THE LIBKAK\ 
 (BJIYigiSlT\ OF CALIFOKNIA 
 1X18 ANGIXES

 
 A 
 
 The Ar> aMiali va, 
 
 a manual of astronomy, 
 
 with the Commentary Bhatadipikn of 
 Paramadievara,
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 This first edition of the Iryabhaitlya along with the commentary of Paramadi- 
 ^vara is mainly based upon two manuscripts in Malayalim character, one of them belong- 
 ing to Dr. A. C. BcKNELL, the other once in possession of Whish and now forming part 
 of -the library of the Royal Asiatic Society, London. The latter manuscript dates from 
 A. D. 1820; the former from A. D. 1863, for at the end of it I find the following 
 note in Dr. Burnell's handwriting: „ Copied fr. an Ola M.S. in the Chirakkil Eajd li- 
 brary. — Written by IJnni Panikar at Calicut 1863." 
 
 Both manuscripts are derived from one source, either immediately, or remotely, 
 which is clearly proved by the fact that they show the same gaps, indicated as such, 
 after stanza 44 of the 4''' Section, and at the end of the comment on stanza 48. Apart 
 from a very few trifling clerical errors both contain exactly the same text. 
 
 Besides these manuscripts I have consulted one other containing iryabhaifa's text 
 without commentary, from the library of the Roy. As. Soc. (N". 66 of the Whish col- 
 lection). It proved of little use, except in one important case. It so happens that the 
 gap above mentioned extends over the 45"' stanza of the 4t'» section , and that the read- 
 ing of this very stanza in another commentary, the Praka(,-ika, is materially diflerent 
 from the reading in the manuscript without commentary. Instead of H^A\^>\r'^t*ii\_ 
 lUlrll the Prakaqika has ^-MIJfMrJf.M-M I UlrlT. The latter reading involves a gross 
 error, as Bhaskaracarya has pointed out in his Goladhyaya, Grahawaviisana , stanza 
 48 — 57, cf. Drkkarma-vasana , stanza 16, and the same author's Ga«ita, Candragraha- 
 wildhikilra, comment on stanza 20. From the remainder of Paramadifvara's comment 
 
 20(16433
 
 TI 
 
 PRKFACB. 
 
 on the stanza in question it is , indeed , clear enough that he read ^Ml^'IrSh^i" ; but 
 in such a matter it is not wholly superfluous to appeal to the direct evidence of ma- 
 nuscripts. 
 
 Though the reading followed hy the author of the Praka9ika is erroneous , both from 
 an astronomical and grammatical point of view, it can not be denied that the error was 
 one of long standing. For we know by Bhaskara's severe criticisms that Lalla, the 
 author of the Dhiv;-ddhida-Tantra , had fallen into the same error. Now LaUa is more 
 than once called a disciple of Iryahha^a, and whether this statement be rigidly correct 
 or not, he certainly was a contemporaneous writer, for he uses the same epoch with the 
 latter, as may be seen p. 58 of this edition. 
 
 It is by no means strange that Paramadi^vara , who was well read in the worlLS of 
 Bhaskara, disregarded the authority of Lalla and the author of the Praka^ika. It is 
 more strange that a gap occurs in his work exactly at the critical passage. I can not 
 suppress the suspicion that the defect is not owing to accident , but that it is an inten- 
 tional erasmre by some reader who clung to the opinion of the Prakaqika. 
 
 Paramadigvara's Bha^adipika [is , generally speaking, a useful commentary. I for one 
 must confess that but for its aid the meaning of many rules in the text would have re- 
 mained obscure to me. At the same time it must be granted that some of his expla- 
 nations , e. g. at St. 9 of the 4th section , can not l)e admitted to be correct. 
 
 I have not been able to find out the time of Paramadi^vara, but this much is certain 
 that he is posterior to Suryadeva-Yajvan , the author of the Bhaifaprakaqa or Praka^ika, 
 whom he frequently quotes. The Prakaqa is here and there more prolix, but contains 
 after all no more information than the more recent Dipika. Copies of it are far from 
 scarce, at least in Southers, India. One very bad copy makes part of the Mackenzie col- 
 lection *) ; an excellent one has been kindly lent to me by Dr. Bfrnell. Both manu- 
 scripts are in the Grantham character. Li the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 there is an abridged copy of it in Nagarif); see Prof. Aufrecht's Catalogue, p. 37. 
 
 *) In the old catalogue the „Prakri5a composed by Suryadeva" has been transformed iuto a .Commentary on the 
 Surjasiddhanta ;" it has long been lying hidden under this disguise, until Dr. RosT discovered the mistake. 
 
 t) Not Devanigari, a term unheard of in Hindustan. It is, in fact, no word at all, but a grammatical blunder; 
 see Pflnini VII, 3,24. By supposing that devandgart may mean „Nfigari of the gods" we may save grammar, but at 
 the price of common sense.
 
 PREFACE. Vn 
 
 For more than one reason I think it will be worth while here to insert the introduction 
 of the Praka9ika, 1*. because it contains some peculiar views and statements not wholly 
 devoid of interest; 2". to show that the Cambridge manuscript is but a clumsy abridg- 
 ment of it ; and , finally , to give a specimen of the orthography common to most South- 
 imlinn manuscripts. The introduction then runs thus, according to Bxjrnell's copy: 
 
 r r-^ r- 
 
 Hi'-di'-i'i -"'^TFTsi: *) ^^v■m^^'^Jvmrar>Jil,\ kr-i^^M-rii^^j'^H Pt^ hh ir^-Isi ih l 
 
 ^ IMrIM \rH N KiH W |i| l^-dMH^ HF^Wl 5TT^R M^--f.l<^nf WT^J ^^ 
 j^^FT^: I 3TFT J^7^-WJF\VJ %^T^rR ^ ^^Wnr --lAHM^ ^'FT 
 
 ^: Cfifr FT %f?I ^FTT ^fFTT ^"^ g^ | 
 
 ITTTWO ^nTfp?T ^f^ RpTT ^^FpTFTII 
 
 rlHN->inif5.^\'^<^v:irh^Mr|'^iN qr-^q- T^,H'-'-i^lM. 
 
