/ COLLOQUIAL SPANISH COLLOQUIAL FRENCH COLLOQUIAL GERMAN COLLOQUIAL HINDUSTANI COLLOQUIAL ITALIAN LANGUAGE-STUDENTS MANUAL E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 681 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK COLLOQUIAL SPANISH By WILLIAM ROBERT PATTERSON F.R.G.S., F.R.A.S., M.R.A.S., F.R.A.I., M.C.P., Etc. Author of " Language-Student's Manual " NEW YORK E. P. BUTTON & COMPANY 681 FIFTH AVENUE COPYRIGHT, 1919 By E. P. BUTTON & COMPANY All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America. PREFACE THIS work is intended for those who desire to acquire a fair knowledge of the Castilian tongue in the shortest possible time. It makes no pretension to completeness, but when the student arrives at the end of it, having mastered its contents, he should be able to write and speak the language with a very fair degree of accuracy. Practice with natives and with Spanish literature will be necessary for perfect understanding. I am greatly indebted to Captain A. T. Smith for his criticism and for his kind assistance in correcting the proofs. W. R. P. El hombre que sabe dos idiomas vale dos hombres. (The man who knows two languages is worth two men.) 2083057 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAQB I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 1 II. PRONUNCIATION 7 III. THE FIRST LESSON - 13 IV. THE SECOND LESSON - 25 V. THE THIRD LESSON - 37 VI. THE FOURTH LESSON - 50 VII. THE FIFTH LESSON - 64 VIII. THE SIXTH LESSON - 77 IX. THE SEVENTH LESSON - 92 X. THE EIGHTH LESSON - - 103 XI. THE NINTH LESSON - - 113 XH. THE TENTH LESSON - - 124 XIII. THE ELEVENTH LESSON - - 136 XIV. THE TWELFTH LESSON 145 APPENDIX - - - - - 155 SCOPE OF LESSONS LESSON 1. Masculine and Feminine and Plural of Nouns. Presents of Auxiliary Verbs, Haber, Tener, Ser, Estar. Vocabulary. Numbers. Con- versation. LESSON 2. Possessive Pronouns Regular Conjugations. Personal Pronouns. Comparison of Adjec- tives. Vocabulary. Conversation. LESSON 3. Imperatives. Conversation. A Verse. Diminutives and Augmentatives. LESSON 4. Futures of Verbs. Participles. Changes in Form of Verbs. Vocabulary. Conversa- tion. LESSON 5. Imperfect. Conditional. Past Definite. A Verse. Reflexive Verbs. Further Ex- amples of Diminutives and Augmentatives. A Story. An Anecdote. A Verse. LESSON 6. A Story. Verbs with ' d.' Verbs with ' de, con, en.' Subjunctive. Conjugations of Irregular Verbs. Conversation. Use of Subjunctive. Further Conversation. x. SCOPE OF LESSONS LESSON 7. Adverbs. A Story. A Story. The Rainbow. Vocabulary. A Story. Conversation. Seasons, Days, Months. LESSON 8. A Story. Appearances. An Anecdote. An Amusing Epitaph. Some Relationships. Senses. Psychological Terms. A Joke. A Chestnut. A Riddle in Verse. A Story. Parts of the Body. LESSON 9. Forming Sentences. Conversation. An Epi- gram. Three Riddles. Proverbs. An Anecdote. An Anecdote. Plant Life. Animal Life. Bird Life. Fish Life. LESSON 10. Conversation. A Riddle. Domestic Articles. Foods. LESSON 11. Thoughts. Inglaterra. A Story. Countries and Towns. Military Terms. Marine Terms. Trades, Professions, and Digni- ties. Commercial Terms. LESSON 12. The Bull-fight (Fenian Caballero). Captain Harvey (Victor Hugo). Clothing. Colloquial Spanish CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY REMARKS COMPARATIVELY, the Spanish tongue is not a difficult one to acquire. The pronunciation is simple, following fixed rules, and the accidence and syntax, in a broad sense, will present very few stumbling-blocks. In questions of advanced style all languages, of course, become compli- cated in their construction. This point, however, may be dismissed for the time being, since we are to learn the idiom from the beginning and in its simplest form at first in order to prepare a solid foundation for the more difficult work later. The student of Spanish is fortunate in having ready at his command a fairly extensive vocabulary, due to the resemblance of many Spanish words, in both orthography and meaning, with English ones. I select any Spanish work at random from my book- case and encounter, in the opening pages, the following words, which the reader will recognise and understand at once, even though the spelling may not be, in every case, exactly that of English Volumen Literature Moderno Valor Principal Extenso Publico Personal Autor Existir Clasico Qficial 2 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Idea Horror Compatriota Actual Vital Silencioso Indirecto Filosofo Ultimo Atm6sfera Amoroso Literario Most English words ending in '-ion' have *-i6n' in Spanish Consideracion Publicacion Investigacion Explication Defmicion Generation Cuesti6n Iforcion Acci6n Repulsion Habitation Concepci6n Creacion Indication Observaci6n Emotion Manifestaci6n Impresion Sensacion Importaci6n The English substantive ending ' -ty ' is usually found in Spanish as ' -dad ' Sinceridad Austeridad Idealidad Realidad Generosidad Temeridad Ciudad (city) Tranquilidad Universidad Sinceridad The suffix * -ly ' of English adverbs becomes in Spanish -mente ' Profundamente Momentdneamente Frecuentamente Greneralmente The foregoing are but a few instances of the clos relationship between the English and Spanish tongues ; there are hosts of others. If the student will scan the 3 columns of any Spanish periodical he will discover dozens of words strongly resembling English ones ; it remains for him to master the intervening words, the purport of which he, as a beginner, will, of course, understand. This quick recognition of likeness will give him very little assistance in speaking the tongue, though the know- ledge that his work is, to a great extent, simplified will, without doubt, tend to encourage him. Few of the Spanish words I have chosen as examples would be understood by a native of Spain if they were pronounced by a Briton who knew no Spanish. The explanation is that both our vowels and consonants have sometimes other values than are found in Spanish, and vice versd, as I will show in the chapter dealing with pronunciation. The student who learns a foreign language merely for the purpose of reading is depriving himself of manifold pleasures, and will never attain originality ; there is as much fascination in speaking and writing as in reading. Now, it is quite a simple matter to grasp the signifi- cation of some words by studying the context, but it is by no means easy to recall a word at any given moment. It requires, therefore, very little effort to read and com- prehend what one reads. The question of speaking and writing is entirely another matter, and demands a certain degree of fluency on the student's part, which can only be obtained by constant repetition. By constantly repeating a word or phrase it becomes absorbed by the brain without any effort of will and can generally be recalled instantly. Hundreds of expressions that are stored away somewhere in our brain-cells have been retained there by constant repetition. One of the secrets of modern advertising lies in bringing certain words, phrases, or illustrations continually before the eye of the public. It is, indeed, a very successful method. 4 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Consider, for a moment, the number of advertisements which you can remember having seen at various periods of your life. We have no reason to memorise these things, yet it is inevitable that we should do so, for they are thrust upon us at every turn, in our periodicals, at the railway station, on moving vehicles, and on walls. The result of this constant repetition is clear ; we memorise what we see by what may be termed a process of gradual absorption. By such a means we are less likely to forget than if we taxed the brain heavily over a short period. This is the best of all systems to adopt in the study of modern foreign languages, and even those words which resemble English words in their orthography must be treated in the same way. A large vocabulary is of little value unless it can be used for purposes of reading, writing, and speaking. I do not intend this work to be a complete guide to the Spanish tongue, for there exist so many already, and, moreover, my purpose would not be served by so doing. I propose only to teach the colloquial idiom with such idiomatic expressions as may be encountered in daily speech. An augmented vocabulary will only be necessary after the reader has mastered the contents of this book. The ordinary cheap phrase-books should be eschewed altogether by beginners, since the majority of them give only one probable answer to each question and will certainly not lead to versatility. I have found, from personal experience, that students learn with increased speed if they gesticulate moderately whilst repeating certain passages. It may be suggested that expressive Spanish is rich in gesticulation, which ought to be practised by learners. Another point that requires special attention is the method of utterance. The beginner must neither mumble nor whisper when INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 5 practising any phrase or passage, for mobility of the organs of speech is more than necessary to fluent articulation. The lips and the tongue especially should be mobile and the jaws must be given fuller play than is usual in speaking the English tongue. Many beginners, in their efforts to speak like a native and overcome by their own enthusiasm, imagine that rapidity of utterance tends to render their meaning clearer; but this is quite a mis- guided idea and does not constitute fluency. A man may be a fluent speaker, though a slow and deliberate one ; on the other hand, another may declaim with great speed and yet make no pretence to fluency on account of the poorness of his grammar. It is rarely necessary to speak hurriedly. The tonic accent in Spanish is placed usually upon the penultimate syllable ; i.e., the syllable before the last ; elsewhere it is indicated by a graphic sign. ' Tone ' takes a very important place in the study of foreign tongues and, unfortunately, very little attention is paid to it in teaching, for it is not only conducive to clear understanding, but it lends, at the same time, valuable assistance to the memory. ' Tone ' is more than pronunciation ; it is that vocai quality which distinguishes the native from the foreigner. Though it may not be taught by means of a book, it can be acquired from the native. Language-study ought never to be forced, yet one should concentrate all one's thoughts upon the lesson while it is in progress, and this can always be done without tiresome effort. The amount of labour entailed in the acquirement of a foreign speech is as nothing compared to the benefit an intelligent individual may reap from such knowledge, for it uot only brings its own reward as an asset to one's 6 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS education, and, incidentally, to one's profession, but it also provides an admirable training for the brain in any other work it may be called upon to do. Now, take this book with you on your walks into the country and read aloud as you go. This is the healthiest form of study. Take it with you into the garden, on your daily journeys to and from your place of business, and on your holidays, and read either aloud or silently, even for a brief period. Remember that every odd minute is of value. Strive to cultivate persistency, and if you cannot go forward with your work, do not, on any account, fall behind. When you do not feel sufficiently energetic to undertake the study of a new chapter it would be a wise plan to read over the back work. There should be a frequent revision of all that has been done, for this forms the foundation of one's knowledge, and it is quite evident that one's progress depends upon the soundness of the elementary work. Do not imagine, because a Spanish word resembles its English equivalent, that less notice should be taken of it, but learn it as carefully as you do the rest, giving special attention to its pronunciation. CHAPTER II PRONUNCIATION VERY few of the Spanish sounds will trouble the Briton. The vowels are pronounced as follows A, as English ' a ' in ' art ' and ' father.' E, as English ' a ' in ' fame,' spoken quickly without any suspicion of a diphthong. I, as English ' ee ' in ' meet,' spoken quickly. 0, as English ' o ' in ' poet ' or ' wrote.' U, as English * oo ' in ' boot ' or the ' o ' of * whose.' In order to obtain the correct value of the above sounds in Spanish, the English equivalents should, as I have stated, be spoken quickly, since the Spaniards never drawl or prolong their vowels in conversation. The following consonants are sounded as in English : f, 1, m, n, p, s, t. The difference between ' b ' and ' v ' is sometimes almost indistinguishable. The beginner, however, should give to each its English value. ' C ' before ' a,' ' o,' or ' u ' is sounded as in ' cake ' ; when followed by * e ' or ' i ' it resembles a faint ' th ' in ' thank.' As English 'th' As'c'in' cake' Cebra (zebra). Caballo (horse). Cedro (cedar). Cabeza (head). Cera (wax). Cabello {hair). Certificado (certificate). Cocina (kitchen). Cerveza (beer). Codo (elbow). 8 PRONUNCIATION Cierto (certain). Cuatro (four). Cigarro (cigar). Cuchara (spoon). Cinco * (five). Cuello (neck). Civilizacion (civilisation). Cuna (cradle). * Ch ' is pronounced as in * church.' * D ' resembles English ' d ' ; sometimes at the end of words it sounds like a very faint *th,' as in 'that,' es- pecially the final ' d ' of ' -dad ' (ciudad, universidad, etc.). ' G ' before 'a,' ' o ' or ' u ' resembles the English ' g ' in the word * garter ' ; before ' e ' and ' i ' it is equivalent to the German * ch ' in ' loch ' and the Scots * ch ' in the same word. As * g in' garter ' As Scots ' ch ' Gaceta (gazette). General (general). Gobierno (government). Gitano (gipsy). Gusto (taste, pleasure). Gemelo (twin}. Guarda (guard). Genero (genus). Graeso (thick). Girasol (sunflower). ' H ' is always silent. *J' is always guttural : it resembles the Scots and German * ch ' in ' loch,' and the Spanish ' g ' before ' e ' and ' i.' Jabon (soap). Jamas (never). Jardin (garden). Jefe (chief). Joven (youth). Judfo (Jew). Jibia (cuttkfish). Juego (game). Jueves (Thursday). Julio (July). Juez (judge). Junio (June). ' LI ' sounds like the ' 111 ' of ' billiards ' or the ' U ' followed by ' y ' in ' will you ? ' The Spanish word for 1 This word contains both sounds. PRONUNCIATION 9 ' horse '' caballo 'might, in English, be written ' cabal'yo.' ' Que- ' is pronounced as English * kay,' spoken quickly and not drawled. ' Qui- ' resembles the English word ' key,' also spoken quickly. Qui- Quebrar (to break). Quieto (quiet). Quedar (to stay). Quimica (chemistry). Quemar (to burn). Quinto (fifth). * R ' must always be clearly sounded in Spanish ; this is most important ; it has practically the same phonetic value as the Scots ' r.' ' Rr ' will need more care still, since it is, of course, a double Spanish ' r ' and therefore doubly rolled. It must be distinguished from the single ' r ' always in order to avoid confusion, as in the case of the words ' pero ' and ' perro,' the former signifying ' but ' and the latter ' dog.' ' N ' may be identified with the ' ni ' of ' onion ' or the ' ny ' of ' canyon ' ; the latter is written ' canon ' in Spanish. ' Z ' is pronounced like the English ' th ' in ' think.' Whenever diphthongs occur, each vowel contained in them must be clearly sounded. The appended list of words should be repeated over and over again until the student is able to pronounce the whole number without hesitation and without undue effort. Approximate English values are given in each case, and only those letters which are underlined are to be sounded. Ciudad (town). Theme-mood-Arthur. Minuto (minute). Me-noo-tone. Fiel (faithful). Fee-elbow. 10 PRONUNCIATION Muy (very). Huelga (strike). Dueno (owner). Dla (day). Tiempo (time). Padre (father). Pues (then). Cielo (sky, heaven). Viuda (widow). Pluma (pen). Hay (there is). Pie (foot). Muchacho (boy). Reloj (watch). Y (and). Dos (two). Bueno (good). Bolsillo (purse). Sobre (on). Saber (to know). Moon-eel. Well-garter. D-wain-yole. Dee-art. T-yem-pony. Palm-drake. P-west (' e ' open). Thhik-yale-O. View-dark. Plume-mart. Mine. P-^ale. Moon-charm-choke. Ray-loch (Scots and German). Meet. Dose. B- way-note. Bowl-seal-yoke. So-brake. Psalm-bear. In the following words the guttural (strongly aspirated) ' j ' and ' g ' are written as ' h ' for convenience. Ligero (light). Jabon (soap). Dijo (he said). General (general). Lee-hair-0. Harm-bonnet. Dee-ho. Hen-air-alhambra. In Spanish, in words of more than one syllable ending in a vowel, a diphthong, or ' n ' or ' a,' the tonic accent PRONUNCIATION n falls upon the penultimate, unless any other syllable bears a graphic accent. If the word ends in any con- sonant but 'n' or 's,' the tonic accent falls upon the ultimate. Penultimate Ultimate Muchacho (boy). Verdad (truth). Carmen (carmen). Mujer (woman). Martes (Tuesday). Fuf (was). Inmediatamente (immediately). Veloz (swift). Ventana (window). Tambiln (also). Enfadado (angry). Agitacidn 1 (agitation), Some words are accented elsewhere, as it has been explained, and, in this case, they always bear the graphic accent, as in the following Cr6nica (chronick). Habito (costume). Vehfculo (vehicle). Id&itico (identical). Cientifico (scientific). Picaro (rascal). The Spanish ' r ' and ' rr ' are, as I have said, entitled to as much care as any other letter of the alphabet ; the student would do well to practise the following lines over and over again in a loud voice in order to perfect his pronunciation of this sound " R con r, cigarro ; 2 R con r, barril ; Rapidos corren los carros Del ferrooarril." 1 All words ending in ' -don ' are accented upon the syllable ' -6n.' 2 Pronounce ' r ' aa ' ay-ray ' (fate-rate) abruptly. 12 PRONUNCIATION The translation runs ** R with r, cigar ; . R with r, barrel ; Rapid run the cars Of the railway." In terminating this chapter I should like to urge the student to seek the aid and advice of any Spanish lady or gentleman whom he may encounter at any time or in any place ; for, let it be agreed, half-an-hour's practice with a native will teach him more than he would learn from any book over a similar period. Let him understand, too, that Spanish vowels are pure vowels, and that the majority of English ones are not pure, tending rather to resemble diphthongs. All the English vowels, therefore, in the phonetic equivalents previously given are to be spoken abruptly in order to lessen any danger of their being converted into diphthongs in the pronunciation of Spanish words. Every vowel in Spanish, whether single or in com- bination to form diphthongs and triphthongs, is to be given its full value. Pausa (pause). Papa-ooze-arm. Rey (king). Rate-eel. Tambien (also). Tar-m-bee-enemy. Seals (that you be). Same-art-east. CHAPTER III THE FIBST LESSON SPANISH nouns are either masculine or feminine, and their respective definite articles are ' el ' (masc.) and * la * (fern.). The article ' lo ' is used with adjectives and possessive pronouns having an abstract sense. El libro = The book. La casa = The house. Lo bueno = The good. Lo mio = Mine (what belongs to me). The definite article changes in the plural, thus El = Los. La = Las. With very few exceptions, nouns ending in ' o ' are masculine and those in * a ' feminine. Masculine Fetninine El tio (untie). La tia (aunt). El hermano (brother). La hermana (sister). El cuchillo (knife). La pluma (pen). El cuadro (picture). La mesa (table). A few words ending in * a ' are masculine, such as = Poet. = Axe. = Soul. El dfa = Day. El tema = Exercise ; etc. 14 THE FIRST LESSON Similarly, a word ending in ' o ' may be feminine, such as ' la mano ' (hand). This point is so striking, however, that those words which present such a peculiarity are easily committed to memory. The best plan to adopt in learning the Spanish nouns is to repeat the article with each one, associating the one with the other. It should be noted, however, that nouns ending in ' -ci6n ' and ' d ' are feminine. La ciudad = Town, city. La salud = Health. La Iecci6n = Lesson. La sociedad --- Society. La pasion ----- Passion. La nacion = Nation. To form the plural of nouns an ' s ' is added, and the article is also subject to change. When the noun ends in a consonant ' es ' is added. Singular Plural El amigo (friend). Los amigos (friend). La amiga (friend). Las amigas (friends). El hombre (man). Los hombres (men). La mujer (woman). Las mujeres (women). El libro (book). Los libros (books). La ciudad (town). Las ciudades (towns). El arbol (tree). Los arboles (trees). El color (colour). Los colores (colours). La rosa (rose). Las rosas (roses), La leccion (lesson). Las lecciones (lessons). Note that whenever a substantive ends in ' z * this letter changes to ' c * before ' es ' is added, as La luz (tight). Las luces. THE FIRST LESSON 15 Also, most nouns which end in a vowel carrying a graphic accent add ' es * to form the plural, as El rubf (ruby). Los rubies. The position of the graphic accent does not change. Let us now commit to memory the present indicative tenses of the verbs ' to have ' and ' to be.' These need some explanation, since there are two of each. These are To have. (I). Haber. (2). Tener. To be. (1). Ser. (2). Estar. For the present, let the following explanations suffice ' Haber ' is an auxiliary verb. Yo ho estado = I have been. ' Tener ' signifies ' to have ' (to hold). Yo tengo = / have (I hold). ' Ser ' suggests the idea of a permanent state. Yo soy soldado 1 ama soldier. ' Estar ' suggests a temporary state. Yo estoy enfermo = I am itt. The correct usage of the two verbs ' ser ' and * estar ' is purely a matter of practice, and its difficulties are apparent even to natives of Spain. Explanations will be given, throughout this book, whenever the tenses of these verbs occur. Present Indicative Haber Tener Ser Estar (I) Yohe Tengo Soy Estoy (thou) Tiihas Tienes Eres Estds (he) El ha Tiene ' Es Est4 16 THE FIRST LESSON Tiene Es Esta Tenemos Somos Estamos Ten6is Sois Estais Tienen Son Estan Tienen Son Estan (she) Ella ha (we) Nosotros hemos (you) Vosotros habeas (they) Ellos ban (they, f.) Ellas ban A short vocabulary follows which will help the student to a better understanding of the phrases which succeed it, and which are to be considered as a foundation for the more comprehensive sentences in later chapters. Do not turn over any page until you have mastered all that is contained therein. All the work in this book is so graduated that no page should prove truly difficult if the past vocabularies and rules and exercises have been honestly treated. VOCABULARY Bueno = good (masc.). Buena - good (tern.). Buenos 1 = good (masc. Buenas = good (fern. plurl.). plur.). El caballero = gentleman, sir. Eldia = day. La tarde afternoon, La noche = night. evening. Este* = this (masc.). La casa = house. Esto - this (neut.). Esta = this (fern.). Del of the (masc.). De = /. De los = of the (masc. Dela = of the (fern.). plur.). Delas = of the (fern. Como? = how? plur.). Bien = well. Muy = very. Que? - what? Gracias (fern. thanks. El palacio = palace. plur.) Ni ni = neither El ediflcio - building. nor. El teatro theatre. Una (fern.) - a. Un (raasc.) = a. No no ; not. Un senor = a gentleman, Senorita = young lady, sir. miss. V.orVd. = you.* El periodico = newspaper. 