population at 207,000. 
 
 The white inhabitants (78,000 in number), nearly all 
 of whom are of Dutch descent, are mainly engaged in sheep- 
 farming. Wool forms the principal article of export. Dia- 
 monds, garnets, and other precious stones, and even gold, 
 are found, and there are several coal mines. 
 
 A new railway runs from Colesberg, in Cape Colony, to 
 Bloemfontein. 
 
 The government is republican in fonn, an elected presi- 
 dent holding the executive, and the Volksraad the legisla- 
 tive, power. 
 
 Bloemfontein, the capital, is a small town of less than 
 4,000 inhabitants. 
 
 The people have excellent schools and a university, and 
 are very prosperous. 
 
 THE SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 The South African Republic, 1 also called the Trans- 
 vaal, comprises an extensive territory lying beyond the 
 Vaal River; hence its name. 
 
 The area of the republic is estimated at 122,000 square 
 miles. The population includes 120,000 whites, and 560,- 
 000 natives, — Zulu Kaffirs and others. 
 
 The country is an elevated plateau of an average height 
 of 3,000 feet, sloping west and north. 
 
 The country is largely devoted to agriculture and stock- 
 raising. There are rich gold-fields around Johannesburg 
 and Barberton. The Boers 2 of the Transvaal are almost 
 entirely engaged in pastoral pursuits. Immense numbers 
 of sheep and cattle are reared, and wool and hides are 
 largely exported. The country is also well adapted for the 
 
 'The Transvaal, like the adjoining Orange Free State, was settled 
 by the Boers. A republican form of government was established, and 
 for some years the country made good progress. Since 1876 serious 
 trouble has occurred between the British and the Boer governments. 
 The British troops met with disaster in a battle at MajubaHill in 1881, 
 and in 1895 Dr. Jameson crossed the Transvaal border with some five 
 hundred troopers on a raid; but he was surrounded by the Boers, and 
 forced to surrender, near Krugersdorp. This raid was for the purpose 
 of aiding the population in and around Johannesburg, who were refused 
 full civil rights by the Boer government, and had openly rebelled. The 
 British residents of Johannesburg still insisted on having civil rights, 
 and the refusal by the Boer government resulted in the Transvaal war 
 of 1899-1900, in which so many sanguinary conflicts occurred. 
 
 2 Boer, Dutch, a farmer. 
 
 growth of cereals. Excellent tobacco and fine fruits are 
 grown. 
 
 The government is vested in an elected president, and a 
 parliament of two Volksraaden of 24 members each. 
 
 Over twenty gold-fields, covering an area of over one 
 and a half million acres, have been proclaimed. Several 
 hundred companies, employing many millions of capital, 
 and supporting a mining population of at least 50,000, are 
 actively working for gold alone. 
 
 Pretoria is the capital, but the most important town is 
 Johannesburg. Johannesburg and Pretoria are now con- 
 nected by rail with Bloemfontein and the Cape Colony. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON SOUTHERN AFRICA. 
 
 What does British South Africa include ? From what did the Cape 
 Colony derive its name? Who discovered Cape Colony? What are 
 the principal rivers of South Africa? Describe the climate of Cape 
 Colony. What is said about Cape Town, and about Kimberley? What 
 are the products of Cape Colony? Describe the railroads. Describe 
 the British colony of Natal. Why is it called Natal? Describe the 
 climate. Tell what you can about Zululand. Where is Zambezia? 
 Locate the Orange Free State. How many inhabitants are there? 
 What is the principal article of export? What minerals are found in 
 the Orange Free State? Describe the government. Describe the 
 schools and the people. Locate the South African Republic. Describe 
 the natural features of the country. What is meant by the word 
 "Boer"? What are the occupations of the Boers? Describe the gov- 
 ernment. Tell what you can about the gold product of this country. 
 What is the capital? 
 
 i 
 
 ISLANDS OF AFRICA. 
 
 All the islands on or off the coast of Africa belong to 
 various European powers. 
 
 The Canary Islands, in the Atlantic, belong to Spain. 
 
 Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands belong to Portugal . 
 
 The islands of Ascension, St. Helena, 1 and Tristan da 
 Cunha belong to Great Britain, while Zanzibar and Pemba 
 are under British protection. 
 
 The island of Reunion, or Bourbon, is a French colony, 
 and Madagascar and the Comoro Islands are under French 
 protection. 
 
 Madagascar is the largest of the African islands. It is 
 1,000 miles in length, 350 miles at its greatest width, and 
 has an area of 230,000 square miles. The whole island is 
 under the sovereignty of the intelligent and powerful 
 Hovas, as the tribes dwelling in its most central province 
 are called. At the beginning of the century the people were 
 all pagans, but the missionaries have converted many to 
 Christianity, and it is now the state religion in the island. 
 This great island is in the tropics, and is separated from 
 the eastern coast of Africa by the broad and deep Mozam- 
 bique Channel. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE ISLANDS OF AFRICA. 
 Where are the Canary Islands? To what country do they belong' 
 Where 'are the Madeira Islands? To what country do they belong? 
 Describe Madagascar. What is the religion of the people of Mada- 
 gascar? 
 
 1 The chief interest attaching to St. Helena is derived from the 
 fact of its having been, during the last six years of his life, the place 
 of exile of Napoleon the Great, who died at Longwood in 1821. His 
 body was removed to Paris in 1840, 
 

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 Vegetation Chart 
 
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THE BUILDING OF CITIES. 
 
 Map of London and Vicinity. 
 
 The study of the building of cities is more interesting 
 than that of the building of mountains, because it comes 
 nearer the life of the people. Each town has its own history, 
 just as each home has its history. The building of a 
 city depends upon so many things, that it is impossible 
 to account for all the causes that make a great city; but 
 there are some facts that may be stated. 
 
 More than half of the large cities of the world are 
 located on the sea-coast, or near the mouths of rivers, 
 where there are good facilities for shipping. This is 
 very time of the old cities around the Mediterranean 
 Sea. It is also true of the seaports of the Atlantic 
 Ocean. Cities are also built, just as post-offices and 
 small towns are sometimes built, at cross roads,— that 
 is, great cities are built where the roads of commerce 
 meet and cross each other. Large cities have been 
 built, in the United States, away from navigable rivers 
 and seaports, on account of their sites being the center 
 of large natural resources, and having the advantages 
 of a number of railroads. Towns have been built, again, 
 on account of deposits of coal and iron, of water-power, cli- 
 
 mate, and other physical features. There are ten 
 cities in the world that have a population of over one 
 million people. 1 
 
 London proper has a population of 4,411,271. 
 Greater London has a population of over 6,000,000. 
 It is one of the great centers of the world. Having 
 started on the banks of the Thames, it absorbed a 
 great part of the trade of Britain and the colonies. 
 London was spoken of by Bede as ' ' the mart of many 
 nations, resorting to it by sea and land." That was 
 many centuries ago. To-day it is the commercial and 
 financial metropolis of the world. 
 
 Paris. Paris lies in a rich agricultural basin at 
 the head of navigation on the Seine, and near the 
 junction of several branches of this river. Havre is 
 its harbor, and the only good harbor on the north of 
 Prance, having good rail and water communication 
 with the interior. The navigation of the Seine and its trib- 
 utaries has been improved and canals dug, so that Paris 
 has now the best system of waterways in the world. Its 
 
 Map of the City of Berlin. 
 
 Map of the City of Paris. 
 
 devotion to art has also been a factor in building up the 
 city. 
 
 Canton, the chief commercial city of China, has a fine 
 harbor about seventy miles from the sea, and a river con- 
 necting it with the rich interior provinces. 
 
 Tokyo has a fine harbor at the head of the bay of the 
 same name, near the mouth of three navigable rivers. At 
 one time the nobility of Japan were compelled to reside the 
 half of each year in Tokyo. This also helped to build up 
 the city. 
 
 Berlin is a great city that is not located on any navi- 
 gable water, but of recent years has grown on account of its 
 excellent railroad facilities. Before railroads were built, it 
 was an important city for six hundred years, on account of 
 
 1 This includes New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, London, Vienna, 
 Berlin, Paris, St. Petersburg, Canton, and Tokyo. 
 
128 
 
 The Building of Cities. 
 
 its manufactures, and be- 
 ing located where it served 
 as a convenient trading- 
 point for a rich and fertile 
 country. 
 
 Vienna is on the line of 
 trade between India, Per- 
 sia, and central Europe. 
 It also has, in addition to 
 its foreign commerce, a 
 large domestic trade. It 
 is on the Danube River. 
 
 New York has an ex- 
 cellent harbor, the best on 
 the Atlantic coast. This 
 fact, and its position on 
 the Hudson River, were 
 the first two natural ad- 
 vantages tending to make 
 a great city; then its in- 
 terior canals, and later its 
 
 Map of New York City. 
 
 railroads extending in all directions, have made it a great 
 city. It has therefore been a pathway for commerce from 
 
 European countries to the 
 United States. It is the 
 largest city of the western 
 hemisphere. The greater 
 portion of the foreign trade 
 between Europe and Amer- 
 ica is from New York City. 
 Boston. Boston has a 
 fine harbor. It receives 
 and distributes the greater 
 portion of the merchan- 
 dise for the New England 
 States. The material used 
 in manufacture and the 
 manufactured products are 
 sent from Boston to other 
 parts of the United States 
 Map of the City of Chicago. and Europe. It is the seat 
 
 of Harvard University, and its devotion to art, music, and 
 literature has been no small factor in building up the city. 
 
 San Francisco, the 
 great city of the Pacific 
 Coast, is to the Pacific what 
 New York is to the Atlantic. 
 It has an excellent harbor, 
 and railway and water com- 
 munication with the interior 
 of the state. It also has a 
 large import and export 
 trade with the Orient, and 
 the development of the new 
 commerce of the Pacific will 
 tend to make it one of the 
 Map of the City of Hew Orleans. great cities of the world. 
 
 Chicago is the heart 
 of a great agricultural re- 
 gion. Lake Michigan has 
 tended from the start to 
 make Chicago the center 
 of a large and productive 
 area. The Chicago River 
 furnishes harbor facilities. 
 The great extension of rail- 
 roads terminating at Chi- 
 cago from all points of the 
 fertile West has tended to 
 make the growth of Chi- 
 cago the marvel of the 
 world. In 1837 Chicago 
 had a population of four 
 thousand. In 1900 its 
 population is estimated at 
 over two million. 
 
 Seattle and Tacoma, 
 
 favored as they are by lo- 
 
 cation, have the same natural advantages that have built 
 up the cities of the world. The reason why they are not 
 now the equal in 
 population and 
 greatness of the 
 older cities, is be- 
 cause they started 
 late ; but these 
 young giants of 
 the West have ad- 
 vantages over the 
 cities of the Old 
 World, because 
 the forests, the 
 mineral wealth, 
 and the fertile soil 
 will build them up 
 more rapidly. In 
 
 addition to this, 
 
 ,i „ •■• Map of the City of Boston. 
 
 these young cities * ' 
 
 have the advantage of all the modern equipments of electri- 
 city and other forces of commercial and manufacturing life 
 to assist in their 
 further develop- 
 ment. 
 
 Suggestions to 
 Teachers. Have 
 
 your pupils study 
 the growth of the 
 village, the town, 
 or the city, and give 
 and find out the rea- 
 son why the present 
 site was chosen, why 
 people settled there, 
 and the elements 
 that tended to make 
 it what it is. Map of the City of Washington. 
 
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Questions for a General Review. 
 
 129 
 
 TOPICAL AND OTHER QUESTIONS FOR A GENERAL REVIEW. 
 
 Describe the earth by telling its shape, size, circumference, di- 
 ameter, movements, and position in the solar system. 
 Explain latitude, longitude, and the use of each. 
 Explain the barometer. The thermometer. (Consult dictionary 
 as to meaning of the terms. ) 
 
 What is the proportion of land and water on the earth ? 
 
 What names are given to different land forms? Water forms? 
 
 Name and locate the continents. 
 
 Name ten of the best harbors of the world. 
 
 Locate four important islands . 
 
 Compare Cuba with Hawaii in all the ways you can. 
 
 Name the most important oceans. 
 
 SURFACE. 
 Describe the surface of each continent, giving the direction of the 
 slope and river basins they form. 
 
