n !;.:3 I ■ "4 1418 .5 1^ ::i':l:i! ,.- V . . '^^j^ A i&> P ^ ■^V V, ^mmW: '^^msm- -wmw:mmmm^r^^ ■"T"' immmmm mm!^^^^^^m^*m I x^* Bancroft Library OCi 26 1922 / / m mmati JHi^torj ®H»^«^^?ttfaIo5tral dompattg BOABD OF EDITOBIAL DIBBCTOBS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF FBANK AI^ABBK PRESIDENT FRANK ALLABBN GENEALOGICAL EDITOR M. T. B. WASBBUBN ASSOCIATE EDITOR FBANCES M. SMITH SECRETARY M. T. B. WASHBUBN ASSOCIATE EDITOR JOHN FOWrEB MITCHELL, JR STEPHEN FABNUM PBCKHAM Publication Office, Greenfield, Indiana: John Fowler Mitchell, Jr., Manager Addreee all Communications to the Editorial and Subscription Offices in New Yorhl New York Office, Forty -Second Street Building, New York, A. Y. New York Telephone, Murray Hill 4524; Cable Address, Allaben, New York LONDON B. P. Stevens & Brown 4 Trafalgar Square, W. C. PABIS Brentano's 37, Avenue de I'Opera BEBLIN Asher and Company Unter den Linden 56 DUBLIN Combrldge and Company 18 Grafton Street EDINBUEGH Andrew Elliott ■ut-n-Drrx ^"^ Princes Street MADBID Llbreria Internaclonal de „„ _ Adrian Romo, Alcala 6 ROME L. Piale 1 Piazza dl Spagna ST. PETEBSBUBO. . Watkins and Company Marskala No. 36 CAIBO F. Diemer Shepheard's Building BOMBAY Thacker and Company Limited Esplanade Road TOKIO Methodist Publishing House 2 Shichome, Glz Glnza MEXICO CITY American Book and Printing Co. 1st San Francisco No. 12 ATHENS Const. Electheroudakls Place de la Constitution BUENOS AYRES. . . John Grant and Son Calle Cangallo 469 F E«sa^cro; icroTtLu ibrary ®abb of Olont^ttta 2II|? iflunml of Amrman l|tatarg {jaa pbaawr^ ttt ?x- pr? BHtitg ttH grateful apprwtattatt of % ly^lpful ro-0pf ratUm of ®lj0 Patt-Autfrtran Mnuin, ttt prntJiJittig fnr r^prnJiur- tt0tt ttt tiytB Nttttthf r of tl|? iiagazttt^ tij? f ttgratttttga of sttntB, butUntttga uv^ moitutttetttH ttt Ol^ittral attft #otttI| Attt^rtra THE CHRIST OF THE ANDES. A Bronze Statue, More THAN Twice Life-Size, Cast out of Cannon, That Stands on the Summit of the Mountains between Chile and Argentina. Here San Martin Crossed in 1817 TO Deliver Chile from Spain's Yoke. Erected to Commemorate the Settlement by England's Arbitra- tion OF THE Boundary Dispute between the Two Coun- tries. Engraving Reproduced from a Photograph Copyrighted by Underwood and Underwood, New York Front Cover THE RULE OF BARBARISM THE CULMINATION OF THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM. From a Remarkable, Strong-Thoughted, and Impressively Worded Letter, Written in 1914 by Senor Triana to the President OF THE Republic of Colombia. This Letter, a Trans- lation OF Which Appeared in The New York Times, December 13, 1914, Was Reproduced in Spanish in HisPANiA, A Spanish Periodical of London — Santiago Perez Triana 13 "WHAT HAS AMERICA DONE FOR THE BENEFIT OF MANKIND?" From an Address Made at Wash- ington, ON THE Fourth of July, 182 i — John Quincy Adams 14 THE UNITED STATES A BULWARK FOR ALL AMER- ICA AGAINST EUROPEAN AGGRESSION TO- WARD THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. Another Excerpt from Senor Triana's Letter to the Colom- bian President — Santiago Perez Triana 15 [7] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY UNDERSTANDING OF NATIONAL IDEALS A BASIC ELEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL FRIENDSHIP. From an Address Delivered at a Luncheon of the Members' Council of the Merchants' Association, New York, May 13, 19 15, at Which the Latin- Ameri- can Delegates to the Pan-American Financial Con- ference WERE Guests — Frank A. Vanderlip, President of The National City Bank, New York 16 THE "DEVIL'S NOSE," ZIGZAGGED BY THE GUAYA- QUIL AND QUITO RAILROAD, ECUADOR 17 ESCOLA NACIONAL DE BELLAS ARTES, RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL 20 NATIONAL CONGRESS, SANTIAGO, CHILE 21 MAIQUETIA, VENEZUELA, WITH LA GUAIRA IN THE DISTANCE 24 THE "PRACA 15 DE NOVEMBRO," RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL 25 SECTION OF OUTER WALL OF THE PRE-INCAN FOR- TRESS AT CUZCO, PERU 28 FORTRESS OF SACSAHUAMAN, CUZCO, PERU. One of the Most Imposing of Pre-Incan Ruins 29 ''SUBURBS OF HEREDIA," HEREDIA, COSTA RICA. This picture, by Don Armando Cespedes, was given THE First Prize by the Athenaeum of Costa Rica .... 32 INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION IN THE WEST- ERN HEMISPHERE— Frank Allaben 33 LETTER TO THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF THE PAN- AMERICAN UNION FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY 37 THE HONORABLE FRANCIS J. YANES, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF THE PAN-AMERICAN UNION, TO THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY og [8] TABLE OF CONTENTS PROPOSAL TO MAKE THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTER- NATIONAL EXPOSITION A CENTRE OF CO- OPERATION BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA 40 MAY THERE NOT BE CO-OPERATION BETWEEN THE PEOPLES OF THIS HEMISPHERE? 42 RESPONSE OF THE DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSI- TION 44 SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF CUBA TO THE PLAN OF ALL-AMERICAN CO- OPERATION 46 A CELEBRATION OF PEACE AND AMITY BETWEEN ALL THE NATIONS ON THE WESTERN CONTI- NENT — His Excellency, Edward F. Dunne, Governor of Illinois 47 EXTENSION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF ARBITRATION TO BE RESULT OF THE EUROPEAN WAR— His Excellency, Simeon E. Baldwin, Governor of Connecticut . . 48 THE PLAZA MURILLO, LA PAZ, BOLIVIA 49 HARBOR OF PORT AU PRINCE, HAITI 52 CUSTOM HOUSE, PORT AU PRINCE, HAITI 53 WEST WALL OF THE KALASASAYA PALACE, PRE- INCA RUINS OF TIAHUANACU, BOLIVIA 56 DETAIL OF MONOLITHIC IDOL, RUINS OF TIA- HUANACU 57 A HUT IN MODERN TIAHUANACU. In the Village of TiAHUANAcu Are Huts with Thatched Roofs Whose Entrances Are Formed by Stones Which Once Formed Parts of the Ancient Ruins of the Prehis- toric City '. 60 CORRIDOR OF THE CENTRAL POST-OFFICE, CITY OF MEXICO 61 MAXIMILIAN'S STATE COACH. Preserved in the National Museum, City of Mexico 61 [9] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY PALACE OF FINE ARTS, SANTIAGO DE CHILE 6,4 THE WAR IN EUROPE SHOULD SERVE TO UNITE THE AMERICAN PEOPLES— His Excellency, Samuel V. Stewart, Governor of Montana 65 COMMERCIAL GREED A DANGER GREAT AS WAR— His Excellency, L. E. Pinkham, Governor of Hawaii .... 67 AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS TO FRATERNIZE IN THE TRUE SPIRIT OF LIB- ERTY, JUSTICE, AND PEACE— The Honorable John H. Small, United States Congressman from North Carolina 68 SENATOR BRISTOW'S OPINION 69 TAXATION REFORM AS A PREVENTIVE OF WAR— The Honorable Warren Worth Bailey, United States Con- gressman from Pennsylvania 70 A LETTER FROM SENATOR CUMMINS 72 NEW WORLD VICTORIES OF PEACE— The Honorable Henry T. Rainey, United States Congressman from Illinois 73 THE PAN-AMERICAN FINANCIAL CONFERENCE— Mabel Thacher Rosemary Washburn 75 AMERICA FOR AMERICANS. A Splendid Exposition OF THE Real Meaning and the Present Necessity of Maintaining the Monroe Doctrine, Delivered Before THE Pan-American Financial Conference — The Hon- orable Santiago Perez Triana, Chairman of the Delegation from Colombia to the Pan-American Financial Conference 79 AN INTERNATIONAL SUPREME COURT FOR THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. An Open Letter to the Delegates to the Pan-American Financial Confer- ence AT Washington from the President of the National Historical Society — Frank Allaben 84 THE COURTEOUS REPLY OF THE CHILEAN DELE- GATES 87 THE GOAL OF PAN-AMERICAN SOLIDARITY. The Conference a Part of the Great International Mis- sion OF THE American Republics, as Outlined in the Speech of the Secretary-General — L. S. Rowe, LL. D. 88 [10] TABLE OF CONTENTS PRACTICAL RESULTS OF THE PAN-AMERICAN FI- NANCIAL CONFERENCE 90 AVENIDA RIO BRANCO, RIO DE JANEIRO 97 PITPANS, OR NATIVE CANOES, OF GUATEMALA. ... 100 THE GRENADIERS OF SAN MARTIN PASSING THROUGH THE STREETS OF BOULOGNE-SUR- MER. Sent by the Argentine Republic to represent THE Army, at the Unveiling of a Statue to General San Martin, Who Himself Founded This Regiment. . lOt IN THE MUSEO GOELDI, PARA, BRAZIL. A corner OF THE Room Devoted to Amazonian Archaeology. . . . 104 PICKING CACAO PODS, SANTO DOMINGO 105 A SKY-SCRAPER IN BUENOS AYRES, SAID TO BE THE FIRST IN SOUTH AMERICA 108 STATUE OF MURILLO, THE PATRIOT LEADER, AT LA PAZ, BOLIVIA 109 BOAT CLUBS ON THE TIGRE RIVER, NEAR BUENOS AYRES 112 THE WORK OF THE PAN-AMERICAN FINANCIAL CONGRESS — The Honorable John Bassett Moore 113 LATIN-AMERICA'S INVITATION TO THE BUSINESS MEN OF THE UNITED STATES 119 THE PERSONNEL OF THE PAN-AMERICAN FINAN- CIAL CONFERENCE 120 THE WAR SYSTEM OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS. From an Address Delivered Before the American P^ace Society, at Boston, 1849 — Charles Sumner 127 [II] i '^^«2^?S>s^l' UnrJirJi SIfttrr, iKrttt^it ta 1914 bg ^tnar ©riana to Pr^BtJif ttt 0f tJyr SFpubltr of Olalnmbta HE PRESENT European war transcends. IN magnitude and disastrous possi- bilities, ALL THE wars WITHIN HUMAN MEMORY. From the start it under- mined THE MORAL TEMPERAMENT OF NA- TIONS AND FUNDAMENTALLY DERANGED SOCIAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND ECONOMIC HAR- MONY. Moreover, it is bringing to the surface traits OF BARBARISM AND CRUELTY WHICH ARE INCREDIBLE IN THE Twentieth Century of the Christian Era. Law HAVING been swept AWAY ALL OVER EUROPE, THAT CON- TINENT IS TO-DAY RULED ENTIRELY BY MARTIAL LAW, THAT IS, BY THE ABSENCE OF ALL LAW AND THE SUPREMACY OF THE soldier's JUDGMENT, WHICH IS GOVERNED ONLY BY THE NECESSITIES OF WAR. ThUS EuROPE IS UNDER THE rule of barbarism. This is the culmination of the European sys- tem OF the balance of power. The two groups of European powers which were disputing the do- minion OF THE WORLD, AND WHICH FOR THE LAST FORTY years so-called years of peace have waged inces- sant predatory wars of conquest in the eastern Hemisphere, have been dragged by the inevitable fatality of the system to the terrible collision of one group against the other. Europe has traveled along the road to catas- trophe WITH HER EYES OPEN. EMINENT THINKERS OF ALL THE European countries . . . have been pre- dicting DISASTER, DECLARING THAT IS WOULD INEVITABLY TAKE THE FORM EITHER OF INTERNAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION IN THE VARIOUS COUNTRIES OR OF WAR BETWEEN THE VARIOUS NATIONS. SOCIAL REVOLUTION, THEY SAID, WOULD COME AS SOON AS THE MASSES, STRANGLED BY TAXES RISING LIKE AN IRRESISTIBLE TIDE, WITHOUT HOPE OF REDEMPTION AND INCAPABLE OF FURTHER SUFFERING, SHOULD RESORT TO VIOLENCE. FOREIGN WAR ... THE OTHER HORN OF THE DILEMMA THEY DECLARED WOULD BE CHOSEN AS A MEANS AN OLD ONE IN HISTORY FOR DISCREDITED AND DYING SYSTEMS TO PROLONG THEIR DECAYING PREDOMINANCE. ThIS LAST IS WHAr HAS OCCURRED. — Santiago Perez Triana. l^n^fit 0f mankind? 3xam un Mhtms Mv^t at Maaljtttgtxin, nn tl\t RIENDS AND Countrymen, if the wise AND Learned Philosophers of the OLDEN world INQUIRE, WHAT HAS America done for the benefit of mankind, let our answer be this — America, with the same voice which spoke herself into existence as a na- tion, proclaimed to mankind the inextinguishable rights of human nature, and the only lawful foundations of government. America, in the assembly of nations, since her ADMISSION among THEM, HAS INVARIABLY, THOUGH OFTEN FRUITLESSLY, HELD FORTH TO THEM THE HAND OF HONEST FRIENDSHIP, OF EQUAL FREEDOM, OF GENEROUS RECIPROCITY. She HAS UNIFORMLY SPOKEN AMONG THEM, THOUGH OFTEN TO HEEDLESS AND OFTEN TO DIS- DAINFUL EARS, THE LANGUAGE OF EQUAL LIBERTY, EQUAL JUSTICE, AND EQUAL RIGHTS She HAS SEEN THAT, PROBABLY FOR CENTURIES TO COME, ALL THE CONTESTS OF THAT AcELDAMA, THE EURO- PEAN World, will be contests between inveterate POWER AND EMERGING RIGHT. WhEREVER THE STANDARD OF FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE HAS BEEN OR SHALL BE UNFURLED, THERE WILL HER HEART, HER BENEDICTIONS, AND HER PRAYERS BE. — John Quificy Adams. WiiitQPSrii-m^ Slf^ T&nxUh ^MtB a lultuark for All Am^rira AgmuBt lEurnp^an Aggrj^a- t0tt 5[omar& tlj^ W^Btern ll^tntHplf^r^ Awrtli^r lExarpt from #rttor ®rta«a*a ICrtt^r tn tij? OInlnmhtan jp^^^i^^wt HE WARS OF CONQUEST WAGED BY EURO- PEAN Powers during the last forty YEARS, IN WHICH NO PART OF THE WORLD HAS BEEN SUFFICIENTLY REMOTE, ARID, OR UNHEALTHY TO BE ADJUDGED UNWORTHY OF SEIZURE, JUSTIFY THE ASSERTION THAT, HAD IT BEEN POSSIBLE TO CARRY OUT SUCH CONQUESTS IN AMERICA, THAT PART OF AMERICA OPEN TO CONQUEST WOULD HAVE BEEN CONQUERED. ThIS ASSER- TION GAINS WEIGHT FROM THE FACT THAT ON VARIOUS OCCASIONS European Powers have attempted the con- quest OF American territory in one form or an- other Some assert that the countries of Latin-Amer- ica are self-sufficient for defense, so that any de- fense FROM OUTSIDE WOULD BE SUPERFLUOUS How COULD A Latin American country or group of COUNTRIES RESIST A TRIUMPHANT KaISER OR CZAR? That European conquerors have not invaded America in the past, that they will not in future, may be attributed entirely to the potential power OF THE United States, which, should need arise, WOULD ARRAY MILLIONS QF SOLDIERS, AND DO IT WITHOUT HAVING TO TRANSPORT THEM ACROSS THOUSANDS OF LEAGUES OF WATER. — Santiago Peres Triana. InJu^rBtanimg nf National Mml^ a laatr lEbm^nt nf Jnternattnnal Jwttialjtp Jrom m Ahhn&si ^timtrth at a ICuttrlywtt nf % ^^mb^ra* Qlounnl af % iierrlyantH' AfiBonattott, ^tm fork. ^ag 13, i915, at 1il|trl| tijf? Ilattti Ammran Mf- 5at?0 tn tljp Patt Am^nran Jtnaturial (Han- Uvmn WtvB ^u^sta Inder ordinary conditions in the world's affairs, such a gathering would be noteworthy, but ordinary conditions DO NOT EXIST IN THE WORLD's AFFAIRS. Instead, we are facing the most ex- traordinary CONDITIONS THAT HAVE PREVAILED IN MODERN TIMES. ThE ESPE- CIALLY SIGNIFICANT ASPECT OF THIS OCCASION SEEMS TO ME, THEREFORE, TO LIE IN THE FACT THAT, WHILE HALF THE CIVILIZED WORLD IS IN THE DEATH GRIP OF THE MOST GIGANTIC COMBAT IN ALL HISTORY, THESE REPRESENTATIVE MEN ARE COMING TOGETHER FOR SYMPATHETIC, FRIENDLY, SOBER CONFERENCE, THE OBJECT OF WHICH IS CLOSER NA- TIONAL RELATIONSHIPS. ThEY ARE COMING TOGETHER THAT THERE MAY BE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THEIR COUNTRIES. ThEY ARE COMING TOGETHER WITH the hope that better understanding will lead to a reciprocal interest in the commercial affairs of these countries which shall be of mutual advan- tage in the life of their peoples. Nothing can so fully develop and cement inter- national UNDERSTANDINGS AND FRIENDSHIPS AS A TRUE APPRECIATION OF NATIONAL IDEALS I WANT TO SAY TO YOU REPRESENTATIVES OF THE OTHER NATIONS OF THIS Hemisphere, that you have come to us at a time that offers you an opportunity to obtain an almost flashlight revelation of our national character. The soul and conscience of the nation are being laid bare. you may in these days learn more of our true national character than you could ever have had an opportunity to learn before you will be able to learn what sort of fibre we have for such responsibility and duties as are ours for guard- ING THE PEACE OF THIS HEMISPHERE. We ARE A DIF- FERENT people; but, if we demonstrate that we REC- OGNIZE CLEARLY WHAT SHOULD BE THE COURSE OF ACTION AND THE PRINCIPLES OF HONOR TO WHICH A NATION SOLEMNLY AND DEEPLY PLEDGED TO PEACE OUGHT TO AD- HERE, WE WILL BE LAYING A FOUNDATION UPON WHICH FIRMLY TO BUILD A UNITED Americas. — Frank A. Vofi- derlip, President of The National City Bank, New York. l*9t ■IlillglJM III u 1 v\^ iSi^iHBaBaHiM %t JtfummtfF ^mman m^tura VOLUME IX IKWcVi^p NUMBER 1 NINETEEN FIFTEEN 'vMHiMSF , FIRST QUARTER Wmtttn ^tmxBpiint BY FRANK ALLABEN Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of American History HE Pan-American Financial Conference, held in Wash- ington May 24 to 29, 191 5, has inaugurated a new epoch in the relations of the twenty-one Republics in the Western Hemisphere; and in this sympaj;hetic drawing together and co-operation of so many free peoples we find at least one great blessing growing out of the present fearful war in Europe. With the breaking