1 Adjectives agree, in gender and number, with the nouns they qualify. * Also 'ese, esa, eso,' but usually signifying 'that.' * Pronounced ' oo-sted ' (' d ' as *th ') ; a polite form used only with the third person singular of the verb. THE FIRST LESSON 17 El libro = book. Dos = two. El padre = father. La verdad = truth. El perro = dog. Sino = but. Si = yes. Uno = one. No sino Contento Much a (fern.) - only. = content. = much. Much o (masc .) = much ; a lot of. Muchos (masc. = many. plur.) Much as (fern. = many. Porqu6 ? = why ? plur.) Mi = my. Porque = because. El hermano = brother. n/tfh'ittfi T Q K fn-TY* r T^ r --'-.. nada) ftAJbflllU** xj He has nothing ? No, but my sister has a lot of money. Is she rich, your sister ? = Yes, but my brother is poor. What is that ? - It is a hat. = Who is this gentleman ? = It is my friend. = What has he ? = He has nothing. Have you anything ? - Yes, I have this news- paper. = Who is this man ? = He is my neighbour. = Is he rich ? = No, he is very poor. = What is your name ? (How do you call your- self?) = I am called John (I call myself John). = What is this man's name ? (How calls himself this man ?) = His name is Peter. THE FIRST LESSON 31 Tiene e"l una hermana ? = Has he a sister ? Tiene cinco = He has five. Quo" hombre ! = What a man ! Porque" ? = Why ? Porque tiene cinco her- = Because he has five manas ! sisters. Cuantas hermanas tiene How many sisters have V. ? you ? No tengo sino una = I have only one. Cuantos hijos tiene esta == How many sons has this mujer ? woman ? No SB* ! =1 don't know. Como, V. no sabe ? = What, 1 you don't know ? No, pero se que tiene una = No, but I know that she hi] a. has a daughter. Es guapa la hija ? = Is she pretty, the daugh - ter? Si, senor, es muy guapa = Yes, sir, she is very pretty. Que edad tiene ella ? = How old is she ? (What age has she?) Creo que tiene diez y seis = I believe that she is anos sixteen years old. (I believe that she has ten and six years). Cuantos anos tiene esa = How old is that young senorita ? lady ? No tiene sino catorce anos = She is only fourteen and y medio a half. Es muy joven ! = She is very young. Mi padre es muy viejo = My father is very old . Y mi madre tambien = And my mother also. 1 In such a case, ' what ! ' becomes ' como ? ' in Spanish, re- sembling the French ' comment ? ' THE FIRST LESSON C6mo se dice ' nine ' en = espanol ? Se dice * nueve,' senor = Y como se dice ' nueve ' en = aleinan ? No s6, senor = No sabe V. aleman ? = No, senor, porque no me = gusta Habla V. francos ? No, amigo, pero mi her- = mano lo habla muy bien Habla el ingle's ? No lo habla = Porqu6 no ? = Porque no lo sabe = D6nde esta el libro ? = Estd en el cuarto Si, pero en qu6 cuarto ? = En el cuarto de mi hijo C6mo se llama aquella = senora ? Se llama senora Romanes = Que tiene en la mano ? Tiene un periodic espanol = Habla ella espanol ? Ella habla no solamente espanol pero tambien ing!4s How does one say * nine ' in Spanish ? = One says * nueve,' sir. = And how does one say ' nueve * in German ? = I don't know, sir. = Don't you know German ? = No, sir, because I don't like (it). = Do you speak French ? = No, friend, but my brother speaks it very well. -- --- Does he speak English ? = He doesn't speak it. = Why not ? = Because he doesn't know it. = Where is the book. = It is in the room. = Yes, but in which room ? = In my son's room. = What is that lady's name ? = She is called Mrs. Romanes. = What has she in her (the) hand ? = She has a Spanish news- paper. = Does she speak Spanish ? = She speaks not only Spanish but also Eng- lish. THE FIRST LESSON 23 Es este libro bueno ? = is this book good ? Si, caballero, es muy bueno = Yes, sir, it is very good. Es esta naranja buena ? = Is this orange good ? No, amigo, es mala == No, friend, it is bad. Quien tiene mi lapiz ? = Who has my pencil ? Mi primo lo tiene My cousin has it. De quien es esta flor ? = Whose (of whom) is this flower ? Es de mi prima = It is my cousin's (fern.). Esta el soldado en casa ? = Is the soldier at home ? No, senor, no esta en casa = No, sir, he is not at home. Dbnde esta ? = Where is he ? No 86, senor = I don't know, sir. Porque* no lo sabe V. ? = Why don't you know it ? Porque no me gusta ese = Because I don't like that soldado soldier. Adios ! = Good-bye ! Notes The student will undoubtedly have remarked a few peculiarities in the foregoing exercise which will have led him to seek an explanation of them. (1). The various parts of a verb may be used without the pronoun, customary in English. Hence the Span- iard will say * es ' for ' he is ' or ' she is ' or ' it is ' or ' you are ' (with ' Vd.'). (2). Some words precede the verb in Spanish where they follow it in English, as in ' No lo se ! ' signifying ' I don't know it ! ' Here ' lo ' (it) precedes the verb 'seV This order of words in the sentence must be closely studied by the beginner, for it bears greatly upon both clear understanding and intelligible expression. We shall notice the same 24 THE FIRST LESSON point later with respect to adjectives and the nouns they qualify. (3). ' De ' signifies * of.' Since it has a possessive signifi- cation, it becomes equivalent to the English * 's,' so that ' de mi padre ' may be translated into English either ' of my father ' or ' my father's.' (4). Notice the difference between ' esta ' (without an accent) signifying ' this,' and ' esta ' (with an accent) signifying ' is.' (5). It should be observed that Spanish adjectives agree, both in gender and number, with the nouns they accompany. The adjective ' good ' used with a masculine singular noun is therefore ' bueno,' with a feminine singular noun ' buena,' with the plurals ' buenos ' and ' buenas ' according to gender. (6). In order to make a sentence interrogative the verb precedes the pronoun. There is, in such cases, no Spanish equivalent for our interrogative ' do ? ' and ' does ? ' (7). Take care over the pronunciation of words which are spelled alike yet differently accented ; ' esta ' and ' porque ' are accented on the first syllable ; ' esta ' and ' porque* ' on the final syllable. To accentuate wrongly is to be misunderstood, of course. CHAPTER IV THE SECOND LESSON THE student ought on no account to commence the study of this lesson until he has mastered every rule and Spanish word and sentence in the previous chapter. By employing those odd moments, precious enough, which occur through- out the day in a careful revision and repetition of them, he will discover that language-learning is not so difficult as is popularly imagined, nor so irksome. The possessive pronouns in Spanish are English Sing. Plur, 1. My Mi Mis Thy Tu Tus His (her, its) Su Sus Our Nuestro,-a Nuestros,-as Your Vuestro,-a Vuestros,-as Their Su Sus 2. Mine Mio,-a Mios,-as Thine Tuyo,-a Tiiyos,-as His (her, its) Suyo,-a Suyos,-as Ours Nuestro,-a Nuestros,-as Yours Vuestro,-a Vuestros,-as Theirs Suyo,-a Suyos,-as There are three conjugations of verbs, their infinitives ending respectively in ' -ar,' ' -er,' and ' -ir.' 26 THE SECOND LESSON Their present indicative tenses are as follows Amor Tenter Partir (to love) Yo amo TO amas Elama Nosotros amamos Vosotros amais Ellos aman (to fear) (to part, divide) Temo Parto Temes Partes Teme Parte Tememos Partimos Temeis Partis Temen Parten Their past participles are Amado (loved). Temido (feared). Partido (divided). The personal pronouns are Norn. Ace. Dot. /. Yo. Me. Me (a mi). Thou. Tu. Te(ati). Te (a ti). He (it). El. Le, lo (4 el). Le (a el). She (it). Ella. La (a ella). Le (a ella). It. Ello. Lo (a ello). Lo (a ello). We. Nosotros. Nos (a nosotros). Nos (a nosotros) You. Vosotros. Os (a vosotros). Os (a vosotros). They (masc.). Ellos. Los (a ellos). Les (a ellos). They (fern.). Ellas. Las (a ellas). Les (a ellas). The degrees of comparison of adjectives are formed thus- Feliz = Happy. Mns fp.Kz mi*. - r/>A Tin/nrai f.Ji.nn The superlatives are formed thus El mas feliz = The happiest. El menos feliz = The least happy. Study carefully the following irregularities- THE SECOND LESSON 27 Good. Bad. Large. Small. High. Lots. Positive. Bueno. Malo. Grande. Pequeno. Alto. Bajo. Comparative. Mejor. Peor. Mayor. Menor. Superior. Inferior. Superlative. El mejor (6ptimo). El peor (pesimo). El major (maximo). El menor (mfnimo). El superior (supremo). El inferior (infimo). Turning again to the verb, it should be noted that in general the word ' you ' is translated by ' V.' (or ' Vd.' in some works), and is used with the third person singular of the verb-tense. The plural form ' Vs. '(or ' Yds.') is used with the third person plural, and is pronounced ' Oo-sted- ez,' accented on ' sted.' VOCABULARY Voy / go. Vengo = / come. Vas tfuni goest. Vienes thou earnest. Va he goes. Viene he comes. Vamos = we go. Venimos = we come. Vais = you go. Venis = you come. Van they go. Vienen = they come. Ahi there. Trabaja = he works. Nada (no = nothing. Quiero = / want. nada) La raano = hand. Quiera he wants. 1 El reloj watch. El aqua = water. La botella bottle. Hay = there is, there are. Poco, poca = little. Pocos, pocas = few. Siento I feel (I am El oro = gold. sorry). La plata = silver. Enfermo = ill. Puede = he (it, she) can. Tener hambre = lobe hungry. Tener sed = to be thirsty. El vaso = glass. El vino = wine. Vender = to sell. Vende he sells. Cuanto (masc.) =- how much ? Costar to cost. Cuanta (fern.) = how much ? Cuesta = it costs. Barato - cheap. Caro dear. Otro, a other. Alto, a = high, tall. Gordo, a = fat, stout. Para for. El mes - month. Hennoso, a = pretty. El idioma = language. La lengua language. Bastante = enough. Hacer it) make, do. Hace = does, makes. 1 Note that ' quiere ' is also used with ' ella ' (she) and ' Vd.' (you). 28 THE SECOND LESSON El frio --- cold (coldness). El calor = heat. La ciudad = town. Gustar --= to taste, like. Talvez =* perhaps, may- Estudiar = to study. be. Aprender = to learn. El tiempo = time ; weather. Quiere Vd. ? = do you want, Quiero = / want, wish. wish, love ? love. Querer to want, wish, La lastima = pity, grief. love. La cosa thing. Entonccs = then. El aqua 6 -~^ 6 water. La cerveza T a VPT = beer. Ni ni ertfier or. Lja \%Zt time (o na }. nor. Cuando when. De vez en = from time to cuando time. La manana morning. Elcate = coffee. Tomar = to take. Dar = to give. Un pedazo = piece, bit. Doy = 1 give. D6 (Vd.) = give ! Das thougivest. Tome (Vd.) = take ! Da - he gives. Traiga (Vd.) = bring ! 1 Damos we give. Venga(Vd.) = come ! 1 Dais = you give. Vaya (Vd.) = go / l Dan they give. El jardin = garden. Aqui = here. Con with. Conmigo - with me. Sobre = on. La mesa = table. La manteca = butter. El favor favour, kind- (mantequilla) ness. Por = by, for. El placer = pleasure. Desear = to wish, desire. Pronunciar = to pronounce. La pronuncia- = pronuncia- Mandar - to send. ci6n tion. Mande (Vd.) = send. Alfjo - anything, something. La semana week. Escriba (Vd.) = write. Escribir = to write. El cuchillo = knife. La carta = letter. Feliz = happy. La caja = box. Amar - to love. Triste = sad. Diffcil - difficult. Facil = easy. Viejo = old. Joven = young. Puedo = I can. Poder = lobe able (can). Pueden = They can. Vd. puede = he can. El paquete = parcel. Dispense Vd. ! pardon (you) ! Alii, ahi = there. Recibir = to receive. 1 Infinitives : ' Traer,' * Venir,' ' Ir.' These verbs are irregular in their conjugation. 2 All words ending in ' ci6n ' are feminine, * French ' pouvoir.' THE SECOND LESSON 29 CONVERSATIONAL MATTER De donde vienen Yds., senores ? Venimos del teatro Quien est& ahi ? Mi padre esta ahi Quie"n es Vd. ? Un soldado del rey, seiioi' = Que" quiere Vd. ? No quiero nada Que" quiere este hombre 'i Creo que quiere dinero Porque quiere dinero ? Porque es un hombre rauy pobre Porque" es pobre ? Porque no trabaja Porque no trabaja ? Porque es perezoso Porque" es perezoso ? Porque no quiere trabajar = Es perezoso tambien su padre ? Si, es perezoso Es perezosa tambien su madre ? Si, pero no tin perezosa como su padre = Where do you come from, gentlemen ? = We come from the theatre. = Who is there ? = My father is there. = Who are you ? = A soldier of the king, sir. = What do you want ? = I want nothing. = What does this man want? I believe (think) he wants money. = Why does he want money ? Because he is a very poor man. Why is he poor ? . Because he doesn't work. Why doesn't he work ? : Because he is lazy. : Why is he lazy ? Because he doesn't want to work. Is his father also lazy ? Yes, he is lazy. : Is his mother also lazy ? Yes, but not so lazy as his father. 30 THE SECOND LESSON Qu6 tiene Vd. en la mano ? = What have you in your hand ? No tengo nada en la mano I have nothing in my derecha right hand. Pero qu6 tiene Vd. en la = But what have you in mano izquierda ? your left hand ? Tengo mi reloj = I have my watch. Hay agua en la botella ? = Is there any water in the bottle ? Oreo que hay muy poca = I think (believe) there is very little. No hay vino en esta = There is no wine in this botella ! bottle ! Lo siento mucho ! = I am very sorry ! Es de oro 6 de plata ese = Is this watch of gold or reloj ? of silver ? No se, pero creo que es de = I don't know, but I think plata it is of silver. Esta Vd. enfermo ? = Are you ill ? No, amigo, no estoy en- = No, friend, I'm not ill. fermo Tiene hambre su amigo de = Is your friend hungry ? Vd. 2 1 Puede ser ! = It may be ! (Perhaps). Tiene sed tambien ? = Is he thirsty also ? No lo creo ! = I don't think so ! Quiere Vd. un vaso de vino ? = Do you want a glass of wine ? Si, senor, por favor ! Yes, sir, please ! Tiene este alumno muchos = Has this pupil many amigos ? friends ? No tiene muchos = He hasn't many. 1 'de Vd.' is used to emphasise the meaning of 'your,' because su ' also signifies ' her,' ' its,' and ' their.' THE SECOND LESSON 31 No hay leche ? = Is there no milk ? No, senora, no hay = No, madam, there isn't. Vende Yd. periodicos in- = Do you sell English news - gleses ? papers ? Si, senor, los vendo = Yes, sir, I sell them. Cuanto cuesta este libro ? = How much does this book cost? No cuesta mucho ; es muy It doesn't cost much ; it's barato very cheap. Es caro este ? = Is this dear ? No tan caro como el otro Not so dear as the other. Mi hermano es mas alto = My brother is taller que mi padre than my father. Es verdad ? = Is that so ? (Is it true ?) Si, pero mi henna na es = Yes, but my sister is less uaenos alta que mi madre tall than my mother. Y su tio ? = And your uncle ? Es muy gordo = He is very stout (fat). Y su tia tambien ? = And your aunt, too ? 0, no, senor, ella no es tan -- Oh, noj sir, she isn't so gorda como 41 fat as he is. Es para mi la carta ? = Is the letter for me ? No, senorita, es para ml = No, miss, it is for me. Cuantos meses tiene el = How many months has ano ? the year ? El ano tiene doce meses = The year has twelve months. Adonde va Vd.? = Where are you going ? Voy al teatro = I am going to the theatre. Con quiin ? = With whom ? Con mis hermanas = With my sisters. Son hennosas ? = Are they pretty ? Si, son muy hennosas = Yes, they are very pretty. 32 THE SECOND LESSON D6nde estan sus hijos de = Where are your sons ? Vd.? Estan en Londres = They are in London. Qu6 hace su hija de 61 ? What does his daughter do? No s6 qu6 hace = I don't know what she does. Que idioma habla ? = What language does she speak ? Habla el fiances bastante She speaks French well bien enough. No habla ella otra lengua ? Doesn't she speak any other language ? Creo que no ! l - I don't think so ! Hace frio, hoy ? = Is it cold to-day ? (makes it?) No, senor, hace mucho = No, sir, it is very hot. calor Va Vd. a la ciudad ? = Are you going to town ? Creo que no ; hace frio - I don't think so ; it is too cold. No le gusta el frio ? = Don't you like the cold ? No me gusta = I don't. Le gusta el calor, talvez ? You like the heat, per- haps ? Eso, si ! = That, yes ! Habla Yd. italiano ? Do you speak Italian ? Lo hablo un poco, pero no = I speak it a little, but not mucho much. EstudiaVd. otro idioma? = Are you studying any other language ? No, senora, no tengo bas- No, madam, I have not tante tiempo enough time. 1 Literally ' I think not ' (I think that not). THE SECOND LESSON 33 Talvez trabaja Vd. mucho ! = Perhaps you work a lot ! Si, trabajo todo el dia = Yes, I work all day. Que quiere Vd. comer ? = What do you want to eat? No quiero comer nada = I don't wish to eat any- thing. Que" quiere ella beber ? = What does she want to drink ? Quiere un vaso de vino = She wants a glass of wine. Pero no tengo vino ! = But I have no wine ! Que lastima ! Tiene Vd. = What a pity ! Have you otra cosa ? anything else ? (other thing ?) Si, tengo dos botellas de = Yes, I have two bottles of cerveza beer. No le gusta a ella la cer- = She doesn't like beer ! veza ! Qu6 bebe ella, entonces ? = What does she drink, then? Bebe 6 vino 6 aqua = She drinks either wine or water. Yo no bebo ni vino ni aqua = I drink neither wine nor water. Quo" bebe Vd., entonces ? = What do you drink, then? Bebo una taza de te de vez = I drink a cup of tea from en cuando time to time. No mas ? = Nothing more ? Es decir que, la manana, = That's to say, that, in the tomo una taza de cafe morning, I take a cup of de vez en cuando coffee from time to time. De"me un pedazo de pan ! = Give me a piece of bread ! Torque" ? = Why ? 34 THE SECOND LESSON Porque tengo hambre = Because I am hungry. Traigame el periodico que = Bring me the news- esta en mi cuarto ! paper that is in my room ! No hay ningun periodico en = There is no newspaper su cuarto de Vd. ! in your room ! Donde esta, entonces ? = Where is it, then ? Esta en el jardin = It is in the garden. Traigamelo ! l = Bring me it ! Aqui esta ! = Here it is ! Quiere Vd. vehir conmigo ? = Do you wish to come with me ? Si, lo quiero, senor = Yes, I wish to, sir. Venga, entonces ! = Gome, then ! Vaya Vd. en el cuarto de mi = Go into my brother's hermano y traigame la room and bring me the botella de tinta que esta bottle of ink that is on sobre la mesa ! the table ! Deme un poco de manteca, = Give me a little butter, por favor ! . please. Con mucho placer ! = With much pleasure ! Vaya ! = Go away ! Pero porque ? = But why ? Porque no deseo hablar = Because I don't want to con Vd. speak to you. Porqu6 no ? = Why not ? Porque Vd. no habla bien = Because you don't speak well. Es Vd. inglSs ? = Are you English ? Si, caballero, lo soy = Yes, sir, I am (it). Vd. habla espanol muy bien = You speak Spanish very well. 1 Three words connected: ' Traiga ' (bring); 'me' (to me); lo ' (it). THE SECOND LESSON 35 Es verdad ? = i s that 8O ? (true ?) Si, su pronunciation es muy = Yes, your pronunciation buena (f.) is very g ood Como se pronuncia esta = How is this word pro- palabra, por favor ? l no u need, please ? Se pronuncia asi - - ! = it is pronounced thus ! Mandeme Vd. algo todas = Send me something every las semanas ! week ! Naturalmente ! = Naturally ! Escribe Vd. muchas cartas ? = Do you write many letters ? No muchas, porque no tengo = Not many, because I muchos amigos haven't many friends. Escribame una carta todos = Write me a letter every los dias ! day ! Si Vd. quiere = If you wish. D6nde estan nuestros cu- Where are our knives ? chillos ? Estan en esta caja = They are in this box. Y d6nde estan vuestros = And where are your tenedores ? forks ? Estdn tambie'n alii = They are also there. Estd Vd. feliz ? = Are you happy ? No, amigo, estoy muy triste = No, friend, I'm very sad. Porqu6 est& Vd. triste ? = Why are you sad ? Porque no me a ma ella -- Because she doesn't love me. Estan Vds. felices ? = Are you (plur.) happy ? Si, senor, estamos felices 2 = Yes, sir, we are happy. Cuantos dias tiene una --- - How many days has a semana ? week ? 1 ' How pronounces itself this word ' ; (' se ' means ' itself '). 2 The ' z ' of ' feliz ' and other words changes to ' c ' in the plural. 36 THE SECOND LESSON Una semana tiene siete dias = A week has seven days . Es dificil esta leccion ? Is this lesson difficult ? No, es muy facil No, it is very easy. Es joven aquel ingles ? -= Is that Englishman young ? No, es muy viejo = No, he is very old. Oreo que no es tan viejo I don't believe he is as como mi padre old as my father. Puede ser ! That may be ! (can be.) Puede Vd. decirme quien = Can you tell (say) me who tiene mi sombrero ? has my hat ? Dispense Vd. ; lo tengo = Pardon ; I've got it. Tienen Vds. bastante pan ? - Have you (plur.) enough bread ? Si, senores,tenemos bastante Yes, gentlemen, we have enough. Para qui&i es este paquete ? = For whom is this parcel ? Es para mi primo --- It's for my cousin. Me gusta mucho recibir I like to receive parcels paquetes very much. Yo tarn Men! - So do I ! (I also !) Notes All the sentences in the ' Conversational Matter ' are intended to be read aloud, over and over again, with their necessary ' tone ' and ' expression,' just as though a real conversation were taking place. Reading aloud is the best of all methods to adopt in order that one may become fluent. It is also, with reference to language-study, of wonderful assistance to the memory. Should the student desire written exercises as tests, he can employ the ' Con- versational Matter ' for this purpose. Dozens of other sentences can also be formed by substituting other words. CHAPTER V THE THIRD LESSON HAVING acquired by this time a knowledge of the con- struction of the elementary sentence, it is advisable that the student should be able to give simple orders and com- mands by learning the ' imperative ' mood of the most useful verbs. Now, with reference to this point, the form of an order or command depends entirely upon the person to whom it is given, for Spanish, like most European languages, possesses more forms than in English. Therefore, in giving an order in Spanish, one may employ either the second or third person. The second person singular with ' tu ' is used solely amongst persons of close relationship and amongst friends of long standing. Since it is a very familiar form of address, it would be extremely impolite and, in some cases, insulting, to employ it in any other connection. When addressing single individuals, therefore, the student must, issue his command in the third person single of the imperative with ' Vd.' (Usted), and in the case of several individuals with ' Vds.' Here we have the imperative forms of the four auxil- iaries ' haber,' ' teuer,' ' ser,' and ' cstar.' Haber Tener Re\(Havethou!) Ten! Haya ! (third person singular) Tenga ! Hayamos ! (Let us have /) Tengamos ! Habed ! (Have ! plural) Tened ! liayan ! (Lei lliem have /) Tengan ! 38 S\(Bethou!) Esta! Sea ! Est6 ! Seamos ! Estemos ! Sed ! Estad ! Sean ! Esten ! The regular forms are Amor Temer Pavtvr Ama ! (Love Teme ! (Fear Parte ! (Divide thou!) thou/) thouf) Ame ! (Let him love /) Tema ! Parta ! Amemos ! (Let m love /) Temamos ! Partamos ! Amad ! (Love /) Temed ! Partid ! Amen ! (Let them love /) Teman ! Parian ! The most common irregular verbs form their impera- tives thus Mostrar (to show) l Muestra ! (tii) Show ! (thou) Muestre ! Let him show ! z Andar (to go, walk) Andal(tu) Go /(thou) Ande ! Let him go ! Poner (to put, place) Pon!(tu) Put /(thou) Ponga ! Let Kim put / 1 Only the essential forms are given; that is to say, the second and third persons singular. * Remember that this is the form used with ' Vd. ' (Muestreme Vd. = Show (you) me !). THE THIRD LESSON 39 Traer (to bring) Trae ! (tii) Bring / (thou) Traiga! Let him bring Dormir (to sleep) Duenne ! (tii) Sleep ! (thou) Duenna ! Let him sleep I Pedir (to ask) Kde!(tu) Ask! (thou) Pida ! Let him ask ! Venir (to come) Ven ! (tu) Come ! (thou} Venga ! Let him come ! 1 Ir (to go) Ve!(tu) Go! (thou) Vaya ! Let him go ! * Decir (to say, tell) Di ! (tii) Say, tell ! (thou) Diga ! Let him say, tell f 3 Sentir (to feel) Sientel(tu) Feel! (thou) Sienta ! Let him feel f Hacer (to do, make) Haz!(tu) Do /(thou) Haga ! Let him do ! 1 * Venga aqui ! ' means ' Come here ! ' (or ' Venga Vd. aqui ! ') 2 ' Vaya J ' means ' Go ! ' or ' Go away ! ' (or ' Vaya Vd. ! '). * ' Digame Vd. ! ' means /^ell me ! (you).' 40 THE THIRD LESSON Dar (to give) Da ! (tii) Give I (thou) D6 ! Let him give I These imperatives must be committed to memory, for, at the beginning, the student will have more need to ask and to demand than to employ any other manner of discourse. In the ' Conversational Matter ' which follows will be found sufficient material whereupon to build up innumerable useful phrases for every-day work. This imperative form of sentence is one of the simplest for the beginner, since usually it requires no answer. On the other hand, a sentence such as ' Donde se vende el mejor pan ? ' (Where is sold the best bread?) may give rise to a dozen replies. CONVERSATIONAL MATTER Traigame Vd. un vaso de = Bring me a glass of vino ! l wine ! Lleve Vd. mi equipaje a la = Take my luggage to the casa ! house ! Vaya Vd. en mi cuarto ! = Go into my room ! Suba Vd. a mi cuarto = Go up to my room ! (Subir == To ascend, go up.) Marchemos pronto ! = Let us go at once ! (Pronto = At once.) Indiqueme Vd. la casa del = Show (indicate to) me Mr. Senor Gonzales ! Gonzales' house ! Tenga Vd. la bondad de = Have the kindness to (Bondad Kindness.) 1 It is not always necessary to employ the word ' Vd. ' in issuing a command, the imperative form itself being sufficient. THE THIRD LESSON 41 D&ne Vd. un pedazo de = Give me a piece of pan ! bread ! Mue"stremeVd.elperi6dico!= Show me the news- paper ! Presteme unos lapices ! Lend me a few (some) pencils ! (Prestar = To lend.) (Lapiz (on.) = Pencil.) Aqui estd uno, Senor = Here is one, sir. Muchas gracias ! 1 = Many thanks ! Tengamos paciencia ! = Let us have patience ! Biisquelo ! = Look for it ! (Buscar = To seek, look for.) (Lo = it ; or * la ' if feminine.) LleVele Vd. ! = Take them ! (Carry them !) Condiizcame Vd. a este = Conduct me to this punto ! point ! (place). Entremos ! = Let us go in ! (Entrar = To enter.) Siibame Vd. un poco de = Bring me up a little lena ! wood ! (Subir = To ascend, to bring up.) Digame Vd. su nombre ! = Tell me your name ! Hableme Vd. de su vida ! 2 = Tell me about your life ! 1 Or simply ' gracias ! ' 8 Here the pronoun ' su ' signifies ' your,' but it may mean 'his ' or 'her,' in which case one must make the sense clearer by the addition of explanatory words, thus Sti vida de Vd. ! =. Your life ! (the life of i/ou). Su vida de el ! = His life ! (the life of him). Su vida de ella ! = Her life ! (the life oj her). 42 THE THIRD LESSON Deine Vd. con que hacer = Give me something to fuego ! make a fire ! (Con qu = Equivalent to * that with which ' or ' with what.*) (Fuego = Fire.) Ponga Vd. mi haul en el = Put my trunk in the rincon ! corner ! Hablemos ahora de la -- Let us talk now about (of) guerra ! the war ! (Ahora Now.) (Guerra War.) Enseneme Vd. en donde se = Show (teach) me where is encuentra la Have ! found the key ! Vamos ahora ; al comedor ! = Let us go now into the dining-room ! Vayan Vds. a la iglesia ! = Go (plur.) to church ! Limpie Vd. esta taza ! Glean this cup ! (Limpiar = To clean.) Oiga Vd. ! = Listen ! Oigame Vd. ! = Listen to me ! Oigale Vd. ! = Listen to him ! Sirvase Vd. darme un = Please (kindly) give me a alfiler ! pin ! (Servir = To serve. It may be used as above, signify- ing ' Will you please ! ') Cuide Vd. ! = Take care ! (Cuidar = To take care, to mind.) Cierre Vd. la puerta ! = Shut the door ! Cierre Vd. la ventana ! = Shut the window ! (Cerrar = To shut.) THE THIRD LESSON 43 Ayudeme Vd. a * = Help me to ! (Ayudar = To help.) Encienda Vd. la lampara ! = Light the lamp ! (Encender = To light.) (Lampara = Lamp.) No deje Vd. nada en la = Leave nothing on the mesa ! table ! (Dejar = To leave.) (Nada = Nothing.) (En = In or on.) Sirvase Vd. darme una = Please give me a spoon ! cuchara ! Paseme Vd. el aziicar ! = Pass me the sugar ! (Pasar = To pass.) a Paseme Vd. la sal ! = Pass me the salt ! Paseme Vd. la carne, por = Pass me the meat, favor ! please ! (Carne = Meat.) (Por favor = Please or By favour.) Denos Vd. patatas ! = Give us potatoes ! Anda a acostarte ! = Go (thou) to bed ! Ande Vd. a acostarle ! 3 = Go (you) to bed ! Anden Vds. a acostarles ! == Go (you, plur.) to bed ! Habla Vd. ingles ? = Do you speak English ? Hable Vd. espanol I = Speak Spanish ! Dispense Vd. ! '. Excuse me ! (Dispensar To dispense, to excuse.) 1 Follow on with an infinitive. z Not to be confused with ' pasear ' (to walk). 8 Refer to the Second Lesson for the use of ' le.' 44 THE THIRD LESSON Creame Vd. Don Pedro, no = Believe me, Don Pedro, tengo nada ! I have nothing ! (Creer (two syllables) = To believe.) (Literally ' Not have nothing.') Digame Yd. que hora es ! Tell me what hour it is ! Si, sefior ; es la una, = It is one o'clock. Son las cinco ! = It is five o'clock ! Son las ocho y medio ! = It is half -past eight ! (Literally ' eight and half.') Son las nueve y cuarto ! = It is a quarter past nine ! Eran x las seis raenos = It was twenty past six ! veinte ! (Metws = Less.) (Literally ' Six less twenty.') Digame Vd. si es tarde ! = Tell me if it is late ! Con mucho gusto, seiior ; = With much pleasure, no es tarde ; al contrario sir, it's not late ; on es muy temprano ! 