 Locate several of the great plains of the world. Tell how they 
 were formed. 
 
 Name ten rivers of North America, ten of Europe, ten of Asia, five 
 of South America, and five of Africa. 
 
 Describe each by telling its source, direction, etc., and whether 
 navigable or not 
 
 Locate the lake regions of each continent. 
 
 What sections would you visit for beautiful lake scenery? 
 
 Locate five important capes of the world . 
 
 Name the mountain systems. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 Describe the climate of each continent by telling the effect of the 
 variations in latitude, elevation, air and water currents, nearness to 
 sea, mountain barriers, and slopes. 
 
 Compare the climate of Russia with that of the Pacific Coast. 
 Where are the regions of greatest rainfall? Of least rainfall? 
 
 PRODUCTS. 
 Locate the great forest belts of the world. 
 
 What is the difference between forests near the equator and those 
 of northern latitudes? Where are the great lumbering sections of the 
 world? 
 
 Locate the grass and grain sections. 
 
 Compare the vegetation charts of North America, South America, 
 Europe, Asia, and Africa. 
 
 What sections of the world export tea, rice, Indian corn? 
 What countries raise and export wool, cotton, tobacco? 
 Name the countries where manufacturing is highly developed. 
 Locate the principal cities noted for the manufacture of silks, 
 watches, carpets, linens. 
 
 In what sections are the finest fur-bearing animals found? 
 Locate the principal sea fisheries, and tell what fish abound in each. 
 Locate the sections especially noted for the production of gold, sil- 
 ver, coal, petroleum, diamonds, marble. 
 
 CITIES. 
 Name and locate the ten largest cities in the world. Tell what 
 made them large. Name five large inland cities. Name five cities 
 noted as seaports. 
 
 Locate the cities noted for ship-building. 
 
 PEOPLE. 
 Name the five races. Describe and locate each. What regions 
 are most densely settled? What regions have no inhabitants? Give 
 reasons for differences in population. 
 
 Describe the various religions. Describe the different forms of 
 government . 
 
 Name and locate ten great universities of the world. Name five 
 eountries that have excellent public school systems. 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 What is commerce? 
 
 In what three ways is trade chiefly carried on? 
 
 Describe some of the great railway, caravan, and water routes 
 of the world. 
 
 Name five transcontinental railroads of the United States. 
 
 What three run to Puget Sound? 
 
 Make a list of the freight that a train would probably haul from 
 Seattle, Tacoma, and Spokane to Chicago. From Chicago to Seattle. 
 
 What ocean is most used for commerce? What part of the ocean? 
 What countries trade with each other extensively? Name four cities 
 that are largely engaged in international commerce. Tell the ad- 
 vantages of commerce when the traffic can be carried on by sea-going 
 vessels, over that between cities where railroads must be used for 
 transportation of freight. Describe the various modes of transporta- 
 tion. Give some of the advantages to commerce of the Suez Canal. 
 What benefit to trade is the Chicago Canal, connecting Lake Michigan 
 with the Mississippi? Tell what changes would likely take place in the 
 commerce of the Pacific if the Nicaragua Canal should be built across 
 Central America, connecting in a great waterway for vessels of all 
 kinds the Pacific and the Atlantic. 
 
 A TRIP AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 Start from Seattle. Go direct to Honolulu. Describe the kind of 
 people you meet there; the climate; and if you stopped long enough 
 for a meal, what native foods would you probably have on the table? 
 Then go direct to Yokohama. How many days would it take you to 
 reach Yokohama from Seattle ? What would happen when you crossed 
 the international date line? What kind of people would you find at Yo- 
 kohama? Describe some of the customs of the people. What native 
 foods would you have for a dinner in Yokohama? What great city is 
 near Yokohama? Describe the country of Japan. From Yokohama 
 go to Shanghai. About how far between the two places? Describe 
 the people of Shanghai. Give an account of some of the customs of 
 the people. What kind of clothes do they wear? How do they wear 
 the hair? Tell what you can about China. Next sail from Shanghai 
 to Hongkong. Describe Hongkong. It is near what great city? To 
 what country does Hongkong belong? Next sail to Manila. How 
 far is it from Hongkong? For what is Manila noted? Describe the 
 country and the people. What great event took place at Manila in 
 1898? Next go to Calcutta. Describe the people, and the country, 
 around Calcutta. Next go through the Red Sea, Suez Canal, into the 
 Mediterranean Sea. Describe some of the interesting places you might 
 stop at on this journey. Then sail past the Rock of Gibraltar up to 
 Liverpool. Then take the train to London. Describe the people of 
 London. Then take the steamer from Liverpool to New York. De- 
 scribe New York and its harbor. What notable statue would you 
 observe as you sailed into New York harbor? Then take the train 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to Washington. Describe Wash- 
 ington. Name several of its most important points of interest. Next 
 go to Chicago. Describe Chicago. Name its most important indus- 
 tries. How does it rank among the great cities of the world? Then 
 Then take the train to St. Paul in time to catch the North Pacific 
 Coast Limited for Seattle. Near what wonderful park would you pass? 
 Describe it. If you have never seen it, give an account of some of the 
 pictures of it you have seen. Name the states you would pass through 
 in traveling from New York to Seattle via Washington, Chicago, and 
 the Northern Pacific. About how many miles would you travel going 
 around the world according to the foregoing outline? About how 
 long would it take you, if you stopped over about twenty-four hours at 
 each place? How much would it cost? 1 
 
 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 The map of the world on pages 130 and 131 should be used in drill- 
 ing the pupils on the commercial relations of the various countries, 
 and in fixing definitely the cities and eountries in their relations to 
 each other. 
 
 1 The time schedule of a trip around the world, as outlined, is about four months. 
 The first-class fare is from six hundred to one thousand dollars. This includes rail- 
 road fare, and meals on steamers. 
 
10 11 13 13 14 15 16 IT 18 
 
STATISTICS AND GENERAL INFORMATION. 
 
 CONTINENTS AND PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES. 
 
 Note. — The figures 1897, 1890, etc., refer to the year in which the estimate was made. 
 
 Area in Square Miles. Population. 
 
 North America 6,446,000 94,000,000 1897 
 
 United States (with Alaska) 3,602,990 62,840,835 1890 
 
 Mexico 767,005 12,619,959 1895 
 
 Canada 3,653,946 4,833,239 1891 
 
 South America 6,837,000 40,000,000 1897 
 
 Brazil 3,209,878 18,000,000 1892 
 
 Argentina 1,778,195 3,954,911 1895 
 
 Peru 449,000 3,000,000 1897 
 
 Chile 290,829 2,527,320 1895 
 
 Europe 3,850,000 374,000,000 1897 
 
 Russia 2,095,616 106,191,795 1897 
 
 German Empire 208,830 52,279,901 1895 
 
 Austria-Hungary 240,942 41,359,204 1890 
 
 France 204,092 38,517,975 1896 
 
 British Isles 120,979 38,104,975 1891 
 
 Italy 110,646 31,667,946 1898 
 
 Spain 197,670 17,565,632 1887 
 
 Turkey in Europe 62,744 5,711,000 1898 
 
 Asia (with islands) 17,255,890 831,000,000 1897 
 
 Chinese Empire 4,218,401 402,680,000 1897 
 
 India 1,559,603 287,123,350 1891 
 
 Japan :.... 147,655 42,708,264 1896 
 
 Turkey in Asia 650,097 16,823,500 1898 
 
 Siberia 4,833,496 5,727,090 1897 
 
 Africa 11,508,793 170,000,000 1897 
 
 Kongo Free State 900,000 14,000,000 1898 
 
 Egypt 400,000 9,734,405 1897 
 
 Cape Colony 276,925 1,766,040 1891 
 
 South African Republic... 119,139 1,094,156 1898 
 
 Australia 2,946,691 3,036,570 1891 
 
 New South Wales 310,700 1,335,800 1898 
 
 Victoria 87,884 1,169,434 1898 
 
 Queensland 668,497 484,700 1897 
 
 South Australia 903,690 358,224 1897 
 
 TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL OF FOREIGN CITIES. 
 
 Tempera- Rainfall, 
 rare.* Inches. t 
 
 Alexandria 69.0 10 
 
 Algiers 64.3 27 
 
 Amsterdam 49 . 9 .... 
 
 Athens 63.0 
 
 Bagdad 74.0 
 
 Berlin 48.2 
 
 Berne 46.0 
 
 Bombay 81 . 3 
 
 Brussels 50.0 
 
 Budapest 51.9 
 
 Buenos Ayres .... 62 . 8 
 
 Canton 71.0 
 
 Cape Town 62.0 
 
 Cherrapongee % 
 
 Christiania 41.5 
 
 Constantinople. . .56.5 
 
 Dublin 50.1 
 
 Glasgow 49.8 
 
 Hague 52.0 
 
 Havana 79.1 
 
 Hongkong 73.0 
 
 Honolulu 75.0 
 
 Iceland 39.0 
 
 * The temperature given is the mean annual temperature. 
 
 tThe rainfall given is the average annual rainfall. 
 
 Jin southwestern Assam (India). It is the wettest place in the World. In 1861 
 the rainfall there reached 905 inches. 
 
 Note. — The mean annual temperature of the globe is 50' F. The average annual 
 rainfall is 36 inches. 
 
 2-i 
 46 
 75 
 29 
 17 
 
 39 
 
 23 
 
 610 
 
 29 
 44 
 
 91 
 
 101 
 
 30 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture.* 
 
 Jerusalem 62 . 6 
 
 Lisbon 61.4 
 
 London 50 . 8 
 
 Madrid 52.2 
 
 Manila 78.4 
 
 Marseilles 58.3 
 
 Melbourne 57.0 
 
 Mexico 60 . 9 
 
 Moscow 40.0 
 
 Naples 60.3 
 
 Paris 51.3 
 
 Pekin 53.0 
 
 Prague 50 . 2 
 
 Rome 60.5 
 
 Smyrna 60.0 
 
 St. Petersburg . . .39.6 
 
 Stockholm 42.3 
 
 Tobolsk 32.0 
 
 Valdivia 52.0 
 
 Valparaiso 64 . 
 
 Venice 55.4 
 
 Vienna 51.0 
 
 Warsaw 56.2 
 
 Rainfall. 
 Inches. t 
 
 16 
 
 27 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 22 
 27 
 14 
 31 
 24 
 17 
 20 
 
 106 
 
 19 
 
 SIZE OF THE EARTH. 
 
 Length of the Earth's Axis at equator (miles) 7,926 
 
 Length of the Equator (miles) 24,902 
 
 The Earth's Surface (square miles) 196,940,000 
 
 The Sea 141,486,000 
 
 Pacific Ocean (square miles) 55,660,000 
 
 Atlantic Ocean (square miles) 33,720,000 
 
 Antarctic Ocean and the great southern sea 
 
 surrounding south pole (square miles) . .30,605,000 
 
 Indian Ocean (square miles) 16,720,000 
 
 Arctic Ocean (square miles) 4,781,000 
 
 TWENTY-FIVE LARGEST CITIES OF THE WORLD. 
 
 City. m Country. Population. Year. 
 
 1 . London England 4,504,766 1898 
 
 2. New York United States 3,549,558 1899 
 
 3 . Paris France 2,536,834 1896 
 
 4 . Canton China 2,500,000 
 
 5 . Chicago United States 1,950,000 1899 
 
 6 . Berlin Germany 1,677,304 1895 
 
 7 . Vienna Austria-Hungary 1,364,548 1890 
 
 8 . Philadelphia United States 1,350,000 1899 
 
 9. Tokyo Japan 1,299,941 1896 
 
 10. St. Petersburg Russia 1,267,023 1897 
 
 11 . Moscow Russia 988,614 . 1897 
 
 12 . Tientsin China 950,000 1898 
 
 13 . Pekin China 900,000 1898 
 
 14. Constantinople Turkey 873,565 1885 
 
 15. Calcutta India 861,764 1891 
 
 16. Bombay India 821,764 1891 
 
 17. Buenos Ayres Argentina 753,000 1898 
 
 18. Glasgow ." Scotland 724,349 1898 
 
 19 . Bangkok Siam 700,000 1898 
 
 20. Warsaw Poland 638,209 1897 
 
 21 . Liverpool England 633,645 1898 
 
 22 . Hamburg Germany 625,552 1895 
 
 23 . St. Louis United States 623,000 1899 
 
 24. Cairo Egypt 570,062 1897 
 
 25 . Brussels Belgium 551,011 1897 
 
 TWENTY-SIX LARGEST CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Note. — The great increase in size of New York is due to the joining of Brooklyn 
 and other cities to it, making Greater New York. > 
 
 Estimated Population, 
 January 1, 1900. 
 