out of that war the feeling that the Republics of the West should seek to unite their interests and support one another was no doubt instinctive in thousands of American hearts. In some cases this found almost instant expression, a vague groping after the right thing to do. This feeling was a burden upon the Editor-in-Chief of The Jour- [33] m:ii^w^-Mm / THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY NAL OF American History, and, with the hearty approval of other members of the staff, about ten days after the declarations of war by the principal European nations he sent out a letter to the Presidents of all the American Republics, and to our United States Cabinet Offi- cers, Senators, Representatives, and Governors, suggesting a drawing together of the peoples of the Western Hemisphere and some form of co-operative action. As this effort may be typical of others made then or since, the letter sent is reproduced here, together with some of the replies received. It will be seen from some of these responses, as it was still more evident from many others, that most minds were dazed and stunned by the war-catastrophe. It required time to learn what our real needs were and what form our co-operation should take. A suggestion that the Exposition at San Francisco be made a rallying- centre for the American Republics appealed strongly to the Exposition managers. Had this been taken up vigorously it is quite possible, as we suggested, that a visit to the Pacific Coast by Americans during 191 5 might have assumed the character of a patriotic pilgrimage and duty, instead of being merely a pleasure trip, thus realizing a much greater financial success than now appears possible. But evidently no one had the imagination to organize such a movement. On the other hand, the reply of Assistant Director Hon. Fran- cisco J. Yanes to a letter to Hon. John Barrett, Director-General of the Pan American Union, made it apparent that that splendid'organi- zation was alert, as ever, to serve all the American nations in the war emergency. These letters are here given, as well as an exchange of correspondence with the Director-in-Chief of the Panama-Pacific Exposition. What other proposals along these lines were made we do not know, but the first official suggestions for conference and co-opera- tion were made public about November 26, 19 14, the initiative being taken by several of the South American governments through their ambassadors at Washington. According to press notices sent out at that time representations were made to the Washington Government by Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, embodying the following proposals : I — The establishment of neutral zones on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North and South America within which the bel- ligerents shall be asked to agree not to engage in hostilities or inter- fere with commercial vessels. A meridian would be designated as the limit in each case. [34] INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 2 — The convocation of a general conference of diplomatic repre- sentatives and commercial delegates of all the countries of this hemi- sphere, with power to vote on steps which can be taken to protect and restore Pan-American trade. 3 — The appointment by the Pan-American Union of a commis- sion to recommend steps that would remove dangers to Pan-American trade. 4 — Prohibition by all nations of the two Americas of the privilege hitherto exercised by the belligerents of coaling in neutral ports, or the issuance of only a sufficient quantity of coal to enable a belligerent vessel to reach the nearest port of another country. In an editorial, "One Hemisphere to the Other," the New York World of November 28 said: "Whether it is possible to localize the war or not, the Latin- American suggestion that a conference of na- tions on this hemisphere be held is a good one. All have suffered se- verely in their finance and commerce, and all have had to meet many vexatious questions of neutrality. Hardly an issue of any kind can be imagined involving more closely the interests of all the peoples of the two Americas. With identical problems to solve, no harm and much good would be likely to result from such a convocation Torn by war, the Eastern Hemisphere could not fail to give a respectful hear- ing to the Western united in behalf of peace and civilization." A little later, on December 9, 19 14, a special commission was appointed at a meeting of the governing board of the Pan-American Union, in Washington, under a resolution introduced by Ambassador Naon of Argentina, in part as follows: "A special commission is hereby, appointed to consist of nine members, of which the Secretary of State of the United States shall form part, acting as chairman there- of ex officio. "This commission shall study the problems presented by the pres- ent European war and shall submit to the governing body the events it may deem of common interest." But something more was required, and at the suggestion of the Secretary of the Treasury and upon the hearty recommendation of President Wilson, Congress by a special act authorized the issuing of invitations to all the Republics of the Western Hemisphere to send delegates to a Pan American Financial Conference in Washington for the week, May 24-29, an appropriation being made for the enter- tainment of the visiting delegations as the guests of the United States. An account of the Conference is given, following the letters above-mentioned. The necessity for co-operation throughout the [35] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY Western Hemisphere toward a common defense against foreign ag- gression was emphasized by Mr. Santiago Perez Triana in an elequent address, which is given in this Number of The Journal of American History, as is also an outline of a plan for co-operation of the Ameri- can Republics in creating a supreme international tribunal, communi- cated by the Editor of The Journal of American History in an open letter to the delegates. [36] I ^HtH to tl|0 itr^rtor Ol^n^ral of t\\t pan-Ammran Union from % iEittor-tn-Orijtff of ®Ij? Sfonmal of Ammran IftHtorg August 13, 1914. The Honorable John Barrett, Director General, Pan American Union, W3.shington, D. C. Dear Sir: TRUST success will crown your efforts to arouse the United States to grasp the opportunity Providence offers for mutual commercial service between the Americas. The present emergency seems to require some improvised medium of exchange to enable the business houses of the two continents to begin im- mediate correspondence to learn the needs and pos- sibilities of supply and demand. While the National City Bank here only awaits the operation of our new banking law to establish branch banks in South America, and while the new ship-registry law would open the way for American capital to invest in American shipping, it will yet require much time for individual business houses to investigate the South American markets to discover openings for business. Can this process be expedited? Can the Pan American Union act as a sort of emergency clearing-house for information ? For example, could South American Governments invite their business houses to register general statements of their requirements, while business houses here file their catalogues, or furnish editions for distribution in South America? These catalogues being now mostly in English, might serve for compiling, in Spanish and Portuguese, descriptive directories of repu- table United States manufacturers and dealers, with their lines, with similar lists in English of South American importers for distribution here. I shall be glad to learn what may be done toward this end. Very truly yours, Frank Allaben. [37] AaatBtant itr^rtor nf t\\t f a«- Ammmn Intott, to tlj? lEittor- ttt-CII|t^f of ®ij0 ioitrttal 0f Ammran lltatorg Dear Sir: PAN-AMERICAN UNION Washington, D. C. August 25, 19 14. [N THE absence of Director-General Barrett, I have to acknowledge receipt of your esteemed note of August 13. Pressure of business due to the over- whelming mail received at this office in reference to the Latin-America situation, has prevented my answering before. The Pan American Union is doing everything in its power to promote friendly and commercial intercourse between the United States and the Latin-American republics. That it is al- ready an "emergency clearing-house for information" is shown by the enormous number of inquiries constantly being received and answered regarding those countries. I think, however, it is something more than an emergency clearing-house, and that it does permanent service in supplying commercial information. Your suggestion that South American governments invite their business houses to register general statements of their requirements and that business houses here file their catalogues or furnish editions for distribution in South America, has been noted. South American imports cover practically the whole range of human wants and needs, because the South American republics, gener- [38] REPLY OF THE PAN-AMERICAN UNION ally Speaking, are not manufacturing countries. They want practi- cally everything that we want and they import, at least in finished articles, just as many kinds of things as we import, and a great many more which we produce and therefore do not import. Thanking you for your letter and suggestion, I am Tour 8 very truly. Acting Director General • Mr. Frank Allaben, New York, N. Y. [39] Jltit^rttatUmal lExirnfitttfltt a (Hmtx^ of OIo-np?ratum MHmtm Nnrtly anli ^otttli Amrrlra New York, 15 August, 19 14. The Executive Committee, Panama- Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, California. Gentlemen : ENCLOSE the substance of a letter which has just been transmitted to the Presidents of all the Republics in Central and South America. A similar communica- tion will also be sent, with requests for response, to the President of the United States, members of the Cabinet, Senators, Congressmen, Governors, etc. Will your Committee, if you approve of the sug- gestions made, please send me as promptly as possible some state- ment indicating ways and means whereby the Exposition at San Fran- cisco may be made a centre of co-operation between North and South America ? The principal European Nations, which declined to participate in this Exposition, are now engaged in the most gigantic war in human history. The Exposition represents, not war, but the progress of peace ; and, held in the Western Hemisphere, while Europe is gripped in a death-struggle of conflicting ambitions, it becomes typical of the better aspirations of the free and peaceful Nations of America. If this idea can be taken up energetically and sown in hearts and imaginations throughout North and South America, will it not make a pilgrimage to San Francisco in 191 5 not merely a recreation and pleasure, but a sacred patriotic duty? Let the free peoples of the [40] THE EXPOSITION A CENTRE OF AMERICAN CO-OPERATION New World be summoned to go up to San Francisco in 191 5 in protest against war and aggression and in approval of peace and righteous- ness. Very truly yours, Frank Allaben. Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of American History. g^upplrmi^tttarg Qlommumratton to % Sx^ruttw Jnternattnital SxpoBittott August 17, 19 14. Gentlemen : I sent you a copy of a letter sent by The Journal of American History to the Presidents of the Central and South American Re- publics, and which is now being sent to the public men of this country; and requested some expression from you which could be used to further the patriotic idea of making the Exposition an expression of unity and good fellowship between North and South America. I herewith enclose the substance of a letter sent several days ago to the Honorable John Barrett, Director-General of the Pan American Union. This letter explains itself; but it occurs to me that the idea of a clearing-house for exchange of information to establish better trade relations between North and South America might be made a very effective and popular and permanently valuable feature of the Exposition. Of course the exhibits, with men in charge and literature for dis- tribution, would serve in this direction. But cannot some definite place and system of record and exchange of needs, commercial and financial, be provided and kept in operation while the Exposition re- mains open? And cannot this be made known as a valuable feature for the business men of the Western Hemisphere? Very truly yours, Frank Allaben. [41] Mw$ ^l^nt Not 1? (to-aptmtmn Mt Xmnn % pMpl^H of W^m ^«0g?«ttott0 to SIjtH lExih M^t to ii? « ©tattttgolali^b to tt|f Jobltr Sltff of ttjf Inttrli ^tat^a, anb to tl|^ jprrfiiiptttBi of tly? ©antral aoli ^outI| Am^nratt Urpubltra, bg tly^ ?EJiitor-tn-OIJytf f of ©tj? Soorttal of Amrrtrao ijtatonj, AugoBt 15, 1914 €^«2*^*J# HE cause of permanent international peace and right- eousness throughout the Western Hemisphere had just been powerfully advanced by the success of the joint-efforts of the United States, the Argentine Re- public, Brazil, and Chile, in behalf of afflicted Mex- ico, when the whole world was shocked by the opposite phenomenon across the Atlantic of a conflagration of war, involving the greater part of Europe. This fearful world- disturbance necessarily throws the peaceful Nations of the New World upon their own resources and into closer co-operation with one another. In order that some good may be gathered out of this calam- ity, not by commercial interchange alone, but in lasting moral and spiritual benefit, may there not be co-operation between the peoples of this Hemisphere in some or all of the following ways? 1. By a joint-expression of the great sorrow of the peoples of the Western Hemisphere over the calamity which has fallen upon the peoples of Europe and indirectly upon the peoples of the whole world. 2. By a joint-expression of the hope that the powers of Europe will consider the earnest desire of their brethren in the West to serve them through mediation and to render such service toward alleviation of the distresses of war as lies within the power of neutrals. 