2 the contrary, it's very early ! Este Vd. persuadido que es = Be certain that it is so, asi, senor ! sir ! (Persuadido = Persuaded, etc.) Quien 3 tiene mi libro ? = Who has my book ? Lo tengo = I have it. Que 3 tiene Vd. ? = What have you ? Tengo la flor que 3 Vd. me = I have the flower which ha dado (that) you have given me. * Vide Chapter VJI. 3 Note the contraction of ' 4 el ' into ' al ' (//> the, at the). 3 Study these relative and interrogative pronouns. THE THIRD LESSON 45 Cual es su nombre ? = What is your name ? C6mo se llama Vd. ? = How are you called ? (Llamar = To call.) (Literally ' How yourself call you ? ') Me llamo Antonio = I am called Antonio. (Literally ' Myself I call Antonio.') Aqui esta el muchacho = Here is the boy whose cuyo l padre no tiene father has no money, dinero (Cityo (masc.) = Whose, of whom. The feminine is ' cuya ' ; the plurals are ' cuyos and ' cuyas.') De quien l es este caballo ? = Whose horse is this ? Es el caballo de aquel sol- - It is that soldier's horse, dado (De quien Of whom, whose.) (Aquel - That. Fern. ' aquella.') Ponga Vd. una botella de = Put a bottle of wine on vino en la mesa ! the table ! La quiere Vd. ahora ? = Do you want it now ? (La = It, agreeing with ' botella,' feminine.) (Querer = To want, wish. Note the change in spelling.) Si, la quiero inmediata- = Yes, I want it imme- mente ! diately ! Mozo, traigame otra cosa ! = Waiter, bring me some- thing else ! (Mozo = Waiter.) (Otra cosa = Other thing.) (Literally ' Waiter, bring me other thing ! ') 1 Study these ivlutive and intcnouutive |irnimiuis. 46 THE THIRD LESSON No tome Vd. eso ! = Don't take this ! (Tomar = To take.) (Eso or Esto = This, neuter.) Que hay ? = What is there ? Hay dos perros en el jardin = There are two dogs in the garden. (Hay = There is, there are.) Deme Vd. una tajada de = Give me a slice of melon ! melon ! (Tajada = Slice.) Traiganos Vd. la lista ! * = Bring us the list ! Traigame Vd. cerveza ! = Bring me beer ! Cuanto cuesta ? 2 = How much does it cost ? (Costar = To cost. Note the change.) Todo el mundo es muy = Everybody is very kind. amable (Todo el mundo 3 == Everybody ; All the world.) Estoy en Londres = I am in London. Voy a Paris = I am going (I go) to Paris. (Note the two prepositions.) He visto a 4 su padre de Vd. = I have seen your father. Los heroes honran a su = Heroes honour their patria country. 1 For example, ' La lista de vinos,' meaning the ' wine-list.' * ' It ' is often omitted . French ' Tout le monde.' * In Spanish, whenever the direct object is a person, the active verb is usually followed by ' a.' THE THIRD LESSON 47 Fue" alabado por el rey = He was praised by the king. (Alabar To praise;) (Fue = He was.) Now learn by heart the following lines, which are amusing, since they may be repeated over and over again and still interest. Las dos de la noche eran Cuando senti ruido en casa. Subo la escalera ansiosa ; Saco la brillante espada. Toda la casa registro, Y en ella no encuentro nada. Y por ser cosa curiosa Voy a volver a contarla. 1 Las dos de la noche eran Cuando senti ruido en casa, etc., etc. Translation Two o'clock in the night (it) was When (I) heard a noise in (the) house. (I) mount the staircase anxious ; (I) draw out the brilliant sword. All the house (the whole house) I inspect, And in it (I) meet nothing. And for (its) being a curious thing I am going to relate it to you again. 1 Two o'clock, etc. ' Volver ' signifies ' to turn, to return ' ; when used in conjunction with another verb it indicates repetition. ' Subir ' signifies 'to ascend, to go up.' 1 From this point one repeats over again from the beginning. 48 THE THIRD LESSON ' Sacar ' means ' to extract, to take out.' ' Registrar ' may mean either ' to survey, inspect, examine,' or ' to control, register.' ' Encontrar ' means * to meet.' Notice the change, in the present, to ' encuentro.' ' Cantor ' signifies ' to relate, to tell.' ' Sentir ' may mean either ' to feel ' or ' to hear,' and also ' to taste.' The student must be prepared to encounter all manner of suffixes to nouns, indicating or suggesting proportion, both diminution and augmentation, love, contempt, tenderness, etc. These may be set under two headings, diminution and augmentation. The feminine is formed by the addition of ' a.' The principal forms are Diminutives Augmentatives -ito -on -ico -azo -itico -ote -illo -achon -uelo -acho -ucho -cito, ececito -zuelo, etc. Examples Perro =--Dog. Perron = Big dog. Capa = Cloak, cape. Capote = Big cape. Pie = Foot. Piececito = Dear little foot. Chico ] L = Little boy. Chiquito = Nice little boy. Flor Flouvr. Florecita Little flower. 1 Also ' little,' ' small.' - THE THIRD LESSON 49 This habitual use of diminutives and augmentatives by the Spanish has actually given birth to new words with often a changed meaning. Note carefully the following Original Word Derived Word Puno = Tfe fist. x Punetazo = A punch, a blow urith the fist. Pano = Cloth. Panuelo = Handkerchief. Cera = Wax Cerilla = Match (for lighting). Palo = Stick. Palillo = Smatt stick, or tooth- pick. Proper names may also receive these suffixes, often suggestive of affection. Juan (John) becomes ' Juanito.' Luisa (Lou&d) becomes ' Luisita.' 1 Also a 'handful.' CHAPTER VI THE FOURTH LESSON LET us now examine the future tense of the regular verbs and the regular and irregular participles. The student is advised at this point to study particularly the participal changes. Future 1 Amar (to love) Amare Amaras Amara Amaremos Amareis Amaran Temer (to fear) Temere Temeras Temera Temeremos Temereis Temerta Partir (to part, divide) Partire Partiras Partira Partiremos Partireis Partiran Participles (Regular and Irregular) Infinitive Amar (to love) Temer (to fear) Partir (to port, divide) Haber (to have) Tener (to have) Ser (to be) Estar (to be) Llamar (to call) Decir (to say) Saber (to know) Gustar (to taste, like) Hablar (to speak) Ir (to go) Venir (to come) Hacer (to do) Querer (to wish, love) Aprender (to learn) Ver (to see) Present Part Amando (loving) Temiendo (fearing) Partiendo (dividing) Habiendo (having) Teniendo (having) Siendo (being) Estando (being) Llamando (calling) Deciendo (saying) Sabiendo (krunving) Gustando (tasting, Past Part Aniado (loved) Temido (feared) Partido (divided) Habida (had) Tenido (had) Sido (been) Estado (been) Llamado (called) Dicho (said) Sabido (known) Gustado (tasted, liked) liking) Hablando (speaking) Hablado (spoken) Yendo (going) Ido (gone) Veniendo (coming) Venido (came) Haciendo (doing) Hecho (done) Queriendo (wishing) Querido (wished) Aprendiendo(feornin^) Aprendido (learned) Viendo (seeing) Visto (seen) 1 Where there is no graphic accent, the stress falls naturally upon the penultimate ; e.g., the second ' e ' of ' temeremos ' an d the ' e ' of ' amaremos ' and ' partiremos.' THE FOURTH LESSON 51 Estudiar (to study) Estudiando (studying) Estudiado (studied) Sentir (to feel, perceive) Sintiendo (feeling) Sentido (felt) Dar (to give) Dando (giving) Dado (given) Traer (to bring) Trayendo (bringing) Traido (brought) Escriber (to write) Escribiendo (writine) Escrito (written) Pronunciar (to pro- Pronunciando (pro- Pronunciado (pro- nounce) nouncing) nounced) Desear (to desire) Deseando (desiring) Deseado (desired) Mandar (to send) Mandando (sending) Mandado (sent) Poder (to be able) Pudiendo (being able) Podido (been able) Reciber (to receive) Recebiendo (receimng) Recibido (received) Poner (to put) Poniendo (putting) Puesto (put) Morir (to die) Muriendo (dying) Muerto (dead) Pedir (to ask) Pidiendo (asking) Pedido (asked) Dormir (to sleep) Durmiendo (sleeping) Dormido (slept) The futures of the verbs ' haber,' ' tener,' ' ser,' and ' estar ' are as follows Future Haber Tener Ser Estar Habre Tendre Sere Estare Habras Tendr&s Seras Estaras Habra Tendra Sera Estara Habremos Tendremos Seremos Estaremos Habr&s Tendrils Ser6is Estareis Habran Tendran Seran Estaran It will be remarked that a distinct similarity exists between the future-tense endings of all Spanish verbs. Let us study the future of a few of the most common irregular verbs. Future Ir (to go) Venir (to come) Poder (to be able) Ire Vendre Podre Iris Vendras Podras Ira Vendra Podra Iremos Vendremos Podremos Irels Vendrdis Podr&s Iran Vendran Podran 52 THE FOURTH LESSON Dar (to give) Decir (to say) Hacer (to do, make) Dare" Dire Hare Daras Diras Haras Dara Dir& Har4 Daremos Diremos Haremos Dareis Direis Harris Daran Diran Haran The student must always be prepared for slight changes in the forms of some verbs. Although the changes are, in most cases, so slight that the word may be recognised in the text, it is essential that the beginner should become familiar with them in order to be able to employ them readily in conversation. However simple a word may appear, as much care must be taken in learning it as over any difficult one. These changes in the form of certain parts only of the verb will be found to be quite reasonable, as the following examples will show. The main point to be remembered is that the final consonant sound of the stem of a verb must not change, whatever is added to it as a suffix. * Tocar ' means ' to touch,' ar.d the stem is ' toe.' This ' c ' sound (as in ' cat ') must remain throughout the conjugation. In the present we have ' toco,' meaning ' I touch.' Now, in order to form the ' past definite ' (7 touched) it is necessary to suffix ' -e",' but if this vowel follows ' c ' its sound is changed, and it becomes equivalent to English 'th.' This must not be, so we substitute * qu ' for the ' c ' and the stem-consonant retains its phonetic value. The word now becomes ' toque ' (7 touched). Practice will soon show the student where these euphonic changes become necessary. As with ' c,' so with ' g.' THE FOURTH LESSON 53 * Pagar ' means ' to pay.' The present is ' pago,' the ' past definite ' ' pagueV Verbs which end in ' -cer ' and ' cir ' in the infinitive have another change. The ' c ' becomes ' z ' before ' a ' and ' o.' Note the present indicative of the verb ' veneer ' (to vanquish) Venzo I vanquish. Vences = Thou vanquishest. Vence = He vanquishes. Vencemos = We vanquish. Venceis = You vanquish. Vencen = They vanquish. Here the consonant-sound preceding the suffix is the same throughout. The same rule must be noted in respect to verbs in ' -ger.' Since this ' g ' is guttural, what will happen when the suffix is ' o ' ? Some sound which is guttural before ' o ' must be substituted, since ' go ' is pronounced almost as in English. Here, then, we write and pronounce 'jo.' ' Coger ' means ' to gather.' The present indicative is Cojo -- / gather. Coges = Thou gatherest. Coje = He gathers. Cogemos = We gather. Cog6is You gather. Cogen We gather. Verbs in ' -gir ' also follow the rule of euphony. Verbs in ' -guir ' l drop the ' u ' before ' a ' and ' o,' otherwise * guio ' (as English ' gwo '), which is false. 1 Pronounced almost like the English word ' gear ' (sounding the ' r' clearly). 54 THE FOURTH LESSON The first person of the present indicative of the verb ' distinguir ' is Distingo = 1 distinguish. The remaining forms retain the ' u ' after ' g.' So with verbs terminating in ' -quir.' ' Qu ' becomes 'c' before 'a' and 'o.' ' Ddinquir ' signifies ' to transgress, to offend.' Delinco. Delinques. Delinque, etc. The euphonic value of ' c ' followed by ' o ' is equal to that of ' qu ' followed by * e.' Then, also, there exist interesting changes in the stem itself. The verb ' pensar ' (to think) is conjugated in the present, thus Yo pienso \ Tu piensas ,,, . Note the change from M piensa , t . , . XT r pen- to pien- in Nosotros pensamos Tr .. some cases. Vosotros pensais Ellos piensan A few others (irregular) are Present Tense Poder (to be able) Valer (to be worth) Decir (to say) Puedo Valgo Digo Puedes Vales Dices Puede Vale Dice Podemos Valemos Decimos Podeis Valeis Decis Pueden Valen Dicen THE FOURTH LESSON 55 Tracer (to bring) Oir (to hear) Dar (to give) Traigo Oigo Doy Traes Oyes Das Trae Oye Da Traemos Oimos Damos Traeis Ois Dais Traen Oyen Dan Hacer (to do) Pedir (to beg, ask) Hago Pido Haces Pides Hace Pide Hacemos Pedimos Hacels Pedis Hacen Piden Power (to put, place) Querer (to wish, love) Saber (to know) Pongo Quiero 86 Pones Quieres Sabes Pone Quiere Sabe Ponemos Queremos Sabemos Pone"is Quereis Sabe"is Ponen Quieren Saben Sentir (to feel, perceive) Ver (to see) Siento Veo Sientes Ves Siente Ve Sentimos Vemos Sentfs Veis Sienten Ven Some verbs, let it be noted, change their ' c ' to ' zc,' or simply * z,' in the present tense. Aducir (to adduce) forms ' aduzco.' Abastecer (to supply, provide) forms ' abastezco.' 56 THE FOURTH LESSON Cocer (to cook) forms ' cuezo.' Practice, however, will overcome all these difficulties, and, as a help, frequent notes will be given in future texts for the student's guidance. VOCABULARY Un = a. Unos = some, a few. Uno one. Una - a, one. 1 caballo = horse. Unas = some, a few. El fosforo = match (lucifer.) La pi pa = pipe. Siempre always. Fumar to smoke. Nunca = never. Parecer to appear, seem. Elruso = Russian (lan- Lindo - pretty. guage and race). La flor = flower. Pedir = to beg, ask. La Have = key. Sorprender = to surprise. Diligente = diligent. Conocer = to know (to be ac- quainted with). Saber = to know (under- Parecer to appear. stand). Ahora = now. Manana = to-morrow. Eloro = gold. La plata = silver. De veras ? = really, is that Hallar = to find. true? Perder to lose. La bolsa purse. Comprar = to buy. La tarjeta = postcard. postal Todavfa no = not yet. Necesitar ~ to want, need. La levita = coal. Alia - there, over there. Vea Vd.! = look, see! El clima = climate. El pais country. Hago = I do, make. Mas tarde = later (mitre late). El momento = moment. Voy I gn, am going. Jugar - to play. Cual? = what, which ? Cuales (plur.) what, which. Todo,-a,-os,-as = all. La espada = sword. El mundo = world. El medio, la = half. media. La noche = night. Anoche last night. Pensar = to think. Piensa = thinks. Llegar = to arrive. Llegado = arrived. Seguro = sure. Valer = to be worth (have value). Mariana por la = to-morrow La manana the morning. tarde evening. Manana por la = to-morrow Traer = to bring. manana morning. Trae = brings. Parti r = to part, depart. AI (a el) = to the. A la (fern.) = to the. Poder = to be able (can). Puede Vd.? = can you? THE FOURTH LESSON 57 CONVERSATIONAL MATTER Cuando tendra Vd. dinero ? = When will you have money ? Manana por la maiiana = To-morrow morning. Tendra Vd. mucho ? = Will you have very much ? No mucho, pero bastante = Not much, but enough. Parece que su padre de Vd. = It appears that your tiene unos caballos ! father has a few horses ! Si, es verdad, tiene nueve = Yes, it's true, he has nine. Tiene Vd. fosforos ? = Have you any matches ? Si, senor, tengo unos * = Yes, sir, I have a few. Parece que Vd. no fuma la = It seems that you don't pipa ! " smoke a (the) pipe ! Nunca fumo la pipa ; fumo = I never smoke a pipe ; I siempre cigarros always smoke cigars. Aqui esta un buen 2 cigarro ! = Here is a good cigar ! Lo fumare esta tarde = I'll smoke it this even- ing. Es Vd. escribiendo una = Are you writing a letter carta a su hijo ? to your son ? No, seriorita, estoy escribi- = No, miss, I am writing a endo una carta a mi letter to my mother ; madre ; maiiana escribire to-morrow I shall otra carta a mi padre write another letter to my father. Que lengua esta Vd. hab- = What language are you lando ? speaking ? Estoy hablando el ruso = I am speaking Russian. Es verdad lo que tu me = Is it true what thou dices ? tellest (art telling) me ? 1 'Unos' means 'a few ones.' The usage of the English ' some ' ;md ' any ' is best learned by practice. - The masculine adjective sometimes drops its linal * o." 58 THE FOURTH LESSON Yo te lo digo porque es = I tell thee it because it is verdad true. Que esta haciendo ella ? = What is she doing ? Esta hablando al fiances = She is speaking to the Frenchman. Es fuerte aquel ingles ? = Is that Englishman strong ? Creo que no =1 believe not. De qui6n es esta linda flor ? = Whose is this pretty flower ? No SB", pero creo que es de = I don't know, but I think mi criado it is my servant's. Ha visto Vd. el oficial ? = Have you seen the officer ? Si, le he visto en la calle = Yes, I have seen (saw) him in the street. Hace Vd. el favor de darme = Have the kindness to give mi Have ! me my key ! Con mucho placer ; aqul = With much pleasure ; esta ! here it is ! Que hace Vd. ? = What are you doing ? Estoy escribiendo a mi = I am writing to my padre para pedirle un father to ask him for a poco de dinero little money. Estudia el senor B - = Is Mr. B studying espanol ? Spanish ? El senor B no tiene = Mr. B has no time tiempo para estudiar nin- to study any language. gun idioma Torque" no ? = Why not ? Porque no le 1 gusta & 61 el = Because he doesn't like trabajo work. 1 * Le,' meaning both ' to him, her'.it ' and ' to you ' ; the words ' it el,' ' a ella ' and ' a Vd.' are often included for clearness. THE FOURTH LESSON 59 Es perezoso ? = Is he lazy ? Si, es mas perezoso que el = Yes, he's lazier than your amigo de su hermano deVd. brother's friend . Pero, hombre, el no es pere- = But, man, he isn't lazy ; zoso ; trabaja diez boras he works ten and a y media por dia half hours a (by) day. Bso me sorprende, porque = That surprises me, be- no parece muy diligente cause he doesn't seem very diligent. Al contrario, es muy dili- = On the contrary, he is gente ; conoce muchos very diligent ; he idiomas knows many languages . Donde estara Vd. manana ? = Where will you be to- morrow ? Estare 6 en mi cuarto 6 en = I shall be either in my el jardin ; porque me room or in the garden ; pregunta Vd. ? why do you ask me ? Porque quiero saber, no = Because I wish to know, mas that's all (no more). Pero, digame, porque" = But, tell me, why do you quiere Vd. saber ? wish to know ? No puedo decirle ahora ; le = I cannot tell you now ; I dire" a Vd. maiiana will tell you to-morrow. Es de oro su reloj de Vd. ? = Is your watch of gold ? No es mds que de plata = It is nothing more than pero va muy bien silver, but it goes very well. Ha leido Vd. el libro que le = Have you read the book ha dado ? that I have given (gave) to you ? Todavia no, pero lo leere" = Not yet, but I shall read manana, porque hoy no it to-morrow, because tengo bastante tiempo I haven't enough time to-day. 60 THE FOURTH LESSON '4 " Qu6 tiempo hace ? = What is the weather like ? (What weather makes it ? ) Oreo que llueve un poco = I think it's raining a little. Dolores, te amo ! = Dolores, I love thee ! De veras ? = Really ? Si, te amo muchisimo 1 = Yes, I love thee very, very much. Porque me amas tii ? = Why dost thou love me ? Porque eres linda ; mas = Because thou art pretty ; linda que esta flor prettier than this flower. Ha perdido Vd. algo ? = Have you lost anything ? Si, he perdido mi bolsa = Yes, I've lost my purse. La he hallado ! = I have found it ! Que se ha comprado Vd. ? = What have you bought yourself ? Me he comprado una tar- = I have bought myself a jeta postal postcard. Que necesita Vd., seiior ? = What do you want, sir ? Necesito un cuchillo para = I need a knife to cut this partir este pan 2 bread. Necesita algo esre much- = Does this girl want any- acha ? thing ? Dice que necesita un alfiler = She says she needs a pin. Y este joven, que necesita ?= And this youth, what does he want ? 1 The suffix ' -isimo' is an augmentative and signifies ' very, very.' 2 * Para ' (for, in order to) is used in such cases when a reason of some kind follows. If the English 'to ' signifies 'in order to,' then ' para ' should be used. THE FOURTH LESSON 61 No lo dice ! = He doesn't say. Preguntele, por favor ! = Ask him, please ! Dice que ha perdido su = He says that he has lost levita his coat ! Piensa talvez que yo la = He thinks perhaps that tengo I have It. Dice que la ha visto en su = He says he has seen it in cuarto de Vd. your room. No es verdad ; vea Vd., esta == It's not true ; see (you), alia ! it's over there ! Quiere Vd. otra cosa ? =Doyou want any thing else? Nada mas, mil gracias = Nothing more, thank you (a thousand thanks). No me gusta el clima de este = I don't like the climate pais of this country. Que haces, chico ? = What art thou doing, youngster ? No hago nada en este mo- = I am not doing anything mento, senor, pero mas at this moment, sir, tarde voy a jugar con but, later on, I am mis amigos going to play with my friends. Cuanto ha pagado su = How much has your madre por aquellos hue- mother paid for those vos ? eggs ? Dice que ha pagado dema- = She says she has paid siado too much. Cual es el precio de esta = What is the price of this espada ? sword ? No cuesta sino veinte = It costs only twenty pesetas 1 pesetas. Lo hallo muy barato ! = I find it very cheap. 1 A peseta is worth a little over ninepence. Twenty pesetas would be, roughly, sixteen shillings. 62 THE FOURTH LESSON Si, es la espada la mas Yes, it's the cheapest barata en todo el mundo sword in the whole world. Qu6 piensa Vd. del tiem- = What do you think of the po ? weather ? Hace muy mal tiempo = It's very bad weather. Ha llegado el capitan ? = Has the captain arrived ? Si, ha llegado anoche = Yes, he (has) arrived last night. A que hora ? = At what time ? A las diez y media = At half -past ten. Ha llegado solo ? = Did l he arrive alone ? No solo, pero con dos otros = Not alone, but with two senores y una senorita other gentlemen and a young lady. Es su hija, la senorita ? = Is the young lady his daughter ? Creo que si ! =1 believe so ! No esta Vd. seguro ? = Are you not sure ? No, senor, no estoy seguro = No, sir, I'm not sure. PorquS no esta Vd. seguro ? = Why aren't you sure ? Porque no he hablado ni = Because I have not con el senor ni con la spoken either to the senorita gentleman or to the young lady. Caramba ! 3 Vd. no vale = Caramba ! you're worth nada ! nothing at all ! 0, qu lastima ! Oh, what a pity ! Calle Vd. ! Digame, cu&ndo == Be quiet ! Tell me, when partira ? will he start (go away ? depart?) 1 The verb ' do ' (does, did) as an interrogative has no equivalent in Spanish . (Has he arrived alone ?) * An exclamation of annoyance ; an expletive. THE FOURTH LESSON 63 Creo que, parted manana = I believe (think) he will por la manana depart to-morrow morning. Cuantos criados trae con = How many servants does & ? he bring with him ? No los he" visto = I haven't seen them. Ad6nde va manana ? Lo = Where is he going to sabe Vd. ? to-morrow ? Do you know (it) ? Si, lo se ! Va al campo ! = Yes, I know ! He is going into the country ! En que dia de la semana = What is the day of the estamos ? Puede Vd. week ? Can you tell decirmelo ? l me (it) ? Si, senora, con mucho placer. = Yes, madam, with plea- Hoy es mie'rcoies sure. To-day is Wed- nesday. Cuales son los nombres de = What are the names of los dias de la semana ? the days of the week ? Puede Vd. decirmelos ? l Can you tell me them ? Son ' Lunes, Maries, Mier- = They are * Monday, coles, Jueves, Viernes, Tuesday, Wednesday, Sabado y Domingo ' Thursday, Friday. Saturday and Sunday/ Y cuales son los nombres de = And what are the names of los meses del afio ? the months of the year ? Son ' Enero, Febrero, Mar- = They are * January, Feb- zo, Abril, Mayo, Junio, ruary, March, April, Julio, Agosto, Septiem- May, June, July, Au- bre, Octubre, Noviembre, gust, September, Oc- y Diciembre ' tober, November, and December.