 *; The Mss. write ddhy y $ghy iustcad of dhy , ghy.
 
 vm 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 ■r 
 
 o 
 
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 ^> ^^JTnf: FTFHM'^MkM^'-f.l( (r. "^^FFT^) I FTFTT^f^ ^^^^-TFTT^r: 
 
 r, *^ V O 
 
 

 
 PREFACE. 
 
 IX 
 
 HHIrj JTFT H^ GT^Er^gFrf^TTFR 1 1 
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 ^> ^^1 ih\ Irl 'lr^< HHj^rimiH I \\i^.\^^di N^, |i>|'T sOFT^'TP-f: II ^^^. 
 
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 ^'-t.rMWIW ?OT H-^rl^ ^rlHIHI'<ilNi(Nr|'>iilHI ^.rUk: f^T^TTJ. 
 
 ^ \ 0^=)
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 ^^-'IlF^slMrR 4iiirUlrlNV|cil^H(T)f%i%F'^.(lllhdlrrri^ *) W\. 
 
 Suryadeva must have lived a considerable time after the great Bhaskara, in an age 
 ■when the living breath of science had already parted from Lidia. In the foregoing ex- 
 tract it will have been observed that he had not the faintest notion how Sryabha^a could 
 have got at his elements of astronomy by mere observation and calculation. The acquir- 
 
 *) Tliis statement coincides with another found in a stanza from an unknown author: 
 1 
 
 It is not true that Aryabha^a could have corrected the Romaka-Siddlifmta , for the epoch of this work is posterior to 
 Arjabha/a's (see Dr. Bhdu Daji, in Journ. R. As. Soc. of 1365, p. 407). Yet, in a general sense, it may be 
 affirmed that our author has been the reformer of Indian astronomy.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 XI 
 
 ing of those elements is ascribed to supernatural agency, quite in the fashion in which 
 Pa?«ini in the story is told to have received the Qivasutra^i. 
 
 There is one manuscript of the Prakaqa belonging to the library of the Roy. As. 
 Soc. , London , which is interspersed with the annotations of a certain Yellayen , or as 
 the name sounds in Sanskritised form: Tallaya, son to Qridharacarya and pupil to Sur- 
 yadeva. So we find in the second chapter (p. 12 of the MS.) the words: „atha Kala- 
 kriyapadasya Suryadevena Yajvana krtavyakhyanawj samagram api Qri-Baladityasuta- 
 Suryacarya^ishye^a vipa^cita Yallayakhyena maya, kiucid utpadya *) vyakhyana« 
 krtam." 
 
 Again at the end of the whole work we read: 
 
 „iti Qri-Suryadeva-l^ajvana viracitaryabhaiaprakagas samapta^ | iti Q'ri-Candracekhara- 
 varalabdhavagvibhavena Qri-Baladityasuta-Suryacaryaqishyewa Yallayakhyena vipa(^cita 
 Aryabha^aprokta-golapadasya kificit tatparyavyakhyanar/e krtam." 
 
 From a casual expression in the same manuscript (p. 48) I gather that once there 
 existed several commentaries t) on the works of Sryabhato. The passage rmis thus : 
 
 „etad-api dingmatreaasmabhir uktam, vistaratas tu Bhashyadishu drashiavyam." 
 
 Whether the works alluded to are still extant is a question that waits for an 
 answer from learned Hmdus or Europeans having access to unexplored Indian libraries. 
 In the mean while this edition of the Iryash^agatam wiU, it is hoped, be conducive to 
 a more accurate knowledge of the ancient astronomer's system , and stimulate the interest 
 of Indian and European scholars. It will be understood that with the scanty, however 
 valuable, materials at my disposal, I could not attempt to constitute the text such 
 as the author published it. What I could give, is the text Paramadi^vara had 
 before him. 
 
 In spelling and mterpunction I have kept close to the. manuscripts, with this ex- 
 ception that the doubling of consonants after the r has been done away with, and the 
 dental I substituted to the lingual one, corresponding with the Nagari ^. Here and 
 there I have added words of my own to fill up ugly gaps, e. g. p. 97, 1. 15, sq. 
 
 *) The word ulpi!dt/a is liere uuintelligible, at least to mc. One would espect vistlnja or some synonymous term. 
 t) The commentary by Bhfltavisli»u must have been one of them. See Pn.f. Whitney, Journ- Amcr. Or. Soc. 
 VI. 561.
 
 XII 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Such passages are marked by ( ). Another form of brackets indicates that the included 
 words are spurious. 
 
 I gladly avail myself of this opportimity openly to acknowledge the kindness of 
 Dr. BuKKBLL in leaving at niy disposal his valuable manuscripts, and the friendly assist- 
 ance of my friend Dr. Host in procuring me materials from the London libraries. Let 
 both receive my warmest thanks ! 
 
 Leiden, July 10th 1874. 
 
 H. KEEN.
 
 
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 iWoSfi 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is DUF. on the last date stamped below. 
 
 DISCHARGE-URU, 
 
 /(!' ■ o 1979 
 
 PSD 2338 9/77 
 
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 iNiimiir" 
 
 000 012 1 
 
 56