3. By a joint-expression of profound conviction that no spirit of aggression, no coveting of territory, and no race antipathy should be permitted ever to whet the swords of the free peoples of the New World against one another. [42] CO-OPERATION IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 4. By general co-operation in turning the present period of ex- clusion of Americans from Europe into a time of special international travel and intercourse between the Nations of the Western Hemi- sphere, — a time of "seeing the Americas" and seeking a better ac- quaintance and understanding with all our New World neighbors. In view of the Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco in 191 5, with its remarkable exhibits from all the American Nations, and in view of the present necessity of closer trade relations between these Nations, may not the Nations of South and Central America con- sider themselves in a special way the invited guests of the United States in 191 5, and the United States consider herself especially in- vited to return the visit of South and Central America in 19 16? The Journal of American History is about to devote a special issue to the historic relations of North, Central, and South America, and earnestly desires to bring before the people of the United States any expression along the above lines, or otherwise suggested by the present crisis, which you may be pleased to send for that purpose, believing that such a word from you will be of the greatest service at this time. With sentiments of deep respect, I have the honor to be Very truly yours, Frank Allaben_, Editor-in-Chief. [43] tl|? pattama-Parifir Jttt^nta- EXPOSITION BUILDING, OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, FIRST SEPTEMBER, I914. Frank Allaben, Esq., Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of American History, Number 30 East Forty-Second Street, New York. Dear Sir : HAVE the honor to acknowledge receipt of your letters of August 15th and August 17th, together with the copies of letters sent by you to the Presidents of Cen- tral and South American Republics and to the Honor- able John Barrett, Director-General of the Pan Amer- ican Union. In reply I desire to state that the idea suggested in your communication, to-wit: That the conditions both moral and commercial which have been engendered by the present crisis in Europe be dealt with at the Panama-Pacific In- ternational Exposition, and that the steps to be taken in view of said conditions find expression at the Exposition, is a good one and is be- ing given serious attention by the Exposition Management. It is but fair to say, however, that the Exposition has no funds at its disposal, nor is it likely to have such funds, for the national prop- aganda required by a movement such as you suggest. We have been forced to this attitude by similar suggestions which have been made by a considerable number from over three hundred organizations which will hold conventions in this city in 191 5; to them the same reply has been made. Moreover it has been decided by us that no series of congresses or conventions shall be directly under the auspices of the Exposition. [44] RESPONSE OF THE DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF We shall be pleased to hear further from you on this subject and shall be glad to give consideration to any suggestions which you may have to make. Yours respectfully. Dlrector-in-chief . ' V^ — ' [4S] i>ympatiyrttr fj^apottar from tlj? Prm- hmt of Oluba to % pia« of AU- Am^nratt Olo-Cf^p^ratton REPUBLICA DE CUBA PRESIDENCIA Dear Sir Havana, Cuba, August 24th, 1 9 14. [IS EXCELLENCY, the President of the Republic, di- rects me to acknowledge receipt of your esteemed favor of the 15th instant, which he has read with great attention. His Excellency furthermore requests me to in- form you that your scheme to obtain the joint co-oper- ation of the people of this Hemisphere to appeal to the people of Europe to end the war raging there has his heartiest sym- pathy and that he prays your endeavors may meet with the success they deserve. With the assurance of my most distinguished consideration, I beg to remain, dear Sir, Mr. Frank Allaben, New York. Yours very truly. ecrerary to tlie President [46] Irtm^^tt All tlf? iN^attattH on % fcat^rn Olnnttn^nt By HIS EXCELLENCY, EDWARD F. DUNNE Governor of Illinois EDWARD F. DUNNE Governor Dear Sir: August 20, 1914. ANSWER to yours of the 15th instant, I think it would be wise for the authorities having in charge the Panama-Pacific International Exposition to do everything in their power towards making the Ex- position a celebration of peace and amity between all the nations on the western continent. These nations at the present time are singularly blessed in that peace and amity prevail among them. Some general rule participated in by all these nations, having for its object the tender of their sympathy for the nations of Europe, and their kindly offices in and about putting an end to the horrible war now prevailing in Europe, should be inagurated. Peace and arbitration should be branded into every demonstra- tion and exhibition held on the grounds at San Francisco. I would respectfully recommend that the matter be brought to the attention of the Panama-Pacific delegates who meet monthly at Washington, and some effort be made through them to organize this western world movement of peace and arbitration. Very tru3y yours. h Mr. Frank Allaben, The Journal of American History, New York. [47] ^Kttmxon at tly? Prmrijtl? of Arbt- tratwn ©o 1^ IJ^ault of tl|? 1E«r0p?an liar By HIS EXCELLENCY, SIMEON E. BALDWIN Governor of Connedticut SIMEON E. BALDWIN STATE OF CONNECTICUT Governor KENNETH WYNNE EXECUTIVE CHAMBERS Executive Secretary FRANK D. ROOD HARTFORD Executive Clerk August 1 8, 1 9 14. Mr^ Frank Allaben, Editor, The Journal of American History, 30 East 42nd Stfeet, New York. Dear Sir: OUR letter of August 15th is received. I am inclined to think that the present European war will lead in the outcome to the extension of the principle of arbitra- tion, or of the judicial settlement of international disputes. You will find my views in these respects stated in the Quarterly Bulletin Number 17, published this month by the American Society for the Judicial Settlement of Inter- national Disputes, at Baltimore. Yours very truly, - -x/^^ [48] WEST WALL OF THE KALASASAYA PALACE, PRE-INCA KUJXS Ol^ TIA- HUANACU, BOLIVIA DETAIL OF MONOLITHIC IDOL, RUINS OF TIAHUAXACU A HUT IN MODERN TIAHUANACU In the village of Tiahuanacu are huts with thatchjcl roofs whose entrances are formed by stones which once formed parts of the ancient ruins of the prehistoric city. «,v'A«aasMseaaia.jssHefi«tS5«-:«^^^ ,.J. CORRIDOR OF THE CENTRAL POSTOFFICE, CITY OF MEXICO MAXIMILIAN'S STATE COACH Preserved in the National Museum, City of Mexico c*i!M>limu(H(*M*2II^C<4DK;jr-Vi..:-^»''.>. . ©ly^ Har in ^nrapt Bl^auih ^^ ni? to Initf tiff Ammran pw^jba By HIS EXCELLENCY, SAMUEL V. STEWART Governor of Montana Exwttttiip Wf&tt ^j^imu, Montana August 21, 1914. Mr. Frank Allaben, Editor, The Journal of American History, New York City. Dear Sir: EFERRING to your letter of the fifteenth instant: The world is full of peace-lovers, notwithstanding the fact that to-day millions of men are under arms in Europe, and the hearts of these lovers of peace must swell with approval when they contemplate the atti- tude of the United States in the troublous times. Nothing less than an inspired wisdom could have brought us down to the present day without a call to arms, and it is cause for intense gratification that those in power, in the present crisis, are possessed of a stout determination to prevent our country from being in any way drawn into the embroilment. The great heart of the American people beats in full sympathy with the people of the contending nations, sorrowing over the appall- ing toll that war inevitably will take, and there is everywhere the sincere hope that the European powers may accept the good offices of our country as mediator to the end that the ravages of conflict may cease. This deplorable clash of arms should serve to draw the people of the Western Hemisphere more closely together than ever. There was never a more propitious occasion for "seeing the Americas," the countries of our own new land, and by friendly intercourse and closer acquaintance more indissolubly cementing the ties that bind us one to another. In the circumstances, the people of Central and South [6s] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY America should be made to feel that they are specially desired at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco in 191 5, as it should be the desire of our people to return the visit in 191 6. We should be neighbors in all that the word implies, and anything that may be done to further this plan is worthy of all commendation. My voice is for peace and good will among all the nations of the earth, and I trust that this condition may speedily be brought about. Yours ta?\i Governor of Hontana, 66 BY HIS EXCELLENCY, L. E. PINKHAM ^xtttxtivt OUjambrr Ifduoltiltt, %titau September 23, 19 14. Frank Allaben, Esq., Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of American History, 30 East 42nd Street, New York. Dear Sir: OUR favor of the 15th August is before us. As Governor of the mid-Pacific outpost of the United States and in contact with Oriental populations and problems, of which the people of the mainland have no practical conception, it would be improper for me, from any point of view, to discuss the situation. Peace has its tragedies as well as war, and com- mercial greed is more destructive of society and the spirit of manhood. Reepeot fully. Governor of Hawaii. [67] Att (ipportutttt^ for % Ammnm ^rm ^pxtxt of Ctert^, BT THE HONORABLE JOHN H. SMALL, OF NORTH CAROLINA October 17, 19 14. Mr. Frank Allaben, Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of American History, 30 East 42nd Street, New York. My dear Sir: HAVE kept on my desk your letter of August 15, intending at the time to reply, but, as sometimes hap- pens with us all, this good intention became derailed and has just again gotten on the track. Your comments arising out of the European War, and the opportunity which you emphasize for the Republics of North and South America to frater- nize in the true spirit of liberty, justice, and peace impressed me very much. At one time I thought of introducing a resolution in the House of Representatives, along the line of the thought expressed in your letter, but a conference with some of my colleagues indicated that the time was not opportune. At any rate, on my own account, I wish to express to you the pleasure I received on reading your communication, and my sympathy with the aspirations which you set forth. Very sincerely, [68] ^mutat Irtatom C^ptmon lUnxUh #tateB ^muU Washington, August 20, 19 14. Mr. Frank Allaben, Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of American History, 30 East 42nd Street, New York. Mv dear Mr. Allaben : HAVE yours of August 15th, and in reply wish to say that I think the nations of the Western Hemisphere should have friendly commercial and social relations. Very truly yours. jry truly yotirs. [69] txxtt 0f Har BY THE HONORABLE WARREN WORTH BAILEY OF PENNSYLVANIA Chairman of the Committee on Mileage, United States House of Representatives Frank Allaben, New York. Dear Sir: N RESPONSE to 3^ours of August 15, asking me for an expression touching on the calamity which has fallen upon the peoples of Europe and indirectly upon the peoples of the whole world, permit me to say that in my judgment this frightful condition was rendered possible only by that system of indirect taxation which has permitted governments to extort enormous trib- ute from the people without the people realizing the fact. Were taxes laid directly on the people for the support of general governments in the same way they are laid and collected for local purposes, the taxpayers would be in open revolt against the frightful exactions which everywhere have prevailed, largely for war purposes. In our own country sixty cents out of every dollar paid into the federal treasury go to meet the cost of wars past or anticipated. "Prepared- ness" is costing us as dearly as it has cost the nations now in conflict in Europe, and our "preparedness" is no better guaranty of peace than we find that other "preparedness" proved to be. While I sympathize with the general proposition laid down in your communication, suggesting a joint expression of the great sor- row of the peoples of the western hemisphere over the calamity which has fallen upon the peoples of Europe; by a joint expression of the hope that the powers of Europe will consider the earnest desire of their brethren in the west to serve them through mediation and to render such service toward alleviation of the distresses of war as lies within the power of neutrals ; by a joint expression of profound conviction that no spirit of aggression, no coveting of territory, and no race antipathy should be permitted ever to whet the swords of [70] TAXATION REFORM AS A PREVENTIVE OF WAR the free peoples of the New World against one another ; and by gen- eral co-operation in turning the present period of exclusion of Amer- icans from Europe into a time of special international travel and inter- course between the nations of the western hemisphere, I am still con- strained to believe that all these must fail as far as offering a final solution of the frightful problems which wars present or wars to come present; and my suggestion would be that the peoples of the western hemisphere should devote themselves rather to the working out of a plan of direct taxation which would make so tremendously for peace, so surely against that ''preparedness" which is the infallible precursor of war. You may be interested in knowing that I have in contemplation a measure looking to this end for presentation to Congress at the proper time. Under the measure which I have conceived we should raise a very large part of the federal revenues by a tax on land values, apportioned among the states on the basis of population, as required by the Constitution. There is no mechanical or other difficulty in the way, at least none that should be unduly troublesome. The land value tax is the most easily levied and the most readily and cheaply collected of all taxes; and it has the merit of staying exactly where it is put. It cannot be shifted. It cannot in the slightest degree hamper industry or retard development. It has in fact exactly the con- trary effect. It infallibly stimulates industry and as infallibly promotes progress and development. It imparts new life into enterprise and tends steadily toward a higher level of diffused prosperity. It would break down the monopoly of natural resources and in doing so lib- erate labor and make it possible for every man to be economically free. The Lloyd George budget, while being merely tentative in character, has embodied the principle which is incorporated in the measure I have in preparation. Lloyd George has taken merely the first step. It is possible that it may not have produced the results which those who so bitterly opposed it feared, but it has produced an effect and a very profound one on the economic conditions of the British Isles, with the certainty that never again will land values as a source of revenue be ignored by the imperial government. Were the Tories to be restored to power to-morrow, they would not repeal the legislation which Lloyd George embodied in his famous budget. Yours very truly, ^ j/^tO ^ [71] A CrttFr Jffrnm ^^natnr Qlumntttta TBinfUh #tatPB ^tnuU My dear Sir: September 3, 19 14. HAVE your interesting letter of the 15th ultimo. I would like to do something, say something, or both, that would be helpful in view of the awful calamity which has fallen upon Europe, but I am not clear as yet just what ought to be said or ought to be done, and therefore I must take time for further reflection before making any specific proposal. With high regard, I am Your0 very truly. Frank Allaben, Editor, 30 East 42nd Street, New York, N. Y. [72] Nm WaM IlrtortM nf fmt^ BT THE HONORABLE HENRY T. RAINEY OF ILLINOIS COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES August 24, 1914. brank Allaben, Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of American History, New York City. Dear Sir: HE Latin-American Nations of the Western Hemis- phere owe much to the United States. Within the last few months the efforts of the Argentine Republic, Brazil, Chile, and the United States have brought peace to the unfortunate people of Mexico, and have assured to that Country in the future Presidents elected by the people, not brigands who have been successful leaders of revolutions, and the concerted action of these Nations has served to bring nearer together all the Republics of the Western Hemisphere. It is a tremendous victory for peace. The building of the Panama Canal means much in the matter of the establishment of freer trade relations between all the American Republics. The building of the Canal is a tremendous victory for commerce and for peace. The San Francisco Exposition will be the greatest and the most important Exposition ever given in the Western World, even if only the United States and the other Republics of this Hemisphere participate. We propose to treat Colombia fairly and to do what we can, in that fair, honest, courageous spirit which ought to prevail between Nations, to rectify any wrong we may have done her in the past. The pending Treaty with Colombia, when it is adopted, is a victory for peace, greater than any victory in the war now raging over half the world can possibly be. [73] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY Two or three years from now some of the Nations of Europe may be celebrating victories, won only at the sacrifice of hundreds