* 1 Divide the *ord into its component parts, 4 decir,' ' me,' ' lo,' and notice the order. ' Los ' it masculine, agreeing with * nombres ' (names). CHAPTER VII THE FIFTH LESSON THE student will have remarked that, up to the present point, I have written more of the verb than of any other part of speech. I have done this intentionally, fcr the verb is, in the majority of languages, the most trouble- some to the beginner. There are so many forms, due to the addition of various suffixes, that one is apt to become confused at first. Yet I would assure my readers that, if they but commit to memory the whole of the tenses of seven verbs (' haber,' ' tener,' ' ser,' 'estar,' ' amar,' ' temer,' and ' partir ') a matter of a few hours only they will have laid a solid foundation upon which to build their future work. All the Futures and Conditionals resemble each other ; so do some other tenses. The indolent and half-hearted worker will accomplish very little ; I appeal only to those who desire to experience the pleasure and educational superiority over others that a good knowledge of a foreign tongue can give. Haber (to have) Tener (to have) Habia (7 had, was having) Tenia (7 had, was having) Habias Tenias Habia Tenia Habiamos Teniamos Habiais x Teniais 1 Habian Tenian 1 Take care to pronounce the ending ' -iais ' as in English ' bee-ice '). THE FIFTH LESSON 65 Ser (to be) Estar (to be) Era (/ was) Estaba (/ was) Eras Estabas Era Estaba Eramos Est&bamos Erais Estabais Eran Est4ban There are many resemblances to be observed in the above forms. Regular Forms Amar (to love) Tenter (to fear) Partir (to part, divide) Amaba (/ was loving). Temia (/ was fearing). Partia (I was parting). Amabas. Temias. Partias. Amaba. Temia. Partia. Amabamos. Temiamos. - Partiamos. Amabais. Temiais. Partiais. Amaba n. Ternian. Partian. Here, again, the resemblances are noticeable in the suffixes ; the ' b ' in regular verbs whose infinitives end in * ar * is outstanding. The forms of the imperfect of irregular verbs are not at all difficult, since they differ but little from the regular forms. * It ' (to go) becomes ' iba,' etc. * Venir ' (to come) becomes ' venia,' etc. ' Saber ' (to know) becomes ' sabia,' etc. ' Sentir ' (to feel, perceive) becomes 'sentia,' etc. ' Poner ' (to put, place) becomes ' ponia,' etc. ' Ver ' (to see) becomes ' veia,' etc. ' Hacer ' (to do, make) becomes ' hacia,' etc. ' Dar ' (to give) becomes ' daba,' etc. ' Decir ' (to say, tell) becomes * decia,' etc. The reader will require but little more than that which I have given concerning the imperfect form of the indicative ; the rest may be gained by continual practice. P 66 THE FIFTH LESSON The conditional form is quite as easily acquired if we memorise the following suffixes -fa -ias -fa -iamos -fais -ian Conditional Mood Haber (to have) Tener (to have) Habria (/ should have) Tendria (/ should have) Habrias Tendrias Habria Tendria Habriamos Tendriamos Habriais Tendriais Habrian Tendrian Ser (to be) Estar (to be) Seria (/ should be) Estaria (/ should be) Senas Estarias Seria Estaria Seriamos Estariamos Seriais Estarfais Serian Estarian The conditional forms of the regular and irregular verbs all have the same suffixes. Amor (to love) Amaria (1 should love). Am arias. Amaria. Amariamos. Amariais. Amarian. Temtr (to fear) Temeria (/ should fear). Temerias. Temeria Temeriamos. Tern e rial s. Temerian. Partir (to part, divide) Partiria (1 thould par/). Parti rias. Partiria. Partiriamos. Parti riais. Partirian. THE FIFTH LESSON 67 Notice particularly that, both in tbe future and con- ditional forms of all v^rbs, the final ' r ' of the infinitive remains, even though, in some instances, its preceding vowel be missing. By this 'r' may they be recognised in reading and in conversation. The most difficult form demanding great care of the Spanish verb is the Past Definite or Preterite tense, yet one's task is lightened on account of the similarities which exist, as in other tenses, among them. Past Definite Tense Haber Hube Hubiste Hubo Hubimos Hubisteis Hubie"ron Ser Fui Fuiste Fu6 Fuimos Fuisteis Fueron The three regular forms are Amar Temer Ame" Temi Amaste Temiste Amo Temi6 Araamos Temimos Amasteis Temisteis Amaron Temieron Tener Tuve Tuviste Tuvo Tuvimos Tuvisteis Tuvieron Ester Estuve Estuviste Estuvo Estuvimos Estuvisteis Estuvieron Partir Parti Partiste Parti6 Partimos Partisteis Partieron 68 THE FIFTH LESSON The past definite of the most used irregular verbs will be found to be not altogether unlike the forms just given. Ir (to go) l Venir (to come) Fui Vine Fuiste Viniste Fu6 Vino Fuimos Vinimos Fuisteis Vinisteis Fueron Vinieron Poder (to be able) Saber (to know) Pude Supe Pudiste Supiste Pudo Supo Pudimos Supimos Pudisteis Supisteis Pudieron Supieron Querer (to wish, love) Hacer (to do, make) Quise Hice Quisiste Hiciste Quiso Hizo Quisimos Hicimos Quisisteis Hicisteis Quisieron Hicieron Power (to put, place) Decir (to say, tell) Puse Dije Pusiste Dijiste Puso Dijo Pusimos Dijimos Pusisteis Dijisteis Pusieron Dijeron 1 Vide Past Definite of ' Ser.' THE FIFTH LESSON 69 Dar (to give) Di Dfste Dio Dimes Disteis Dieron Sentir (to feel, perceive) Sent! Sentiste Sintio (' i ' instead of 'e ') Sentimos Sentisteis Sintieron (' i ' instead of ' e ') Oir (to hear) Oi Oiste Oy6 Oimos Oisteis Oyeron Ver (to see) Vi Viste Vio Vimos Visteis Vieron Traer (to bring) Traje Trajiste Trajo Trajimos Trajisteis Trajeron Pedir (to ask for) Pedi Pediste Pidio Pedimos Pedosteis Pidieron The best method to employ in learning the various tenses of irregular verbs is that of reading them over aloud, in sets. Take the present tenses of several verbs, and recite them over and over again at intervals through- out the day. Then take the imperfect tenses, then others. By this means one distinguishes the differences and similarities between the separate sets, and between these and the regular forms. The latter ought, on the other hand, to be learned individually throughout their conjugations, since, as 1 have explained, they form a basis upon which to build. Now, in order to vary the work, 70 THE FIFTH LESSON let us learn by heart ' de memorial as the Spanish say. this little poem ; it contains some useful constructions Pobre flor que ayer naciste, Guan tempi-ana fue tu suerte ! Al primer paso que diste Te encontraste con la muerte. El llevarte 1 es cosa triste ; El dejarte 1 es cosa fuerte ; El dejarte con la vida Es dejarte con la muerte. The translation runs Poor flower that wast born yesterday, How goon came (was) thy fate ! At the first step thou tooke^t (gavest) Thou metst with death. (The) Taking thee away is a sad thing ; (The) Leaving thee is a strong (noble) thing ; (The) Leaving thee with life Is to leave thee with death. 2 There are three examples of the Past Definite in these lines, namely * Naciste/ from ' nacer ' (to be born). ' Diste,' from ' dar ' (to give). 1 Te encontraste con,' from * encontrarse con ' (to meet with). * Note that the pronoun becomes a suffix to an infinitive ; likewise to a present participle and an imperative (used affirm- atively). * Whether one left the flower or picked it, it must die in the end. THE FIFTH LESSON 71 There are also two examples of infinitives used substantively (1) ' El dejar ' (ike leaving). 1 El dejarte ' (the leaving ihee). (2) ' El llevar ' (the taking away). 1 El llevarte ' (the taking ihee away). ' Cuan ' is an adverb signifying ' how,' as above. * Primero ' means * first ' ; the feminine form is ' primera ' ; the plural * primeros, primeras.' The final vowel may sometimes be omitted before a substantive. The verb * to meet with ' (encontrar-se con) is a reflexive verb. It happens that a verb may be reflexive in one language and not in another. In English one might well be understood if one omitted the reflexive pronoun in certain cases, as, ' I am washing myself ' or ' I am washing.' In Spanish, however, one is not so free to omit the pronoun from fear of being misunderstood. See bow the reflexive verb is conjugated, and let us take, as an example, another verb commonly used. Pasearse (to walk) Yo me paseo = / walk. Tu te paseas = thou walkest. El se pasea = he walks. Nosotros nos paseamos = we walk. Vosotros os paseais = you walk. Ellos se pasean = they walk. The Imperfect would be, ' Yo me paseaba,' etc. The Past Definite, * Yo me pasee,' etc. The Future, ' Yo me paseare,' etc. The Conditional, * Yo me pasearfa,' etc. The Imperative, ' Paseate ! ' (Go thou for a walk!) 72 THE FIFTH LESSON The Imperative, ' Paseese Vd. ! ' (Go you for a walk/) The Spanish language, as I have said in Lesson Three, is rich in suffixes. FURTHER EXAMPLES 'tin nino muy pequeno es = A very small child is a pequenito 1 little one (mite, etc.). Un libro pequeno es un = A little book is a booklet. librito Una estatua baja es una = A low (small) statue is a estatuita statuette. Una mujer muy baja es una = A very low (short) woman mujercita is a little woman. Unj6vendepocaedadesun = A youth of little age is a jovencito youngster. Un arbol de poca altura es = A tree of little height is un arbolillo a sapling, etc. Hijica de mi alma ! = Little daughter of my heart. 2 Now I intend to tell a short story, first in English in order that you may realise its purport, and afterwards in Spanish. Endeavour by means of the English render- ing to establish the idea of the story in your mind with- out special attention to the English words employed ; but pay strict attention to every Spanish word. English Version Louis XIV. asked one of his courtiers if he knew the Castillian tongue. "No, sir," replied the gentleman, " but I'll learn it." He worked with much careful attention (application) in order to learn the language quickly, because he thought that the 1 Both nouns and adjectives may take these suffixes. s Literally ' soul ; ' el coraz6n ' is 'heart.' THE FIFTH LESSON 73 king had the intention of naming (nominating) him am- bassador in the court of Spain, and after a few months he went to tell the monarch that, now already, he knew the Castillian tongue. " Very well," replied the king to him, " and I give you my congratulation, 1 for you will be able to read 'Don Quijote ' in the original." The Spanish version runs as follows Luis XIV. pregunto a uno de sus cortesanos "si sabia el castellano ? " " No, Senor," respondio el caballero, " pero lo aprendere"." Trabajo con mucho esmero para aprender pronto aquel idioma, porque pensaba que el rey tenfa intencion de nombrarle embajador en la corte de Espana, y despues de unos meses fue a decir al monarca que ahora ya sabia el castellano. " Muy bien," le respondi6 el rey, " y le doy a Vd. la enhorabuena, 1 pues podr& leer el ' Don Quijote ' en el original." Here is another anecdote " I don't know how to get rid of Augustus ; every day he comes to ask me for money." " And dost thou give him some ? " " No, but his presence inconveniences me." " Do you wish him not to come again ? Lend him five ' duros ' (dollars)." The Spanish is rendered thus "No se como librarme de Agustin ; todos los dias viene a pedirme dinero." 1 ' Dar la enhorabuena ' means ' to congratulate ' ; (also ' Dar el para bien '). 74 THE FIFTH LESSON " Y tu se lo das ? " " No, peio me incomoda su presencia." " Quieres no volverlo & ver ? Pr&tale cinco duros ! " The above passages, and, indeed, every other anecdote and story that may henceforth appear, should be recited aloud, not once, but many times ; and such recitation must not be monotonous, but full of expression. Neither must they be recited until the idea of the whole is understood, nor without an increased mobility of the organs of speech. Speak slowly and deliberately, and, above all things, with perfect confidence. Notes to above passages 1 . ' Pregunto a.' The verb * preguntar ' (to ask) requires the preposition ' a ' (to ask to ). 2. ' Ya ' signifies already.' 3. Notice the positions of the various pronouns. It is for better to learn their use and position in connected texts than to memorise them as tabulated parts of speech . 4. ' Pues ' in the first extract may be translated ' for ' or ' since ' or ' because.' ' for you will now be able to read .' ' since you will now,' etc. ' because you will now,' etc. This is its usual signification. 5. * Librarme ' means ' to free myself,' and ' pedirme ' means ' to ask me for ' or ' to beg me. 1 6. ' Se ' in * y tu se lo das ? ' needs an explanation. Whenever two pronouns, both of the third person, one dative and the other accusative, come together in the same phrase, the pronoun in the dative changes into ' se,' so that, word for word, the phrase under observation may be translated thus Y = and. tu = thou. se to him (dative instead of ' le '). lo = it (referring to * money '). das = givest. THE FIFTH LESSON 75 Remember that * se ' is a pronoun only of the third person, and study the following Yo se lo dije = 1 said it to her (Mm, them). Yo se lo lei = 1 read it to him (her, them). Yo se lo doy = / give it to them (him, her). Since ' Vd.' is also used with the third person it is likewise so affected. ' Se lo djre a Vd. esta tarde ! ' (Ivoill tell it you this evening). Now, here is a short poem which it would be wise on the student's part to commit to memory: indeed, all the extracts, stories, and poems, together with the ' Con. versational Matter,' should be read aloud, for this is the only course to adopt if the student wishes to become fluent in the language. I do not mean that one should learn them as a task, but rather as a pleasure, not by effort and strained concentration, but by familiarity, by reading them aloud with expression over and over again during a long period. In this manner impressions may be better preserved. El dos de Mayo l / Este es el dia en que, con voz tirana, " Ya sois esclavos," la Ambicion grito. Y el noble pueblo que lo oyo indignado " Muertos, si," dijo, " pero esciavos, no.* The translation of the above runs This is the day in which, with tyrant voice, " Already (now) you are slaves," Ambition cried. And the noble people that heard it, indignant " Dead, yes," it said, " but slaves, no ! " ' The Second of May,' by Arriasa. 76 THE FIFTH LESSON Notes 1. Accentuate ' este ' on the first syllable. 2. * Voz ' (voice) is feminine. 3. ' Sois ' is second person plural of ' ser.' 4. The word ' Ambicidn ' is significant. It is an allusion to Napoleon and to the French domination in Madrid. 5. ' Pueblo ' meaning ' a people,' ' a race,' is, of course, singular; ' Muertos ' and ' esclavos ' refer to the plurality of the citizens. 6. Read this verse slowly and with expression. CHAPTER VHI THE SIXTH LESSON LET me now tell you another story, first in English in order that you may seize the idea of the whole, and then in Spanish so that the text may convey the same idea to your mind. When once you understand an idea that is to be expressed, endeavour to forget temporarily the words and phrases of the English version and concentrate upon the Spanish. This is the best way to learn. A prince, wishing to amuse himself at the expense of one of his courtesans whom he had employed in different embassies, told him one day that with his big eyes and long neck he seemed, at the same time, like an owl and a goose. " I do not know, Sir," replied to him the gentleman, with much dignity, " to whom or to what (I) look like (resemble, appear), but I know very well that I had many times the honour to represent Your Majesty in various foreign courts." Here is the same story told in Spanish Un principe, queriendo divertirse 4 costa de uno de sus cortesanos a quien habfa empleado en diferentes embajadas, le dijo un dfa que con sus grandes ojos y largo cuello se parecia 4 la vez a un buho y a un ganso. " Yo no s6, Senor," le respondio el caballero con mucha dignidad, " 4 quien 6 4 que me parezco, pero s6 muy bien que tuve muchas veces el honor de representar Vuestra Majesdad (V. M.) en varias cortes extranjeras." 78 THE SIXTH LESSON The student will demand explanations to some of the constructions in the above. He will probably have remarked certain repetitions of the preposition ' a ' where he would not have expected them. With some Spanish verbs this '4' is necessary. In English we used the phrase ' to meet a companion ' ; in Spanish, however, we say ' Encontrar 4 un campanero ' (meet to a companion). The following examples should be noted particularly Spanish English Amar a una persona - - To love a person. Adorar a Dios - To adore God. Aprender 4 escribir To learn to write. Compelar 4 otro - To compel another. Cautivar 4 los alemanes To capture the Germans. Convidar 4 alguno -- To invite someone. Ensenar 4 un discipulo = To teach a pupil. Encontrar 4 un amigo = To meet a Mend. Obedecer 4 alguno = To obey someone. Obligar 4 una persona = To compel a person. Preguntar algo 4 una = To ask something of some- persona one. Salvar 4 uno la vida To save someone's life. There are many such verbs requiring this ' 4.' Some IBM are Molestar 4 = To molest, trouble. Nombrar 4 To nominate. Pagar 4 = To pay. Prestar 4 To lend. Beconecer4 = To recognise. Reconvenir 4 = To reprove. Acercerse 4 = To approach. Maldecir 4 = To curse (someone). THE SIXTH LESSON 79 There are also other verbs with which other prepositions are employed, such as ' de,' ' con,' and * en ' (in English 'of,' 'with,' and 'in.') Here are a few noteworthy examples Spanish Olvidarse de 1 Lamentarse de 1 Gozar de Encargarse de 1 Emular con Detestar de Descuidarse de 1 Dejarse de 1 Afanarse en 1 Insistir en Meditar en Principiar en Reflexionar en Repartir en Resolverse en 1 Vengarse en 1 Casarse con 1 Batirse con una persona 1 Dar con alguno Cesar de comer Conocer de vista Disponer de Vindicarse de - 1 Abstenerse de 1 English = To forget. To bewail. = To enjoy, rejoice in. To undertake. = To emulate . = To hale . To be careless of, to, disregard. To cease. To make a hobby of. = To insist on. = To think upon. = To begin with. = To reflect on. = To divide into. To resolve (itself) into. = To avenge oneself on. To marry (oneself with). = To fight a person. = To meet with someone. = To cease eating (to eat). = To know by sight. To dispose of. = To avenge- . = To abstain from . These roust be acquired by practice. The subjunctive of Spanish verbs, as in ' (' lf<*g ') 80 THE SIXTH LESSON moods, is formed by the addition of suffixes. As regards the tenses, there exist not only a ' Present ' and ' Imperfect/ but also a ' Future ' and ' Conditional.' Amor Ame Ames Ame Amemos Ameis Amen Amase Amases Amase Amasemos Amaseis Amasen Amare Amares Amare Amaremos Amareis Amaren Amara Amaras Amara Amaramos Amarais Amaran SUBJUNCTIVE Temer Partir PRESENT Tema Parta Temas Partas Tema Parta Temamos Partamos Temais Partais Teman Partan IMPERFECT Temiese Partiese Temieses Partieses Temiese Partiese Temiesemos Partiesemos Temieseis Partieseis Temiesen Partiesen FUTURE Temiere Partiere Temieres Partieres Temiere Partiere Temieremos Partieremos Temiereis Partiereis Temieren Partieren CONDITIONAL Temiera Partiera Temieras .Partieras Temiera Partiera Temieramos Partieramos Temierais Partierais Temieran Partieran THE SIXTH LESSON 81 Let us now study the changes in the subjunctive and other forms of the principal irregular verbs. These need not be memorised all at once, for by con- tinually repeating them in phrases, sentences, stories, and poems, one becomes accustomed to their correct usage ; they should, however, be read over aloud at intervals and also be used for reference. Never let any word pass without understanding its real signification. Only those tenses which exhibit changes will be given. Andar (to walk or to go) Past Definite Anduve Anduviste Anduvo, etc. l Subj. (Imperf.) Anduviese, etc. 1 (Fut.) Anduviere, etc. 1 (Cond.) Anduviera, etc. 1 Dar (to give) Svbj. (Imperf.) Diese Dieses Diese, etc. 1 (Fut.) Diere Dieres Diere, etc. 1 (Cond.) Diera, etc. 1 Hacer Cond. Harfa, etc. Subj. (Pies.) Haga, etc. (Imperf.) Hiciese, etc. (Fut.) Hiciere, etc. (Cond.) Hiciera, etc. i If the student has learned the suffixes of the regular con- jugations, he will easily be able to continue throughout the tenses. The change in the stem must be studied. 8 82 THE SIXTH LESSON Saber (to know) Subj. (Pies.) Sepa, etc. (Imperf.) Supiese, etc. (Fut.) Supiere, etc. ,, (Cond.) Supiera, etc. Ver (to fee) Imperf. Veia, etc. Subj. (Pies.) Yea, etc. Venir (to come) Imperf, Venfa, etc. Subj. (Pres.) Venga, etc. (Imperf.) Viniese, etc. (Fut.) Vinieie, etc. (Cond.) Viniera, etc. Decir (to say, tell) Imperf. Decia, etc. Cond. Diria, etc. 1 Subj. (Pres.) Diga, etc. (Imperf.) Dijese, etc. (Fut.) Dijere, etc. (Cond.) Dijera, etc. Ir (to go) Imperf. Iba, etc. Cond. Iiia, etc. l Subj. (Pres.) Vaya, etc. (Imperf.) Fuese, etc. (Fut.) Fuere, etc. (Cond.) Fuera, etc. 1 Note that the ' Future ' tense and the ' Conditional' have always the same stem. THE SIXTH LESSON 33 Mostrar (to show) 1 Prcs. (Indie.) Muestro Muestras Muestra Mostramos Mostrais Muestran Subj. (Pres.) Muestre, etc. Conocer (to know, to be acquainted with) Pres. (Indie.) Conozco (pron. ' z ' as < th ') Conoces Conoce, etc. Subj. (Pres.) Conozca Conozcas Conozca, etc. Poner (to put, place) Pres. (Indie.) Pongo Pones Pone, etc. Cond. Pondria, etc. Subj. (Pres.) Ponga, etc. (Imperf.) Pusiese, etc. (Fut.) Pusiere, etc. (Cond.) Pusiera, etc. Pedir (to ask, demand)* Pres. (Indie.) Hdo Pides Pide Pedimoft Pediais Piden 1 Notice how these -verbs change to the regular form in the first and second .persons plural. 84 THE SIXTH LESSON Subj. (Pres.) Pida, etc. (Imperf.) Rdiese, etc. (Fut.) Pidiere, etc. (Cond.) Pidiera, etc. Oir (to hear) Pres, (Indie.) Oigo Oyes Oye Oirnos, etc. Subj. (Pres.) Oiga, etc. Poder (to be able, can) Fvt. Podre, etc. Cond. Podria, etc. Subj. (Pres.) Pueda, etc. (Imperf.) Pudiese, etc. (Fut.) Pudiere, etc. (Cond.) Pudiera, etc. (Juerer (to wish, to like) Put. Querro Querras Querru Querremos Querreis Querran Cond. Querria, etc. Subj. (Pres.) Quiera, etc. (Imperf.) Quisiese, etc. (Fut.) Quisiere, etc. (Cond.) Quisiera, etc. THE SIXTH LESSON 85 Voter (to be worth) Fut. Valdre, etc. Cond. Valdria, etc. Subj. (Pres.) Valga, etc. Sentir (to feel) Subj. (Pres.) Sienta, etc. (Imperf.) Sintiese, etc. (Put.) Sintiere, etc. (Cond.) Sintiera, etc. Morir (to die) Pres. (Indie.) Muero Mueres Muere Moriraos Moris Mueren Subj. (Pres) Muera, etc. (Imperf.) Muriese, etc. (Fut.) Muriere, etc. (Cond.) Muriera, etc. Dormfr (to sleep] Pres. (Indie.) Duermo, etc. Kubj. (Pres.) Duerma, etc. (Iraperf.) Durmiese, etc. /5 -Fut.) Durmiere, etc. (Cond.) Durmiera, etc. Traer (to bring, to carry) Pres. (Indie.) Traigo, etc. Past Def. Traje Trajiste 86 THE SIXTH LESSON Past Dtf. Trajo Trajimos Trajisteis Trajeron Svbj. (Pres.) Tcaiga, etc. Trajeee, etc. Trajere, etc. Trajera, etc. Salir (to go out] Pres. (Indie.) Salgo, etc. Fut. Saldre, etc. Cond. Saldria, etc. Subj. (Pres.) Saiga, etc. (Imperf.) Saliese, etc. (Fat.) Saliere, etc. ,, (Cond.) Saliera, etc. CONVERSATIONAL MATTER Porque ha hecho Vd. eso ? = Why have you done this? Si yo lo hubiera sabido no lo = If I had known it I habria hecho should not have done it. Quien era el medico del rey ? = Who was the king's physician ? El medico del rey era ingles The king's physician was y may sabio English and very clever. Qiiien es su hermana ? * = Who is her ( his) sister ? Su hermana es actriz en on = Her (his) sister is an teatro de Madrid actress in a Madrid theatre. > ' DC & ' or De ella ' understood. THE SIXTH LESSON 87 Cuando mi tio estuviere en = When my uncle is at el baile, yo estare en el the dance, I shall be teatro at the theatre. Note. ' Cuando ' is usually followed by the subjunctive, especially when it signifies ' whenever.* Since, here, the idea is a future one, the future tense must be used. ' Whenever my uncle will be (subj.) at the dance (ball), I shall be (indie.) at the theatre.' Qu6 hay de nuevo, amigo ? = What is the news, friend? Nada que yo sepa ! = Nothing that I know of. (Literally ' What is there of new ? ') (Literally * Nothing that I know of * (subj.).) Notes. The Subjunctive is not so easy to understand as the other moods. It is employed generally in cases of uncertainty, doubt, fear, desire, and others exhibiting mental activity ; with verbs of asking and demanding ; after expressions that are impersonal such Es probable que It is probable that . It is also necessary after certain conjunctions, such as * Para que * = So that, in order that. Cuando = When, whenever. Antes que = Before (that). Despues que = After (that). Sin que = Without (that). Como = As. Si = //. Asi que - As goon as. Hasta que = Until. Sea que = Be it that. No obstante que -- Notwithstanding (that). Siempre que = Whenever (whenever be it that). De miedo que - For fear that. Aunque ' Although. Por mas que 4 = However. The use of the subjunctive, more tiresome, perhaps, than any other part of Spanish grammar, must be acquired by practice, though the above notes will greatly assist the student. 1 Notice the use of ' que ' (that). * Also ' de modo que ' and ' a fin de que.' * Also * bien que.' * Also ' como quiera que.' 88 THE SIXTH LESSON Si el tiempo no fuese tan = If the weather were not malo, yo partiria esta so bad, I should depart tarde this afternoon. Su primo de Vd. estaba = Your cousin was very muy cansado, no ? tired, wasn't he ? ( No '=No, not ; it is also equivalent to the English re- petition in interrogation.) Vd. es soldado, no ? = You are a soldier, are you not ? Mi hermano esta aqui, no ? = My brother is here, isn't he? Cuando Vd. llame (subj.) a When (whenever) you call la criada, no olvide (im- the servant (fern.) don't perative) que u nombre forget that her Chris - de pila es CataHna ! tian name is Katherine. (Olvidar = To forget.) (El nombre de pila = The Christian name.) (La pila = The baptismal font.) Mis alumnos * estan estu- =- My pupils are studying diando la historia de the history of France. Francia De veras ? = Really ? Si ! Mas tarde estudiaran = Yes ! Later they will la historia y la geografia study the history and de Ingm terra geography of England. Mi madre quisiera (Condt. = My mother would wish Subj.) que comiese (Im- that I might eat much, perf. Subj.) mucho pero but I have no desire to yo no tengo ganas de eat. comer (Tener ganas de = To have envy to ; To desire.) 1 Or ' discipulos ' (accented on the syllable -ci-). THE SIXTH LESSON 89 Si Vd. no hubiera (Condt. = If you had not (would not Subj.) comido tanta have) eaten so much came, no habria estado meat, you would not enfermo have been 111. Yo quisiera (Condt. Subj.) = I should wish to live in vivir en el campo ! * the country. Ayer por la tarde toque" el = Yesterday evening I piano en mi cuarto played the piano in my room. (Tocar = To touch.) (Tocar el piano = To play the piano.) (Por la tarde = In the afternoon, in the evening.) No es 4 Vd. a quien.dirijo It is not to you I direct la palabra, sino a su my conversation (word) amiga but to your friend (fern. ) (Dirigir = To direct.) (Palabra = Word.) Distingainos siempre entre Let us always distinguish )o bueno y lo malo ! between good and bad ! Vds. serian alabados si = You (plur.) would be fueron mas diligentes praised if you were more diligent. Quisiera (Condt. Subj.) I should wish that your que sus amigos de Vd. friends might accom- nos acompanasen (Imperf . pany us to the church Subj.) hasta la iglesia de of which we have been que hemos estado hab- speaking ! lando ! Digame Vd. caballero, es = Tell me, sir, is this the este el correo ? post-office ? 1 Expressing * desire.' 90 THE SIXTH LESSON Si, caballero. For aqui se ~- Yes, sir. One enters here entra ! 1 (Through here.) Ya me acuerdo a donde he -- Now I remember where puesto mi reloj I have put my watch. (Acordcvrse = To remember.) (Ya = Already, now.) Tanto mejor ! = So much the better ! A qu6 bora quiare Yd. que = At what time do you venga ? want me to come ? (Venga = Subjunctive present after a verb of wishing.) A las tres, senor = At three o'clock, sir. Estate" aqui a las tres = I shall be here at three. Ne tengo nada que hacer = I have nothing (that) to do. Qu6 tiene Yd. que hacer ? What have you (that) to do? Tengo mucho que hacer --- I have much to do. Yd. no tiene nada que = You have nothing to fear ! temer ! (Note the use here of * que.') Ya Yd. algunas veces al = Do you sometimes go campo ? into the country ? Si, de vez en cuando ! = Yes, sometimes (from time to time). Que hace I" = What are you doing ? Acabo de escribir una carta = I have just written a letter. 1 Notice the use of the third person with ' se.' * Se habla espafiol ' means ' Spanish is spoken ' or ' One speaks Spanish.' 