 Population, 
 Census 1890. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 23 . 
 24. 
 25. 
 26. 
 
 New York, New York 3,549,588 
 
 Chicago, Illinois 1,950,000 
 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1,350,000 
 
 St. Louis, Missouri 623,000 
 
 Boston, Massachusetts 530,000 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland 500,000 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 405,000 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio 400,000 
 
 Buffalo, New York 400,000 
 
 San Francisco, California 350,000 
 
 Detroit, Michigan 350,000 
 
 Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 315,000 
 
 New Orleans, Louisana 300,000 
 
 Washington, District of Columbia . . 278,718 (Census looo) 
 
 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 280,000 
 
 Newark, New Jersey 250,000 
 
 Louisville, Kentucky 225,000 
 
 Minneapolis, Minnesota 200,000 
 
 Jersey City, New Jersey 200,000 
 
 Kansas City, Missouri 200,000 
 
 Indianapolis, Indiana 200,000 
 
 Rochester, New York '. 177,000 
 
 St. Paul, Minnesota 175,000 
 
 Providence, Rhode Island 167,000 
 
 Denver, Colorado 165,000 
 
 Manila, Philippines 154,000 
 
 1,515,301 
 1,099,850 
 1,046,964 
 451,770 
 448,477 
 434,439 
 296,908 
 261,353 
 255,664 
 298,997 
 205,876 
 238,617 
 242,039 
 230,392 
 204,468 
 181,830 
 161,129 
 164,738 
 163,003 
 132,716 
 105,436 
 133,896 
 133,156 
 132,146 
 106,713 
 
 132 
 
Statistics and General Information. 
 
 133 
 
 CHIEF EXPORTS OF THE LEADING COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Country. Chief Articles of Export. 
 
 Argentina Wool, dried ox-hides, beef, tal- 
 low, wheat. 
 Australian Wool, gold, wheat, flour, copper, 
 Colonies copper ore. 
 
 Austria- Grain, sugar, molasses, wood, ani- 
 
 Hungary mals, leather and leather- 
 
 wares, glass and glasswares. 
 
 Belgium Grain, coal, coke, flax, linen and 
 
 hemp yarn, machinery. 
 
 Brazil Coffee, sugar, rubber, tobacco, 
 
 cotton. 
 
 British Cotton, woolen, linen, leather, silk, 
 
 Islands and jute manufactures, iron, steel, 
 
 machinery, steam-engines, coal, 
 apparel, leather, woolen and wor- 
 sted yarn, hardware, cutlery, cop- 
 per (wrought and unwrought) , 
 earthenware, and porcelain. 
 
 Canada Timber, animals, barley, rye, 
 
 wheat, cheese, dried fish. 
 
 Cape Colony Diamonds, wool, ostrich feathers, 
 copper ore, angora hair. 
 
 Ceylon Coffee, cocoanutoil, cinchona bark, 
 
 tea. 
 
 Chile Nitrate of soda, copper, guano, 
 
 silver ore, wheat. 
 
 China Tea, silk, and silk goods. 
 
 Cuba Sugar, tobacco. 
 
 Denmark Swin e, butter, horned cattle , barley. 
 
 Egypt Cotton, beans, sugar. 
 
 France Wool, silkand cottonmanufaetures, 
 
 silk (raw and waste), wine, hides 
 (tanned or curried) , cheese, but- 
 ter, wool leather-wares, haber- 
 dashery, metal wares, sugar. 
 
 Cities. 
 Buenos Ayres 
 
 Sydney, Melbourne, 
 Brisbane 
 
 Trieste 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 Kio Janeiro, Bahia, 
 
 Italy 
 
 Para 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 London, Liverpool, 
 
 Japan 
 
 Manchester, 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Glasgow, Dublin 
 
 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Montreal, Quebec 
 
 Norway 
 
 Cape Town 
 
 Portugal 
 
 
 Russia in 
 
 Colombo 
 
 Europe 
 
 Valparaiso, 
 
 Spain 
 
 Concepcion 
 
 
 Canton, Hongkong 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Havana 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 
 Cairo, Alexandria 
 
 United 
 
 Marseilles, 
 
 States 
 
 Bordeaux, 
 
 
 Havre 
 
 
 Country. 
 German 
 Empire 
 
 Greece 
 India 
 
 Chief Articles of Export. 
 
 Wool, cotton, and silk manufac- 
 tures, sugar, iron, leather- wares, 
 coal, machinery (including loco- 
 motives) , paper, woolen and cot- 
 ton yarns. 
 
 Cereals, cotton manufactures, cur- 
 rants, building-wood, ores, wines. 
 
 Raw cotton, opium, rice, oil-seeds, 
 wheat, jute, indigo, tea. 
 
 Silk, olive oil, wine, fruit. 
 
 Fruit, sugar, rum, coffee, logwood. 
 
 Silk, artistic products, coal, tea. 
 
 Silver, gold, dyewoods and cabi- 
 net woods, fibers, vanilla, coffee, 
 tobacco. 
 
 Peruvian bark, iron bars and 
 wares, butter, refined sugar. 
 
 Wool, gold, wheat, meat. 
 
 Wood, cod (dried or split), her- 
 rings, train oil, lucifer matches. 
 
 Wine, cork. 
 
 Wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, 
 wood of all sorts, linseed, hemp, 
 raw wool. 
 
 Wine, lead, iron ore, copper ore, 
 raisins, oranges, cork. 
 
 Wood, iron, oats, butter. 
 
 Articles of food, raw and manufac- 
 tured silk, cottons, and watches. 
 
 Raw cotton, wheat, wheat flour, 
 bacon, hams, refined mineral oil, 
 corn, lard, wood and manufac- 
 tures of wood, tobacco, animals, 
 cheese, cottonmanufaetures, lum- 
 ber, fish, and canned goods. 
 
 Cities. 
 Bremen, Hamburg 
 
 Piranis 
 
 Bombay, Calcutta 
 
 Naples, Venice 
 Kingston 
 Tokyo, Yokohama 
 Vera Cruz 
 
 Amsterdam, 
 Rotterdam 
 Auckland. 
 Cristiania 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 St. Petersburg, 
 
 Odessa 
 
 Barcelona 
 
 Stockholm 
 Geneva, Berne 
 
 New York, Boston, 
 Philadelphia, 
 Baltimore, 
 New Orleans, 
 San Francisco, 
 Seattle, Tacoma 
 
 EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES FOR 1898. 
 
 In this list the countries to which most goods are sent are named first. B.I. stands 
 for British Isles ; Ger. for Germany ; Can. for Canada; Neth. for Netherlands ; Belg. 
 for Belgium. 
 
 Ag. implements 
 
 Beef products . . 
 
 Cattle 
 
 Carriages, cars, 
 and bicycles. . 
 Coal and coke 
 
 Copper 
 
 Corn 
 
 Cotton, unmfd 
 
 Cotton, mfd .... 
 
 Drugs, chemi- 
 cals, dyes, and 
 medicines ... 
 
 Fruits and nuts . 
 
 Hog products . 
 
 Iron and steel 
 and mfrs 
 
 Leather and mfs. 
 
 Mineral oil 
 
 Naval stores . . . 
 
 Timber, lumber, 
 
 and mfrs 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Vegetable oil. . . 
 Wheat (bu) 
 Wheat (bbls.). 
 
 31 
 33 
 
 10 
 12 
 34 
 77 
 232 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 118 
 
 82 
 
 21 
 
 47 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 28 
 13 
 72 
 10 
 
 New York 
 
 N.Y., Boston. 
 Boston, N.Y.. 
 
 Can., Europe, Argen- 
 tina, Australasia 
 B.I., S.Af., Ger. 
 B.I. 
 
 B.I., Belg. 
 
 Canada 
 
 Neth., B.I., France 
 
 N.Y., Balto 
 
 Lake ports 
 
 N.Y., Boston 
 
 Balt.,N.O.,N.Y.,Phil.|B.L, Europe 
 NO., Galveston, N.Y., B.I. , Ger., France 
 
 Savannah I 
 
 N.Y [China, Can., B.I. 
 
 N.Y B.I., S.A., Ger., Can. 
 
 N.Y.,Boston,SanFran. B.I., Ger., Neth 
 
 Boston, N.Y. , Balto... B.I. , Belg., Ger 
 
 N.Y., N.O., San Fran. IB. I., Belg., Ger., Fr., 
 Mexico 
 
 Boston, N.Y IB.L, Can., Neth., Belg. 
 
 N.Y., Phil., Del B.I., Neth., Austria 
 
 Savannah, Brunswick, 
 
 N.Y. 
 
 B. I., Ger., Neth., Brazil 
 
 N.Y., Pensacola, N.O. B.I. 
 
 N. Y., Bait. ,N.O., Phil. B.I., 
 
 Galveston, N.O., N.Y. Ger. 
 
 N.Y.,SanFran., Boston B.I. 
 
 Norfolk, Balto., N.Y.. |B. I., Brazil, Hongkong 
 
 Ger., Argentina 
 Belg., Ger., Can. 
 B.I., Neth. 
 
 Exports of lumber, flour, and canned goods are sent from Puget 
 Sound ports to Hawaii, Hongkong, Yokohama, Vladivostok, Shanghai, 
 and other Asiatic ports. 
 
 IMPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES FOR 1898. 
 
 This table includes all articles whose value equaled ten millions of dollars, and the 
 chief country from which the importation was made. 
 
 Coffee 54 millions. 
 
 From Brazil 33 millions. 
 
 Rest of South America 7 " 
 
 Central America 4 " 
 
 Mexico 3 " 
 
 Fruit and Nuts 16 millions. 
 
 Bananas, Central Am. and W. Indies. . .4 millions. 
 
 Lemons, Italy 3 " 
 
 Currants 1 " 
 
 Dates 1 " 
 
 Oranges, West Indies 1 " 
 
 Preserved Fruits 1 " 
 
 Hides and Skins 40 millions. 
 
 South America 19 millions. 
 
 British Isles 7 " 
 
 Rest of Europe 10 " 
 
 East Indies 4 " 
 
 India Rubber 26 millions. 
 
 Brazil 13 millions. 
 
 British Isles 6 " 
 
 Rest of Europe 5 " 
 
 Jewelry and Precious Stones 15 miliions. 
 
 France 3 millions. 
 
 British Isles 4 " 
 
 Netherlands 3 " 
 
 Silk, Raw 27 millions. 
 
 Japan 12 millions. 
 
 Italy 7 " 
 
 Silk Goods 25 millions. 
 
 France 10 millions. 
 
 Germany 4 " 
 
 Switzerland 4 " 
 
 Tea 10 millions. 
 
 Japan 4 millions. 
 
 China 4 " 
 
 Sugar 7li millions. 
 
 West Indies 23 millions. 
 
 East Indies 16 " 
 
 Hawaii 16 " 
 
 Germany 8 " 
 
134 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 UNITED STATES STANDARD TIME. 
 
 The earth rotates at the rate of 15° degrees in one hour. 
 A watch set by the sun at any point will be slow at all points 
 east and fast at all points west, in comparison with the cor- 
 rect time by the sun. The difference is at the rate of four 
 minutes to a degree of distance. 
 
 In 1883 a convention of railroad managers adopted a sys- 
 tem by which the time of certain meridians 15° or one hour 
 apart shall be held as the standard time. 
 
 The standards for different parts of the country are : Me- 
 ridian 75°, Eastern Time; 90°, Central Time; 105°, Moun- 
 tain Time; 120°, Pacific Time. 
 
 Passengers are required to reset their watches at each 
 meridian. They must set their watches back an hour if 
 going west, and forward an hour if going east. 
 
 Places 15° apart in longitude are one hour apart in time. 
 Hence, when it is noon at Washington it is about nine 
 o'clock, a. M., in Seattle. 
 
 INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE. 
 
 This is an imaginary line near the 180th meridian. (See 
 map of the world on page 130.) 
 