of thousands of lives and millions of treasure. In this Hemisphere we will have nothing to celebrate except victories of peace, bringing about more friendly and freer trade relations, and bringing together those Nations of the Western Hemisphere which govern themselves, in closer bonds of friendship and of peace than ever. I am glad to learn that The Journal of American History is about to devote one issue to a discussion of the historic relations of North, Central, and South America. I know of no more opportune time for such a presentation that this. You will render millions of people a splendid service. Vtry truly youri 7 xruiy your a- [74] ®IjF pan Ammratt S^manml BT MABEL THACHER ROSEMARY WASHBURN HE PAN AMERICAN UNION says, in its Bulletin, of the Pan American Financial Conference held in Washington during the week of May 23-29, 191 5, that it "was undoubtedly one of the most important meetings which has ever been called together in the Western Hemisphere." The idea of Pan American Congresses goes back to the one held on the Isthmus of Panama in 1826, the fruit of Bolivar's magnificent ideal of moral union of the Americas. To this the United States was invited to send delegates, but one of them died on the journey to Panama, and the other arrived after the adjournment of the meeting. We were invited to take part also in the next Pan American Congress, at Lima in 1847, but our engage- ment in the Mexican War prevented our doing so. Our co-operation was not invited to the third and fourth Congresses, at Santiago in 1856 and at Lima in 1864. In addition to these, there have been other important gatherings of representatives of Latin- American Nations. One of the most not- able of these was in 1887-88, at Montevideo, when delegates from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, dis- cussed and concluded treaties on international law, these treaties being ratified by the delegates' Governments. The present splendidly effective agency for the promotion of co-operation among the Nations of the W^estern Hemisphere, the Pan American Union, should be considered as the direct heir of Bolivar's far-visioned ideals. In 1888 the Congress of the United States authorized the President to invite the Latin- American Governments to send delegates to Washington, for the consideration, with us, of a number of matters of common concern. To James G. Blaine, then [75] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY Secretary of State, should much credit be given for the carrying through of this design, and he presided over the Conference, which lasted from October 2, 1889, to April 19, 1890. From this Conference came into being the International Bureau of American Republics, "for the collection and publication of informa- tion relating to the commerce, products, laws, and customs of the countries represented." The next Pan American Congress, under the new organization, was called by Mexico, at the suggestion of President McKinley, and met at the City of Mexico, from October 22, 1901, to January 31, 1902. Perhaps the Pan American Conference which has had the most far-reaching effects was that held in Rio de Janeiro, in the summer of 1906. All of the twenty-one Republics, except Venezuela and Haiti, were represented. Mr. Elihu Root, then Secretary of State, although not officially a delegate, attended the Congress, and his brilliant address is one of the most vital contributions to Pan American inter- course. In 1910, at the fourth Congress, the name of the Pan American Union was adopted. The man whose inspiration was the creator of the Pan Amer- ican Financial Conference of 191 5 is the Honorable William Gibbs McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, and he acted as presiding officer. A special Act of Congress was passed to authorize the Congress, and it was the United States Government which issued the invitations to attend. The Ambassadors and Min- isters of the Latin-American Republics to the United States co- operated in the most generous spirit and the Conference, in its incep- tion and in all of its workings and achievements, is a gratifying example of the national neighborliness toward which All-America has been aiming, and which we of the New World hope may serve as a torch to light the blackness of war-benighted Europe. On the eve of the Conference Secretary McAdoo said: "During the last six months every country of the American Continent has suffered severely by reason of the European conflict. Financial distress and the paralyzation of industry has been accom- panied by real suffering on the part of the masses of the people. In some instances a serious emergency situation has arisen which can only be met by finding new sources of supply from which to secure working capital. "One of the most serious questions confronting the Republics of this Continent is the utter inadequacy of transportation facilities since [76] THE PAN-AMERICAN FINANCIAL CONFERENCE the outbreak of the European war. Not only have freight charges advanced, but in a great number of instances transportation faciH- ties have not been available at any price. One of the important questions confronting this Conference will be whether the Republics of America can safely continue to be dependent on the merchant marine of European countries for the maintenance of their normal commercial relations. Many of the countries of South America are eager for the establishment of transportation lines that will not be dependent on the vicissitudes of European affairs. "The financial questions to be considered by the Conference cover the most pressing needs of all the countries of the American Continent. The programme will extend over the entire range of pub- lic and private financial needs, as well as the problems connected with the extension of commerce. "It is expected that the most important results will be secured through the confidential conferences that will take place in the respective Group Committees. Each delegation from Central and South America will meet with a group of eminent American finan- ciers and business men from every section of the United States. The opportunity thus offered for a frank and free interchange of views can not help but be of inestimable value in the formulation of definite and practical plans. It will require considerable time to bring these plans to full fruition, but a step, and an important step, will have been taken in creating for the Republics of the American Continent a firm, definite, and practical basis for co-operative action and mutual benefit." The week of the Conference was socially a brilliant one. Those who have been in Washington in springtime know its gracious beauty — the exquisite freshness of April melting into June's soft, glowing loveliness. The social welcome to the Conference began with a ball on Mon- day evening. May 24, in the beautiful building of the Pan American Union. Its picturesque "Patio," reminiscent of Spanish-America, of the charm of Old- World Spain, and of the olden times, more far, more exotic, of Moorish courts and palaces, made a setting never to be for- gotten, with its green plants, its tropic parrots, flaunting the red and yellow of the Spain whence came our guests' ancestors centuries ago, and the silver fountain plashing murmurous welcomes musical as the liquid-silver tongue of old Castile. The reception on Tuesday at the Argentine Embassy, with its rose-blanche ball-room, the tea at Chevy Chase, the pilgrimage of \77] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY the delegates to Washington's home and tomb at Mount Vernon, whither they sailed on the President's yacht, the Mayflozver, the garden-party given by Secretary and Mrs. Bryan, the reception of the Chinese Minister and Madame Shah, will long stand forth in the brilliant galaxy of historic festivities which illuminated the serious work of profound thought and conclusions of deepest import achieved by the Conference. A memorable incident of the pilgrimage to Mount Vernon occurred when the Mayflozver came opposite Washington's tomb. Officers and men stood reverently at attention while the bugler played "Taps," and as the clear, soft notes died in echo against the hills the splendid triumph-music of "The Star- Spangled Banner" blazed out the glory that Washington lived and died to make come true. Pageantry of banners is always to be seen in Washington, but during the week of the Conference the City was aflame with flags. Ensigns of the twenty Latin-American Nations, the splendid young Republics of the West, mingled with the Oriental gorgeousness of that of China, — new Republic of an ancient State, — while banners of the fighting lands of Europe held their usual place, and every- where the Stars and Stripes blazoned forth their loyal friendship for sister "lands of the free," their tribute of honor to all "homes of the brave." f781 Ammra fnr AmmmuB Bttg of Mattttattttttg tfy^ iloitro? Sorlrin?, i^Utifr^i Irfor? llyt J^an- Am^rtratt Jittnattrtal (HonUnm^ BY THE HONORABLE SANTIAGO PEREZ TRIANA Chairman of the Delegation from Colombia to the Pan American Financial Conference m^T^f^jf^m^ HE happiness of the peoples that inhabit the American Continent is to be attained by the maintenance and the strengthening of the principles of social, political, and international life which have governed this con- tinent since the days when its emancipation, in its northern section, was first proclaimed. Those prin- ciples are the principles of democracy, according to which all men are born equal, and equality of opportunities before the law granted to them all. This continent, therefore, stands first and foremost for liberty through democracy. At various times in the history of these nations weighty utter- ances have been made and transcendent measures have been taken. They are found, as it were, like the footprints of destiny on the path of history. Thus a continental status or condition of affairs has been arrived at, which consists in the inviolability of the continent to polit- ical activities of conquest or colonization from outside. This status has been consecrated by the development of history up to the present moment, and it constitutes the essential safeguard of American liberties. I use the word American in the full integrity of its meaning, covering north, centre, and south on the continent and the adjacent islands geographically entitled to the designation. The portentous and sombre events that are being developed at the present lurid moment of history across the seas accentuate with glaring emphasis the fundamental importance of the status of invio- lability of the continent. That inviolability stands, as it were, as a contention wall, which the foresight of the owner of an orchard had set up against the possible irruptions of a wayward torrent in the neighborhood. Thus, it happens that the swollen waters in the pres- [79] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY ent case, unable to overflow the protected precincts, have continued their mad career to the abyss. In this manner the condition of the inviolability of the continent has acted as the determining cause of the present world-wide cataclysm centred in Europe. A very concise analysis, or rather recapitulation of the pertinent facts of European international life during the last half century, will suffice to demonstrate the justness of the preceding appreciation. This analysis is not made here in any spirit of bitter or adverse criti- cism. It is simply a statement of facts that have their intrinsic weight and importance and gravitate accordingly in the criterion of men. The system of the balance of power which has obtained in Europe with increased strength during the last thirty years, and which dated from a far longer period of time, had culminated in the constitution of two separate groups of powerful nations. These nations prided themselves on having maintained the peace of Europe since the Franco-Prussian war of 1870; their allegation was truthful on the surface ; during that period no human blood had been shed in battle on the soil of those nations. On the other hand, the selfsame system begot all the burdens of war, save the killing of men, in the shape of a latent state of warfare throughout Europe and in wars of conquest. The two great groups thus accomplished the distribution among the most favored of their number of every inch of ground on the con- tinents or on islands of the eastern hemisphere that they could wrest from weaker hands. In each and every instance the division of the spoils facilitated the soothing of outraged feelings of unsatisfied ambi- tion and quieted the squeamish scruples of conscience. Thus peace in Europe was maintained at the expense of the sovereignty and independence of foreign peoples in the Eastern Hemi- sphere. This may have been an evil or a boon to humanity — it is not for me to say. Men are wont to talk of the "claims of superior peoples," of the "white man's burden," of the "higher civilization," &c., and if the prosecution by fire and steel of those noble ideals did not happen to coincide every time with material gain one would be more able readily to comprehend and appreciate their lofty disinter- estedness. The Eastern Hemisphere having been parceled, labeled, and dis- tributed, it became necessary to find new fields for the energies left unoccupied, brewing and simmering at home, which unavoidably would entail disaster otherwise. New lands to conquer ! That was the cry of the hour. The new [80] AMERICA FOR AMERICANS lands exist — they are broad and they are bountiful. The sun smiles upon them; they have rivers, forests, and plains, all teeming with wealth, and they are so vast that there is room in them for the over- crowded generations of the congested lands in the next few centuries. The congested lands are heavy with a humanity that comes to the light of life with a burden of tradition in the shape of taxes and servitudes deep rooted in the past centuries. (For let it be remem- bered that the European nations are still paying for the Napoleonic war. ) But those new lands were unattainable ; they stood there before the hungry gaze of the two powerful groups of nations like a glorious mirage of possibilities. The wall of contention, the inviolability of the American con- tinent, prevented the irruption of the torrent of conquest and political organization on the American continent ; and that torrent had to flow on, on in its mad career, to plunge into the abyss into which it has fallen, the depth of which no human eye can venture to fathom. The inviolability of this continent is the protecting shield of human liberty. It must be maintained at all costs. It must be forti- fied by all possible means. Whatever the outcome of the European conflagration may be, it is safe to say that the desire for political conquest upon the American continent will persist. Such a desire lies in the very nature of things as they are; it is not the result of pre- meditated perversity of collectivities or of individuals. It lies in the very essence and nature of things. The hour of watchfulness for us Americans of all sections has only just begun, and we would be unworthy of the men who achieved our emancipation and who founded our nationalities if through neglect or sordid temporizing we were to jeopardize the patrimony of free- dom of the coming generations. The first element for the protection of the continent is universal harmony and efficient co-operation. Financial relationships which signify the lifeblood of industry and commerce are of paramount importance in this connection, but there are other indispensable steps rendered necessary by the revelation of the present hour. All feelings of fear or of distrust must disappear. It is neces- sary that all the nations of the continent should declare in a solemn manner that the era of conquest of territory has come to an end on the American continent, alike from outsiders as from other nations on the continent, and that redress whenever it can be accomplished should