1 * Yd. 1 understood. ' Que hace ella ? ' would mean ' What is she doing ? ' When any person or thing is under discussion, it is not necessary to include the pronoun. THE SIXTH LESSON 91 Acabo de visitor a mi amigo = I have just visited my friend. (The verb ' acabar ' followed by ' de ' and an infinitive is equivalent to the English ' to have just .') Yo no tengo ningun amigo = I have no friend. Qu6 lastima ! = What (a) shame ! Nocomprendo (intiendo) lo = I don't understand what que Vd. dice ! you say ! (' Lo que ' means ' what ' in the sense of ' that which.') Me gustaria mucho saber = I should very much like lo que piensa Vd. to know what you think. Quiere Vd. saberlo ? Do you wish to know (it) ? Si, quiero saberlo = Yes, I wish to know (it). Pienso que el hombre es el = I think that man is the animal mas sabio del wisest animal in the mundo world. THE SEVENTH LESSON ADVEBBS may be formed from adjectives by the addition, to the feminine form in ' a,' of the suffix ' -mente,' as explained in the * Introductory Remarks ' at the beginning of the book. Other adverbs of importance, some of which have already been given, are Aba jo = Below, down- Aca = Here. stairs. Acaso = Maybe, per- Adernas = Besides, more- haps. over. Adelantc = Forward. Ahi = There. Ahora = Now. Alia = There. Antes = Before. Alii = There. Apenas = Scarcely, Aqui = Here. hardly. Arriba = Above, up- Asi = Thus. stairs. Atras = Behind. Aun = Even, yet. Bastante = Enough. Bien = Well. Casi = Almost. Cerca = About, near. Como How. Cuando = When. Debajo Underneath. Delante Opposite, in front. Demasiado = Too much, too. Dentro = Inside. Despacio Slowly. Dcspucs Afterwards. Detras = Behind. Donde = Where. Encima = Upon. Entonces = Then. Fuera = Outside. Jamas Ever, never. Junto a = By the side of. Lejos = Far, afar. next to. Luego = Directly. Mai = Badly. Ni = Neither, nor. Nunca = Never. Poco = Little. Pronto 1 = Quickly, soon. Pues = Then. Quiza = = Perhaps. Siempre = Always. S61o - Only. Tarn bi en - Also. Todavia = Yet, still. Ya Already. 1 Also ' presto.* 2 Also ' quizas.' THE SEVENTH LESSON 93 t is advisable that the student should know all th. previous work thoroughly. A STORY i Decja una madrea su hijo de cinco 6 seis afiosdeedad para inducirle a que acabase su tarea, que NuTclt t dejar para mafiana lo que se puede hacer hoy dia^ este easo, mama," le respondio el 'v ' mos ? r abar hoy "*- , y no guardarlo para mauana " de Said a mother to her son of five or six years of age i n order to (para) induce him to finish his task, that Never t one leave for to-morrow that which (lo qm} one can nmsh to-day " (hoy dia). " In this case, mamma," responded to her (fe) the youngster much a propos (to the point), we have to finish to-day-itself the remainder of the cake and not leave it for to-morrow." The mother, marvelling at such acuteness, gave him permission to finish it. Notes _--_ __,_. ^.uuc,, ' One never ought to leave Literally, It never ought to leave itself ' 9 que ' means 'that which ' or 'what.' 1 From * Durniani.' 94 THE SEVENTH LESSON j ' Se puede hacer ' means ' Can be done.' Literally* 4 Can do itself.' These common reflexive f onus must be carefully studied . * Acabar ' means * To finish .' When followed by ' de ' and an infinitive it signifies ' to have just ' done something as already explained. * Maravillada ' is feminine agreeing with * mad re ' ; it signifies ' marvelling ' or * astonished at.' * A propdsito ' means ' to the point ' in this case ; it also signifies ' on purpose ' vide next story. A STORY Un criado, algo tonto, tenfa la costumbre de llevar al correo todas las cartas que encontraba en el escritorio de su amo. Un dia echo al buzon ima de ellas, que no tenia todavia el nombre ni las senas del destinatario. Al volvei a casa, su amo se irrito y le pregunto furioso, " Pero, bruto, no veias que en el sobre faltaba la direc- tion ? " " Bien lo vi," contesto el pobre hombre, " pero crei que Yd. lo hacia a proposito, con objeto de callar el nombre de la persona a quien manda la carta." Translation A servant, somewhat foolish, had the habit (custom) of taking to the post all the letters that he met with (found) on his master's desk. One day he threw into the box one of them that had not yet the name or the address of the addressee. On returning to the house, his master became annoyed, and asked him angrily, " But, brute, 1 did you not see that on the envelope it lacked the address ? " " I saw it well," replied the poor man, " but I believed that you had done it on purpose, with the object of con- cealing the name of the person to whom you are sending the letter." 1 This is merely a translation. The Englishman would say fool ' or ass/ THE SEVENTH LESSON 95 Notes Algp ' usually means ' something,' but when used with an adjec- tive it signifies * somewhat,' * * ftlgo tonto ' in the above story ; * somewhat foolish,' 'somewhat stupid.' ' Amo ' means * master ' or * patron ' ; the feminine is ' ama.' ' Echar ' means ' to throw.' ' Las tenat' The word ' sena ' means ' mark, sign ' ; in the plural, as above, it signifies " address.' ' Votoer ' means * to turn, to return.' Note the use of the infinitive in ' al volver,' signifying * on returning.' Thus other infinitives may be employed. ' Irritar ' alone means ' to irritate,' but * irritarse ' will naturally signify * to irritate oneself,' or * to become irritable,' or ' to get annoyed.' ' Faltar '' means * to lack.' One can say also ' Me falta un lapiz,' meaning * I lack a pencil ' or * I want a pencil.' ' Que le falta 4 Vd. ? 'means ' What is lacking to you ? ' or * What do you want?' ' Direction ' means ' destination ' or ' address.' ' Conlestar ' means ' to reply, answer.' ' A proposito ' means ' on purpose.' Vide previous story. ' Collar ' means either ' to be silent ' or * to conceal.' ' Mandar ' means * to send.' THE RAINBOW (El arco iris) El arco iris es producido por los siete rayos del prisma (1). Rojo, (3) _ Naranjado, (3). Amarillo, (4). Verde, (5). Azul claro, (6). Azul oscuro, y (7). Morado, refractados por los vapores y lluvia que nadan en la at- m6sfera, y reflejados sobre una nube oscura. Asi es que sucede siempre en tiempo lluvioso, y cuando el cielo esta aiin nublado por un lado, y sol despejado por el otro, debiendo hallaree el observador entre la nube y el sol. La 1 Prom * Verdejo Pae*.' 96 THE SEVENTH LESSON luna suele producir tambi&i el iris, igualmente que las grandes cafdas de agua y cascadas, los ventisqueros, y las olas del mar. Translation The rainbow is produced by the seven rays of the prism (1). Red, (2). Orange, (3). Yellow, (4). Green, (5). Light blue, (6). Dark blue, and (7). Violet, refracted by vapours and rain that swim (hang) in the atmosphere, and reflected upon a dark cloud. Thus it is that it happens always in rainy weather and when the sky is still clouded on one side and clear sun on the other, the observer having to find himself between the cloud and the sun. The moon is accustomed also to produce the rain- bow, equally with the great waterfalls and cascades, the glaciers and the waves of the sea. Notes 4 Area iris ' means ' rainbow.' * Produtir ' means ' to 'produce.' 4 Elprisma' means ' prism.' Notice that, although it ends in ' a,' it is masculine. Other common colours than those already given are Negro -- black. Blanco - white. Pardo = gray. Moreno = brown. 4 El vapor ' means ' vapour, steam.' 4 Lluvia ' means ' rain.' 4 Llover ' is the verb 4 to rain.' 4 Nadar ' means ' to swim.' THE SEVENTH LESSON 97 4 Asl es ' means ' thus it is ' or ' it is thus.' ' Suceder ' means either ' to succeed ' or ' to happen.' ' Lado ' means ' side ' ; ' por un lado ' is ' on one side.' ' Despejar ' is a verb signifying ' to remove, to clear away ' things which impede, such as obstructions and impediments. * Despejarse ' (note the ' se ') means ' to cheer up ' and * to become clear ' when speaking of weather. 4 Despejado ' is an adjective signifying ' smart, quick, sagacious,' and also ' clear.' ' Debiendu ' is the present participle of ' deber,' meaning ' to owe ' ; it also means ' to have to, to be obliged to,' and is therefore in English variously translated as * must, ought,' etc. I have translated it ' having to ' because we may not say ' musting to ' or 'oughting to.' I might, however, have written 'being obliged to.' , 'Sue/e' is the third person singular of 'sofer,' meaning 'to be accustomed ' to do a thing, so that in a past tense one might translate it by ' used to.' Another equivalent would be ' to be in the habit of.' This verb is followed by an infinitive. ' Igualmente que"" I have translated by 'equally with,' but other expressions would have rendered the text equally clear, such as 'just like' or 'the same as.' ' Caida ' is ' fall ' (noun), being derived from the verb ' coer,' to fall. ' Ventisquero ' is a ' glacier.' Other useful names among Nature's works are Los astros = The stars La orupcion = The eruption. (generally). El hielo = The ice. El cielo = The sky. La nieve = The snow. El cometa 1 = The comet. El valle The valley. La cstrella = The star. La roca = The rock. La naturaleza = Nature. El polvo = The powder, El planeta 1 = The planet. dust. El sol = The sun. La piedra = The stone. La salida del = The sunrise. El ecuador = The equator. sol El desierto = The desert. La puesta del - The sunset. El pals = The country. sol La arena = The sand. La tierra = The earth. El clima = The climate. La colina = The hill. El rocio = The dew. La montana = The mountain. La bruma = The mist. El lago = The lake. La niebla - The jog. La isla = The island. El granizo = The hail. El norte = North. El trueno = The thunder. El sur = South. El terremoto = The earth- El este = East. quake. El oeste = West. El relampago = The lightning. El eclipse = The eclipse. 1 These are masculine, though ending in 'a.' 98 THE SEVENTH LESSON A STORY Dos muchachos que jugaban al pi 6 de un nogal, hallaron en el suelo una nuez que se habia caida del arbol. " Es mia," dijo uno de ellos, " pues yo he sido el que la he visto primero." " No," respondi6 el otro, " es mla, porque yo he sido el que la he recogido del suelo." No pudiendo ponerse de acuerdo respecto al legitimo dueno de la nuez, ya estaban dispuestos 4 disputarsela a golpes, cuando un joven que pasaba, habiendose enterado del motivo de la querella, cogio la nuez, la partio y ponie'n- dose en medio delos muchachos, les dijo, " Yo voy 4 poneros de acuerdo ; la mitad de la cascara pertenece al que la vio primero y la otra mitad al que la recogio del suelo. Respecto a la nuez, yo me la guardo en pago de la decision que he dado. Este es," anadio riendo, "el resultado usual de todos los pleitos." Translation Two boys who were playing at the foot of a walnut-tree found on the ground a walnut that had fallen from the tree. " It is mine," said one of them, *' since (for) I have been he who have seen it first." " No," replied the other, "it is mine, because I have been he who have gathered it from the ground." Not being able to put themselves in accord respecting the legitimate owner of the nut, already they were disposed to dispute it with blows, when a young man who was passing, having informed himself of the motive of the quarrel, took the nut, separated it, and, putting himself between the boys, said to them, "I am going to put you in accord ; half of the shell belongs to him who saw it first and the other half to him who gathered it from the THE SEVENTH LESSON 99 ground ; regarding the nut (the inside), I am keeping it to myself in payment for the decision that I have given. This is," he added laughing, "the usual result of all law-suits." Notes ' Jugar ' means ' to play.' 1 Al pit de ' means * at the foot of ' ; note the contraction of * A el * into * a/.' ' Hollar ' means ' to find.' ' El sueUt ' means ' the ground/ ' Caer ' means * to fall.' * El que ' means 'he who * or 'that one which.' * Coger ' means ' to catch, seize ' ; and Recoger ' means ' to take back ' and also ' to gather, to collect.' ' Pudiendo ' is the present participle of ' poder ' (to be able). ' De acuerdo ' signifies ' in accord.' ' Dispuesto ' is the past participle of ' disponer,' meaning ' to dispose ' ; also ' to arrange, prepare.' ' Disputarsela ' means ' to dispute among themselves about it.' ' Disputar ' means ' to question, contend in argument.' ' Un golpe ' means ' a blow, a knock.' ' Enterar ' means ' to acquaint, inform ' ; and ' Enierarse ' will therefore signify ' to inform oneself,' or, as we might say, ' to get to know.' ' Pariir ' means ' to divide, separate, part.' ' El mcdio ' means ' the middle.' ' En media de ' will therefore signify ' in the middle of.' In this instance, I have translated it by ' between.' * Os ' means ' you.' This is the form of the Accusative and Dative of the second person plural. ' Perlenecer ' means ' to belong ' ; also ' to appertain.' ' Respecto A ' means ' with respect to ' or simply ' as regards.' ' Guardar ' means ' to keep.' * En pago de ' means ' in payment of.' The verb * to pay ' is ' Anadir ' means 'to add.' CONVERSATIONAL MATTER A quie"n desea Vd. ver ? = Whom do you wish to see? Deseo ver a mi tio = I wish to see my uncle. 100 THE SEVENTH LESSON Pero no esta aqui su tio ! = But your uncle is not here ! Donde esta, entonces ? = Where is he, then ? No se, pero hace veinte = I don't know, but twenty minutos le vi cruzar la minutes ago I saw him calle crossing the street. Note. In expressing ' time ago ' the word ' hace ' is used Hace dos horas = Two hours ago. Hace un mez = A month ago. Hace nueve anos = Nine years ago. ' Cruzar ' means * to cross.' * La cruz ' means ' the cross.' quiere Vd. hacer ? What do you want to do ? Me gustaria mucho que- = I should very much like darme a comer con Vd. to stay to dine (lunch) with you. Note. Learn the following useful verbs, all beginning in 4 que- ' 4 Quedar ' = To stay, stop. 4 Quetnar ' = To burn. 'Quebrar* = To break. 4 Que j arse ' = To complain. 4 Querer ' = To wish, desire, want. Hasta la vista ! l = Good-bye. Mi amigo monta a caballo = My friend goes riding casi todos los dias nearly every day. Note. 4 Montar a caballo ' is equivalent to the French 4 monter & cheval,' and signifies ' to ride on horseback.' No es tiempo de volver 4 = Is it not time to return casa ? home ? Si, lo creo ! = Yes, I believe so (it). Y tambien es hora de acos-= And, also, it is time to go tarse to bed. Note. ' Acostarse ' means 4 to lie down, go to bed.' 1 Equivalent to the French 4 au revoir ! ' THE SEVENTH LESSON 101 Me voy a acostar ! = I am going to bed ! Enciende Vd. la bugia ! = Light the candle ! Note. ' Encender ' means ' to light.' Ayudeme Vd. a desnu- = Help me to undress my- darme ! self ! Note. ' Ayudar ' means ' to help.' ' Desnudar ' means ' to undress.' ' Nudo ' (adj.) means ' naked.' * Nudn ' (noun) means ' knot.' Donde esta el puente ? = Where is the bridge ? Queda 1 a cinco minutos de = It is (stays) five minutes aqui from here. Cuanto se tarda 2 a pie" ? = How long will it take on foot ? Le he dicho a Vd. ! = I have told you ! Conoce Vd. al seiior Busta- = Do you know Mr. Busta- mante ? mante ? No, pero se donde habita No, but I know where he lives, Habita lejos de aqui ? - Does he live far from here ? 0, si, muy lejos Oh, yes, very far. Volvere a ver a Vd. = I shall come back and see you. Que dia ? = What day ? Limes, talvez = Monday, perhaps. Now, before closing this chapter, let us learn the seasons, the days of the week, and the months of the year. 1 Notice the use of the verb ' quedar ' here ; it is frequently used thus. 2 ' Tardar ' actually means ' to delay ' and ' to put off.' 102 THE SEVENTH LESSON La primavera El verano = The spring. = The summer. El otono El invierno = The autumn = The winter. Domingo Lunes Mattes Mircoles = Sunday. = Monday. = Tuesday. - Wednesday. Jueves Viernes Sabado = Thursday. = Friday. = Saturday. Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio - January. = February. - March. April. = May. = June. Julio Agosto Septiembre Octubre Novierabre Diciembre = July. August. = September. = October. = November. = December. CHAPTER X THE EIGHTH LESSON A STORY YEN DO un dia de caza, el Rey de Espana, Carlos IV., se extravio por loe bosques y, como tenia mucha hambre, entro en una pobre choza, donde se comio para cenar dos huevos estrellados. " Cuanto te debo ? " pregunto luego a la mujer que le servia. " Dos mil reales, Senor," contesto la astuta campesina. " Demonic ! Que raros seran los huevos en este pais!" " No, Senor," replico ella, sonriendose, " lo rarfsimo es ver al Rey comer en nuestra cabana." Translation Qoing (along) one hunting-day, the King of Spain, Charles IV., lost his way through (in) the woods, and, as he was very hungry, he entered (into) a poor hut (cottage), where he ate two poached eggs. " How much do I owe thee ? " he asked presently (to) the woman who served him. "Two thousand reales, 1 sir," answered the astute countrywoman. " The deuce ! How rare will be eggs in this country ! " "No, sir," she replied, smiling, " the most rare (rarest) thing is to see the Bang eating in our hut (poor cottage)." 1 A Spanish coin. 104 THE EIGHTH LESSON Notes ' Yendo ' is the present participle of ' ir.' * Caza ' means ' the hunt, chase.' ' Extraviar ' means * to mislead ' ; and ' Exlraviarse ' signifies ' to lose one's way.' ' El bosque ' means * the wood, forest, grove.' * La ckoza ' means ' a humble cottage.' ' Cenar ' means ' to sup, to have a meal.' ' Estrellar* means 'to dash to pieces ' and 'to confound.' 4 Eslrellado,'' the past participle of the above, means ' starry ' ; and ' Huevos estrellados ' means ' poached eggs.' ' Luego ' means ' presently.' ' Coniestar ' means ' to answer, reply.' ' El demonit) ' means 'the demon.' It is here used as an ex- clamation. ' Replicar ' means ' to reply.' ' Sonreirse ' means ' to smile.' Notice that it is reflexive. ' Rarisimo ' is the superlative of ' raro.' ' Cabana ' means ' a small cottage ' or ' a hut.' APPEARANCES 1 Cuando es de noche, parecen las estrellas en el cielo. De dia hay tambiSn estrellas, pero la luz del sol no las deja resplandecer para nosotros. Cuando el sol se pone, va a alumbrar otros paises. No se mueve el, sino la tierra. Cuando vamos en un carruaje muy de prisa, nos parece que los arboles caminan hacia atras ; del mismo modo, como nos movemos con la tierra, nos parece que tl sol muda de lugar. Muchas cosas parecen verdades y no lo son. Por eso se dice que " las apariencias nos enganan." Translation When it is night, the stars appear in the sky. By day there are also stars, but the sun's light does not let them shine for us. When the sun sets it goes to illuminate other lands. It does not move, but the earth (moves). When we 1 ' Las apariencias ' (accentuated on the syllable ' en '). This extract is from ' Mantilla.' THE EIGHTH LESSON 105 go, in a carriage (car), very fast, it seems to us that the trees are journeying backwards (towards behind) ; in the same manner, as we are moving (move) with the earth, it seems to us that the sun changes place. Many things appear truths and are not (it, so). Through this (therefore) it is said that " appearances deceive us." Notf.s ' De noche ' means ' by night ' or ' in the night-time.' ' Parecer ' means ' to appear, seem.' ' De dia ' means ' by day ' or ' in the day-time.' ' Dejar ' means ' to leave, let ' and * to allow.' ' Resplandecer ' means ' to shine, gleam, glitter.' ' Para nosotros ' means ' for us.' In the sense that we do not see the stars. ' Poner ' is the verb ' to put, place.' ' Ponerse ' in reference to the sun signifies ' to set.' ' Alumbrar ' means ' to light ' ; it also signifies * to enlighten.' ' Mueve ' is derived from ' mover,' meaning ' to move.' ' Pain, ache. temper). La duda = Doubt. La cblera = Anger. El entusiasmo = Enthusiasm. La com pa si on - Compassion. La envidia = Envy. La conducta = Conduct, be- La esperanza = Hope. haviour. La altivez = Pride, haughti- La confianza. = Confidence. ness. La conciencia = Conscience. La adulaci6n = Flattery, adu- El temor = Fear. lation. El crime n = Crime. Latt = Faith. La crueldad = Cruelty. La franqueza = Frankness. La curiosidad = Curiosity. La alegria = Joy, gaiety. El disgusto = Disgust. La gula = Gluttony, El despecho = Spite. greediness. 1 ' El bisabuelo ' means ' the great-grandfather.' 8 * El dolor de cabeza ' means ' headache.' * ' A fe m!ia ! ' means ' Upon my faith, honour ! ' 108 THE EIGHTH LESSON El odio = Hatred. El miedo = Fear (vide El honor = Honour. ' temor '). La vergiienza = Shame. La conmis- = Pity, com- La ignorancia = Ignorance. eracidn 1 miseration. La imaginaci6n = Imagination. El placer = Pleasure. La impudcncia = Impudence. La cortesia = Politeness. La indignaci6n = Indignation. La previsi6n = Foresight. La inocencia = Innocence. La prudencia = Prudence. La insolencia = Insolence. El pudor = Shame, mod- La inteligencia Intelligence. esty. El interes = Interest. La gratitud = Gratefulness. La cobardia = Cowardice. El remordi- = Remorse. La libertad = Liberty. miento La memoria = Memory. La simplicidad = Simplicity. El desprecio = Contempt. El cuidado = Care. La modestia = Modesty. La necedad = Foolishness. La incuria = Carelessness. La sospecha = Suspicion. El orgullo = Pride. La tristeza = Sadness. La pereza = Laziness. La vanidad = Vanity. La pasion -- Passion. La venganza Vengeance. La paciencia = Patience. La verdad = -Truth. El pensamiento = Thought. A JOKE " Dime, hijo ! Un hombre se cae al suelo desde nn tejado y otro desde una silla. j Cual es el que se hace mas dano ? " 2 " El segunda, si la silla esta en el tejado." Translation " Tell me, son ! A man falls to the ground from a roof (tiled-roof) and another from a chair. Which is he who hurts himself most ? " " The second, if the chair is on the roof." Notes ' Caer ' means * to fall.' Note the reflexive ' .' ' Desde ' meaning ' since ' (of time) also signifies ' from ' (of place). ' Dano ' means 'hurt, harm.' ' Tejado ' means ' tiled-roof ' or simply ' roof.' 1 Note that, in Spanish, one finds ' conm- ' where in English the * mm ' occurs. 1 Note the mark of interrogation also at the beginning. " 109 T " i Tienes en clase buen sitio ? " 1 " El mejor, papa cerca de la estufa ! " Translation Have you (hast thou) a good position in the class ? " The best, papa near the stove ! " A RIDDLE (IN VERSE) Dicen que soy rey Y no tengo reino. < Dicen que soy rubio Y no tengo pelo. Afirman que ando Y no me meneo. Arreglo relojes Sin ser relojero. Translation They say I am king And I have no queen. They say I am " ginger " (reddish) And I have no hair. They affirm that I walk (go) And I do not move about. I regulate watches Without being (a) watchmaker. 9 Notes ' Rubio ' means ' reddish ' or ' red.' ' Afirmar ' meaning ' to affirm,' also signifies ' to secure, strengthen.' ' ' Menear ' means ' to move from place to place.' 4 Arreglar ' means ' to regulate.' 1 Note the two marks of interrogation. 1 The answer is 'el sol ' (the sun). 110 THE EIGHTH LESSON A STORY Cuando Boabdil, ultimo rey moro de Granada, se vio obligado a abandonar & Espana, terminada la guerra de la Reconquista, se detuvo en la cumbre del monte Padul. Desde aquel elevado sitio, descubriase Granada, la Vega y el rio Jenil, & orillas del cual se elevaban las tiendas de campana del ejercito de los Reyes Catolicos, Fernando 6 Isabel. A la vista de tan bello pais, que iba a abandonar para siempre, Boabdil no pudo contener su emocion, y silenciosas lagrimas comeron por sus mejillas. La sultana Aixa, su madre, que le accompanaba en su destierro con los nobles que en otro tiempo componian su brillante corte, le dijo, " Llora, llora, como una debil mujer, la perdida de un reino que no has sabido defender como hombre." Pocos momentos despues la hermosa Granada, ultimo baluarte de la dorainacion arabe en Espana, desaparecia de su vista para siempre. Desde entonces aquel sitio se llarao y se llama aun hoy, " El Suspiro del Moro." Translation When Boabdil, last Moor king of Granada, saw himself obliged to abandon Spain, the war of the Reconquest being ended, he tarried on the summit of (the) Mount Padul. From this elevated spot revealed themselves Granada, the Vega, and the river Jenil, on the banks of which rose the tents of the army of the Catholic Rulers, Fernando and Isabel. At the sight of such a lovely country, that he was going to (was about to) abandon for ever, Boabdil could not contain his emotion, and silent tears ran down his cheeks. The " Sultana " Aixa, his mother, who was accom- panying him in his exile with the nobles who in another time (in other days) composed his brilliant court, said to him, " Weep, weep, like a weak woman (for) the loss of a THE EIGHTH LESSON 111 kingdom which thou hast not known how to defend like a man!" A few minutes after the beautiful Granada, last bastion of the Arab domination in Spain, disappeared from his view for ever. Since then that place was called, and even to-day is called, " The Sigh of the Moor." Notes * Terminada la guerraj etc. In this phrase, the participle must be understood as meaning 'being ended." Notice particularly the construction in Spanish . * Delener ' means ' to detain,' and ' Delenerse ' signifies ' to detain oneself ' or * to tarry.' ' Descubrir ' means ' to discover, uncover, reveal ' ; and * Descubrirse ' may be translated as ' to reveal oneself.' ' La tienda ' may mean either ' the shop ' or ' the tent.' ' La oritta ' means ' the bank ' of a river ; and ' El banco ' means ' the bank ' of commerce. ' Los reyes," literally meaning ' the kings,' here signifies ' rulers,* both the king and the queen. ' Oorrer ' is the verb ' to run.' ' La mtjilla ' means ' the cheek.' ' Componer ' means * to compose.' ' Ltora ' from the verb * Itorar ' (to weep) means ' Weep I ' (impera- tive). In the foregoing story it must be translated 'Weep for ! ' or, in one word, ' Bewail ! ' which is equivalent. ' D&ril ' means ' weak.' Notice that the masculine and feminine forms are identical. ' Llamarse ' means ' to call itself ' or * to be called.' Notice that the reflexive form in Spanish may be translated by the passive form in English . ' Aun ' means ' even.' The Principal Parts of the Body, etc. La salud = The health. El sue no = The sleep, Transpirar = To perspire, sweat. Elhipo dream. = The hiccough. La transpira- = The perspira- Gritar - To cry out, ci6n tion, sweat. shout. Suspirar El suspiro Sonar = To sigh. = The nigh = To sleep. Bostezar El cadaver La sangre = To yawn. = The corpse. = The blood. 