 The sun is all the time rising at some place on the earth, 
 and the light of sunrise goes around the earth every twenty- 
 four hours. So the noon hour follows the sun around the 
 earth all the while. Our day begins with midnight. There 
 is a perpetual midnight rolling around the world. It has 
 been agreed that this midnight shall take a new name, 
 Sunday, Monday, etc., as it crosses the International Date 
 Line near the meridian of 180°. 
 
 When a man travels westward, and wishes to keep his 
 watch with local time, he has to put it back one hour every 
 15°, and if he goes entirely around the world, he will be 
 obliged to move the hands of his watch back an hour 
 twenty-four times, and thus will Lose a day in his reckoning. 
 
 In the same way, one going eastward around the world 
 appears to gain a day. Both men correct their reckoning 
 at the International Date Line near the 180th meridian, and 
 thus people in the same place have the same day of the 
 week, no matter whether they reached it from the east or 
 from the west. 
 
 UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU. 
 
 The United States maintain a system of observations 
 and records concerning the weather. There are about 150 
 observation stations, which telegraph the following data to 
 Washington and other large cities twice each day : — 
 
 The pressure of the atmosphere, as shown by the barom- 
 eter. 
 
 The temperature, as shown by the thermometer. 
 
 The direction and velocity of the wind. 
 
 The clearness or cloudiness of the sky. 
 
 The fall of rain or snow during the preceding twenty-four 
 hours. 
 
 The observations are made each day at 8, a.m. and 8, 
 p.m., by time based upon the meridian 75 degrees west of 
 Greenwich, — the meridian of standard eastern time. 
 
 Reports are also received from many volunteer observers 
 at other stations. 
 
 Maps with Weather Indications for Each Day, with Synop- 
 sis and Predictions. — These weather maps are furnished free, 
 and teachers interested should address the nearest weather 
 bureau station for maps for use in the school. 
 
 Signal flags are used to inform the public as to the con- 
 dition of the weather. 
 
 A white flag indicates clear or fair weather. 
 
 A blue flag indicates general rain or snow. 
 
 A half-white and half-blue flag indicates local 
 
 RAIN Or SNOW. 
 
 A BLACK TRIANGULAR FLAG refers to TEMPERATURE. 
 A WHITE FLAG with a BLACK SQUARE in the CENTER 
 
 indicates a cold wave. 
 
 The temperature flag hoisted above the fair-weather 
 or rain flag indicates warmer weather; below, it indi- 
 cates colder weather. When no temperature flag is 
 shown, present temperature will continue. The cold- 
 wave flag means a sudden and decided fall in tem- 
 perature. 
 
 RULES FOR FORETELLING THE WEATHER. 
 
 A Rising Barometer. — A rapid rise indicates unsettled 
 weather. 
 
 A gradual rise indicates settled weather. 
 
 A rise with dry air and cold increasing in summer indi- 
 cates wind from the northward; and if rain has fallen, bet- 
 ter weather may be expected. 
 
 A rise with moist air and a low temperature indicates 
 wind and rain from the northward. 
 
 A rise with southerly winds indicates fine weather. 
 
 A Steady Barometer. — A steady barometer with dry air 
 and seasonable temperature indicates a continuance of very 
 fine weather. 
 
 A Falling Barometer. — A rapid fall indicates stormy 
 weather. 
 
 A rapid fall with westerly wind indicates stormy weather 
 from the northward. 
 
 A fall with a northerly wind indicates storm, with rain 
 and hail in summer, and snow ill winter. 
 
 A fall with increased moisture in the air, and heat in- 
 creasing, indicates wind and rain from the southward. 
 
 A fall with dry air and cold increasing in winter indi- 
 cates snow. 
 
 A fall after very calm and warm weather indicates rain 
 with squally weather. 
 
 The barometer rises for northerly winds, including from 
 northwest by north to the eastward for dry or less wet 
 weather, for less wind, or for more than one of these 
 changes, except on a few occasions, when rain, hail, or 
 snow comes from the northward with strong wind. 
 
 The barometer falls for southerly wind, including from 
 southeast by south to the westward, for wet weather, for 
 stronger wind, or for more than one of these changes, ex- 
 cept on a few occasions, when moderate wind, with rain or 
 snow, comes from the northward. 
 
ETYMOLOGY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 NAMES OF PLACES IN WASHINGTON. 
 
 Aberdeen (town at the mouth), after Aberdeen, Scotland. 
 
 Acamas, from the sweet root camas (Camassia edulis), used by the 
 Indians as food. 
 
 Acme (top), descriptive of situation. 
 
 Adams County, Mount Adams, in honor of President Adams. 
 
 Adelaide, after the Australian town. 
 
 Admiralty Inlet, named'by Vancouver in honor of the British Ad- 
 miralty. 
 
 Agate, from the stone of that name. 
 
 Ainslie (hedge meadow), name of owner of a local mill. 
 
 Alder, Alderton, from the alder trees. 
 
 Alki Point (Indian), by and by. 
 
 Allyn, named in honor of Judge Allyn. 
 
 Alma (Spanish), soul. v 
 
 Almira (Arabic), princess. 
 
 Almota (corrupted Indian), torchlight fishery. 
 
 Alpha, first letter of the Greek alphabet. 
 
 Alpowa (Nez Perce), mouth of spring creek. So named from the 
 many springs. 
 
 Alta Vista, high view. 
 
 Alto, high. 
 
 Amboy, after the city in Hindustan. 
 
 Anderson Island, after a settler. 
 
 Appletree, descriptive name. 
 
 Aquarium, water-place. 
 
 Arcadia, land of arches. - 
 
 Arden (shut-in land), after English place. 
 
 Arpowa, same as Alpowa (1, r, and u are interchangeable letters). 
 
 Arctic, from Arctic (Great Bear). 
 
 Artondale (English), plow-town dale. 
 
 Asotin County, etc. (Indian), eel creek. 
 
 Auburn (English), old brook. 
 
 Aurora, goddess of morn. 
 
 Avon (British, waters), after English place. 
 
 Axford (ford of Axe River), after a settler named Axeford. 
 
 Bainbridge Island, after the United States brig Bainbridge, which 
 
 was named after the commodore of that name. 
 Baker, Mount, from the fact that it was first seen by Lieutenant Baker, 
 
 who sailed with Vancouver. 
 Balch Passage and Lake, after Captain Balch. 
 Ballard, name of a settler. 
 
 Bangor (Welsh, high choir), after town in Maine. 
 Barberton, Barry, surnames. 
 Battleground, scene of an Indian fight. 
 Bay Center, Bay View, Bay City, Beach, and Beaver, descriptive 
 
 names. 
 Belleville, pretty village. 
 Bellevue, pretty view. 
 Bellingham Bay (pretty meadow home), named in honor of Lord 
 
 Bellingham, by Vancouver. 
 Belmont, pretty mountain. 
 
 Bemis, Bender, Benston, Berryman, after settlers. 
 Birch Bay, from the fact that Vancouver found birch trees there. 
 Birch Post-office, after a settler. 
 Birdsview, descriptive name. 
 Bismarck, in honor of Prince Bismarck. 
 
 Black Diamond (coal), Black River, Black Rock Spring, are de 
 
 scriptive. 
 Blackmans, name of a settler. 
 Blaine, in honor of James G. Blaine. 
 Blake Island, Blakeley Island, named by Wilkes, in 1841, after 
 
 shipmates. 
 Blockhouse, built by Territorial Volunteers under ' ' Blockhouse 
 
 James Smith." 
 Blue Mountains, descriptive; as, also, are Bluff Siding and Bluff- 
 ton. 
 Boise Creek (French), woods. 
 Boisfort (French), strong (or great) wood. 
 Bossburg, the " boss" town. 
 
 Boston. All Americans were called " Bostons " by the Indians. 
 Boulevard, Boundary, descriptive. 
 Bowmans (an archer), Bradley (broad meadow), Brennan (Captain 
 
 Brennan), Brent, names of settlers. 
 Bridgeport, Bridge Creek, Brookdale, Brookfield, descriptive 
 
 names. 
 Brooklyn (brook pool), after the New York city. 
 Brush Prairie, Buckeye, are descriptive. 
 Buckley (deer meadow), name of a local business man. 
 Bucoda, named by taking the first two letters of the owners' names, 
 
 — Buckley, Coulter, and Davis. 
 Budds Inlet, named by Wilkes in 1841. 
 Buenna (Spanish, buena), good. 
 Bush Prairie, after a noted negro settler. 
 
 Cadyville (tub town) , after a settler. 
 
 Camden (crooked den), after the New Jersey city. 
 
 Canal de Haro, after a Spanish navigator who explored-it in 1789. 
 
 Canon Rapids, descriptive. 
 
 Cape Disappointment, so named by Meares (July, 1778), who tried t& 
 find a river described by Heceta and marked on his map. Not 
 finding the river, Deception Bay and Cape Disappointment were 
 thus named in consequence. In 1792 the cape was named Cape 
 Hancock, in honor of John Hancock, by Captain Gray, who, on 
 hearing of the name given by Meares, restored the original name. 
 
 Cape Flattery, so named by Captain Cook in 1778. 
 
 Cape Horn, so named because of a fancied resemblance to the South 
 American cape. 
 
 Carbonado (coal-place), from the local coal mines. 
 
 Carrs Inlet, after an explorer. 
 
 Cascades, Cascade Mountains, from the Columbia falls. 
 
 Cases Inlet, after Lieutenant Case, of Wilkes's expedition. 
 
 Cathlamet (tribe, river, town), so named because of stony bed of 
 river, from the Indian word meaning "stone." 
 
 Cedar House, Cedar Mountain, and Cedarville, so called because 
 of the cedar trees. 
 
 Chautauqua (Indian, a foggy place), after the New York place. 
 
 Chehalis (Indian), sand. So named because of the sandy mouth of 
 the river. 
 
 Chico (Spanish), little. 
 
 Chimacum, name of an Indian tribe. 
 
 Chinook, name of an Indian tribe and an Indian jargon. 
 
 Chuck (Indian), water; hence Skookum Chuck (strong water); 
 Chuckanut, etc. 
 
 135 
 
136 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Cinebar, corrupted from cinnabar. 
 
 Clallam (corrupted Indian), clam-man, or strong people. 
 
 Clarke River and Clarke County, after the explorer. 
 
 Cleveland (cliff land), after settler; also, Clifton (cliff town). 
 
 Clyde, after the British river. 
 
 Coal Creek,. descriptive. 
 
 Cceur d'Alene (French, heart of the awl), descriptive of the hard- 
 ness of a trader's heart. 
 
 Coffin, from the Indian burial-caves in the vicinity. 
 
 Colfax, in honor of Vice-President Colfax. 
 
 Collins, name of a settler; Collis (Gen. C. T. Collis) ; Colton, sur- 
 name. 
 
 Columbia River, from Captain Gray's ship Columbia, in which he 
 explored the river. 
 
 Colville, after a member of the Hudson Bay Company. 
 
 Commencement Bay, where deep-water navigation commences, was so 
 named by Wilkes in 1841. 
 
 Cosmopolis, "universe city." 
 
 Coulee City, from the Grand Coulee, a marshy, grassy plain. 
 
 Covikgton, cove -meadow town. 
 
 Cowlitz, name of an Indian tribe. 
 
 Crab Creek, from the wild crab-apple trees. 
 
 Crescent Bay, so named in British Admiralty chart of 1847 
 
 Crescent Lake and Crescent Summit, descriptive names. 
 
 Crimea, from fancied resemblance. 
 
 Custer, in honor of General Custer. 
 
 Cypress Island, so named by Vancouver, from the cypress trees. 
 
 Dalles, troughs. 
 
 Danas Passage, in honor of Dana, the mineralogist of Wilkes's expe- 
 dition. 
 
 Decatur, named in honor of Commodore Decatur. 
 
 Deception Pass, so named by Vancouver in 171)2. 
 
 Defiance Point, so named on account of its bold appearance. 
 
 Delphi, after the ancient Greek town. 
 
 Delta (the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet), descriptive. 
 
 Denny, surname of a Seattle pioneer. 
 
 Derby, an English geographical name meaning deer home. 
 
 Des Chutes (French), the falls. 
 
 Des Moines (French), the mounds; named after the capital of Iowa. 
 