be carried out; but it is often impossible to retrace steps of history, and in such cases bygones will have to be bygones, and the dead past will have to bury its dead. The attempt to straighten the [8i] /" THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY course of history, following the current up the stream toward its source, would be idle and futile. It is the future that concerns us. The microbe of imperialism is one of easy growth. Men assembled in collectivities called nations have been accustomed, when occasion has arisen, throughout all his- tory, to accept iniquity as their guiding principle, and the honest man who, single-handed, would not take an ear of corn from his neighbor's field, as soon as he finds himself armed with a collective conscience, will not only take the ear of corn, but the whole field, and the life of his neighbor and of his neighbor's family to boot. And then he will present himself, demanding the crown of patriotism and the halo of glory in recognition from the future generations. The microbe must be extirpated from the continent. It has been proclaimed within recent days from the highest summit of executive power in this land that honesty and justice and not convenience should be the guiding principle of life, alike individual and national. That utterance should stand, as it were, as the pennant of our hopes and our endeavors. The inviolability of the continent has been -effective for outsiders, but not so for some nations of the continent. I do not speak in a spirit of complaint or of censure; I simply state facts. Thus a spirit of distrust has been created which it is indispens- able to eliminate. The atmosphere of cordiality throughout the con- tinent must be diaphanous, without a single shadow on the horizon. The disappearance of distrust will permit of the real union in sentiment of all the nations of America, and that union will mean strength for the protection of the continent and of the ideals of liberty and democracy to which it is dedicated. The territorial responsibilities of the American nations are weighty beyond comparison. The total population of the Latin part of the continent could be comfortably housed in any of the large Latin- American nations, such as Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, or Argentina, for instance, leaving the rest of the continent empty and free for new- comers. It is not difficult to imagine the speech of a Prime Minister at a private Cabinet sitting in one of the congested monarchies in the pres- ence of his sovereign : "Sire, here at home we have reached the extreme possibilities of taxation, and the armaments call for more and more expenditure. We are becoming irredeemably poor. We have not only a congested population, but a yearly surplus of humanity which for years uncount- able has gone to strengthen the human framework of nations across [82] AMERICA FOR AMERICANS the ocean that may be our rivals and our enemies of tomorrow. Thus we lose the very blood of our life. "And yet we could find new homes for our people; homes that should be racially, socially, and, above all things, politically, the pro- longation of our nation. There is only one thing that stands in the way, that is the alleged inviolability of the American continent. "It is true that that continent is open to our subjects as individ- uals; that there they can find a home socially and politically on the same conditions as the children of any other nation of that continent. But that does not serve our purpose; we do not want new individual homes for our subjects across the ocean; we want new homes for our flag in those new lands. We must smash, annihilate, and pulverize that vaunted inviolability with our iron-covered right hand. "There are other nations like us, suffering from conditions iden- tical to ours. In an hour of incomprehensible madness those nations and ourselves waged war among ourselves with disastrous results, from which only ruin and misery and disaster untold have accrued. Let us now be wise and unite our forces to seize lands which are the gift of God Almighty to those of His children upon earth who can till them and exploit them, and which it is a crime of unpardonable arrogance to maintain waste and desert on the plea of a pretended sys- tem of continental solidarity and of hazy Utopias of democracy, lib- erty, and what not." Such speeches would not fall upon unheeding ears, among peoples tortured by the burdens of the past and tormented by the uncertain- ties of the future. Whenever they supervene it becomes of paramount and vital importance for the nations of America that it should be known that throughout the breadth and length of the continent they are unanimous in sentiment ; that the continent will be inviolate from conquest or political colonization ; that it is open and free to the wan- dering and peaceful multitudes, but that it is closed to the conquering flags. [83] A« Jttt^rttattottal Bnpxtmt Qlourt for % H^Bt^ru l|pmtHjrI|0r? An Wpm ^HUt t0 tlj? i^bgat^fi to % Jan-Amf riran S^wannal Confpr^nr? at liaalyington from ttj? pr^aUifnt of ©Ij? JJatumal ifiatoriral ^omtg To the Delegates to the Pan American Financial Conference, Gentlemen : TAKE the liberty of addressing this open letter to you, because you severally represent the highest ideals of our American Republics, and are now engaged in rendering all our peoples one of the greatest services in their history. I have not ventured to intrude upon your labors, but write only as your Conference is about to break up. What is here proposed contemplates one step only beyond the forms of international co-operation you have been considering, and bases itself upon principles generally recognized and upon treaties already in existence. As you know, it has been widely urged that following the present war in Europe a confederation of the European Powers, a kind of United States of Europe, should be formed. As a proposal in the interest of internationaJ peace, such a project must enlist our sym- pathies. Yet I call your attention to the fact that such a European combination, should it be effected with the best of motives, would instantly be recognized by us, human nature being what it is, as a new menace to all the peoples of the New World. I mention this possibility simply to emphasize the fact that a world-crisis has arisen which should incite the peoples of the Western Hemisphere, now at peace, to a strenuous effort to discover and put into operation some practical international solution around which all the law-abiding nations of the earth might unite, instead of leaving us in separated groups, which might at any time clash. Race questions have embroiled Europe in the most terrible war in the world's history. Race issues between the East and West already [84] AN INTERNATIONAL SUPREME COURT exist. A race struggle for the domination of Africa is one of the clearly-discernible probabilities of the near future. In the Republics of the Western Hemisphere, on the other hand, a remarkable process of race amalgamation has been going on, demon- strating to the whole world that, within national bounds, and under free institutions, there is no just reason why differences of birth should prevent the happy progress of the human family. One problem remains, toward whose solution you, gentlemen, have just been making a most valuable contribution, to wit: can our American Republics, Latin- American and Anglo-Saxon, demonstrate to the world that, as race differences may be blended in a common civilization within a nation, so may they also be blended in a perfect co-operation between nations that shall enthrone international law and peace over inter- national self-will and war? With this preface, I propose for your consideration, and that of all thoughtful men and women, the following outline of a plan to inaugurate among our American Republics an International Supreme Court, in which all the other nations of the earth may also participate, on the same equitable basis as ourselves, if they elect to do so. 1. The United States Government has already signed treaties with a majority of the American Republics, calling for a joint com- mission between the United States and each of the signatory Repub- lics, to which will be referred, for a year's study if necessary, any dispute arising between the two nations which cannot be settled by diplomacy. Let the United States sign such treaties with all the American Republics, and let the people of the United States demand that their Senate abrogate all pretense to exercise rights inconsistent with the same. 2. Let each of the other American Republics execute such a treaty with every other American Republic. I understand that Argentina, Brazil, and Chile have very recently taken such a step among them- selves. While such treaties, it is hoped, would prevent war as a result of a sudden inflaming of the public mind, they would not make war impossible between two disputing nations. This end requires a fur- ther step. 3. Let each of the participating nations appoint a judge to sit in an International Supreme Court; if an even number of judges results, let them elect another judge, making the total number odd, and let the decision of a majority determine the law. Let any dispute, which cannot be amicably adjusted between two or more nations after the recommendation of their joint commission is before them, be re- [85] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY ferred to this International Supreme Court, and let its decision be international law, enforced, if necessary, by the combined police power — the combined armies and navies — of all the nations represented in the Court. Any participating power, refusing to bow to this tribunal, would thus become an outlaw- State. Felonious nations would be dealt with by the combined arm of the law-abiding nations, as criminal individuals are now dealt with by a law-abiding community. 4. The judgments of the International Supreme Court, although commanding absolute obedience while in force, should nevertheless be subject to rehearings at the ends of certain stated terms of years, making full provision for any reversals required by human conscience under growing enlightenment. With this provision, war — except as an exercise of police power to compel obedience to law, as police power is now used within a nation, — could no longer find a righteous excuse. This plan holds out no impracticable dream of total disarma- ment. Not until the human heart changes, and we may dispense with laws, jails, and police within nations, may we contemplate total dis- armament as a practical possibility. But the proposed plan affords a just and practical basis for a reduction of armies and navies to the minimum necessary for efficient police power within each nation, and efficient police power of the combined nations in maintaining international peace. The new doctrine will be that armies and navies are for police power only, to maintain accepted law, and not for that barbarous and beast-like duelling between nations which we call war — a method which never determines right or wrong, but only who is strongest. Much more could be said, but I forbear. I write this much, how- ever, under the profound conviction that the whole world now looks to the free peoples of the Western Hemisphere for some illuminating suggestion. If we, with our high ideals and comparative freedom from many of the problems of Europe, are unwilling to curb our national wills and ambitions within some such limits of international law and legal procedure as here proposed, how can we hope that other nations of the earth will consent to do so? With deep respect, Frank Allaben. New York, May 28, 1915. [86] 2II|f (Hmxttam ISitpl^ of % CONGRESO FINANCIERO PANAMERICANO 1915 Washington, D. C. May 30TH, 191 5. THE NATIONAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY: m^s^^f^^ HE Chilean Delegates acknowledge receipt of YOUR OPEN letter OF RECENT DATE, AND ARE GLAD TO CONFESS THAT THEY HAVE READ ITS CONTENTS WITH GREAT INTEREST. [87] ©Ifr (loal at l^un-Kmtvuwx ^olthartt^ Slljf (£.xintttmtt a fart of tl|? (f^r^at Jnt^rnatumal miBBtott 0ficrrtarg-QI?n?ral BY L. S. ROWE, LL. D. W4:-^a!mr«^ HESE have been happy days for me, in some respects the happiest of my Hfe, for I have had the feeling as never before that we are at the beginning of a new epoch in the international relations of the Amer- ican Continent. I begin to see, coming to full fruition, a new concept of international relations, one built up on the idea of co-operation and mutual benefit rather than of rivalry and jealousy. Important as have been the questions presented to this Confer- ence, I cannot help but feel that its significance is far deeper than the questions included in the programme. It is an inspiring spectacle that may well arouse the enthusiasm of every patriotic citizen to realize that, at a time when hatreds and antagonisms are dominating so great a part of the Old World, the Republics of America assemble in a spirit of mutual helpfulness to take counsel of one another, and to devise ways and means through which they can promote the spirit of union and co-operation. Viewed from the broadest possible standpoint, it means that the great mission of the Republics of the American Continent is coming to full fruition. We may well rejoice at this great privilege of giv- ing to the world, at a critical moment, an example of international solidarity. A new note has been struck in international relations which cannot help but resound throughout the civilized world. I am free to confess that my enthusiasm is not aroused by the mere thought of belonging to a country covering a vast area or con- taining one hundred or two hundred millions of inhabitants; but it is my ambition that the country to which I belong shall be a leader [88] THE GOAL OF PAN-AMERICAN SOLIDARITY in setting a new standard in international relations, and will give to the world a new idea, namely, that its own welfare, its own great- ness, its significance in the onward march of civilization, depend on and are in direct ratio with the service which it is able to perform to other nations, and particularly to its sister Republics on the Amer- ican Continent. Important and far-reaching as is the significance of this Con- ference, its full and final import can only be judged in that larger perspective in which loom up the successive steps toward the goal of Pan American solidarity. \m f rarttral S? BMlta nf % pan-Ammran Jlttnattrial (HanUvtnts ONCRETE results of the greatest importance to all countries of the Western Hemisphere were pre- dicted at the close of the Pan American Financial Conference, at the close of its six days of exchange of views, discussion of problems purely American, and those which have arisen out of the international tangles of the European war. The movements here and enterprises which will develop out of the Conference will not necessarily be visible to the rank and file of us at once ; but the fulfillment of the delegates' plans for co-operation, and all our business and other relations with Latin-America have been energized to wiser efficiency, strengthened closer in union, by the cordial spirit of mutual understanding wrought ^y this week's work. When the Congress of the United States convenes. Secretary McAdoo will make the official report, together with his suggestions as to the carrying-out of the proposed operations. Probably the subject of discussion paramount in the attention paid to it, was that of transportation facilities between the Americas. Mr. McAdoo said: **We are not here to discuss government ownership or ship subsidy. We have been anxious above all to keep, the political aspects out of this Conference. Questions of govern- ment ownership of steamships or of ship subsidies have assumed a political aspect in this country, and I think this Conference should avoid them." The Secretary of the Treasury also said that he should lay before the President the necessity of continuing the work of the dele- gates, calling attention to the fact that the representatives of the various countries participating in the Conference were without power to take decisive common action in the matter of inter- American trans- portation, but that each country must deal separately with the ques- tion. He said that the "Group Committees" of the Conference would be succeeded by permanent committees to continue the work here. Mr. Frank A. Vanderlip, President of the National City Bank, made the following statement : [90] PRACTICAL RESULTS OF THE PAN-AMERICAN FINANCIAL CONFERENCE *'The Pan American Conference was a happy conception. It has turned out better, however, than its very best friends could have anticipated. The results promise to be really substantial, and not confined to expressions of good fellowship embalmed in an unopened volume of proceedings. "The Conference has been characterized by practical business sense. It has not been a gathering for mere felicitous speechmaking. The results promise to be extremely helpful in giving impetus to the movement for closer trade relations and in removing obstacles that stand in the way. 