112 THE EIGHTH LESSON La cabeza = The head. La carne = The flesh (also El cerebro = The brain. * meat '). La f rente = The forehead. El piel = The skin. El brazo = The arm. El corazon = The heart La pietna = The leg. . (Pron. 'z' La mano = The hand. like ' th ' in El pie = Thefoot. English). El cuerpo = The body. El higado = The liver. El pecho = The breast. Los pulmones = The lungs. El est6mago = The stomach. La espalda = The shoulder. El hueso - The bone. La costilla = The rib. El esqueleto = The skeleton. El vientre = The belly. Los cabellos = The hair. El cuello = The neck. (plur.) La boca = The mouth. El ojo = The eye. El codo = The elbow. La mejilla = The cheek. El dedo = The finger. La nariz = The nose. La una = The nail (of La oreja = The ear. finger or toe). La ceja = The eyebrow. El pulgar = The thumb. El parpado = The eyelid. La lengua = The tongue. La pestana = The eyelash. Ellabio = The lip. La rodilla = The knee. El diente = The tooth. Los nervios = The nerves. Respirar = To breathe. El miisculo = The muscle. Sollozar = To sob. CHAPTER XI THE NINTH LESSON IN this chapter, for the sake of fostering interest, I intend to begin with a further selection of conversational matter which, as before, must be experimented upon by the student, new words being substituted for those given. Here is an instructive way of practising upon a sentence : Let us choose such an English one as ' I am going to town.' If we were teaching a foreigner, we might give him the following variations Present : ' I am going to town to-day.' Past : ' I was going to town yesterday.' Future : ' I shall be going to town to-morrow.' Conditional : ' I should be going to town, if- - .' 1 According to the sense, we might continue thus Present : * I often go to town.' Past : ' I often went to town.' Future : ' I shall often go to town.' Conditional : ' I should often go to town, if - .' * Still further varying the meaning, we might continue indefinitely. Here, again Present : ' When I go to town - .' Past : ' When I went to town - .' Future : ' When I (shall) go to town - .' Conditional : ' If I should go to town - .' x This is how the student must work and form new phrases and sentences for himself if he wishes to attain 1 Here, some reason or condition would follow. 114 THE NINTH LESSON fluency in any language whatever. To some students it may appear to be a very tiresome process, yet it ought not to breed discouragement, since it advances them upon their way. Both the analytic and synthetic methods must be practised if one wishes to make sure and steady progress. Therefore, it behoves one net only to read passages with the help of grammar and dictionary, but also to form sentences also with their help. The second is naturally the more difficult process, since both declensions and con" jugations must be known with their respective irregularities. In language-study the predominant factor is undoubtedly patience ; let the student of foreign idioms cultivate it. The reward is sure, and indeed worthy of attempt. CONVERSATIONAL MATTER Cuantos habitantes tiene = How many inhabitants Espana ? has Spain ? No se exactamente, pero = I don't know exactly, but creo que tiene unos diez y I believe above seven - siete milUones teen millions. Tiene Vd. un despacho = Have you a big office ? grande ? Mi despacho es un cuarto = My office is a room, not poco elegante pero uno de very elegant, but one los mas agradables del of the most agreeable piso on the floor (storey of a building). El hablo sabia y elocuente- = He spoke learnedly and xnente eloquently. Notes * Unos diez y aiete milliones ' means * some seventeen millions.' * Poco elegante * means ' not very (little) elegant/ ' Sabia,'' if alone as an adverb, would have been * sabiamente.'' When two adverbs, formed from adjectives, come together in the same sentence, as above, the first need not take the suffix ' -mente.' THE NINTH LESSON 115 Mientras la mujer lloraba, == Whilst the woman was el soldado reia weeping, the soldier was laughing. En caso que yo este ausente = In case I be absent when cuando venga su hermano your brother comes, de Vd., digale que vuelvo tell him that I am al memento ! returning at once ! (in a moment) Notes ' Mientras ' means ' whilst.' ' Estt ' and ' venga ' are subjunctives with ' en caso que ' and 'cuando.' I Que mal tiempo hace hoy ! = What bad weather it is to-day ! Si, pero hard peor rnanana = Yes, but it will be worse to-morrow. Ha venteado 1 toda la noche = It has blown (been blow- ing) all night ! Si, y esta lloviendo ahora = Yes, and it's raining now. Habiendome paseado toda = Having walked all the la manana, tengo ganas morning, I have a de comer great desire to eat. Qu4 tiene Vd. ganas de = What do you wish to comer ? eat ? No mucho ; un poco de Not much ; a little meat carne con pan with bread. Se dice que la virtud es = It is said that virtue is mejor que el dinero, pero better than money, no todo8 lo piensan but not all think so (it). 1 * Ventear ' means ' to blow ' with reference to the wind. 116 THE NINTH LESSON DespuSs de haber oido al = After having heard the orador, quien hablo clara- orator, who spoke mente, pregunte su clearly, I asked his nombre, y me dijeron name, and they told que era el Senor Rivera me that it was Mr. Rivera. Habla bien este senor ! = He speaks well ! Un paseo tan corto le ha = So short a walk has fatigado ya ? already tired him (her)? Si, me ha fatigado tambien ! = Yes, and it has also tired me ! Esta Vd. causado ? = Are you tired ? Si, estoy muy causado = Yes, I'm very tired. A que hora quiere Vd. = At what time will you comer ? eat ? A la hora de costumbre, si At the usual time, if you quiere ! like ! Prefiero comer una media = I prefer to eat half an hora mas tarde, yo ! hour later, I do ! Notes ' Si quiere ' means ' if you wish, like.' * Yo ' at the end of such a sentence signifies ' me ' or ' I do ' as above. Literally the whole may be translated, ' For myself, I prefer to eat half an hour later.' Este libro tiene el mismo = This book is the same tamano que el otro size as the other. Notes * Mismo ' means ' same.' ' El tamano ' means ' the size.' Sabe Vd. donde vive el = Do you know where Mr. Senor Torres ? Torres lives ? THE NINTH LESSON 117 S6 que vive en esta calle, = I know that he lives in pero no recuerdo el nu- this street, but I don't mer o remember the number. Es casado ? Is he married ? No estoy seguro, pero creo = I'm not sure, but I be- que no ! lieve not. Notes ' Recuerdo ' is derived from ' recorder,' meaning * to remind, remem- ber.' There is another verb, used reflexively, 'ocordarse,' meaning both 'to come to an agreement' and 'to remember.' 'Creo que no/' means 'I believe not' or 'I don't believe so.' Similarly ' creo que si* would be 'I believe so!' or 'yes, I believe so ! ' AN EPIGRAM " j Que hacfas ? " dijo Beltran A su mozo Juan Tabaco. " Nada, sefior." " j Y tu, Paco ? " " Yo estaba ayudando a Juan ! " Translation " What art thou doing ? " said Beltran To his servant Juan Tabaco. " Nothing, sir."" And thou, Paco ? " " I was helping John ! " THREE RIDDLES (Tres adivinanzas) 1. i En qu6 se parecen un guardia civil y un arco iris ? Ambos son signos de paz, y aparecen tras una tor- menta, generalmente. Translation In what resemble (each other) x a civic guard (police- man) and a rainbow ? 1 'Parecer* means 'to appear, seem,' and the reflexive form ' parecerse ' means ' to be like ' or ' to resemble.' 118 THE NINTH LESSON Both are signs of peace, and appear after a storm (disturbance), generally. 2. j Qu6 es lo primer o que hizo Napoleon cuando cumplio los treinta anos ? Entrar en los treinta y uno ! Translation What is the first (thing) that Napoleon did when he completed his thirty years (when he became thirty years old)? To enter into his thirty-first (year) ! 3. i En que mes hablan menos las mujeres ? . En el de Febrero ! Translation In what month do women least speak ? In that of February ! 1 Notes Ambos ' means * both ' ; the feminine form is * ambas.' ' Him ' is the past definite of ' hacer .' Cumplid 1 is derived from ' cumplir,' meaning 'to fulfil.' Hence 4 when he fulfilled his thirty yean.' PROVERBS (Refranes)* Dime con quien andas, y te = Tell me with whom thou dire" quien eres ! goest and I will tell thee who thou art ! Nadie se muere hasta que = Nobody dies until God Dios quiere ! wishes. El hombre propone y = Man proposes and Dios dispone ! God disposes ! 1 Because February has the least number of days. * * Proverb ' in Spanish is ' el refran.' THE NINTH LESSON 119 El habito no hace al monje ! = Clothes do not make the priest ! (monk) El tiempo es oro ! = Time is money ! Mala hierba nunca muere ! = Weeds never die ! De noche todos los gatos = At night all cats are son pardos ! gray ! Una golondrina no hace el = One swallow does not verano ! make a summer ! A buen entendedor pocas = To a good hearer, a few palabras bastan ! l words suffice ! Mas vale tarde que nunca ! 2 = Better late than never ! Tanto va el cantaro 4 la = The pitcher goes so much fuente que por fin se to the fountain (well) quiebra ! 3 that, in the end, it breaks ! Al hierro caliente batir de = Strike whilst the iron is repente ! hot ! De la mano a la boca se = There's many a slip be- pierde la sopa ! twixt the cup and the lip! La caridad empieza por uno = Charity begins at home ! mismo ! (by oneself) Mas vale un pajaro en la = A bird in the hand is mano que ciento volando ! worth two in the bush ! * Notes ' Andas ' is from ' arafar.' ' Muere ' is from ' morir ' (to die). ' Proponer ' and ' disponer ' each contain the verb * paner.' ' Batir ' means * to beat, strike.' ' l ' Bastar ' means * to suffice, to be enough .' * ' Valer ' means ' to be worth .' 3 ' Qtiebrar ' means ' to break.' * Literally ' A bird in the hand is worth more than a hundred flying.' 120 THE NINTH LESSON ' El cdntaro J means ' a pitcher, water-pot.' " Lafuenle ' means ' fountain.' ' Por fin ' means * in the end, at last.' * De repente ' means ' suddenly.* El refran dice que nadie es = The proverb says that profeta en su patria lo nobody is a prophet coal seria verdad sin los in his (own) country, ejemplos contraries which would be true without (if it were not for) the exceptions. AN ANECDOTE Pregunto un dia un inspector a un alumno, " i En d6nde estaba Dios ? " Y le contest6 el avispado chico " Decidme primero, senor, en donde no esta, y os dir6 despues en donde se halla ! " Translation An inspector asked a pupil one day, " Where God was ? " And the sharp youngster answered, " Tell me first, sir, where He is not, and I will tell you then where He is (is to be found)!" Notes ' Hollar ' means ' to find,' ' Hattarse ' means ' to find oneself, itself,' or * to be found.' AN ANECDOTE Hallaron tres hombres un tesoro ; mas como no satis- faciese el hambre que les acostaba, enviaron a uno de ellos a un pueblo vecino para que trajese algo de comer. Cuando hubo comprado la comida el enviado, dijo para si, "Si la enveneno, moriran sin duda mis dos com- paneros, y el tesoro sera mio por entero." Y la enveneno ! THE NINTH LESSON 121 Entretanto hablaban los otros dos hombres de esta manera : " Si le matamos cuando llegue, el tesoro sera de los dos unicamente." Y le mataron ! Comieron en seguida de lo que les habfa traido y murieron igualmente, tanto que el tesoro quedo sin dueno. Translation Three men found a treasure ; but as the hunger which troubled them remained unsatisfied, 1 they sent one of themselves to a neighbouring village so that he might bring something to eat. When the messenger (the sent-one) had bought the food, he said to (for) himself, " If I poison it, my two companions, no doubt, will die, and the treasure will be mine entirely." And he poisoned it ! Meanwhile spoke (were speaking) the other two men in this manner : " If we kill him when he arrives, the treasure will be for the two of us only (solely)." And they killed him ! They ate afterwards of that which he had brought them, and they died as well, so that the treasure remained without owner. Notes ' Satisfacer ' means ' to satisfy ' ; and * Satisfacerse ' means ' to satisfy oneself.' ' Acosar ' means ' to molest,' also ' to vex.' ' Trajese ' is the subjunctive imperfect of ' traer.' ' Para que ' meaning ' in order that ' requires the subjunctive. ' Para 'alone (without 'que ')is followed by the infinitive as, * para traer,'' meaning ' in order to bring.' ' Algo ' means either ' something ' or ' anything.' ' El enviado ' from ' enviar ' (to send). It is the past participle of the verb used as a noun. Therefore ' el enviado ' may be taken to mean ' the sent-one ' or ' the one sent.' ' Envenenar ' means ' to poison.' 1 Or ' as it did not satisfy the hunger which menaced them.' 122 THE NINTH LESSON ' Sin duda ' means ' without doubt.' Por entero ' means ' entirely ' or * wholly.' 1 Entretanlo ' means ' meanwhile.' ' De esta mantra ' means ' in this manner ' or ' in this way.' / Motor ' means ' to kill ' ; hence the word ' matador ' of the bull- fight, meaning the ' killer.' 1 Lkgue ' from * llegar ' (to arrive), subjunctive after ' cuando ' (an indefinite ' when,' meaning ' whenever ' or ' at whatever time '). 1 En seguida ' means ' afterwards.' The verb ' scgtrir ' means ' to follow.' Igualmente ' means ' equally.' I have translated it as * as well ' in order to make sense. 1 Tanto que ' means * so that ' in this instance. Plant Life La violeta = The violet. El cast a no = The chestnut- El tulipan = The tulip. tree. 1 El girasol = The sunflower. La higuera - The fig-tree* La camelia = The camelia. El fresno The ash. El lino = The lily. El naranjo = The orange- La rosa = The rose. tree. 9 El pensa- = The pansy. El ciruelo The plum- miento tree.* El en santemo = The chrysan- El manzano = The apple- themum. tree.* Lalila = The lilac. El peral = The pear- El abedul = The birch. tree.' La haya = The beech. El lupulo = The hops. El sauce = The willow. El ananas = The pine- La encina 1 El roble j = The oak. El albaricoque apple. = The apricot. Elcedro = The cedar. Animal Life El Ie6n The lion. Ellobo = The wolf. Eltigre = The tiger. La zorra = The fox. El perro = The dog. El burro = The donkey. El caballo = The horse. La girafa = The giraffe. El ciervo = The deer, slag. El elefante = The elephant. El conejo = The rabbit. Elgato = The cat. La liebre = The hare. El ratYm = The mouse. ' A chestnut ' is ' una castana.' ' A fig ' is ' un higo.' 4 An orange ' is ; una naranja.' ' A plum ' is ' una ciruela.' ' An apple ' is ' una manzana.' 1 A pear ' is ' una pera.' THE NINTH LESSON 123 El pescado El salm6n La anguila La trucha La caballa El sollo Bird Life La tortola La alondra El bubo El ganso El aguila El anade El faisan = The dime. = The lark. = The owl. = The goose. - The eagle. = The duck. = The pheasant. El cisne El cuervo El gorridn La perdiz El buitre El palomo El pajaro = The swan. = The crow. = The sparrow. = The partridge = The vulture. = The pigeon. = The bird. Fish Life The fish. The salmon. The eel. The trout. The mackerel. The pike. La sardina El pescado de mar El pescado de agua dulce La ostra The sardine. The sea-fish. The fresh- water fish. The oyster. CHAPTER XII THE TENTH LESSON EACH of the following sentences should be studied with the utmost care, since they contain much that is useful. They have been specially selected because they contain examples of grammatical constructions which have already been shown. The subjunctive forms should be examined. It is simple enough to memorise words, but the con- struction of a sentence is much more difficult. In the first case, the accidence must be well learned ; in the second, one must endeavour to enter into the spirit of the language, to accept its mannerisms without comment at first. Learn a phrase and turn it about by substitution. Then repeat it aloud with emphasis, again and again. That is the secret of fluent speech. CONVERSATIONAL MATTER Mi hermano quiere que = My brother wishes me to saiga 1 con 61 ! go out with him ! Tu padre suele 2 decir que es = Thy father is accustomed muy pobre to say that he is very poor. La hermana de mi amigo se = My friend's sister smiles sonrie cada vez que me ve each time she sees me. 1 ' Saiga ' from ' salir ' (to go out). It is the subjunctive form after a verb of ' wishing,' ' desiring.' * ' Suele ' from ' soler ' (to be accustomed, to be in the habit of). THE TENTH LESSON 125 Mi primo dice que esta es la = My cousin says that this verdad y que el que dijere is the truth and that he lo contrario, miente who says (will say Subj. fut.) the contrary, lies. QuisieTamos hacer un viaje = We should like to make a a Espana, pero cuesta journey to Spain, but it muy caro y como somos costs so dear and as pobres, hemos de renun- we are poor we have to ciar 4 el abandon it (renounce it). Quisiera que alguien me = I should wish that some- condujese a la ciudad ! one might conduct me to the town ! l Me gustaria mucho visitar = I should very much like 4 Vd. to visit you. Cesar vino, vio, y venci6 ! = Caesar came, saw, and conquered ! Seria menester que Vds. = It would be necessary diesen la hospitalidad a for you to give ho spit - su viejo amigo durante ality to your old friend unos dias a lo menos ! for a few days at least ! Hace algunos dias di mi A few days ago I gave my retrato 4 mi amiga pero portrait to my lady no le gusto friend, but it didn't please her. 3 No me gusta este libro ! = I don't like this book ! Como relampagueaba mucho = As it was lightening very nos decidimos a no salir much we decided not to go out. Despues de habernos pasea- = After having walked four do cuatro horas tomamos hours we took a car- uncocheparavolveracasa riage to return home. 1 ' I wish someone would conduct me to the town.' ' She didn't like it.' 126 THE TENTH LESSON No te atrevas jamas a hab- = Never dare (thou) to larme de esto ! speak to me of this ! Este Vd. persuadido de que = Be sure that you will be siempre sera bien reel- always well received ! bido! He tornado un bano y tengo = I have taken a bath and calor todavia ! I'm still warm ! Enrique Cuarto de Francia = Henry the Fourth of fue asesinado en mil France was assassin - seiscientos diez ated in one thousand six hundred and ten. ' a Tiene Vd. ' El Honor ' ? ' = 'Have you TheHonour' ?' ' i Qu< honor ? ' = * What honour ? ' ' El de Sudermann ' = * Sudermann's.' ' No le conozco a este = * I don't know the gentle - senor ! ' man ! ' ' Ni yo tampoco ! ' = * Nor do I either ! ' Hay hombres que saben = There are men who know ocultar en su interior to- (how) to hide in their dos los apuros que les interior all the griefs agobian y por fuera that oppress them siempre parecen alegres y and outwardly appear hasta chistosos happy and even hu- morous. Notes Above all things the student must study very carefully analytically the order of words in Spanish sentences so that he may be able to express himself distinctly. As in all previous work, so in the present, must he furnish himself with new sentences and phrases by substitution. * Durante unos diets ' means ' during a few days. 1 In English one says * for a few days.' * Had ' when used of * time ' means * ago.' ' Nos decidimos A no salir ' means literally We decided to not go- out.' * Habernos paseado ' means ' having walked.' Note the reflexive use of ' nos ' meaning * us.' THE TENTH LESSON 127 Alreverse ' means to dare ' ; it is reflexive. foatma means both ' vet ' and Btni on,- within a phrase or sentence '' W0rd 1S bert studied * El apuro ' means ' the grief, sorrow.' ^btnTdownT ^ thiS CMe 4t op P res9 '5 * als signifies 'to ' Porfuera ' means ' outwardly.' ' Chisioso ' means ' gay, uVely ' and 'humorous, funny ' Un chisle ' is a joke ' or ' witty saying.' Nomeafeitonunca, porque = I never shave, because I no tengo barba have no beard. Notes '4fetarae' means 'to shave oneself.' For this operation one employs una iMvaja or una navaja de afeilar ' (^razor), and Th^li a t l shavin g-^) and, of course, 'rfjoW^( '^p) foaL^ (a towd) reqm ' S a * uacali * nte ' ^ ot water) and ' una El tiempo y la temperatura = The weather and the varian muoho, segiin las temperature vary very estaciones. For no hacer much, according to the frios tremendos ni calores seasons. By not being excesivos, resulta la pri- tremendously cold and mavera la mas hermosa y excessively hot, Spring agradable de todas results in being the most beautiful and agreeable of all. Notes ' Seg&n ' means ' according to.' * POT no hacer ' means ' by not being ' ; it mav also sienifv * bv not making.' ' Frios ' and ' calores ' are in the plural ; they signify ' colds ' and 'heats.' 128 THE TENTH LESSON Afineadeseptiembreseva = At the end (plur.) of Sep. el verano para dejar en- tember the summer trar el otoSo *** a? * let the autumn enter. Notes ' A fines de ' used in the plural, meaning * at the end of.' &,' from 'irse' ('*' with ' se ') means 'to go away' or to 4 so that ' and ' in order that.' El invierno es la estacion = Winter is the coldest and mas fria y mas triste del saddest season of the ano y ear ' Note carefully the order of words. Entra el verano el 21 de = Summer enters on the Junio y dura hasta el 25 21st of June and lasts deSeptiembre until the 25th of Sep- tember. Al llegar el verano, hace un = On the arrival of summer calor sofocante the heat becomes suffo- cating. Notes ' Entra el verano ' means ' summer enters,' or, literally, ' enters the means ' on the arrival.' Note the use of the infinitive as a un with the article. ' Al ' means 'at the ' or to the (masculine form). Most verbs may be used in this way. vercaerlcu Mas - ' means ' on seeing the leaves - % or it might be translated ' at the sight of the leaves falling - En el colegio los alumnos = In the college the pupils hacen una figura de nieve, make a figure of snow, poniendole una pipa en putting a pipe into its la boca mouth. THE TENTH LESSON 129 Cuantos anos ha vivido Vd. = How many years have en Londres ? you lived in London ? No mas que dos anos = Not more than two years. i Donde ha nacido Vd. ? = Where were you born ? He nacido * en Madrid = I was born in Madrid. Notes ' Vivir ' means ' to live.' ' Nacer ' means ' to be born.' Era menester que leyeses tu = It was necessary that leccion dos 6 ties veces a thou shouldst read thy lo menos lesson two or three times at the least. Mi padre murio en Francia = My father died in France. El barbero me ha cortado en = The barber has cut me la mejilla con su navaja in the cheek with his (de afeitar) razor. Los soldados defienden a la = The soldiers defend the patria fatherland. Me duele la cabeza ! = My head aches ! Me duelen los dientes ! = My teeth ache ! Notes ' Defender ' means ' to defend.' 'Dofer' means 'to ache.' El hijo fue enviado por su = The son was sent by his padre father. El reloj perdido por mi = The watch lost by my madre fue hallado por mi mother was found by prima my cousin. Notes ' Hollar ' is the verb ' to find.' 1 One might equally well employ the past definite 'naci' (I was born). 130 THE TENTH LESSON No creo que mi padre coja = I don't think my father muchas uvas en su jardin gathers (will gather) este ano many grapes in his garden this year. Notes ' Coger ' means ' to catch, gather, seize, procure.' Note the change from ' g ' to ' j ' for the sake of euphony. Es precise que los ladrones = It is necessary that the scan entregados a la thieves be delivered up justicia ! to justice ! Notes ' Es preciso ' followed by the subjunctive, as above, means 4 it is necessary.' As an adjective ' preciso ' means ' necessary, precise, exact.' * Entregar ' means ' to deliver, commit to prison.' ' Entregarse ' means ' to deliver oneself up.' i Quien esta ahi ? = Who is there ? Soy yo, no tenga Vd. = It is I, don't be afraid ! miedo ! (have no fear ! ) En donde vive Vd. ? = Where do you live ? En la esquina de la calle = At the corner of Alcala Alcal4 Street. i Viva la libertad ! = Long live liberty ! i Viva la Espana ! = Long live Spain ! El ano se divide l en doce = The year is divided into meses twelve months. Los meses se dividen l en = The months are divided cuatro semanas into four weeks. Y las semanas ? = And the weeks ? Estas se dividen en siete = These are divided into dias seven days. 1 Literally * divides itself and ' divide themselves.' THE TENTH LESSON 131 Anadiendo dos a cuatro se = Adding two. to four, one obtiene seis obtains six. Que teme Vd. ? = What do you fear ? Yo ? No temo nada = I ? I fear nothing. Nuestros enemigos acome- = Our enemies attacked tieron la ciudad hacia (assaulted) the town medianoche about (towards) mid- night. Notes ' Dividir ' means ' to divide, separate.' ' Dividirse ' means * to part, separate oneself.' ' Anadir ' means ' to augment.' ' Obtener ' means * to obtain.' The reflexive form se obtiene ' may be translated either 'one obtains' or 'is obtained.' ' Acometer ' means ' to assault, attack.' ' Hdda ' means ' towards ' or ' about.' Todavia el marinero no me The sailor has not yet ha dado la mapa ! given me the map ! 1 Si yo no hubiera gastado = If I hadn't spent all my todo mi dinero, com- money, I should buy a praria un regalo para mi present for my lady amiga friend. Notes ' Gaslar ' means ' to spend.' ' Cmnprar ' means ' to buy.' ' Un regalo ' means ' a present.' Es precise que Vd. este" en = You must be in London Londres de aqui 4 un mes ! a month from now ! (from here to a month !) Mariana no estare en casa a = To-morrow I shall not las nueve, sino a las diez be at home at nine, but y media at half -past ten. 1 ' El mapamundi ' is ' the map of the world.' 132 THE TENTH LESSON Ha vendido Vd. algo ? = Have you sold any- thing ? No he vendido nada, pero = I've sold nothing, but I've he comprado doce huevos bought twelve eggs. Larosaestanbellacomola = The rose is as beautiful azucena as the lily. Aquel hombre ha sido el = That man has been the menos fiel de mfs amigos least faithful of my friends. Londres es la mas populosa London is the most popu- de todas las ciudades de lous of all the cities of Europa Europe. Mi hermana esta enferma = My sister is ill. Lo siento mucho ! = I'm very sorry ! (I feel it much !) Hagame Vd. el favor de = Do me the favour of darme agua ! giving me water ! Esta casa es la l de mi = This house is my hermano brother's. No es de Vd. de quien = It is not of you of whom hablo ! I speak ! 