 Destruction Island, so named, in 1787, by Captain Berkeley. 
 
 Devils Head, fanciful name. 
 
 Dewatto, elves. 
 
 Divide, descriptive name. 
 
 Dixie, so named by a Southerner. 
 
 Docewallip (Indian), two mouths. 
 
 Doe Bay, from the deer. 
 
 Douglas County, named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas. 
 
 Downing (hilly slope), surname of a settler. 
 
 Draytons Passage, named by Wilkes, in 1841, in compliment of his 
 draftsman. 
 
 Dryad, an oak-nymph. 
 
 Dubuque, named after the Iowa city, which was named in honor of 
 Julian Dubuque. 
 
 Dudley (clothes meadow), surname. 
 
 Dungeness (danger nose), named by Vancouver after the English cape 
 of that name. 
 
 Duwamish Head, after an Indian tribe. "Mish" is an Indian word 
 meaning people. 
 
 Eagle Cliff, Eagle Gorgf, Eagle Island, Eagleton, names sugges- 
 tive of the eagle. 
 
 Edgecombe, edge of hollow. 
 
 Edison, named in honor of Thomas A. Edison. 
 
 Eldorado (Spanish), land of gold. 
 
 Ellensbirg, named in honor of the founder's wife. 
 
 Elliott Bay, named by Wilkes, in 1841, in honor of Commodore 
 Elliott. 
 
 Enumclaw (Indian), little mountain. 
 Espanola, Spanish. 
 Etna (Latin), mountain of fire. 
 Eureka (Greek), "I have found it." 
 Excelsior (Latin), still higher. 
 
 Fairhaven, Fairholme (meadow home), and Fairview, descriptive 
 
 names. 
 Fidalgo Island, named in honor of an explorer, by Elisa, in 1701. 
 Fort Canby, named in honor of General Canby. 
 Foulweather Bluff, so named by Vancouver. 
 Fox Island, named after a settler. 
 
 Frankfort, French fort. A franca was a javelin used by the French. 
 Franklin County, named in honor of Benjamin Franklin. 
 Fremont (French, free mountain), named in honor of General John C. 
 
 Fremont. 
 Freshwater Bay, so named in 1847. 
 Friday Harbor, so named from being discovered on Good Friday. 
 
 Galena, lead. « 
 
 Garfield, named in honor of President Garfield. 
 
 Georgia Gulf and Strait of Georgia, named in honor of George IV. 
 
 Gibraltar, so named from fancied resemblance to the European rock. 
 
 Gig Harbor, so named by Wilkes, in 1841, because of its capacity, 
 
 suited to a gig. 
 Grange City, in compliment of the grangers. 
 Grays Harbor, discovered by Captain Gray in 1792, and named the 
 
 same year by Whidby, who surveyed it. 
 Grays River and Grays Point, so named by Vancouver, in honor of 
 
 Captain Grey of the British navy. 
 
 Hale Passage, named in compliment of the philologist of Wilkes's 
 
 expedition. 
 Harstine Island, named in compliment of Lieutenant Harstine. 
 Hartford, ford of the deer. 
 
 Hoods Canal, named in honor of Admiral Hood, by Vancouver. 
 Hoquiam (Indian) , wood-destroyer. So named from the fact that dead 
 
 cedars choke the stream. 
 Humptulips (Indian), "hard to pole" up stream. 
 
 Jefferson County, named in honor of President Jefferson. 
 
 Juan de Fuca, name of a reputed Greek navigator sailing under the 
 
 Spanish flag. 
 Juanita (Spanish), little Jane. 
 
 Juniata, after the river of that name in Pennsylvania. 
 Juno, a Roman goddess, wife of Jupiter. 
 
 Kalama (Indian), a word of the same derivation as "calumet" and 
 
 " cathlamet, " meaning stone. 
 Kapousin Lake (Indian), meadow. 
 Kennewick, king's place or village. 
 Kirkland, church land. 
 
 Kitsap County, named after the Indian who killed Colonel Slaughter. 
 Kumtux (Chinook Indian), understand. 
 
 La Camas, the quamash root, " sweet and pleasant to the taste." 
 La Conner, from the name of Louisa Agnes Conner ; hence L. A. Cou- 
 
 ner, or La Conner. 
 La Crosse (French), the cross. 
 Lapush, the mouth. 
 
 Lapwai (Indian), two countries of the Nez Perces. 
 Larchmont, hill or place of the larch trees. 
 Leon (Spanish), lion. 
 
 Lewis County and Lewis River, in honor of Lewis, the explorer. 
 Lincoln County, in honor of President Lincoln. 
 Logan, in honor of General John A. Logan. 
 
 Lopes Island, named, in 1847, in honor of a resident named Lopez. 
 Lowell (little hill), named in honor of James Russell Lowell. 
 
Etymology of Geographical Names. 
 
 137 
 
 Lummi Island, name of Indian tribe. 
 Luna (Latin), the moon. 
 
 Madrone, a kind of laurel tree. 
 
 Makah, or Classets (Indian), cape people. 
 
 Marengo, commemorative of the Italian battle-field. 
 
 Marrowstone Point, so named by Vancouver. 
 
 Maury Island, named in honor of Lieutenant Maury. 
 
 Meeker, in compliment of the " hop king" named Meeker. 
 
 Melbourne, named after the Australian city, which was named in 
 
 honor of the English statesmen, Lord Melbourne. 
 Montecristo (Spanish), mountain of Christ. 
 Monticello (Italian), hill or terrace; name of President Jefferson's 
 
 residence in Virginia. 
 Mount Adams, named in honor of President Adams. 
 Mount Bonaparte, named in honor of Napoleon. 
 Mount Hood, named in honor of Admiral Lord Hood. 
 Mount Miles, named in honor of General Miles. 
 Mount Olympus, named after the Greek mountain of that name. 
 Mount Rainier, named in honor of Vancouver's friend, Rear-Admiral 
 
 Rainier. 
 Mount Tacoma (Indian), white mountain; from its snow-clad summit. 
 Mount Vernon, name of Washington's home in Virginia. 
 Mowich (Chinook Indian), deer. 
 Multnomah, surname of an Indian chief. 
 
 Narrows, The, so named because the sound narrows at that point. 
 
 Neah Bay, commemorative of au Indian tribe. 
 
 Nez Perce (French), pierced nose; an Indian tribe. 
 
 Nisqually (Indian), belonging to the prairie or grass; an Indian tribe. 
 
 Nooksack (Indian), north of the mountains; an Indian tribe. 
 
 Ocosta, perhaps from Spanish oosta, coast. 
 
 Okanogan Lake (Indian), soft and deep. 
 
 Olala (Indian), berries. 
 
 Olequa, an Indian name. 
 
 Olympia, Olympian Mountains, from the Greek mountains. 
 
 Oroville, gold town. 
 
 Osceola, name of an Indian chief. 
 
 Palouse (Indian), our home. 
 
 Pampas (Spanish), grassy plains. 
 
 Partridge Point, so named by Vancouver. 
 
 Pataha (Indian), brush creek. 
 
 Pateta (Indian), dry bark creek. 
 
 Pend d'Oreille (French), lobe of the ear; from the shape. 
 
 Penns Cove, named in honor of a friend of Vancouver's. 
 
 Piedmont, at the foot of the mountain. 
 
 Pierce County, named in honor of President Pierce. 
 
 Pilchuck (Indian), red water. 
 
 Point Grenville, named by Vancouver in 1792. 
 
 Point No Point, named by Wilkes in 1841. 
 
 Point Wilson, named in honor of Captain Wilson of the English navy. 
 
 Pomona, goddess of fruit. 
 
 Pontiac, name of a noted Indian chief. 
 
 Port Angeles, angel's port; so named by Spaniards about 1790. 
 
 Port Discovery, after one of Vancouver's ships. 
 
 Port Gamble, named by Wilkes. 
 
 Port Gardiner, named by Vancouver, after Vice-Admiral Gardiner. 
 
 Port Madison, named in honor of President Madison. 
 
 Port Susan, so named by Vancouver. 
 
 Port Townsend, named by Vancouver, in honor of Lord Towusend. 
 
 Possession Sound, so named by Vancouver, who took possession of it. 
 
 Protection Island, so named by Vancouver, because it protects Port 
 
 Discovery. 
 Puget Sound, named by Vancouver, in honor of Lieutenant Puget. 
 Pullman, name of a noted railroad-car builder. 
 Puyallup (Indian), shadow or gloom. 
 
 Quartermaster Harbor, named by Wilkes in 1841. 
 
 Quimper Peninsula, after Lieutenant Quimper, who was there in 1799. 
 
 Quinault Lake, Quinault River, from the name of an Indian tribe. 
 
 Riparia, on the river bank. 
 Ritzville, after Philip Ritz. 
 
 Saddle Mountain, so named from its shape. 
 
 Salal and Sallal Prairie, from the salal plant. 
 
 Seatco, the name of a very troublesome Indian devil. 
 
 Seattle, name of a friendly Indian chief. 
 
 Sequin or Seguin, corrupted form of the Indian name. 
 
 Shawnee, name of an eastern Indian tribe. 
 
 Shoalwater Bay, so named by Meares, in 1788, from its being half 
 
 bare at low tide. 
 Siwash (Chinook), Indian man. 
 
 Skagit River and Skagit County (Indian), wild cat. 
 Skokomish or Skykomish (Indian), freshwater or river people. 
 
 " Mish " means people; thus in Snohomish, Skywamish, Stilla- 
 
 quamish, Samish, Duwamish, etc. 
 Skookum Bay- (Indian), strong; so named because of the strong tides. 
 Skookum Chuck (Indian), strong water. 
 Snake River, after the Indians, or from its crookedness. 
 Snoqualmie, name of an Indian chief. 
 Steamboat Rock, so named from its shape. 
 Steilacoom, name of an Indian chief. 
 Steploe, named in honor of Colonel Steploe. 
 Stevens County, named in honor of General Stevens. 
 Stillaguamish (Indian), quiet- water people. 
 
 Tacoma, first used in print by Theodore Winthrop, who called the snow 
 
 peaks Tacomas, after the Indian word meaning " white mountain." 
 
 There were several Indian forms of the word. 
 Tatoosh Island, so named by Meares, after an Indian visiting his ship. 
 
 Tatoosh means breast-milk, the Indian's mother having suckled 
 
 him longer than usual. 
 Tillicum (Chinook), friend. 
 Trinidad (Spanish), the Trinity. 
 Tumwater (Chinook), falling water. 
 Tulalip (Indian), wide bay with a small mouth. 
 Tuxedo, duck's cedar. 
 
 Twana, a portage. The Indians lived at the head of Hood's Canal. 
 Tyee (Indian), chief or god. 
 
 Upsalady (Indian), berries. 
 
 Vancouver Island, so named by the Spanish commander Quadra, who 
 
 met Vancouver there in 1792. 
 Vashon Island, named in honor of Captain Vashon of the navy. 
 Vega (Spanish), meadow. 
 
 Wahkiakum County (Indian), large, tall trees. 
 
 Walla walla (Indian), water after water running rapidly. 
 
 Wallowa (Indian), rapid boulder creek. 
 
 Wallula (Indian), water running. 
 
 Wapato (Indian), an edible lake bulb; also, the potato. 
 
 Wasco (Cayuse Indian), rye grass. 
 
 Washington State, so named by Congressman Stanton of Kentucky, 
 
 Februaiy, 1853. 
 Wenatchee (Indian), swift-running water. 
 
 Whatcom (Indian), noisy water; so named because of the falls. 
 Whidby Island, so named by Vancouver, in honor of Whidby, who 
 
 sailed around it. 
 Whitman, named in honor of Dr. Marcus Whitman. 
 Wishkah (Indian), stinking water. 
 Woolley, named in honor of its founder. 
 
 Yakima (Indian), white pebbles. 
 
138 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Abad = town. Hyderabad, town of Hyder AH. 
 
 Aber = mouth of a river. Aberdeen, mouth of the Dee. 
 
 AL=the. Alhambra, the red. Alcantara, the bridge. 
 
 Allah = God. Allahabad, the town of God. 
 
 Alp = a rock or cliff. The Alps. 
 
 Ard = high Ardennes, the heights. 
 