'There was one point on which every member in attendance at the conference seemed to agree, and that was that the greatest obstacle in the way of this trade development is a lack of transportation facilities. There were wide divisions of opinion as to how to meet the demand, but there was unanimous agreement that it must be met before really great results are attained." The support of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States in furtherance of better understanding between the United States and Latin-America was promised in a resolution presented by Mr. John H. Fahey, the Chamber's President, and this resolution was adopted. A plan for settlement of commercial disagreements by arbitration is to be drawn up by Mr. Fahey, Mr. Vanderlip, and Senor Aldao of the Argentine Republic. The President of the Illinois Commercial Federation, Mr. C. A. Kiler of Champaign, Illinois, one of the delegates, with the Costa Rican group, said: "Bringing into conference so many men repre- senting the best interests of the people of the American Continents, at a time when Europe appears to have gone mad, was a master stroke, and will surely lead to lasting benefit for all of us." Mr. Kiler said also: "In my judgment, the address of Doctor Santiago Perez Triana of Colombia was the greatest single feature of the Conference, with the exception of that other great speech, by President Woodrow Wilson. This address will go a long way toward securing the ends and aims of the Conference. "I wish it could be made possible to exchange professors from our universities for those from Latin-American universities for a series of lectures similar to those which we have had in exchange with European and Japanese universities. We have much to learn from Latin-America. "John Barrett's work as the head of the Pan American Union is much appreciated by the delegates from all countries, and the im- portance of this Conference shows the rare judgment he had when [91] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY he took up this work years ago. If ever a man Hved to see his visions and dreams come to pass, that man is John Barrett. "I have had the honor to serve on the Committee for Costa Rica, of which Senor Mariano Guardia is Chairman. Doctor Guardia is the Minister of Finance in Costa Rica. We also were fortunate in having J. M. Keith, an American citizen who has Hved in Costa Rica for thirty years and who is thoroughly conversant with conditions there, as well as in the other Republics of Central and South America. Two New York bankers, E. A. de Lima and Lewis E. Pierson, did the heavy work for the United States delegates serving on our Committee. Both of these gentlemen have had experience in inter- national banking and are practical business men who know how to go ahead and get things done. "The Costa Rica Committee has worked to render a useful report, as I feel sure every other Committee has also so endeavored. "I go back to Illinois feeling that the Pan American Conference will stand in history as the Commencement exercises stand in a uni- versity. We have found our interests to be mutual with those of Latin-America, and this surely marks the beginning of great things." Co-operation between bankers in the United States and merchants in the other American countries is essential. The bankers should be in close touch with the merchants and should have accurate and detailed reports of their financial situation. In regard to this, Mr. W. S. Kies, foreign trade adviser of the National City Bank, New York, said: "We must ask your earnest and sincere aid in this matter of credit extension. We have heard from many sources of the high sense of business honor obtaining among your leading firms, but it is always true that a man to be thoroughly appreciated must be per- sonally known. We desire sincerely to know you better. May we not count on your help in this matter? "Through your commercial organization and through such permanent committees as it is hoped may grow out of this great conference, will you not co-operate with us by urging upon your merchants and your business men the desirability of giving to such United States banks, and to the representatives of such commercial interests as may be located in your respective countries, full and com- plete information regarding their responsibility and financial standing? "Our merchants, I can assure you, will be equally frank, and our banks and our credit organizations are even now prepared to give to your merchants information in complete detail concerning the com- [92] PRACTICAL RESULTS OF THE PAN-AMERICAN FINANCIAL CONFERENCE mercial houses in this country who may wish to do business with you. "This Conference will produce results lasting and permanent, if there shall develop from it a sincere and earnest spirit of co-operation in a permanent movement for mutual education and acquaintance along commercial lines." The suggested banking co-operation between this country and Latin- America was amplified by Secretary of State William J. Bryan, at a dinner given during the Conference, and Mr. Bryan's plan was described in detail in a pamphlet issued by the National City Bank of New York. This plan is that the United States have a system for interchange of credits with the other American Republics, so that the latter should not be obliged to pay a high rate of interest on loans made them. Mr. Bryan suggested that we should take from one of these nations its obligations bearing four per cent, interest and should give such coun- try an equal amount of three per cent. United States bonds. The one per cent, thus coming to our Government would be applied to amortiza- tion of the South American bonds, which would take forty-seven years if the sinking fund were invested at three per cent. The National City Bank is enthusiastic over this project and calls especial attention to one issue : "Every dollar wisely expended in the development of these countries will yield benefits to the United States. An essential part of such a programme, of course, although Mr. Bryan did not touch on it in his brief presentation, would be that our Government should be entirely satisfied with the purpose for which each loan was to be incurred, that those purposes should be designed for the internal development of the countries borrowing, and that that development should be of a character, generally speaking, which would tend to increase their commerce and make them more pros- perous and valuable neighbors." All delegates to the Conference agreed that the solution of the problem of transportation between the United States and Latin- America is essential to the success of closer relations. A permanent committee was recommended to this end, its members to represent Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, and the United States. Two sub-committee reports were submitted. One, signed by Delegates, Senor Alda of Argentina, Senor Cavalcanti of Brazil, and Senor Cosio of Uruguay, proposed a fast line of large steamers, whose route should be between the United States and Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Ayres, and Montevideo, the estimated time for the voyage to Rio de Janeiro to be fifteen days. It was proposed that these ships be exempt [93] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY from all fiscal charges for a period of five years, and that this plan should be pushed energetically to completion, bids to be called for not later than the close of 191 5, to be acted on within three months. The expense would be divided by agreement between the South American Governments and that of the United States. The other sub-committee report, signed by the other members and by Senor Veraga of Chile, proposed two fast steamship lines, one of these to be from this country to Brazil, Uruguay, and Argen- tina; the other to be from the United States to Ecuador, Peru, and Chile. In a separate report, Senor Veraga proposed that a corporation be formed, the stock to be offered to public subscription, and unsub- scribed shares to be taken by the Latin-American Governments and that of the United States, in proportions to be determined. Senor Veraga proposed that this organization be incorporated under the laws of New York State, and that the steamers should be registered in the several countries in proportion to the capital subscribed. A compromise resolution was offered by Mr. David R. Francis of St. Louis, and this was unanimously adopted. The resolution was : ''Resolved, That it is the sense of this Conference that improved ocean transportation facilities between the countries comprising the Pan American Union has become a vital and imperative necessity, and that every effort should be made to secure at the earliest possible moment such improved means of transportation, since it is of primary importance to the extension of trade and commerce and improved financial relations between the American Republics." Mr. Roger W. Babson of Boston spoke of government-ownership of steamship lines between this country and the other American Republics, He said: "The time has come when we should either put up or shut up. Let us flirt with these Latin-Americans no longer. Let us either cease our caressing words or else show our faith by works. This means, let us buy their bonds, help them in financing their public works, organize banks which will loan money to their people, adapt our manufactured goods to their needs, and, most important of all, build ships which will make possible that interchange of peoples and goods which is fundamental to the growth, prosperity, and happiness of the Americans." In reference to ship subsidies, Mr. Babson said : "The experience of these Latin- American countries with subsidies has been verv unfor- tunate. However large these subsidies have been, Germany, England, or one of their own neighbors have outbid them, and the value of the subsidy has been lost. The use of subsidies, I was told by these South [94] PRACTICAL RESULTS OF THE PAN-AMERICAN FINANCIAL CONFERENCE American officials, consisted in giving one larger than is given to the ships of competing nations. There seems to be no value to sub- sidies when the nations begin to bid against one another, which is the inevitable result under present conditions. My South American friends also complained bitterly of the deteriorating effects of sub- sidy legislation, or all other legislation as it opened the way to graft. "Hence, until all shipping engaged in foreign trade is under uni- form laws, and flies an international flag, the only means of building up a merchant marine is by the use of government-owned ships. This is not only theory, but is the result of practical experience with all the different systems as used by the South American countries. In fact, the President of one of these countries asked me: 'Can democracy lead to any other solution ?' "Before going to South America, I was opposed to a government- owned merchant marine, but I am now convinced that it is an absolute necessity for cementing together the Americas. I therefore beg of you, my fellow-countrymen, who are official guests at this Confer- ence, not to oppose this principle without first going to South Amer- ica and studying the need." An address was made at the Conference by Mr. W. C. Le Gendre of the banking firm of Brown Brothers and Company, New York. Mr. Le Gendre said: "In casting about, during the recent discussion of the proposed shipping bill, I ran across some information, and will quote the following case of Captain Dollar of San Francisco. This gentleman owns both United States and foreign vessels. He had stated that in a single instance, in taking a ship from the foreign flag, and putting it under the American flag, it necessitated the employment of four additional quartermasters at $70 a month, an extra engineer at $70 a month, three water-tenders at $75 a month,^and, incident- ally, nobody seems to know what a water-tender is on a foreign ship. "The total cost was $680 a month, simply for changing the flag on that ship, or $8,160 a year. In addition to that, the difference in cost for tonnage dues entering every port is based on a much larger ton- nage measurement under the American flag. The total cost, or the total difference in cost, of operating that ship would closely approx- imate $12,000 a year. Is there any object for an American, who can own ships and operate them under the English flag, for instance, to put them under the American flag, and pay that additional amount? Is not this the reason why we do not get American ships? It seems to me that this statement sums up the whole question. It might not be amiss to add that a person more expert and better informed than [95] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY myself could add further expense in respect of port dues and other expenses incurred in loading and unloading." At the close of the Conference, Secretary McAdoo announced that measures recommended by the Conference are to be brought before Congress next winter. Mr. McAdoo also stated that he should counsel the President to recommend, in his next annual message to Congress, that the plans to bring more closely together the business relations of the American nations be put into operation. The recommendations of the Conference will be laid before the South and Central American Governments also. The most important results of the Conference might, perhaps, be summed up as they were by the Baltimore Sun. "Strong recommendations for the establishment of fast and direct steamship lines, 'at the earliest possible moment,' between the two American Continents, the creation of an Tnternational High Com- misssion' to propose uniform trade and commercial laws to the various Pan American nations, an agreement to organize a 'trade dispute court' to arbitrate business differences between merchants of the two Continents, and the appointment of permanent committees to act as" a 'clearing-house of business and financial information' for each of the Latin American countries in the United States, constitute the con- crete results of the Pan American Financial Conference." [96] PITPANS OR NATIVE CANOES OF GUATEMALA THE GRENADIERS OF SAN MARTIN PASSING THROUGH THE STREETS OF BOULOGNE-SUR-MER Sent by the Argentine Republic to represent the army, at the unveiling of a statue to General San Martin, who himself founded this regiment IN THE MUSEU GOELDI, PARA, BRAZIL A corner of the room devoted to Amazonian archaeology PICKING CACAO PODS, SANTO DOMINGO A SKY SCRAPER IN BUENOS AIRES, SAID TO BE THE FIRST IN SOUTH AMERICA f-jFxfg STATUE OF MURILLO, THE PATRIOT LEADER, AT LA PAZ. BOLIVIA m O H P m K < K Z K H > e o K G W O Eh o PQ Sly? Work at % Pan-Am^rtratt 3fft«a«ml (Han^vtBB THE HONORABLE JOHN BASSET MOORE HE following digest of the recommendations of the various groups of the Conference was presented at its close by John Bassett Moore, formerly Counselor of the