2 Sera pegado por el profesor = He will be beaten by the teacher ! Te pegarS ! = 1*11 punish thee ! Notes " La azucena ' means ' the lily.' * Pegar ' means ' to beat, punish .' Le he visto Vd. muchas = I have seen you many veces times. No lo ha visto nadie ! ) Nadie lo ha visto ! } = Nobody has 8een " ! 1 Note the use of the article to express * that ' or ' the one * * This house is that of my brother.' * Literally, ' I'm not speaking about you ! * THE TENTH LESSON 133 Es mas viejo de lo que se = He is older than one cree thinks (believes). Lo habri visto ! = He will have seen it! (He must have seen it !) Lo habri dicho ! = He will have said it (He must have said it !) Quien calla, otorga ! = He who is silent, con- sents! Notes ' Collar ' means ' to be silent.' ' Otorgar ' means ' to consent, agree. 1 A donde piensa Vd. ir ? = Where do you think to go ? Solo a poca distancia de = Only a short way from aqui here. Lo espero ! = I hope so ! (it !) Tambie"n lo espero ! = I hope so, too ! (also !) A RIDDLE Quien es el que, sin ceremonia y con sombrero puesto, se sienta delante del rey, del papa, del emperador 6 del presidente de una repiibh'ca ? El cochero ! Translation Who is it that, without ceremony and with hat on (put), seats himself before (in the presence of) the king, the pope, 1 the emperor or the president of the republic ? The coachman ! Notes * El que'' means 'he who,' just as ' lo que' means 'that which.' ' Delante ' means ' before, in front of.' Note the ' de ' which follows in each case combined with ' el * to form ' del.' ' Delante ' is followed by ' de.' 1 Note that ' papa' (with an accent) is 'papa ' (father). In the word ' papa ' the accent falls on the last syllable. 134 THE TENTH LESSON No es todo oro lo que reluce ! = All is not gold that glitters ! Casa tu hija como pudieres = Marry thy daughter as y tu hijo cuando qui- you can and your son sieres ! when you wish. 1 Domestic Articles El plato La caldera = The plate. = The kettle. El cesto ) La cesta i The basket. El tenedor = The fork. La campanilla = The bell. El cuchillo = The knife. La alfombra - The carpet. La cuchara - The spoon. La silla The chair. La botella = The knife. La llave The key. La servilleta = The serviette, La lam para = The lamp. napkin. El espejo The mirror, La taza = The cup. looking- El vaso = The glass* glass. El fosforo - The match. El canape, cl = The couch, La escoba - The broom. sofa sofa. La cunn - The cradle. La jaula The cage. La cama ! T"Ji i. ..> La cortina The curtain. El lecho j ~- l tie oca. La caja The box. El coj in = The cushion. El armario .- - The cupboard. La almohada = ThepiUmo. La tetera The tea-pot. El platillo - The saucer. El cuadro The picture. La cubeta The tub, barrel. Foods El azucar - The sugar. El vinagre The vinegar. El pan - The bread. La cerveza The beer. La manteca - The butter. El vino The wine. La salchicha - The sausage. El caldo The. broth. El carnero - The mutton. La ensalada The salad. La carne dc - The pork. El huevo The egg. puerco El huevo pasa- = The boiled egg. La ternera = The veal. do por agua La vaca (carne = The beef. La tortilla The omelette, de vaca) pancake. La sopa = The soup: El esparrago = The asparagus. La mostaza = The mustard. La conserva, -- The jam. La sal = The salt. la confttuni La pimienta = The pepper. El tomate = The tomato. 1 Study the subjunctives here. 8 The material glass is ' vidrio.' THE TENTH LESSON 135 La patata El cohombro La torta El bizcocho El queso = The potato. El aguar- = The cucumber. diente = The cake, tart. La leche The biscuit. La nata, la = The cheese. crema = The brandy. = The milk. = The cream. Others may be acquired from a dictionary. THE ELEVENTH LESSON THOUGHTS 1 estudio mas util es el de si misrao. (J. J. ROUSSEAU.) (The most useful study is that of oneself.) Solo es grande el que siente y practica la verdadera caridad. (KEMPIS.) {Only he is great who feels and practises true charity.) El porvenir del nino es obra de su madre. (NAPOLE6N.) (The future of the child is the mother's work duty.) El egofsta incendiara vuestra casu para cocer un huevo. (CHAMFORT.) (The egoist would burn your house to boil an egg.) Nuestros mayorcs encmigos estan con nosotros : son la am- bici6n, los celos y la avaricia. (FENELON.) (Our greatest enemies are with us : they are ambition, jealousies and greed.) Estudia para saber mejor y no para saber mas que los otros. (SENECA.) (Study in order to know belter and not to know more than others.) INGLATERRA El imperio romano comprendia todo el mundo conocido entonces, hasta que en el siglo V. fiie" deshecho por los barbaros. El imperio espanol fu6 todavia mas poderoso y mas vasto, cuando comprendia dos hemisferios y lo alumbraba constantemente el sol. Pero el imperio mas grande, mas rico y mas admirable que ha conocido el mundo, es el imperio britanico del siglo XIX. Inglaterra tiene posesiones en toda la superficie terrestre y es duena de los mares. THE ELEVENTH LESSON 137 Sus posesiones de America son mas extensas que los Estados Unidos. Sus dominios de Asia son tan grandes como Eiiropea. Sus colonias de Africa son dilatadisimas, siendo visibles su influencia y su preponderancia en todo el continente. Australia le pertenece, como igualmente la mayor parte de las islas de Oceania. Tiene en Europa su territorio natural, y domina en Irian da., y ocupa importantes posiciones que geografica- mente corresponden & Alemania, Francia, Espaiia, Italia y Grecia. Ademas posee la mayor parte de los estrechos e islas que constituye posiciones estrategicas, las mas estrategicas del globo. Llegaran, tal vez en dia no lejano, la decadencia y la ruina de tan colosal imperio, que al fin tendril la suerte del imperio espanol y del romano. Pero entre tanto domina por la superioridad incon- testable de su fuerza y su riqueza. El comercio ingles supera en importancia y en in- teligencia al de todas las naciones juntas. La industria inglesa no reconoce rival. Su marina mercante frecuenta sin cesar todos los puertos del mundo. Y la de guerra, superior en calidad y en cantidad a la que reunir pudierar todas la potencias de Europa, man- tiene con sus canones en todas las latitudes el honor de la bandera inglesa. La metropoli de este gran imperio es proporcional 4 su riqueza y a su magnitud. Londres, capital de tan poderosa monarquia, es una ciudad sin rival en nuestro tiempo, sin semejanza en las 6pocas remotas. Londres contiene mas catolicos que Roma, mas judios 138 THE ELEVENTH LESSON que Palestina entera, mas irlandeses que Dublin, mas escoceses que Edimburgo, mds galeses que Cardiff. La mortalidad es muy pequena relativamente a la masa de la poblacion. Londres es la mas sana de las capitales europeas. Translation. The Roman Empire comprised all the then-known world, until in the fifth century it was destroyed by the barbarians. The Spanish Empire was still more powerful and vaster, when it comprised two hemispheres and the sun constantly illuminated it. But the greatest empire, the richest and the most admir- able that the world has known, is the Britannic Empire of the nineteenth century. England has possessions on all the surface of the earth and is mistress of the seas. Her possessions in America are more extensive than the United States. Her dominions in Asia are greater than Europe. Her African colonies are most extensive, her influence and preponderance being visible in the whole continent. Australia belongs to her, as do the greater part of the Oceanic islands. In Europe she has her native territory and dominates Ireland, and occupies important positions that correspond geographically to Germany, France, Spain, Italy, and Greece. Moreover (besides), she possesses the greater part of the straits and islands that constitute strategic positions the most strategic in the world. There will arrive, perhaps in no distant day, the decadence and ruin of such a colossal empire, which, in THE ELEVENTH LESSON 139 the end, will have the fate of the Spanish Empire and the Roman. I But meanwhile she governs (dominates) by the incon- testable superiority of her force and her richness (riches). English commerce surpasses in importance and in intelligence all the nations together. English industry recognises no rival. Her mercantile marine visits without ceasing (in- cessantly) all the ports of the world. And that of war (the marine), superior in quality and in quantity to that which the powers of Europe could unite, maintains with its cannons in all latitudes the honour of the English flag. The metropolis (capital) of this great empire is pro- portionate to its richness and to its magnitude. London, capital of such a powerful monarchy, is a city without rival in our time, without resemblance in remote epochs. London contains more Catholics than Rome, more Jews than entire Palestine, more Irish than Dublin, more Scots than Edinburgh, more Welsh than Cardiff. Mortality is less, relatively to the mass of population. London is the healthiest of all European capitals. Notes Cvmprender ' means * to understand ' and ' to comprise.' ' Desheckt) ' comes from ' deshacerC meaning ' to undo ' and ' to destroy.' ' Alumbrar ' means ' to light.' ' La duena ' means ' mistress, owner, proprietress.' The masculine is ' dueno? ' Los Estados Unidos'' means 'The United States.' Dilatadisimas ' is the superlative of the adjective ' dtWo*,' mean- ing ' large, numerous, extensive.' It originates from the verb- ' DilatarS meaning ' to dUate, expand, spread out.' ' Perlenecer'' means 'to belong, appertain.' Dominar ' means ' to rule, command, dominate.' 140 THE ELEVENTH LESSON Ocupar * means * to occupy.' Corresponder ' means ' to correspond.' ' Adem&s ' means ' moreover, further.' ' Poseer ' is the verb ' to possess.* ' ConstUuir ' is the verb * to constitute.' ' Llegar ' is the verb ' to arrive.' 4 Lejano ' means ' distant, far ' (adjective). The adverb is ' te/os.' ' La suerte ' means ' the fortune, fate ' (good or bad). ' Entre tanto ' means ' meanwhile.' ' Superar ' means ' to overcome, conquer, surpass.' ' Reconucer ' means ' to recognise.' ' Frecuenlar ' means 'to frequent.' ' Reunir ' means * to unite, reunite.' Notice the style of the Spanish here ' Reunir pudierar.'' ' Maniener ' means * to maintain.' * Contener ' means ' to contain.' A STORY Se refiere una anecdota de un escocSs que era oficial del ejercito britanico y fu6 mandado con su regimiento a Gibraltar. En aquel entonces era subalterno y hallabase un dia de guardia con otro companero, el cual tuvo la desgracia de caer en un precipicio de cuatrocientos pies de profundidad, y quedo muerto. Era deber del subalterno dar cuenta de lo ocurrido en la guardia, y habi&idolo hecho asi, anadio la formula de costumbre, " Nada de particular ha ocurrido en la guardia." El fatal accidente de la caida llego a oidos del coman- dante, y naturalmente lafrase,de " nada de particular ha ocurrido " le causo extraneza. " j Como ! " exclanio, " llama Vd. a eso * nada de par- ticular,' cuando su companero ha muerto, cayendo de una altura de cuatrocientos pies ? " " Si, senor," replico el subalterno, " no he creido que hubiera en ello nada de extraordinario. Si el pobre amigo hubiese caido en un precipicio de cuatrocientos pies, sin quedar muerto ,si que lo hubiera hallado muy extraordinario.'* THE ELEVENTH LESSON HI Translation. An anecdote is related of a Scotsman who was an officer of the British Army and was sent with his regiment to Gibraltar. In it (the regiment) then, he was a subaltern, and found himself one day on guard with a companion, who had the misfortune to fall over a precipice of a depth of four hundred feet, and lay dead. It was the duty of the subaltern to report the occurrence to the guard, and having done so, he added the customary formula, " Nothing particular has occurred in the guard." The fatal accident of the fall came to the hearing of the commandant, and naturally, the phrase, "Nothing particular has occurred " caused him astonishment. " What ! " he exclaimed, " do you call this ' nothing particular,' when your comrade has died, falling from a height of four hundred feet ? " " Yes, sir," replied the subaltern, " I did not believe that there would be anything extraordinary in it. If the poor friend had fallen over a precipice of four hundred feet, without being dead, indeed I should have called it very extraordinary." Notes ' Referir ' means ' to refer, relate, report.' Therefore ' se reflere ' means ' it reports itself,' or * it is reported .' 4 HaMbase de guardia ' means ' he found himself on duty, on guard,' or ' he was on guard, on duty.' 4 La desgracia ' means both ' misfortune ' and ' disgrace.' ' Caer ' means ' to fall.' 4 Dar cuenta ' means ' to give account.' 4 Ocurrir ' means 4 to occur, happen.' 4 A oidos de ' means ' to the hearing of,' or, as we should say, 4 to the ears of.' 4 Cayendo ' is the present participle of ' caer ' (to fall). 4 Quedar muerto ' m&ns. 4 to remain dead,' or 4 to lie dead,' or 4 to stay dead.' 4 Hollar ' means ' to call.' 142 THE ELEVENTH LESSON COUNTRIES AND TOWNS La Euro pa Europe. La Noruega a= Norway. El Asia - Asia. La Polonia - Poland. El Africa - Africa. La Suiza = Switzerland. La America - America, Londrea = London. La Australia = Australia. Paris = Paris. La Inglaterra = England. Roma Rome. La Francia = France. Venecia = Venice. La Espana = Spain. Coristantin- = Constantin- La Escocia Scotland. opla ople. La Holanda = Holland. Ginebra = Geneva. El Portugal = Portugal. Berlin = Berlin. La Rusia = Russia. Viena = Vienna. La Suecia = Sweden. Vareovia Warsaw. La Turquia Turkey. Niza Nice. La Italia - Italy. Napoles = Naples. La Dinamarcn Denmark. Moscou Moscow. La China = China. Milan - Milan. La Grecia = Greece. Lisboa = Lisbon. Los Estados = The United Genova - Genoa. Unidos States. Duvre - Dover. La Irlanda Ireland. Amberes Anticerp. MILITARY TERMS El ejercito = The army. La centinela = The sentry. Elestado = The staff. La espada ~ The sword. mayor La carabina - The rifle. La brigada The brigade. La ametralla- = The mitrail- La divisidn El batallon = The division. = The battalion. dora leuse, machine gun, La bomba - - The. bnrnh. El eseuadron El regimiento - The squadron. - The regiment. La fortaleza La trinchera The fortress. = The trench. El general El coronet = The general. = The colonel. La victoria La retirada - The victory. = The retreat. El comandante = The major. La derrota = The rout. El capitan = The captain. La batalla = The battle. El teniente = The lieutenant. Laguerra = The war. El oncial - The officer. La mina = The mine. El sargento El soldado La infanteria La caballeriu La artilleria -- The sergeant. = The soldier. = The infantry. = The cavalry. = The artillery. El parapeto La p61vora La pistola La bayoneta = The parapet. The powder. = The pistol. The bayonet. MARINE TERMS La ancla El navio = The anchor. = The ship. La chimenea 1 El tim6n = The funnel. = The helm. La armada ' Laflota ) = The fleet. La helice = The screw (propeller). 1 Also ' the chimney.' THE ELEVENTH LESSON 143 El remo = The oar. El buque mer- _ The merchant El faro SB The lighthouse. cante ship. El marinero = The sailor. La amarra The cable, La boya M The btioy. hawser. El piloto - The pilot. El vapor The steam- El capitan = The captain. boat. La vela m The sail. El camarote The cabin, La brujula The compass. berth. El babor m The port-side. Los palos(ra.), The masts. El estribor se The starboard- los mastiles side. El puente a) The deck. La balsa = The raft. La proa --= The prow, El remolcador . SB The tug. head. El buque de The warship. La popa Ttte poop, stern. guerra La boinba J The pump. TRADES, PROFESSIONS AND DIGNITIES El dentista - The dentist. El lechero The milkman. El barbero 2 =s The barber. El medico = The doctor (of El sastre = The tailor. medicine). El 6ptico ss The optician. El musico rs The musician. El pintor = The painter. El albanil si The mason. El joyero st The jeweller. El banquero * =r The banker. El relojero = The watch' Elrey = The king. maker. La reina as The queen. El panadero The baker. Ei principc = The prince. El carnicero =s The butcher. La princesa ss The princess. El botero at The boot- El duque 33 The duke. maker. La duquesa 35 The duchess. La lavandera = The washer- El barbn ss The baron. woman. El conde 3S The count. El abogado = The lawyer. El marques = The marquis. El juez SB The judge. El caballero =5 The knight. El herrero tf The black- El hidalgo -= The nobleman. smith. El ernbajador m The ambassa- El quimico SB The -chemist. 3 dor. El farmaceu- a The chemist, La embajada - The embassy. tico apothecary. La legacidn ~ The legation. El librero 5 The bookseller. El consul The consul. El impresor = The printer. El consulado = The consulate. El especiero - The grocer. El gobierno a The govern- El profesor =: The teacher, school- El canciller _- ment. The chancellor. master. El ministerio = The ministry. 1 Also, 'the bomb.' * Or ' el peluquero ' (hairdresser and wig-maker). 3 ' El quimico ' signifies ' one who studies and perhaps teaches chemistry,' and 'el farmaceutico ' is 'he who sells drugs and medicines.' * ' The bank ' is ' el banco.' 144 THE ELEVENTH LESSON El ministro de = The minister El alcalde = The mayor. la guerra for war. El presidente = The president. El ministro de = The minister Elabad = The abbot. Estado of state. El cure = The priest. El ministro de = The minister El obispo = The bishop. marina of marine. El misionero The mission- El par = The peer. ary. El soberano - The sovereign. El fraile --= The friar El monarca The monarch. (monje) (monk). La camara de = The house of El papa = The pope. los comunes commons. El organista = The organist. La camara de = The house of los pares peers. COMMERCIAL TERMS El dependi- = The clerk. El giro postal = The postal ente order. El socio The partner. La obligaci6n - The bond. El recibo = The receipt. El pago = The payment. La factura = The invoice. El libro mayor = The ledger. El descuento = The discount. El detallc = The retail. La cuenta = The account. (raenudes) La venta = The sale. La exporta- = The exporta- La firma = The signa- ci6n tion. ture. La deuda - The debt El escritorio = The office. El credito = The credit. El cheque = The cheque. La correspon- - The correspon- El billete de = The bank- dencia dence. banco note. La muestra = The sample, El almacen = The ware- pattern. house. El correspon- = The correspon- El reconoci- The acknow- sal dent. miento ledgment. El balance = The balance Los intereses = The interest. sheet. La tasa = The rate (of La compra - The purchase interest). La acci6n = The share. Labaja = The rise (in La aceptaci6n = The accept- price). ance. Laalza = The fall (in EIscllo = The stamp. price). El negociante = The merchant. Elflete = The freight. El cajero = The cashier. La rebaja La cauci6n = The reduction. = The security, El agente Laacta = The agent. = The act, certi- guarantee. ficate. Elfallido = The bankrupt. El agente de = The stock- carabio broker. CHAPTER XIV THE TWELFTH LESSON THE following extract is not translated as heretofore, but a -vocabulary of the most necessary words has been placed at the end of it. THE BULL-FIGHT 1 Los tres picadores saludaron al presidente de la plaza, precedidos de los bandilleros y chulos, esplendidamente vestidos. Capitaneaban 4 todos los primeros espadas y BUS sobresalientes, cuyos trajes etan todavia mas lujosos que los de aquellos. El alcalde hizo la sena ; sonaron los clarines, que pro- dujeron un levantamiento general, y entonces se abri6 la ancha puerta del toril. Un toro Colorado se precipit6 en la arena y fu6 saludado por una explosion de gritos, de silbidos, de injurias y de Al oir este tremendo estrSpito, el toro se paro, alzo la cabeza y parecio preguntar con sus encendidos ojos si todas aquellas provocaciones se dirigian a el ; reccnocio el terreno y volvio precipitadamente la cabeza a uno y otro lado. Todavfa vacilo, crecieron los recios silbados ; entonces se precipito con prontitud hacia el picador. Pero retrocedio al sentir el dolor que le produjo la puya de la garrocha en el morrillo ; no se encarnizo en este primer ataque, sino que embistio al segundo picador. 1 Fernan Caballero. 146 THE TWELFTH LESSON Este no le aguardaba tan prevenido como su antecesor ; asi es que hirio al animal sin detenerlo. Las astas desa- parecieron en el cuerpo del caballo que cayo al suelo. Alzose un grito de espanto en todo el circo ; al punto todos los chulos rodearon aquel grupo horrible ; pero el feroz animal se habia apoderado de la presa y no se dejaba distraer de su venganza. El toro se cebaba en el caballo ; el caballo abmmaba con su peso y sus movimientos convulsivos al picador. Entonces se vio llegar, sosegado y risueno, 4 un joven cubierto de plata, que brillaba como una estrella. Se acerco por detras del toro y cogio con sus dos manos la cola de la fiera y la atrajo a si, como si hubiese sido un perrito faldero. Sorprendido el toro, se revolvio furioso contra su adversario, quien andando hacia atras, evito e) primer cheque con una media vuelta a la derecha. El toro volvio a embestir, y el joven lo esquivo segunda vez con un recorte a la izquierda, siguiendo del mismo modo hasta llegar cerca de la barrera. Alii desaparecio a los ojos atonitos del animal y a las ansiosas miradas del publico, el cual, ebrio de entusiasmo, atrono los aires con inmensos aplausos. El toro habia despachado ya un numero considerable de caballos. Otros, que no habian podido levantarse, yacian tendidos con las convulsiones de la agonia ; a veces alzaban la cabeza, en que se pintaba la imagen del terror. A ciertas senales de vida, el toro volvia a la carga hiriendo de nuevo con sus fieras astas los miembros des- trozados de su victima. Despu6s, ensangrentada la frente, se paseaba alrededor del circo, unas veces alzando la cabeza a las gradas donde la griteria no cesaba un momento, otras hacia los chulos, THE TWELFTH LESSON 147 que pasaban delante de 61, a manera de meteoros, cla van- dole las banderillas. A una serial del presidente, sonaron otra vez los clarines, Pepe Vera, 1 con una espada y una capa encarnada, se encamin6 hacia el palco del Ayuntamiento, 2 se dirigi6 al Duque, 3 y quitandose la montera, " Brindo ! " dijo, " por Vuestra Excelencia, y por la real moza que tiene a su lado." Y al decir esto, arroj6 al suelo la montera con inimitable desgaire, y partio adonde su obligacion le llamaba. Agito la capa que llevaba en la mano izquierda. El toro le embistio. El le paso de muleta, y en cuanto la fiera volvio 4 acometerle, le dirigio la espada por entre las dos espal- dillas, de modo que el animal, continuando su arranque, ayudo 4 que todo el hierro penetrase en su cuerpo hasta la empunadura. Al mismo tiempo, sono la musica militar. Pepe Vera atraveso el circo en medio de freneticos testimonios de aprobacion, saludando con la espada, sin que excitase en su pecho sorpresa ni orgullo un triunfo que m&s de un emperador romano habna enviado. VOCABULARY ' Saludar ' means ' to greet, salute, hail.' ' Banderillas ' means * small decorated dart.' * Banderitteros ' means ' a thrower of banderillas.' ' Chvlo ' means ' bull-fighter's assistant.' ' Capitanear ' means ' to command, be in command of ; to head, to lead.' ' Espada ' means ' sword ' ; in the bull-fight it signifies a swordsman, a ' toreador ' 1 A celebrated ' toreador' 1 The municipal council . 1 President of the fSte. H8 THE TWELFTH LESSON ' Sobresaliente ' (masc.) is a ' substitute/ an ' officer who commands a picket.' ' El traje ' means ' the dress, costume.' ' Cuyos ' means ' whose ' ; the feminine plural is * cuyas. 1 ' La sena ' is * the sign.' * Sonar ' means * to sound.' ' Clarfn ' means * clarion.' ' Producir ' means ' to produce.' 4 Levantamiento ' means in the above extract ' a rising ' (to the feet) ; it may signify also an ' insurrection,' or a 'revolt.' ' El toril ' is the ' place where bulls are kept until needed for the fight.' 'Anc hd* is the feminine form of the ad j ecti ve 'ancha? (narrow ) . ' Colorado ' means ' ruddy, florid.' ' Precipitar ' means ' to precipitate.' * Precipitarse ' means ' to hurry, dash headlong.' ' Grito means ' cry, shout, scream ' ; the verb is * Gritar,' meaning ' to shout, cry out.' ' Silbulo ' means ' whistle, whistling, hiss ' ; it is derived from the verb ' SUbar ' meaning ' to hiss, whistle.' ' Injuria ' means an ' injury, insult.' * Elogio ' means ' eulogy, praise.' 4 Estr6pito ' means ' noise, clamour.' ' Parar ' means ' to stop, halt.' ' Pararse ' means ' to stop oneself, detain.' ' Alzar ' means * to raise, lift up.' ' Preguntar ' means ' to ask.' ' Parecer * means ' to seem, appear.' * Dirigir ' means ' to direct, lead, guide.* ' Reconocer ' means ' to recognise.' ' Vacttar ' means ' to vacillate, waver.' ' Crecer ' means ' to grow, increase/ ' Retroceder ' means ' to recede.' THE TWELFTH LESSON 149 ' Garrocha ' is ' a kind of javelin, spear.' ' Morrillo ' is the part of the neck called the ' nape.' ' Encarnizar ' means ' to satiate with flesh, irritate.' * Eneamizarse ' means * to be glutted with flesh ' or ' to be cruelly bent against.' 1 Embistio ' is from ' embestifr, meaning ' to attack, assail.' * Aguardar ' means ' to expect, wait.' ' Prevenido,' from the verb ' prevenir,' means ' prepared ' ; hence also * forewarned.' ' Antecesor ' means ' predecessor.' ' Cayo ' is from * caer ' (to fall). ' Espanto ' means ' fright.' ' Rodear ' means * to girdle, circle ' and ' to wrap up.' *' Presa ' means ' capture, seizure, carcass.' ' La presas ' means ' fangs, claws, tusks.' * Distraer ' means ' to distract.' ' Cebarse ' means ' to be firmly bent upon,' and ' cebar ' means * to feed, fatten,' and * to grapple.' ' Abrunwr ' means ' to oppress, overwhelm.' * Sosegado ' means ' quiet, calm.' ' Risueno ' means ' smiling, pleasing.' ' Cola ' means ' tail.' ' Por detrds ' means ' from behind.' * Fiera ' means * wild beast.' ' Atrajo ' comes from ' atraer,' meaning ' to attract.' * Perrito Jaldero n means a ' little lap-dog.' ' Hdcia atrds ' means ' (towards) backwards.' ' Evitar ' means ' to avoid.' * Una media vudta & la derecha ' means ' a half turn to the right.' ' Esquivar ' means ' to shun, evade, avoid.' ' Atronar ' means ' to thunder.' ' Alzar ' means ' to raise.' 