 Berg = mountain. Habsberg, mountain of hawks. 
 Burg= castle. Augsburg, castle of Augustus. 
 Burgh, bury = city. Edinburgh, Edwin's city. 
 
 Caster, CHESTER=fortress, camp, city. Colchester, camp on the Colni. 
 Cleff, klippe = cliff. Clifton, the town on the cliff. 
 Cote, costa = coast. Costa Bica, rich coast. 
 
 Feld, veld = field or plain. Bhinfeld, the plain on the Khine. 
 Ford, FURT = a ford. Stamford, stony ford. 
 
 Ham, heim = a home, dwelling. Mannheim, the dwelling of men. 
 Holm = a small island. Stockholm, the island city built upon stakes. 
 
 Inver = mouth of river. Inverness, mouth of the Ness. 
 
 Lac, lago, LAGUNA = lake. Interlaken, between the lakes. 
 Loch, lough = lake. Lough Neagh, Lake Neagh. 
 
 Mont, monte = mountain. Mont Blanc, white mountain 
 
 Negro = black. Kio Negro, black river. 
 
 Nizhni = lower. Nizhni Novgorod, lower new town. 
 
 Pe = northern. Pekin, northern capital. 
 Pen = mountain. Apennines, the mountains. 
 Polis = city. Indianapolis, the city of Indiana. 
 
 Kio = river. Kio Grande, great river. 
 
 San, santa = saint. Sau Antonio, St. Anthony. 
 See, zee = lake or sea. Zuiderzee, the southern sea. 
 Stadt, statt = town. Darmstadt, town on the river Darm. 
 Stan = district. Hindustan, district of the river Indus. 
 
 Ta = great. Ta Kiang, great river. 
 
 Tepetl = mountain. Popocatepetl, the smoky mountain. 
 
 Tierra= land. Tierra del Fuego, land of fire. 
 
 Ton, tun = an inclosure, town. Houston, the town of Hugh 
 
 Wald = forest. Schwarzwald, black forest. 
 
 Wich, wick = village. Norwich, the northern village. 
 
 Yama = mountain. Fujiyama, great mountain. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY OF A FEW OF THE COMMON WORDS USED IN THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Ax'is. Lat. axis, an axletree. 
 
 Bar'barous. Gr. barbaros, foreign. 
 Bay. Fr. baie, from Lat. baici, an inlet. 
 
 Can'cer. Lat. cancel-, a crab (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac) . 
 
 Cape. Fr. cup, from Lat. caput, head. 
 
 Cap'ital. Lat. capiialis, from caput, head. 
 
 Cap'ricorn. Lat. caper, goat, and cornu, horn (the name of one of the 
 
 signs of the zodiac). 
 Car'dinal, adj. Lat. cardvnalis, from cardo, cardinis, a hinge 
 Chan'nel. Lat. canalis, from canna, a reed or pipe. 
 Cir'cle. Lat. circus, from Gr. kirkos, a ring. 
 Circum'perence. Lat. circum, around, and fare, to bear. 
 Cit'y. Fr. cite', from Lat. eivitas, a state or community. 
 Civilized. Lat. civilis, pertaining to an organized community. 
 Cli'mate. Gr. klima, klimatos, slope; the supposed slope of the earth 
 
 from the equator to the poles. 
 Coast. Old Fr. coste (New Fr. cote), from Latin costa, rib, side. 
 Confluence. Lat. con, together, and fluere, to flow. 
 Con'tinent. Lat. con, together, and tenere, to hold. 
 Oon'tour. Lat. con, together, and iornus, a lathe. 
 Coun'ty. Fr. comti, from Lat. comitatus, governed by a count. 
 
 Degree'. Lat. de, and gradus, a step. 
 
 Diam'eter. Gr. dia, through, and mctron, measure. 
 
 Equa'tor. Lat. cquus, equal. 
 
 Es'tuary. Lat. testuare, to boil up, or be furious; the reference being 
 
 to the commotion made by the meeting of a river current and the 
 
 tide. 
 
 Frig'id. Lat. ,ngidns, from frigere, to be cold. 
 
 Geog'raphy. Gr. ge, the earth, and graphe, a description. 
 
 Globe. Lat. globus, a round body. 
 
 Gulf. Fr. golfe, from Gr. kolpos, bosom, bay. 
 
 Har'bor. Anglo-Saxon, hereberga, from beorgun, to shelter 
 Hemisphere. Gr. hemi, half, and sphaira, sphere. 
 Hori'zon. Gr. horizein, to bound. 
 
 In'dian (ocean). India. 
 Isth'mus. Gr. isthmos, a neck. 
 
 Lake. • Lat. lacus, a lake. 
 
 Lat'itude. Lat. latitudo, from latits, broad. 
 
 Lon'gitude. Lat. longitudo, from tongue, long. 
 
 Merid'ian. Lat. meridies (—medius, middle, and dies, day), noon. 
 Metrop'olis. Gr. meter, mother, and polis, city. 
 Mon'archy. Gr. monarches, from monos, alone, and archein, to rule. 
 Moun'tain. Fr. montagne, from Lat. mons, mantis, a mountain. 
 
 Ob'late. Lat. oblatus (ob and past part, of terre, to bring), brought 
 
 forward. 
 Ccean. Gr. okeanus, from okus, rapid, and nacin, to flow. 
 
 Pacif'ic. Lat . padficus, from pax, pads, peace, and facere, to make. 
 
 Par'allel. Gr. para, beside, and allelon, of one another. 
 
 Penin'sula. Lat. penes, almost, and insula, an island. 
 
 Phys'ical. Gr. phy sis (phusis), nature. 
 
 Plain. Lat. planus, flat. 
 
 Plane. Lat. planus, flat. 
 
 Pole. Gr. polos, a pivot. 
 
 Political. Gr. polis, a city or state. 
 
 Prom'ontory. Lat. pro, before, and mons, montis, a mountain. 
 
 Belief'. Fr. relever, from Lat. relevare, to raise. 
 
 Repub'lic. Lat. res, an affair, and publica, public, — that is, a common 
 
 wealth. 
 Kiv'er. Fr. riviere, from Lat. ripa, a shore or bank. 
 
 Sav'age. Fr. sauvage, from Lat. silva, a wood. 
 Soci'ety. Lat. societas, from socius, a companion. 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Key: fat, fate, far, fall, fast, fare; met, mete, her; pin, pine; not, note, move, nor; tub, rnnte, piill ; civil ; leisure; thin, then. 
 
 Aberdeen 
 
 Abyssinia 
 Acapulco 
 Aconcagua 
 Adirondack 
 Adrianople 
 Adriatic 
 jEgean 
 Afghanistan 
 Africa 
 Alabama 
 Alaska 
 Albemarle 
 Albert Nyanza 
 Albuquerque 
 Aleutian 
 Algeria 
 Algiers 
 Allegheny 
 Andaman 
 Andes 
 
 Androscoggin 
 Annum 
 Annapolis 
 Antarctic 
 Antilles 
 Antwerp 
 Apennines 
 Appalachian 
 Ararat 
 Archangel 
 Archipelago 
 Argentina 
 Arizona 
 Arkansas 
 Ascension 
 Asia 
 Assuan 
 Astrakhan 
 Asuncion 
 Australia 
 Austria-Hunga- 
 ry 
 Azores 
 Azov 
 
 Babel Mandeb 
 
 Bahamas 
 
 Balearic 
 
 Balkan 
 
 Baltic 
 
 Baluchistan 
 
 Bangkok 
 
 Bangor 
 
 Barcelona 
 
 Baroda 
 
 Basque 
 
 Batavia 
 
 Baton Rouge 
 
 Beatrice 
 
 Bechuanaland 
 
 Belfast 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Belgrade 
 
 Belize 
 
 Benares 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Bermuda 
 
 Bethlehem 
 
 Birmingham 
 
 Bloemfontein 
 
 Bogatd 
 
 Bois£ City 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Bologna 
 
 ab-er-den' 
 ab-i-sin' i-a 
 a-ka-poT ko 
 a-kon-kii' gwa 
 ad-i-ron' dak 
 ad" ri-an-o' pi 
 a-dri-at' ik 
 e-je' an 
 af-gan-is-tiin' 
 af ri-ka 
 al-a-ba' ma 
 a-las' ka 
 al-be-marl' 
 al' bert nl-an' zii 
 al-bo-ker' ki 
 al-e-6' shi-an 
 al-je'ri-a 
 al-jerz' 
 al' e-ga-ni 
 an' da-man 
 an' dez 
 
 an-dros-kog' in 
 a-nam' 
 a-nap' 6-lis 
 an-tark' tik 
 iin-til' lez 
 ant' werp 
 ap' e-ninz 
 ap-a-lach' i-an 
 ar' a-rat 
 ark-an' jel 
 ar-ki-pel'a-go 
 ar-jen-te'na 
 ar-i-zo' nii 
 ar' kan-sa 
 as-then-se-on' 
 a' sliia. 
 as-swan' 
 as-tra-kiin' 
 a-sbn-se-on' 
 as-tra' lia 
 as'tri-a hun'ga- 
 
 ri 
 a-zorz' 
 a'zof 
 
 biib-el-man' deb 
 ba-ha' maz 
 bal-e-ar' ik 
 bal-kan' 
 Ml' tik 
 
 bal-o-chis-tan' 
 bang-kok' 
 ban' gor 
 bar-se-lo' nii 
 ba-ro' da 
 bask 
 
 ba-ta' vi-a 
 bat' on rozh 
 be' a-tris 
 bech-6-a'na-land 
 bel' fast 
 bel'ji-um 
 bel-grad' 
 be-lez' 
 be-na' rez 
 ber-lin' 
 ber-mu' da 
 beth' le-em 
 ber' ming-am 
 blom' fon-te 
 bo-go- ta' 
 boi'za 
 bo-liv'i-a 
 bo-lon'ya 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 Borneo 
 
 Bosnia 
 
 Bosphorus 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Brazos 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Breslau • 
 
 Brighton 
 
 Budapest 
 
 Buenos Ayres 
 
 Bukharest 
 
 Bulgaria 
 
 Cadiz 
 
 Cairo 
 
 Cairo 
 
 Calais 
 
 Calais 
 
 Calcutta 
 
 California 
 
 Cambodia 
 
 Campeche 
 
 Candia 
 
 Caracas 
 
 Caribbean 
 
 Carpathian 
 
 Castlemaine 
 
 Caucasus 
 
 Cawnpur 
 
 Cayenne 
 
 Cayuga 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Chamonix 
 
 Champlain 
 
 Chattanooga 
 
 Chautauqua 
 
 Chelan 
 
 Chemnitz 
 
 Chesapeake 
 
 Cheyenne 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chihauhau 
 
 Chile 
 
 Cochin China 
 
 Cologne 
 
 Colombia 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Constantinople 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 Cordova 
 
 Costa Rica 
 
 Cotopaxi 
 
 Crimea 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Damascus 
 
 Danube 
 
 Dardanelles 
 
 Darien 
 
 Delagoa 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Des Moines 
 
 Detroit 
 
 Diego 
 
 Dijon 
 
 Dnieper 
 
 Dniester 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Duluth 
 
 Durango 
 
 Eau Claire 
 
 Kcuador 
 
 bor-do' 
 b6r' ne-o 
 boz' ni-a 
 bos' pho-rus 
 bra-zil' 
 bra' zos 
 brem' en 
 bres' lou 
 bri' ton 
 bo' da-pest 
 bwa' nos i' rez 
 bb-ka-rest' 
 bul-ga' ri-a 
 
 ka' diz 
 ka'ro(U.S.) 
 ki'ro (Egypt) 
 kal'is (U.S.) 
 ka-la' (France) 
 kal-kut' a 
 kal-i-for'ni-a 
 kam-bo'di-a 
 kiim-pa'cha 
 kan' di-ii 
 ka rii' kas 
 kar-i-be' an 
 kar-pii'thi-an 
 kas' 1- man 
 kA' ka-sus 
 kan-por' 
 ka-yen' 
 ka-yo' ga 
 se-lon' 
 sha-mo-ne' 
 sham-plan' 
 chat-a-no'ga 
 sha-ta' kwa 
 che-lan' 
 kem' nits 
 ches' a-pek 
 shi-en' 
 shi-ka' go 
 che-wa'-wa 
 chil'e 
 
 ko'chin chi'na 
 ko-lon' 
 ko-lom' be-a 
 kol-o-rii' do 
 ko-net' i-kut 
 kon-stan-ti-no'pl 
 ko-pen-ha'gen 
 kor' do-va 
 kos' ta. re' ka 
 ko-to-paks' i 
 kri-me' a 
 
 dii-ko' ta 
 da-mas' kus 
 dan' ub 
 diir-da-nelz' 
 da' ri-en 
 del-a-go' a 
 del' a- war 
 de moin' 
 de-troit' 
 de-a' go 
 de-zh6ng' 
 ne' per 
 nes-ter 
 do-buk' 
 du-16th' 
 dij-ran'go 
 
 o klar' 
 ek' wa-dor 
 
 Edinburgh 
 
 El Paso 
 
 England 
 
 Etna 
 
 Euphrates 
 
 Europe 
 
 Falkland 
 
 Fiji 
 
 Fond du Lac 
 Formosa 
 Franz Josef 
 
 Land 
 Fuchau 
 Fuji-san 
 Funchal 
 Fusan 
 
 Galilee 
 
 Galveston 
 
 Ganges 
 
 Garonne 
 
 Genesee 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Ghent 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 Gizeh 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 Gobi 
 