State Department, this digest not including, however, the work of the Transportation Committee, nor that of the Uniform Laws Committee. First, the report of Bolivia is a full review of the financial con- ditions and trade and commerce, including its natural resources, particularly its minerals, rubber, timber, fruit, and live stock. It also deals with the question of railway extension transportation — ocean and interior ; with the monetary situation, banking and finance, and suggests the organization of a central commercial agency in con- nection with or under the supervision of the United States Chamber of Commerce. The group report of Chile recommends the adoption by the various countries of legislation, first, to facilitate the drawing of bills of exchange upon one another by the financial institutions of South American countries and the financial institutions of the United States; second, to make bonded warehouse warrants and receipts available as collateral security for the development of international commerce. It recommends the advisability of permitting the payment of such part of the export duties on nitrates from Chile to the United States, such parts as are now paid in ninety days' sight drafts, sterling on London, in ninety days' sight drafts in dollars in New York, at such rates of exchange as may be periodically fixed by the Chilean authori- ties ; also, that such changes be made in the laws of the United States [113] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY as will enable bankers to extend their credit, discount, and rediscount facilities so as to conform to the trade customs and necessities of Latin America. It also recommends that a permanent inter- American commission be established to study commercial problems and con- ditions. QlcUimbta The Colombian delegates recommend, first, special committees on uniform law and on transportation for each country similar to those appointed in connection with this conference; second, the co- operation of those committees in financial and commercial matters; third, the consideration of the establishment of a general executive council to meet in Washington at least once a year; fourth, the con- sideration of the appointment of a board of engineers to investigate projects which require financing. The report of the Costa Rican group gives a full survey of the public finances of that country, its monetary situation, banking situa- tion and financing of private enterprises ; emphasizes the need of trade facilities and the extension of inter-American markets. The subject of the merchant marine and improved transportation facilities are very fully covered. (Hvfbu The report of the Cuban group, after a survey of the commercial relations, recommends that the high duties that hamper the importa- tion of Cuban tobacco into the United States be ameliorated, and in view of the abolition by the United States of import duties on sugar, the principle of the reciprocal reduction of duties be extended by treaty stipulations in addition to those that already exist, so as to preserve the principle of reciprocity as the foundation of trade rela- tions between the two countries. This report also deals with the question of transportation, with that of the parcel post, the extension of credit, sending out of experts, capable commercial representatives, with samples, and also of making uniform, so far as may be practicable, of commercial laws and the extension of the system of arbitration for the settlement of commercial disputes. Somwtran S? puhltr The report of the Dominican Republic reviews the present state of the public finances in that country and suggests remedies for present inconveniences. Particularly, it advises a reduction of the [114] THE WORK OF THE PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS duties on Dominican tobacco in the United States and the making of an adequate reciprocity treaty between the Dominican Republic and this country. The present banking situation and extension and Hberalizing of bank faciHties are dealt with; also financing, first of public improvements and second of private enterprises. There is a discussion also of the extension of inter-American markets; the development of the merchant marine and improved transportation facilities are emphasized; also attention is drawn to the desirability of the modification of the existing postal conventions in this particular, first, the extension to the countries embracing the Pan-American Union of the same letter rates as now exist between the United States, Cuba, and Mexico; second, the extension to the same countries of the same rate of newspaper postage as exists in the United States, and third the adoption by the same countries of uniform service for postal money orders and parcel post. The situation in Ecuador is very fully presented by a document and report presented in a memorandum to the president of this con- ference — the Secretary of the Treasury before the conference met — on conditions in that country. This report is very full of suggestions as to the work that might properly be undertaken by this conference. These suggestions are grouped under eleven heads, and in all em- brace thirty-two different topics. The report of the Guatemala group contains a review of the financial and commercial conditions of that country; recommends, first, the practical demonstration in Guatemala of agricultural machinery and tools made in the United States; second, that the attention of American manufacturers be drawn to the opportunity for the use of portable sawmills in cutting the woods of the country, and of improved sugar cane machinery; third, that the shipment of wares be made in packages suitable to transportation facilities or requirements in the various countries; fourth, that the American manufacturers maintain in Guatemala City a permanent exhibition of their products; fifth, that a uniform postal system through the Americas be adopted; sixth, the uniform classification of articles for the purpose of levying on customs duties; seventh, the grant by American merchants of credits of not less than ninety days for the payment of purchases; eighth, the sending out of expert agents to sell goods; ninth, affording facilities in American schools for young [115] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY men from Latin America; tenth, increased attention in Latin- Amer- ican countries to the study of poHtical economy, finance and business questions in the schools; eleventh, the interchange of professors and students; twelfth, the teaching of Spanish in the United States and in courses in history and geography of Latin America; thirteenth, the more general establishment of chambers of commerce; also the improvement of transportation facilities, the appointment of consult- ing commissions in each country and the improvement of banking facilities. The report of the Nicaragua group reviews the political, com- mercial and financial condition of that country, describes its natural resources, emphasizes the importance of improving banking facilities, and draws attention to the fact that Nicaragua has a field for the investment of capital. Jpanama The report of the Panama group makes recommendation in regard to the acceptance of coupon books issued by the Panama Canal Company, and the purchase of commodities and certain changes in the practices of commissary owned directly or indirectly by the United States. It also recommends the abolition of discriminatory freight rates of the Panama Railroad Company; and that the use of the canal for transportation between the ports of Panama and Colon be secured freely. It also recommends that the federal reserve board open branch banks in North, Central and South America; that ship- ping facilities be improved, and that in sending out quotations or prices and in the drawing of drafts computations be made upon the United States dollar. ^altiahor The report of the Salvador group emphasizes the lack of com- mercial treaties between that country and the United States. It recommends the establishment of a chamber of commerce to Salvador, it strongly urges co-operation of banking institutions in establishing reasonable credit, and recommends the exchange of students and of the wider dissemination of commercial and agricultural information. Uruguag The report of the Uruguay group deals first with the improve- ment of transportation by abolishing discriminatory duties and by granting direct or indirect subsidies to shipping,", or both; second, [ii6] THE WORK OF THE PAN-AMERICAN FINANCIAI/ CONGRESS the adoption of the metric system of weights and measures, and, meanwhile, making up prices, invoices and bills of lading in the metrical unit; third, that cheaper cable rates be secured, and that the governments undertake in co-operation the development of wire- less telegraph systems. The report also recommends the establish- ment of the international monetary unit; also improved banking facilities, granting the more liberal credits, and the adhesion of the North American countries to the South American postal convention of Montevideo of June, 191 1. The report also recommends the mak- ing of reciprocity arrangements; also the interchange of students, and, lastly, the decrease of duties on the necessaries of life and the adopt- tion of progressive taxes on inheritance, and also the co-operation of the governments forming the Pan-American Union in measures in devising and in the enforcement of measures to overcome frauds in these particulars. IBraztl The Brazil reports deal with the financing of transactions involving importation and exportation of goods, and the question of local commercial banking and the various questions of trade and of commerce. It recommends, in particular, first, that greater prom- inence be given in the public schools and other educational institu- tions of the United States to the study of the Cen.Val and South American countries, their geographical location, natural resources, government and languages; second, that emphasis be given to the necessity of greater liberality being exercised in the interpretation of customs regulations by the countries of North America, and Latin America, especially, with respect to the free entrance of drawback of duty on travelers' samples or other samples introduced into the respective countries, solely for the purpose of promoting trade; third, with the necessity of more effective protection of trade marks ; fourth, to facilitate reciprocal business relations between merchants and manufacturers of both nations and the granting of such reason- able credit in both directions as may be safe and desirable, and it recommends the establishment of a reliable means whereby merchants and manufacturers of either nation can determine with reasonable accuracy the financial responsibility of the purchaser of the other nation ; fifth, it strongly recommends that there be established between the United States and Latin-American countries a system of direct exchange based on the dollar unit of the United States of North America; sixth, in order to facilitate the interchange of products adapted to the needs of American countries. [117] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY It recommends the formation of bureaus of standards of the respective countries to standardize, in so far as possible, the require- ments of each country, and recommends to the manufacturers and purchasers of the several countries the immediate recognition of such standards and corresponding weights and measures; seventh, atten- tion is drawn to the favorable results which have followed the grant- ing by Brazil and Cuba of preferential duties applying to certain products of the United States and recommends the extension of reciprocal tariff concession between the Latin American countries and the United States ; eighth, it emphasizes the extreme necessity for rapid, frequent and dependable marine transportation service to provide adequately for the maintenance and development of com- merce between the countries of North and South America. [ii8] ICatttt Kmnims MtmxMxan ta tly^ l«0tn?0a Mm af % HE Latin American delegates to the Pan American Financial Conference unanimously adopted a resolu- tion, proposing a visit by delegates from the United States banking, commercial, and industrial interests represented at the Conference to the South and Central American represented, this visit to take place within the next six months. A committee will be appointed from among the Latin American delegates to arrange for such a tour by business men of the United States. The Honorable John Barrett, Director General of the Pan Amer- ican Union, said that he regarded such a wholesale invitation as distinctively characteristic of the Latin American people, and he added that he has no doubt each and every one of the Governments of South and Central America will appropriate a large sum toward the enter- tainment of the visiting delegates from this country. The resolution, which was presented by Doctor Pedro Cosio, Chairman of the delegation from Uruguay to the Pan American Financial Conference, is as follows : "The Latin American countries here represented invite the banks, industrial and commercial interests represented in this congress to unite within a period of six months in visiting the various countries of South and Central America, where they will be received by the governments, chambers of commerce, industrial interests, etc. "2. In this respect the governments of the countries visited will consider it an honor to entertain the delegates as their guests. "3. Details respecting itineraries, places to be visited, etc., will be determined in due time. ''4. A special committee representing the countries here assem- bled will be formed by the governments' representatives of said coun- tries accredited to the government of the United States with the object of formulating the necessary arrangements to carry out this proposition." [119] W^t p^raonttH of tij? patt-Ammratt ifottcrartj p«0tli?ttta HEIR Excellencies, the Ministers of Finance: Senor Doctor Enrique Carbo, Argentina; Senor Doctor C. Rojas, Bolivia; Senhor Doctor Rivadavia da Cunha Correa, Brazil; Senor Doctor Alberto Edwards, Chile; Senor Doctor P. L. Mantilla, Colombia; Senor Doctor Mariano Guardia Carazo, Costa Rica; Senor Doctor Leopoldo Cancio E., Cuba; Senor Doctor Sal- vador B. Gautier, Dominican Republic; Seiior Doctor Juan F. Game, Ecuador ; Seiior Doctor Guillermo Aguirre, Gautemala ; Senor General Leopoldo Cordova, Honduras; Sefior Doctor Pedro R. Cuadra, Nica- ragua; Seiior Doctor Aristides Arjona, Panama; Sefior Doctor Jeron- imo Zubizarett^,, Paraguay ; Sefior Doctor L. F. Villaran, Peru ; Sefior and Sefior Doctor R. Cardenas, Venezuela. The Honorable Andrew J. Peters, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury; the Honorable Samuel Hale Pearson, Chairman of Argen- tina Delegation ; the Honorable Ignacio Calderon, Chairman of Bolivia Delegation; the Honorable Doctor Amaro Cavalcanti, Chairman of Brazil Delegation; the Honorable Luis Izquierdo, Chairman of Chile Delegation; the Honorable Santiago Perez Triana, Chairman of Colombia Delegation; the Honorable Mariano Guardia, Chairman of Costa Rica Delegation; the Honorable Doctor Pablo Desvernine y Galdos, Chairman of Cuba Delegation; the Honorable Francisco J. Peynado, Chairman of Dominican Republic Delegation ; the Honorable Doctor Juan Cueva Garcia, Chairman of Ecuador Delegation; the Honorable Carlos Herrera, Chairman of Guatemala Delegation; the Honorable General Leopoldo Cordova, Chairman of Honduras Dele- gation ; the Honorable Pedro Rafael Cuadra, Chairman of Nicaragua Delegation; the Honorable Aristides Arjona, Chairman of Panama Delegation ; the Honorable Hector Velazquez, Chairman of Paraguay Delegation; the Honorable Isaac Alzamora, Chairman of Peru Dele- gation; the Honorable Alfonso Quifiones, Chairman of Salvador Delegation ; the Honorable Pedro Cosio, Chairman of Uruguay Dele- [120] THE PERSONNEL OF THE PAN-AMERICAN