1 * Lufalda ' means * the skirt, lap.' 150 THE TWELFTH LESSON ' Pintar ' means ' to paint, picture.' ' Hiriendo ' is the present participle of ' herir,' meaning * to wound, hurt.' * A la cargo, ' means ' at the charge.' ' La asta ' means ' the horn, lance ' ; it also means * the handle ' of a pencil or brush. * Destrozado ' is from ' destrozar,' meaning * to destroy.' ' Alrededor de ' means ' around.' ' Delante ' means ' before ' and ' in the presence, sight of.' ' Clavar ' means ' to nail, stick, prick.' ' Capa ' means ' cloak.' ' Encarnado ' means * flesh-coloured, pink, red.' * Encaminar ' means ' to guide, put on the right road.' * Encaminarse ' means * to take a road, take the direction of,' etc. ' Palco ' is a ' box ' at a theatre or show. ' Montera ' is a * common cap.' * Brindo ' is a word used as a kind of toast, or salutation, in bull-fighting. ' Arrojar ' means ' to hurl, throw, launch.' ' Pasar de muleta ' means in this case * to dodge.' ' Acometer ' means ' to attack, begin.' * Arranque ' (masc.) means ' wrench ' or some * unexpected event ' ; in this case one might translate it by ' struggle ' or 'thrust.' * Penetrar ' means ' to penetrate.' ' La empuftadura ' means ' the hilt.' * Emplomar ' means ' to lead ' (metal), * to fill with lead.' We may here use the word ' spitted ' as a translation of 'emplomo.' ' El pecho ' means c the breast.' The extract which follows has neither translation nor vocabulary. It will be a useful exercise for practice with the dictionary. THE TWELFTH LESSON 151 CAPTAIN HARVEY 1 La noche del 17 de marzo de 1870 el Normandy hacia su travesia habitual de Southampton a Guernsey. Una espesa bmma cubria el mar. El capitan Harvey estaba de pie" en la casilla del steamer y maniobraba con precaution, a causa de la noche y de la niebla. El Normandy era un gran buque, el mas hermoso quiza de la marina de la Maneha. Seiscientas toneladas, 220 pies ingleses de largo y 25 de ancho. Era joven, como dicen los marines ; tenia siete anos, y habia sido construido en 1863. El capitan Harvey era sobre poco mas 6 menos de la edad que contaba entonces el que escribe estas lineas ; tenia patillas blancas, el rostro en6rgico y la mirada franca y alegre. La niebla espesaba, el buque habia salido de la ria de Sheerness, estaban en plena mar y avanzaba lentamente. Eran las cuatro de la manana. La oscuridad era absoluta ; una especie de nube envoi via el vapor, y apenas se distinguian las puntas de los mastiles. Nada tan terrible como estos navios ciegos que avanzan en la noche. De pronto una masa negra surgio de la bruma. Fantasma y montanas, promontorio de sombra avan- zando sobre la espuma y horadando las tinieblas. Era la Mary gran buque de helice procedente de Odesa y que llevaba rumbo a Grimsby, con un cargamento de cien toneladas de grano. Velocidad inmensa, peso enonne. La Mary avanza directamente sobre el Normandy. Con tal velocidad se deslizan estos espectros de navios en la niebla, que no hay medio de evitar el choque. Son 1 Victor Hugo. 152 THE TWELFTH LESSON encuentros sin aviso ; antes que se acabe de verlos se ha muerto. La Mary, lanzada a todo vapor, cogio al Normandy por un costado, y le deshizo el casco. La averia producida en ella por el cheque la detuvo. Habia en el Normandy 28 hombres de tripulacion, una mujer de servicio y 21 pasajeros, entre los cuales se con- taban 12 mujeres. La sacudida fue espantosa. En un instante todos estuvieron en el puente, hombres, mujeres y ninos, medio desnudos, corriendo, gritando, llorando. El agua entraba en el interior del buque con furia espantosa. El combustible de la maquina, apagado por el agua, agonizaba. El navio no tenia mamparos insumergibles ; los cinturones de salvamento faltaban. El capitan Harvey, de pie" sobre la toldilla, grito, " j Silencio y atencion ! Los botes al agua, las mujeres primero, los pasajeros en seguida, la tripulacion desputo. Hay 60 personas que salvar ! " Eran 61 pero el se olvidaba de si. Los botes fueron echados al agua. Todos se precipitaron a ellos. Aquella precipitaci6n podia hacerlos zozobrar. Ockeleford, el lugarteniente, y los tres contramaestres Goodwin, Bennett y West contuvieron aquella multitud frene'tica de horror. Dormir y despertar para morir, es espantoso. Sin embargo, por encima de aquellos gritos y de aque"! ruido la voz tranquila del capitan, y este breve dialogo se cruzaba en las tinieblas. " j Maquinista Locks ! " " j Capitan ! " THE TWELFTH LESSON 15$ " i Como esta la caldera ? " " Inundada." " i Y el fuego ? " " Apagado." " i Y la maquina ? " "Muerta." El capitan grito " j Lugarteniente Ockeleford ! " " Presente," respondi6 el interpelado. " i Con cuantos minutes contamos ? *' " Con veinte." " Bastan," dijo el capitan, " Que ca4a cual se embarque por su turno ! " Teniente Ockeleford, " ^ Tennis pis- tolas ? " " Si," contesto. " Salt ad el craneo & todo hombie que quiera pasar antes que una mujer ! n Todos callaron. Nadie se resisti6. La multitud sentiase anonadada por la grandeza de aquella alma. La Mary a su vez habfa botado sus lanchas al mar y acudia al socorro de los naufragos. El embarque se opero con orden y casi sin lucha. Hubo, como siempre, tristes egoismos ; pero tambi6n, como siempre, pate"ticos rasgos de desenteres. Harvey, impasible en su puesto de capitan, mandaba, dominaba, dirigia ; se ocupaba de todo y de todas ; gobernaba con calma aquella angustia y parecia dar ordenes a la catastrofe. Se hubiera dicho que %1 naufragio le obedecia. A cierto tiempo grit6 " Salvate, Clemente ! " CJemente era el grumete, un nino. El buque se sumergfa ya en la profundidad de las aguas. 164 THE TWELFTH LESSON El transbordo del Normandy & la Mary se hacia cada vez con mas rapidez. " Apresuraos," murmuro el capitan. Al expirar los veinte minutes el vapor se eclips6. La proa se hundi6 poco a poco ; despue's la popa. El capitan Harvey, de pi6 sobre la toldilla, no hizo un gesto, no pronuncio una palabra, y se sumergio en el abismo. Solo se vio a traves de la bruma la siniestra sombra del buque perderse para siempre. Tal rue" el tragico fin del capitan Harvey. Que desde el cielo reciba el adios del que en una ocasion solemne obtuvo hospitalidad en el buque que le sirvio de tumfea. Ningiin marino de la Mancha (Straits) le igualaba en grandeza. Despue"s de haberse impuesto toda su vida al deber de ser un hombre, uso al morir el derecho de ser un he" roe. CLOTHING Eli sombrero = The hat. El sobretodo = The overcoat. El gorro = The cap. El pantal6n = The trousers. La bota = The boot. La capa = The cloak, La media = The stocking. cape. El collar, = The collar. El manguito = The muff. cuello La manga --- The sleeve. La camisa = The shirt. La ropa = The linen. El bolsillo The pocket. blanca La pantufla = The slipper. El encaje = The lace. Los guantes = The gloves. La jarretera = The garter. El panuelo = The handker- El traje, = The costume, chief. vestido suit. El zapato = The shoe. El calcetin = The sock. El delantal = The apron. Los calzoncil- The drawers. El velo = The veil. los La le vita = The frock- Los tirantes The braces. coat. El botdn = The button. APPENDIX WORDS, PHRASES AND ADDITIONAL COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES Spanish i C6mo esta Vd. ? Asiasi! l Hasta la vista ! Hasta luego ! Hasta mas tarde ! Hasta otro dia ! I, Que hora es ? Las tres acaban - de dar ' Sabete, amigo Sancho,' res- pondi6 Don Quijote, ' que la vida de los caballeros an- dantes esta sujeta a mil peligros y desventuras.' El senor que estaba ayer aqui muridhoy No puedo comer ni beber ! No puedo ni comer ni beber [ No te dire ni* una palabra English = Haw care you t = So,so! - Good-bye (until 1 ee you again). = Good-bye (until presently). = Good-bye (until later). = Good-bye (until another day). = What time is it f - It has just struck three. = ' Know, friend Sancfio,' replied Don Quixote, 'that the life of wandering cavaliers is subject to a thousand dangers and misadventures.'' The gentleman who was here yesterday, died to-day. = I can neither eat nor drink. I shall not tell you a single word. On the use of ' de que ' instead of ' que ' after verbs and expressions of emotion, cause, doubt, etc. No hay duda de que seran felicisimos ! Lo horrible de los detalles fue la causa de que no se diem credito a esta noticia Vd. puede convencerse de que mi her ma no no esta en casa ! Placeme de que ella sepa que la quiero tanto ! Se olvido de que el invierno acercaba ! = There is no doubt that they will be most happy. = The horrible ness of the details was the reason why this news was not believed. You may be convinced that my brother is not at home. = 1 am glad that she knows I like her so much. = He forgot that the winter was coming on. 1 As in French ' Comme ci, comme ca ! ' * ' Acabar ' means * to have just ' (done something). * Example of ' ni ' used to give force to the negative ' no.* 156 APPENDIX Ni tin rnomento he dudado de que Yd. cumplira su palabra No se admirira de que callemos nosotros Esto ofrece la ventaja de que lo uno no se oonfunda con lo otro I Que grado tienc este official ? i Cual es la mas hermosa 1 de estas senoras ? ; Qu6 nina tan bonita ! 4 De que color lo quiere Vd. ? i A que hora sale el tren para Madrid? Creo que sale 6 las cuatro J have not doubted at all that you will fulfil your word. He will not be astonished that we keep silent. This offers the advantage that the one is not confused with the other . -- What is this officer's rank? Which is the prettiest of these ladies? What a pretty little girl I What colour do you want it to be? At what time does the train start for Madrid ? 1 believe it goes at four. Distinction between the uses of ' ser ' and ' estar ' 2 Yo soy amado * Nosotros somos amados * Ella es amada * Ellas son amadas * La ciudad de Troya fue con- quistada por los griegos Ser facil, dificil, posible, im- posible Ser hombre, soldado, amigo, aleman, f ranees, ingles, es- panol, rey, comerciante, jar- dinero, etc. Ser grande, chico, bonito, bueno, malo, loco, negro, bianco, leal, etc. Ser de oro, hierro, marmoi,etc. Ser de Londres, de Paris, de Madrid, etc. Este jardin es del rey ! Esta casa es mfa ! Esta carta es para Vd. ! Es de desear ! Es decir ! Es tarde ! = I am loved. = We are loved. = She is loved. = They are loved. The town of Troy was conquered by the Greeks. - To be easy, difficult, possible, impossible. To be a man, soldier, friend, German, French, English, Spanish, king, merchant, gar- dener, etc. = To be big, small, pretty, good, bad, foolish (mad), black, white, loyal, etc. = To be (made of) gold, iron, marble, etc. = To be from London, Paris, Madrid, etc. = This garden belongs to the king (is of the king). - This house is mine. = This letter is for you. = It is to be desired . = That is to say . = It is late. 1 Or * linda ' or * guapa,' or * bonita.' 2 ' Ser ' denotes usually a permanent, and ' estar ' a temporary state, but one becomes familiar with their use by practice. * The participle agrees in number and gender with the subject. APPENDIX 157 5 s de di *,. = ^ it daytime. Esdenoche . = It is night-time. Qu<5 hora es ? -_-. What time is it 9 Estar bien = To be weU . fcstar enfermo = fo be ill. Estar indispuesto = To be indisposed. Estar tnste = To be sad. Estar contento - TO be content. Estar en casa = To be at fume. Estar ausente = TO be absent. Estar de viaje = TO be on a journey. Estar aqui, all& = To be here, there. Estar cansado =. To be tired. Estar escribiendo = To be writing. Estoy hablando de = I am speaking about . Carlos estate leyendo ima carta = Charles was reading a letter when cuando yo entr6 / entered. Estar de guardia = To be on the watch. Estar de prisa = To be in a hurry. Estar para = TO be on the point of . Estar para salir = To be on the point of going out. Yo estaba para salir cuando cl = / was on the point of going out vJQo when he came. 4 Como esta Vd. ? = How are you ? I Qu6 tal esta Vd . ? = How are you ? Ser bueno = To be good. Estar bueno = To be well, in good health. Este vino esta bueno = This wine is good. Los vinos de Francia son buefios = French wines are good. Le estoy a Vd. muyagradecido = / am very grateful to you. I Qu6 tal le parece 4 Vd. este = How does this wine seem to you? vino ? Nunca he visto a tal hombre ! = Never Juxoe 1 seen such a man (this kind). Mi Hermann y la de el = My sister and his. Mi vecina y sus hijas de ella My neighbour and her daughters. He estado en el campo loque me = / have been in the country, which ha hecho mucho bien has done me a lot of good. No creo nada de cuanto el me ha - / do not believe anything of what dicho he told me. Tres personas de quien * he = Three persons from whom 1 have recibido favores received favours. Era su hermano de Vd. al cual * = It was your brother to whom I gave he dado la carta (have given) the letter. El caballero cuyas cartas hemos = The gentleman whose letters we recibido have received . * ' Quien ' is often used in the singular (instead of ' quienes ') with a subject in the plural. * Or ' a quien.' 158 APPENDIX i Que h ombre ! 4 Ha oido Yd. algo de nuevo ? Si, pero no es nada de bueno i Hay algo que ver aqui ? Si, aqui hay mucho que ver i Ha venido alguien ? No, no ha venido nadie Creemos a veces saber mucho y no sabemos nada No vale cosa Todo el mundo 1 Estoy ajeno de estos negocios No viene hombre ninguno No viene ningun hombre Ningun hombre viene Tengo algun dinero Cierto hombre me lo ha dicho Busque Yd. a quienquiera ! La demas gente Las demas cartas For lo demas, no estoy enojado con el Fulano me ha dicho Le aconsejo confesarlo Creo haberlo ya dicho Dignese Yd. leer esta carta ! Caer enfermo A veces A menudo Muy a menudo Kara vez De repente De pronto De una vez Degolpe De cuando en cuando ) De vez en cuando J A cada instante Anualmente For la mayor parte De proposito ) Con intento ) = What a man! - Have you heard anything new ? = Yes, but it is nothing good. = Is there anything to be seen here ? Yes, there is a lot to be seen here. = Has anyone come ? = No, no one has come. We believe sometimes we know a tot, but we do not know much. = It is worth nothing. = Everybody. = I am strange to this business (pi.) = (Vo man is coming. = I have some money. = A certain man has told me. - Seek (look for) whom you will. = The rest of the people (the remain- ing people). = The remaining letters (the other letters). = For the rest, Fm not angry with him. = Such and such (a person) has told me. = 1 advise you to confess it. I believe I have already said it. = Be so kind as to read this letter ! = To fall (become) ill. = Sometimes. = Often. = Very often. = Seldom. = Suddenly. = From time to time. = At every moment. = Yearly. = For the most part. = On purpose. 1 As in French, * tout le monde.' ' ' Estar enojado con ' means ' to be angry with .' * 4 Fulano ' signifies * some person * or ' so and so.' The words ' mengano ' and ' zutano ' are also used with fulano ' with the same meaning. APPENDIX 159 De buena gana = Willingly. En todo caso = / any case . Cuanto antes - AS soon as possible. Al cabo de un ano = At the end of a year. Hablar bajo - TO speak low. Desgraciadamente = Unfortunately. Digo que si = / say yUf _ 1 8ay ro< Digo que no = / 8ay <,._/ say ^ Sm falta = Without fail. Puede ser = That may be. Tal vez - Perhaps. No hay tal cosa ) No es asi ] = 1 no/ so. Ccm la mira \ Con el fin = With the intention of . Con motive de J Deseo hacer unviaje por Espana! = / want to travel through Spain. Suelo verle de tiempo en tiempo = / used to see him from time to time. Temo ver a mi enemigo = I fear to see my enemy. Veo venir much a gente = / see many people coming. Facil es criticar, pero dificil = It is easy to criticise, but difficul hacerlo mejor to do better. Prohibi a mi hijo ir al teatro = 1 forbade my son to go to the theatre. Lo hizo certificar por el C6nsul = He had it certified by the consul. Los pajarillos alegres empezaban = The happy little birds began to a anunciar con su cantico announce the coming of the armonioso la venida de la dawn with (by) their har- aurora monious chant (singing). Cain mat6 a su hermano Abel = Cain killed his brother Abel. El fuego de los enemigos era - The enemy's fire was terrible. terrible Todo parecia tranquilo - Everything seemed quiet. Estaba enfermo cuando recibi - I was ill when I received this esta carta letter. Mi hermana esta cansada = My sister is tired. Por Hover tanto no podemos = As it is raining so much we salir cannot go out. Partimos al amanecer y llegamos = We departed at daybreak and al anochecer returned at nightfall. Esto no se puede decir = That may not be said. Eso no se puede hacer = This cannot be done. Le dejo hacer lo que quiere = I let him do what he likes. No le dejo salir = / do not allow him to go out. No es menester que Vd. me = It is not necessary for you to conteste answer me. No estoy obligado de hacer esto = I am not obliged to do this. I Dejame *.en paz ! = Leave me in peace ! 1 This is the second person singular with ' thou.' APPENDIX A no estar yo aqui se habrfa quemado toda la casa Ten go que salir Me es precise salir ) Es precise que yo saiga * ]' Lo que he dicho Yo estaba para salir cuando el vino ;, Donde esta el retrete ? El tren tiene dicz minutos dc retraso Ya llega el tren ! Al tren ! iCuanto cuesta un billetc dc ida y vuelta ? El despacho de equipajes Un billete de primera clasc La corrida de toros No me gustan las corridas de toros No me gusta estc h ombre No pudimos menos que pagar sus deudas El me lo ha dicho Los autores clasicos Con la mayor placer Q.B.S.M. Multiplicar Dividir Calcular La suma La perdida, ganancia El recibo Un par Una docena Un medio Un tercio Un cuarto Doble Triple Ocho dias ha * que le he visto ! Hace cuatro dias que le escribi la carta // / had not been here the whole house would have burned (been burnt). I have to go out. I must go out. What 1 have said . / was about to go out when he came. Where is the lavatory ? The train is ten minutes late. There comes the train (already arrives). All aboard! Get in! (the train), flow much docs a return (going and returning) ticket cost? The luggage-office. A first-class ticket. The butt-fight. I do not like bull-fights. I do not like this man. We could not do less than pay his debts. He told me so (it). Classic authors. With the greatest pleasure. Yours truly. To multiply. To divide. To reckon, calculate. The sum (of money). The loss, gain. The receipt. A pair. A dozen. : A half. -- A third. A quarter. - Double. - Three-fold. It is eight days since I have seen you. It is four days since J wrote him the letter. 1 Subjunctive with ' precise ' (necessary). * ' Que besa sus manos.' A common ending to a letter, meaning 4 who kisses your hands ' ; the signature follows. 1 ' Hace ' is also common. APPENDIX 161 Mi hermano ha muerto a la edad de treinta y dos anos Ambos estan en casa Los dos juntos han llegado anoche I Que fecha tenemos hoy ? l Estamos a doce de julio Los mas de los dias A los menos En esta batalla murieron mas de dos mil h ombres No tengo mas que diez pesetas Tengo hoy mas dinero del que tenia ayer Este arroyo tiene ahora menos agua de la que tenia el mes pasado Tu eres mas rico que yo Mariana por la manana Pasado manana Ayer por la manana Anteayer Anteanoche Pasado manana por la tarde Hoy hace cuatro dias Mediodia El mes corriente El mes pasado El mes pr6ximo A principios del mes A fines del mes De dia, de noche Ya amaneee Anochece ya El sol se pone El sol sale Ya sale el sol Hace luna a Hace sol * Truena Relampaguea Hiela, esta helando Llueve a cantaros Llueve Esta nublado Quisiera hablar por telefono ! Desearia certificar esta carta My brother died at the age of thirty-two years. Both are at home. Both arrived together last night. What is the date tit-day ? It is the twelfth of July. Most days. At least. In this battle there died more than two thousand men. I have no more than two pesetas. To-day I have more money than I had yesterday. This stream (brook) has less water than it had last month. -. Thou art richer than I am. - To-morrow morning. = The day after to-morrow. - Yesterday morning. - The day before yesterday. = The evening before last. - The day after to-morrow evening. = Four days ago from to-day. - Midday. - The present month. - Last month. -- Next month. - At the beginning of the month. = At the end of the month. = By day, by night. = It is getting light. = It is getting dark. = The sun is rising. - The sun is going down. - The sun is going down already. = The moon is shining. - The sun is shining. - It thunders, it is thundering. - It is lightening. = It is freezing. = // is pouring (with rain). = It is raining. = It is cloudy. - I want to speak over the telephone. = / should like to register this letter. * One can also say, ' 4 A cuantos estamos hoy ? ' > Note the use here of the verb 'hacer.' M 162 APPENDIX El buzon = i Donde hay por aqui un = buzon ? Siga Yd. esta calle y luego la = primera de la derecha ! Siga Vd. la segunda calk a la : izquierda 1 La raya Quisiera hacer algunas compras : Cambiar dinero Me es i ndife rente ! No es costumbre Aqui tiene Vd. todo lo necesario ! El desayuno = Aquf tiene Vd. mi tarjeta = i Podria Vd. recomendanne = Varaos con mucha velocidad : Esta ocupado Aguaide un momento ! i Me pennite Vd. que le acorn- pane ? I Mozo, cuanto debemos ? I A la salud de Vd. ! ( Venga Vd. tomar asiento aqui ! ] Mozo, traiganos mas vino ! : i Esta libre este asiento ? : Si, esta a la disposition de Vd. = | Dispense Vd. que no le acorn- : pane! Tener calentura = Mudar de casa Mudar de vestido Ir 4 casa Salir de casa Volver & casa El abrir 1 de la puerta El leer 1 me gusta El rugir 1 del Icon j Que f acil es dar consejos ! El di6 a entender que vendria hoy 6 raanana No es culpa mia ! : No hay nada mejor que decir : siempre la verdad I Digaselo Vd. ! a The letter-box. Where is there a letter-box about here? Follow this street, and then the first on the right. FoUow the second street to the left. The parting (hair). I should like to make a few purchases. To change money. Iff all the same to me. Ifs not usual. Here you have everything that if necessary. Breakfast. Here is my card. Could you recommend me . We are moving very fast. It is occupied. Wait a minute. Will you allow me to accompany you? Waiter, how much do we owe f Good health ! (in toasting). - Come and take a seat here ! Waiter, bring us some more wine I Is this place (seat) free t Yes, it's at your service. Excuse me for not accompanying you! To be feverish. To move (from one house to another). To change clothes. To go home. To go out. To go (come) back home. : The opening of the door. Reading pleases me. The roaring of the Hon. How easy it is to give advice ! He gave (us, someone) to under- stand that he would come to-day or to-morrow. It's >f)t my fault. There is nothing better than always to speak the truth. Tell him so ! 1 Note the use of the infinitive in these cases. APPENDIX 163 No viene sino tres veces por semana No se ha de vivir para comer, sino 1 comer para vivir Acabar de venir Quebrar Quedar Quejar Quemar Prestar dinero a alguno Responder a la pregunta Responder de una cosa Robar dinero & alguno Sentarse a la mesa Sentarse en la silla Caer en error Caer en tierra Caer de lo alto Caminar a pie Caminar a (para) Madrid Gozar de una cosa Oler a alguna cosa Poner alguna cosa en alguna parte Saltar de gozo Subir a (en) alguna parte Subir de la bodega Subir sobre la mesa Creer en Dios Tratar de cobarde Tenir de azul Dejar de escribir Cuidar de algo Gustar de alguna cosa Fijar algo en la pared Parti r en pedazos Partirse de Espana Volar de rama en rama Vivir de limosna Despertar a alguno Enfadarse con (contra) alguno Gozar de alguna cosa : Morir de poca edad Morir de la peste Morirse de frio Rogar algo a alguno Dividir en partes = He only comes three times a week. = One should not live to eat, but eat to live. = To have just come. = To break. = To remain, stay. = To complain. = To burn. = To lend someone money. = To answer the question. = To answer for a thing. = To rob someone of money. = To sit at the table. = To sit on a chair. = To fall into error. = To fall to the ground. = To fall from above. = To go on foot. = To walk to Madrid. = To enjoy a thing. = To smell something. = To put something somewhere. = To jump for joy. ~ To mount (ascend) somewhere. = To come up from the cellar. = To get on the table. = To believe in God. = To treat (someone) as a coward. = To dye (stain) blue. = To leave off writing. = To look after, take care of, some- thing. = To like anything, something. - To fix something on the watt. = To break into pieces. = To leave Spain. - To fly from branch to branch. = To live by alms (charity). = To awaken someone. = To become angry with someone. = To find pleasure in, to enjcjt anything. = To die young. = To die of plague. = To be dying of cold. = To request something of someone. = To divide into parts. 1 ' Sino ' is used after the negative instead of ' pero.' 164 APPENDIX Me falta No puedo explicarmelo ! = I lack 1 cannot quite understand it (I cannot explain it to myself). Al ver yo al Iadr6n, se escondi6 = On my seeing the thief, he hid himself. How did they treat you? The wars of the French have cost them a lot of blood. 4 Como le ban tratado a Yd. ? A los franceses les ban costado mucha sangre sus guerras Lleva Vd. dinero consigo ? \ Lie van Yds. dinero consigo ? j Abierto Cubierto Impreso Muerto Puesto Hay en espanol tres grados de comparaci6n de los ajetivos Este senor es mas rico de lo que se cree Ella es raenos astuta de lo que parece Do you carry money with you ? Open (from Abrir). Covered (from Cubrir). Printed, impressed (from Im- primir). : Dead (from Morir). : Put, placed (from Poner). There are in Spanish three degrees of comparison of ad- jectives. This gentleman is richer than cue thinks (is thought). She is not so astute as she appears. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. A 000 048 235