 Gondar 
 
 Gracias a Dios 
 
 Grafton 
 
 Grampian 
 
 Granada 
 
 Gratz 
 
 GreatNamaqua 
 
 land 
 Grindelwald 
 Guadalajara 
 Guadalquivir 
 Guadalupe 
 Guadalupe 
 
 Guadiana 
 
 Guardafui 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 Guernsey 
 
 Guiana 
 
 Guinea 
 
 Haiti 
 
 Halle 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Hammerfest 
 
 Hankow 
 
 Hardanger 
 
 Fjord 
 Havana 
 Havre 
 Hawaii 
 Hebrides 
 Heidelberg 
 Henlopen 
 Himalaya 
 
 Hindustan 
 Hindu Kush 
 Honduras 
 Honolulu 
 Housa tonic 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 Indiana 
 
 ed' n-bur-o 
 el pii' so 
 ing'land 
 et' nii 
 ii-f ra' tez 
 u' rop 
 
 fak'land 
 
 fe'je 
 
 fon du lak' 
 
 for-mo' sii 
 
 f rants yo'zef 
 
 lant 
 fo-chou' 
 fo'je-siin' 
 fbn-shal' 
 fb-siin' 
 
 gal' i-le 
 
 gal' ves-ton 
 
 gan' jez 
 
 gii-ron' 
 
 jen-e-se' 
 
 j6r'jiii 
 
 gent 
 
 ji-bral'tar 
 
 ge'ze 
 
 glos' ter 
 
 go' be 
 
 gon' dar 
 
 grii'the-as ii de- 
 
 os' 
 graf ton 
 gram' pi-an 
 gra-na' da 
 grata 
 grat na-ma'kwii- 
 
 land 
 grin' del -vald 
 gwa-da-la-ha'rii 
 ga-dal-kwiv'er 
 ga-da-lop'(U_.S.) 
 gwii-da-lo'pa 
 
 (Spain) 
 gwa-de-ii'na 
 gwiir-da-fwe' 
 ga-te-ma'la 
 gern'zi 
 ge-a'na 
 gin'i 
 
 ha' ti 
 
 hiil'le 
 
 ham' berg 
 
 ham'mer-fest 
 
 hiin-kou' 
 
 hiir'dang-e" 
 
 fy6rd 
 ii-va'na 
 a-vr 
 ha-wi'e 
 heb'ri-dez 
 hi' del - berg 
 hen -lo' pen 
 him-a'la-yii or 
 
 him-ii-la'ya 
 hin-db-stan' 
 hin' do kbsh 
 hon-do' ras 
 ho- no-lb' lii 
 ho-sa-ton'ik 
 
 i'da-ho 
 il-i-noi' 
 in-di-an'ii 
 
 Inverness 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Irkutsk 
 
 Irtish 
 
 Ischia 
 
 Ishpeming 
 
 Itasca 
 
 m-ver-nes 
 
 i'o-wa 
 
 ir-kbtsk' 
 
 ir'tish 
 
 es'ke-a 
 
 ish'pem-ing 
 
 i-tas'ka 
 
 Jamaica ja-ma'ka 
 
 Johannesburg yo- han'nes - 1 >i irg 
 Joliet jo'li-et 
 
 Juan de Fuca ho- an' da fii' ka 
 Juan Fernandez hb-iin' fer-iiiin'- 
 
 deth 
 Juneau jb-no' 
 
 Jungfrau ybng'frou 
 
 Kabul 
 
 Kalamazoo 
 
 Kamchatka 
 
 Kanawha 
 
 Kandahar 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Karnak 
 
 Katahdin 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Khiva 
 
 Kilauea 
 
 Kilimanjaro 
 
 Kiongchau 
 
 Klamath 
 
 KoU 
 
 Kongo 
 
 Kbnigsberg 
 
 Kosciusko 
 
 Krakatoa 
 
 Kronstadt 
 
 Kyoto 
 
 Labrador 
 
 La Crosse 
 
 Ladoga 
 
 Ladrone 
 
 La Guayra 
 
 Lahore 
 
 La Paz 
 
 La Plata 
 
 Laramie 
 
 Lassa 
 
 Las Vegas 
 
 Le Havre 
 
 Leicester 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Leon 
 
 Liberia 
 
 Libyan 
 
 Liechtenstein 
 
 Lima 
 
 Lima 
 
 Limerick 
 
 Lipari 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 Llanos 
 
 Loch Katrine 
 
 Ixich Lomond 
 
 Loire 
 
 Londonderry 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Lourenco Mar- 
 
 quez 
 Liibeck 
 Lucerne 
 
 ka-bbl' 
 
 kal"a-ma-zo' 
 
 kam-chat'ka 
 
 ka-na' wii 
 
 kan-dii-har' 
 
 kan' zas 
 
 kiir' nak 
 
 ka-ta'din 
 
 ke'o-kuk 
 
 ke'va 
 
 ke-lou-a'a 
 
 kil-e-man-jii'ro 
 
 ke-bng'chou' 
 
 kla' math 
 
 ko'bii 
 
 kon' go 
 
 ke-nigs-berg 
 
 kos-i-us'ko 
 
 kra-ka-to'a 
 
 kron'stat 
 
 ke-o'to 
 
 lab-ra-dor' 
 
 la-kr6s 
 
 la'do-ga 
 
 la-dron' 
 
 la gwi'ra 
 
 la-hor' 
 
 la path' 
 
 lii pla'ta 
 
 lar'a-me 
 
 la'sa 
 
 las va'gas 
 
 le a' vr 
 
 les' ter 
 
 Up' sik 
 
 la-on' 
 
 li-be'ri-a 
 
 lib' ian 
 
 lech'ten-stin 
 
 II' ma (U.S.) 
 
 le'mii (Peru) 
 
 lim' e-rik 
 
 le'pa-re 
 
 liz' bon 
 
 liv'er-pbl 
 
 lyii' nos 
 
 lok kat'rin 
 
 lok lo'mond 
 
 lwar 
 
 lun'don-der-i 
 
 los an'je-les 
 
 lo-e-zi-an'ii 
 
 lb'is-vil 
 
 lo-ran'sii miir'- 
 
 kes 
 lii'bek 
 lu-sern' 
 
 139 
 
140 
 
 The New Pacific School Geography. 
 
 Lucknow 
 
 luk' now 
 
 Niagara 
 
 ni-ag' a-rii 
 
 Rio Negro 
 
 re' o na' gro 
 
 Tangier 
 
 tan-jer' 
 
 Luzon 
 
 lo-zon' 
 
 Nicaragua 
 
 mk-a-rii'gwa 
 
 Rio Pampas 
 
 re'o pam' paz 
 
 Taos 
 
 ta' os 
 
 Lyon 
 
 le-on' 
 
 Nice 
 
 nes 
 
 Riviera 
 
 re-ve-a'rii 
 
 Teheran 
 
 teh-e-r!in' 
 
 
 
 Nicobar 
 
 nik-o-bar' 
 
 Rochelle 
 
 ro shel' 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 ten-e-se' 
 
 Macao 
 
 mii-ka' ii 
 
 Niemen 
 
 ne' men 
 
 Rouen 
 
 ro-ong' 
 
 Terre Haute 
 
 ter'-e hot 
 
 Mackinac 
 
 mak' i-na 
 
 Niger 
 
 nl' jer 
 
 Rumania 
 
 ro-ma' ni-ii 
 
 Texarkana 
 
 teks-iir-kan' !i 
 
 Madagascar 
 
 mad-a-gas' kar 
 
 Nippon 
 
 nip-on' 
 
 Rumelia 
 
 ro-me'li-ii 
 
 Thames 
 
 thamz (U.S.) 
 
 Madeira 
 
 mii-de' ra 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 no'va sko'shiii 
 
 Russia 
 
 rush'a 
 
 Thames 
 
 temz (Eng.) 
 
 Madras 
 
 nia-dras' 
 
 Nova Zembla 
 
 no-va zem'blii 
 
 
 
 Thebes 
 
 thebz 
 
 Madrid 
 
 ma-drid' 
 
 Nubia 
 
 nu' bi-a 
 
 Sabine 
 
 sa-ben' 
 
 Theiss 
 
 tis 
 
 Madura 
 
 rnii-do' ra 
 
 Nyassa 
 
 ny-as' sa 
 
 Sahara 
 
 sa-hii' ra 
 
 Tibet 
 
 tib' et 
 
 Magdalena 
 
 mag-dii-la' na 
 
 
 
 Saigon 
 
 sl-gon' 
 
 Ticonderoga 
 
 ti-kon-de-rr/ trii 
 
 Magdeburg 
 
 miig' de-borg 
 
 Oahu 
 
 o-a'hti 
 
 St. Augustine 
 
 sant a'gus-ten 
 
 Tientsin 
 
 te-en'tsen' 
 
 Magellan 
 
 ma-jel'an 
 miid-jo're 
 
 Odessa 
 
 o-des' a 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 sant klar 
 
 Timbuktu 
 
 tim-buk'tii 
 
 Maggiore 
 
 Ogdensburg 
 
 og' denz-berg 
 
 St. Croix 
 
 sant kroi 
 
 Tippecanoe 
 
 tip"e-ka-ni)' 
 
 Majorca 
 
 ma-jor' kii 
 
 Okhotsk 
 
 o-kotsk' 
 
 St. Etienne 
 
 sant a'te-enn' 
 
 Tobolsk 
 
 to-bolsk' 
 
 Makassar 
 
 ma'-kas' sar 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 ok-la-ho' ma 
 
 St. Gotthard 
 
 sant goth'ard 
 
 Tokyo 
 
 to' ke-o 
 
 Malaga 
 
 mal' a-ga / 
 
 Okmulgee 
 
 ok-mul'ge 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 sant 16' is 
 
 Tonkin 
 
 ton-ken' 
 
 Malakka 
 
 ma-lak'ii 
 
 Olympia 
 
 o-lim' pi-a 
 
 St. Petersburg 
 
 sant pe'terz-berg 
 
 Toulon 
 
 to' Ion 
 
 Malay 
 
 ma-la' 
 
 Olympus 
 
 o-lim'pus 
 
 Salvador 
 
 siil-vii-dor' 
 
 Toulouse 
 
 tii-loz' 
 
 Malta 
 
 mal' ta 
 
 Omaha 
 
 o' ma-hii 
 
 Salzburg 
 
 salts' biirg 
 
 Tours 
 
 tor 
 
 Manchuria 
 
 man-cho'ri-a 
 
 Onega 
 
 on' e-ga 
 
 Samoa 
 
 sa-mo' ii 
 
 Trafalgar 
 
 tra-fal'-gar 
 
 Mandalay 
 
 man' da-la 
 
 Oneida 
 
 o-ni' da 
 
 San Antonio 
 
 san iin-to'ne-o 
 
 Transvaal 
 
 trans- val' 
 
 Manila 
 
 mii-ne' lii 
 
 Ontario 
 
 on-ta' ri-o 
 
 San Bernardino san ber-niir-de'- 
 
 Trebizond 
 
 treb' i-zond 
 
 Manitoba 
 
 man" i-to-ba' 
 