FINANCIAL CONFERENCE gation, and the Honorable Pedro Rafael Rincones, Chairman of Vene- zuela Delegation. Argentina: Senor Don Samuel Hale Pearson, Sefior Doctor Ricardo C. Aldao, Senor Doctor V. Villamil, Sefior Doctor John E. Zimmerman. Bolivia: Sefior Doctor Ignacio Calderon, Seiior Doc- tor Adolf o Ballivian. Brazil: Doctor Amaro Cavalcanti. Chile: Senor Doctor Luis Izpuierdo, Sefior Doctor Augusto Villanueva. Senor Doctor Gonzalos Vergara Bulnes. Colombia: Senor Doctor Santiago Perez Triana, Seiior Doctor Roberto Ancizar. Costa Rica : Sefior Doctor Mariano Guardia, Mr. John M. Keith. Cuba: Sefior Doctor Pablo Desvernine y Galdos, Seiior Doctor Porfirio Franca y Alvarez de la Campa, Sefior Doctor Octavio Zayas. Dominican Republic: Sefior Doctor Francisco J. Peynado, Sefior Doctor Enrique Jimenez. Ecuador: Sefior Doctor Juan Cueva Garcia, Seiior Doctor Vicente Gonzalez, Sefior Doctor Enrique Gallardo. Carlos Herrera, Seiior Doctor Juan Lara. Honduras : Sefior Doctor Guatemala: Senor Doctor Victor Sanchez Ocana, Sefior Doctor Leopoldo Cordova, Sefior Dactor D. Fortin, Sefior Doctor Alejandro S. Lara. Nicaragua: Sefior Doctor Pedro Rafael Cuadra, Mr. Albert Strauss. Panama: Sefior Doctor Aristides Arjona, Sefior Doctor Ramon F. Acevedo, Sefior Doctor Ramon Arias, Jr. Paraguay: Seiior Doctor Hector Velaquez, Mr. William Wallace White. Peru : Sefior Doctor Isaac Alzamora, Sefior Doctor Eduardo Higginson. Salvader : Senor Doctor Alfonso Quinones, Sefior Doctor Jose Suay, Seiior Doctor Roberto Aguilar. Uruguay: Sefior Doctor Pedro Cosio, Sefior Doctor Gabriel Terra, Sefior Doctor Carlos Maria de Pena ; and Venezuela : Sefior Doctor Pedro Rafael Rincones. ii^mb^rsi of % iipUimattr CHorpa His Excellency, the Ambassador of Argentina, His Excellency, the Ambassador of Brazil, His Excellency, the Ambassador of Chile, the Minister of Bolivia, the Minister of Colombia, the Minister of Costa Rica, the Minister of Cuba, the Minister of the Dominican Re- public, the Minister of Ecuador, the Minister of Guatemala, the Min- ister of Honduras, the Minister of Nicaragua, the Minister of Pan- ama, the Minister of Paraguay, the Minister of Peru, the Minister of Salvador, the Minister of Uruguay, the Minister of Venezuela. The Presiding Officer, the Honorable William Gibbs McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury of the United States; Secretary General, L. S. Rowe, LL. D. ; Assistant Secretaries General, Mr. William [121] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY Franklin Sands, Mr. Basil Miles, Mr. J. S. Gittings, Jr., Mr. Brooks B. Parker. Aerts, G. A., President Chamber of Commerce, Cincinnati ; Allen, Frederic W. (vice J. J. Storrow, Boston) ; Ardrey, J. Howard, Cashier City National Bank, Dallas, Texas; Arnold, J. J., banker, Chicago; Austin, Richard L., Chairman Federal Reserve Bank, Philadelphia. Bancroft, Charles G., President International Trust Company, Boston; Honorable John Barrett, Director General Pan American Union, Washington, D. C. ; Belmont, August, New York; Bippus, W. F., Treasurer National Cash Register Company, Dayton, Ohio; Bixby, William K., St. Louis, Missouri; Boyd, L. C, banker, Indianapolis; Brand, Charles J., Chief Office of Markets and Rural Organization, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. ; Brown, F. Q., New York; Brown, James, Brown Brothers and Company, New York; Bryan, Honorable William Jennings, Secretary of State, Washington, D. C. ; Honorable John Burke, Treasurer of the United States, Wash- ington, D. C. ; Burleson, Honorable Albert Sidney, Postmaster Gen- eral, Washington, D. C. ; Butterworth, William, President Deere and Company, Moline, Illinois. Calderon, Senor Don Ignacio, Minister of Bolivia, Washington^, D. C. ; Chamorro, General Don E., Minister of Nicaragua, Washing- ton, D. C. ; Clapham, A. G., President Commercial National Bank, Washington, D. C. ; Clausen, John, Crocker National Bank, San Francisco; Conant, Charles A., New York; Cone, Caesar, Greensboro, North Carolina; Conklin, Franklin, Newark, New Jersey; Coolidge, J. Randolph, Boston; Cordova, Doctor Don G., Minister of Ecuador, New York; Cornell, Charles L., Treasurer Niles-Bement-Pond Com- pany, New York; Crane, Charles R., Chicago; Curtis, Frederic R., Chairman Federal Reserve Bank, Boston. Da Gamo, His Excellency, Domicio, Ambassador of Brazil, Wash- ington, D. C. ; Davies, Honorable Joseph E., Chairman Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D. C. ; Davison, Henry P., New York; Deans, H. G. P., Merchants' Loan and Trust Company, Chicago; De Cespedes, Doctor Carlos M., Minister of Cuba, Washinrjton, D. C. ; Defrees, Joseph H., Chicago ; De Lanoy, William C, Treasury Depart- ment, Washington, D. C. ; Delano, Frederick A., Vice Governor, Fed- eral Reserve Board, Washington, D. C. ; De Lima, E. A., banker. New York; de Navarro, Alfonso, Vice-President Atlas Portland Cement Company, New York; De Pena, Doctor Carlos M., Minister of Uru- guay, Washington, D. C. ; Dominica, Doctor Don Santos A., Minister [122] THE PERSONNEL OF THE PAN-AMERICAN FINANCIAL CONFERENCE of Venezuela, Washington D. C. ; Douglas, William H., New York; Downey, Honorable George E., Comptroller of the Treasury, Wash- ington, D. C. ; Duval, G. L., New York. Eaton, Frederick H., New York; Edson, John Joy, Washington, D. C.; Eldridge, H. R., Vice-President National City Bank, New York; Elliott, Honorable Milton C, Counsel Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D. C. ; Emerson, Guy, New York ; Erskine, A. R., Vice- President Studebaker Company, South Bend, Indiana; Esberg, A. I., New York. Fahey, John H., Boston; Fairchild, Samuel J., New York; Fal- coner, Charles E., President Merchants' and Manufacturers' Associa- tion, Baltimore; Fancher, E. R., Governor Federal Reserve Bank, Cleveland; Farguhar, A. B., York, Pennsylvania; Farrell, James A., President United States Steel Corporation, New York; Fisher, Ed- mund D., banker. New York; Flint, Charles R., New York; Forgan, J. B., President First National Bank, Chicago; Francis, David R., St. Louis, Missouri; Frederick, Leopold, New York; Fuerth, Otto H., New York ; Fuller, Paul, New York. Galliher, W. T., President American National Bank, Washing- ton, D. C. ; Gary, Elbert H., Chairman Board United States Steel Cor- poration, New York; Given, T. Hart, President Farmers Deposit and National Bank, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Goldstein, L. S., New Orleans; Goodhue, F. A., Vice-President First National Bank, Bos- ton; Goodwin, Elliot H., Secretary United States Chamber of Com- merce, Washington, D. C. ; Gorrell, Frank E., National Canners' Association, Washington, D. C. ; Grace, Joseph P., New York ; Green, C. A., Foreign Department R. G. Dun and Company, New York; Gregory, Honorable Thomas Watt, Attorney General, Washington, D. C. ; Grevstad, Honorable N. A., Ex-United States Minister to Uru- guay; Guggenheim, Daniel, President American Smelting and Refin- ing Company, New York. Ham, Clifford D., Iowa; Hamlin, Charles S., Governor Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D. C. ; Hammond, John Hays, New York; Harding, W. P. G., member Federal Reserve Board, Washing- ton, D. C. ; Hardy, Caldwell, banker, Norfolk, Virginia; Harper, Robert N., President District National Bank, Washington, D. C. ; Harris, A. M., New York; Harris, Honorable William J., Commis- sioner Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D. C. ; Harrison, Fairfax, President Southern Railroad Company, Washington, D. C. ; Hart, Francis R., Boston; Hasings, S. M., Chicago; Hepburn, A. B., Chase National Bank, New York; Hollander, Professor J. E., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; HoUiday, John H., Indianapolis; [123] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY Howard, A. B., New York; Hurley, Honorable Edward M., Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D. C. Imhoff, C. H., Vice-President Irving National Bank, New York; Ingle, William, Chairman Federal Reserve Bank, Richmond, Virginia. Jaffray, C. T., Vice-President First National Bank, Minneapolis; Jay, Pierre, Chairman Federal Reserve Bank, New York; Jiminez, Doctor Enrique, Minister of Dominican Republic, Washington, D. C. ; Johnson, Alba B., President Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadel- phia; Johnston, Archibald, Vice-President Bethlehem Steel Corpora- tion, New York; Jones, De Witt Clinton, American Dyewood Com- pany, New York; Jordan, G. G., banker, Columbus, Georgia; Joy, Ben- jamin, National Shawmut Bank, Boston. Keith, Charles S., Keith and Perry, Kansas City; Kelly, N. B., Chamber of Commerce, Philadelphia; Kent, Fred I., Vice-President Bankers' Trust Company, New York; Kies, W. S., National City Bank, New York; Kiler, Charles A., Champaign, Illinois; Kretz, George H., New York. Lage, Frederick, New York; Lane, Miles B., President Citizens' and Southern National Bank, Savannah; Legerdie, William C, New York; Loeb, William, Jr., American Smelting and Refining Company, New York; Lufkin, E. C, The Texas Company, New York; Lyerly, Charles A., President First National Bank, Chattanooga, Tennessee. McChord, Joseph A., Governor Federal Reserve Bank, Atlanta; McCrosky, James Warren, J, G. White and Company, New York; McQueen, H. C, banker, Wilmington, North Carolina; McRoberts, Samuel, Vice-President National City Bank, New York; Maddox, Robert F., American National Bank, Atlanta; Mahana, George S., Corn Products Refining Company, New York; Malburn, William P., Washington, D. C. ; Martin, William McC, Chairman Federal Reserve Bank, St. Louis, Missouri ; Meeker, Arthur, Armour Grain Company, Chicago; Mendez, Senor Don J., Minister of Gautemala, Washington, D. C. ; Miller, Honorable Adolph G., member Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D. C. ; Miller, J. Z., Jr., Chairman Federal Reserve Bank, Kansas City; Minotto, James, Guaranty Trust Company, New York; Mitchell, C. D., President Chattanooga Plow Company, Chattanooga, Tennessee; Moore, Honorable John Bassett, Professor of Interna- tional Law, Columbia University, New York; Morales, Doctor Don E. A., Minister of Panama, Washington, D. C. ; Morgan, J. P., New York ; Muchnic, Charles, American Locomotive Company, New York. Naon, His Excellency, Romulo S., Argentine Ambassador, Wash- ington, D. C. ; Newton, Honorable Byron R., Assistant Secretary of the Treasury; Nickerson, J. F., Vice-President Chicago Association of [124] THE PERSONNEL OF THE PAN-AMERICAN FINANCIAL CONFERENCE Commerce, Chicago; Norris, George W., banker, Philadelphia; Nor- ton, Charles D., First National Bank, New York; Numsen, George N., President National Canners' Association, Baltimore. O'Brien, Honorable Edward C, New York; Olcott, Honorable J. Van Vechten, President Pan American States Association, New York; O'Neil, J. F., President Fulton Foundry Company, St. Louis, Missouri; Osborn, William H., Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Washington, D. C. ; Osborne, Honorable John E., First Assistant Secretary of State, Washington, D. C. ; Owen, T. Hart, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Owens, Doctor Clarence J., Managing Director Southern Commercial Congress, Washington, D. C. Paine, A. G., Jr., President New York and Pennsylvania Com- pany, New York; Parker, Walter, Chamber of Commerce, New- Orleans ; Parry, Honorable W. H., Commissioner Federal Trade Com- mission, Washington, D. C. ; Patchin, Robert H., National Foreign Trade Council, New York; Penfield, Walter S., lawyer, Washington, D. C. ; Penny, David H. G., Vice-President Irving National Bank, New York; Pepper, Charles M., Washington, D. C. ; Perry, Marsden J., President Union Trust Company, Providence, Rhode Island; Phillips, Honorable William, Third Assistant Secretary of State, Washington, D. C. ; Pierson, Lewis E., President Austin Nichols Com- pany, New York; Potter, W. C, Guaranty Trust Company, New York; Price, Theodore H., New York. Raskob, John J., Treasurer E. I. du Pont de Nemours Powder Company, Wilmington, Delaware ; Redf ield, Honorable William Cox, Secretary of Commerce, Washington, D. C. ; Reynolds, George M., Commercial and Continental Bank, Chicago; Reynolds, Honorable James B., National Association of Cotton Manufacturers, Washing- ton, D. C. ; Rhett, R. G., banker, Charleston, South Carolina ; Rhoads, Charles J., Governor Federal Reserve Bank, Philadelphia ; Rice, E. W., Jr., President General Electric Company, New York; Rich, John H., Minneapolis; Richards, George H., Remington Typewriter Company, New York; Rossel, John S., Wilmington, Delaware; Rovensky, J. E., National Bank of Commerce, New York; Rowe, W. S., President First National Bank, Cincinnati ; Rublee, Honorable George, Commissioner Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D. C. ; Rue, Levi L., Phila- delphia; Ruperti, J., New York; Ryan, John D., President Amal- gamated Copper Company, New York. Sachs, Samuel, Goldman, Sachs, and Company, New York ; Saun- ders, W. L., New York; Schiff, Mortimer L., New York; Schmidt, George P., New York; Schoonmaker, S. L., Chairman Board of Amer- ican Locomotive Company, New York; Seligman, Isaac M., J. W. [125] THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY Seligman and Company, New York; Shapleigh, A. L., Commercial Club, St. Louis, Missouri; Sherrill, Charles H., New York; Shirley, James J., T. A. Gillespie Company, New York; Simmons, W. D., Philadelphia; Smith, James E., banker, St. Louis, Missouri; Speyer, James, New York ; Storrow, James J., Boston ; Straight, Willard, New York; Strong, Benjamin, Jr., Governor Federal Reserve Bank, New York; Suarez-Mujica, His Excellency, Don Eduardo, Chilean Ambas- sador, Washington, D. C. ; Sulzberger, G. F., Sulzberger and Sons, New York; Sutter, Charles S., Chairman Business Men's League of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Swiggett, Doctor Glen L., Pan Amer- ican Union, Washington, D. C. Tedcastle, A. W., Boston; Thomas, E. P., United States Steel Products Company, New York; Thompson, Honorable Arthur, mem- ber Nicaraguan-Mexican Commission, Washington, D. C. ; Toby, George P., A. B. Leach and Company, New York; Townley, Calvert, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Traversia, Honorable Martin, Treasurer of Porto Rico. Untermyer, Samuel, New York. Velazquez, Hector, Minister of Paraguay, New York ; Vanderlip, Frank A., President National City Bank, New York. Wade, F. J., banker, St. Louis, Missouri; Warburg, Honorable Paul M., member Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D. C. ; War- den, Charles W., President Continental Trust Company, Washington, D. C. ; Warfield, Edwin, President Fidelity Trust Company, Balti- more; Warren, Charles B., President Board of Commerce, Detroit; Warren, Charles W., Continental Trust Company, Washington, D. C. ; Wells, Rolla, Governor Federal Reserve Bank, St. Louis, Mis- souri; Wexler, Solomon, President Whitney-Central National Bank, New Orleans; W^heeler, Harry A., Vice-President Union Trust Com- pany, Chicago; White, J. G., President J. G. White and Company, New York; Wiggin, A. H., New York; Williams, John Skelton, Comptroller . of the Currency, Washington, D. C. ; WilHams, R. Lancaster, Balti- more ; Willis, H. Parker, Secretary Federal Reserve Board, Washing- ton, D. C. ; Wilson, Honorable William Bauchop, Secretary of Labor, Washington, D. C. ; Wilson, Doctor W. P., Director Commercial Museum, Philadelphia; Wing, Daniel G., President First National Bank, Boston ; Wood, Edward Randolph, Vice-President Philadelphia Board of Trade, Philadelphia; Woolley, Robert W., Auditor for the Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. Yanes, Honorable Francisco J., Assistant Director General Pan American Union, Washington, D. C. [126] •.^v^* Frank Allaben Genealogical Company Editorial Offices in The Forty-Second Street Building. New York Publication Office at Greenreld. Ind. Entered at the Post Office at Greenfield as mail matter of the second class. published quarterly a( Subscription Four dollars Annually • One Dollar a Copy .^' '•V TWII ■PPH^"^ \T>