 Oregon 
 
 or' e-gon 
 
 
 no 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 trip' o-li 
 
 Manitou 
 
 man' i-tii 
 
 Orinoco 
 
 o-ri-no'-ko 
 
 San Diego 
 
 san de-a'go 
 
 Tucson 
 
 tii-son' 
 
 Manzanillo 
 
 man-tha-nel'yo 
 
 Orleans 
 
 6r'le-anz (or-la- 
 
 Sandusky 
 
 san-dus'ki 
 
 Tulare 
 
 to-lii're 
 
 .Marmora 
 
 mar' mo-ra 
 
 
 ong', Fr.) 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 san fran-sis'ko 
 
 Turkestan 
 
 tor-kes-tan' 
 
 Marquette 
 
 miir-ket' 
 
 Oshkosh 
 
 osh' kosh 
 
 San Joaquin 
 
 Ban ho-a-ken' 
 
 
 
 Martinique 
 
 miir-ti-nek' 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 of a-wa 
 
 San Jose 
 
 san ho-sa' 
 
 Upernavik 
 
 o' per-na-vik 
 
 Maskat 
 
 mas-kat' 
 
 Ottumwa 
 
 o-tum' wa 
 
 San Juan 
 
 Ban ho-an' [se' 
 
 Ural 
 
 6'ral 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 mas-a-cho' sets 
 
 Owyhee 
 
 o-wi' he 
 
 San Luis Potosi san lci-es' po-to- 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 o-ro-gwl' 
 
 Matabeleland 
 
 mii-ta-ba' le-land 
 
 
 
 San Miguel 
 
 san me-gel' 
 
 Utah 
 
 u' ta 
 
 Matamoros 
 
 mat-a-mo' ros 
 
 Pacific 
 
 pa-si f ik 
 
 San Salvador 
 
 san 8al-vii-dor' 
 
 Utrecht 
 
 u' trekt 
 
 Mauch Chunk 
 
 mak chungk 
 
 Paducah 
 
 pa-dii' kii 
 
 Santa Barbara 
 
 siin-ta biir'ba-rii 
 
 
 
 Maumee 
 
 ma-me' 
 
 Palermo 
 
 pa-ler' mo 
 
 Santa Cruz 
 
 san' tii kroz 
 
 Vaal 
 
 val 
 
 Mauna Loa 
 
 mou' nii lo' ii 
 
 Palestine 
 
 pal' es-tin 
 
 Santa F6 
 
 san-ta fa' 
 
 Valdai 
 
 val'dl 
 
 Medina 
 
 me-de' na 
 
 Para 
 
 pii-ra' 
 
 Santiago 
 
 san-te-a'go 
 
 Valencia 
 
 va-len'shia 
 
 Mediterranean 
 
 med" i-te-ra' ne- 
 
 Paraguay 
 
 par-a-gwi' 
 
 Santo Domingo 
 
 san'to do-men-go 
 
 Valladolid 
 
 viil-yii-do-leth 
 
 
 an 
 
 Paris 
 
 par' is 
 
 Sarawak 
 
 sa-ra-wiik' 
 
 Valparaiso 
 
 val-pa-ri' so 
 
 Melbourne 
 
 mel' bern 
 
 Passaic 
 
 pa-sa' ik 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 sar-din'i-ii 
 
 Vancouver 
 
 van-kii'ver 
 
 Mendocino 
 
 men-do-se' no 
 
 Passamaquoddy pas" a-maquod' i 
 
 Sargasso 
 
 sar-gas'o 
 
 Van Diemens 
 
 van de'menz 
 
 Mequinez 
 
 mek' i-nez 
 
 Patagonia 
 
 pat-a-go' ni-a 
 
 Scandinavia 
 
 skan-di-na'vi-a 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 ven-e-zwe' lii 
 
 Mer de Glace 
 
 mar de gliis 
 
 Pekin 
 
 pe-kin' 
 
 Schenectady 
 
 ske-nek'ta-di 
 
 Venice 
 
 ven' is 
 
 Micronesia 
 
 mi-kro-ne' shia 
 
 Peling 
 
 pe-ling' 
 
 Scioto 
 
 si-6'-td 
 
 Vera Cruz 
 
 va' rii kroz 
 
 Milan 
 
 mi-lan' or niil'an 
 
 Penang 
 
 j)e-nang' 
 
 Seattle 
 
 se-at' 1 
 
 Versailles 
 
 ver-say' 
 
 Milwaukee 
 
 mil-wa' ke 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 pen-sil-va' ni-ii 
 
 Sebastopol 
 
 se-bas' to-pol 
 
 Vesuvius 
 
 ve-su' vi-us 
 
 Mindanao 
 
 men-da-na' o 
 
 Pensacola 
 
 pen-sa-ko' la 
 
 Sedan 
 
 se-dong' 
 
 Victoria Nyanza vik-to'ri-a ni-an 
 
 Minneapolis 
 
 min-e-ap'o-lis 
 
 Peoria 
 
 pe-o' ri-ii 
 
 Seine 
 
 san 
 
 
 za 
 
 Minnehaha 
 
 min-e-hii' ha 
 
 Pernambuco 
 
 l>6r-nam-bo' ko 
 
 Selvas 
 
 sel'vaz 
 
 Vienna 
 
 vi-en' ii 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 min-e-so' ta 
 
 Peru 
 
 pe-rii' 
 
 Senegal 
 
 sen-e-gal' 
 
 Vincennes 
 
 vin-senz' 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 mis-i-sip' i 
 mi-zo' ri 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 til-a-del' fl-a 
 
 Seoul 
 
 sa-61' 
 
 Vladivostok 
 
 vla-de-vos-tnk' 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Philse 
 
 fi' le 
 
 Shanghai 
 
 shang-hl' 
 
 
 
 Mobile 
 
 mo-bel' 
 
 Philippine 
 
 fiT ip-in 
 
 Shenandoah 
 
 shen-an-do'ii 
 
 Wabash 
 
 wii' bash 
 
 Mohawk 
 
 mo' hak 
 
 Phoenix 
 
 fe' niks 
 
 Shoshone 
 
 sho-sho' ne 
 
 Walla Walla 
 
 wol'ii wol'ii 
 
 Molukkas 
 
 mo-luk'az 
 
 Pilsen 
 
 pil' sen 
 
 Siam 
 
 si am' 
 
 Wasatch 
 
 wa-sach' 
 
 Monongahela 
 
 mo-non-ga-he' la 
 
 Pindus 
 
 pin'dus 
 
 Siberia 
 
 si-be' ri-ii 
 
 Wichita 
 
 wich' i-tii 
 
 Mon tana 
 
 nion-tii' na 
 
 Pirseus 
 
 ]ie-re' us 
 
 Sierra Nevada 
 
 se-er'rii na-vii'dii 
 
 Wilkesbarre 
 
 wilks'bar-e 
 
 Mont Blanc 
 
 mong blong' 
 
 Pisa 
 
 pe' zii 
 
 Siloam 
 
 si-lo' am 
 
 Willamette 
 
 wil-ii' met 
 
 Mont Cenis 
 
 mong se-ne' 
 
 Popocatepetl 
 
 po-po-ka-ta-pet' 1 
 
 Singapore 
 
 sing-ga-iiclr' 
 
 VV'innebago 
 
 win-e-ba'gri 
 
 Montenegro 
 
 mon-ta-na'gro 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 por-to re'ko 
 
 Sioux City 
 
 so sit'i 
 
 Winnemucca 
 
 win-e-muk'ii 
 
 Monterey 
 
 mon-ta-ra' 
 
 Port Said 
 
 port sii-ed' 
 
 Sitka 
 
 sit' ka 
 
 Winona 
 
 wi-no' na 
 
 Montevideo 
 
 mon-te-vid' e-o 
 
 Poughkeepsie 
 
 po-kip' si 
 
 Skowhegan 
 
 skou-he'gan 
 
 Wiscons n 
 
 wis-kon' sin 
 
 Montreal 
 
 mont-re-al' 
 
 Prague 
 
 prag 
 
 Smyrna 
 
 snier' na 
 
 Woonsocket 
 
 won sok'et 
 
 Mozambique 
 
 mo-zam-bek' 
 
 Pretoria 
 
 pre-to' ri-a 
 
 Sofia 
 
 so-fe' a 
 
 Worcester 
 
 wiis' ter 
 
 Muncie 
 
 mun' si 
 
 Pribilof 
 
 pre-be-lof 
 
 Spezia 
 
 spet' se-ii 
 
 Wrangell 
 
 rang' gel 
 
 Munich 
 
 ran' nik 
 
 Prussia 
 
 prush' a 
 
 Spitz bergen 
 
 spits- be r'gen 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 wl-o'ming 
 
 Muskegon 
 
 mus-ke' gon 
 
 Pueblo 
 
 pweb' lo 
 
 Spokane 
 
 spo-kan' 
 
 
 
 Muskingum 
 
 mus-king' gum 
 
 Puget 
 
 pu'jet 
 
 Stockholm 
 
 stok' holm 
 
 Yakima 
 
 yak' i-mii 
 
 
 
 Pyrenees 
 
 l>ir' e-nez 
 
 Strassburg 
 
 striis' borg 
 
 Yakutsk 
 
 ya-k<itsk' 
 
 Nagasaki 
 
 na-ga-sa' ke 
 
 
 
 Stratford-on- 
 
 strat' ford-on-a'- 
 
 Yangtze 
 
 yang' tze 
 
 Nantes 
 
 nants 
 
 Quebec 
 
 kwe-bek' 
 
 Avon 
 
 von 
 
 Yazoo 
 
 yii'zii 
 
 Narragansett 
 
 nar-a-gan' set 
 
 Quito 
 
 ke'to 
 
 Suez 
 
 so'ez 
 
 Yenisei 
 
 yen-e-sa'e 
 
 Nashua 
 
 nash' u-a 
 
 
 
 Sulu 
 
 so-lo' 
 
 Yezo 
 
 yez' o 
 
 Natchez 
 
 nat' chez 
 
 Racine 
 
 ra-sen' 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 so-mii' trii 
 
 Yokohama 
 
 yo ko-hii' mii 
 
 Negro 
 
 na' gro 
 
 Rainier 
 
 ra' ner 
 
 Sumbawa 
 
 sbm-ba' wii 
 
 Yoseniite 
 
 yo-sem'i te 
 
 Nepal 
 
 ne-pal' 
 
 Rappahannock 
 
 rap-a-han'ok 
 
 Susquehanna 
 
 sus-kwe-han'ii 
 
 Ypsilanti 
 
 ip-si-lan' ti 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 neth' er-landz 
 
 Ratisbon 
 
 rat' is-bon 
 
 Suwanee 
 
 Bfl-wa' ne 
 
 Yucatan 
 
 yij- ka-tiin ' 
 
 Neuse 
 
 nils 
 
 Reims 
 
 remz 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 swit' zer-land 
 
 Yukon 
 
 y& kon 
 
 Nevada 
 
 na-va' da 
 
 Reykjavik 
 
 rik'yii"viK 
 
 Syria 
 
 sir' i-ii 
 
 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 nu-found' land 
 
 Rhine 
 
 rln 
 
 
 
 Zambezi 
 
 zam-be'ze 
 
 New Ciuinea 
 
 nu gin'i 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 rod i'land 
 
 Tacoma 
 
 ta-ko' mii 
 
 Zante 
 
 san' te 
 
 New Hebrides 
 
 nil heb' ri-dez 
 
 Rhodes 
 
 rfxlz 
 
 Tahiti 
 
 tii-he' te 
 
 Zanzibar 
 
 zan-zi-biir' 
 
 New Iberia 
 
 nu i-be' ri-ii 
 
 Rio de la Plata 
 
 re'o da lii plii'tii 
 
 Tahoe 
 
 tii-ho' 
 
 Zeeland 
 
 ze' land 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 nu 6r'le-anz 
 
 Rio Grande 
 
 re' 6 griin'da 
 
 Taku 
 
 tak' ii 
 
 Zu Inland 
 
 zii' lii-laml 
 
 Nez Perces 
 
 na per-sa' 
 
 Rio Janeiro 
 
 re'o zha-na'ro 
 
 Tallahassee 
 
 tal-a-has' e 
 
 Zuider Zee 
 
 zi'der ze 
 

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